,,pleasant ,,ways ,,9 ,,sci5ce4 ,,works ,,by ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,,light ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,leisure ,,h\rs3 ,famili> ,essays on ,sci5tific ,subjects4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,orbs ,,ar\nd ,,u3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays on ! ,moon & ,planets1 ,meteors & ,comets4 ,) ,*>ts & ,diagrams4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,o!r ,,worlds ,,?an ,,ours3 ,! ,plurality ( ,worlds ,/udi$ "u ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,sci5tific ,rese>*es4 ,) #ad ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,o!r ,,suns ,,?an ,,ours3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays on ,suns--,old1 ,"y1 & ,dead4 ,) o!r ,sci5ce ,glean+s4 ,two ,essays on ,:i/1 & ,correspond5ce ) ,sir ,john ,h]s*el4 ,) #i ,/> ,maps & ,diagrams4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,moon3 ,h] ,motions1 ,aspects1 ,sc5]y1 & ,physical ,condition4 ,) ,plates1 ,*>ts1 ,woodcuts1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,univ]se ,,( ,,/>s3 ,pres5t+ ,rese>*es into & ,new ,views respect+ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,heav5s4 ,) #bb ,*>ts & #bb ,diagrams4 #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,l>g] ,,/> ,,atlas = ! ,libr>y1 9 #ab ,circul> ,maps1 ) ,introduction & #b ,index ,pages4 ,folio1 #aes42 or ,maps only1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,new ,,/> ,,atlas = ! ,libr>y1 ! ,s*ool1 & ! ,obs]vatory1 9 #ab ,circul> ,maps4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,half-,,h\rs ,,) ,,! ,,/>s3 ,a ,pla9 & ,easy ,guide to ! ,k ( ! ,con/ellations4 ,%[+ 9 #ab ,maps ! position ( ! pr9cipal ,/> ,gr\ps night aft] night ?r\gh\t ! ,ye>4 ,) ,introduction & a sep>ate ,explanation ( ea* ,map4 ,true = e ,ye>4 #dto1 #cs4 net4 ,,half-,,h\rs ,,) ,,! ,,telescope3 ,a ,popul> ,guide to ! ,use ( ! ,telescope z a means ( ,amusem5t & ,in/ruction4 ,) #g ,plates4 ,fcp4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,/>s ,,9 ,,_! ,,seasons3 ,an ,easy ,guide to a ,k ( ! ,/> ,gr\ps1 9 #ab ,l>ge ,maps4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,skies3 ,a ,pla9 & ,easy ,guide to ! ,con/ellations ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,%[+ 9 #ab ,maps ! position ( ! pr9cipal ,/> ,gr\ps night aft] night ?r\gh\t ! ,ye>4 ,) an ,introduction & a sep>ate ,explanation ( ea* ,map4 ,true = e ,ye>4 #dto1 #es4 ,,/> ,,prim]3 ,%[+ ! ,/>ry ,sky ,week by ,week1 9 #bd ,h\rly ,maps4 ,cr[n #dto1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,r\gh ,,ways ,,made ,,smoo?3 ,famili> ,essays on ,sci5tific ,subjects4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,our ,,place ,,among ,,inf9ities3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays contra/+ our ,little ,abode 9 ,space & ,"t ) ! ,inf9ities ar\nd u4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,expanse ,,( ,,heav53 ,essays on ! ,wond]s ( ! ,firmam5t4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,great ,,pyramid3 ,,obs]vatory1 ,,tomb1 ,,& ,,temple4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,pleasant ,,ways ,,9 ,,sci5ce4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,my?s ,,& ,,m>vels ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,nature ,,/udies4 ,by ,,grant ,,all51 ,a4 ,,wilson1 ,t4 ,,fo/]1 ,e4 ,,clodd1 & ,r4 ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,leisure ,,read+s4 ,by ,e4 ,,clodd1 ,a4 ,,wilson1 ,t4 ,,fo/]1 ,a4 ,c4 ,,rany>d1 & ,r4 ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,*eap ,edition1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,/r5g?3 ,h[ to ,get ,/rong & ,keep ,/rong4 ,) ,*apt]s on ,r[+ & ,swimm+1 ,fat1 ,age1 & ! ,wai/4 ,) #i ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,,*ance ,,& ,,luck3 ,a ,discussion ( ! ,laws ( ,luck1 ,co9cid5ces1 ,wag]s1 ,lott]ies1 & ! ,fallacies ( ,gambl+1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,play ,,:i/3 ,) ! ,laws & ,etiquette ( ,:i/4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 net4 ,,home ,,:i/3 ,an ,easy ,guide to ,correct ,play4 #afmo1 #as4 ,,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,co4 ,,pleasant ,,ways ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,,by ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor ,,au?or ,,( 8,,r\gh ,,ways ,,made ,,smoo?10 8,,! ,,expanse ,,( ,,heav510 8,,our ,,place ,,among ,,inf9ities10 8,,my?s ,,& ,,m>vels ,,( ,,a/ronomy10 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,new ,,impression ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,bombay #aije ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,oxyg5 ,,9 ,,! ,,sun #a ,,sun-,,spot1 ,,/orm1 ,,& ,,fam9e #bh ,,new ,,ways ,,( ,,measur+ ,,! ,,sun',s ,,di/ance #ef ,,drift+ ,,light ,,waves #gg ,,! ,,new ,,/> ,,:i* ,,fad$ ,,into ,,/>-,,mi/ #ajf ,,/>-,,gr\p+1 ,,/>-,,drift1 ,,& ,,/>-,,mi/ #acf ,,mallet',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,volcanoes #aea ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,nor? ,,pole #aef ,a ,,mighty ,,sea-,,wave #agh ,,/range ,,sea ,,creatures #aii ,,on ,,"s ,,m>vels ,,9 ,,telegraphy #bcb ,,! ,,phonograph1 ,,or ,,voice-,,record] #bgd ,,! ,,gorilla ,,& ,,o!r ,,apes #bif ,,! ,,use ,,& ,,abuse ,,( ,,food #ccj ,,ozone #cdg ,,dew #ceg ,,! ,,levell+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,ra9 #cfg ,,anci5t ,,babylonian ,,a/rogony #chh ,,preface4 ,x is v necess>y t all :o desire to become really pr(ici5t 9 any dep>tm5t ( sci5ce %\ld foll[ ! beat5 track1 toil+ m or less pa9fully ov] ! difficult p>ts ( ! high road :i* is _! only tru/wor?y approa* to ! le>n+ !y desire to atta94 ,b !re are _m :o wi% to le>n ab\t sci5tific discov]ies )\t ?is special lab\r1 = :i* "s h1 p]haps1 little ta/e1 :ile _m h scant leisure4 ,my purpose 9 ! pres5t "w1 z 9 my 8,light ,sci5ce = ,leisure ,h\rs10 ! 8,my?s & ,m>vels ( ,a/ronomy10 ! 8,bord]l& ( ,sci5ce10 & 8,sci5ce ,byways10 has be5 to provide pa?s ( easy access to ! k ( "s ( ! m int]e/+ discov]ies1 rese>*es1 or inquiries ( ! sci5ce ( ! day4 ,i wi% x to be di/9ctly und]/ood t my purpose is to int]e/ r ?an to in/ruct1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,b ,i may add t x seems to me ev5 m necess>y to be cauti\s1 & accurate 9 su* a "w z ! pres5t ?an 9 advanc$ treatises4 ,= 9 a sci5tific "w ! reason+ :i* accompanies ! /atem5ts ( fact af=ds ! means ( te/+ & sometimes ( correct+ su* /atem5ts4 ,9 a "w l ! pres5t1 :]e explanation & description take ! place ( reason+1 !re is no su* *eck4 ,= ?is reason ,i h be5 v c>eful 9 ! acc\nts :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! subjects "h dealt )4 ,i h be5 p>ticul>ly c>eful n to pres5t1 z e/abli%$ tru?s1 su* views z are at pres5t only matt]s ( op9ion4 ,! essays 9 ! pres5t volume are tak5 *iefly f ! ,contempor>y ,review1 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e1 ,belgravia1 & ,*amb]s' ,j\rnal4 ,! six?1 h[ev]1 pres5ts ! sub/ance 7& (ficial report7 ( a lecture :i* ,i deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,may1 #ahgj4 ,x 0 !n t ,i fir/ publicly enunciat$ ! views respect+ ! /ell> univ]se :i* ,i aft]w>ds m fully /at$ 9 my 8,univ]se ( ,/>s40 ,! same views h also be5 submitt$ to ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 z ! results ( 8 own inve/igations1 by ,m4 ,flamm>ion1 9 words :i* read almo/ l translations ( passages 9 ! above-m5tion$ essay4 ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,,pleasant ,,ways ,,9 ,,sci5ce4 ,,oxyg5 ,,9 ,,! ,,sun4 ,! mo/ promis+ result ( sol> rese>* s9ce ,kir*h(f 9 #ahei int]pret$ ! d>k l9es ( ! sun's spectrum has rec5tly be5 ann\nc$ f ,am]ica4 ,int]e/+ 9 itself1 ! discov]y j made is d\bly int]e/+ 9 :at x seems to promise 9 ! future4 ,j z ,kir*h(f's great discov]y1 t a c]ta9 d\ble d>k l9e 9 ! sol> spectrum is due to ! vap\r ( sodium 9 ! sun's atmosph]e1 0 b ! fir/ ( a long s]ies ( results :i* ! spectroscopic analysis ( ! sun 0 to reveal1 s ! discov]y j ann\nc$ t a c]ta9 important gas--! oxyg5 pres5t 9 our air & ! *ief *emical con/itu5t ( wat]--%[s its pres5ce 9 ! sun by bright l9es in/ead ( d>k1 w 9 all probability turn out to be b ! fir/fruits ( a new me?od ( exam9+ ! sol> spectrum4 ,z its au?or1 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,drap]1 ( ,new ,york1 rem>ks1 fur!r inve/igation 9 ! direction he has pursu$ w lead to ! discov]y ( o!r elem5ts 9 ! sun1 b x 0 n 8prop] to conceal1 = ! sake ( p]sonal advantage1 ! pr9ciple on :i* su* rese>*es are to be conduct$40 ,x may well happ51 ?\gh ,i anticipate o!rwise1 t by ?us at once describ+ 8 me?od ( obs]vation1 ,dr4 ,drap] may enable o!rs to add to ! li/ ( kn[n sol> elem5ts "s :i* yet rema9 to be detect$2 b if ,dr4 ,drap] %\ld ?us h add$ b "o elem5t to t li/1 he w ev] be reg>d$ z ! physici/ to ^: acum5 ! me?od 0 due by :i* all 7 detect$1 & to :om1 !re=e1 ! *ief cr$it ( _! discov]y mu/ c]ta9ly be attribut$4 ,i propose briefly to consid] ! circum/ances :i* prec$$ ! great discov]y :i* x is n[ my pleas+ duty to describe1 9 ord] t ! read] may ! m readily foll[ ! rem>ks by :i* ,i %all endeav\r to indicate "s ( ! results :i* seem to foll[ f ! discov]y1 z well z ! l9e along :i*1 9 my op9ion1 ! new me?od may mo/ hopefully be foll[$4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n t :at is call$ ! spectroscopic me?od ( analyz+ ! sun's sub/ance _h its orig9 9 ,kir*h(f's int]pretation ( ! d>k l9es 9 ! sol> spectrum4 ,until #ahei ^! d>k l9es _h n be5 suppos$ to h any special significance1 or r x _h n be5 suppos$ t _! significance1 :atev] x might be1 c\ld be int]pret$4 ,a physici/ ( "s em95ce spoke ( ^! ph5om5a 9 #aheh 9 a tone :i* ought by ! way seldom to be adopt$ by ! man ( sci5ce4 8,! ph5om5a defy1 z we h se510 he said1 8all attempts hi!rto to r$uce !m )9 empirical laws1 & no complete explanation or !ory ( !m is possible4 ,all t !ory c be expect$ to d is ?is--x may expla9 h[ d>k l9es ( any sort may arise )9 ! spectrum40 ,kir*h(f1 9 #ahei1 %[$ n only h[ d>k l9es ( any sort may appe>1 b h[ & :y !y d appe>1 & precisely :at !y mean4 ,he f\nd t ! d>k l9es ( ! sol> spectrum are due to ! vap\rs ( v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! sun's atmosph]e1 & t ! nature ( su* elem5ts may be det]m9$ f ! obs]v$ position ( ! d>k l9es4 ,?us :5 iron is rais$ by ! passage ( ! electric sp>k to s int5se a degree ( heat t x is vaporiz$1 ! light ( ! gl[+ vap\r ( iron is f\nd to give a multitude ( bright l9es along ! :ole l5g? ( ! spectrum--t is1 "s r$1 "s orange1 "s yell[1 & s on4 ,9 ! sol> spectrum correspond+ d>k l9es are f\nd along ! :ole l5g? ( ! spectrum--t is1 "s 9 ! r$1 "s 9 ! orange1 yell[1 etc41 & precisely 9 ^? p>ts ( ^! v>i\s spectral regions :i* ! bright l9es ( gl[+ iron w\ld occupy4 ,multitudes ( o!r d>k l9es exi/ ( c\rse 9 ! sol> spectrum4 ,b ^? correspond+ to ! bright l9es ( gl[+ iron are unque/ionably !re4 ,!y are by no means lo/ 9 ! multitude1 z might be expect$2 b1 ow+ to ! peculi>ity ( _! arrangem5t1 /r5g?1 etc41 !y are p]fectly recognizable z ! iron l9es rev]s$1 t is1 d>k in/ead ( bright4 ,kir*h(f's rese>*es %[$ h[ ?is is to be int]pret$4 ,x means t ! vap\r ( iron exi/s 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! sun1 gl[+ necess>ily ) an int5sely bright light2 b1 be+ cool] 7h[ev] int5sely hot7 ?an ! g5]al mass ( ! sun )91 ! iron vap\r absorbs m light ?an x emits1 & ! result is t ! iron l9es1 in/ead ( appe>+ bright1 z !y w\ld if ! iron vap\r alone 7 %9+1 appe> relatively d>k on ! bright ra9b[-t9t$ backgr\nd ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,?us 0 x %[n t 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! sun !re is ! gl[+ vap\r ( ! famili> metal1 iron2 & 9 l mann] o!r metals1 & "o elem5t 7hydrog57 :i* is n ord9>ily reg>d$ z a metal1 7 %[n to be pres5t 9 ! sun's atmosph]e4 ,9 say+ t !y are pres5t 9 ! sun's atmosph]e1 ,i am1 9 po9t ( fact1 say+ t !y are pres5t 9 ! sun2 = ! sol> atmosph]e is1 9 fact1 ! out] "p ( ! sun himself1 s9ce a v l>ge "p1 if n by f> ! great] "p1 ( ! sun's mass mu/ be vapor\s4 ,b no o!r elem5ts1 except ! metals iron1 sodium1 b>ium1 calcium1 magnesium1 alum9ium1 manganese1 *romium1 cobalt1 nickel1 z9c1 copp]1 & titanium1 & ! elem5t hydrog51 7 %[n to be pres5t 9 ! sun1 by ?is me?od ( obs]v+ directly ! sol> d>k l9es4 ,9 pass+1 ,i may note t !re are reasons = reg>d+ hydrog5 z a metallic elem5t1 /range ?\gh ! idea may seem to ^? :o reg>d h>dness1 brightness1 malleability1 ductility1 pla/icity1 & ! l1 z ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( metals1 & necess>ily fail to compreh5d h[ a gas f> r>]1 "u ! same conditions1 ?an ! air we brea!1 & :i* _c possibly be malleable1 ductile1 or ! l1 c conceivably be reg>d$ z a metal4 ,b !re is 9 reality no necess>y connection betwe5 any "o ( ! above prop]ties & ! metallic nature2 _m ( ! fifty-five metals are want+ 9 all ( ^! prop]ties2 nor is !re any reason :y1 z we h 9 m]cury a metal :i* at ord9>y temp]atures is a liquid1 s we might h 9 hydrog5 a metal :i*1 at all obta9able temp]atures1 & "u all obta9able conditions ( pressure1 is gase\s4 ,x 0 %[n by ! late ,pr(essor ,graham 7aid$ 9 8 rese>*es mo/ effectively by ,dr4 ,*&l] ,rob]ts7 t hydrog5 w ent] into su* comb9ation ) ! metal palladium t x may be reg>d$ z =m+1 = ! "t1 ) ! palladium1 an alloy2 & z alloys c only be reg>d$ z comp\nds ( two or m metals1 ! inf]5ce is t hydrog5 is 9 reality a metallic elem5t4 ,f\rte5 only ( ! elem5ts kn[n to u1 or less ?an a qu>t] ( ! total numb]1 7 ?us f\nd to be pres5t 9 ! sun's con/itution2 & ( ^! all 7 metals1 if we reg>d hydrog5 z metallic4 ,nei!r gold nor silv] %[s any trace ( its pres5ce1 nor c any sign be se5 ( plat9um1 lead1 & m]cury4 ,b1 mo/ rem>kable ( all1 & mo/ p]plex+1 0 ! abs5ce ( all trace ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 two gases :i* c\ld n be suppos$ want+ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! great rul+ c5tre ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,x might well be believ$1 inde$1 t none ( ! five metals j nam$ are abs5t f ! sun1 & inde$ t e "o ( ! =ty metals n recogniz$ by ! spectroscopic me?od nev]!less exi/s 9 ! sun4 ,= accord+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( our sol> sy/em1 ! sun might be expect$ to conta9 all ! elem5ts :i* exi/ 9 our e>?4 ,"s ( ^! elem5ts might inde$ escape discov]y1 because exi/+ only 9 small quantities2 & o!rs 7z plat9um1 gold1 & lead1 = example71 because b a small portion ( _! vapor\s sub/ance rose above ! level ( t gl[+ surface :i* is call$ ! photosph]e4 ,b t oxyg51 :i* con/itutes s l>ge a portion ( ! solid1 liquid1 & vapor\s mass ( our e>?1 %\ld n exi/ 9 enorm\s quantities1 & its pres5ce be v readily disc]nable1 seem$ amaz+ inde$4 ,nitrog51 also1 might well be expect$ to be recognizable 9 ! sun4 ,c>bon1 aga91 is s important a con/itu5t ( ! e>?1 t we %\ld expect to discov] cle> traces ( its exi/5ce 9 ! sun4 ,9 less degree1 simil> consid]ations apply to sulphur1 boron1 silicon1 & ! o!r non-metallic elem5ts4 ,x 0 n suppos$1 h[ev]1 by any "o at all compet5t to =m an op9ion on ! subject1 t oxyg51 nitrog51 & c>bon are abs5t f ! sun4 ,x 0 p]ceiv$ t an elem5t might exi/ 9 enorm\s quantities 9 ! sub/ance ( ! sun1 & yet fail to give any evid5ce ( its pres5ce1 or only give su* evid5ce z might readily escape recognition4 ,if we rememb] h[ ! d>k l9es are really caus$1 we %all p]ceive t ?is is s4 ,a gl[+ vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! sun absorbs rays ( ! same col\r z x emits4 ,if !n1 x is cool] ?an ! gl[+ mass ( ! sun :i* x enwraps1 & if1 not)/&+ ! heat receiv$ f ?is mass1 x rema9s cool]1 !n x suff]s none ( ^? rays to pass e>?w>ds4#a ,x emits rays ( ! same k9d 7t is1 ( ! same col\r7 itself1 b1 be+ cool]1 ! rays ?us com+ f x are feebl]2 or1 to speak m correctly1 ! e!real waves ?us orig9at$ are feebl] ?an ^? ( ! same ord] :i* w\ld h travell$ e>?w>ds f ! sun b = ! int]pos$ scre5 ( vap\r4 ,h5ce ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! sol> spectrum are less brilliant1 & contra/$ ) ! ra9b[-t9t$ /reak ( light1 on :i* !y lie z on a backgr\nd1 !y appe> d>k4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 t any elem5t may be detect$ by its d>k l9es1 x is necess>y t x %\ld lie z a vapor\s scre5 betwe5 ! m int5sely heat$ mass ( ! sun & ! eye ( ! obs]v] on e>?4 ,x mu/ !n =m an enclos+ envelope cool] ?an ! sun )9 x4 ,or r1 "s "p ( ! vap\r mu/ be ?us situat$4 ,= enorm\s masses ( ! vap\r might be )9 ! photosph]ic surface ( ! sun at a mu* high] temp]ature1 :i* yet1 be+ enclos$ 9 ! cool] vapor\s %ell ( ! same sub/ance1 w\ld n be able to s5d its light rays e>?w>ds4 ,"o may comp>e ! /ate ( ?+s1 s f> z t p>ticul> elem5t is conc]n$1 to :at is pres5t$ 9 ! case ( a metallic globe cool$ on ! outside b int5sely hot )94 ,! cool outside ( su* a globe is :at det]m9es ! light & heat receiv$ f x1 s long z ! m heat$ mass )9 has n yet 7by conduction7 w>m$ ! ext]ior %ell4 ,s 9 ! case ( a vap\r p]meat+ ! entire mass1 p]haps1 ( ! sun1 & at z high a temp]ature z ! sun ev]y:]e except on ! outside3 x is ! temp]ature ( ! out]mo/ "p ( su* a vapor\s mass :i* det]m9es ! int5sity ( ! rays receiv$ f x--or 9 o!r words1 det]m9es :e!r ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! spectrum %all be d>k] or n ?an ! re/ ( ! spectrum4 ,if ! vap\r does n rise above ! photosph]e ( ! sun 9 suffici5t quantity to ex]cise a recognizable absorptive effect1 its pres5ce 9 ! sun w n be indicat$ by any d>k l9es4 ,i dwell "h on ! "q ( quantity1 :i* is sometimes ov]look$ 9 consid]+ ! spectroscopic evid5ce ( ! sun's condition1 b is 9 reality a v important factor 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ! evid5ce relat+ to ea* elem5t 9 ! sol> mass4 ,9 "s cases1 ! quantity ( a mat]ial necess>y to give unmi/akable spectroscopic evid5ce is s+ul>ly small2 insomu* t new elem5ts1 z ?allium1 csium1 rubidium1 & gallium1 h be5 actually fir/ recogniz$ by _! spectral l9es :5 exi/+ 9 su* m9ute quantities 9 ! sub/ances exam9$ z to give no o!r trace :atev] ( _! exi/5ce4 ,b x w\ld be altoge!r a mi/ake to suppose t "s elem5t exi/+ 9 exce$+ly small quantities1 or1 m correctly1 exi/+ 9 ! =m ( an exce$+ly r>e vap\r 9 ! sun's atmosph]e1 w\ld be detect$ by means ( its d>k l9es1 or by any o!r me?od dep5d+ on ! /udy ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,:5 we place a small portion ( "s sub/ance 9 ! space betwe5 ! c>bon po9ts ( an electric lamp1 & volatilize t sub/ance 9 ! voltaic arc1 we obta9 a spectrum includ+ all ! bright l9es ( ! v>i\s elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! sub/ance2 & if "s elem5t is conta9$ 9 x 9 exce$+ly small quantity1 we may yet p]ceive its di/9ctive bright l9es among ! o!rs 7_m ( !m f> bright]7 belong+ to ! elem5ts pres5t 9 great] quantities4 ,b if we h 7= example7 a great mass ( molt5 iron1 ! ra9b[-t9t$ spectrum ( ^: light we exam9e f a great di/ance1 & if a small quantity ( sodium1 or o!r sub/ance :i* vaporizes at mod]ate temp]atures1 be ca/ into ! molt5 iron s t ! vap\r ( ! add$ elem5t pres5tly rises above ! gl[+ surface ( ! iron1 no trace ( ! pres5ce ( ?is vap\r w\ld be %[n 9 ! spectrum obs]v$ f a di/ance4 ,! "p ( ! spectrum :]e ! d>k l9es ( sodium usually appe> w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 be less brilliant ?an be=e1 9 ! same s5se t ! sun may be said to be less brilliant :5 ! air is 9 ! lea/ degree moi/ ?an :5 x is p]fectly dry2 b ! loss ( brilliancy is z utt]ly imp]ceptible 9 ! "o case z x is 9 ! o!r4 ,9 l mann]1 a vap\r might exi/ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! sun 7above ! photosph]e1 t is71 ( ^: pres5ce n a trace w\ld be af=d$ 9 ! spectroscope1 = ! simple reason t ! absorptive action ( ! vap\r1 ?\gh ex]t$ to r$uce ! brightness ( p>ticul> sol> rays or t9ts1 w\ld n affect ^? rays suffici5tly = ! spectroscopi/ to recognize any dim9ution ( _! lu/re4 ,!re is ano!r consid]ation1 :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 has n hi!rto receiv$ mu* att5tion1 b %\ld c]ta9ly be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! attempt to int]pret ! real mean+ ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,"s ( ! metals :i* are vaporiz$ by ! sun's heat bel[ ! photosph]e may become liquid or ev5 solid at or ne> ! level ( ! photosph]e4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! heat at ! level ( ! photosph]e may be su* t1 "u ord9>y conditions ( pressure & s =?1 su* metals w\ld be vapor\s1 ! enorm\s pressure :i* mu/ exi/ n f> bel[ ! level ( ! photosph]e may make ! heat necess>y = complete vaporization f> great] ?an ! actual heat at t level4 ,9 t case ! vap\r w 9 "p cond5se into liquid globules1 or1 if ! heat is consid]ably less ?an is necess>y to keep ! sub/ance 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 !n x may 9 "p be solidifi$1 ! t9y globules ( liquid metal becom+ t9y cry/als ( solid metal4 ,we see bo? conditions fulfill$ )9 ! limits ( our own air 9 ! case ( ! vap\r ( wat]4 ,l[ d[n ! wat] is pres5t 9 ! air 7ord9>ily7 9 ! =m ( pure vap\r2 at a high] level ! vap\r is cond5s$ by cold into liquid drops =m+ visible cl\ds 7cumulus cl\ds71 & yet high]1 :]e ! cold is /ill great]1 ! m9ute wat]-drops turn into ice-cry/als1 =m+ ^? light fleecy cl\ds call$ cirrus cl\ds by ! meteorologi/4 ,n[ true cl\ds ( ei!r sort may exi/ 9 ! sol> atmosph]e ev5 above t photosph]ic level :i* =ms ! b\nd>y ( ! sun we see4 ,x may be said t ! spectroscope1 appli$ to exam9e matt] outside ! photosph]e1 has giv5 evid5ce only ( vapor\s cl\d masses4 ,! ruddy prom95ces :i* t[] t5s ( ?\s&s ( miles above ! surface ( ! sun1 & ! si]ra 7or z x is sometimes unclassically call$1 ! *romosph]e7 :i* cov]s usually ! :ole ( ! photosph]e to a dep? ( ab\t eight ?\s& miles1 %[ only1 "u spectroscopic scrut9y1 ! bright l9es indicat+ gaseity4 ,b ?\gh ?is is p]fectly true1 x is also true t we h n "h a p>ticle ( evid5ce to %[ t cl\ds ( liquid p>ticles1 & ( t9y cry/als1 may n float ov] ! sun's surface1 or ev5 t ! ruddy cl\ds %[n by ! spectroscope to %9e ) light indicative ( gaseity may n also conta9 liquid & cry/all9e p>ticles4 ,= 9 po9t ( fact1 ! v pr9ciple on :i* our recognition ( ! bright l9es dep5ds involves ! inf]5ce t matt] ^: light w\ld n be resolv$ into bright l9es w\ld n be recognizable at all4 ,! bright l9es are se51 because by means ( a spectroscope we c ?r[ !m f> ap>t1 )\t r$uc+ _! lu/re1 :ile ! backgr\nd ( ra9b[-t9t$ spectrum has its v>i\s portions simil>ly ?r[n fur!r ap>t & correspond+ly weak5$4 ,"o may comp>e ! process 7! comp>ison1 ,i believe1 has n hi!rto be5 employ$7 to ! dilution ( a d5se liquid 9 :i* solid masses h be5 float+3 ! m we increase ! quantity ( ! liquid 9 dilut+ x ) wat]1 ! m transp>5t x becomes1 b ! solid masses 9 x are n *ang$1 s t we only h to dilute ! liquid suffici5tly to see ^! masses4 ,b if !re 7 9 ! int]/ices ( ! solid masses p>ticles ( "s sub/ance :i* dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 we %\ld n recognize ! pres5ce ( ?is sub/ance by any increase 9 its visibility2 = ! v same process :i* ?9n$ ! liquid w\ld ?9 ?is soluble sub/ance 9 ! same degree4 ,9 l mann]1 by disp]s+ & correspond+ly weak5+ ! sun's light m & m1 we c recognize ! light ( ! gase\s matt] 9 ! prom95ces1 = ?is is n weak5$2 b if ! prom95ces also conta9 matt] 9 ! solid or liquid =m 7t is1 drops or cry/als71 ! spectroscopic me?od w n indicate ! pres5ce ( su* matt]1 = ! spectrum ( matt] ( ?is sort w be weak5$ by disp]sion 9 precisely ! same degree t ! sol> spectrum itself is weak5$4 ,x is easy to see h[ ! evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( any elem5t :i* behav$ 9 ?is way w\ld be weak5$1 if we consid] :at w\ld happ5 9 ! case ( our own e>?1 accord+ z ! air 7 simply moi/ b )\t cl\ds1 or load$ ) cumulus masses b )\t cirrus cl\ds1 or load$ ) cirrus cl\ds4 ,= al?\gh !re is n 9 ! case ( ! e>? a c5tral gl[+ mass l ! sun's1 on ^: ra9b[-t9t$ spectrum ! d>k l9es caus$ by ! absorptive action ( our atmosph]e c\ld be se5 by ! inhabitant ( "s di/ant planet /udy+ ! e>? f )\t1 yet ! sun's light reflect$ f ! surface ( ! e>? plays 9 reality a simil> "p4 ,x does n give a simple ra9b[-t9t$ spectrum2 =1 be+ sunlight1 x %[s all ! d>k l9es ( ! sol> spectrum3 b ! addition ( new d>k l9es to ^!1 9 consequ5ce ( ! absorptive action ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 c\ld v readily be det]m9$4 ,9 fact1 we d ?us recognize 9 ! spectra ( ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & o!r planets1 ! pres5ce ( aque\s vap\r 9 _! atmosph]e1 despite ! fact t our own air1 conta9+ also aque\s vap\r1 naturally r5d]s s mu* ! m difficult ! detection ( t vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e ( remote planets necess>ily se5 ?r\gh our own air4 ,n[1 a di/ant obs]v] exam9+ ! light ( our own e>? on a day :51 ?\gh ! air 0 moi/1 !re 7 no cl\ds1 w\ld h ample evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! vap\r ( wat]2 = ! light :i* he exam9$ w\ld h gone twice ?r\gh our e>?'s atmosph]e1 f its out]mo/ ?9ne/ p>ts to ! d5se/ lay]s close to ! surface1 !n back aga9 ?r\gh ! entire ?ickness ( ! air4 ,b if ! air 7 heavily lad5 ) cumulus cl\ds 7)\t any cirrus cl\ds at a high] lay]71 al?\gh we %\ld "k t !re 0 abundant moi/ure 9 ! air1 & inde$ mu* m moi/ure !n !re _h be5 :5 !re _h be5 no cl\ds1 our imag9$ obs]v] w\ld ei!r p]ceive no traces at all ( ?is moi/ure1 or he w\ld p]ceive traces s mu* fa9t] ?an :5 ! air 0 cle> t he w\ld be apt to inf] t ! air 0 ei!r q dry1 or at lea/ v mu* dri] ?an x _h be5 9 t case4 ,= ! light :i* he w\ld receive f ! e>? w\ld n 9 ?is case h pass$ ?r\gh ! entire dep? ( moi/ure-lad5 air twice1 b twice only ?r\gh t portion ( ! air :i* lay above ! cl\ds1 at ^: surface ! sun's light w\ld be reflect$4 ,! :ole ( ! moi/ure-lad5 lay] ( ! air w\ld be snugly conceal$ "u ! cl\d-lay]1 & w\ld ex]cise no absorptive action :atev] on ! light :i* ! remote obs]v] w\ld exam9e4 ,if f ! upp] surface ( ! lay] ( cumulus cl\ds aque\s vap\r rose /ill high]1 & 7 conv]t$ 9 ! cold upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e into cl\ds ( ice-cry/als1 ! di/ant obs]v] w\ld h /ill less *ance ( recogniz+ ! pres5ce ( moi/ure 9 our atmosph]e4 ,= ! lay] ( air betwe5 ! cumulus cl\ds & ! cirrus cl\ds w\ld be unable to ex]t any absorptive action on ! light :i* rea*$ ! obs]v]4 ,all su* light w\ld come to him aft] reflection f ! lay] ( cirrus cl\ds4 ,he w\ld be apt to inf] t !re 0 no moi/ure at all 9 ! air ( our planet1 at ! v "t :5 9 fact !re 0 s mu* moi/ure t n "o lay] only1 b two lay]s ( cl\ds envelop$ ! e>?1 ! inn]mo/ lay] consi/+ ( p>ticles ( liquid wat]1 ! out]mo/ ( p>ticles ( froz5 wat]4 ,us+ ! words ice1 wat]1 & /eam1 to repres5t ! solid1 liquid1 & vapor\s /ates ( wat]1 we may fairly say t ice & wat]1 by hid+ /eam1 w\ld p]suade ! remote obs]v] t !re 0 no wat] at all on ! e>?--at lea/ if he tru/$ solely to ! spectroscopic evid5ce !n obta9$4#b ,we might 9 l mann] fail to obta9 any spectroscopic evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( p>ticul> elem5ts 9 ! sun1 because !y d n exi/ 9 suffici5t quantity 9 ! vapor\s =m 9 ^? out] lay]s :i* ! spectroscope c alone deal )4 ,9 pass+1 ,i mu/ note a circum/ance 9 :i* "s ( ^? :o h dealt ) ?is special "p ( ! spectroscopic evid5ce h err$4 ,x is true 9 "o s5se t "s elem5ts may be ( su* a nature t _! vap\rs _c rise s high 9 ! sol> atmosph]e z ^? ( o!r elem5ts4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! d5s] vap\rs seek a l[] level1 ! light] vap\rs ris+ high]4 ,accord+ to ! kn[n laws ( gase\s diffusion1 a gas or vap\r diffuses itself ?r\gh\t a space occupi$ by ano!r gas or sev]al o!r gases1 9 ! same way z ?\gh ! space 7 n occupi$ at all4 ,if we introduce into a vessel full ( common air a quantity ( c>bonic acid gas 7,i foll[ ! old] & m famili> nom5clature71 ?is gas1 al?\gh ( mu* high] specific gravity ?an ei!r oxyg5 or nitrog51 does n take its place at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 b s diffuses itself t ! air ( ! upp] "p ( ! vessel conta9s exactly ! same quantity ( c>bonic acid gas z ! air ( ! l[] "p4 ,simil>ly1 if hydrog5 is introduc$1 x does n seek ! upp] "p ( ! vessel1 b diffuses itself uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! vessel4 ,if we enclose ! c>bonic acid gas 9 a light silk5 cov]+1 & ! hydrog5 9 ano!r 7at ! same pressure z ! air 9 ! vessel7 "o little balloon w s9k & ! o!r w rise2 b ?is is simply because diffusion is prev5t$4 ,x may be ask$ h[ ?is agrees ) :at ,i h said above1 t "s elem5ts may n exi/ 9 suffici5t quantity or 9 suitable condition above ! sun's photosph]ic level to give any spectroscope evid5ce ( _! nature4 ,z to quantity1 inde$1 ! answ] is obvi\s3 if !re is only a small quantity ( any giv5 elem5t 9 ! entire mass ( ! sun1 only a v small quantity c "u any circum/ances exi/ outside ! photosph]e4 ,z reg>ds condition1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! vessel ( my illu/rative case 0 suppos$ to conta9 air at a giv5 temp]ature & pressure ?r\gh\t4 ,if ! vessel 0 s l>ge t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( x ! temp]ature & pressure 7 diff]5t1 ! diffusion w\ld1 inde$1 /ill be p]fect1 because at all ord9>y temp]atures & pressures hydrog5 & c>bonic acid gas rema9 gase\s4 ,b if ! vap\r introduc$ is ( su* a nature t at mod]ate temp]atures & pressures x cond5ses1 :olly or 9 "p1 or liquefies1 ! diffusion w n take place ) ! same uni=mity4 ,we ne$ n g fur!r = illu/ration ?an to ! case ( our own atmosph]e z x actually exi/s4 ,! vap\r ( wat] spreads uni=mly ?r\gh ea* lay] ( ! atmosph]e :i* is at su* a temp]ature & pressure z to p]mit ( su* diffusion2 b :]e ! temp]ature is too l[ = complete diffusion 7at ! actual pressure7 ! aque\s vap\r is cond5s$ into visible cl\d1 diffusion be+ *eck$ at ?is po9t z at an impassable b\nd>y4 ,9 ! case ( ! sun1 z 9 ! case ( our own e>?1 x is n ! d5sity ( an elem5t :5 9 a vapor\s =m :i* limits its diffusion1 b ! value ( ! temp]ature at :i* its vap\r at giv5 pressure cond5ses into liquid p>ticles4 ,x is 9 ?is way only t any sep>ation c be effect$ betwe5 ! v>i\s elem5ts :i* exi/ 9 ! sun's sub/ance4 ,a sep>ation ( ?is sort is unque/ionably compet5t to modify ! spectroscopic evid5ce respect+ diff]5t elem5ts4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t any su* sep>ation c\ld occur z has be5 imag9$ by "s--a sep>ation caus+ 9 remote times ! planets suppos$ to h be5 ?r[n (f by ! sun to be r>e/ on ! outskirts ( ! sol> sy/em & d5se/ close to ! sun4 ,! small d5sities ( ! out] family ( planets1 z comp>$ ) ! d5sities ( ! s-call$ t]re/rial planets1 mu/ c]ta9ly be o!rwise expla9$4 ,b und\bt$ly ! *ief circum/ance likely to op]ate 9 veil+ ! exi/5ce ( important con/itu5ts ( ! sol> mass mu/ be t :i* has s long prev5t$ spectroscopi/s f detect+ ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 9 ! sun4 ,an elem5t may exi/ 9 su* a condition1 ei!r ov] p>ticul> p>ts ( ! photosph]e1 or ov] ! entire surface ( ! sun1 t in/ead ( caus+ d>k l9es 9 ! sol> spectrum x may produce bright l9es4 ,su* l9es may be conspicu\s1 or !y may be s little bright] ?an ! backgr\nd ( ! spectrum z to be sc>cely p]ceptible or q imp]ceptible4 ,9 pass+1 ,i w\ld notice t ?is int]pretation ( ! want ( all spectroscopic evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( oxyg51 c>bon1 & o!r elem5ts 9 ! sun1 is n an ex po/ facto explanation4 ,z w pres5tly appe>1 x is n[ absolutely c]ta9 t oxyg51 ?\gh really exi/+1 & d\btless1 9 enorm\s quantities1 9 ! sun1 has be5 conceal$ f recognition 9 ?is way4 ,b t ?is might be s 0 p]ceiv$ long ago4 ,i myself1 9 ! fir/ edition ( my treatise on 8,! ,sun10 po9t$ out1 9 #ahgj1 ) special ref]5ce to nitrog5 & oxyg51 t an elem5t 8may be 9 a condition enabl+ x to radiate z mu* light z x absorbs1 or else v little m or v little less2 s t x ei!r oblit]ates all signs ( its exi/5ce1 or else gives l9es s little bright] or d>k] ?an ! surr\nd+ p>ts ( ! spectrum t we c detect no trace ( its exi/5ce40 ,i _h /ill e>li] giv5 a simil> explanation ( ! abs5ce ( all spectroscopic evid5ce ( hydrog5 9 ! case ( ! bright /> ,betelgeux4#c ,let u m closely consid] ! significance ( :at we le>n f ! spectral evid5ce respect+ ! gas hydrog54 ,we "k t :5 ! total light ( ! sun is dealt )1 ! pres5ce ( hydrog5 is con/antly indicat$ by d>k l9es4 ,9 o!r words1 reg>d+ ! sun z a :ole1 hydrog5 con/antly r$uces ! emission ( rays ( ^? special t9ts :i* correspond to ! light ( ?is elem5t4 ,:5 we exam9e ! light ( o!r suns ?an ours1 we f9d t 9 _m cases1 probably 9 by f> ! great] numb] ( cases1 hydrog5 acts a simil> "p4 ,b n 9 e case4 ,9 ! spectra ( "s />s1 notably 9 ^? ( ,betelgeux & ,alpha ,h]culis1 ! l9es ( hydrog5 are n visible at all2 :ile 9 yet o!rs1 z ,gamma ,cassiopei1 ! middle /> ( ! five :i* =m ! /raggl+ ,w ( ?is con/ellation1 ! l9es ( hydrog5 %[ bright ^u ! relatively d>k backgr\nd ( ! spectrum4 ,:5 we exam9e closely ! sun himself1 we f9d t al?\gh 8 light z a :ole gives a spectrum 9 :i* ! l9es ( hydrog5 appe> d>k1 ! light ( p>ticul> p>ts ( 8 surface1 if sep>ately exam9$1 occasionally %[s ! hydrog5 l9es bright z 9 ! spectrum ( ,gamma ,cassiopei1 :ile sometimes ! light ( p>ticul> p>ts gives1 l ! light ( ,betelgeux1 no spectroscopic evid5ce :atev] ( ! pres5ce ( hydrog54 ,manife/ly1 if ! :ole surface ( ! sun 7 9 ! condition ( ! portions :i* give bright hydrog5 l9es1 ! spectrum ( ! sun w\ld resemble t ( ,gamma ,cassiopei2 :ile if ! :ole surface 7 9 ! condition ( ^? p>ts :i* %[ no l9es ( hydrog51 ! spectrum ( ! sun w\ld resemble t ( ,betelgeux4 ,n[ if !re 7 any reason = suppos+ t ! p>ts ( ! sun :i* give no l9es ( hydrog5 are ^? f :i* ! hydrog5 has be5 tempor>ily remov$ 9 "s way1 we might reasonably inf] t 9 ! />s ^: spectra %[ no hydrog5 l9es !re is no hydrog54 ,b ! fact t ! hydrog5 l9es are sometimes se5 bright r5d]s ?is supposition unt5able4 ,= we _c suppose t ! l9es ( hydrog5 *ange f d>k to bright or f bright to d>k 7bo? :i* *anges c]ta9ly take place7 )\t pass+ ?r\gh a /age 9 :i* !y are nei!r bright nor d>k2 9 o!r words1 we are compell$ to assume t !re is an int]m$iate condition 9 :i* ! hydrog5 l9es1 ?\gh really exi/5t1 are invisible because !y are ( precisely ! same lu/re z ! adjac5t p>ts ( ! spectrum4 ,h5ce ! evanesc5ce ( ! hydrog5 l9es af=ds no reason = suppos+ t hydrog5 has become ev5 r$uc$ 9 quantity :]e ! l9es are n se54 ,& !re=e x foll[s t ! invisibility ( ! hydrog5 l9es 9 ! spectrum ( ,betelgeux is no pro( t hydrog5 does n exi/ 9 t /> 9 quantities resembl+ ^? 9 :i* x is pres5t 9 ! sun4 ,& ?is1 be+ demon/rat$ 9 ! case ( "o gas1 mu/ be reg>d$ z at lea/ probable 9 ! case ( o!r gases4 ,:]e=e ! abs5ce ( ! l9es ( oxyg5 f ! spectrum ( any /> af=ds no suffici5t reason = believ+ t oxyg5 is n pres5t 9 t />1 or t x may n be z pl5tifully pres5t z hydrog51 or ev5 f> m pl5tifully pres5t4 ,!re are o!r consid]ations :i* h to be tak5 into acc\nt1 z well 9 deal+ ) ! difficulty aris+ f ! abs5ce ( ! l9es ( p>ticul> elem5ts f ! sol> spectrum z 9 weigh+ ! extremely important discov]y :i* has j be5 effect$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,drap]4 ,i w\ld specially call att5tion n[ to a po9t :i* ,i ?us pres5t$ sev5 ye>s ago3--8,! great difficulty ( int]pret+ ! results ( ! spectroscopic analysis ( ! sun arises f ! circum/ance t we h no means ( le>n+ :5ce t "p ( ! light comes :i* gives ! cont9u\s spectrum4 ,:5 we recognize c]ta9 d>k l9es1 we "k c]ta9ly t ! correspond+ elem5t exi/s 9 ! gase\s =m at a l[] temp]ature ?an ! sub/ance :i* gives ! cont9u\s spectrum4 ,b z reg>ds t cont9u\s spectrum itself we c =m no su* exact op9ion40 ,x might1 = in/ance1 h its orig9 9 gl[+ liquid or solid matt]2 b x might also be comp\nd$ ( _m spectra1 ea* conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( b&s1 ! b&s ( "o spectrum fill+ up ! spaces :i* w\ld be left d>k betwe5 ! b&s ( ano!r spectrum1 & s on until ! entire range f ! extreme visible r$ to ! extreme visible violet 7 occupi$ by :at appe>$ z a cont9u\s ra9b[-t9t$ /reak4 8,we h1 9 fact1 9 ! sun10 z ,i po9t$ out1 8a va/ agglom]ation ( elem5ts1 subject to two giant influ5ces1 produc+ 9 "s sort oppos+ effects--viz41 a temp]ature f> surpass+ any we c =m any conception (1 & a pressure 7?r\gh\t ne>ly ! :ole ( ! sun's globe7 :i* is p]haps ev5 m disproportionate to ! ph5om5a ( our exp]i5ce4 ,ea* kn[n elem5t w\ld be vaporiz$ by ! sol> temp]ature at kn[n pressures2 ea* 7!re c be little "q7 w\ld be solidifi$ by ! va/ pressures1 did ^! arise at kn[n temp]atures4 ,n[ :e!r1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ! laws ( gase\s diffusion prevail :]e ! elem5ts are gase\s 9 ! sol> globe2 :e!r1 :]e liquid matt] exi/s x is 9 g5]al b\nd$ 9 a def9ite mann] f ! neighb\r+ gase\s matt]2 :e!r any elem5ts at all are solid1 & if s "u :at conditions _! solidity is ma9ta9$ & ! limits ( ! solid matt] def9$--all ^! are que/ions :i* mu/ be answ]$ be=e we c =m a satisfactory idea ( ! sol> con/itution2 yet !y are que/ions :i* we h at pres5t no means ( answ]+40 ,aga91 we require to "k :e!r any process resembl+ combu/ion c "u any circum/ances take place 9 ! sun's globe4 ,if we c\ld assume t "s g5]al resemblance exi/s betwe5 ! processes at "w ^u ! sun & ^? we are acqua9t$ )1 we might imag9e t ! v>i\s elem5ts ord9>ily exi/ 9 ! sun's globe 9 ! gase\s =m 7*iefly7 to c]ta9 levels1 to o!rs *iefly 9 ! liquid =m1 & to yet o!rs *iefly 9 ! solid =m4 ,b ev5 !n t "p ( ea* elem5t :i* is gase\s may exi/ 9 two =ms1 hav+ widely diff]5t spectra 79 reality 9 five1 b ,i consid] only ! extreme =ms74 ,! light ( "o "p is capable ( giv+ *>act]i/ic spectra ( l9es or b&s 7:i* w be diff]5t accord+ to pressure & may appe> ei!r d>k or bright72 t ( ! o!r is capable ( giv+ a spectrum ne>ly or q cont9u\s4 ,x w be se5 t ,dr4 ,h4 ,drap]'s discov]y supplies an answ] to "o ( ! que/ions1 or r to "o ( ! sets ( que/ions1 ?us indicat$4 ,i give 8 discov]y z f> z possible 9 8 own words4 8,oxyg5 discloses itself10 he says1 8by bright l9es or b&s 9 ! sol> spectrum1 & does n give d>k absorption-l9es l ! metals4 ,we mu/ !re=e *ange our !ory ( ! sol> spectrum1 & no long] reg>d x m]ely z a cont9u\s spectrum ) c]ta9 rays absorb$ by a lay] ( ignit$ metallic vap\rs1 b z hav+ also bright l9es & b&s sup]pos$ on ! backgr\nd ( cont9u\s spectrum4 ,su* a conception n only op5s ! way to ! discov]y ( o!rs ( ! non-metals1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 sel5ium1 *lor9e1 brom9e1 iod9e1 fluor9e1 c>bon1 etc41 b also may acc\nt = "s ( ! s-call$ d>k l9es1 by reg>d+ !m z int]vals betwe5 bright l9es4 ,x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t 9 speak+ ( ! sol> spectrum "h1 ,i d n mean ! spectrum ( any limit$ area ^u ! disc or m>g9 ( ! sun1 b ! spectrum ( light f ! :ole disc40 ,9 support ( ! important /atem5t "h advanc$1 ,dr4 ,drap] submits a photograph ( "p ( ! sol> spectrum ) a comp>ison spectrum ( air1 & also ) "s ( ! l9es ( iron & alum9ium4 ,! photograph itself1 a copy ( :i*1 k9dly s5t to me by ,dr4 ,drap]1 lies be=e me z ,i write1 fully be>s out ,dr4 ,drap]'s /atem5t4 ,x is absolutely free f h&work or ret\*+1 except t ref]5ce lett]s h be5 add$ 9 ! negative4 ,x %[s ! "p ( ! sol> spectrum betwe5 ! well-kn[n ,fraunh(] l9es ,g & ,h1 ( :i* ,g 7an iron l9e7 lies 9 ! indigo1 & ,h 7a l9e ( hydrog57 9 ! violet1 s t ! portion photograph$ belongs to t region ( ! spectrum ^: *emical or act9ic en]gy is /ronge/4 ,adjac5t to ?is lies ! photograph ( ! air l9es1 %[+ n9e or t5 well-def9$ oxyg5 l9es or gr\ps ( l9es1 & two nitrog5 b&s4 ,! exact agreem5t ( ! two spectra 9 position is indicat$ by ! co9cid5ce ( bright l9es ( iron & alum9ium includ$ 9 ! air spectrum ) ! d>k l9es ( ! same elem5ts 9 ! sol> spectrum4 8,no close obs]vation10 z ,dr4 ,drap] truly rem>ks1 8is ne$$ to demon/rate to ev5 ! mo/ casual obs]v]0 7( ?is photograph7 8t ! oxyg5 l9es are f\nd 9 ! sun z bright l9es40 ,!re is 9 p>ticul> "o quadruple gr\p ( oxyg5 l9es 9 ! air spectrum1 ! co9cid5ce ( :i* ) a gr\p ( bright l9es 9 ! sol> spectrum is unmi/akable4 8,?is oxyg5 gr\p alone is almo/ suffici5t10 says ,dr4 ,drap]1 8to prove ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 9 ! sun1 = n only does ea* ( ! f\r compon5ts h a repres5tative 9 ! sol> gr\p1 b ! relative /r5g? & ! g5]al aspect ( ! l9es 9 ea* case is simil>4#d ,i %all n attempt at ?is "t10 he proce$s1 8to give a complete li/ ( ! oxyg5 l9es1 444 & x w be notic$ t "s l9es 9 ! air spectrum :i* h bright anologues 9 ! sun are n m>k$ ) ! symbol ( oxyg54 ,?is is because !re has n yet be5 an opportunity to make ! necess>y detail$ comp>isons4 ,9 ord] to be c]ta9 t a l9e belongs to oxyg51 ,i h comp>$1 "u v>i\s pressures1 ! spectra ( air1 oxyg51 nitrog51 c>bonic acid1 c>burett$ hydrog51 hydrog51 & cyanog54 8,z to ! spectrum ( nitrog5 & ! exi/5ce ( ?is elem5t 9 ! sun !re is n yet c]ta9ty4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 by comp>+ ! diffus$ nitrog5 l9es ( ?is p>ticul> photograph1 9 :i* nitrog5 has be5 sacrific$ to get ! be/ effect = oxyg51 ! "* ( ! evid5ce appe>s4 ,!re is a triple b& some:at diffus$ 9 ! photograph belong+ to nitrog51 :i* has its appropriate repres5tative 9 ! sol> spectrum1 & ano!r b& ( nitrog5 is simil>ly repres5t$40 ,dr4 ,drap] /ates t 89 ano!r photograph a heavy nitrog5 l9e :i* 9 ! pres5t "o lies opposite an insuffici5tly expos$ "p ( ! sol> spectrum1 corresponds to a comp>ison b& 9 ! sun40 ,b "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable po9ts 9 ,dr4 ,drap]'s pap] is :at he tells u respect+ ! visibility ( ^! l9es 9 ! spectrum itself4 ,!y fall1 z ,i h m5tion$1 9 a "p ( ! spectrum :]e ! act9ic en]gy is great b ! lum9osity small2 9 fact1 :ile ?is "p ( ! spectrum is ! v /ronge/ = photography1 x is close to ! region ( ! visible spectrum1 8,:]e ! la/ gleam+s ( refract$ light ,die 9 ! fa9t+ violet away40 ,x is !re=e to be expect$ t ^?1 if any1 ( ! bright l9es ( oxyg51 w be lea/ fav\rably %[n = direct vision1 & mo/ fav\rably = :at might almo/ be call$ photographic vision1 :]e we see :at photography records = u4 ,yet ,dr4 ,drap] /ates t ^! bright l9es ( oxyg5 c be readily se54 8,! bright l9es ( oxyg5 9 ! spectrum ( ! sol> disc h n be5 hi!rto p]ceiv$1 probably f ! fact t 9 eye-obs]vation bright l9es on a less bright backgr\nd d n make ! impression on ! m9d t d>k l9es d4 ,:5 att5tion is call$ to _! pres5ce !y are readily en\gh se51 ev5 )\t ! aid ( a ref]5ce spectrum4 ,! photograph1 h[ev]1 br+s !m into great] prom95ce40 ,z ! l9es ( oxyg5 are n conf9$ to ! indigo & violet1 we may fairly hope t ! bright l9es 9 o!r p>ts ( ! spectrum ( oxyg5 may be detect$ 9 ! spectrum ( ! sun1 n[ t spectroscopi/s "k t bright l9es & n d>k l9es are to be look$ =4 ,dr4 ,drap] rem>ks t f purely !oretic consid]ations d]iv$ f t]re/rial *emi/ry1 & ! nebul> hypo!sis1 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 9 ! sun might h be5 /rongly suspect$2 = ?is elem5t is curr5tly /at$ to =m eight-n9?s ( ! wat] ( ! globe1 "o-?ird ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 & "o-fif? ( ! air1 & %\ld !re=e probably be a l>ge con/itu5t ( e memb] ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! discov]y ( oxyg51 & probably o!r non-metals1 9 ! sun gives increas$ /r5g? to ! nebul> hypo!sis1 because to _m p]sons ! abs5ce ( ?is important gr\p has pres5t$ a consid]able difficulty4 ,i h already rem>k$ on ! circum/ance t we _c1 accord+ to ! kn[n laws ( gase\s diffusion1 accept ! reason+ ( ^? :o h endeav\r$ to expla9 ! small d5sity ( ! out] planets by ! supposition t ! light] gases 7 left beh9d by ! great contract+ nebul\s mass1 out ( :i*1 on ! nebul> hypo!sis1 ! sol> sy/em is suppos$ to h be5 =m$4 ,x is important to notice1 n[1 t if on ! "o h& we f9d 9 ! community ( /ructure betwe5 ! sun & our e>?1 z confirm$ by ! discov]y ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 9 ! sun1 evid5ce fav\r+ ! !ory accord+ to :i* all ! memb]s ( t sy/em 7 =m$ out ( :at 0 orig9ally a s+le mass1 we d n f9d evid5ce aga9/ ! !ory 7z ^? :o h advanc$ ! explanation above ref]r$ to may be dispos$ to imag9e7 9 ! recognition 9 ! sun's mass ( enorm\s quantities ( "o ( ^! elem5ts :i*1 accord+ to _! view1 ought to be f\nd *iefly 9 ! out] memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,if ^? :o believe 9 ! nebul> hypo!sis 7g5]ally1 t is1 = _m ( ! details ( ! hypo!sis z advanc$ by ,laplace are entirely unt5able 9 ! pres5t position ( physical sci5ce7 _h accept$ ! attempt$ explanation ( ! suppos$ abs5ce ( ! non-metallic elem5ts 9 ! sun1 !y w\ld n[ f9d !mselves 9 a some:at awkw>d position4 ,!y w\ld1 9 fact1 be almo/ b\nd logically to reject ! nebul> hypo!sis1 see+ t "o ( ! ass]t$ results ( ! =mation ( our sy/em1 accord+ to t hypo!sis1 w\ld h be5 disprov$4 ,b s f> z ,i "k no support] ( ! nebul> hypo!sis possess+ suffici5t k ( a/ronomical facts & physical laws to r5d] 8 op9ion ( any weight1 has ev] giv5 9 8 adhesion to ! unsatisfactory explanation ref]r$ to4 ,! view :i* ,i h long ent]ta9$ respect+ ! gr[? ( ! sol> sy/em--viz41 t x _h its orig91 n 9 contraction only or *iefly1 b 9 comb9$ processes ( contraction & accretion--seems to me to be v /rongly confirm$ by ,dr4 ,drap]'s discov]y4 ,?is w\ld n be ! place = a full discussion ( ! reasons on :i* ?is op9ion is bas$4 ,b ,i may rem>k t ,i believe no "o :o applies ! laws ( physics1 z at pres5t kn[n1 to ! !ory ( ! simple contraction ( a great nebul\s mass =m]ly ext5d+ f> beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune1 till1 :5 planet aft] planet _h be5 ?r[n (f1 ! sun 0 left 9 8 pres5t =m & condition 9 ! c5tre1 w fail to p]ceive enorm\s difficulties 9 ! hypo!sis1 or to recognize 9 ,dr4 ,drap]'s discov]y a difficulty add$ to ^? affect+ ! hypo!sis s pres5t$4 ,has x ev] occurr$1 ,i (t5 wond]1 to ^? :o glibly quote ! nebul> !ory z orig9ally prop\nd$1 to inquire h[ f> "s ( ! processes sugge/$ by ,laplace are 9 accordance ) ! n[ kn[n laws ( physics8 ,to beg9 )1 ! orig9al nebul\s mass ext5d+ to a di/ance exce$+ ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun m ?an ?irty times 7?is be+ only ! di/ance ( ,neptune71 if we assign to x a degree ( compression mak+ its axial diamet] half its equatorial diamet]1 w\ld h _h a volume exce$+ ! sun's 7r\ghly7 ab\t #abj1jjj1jjj1jjj times1 & 9 ?is degree its mean d5sity w\ld h be5 less ?an ! sun's4 ,?is w\ld correspond to a d5sity equal 7r\ghly7 to ab\t "o-#djj1jjj? "p ( ! d5sity ( hydrog5 gas at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,to suppose t a great mass ( matt]1 hav+ ?is exce$+ly small mean d5sity1 & ext5d+ to a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& millions ( miles f its c5tre1 c\ld "u any circum/ances rotate z a :ole1 or behave 9 o!r respects aft] ! fa%ion attribut$ to ! gase\s embryon ( ! sol> sy/em 9 ord9>y descriptions ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 is altoge!r inconsi/5t ) correct ideas ( physical & dynamical laws4 ,x is absolutely a necessity ( any nebul> hypo!sis ( ! sol> sy/em1 t f ! v beg9n+ a c5tral nucleus & subord9ate nuclei %\ld =m 9 x1 & gr[ accord+ to ! results ( ! motions 7at fir/ to all int5ts & purposes indep5d5t7 ( its v>i\s p>ts4 ,grant+ ?is /ate ( ?+s1 we arrive1 by consid]+ ! comb9$ effects ( accretion & contraction1 at a process ( developm5t accord+ fully z well z t ord9>ily describ$ ) ! g5]al relations describ$ by ,laplace1 & acc\nt+ also 79 a g5]al way7 = c]ta9 peculi>ities :i* are 9 no degree expla9$ by ! ord9>y !ory4 ,among/ ^! may specially be not$ ! arrangem5t & di/ribution ( ! masses )9 ! sol> sy/em1 & ! fact t s f> z spectroscopic evid5ce enables u to judge1 a g5]al simil>ity ( /ructure exi/s ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! sy/em4 ,inquir+ z to ! significance ( 8 discov]y1 ,dr4 ,drap] rem>ks t x seems r difficult 8at fir/ sight to believe t an ignit$#e gas 9 ! sol> atmosph]e %\ld n be indicat$ by d>k l9es 9 ! sol> spectrum1 & %\ld appe> n to act "u ! law1 #8a gas :5 ignit$ absorbs rays ( ! same refrangibility z ^? x emits4' ,b1 9 fact1 ! sub/ances hi!rto inve/igat$ 9 ! sun are really metallic vap\rs1 hydrog5 probably com+ "u t rule4 ,! non-metals obvi\sly may behave diff]5tly4 ,x is easy to speculate on ! causes ( su* behavi\r2 & x may be sugge/$ t ! reason ( ! non-appe>ance ( a d>k l9e may be t ! int5sity ( ! light f a great ?ickness ( ignit$ oxyg5 ov]p[]s ! effect ( ! photosph]e1 j z1 if a p]son 7 to look at a c&le-flame ?r\gh a y>d ?ickness ( sodium vap\r1 he w\ld only see bright sodium l9es1 & no d>k absorption40 ,! reason+ "h is n altoge!r satisfactory 7or else is n q correctly express$74 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! difficulty dealt ) has no real exi/5ce4 ,! law t a gas :5 gl[+ absorbs rays ( ! same refrangibility z x emits1 does n imply t a gas betwe5 a s\rce ( light & ! obs]v] w %[ its pres5ce by spectroscopic d>k l9es4 ,a gas s plac$ does receive f ! s\rce ( light rays correspond+ to ^? :i* x emits itself1 if x is cool] ?an ! s\rce ( light2 & x absorbs !m1 be+ 9 fact heat$ by means ( !m1 ?\gh ! ga9 ( temp]ature may be dissipat$ z fa/ z receiv$2 b if ! gas is hott]1 x emits m ( ^? rays ?an x absorbs1 & w make its pres5ce kn[n by its bright l9es4 ,?is is n a matt] ( speculation1 b ( exp]im5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exp]im5t sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,drap] w\ld n h ! effect he supposes1 if x 7 correctly made4 ,d\btless1 if ! light f a consid]able area ( dully gl[+ sodium vap\r 7 receiv$ by ! spectroscope at ! same "t z ! light ( a c&le-flame se5 ?r\gh ! sodium vap\r1 ! light ( ! sodium vap\r ov]com+ t ( ! c&le-flame w\ld indicate its pres5ce by bright l9es2 b if light 7 receiv$ only f t portion ( ! sodium vap\r :i* lay betwe5 ! eye & ! c&le-flame1 !n ,i appreh5d t ! d>k l9es ( sodium w\ld n only be se51 b w\ld be conspicu\s by _! d>kness4 ,x is 9 no cavill+ _s t ,i indicate :at appe>s to me errone\s 9 a portion ( ,dr4 ,drap]'s reason+ on 8 great discov]y4 ,! entire significance ( ! discov]y dep5ds on ! mean+ atta*$ to x1 & !re=e x is mo/ desirable to asc]ta9 :at ?is mean+ really is4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t we are to look = ! true int]pretation ( ! brightness ( ! oxyg5 l9es 9 ! high] temp]ature ( ! oxyg51 n 9 ! great dep? ( oxyg5 above ! photosph]ic level4 ,! oxyg5 :i* produces ^! bright l9es ne$ n necess>ily be above ! photosph]e at all4 7,9 fact1 ,i may rem>k "h t ,dr4 ,drap]1 9 a communication address$ to myself1 m5tions t he has f\nd no traces at pres5t ( oxyg5 above ! photosph]e1 ?\gh ,i _h n ?is circum/ance 9 my ?\ghts 9 reason+ d[n to ! conclusion t ! "p ( ! oxyg5 effective 9 %[+ ^! bright l9es lies probably bel[ ! visible photosph]e47 ,( c\rse1 if ! photosph]e 7 really compos$ ( gl[+ solid & liquid matt]1 or ( masses ( gas s compress$ & s int5sely heat$ z to give a cont9u\s spectrum1 no gas exi/+ bel[ ! photosph]e c\ld s5d its light ?r\gh1 nor c\ld its pres5ce1 !re=e1 be indicat$ 9 any spectroscopic mann]4 ,b ! inve/igations :i* h be5 made into ! /ructure ( ! photosph]e z reveal$ by ! telescope1 & 9 p>ticul> ! obs]vations made by ,pr(essor ,langley1 ( ! ,alleghany ,obs]vatory1 %[ t we h n 9 ! photosph]e a def9ite b\nd+ envelope ( ! sun1 b receive light f _m diff]5t dep?s bel[ t sph]ical surface1 #dbe1jjj miles f ! sun's c5tre1 :i* we call ! photosph]ic level4 ,we receive m light f ! c5tre ( ! sol> disc1 ,i feel satisfi$1 n solely because ! absorptive lay] ?r\gh :i* we !re see ! sun is %all[]1 b p>tly1 & p]haps *iefly1 because we !re receive light f "s ( ! int]ior & m int5sely heat$ p>ts ( ! sun4#f ,%\ld ?is prove to be ! case1 x may be f\nd possible to d :at h]et(ore a/ronom]s h suppos$ to be impossible--to asc]ta9 9 "s degree h[ f> & 9 :at way ! con/itution ( ! sun v>ies bel[ ! photosph]e1 :i*1 s f> z ord9>y telescopic obs]vation is conc]n$1 seems to pres5t a limit bel[ :i* rese>*es _c be pursu$4 ,i hope we %all soon obta9 news f ,dr4 ,hugg9s's ,obs]vatory t ! oxyg5 l9es h be5 photograph$1 & possibly ! bright l9es ( o!r elem5ts recogniz$ 9 ! sol> spectrum4 ,mr4 ,locky] also1 we may hope1 w ex]cise t obs]v+ skill :i* enabl$ him e>ly to recognize ! pres5ce ( bright hydrog5 l9es 9 ! spectrum ( portions ( ! sun's surface1 to exam9e t spectrum = o!r bright l9es4 ,i d n rememb] any "t )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s :5 ! prospects ( fre% sol> discov]ies seem$ m hopeful ?an !y d at pres5t4 ,! int]e/ :i* has ( late ye>s be5 drawn to ! subject has _h ! effect ( enli/+ fre% recruits 9 ! "w ( obs]vation1 & _m ( ^! may be=e long be he>d ( z among ^? :o h employ$ ,dr4 ,drap]'s me?od successfully4 ,b ,i w\ld specially call att5tion to ! int]e/ :i* atta*es to ,dr4 ,drap]'s discov]y & to ! rese>*es likely to foll[ f x1 9 connection ) a bran* ( rese>* :i* is becom+ m & m closely connect$ ye> by ye> ) sol> inve/igations--,i mean /ell> spectroscopy4 ,we h se5 ! />s divid$ into ord]s accord+ to _! con/itution4 ,we recognize evid5ce t5d+ to %[ t ^! v>i\s ord]s dep5d 9 "p ^u age--n absolute b relative age4 ,!re are among ! suns :i* p space "s y\ng] by f> ?an our sun1 o!rs f> old]1 & "s 9 a late /age ( /ell> decrepitude4 ,:e!r z yet spectroscopi/s h p]fectly succe$$ 9 classify+ ^! /ell> ord]s 9 su* sort t ! connection betwe5 a />'s spectrum & ! />'s age c be at once det]m9$1 may be d\btful4 ,b c]ta9ly !re are reasons = hop+ t be=e long ?is w be done4 ,among/ ! />s1 & 7/range to say7 among cele/ial objects :i* are n />s1 !re are suns 9 e conceivable /age ( developm5t1 f embryon masses n z yet ju/ly to be reg>d$ z suns1 to masses :i* h ceas$ to fulfil ! duties ( suns4 ,among ! m press+ duties ( spectroscopic analysis at ! pres5t "t is ! prop] classification ( ^! v>i\s ord]s ( />s4 ,:5soev] t task %all h be5 accompli%$1 /rong light1 ,i v5ture to pr$ict1 w be ?r[n on our sun's pres5t condition1 z well z on 8 pa/ hi/ory1 & on t future fate ^u :i* dep5ds ! future ( our e>?4 ,,sun-,,spot1 ,,/orm1 ,,& ,,fam9e4 ,dur+ ! la/ five or six ye>s a section ( ! sci5tific _w has be5 ex]cis$ ) ! "q h[ f> ! condition ( ! sun's surface ) reg>d to spots affects our e>?'s condition z to wea!r1 & !re=e z to ^? circum/ances :i* are m or less dep5d5t on wea!r4 ,un=tunately1 ! "q ?us rais$ has n pres5t$ itself alone1 b 9 company ) ano!r n s /rictly sci5tific1 9 fact1 reg>d$ by mo/ m5 ( sci5ce z closely relat$ to p]sonal consid]ations--! "q1 namely1 :e!r c]ta9 indicat$ p]sons %\ld or %\ld n be commission$ to und]take ! inquiry into ! sci5tific problem4 ,b ! sci5tific "q itself ought n to be less int]e/+ to u because x has be5 associat$1 correctly or n1 ) ! wants & wi%es ( ^? :o advocate ! end[m5t ( sci5ce4 ,i propose "h to consid] ! subject 9 its sci5tific aspect only1 & ap>t f any bias sugge/$ by ! appeals :i* h be5 address$ to ! adm9i/rators ( ! public funds4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out1 9 ! fir/ place1 t all ! ph5om5a ( wea!r are directly ref]able to ! sun z _! gov]n+ cause4 ,8 rays p\r$ ^u our air cause ! m important atmosph]ic curr5ts directly4 ,indirectly !y cause modifications ( ^! curr5ts1 because :]e !y fall on wat] or on moi/ surfaces !y raise aque\s vap\r into ! air1 :i*1 :5 x returns to ! liquid =m z cl\d1 gives up to ! surr\nd+ air ! heat :i* _h orig9ally vaporiz$ ! wat]4 ,9 ^! ways1 directly or indirectly1 v>i\s degrees ( pressure & temp]ature are br\ght ab\t 9 ! atmosph]ic envelope ( ! e>?1 &1 speak+ g5]ally1 all air curr5ts1 f ! g5tle/ zephyr to ! fi]ce/ tornado1 are ! movem5ts by :i* ! equilibrium ( ! air is re/or$4 ,l o!r movem5ts t5d+ to re/ore equilibrium1 ! atmosph]ic motions are oscillatory4 ,precisely z :5 a spr+ has be5 b5t "o way1 x flies n back only1 b beyond ! mean position1 till x is almo/ equally b5t ! o!r way1 s ! curr5t ( air :i* ru%es 9 t[>ds a place ( unduly dim9i%$ pressure does m ?an re/ore ! mean pressure1 s t pres5tly a return curr5t c>ries (f ! excess ( air ?us c>ri$ 94 ,we may say1 inde$1 t ! mean pressure at any place sc>cely ev] exi/s1 & :5 x exi/s = a "t ! result+ calm is ( %ort duration4 ,j z ! usual condition ( ! sea surface is "o ( di/urbance1 great] or less1 s ! usual condition ( ! air at e spot on ! e>?'s surface is "o ( motion n ( quiesc5ce4 ,e movem5t ( ! air1 ?us almo/ con/antly p]turb$1 is due directly or indirectly to ! sun4 ,s also e drop ( ra9 or sn[1 e p>ticle ( liquid or ( froz5 wat] 9 mi/ or 9 cl\d1 owes its bir? to ! sun4 ,! que/ions address$ ( old to ,job1 8,ha? ! ra9 a fa!r8 or :o ha? begott5 ! drops ( dew8 out ( ^: womb came ! ice8 & ! ho>y fro/ ( heav51 :o ha? g5d]$ x80 h be5 answ]$ by mod]n sci5ce1 & to e "q ! answ] is1 ,! ,sun4 ,he is p>5t ( ! sn[ & hail1 z he is ( ! moi/ w>m ra9s ( summ]1 ( ! ice :i* cr[ns ! ev]la/+ hills1 & ( ! mi/ :i* rises f ! valleys b5ea? 8 morn+ rays4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! sn[ t clo!s ! e>? 9 w9t] z ) a g>m5t1 & ! cl\ds t 9 due season drop fatness on ! e>?1 are alike g5d]$ by ! sun2 s9ce e movem5t 9 our air1 f ! heal?-br++ breeze to ! mo/ de/ructive hurricane1 owns him z its p>5t2 we mu/ at ! outset admit1 t if !re is any body ext]nal to ! e>? ^: v>y+ aspect or condition c in=m u be=eh& ( *anges :i* ! wea!r is to und]go1 ! sun is t body4 ,t = c\ntless ages ! moon %\ld h be5 reg>d$ z ! great wea!r-bre$]1 %[s only h[ prone m5 are to recognize 9 app>5t *anges ! true cause ( real *anges1 & h[ slight ! evid5ce is on :i* !y w base laws ( association :i* h no real f\ndation 9 fact4 ,e "o c see :5 ! moon is full1 or horn$1 or gibb\s1 or half-full2 :5 h] horns are direct$ upw>ds1 or d[nw>ds1 or sideways4 ,& z ! wea!r is always *ang+1 ev5 z ! moon is always *ang+1 x mu/ ne$s happ5 t f "t to "t *anges ( wea!r s closely foll[ *anges ( ! moon z to sugge/ t ! two ord]s ( *ange /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,?us r\gh rules 7su* z ^? :i* ,aratus has h&$ d[n to u7 came to be =m$1 & z 7to use ,bacon's expression7 m5 m>k :5 su* rules hit1 & nev] m>k :5 !y miss1 a sy/em ( wea!r lore gradually comes into be+1 :i*1 :ile 9 "o s5se bas$ on facts1 has n 9 reality a p>ticle ( true evid5ce 9 its fav\r--e s+le fact not$ = ea* relation hav+ be5 contradict$ by sev]al unnot$ facts oppos$ to ! relation4 ,!re c\ld be no m in/ructive illu/ration ( m5's habits 9 su* matt]s ?an ! sy/em ( lun> wea!r wisdom 9 vogue to ?is day among seam51 ?\gh long s9ce utt]ly disprov$ by sci5ce4 ,b let x be rem>k$ 9 pass+1 t 9 leav+ ! moon1 :i* has no direct influ5ce1 & sc>cely any indirect influ5ce1 on ! wea!r1 = ! sun1 :i* is all-p[]ful1 we h n got rid ( ! m5tal habits :i* l$ m5 s f> a/ray 9 =m] times4 ,we %all h to be specially c>eful le/ x lead u a/ray yet once m1 p]haps all ! m readily because ( ! confid5ce ) :i* we feel t1 at ! outset anyway1 we are on ! "r road4 ,i suppose !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 m5 7 n altoge!r c]ta9 :e!r ! v>y+ app>5t pa? ( ! sun1 z he travels f ea/ to we/ e day1 has any special effect on ! wea!r4 ,x seems s natural to u to recognize 9 ! sun's great] mid-day elevation & long] cont9uance above ! horizon 9 summ]1 ! cause ( ! great] w>m? :i* !n commonly prevails1 t we f9d x difficult to believe t m5 c\ld ev] h be5 9 d\bt on ?is subject4 ,yet x is probable t a long "t pass$ aft] ! position ( ! sun z rul] ( ! day _h be5 notic$1 be=e 8 p[] z rul] ( ! seasons 0 recogniz$4 ,i _c at ?is mom5t recall any passage 9 ! ,bible1 = example1 9 :i* direct ref]5ce is made to ! sun's special influ5ce 9 br++ ab\t ! seasons1 or any passage 9 v anci5t writ+s ref]r+ def9itely to ! fact t ! wea!r *anges ) ! *ang+ position ( ! sun 9 ! skies 7z di/+ui%$ f ! />-sph]e71 & ) ! *ang+ l5g? ( ! day4 8,:ile ! e>? rema9e?10 we are told 9 ,g5esis1 8se$-"t & h>ve/1 & cold & heat1 & summ] & w9t]1 & day & night1 %all n cease20 b !re is no ref]5ce to ! sun's aspect z det]m9+ summ] & w9t]4 ,we f9d no m5tion ( any ( ! cele/ial signs ( ! seasons any:]e 9 ! ,bible1 ,i ?9k1 b su* signs z are m5tion$ 9 ! p>able ( ! fig tree--8,:5 8 bran* is yet t5d]1 & putte? =? leaves1 ye "k t summ] is nigh40 ,:e!r ?is indicates or n t ! t]re/rial1 r ?an ! cele/ial signs ( ! progress ( ! ye> 7 *iefly not$ by m5 9 ^? times1 x is tol]ably c]ta9 t 9 ! beg9n+ a long int]val mu/ h elaps$ betwe5 ! recognition ( ! seasons !mselves1 & ! recognition ( _! orig9 9 ! *anges ( ! sun's app>5t motions4 ,:5 ?is discov]y 0 effect$1 m5 made ! mo/ important &1 ,i ?9k1 ! mo/ satisfactory /ep t[>ds ! det]m9ation ( cyclic associations betwe5 sol> & t]re/rial ph5om5a4 ,x is = t reason t ,i ref] specially to ! po9t4 ,9 reality1 x does n app]ta9 to my subject1 = seasons & sun-spots are n associat$4 ,b x admirably illu/rates ! value ( cyclic relations4 ,m5 might h gone on = c5turies1 we may conceive1 not+ ! recurr5ce ( se$-"t & h>ve/-"t1 summ] & w9t]1 recogniz+ ! p]iodical returns ( heat & cold1 & 79 "s regions7 ( dry seasons & wet seasons1 ( calm & /orm1 & s =?1 )\t p]ceiv+ t ! sun runs ?r\gh 8 *anges ( diurnal motion 9 ! same cyclic p]iod4 ,we c imag9e t "s few :o might notice ! connection betwe5 ! two ord]s ( cele/ial ph5om5a w\ld be anxi\s to spread _! fai? 9 ! association among _! less obs]vant bre?r54 ,!y might ma9ta9 t obs]vatories = wat*+ ! motions ( ! sun w\ld demon/rate ei!r t _! belief 0 j or t x 0 n s1 w\ld 9 fact dispose f9ally ( ! "q4 ,x is giv+ ! mo/ advantage\s possible position to ^? :o n[ advocate ! erection ( sol> obs]vatories = det]m9+ :at connection1 if any1 may exi/ betwe5 sun-spots & t]re/rial ph5om5a1 ?us to comp>e !m to obs]v]s :o _h not$ a relation :i* unque/ionably exi/s4 ,b x is wor?y ( notice t if ^? :om ,i h imag9$ ?us urg+ ! erection ( an obs]vatory = solv+ ! "q :e!r ! sun rules ! seasons1 & to "s degree regulates ! recurr5ce ( dry or ra9y1 & ( calm or /ormy wea!r1 _h promis$ results ( mat]ial value f _! obs]vations1 !y w\ld h promis$ m ?an !y c\ld possibly h p]=m$4 ,ev5 9 ?is mo/ fav\rable case1 :]e ! sun is1 beyond all "q1 ! effici5t rul+ body1 :]e ! nature ( ! cyclic *ange is mo/ exactly det]m9able1 & :]e ev5 ! way 9 :i* ! sun acts c be exactly asc]ta9$1 no direct b5efit accrues f ! k4 ,! exact det]m9ation ( ! sun's app>5t motions has its value1 & ?is value is great1 b x is mo/ c]ta9ly n d]iv$ f any p[] ( pr$ict+ ! recurr5ce ( ^? ph5om5a :i* nev]!less dep5d directly on ! sun's action4 ,! f>m] :o 9 any giv5 ye> kn[s f ! almanac ! exact duration ( daylight1 & ! exact mid-day elevation ( ! sun = e day 9 ! ye>1 is n "o :it bett] able to protect 8 crops or 8 h]ds aga9/ /orm or flood ?an ! till] ( ! soil or ! t5d] ( flocks a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s or s ago1 :o knew only :5 se$-"t & summ] & h>ve/-"t & w9t] 7 at h& or 9 progress4 ,! evid5ce ?us af=d$ is by no means promis+1 !n1 s f> z ! pr$iction ( special /orms1 or floods1 or dr\ghts is conc]n$4 ,x w\ld seem t if pa/ exp]i5ce c af=d any evid5ce 9 su* matt]s1 m5 may expect to recognize cycles ( wea!r *ange long be=e !y recognize correspond+ sol> cycles 7presum+ always t su* cycles exi/71 & t !y may expect to f9d ! recognition ( su* association utt]ly b>r51 s f> z ! possibility ( pr$ict+ def9ite wea!r *anges is conc]n$4 ,x w\ld seem t !re is no likelihood ( any?+ bett] ?an :at ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el said might be hop$ = h]eaft]4 8,a lucky hit may be made2 nay1 "s rude approa* to ! p]ception ( a #8cycle ( seasons' may possibly be obta9able4 ,b no p]son 9 8 s5ses w\ld alt] 8 plans ( conduct = six mon?s 9 advance 9 ! mo/ trifl+ p>ticul> on ! fai? ( any special pr$iction ( a w>m or a cold1 a wet or a dry1 a calm or a /ormy1 summ] or w9t]0--f> less ( a great /orm or flood ann\nc$ = any special day4 ,b let u see :at ! cycle association betwe5 sol> spots & t]re/rial wea!r actually is1 or r ( :at nature x promises to be1 = z yet ! true nature ( ! association has n be5 made out4 ,x has be5 f\nd t 9 a p]iod ( ab\t elev5 ye>s ! sun's surface is affect$ by :at may be describ$ z a wave ( sun-spots4 ,!re is a %ort "t--a ye> or s--dur+ :i* sc>ce any spots are se52 !y become m & m num]\s dur+ ! next f\r or five ye>s1 until !y atta9 a maximum ( frequ5cy & size2 aft] ?is !y wane 9 numb] & dim5sions1 until at l5g?1 ab\t elev5 ye>s f ! "t :5 he _h be=e be5 free/ f spots1 he atta9s aga9 a simil> condition4 ,aft] ?is ! spots beg9 to return1 gradually atta9 to a maximum1 !n gradually dim9i%1 until aft] elev5 m ye>s h elaps$ few or none are se54 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! sun is always free f spots at ! "t ( m9imum spot frequ5cy1 or t he always %[s _m & l>ge spots at ! "t ( maximum spot frequ5cy4 ,occasionally sev]al v l>ge spots1 & sometimes s+ul>ly l>ge spots1 h be5 se5 9 ! v he>t ( ! m9imum spot season1 & aga9 !re h be5 occasions :5 sc>cely any spots h be5 se5 = sev]al days 9 ! v he>t ( ! maximum spot season4 ,b1 tak+ ! av]age ( ea* ye>1 ! progression ( ! spots 9 numb] & frequ5cy f m9imum to maximum1 & _! decl9e f maximum to m9imum1 are q unmi/akeable4 ,n[ !re are "s t]re/rial ph5om5a :i* we might expect to respond 9 great] or less degree to ! sun's *anges ( condition ) respect to spots4 ,we _c d\bt t ! emission bo? ( light & ( heat is affect$ by ! pres5ce ( spots4 ,x is n altoge!r cle> 9 :at way ! emission is affect$4 ,we _c at once assume t because ! spots are d>k ! quantity ( sunlight mu/ be less :5 ! spots are num]\s2 = x may well be t ! re/ ( ! sun's surface may at su* times be notably bright] ?an usual1 & ! total emission ( light may be great] on ! :ole in/ead ( less4 ,simil>ly ( ! emission ( heat4 ,x is c]ta9 t :5 !re are _m spots ! surface ( ! sun is f> less uni=m 9 brightness ?an at o!r times4 ,! increase ( brightness all r\nd ! spots is obvi\s to ! eye :5 ! sun's image1 duly enl>g$1 is receiv$ ^u a scre5 9 a d>k5$ room4 ,:e!r ! total emission ( light is increas$ or dim9i%$ has n yet be5 put to ! te/4 ,pr(essor ,langley1 ( ! ,alleghany ,obs]vatory1 ne> ,pittsburg1 ,u4,s41 has c>efully measur$ ! dim9ution ( ! sun's emission ( light & heat on ! assumption t ! portion ( ! surface n m>k$ by spots rema9s un*ang$ 9 lu/re4 ,b until ! total emission ( light & heat at ! times ( maximum & m9imum has be5 measur$1 )\t any assumption ( ! k9d1 we _c decide ! "q4 ,m satisfactory w\ld seem to be ! measurem5ts :i* h be5 made by ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy?1 at ,ed9burgh1 & lat] by ! ,a/ronom] ,royal at ,gre5wi*1 into ! und]gr\nd temp]ature ( ! e>?4 ,by exam9+ ! temp]ature deep d[n bel[ ! surface1 all local & tempor>y causes ( *ange are elim9at$1 & causes ext]nal to ! e>? c alone be reg>d$ z effective 9 produc+ sy/ematic *anges4 8,! effect is v slight10 ,i wrote a few ye>s ago1 8inde$ b>ely recognizable4 ,i h be=e me z ,i write ,pr(essor ,smy?'s %eet ( ! qu>t]ly temp]atures f #ahcg to #ahfi at dep?s ( #c1 #f1 #ab1 & #bd ,fr5* feet4 ,( c\rse ! mo/ rem>kable feature1 ev5 at ! dep? ( #bd feet1 is ! alt]nate rise & fall ) ! seasons4 ,b x is se5 t1 :ile ! range ( rise & fall rema9s v ne>ly con/ant1 ! cre/s & tr\ghs ( ! waves lie at v>y+ levels40 ,aft] describ+ 9 ! essay above ref]r$ to1 :i* appe>s 9 my 8,sci5ce ,byways10 ! actual configuration ( ! curves ( temp]ature bo? = seasons & = ye>s1 & ! *>t 9 :i* ! sun-spot waves & ! temp]ature waves are br\ght into comp>ison1 ,i 0 oblig$ to admit t ! alleg$ association betwe5 ! sun-spot p]iod & ! *anges ( und]gr\nd temp]ature did n seem to me v cle>ly made out4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 !re is a slight increase ( temp]ature at ! "t :5 ! sun-spots are lea/ num]\s4 ,t ! e>?'s magnetism is affect$ by ! sun's condition ) respect to spots1 seems to h be5 m cle>ly made out1 ?\gh x mu/ be not$ t ! ,a/ronom] ,royal consid]s ! ,gre5wi* magnetic obs]vations inconsi/5t ) ?is !ory4 ,x seems to h be5 r5d]$ at lea/ extremely probable t ! daily oscillation ( ! magnetic ne$le is great] :5 spots are num]\s ?an :5 !re are few spots or none4 ,magnetic /orms are also m num]\s at ! "t ( maximum spot-frequ5cy1 & auroras are !n m common4 7,! read] w n fall into ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t magnetic /orms h ! remote/ resemblance to hurricanes1 or ra9/orms1 or hail/orms1 or ev5 to ?und]/orms1 ?\gh ! ?und]/orm is an electrical ph5om5on4 ,:at is meant by a magnetic /orm is simply su* a condition ( ! e>?'s frame t ! magnetic curr5ts trav]s+ x are unusually /rong47 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 we h m]ely consid]$ relations :i* we might fairly expect to f9d affect$ by ! sun's condition z to spots4 ,a slight *ange 9 8 total brightness & 9 ! total am\nt ( heat emitt$ by him may naturally be look$ = "u circum/ances :i* visibly affect ! emission ( light1 & presumably affect ! emission ( heat also1 f portions ( 8 surface4 ,nor c we wond] if t]re/rial magnetism1 :i* is directly dep5d5t on ! sun's emission ( heat1 %\ld be affect$ by ! exi/5ce ( spots ^u 8 surface4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! effects :i* h rec5tly be5 associat$ ) ! sun's condition4 ,x may or may n prove actually to be ! case t w9d & ra9 v>y 9 quantity z ! sun-spots v>y 9 numb] 7at lea/ :5 we take 9 bo? cases ! av]age = a ye>1 or = two or ?ree ye>s71 b x _c be said t any su* relation 0 antec$5tly to be expect$4 ,:5 we consid] :at ! sun actually does = our e>?1 x seems unlikely t special effects su* z ^! %\ld dep5d on relatively m9ute peculi>ities ( ! sun's surface4 ,!re is our e>?1 ) h] oceans & cont95ts1 turn+ ar\nd swiftly on h] axis1 & expos$ to 8 rays z a :ole4 ,or1 inv]t+ ! way ( view+ matt]s1 !re is ! sun rid+ high 9 ! heav5s ( any region ( ! e>?1 p\r+ d[n 8 rays ^u t region4 ,we c und]/& h[ 9 ! "o case t rotat+ orb ( ! e>? may receive r m or r less heat f ! sun :5 he is spott$ ?an :5 he is n1 or h[ 9 ! o!r way ( view+ matt]s1 t orb ( ! sun may give to any region r m or r less heat accord+ z 8 surface is m or less spott$4 ,b t 9 special regions ( t rotat+ e>? /orms %\ld be m or less frequ5t or ra9fall heavi] or light]1 z ! sun's condition *anges ?r\gh ! exce$+ly small range ( v>iation due to ! =mation ( spots1 seems antec$5tly altoge!r unlikely2 & equally unlikely ! idea t peculi>ities affect+ limit$ regions ( ! sun's surface %\ld affect appreciably ! g5]al condition ( ! e>?4 ,if a some:at homely comp>ison may be p]mitt$1 we c well und]/& h[ a piece ( meat roa/+ be=e a fire may receive a great] or less supply ( heat on ! :ole z ! fire und]goes slight local *anges 7v slight inde$ !y mu/ be1 t ! illu/ration may be accurate72 b x w\ld be extremely surpris+ if1 9 consequ5ce ( su* slight *anges 9 ! fire1 ! roa/+ ( p>ticul> portions ( ! jo9t 7 m>k$ly accel]at$ or delay$1 or affect$ 9 any o!r special mann]4 ,b ( c\rse all su* consid]ations z to antec$5t probabilities mu/ give way be=e ! actual evid5ce ( obs]v$ facts4 ,utt]ly inconsi/5t ) all t is yet kn[n ( ! sun's physical action1 z x may seem1 on priori gr\nds1 to suppose t spots1 curr5ts1 or o!r local di/urbances ( ! sun's surface c\ld produce any b g5]al effects on ! e>? z a :ole1 yet if we %all f9d t p>ticul> effects are produc$ 9 special regions ( ! e>?'s surface 9 cycles unmi/akably syn*roniz+ ) ! sol>-spot-cycle1 we mu/ accept ! fact1 :e!r we c expla9 x or n4 ,only let x be rememb]$ at ! outset t ! e>? is a l>ge place1 & ! v>iations ( w9d & calm1 ra9 & dr\ght1 are _m & v>i\s 9 diff]5t regions4 ,:atev] place we select = exam9+ ! ra9fall1 = example1 we are likely to f9d1 9 runn+ ov] ! records ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s or s1 "s seem+ly oscillatory *anges2 9 ! records ( ! w9ds1 aga91 we are likely to f9d o!r seem+ly oscillatory *anges2 if none ( ^! records provide any?+ :i* seems 9 any way to correspond ) ! sol> spot-cycle1 we may p]*ance f9d "s su* cycle 9 ! relative ra9fall ( p>ticul> mon?s1 or 9 ! v>y+ wetness or dryness ( p>ticul> w9ds1 & s =?4 ,or1 if we utt]ly fail to f9d any su* relation 9 "o place we may f9d x 9 ano!r1 or n improbably 9 half-a-doz5 places among ! hundr$s :i* are available = ! se>*4 ,if we are cont5t ) imp]fect correspond5ce betwe5 "s meteorological process or ano!r & ! sol>-spot cycle1 we %all be exce$+ly un=tunate inde$ if we fail to f9d a score ( illu/rative in/ances4 ,& if we only record ^!1 )\t notic+ any ( ! cases :]e we fail to f9d any association :atev]--9 o!r words1 z ,bacon puts x1 if 8we note :5 we hit & nev] note :5 we miss10 we %all be able to make :at w seem a v /rong case inde$4 ,b ?is is n exactly ! sci5tific me?od 9 su* cases4 ,by foll[+ su* a c\rse1 inde$1 we might prove almo/ any?+4 ,if we take1 = in/ance1 a pack ( c>ds1 & reg>d ! c>ds 9 ord] z correspond+ to ! ye>s #ahbe to #ahgg1 & note _! col\rs z dealt once1 we %all f9d x v difficult to %[ t !re is any connection :atev] betwe5 ! col\rs ( ! c>ds correspond+ to p>ticul> ye>s & ! numb] ( spots on ! sun's face4 ,b if we repeat ! process a ?\s& times1 we %all f9d c]ta9 in/ances among ! numb]1 9 :i* r$ suits correspond to all ! ye>s :5 !re are _m spots on ! sun1 & black suits to all ! ye>s :5 !re are few spots on ! sun4 ,if n[ we 7 to publi% all su* deals1 )\t m5tion+ any?+ at all ab\t ! o!rs :i* %[$ no su* association1 we %\ld g f> to conv9ce a c]ta9 section ( ! public t ! condition ( ! sun z to spots might h]eaft] be =etold by ! c>ds2 :5ce1 if ! public 7 already satisfi$ t ! condition ( ! sun specially affects ! wea!r ( p>ticul> places1 x w\ld foll[ t ! future wea!r ( ^! places might also be =etold by ! c>ds4 ,i m5tion ?is matt] at ! outset1 because _m :o are anxi\s to f9d "s su* cycle ( seasons z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el ?\ght might be discov]$1 h some:at ov]look$ ! fact t we mu/ n hunt d[n su* a cycle p] fas et nefas4 8,surely 9 meteorology z 9 a/ronomy10 ,mr4 ,locky] writes1 = in/ance1 8! ?+ to hunt d[n is a cycle1 & if t is n to be f\nd 9 ! temp]ate zone1 !n g to ! frigid zones or ! torrid zone to look = x2 & if f\nd1 !n above all ?+s & 9 :atev] mann]1 lay hold (1 /udy1 & read x1 & see :at x means40 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is is ! way to f9d a cycle1 or at lea/ to f9d :at looks l a cycle1 b ! wor? ( a cycle f\nd 9 ?is way w be v que/ionable4#g ,i w\ld n h x und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ,i consid] all ! cycles n[ to be ref]r$ to z unreal1 or ev5 t ! suppos$ connection betwe5 !m & ! sol> cycle has no exi/5ce4 ,i only note t !re are ?\s&s1 if n t5s ( ?\s&s1 ( relations among :i* cycles may be look$ =1 & t !re are p]haps tw5ty or ?irty cases 9 :i* "s sort ( cyclic association betwe5 c]ta9 meteorological relations & ! p]iod ( ! sol> spots pres5ts itself4 ,accord+ to ! recogniz$ laws ( probability1 "s at lea/ among/ ^! cases mu/ be reg>d$ z accid5tal4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 may /ill rema9 :i* are n accid5tal4 ,among ! e>lie/ publi%$ in/ances may be m5tion$ ,mr4 ,bax5dell's recognition ( ! fact t dur+ a c]ta9 s]ies ( ye>s1 ab\t ?irty1 ,i ?9k1 ! am\nt ( ra9fall at ,ox=d 0 great] "u we/ & s\?-we/ w9ds ?an "u s\? & s\?-ea/ w9ds :5 sun-spots 7 mo/ num]\s1 :]eas ! rev]se held 9 ye>s :5 !re 7 no spots or few4 ,exam9+ ! meteorological records ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 he f\nd t a contr>y /ate ( ?+s prevail$ !re4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,ma91 ,director ( ! ,radcliffe ,obs]vatory at ,ox=d1 f\nd t we/]ly w9ds 7 slightly m common 7z comp>$ ) o!r w9ds7 :5 sun-spots 7 num]\s ?an :5 !y 7 few4 ,mr4 ,meldrum1 ( ,mauritius1 has made a s]ies ( /ati/ical inquiries into ! records ( cyclones :i* h trav]s$ ! ,indian ,ocean betwe5 ! equator & #cd degrees s\? latitude1 9 ea* ye> f #ahef to #ahgg1 not+ ! total di/ances trav]s$ by ea*1 ! sums ( _! radii & areas1 _! duration 9 days1 ! sums ( _! total areas1 & _! relative areas4 ,8 rese>*es1 be x m>k$ 9 pass+1 are ( extreme int]e/ & value1 :e!r ! sugge/$ connection betwe5 sun-spots & cyclones 79 ! region specifi$7 be ev5tually f\nd to be a real "o or n4 ,! foll[+ are 8 results1 z describ$ 9 ,nature by a writ] :o manife/ly fav\rs v /rongly ! doctr9e t an intimate association exi/s betwe5 sol> maculation 7or spott9ess7 & t]re/rial meteorological ph5om5a3-- 8,! p]iod embraces two complete1 or all b complete1 sun-spot p]iods1 ! =m] beg9n+ ) #ahef & end+ 9 #ahfg1 & ! latt] ext5d+ f #ahfg to ab\t ! pres5t "t #ahgg4 ,! broad result is t ! numb] ( cyclones1 ! l5g? & duration ( _! c\rses1 & ! ext5t ( ! e>?'s surface cov]$ by !m all1 rea* ! maximum 9 ea* sun-spot p]iod dur+ ! ye>s ( maximum maculation1 & fall to ! m9imum dur+ ! ye>s ( m9imum maculation4 ,! peculi> value ( ^! results lies 9 ! fact t ! portion ( ! e>?'s surface ov] :i* ?is inve/igation ext5ds1 is1 f its geographical position & :at may be t]m$ its meteorological homog5eity1 s+ul>ly well fitt$ to br+ out prom95tly any connection t may exi/ betwe5 ! condition ( ! sun's surface & atmosph]ic ph5om5a40 ,! writ] proce$s to describe an in/ance 9 :i* ,mr4 ,meldrum pr$ict$ future meteorological ph5om5a1 ?\gh )\t specify+ ! exact ext5t to :i* ,mr4 ,meldrum's anticipations 7 fulfill$ or ! rev]se4 8,a dr\ght comm5c$ 9 ,mauritius e>ly 9 ,novemb]10 he says1 8& ,mr4 ,meldrum v5tur$ 7on ,decemb] #ba7 to express publicly 8 op9ion t probably ! dr\ght w\ld n break up till t[>ds ! end ( ,janu>y1 & t x might la/ till ! middle ( ,febru>y1 add+ t up to ^! dates ! ra9fall ( ! isl& w\ld probably n exce$ #ej p] c5t4 ( ! mean fall4 ,?is op9ion 0 an inf]5ce gr\nd$ on pa/ obs]vations1 :i* %[ t =m] dr\ghts h la/$ f ab\t ?ree to ?ree & a half mon?s1 & t ^! dr\ghts h occurr$ 9 ! ye>s ( m9imum sun-spots1 or1 at all ev5ts1 9 ye>s :5 ! spots 7 f> bel[ ! av]age1 su* z #ahdb1 #ahdc1 #ahee1 #ahef1 #ahfd1 #ahff1 & #ahfg1 & t n[ we are ne> ! m9imum epo* ( sun-spots4 ,x 0 fur!r /at$ t ! probability ( ra9s be+ br\ght e>li] by a cyclone 0 b slight1 see+ t ! season = cyclones is n till ,febru>y or ,m>*1 & t no cyclone :atev] visit$ ,mauritius dur+ #ahec-ef & #ahfd-fg1 ! ye>s ( m9imum sun-spots4 ,f ! imm5se practical importance ( ?is application ( ! connection betwe5 sun-spots & wea!r to ! pr$iction ( ! "* ( ! wea!r ( ! ensu+ season1 we %all look =w>d ) ! livelie/ int]e/ to a detail$ /atem5t ( ! wea!r :i* actually occurr$ 9 t "p ( ! ,indian ,ocean f ,novemb] to ,m>* la/ #ahgf40 ,x 0 natural t ! great ,indian fam9e1 occurr+ at a "t :5 sun-spots 7 ne>ly at a m9imum1 %\ld by "s be directly associat$ ) a defici5cy ( sun-spots4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 inde$1 we h _h little reason1 dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s ( few sun-spots1 to consid] t dr\ght is "o ( ! special consequ5ces to be attribut$ to defici5t sol> maculation4 ,b 9 ,india x may be diff]5t1 or at lea/ x may be diff]5t 9 ,madras1 = x has be5 satisfactorily prov$ t 9 "s p>ts ( ,india ! ra9fall increases 9 inv]se1 n 9 direct proportion1 to ! ext5t ( sol> maculation4 ,dr4 ,hunt] has %[n to ! satisfaction ( _m t at ,madras !re is 8a cycle ( ra9fall correspond+ ) ! p]iod ( sol> maculation40 ,b ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,ar*ibald1 :o is also ?or\ghly satisfi$ t ! sun-spots affect ! wea!r1 rem>ks t ,dr4 ,hunt] has be5 some:at ha/y 9 argu+ t ! same conditions apply ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,s\!rn ,india4 8,?is ha/y g5]alization f ! results ( "o /ation situat$ 9 a va/ cont95t1 ! ra9fall ( :i* v>ies completely1 bo? 9 am\nt & ! season 9 :i* x falls1 accord+ to locality1 has be5 /rongly conte/$ by ,mr4 ,blan=d1 ! ,gov]nm5t ,meteorologi/1 :o1 9 mak+ a c>eful comp>ison ( ! ra9falls ( sev5 /ations1 ?ree ( :i* 7,madras1 ,bangalore1 & ,mysore7 are 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 ! o!rs be+ ,bombay1 ,najpore1 ,jubbulpore1 & ,calcutta1 f9ds t1 ) ! exception ( ,najpore 9 ,c5tral ,india1 :i* %[s "s slight approa* to ! same cyclical v>iation :i* is s di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! ,madras regi/]s1 ! re/ ( ! /ations =m complete exceptions to ! rule adduc$ = ,madras1 9 _m ( !m ! hypo!tical ord] ( relation be+ rev]s$4 ,mr4 ,blan=d1 h[ev]1 %[s t1 und]ly+ ! above irregul>ities1 a c]ta9 cyclical v>iation exi/s on ! av]age at all ! /ations1 ! am\nt1 nev]!less1 be+ s insignificant 7n m ?an #i p] c5t4 ( ! total falls7 t x c\ld n be consid]$ ( suffici5t magnitude to become a direct factor 9 ! production ( fam9e4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! cycle ( ra9fall :i* is consid]$ to be ! mo/ important elem5t 9 caus+ p]iodic fam9es has only be5 prov$ satisfactorily = ! t[n ( ,madras4 ,x may p]haps hold = ! ,c>natic & ,nor!rn ,sicc>s1 ! c\ntry imm$iately surr\nd+ ,madras1 ?\gh p]haps1 ow+ to ! want ( ra9fall regi/]s 9 ^! di/ricts1 evid5ce ) reg>d to ?is "p is /ill want+40 ,on ?is ,mr4 ,ar*ibald proce$s to rem>k t1 ?\gh ,dr4 ,hunt] has be5 only p>tially successful1 ! value ( 8 able pamphlet is n dim9i%$ 9 any way1 8an indirect effect ( :i* has be5 to /imulate meteorological inquiry & rese>* 9 ! same direction ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,! meteorology ( ?is c\ntry 7,india71 f its peculi> & tropical position1 is 9 su* complete unison ) any *anges t may arise f oscillations 9 ! am\nt ( sol> radiation1 & _! effects ^u ! velocity & direction ( ! vap\r-be>+ w9ds1 t a c>eful /udy ( x _c fail to discov] meteorological p]iodicities 9 close connection ) correspond+ p]iods ( sol> di/urbance40 ,s1 inde$1 x w\ld seem4 ,! hope t fam9es may be abat$1 or1 at lea/1 "s ( _! mo/ griev\s consequ5ces =e/all$ by means ( sol> obs]vatories1 does n appe> v cle>ly made out4 ,r x w\ld seem t ! prop] ?+ to d is to inve/igate ! meteorological records ( diff]5t ,indian regions1 & consid] ! result+ evid5ce ( cyclic *anges )\t any special ref]5ce to sun-spots2 = if sun-spots may cause dr\ght 9 "o place1 heavy ra9fall 9 ano!r1 w9ds "h & calms !re1 x seems conceivable t ! effects ( sun-spots may diff] at diff]5t times1 z !y manife/ly d 9 diff]5t places4 ,let u turn1 h[ev]1 f fam9es to %ipwrecks4 ,p]haps1 if we admit t cyclones are m num]\s1 & bl[ m fi]cely1 & range m widely1 ev5 ?\gh x be ov] "o l>ge oceanic region only1 9 ! sun-spot seasons ?an at o!r times1 we may be assur$1 )\t fur!r rese>*1 t %ipwrecks w1 on ! :ole1 be m num]\s ne> ! "t ( sun-spot maxima ?an ne> ! "t ( sun-spot m9ima4 ,! idea t ?is may be s 0 vaguely %ad[$ =? 9 a poem ( _m /anzas1 call$ 8,! ,meteorology ( ! ,future3 a ,vision10 :i* appe>$ 9 ,nature = ,july #e1 #ahgg4 ,i d n pr(ess to und]/& precisely :at ! object ( ?is poem may h be5---,i mean1 :e!r x is int5d$ to support or n ! !ory t sun-spots influ5ce ! wea!r4 ,sev]al /anzas are v humor\s1 b ! object ( ! hum\r is n manife/4 ,! "p ref]r$ to above is z foll[s3--,poor ,jack lies at ! bottom ( ! sea 9 #ahha1 & is ask$ 9 a spiritual way v>i\s que/ions z to ! cause ( 8 ?us com+ to grief4 ,?is he attribut$ to ! rott5ness ( ! %ip 9 :i* he sail$1 to ! jobb]y ( ! inspector1 to ! failure ( ! sy/em ( wea!r telegraph+1 & s =?4 ,b1 says ! que/ion]1 !re 0 "o 8,9 fame to none w yield1 ,he l$ ! b& :o reap$ r5[n ,on ,india's fam9e field4 8,0 he ! man to see !e die8 ,?\ wilt n tax him--come8 ,! dead man groan$--#8,i met my dea? ,?r\gh a sun-spot maximum4'0 ,! fir/ def9ite enunciation1 h[ev]1 ( a relation betwe5 sun-spots & %ipwrecks appe>$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgf4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,jeula1 9 ! ,times = ,septemb] #ai1 /at$ t ,dr4 ,hunt]'s rese>*es into ! ,madras ra9fall _h l$ him to ?r[ toge!r ! scanty mat]ials available relat+ to losses po/$ on ,lloyd's loss book1 to asc]ta9 if any co9cid5ces exi/$ betwe5 ! v>y+ numb] ( su* losses & ,dr4 ,hunt]'s results4 8,=10 he proce$s1 8s9ce ! cycle ( ra9fall at ,madras co9cides1 ,i am in=m$1 ) ! p]iodicity ( ! cyclones 9 ! adjo9+ ,bay ( ,b5gal0 7a relation :i* is m ?an d\btful7 8z work$ out by ! ,gov]nm5t ,a/ronom] at ,mauritius0 7^: rese>*es1 h[ev]1 z we h se51 relat$ to a region remote f ! ,bay ( ,b5gal71 8"s co9cid5ce betwe5 m>itime casualties1 ra9falls1 & sun-spots appe>$ at lea/ possible40 ,9 pass+1 ,i may note t if any su* relation 7 e/abli%$1 x w\ld be only an ext5sion ( ! significance ( ! cycle ( cyclones1 & c\ld h no indep5d5t value4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly foll[1 if ! cycle ( cyclones is made out1 t %ipwrecks be+ m num]\s1 m]*ants w\ld suff]1 & we %\ld h ! influ5ce ( ! sol> spots ass]t+ itself 9 ! ,gazette4 ,f ! cyclic d]angem5t ( monet>y & m]cantile matt]s1 aga91 o!r relations also cyclic 9 "* w\ld arise4 ,b z all ^! may be inf]r$ f ! cycle ( cyclones once ?is is e/abli%$1 we c\ld sc>cely f9d 9 _! occurr5ce fre% evid5ce ( ! necessity ( t mu* begg$-= sol> obs]vatory4 ,! la/ great monet>y panic 9 ?is c\ntry1 by ! way1 occurr$ 9 #ahff1 at a "t ( m9imum sol> maculation4 ,h we "h a decisive pro( t ! sun rules ! money m>ket1 ! bank rate ( disc\nt ris+ to a maximum z ! sun-spots s9k to a m9imum1 & vice v]s8 ,! idea is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ! ,am]ican panic 9 #ahgc occurr$ :5 spots 7 v num]\s1 & its effects h /eadily subsid$ z ! spots h dim9i%$ 9 numb]2 = ?is %[s t ! sun rules ! money m>ket 9 ,am]ica on a pr9ciple diametrically oppos$ to t on :i* he 7manife/ly7 rules ! money m>ket 9 ,engl&1 precisely z ! spots cause dr\ght 9 ,calcutta & pl5te\s ra9fall at ,madras1 wet s\?-we/]s & dry s\?-we/]s at ,ox=d1 & wet s\?-ea/]s & dry s\?-ea/]s at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,surely x w\ld be unreasonable to refuse to recognize ! weight ( evid5ce :i* ?us tells on bo? sides at once4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! sun's influ5ce ^u %ipwrecks4 ,mr4 ,jeula 0 8only able to obta9 data = two complete cycles ( elev5 ye>s1 namely1 f #ahee to #ahgf inclusive1 :ile ! p]iod inve/igat$ by ,dr4 ,hunt] ext5d$ f #ahac to #ahgf1 & 8 obs]vations relat$ to ,madras & its neighb\rhood only1 :ile ! losses po/$ at ,lloyd's occurr$ to vessels ( v>i\s c\ntries1 & happ5$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x 0 necess>y to br+ ^! losses to "s common basis ( comp>ison1 & ! only available "o 0 ! numb] ( #8,briti% regi/]$ vessels ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ,*annel ,isl&s'--manife/ly an arbitr>y "o4 ,i consequ5tly ca/ out ! p]c5tage ( losses po/$ ea* ye> ^u ! numb] ( regi/]$ vessels = ! same ye>1 & also ! p]c5tage ( losses po/$ 9 ea* ( ! elev5 ye>s ( ! two cycles ^u ! total po/$ 9 ea* complete cycle1 ?us obta9+ two bases ( comp>ison indep5d5t ( ea* o!r40 ,! results may be ?us pres5t$3-- ,tak+ ! f\r ye>s ( ea* cycle :5 sun-spots 7 lea/ 9 numb]1 ,mr4 ,jeula f\nd ! mean p]c5tage ( losses 9 regi/]$ vessels ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ,*annel ,isl&s to be #aaac1 & ! mean p]c5tage ( losses 9 ! total po/$ 9 ! entire cycle ( elev5 ye>s to be #hfd4 ,9 ! f\r ye>s :5 sun-spots 7 int]m$iate 9 numb]1 t is 9 two ye>s foll[+ ! m9imum & 9 two ye>s prec$+ ! m9imum1 ! respective p]c5tages 7 #aaia & #iba4 ,la/ly1 9 ! ?ree ye>s :5 sun-spots 7 mo/ num]\s1 ^! p]c5tages 71 respectively1 #abdi & #iec4 ,t ! read] may m cle>ly und]/& :at is meant "h by p]c5tages1 ,i expla9 t :ile ! numb]s #aaac1 #aaia & #abdi simply indicate ! av]age numb] ( wrecks 7p] hundr$ ( all ! %ips regi/]$7 :i* occurr$ 9 ! sev]al ye>s ( ! elev5-ye>s cycle1 ! o!r numb]s1 #hfd1 #aiba1 & #iec1 indicate ! av]age numb] ( wrecks 7p] hundr$ ( wrecks record$7 dur+ elev5 successive ye>s1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! sev]al ye>s ( ! cycle4 ,! latt] numb]s seem m directly to ! purpose2 & z ! two sets agree pretty closely1 we may limit our att5tion to !m4 ,n[ ,i w\ld 9 ! fir/ place po9t out t x w\ld h be5 well if ! actual numb] or p]c5tage _h be5 indicat$ = ea* ye> ( ! cycle1 in/ead ( = p]iods ( f\r ye>s1 f\r ye>s1 & ?ree ye>s4 ,two elev5-ye> cycles give 9 any case b meagre evid5ce1 & x w\ld h be5 well if ! evid5ce _h be5 giv5 z fully z possible4 ,if we _h a hundr$ elev5-ye>ly cycles1 & took ! av]ages ( wrecks = ! f\r ye>s ( m9imum sol> maculation1 ! f\r int]m$iate ye>s1 & ! ?ree ye>s ( maximum maculation1 we might rely ) consid]able confid5ce on ! result1 because accid5tal peculi>ities "o way or ! o!r c\ld be elim9at$4 ,b 9 two cycles only1 su* peculi>ities may entirely mask any cyclic relation really exi/+1 & appe> to indicate a relation :i* has no real exi/5ce4 ,if ! p]c5tages _h be5 giv5 = ea* ye>1 ! effect ( su* peculi>ities w\ld d\btless /ill rema91 & ! f9al result w\ld n be m tru/wor?y ?an be=e2 b we %\ld h a *ance ( decid+ :e!r su* peculi>ities really exi/ or n1 & also ( det]m9+ :at _! nature may be4 ,z an in/ance 9 po9t1 let me cite a case :]e1 hav+ only ! results ( a s+le cycle1 we c s arrange !m z to appe> to indicate a cyclic association betwe5 sun-spots & ra9fall1 :ile1 :5 we give !m ye> by ye>1 su* an association is discr$it$1 to say ! lea/4 ,! total ra9fall at ,port ,l\is1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahee & #ahfh inclusive1 is z foll[s3-- ,9 ,ra9fall4 ,condition ( ,sun4 #ahee #dbffe in*es ,sun-spot m9imum4 #ahef #dfbcj #aheg #dcdde #aheh #ceejf #ahei #efhge #ahfj #deaff ,sun-spot maximum4 #ahfa #fhgcc #ahfb #bhcig #ahfc #ccdbj #ahfd #bdadg #ahfe #ddgcj #ahff #bjega ,sun-spot m9imum4 #ahfg #ceigj #ahfh #fdahj ,illu/ration ,i ?9k no "o1 look+ at ^! numb]s z !y /&1 c recognize any evid5ce ( a cyclic t5d5cy4 ,if we repres5t ! ra9fall by ord9ates we get ! accompany+ figure1 :i* %[s ! ra9fall = eighte5 ye>s1 & aga9 ,i ?9k x may be said t a v lively imag9ation is requir$ to recognize any?+ resembl+ t wave-l undulation :i* ! fundam5tal law ( /ati/ics requires :]e a cycle is to be made out f a s+le oscillation4 ,c]ta9ly ! agreem5t betwe5 ! brok5 curve ( ra9fall & ! sun-spot curve indicat$ by ! wav$ dott$ l9e is n gl>+ly obvi\s4 ,b :5 we /rike an av]age = ! ra9fall1 9 ! way adopt$ by ,mr4 ,jeula = %ipwrecks1 h[ pleasantly is ! !ory ( sun-spot influ5ce illu/rat$ by ! ,port ,l\is ra9fall6 ,"h is ! result1 z quot$ by ! high-prie/ ( ! new ord] ( div9]s1 f ! pap]s by ,mr4 ,meldrum3-- ,?ree m9imum ye>s--total ra9fall #acccdj ,?ree maximum ye>s--total ra9fall #agjggd ,?ree m9imum ye>s--total ra9fall #abjgba ,no?+ c\ld be m satisfactory1 b no?+1 ,i v5ture to ass]t1 m ?or\ghly inconsi/5t ) ! true me?od ( /ati/ical rese>*4 ,may x n be t1 und]ly+ ! broad results pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,jeula1 !re are simil> irregul>ities8 ,:5 we consid] t ! loss ( %ips dep5ds1 n only on a cause s irregul>ly v>iable 7to all seem+7 z w9d-/orms1 b also on o!r matt]s liable to con/ant *ange1 z ! v>iations 9 ! /ate ( trade1 ! occurr5ce ( w>s & rum\rs ( w>s1 special ev5ts1 su* z int]national exhibitions1 & s =?1 we p]ceive t an ev5 wid] range ( survey is requir$ to remove ! effects ( accid5tal peculi>ities 9 _! case1 ?an 9 ! case ( ra9fall1 cyclones1 or ! l4 ,i _c b ?9k1 = in/ance1 t ! total numb] ( %ips lo/ 9 div]s ways dur+ ! ,am]ican w>1 & especially 9 its e>li] ye>s 7correspond+ ) two ( ! ?ree maximum ye>s ( sun-spots7 may h be5 great]1 n m]ely absolutely b relatively1 ?an 9 o!r ye>s4 ,i ?9k x conceivable1 aga91 t dur+ ! depression foll[+ ! great comm]cial panic ( #ahff 7occurr+ at a "t ( m9imum sol> maculation1 z already notic$7 ! loss ( %ips may h be5 to "s degree r$uc$1 relatively z well z absolutely4 ,we "k t :5 trade is unusually active _m %ips h sail$1 & p]haps may /ill be all[$ to sail 7despite ,mr4 ,plimsoll's endeav\rs71 :i* %\ld h be5 brok5 up2 :]eas 9 times ( trade depression ! %ips actually afloat are likely to be1 on ! av]age1 ( a bett] class4 ,s also1 :51 = "s special reason1 pass5g] traffic at sea is abnormally increas$4 ,i m]ely m5tion ^! z illu/rative cases ( causes n 7probably7 dep5d5t on sun-spots1 :i* may 7n improbably7 h affect$ ! results exam9$ by ,mr4 ,jeula4 ,i ?9k x possible t ^? results1 if pres5t$ = ea* ye>1 w\ld h indicat$ ! op]ation ( su* causes1 naturally mask$ :5 sets ( f\r ye>s1 f\r ye>s1 & ?ree ye>s are tak5 in/ead ( s+le ye>s4 ,i imag9e t consid]ations su* z ^! w h to be tak5 into acc\nt & dispos$ ( be=e x w be unhesitat+ly admitt$ t sun-spots h any great effect 9 increas+ ! numb] ( %ipwrecks4 ,! advocates ( ! doctr9e ( sun-spot influ5ce--or1 p]haps x w\ld be m correct to say1 ! advocates ( ! end[m5t ( sun-spot rese>*--?9k diff]5tly on ^! & o!r po9ts4 ,ea* "o ( ! some:at d\btful relations discuss$ above is con/antly ref]r$ to by !m z a demon/rat$ fact1 & a demon/rative pro( ( ! !ory !y advocate4 ,= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,locky]1 9 ref]r+ to ,meldrum's /ati/ical rese>*es into ! frequ5cy ( cyclones1 does n hesitate to ass]t t accord+ to ^! rese>*es 8! :ole "q ( cyclones is m]ely a "q ( sol> activity1 & t if we wrote d[n 9 "o column ! numb] ( cyclones 9 any giv5 ye>1 & 9 ano!r column ! numb] ( sun-spots 9 any giv5 ye>1 !re w be a /rict relation betwe5 !m--_m sun-spots1 _m hurricanes2 few sun-spots1 few hurricanes40 444 ,& aga91 8,mr4 ,meldrum has s9ce f\nd0 7n m]ely 8has s9ce f\nd reason to believe10 b def9itely1 8has s9ce f\nd07 8t :at is true ( ! /orms :i* deva/ate ! ,indian ,ocean is true ( ! /orms :i* deva/ate ! ,we/ ,indies2 & on ref]r+ to ! /orms ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 ,mr4 ,meldrum po9ts out t at ^? ye>s :]e we h be5 quietly mapp+ ! sun-spot maxima1 ! h>b\rs 7 fill$ ) wrecks1 & vessels com+ 9 disabl$ f e "p ( ! ,indian ,ocean40 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,balf\r ,/ew>t accepts ,mr4 ,jeula's /ati/ics confid5tly z demon/rat+ t !re are mo/ %ipwrecks dur+ p]iods ( maximum sol> activity4 ,nor are ! advocates ( ! new me?od ( pr$iction at all d\btful z to ! value ( ^! relations 9 af=d+ ! basis ( a sy/em ( pr$iction4 ,!y d n tell u precisely h[ we are to pr(it by ! fact1 if fact x is1 t cyclones & %ipwrecks m>k ! "t ( maximum sol> maculation1 & dr\ghts & fam9e ! "t ( m9imum4 8,if we c manage to get at ^! ?+s10 says ,mr4 ,locky]1 8! p[] ( pr$iction1 t p[] :i* w\ld be ! mo/ useful "o 9 meteorology1 if we c\ld only get at x1 w\ld be )9 our grasp40 ,& ,mr4 ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 9 a lett] to ! ,times1 says1 8,if we are on ! track ( a discov]y :i* w 9 "t enable u to =etell ! cycle ( dr\ghts1 public op9ion %\ld dem& t ! inve/igation be prosecut$ ) r$\bl$ vig\r & "u bett] conditions4 ,if =ew>n$ be =e>m$1 !n su* rese>* w ultimately conduce to ! sav+ ( life bo? at times ( maximum & m9imum sun-spot frequ5cy40 ,if ^! hopes are really ju/ifi$ by ! facts ( ! case1 x w\ld be well t ! matt] %\ld be z quickly z possible put to ! te/4 ,no "o w\ld be s he>tless1 ,i ?9k1 z to reject1 ?r\gh an excess ( sci5tific caution1 a s*eme :i* might issue 9 ! sav+ ( _m lives f fam9e or f %ipwreck4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 no "o1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld believe s ill ( 8 fell[-m5 z to suppose = "o mom5t t advantage c\ld be tak5 ( ! sympa?ies :i* h be5 ar\s$ by ! ,indian fam9e1 or :i* may f "t to "t be excit$ by ! record ( great disa/]s by sea & l&1 to advocate bottomless s*emes m]ely = purposes ( p]sonal advancem5t4 ,we mu/ n[1 p]=ce1 believe t ^? :o advocate ! erection ( new obs]vatories & laboratories = /udy+ ! physics ( ! sun1 h ! mo/ ?or\gh fai? 9 ! s*eme :i* !y pr(f] to save our ,indian population f fam9e & our seam5 f %ipwreck4 ,b !y1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld n[ also believe t ^? :o h describ$ ! s*eme z entirely hopeless1 d really s reg>d x4 ,if we exon]ate !m f ! *>ge ( respond+ to an appeal = food by (f]+ spectroscopes1 !y 9 turn %\ld exon]ate u f ! *>ge ( d5y+ spectroscopes to ! />v+ millions ( ,india ?\gh kn[+ well t ! spectroscopic track leads /raight to safety4 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge ,i _c = my own "p see ev5 t small modicum ( hope 9 ! c\rse sugge/$ :i* w\ld suffice to ju/ify its be+ foll[$4 ,9 my op9ion1 "o ounce ( rice w\ld be wor? m 7simply because x w\ld be wor? some?+7 ?an t5 ?\s& tons ( spectroscopes4 ,= :at1 9 ! fir/ place1 has be5 %[n z to ! connection betwe5 meteorological ph5om5a & sun-spots8 ,suppos+ we grant1 & x is grant+ a great deal1 t all ! cycles ref]r$ to h be5 made out4 ,!y "o & all affect av]ages only4 ,! mo/ m>k$ among !m c s little be tru/$ 9 detail t :ile ! maximum ( sun-spots agrees 9 ! ma9 ) an excess or defect ( ra9 or w9d1 or ( special ra9s ) special w9ds1 or ! l1 ! actual ye> ( maximum may pres5t ! exact rev]se4 ,( :at use c x be to "k1 = in/ance1 t ! ?ree ye>s ( lea/ sol> maculation w probably give a ra9fall less ?an t = ! prec$+ or foll[+ ?ree ye>s1 if ! middle ye> ( ! ?ree1 :5 ! spots are mo/ num]\s ( all1 may haply %[ pl5te\s ra9fall8 ,or x may be ! fir/ ( ! ?ree1 or ! la/1 :i* is ?us well suppli$1 :ile a defect 9 ! o!r two1 or 9 "o ( ! o!rs1 br+s ! total tri5nial ra9fall bel[ ! av]age4 ,:at provision c\ld possibly be made "u su* circum/ances to meet a cont+5cy :i* may occur 9 any "o ( ?ree ye>s8 or1 at lea/1 :at provision c\ld be made :i* w\ld prove ne>ly s effective z an arrangem5t :i* c\ld readily be made = keep+ suffici5t ,gov]nm5t /ores at suitable /ations 7t is1 nev] all[+ su* /ores to fall at ! critical season 9 ea* ye> bel[ a c]ta9 m9imum71 & s5d+ e>ly telegraphic in=mation ( unfav\rable wea!r8 ,does any "o suppose t ! sol> rice-gra9s are bett] wor? wat*+ = su* a purpose ?an ! t]re/rial rice-gra9s1 or t x is n well )9 ! res\rces ( mod]n sci5ce & mod]n means ( communication & transport1 to make suffici5t prep>ation ea* ye> = a calamity always possible 9 ,india8 ,& be x notic$ t if1 on ! "o h&1 believ]s 9 sol> safety f fam9e may urge t1 9 ?us object+ to _! s*eme1 ,i am oppos+ :at might1 9 "s ye> ( great fam9e & small sun-spots1 save ! lives ( a great] numb] ?an w\ld be sav$ by any sy/em ( t]re/rial wat*fulness1 ,i w\ld po9t out1 on ! o!r1 t ! sol> s*eme1 if x means any?+ at all1 means special wat*fulness at ! m9imum sun-spot season1 & g5]al confid5ce 7s f> z fam9e is conc]n$7 at ! season ( maximum sol> maculation2 & t :ile z yet no?+ has be5 really prov$ ab\t ! connection betwe5 sun-spots & fam9e1 su* confid5ce might prove to be a v dang]\s mi/ake4 ,suppos+ ev5 x 7 n only prov$ t sun-spots ex]t su* & su* effects1 b t ?is k c avail to help u to measures ( special precaution1 h[ is ! /udy ( ! sun go+ to advance our k8 ,9 pass+1 let x be rem>k$ t already an enorm\s numb] ( work]s are engag$ 9 /udy+ ! sun 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,! sun is wat*$ on e f9e day1 9 e qu>t] ( ! e>?1 ) ! telescope1 analyz$ ) ! spectroscope1 8 prom95ces c\nt$ & measur$1 8 surface photograph$1 & s =?4 ,:at m ought to be or c\ld be done8 ,b t is n ! ma9 po9t4 ,if m c\ld be done1 :at c\ld be add$ to our k :i* w\ld avail 9 ! way ( pr$iction8 8,at pres5t10 says ,mr4 ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 8! problem has n be5 pursu$ on a suffici5tly l>ge scale or 9 a suffici5t numb] ( places4 ,if ! attack is to be cont9u$1 ! skirmi%]s %\ld give way to heavy guns1 & ^! %\ld be br\ght to be> )\t delay n[ t ! po9t ( attack is kn[n40 ,9 o!r words1 n[ t we "k1 accord+ to ! advocates ( ^! views1 t meteorological ph5om5a foll[ r\ghly ! great sol>-spot p]iod1 we %\ld prosecute ! attack 9 ?is direction1 9 ord] to f9d out--:at8 ,m9or p]iods1 p]haps1 ) :i* meteorological ph5om5a may /ill m r\ghly syn*ronize4 ,o!r su* p]iods are already kn[n ) :i* meteorological ph5om5a h nev] yet be5 associat$4 ,new details ( ! sun's surface8 ,no "o has yet pret5d$ t any ( ! details already kn[n1 except ! spots1 affect t]re/rial wea!r1 & ! idea t peculi>ities s m9ute z hi!rto to h escap$ detection c d s1 is z absurd1 on ! face ( x1 z ! supposition t m9ute details 9 ! /ructure ( a burn+ coal1 su* details z c\ld only be detect$ by close scrut9y1 c affect ! g5]al quality & effects ( ! heat transmitt$ by ! coal1 z "p ( a l>ge fire1 to ! fur!r side ( a l>ge room4 ,la/ly1 ,i w\ld urge ?is g5]al argum5t aga9/ a !ory :i* seems to me to h ev5 less to recomm5d x to acceptance ?an ! fai? 9 a/rology4#h ,if x requires1 z we are s /rongly assur$1 ! mo/ co/ly obs]vations1 ! employm5t ( ! heavie/ guns 7& 8great guns0 are g5]ally exp5sive71 tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ( "t1 & ! close/ scrut9y & rese>*1 to prove t sun-spots affect t]re/rial relations 9 a def9ite mann]1 effects s extremely difficult to demon/rate _c possibly be important en\gh to be wor? pr$ict+4 ,,new ,,ways ,,( ,,measur+ ,,! ,,sun',s ,,di/ance4 ,x is /range t ! problem ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance1 :i* = _m ages 0 reg>d$ z altoge!r insoluble1 & :i* ev5 dur+ lat] ye>s _h seem$ fairly solvable 9 b "o or two ways1 %\ld be f\nd1 on clos] inve/igation1 to admit ( _m me?ods ( solution4 ,if a/ronom]s %\ld only be z =tunate h]eaft] 9 deal+ ) ! problem ( det]m9+ ! di/ances ( ! />s1 z !y h be5 ) ! "q ( ! sun's di/ance1 we may hope = k respect+ ! /ructure ( ! univ]se su* z ev5 ! ,h]s*els despair$ ( our ev] ga9+4 ,yet ?is problem ( det]m9+ />-di/ances does n seem m intractable1 n[1 ?an ! problem ( measur+ ! sun's di/ance appe>$ only two c5turies ago4 ,if we rightly view ! _m me?ods devis$ = deal+ ) ! easi] task1 we mu/ admit t ! m difficult--:i*1 by ! way1 is 9 reality inf9itely ! m int]e/+--_c be reg>d$ z s utt]ly hopeless z1 ) our pres5t me?ods & appliances1 x appe>s to be4 ,true1 we "k only ! di/ances ( two or ?ree />s1 approximately1 & h means ( =m+ a vague op9ion ab\t ! di/ances ( only a doz5 o!rs1 or !reab\ts1 :ile at di/ances n[ immeasurable lie six ?\s& />s visible to ! eye1 & tw5ty millions )9 range ( ! telescope4 ,yet1 9 ,galileo's "t1 m5 might h argu$ simil>ly aga9/ all hope ( measur+ ! proportions ( ! sol> sy/em4 8,we "k only10 !y might h urg$1 8! di/ance ( ! moon1 our imm$iate neighb\r1--beyond h]1 at di/ances s great t h]s1 s f> z we c judge1 is by comp>ison almo/ z no?+1 lie ! ,sun & ,m]cury1 ,v5us & ,m>s2 fur!r away yet lie ,jupit] & ,saturn1 & possibly o!r planets1 n visible to ! nak$ eye1 b )9 range ( t wond]ful in/rum5t1 ! telescope1 :i* our ,galileo & o!rs are us+ s successfully4 ,:at hope c !re be1 :5 ! exact measurem5t ( ! moon's di/ance has s fully tax$ our p[]s ( cele/ial measurem5t1 t we c ev] obta9 exact in=mation respect+ ! di/ances ( ! sun & planets8 ,by :at me?od is a problem s /up5d\s to be attack$80 ,yet1 )9 a few ye>s ( t "t1 ,kepl] _h =m$ already a r\gh e/imate ( ! di/ance ( ! sun2 9 #afci1 "y ,horrocks po9t$ to a me?od :i* has s9ce be5 successfully appli$4 ,be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,cass9i & ,flam/e$ _h approa*$ ! solution ( ! problem m ne>ly1 :ile ,hailey _h def9itely =mulat$ ! me?od :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,long be=e ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 c]ta9ly kn[n t ! sun's di/ance lies betwe5 #he millions ( miles & #ih millions 7,kepl]1 ,cass9i1 & ,flam/e$ _h be5 unable to indicate any sup]ior limit74 ,& la/ly1 9 our own "t1 half a score ( me?ods1 ea* subdivisible into sev]al =ms1 h be5 appli$ to ! solution ( ?is fundam5tal problem ( obs]vational a/ronomy4 ,i propose n[ to sket* "s new & v promis+ me?ods1 :i* h be5 appli$ already ) a degree ( success argu+ well = ! prospects ( future applications ( ! me?ods "u m fav\rable conditions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u v briefly consid] ! me?ods :i* _h be5 be=e employ$1 9 ord] t ! prop] position ( ! new me?ods may be m cle>ly recogniz$4 ,! plan obvi\sly sugge/$ at ! outset = ! solution ( ! problem 0 simply to deal ) x z a problem ( survey+4 ,x 0 9 su* a mann] t ! moon's di/ance _h be5 f\nd1 & ! only difficulty 9 apply+ ! me?od to ! sun or to any planet consi/$ 9 ! delicacy ( ! obs]vations requir$4 ,! e>? be+ ! only survey+-gr\nd available to a/ronom]s 9 deal+ ) ?is problem 79 deal+ ) ! problem ( ! />s' di/ances !y h a v mu* wid] field ( op]ations71 x 0 necess>y t a base-l9e %\ld be measur$ on ?is globe ( ours1--l>ge en\gh comp>$ ) our small selves1 b utt]ly insignificant comp>$ ) ! dim5sions ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! diamet] ( ! e>? be+ less ?an #hjjj miles1 ! longe/ l9e :i* ! obs]v]s c\ld take = base sc>cely exce$$ #fjjj miles2 s9ce obs]vations ( ! same cele/ial object at opposite ends ( a diamet] necess>ily imply t ! object is 9 ! horizon ( bo? ! obs]v+ /ations 7= precisely ! same reason t two cords /ret*$ f ! ends ( any diamet] ( a ball to a di/ant po9t t\* ! ball at ^? ends74 ,b ! sun's di/ance be+ "s #ib millions ( miles1 a base ( #fjjj miles am\nts to less ?an ! #ae1jjj? "p ( ! di/ance to be measur$4 ,conceive a surveyor endeav\r+ to det]m9e ! di/ance ( a /eeple or rock #ae1jjj feet1 or ne>ly ?ree miles1 f him1 ) a base-l9e "o foot 9 l5g?1 & y c conceive ! task ( a/ronom]s :o %\ld attempt to apply ! direct survey+ me?od to det]m9e ! sun's di/ance1--at lea/1 y h "o ( _! difficulties /rik+ly illu/rat$1 ?\gh a numb] ( o!rs rema9 :i* ! illu/ration does n indicate4 ,=1 aft] all1 a base "o foot 9 l5g?1 ?\gh f> too %ort1 is a conv5i5t "o 9 _m respects3 ! obs]v] c pass f "o end to ! o!r )\t tr\ble--he looks at ! di/ant object "u almo/ exactly ! same conditions f ea* end1 & s =?4 ,a base #fjjj miles long = det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance is too %ort 9 precisely ! same degree1 b x is assur$ly n s conv5i5t a base = ! obs]v]4 ,a giant #cf1jjj miles high w\ld f9d x z conv5i5t z a surveyor six feet high w\ld f9d a "o foot base-l9e2 b a/ronom]s1 z a rule1 are less ?an #cf1jjj miles 9 height4 ,accord+ly ! same obs]v] _c "w at bo? ends ( ! base-l9e1 & !y h to s5d out exp$itions to occupy ea* /ation4 ,all ! circum/ances ( temp]ature1 atmosph]e1 p]sonal obs]v+ qualities1 etc41 are unlike at ! two ends ( ! base-l9e4 ,! task ( measur+ ! sun's di/ance directly is1 9 fact1 at pres5t beyond ! p[] ( obs]vational a/ronomy1 wond]fully ?\gh its me?ods h develop$ 9 accuracy4 ,we all "k h[1 by obs]vations ( ,v5us 9 transit1 ! difficulty has be5 s f> r$uc$ t tru/wor?y results h be5 obta9$4 ,su* obs]vations belong to ! survey+ me?od1 only ,v5us's di/ance is made ! object ( measurem5t in/ead ( ! sun's4 ,! sun s]ves simply z a sort ( dial-plate1 ,v5us's position :ile 9 transit across ?is cele/ial dial-plate be+ m easily measur$ ?an :5 %e is at l>ge ^u ! sky4 ,! devices by :i* ,halley & ,delisle sev]ally caus$ "t to be ! relation obs]v$1 in/ead ( position1 d n affect ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! transit me?od4 ,x rema9s dep5d5t on ! det]m9ation ( position4 ,precisely z by ! *ange ( ! position ( ! h&s ( a clock on ! face we measure "t1 s by ! transit me?od1 z ,halley & ,delisle respectively sugge/$ its use1 we det]m9e ,v5us's position on ! sun's face1 by obs]v+ ! diff]5ce ( ! "t %e takes 9 cross+1 or ! diff]5ce ( ! "t at :i* %e beg9s to cross1 or passes (f1 8 face4 ,besides ! advantage ( hav+ a dial-face l ! sun's on :i* ?us to det]m9e positions1 ! transit me?od deals ) ,v5us :5 at h] ne>e/1 or ab\t #be million miles f u1 in/ead ( ! sun at 8 great] di/ance ( f #ij to #ic millions ( miles4 ,yet we d n get ! entire advantage ( ?is relative proximity ( ,v5us4 ,= ! dial-face--! sun1 t is--*anges its position too--9 less degree ?an ,v5us *anges h]s1 b /ill s mu* z l>gely to r$uce h] seem+ displacem5t4 ,! sun be+ fur!r away z #ib to #be1 is less displac$ z #be to #ib4 ,v5us's displacem5t is ?us dim9i%$ by #be_/ibnds ( its full am\nt1 leav+ only #fg_/ibnds4 ,practically1 !n1 ! advantage ( obs]v+ ,v5us1 s f> z di/ance is conc]n$1 is ! same z ?\gh1 in/ead ( be+ at a di/ance ( only #be million miles1 h] di/ance 7 great] z #ib to #fg1 giv+ z h] effective di/ance :5 9 transit "s #cd1cjj1jjj miles4 ,all ! me?ods ( obs]v+ ,v5us 9 transit are affect$ 9 ?is respect4 ,a/ronom]s 7 n cont5t dur+ ! rec5t transit to use ,halley's & ,delisle's two "t me?ods 7:i* may be conv5i5tly call$ ! duration me?od & ! epo* me?od71 b endeav\r$ to det]m9e ! position ( ,v5us on ! sun's face directly1 bo? by obs]vation & by photography4 ,! heliomet] 0 ! in/rum5t specially us$ = ! =m] purpose2 & z1 9 "o ( ! new me?ods to be pres5tly describ$1 ?is is ! mo/ effective ( all available in/rum5ts1 a few words z to its con/ruction w n be out ( place4 ,! heliomet]1 !n1 is a telescope ^: object-glass 7t is1 ! l>ge glass at ! end t[>ds ! object obs]v$7 is divid$ into two halves along a diamet]4 ,:5 ^! two halves are exactly toge!r--t is1 9 ! position !y _h be=e ! glass 0 divid$--( c\rse !y %[ any object to :i* !y may be direct$ precisely z !y w\ld h done be=e ! glass 0 cut4 ,b if1 )\t sep>at+ ! /raight edges ( ! two semicircul> glasses1 "o be made to slide along ! o!r1 ! images =m$ by ! two no long] co9cide4#i ,?us1 if we are look+ at ! sun we see two ov]lapp+ discs1 & by cont9u+ to turn ! screw or o!r me*anism :i* c>ries our half-circul> glass pa/ ! o!r1 ! disc-images ( ! sun may be br\ght entirely cle> ( ea* o!r4 ,!n we h two suns 9 ! same field ( view1 seem+ly 9 contact1 or ne>ly s4 ,n[1 if we h "s means ( det]m9+ h[ f> ! movable half-glass has be5 c>ri$ pa/ ! o!r to br+ ! two discs into app>5tly exact contact1 we h1 9 po9t ( fact1 a measure ( ! sun's app>5t diamet]4 ,we c improve ?is e/imate by c>ry+ back ! movable glass till ! images co9cide aga91 !n fur!r back till !y sep>ate ! o!r way & f9ally are br\ght into contact on t side4 ,! entire range1 f contact on "o side to contact on ! o!r side1 gives twice ! entire angul> span ( ! sun's diamet]2 & ! half ( ?is is m likely to be ! true measure ( ! diamet]1 ?an ! range f co9cid5t images to contact ei!r way1 simply because in/rum5tal errors are likely to be m ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! d\ble motion ?an ov] ! movem5t on ei!r side ( ! c5tral position4 ,! heliomet] d]iv$ its "n--:i* signifies sun-measur]--f ?is p>ticul> application ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x is easily se5 h[ ! heliomet] 0 made available 9 det]m9+ ! position ( ,v5us at any in/ant dur+ transit4 ,! obs]v] c\ld note :at displacem5t ( ! two half-glasses 0 necess>y to br+ ! black disc ( ,v5us on "o image ( ! sun to ! edge ( ! o!r image1 fir/ t\*+ on ! inside & !n on ! outside4 ,!n1 rev]s+ ! motion1 he c\ld c>ry h] disc to ! opposite edge ( ! o!r image ( ! sun1 fir/ t\*+ on ! inside & !n on ! outside4 ,"l ,l9dsay's private exp$ition--"o ( ! mo/ munific5t & also "o ( ! mo/ labori\s contributions to a/ronomy ev] made--0 ! only ,engli% exp$ition :i* employ$ ! heliomet]1 none ( our public obs]vatories possess+ su* an in/rum5t1 & (ficial a/ronom]s be+ unwill+ to ask ,gov]nm5t to provide in/rum5ts s co/ly4 ,! ,g]mans1 h[ev]1 & ! ,russians employ$ ! heliomet] v effectively4 ,next 9 ord] ( proximity1 = ! employm5t ( ! direct survey+ me?od1 is ! planet ,m>s :5 he comes into opposition 7or on ! same l9e z ! e>? & sun7 9 ! ord] ,sun,e>?,m>s1 at a fav\rable "p ( 8 consid]ably ecc5tric orbit4 ,8 di/ance !n may be z small z #cd millions ( miles2 & we h 9 8 case to make no r$uction = ! displacem5t ( ! backgr\nd on :i* 8 place is to be det]m9$4 ,t backgr\nd is ! /> sph]e1 8 place be+ measur$ f t ( />s ne> :i* 8 app>5t pa? on ! heav5s c>ries him2 & ! />s are s remote t ! displacem5t due to a di/ance ( six or sev5 ?\s& miles betwe5 two obs]v]s on ! e>? is to all int5ts & purposes no?+4 ,! entire span ( ! e>?'s orbit r\nd ! sun1 ?\gh am\nt+ to #ahd millions ( miles1 is a m]e po9t z se5 f all save t5 or twelve />s2 h[ utt]ly evanesc5t1 !n1 ! span ( ! e>?'s globe--less ?an ! #bc1jjj? "p ( h] orbital range6 ,?us ! entire displacem5t ( ,m>s due to ! di/ance sep>at+ ! t]re/rial obs]v]s comes into effect4 ,s t1 9 comp>+ ! obs]vation ( ,m>s 9 a fav\rable opposition ) t ( ,v5us 9 transit1 we may fairly say t1 s f> z survey+ consid]ations are conc]n$1 ! two planets are equally well suit$ = ! a/ronom]'s purpose4 ,v5us's less di/ance ( #be millions ( miles is effectively increas$ to #cd millions by ! displacem5t ( ! sol> backgr\nd on :i* we see h] :5 9 transit2 :ile ,m>s's di/ance ( ab\t #cd millions ( miles rema9s effectively ! same :5 we measure 8 displacem5t f neighb\r+ fix$ />s4 ,b 9 _m respects ,m>s is sup]ior to ,v5us = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance4 ,v5us c only be obs]v$ at h] ne>e/ :5 9 transit1 & transit la/s b a few h\rs4 ,m>s c be obs]v$ night aft] night = a =tnight or s1 dur+ :i* 8 di/ance /ill rema9s ne> en\gh to ! lea/ or opposition di/ance4 ,aga91 ,v5us be+ obs]v$ on ! sun1 all ! di/urb+ influ5ces due to ! sun's heat are at "w 9 r5d]+ ! obs]vation difficult4 ,! air betwe5 u & ! sun at su* a "t is di/urb$ by undulations due 9 no small degree to ! sun's action4 ,x is true t we h n1 9 ! case ( ,m>s1 any means ( sub/itut+ "t measures or "t det]m9ations = measures ( position1 z we h 9 ,v5us's case1 bo? ) ,halley's & ,delisle's me?ods4 ,b to say ! tru?1 ! advantage ( sub/itut+ ^! "t obs]vations has n prov$ s great z 0 expect$4 ,v5us's un=tunate de=mity ( figure :5 cross+ ! sun's edge r5d]s ! det]m9ation ( ! exact mom5ts ( h] entry on ! sun's face & ( h] dep>ture f x by no means s tru/wor?y z a/ronom]s c\ld wi%4 ,on ! :ole1 ,m>s w\ld probably h ! advantage ev5 )\t t po9t 9 8 fav\r :i* has n[ to be indicat$4 ,two me?ods ( obs]v+ ,m>s = det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance are available1 bo? ( :i*1 z !y c be employ$ 9 apply+ "o ( ! new me?ods1 may conv5i5tly be describ$ at ?is po9t4 ,an obs]v] f> to ! nor? ( ! e>?'s equator sees ,m>s at midnight1 :5 ! planet is 9 opposition1 displac$ some:at to ! s\? ( 8 true position--t is1 ( ! position he w\ld h z suppos$ to be se5 f ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an obs]v] f> to ! s\? ( ! equator sees ,m>s displac$ some:at to ! nor? ( 8 true position4 ,! diff]5ce may be comp>$ to diff]5t views ( a di/ant /eeple 7project$1 let u suppose1 aga9/ a mu* m remote hill71 f ! upp]mo/ & l[]mo/ w9d[s ( a h\se correspond+ to ! nor!rly & s\!rly /ations on ! e>?1 & f a w9d[ on ! middle /ory correspond+ to a view ( ,m>s f ! e>?'s c5tre4 ,by asc]ta9+ ! displacem5t ( ! two views ( ,m>s obta9$ f a /ation f> to ! nor? & ano!r /ation f> to ! s\?1 ! a/ronom] c inf] ! di/ance ( ! planet1 & !nce ! dim5sions ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! displacem5t is det]m9able by notic+ ,m>s's position ) respect to />s :i* *ance to be close to him4 ,= ?is purpose ! heliomet] is specially suitable1 because1 hav+ fir/ a view ( ,m>s & "s companion />s z !y actually are plac$1 ! obs]v] c1 by suitably displac+ ! movable half-glass1 br+ ! /> into app>5t contact ) ! planet1 fir/ on "o side ( its disc1 & !n on ! o!r side--! mean ( ! two result+ measures giv+1 ( c\rse1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! /> & ! c5tre ( ! disc4 ,?is me?od requires t !re %all be two obs]v]s1 "o at a nor!rn /ation1 z ,gre5wi*1 or ,p>is1 or ,wa%+ton1 ! o!r at a s\!rn /ation1 z ,cape ,t[n1 ,cordoba1 or ,melb\rne4 ,! base-l9e is practically a nor?-&-s\? l9e2 = ?\gh ! two /ations may n lie 9 ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 longitude1 ! displacem5t det]m9$ is 9 reality t due to _! diff]5ce ( latitude only1 a correction be+ made = _! diff]5ce ( longitude4 ,! o!r me?od dep5ds1 n on displacem5t ( two obs]v]s nor? & s\?1 or diff]5ce ( latitude1 b on displacem5t ea/ & we/4 ,moreov]1 x does n require t !re %all be two obs]v]s at /ations f> ap>t1 b uses ! obs]vations made at "o & ! same /ations at diff]5t times4 ,! e>?1 by turn+ on h] axis1 c>ries ! obs]v] f ! we/ to ! ea/ ( an imag9>y l9e jo9+ ! e>?'s c5tre & ! c5tre ( ,m>s4 ,:5 on ! we/ ( t l9e1 or 9 ! e>ly ev5+1 he sees ,m>s displac$ t[>ds ! ea/ ( ! planet's true position4 ,aft] n9e or t5 h\rs ! obs]v] is c>ri$ z f> to ! ea/ ( t l9e1 & sees ,m>s displac$ t[>ds ! we/ ( 8 true position4 ,( c\rse ,m>s has mov$ 9 ! int]val4 ,he is1 9 fact1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 retrograde c>e]4 ,b ! a/ronom] kn[s p]fectly well h[ to take t motion into acc\nt4 ,?us1 by obs]v+ ! two displacem5ts1 or ! total displacem5t ( ,m>s f ea/ to we/ on acc\nt ( ! e>?'s rotation1 "o & ! same obs]v] c1 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le fav\rable night1 det]m9e ! sun's di/ance4 ,& 9 pass+1 x may be rem>k$ t ?is is ! only g5]al me?od ( :i* s mu* c be said4 ,by "s ( ! o!rs an a/ronom] c1 inde$1 e/imate ! sun's di/ance )\t leav+ 8 obs]vatory--at lea/1 !oretically he c d s4 ,b _m ye>s ( obs]vation w\ld be requir$ be=e he w\ld h mat]ials = a*iev+ ?is result4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o good pair ( obs]vations ( ,m>s1 9 ! ev5+ & 9 ! morn+1 f a /ation ne> ! equator1 w\ld give a v fair measure ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,! reason :y ! /ation %\ld be ne> ! equator w be manife/1 if we consid] t at ! poles !re w\ld be no displacem5t due to rotation2 at ! equator ! obs]v] w\ld be c>ri$ r\nd a circle "s tw5ty-five ?\s& miles 9 circumf]5ce2 & ! ne>] 8 place to ! equator ! l>g] ! circle 9 :i* he w\ld be c>ri$1 & 7ct]is p>ibus7 ! great] ! ev5+ & morn+ displacem5t ( ! planet4 ,bo? ^! me?ods h be5 successfully appli$ to ! problem ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance1 & bo? h rec5tly be5 appli$ afre% "u circum/ances af=d+ exceptionally good prospects ( success1 ?\gh z yet ! results are n kn[n4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 :5 we leave ! direct survey+ me?od to :i* bo? ! obs]vations ( ,v5us 9 transit & ,m>s 9 opposition belong 79 all _! v>ieties71 t ! mo/ rem>kable1 &1 "o may say1 unexpect$ me?ods ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance pres5t !mselves4 ,7 n my subject a wide "o1 ,i w\ld will+ly descant at l5g? on ! m>vell\s +5uity ) :i* a/ronom]s h avail$ !mselves ( e po9t ( vantage :5ce !y might measure ! sol> sy/em4 ,b1 z matt]s actually /&1 ,i mu/ be cont5t to sket* ^! o!r me?ods v r\ghly1 only indicat+ _! *>act]i/ic features4 ,"o ( !m is 9 "s s5se relat$ to ! me?od by actual survey1 only x takes advantage1 n ( ! e>?'s dim5sions1 b ( ! dim5sions ( h] orbit r\nd ! common c5tre ( gravity ( h]self & ! moon4 ,?is orbit has a diamet] ( ab\t six ?\s& miles2 & z ! e>? travels r\nd x1 spe$+ swiftly onw>ds all ! "t 9 h] pa? r\nd ! sun1 ! effect is ! same z ?\gh ! sun1 9 8 app>5t circuit r\nd ! e>?1 7 con/antly circl+ once 9 a lun> mon? ar\nd a small subord9ate orbit ( precisely ! same size & %ape z t small orbit 9 :i* ! e>? circuits r\nd ! moon's c5tre ( gravity4 ,he appe>s !n sometimes displac$ ab\t #cjjj miles on "o side1 sometimes ab\t #cjjj miles on ! o!r side ( ! place :i* he w\ld h if our e>? 7 n ?us p]turb$ by ! moon4 ,b a/ronom]s c note ea* day :]e he is1 & ?us le>n by h[ mu* he seems displac$ f 8 mean position4 ,kn[+ t 8 greate/ displacem5t corresponds to s _m miles exactly1 & not+ :at x seems to be1 !y le>n1 9 fact1 h[ l>ge a span ( s _m miles 7ab\t #cjjj7 looks at ! sun's di/ance4 ,?us !y le>n ! sun's di/ance precisely z a rifleman le>ns ! di/ance ( a l9e ( soldi]s :5 he has asc]ta9$ _! app>5t size--= only at a c]ta9 di/ance c an object ( kn[n size h a c]ta9 app>5t size4 ,! moon comes 91 9 ano!r way1 to det]m9e ! sun's di/ance = u4 ,we "k h[ f> away %e is f ! e>?1 & h[ mu*1 !re=e1 %e approa*es ! sun :5 new1 & rec$es f him :5 full4 ,call+ ?is di/ance1 r\ghly1 a #cij? "p ( ! sun's1 h] di/ance f him :5 new1 h] mean di/ance1 & h] di/ance f him :5 full1 are z ! numb]s #chi1 #cij1 #cia4 ,n[1 ^! numb]s d n q =m a cont9u$ proportion1 ?\gh !y d s v ne>ly 7= #chi is to #cij z #cij to #cia-a_/djj74 ,if !y 7 9 exact proportion1 ! sun's di/urb+ influ5ce on ! moon :5 %e is at h] ne>e/ w\ld be exactly equal to 8 di/urb+ influ5ce on ! moon :5 at h] fur!/ f him--or g5]ally1 ! moon w\ld be exactly z mu* di/urb$ 7on ! av]age7 9 t half ( h] pa? :i* lies ne>] to ! sun z 9 t half :i* lies fur!r f him4 ,z matt]s are1 !re is a slight diff]5ce4 ,a/ronom]s c measure ?is diff]5ce2 & measur+ x1 !y c asc]ta9 :at ! actual numb]s are = :i* ,i h r\ghly giv5 ! numb]s #chi1 #cij1 & #cia2 9 o!r words1 !y c asc]ta9 9 :at degree ! sun's di/ance exce$s ! moon's4 ,?is is equival5t to det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance1 s9ce ! moon's is already kn[n4 ,ano!r way ( measur+ ! sun's di/ance has be5 8fav\r$0 by ,jupit] & 8 family ( satellites4 ,few w\ld h ?\ght1 :5 ,rm] fir/ expla9$ ! delay :i* occurs 9 ! eclipse ( ^! moons :ile ,jupit] is fur!r f u ?an 8 mean di/ance1 t t explanation w\ld lead up to a det]m9ation ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,b s x happ5$4 ,rm] %[$ t ! delay is n 9 ! recurr5ce ( ! eclipses1 b 9 ! arrival ( ! news ( ^! ev5ts4 ,f ! obs]v$ "t requir$ by light to trav]se ! extra di/ance :5 ,jupit] is ne>ly at 8 fur!/ f u1 ! "t 9 :i* light crosses ! di/ance sep>at+ u f ! sun is d$uc$2 :5ce1 if t di/ance has be5 rightly det]m9$1 ! velocity ( light c be inf]r$4 ,if ?is velocity is directly measur$ 9 any way1 & f\nd n to be :at _h be5 d$uc$ f ! adopt$ measure ( ! sun's di/ance1 ! inf]5ce is t ! sun's di/ance has be5 incorrectly det]m9$4 ,or1 to put ! matt] 9 ano!r way1 we "k exactly h[ _m m9utes & seconds light takes 9 travell+ to u f ! sun2 if1 !re=e1 we c f9d out h[ fa/ light travels we "k h[ f> away ! sun is4 ,b :o c\ld hope to measure a velocity approa*+ #bjj1jjj miles 9 a second8 ,at a fir/ view ! task seems hopeless4 ,:eat/one1 h[ev]1 %[$ h[ x might be accompli%$1 measur+ by 8 me?od ! yet great] velocity ( freely conduct$ electricity4 ,f\cault & ,fizeau measur$ ! velocity ( light2 & rec5tly ,cornu has made m exact measurem5ts4 ,kn[+1 !n1 h[ _m miles light travels 9 a second1 & 9 h[ _m seconds x comes to u f ! sun1 we "k ! sun's di/ance4 ,! fir/ ( ! me?ods :i* ,i "h describe z new me?ods mu/ next be consid]$4 ,x is "o :i* ,lev]ri] reg>ds z ! me?od ( ! future4 ,9 fact1 s highly does he e/eem x1 t1 on its acc\nt1 he may almo/ be said to h refus$ to sanction 9 any way ! ,fr5* exp$itions = obs]v+ ! transit ( ,v5us 9 #ahgd4 ,! memb]s ( ! sun's family p]turb ea* o!r's motions 9 a degree correspond+ ) _! relative mass1 comp>$ ) ea* o!r & ) ! sun4 ,n[1 x c be %[n 7! pro( w\ld be unsuitable to ^! pages1#aj b ,i h giv5 x 9 my treatise on 8,! ,sun07 t no *ange 9 our e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance affects our e/imate ( 8 mean d5sity z comp>$ ) ! e>?'s4 ,8 sub/ance has a mean d5sity equal to "o-f\r? ( ! e>?'s1 :e!r he be #ij millions or #ie millions ( miles f u1 or inde$ :e!r he 7 t5 millions or a million million miles f u 7suppos+ = a mom5t our measures did n indicate 8 real di/ance m closely74 ,we %\ld /ill d$uce f calculation ! same unv>y+ e/imate ( 8 mean d5sity4 ,x foll[s t ! ne>] any e/imate ( 8 di/ance places him1 & !re=e ! small] x makes 8 e/imat$ volume1 ! small] also x makes 8 e/imat$ mass1 & 9 precisely ! same degree4 ,! same is true ( ! planets also4 ,we det]m9e ,jupit]'s mass1 = example 7at lea/1 ?is is ! simple/ way71 by not+ h[ he sw]ves 8 moons at _! respective 7e/imat$7 di/ances4 ,if we dim9i% our e/imate ( _! di/ances1 we dim9i% at ! same "t our e/imate ( ,jupit]'s attractive p[]1 & 9 su* degree1 x may be %[n 7see note71 z precisely to correspond ) our *ang$ e/imate ( 8 size1 leav+ our e/imate ( 8 mean d5sity unalt]$4 ,& ! same is true = all me?ods ( det]m9+ ,jupit]'s mass4 ,suppose1 !n1 t1 adopt+ a c]ta9 e/imate ( ! scale ( ! sol> sy/em1 we f9d t ! result+ e/imate ( ! masses ( ! planets & ( ! sun1 z comp>$ ) ! e>?'s mass1 f _! obs]v$ attractive influ5ces on bodies circl+ ar\nd !m or pass+ ne> !m1 accords ) _! e/imat$ p]turb+ action z comp>$ ) ! e>?'s1--!n we %\ld inf] t our e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance or ( ! scale ( ! sol> sy/em 0 correct4 ,b suppose x appe>$1 on ! contr>y1 t ! e>? took a l>g] or a small] "p 9 p]turb+ ! planet>y sy/em ?an1 accord+ to our e/imate ( h] relative mass1 %e %\ld d1--!n we %\ld inf] t ! masses ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! sy/em _h be5 ov]rat$ or und]rat$2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! scale ( ! sol> sy/em _h be5 ov]rat$ or und]rat$ respectively4 ,?us we %\ld be able to introduce a correction into our e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,su* is ! pr9ciple ( ! me?od by :i* ,lev]ri] %[$ t 9 ! a/ronomy ( ! future ! scale ( ! sol> sy/em may be v exactly det]m9$4 ,( c\rse1 ! problem is a mo/ delicate "o4 ,! e>? plays1 9 tru?1 b a small "p 9 p]turb+ ! planet>y sy/em1 & h] influ5ce c only be di/+ui%$ satisfactorily 7at pres5t1 at any rate7 9 ! case ( ! ne>] memb]s ( ! sol> family4 ,yet ! me?od is "o :i*1 unlike o!rs1 w h an accumulative accuracy1 ! discrepancies :i* are to te/ ! result gr[+ l>g] z "t proce$s4 ,! me?od has already be5 to "s ext5t successful4 ,x 01 9 fact1 by obs]v+ t ! motions ( ,m]cury are n su* z c be satisfactorily expla9$ by ! p]turbations ( ! e>? & ,v5us accord+ to ! e/imate ( relative masses d$ucible f ! lately disc>d$ value ( ! sun's di/ance1 t ,lev]ri] fir/ set a/ronom]s on ! track ( ! error affect+ t value4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly ju/ifi$ 9 ent]ta9+ a /rong hope t h]eaft] ?is me?od w be exce$+ly effective4 ,we come next to a me?od :i* promises to be m quickly if n m effectively available4 ,v5us & ,m>s approa* ! orbit ( our e>? m closely ?an any o!r planets1 ,v5us be+ our ne>e/ neighb\r on ! "o side1 & ,m>s on ! o!r4 ,look+ beyond ,v5us1 we f9d only ,m]cury 7& ! my?ical ,vulcan71 & ,m]cury c give no useful in=mation respect+ ! sun's di/ance4 ,he c\ld sc>cely d s ev5 if we c\ld measure 8 position among ! />s :5 he is at 8 ne>e/1 z we c t ( ,m>s2 b z he c only !n be fairly se5 :5 he transits ! sun's face1 & z ! sun is ne>ly z mu* displac$ z ,m]cury by *ange 9 ! obs]v]'s /ation1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two displacem5ts is utt]ly insuffici5t = accurate measurem5t4 ,b1 :5 we look beyond ! orbit ( ,m>s1 we f9d c]ta9 bodies :i* are well wor? consid]+ 9 connection ) ! problem ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance4 ,i ref] to ! a/]oids1 ! r+ ( small planets travell+ betwe5 ! pa?s ( ,m>s & ,jupit]1 b ne>] 7on ! :ole#aa7 to ! pa? ( ,m>s ?an to t ( ,jupit]4 ,! a/]oids pres5t sev]al important advantages ov] ev5 ,m>s & ,v5us4 ,( c\rse1 none ( ! a/]oids approa* s ne> to ! e>? z ,m>s at 8 ne>e/4 ,8 lea/ di/ance f ! sun be+ ab\t #abg million miles1 & ! e>?'s mean di/ance ab\t #ib millions1 ) a range ( ab\t a million & a half on ei!r side1 ow+ to ! ecc5tricity ( h] orbit1 x foll[s t he may be z ne> z "s #ce million miles 7r less 9 reality7 f ! e>? :5 ! sun1 e>?1 & ,m>s are ne>ly 9 a /raight l9e & 9 t ord]4 ,! lea/ di/ance ( any a/]oid f ! sun am\nts to ab\t #afg million miles1 s t _! lea/ di/ance f ! e>? _c at any "t be less ?an ab\t #gc1ejj1jjj miles1 ev5 if ! e>?'s greate/ di/ance f ! sun correspond$ ) ! lea/ di/ance ( "o ( ^! closely approa*+ a/]oids4 ,?is1 by ! way1 is n v f> f be+ ! case ) ! a/]oid ,ariadne1 :i* comes )9 ab\t #afi million miles ( ! sun at h] ne>e/1 h] place ( ne>e/ approa* be+ almo/ exactly 9 ! same direction f ! sun z ! e>?'s place ( greate/ recession1 rea*$ ab\t ! end ( ,june4 ,s t1 :5ev] x s *ances t ,ariadne comes into opposition 9 ,june1 or t ! sun1 e>?1 & ,ariadne are ?us plac$-- ,sun,e>?,ariadne1 ,ariadne w be b ab\t #ge1ejj1jjj miles f ! e>?4 ,probably no a/]oid w ev] be discov]$ :i* approa*es ! e>? mu* m ne>ly ?an ?is2 & ?is approa*1 be x notic$1 is n "o :i* c occur 9 ! case ( ,ariadne except at v long int]vals4 ,b ?\gh we may consid] #hj millions ( miles z a fair av]age di/ance at :i* a few ( ! mo/ closely approa*+ a/]oids may be obs]v$1 & ?\gh ?is di/ance seems v great by comp>ison ) ,m>s's occasional opposition di/ance ( #ce million miles1 yet !re are two po9ts 9 :i* a/]oids h ! advantage ov] ,m>s4 ,fir/1 !y are _m1 & sev]al among !m c be obs]v$ "u fav\rable circum/ances2 & 9 ! multitude ( obs]vations !re is safety4 ,9 ! second place1 :i* is ! great & *>act]i/ic good quality ( ?is me?od ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance1 !y d n pres5t a disc1 l ! planet ,m>s1 b a small />-l po9t4 ,:5 we consid] ! qualities ( ! heliometric me?od ( measur+ ! app>5t di/ance betwe5 cele/ial objects1 ! advantage ( po9ts ( light ov] discs w be obvi\s4 ,if we are measur+ ! app>5t di/ance betwe5 ,m>s & a />1 we mu/1 by %ift+ ! movable object-glass1 br+ ! />'s image into app>5t contact ) ! disc-image ( ,m>s1 fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r1 tak+ ! mean = ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres4 ,:]eas1 :5 we det]m9e ! di/ance betwe5 a /> & an a/]oid1 we h to br+ two />-l po9ts 7"o a />1 ! o!r ! a/]oid7 into app>5t co9cid5ce4 ,we c d ?is 9 two ways1 mak+ ! result s mu* ! m accurate4 ,= consid] :at we h 9 ! field ( view :5 ! two halves ( ! object-glass co9cide4 ,!re is ! a/]oid & close by !re is ! /> ^: di/ance we seek to det]m9e 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! position ( ! a/]oid on ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,:5 ! movable half is %ift$1 ! two images ( /> & a/]oid sep>ate2 & by an adju/m5t !y c be made to sep>ate along ! l9e connect+ !m4 ,suppose1 !n1 we fir/ make ! movable image ( ! a/]oid travel away f ! fix$ image 7mean+ by movable & fix$ images1 respectively1 ^? giv5 by ! movable & fix$ halves ( ! object-glass71 t[>ds ! fix$ image ( ! />--! two po9ts1 l images1 be+ br\ght into co9cid5ce1 we h ! measure ( ! di/ance betwe5 /> & a/]oid4 ,n[ rev]se ! movem5t1 c>ry+ back ! movable images ( ! a/]oid & /> till !y co9cide aga9 ) _! fix$ images4 ,?is movem5t gives u a second measure ( ! di/ance1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be reg>d$ z only a rev]s$ repetition ( ! prec$+4 ,b n[1 c>ry+ on ! rev]se motion1 ! mov+ images ( /> & a/]oid sep>ate f _! respective fix$ images1 ! mov+ image ( ! /> draw+ ne> to ! fix$ image ( ! a/]oid & ev5tually co9cid+ ) x4 ,"h we h a ?ird measure ( ! di/ance1 :i* is indep5d5t ( ! two =m]4 ,rev]s+ ! motion1 & c>ry+ ! mov+ images to co9cid5ce ) ! fix$ images1 we h a f\r? measure1 :i* is simply ! ?ird rev]s$4 ,^! f\r measures w give a f> m satisfactory det]m9ation ( ! true app>5t di/ance betwe5 ! /> & ! a/]oid ?an c1 "u any circum/ances1 be obta9$ 9 ! case ( ,m>s & a />4 ,( c\rse1 a mu* m exact det]m9ation is requir$ to give satisfactory measures ( ! a/]oid's real di/ance f ! e>? 9 miles1 = a mu* small] error w\ld vitiate ! e/imate ( ! a/]oid's di/ance ?an w\ld vitiate to ! same degree ! e/imate ( ,m>s's di/ance3 = ! app>5t displacem5ts ( ! a/]oid z se5 ei!r f ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn /ations1 or f /ations ea/ & we/ ( ! m]idian1 are v mu* less ?an 9 ! case ( ,m>s1 ow+ to 8 great proximity4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 !re are reasons = believ+ t ! advantage d]iv$ f ! ne>ness ( ,m>s is almo/ entirely c\nt]balanc$ by ! advantage d]iv$ f ! neatness ( ! a/]oid's image4 ,& ! numb] ( a/]oids1 ) ! consequ5t p[] ( repeat+ su* measurem5ts _m times = ea* occasion on :i* ,m>s has be5 ?us obs]v$1 seem to make ! a/]oids--s long reg>d$ z v unimportant memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em--! bodies f :i*1 aft] all1 we %all ga9 our be/ e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance2 t is1 ( ! scale ( ! sol> sy/em4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce ! above pages 7 writt51 ! results d$uc$ f ! obs]vations made by ! ,briti% exp$itions = obs]v+ ! transit ( ,decemb] #i1 #ahgd1 h be5 ann\nc$ by ! ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,x %\ld be premis$ t !y are n ! results d$ucible f ! entire s]ies ( ,briti% obs]vations1 = _m ( !m c only be us$ effectively 9 comb9ation ) obs]vations made by o!r nations4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,briti% obs]vations ( ! duration ( ! transit z se5 f ,s\!rn /ations are only useful :5 comp>$ ) obs]vations ( ! duration ( ! transit z se5 f ,nor!rn /ations1 & no ,briti% obs]vations ( ?is k9d 7 tak5 at ,nor!rn /ations1 or c\ld be tak5 at any ( ! ,briti% ,nor!rn /ations except "o1 :]e *ief reliance 0 plac$ on photographic me?ods4 ,! only ,briti% results z yet 8work$ up0 are ^? :i* are ( !mselves suffici5t1 !oretically1 to indicate ! sun's di/ance1 viz41 ^? :i* indicat$ ! epo*s ( ! comm5cem5t ( transit z se5 f ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn /ations1 & ^? :i* indicat$ ! epo*s ( ! end ( transit z se5 f su* /ations4 ,! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn epo*s ( comm5cem5t comp>$ toge!r suffice ( !mselves to indicate ! sun's di/ance2 s also d ! epo*s ( ! end ( transit suffice ( !mselves = t purpose4 ,su* obs]vations belong to ! ,delislean me?od1 :i* 0 ! subject ( s mu* controv]sy = two or ?ree ye>s be=e ! transit took place4 ,orig9ally x _h be5 suppos$ t only obs]vations by t me?od 7 available1 & ! ,briti% plans 7 =m$ ^u t assumption4 ,:5 x 0 %[n t ?is assumption 0 altoge!r errone\s1 !re 0 sc>cely "t to modify ! ,briti% plans s t ( !mselves !y might provide = ! o!r or ,halleyan me?od4 ,b ! ,s\!rn /ations :i* 7 suitable = t me?od 7 /r5g!n$2 & z o!r nations1 especially ,am]ica & ,russia1 occupi$ l>ge numb]s ( ,nor!rn /ations1 ! ,halleyan me?od 01 9 po9t ( fact1 effectually provid$ =--a =tunate circum/ance1 z w pres5tly be se54 ,! ,briti% op]ations1 !n1 ?us f> dealt )1 7 bas$ on ,delisle's me?od2 & z !y 7 c>ri$ out ) great zeal & complet5ess1 we may consid] t ! result af=ds an excell5t te/ ( ! qualities ( ?is me?od1 & may supply a satisfactory answ] to ! que/ions :i* 7 "u discussion 9 #ahgb-gd4 ,sir ,george ,airy1 inde$1 consid]s t ! zeal & complet5ess ) :i* ! ,briti% op]ations 7 c>ri$ out suffice to set ! result obta9$ f !m above all o!rs4 ,b ?is op9ion is bas$ r on p]sonal ?an on /rictly sci5tific gr\nds4 ,x appe>s to me t ! que/ions to be prim>ily decid$ are :e!r ! results are 9 satisfactory agreem5t 7i7 int] se & 7ii7 ) ! g5]al t5or ( =m] rese>*es4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ! ,a/ronom] ,royal consid]s t ! me?od & ! mann] ( its application mu/ be consid]$ s satisfactory t ! results are to be accept$ unque/ionably1 x appe>s to me t ! results mu/ be c>efully que/ion$ 7z x 77 to see :e!r ! me?od1 & ! obs]vations by x1 are satisfactory4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! result obta9$ f ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn obs]vations ( ! comm5cem5t ought to agree closely ) ! result obta9$ f ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn obs]vations ( ! end ( transit4 ,un=tunately1 !y diff] r widely4 ,! sun's di/ance by ! =m] obs]vations comes out ab\t "o million miles great] ?an ! di/ance det]m9$ by ! latt] obs]vations4 ,?is %\ld be decisive1 "o w\ld suppose4 ,b x is n all4 ,! mean ( ! entire s]ies ( obs]vations by ,delisle's me?od comes out ne>ly "o million miles great] ?an ! mean d$uc$ by ,pr(essor ,newcomb f _m entire s]ies ( obs]vations by six diff]5t me?ods1 all ( :i* may fairly be reg>d$ z equal 9 value to ,delisle's1 :ile ?ree are reg>d$ by mo/ a/ronom]s z unque/ionably sup]ior to x4 ,newcomb consid]s ! probable limits ( error 9 8 evaluation f s _m comb9$ s]ies ( obs]vations to be ab\t #ajj1jjj miles4 ,sir ,g4 ,airy w all[ no wid] limits ( error = ! result ( ! "o s]ies 8 obs]v]s h obta9$ ?an #bjj1jjj miles4 ,?us ! greate/ value admitt$ by ,newcomb falls %ort ( ! lea/ value admitt$ by ,sir ,g4 ,airy1 by ne>ly #gjj1jjj miles4 ,! obvi\s significance ( ?is result %\ld be1 "o w\ld suppose1 t ,delisle's me?od is n q s effective z ,sir ,g4 ,airy suppos$2 & ! wide discordance betwe5 ! sev]al results1 ( :i* ! result ?us d$uc$ is ! mean1 %\ld prove ?is1 "o w\ld imag9e1 beyond all possibility ( "q4 ,! ,a/ronom] ,royal ?9ks diff]5tly1 h[ev]4 ,9 8 op9ion1 ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 8 result & ! mean ( all ! mo/ valu$ results by o!r a/ronom]s1 indicates ! sup]iority ( ,delisle's me?od1 n its inadequacy to ! purpose = :i* x has be5 employ$4 ,"t w %ortly decide :i* ( ^! views is correct2 b1 = my own "p1 ,i d n hesitate to express my own conviction t ! sun's di/ance lies v ne> ! limits indicat$ by ,newcomb1 & !re=e is sev]al hundr$ ?\s& miles less ?an ! m9imum di/ance all[$ by ! rec5tly ann\nc$ results4 ,,drift+ ,,light-,,waves4 ,! me?od ( measur+ ! motion ( v swiftly travell+ bodies by not+ *anges 9 ! light-waves :i* rea* u f !m--"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable me?ods ( obs]vation ev] yet devis$ by man--has rec5tly be5 plac$ ^u its trial1 s to speak2 ) results exce$+ly satisfactory to ! /ud5ts ( sci5ce :o _h accept$ ! facts e/abli%$ by x4 ,! me?od w n be unfamili> to _m ( my read]s4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ 0 fir/ not$ by ,m4 ,doppl]1 b n 9 a =m :i* promis$ any useful results4 ,! me?od actually appli$ appe>s to h occurr$ simultane\sly to sev]al p]sons1 z well !ori/s z obs]v]s4 ,?us ,sec*i claim$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahfh1 to h appli$ x ?\gh unsuccessfully2 ,hugg9s 9 ,april1 #ahfh1 describ$ 8 successful use ( ! me?od4 ,i myself1 :olly unaw>e t ei!r ( ^! obs]v]s 0 endeav\r+ to measure cele/ial motions by its means1 describ$ ! me?od1 9 words :i* ,i %all pres5tly quote1 9 ! numb] ( ,fras]'s ,magaz9e = ,janu>y1 #ahfh1 two mon?s be=e ! e>lie/ enunciation ( its nature by ! physici/s j nam$4 ,x w be well briefly to describe ! pr9ciple ( ?is int]e/+ me?od1 be=e consid]+ ! attack to :i* x has be5 rec5tly subject$1 & its triumphant acquittal f defects *>g$ aga9/ x4 ,?is brief description w n only be useful to ^? read]s :o *ance n to be acqua9t$ ) ! me?od1 b may s]ve to remove objections :i* sugge/ !mselves1 ,i notice1 to _m :o h _h ! pr9ciple ( ! me?od imp]fectly expla9$ to !m4 ,light travels f e self-lum9\s body 9 waves :i* sweep ?r\gh ! e!r ( space at ! rate ( #ahe1jjj miles p] second4 ,! :ole ( t region ( space ov] :i* a/ronom]s h ext5d$ _! survey1 & d\btless a region _m millions ( millions ( times m ext5d$1 may be comp>$ to a wave-toss$ sea1 only t in/ead ( a wave-toss$ surface1 !re is wave-toss$ space4 ,at e po9t1 ?r\gh e po9t1 along e l9e1 a?w>t e l9e1 myriads ( light-waves are at all times ru%+ ) ! inconceivable velocity j m5tion$4 ,x is f su* waves t we h le>n$ all we "k ab\t ! univ]se outside our own e>?4 ,!y br+ to our %ores news f o!r worlds1 ?\gh ! news is n always easy to deciph]4 ,n[1 see+ t we are ?us imm]s$ 9 an ocean1 a?w>t :i* inf9ite s]ies ( waves are cont9ually ru%+1 & moreov] t we ourselves1 & e "o ( ! bodies :5ce ! waves proce$ ei!r directly or aft] reflection1 are travell+ ) enorm\s velocity ?r\gh ?is ocean1 ! idea naturally pres5ts itself t we may le>n some?+ ab\t ^! motions 7z well z ab\t ! bodies !mselves :5ce !y proce$71 by /udy+ ! aspect ( ! waves :i* fl[ 9 ^u u 9 all directions4 ,suppose a /rong swimm] :o knew t1 7 he at re/1 a c]ta9 s]ies ( waves w\ld cross him at a p>ticul> rate--t51 = in/ance1 9 a m9ute--7 to notice t :5 he 0 swimm+ directly fac+ !m1 elev5 pass$ him 9 a m9ute3 he w\ld be able at once to comp>e 8 rate ( swimm+ ) ! rate ( ! waves' motion4 ,he w\ld "k t :ile t5 waves _h pass$ him on acc\nt ( ! waves' motion1 he _h by 8 own motion caus$ yet ano!r wave to pass him1 or 9 o!r words1 _h trav]s$ ! di/ance f "o wave-cre/ to ! next ,?us he w\ld "k t 8 rate 0 "o-t5? t ( ! waves4 ,simil>ly if1 travell+ ! same way z ! waves1 he f\nd t only n9e pass$ him 9 a m9ute1 in/ead ( t54 ,aga91 x is n difficult to see t if an obs]v] 7 at re/1 & a body 9 ! wat]1 :i* by c]ta9 motions produc$ waves1 7 approa*+ or rec$+ f ! obs]v]1 ! waves w\ld come 9 fa/] 9 ! =m] case1 sl[] 9 ! latt]1 ?an if ! body 7 at re/4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t "s ma*9]y at ! b[s ( a %ip rais$ waves :i*1 if ! %ip 7 at re/1 w\ld travel along at ! rate ( t5 a m9ute pa/ ! obs]v]'s /ation4 ,!n cle>ly1 if ! %ip approa*$ him1 ea* successive wave w\ld h a %ort] di/ance to travel1 & s w\ld rea* him soon] ?an x o!rwise w\ld h done4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ! %ip travell$ "o-t5? z fa/ z ! waves1 & consid] t5 waves proce$+ f h] b[s--! fir/ w\ld h to travel a c]ta9 di/ance be=e rea*+ ! obs]v]2 ! t5?1 />t+ a m9ute lat]1 in/ead ( hav+ to travel ! same di/ance1 w\ld h to travel ?is di/ance dim9i%$ by ! space ov] :i* ! %ip _h pass$ 9 "o m9ute 7:i* ! wave itself passes ov] 9 ! t5? ( a m9ute72 in/ead1 !n1 ( rea*+ ! obs]v] "o m9ute aft] ! o!r1 x w\ld rea* him n9e-t5?s ( a m9ute aft] ! fir/4 ,?us x w\ld seem to him z ?\gh ! waves 7 com+ 9 fa/] ?an :5 ! %ip 0 at re/1 9 ! proportion ( t5 to n9e1 ?\gh 9 reality !y w\ld be travell+ at ! same rate z be=e1 only arriv+ 9 quick] succession1 because ( ! cont9ual %ort5+ ( ! di/ance !y _h to travel1 on acc\nt ( ! %ip's approa*4 ,if he knew precisely h[ fa/ !y w\ld arrive if ! %ip 7 at re/1 & det]m9$ precisely h[ fa/ !y did arrive1 he w\ld be able to det]m9e at once ! rate ( ! %ip's approa*1 at lea/ ! proportion betwe5 h] rate & ! rate ( ! waves' motion4 ,simil>ly if1 ow+ to ! %ip's recession1 ! app>5t rate ( ! waves' motion 7 r$uc$1 x is obvi\s t ! actual *ange 9 ! wave motion w\ld n be a diff]5ce ( rate2 b1 9 ! case ( ! approa*+ %ip1 ! bread? f cre/ to cre/ w\ld be r$uc$1 :ile 9 ! case ( a rec$+ %ip ! di/ance f cre/ to cre/ w\ld be increas$4 ,if ! above explanation %\ld /ill seem to require clos] att5tion ?an ! g5]al read] may be dispos$ to give1 ! foll[+1 sugge/$ by a fri5d ( m9e--a v skilful ma!matician--w be f\nd /ill simpl]3 ,suppose a /ream to fl[ q uni=mly1 & t at "o place on its banks an obs]v] is /ation$1 :ile at ano!r high] up a p]son ?r[s corks into ! wat] at regul> int]vals1 say t5 corks p] m9ute2 !n ^! w float d[n & pass ! o!r obs]v]1 :]ev] he may be1 at ! rate ( t5 p] m9ute1 if ! cork-?r[] is at re/4 ,b if he saunt]s ei!r up-/ream or d[n-/ream1 ! corks w no long] float pa/ ! o!r at ! exact rate ( t5 p] m9ute4 ,if ! ?r[] is saunt]+ d[n-/ream1 !n1 betwe5 ?r[+ any cork & ! next1 he has walk$ a c]ta9 way d[n1 & ! t5? cork1 in/ead ( hav+ to travel ! same di/ance z ! fir/ be=e rea*+ ! obs]v]1 has a %ort] di/ance to travel1 & s rea*es t obs]v] soon]4 ,or 9 fact1 :i* "s may f9d easi] to see1 ?is cork w be ne>] to ! fir/ cork ?an x w\ld h be5 if ! ?r[] _h rema9$ /ill4 ,! corks w lie at equal di/ances f ea* o!r1 b ^! equal di/ances w be less ?an !y w\ld h be5 if ! obs]v] _h be5 at re/4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! cork-?r[] saunt]s up-/ream1 ! corks w be some:at fur!r ap>t ?an if he _h rema9$ at re/4 ,& suppos+ ! obs]v] to "k be=eh& t ! corks w\ld be ?r[n 9 at ! rate ( t5 a m9ute1 he w\ld "k1 if !y pass$ him at a great] rate ?an t5 a m9ute 7or1 9 o!r words1 at a less di/ance f ea* o!r ?an ! /ream trav]s$ 9 ! t5? ( a m9ute71 t ! cork-?r[] 0 travell+ d[n-/ream or approa*+ him2 :]eas1 if few] ?an t5 a m9ute pass$ him1 he w\ld "k t ! cork-?r[] 0 travell+ away f him1 or up-/ream4 ,b also1 if ! cork-?r[] 7 at re/1 & ! obs]v] mov$ up-/ream--t is1 t[>ds him--! corks w\ld pass him at a great] rate ?an t5 a m9ute2 :]eas1 if ! obs]v] 7 travell+ d[n-/ream1 or f ! ?r[]1 !y w\ld pass him at a sl[] rate4 ,if bo? 7 mov+1 x is easily se5 t if _! movem5t br\ght !m ne>] toge!r1 ! numb] ( corks pass+ ! obs]v] p] m9ute w\ld be increas$1 :]eas if _! movem5ts set !m fur!r ap>t1 ! numb] pass+ him p] m9ute w\ld be dim9i%$4 ,^! illu/rations1 d]iv$ f ! motions ( wat]1 suffice 9 reality = our purpose4 ,! waves :i* are emitt$ by lum9\s bodies 9 space travel onw>ds l ! wat]-waves or ! corks ( ! prec$+ illu/rations4 ,if ! body :i* emits !m is rapidly approa*+ u1 ! waves are set clos] toge!r or n>r[$2 :]eas1 if ! body is rec$+1 !y are ?r[n fur!r ap>t or broad5$4 ,& if we c 9 any way recognize su* n>r[+ or broad5+ ( ! light-waves1 we "k j z c]ta9ly t ! s\rce ( light is approa*+ u or rec$+ f u 7z ! case may be7 z our obs]v] 9 ! second illu/ration w\ld "k f ! di/ance betwe5 ! corks :e!r 8 fri5d1 ! cork-?r[]1 0 draw+ ne> to him or travell+ away f him4 ,b x may be conv5i5t to give ano!r illu/ration1 drawn f waves1 :i*1 l ^? ( light1 are n !mselves disc]nible by our s5ses--,i ref] to ^? a]ial waves ( compression & r>efaction :i* produce :at we call s\nd4 ,^! waves are n only 9 ?is respect bett] suit$ ?an wat]-waves to illu/rate our subject1 b also because !y travel 9 all directions ?r\gh a]ial space1 n m]ely along a surface4 ,! waves :i* produce a c]ta9 note1 t is1 :i* excite 9 our m9ds1 ?r\gh ! auditory n]ve1 ! impression correspond+ to a c]ta9 tone1 h a def9ite l5g?4 ,s long z ! obs]v]1 & a s\rce ( s\nd vibrat+ 9 "o p>ticul> p]iod1 rema9 bo? 9 ! same place1 ! note is un*ang$ 9 tone1 ?\gh x may gr[ l\d] or fa9t] accord+ z ! vibrations increase or dim9i% 9 amplitude4 ,b if ! s\rce ( s\nd is approa*+ ! he>]1 ! waves are ?r[n clos] toge!r & ! s\nd is r5d]$ m acute 7! long] waves giv+ ! deep] s\nd72 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! s\rce ( s\nd is rec$+ f ! he>]1 ! waves are ?r[n fur!r ap>t & ! s\nd is r5d]$ grav]4 ,! rationale ( ^! *anges is precisely ! same z t ( ! *anges describ$ 9 ! prec$+ illu/rations4 ,x might1 p]haps1 appe> t 9 s say+ we 7 dismiss+ ! illu/ration f s\nd1 at lea/ z an indep5d5t "o1 because we are expla9+ ! illu/ration by prec$+ illu/rations4 ,b 9 reality1 :ile !re is absolutely no?+ new to be said respect+ ! increase & dim9ution ( di/ances 7z betwe5 ! waves & corks ( ! prec$+ illu/ration71 ! illu/ration f s\nd has ! imm5se advantage ( admitt+ readily ( exp]im5tal te/s4 ,x is necess>y only t ! rate ( approa* or recession %\ld be> an appreciable proportion to ! rate at :i* s\nd travels4 ,= waves are %ort5$ or l5g!n$ by approa* or recession by an am\nt :i* be>s to ! entire l5g? ( ! wave ! same proportion :i* ! rate ( approa* or recession be>s to ! rate ( ! wave's advance4 ,n[ x is n v difficult to obta9 rates ( approa* or recession fairly comp>able ) ! velocity ( s\nd--ab\t #cfd y>ds p] second4 ,an express tra9 at full spe$ travels1 let u say1 ab\t #ahjj y>ds p] m9ute1 or #cj y>ds p] second4 ,su* a velocity w\ld suffice to r$uce all ! s\nd-waves proce$+ f a bell or :i/le ^u ! eng9e1 by ab\t "o-twelf? "p1 = an obs]v] at re/ on a /ation plat=m approa*$ by ! eng9e4 ,on ! contr>y1 aft] ! eng9e _h pass$ him1 ! s\nd-waves proce$+ f ! same bell or :i/le w\ld be l5g!n$ by "o-twelf?4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two tones w\ld be almo/ exactly ?ree semitones4 ,if ! he>]1 in/ead ( be+ on a plat=m1 7 9 a tra9 c>ri$ pa/ ! o!r at ! same rate1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! tone ( ! bell 9 approa*+ & its tone 9 rec$+ w\ld be ab\t ?ree tones4 ,x w\ld n be at all difficult s to arrange matt]s1 t :ile two bells 7 s\nd+ ! same note--,mi1 let u say--"o bell on "o eng9e ! o!r on ! o!r1 a travell] by "o %\ld he> 8 own eng9e's bell1 ! bell ( ! approa*+ eng9e1 & ! bell ( ! same eng9e rec$+1 z ! ?ree notes--,d--,mi--,sol1 ^: wave-l5g?s are z ! numb]s #ae1 #ab1 & #aj4 ,we h "h diff]5ces v easily to be recogniz$ ev5 by ^? :o are n musicians4 ,e "o :o travels mu* by tra9 mu/ h notic$ h[ ! tone ( a :i/le *anges z ! eng9e s\nd+ x travels pa/4 ,! *ange is n q %>p1 b v rapid1 because ! o!r eng9e does n approa* ) a c]ta9 velocity up to a def9ite mom5t & !n rec$e ) ! same velocity4 ,x c\ld only d ?is by ru%+ ?r\gh ! he>]1 :i* w\ld r5d] ! exp]im5t !oretically m exact b practically unsatisfactory4 ,z x ru%es pa/ in/ead ( ?r\gh him1 !re is a brief "t dur+ :i* ! rate ( approa* is rapidly be+ r$uc$ to no?+1 foll[$ by a simil>ly brief "t dur+ :i* ! rate ( recession gradually increases f no?+ up to ! actual rate ( ! eng9es' velocities add$ toge!r4#ab ,! *ange ( tone may be ?us illu/rat$3-- ,illu/ration ,a ,b repres5t+ ! s\nd ( ! approa*+ :i/le1 ,b ,c repres5t+ ! rapid degradation ( s\nd z ! eng9e ru%es close pa/ ! he>]1 & ,c ,d repres5t+ ! s\nd ( ! rec$+ :i/le4 ,:5 a bell is s\nd$ on ! eng9e1 z 9 ,am]ica1 ! effect is bett] recogniz$1 z ,i _h repeat$ occasion to notice dur+ my travels 9 t c\ntry4 ,probably ?is is because ! tone ( a bell is 9 any case mu* m cle>ly recogniz$ ?an ! tone ( a railway :i/le4 ,! *ange ( tone z a clang+ bell is c>ri$ swiftly pa/ 7by ! comb9$ motions ( bo? tra9s7 is n at all ( su* a nature z to require close att5tion = its detection4 ,h[ev]1 ! app>5t v>iation ( s\nd produc$ by rapid approa* or recession has be5 te/$ by exact exp]im5ts4 ,on a railway unit+ ,utre*t & ,ma>s5 87 plac$10 ! late ,pr(essor ,ni*ol wrote1 8at int]vals ( some?+ upw>ds ( a ?\s& y>ds1 ?ree gr\ps ( musicians1 :o rema9$ motionless dur+ ! requisite p]iod4 ,ano!r musician on ! railway s\nd$ at int]vals "o uni=m note2 & its effects on ! e>s ( ! /ation>y musicians h be5 fully publi%$4 ,f ^!1 c]ta9ly--f ! record$ *anges betwe5 grave & ! m acute1 & vice v]s1--confirm+1 ev5 num]ically1 :at ! relative velocities might h enabl$ "o to pr$ict1 x appe>s ju/ifiable to conclude t ! g5]al !ory is correct2 & t ! note ( any s\nd may be greatly modifi$1 if n :olly *ang$1 by ! velocity ( ! individual he>+ x10 or1 he %\ld h add$1 by ! velocity ( ! s\rce ( s\nd3 p]haps m correct ?an ei!r1 is ! /atem5t t ! note may be alt]$ by ! approa* or recession ( ! s\rce ( s\nd1 :e!r t be caus$ by ! motion ( ! s\nd+ body1 or ( ! he>] himself1 or ( bo?4 ,x is difficult1 inde$1 to und]/& h[ d\bt c exi/ 9 ! m9d ( any "o compet5t to =m an op9ion on ! matt]1 ?\gh1 z we %all pres5tly see1 "s /ud5ts ( sci5ce & "o or two ma!maticians h rais$ d\bts z to ! validity ( ! reason+ by :i* x is %[n t a *ange %\ld occur4 ,t ! reason+ is s\nd _c1 9 reality1 be que/ion$1 & aft] c>eful exam9ation ( ! argum5ts urg$ aga9/ x by "o or two ma!maticians1 ,i c =m no o!r op9ion ?an t ^! argum5ts am\nt really b to an expression ( inability to und]/& ! matt]4 ,?is may seem a/oni%+1 b is expla9$ :5 we rememb] t "s ma!maticians1 by devot+ _! att5tion too p>ticul>ly to special dep>tm5ts1 lose1 to a surpris+ degree1 ! p[] ( deal+ ) subjects 7ev5 ma!matical ones7 outside _! dep>tm5t4 ,ap>t f ! s\ndness ( ! reason+1 ! facts are unmi/akably 9 accordance ) ! conclusion to :i* ! reason+ po9ts4 ,yet "s few /ill ent]ta9 d\bts1 a circum/ance :i* may prove a s\rce ( consolation to any :o f9d !mselves unable to foll[ ! reason+ on :i* ! effects ( approa* & recession on wave-l5g?s dep5d4 ,let su* rememb]1 h[ev]1 t exp]im5t 9 ! case ( ! a]ial waves produc+ s\nd1 accords p]fectly ) !ory1 & t ! waves :i* produce light are p]fectly analog\s 7s f> z ?is p>ticul> po9t is conc]n$7 ) ! waves produc+ s\nd4 ,ord9>y :ite light1 & _m k9ds ( col\r$ light1 may be comp>$ ) noise--t is1 ) a multitude ( int]mix$ s\nds4 ,b light ( "o pure col\r may be comp>$ to s\nd ( "o det]m9ate note4 ,z ! a]ial waves produc+ ! effect ( "o def9ite tone are all ( "o l5g?1 s ! e!real waves produc+ light ( "o def9ite col\r are all ( "o l5g?4 ,!re=e if we approa* or rec$e f a s\rce ( light emitt+ su* waves1 effects w result correspond+ ) :at has be5 describ$ above = ! case ( wat]-waves & s\nd-waves4 ,if we approa* ! s\rce ( light1 or if x approa*es u1 ! waves w be %ort5$2 if we rec$e f x1 or if x rec$es f u1 ! waves w be l5g!n$4 ,b ! col\r ( light dep5ds on its wave-l5g?1 precisely z ! tone ( s\nd dep5ds on its wave-l5g?4 ,! waves produc+ r$ light are long] ?an ^? produc+ orange light1 ^! are long] ?an ! waves produc+ yell[ light2 & s ! wave-l5g?s %ort5 d[n f yell[ to gre51 !nce to blue1 to indigo1 & f9ally to violet4 ,?us if a body %9+ 9 reality ) a pure gre5 col\r1 approa*$ ! obs]v] ) a velocity comp>able ) t ( light1 x w\ld seem blue1 indigo1 or violet1 accord+ to ! rate ( approa*2 :]eas if x rapidly rec$$1 x w\ld seem yell[1 orange1 or r$1 accord+ to ! rate ( recession4 ,un=tunately 9 "o s5se1 ?\gh v =tunately 9 _m mu* m important respects1 ! rates ( motion among ! cele/ial bodies are n comp>able ) ! velocity ( light1 b are always s mu* less z to be almo/ re/ by comp>ison4 ,! velocity ( light is ab\t #ahg1jjj miles p] second1 or1 accord+ to ! measures ( ! sol> sy/em at pres5t 9 vogue 7:i* w %ortly h to give place to some:at l>g] measures1 ! result ( obs]vations made ^u ! rec5t transit ( ,v5us71 ab\t #ahe1jjj miles p] second4 ,! swifte/ cele/ial motion ( :i* we h ev] _h direct evid5ce 0 t ( ! comet ( ! ye> #ahdc1 :i*1 at ! "t ( its ne>e/ approa* to ! sun1 0 travell+ at ! rate ( ab\t #cej miles p] second4 ,?is1 comp>$ ) ! velocity ( light1 is z ! motion ( a p]son tak+ six /eps a m9ute1 ea* less ?an half a y>d long1 to ! ru% ( ! swifte/ express tra94 ,no body )9 our sol> sy/em c travel fa/] ?an ?is1 ! motion ( a body fall+ ^u ! sun f an inf9ite di/ance be+ only ab\t #cgj miles p] second :5 x rea*es 8 surface4 ,& ?\gh swift] motions probably exi/ among ! bodies travell+ ar\nd m massive suns ?an ours1 yet ( su* motions we c nev] become cognizant4 ,all ! motions tak+ place among ! />s !mselves w\ld appe> to be v mu* less 9 am\nt4 ,! mo/ swiftly mov+ sun seems to travel b at ! rate ( ab\t #ej or #fj miles p] second4 ,n[ let u consid] h[ f> a motion ( #ajj miles p] second might be expect$ to modify ! col\r ( pure gre5 light--select+ gre5 z ! middle col\r ( ! spectrum4 ,! waves produc+ gre5 light are ( su* a l5g?1 t #dg1jjj ( !m sc>cely equal 9 l5g? a s+le in*4 ,draw on pap] an in* & divide x c>efully into t5 equal p>ts1 or take su* p>ts f a well-divid$ rule2 divide "o ( ^! t5?s into t5 equal p>ts1 z ne>ly z ! eye w p]mit y to judge2 !n "o ( ^! p>ts1 or ab\t half ! ?ickness ( an av]age p91 w\ld conta9 #dge ( ! waves ( pure gre5 light4 ,! same l5g? w\ld equal ! l5g? ( #ddj waves ( pure yell[ light1 & ( #eaa waves ( pure blue light4 7,! gre51 yell[1 & blue1 "h spok5 (1 are und]/ood to be ( ! precise col\r ( ! middle ( ! gre51 yell[1 & blue p>ts ( ! spectrum47 ,?us ! gre5 waves mu/ be increas$ 9 ! proportion ( #dge to #ddj to give yell[ light1 or r$uc$ 9 ! proportion ( #eaa to #dge to give blue light4 ,= ! fir/ purpose1 ! velocity ( recession mu/ be> to ! velocity ( light ! proportion :i* #cj be>s to #dge1 or mu/ be equal to r m ?an "o-sixte5? "p ( ! velocity ( light--say #aa1fjj miles p] second4 ,= ! second purpose1 ! velocity ( approa* mu/ be> to ! velocity ( light ! proportion :i* #cf be>s to #dge1 or mu/ be ne>ly equal to "o-?irte5? "p ( ! velocity ( light--say #ad1cjj miles p] second4 ,b ! motions ( ! />s & o!r cele/ial bodies1 & also ! motions ( matt] 9 ! sun1 & s =?1 are v mu* less ?an ^!4 ,except 9 ! case ( "o or two comets 7& always dismiss+ f consid]ation ! amaz+ app>5t velocities ) :i* comets' tails seem to be =m$71 we may take #ajj miles p] second z ! extreme limit ( velocity ) :i* we h to deal1 9 consid]+ ! application ( our !ory to ! motions ( recession & approa* ( cele/ial bodies4 ,?us 9 ! case ( recession ! greate/ possible *ange ( col\r 9 pure gre5 light w\ld be equival5t to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m$ium gre5 ( ! spectrum1 & ! col\r #a-aaf? "p ( ! way f m$ium gre5 to m$ium yell[2 & 9 ! case ( approa*1 ! *ange w\ld correspond to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m$ium gre5 & ! col\r #a-adcrd "p ( ! way f m$ium gre5 to m$ium blue4 ,let any "o look at a spectrum ( fair l5g?1 or ev5 at a correctly t9t$ pa9t+ ( ! sol> spectrum1 & note h[ utt]ly unrecognizable to ord9>y vision is ! diff]5ce ( t9t = ev5 ! tw5tie? "p ( ! di/ance betwe5 m$ium gre5 & m$ium yell[ on "o side or m$ium blue on ! o!r1 & he w recognize h[ utt]ly hopeless x w\ld be to attempt to appreciate ! *ange ( col\r due to ! approa* or recession ( a lum9\s body %9+ ) pure gre5 light & mov+ at ! trem5d\s rate ( #ajj miles p] second4 ,x w\ld be hopeless1 ev5 ?\gh we _h ! m$ium gre5 col\r & ! *ang$ col\r1 ei!r t[>ds yell[ or t[>ds blue1 plac$ side by side = comp>ison--h[ mu* m :5 ! *ang$ col\r w\ld h to be comp>$ ) ! obs]v]'s recollection ( ! m$ium col\r1 z se5 on "s o!r occasion6 ,b ?is is ! lea/ important ( ! difficulties affect+ ! application ( ?is me?od by not+ *ange ( col\r1 z ,doppl] orig9ally propos$4 ,ano!r difficulty1 :i* seems someh[ to h :olly escap$ ,doppl]'s att5tion1 r5d]s ! col\r te/ altoge!r unavailable4 ,we d n get pure light f any ( ! cele/ial bodies except c]ta9 gase\s cl\ds or nebul4 ,f e sun we get1 z f our own sun1 all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[4 ,!re may be an excess ( "s col\rs & a defici5cy ( o!rs 9 any />1 s z to give ! /> a t9t1 or ev5 a v decid$ col\r4 ,b ev5 a blood-r$ />1 or a deep-blue or violet />1 does n %9e ) pure light1 = ! spectroscope %[s t ! /> has o!r col\rs ?an ^? produc+ ! prevail+ t9t1 & x is only ! great excess ( r$ rays 7all k9ds ( r$1 too7 or ( blue rays 7( all k9ds71 & s on1 :i* makes ! /> appe> r$1 or blue1 & s on1 to ! eye4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( />s or suns %[ all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ ne>ly equally di/ribut$1 z 9 ! case ( our own sun4 ,n[ imag9e = a mom5t a :ite sun1 :i* _h be5 at re/1 to beg9 sudd5ly to approa* u s rapidly 7travell+ m ?an #aj1jjj miles p] second7 t ! r$ rays became orange1 ! orange became yell[1 ! yell[ gre51 ! gre5 blue1 ! blue indigo1 ! indigo violet1 :ile ! violet waves became too %ort to affect ! s5se ( sight4 ,!n1 if t 7 all1 t sun1 be+ depriv$ ( ! r$ "p ( its light1 w\ld %9e ) a slightly blui% t+e1 ow+ to ! relative sup]abundance ( rays f ! violet end ( ! spectrum4 ,we %\ld be able to recognize su* a *ange1 yet n ne>ly s di/9ctly z if t sun _h be5 %9+ ) a pure gre5 light1 & sudd5ly beg9n+ to approa* u at ! enorm\s rate j m5tion$1 *ang$ 9 col\r to full blue4 ,?\gh1 if t sun 7 all ! "t approa*+ u at ! enorm\s rate imag9$1 we %\ld be q unable to tell :e!r its slightly blui% t+e 7 due to su* motion ( approa* or to "s inh]5t blu5ess 9 ! light emitt$ by ! />4 ,simil>ly1 if a :ite sun sudd5ly began to rec$e s rapidly t its violet rays 7 turn$ to indigo1 ! indigo to blue1 & s on1 ! orange rays turn+ to r$1 & ! r$ rays disappe>+ altoge!r1 !n1 if t 7 all1 its light w\ld become slightly r$di%1 ow+ to ! relative sup]abundance ( light f ! r$ end ( ! spectrum2 & we might di/+ui% ! *ange1 yet n s readily z if a sun %9+ ) pure gre5 light began to rec$e at ! same enorm\s rate1 & s %one ) pure yell[ light4 ,?\gh1 if t sun 7 all ! "t rec$+ at t enorm\s rate1 we %\ld be q unable to tell :e!r its slightly r$di% hue 7 due to su* motion ( recession or to "s inh]5t r$ness 9 its own lu/re4 ,b 9 nei!r case w\ld t be all4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! r$ rays w\ld inde$ become orange2 b ! rays beyond ! r$1 :i* produce no effect ^u vision1 w\ld be conv]t$ into r$ rays1 & fill up ! "p ( ! spectrum des]t$ by ! rays orig9ally r$4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! violet rays w\ld inde$ become indigo2 b ! rays beyond ! violet1 ord9>ily produc+ no visible effect1 w\ld be conv]t$ into violet rays1 & fill up ! "p ( ! spectrum des]t$ by ! rays orig9ally violet4 ,?us1 despite ! enorm\s velocity ( approa* 9 "o case & ( recession 9 ! o!r1 !re w\ld be no *ange :atev] 9 ! col\r ( ! sun 9 ei!r case4 ,all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ w\ld /ill be pres5t 9 ! sun's light1 & x w\ld !re=e /ill be a :ite sun4 ,doppl]'s me?od w\ld ?us fail utt]ly1 ev5 ?\gh ! />s 7 travell+ hi!r & ?i!r ) motions a hundr$ times great] ?an ! greate/ kn[n /ell> motions4 ,?is objection to ,doppl]'s !ory1 z orig9ally propos$1 0 consid]$ by me 9 an article on 8,col\r$ ,suns0 9 ,fras]'s ,magaz9e = ,janu>y1 #ahfh4 ,8 !ory1 inde$1 0 orig9ally promulgat$ n z af=d+ a means ( measur+ /ell> motions1 b z a way ( acc\nt+ = ! col\rs ( d\ble />s4 ,x 0 ?us pres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,ni*ol1 9 a *apt] ( 8 8,ar*itecture ( ! ,heav5s10 on ?is special subject3--8,! rapid motion ( light rea*es inde$ "o ( ^? numb]s :i* reason owns1 :ile imag9ation ceases to compreh5d !m2 b x is also true t ! swiftness ) :i* c]ta9 individuals ( ! d\ble />s sweep pa/ _! p]ihelias1 or r _! p]ia/]s1 is amaz+2 & 9 ?is matt] ( col\rs1 x mu/ be recollect$ t ! "q solely reg>ds ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! velocities ( ! waves con/itu5t ( col\rs1 at ^? diff]5t /ell> positions4 ,/ill x is a bold--ev5 a magnific5t idea2 & if x c be reconcil$ ) ! p]man5t col\rs ( ! multitude ( />s surr\nd+ u--/>s :i* too are mov+ 9 great orbits ) imm5se velocities--x may be hail$ almo/ z a positive discov]y4 ,x mu/ obta9 confirmation1 or o!rwise1 s soon z we c comp>e ) c]ta9ty ! obs]v$ colorific *anges ( sep>ate sy/ems ) ! kn[n fluctuations ( _! orbital motions40 ,t 0 writt5 a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 :5 spectroscopic analysis1 z we n[ "k x1 _h no exi/5ce4 ,accord+ly1 :ile ! fatal objection to ,doppl]'s orig9al !ory is ov]look$ on ! "o h&1 ! means ( apply+ ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! !ory1 9 a mu* m exact mann] ?an ,doppl] c\ld h hop$ =1 is ov]look$ on ! o!r4 ,bo? po9ts are not$ 9 ! article above ref]r$ to1 9 ! same p>agraph4 8,we may dismiss10 ,i !re /at$1 8! !ory />t$ "s ye>s ago by ! ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,m4 ,doppl]40 ,b1 ,i pres5tly add$1 8,x is q cle> t ! effects ( a motion rapid en\gh to produce su* a *ange0 7i4e4 a *ange ( t9t 9 a pure col\r7 8w\ld %ift ! position ( ! :ole spectrum--& ?is *ange w\ld be readily detect$ by a ref]5ce to ! spectral l9es40 ,?is is true1 ev5 to ! ^w 8readily40 ,velocities :i* w\ld produce an appreciable *ange ( t9t w\ld produce 8readily0 detectible *anges 9 ! position ( ! spectral l9es2 ! velocities actually exi/+ among ! />-motions w\ld produce *anges 9 ! position ( ^! l9es detectible only ) extreme difficulty1 or p]haps 9 ! majority ( in/ances n detectible at all4 ,x has be5 9 ?is way t ! spectroscopic me?od has actually be5 appli$4 ,x is easy to p]ceive ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ?is way ( apply+ ! me?od & t dep5d+ on ! attempt$ recognition ( *anges ( col\r4 ,a d>k l9e 9 ! spectrum m>ks 9 reality ! place ( a miss+ t9t4 ,! t9ts next to x on ei!r side are pres5t1 b ! t9t betwe5 !m is want+4 ,!y are *ang$ 9 col\r--v slightly1 9 fact q inappreciably--by motions ( recession or approa*1 or1 9 o!r words1 !y are %ift$ 9 position along ! spectrum1 t[>ds ! r$ end = recession1 t[>ds ! violet end = approa*2 & ( c\rse ! d>k space betwe5 is %ift$ along ) !m4 ,"o may say t ! miss+ t9t is *ang$4 ,= 9 reality t is precisely :at w\ld happ54 ,if ! light ( a /> at re/ gave e t9t ( ! spectrum1 = in/ance1 except mid-gre5 alone1 & t /> approa*$ or rec$$ s swiftly t its motion w\ld *ange pure gre5 light to pure yell[ 9 "o case1 or pure blue 9 ! o!r1 !n ! effect on ! spectrum ( su* a /> w\ld be to ?r[ ! d>k l9e f ! middle ( ! gre5 "p ( ! spectrum to ! middle ( ! yell[ "p 9 "o case1 or to ! middle ( ! blue "p 9 ! o!r4 ,! d>k l9e w\ld be q notably %ift$ 9 ei!r case4 ,) ! actual /ell> motions1 ?\gh all ! l9es are m or less %ift$1 ! displacem5t is always exce$+ly m9ute1 & x becomes a task ( extreme difficulty to recognize1 & /ill m to measure1 su* displacem5t4 ,:5 ,i fir/ indicat$ publicly 7,janu>y1 #ahfh7 ! way 9 :i* ,doppl]'s pr9ciple c\ld alone be appli$1 two physici/s1 ,hugg9s 9 ,engl& & ,sec*i 9 ,italy1 7 actually endeav\r+1 ) ! excell5t spectroscopes 9 _! possession1 to apply ?is me?od4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahfh1 ,sec*i gave up ! ef=t z useless1 publicly ann\nc+ ! plan on :i* he _h proce$$ & 8 failure to obta9 any results except negative ones4 ,a mon? lat] ,hugg9s also publicly ann\nc$ ! plan on :i* he _h be5 work+1 b 0 also able to /ate t 9 "o case1 t ( ! bright /> ,sirius1 he _h succe$$ 9 measur+ a motion 9 ! l9e ( sight1 hav+ discov]$ t ,sirius 0 rec$+ f ! e>? at ! rate ( #dad miles p] second4 ,i say 0 rec$+1 because a "p ( ! recession at ! "t ( obs]vation 0 due to ! e>?'s orbital motion ar\nd ! sun4 ,i _h1 at 8 reque/1 suppli$ ,hugg9s ) ! =mula = calculat+ ! correction due to ?is cause1 &1 apply+ x1 he f\nd t ,sirius is rec$+ f ! sun at ! rate ( ab\t #bi miles p] second1 or "s #icj millions ( miles p] annum4 ,i am n "h specially conc]n$ to consid] ! actual results ( ! application ( ?is me?od s9ce ! "t ( ,hugg9s's fir/ success2 b ! next *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( ! me?od is "o s int]e/+ to myself p]sonally t ,i feel tempt$ briefly to ref] to details4 ,s soon z ,i _h he>d ( ,hugg9s's success ) ,sirius1 & t an in/rum5t 0 be+ prep>$ = him :]e) he might hope to ext5d ! me?od to o!r />s1 ,i v5tur$ to make a pr$iction z to ! result :i* he w\ld obta9 :5soev] he %\ld apply x to five />s ( ! sev5 =m+ ! s-call$ ,pl\gh4 ,i _h f\nd reason to feel assur$ t ^! five =m a sy/em drift+ all toge!r amid /ell> space4 ,satisfi$ = my own "p z to ! validity ( ! evid5ce1 ,i submitt$ x to ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 :o 0 /ruck by its =ce4 ,! app>5t drift ( ^? />s 01 ( c\rse1 a ?w>t drift2 b if !y really 7 drift+ 9 space1 !n _! motions 9 ! l9e ( sight mu/ ( necessity be alike4 ,my pr$iction1 !n1 0 t :5soev] ,hugg9s appli$ to ^? />s ! new me?od he w\ld f9d !m ei!r all rec$+ at ! same rate1 or all approa*+ at ! same rate1 or else t all alike fail$ to give any evid5ce at all ei!r ( recession or approa*4 ,i _h indicat$ ! five 9 ! fir/ edition ( my 8,o!r ,worlds0--to wit1 ! />s ( ! ,pl\gh1 omitt+ ! ne>e/ 8po9t]0 to ! pole & ! /> m>k+ ! ?ird horse 7or ! tip ( ! ,great ,be>'s tail74 ,s soon z ,hugg9s's new telescope & its spectroscopic adjuncts 7 9 work+ ord]1 he re-exam9$ ,sirius1 det]m9$ ! motions ( o!r />s2 & at la/ on "o suitable ev5+ he te/$ ! />s ( ! ,pl\gh4 ,he began ) ! ne>e/ po9t]1 & f\nd t /> swiftly approa*+ ! e>?4 ,he turn$ to ! o!r po9t]1 & f\nd x rapidly rec$+ f ! e>?4 ,be+ "u ! impression t my five includ$ bo? po9t]s1 he conclud$ t my pr$iction _h utt]ly fail$1 & s w5t on ) 8 obs]vations1 altoge!r unprejudic$ 9 its fav\r1 to say ! lea/4 ,! next /> ( ! sev5 he f\nd to be rec$+ at ! same rate z ! second po9t]2 ! next at ! same rate1 ! next1 & ! next rec$+ /ill at ! same rate1 & la/ly ! sev5? rec$+ at a diff]5t rate4 ,"h1 !n1 7 five />s all rec$+ at a common rate1 & ( ! o!r two "o rec$+ at a diff]5t rate1 ! o!r swiftly approa*+4 ,turn+ next to ! "w conta9+ my pr$iction1 ,hugg9s f\nd t ! five />s ?us rec$+ at a common rate 7 ! five ^: community ( motion ,i _h indicat$ two ye>s be=e4 ,?us ! fir/ pr$iction ev] made respect+ ! motions ( ! s-call$ fix$ />s 0 n want+ 9 success4 ,i w\ld v5ture to add t ! !ory ( />-drift1 on ! /r5g? ( :i* ! pr$iction 0 made1 0 9 effect demon/rat$ by ! result4 ,! next application ( ! new me?od 0 "o ( s+ul> int]e/4 ,i believe x 0 ,mr4 ,locky] :o fir/ ?\ght ( apply+ ! me?od to measure ! rate ( sol> hurricanes z well z ! velocities ( ! upru% & d[nru% ( vapor\s matt] 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! sun4 ,ano!r spectroscopic me?od _h enabl$ a/ronom]s to wat* ! ru% ( gl[+ matt] f ! edge ( ! sun1 by obs]v+ ! col\r$ flames & _! motions2 b by ! new me?od x 0 possible to det]m9e :e!r ! flames at ! edge 7 swept by sol> cyclones c>ry+ !m f or t[>ds ! eye ( ! t]re/rial obs]v]1 & also to det]m9e :e!r gl[+ vap\rs ov] ! middle ( ! visible disc 7 subject to motion ( upru%1 :i* ( c\rse w\ld c>ry !m t[>ds ! eye1 or ( d[nru%1 :i* w\ld c>ry !m f ! eye4 ,! result ( obs]vations direct$ to ?is end 0 to %[ t at lea/ dur+ ! "t :5 ! sun is mo/ spott$1 sol> hurricanes ( trem5d\s viol5ce take place1 :ile ! upru%+ & d[nru%+ motions ( sol> matt] sometimes atta9 a velocity ( m ?an #ajj miles p] second4 ,x 0 ?is success on ! "p ( an ,engli% spectroscopi/ :i* caus$ t attack on ! new me?od aga9/ :i* x has b rec5tly be5 successfully def5d$1 at lea/ 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o are satisfi$ only by exp]im5tal te/s ( ! validity ( a process4 ,! ,padre ,sec*i _h fail$1 z we h se51 to recognize motions ( recession & approa* among ! />s by ! new me?od4 ,b he _h tak5 sol> obs]vation by spectroscopic me?ods "u 8 special *>ge1 & !re=e :5 ! new results rea*$ 8 e>s he felt b\nd to confirm or invalidate !m4 ,he believ$ t ! app>5t displacem5t ( d>k l9es 9 ! sol> spectrum might be due to ! heat ( ! sun caus+ *anges 9 ! delicate adju/m5ts ( ! in/rum5t--a cause ( error aga9/ :i* precautions are c]ta9ly v necess>y4 ,he satisfi$ himself t :5 suffici5t precautions are tak5 no displacem5ts take place su* z ,locky]1 ,"y1 & o!rs claim$ to h se54 ,b he submitt$ ! matt] to a fur!r te/4 ,z ! sun is sp9n+ swiftly on 8 axis1 8 mighty equator1 m ?an two & a half millions ( miles 9 gir?1 circl+ once r\nd 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r days1 x is cle> t on "o side ! sun's surface is swiftly mov+ t[>ds1 & on ! o!r side z swiftly mov+ f1 ! obs]v]4 ,by "s amaz+ miscalculation1 ,sec*i made ! rate ( ?is motion #bj miles p] second1 s t ! sum ( ! two motions 9 opposite directions w\ld equal #dj miles p] second4 ,he consid]$ t he ought to be able by ! new me?od1 if ! new me?od is tru/wor?y at all1 to recognize ?is m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! /ate ( ! sun's ea/]n & we/]n edges2 he f\nd on trial t he c\ld n d s2 & accord+ly he express$ 8 op9ion t ! new me?od is n tru/wor?y1 & t ! argum5ts urg$ 9 its fav\r are invalid4 ,! weak po9t 9 8 reason+ resid$ 9 ! circum/ance t ! sol> equator is only mov+ at ! rate ( ab\t #a miles p] second1 s t in/ead ( a diff]5ce ( #dj miles p] second betwe5 ! two edges1 :i* %\ld be appreciable1 ! actual diff]5ce 7t is1 ! sum ( ! two equal motions 9 opposite directions7 am\nts only to #b miles p] second1 :i* c]ta9ly ,sec*i c\ld n hope to recognize ) ! spectroscopic p[] at 8 disposal4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ! error 9 8 reason+ 0 po9t$ out1 ?\gh he admitt$ t error1 he ma9ta9$ ! ju/ice ( 8 conclusion2 j z ,cass9i1 hav+ mi/ak5ly reason$ t ! degrees ( latitude %\ld dim9i% t[>ds ! pole in/ead ( increas+1 & hav+ next mi/ak5ly f\nd1 z he suppos$1 t !y d dim9i%1 ackn[l$g$ ! error ( 8 reason+1 b insi/$ on ! validity ( 8 obs]vations1--ma9ta9+ !nce=?1 z all ! _w kn[s1 t ! e>? is ext5d$ in/ead ( flatt5$ at ! poles4 ,hugg9s tri$ to recognize by ! new me?od ! effects ( ! sun's rotation1 us+ a mu* m p[]ful spectroscope ?an ,sec*i's4 ,! hi/ory ( ! p>ticul> spectroscope he employ$ is 9 "o respect specially int]e/+ to myself1 z ! ext5sion ( spectroscopic p[] 0 ( my own devis+ be=e ,i _h ev] us$ or ev5 se5 a p[]ful spectroscope4 ,! read] is aw>e t spectroscopes d]ive _! light-sift+ p[] f ! prisms =m+ !m4 ,! numb] ( prisms 0 gradually increas$1 f ,newton's s+le prism to ,fraunh(]'s pair1 & to ,kir*h(f's batt]y ( f\r1 till six 7 us$1 :i* b5t ! light r\nd z f> z x w\ld g4 ,!n ! idea occurr$ ( c>ry+ ! light to a high] level 7by reflections7 & s5d+ x back ?r\gh ! same batt]y ( prisms1 d\bl+ ! disp]sion4 ,su* a batt]y1 if ( six prisms1 w\ld spread ! spectral col\rs twice z widely ap>t z six us$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 & w\ld ?us h a disp]sive p[] ( twelve prisms4 ,x occurr$ to me t aft] tak+ ! rays ?r\gh six prisms1 arrang$ 9 a curve l ! lett] ,c1 an int]m$iate f\r-corn]$ prism ( a p>ticul> %ape 7:i* ,i det]m9$7 might be made to s5d ! rays into ano!r batt]y ( six prisms1 ! entire set =m+ a d\ble curve l ! lett] ,s1 ! rays be+ !n c>ri$ to a high] level & back ?r\gh ! d\ble batt]y4 ,9 ?is way a disp]sive p[] ( n9ete5 prisms c\ld be secur$4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,br[n+1 ! em95t optician1 made a d\ble batt]y ( ?is k9d1#ac :i* 0 pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,spottiswoode1 & by him l5t to ,mr4 ,hugg9s = ! express purpose ( deal+ ) ! task ,sec*i _h set spectroscopi/s4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 af=d ! requir$ evid5ce4 ,hugg9s consid]$ ! displacem5t ( d>k l9es due to ! sun's rotation to be recognizable1 b s b>ely t he c\ld n speak confid5tly on ! po9t4 ,!re = a :ile ! matt] re/$4 ,vgel made obs]vations confirm+ ,hugg9s's results relative to /ell> motions2 b ,vgel's in/rum5tal means 7 n suffici5tly p[]ful to r5d] 8 results ( mu* weight4 ,b rec5tly two well-direct$ attacks h be5 made ^u ?is problem1 "o 9 ,engl&1 ! o!r 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 bo? cases ) success4 ,r1 p]haps1 see+ t ! me?od _h be5 attack$ & 0 suppos$ to require def5ce1 we may say t two well-direct$ assaults h be5 made ^u ! attack+ p>ty1 :i* has be5 completely r\t$4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made n v long ago1 by :i* ! a/ronomical "w ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 = a long "t direct$ almo/ exclusively to "t obs]vations1 %\ld include ! /udy ( ! sun1 />s1 planets1 & s =?4 ,among/ o!r "w :i* 0 consid]$ suit$ to ! ,national ,obs]vatory 0 ! application ( spectroscopic analysis to det]m9e motions ( recession & approa* among ! cele/ial bodies4 ,"s ( ^! obs]vations1 by ! way1 7 made1 we are told1 8to te/ ! tru? ( ,doppl]'s pr9ciple10 ?\gh x seems difficult to suppose = an in/ant t ma!maticians s skilful z ! *ief ( ! ,obs]vatory & "s ( 8 assi/ants c\ld ent]ta9 any d\bt on t po9t4 ,probably x 0 int5d$ by ! words j quot$ to imply simply t "s ( ! obs]vations 7 made = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! pr9ciple ( ! me?od4 ,we are n to suppose t on a po9t s simple ! ,gre5wi* obs]v]s h be5 9 any sort ( d\bt4 ,at fir/ _! results 7 n v satisfactory4 ,! difficulties :i* _h = a long "t foil$ ,hugg9s1 & :i* ,sec*i 0 nev] able to ma/]1 r5d]$ ! fir/ ,gre5wi* measures ( /ell> motions 9 ! l9e ( sight wildly inconsi/5t1 n only ) ,hugg9s's results1 b ) ea* o!r4 ,sec*i 0 n sl[ to note ?is4 ,he r5ew$ 8 objections to ! new me?od ( obs]vation1 po9t+ & illu/rat+ !m by ref]r+ to ! discrepancies among ! ,gre5wi* results4 ,b rec5tly a fre% s]ies ( results has be5 publi%$1 %[+ t ! obs]v]s at ,gre5wi* h succe$$ 9 ma/]+ "s at lea/ among ! difficulties :i* !y _h be=e exp]i5c$4 ,! measurem5ts ( />-motions %[$ n[ a satisfactory agreem5t ) ,hugg9s's results1 & _! range ( div]g5ce among !mselves 0 greatly r$uc$4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! new results1 h[ev]1 lay 9 ! obs]vations made ^u bodies kn[n to be 9 motion 9 ! l9e ( sight at rates already measur$4 ,^! obs]vations1 ?\gh n want$ z te/s ( ! accuracy ( ! pr9ciple1 7 v necess>y z te/s ( ! qualities ( ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 apply+ x4 ,x is "h & ?us t ,sec*i's objections alone requir$ to be met1 & "h & ?us !y h be5 ?or\ghly dispos$ (4 ,let u consid] :at means exi/ )9 ! sol> sy/em = ?us te/+ ! new me?od4 ,! e>? travels along 9 h] orbit at ! rate ( ab\t #ah miles 9 e second ( "t4 ,n to ent] into niceties :i* c\ld only prop]ly be dealt ) ma!matically1 x may be said t ) ?is full velocity %e is at times approa*+ ! remot] planets ( ! sy/em1 & at times rec$+ f !m2 s t "h at once is a range ( diff]5ce am\nt+ to ab\t #cg miles p] second1 & fairly )9 ! p[] ( ! new me?od ( obs]vation4 ,= x matt]s no?+1 s f> z ! new me?od is conc]n$1 :e!r ! e>? is approa*+ ano!r orb by h] motion1 or t orb approa*+ by its own motion4 ,aga91 ! plant ,v5us travels at ! rate ( ab\t #ba miles p] second1 b z ! e>? travels only #c miles a second less swiftly1 & ! same way r\nd1 only a small portion ( ,v5us's motion ev] appe>s z a motion ( approa* t[>ds or recession f ! e>?4 ,/ill1 ,v5us is sometimes approa*+ & sometimes rec$+ f ! e>?1 at a rate ( m ?an #h miles p] second4 ,h] light is mu* bright] ?an t ( ,jupit] or ,saturn1 & accord+ly ?is small] rate ( motion w\ld be probably m easily recogniz$ ?an ! great] rate at :i* ! giant planets are sometimes approa*+ & at o!r times rec$+ f ! e>?4 ,at lea/1 ! ,gre5wi* obs]v]s seem to h conf9$ _! att5tion to ,v5us1 s f> z motions ( planets 9 ! l9e ( sight are conc]n$4 ,! moon1 z a body :i* keeps always at ne>ly ! same di/ance f u1 w\ld ( c\rse be ! la/ 9 ! _w to be select$ to give positive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! new me?od2 b %e s]ves to af=d a useful te/ ( ! qualities ( ! in/rum5ts employ$4 ,if :5 ^! 7 appli$ to h] !y gave evid5ce ( motions ( recession or approa* at ! rate ( sev]al miles p] second1 :5 we "k z a matt] ( fact t ! moon's di/ance nev]#ad v>ies by m ?an #cj1jjj miles dur+ ! lun> mon?1 h] rate ( approa* or recession ?us av]ag+ ab\t "o-fiftie? "p ( a mile p] second1 discr$it w\ld be ?r[n on ! new me?od--n1 inde$1 z reg>ds its pr9ciple1 :i* no compet5t reason] c = a mom5t "q1 b z reg>ds ! possibility ( practically apply+ x ) our pres5t in/rum5tal means4 ,obs]vations h be5 made at ,gre5wi*1 bo? on ,v5us & on ! moon1 by ! new me?od1 ) results entirely satisfactory4 ,! me?od %[s t ,v5us is rec$+ :5 %e is kn[n to be rec$+1 & t %e is approa*+ :5 %e is kn[n to be approa*+4 ,aga91 ! me?od %[s no signs ( approa* or recession 9 ! moon's case4 ,x is ?us 9 satisfactory agreem5t ) ! kn[n facts4 ,( c\rse ^! results are op5 to ! objection t ! obs]v]s h kn[n be=eh& :at to expect1 & t expectation (t5 deceives ! m9d1 especially 9 cases :]e ! ?+ to be obs]v$ is n at all easy to recognize4 ,x w pres5tly be se5 t ! new me?od has be5 m satisfactorily te/$1 9 ?is respect1 9 o!r ways4 ,x may be p>tly due to ! effect ( expectation t 9 ! case ( ,v5us ! motions ( approa* & recession1 te/$ by ! new me?od1 h always be5 some:at too great4 ,a "p ( ! excess may be due to ! use ( ! measure ( ! sun's di/ance1 & !re=e ! measures ( ! dim5sions ( ! sol> sy/em1 9 vogue be=e ! rec5t transit4 ,^! measures fall %ort to "s degree ( ^? :i* result f ! obs]vations made 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgd1 on ,v5us 9 transit1 ! sun's di/ance be+ e/imat$ at ab\t #ia1djj1jjj miles in/ead ( #ib1jjj1jjj miles1 :i* w\ld seem to be ne>] ! real di/ance4 ,( c\rse all ! motions )9 ! sol> sy/em w\ld be correspond+ly "u-e/imat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! new me?od w\ld give all velocities ) absolute correctness if in/rum5tal difficulties c\ld be ov]come4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! real velocities ( ,v5us approa*+ & rec$+1 & ^? calculat$ accord+ to ! pres5t inexact e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance1 is h[ev] mu* less ?an ! obs]v$ discrepancy1 d\btless due to ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! application ( ?is mo/ difficult me?od4 ,i note ! po9t1 *iefly = ! sake ( m5tion+ ! circum/ance t !oretically ! me?od af=ds a new means ( measur+ ! dim5sions ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,:5soev] ! practical application ( ! me?od has be5 s f> improv$ t ! rate ( approa* or recession ( ,v5us1 or ,m]cury1 or ,jupit]1 or ,saturn 7any "o ( ^! planets71 c be det]m9$ on any occasion1 ) great nicety1 we c at once inf] ! sun's di/ance ) correspond+ exactness4 ,consid]+ t ! me?od has only be5 inv5t$ t5 ye>s 7sett+ aside ,doppl]'s fir/ vague ideas respect+ x71 & t spectroscopic analysis z a me?od ( exact obs]vation is z yet little m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury old1 we may fairly hope t 9 ! ye>s to come ! new me?od1 already successfully appli$ to measure motions ( recession & approa* at ! rate ( #bj or #cj miles p] second1 w be employ$ successfully 9 measur+ mu* small] velocities4 ,!n w x give u a new me?od ( measur+ ! great base-l9e ( a/ronomical survey+--! di/ance ( our _w f ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,t ?is w "o day happ5 is r5d]$ highly probable1 9 my op9ion1 by ! successes next to be relat$4 ,besides ! motions ( ! planets ar\nd ! sun1 !re are _! motions ( rotation1 & ! rotation ( ! sun himself ^u 8 axis4 ,"s among ^! turn+ motions are suffici5tly rapid to be dealt ) by ! new me?od4 ,! mo/ rapid rotational motion ) :i* we are acqua9t$ f actual obs]vation is t ( ! planet ,jupit]4 ,! circuit ( 8 equator am\nts to ab\t #bfg1jjj miles1 & he turns once on 8 axis 9 a few m9utes less ?an t5 h\rs1 s t 8 equatorial surface travels at ! rate ( ab\t #bf1gjj miles an h\r1 or ne>ly #g miles p] second4 ,?us betwe5 ! advanc+ & retreat+ sides ( ! equator !re is a diff]5ce ( motion 9 ! l9e ( sight am\nt+ to ne>ly #ae miles4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,jupit] %9es by reflect+ sunlight4 ,n[ x is easily se5 t :]e 8 turn+ equator meets ! waves ( light f ! sun1 ^! are %ort5$1 9 ! same s5se t waves are %ort5$ = a swimm] travell+ to meet !m1 :ile ^! waves1 already %ort5$ 9 ?is way1 are fur!r %ort5$ :5 />t+ f ! same advanc+ surface ( ,jupit]1 on _! j\rney to u aft] reflection4 ,9 ?is way ! %ort5+ ( ! waves is d\bl$1 at lea/ :5 ! e>? is s plac$ t ,jupit] lies 9 ! same direction f u z f ! sun1 ! v "t1 9 fact1 :5 ,jupit] is mo/ fav\rably plac$ = ord9>y obs]vation1 or is at 8 highe/ due s\?1 :5 ! sun is at 8 l[e/ bel[ ! nor!rn horizon--t is1 at midnight4 ,! l5g!n+ ( ! waves is simil>ly d\bl$ at ?is mo/ fav\rable "t = obs]vation2 & ! actual diff]5ce betwe5 ! motion ( ! two sides ( ,jupit]'s equator be+ ne>ly #ae miles p] second1 ! effect on ! light-waves is equival5t to t due to a diff]5ce ( ne>ly #cj miles p] second4 ,?us ! new me?od may fairly be expect$ to indicate ,jupit]'s motion ( rotation4 ,! ,gre5wi* obs]v]s h succe$$ 9 apply+ x1 ?\gh ,jupit] has n be5 fav\rably situat$ = obs]vation4 ,only on "o occasion1 says ,sir ,g4 ,airy1 0 ! spectrum ( ,jupit] 8se5 fairly well10 & on t occasion 8measures 7 obta9$ :i* gave a result 9 rem>kable agreem5t ) ! calculat$ value40 ,x may well be hop$ t :5 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ,jupit] returns to t "p ( 8 c\rse :]e he rises high above ! horizon1 %9+ m brightly & ?r\gh a less p]turb$ air1 ! new me?od w be /ill m successfully appli$4 ,we may ev5 hope to see x ext5d$ to ,saturn1 n m]ely to confirm ! measures already made ( ,saturn's rotation1 b to resolve ! d\bts :i* exi/ z to ! rotation ( ,saturn's r+-sy/em4 ,la/ly1 !re rema9s ! rotation ( ! sun1 a movem5t mu* m difficult to detect by ! new me?od1 because ! actual rate ( motion ev5 at ! sun's equator am\nts only to ab\t #a mile p] second4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is v difficult task1 ! h>de/ :i* spectroscopi/s h yet attempt$1 ! ,gre5wi* obs]v]s h a*iev$ an und\bt$ success2 b un=tunately = !m1 ?\gh =tunately = sci5ce1 ano!r obs]vatory1 f> small] & ( mu* less celebrity1 has at ! critical mom5t a*iev$ success /ill m complete4 ,! a/ronom]s at our ,national ,obs]vatory h be5 able to recognize by ! new me?od ! turn+ motion ( ! sun ^u 8 axis4 ,& "h we h n1 z 9 ! case ( ,v5us1 to record m]ely t ! obs]v]s h se5 :at !y expect$ to see because ( ! kn[n motion ( ! sun4 8,p>ticul> c>e 0 tak510 says ,airy1 8to avoid any bias f previ\s k ( ! direction 9 :i* a displacem5t0 7( ! spectral l9es7 80 to be expect$10 ! side ( ! sun "u obs]vation n be+ kn[n by ! obs]v] until aft] ! obs]vation 0 complet$4 ,b ,pr(essor ,"y1 at ,d>tm\? ,college1 ,hanov]1 ,n4,h41 has done mu* m ?an m]ely obta9 evid5ce by ! new me?od t ! sun is rotat+ z we already knew4 ,he has succe$$ s p]fectly 9 ma/]+ ! in/rum5tal & obs]vational difficulties1 z absolutely to be able to rely on 8 measurem5t 7z di/+ui%$ f ! m]e recognition7 ( ! sun's motion ( rotation4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he has ext5d$ ! p[]s ( ord9>y spectroscopic analysis1 _c v readily be describ$ 9 ^! pages1 simply because ! pr9ciples on :i* ! ext5sion dep5ds require = _! complete description a ref]5ce to ma!matical consid]ations ( "s complexity4 ,let x be simply not$ t :at is call$ ! diffraction spectrum1 obta9$ by us+ a f9ely l9$ plate1 results f ! disp]sive action ( su* a plate1 or grat+ z x is te*nically call$1 & ?is disp]sive p[] c be readily comb9$ ) t ( a spectroscope ( ! ord9>y k9d4 ,n[ ,dr4 ,ru!rfurd1 ( ,new ,york1 has succe$$ 9 rul+ s _m ?\s& l9es on glass )9 ! bread? ( a s+le in* z to produce a grat+ ( high disp]sive p[]4 ,avail+ himself ( ?is beautiful ext5sion ( spectroscopic p[]s1 ,pr(essor ,"y has succe$$ 9 recogniz+ effects ( mu* small] motions ( recession & approa* ?an _h be=e be5 obs]vable by ! new me?od4 ,he has ?us be5 able to measure ! rotation-rate ( ! sun's equatorial regions4 ,8 result exce$s consid]ably t inf]r$ f ! telescopic obs]vation ( ! sol> spots4 ,= :]eas f ! motion ( ! spots a rotation-rate ( ab\t #a mile p] second has be5 calculat$ = ! sun's equator1 ,pr(essor ,"y obta9s f 8 spectroscopic obs]vations a rate ( r m ?an #a mile1 or ab\t #cjj y>ds p] second m ?an ! telescopic rate4 ,if ,"y _h be5 measur+ ! motion ( ! same matt] :i* is obs]v$ ) ! telescope1 !re c\ld ( c\rse be no d\bt t ! telescope 0 "r & ! spectroscope wrong4 ,we might add a few y>ds p] second = ! probably great] di/ance ( ! sun result+ f rec5t transit obs]vations4 ,= ( c\rse ) an increase 9 our e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance !re comes an increase 9 our e/imate ( ! sun's dim5sions1 & ( ! velocity ( ! rotational motion ( 8 surface4 ,b only ab\t #ab y>ds p] second c\ld be all[$ on ?is acc\nt2 ! re/ w\ld h to be reg>d$ z an error due to ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! spectroscopic me?od4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! telescopi/ & ! spectroscopi/ obs]ve diff]5t ?+s 9 det]m9+ by _! respective me?ods ! sun's motion ( rotation4 ,! =m] obs]ves ! motion ( ! spots belong+ to ! sun's visible surface2 ! latt] obs]ves ! motion ( ! gl[+ vap\rs outside t surface1 = x is f ^! vap\rs1 n f ! surface ( ! sun1 t ! d>k l9es ( ! spectrum proce$4 ,n[ s confid5t is ,pr(essor ,"y ( ! accuracy ( 8 spectroscopic obs]vations1 t he is prep>$ to reg>d ! seem+ diff]5ce ( velocity betwe5 ! atmosph]e & surface ( ! sun z real4 ,he believes t 8! sol> atmosph]e really sweeps =w>d ov] ! und]ly+ surface1 9 ! same way t ! equatorial regions out/rip ! o!r p>ts ( ! sun's surface40 ,?is inf]5ce1 important & int]e/+ 9 itself1 is f> m important 9 :at x involves4 ,= if we c accept x1 x foll[s t ! spectroscopic me?od ( measur+ ! velocity ( motions 9 ! l9e ( sight is compet5t1 "u fav\rable conditions1 to obta9 results accurate )9 a few hundr$ y>ds p] second1 or #aj or #ab miles p] m9ute4 ,if ?is %all really prove to be true = ! me?od n[1 less ?an t5 ye>s aft] x 0 fir/ successfully appli$1 :at may we n hope f ! me?od 9 future ye>s8 ,spectroscopic analysis itself is 9 its infancy1 & ?is me?od is b a rec5t application ( spectroscopy4 ,a c5tury or s h5ce a/ronom]s w smile 7?\gh n disda9fully7 at ^! feeble ef=ts1 mu* z we smile n[ 9 contemplat+ ! puny telescopes ) :i* ,galileo & 8 contempor>ies /udi$ ! />-dep?s4 ,& we may well believe t l>gely z ! k ga9$ by telescopi/s 9 our own "t surpasses t :i* ,galileo obta9$1 s w spectroscopi/s a few g5]ations h5ce h ga9$ a f> wid] & deep] insight into ! con/itution & movem5ts ( ! /ell> univ]se ?an ! spectroscopi/s ( our own day d>e ev5 hope to atta94 ,i v5ture confid5tly to pr$ict t1 9 t day1 a/ronom]s w recognize 9 ! univ]se ( />s a v>iety ( /ructure1 a complexity ( arrangem5t1 an abundance ( e =m ( cosmical vitality1 su* z ,i h be5 l$ by o!r consid]ations to sugge/1 n ! m]e clov5 lam9a ( uni=mly scatt]$ />s m or less resembl+ our sun1 & all 9 ne>ly ! same /age ( cosmical developm5t1 :i* ! books ( a/ronomy n _m ye>s s9ce agre$ 9 describ+4 ,! hi/ory ( a/ronomical progress does n r5d] x probable t ! reason+ already advanc$1 ?\gh 9 reality demon/rative1 w conv9ce ! g5]ality ( sci5ce /ud5ts until direct & easily und]/ood obs]vations h %[n ! real nature ( ! con/itution ( t "p ( ! univ]se ov] :i* a/ronomical survey ext5ds4 ,b ! evid5ce already obta9$1 ?\gh its ?or\gh analysis may be 8cavi>e to ! g5]al10 suffices to %[ ! real nature ( ! relations :i* "o day w come )9 ! direct scope ( a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,,! ,,new ,,/> ,,:i* ,,fad$ ,,into ,,/>-,,mi/4 ,! appe>ance ( a new /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan 9 ! autumn ( #ahgf promises to ?r[ ev5 m light ?an 0 expect$ on "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ problems ) :i* mod]n a/ronomy has to deal4 ,x 0 ju/ly reg>d$ z a circum/ance ( extreme int]e/ t s soon aft] ! outbur/ ( ! /> :i* =m$ a new gem 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n 9 ,may1 #ahff1 ano!r %\ld h %one =? "u seem+ly simil> conditions4 ,& :51 z "t w5t on1 x appe>$ t 9 sev]al respects ! new /> 9 ! ,swan diff]$ f ! new /> 9 ! ,cr[n1 a/ronom]s f\nd fre% int]e/ 9 /udy+1 z closely z possible1 ! *anges pres5t$ by ! =m] z x gradually fad$ f view4 ,b !y 7 n prep>$ to expect :at has actually tak5 place1 or to recognize s great a diff]5ce ( "* betwe5 ^! two new />s1 t :]eas "o seem$ ?r\gh\t its visibility to ord9>y eyesight1 & ev5 until ! pres5t "t1 to be ju/ly call$ a />1 ! o!r %\ld s *ange z to r5d] x extremely d\btful :e!r at any "t x des]v$ to be reg>d$ z a /> or sun4 ,few a/ronomical ph5om5a1 ev5 ( ^? obs]v$ dur+ ?is c5tury 7s fruitful 9 great a/ronomical discov]ies71 seem bett] wor?y ( ?or\gh inve/igation & /udy ?an ^? pres5t$ by ! two />s :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,cr[n & 9 ! ,swan1 9 #ahff & #ahgf respectively4 ,a new era seems inde$ to be beg9n+ = ^? dep>tm5ts ( a/ronomy :i* deal ) />s & />-cl\dlets on ! "o h&1 & ) ! evolution ( sol> sy/ems & /ell> sy/ems on ! o!r4 ,let u briefly consid] ! hi/ory ( ! /> ( #ahff 9 ! fir/ place1 & !n turn our ?\ghts to ! m surpris+ & probably m in/ructive hi/ory ( ! /> :i* %one out 9 ,novemb]1 #ahgf4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 ,i w\ld desire to make a few rem>ks on ! objections :i* h be5 express$ by an obs]v] to :om a/ronomy is indebt$ = v useful "w1 aga9/ ! endeav\r to int]pret ! facts asc]ta9$ respect+ ^! s-call$ new />s4 ,m4 ,cornu1 :o made "s among ! e>lie/ spectroscopic obs]vations ( ! /> 9 ,cygnus1 aft] describ+ 8 results1 proce$$ z foll[s3--8,gr& & s$uctive ?\gh ! task may be ( endeav\r+ to draw f obs]v$ facts inductions respect+ ! physical /ate ( ?is new />1 respect+ its temp]ature1 & ! *emical reactions ( :i* x may be ! sc5e1 ,i %all ab/a9 f all comm5t>y & all hypo!sis on ?is subject4 ,i ?9k t we d n yet possess ! data necess>y = arriv+ at useful conclusions1 or at lea/ at conclusions capable ( be+ te/$3 h[ev] attractive hypo!ses may be1 we mu/ n =get t !y are outside ! b\nds ( sci5ce1 & t1 f> f s]v+ sci5ce1 !y s]i\sly endang] its progress40 ,?is1 z ,i v5tur$ to po9t out at ! "t1 is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) all exp]i5ce4 ,m4 ,cornu's objection to !oriz+ :5 he did n see 8 way to !oriz+ ju/ly1 is s\nd en\gh2 b 8 g5]al objection to !oriz+ is1 ) all def]5ce be x said1 %e]ly absurd4 ,x w be notic$ t ,i say !oriz+1 n hypo!sis-fram+2 = ?\gh he speaks ( hypo!ses1 he 9 reality is describ+ !ories4 ,! ^w hypo!sis is too frequ5tly us$ 9 ?is incorrect s5se--p]haps s frequ5tly t we may almo/ pref] sanction+ ! use to sub/itut+ ! correct ^w4 ,b ! fact really is1 t _m1 ev5 among sci5tific writ]s1 :5 !y he> ! ^w hypo!sis1 ?9k imm$iately ( ,newton's fam\s 8hypo!ses non f+o10 a dictum relat+ to real hypo!ses1 n to !ories4 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 be absurd to suppose t ,newton1 :o _h advanc$1 advocat$1 & ev5tually e/abli%$1 ! noble/ sci5tific !ory ! _w has kn[n1 w\ld ev] h express$ an objection to !oriz+1 z he is commonly und]/ood to h done by ^? :o int]pret 8 8hypo!ses non f+o0 9 ! s5se :i* f9ds fav\r ) ,m4 ,cornu4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 ,newton def9itely indicates :at he means by hypo!ses4 8,i frame no hypo!ses10 he says1 8= :atev] is n d$uc$ f ph5om5a is to be call$ an hypo!sis40 ,m4 ,cornu1 x w be se51 rejects ! idea ( d$uc+ f ph5om5a :at he calls an hypo!sis1 b :at w\ld n be an hypo!sis accord+ to ,newton's def9ition3 8,malgr t\t ce qu'il y aurait de sduisant et de gr&iose tir] de ce fait des inductions1 etc41 je m'ab/i5drai de t\t comm5taire et de t\te hypo?se ce sujet40 ,x is n ?us t obs]v$ sci5tific facts are to be made fruitful1 nor ?us t ! po9ts to :i* clos] att5tion mu/ be giv5 are to be asc]ta9$4 ,s9ce ! prec$+ p>agraph 0 writt51 my att5tion has be5 attract$ to ! words ( ano!r obs]v] m exp]i5c$ ?an ,m4 ,cornu1 :o has n only express$ ! same op9ion :i* ,i ent]ta9 respect+ ,m4 ,cornu's ill-advis$ rem>k1 b has illu/rat$ 9 a v practical way1 & 9 ?is v case1 h[ sci5ce ga9s f comm5t>y & !ory ^u obs]v$ facts4 ,h]r ,vgel consid]s 8t ! fe> t an hypo!sis0 7he1 also1 means a !ory "h7 8might d h>m to sci5ce is only ju/ifiable 9 v r>e cases3 9 mo/ cases x w fur!r sci5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x draws ! att5tion ( ! obs]v] to ?+s :i* b = ! hypo!sis might h be5 neglect$4 ,( c\rse if ! obs]v] is s /rongly influ5c$ t 9 fav\r ( an hypo!sis he sees ?+s :i* d n exi/--& ?is may happ5 sometimes--sci5ce may = a :ile be arre/$ 9 its progress1 b 9 t case ! obs]v] is f> m to blame ?an ! au?or ( ! hypo!sis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is v possible t an obs]v] may1 involunt>ily1 arre/ ! progress ( sci5ce1 ev5 )\t orig9at+ an hypo!sis1 by pron\nc+ & publi%+ s5t5ces :i* h a t5d5cy to dim9i% ! g5]al int]e/ 9 a "q1 & :i* d n place its high significance 9 ! prop] light40 7,?is is v neatly put47 ,he is 8almo/ incl9$ to ?9k t su* an effect might foll[ f ! read+ ( ,m4 ,cornu's rem>k1 & t n[h]e bett] ?an 9 ! pres5t case1 :]e 9 %ort p]iods colossal *anges %[$ !mselves occurr+ ^u a heav5ly body1 might ! necess>y data be obta9$ = draw+ useful conclusions1 & te/s be appli$ to ^? hypo!ses :i* h be5 v5tur$ ) reg>d to ! condition ( heav5ly bodies40 ,x 01 z we %all pres5tly see1 9 ?us collect+ data & apply+ te/s1 t ,vgel practically illu/rat$ ! ju/ice ( 8 views4 ,! /> :i* %one out 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n 9 ,may1 #ahff1 w\ld seem to h gr[n to its full brightness v quickly4 ,x is n necess>y t ,i %\ld "h consid] ! hi/ory ( ! />'s discov]y2 b ,i ?9k all :o h exam9$ t hi/ory agree 9 consid]+ t :]eas on ! ev5+ ( ,may #ab1 #ahff1 a new /> 0 %9+ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n ) second-magnitude brightness1 none _h be5 visible 9 ! same spot ) brightness above t ( a fif?-magnitude /> tw5ty-f\r h\rs e>li]4 ,on asc]ta9+1 h[ev]1 ! place ( ! new />1 a/ronom]s f\nd t !re _h be5 record$ 9 ,argel&]'s *>ts & catalogue a /> ( betwe5 ! n9? & t5? magnitude 9 ?is spot4 ,! /> decl9$ v rapidly 9 brightness4 ,on ,may #ac? x appe>$ ( ! ?ird magnitude2 on ,may #af? x _h sunk to ! f\r? magnitude2 on ! #ag? to ! fif?2 on ! #ai? to ! sev5?2 & by ! end ( ! mon? x %one only z a telescopic /> ( ! n9? magnitude4 ,x is n[ c]ta9ly n above ! t5? magnitude4 ,exam9$ ) ! spectroscope1 ?is /> 0 f\nd to be 9 an abnormal condition4 ,x gave ! ra9b[-t9t$ /reak cross$ by d>k l9es1 :i* is usually giv5 by />s 7) m9or v>iations1 :i* enable a/ronom]s to classify ! />s into sev]al di/9ct ord]s74 ,b sup]pos$ ^u ?is spectrum1 or p]haps we %\ld r say %9+ ?r\gh ?is spectrum1 7 se5 f\r brilliant l9es1 two ( :i* c]ta9ly belong$ to gl[+ hydrog54 ,^! l9es 7 s bright z to %[ t ! great] "p ( ! light ( ! /> at ! "t came f ! gl[+ gas or gases giv+ ^! l9es4 ,x appe>$1 h[ev]1 t ! ra9b[-t9t$ spectrum on :i* ^! l9es 7 se5 0 consid]ably bright] ?an x w\ld o!rwise h be51 9 consequ5ce ( ! accession ( heat indicat$ by & probably d]iv$ f ! gl[+ hydrog54 ,un=tunately1 we h n accordant acc\nts ( ! *anges :i* ! spectrum ( ?is /> und]w5t z ! /> fad$ out ( view4 ,wolf & ,rayet1 ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 ass]t t :5 !re rema9$ sc>cely any trace ( ! cont9u\s spectrum1 ! f\r bright l9es 7 /ill q brilliant4 ,b ,hugg9s affirms t ?is 0 n ! case 9 8 obs]vations2 he 0 8able to see ! cont9u\s spectrum :5 ! bright l9es c\ld be sc>cely di/+ui%$40 ,z ! bright l9es c]ta9ly fad$ out ( view ev5tually1 we may reasonably assume t ! ,fr5* obs]v]s 7 prev5t$ by ! brightness ( ! l9es f recogniz+ ! cont9u\s spectrum at t p>ticul> /age ( ! dim9ution ( ! />'s light :5 ! cont9u\s spectrum _h fad$ consid]ably b ! hydrog5 l9es little4 ,lat]1 ! cont9u\s spectrum ceas$ to dim9i% 9 brightness1 :ile ! hydrog5 l9es rapidly fad$4 ,!reaft] ! cont9u\s spectrum c\ld be disc]n$1 & ) great] & great] di/9ctness z ! hydrog5 l9es fad$ out4 ,n[1 9 consid]+ ! mean+ ( ! obs]v$ *anges 9 ! s-call$ 8new />10 we h two g5]al !ories to consid]4 ,"o ( ^! !ories is t to :i* ,dr4 ,hugg9s w\ld seem to h incl9$1 ?\gh he did n def9itely adopt x--! !ory1 namely1 t 9 consequ5ce ( "s int]nal convulsion enorm\s quantities ( hydrog5 & o!r gases 7 evolv$1 :i* 9 comb9+ ) "s o!r elem5ts ignit$ on ! surface ( ! />1 & ?us envelop$ ! :ole body sudd5ly 9 a %eet ( flame4 8,! ignit$ hydrog5 gas 9 burn+ produc$ ! light correspond+ to ! two bright b&s 9 ! r$ & gre52 ! rema9+ bright l9es 7 n1 h[ev]1 co9cid5t ) ^? ( oxyg51 z might h be5 expect$4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! burn+ hydrog5 mu/ h greatly increas$ ! heat ( ! solid matt] ( ! photosph]e & br\ght x into a /ate ( m int5se inc&esc5ce & lum9osity1 :i* may expla9 h[ ! =m]ly fa9t /> c\ld s sudd5ly assume su* rem>kable brilliance2 ! lib]at$ hydrog5 became exhau/$1 ! flame gradually abat$1 & ) ! consequ5t cool+ ! photosph]e became less vivid1 & ! /> return$ to its orig9al condition40 ,accord+ to ! o!r !ory1 advanc$ by ,mey] & ,kle91 ! blaz+ =? ( ?is new /> may h be5 occasion$ by ! viol5t precipitation ( "s great mass1 p]haps a planet1 ^u a fix$ />1 8by :i* ! mom5tum ( ! fall+ mass w\ld be *ang$ into molecul> motion10 & result 9 ! emission ( light & heat4 8,x might ev5 be suppos$ t ! new />1 ?r\gh its rapid motion1 may h come 9 contact ) "o ( ! nebul :i* trav]se 9 great numb]s ! realms ( space 9 e direction1 & :i* f _! gase\s condition mu/ possess a high temp]ature2 su* a collision w\ld necess>ily set ! /> 9 a blaze1 & occasion ! mo/ vehem5t ignition ( its hydrog540 ,if we reg>d ^! two !ories 9 _! m g5]al aspect1 consid]+ "o z ! !ory t ! orig9 ( di/urbance 0 )9 ! />1 & ! o!r z ! !ory t ! orig9 ( di/urbance 0 outside ! />1 !y seem to include all possible int]pretations ( ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,b1 z actually advanc$1 nei!r seems satisfactory4 ,! sudd5 p\r+ =? ( hydrog5 f ! int]ior1 9 quantities suffici5t to expla9 ! outbur/1 seems altoge!r improbable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,i h po9t$ out else:]e1 !re are reasons = reject+ ! !ory t ! cause ( ! heat :i* sudd5ly affect$ ?is /> 0 ei!r ! d[nfall ( a planet on ! /> or ! collision ( ! /> ) a />-cl\dlet or nebula1 trav]s+ space 9 "o direction1 :ile ! /> ru%$ onw>ds 9 ano!r4 ,a planet c\ld n v well come into f9al conflict ) its sun at "o fell swoop4 ,x w\ld gradually draw ne>] & ne>]1 n by ! n>r[+ ( its pa?1 b by ! *ange ( ! pa?'s %ape4 ,! pa? w\ld1 9 fact1 become m & m ecc5tric2 until at l5g?1 at its po9t ( ne>e/ approa*1 ! planet w\ld graze its prim>y1 excit+ an int5se heat :]e x /ruck1 b escap+ actual de/ruction t "t4 ,! planet w\ld make ano!r circuit1 & aga9 graze ! sun1 at or ne> ! same "p ( ! planet's pa?4 ,= sev]al circuits ?is w\ld cont9ue1 ! grazes n becom+ m & m effective ea* "t1 b r less4 ,! int]val betwe5 !m1 h[ev]1 w\ld gr[ cont9ually less & less2 at la/ ! "t w\ld come :5 ! planet's pa? w\ld be r$uc$ to ! circul> =m1 its globe t\*+ ! sun's all ! way r\nd1 & !n ! planet w\ld v quickly be r$uc$ to vap\r & p>tly burn$ up1 its sub/ance be+ absorb$ by its sun4 ,b all successive grazes w\ld be indicat$ to u by accessions ( lu/re1 ! p]iod betwe5 ea* seem+ outbur/ be+ only a few mon?s at fir/1 & gradually becom+ less & less 7dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s1 p]haps ev5 ( c5turies7 until ! planet 0 f9ally de/roy$4 ,no?+ ( ?is sort has happ5$ 9 ! case ( any s-call$ new />4 ,z = ! ru% ( a /> ?r\gh a nebul\s mass1 t is a !ory :i* w\ld sc>cely be ent]ta9$ by any "o acqua9t$ ) ! enorm\s di/ances sep>at+ ! gase\s />-cl\ds prop]ly call$ nebul4 ,!re may be small cl\ds ( ! same sort scatt]$ mu* m freely ?r\gh space2 b we h n a p>ticle ( evid5ce t ?is is actually ! case4 ,all we c]ta9ly "k ab\t />-cl\dlets sugge/s t ! di/ances sep>at+ !m f ea* o!r are comp>able ) ^? :i* sep>ate /> f />1 9 :i* case ! idea ( a /> com+ into collision ) a />-cl\dlet1 & /ill m ! idea ( ?is occurr+ sev]al times 9 a c5tury1 is wild 9 ! extreme4 ,b :ile ?us advanc+ objections1 :i* seem to me irrefragable1 aga9/ ! !ory t ei!r a planet or a nebula 7/ill less ano!r small />7 _h come into collision ) ! orb 9 ,corona :i* %one out s spl5didly = a :ile1 ,i advanc$ ano!r view :i* seem$ to me !n & seems n[ to correspond well ) ph5om5a1 & to r5d] ! !ory ( action f )\t on ! :ole pref]able to ! !ory ( outbur/ f )94 ,i sugge/$ t1 f> m probably1 an enorm\s flight ( l>ge meteoric masses travell+ ar\nd ! /> _h come into p>tial collision ) x 9 ! same way t ! flight ( ,novemb] meteors comes into collision ) our e>? ?rice 9 ea* c5tury1 & t o!r meteoric flights may occasionally come into collision ) our sun1 produc+ ! di/urbances :i* occasion ! sun-spots4 ,z ,i po9t$ out1 9 conceiv+ ?is we are imag9+ no?+ new4 ,a meteoric flight capable ( produc+ ! sugge/$ effects w\ld diff] only 9 k9d f meteoric flights :i* are kn[n to circle ar\nd our own sun4 ,! meteors :i* produce ! ,novemb] displays ( fall+ />s foll[ 9 ! track ( a comet b>ely visible to ! nak$ eye4 8,may we n reasonably assume t ^? glori\s comets :i* h n only be5 visible b conspicu\s1 %9+ ev5 9 ! day-"t1 & br&i%+ ar\nd tails1 :i* l t ( ! #8wond] 9 heav51 ! great dragon1' seem$ to #8draw ! ?ird "p ( ! />s ( heav51' are foll[$ by mu* d5s] flights ( mu* m massive meteors8 ,"s ( ^! giant comets h pa?s :i* c>ry !m v close to our sun4 ,newton's comet1 ) its tail a hundr$ millions ( miles 9 l5g?1 all b graz$ ! sun's globe4 ,! comet ( #ahdc1 ^: tail1 says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 #8/ret*$ half-way across ! sky1' mu/ actually h graz$ ! sun1 ?\gh b lightly1 = its nucleus 0 )9 #hj1jjj miles ( 8 surface1 & its head 0 m ?an #afj1jjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,& ^! are only two among ! few comets ^: pa?s are kn[n4 ,at any "t we might be visit$ by a comet mighti] ?an ei!r1 travell+ 9 an orbit int]sect+ ! sun's surface1 foll[$ by flights ( meteoric masses enorm\s 9 size & _m 9 numb]1 :i*1 fall+ on ! sun's globe ) enorm\s velocity correspond+ to _! va/ orbital range & _! ne> approa* to ! sun--a velocity ( "s #cfj miles p] second--w\ld1 beyond all d\bt1 excite 8 :ole frame1 & especially 8 surface regions1 to a degree ( heat f> exce$+ :at he n[ emits40 ,?is !ory corresponds f> bett] also ) obs]v$ facts ?an ! !ory ( ,mey] & ,kle91 9 o!r respects ?an simply 9 antec$5t probability4 ,x c easily be %[n t if a planet fell ^u a sun 9 su* sort z to become "p ( 8 mass1 or if a nebula 9 a /ate ( int5se heat excit$ ! :ole frame ( a /> to a simil> degree ( heat1 ! effects w\ld be ( long] duration ?an ! obs]v$ accession ( heat & light 9 ! case ( all ! s-call$ 8new />s40 ,x has be5 calculat$ by ,mr4 ,croll 7! well-kn[n ma!matician to :om we owe ! mo/ complete inve/igations yet made into ! effect ( ! v>y+ ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit on ! climate ( ! e>?7 t if two suns1 ea* equal 9 mass to "o-half ( our sun1 came into collision ) a velocity ( #dgf miles p] second1 light & heat w\ld be produc$ :i* w\ld cov] ! pres5t rate ( ! sun's radiation = fifty million ye>s4 ,n[ al?\gh x c]ta9ly does n foll[ f ?is t su* a collision w\ld result 9 ! /eady emission ( s mu* light & heat z our sun gives out1 = a p]iod ( fifty million ye>s1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 c]ta9 t !re w\ld be a f> great] emission at fir/ & a f> small] emission aft]w>ds1 yet x manife/ly mu/ be admitt$ t su* a collision c\ld n possibly produce s %ort-liv$ an effect z we see 9 ! case ( e "o ( ! s-call$ new />s4 ,! dim9ution 9 ! emission ( light & heat f ! maximum to "o-half ! maximum w\ld n occupy fifty millions ( ye>s1 or p]haps ev5 five million or five hundr$ ?\s& ye>s2 b x w\ld c]ta9ly require ?\s&s ( ye>s2 :]eas we h se5 t ! new />s 9 ! ,cr[n & 9 ! ,swan h lo/ n "o-half b n9ety-n9e hundr$?s ( _! maximum lu/re 9 a few mon?s4 ,?is has be5 urg$ z an objection ev5 to ! t]m /> z appli$ to ^! sudd5ly appe>+ orbs4 ,b ! objection is n valid2 because !re is no reason :atev] = suppos+ t ev5 our own sun might n be excit$ by ! d[nfall ( meteoric or cometic matt] ^u x to a sudd5 & %ort-la/+ int5sity ( spl5d\r & ( heat4 ,mr4 ,locky] rem>ks t1 if any />1 prop]ly s call$1 7 to become a 8a _w on fire10 or 8bur/ into flames10 or1 9 less poetical language1 7 to be driv5 ei!r into a condition ( inc&esc5ce absolutely1 or to h its inc&esc5ce increas$1 !re c be little d\bt t ?\s&s or millions ( ye>s w\ld be necess>y = ! r$uction ( its light to its orig9al int5sity4 ,?is mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 writt5 9 =getfulness ( "s facts :i* h be5 asc]ta9$ respect+ our sun1 & :i* indicate pretty cle>ly t ! sun's surface might be r\s$ to a tempor>y int5sity ( spl5d\r & heat )\t any correspond+ increase 9 ! int]nal heat1 or 9 ! activity ( ! causes1 :atev] !y may be1 to :i* ! sun's /eady emissions ( light & heat are due4 ,= in/ance1 mo/ ( my read]s are d\btless famili> ) ! acc\nt 7an (t-told tale1 at any rate7 ( ! sudd5 increase 9 ! spl5d\r ( a small portion ( ! sun's surface on ,septemb] #a1 #ahei1 obs]v$ by two a/ronom]s indep5d5tly4 ,! appe>ances describ$ correspond$ exactly ) :at we %\ld expect if two l>ge meteoric masses travell+ side by side _h ru%$1 ) a velocity orig9ally am\nt+ to two or ?ree hundr$ miles p] second1 ?r\gh ! portions ( ! sol> atmosph]e ly+ j above1 at1 & j bel[ ! visible photosph]e4 ,! actual rate ( motion 0 measur$ at #abj miles p] second z ! m9imum1 b may1 if ! direction ( motion 0 consid]ably incl9$ to ! l9e ( sight1 h am\nt$ to m ?an #bjj miles p] second4 ,! effect 0 su*1 t ! p>ts ( ! sun ?us sudd5ly excit$ to an increas$ emission ( light & heat appe>$ l bright />s ^u ! backgr\nd ( ! gl[+ photosph]e itself4 ,"o ( ! obs]v]s1 ,c>r+ton1 suppos$ = a mom5t t ! d>k glass scre5 us$ to protect ! eye _h brok54 ,! increase ( spl5d\r 0 exce$+ly limit$ 9 area1 & la/$ only = a few m9utes--=tunately = ! inhabitants ( e>?4 ,z x 01 ! :ole frame ( ! e>? sympa?iz$ ) ! sun4 ,vivid auroras 7 se51 n only 9 bo? hemisph]es1 b 9 latitudes :]e auroras are seldom se54 ,!y 7 accompani$ by unusually great electro-magnetic di/urbances4 8,9 _m places10 says ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 8! telegraph wires /ruck "w4 ,at ,wa%+ton & ,philadelphia1 ! electric signalm5 receiv$ sev]e electric %ocks4 ,at a /ation 9 ,norway1 ! telegraphic app>atus 0 set fire to1 & at ,bo/on1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 a flame ( fire foll[$ ! p5 ( ,ba9's electric telegraph1 :i* writes d[n ! message ^u *emically prep>$ pap]40 ,we see1 !n1 t mo/ c]ta9ly ! sun c be locally excit$ to increas$ emission ( light & heat1 :i* nev]!less may la/ b = a v %ort "t2 & we h good reason = believ+ t ! actual cause ( ! sudd5 *ange 9 8 condition 0 ! d[nfall ( meteoric matt] ^u a portion ( 8 surface4 ,we may well believe t1 :atev] ! cause may h be51 x 0 "o :i* might 9 ! case ( o!r suns1 or ev5 9 our sun's own case1 affect a mu* l>g] portion ( ! photosph]e4 ,if ?is happ5$ !re w\ld be j su* an accession ( spl5d\r z we recognize 9 ! case ( ! new />s4 ,& z ! small local accession ( brilliancy la/$ only a few m9utes1 we c well believe t an increase ( surface brilliancy affect+ a mu* l>g] portion ( ! photosph]e1 or ev5 ! entire photosph]e1 might la/ b = a few days or weeks4 ,all t c be said 9 ! way ( negative evid5ce1 s f> z our own sun is conc]n$1 is t we h no reason = believ+ t our sun has1 at any "t )9 _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 be5 excit$ to emit ev5 = a few h\rs a mu* great] am\nt ( light & heat ?an usual2 s t x has af=d$ no direct evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! belief t o!r suns may be r\s$ to _m times _! normal spl5d\r1 & yet v quickly resume t usual lu/re4 ,b we "k t our sun1 :e!r because ( 8 situation 9 space1 or ( 8 position 9 "t 7t is1 ! /age ( sol> developm5t to :i* he has at pres5t atta9$71 belongs to ! class ( />s :i* %9e ) /eady lu/re4 ,he does n v>y l ,betelgeux1 = example1 :i* is n only a sun l him z to g5]al "*1 b notably a l>g] & m massive orb4 ,/ill less is he l ,mira1 ! ,wond]ful ,/>2 or l t m wond]ful v>iable />1 ,eta ,args1 :i* at "o "t %9es ) a lu/re ne>ly equall+ t ( ! bright ,sirius1 & anon fades away almo/ into utt] invisibility4 ,he is a v>iable sun1 = we _c suppose t ! wax+ & wan+ ( ! sun-spot p]iod leaves 8 lu/re1 z a :ole1 altoge!r unaffect$4 ,b 8 v>iation is s slight t1 ) all ord9>y me?ods ( photometric measurem5t by obs]v]s /ation$ on worlds :i* circle ar\nd o!r suns1 x mu/ be absolutely undisc]nible4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 reject ,betelgeux1 or ,mira1 or ev5 ,eta ,args1 f among />s because !y v>y 9 lu/re4 ,we recognize ! fact t1 z 9 glory1 s 9 condition & 9 *anges ( condition1 "o /> diff]e? f ano!r4 ,d\btless !re are excell5t reasons = reject+ ! !ory t a massive body l a planet1 or a nebul\s mass l ^? :i* are f\nd among ! />-dep?s 7! lea/ ( :i* w\ld exce$ _m times 9 volume a sph]e fill+ ! entire space ( ! orbit ( ,neptune71 fell on "s remote sun 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,b !re are no suffici5t reasons = reject+ or ev5 d\bt+ ! !ory t a comet1 be>+ 9 its tra9 a flight ( _m millions ( meteoric masses1 fall+ directly ^u su* a sun1 might cause x to %9e ) _m times its ord9>y lu/re1 b only = a %ort "t1 a few mon?s or weeks1 or a few days1 or ev5 h\rs4 ,9 ! article entitl$ 8,suns 9 ,flames10 9 my 8,my?s & ,m>vels ( ,a/ronomy10 be=e ! />tl+ evid5ce rec5tly obta9$ f ! /> 9 ,cygnus _h be5 ?\ght (1 ,i ?us indicat$ ! probable effects ( su* an ev5t3--8,:5 ! e>? has pass$ ?r\gh ! ri*] portions 7n ! actual nuclei be x rememb]$7 ( meteor sy/ems1 ! meteors visible f ev5 a s+le /ation h be5 c\nt$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 & x has be5 comput$ t millions mu/ h fall5 ^u ! :ole e>?4 ,^! 7 meteors foll[+ 9 ! tra9s ( v small comets4 ,if a v l>ge comet foll[$ by no d5s] a flight ( meteors1 b ea* meteoric mass mu* l>g]1 fell directly ^u ! sun1 x w\ld n be ! outskirts b ! nucleus ( ! meteoric tra9 :i* w\ld imp+e ^u him4 ,!y w\ld numb] ?\s&s ( millions4 ,! velocity ( d[nfall ( ea* mass w\ld be m ?an #cfj miles p] second4 ,& !y w\ld cont9ue to p\r 9 ^u him = sev]al days 9 succession1 millions fall+ e h\r4 ,x seems n improbable t "u ?is trem5d\s & long-cont9u$ meteoric hail1 8 :ole surface w\ld be caus$ to gl[ z int5sely z t small "p ^: brilliancy 0 s surpris+ 9 ! obs]vation made by ,c>r+ton & ,hodgson4 ,9 t case our sun1 se5 f "s remote /> :5ce ord9>ily he is invisible1 w\ld %9e out z a new sun = a few days1 :ile all ?+s liv+1 on our e>? & :atev] o!r memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em are ! abodes ( life1 w\ld inevitably be de/roy$40 ,!re are1 inde$1 reasons = believ+1 n only1 z ,i h already indicat$1 t ! outbur/ 9 ! sun 0 caus$ by ! d[nfall ( meteoric masses1 b t ^? masses 7 foll[+ 9 ! tra9 ( a kn[n comet1 precisely z ! ,novemb] meteors foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( ,tempel's comet 7,,ii41 #ahff74 ,= we "k t ,novemb] meteoric displays h be5 witness$ = five or six ye>s aft] ! passage ( ,tempel's comet1 9 its ?irty-?ree ye> orbit1 :ile ! ,augu/ meteoric displays h be5 witness$ fully "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s aft] ! passage ( _! comet 7,,ii41 #ahfb74ae ,n[ only sixte5 ye>s be=e ! sol> outbur/ witness$ by ,c>r+ton & ,hodgson1 a magnific5t comet _h pass$ ev5 clos] to ! sun ?an ei!r ,tempel's comet or ! second comet ( #ahfb approa*$ ! e>?'s orbit4 ,t 0 ! fam\s comet ( ! ye> #ahdc4 ,_m ( u rememb] t wond]ful object4 ,i 0 b a *ild myself :5 x appe>$1 b ,i c well rememb] its amaz+ tail1 :i* 9 ,m>*1 #ahdc1 /ret*$ half-way across ! sky4 8,( all ! comets on record10 says ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 8t approa*$ ne>e/ ! sun2 inde$1 x 0 at fir/ suppos$ t x _h actually graz$ ! sun's surface1 b x prov$ to h j miss$ by an int]val ( n m ?an #hj1jjj miles--ab\t a ?ird ( ! di/ance ( ! moon f ! e>?1 :i* 79 su* a matt]7 is a v close %ave inde$ to get cle> (f40 ,we c well believe t ! two meteors :i* produc$ ! rem>kable outbur/ ( #ahei may h be5 /raggl]s f ! ma9 body foll[+ aft] t glori\s comet4 ,i d n insi/ ^u ! connection4 ,9 fact1 ,i r incl9e to ! belief t ! di/urbance 9 #ahei1 occurr+ z x did ab\t ! "t ( maximum sun-spot frequ5cy1 0 caus$ by meteors foll[+ 9 ! tra9 ( "s z yet undiscov]$ comet1 circuit+ ! sun 9 ab\t elev5 ye>s1 ! spots !mselves be+1 ,i believe1 due 9 ! ma9 to meteoric d[nfalls4 ,!re is great] reason = believ+ t ! great sun-spot :i* appe>$ 9 ,june1 #ahdc1 0 caus$ by ! comet :i* ?ree mon?s be=e _h graz$ ! sun's surface4 ,z ,pr(essor ,kirkwood1 ( ,bloom+ton1 ,indiana1 ju/ly rem>ks1 _h ?is comet approa*$ a little ne>]1 ! resi/ance ( ! sol> atmosph]e w\ld probably h br\ght ! comet's entire mass to ! sol> surface4 ,ev5 at its actual di/ance1 x mu/ h produc$ consid]able atmosph]ic di/urbance4 ,b ! rec5t discov]y t a numb] ( comets are associat$ ) meteoric matt] travell+ 9 ne>ly ! same orbits1 sugge/s ! inquiry :e!r an enorm\s meteorite foll[+ 9 ! comet's tra91 & hav+ a some:at less p]ihelion di/ance1 may n h be5 precipitat$ ^u ! sun1 ?us produc+ ! great di/urbance obs]v$ s %ortly aft] ! comet's p]ihelion passage4 ,let u consid] n[ ! evid5ce obta9$ f ! /> 9 ,cygnus1 not+ especially 9 :at po9ts x resembles1 & 9 :at po9ts x diff]s f1 ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! /> 9 ! ,cr[n4 ,! new /> 0 fir/ se5 by ,pr(essor ,s*midt at a qu>t] to six on ! ev5+ ( ,novemb] #bd4 ,x 0 !n %9+ z a /> ( ! ?ird magnitude1 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan1 n v f> f ! fam\s b fa9t /> #fa ,cygni--:i* fir/ ( all ! />s 9 ! nor!rn heav5s _h its di/ance det]m9$ by a/ronom]s4 ,! ?ree previ\s nights _h un=tunately be5 d>k2 b ,s*midt is c]ta9 t on ,novemb] #bj ! /> 0 n visible4 ,at midnight1 ,novemb] #bd1 its light 0 v yell[1 & x 0 some:at bright] ?an ! well-kn[n /> ,eta ,pegasi1 :i* m>ks ! =e>m ( ! ,fly+ ,horse4 ,s*midt s5t news ( ! discov]y to ,lev]ri]1 at ,p>is2 b nei!r he nor ,lev]ri] telegraph$ ! news1 z !y %\ld h done1 to ,gre5wi*1 ,b]l91 or ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_m preci\s opportunities = obs]v+ ! spectrum ( ! new-com] at ! "t ( its greate/ brilliancy 7 ?us lo/4 ,! obs]v]s at ,p>is did _! be/ to obs]ve ! spectrum ( ! /> & ! all-important *anges 9 ! spectrum4 ,b !y _h unfav\rable wea!r4 ,x 0 n till ,decemb] #b t ! /> 0 obs]v$ at ,p>is1 by :i* "t ! col\r1 :i* _h be5 v yell[ on ,novemb] #bd1 _h become 8gre5i%1 almo/ blue40 ,! /> _h also !n sunk f ! ?ird to f> bel[ ! f\r? magnitude4 ,x is seldom t sci5ce has to regret a m important loss ( opportunity ?an ?is4 ,:at we want specially to "k is ! nature ( ! spectrum giv5 by ?is /> :5 its light 0 yell[2 & ?is we c n[ nev] "k4 ,nor are ! outbur/s ( new />s s common t we may quickly expect ano!r simil> opportunity1 ev5 if any numb] ( o!r new />s %\ld pres5t ! same s]ies ( ph5om5a z ! /> 9 ,cygnus4 ,on ,decemb] #b1 ! spectrum1 z obs]v$ by ,m4 ,cornu1 consi/$ almo/ entirely ( bright l9es4 ,on ,decemb] #e1 he det]m9$ ! position ( ^! l9es1 ?\gh cl\ds /ill greatly int]f]$ ) 8 lab\rs4 ,he f\nd ?ree bright l9es ( hydrog51 ! /rong d\ble sodium l9e 9 ! orange-yell[1 ! triple magnesium l9e 9 ! yell[-gre51 & two o!r l9es--"o ( :i* seem$ to agree exactly 9 position ) a bright l9e belong+ to ! sol> corona4 ,all ^! l9es 7 %9+ ^u ! ra9b[-t9t$ backgr\nd ( ! spectrum1 :i* 0 relatively fa9t4 ,he drew ! conclusion t 9 *emical con/itution ! atmosph]e ( ! new /> 0 con/itut$ exactly l ! sol> si]ra4 ,h]r ,vgel's obs]vations comm5c$ on ,decemb] #e1 & 7 cont9u$ at int]vals until ,m>* #aj1 :5 ! /> _h sunk to bel[ ! eigh? magnitude4 ,vgel's e>li] obs]vations agre$ well ) ,cornu's4 ,he rem>ks1 h[ev]1 t ,cornu's op9ion z to ! exact resemblance ( ! *emical con/itution ( ! />'s atmosph]e ) t ( ! si]ra is n j1 = bo? ,cornu & himself notic$ "o l9e :i* did n correspond ) any l9e belong+ to ! sol> si]ra2 & ?is l9e ev5tually became ! brighte/ l9e ( ! :ole spectrum4 ,comp>+ 8 own obs]vations ) ^? ( ,cornu1 ,vgel po9ts out t !y agree p]fectly ) reg>d to ! pres5ce ( ! ?ree hydrog5 l9es1 & t ( ! brighte/ l9e ( ! air spectrum 7belong+ to nitrog571--:i* is ! pr9cipal l9e ( ! spectrum ( nebul4 ,?is is ! l9e :i* has no analogue 9 ! spectrum ( ! si]ra4 ,we h also obs]vations by ,f4 ,sec*i1 at ,rome1 ,mr4 ,copel&1 at ,dune*t1 & ,mr4 ,backh\se1 ( ,sund]l&1 all agree+ 9 ! ma9 ) ! obs]vations made by ,vgel & ,cornu4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,mr4 ,backh\se obs]v$1 z ,vgel _h done1 t :]eas 9 ,decemb] ! gre5i%-blue l9e ( hydrog51 ,f1 0 bright] ?an ! nitrog5 l9e 7also 9 ! gre5-blue1 b ne>] ! r$ end ?an ,f71 on ,janu>y #f ! nitrog5 l9e 0 ! brighte/ ( all ! l9es 9 ! spectrum ( ! new />4 ,vgel1 comm5t+ on ! results ( 8 obs]vations up to ,m>* #aj1 makes ! foll[+ int]e/+ rem>ks 7,i quote1 ) slight v]bal alt]ations1 f a p>aphrase 9 a weekly sci5tific j\rnal73--8,a /ell> spectrum ) bright l9es is always a highly int]e/+ ph5om5on = any "o acqua9t$ ) /ell> spectrum analysis1 & well wor?y ( deep consid]ation4 ,al?\gh 9 ! *romosph]e 7si]ra7 ( our sun1 ne> ! limb1 we see num]\s bright l9es1 yet only d>k l9es appe> 9 ! spectrum :5ev] we produce a small />-l image ( ! sun1 & exam9e x ?r\gh ! spectroscope4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! bright l9es 9 "s few />-spectra result f gases :i* break =? f ! int]ior ( ! lum9\s body1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is high] ?an t ( ! surface ( ! body--t is1 ! ph5om5on is ! same sometimes obs]v$ 9 ! spectra ( sol> spots1 :]e inc&esc5t hydrog5 ru%+ out ( ! hot int]ior becomes visible above ! cool] spots ?r\gh ! hydrog5 l9es turn+ bright4 ,b ?is is n ! only possible explanation4 ,we may also suppose t ! atmosph]e ( a />1 consi/+ ( inc&esc5t gases1 z is ! case ) our own sun1 is on ! :ole cool] ?an ! nucleus1 b ) reg>d to ! latt] is extremely l>ge4 ,i _c well imag9e h[ ! ph5om5on c la/ = any long p]iod ( "t if ! =m] hypo!sis be correct4 ,! gas break+ =? f ! hot int]ior ( ! body w imp>t a portion ( its heat to ! surface ( ! body1 & ?us raise ! temp]ature ( ! latt]2 consequ5tly1 ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! inc&esc5t gas & ! surface ( ! body w soon be insuffici5t to produce bright l9es2 & ^! w disappe> f ! spectrum4 ,?is view applies p]fectly to />s :i* sudd5ly appe> & soon disappe> aga91 or at lea/ increase consid]ably 9 int5sity--t is1 x applies p]fectly to s-call$ new />s 9 ! spectra ( :i* bright l9es are app>5t1 if ! hypo!sis pres5tly to be m5tion$ is admitt$ = _! explanation4 ,= a m /able /ate ( ?+s ! second hypo!sis seems to be f> bett] adapt$4 ,/>s l ,beta ,lyr1 ,gamma ,cassiopei1 & o!rs1 :i* %[ ! hydrog5 l9es & ! si]ra ,d l9e bright on a cont9u\s spectrum1 ) only slight *anges ( int5sity1 possess1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 atmosph]es v l>ge relatively to _! own volume--! atmosph]es consi/+ ( hydrog5 & t unkn[n elem5t :i* produces ! ,d l9e4#af ,) reg>d to ! new />1 ,zlln]1 long be=e ! progress lately made 9 /ell> physics by means ( spectrum analysis1 d$uc$ f ,ty*o's obs]vations ( ! /> call$ aft] him1 t on ! surface ( a />1 ?r\gh ! con/ant emission ( heat1 ! products ( cool+1 :i* 9 ! case ( our sun we call sun-spots1 accumulate3 s t f9ally ! :ole surface ( ! body is cov]$ ) a cold] /ratum1 :i* gives mu* less light or none at all4 ,?r\gh a sudd5 & viol5t te>+ up ( ?is /ratum1 ! int]ior inc&esc5t mat]ials :i* x encloses mu/ naturally break =?1 & mu/ 9 consequ5ce1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( _! eruption1 cause l>g] or small] pat*es ( ! d>k envelope ( ! body to become lum9\s aga94 ,to a di/ant obs]v] su* an eruption f ! hot & /ill inc&esc5t int]ior ( a heav5ly body mu/ appe> z ! sudd5 fla%+-up ( a new />4 ,t ?is evolution ( light may "u c]ta9 conditions be an extremely p[]ful "o1 c\ld be expla9$ by ! circum/ance t all ! *emical comp\nds :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( a l[] temp]ature1 _h already =m$ ^u ! surface1 are aga9 decompos$ ?r\gh ! sudd5 eruption ( ^! hot mat]ials2 & t ?is decomposition1 z 9 ! case ( t]re/rial sub/ances1 takes place "u evolution ( light & heat4 ,?us ! bright fla%+-up is n only ascrib$ to ! p>ts ( ! surface :i* ?r\gh ! eruption ( ! inc&esc5t matt] h aga9 become lum9\s1 b also to a simultane\s process ( combu/ion1 :i* is initiat$ ?r\gh ! cold] comp\nds com+ into contact ) ! inc&esc5t matt]40 ,vgel consid]s t ,zlln]'s hypo!sis has be5 confirm$ 9 its ess5tial po9ts by ! application ( spectrum analysis to ! />s4 ,we c recognize f ! spectrum diff]5t /ages 9 ! process ( cool+1 & 9 "s ( ! fa9t] />s we p]ceive inde$ t *emical comp\nds h already =m$1 & /ill exi/4 ,z to new />s1 aga91 says ,vgel1 ,zlln]'s !ory seems 9 n[ise contradict$ 8by ! spectral obs]vations made on ! two new />s ( #ahff & #ahgf4 ,! bright cont9u\s spectrum1 & ! bright l9es only slightly exce$+ x at fir/0 7a description1 h[ev]1 apply+ correctly only to ! /> ( #ahgf71 8c\ld n be well expla9$ if we only suppose a viol5t eruption f ! int]ior1 :i* aga9 r5d]$ ! surface :olly or p>tially lum9\s2 b are easily expla9$ if we suppose t ! quantity ( light is consid]ably augm5t$ ?r\gh a simultane\s process ( combu/ion4 ,if ?is process is ( %ort duration1 !n ! cont9u\s spectrum1 z 0 ! case ) ! new /> ( #ahgf1 w v quickly decrease 9 int5sity d[n to a c]ta9 limit1 :ile ! bright l9es 9 ! spectrum1 :i* result f ! inc&esc5t gases t h emanat$ 9 enorm\s quantities f ! int]ior1 w cont9ue = "s "t40 ,x ?us appe>s t ,h]r ,vgel reg>d$ ! obs]vations :i* _h be5 made on ?is rem>kable /> up to ,m>* #aj z indicat+ t fir/ !re _h be5 an outbur/ ( gl[+ gase\s matt] f ! int]ior1 produc+ ! "p ( ! light :i* gave ! bright l9es indicative ( gaseity1 & t !n !re _h foll[$1 z a consequ5ce1 ! combu/ion ( a portion ( ! solid & relatively cool cru/1 caus+ ! cont9u\s "p ( ! spectrum4 ,we may comp>e :at _h tak5 place1 on ?is hypo!sis1 ) ! outbur/ ( int5sely hot gases f ! int]ior ( a volcanic crat]1 & ! inc&esc5ce ( ! lips ( ! crat] 9 consequ5ce ( ! int5se heat ( ! out-ru%+ gases4 ,any "o view+ su* a crat] f a di/ance1 ) a spectroscope1 w\ld see ! bright l9es belong+ to ! out-ru%+ gases sup]pos$ ^u ! cont9u\s spectrum due to ! crat]'s burn+ lips4 ,vgel fur!r supposes t ! burn+ p>ts ( ! /> soon cool$1 ! majority ( ! rema9+ light 7or at any rate ! "p ( ! rema9+ light spectroscopically mo/ effective7 be+ t :i* came f ! gl[+ gases :i* _h emanat$ 9 va/ quantities f ! />'s int]ior4 8,! obs]vations ( ! spectrum %[1 beyond d\bt10 he says1 8t ! decrease 9 ! light ( ! /> corresponds ) ! cool+ ( its surface4 ,! violet & blue p>ts decreas$ m rapidly 9 int5sity ?an ! o!r p>ts2 & ! absorption-b&s :i* cross$ ! spectrum h gradually become d>k] & d>k]40 ,! reason+1 h[ev]1 if n altoge!r unsatisfactory1 is by no means s conclusive z ,h]r ,vgel appe>s to ?9k4 ,x is n cle> h[ ! inc&esc5t portion ( ! surface c\ld possibly cool 9 any great degree :ile enorm\s quantities ( gas m int5sely heat$ 7by ! hypo!sis7 rema9$ ar\nd ! />4 ,! m rapid decrease 9 ! violet & blue p>ts ( ! spectrum ?an 9 ! r$ & orange is explicable z an effect ( absorption1 at lea/ z readily z by ! hypo!sis t burn+ solid or liquid matt] _h cool$4 ,vgel himself c\ld only reg>d ! o!r b&s :i* cross$ ! spectrum z absorption-b&s4 ,& ! absorption ( light f ! cont9u\s spectrum 9 ^! p>ts 7t is1 n :]e ! bright l9es belong+ to ! gase\s matt] lay7 c\ld n possibly result f absorption produc$ by ^? gases4 ,if o!r gases 7 9 "q1 gases :i*1 by cool+ ) ! cool+ surface1 _h become capable ( ?us absorb+ light f special p>ts ( ! spectrum1 h[ is x t be=e1 :5 ^! gases 7 presumably int5sely heat$1 !y did n indicate _! pres5ce by bright b&s8 ,bright b&s1 inde$1 7 se51 :i* ev5tually fad$ out ( view1 b ^! bright b&s did n occupy ! position :]e1 lat] on1 absorption-b&s appe>$4 ,! natural explanation ( :at _h ?us f> be5 obs]v$ is diff]5t f t advanc$ by ,vgel1 ?\gh we mu/ n assume t because x is ! natural1 x is necess>ily ! true explanation4 ,x is ?is--t ! s\rce ( t "p ( ! />'s light :i* gave ! bright-l9e spectrum1 or ! spectrum indicative ( gaseity1 belongs to ! normal condition ( ! />1 & n to gases p\r$ =?1 9 consequ5ce ( "s abnormal /ate ( ?+s1 f ! sun's int]ior4 ,we %\ld inf] naturally1 ?\gh aga9 ,i say n !re=e correctly1 t if a /> spectroscope _h be5 direct$ ^u ! place occupi$ by ! new /> be=e x began to %9e ) unusual spl5d\r1 ! bright-l9e spectrum w\ld h be5 obs]v$4 ,"s exceptional cause w\ld !n seem to h ar\s$ ! entire surface ( ! /> to %9e ) a m int5se brightness1 ! matt] ?us 7presumably7 m int5sely heat$ be+ su* z w\ld give out ! comb9$ cont9u\s & bright-l9e spectrum1 includ+ ! bright l9es :i*1 in/ead ( fad+ out1 %one ) at lea/ relatively sup]ior brightness z ! /> fad$ f view4 ,! !ory t1 on ! contr>y1 ! matt] giv+ ^! m p]si/5t l9es 0 t ^: emission caus$ ! />'s increase ( lu/re1 seems at lea/ n prov51 & ,i w\ld g s f> z to say t x accords ill ) ! evid5ce4 ,! "q1 be x not$1 is simply :e!r we %\ld reg>d ! k9d ( light :i* la/s longe/ 9 ?is /> z x fades out ( view z m probably belong+ to ! />'s abnormal brightness or to its normal lum9osity4 ,x seems to me !re c be little d\bt t ! p]si/5ce ( ?is "p ( ! />'s light po9ts to ! latt] r ?an to ! =m] view4 ,let x also be notic$ t ! *anges :i* _h be5 obs]v$ ?us f> 7 altoge!r unlike ^? :i* _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! /> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 & !re=e _c ju/ly be reg>d$ z po9t+ to ! same explanation4 ,z ! /> 9 ! ,cr[n fad$ f view1 ! bright l9es indicative ( gl[+ hydrog5 di$ out1 & only ! ord9>y /ell> spectrum rema9$4 ,9 ! case ( ! /> 9 ! ,swan1 ! "p ( ! spectrum correspond+ to /ell> light fad$ gradually f view1 & bright l9es only 7 left1 at lea/ z conspicu\s p>ts ( ! />'s spectrum4 ,s t :]eas "o orb seem$ to h fad$ into a fa9t />1 ! o!r seem$ fad+ out into a nebula--n m]ely pass+ into su* a condition z to %9e ) light indicative ( gaseity1 b actually s *ang+ z to %9e ) light ( ! v t9ts 7or1 m /rictly1 ( ! v wave-l5g?s7 obs]v$ 9 all ! gase\s nebul4 ,! /range ev5tful hi/ory ( ! new /> 9 ,cygnus did n end "h1 h[ev]4 ,we may ev5 say1 inde$1 t x has n end$ yet4 ,b ano!r *apt] c already be writt54 ,vgel ceas$ f obs]v+ ! /> 9 ,m>*1 precisely :5 obs]vation seem$ to promise ! mo/ int]e/+ results4 ,at mo/ o!r obs]vatories1 also1 no obs]vations 7 made = ab\t half a ye>4 ,at ! ,dune*t ,obs]vatory#ag pressure ( "w relat+ to ,m>s int]f]$ ) ! prosecution ( ^? obs]vations :i* _h be5 comm5c$ e>ly 9 ! ye>4 ,b on ,septemb] #c1 ,"l ,l9dsay's #ae-;in* reflector 0 direct$ ^u ! />4 ,a /> 0 /ill %9+ :]e ! new />'s yell[ lu/re _h be5 display$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahgf2 b n[ ! /> %one ) a fa9t blue col\r4 ,"u spectroscopic exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ! light f ?is seem+ blue /> 0 f\nd n to be />light1 prop]ly speak+1 at all4 ,x =m$ no ra9b[-t9t$ spectrum1 b gave light ( only a s+le col\r4 ,! s+le l9e n[ se5 0 t :i* at ! "t ( ,vgel's late/ obs]vation _h become ! /ronge/ ( ! bright l9es ( ! orig9ally complex spectrum ( ! s-call$ new />4 ,x is ! brighte/ ( ! l9es giv5 by ! gase\s nebul4 ,9 fact1 if no?+ _h be5 kn[n ab\t ?is body be=e ! spectroscopic obs]vation ( ,septemb] #c 0 made1 ! inf]5ce f ! spectrum giv5 by ! blue /> w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 t ! object is 9 reality a small nebula ( ! planet>y sort1 v simil> to t "o close by ! pole ( ! ecliptic1 :i* gave ,hugg9s ! fir/ evid5ce ( ! gaseity ( nebul1 b v mu* small]4 ,i w\ld specially direct ! read]'s att5tion1 9 fact1 to ,hugg9s's acc\nt ( 8 obs]vation ( t planet>y nebula 9 ! ,dragon4 8,on ,augu/ #ai1 #ahfd10 he says1 8,i direct$ ! telescope arm$ ) ! spectrum app>atus to ?is nebula4 ,at fir/ ,i suspect$ "s d]angem5t ( ! in/rum5t _h tak5 place1 = no spectrum 0 se51 b only0 a s+le l9e ( light4 8,i !n f\nd t ! light ( ?is nebula1 unlike any o!r extra-t]re/rial light :i* _h yet be5 subject$ by me to prismatic analysis1 0 n compos$ ( light ( diff]5t refrangibilities1 & !re=e c\ld n =m a spectrum4 ,a great "p ( ! light f ?is nebula is mono*romatic1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! prisms rema9s conc5trat$ 9 a bright l9e40 ,a m c>eful exam9ation %[$ t n f> f ! bright l9e 0 a mu* fa9t] l9e2 & beyond ?is1 aga91 a ?ird exce$+ly fa9t l9e 0 se54 ,! brighte/ ( ! ?ree l9es 0 a l9e ( nitrog5 correspond+ 9 position ) ! brighte/ ( ! l9es 9 ! spectrum ( our own air4 ,! fa9te/ correspond$ 9 position ) a l9e ( hydrog54 ,! o!r has n yet be5 associat$ ) a kn[n l9e ( any elem5t4 ,besides ! fa9t l9es1 ,dr4 ,hugg9s p]ceiv$ an exce$+ly fa9t cont9u\s spectrum on bo? sides ( ! gr\p ( bright l9es2 he suspect$1 h[ev]1 t ?is fa9t spectrum 0 n cont9u\s1 b cross$ by d>k spaces4 ,lat] obs]vations on o!r nebul induc$ him to reg>d ?is fa9t cont9u\s spectrum z due to ! solid or liquid matt] ( ! nucleus1 & z q di/9ct f ! bright l9es into :i* ne>ly ! :ole ( ! light f ! nebula is conc5trat$4 ,! fa9t] p>ts ( ! spectrum ( ! gase\s nebul1 9 fact1 correspond to ^? p>ts ( ! spectrum ( ! 8new />0 9 ,cygnus :i* la/ rema9$ visible1 be=e ! light assum$ its pres5t mono*romatic col\r4 ,n[ let u consid] ! significance ( ! evid5ce af=d$ by ?is discov]y--n p]haps hop+ at once to p]ceive ! full mean+ ( ! discov]y1 b endeav\r+ to advance z f> z we safely c 9 ! direction 9 :i* x seems to po9t4 ,we h1 !n1 ^! broad facts3 :]e no /> _h be5 kn[n1 an object has = a :ile %one ) /ell> lu/re1 9 ?is s5se1 t its light gave a ra9b[-t9t$ spectrum n unlike t :i* is giv5 by a c]ta9 ord] ( />s2 ?is object has gradually p>t$ ) its new lu/re1 & 9 s do+ ! "* ( its spectrum has sl[ly alt]$1 ! cont9u\s portion becom+ fa9t]1 & ! *ief lu/re ( ! bright-l9e portion %ift+ f ! hydrog5 l9es to a l9e :i*1 !re is e reason to believe1 is absolutely id5tical ) ! nebula nitrog5 l9e3 & la/ly1 ! object has ceas$ to give any p]ceptible light1 o!r ?an t belong+ to ?is nitrog5 l9e4 ,n[ x _c1 ,i ?9k1 be d\bt$ t1 accompany+ ! loss ( lu/re 9 ?is orb1 !re has be5 a correspond+ loss ( heat4 ,! !ory t all ! solid & liquid mat]ials ( ! orb h be5 vaporiz$ by int5se heat1 & t ?is vaporization has caus$ ! loss ( ! />'s light 7z a lime-light might die out ) ! consumption ( ! lime1 ?\gh ! flame rema9$ z hot z ev]71 is oppos$ by _m consid]ations4 ,x seems suffici5t to m5tion ?is1 t if a mass ( solid matt]1 l a dead sun or planet1 7 expos$ to an int5se heat1 fir/ rais+ x to inc&esc5ce1 & ev5tually altoge!r vaporiz+ its mat]ials1 al?\gh q possibly ! "t ( its int5se/ lu/re might prec$e ! completion ( ! vaporization1 yet c]ta9ly s soon z ! vaporization 0 complete1 ! spectrum ( ! newly vaporiz$ mass w\ld %[ multitud9\s bright l9es correspond+ to ! v>iety ( mat]ial exi/+ 9 ! body4 ,no kn[n fact ( spectroscopic analysis l5ds c\nt5ance to ! belief t a solid or liquid mass1 vaporiz$ by int5se heat1 w\ld %9e !nce=? ) mono*romatic light4 ,aga91 ,i ?9k we are def9itely compell$ to ab&on ,vgel's explanation ( ! ph5om5a by ,zlln]'s !ory4 ,! reasons :i* ,i h urg$ above are n only /r5g!n$ sev]ally by ! *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! spectrum ( ! new /> s9ce ,vgel obs]v$ x1 b an additional argum5t ( ov]:elm+ =ce has be5 introduc$4 ,if any "o ( ! suns di$ out1 a cru/ =m+ ov] its surface & ?is cru/ be+ ei!r absolutely d>k or only %9+ ) v feeble lu/re1 ! sun w\ld /ill 9 "o respect resemble all ! suns :i* are spread ov] ! heav5s--x w\ld %[ no visible disc1 h[ev] great ! telescopic p[] us$ 9 obs]v+ x4 ,if ! ne>e/ ( all ! />s 7 z l>ge1 or ev5 a hundr$ times z l>ge1 z ,sirius1 & 7 obs]v$ ) a telescope ( t5 times great] magnify+ p[] ?an any yet direct$ to ! heav5s1 x w\ld appe> only z a po9t ( light4 ,if x lo/ ! be/ "p ( its lu/re1 x w\ld appe> only z a dull po9t ( light4 ,n[ ! planet>y nebul %[ discs1 sometimes ( consid]able bread?4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 to :om & to ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el we owe ! discov]y & obs]vation ( ne>ly all ^! objects1 rem>ks t 8! planet>y nebul h1 z _! "n imports1 a ne>1 9 "s in/ances a p]fect1 resemblance to planets1 pres5t+ discs r\nd1 or slightly oval1 9 "s q %>ply t]m9at$1 9 o!rs a little hazy or s(t5$ at ! bord]s44440 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable may be specifi$ "o ne> ! ,cross1 ^: light is ab\t equal to t ( a /> j visible to ! nak$ eye1 8its diamet] ab\t twelve seconds1 its disc circul> or v slightly elliptic1 & ) a cle>1 %>p1 well-def9$ outl9e1 hav+ exactly ! appe>ance ( a planet1 ) ! exception ( its col\r1 :i* is a f9e & full blue1 v]g+ some:at ^u gre540 ,b ! l>ge/ ( ^! planet>y nebul1 n f> f ! s\!rnmo/ ( ! two />s call$ ! ,po9t]s1 has a diamet] ( #b m9utes ( arc1 8:i*1 suppos+ x plac$ at a di/ance f u n great] ?an t ( ! ne>e/ kn[n /> ( our nor!rn heav5s1 w\ld imply a l9e> diamet] sev5 times great] ?an t ( ! orbit ( ,neptune40 ,! actual volume ( ?is object1 on ?is assumption1 w\ld exce$ our sun's t5 million million times4 ,no "o supposes t ?is planet>y nebula1 %9+ ) a light indicative ( gaseity1 has a mass exce$+ our sun's 9 ?is enorm\s degree4 ,x probably has s small a mean d5sity z n greatly to exce$1 or p]haps b>ely to equal1 our sun 9 mass4 ,n[ ?\gh ! 8new />0 9 ,cygnus pres5t$ no measurable disc1 & /ill %9es z a m]e blue po9t 9 ! l>ge/ telescope1 yet inasmu* z its spectrum associat$ x ) ! planet>y & gase\s nebul1 :i* we "k to be mu* l>g] bodies ?an ! />s1 x mu/ be reg>d$1 9 its pres5t condition1 z a planet>y nebula1 ?\gh a small "o2 & s9ce we _c = a mom5t imag9e t ! mon/r\s planet>y nebul j describ$ are bodies :i* once 7 suns1 b ^: cru/ has n[ become non-lum9\s1 :ile ar\nd ! cru/ masses ( gas %9e ) a fa9t lum9osity1 s are we preclud$ f believ+ t ?is small] memb] ( ! same family is 9 t condition4 ,x is conceivable 7& ! possibility mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 any attempt to int]pret ! ph5om5a ( ! new />7 t :5 %9+ z a />1 ! new orb1 s f> z ?is unusual lu/re 0 conc]n$1 0 ( sunlike dim5sions4 ,= we _c tell :e!r ! surface :i* gave ! /rong light 0 less or great] ?an1 or equal to1 t :i* is n[ %9+ ) mono*romatic light4 ,v likely1 if we _h be5 plac$ :]e we c\ld h se5 ! full dim5sions ( ! planet>y nebula z x at pres5t exi/s1 we %\ld h f\nd only its nucle> "p gl[+ sudd5ly ) increas$ lu/re1 :i*1 aft] v rapidly atta9+ its maximum1 gradually di$ out aga91 leav+ ! nebula z x _h be5 be=e4 ,b t ! mass n[ %9+ ) mono*romatic light is1 ,i w n say enorm\sly l>ge1 b ( exce$+ly small mean d5sity1 s t x is enorm\sly l>ge comp>$ ) ! dim5sions x w\ld h if its entire sub/ance 7 compress$ till x _h ! same mean d5sity z our own sun1 mu/ be reg>d$ z1 to all int5ts & purposes1 c]ta94 ,we c]ta9ly h n "h1 !n1 ! case ( a sun :i* has gr[n old & dead & d>k save at ! surface1 b )9 ^: int]ior fire has /ill rema9$1 only wait+ "s di/urb+ cause to enable x = a :ile to ru% =?4 ,if we c\ld suppose t 9 su* a case !re c\ld be su* *anges z ! spectroscope has indicat$--t ! bright l9es ( ! gase\s outbur/+ matt] w\ld1 dur+ ! e>li] p]iod ( ! outbur/1 %[ on a bright cont9u\s backgr\nd1 due to ! gl[+ lips ( ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! matt] _h ru%$1 b lat] w\ld %9e alone1 becom+ also few] 9 numb]1 till at la/ only "o 0 left1--we %\ld f9d ourselves confront$ ) ! /up5d\s difficulty t t s+le rema9+ l9e is ! bright l9e ( ! planet>y & o!r gase\s nebul4 ,any hypo!sis acc\nt+ = its exi/5ce 9 ! spectrum ( ! fa9t blue />like object into :i* ! /> 9 ,cygnus has fad$ ought to be compet5t to expla9 its exi/5ce 9 ! spectrum ( ^? nebul4 ,b ?is hypo!sis c]ta9ly does n s expla9 its exi/5ce 9 ! nebul> spectrum4 ,! nebul _c be suns :i* h di$ out save = ! light ( gase\s matt] surr\nd+ !m1 = !y are millions1 or r millions ( millions1 ( times too l>ge4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a nebula1 l ! "o above describ$ z ly+ ne> ! s\!rnmo/ ,po9t]1 7 a mass ( ?is k9d1 hav+ ! same mean d5sity z ! sun1 & ly+ only at ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ ( ! />s f u1 !n n only w\ld x h ! utt]ly mon/r\s dim5sions /at$ by ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 b x w\ld 9 ! mo/ effective way p]turb ! :ole sol> sy/em4 ,) a diamet] exce$+ sev5 times t ( ! orbit ( ,neptune1 x w\ld h a volume1 & !re=e a mass1 exce$+ our sun's volume & mass m ?an elev5 millions ( millions ( times4 ,b its di/ance on ?is assumption w\ld be only ab\t two hundr$ ?\s& times ! sun's1 & its attraction r$uc$1 z comp>$ ) 81 on ?is acc\nt only =ty ?\s& millions ( times4 ,s t its attraction on ! sun & on ! e>? w\ld be great] ?an 8 attraction on ! e>?1 9 ! same degree t elev5 millions are great] ?an =ty ?\s&--or two hundr$ & sev5ty-five times4 ,! sun1 despite 8 enorm\s di/ance f su* a mass1 w\ld be compell$ to fall v quickly into x1 unless he circuit$ 7) all 8 family7 ar\nd x 9 ab\t "o-sixte5? ( a ye>1 :i* mo/ c]ta9ly he does n d4 ,nor w\ld increas+ ! di/ance at :i* we assume ! /> to lie h any effect to save ! sun f be+ ?us p]turb$1 b ! rev]se4 ,if we d\ble = in/ance our e/imate ( ! nebula's di/ance1 we increase eightfold our e/imate ( its mass1 :ile we only dim9i% its attraction on our sun f\rfold on acc\nt ( increas$ di/ance2 s t n[ its attraction on our sun w\ld be "o-f\r? its =m] attraction multipli$ by eight1 or twice our =m] e/imate4 ,we _c suppose ! nebula to be mu* ne>] ?an ! ne>e/ />4 ,aga91 we _c suppose t ! light ( ^! gase\s nebul comes f "s bright orb )9 !m ( only />like app>5t dim5sions1 = 9 t case we %\ld con/antly recognize su* />like nucleus1 :i* is n ! case4 ,moreov]1 ! bright-l9e spectrum f "o ( ^! nebul comes f ! :ole nebula1 z is prov$ by ! fact t if ! slit ( ! spectroscope be op5$ x becomes possible to see ?ree spectroscopic images ( ! nebula itself1 n m]ely ! ?ree bright l9es4 ,s t1 if we assume ! s-call$ /> 9 ,cygnus to be n[ l o!r objects giv+ ! same mono*romatic spectrum--& ?is seems ! only legitimate assumption--we are compell$ to believe t ! light n[ rea*+ u comes f a nebul\s mass1 n f ! fa9tly lum9\s envelope ( a dead sun4 ,yet1 rememb]+ t :5 at its brighte/ ?is orb gave a spectrum resembl+ 9 g5]al *>act]i/ics t ( o!r />s or suns1 & closely resembl+ ev5 9 details t ( />s l ,gamma ,cassiopei1 we are compell$ by p>ity ( reason+ to inf] t :5 ! s-call$ new /> 0 s %9+1 ! great] "p ( its light came f a sunlike mass4 ,?us1 !n1 we are l$ to ! conclusion t 9 ! case ( ?is body we h a nucleus or c5tral mass1 & t ar\nd ?is c5tral mass !re is a quantity ( gase\s matt]1 resembl+ 9 con/itution t :i* =ms ! bulk ( ! o!r gase\s nebul4 ,! d5s] nucleus ord9>ily %9es ) s fa9t a lu/re t ! cont9u\s spectrum f its light is too fa9t to be disc]n$ ) ! same spectroscopic means by :i* ! bright l9es ( ! gase\s portion are %[n2 & ! gase\s portion ord9>ily %9es ) s fa9t a lu/re t its bright l9es w\ld n be disc]nible on ! cont9u\s backgr\nd ( a /ell> spectrum4 ,?r\gh "s cause unkn[n--possibly 7z sugge/$ 9 an article on ! e>li] hi/ory ( ?is same /> 9 my 8,my?s & ,m>vels ( ,a/ronomy07 ! ru% ( a ri* & d5se flight ( meteors ^u ! c5tral mass--! nucleus 0 r\s$ to a degree ( heat f> surpass+ its ord9>y temp]ature4 ,?us = a "t x gl[$ z a sun4 ,at ! same "t ! d5s] c5tral portions ( ! nebul\s matt] 7 also ar\s$ to int5s] heat1 & ! bright l9es :i* ord9>ily 7& c]ta9ly at pres5t7 w\ld n /& out bright aga9/ ! ra9b[-t9t$ backgr\nd ( a /ell> spectrum1 %[$ brightly ^u ! cont9u\s spectrum ( ! new />4 ,!n z ! ru% ( meteors ^u ! nucleus & on ! surr\nd+ nebul\s matt] ceas$--if t be ! true explanation ( ! orb's accession ( lu/re--or z ! cause ( ! increase ( brightness1 :atev] t cause may h be51 ceas$ to act1 ! c5tral orb sl[ly return$ to its usual temp]ature1 ! nebul\s matt] also cool+1 ! cont9u\s spectrum sl[ly fad+ out1 ! d5s] p>ts ( ! nebul\s matt] ex]cis+ also a selective absorption 7expla9+ ! b&s se5 9 ! spectrum at ?is /age7 :i* gradually became a cont9u\s absorption--t is1 affect$ ! entire spectrum4 ,^? compon5t gases1 also1 ( ! nebul\s portion :i* _h = a :ile be5 excit$ to suffici5t heat to %[ _! bright l9es1 cool$ until _! l9es disappe>$1 & none rema9$ visible except = a :ile ! ?ree usual nebul> l9es1 & latt]ly 7ow+ to /ill fur!r cool+7 only ! s+le l9e correspond+ to ! mono*romatic light ( ! fa9t] gase\s nebul4 ,,/>-,,gr\p+1 ,,/>-,,drift1 ,,& ,,/>-,,mi/4 ,a ,lecture deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution on ,may #f1 #ahgj4 ,ne>ly a c5tury has pass$ s9ce ! greate/ a/ronom] ! _w has ev] kn[n--! ,newton ( obs]vational a/ronomy1 z he has ju/ly be5 call$ by ,arago--conceiv$ ! d>+ ?\ght t he w\ld gauge ! cele/ial dep?s4 ,& because 9 8 day1 z inde$ 9 our own1 v little 0 c]ta9ly kn[n respect+ ! di/ribution ( ! />s1 he 0 =c$ to f\nd 8 rese>*es ^u a guess4 ,he suppos$ t ! />s1 n only ^? visible to ! nak$ eye1 b all t are se5 9 ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 are suns1 di/ribut$ ) a c]ta9 g5]al uni=mity ?r\gh\t space4 ,x is my purpose to attempt to prove t--z ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el 0 himself l$ to suspect dur+ ! progress ( 8 rese>*es--?is guess 0 a mi/ak5 "o2 t b a small proportion ( ! />s c be reg>d$ z real suns2 & t 9 place ( ! uni=mity ( di/ribution conceiv$ by ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el1 ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! sid]eal sy/em is inf9ite v>iety4 ,9 ord] t ! argum5ts on :i* ^! views are bas$ may be cle>ly appreh5d$1 x w be necess>y to recall ! ma9 results ( ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el's sy/em ( />-gr\p+4 ,direct+ "o ( 8 #bj-;feet reflectors to diff]5t p>ts ( ! heav5s1 he c\nt$ ! />s se5 9 ! field ( view4 ,assum+ t ! telescope really rea*$ ! limits ( ! sid]eal sy/em1 x is cle> t ! numb] ( />s se5 9 any direction af=ds a means ( e/imat+ ! relative ext5sion ( ! sy/em 9 t direction1 provid$ always t ! />s are really di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! sy/em ) a c]ta9 approa* to uni=mity4 ,:]e _m />s are se51 !re ! sy/em has its greate/ ext5sion2 :]e few1 !re ! limits ( ! sy/em mu/ be ne>e/ to u4 ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el 0 l$ by ?is process ( />-gr\p+ to ! conclusion t ! sid]eal sy/em has ! figure ( a clov5 disc4 ,! />s visible to ! nak$ eye lie f> )9 ! limits ( ?is disc4 ,/>s outside ! relatively n>r[ limits ( ! sph]e includ+ all ! visible />s1 are sep>ately invisible4 ,b :]e ! sy/em has its greate/ ext5sion ^! orbs produce collectively ! diffus$ light :i* =ms ! ,milky ,way4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 apply+ a simil> s]ies ( rese>*es to ! s\!rn heav5s1 0 l$ to a v simil> conclusion4 ,8 view ( ! sid]eal sy/em diff]s *iefly 9 ?is respect f 8 fa!r's1 t he consid]$ ! />s )9 c]ta9 limits ( di/ance f ! sun to be spread less ri*ly ?r\gh space ?an ^? ^: unit$ lu/re produces ! milky light ( ! galaxy4 ,n[ x is cle> t if ! supposition on :i* ^! views are bas$ is j1 ! ?ree foll[+ results are to be look$ =4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! />s visible to ! nak$ eye w\ld be di/ribut$ ) a c]ta9 g5]al uni=mity ov] ! cele/ial sph]e2 s t if on ! contr>y we f9d c]ta9 ext5sive regions ov] :i* su* />s are /rewn mu* m ri*ly ?an ov] ! re/ ( ! heav5s1 we mu/ ab&on ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el's fundam5tal hypo!sis & all ! conclusions :i* h be5 bas$ ^u x4 ,9 ! second place1 we ought to f9d no signs ( ! aggregation ( lucid />s into /reams or clu/]+ gr\ps4 ,if we %\ld f9d su* associat$ gr\ps1 we mu/ ab&on ! hypo!sis ( uni=m di/ribution & all ! conclusions f\nd$ on x4 ,?irdly1 & mo/ obvi\sly ( all1 ! lucid />s ought n to be associat$ 9 a m>k$ mann] ) ! figure ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,to take an illu/rative in/ance4 ,:5 we look ?r\gh a glass w9d[ at a di/ant l&scape we d n f9d t ! specks 9 ! sub/ance ( ! glass seem to foll[ ! outl9e ( valleys1 hills1 trees1 or :atev] features ! l&scape may pres5t4 ,9 l mann]1 reg>d+ ! sph]e ( ! lucid />s z 9 a s5se ! w9d[ ?r\gh :i* we view ! ,milky ,way1 we ought n to f9d ^! />s1 :i* are s ne> to u1 associat$ ) ! figure ( ! ,milky ,way1 ^: light comes f di/ances s enorm\sly exce$+ ^? :i* sep>ate u f ! lucid />s4 ,"h aga91 !n1 if !re %\ld appe> signs ( su* association1 we mu/ ab&on ! !ory t ! sid]eal sy/em is con/itut$ z ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el suppos$4 ,x %\ld fur!r be rem>k$ t ! ?ree argum5ts d]iv$ f ^! relations are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,!y are n z ?ree l9ks ( a *a91 any "o ( :i* be+ brok5 ! *a9 is brok54 ,!y are z ?ree /r&s ( a triple cord4 ,if "o /r& holds1 ! cord holds4 ,x may be %[n t all ?ree are to be tru/$4 ,x is n to be expect$1 h[ev]1 t ! />s z actually se5 %\ld exhibit ^! relations1 s9ce f> ! l>g] numb] are b fa9tly visible2 s t ! eye w\ld look 9 va9 = ! signs ( law among !m1 ev5 ?\gh law may be !re4 ,:at is necess>y is t maps %\ld be con/ruct$ on a uni=m & intelligible plan1 & t 9 ^! maps ! fa9t />s %\ld be made bright1 & ! bright />s bright]4 ,! maps exhibit$ dur+ ?is disc\rse s9ce publi%$ z my 8,libr>y ,atlas0 h be5 devis$ = ?is purpose among/ o!rs4 ,!re are twelve ( !m1 b !y ov]lap1 s t 9 effect ea* cov]s a t5? "p ( ! heav5s4 ,!re is fir/ a nor?-pol> map1 !n five maps symmetrically plac$ ar\nd x2 aga91 !re is a s\?-pol> map1 & five maps symmetrically plac$ r\nd t map2 & ^! five s fit 9 ) ! fir/ five z to complete ! enclosure ( ! :ole sph]e4 ,9 effect1 e map ( ! twelve has five maps symmetrically plac$ ar\nd x & ov]lapp+ x4 ,s9ce ! :ole heav5s conta9 b #eicb />s visible to ! nak$ eye1 ea* ( ! maps %\ld conta9 on ! av]age ab\t #eic />s4 ,b in/ead ( ?is be+ ! case1 "s ( ! maps conta9 _m m ?an _! j proportion ( />s1 :ile 9 o!rs ! numb] z greatly falls %ort ( ! av]age4 ,"o recognizes1 by comb9+ ^! indications1 ! exi/5ce ( a r\ghly circul> region1 ri* 9 />s1 9 ! nor!rn heav5s1 & ( ano!r1 l>g] & ri*]1 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,to %[ ! influ5ce ( ^! ri* regions1 x is only necess>y to exhibit ! num]ical relations pres5t$ by ! maps4 ,! nor?-pol> map1 9 :i* ! l>ge/ "p ( ! nor!rn ri* region falls1 conta9s no less ?an #fic lucid />s1 ( :i* upw>ds ( #djj fall )9 ! half correspond+ to ! ri* region4 ,( ! adjac5t maps1 two conta9 upw>ds ( #ejj />s1 :ile ! rema9+ ?ree conta9 ab\t #djj ea*4 ,pass+ to ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 we f9d t ! s\?-pol> map1 :i* falls :olly )9 a ri* region1 conta9s no less ?an #aacb />s6 ,"o ( ! adjac5t maps conta9s #hcd />s1 & ! f\r o!rs exhibit numb]s rang+ f #ebg to #eie4 ,x is :olly impossible n to recognize s unequal a di/ribution z exhibit+ ! exi/5ce ( special laws ( /ell> aggregation4 ,x is notewor?y1 too1 t ! great] ,magellanic cl\d falls 9 ! he>t ( ! s\!rn ri* region4 ,7 !re n o!r signs t ?is wond]ful object is really associat$ ) ! sid]eal sy/em1 x might be ra% to recognize ?is relation z indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( a physical connection betwe5 ! ,nubecula ,major & ! s\!rn region ri* 9 />s4 ,a/ronom]s h inde$ s long reg>d$ ! ,nubecul z belong+ nei!r to ! sid]eal nor to ! nebul> sy/ems1 t !y are n likely to recognize v readily ! exi/5ce ( any su* connection4 ,yet h[ /rangely p]v]se is ! reason+ :i* has l$ a/ronom]s s to reg>d ^! amaz+ objects4 ,pres5t$ fairly1 t reason+ am\nts simply to ?is3 ,! ,magellanic cl\ds conta9 />s & !y conta9 nebul2 !re=e !y are nei!r nebul> nor /ell>4 ,c p]v]sity ( reason+ be pu%$ fur!r8 ,is n ! obvi\s conclusion ?is1 t s9ce nebul & />s are se5 to be int]mix$ 9 ! ,nubecul1 ! nebul> & /ell> sy/ems =m 9 reality b "o complex sy/em8 ,z to ! exi/5ce ( />-/reams & clu/]+ aggregations1 we h also evid5ce ( a decisive "*4 ,!re is a well-m>k$ /ream ( />s runn+ f ne> ,capella t[>ds ,monoc]os4 ,beyond ?is lies a long d>k rift altoge!r b>e ( lucid orbs1 beyond :i* aga9 lies an ext5sive range ( />s1 cov]+ ,gem9i1 ,canc]1 & ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,leo4 ,?is va/ sy/em ( />s resembles a gigantic sid]eal bill[ fl[+ t[>ds ! ,milky ,way z t[>ds "s mighty %ore-l9e4 ,nor is ?is description altoge!r fanciful2 s9ce "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ in/ances ( />-drift pres5tly to be adduc$ ref]s to ?is v region4 ,^! associat$ />s are urg+ _! way t[>ds ! galaxy1 & t at a rate :i*1 ?\gh seem+ly sl[ :5 view$ f beyond s enorm\s a gap z sep>ates u f ?is sy/em1 mu/ 9 reality be e/imat$ by millions ( miles 9 e ye>4 ,o!r /reams & clu/]+ aggregations !re are :i* ne$ n "h be specially describ$4 ,b x is wor? notic+ t all ! well-m>k$ /reams recogniz$ by ! anci5ts seem closely associat$ ) ! s\!rn ri* region already ref]r$ to4 ,?is is true ( ! />s =m+ ! ,riv] ,eridanus1 ! s]p5t ,hydra1 & ! /reams f ! wat]-c ( ,aqu>ius4 ,x is also notewor?y t 9 ea* in/ance a portion ( ! /ream lies outside ! ri* region1 ! re/ )9 x2 :ile all ! /reams :i* lie on ! same side ( ! galaxy t5d t[>ds ! two ,magellanic cl\ds4 ,mo/ intimate signs ( association betwe5 lucid />s & ! galaxy c be recogniz$--7i47 9 ! "p ext5d+ f ,cygnus to ,aquila2 7ii47 9 ! "p f ,p]seus to ,monoc]os2 7iii47 ov] ! %ip ,argo2 & 7iv47 ne> ,crux & ! feet ( ,c5taurus4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! subject ( ,/>-drift1 ?ree broad facts may be /at$4 ,!y are1 ,i believe1 n[ recogniz$ = ! fir/ "t1 & seem decisive ( ! exi/5ce ( special laws ( di/ribution among ! />s3-- ,fir/1 ! ri* s\!rn region1 ?\gh cov]+ b a six? "p ( ! heav5s1 conta9s "o-?ird ( all ! lucid />s1 leav+ only two-?irds = ! rema9+ five-six?s ( ! heav5s4 ,secondly1 if ! two ri* regions & ! ,milky ,way be consid]$ z "o "p ( ! heav5s1 ! re/ z ano!r1 !n ! =m] "p is ?ree times z ri*ly /rewn ) lucid />s z ! second4 ,?irdly1 ! s\!rn hemisph]e conta9s "o ?\s& m lucid />s ?an ! nor!rn1 a fact :i* _c b be reg>d$ z mo/ /rik+ :5 x is rememb]$ t ! total numb] ( />s visible to ord9>y eyesight 9 bo? hemisph]es falls %ort ( #fjjj4 ,two or ?ree ye>s ago1 ! idea sugge/$ itself to me t if ! prop] motions ( ! />s 7 exam9$1 !y w\ld be f\nd to convey cle> in=mation respect+ ! exi/5ce ( v>iety ( /ructure1 & special laws ( di/ribution )9 ! sid]eal sy/em4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! m]e am\nt ( a />'s app>5t motion mu/ be reg>d$ z af=d+ a means ( e/imat+ ! />'s di/ance4 ,! ne>] a mov+ object is1 ! fa/] x w seem to move1 & vice v]s4 ,( c\rse 9 individual in/ances little reliance c be plac$ on ?is indication2 b by tak+ ! av]age prop] motions ( a set ( />s1 a tru/wor?y measure may be obta9$ ( _! av]age di/ance1 z comp>$ ) ! av]age di/ance ( ano!r set4 ,= example1 we h 9 ?is process ! means ( settl+ ! "q :e!r ! app>5t brightness ( a /> is inde$ a te/ ( relative ne>ness4 ,accord+ to accept$ !ories ! six?-magnitude />s are t5 or twelve times z f> (f z ^? ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,h5ce _! motions %\ld1 on ! av]age1 be correspond+ly small4 ,n[1 to make assurance d\bly sure1 ,i divid$ ! />s into two sets1 ! fir/ includ+ ! />s ( ! #a/1 #bnd1 & #crd1 ! second includ+ ^? ( ! #d?1 #e?1 & #f? magnitude4 ,accord+ to accept$ views1 ! av]age prop] motion = ! fir/ set %\ld be ab\t five times z great z t = ! second4 ,i 0 prep>$ to f9d x ab\t ?ree times z great2 t is1 n s mu* great] z ! accept$ !ories require1 b /ill consid]ably great]4 ,to my surprise1 ,i f\nd t ! av]age prop] motion ( ! bright] ord]s ( />s is b>ely equal to t ( ! ?ree l[] ord]s4 ,?is proves beyond all possibility ( "q t by f> ! great] numb] ( ! fa9t] ord]s ( />s 7,i ref] "h ?r\gh\t to lucid />s7 owe _! fa9tness n to va/ness ( di/ance1 b to real relative m9ut5ess4 ,to pass ov] a numb] ( o!r modes ( rese>*1 ! actual mapp+ ( ! /ell> motions1 & ! discov]y ( ! peculi>ity to :i* ,i h giv5 ! "n ( />-drift1 rema9 to be consid]$4 ,9 catalogues x is n easy to recognize any in/ances ( community ( motion :i* may exi/ among ! />s1 ow+ to ! me?od 9 :i* ! />s are arrang$4 ,:at is want$ 9 ?is case 7z 9 _m o!rs :i* yet rema9 to be dealt )7 is ! adoption ( a plan by :i* su* relations may be r5d]$ obvi\s to ! eye4 ,! plan ,i adopt$ 0 to atta* to ea* /> 9 my maps a small arr[1 indicat+ ! am\nt & direction ( t />'s app>5t motion 9 #cf1jjj ye>s 7! "t-int]val be+ purposely l5g!n$1 z o!rwise mo/ ( ! arr[s w\ld h be5 too small to be recogniz$74 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 sev]al well-m>k$ in/ances ( community ( motion c\ld imm$iately be recogniz$4 ,x is necess>y to premise1 h[ev]1 t be=e ! exp]im5t 0 tri$1 !re 7 reasons = feel+ v d\btful :e!r x w\ld succe$4 ,a sy/em ( />s might really be drift+ a?w>t ! heav5s1 & yet ! drift might be r5d]$ unrecognizable ?r\gh ! int]mixture ( m di/ant or ne>] sy/ems hav+ motions ( ano!r sort & se5 accid5tally 9 ! same g5]al direction4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be ! case1 inde$1 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,?us ! />s 9 ! con/ellation ,ursa ,major1 & neighb\r+ />s 9 ,draco1 exhibit two well-m>k$ directions ( drift4 ,! />s 1 1 1 1 & ( ! ,great ,be>1 besides two companions ( ! la/-nam$ />1 are travell+ 9 "o direction1 ) equal velocity1 & cle>ly =m "o sy/em4 ,! rema9+ />s 9 ! neighb\rhood are travell+ 9 a direction almo/ exactly ! rev]se4 ,b ev5 ?is relation1 ?us recogniz$ 9 a region ( div]se motions1 is full ( int]e/4 ,b>on ,mdl]1 ! well-kn[n ,g]man a/ronom]1 recogniz+ ! community ( motion betwe5 ,urs & its companions1 calculat$ ! cyclic revolution ( ! sy/em to be c]ta9ly n less ?an #gjjj ye>s4 ,b :5 ! complete sy/em ( />s %[+ ?is motion is consid]$1 we get a cyclic p]iod s enorm\s1 t n only ! life ( man1 b ! life ( ! human race1 ! exi/5ce ( our e>?1 nay1 ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! sol> sy/em1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a m]e day 9 comp>ison ) t trem5d\s cycle4 ,!n !re are o!r in/ances ( />-drift :]e1 ?\gh two directions ( motion are n int]mix$1 ! drift+ nature ( ! motion is n at once recogniz$1 because ( ! v>i\s di/ances at :i* ! associat$ />s lie f ! eye4 ,a case ( ?is k9d is to be met ) 9 ! />s =m+ ! con/ellation ,taurus4 ,x 0 "h t ,mdl] recogniz$ a community ( motion among ! />s1 b he did n int]pret ?is z ,i d4 ,he _h =m$ ! idea t ! :ole ( ! sid]eal sy/em mu/ be 9 motion ar\nd "s c5tral po9t2 & = reasons :i* ne$ n "h be consid]$1 he 0 l$ to believe t 9 :atev] direction ! c5tre ( motion may lie1 ! />s se5 9 t g5]al direction w\ld exhibit a community ( motion4 ,!n1 t he might n h to exam9e ! prop] motions all ov] ! heav5s1 he inquir$ 9 :at direction 79 all probability7 ! c5tre ( motion may be suppos$ to lie4 ,com+ to ! conclusion t x mu/ lie t[>ds ,taurus1 he exam9$ ! prop] motions 9 t con/ellation1 & f\nd a community ( motion :i* l$ him to reg>d ,alcyone1 ! *ief /> ( ! ,pleiades1 z ! c5tre ar\nd :i* ! sid]eal sy/em is mov+4 ,_h he exam9$ fur!r he w\ld h f\nd m m>k$ in/ances ( community ( motion 9 o!r p>ts ( ! heav5s1 a circum/ance :i* w\ld h at once compell$ him to ab&on 8 hypo!sis ( a c5tral sun 9 ! ,pleiades1 or at lea/ to lay no /ress on ! evid5ce d]ivable f ! community ( motion 9 ,taurus4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( />-drift is t obs]v$ 9 ! con/ellations ,gem9i & ,canc]4 ,"h ! />s seem to set bodily t[>ds ! neighb\r+ "p ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,! g5]al drift 9 t direction is too m>k$1 & affects too _m />s1 to be reg>d$ z by any possibility ref]able to accid5tal co9cid5ce4 ,x is wor?y ( note t if ! community ( />-drift %\ld be recogniz$ 7or ,i pref] to say1 :5 x is recogniz$71 a/ronom]s w h ! means ( det]m9+ ! relative di/ances ( ! />s ( a drift+ sy/em4 ,= diff]5ces 9 ! app>5t direction & am\nt ( motion c be due b to diff]5ces ( di/ance & position1 & ! det]m9ation ( ^! diff]5ces becomes m]ely a "q ( p]spective4#ah ,be=e long x is likely t ! !ory ( />-drift w be subject$ to a crucial te/1 s9ce spectroscopic analysis af=ds ! means ( det]m9+ ! /ell> motions ( recess or approa*4 ,! task is a v difficult "o1 b a/ronom]s h full confid5ce t 9 ! able h&s ( ,mr4 ,hugg9s x w be successfully accompli%$4 ,i await ! result ) full confid5ce t x w confirm my views4 7,see pages #ib-id = ! result47 99 99 99 99 99 ,turn+ to ! subject ( ,/>-mi/1 "u :i* head ,i include all ord]s ( nebul1 ,i propose to deal ) b a small proportion ( ! evid5ce ,i h collect$ to prove t none ( ! nebul are ext]nal galaxies4 ,t evid5ce has inde$ become exce$+ly volum9\s4 ,i %all dwell1 !re=e1 on ?ree po9ts only4 ,fir/1 z to ! di/ribution ( ! nebul3--,!y are n spread ) any approa* to uni=mity ov] ! heav5s1 b are ga!r$ into /reams & clu/]s4 ,! "o great law :i* *>act]izes _! di/ribution is an avoidance ( ! ,milky ,way & its neighb\rhood4 ,?is peculi>ity has1 /rangely en\gh1 be5 reg>d$ by a/ronom]s z %[+ t !re is no association betwe5 ! nebul & ! sid]eal sy/em4 ,!y h =gott5 t m>k$ contra/ is z cle> a sign ( association z m>k$ resemblance1 & has always be5 s reg>d$ by logicians4 ,secondly1 !re are 9 ! s\!rn heav5s two well-m>k$ /reams ( nebul4 ,ea* ( ^! /reams is associat$ ) an equally well-m>k$ /ream ( />s4 ,ea* int]mix$ /ream directs its c\rse t[>ds a ,magellanic ,cl\d1 "o t[>ds ! ,nubecula ,m9or1 ! o!r t[>ds ! ,nubecula ,major4 ,to ^! great clu/]s !y fl[1 l riv]s t[>ds "s mighty lake4 ,& )9 ^! clu/]s1 :i* are d\btless r\ghly sph]ical 9 =m1 !re are f\nd int]mix$ 9 wond]ful pr(usion1 />s1 />-clu/]s1 & all ! ord]s ( nebul4 ,c ^! co9cid5ces be reg>d$ z accid5tal8 ,& if n accid5tal1 is n ! lesson !y cle>ly tea* u ?is1 t nebul =m b portions ( ! sid]eal sy/em1 associat+ !mselves ) />s on t]ms ( equality 7if "o may s speak71 ev5 if s+le />s be n m important objects 9 ! scale ( creation ?an ^! nebul\s masses1 :i* h be5 s long reg>d$ z equall+1 if n outvy+1 ! sid]eal sy/em itself 9 ext5t8 ,! ?ird po9t to :i* ,i wi% to invite att5tion is ! way 9 :i* 9 _m nebul />s ( consid]able relative brightness1 & belong+ obvi\sly to ! sid]eal sy/em1 are s associat$ ) nebul\s masses z to leave no d\bt :atev] t ^! masses really cl+ ar\nd !m4 ,! association is 9 _m in/ances f> too m>k$ to be reg>d$ z ! effect ( accid5t4 ,among o!r in/ances#ai may be cit$ ! nebula r\nd ! />s c & c 9 ,orion4 ,9 ?is object two rem>kable nebul\s nodules c5trally surr\nd two d\ble />s4 ,admitt+ ! association "h to be real 7& no o!r explanation c reasonably be admitt$71 we are l$ to int]e/+ conclusions respect+ ! :ole ( t wond]ful nebul\s region :i* surr\nds ! sword ( ,orion4 ,we are l$ to believe t ! o!r nebul 9 t region are really associat$ ) ! fix$ />s !re2 t x is n a m]e co9cid5ce1 = in/ance1 t ! middle /> 9 ! belt ( ,orion is involv$ 9 nebula1 or t ! l[e/ /> ( ! sword is simil>ly circum/anc$4 ,x is a legitimate inf]5ce f ! evid5ce t all ! nebul 9 ?is region belong to "o great nebul\s gr\p1 :i* ext5ds its bran*es to ^! />s4 ,z a mighty h&1 ?is nebul\s region seems to ga!r ! />s "h into close association1 %[+ u1 9 a way !re is no mis9t]pret+1 t ^! />s =m "o sy/em4 ,! nebula ar\nd ! /range v>iable />1 ,eta ,args1 is ano!r rem>kable in/ance ( ?is sort4 ,m ?an two ye>s ago ,i v5tur$ to make two pr$ictions ab\t ?is object4 ,! fir/ 0 a tol]ably safe "o4 ,i express$ my belief t ! nebula w\ld be f\nd to be gase\s4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,hugg9s's discov]y t ! great ,orion nebula is gase\s1 x 0 n difficult to see t ! ,argo nebula mu/ be s too4 ,at any rate1 ?is has be5 e/abli%$ by ,capta9 ,h]s*el's spectroscopic rese>*es4 ,! o!r pr$iction 0 m v5turesome4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ^: op9ion on su* po9ts "o w\ld always pref] to %>e1 _h express$ 8 belief t ! nebula lies f> out 9 space beyond ! />s se5 9 ! same field ( view4 ,i v5tur$ to express ! op9ion t ^? />s are involv$ 9 ! nebula4 ,lately !re came news f ,au/ralia t ,mr4 ,le ,sueur1 ) ! great reflector erect$ at ,melb\rne1 has f\nd t ! nebula has *ang$ l>gely 9 %ape s9ce ,sir ,john ,h]s*el obs]v$ x4 ,mr4 ,le ,sueur accord+ly express$ 8 belief t ! nebula lies ne>] to u ?an ! fix$ />s se5 9 ! same field ( view4 ,m lately1 h[ev]1 he has f\nd t ! /> ,eta ,args is %9+ ) ! light ( burn+ hydrog51 & he expresses 8 belief t ! /> has consum$ ! nebul\s matt] ne> x4 ,)\t agree+ ) ?is view1 ,i recognize 9 x a pro( t ,mr4 ,le ,sueur n[ consid]s ! nebula to be really associat$ ) ! />s ar\nd x4 ,my belief is t z ! /> recov]s its brilliancy obs]vation w %[ t ! nebula 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood becomes bright] 7n fa9t] ?r\gh be+ consum$ z fuel74 ,9 fact1 ,i am dispos$ to reg>d ! v>iations ( ! nebula z sy/ematic1 & due to orbital motions among its v>i\s portions ar\nd neighb\r+ />s4 ,z indicative ( o!r laws ( association be>+ on ! relations ,i h be5 deal+ )1 ,i may m5tion ! circum/ance t r$ />s & v>iable />s affect ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,milky ,way or ( well-m>k$ />-/reams4 ,! con/ellation ,orion is s+ul>ly ri* 9 objects ( ?is class4 ,x is "h t ! /range 8v>iable0 ,betelgeux lies4 ,at pres5t ?is /> %[s no sign ( v>iation1 b a few ye>s ago x exhibit$ rem>kable *anges4 ,"o is invit$ to believe t ! /> may h be5 c>ri$ by its prop] motion into regions :]e !re is a m uni=m di/ribution ( ! mat]ial :5ce ?is orb recruits its fires4 ,x may be t 9 ! consid]ation ( su* causes ( v>iation affect+ our sun 9 long pa/ ages a m satisfactory explanation ?an any yet obta9$ may be f\nd ( ! problem geologi/s f9d s p]plex+--! =m] exi/5ce ( a tropical climate 9 places )9 ! temp]ate zone1 or ev5 ne> ! ,arctic regions4#bj 99 99 99 99 99 ,x rema9s t ,i %\ld exhibit ! g5]al results to :i* ,i h be5 l$4 ,x has seem$ to _m t my views t5d l>gely to dim9i% our e/imate ( ! ext5t ( ! sid]eal sy/em4 ,! exact rev]se is ! case4 ,accord+ to accept$ views !re lie )9 ! range ( our mo/ p[]ful telescopes millions ( millions ( suns4 ,accord+ to m9e ! prim>y suns )9 ! range ( our telescopes mu/ be c\nt$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 or by hundr$s ( ?\s&s at ! outside4 ,:at does ?is dim9ution ( numb]s imply b t ! space sep>at+ sun f sun is enorm\sly great] ?an accept$ !ories w\ld p]mit8 ,& ?is increase implies an enorm\s increase 9 ! e/imate we are to =m ( ! vital en]gies ( individual suns4 ,= ! vitality ( a sun1 if "o may be p]mitt$ ! expression1 is measur$ n m]ely by ! am\nt ( matt] ov] :i* x ex]cises control1 b by ! ext5t ( space )9 :i* t matt] is di/ribut$4 ,take an orb a ?\s& times va/] ?an our sun1 & spread ov] its surface an am\nt ( matt] exce$+ a ?\s&fold ! comb9$ mass ( all ! planets ( ! sol> sy/em3--,s f> z liv+ =ce is conc]n$1 ! result is--nil4 ,b di/ribute t matt] ?r\gh\t a va/ space all r\nd ! orb3--,t orb becomes at once fit to be ! c5tre ( a ho/ ( dep5d5t worlds4 ,aga91 accord+ to accept$ !ories1 :5 ! a/ronom] has succe$$ 9 resolv+ ! milky light ( a portion ( ! galaxy into />s1 he has 9 t direction1 at any rate1 rea*$ ! limits ( ! sid]eal sy/em4 ,accord+ to my views1 :at he has really done has be5 b to analyze a def9ite aggregation ( />s1 a m]e corn] ( t great sy/em4 ,yet once m1 accord+ to accept$ views1 ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( galaxies1 ext]nal to ! sid]eal sy/em1 c be se5 ) p[]ful telescopes4 ,if ,i am "r1 ! ext]nal />-sy/ems lie f> beyond ! rea* ( ! mo/ p[]ful telescope man has yet be5 able to con/ruct1 insomu* t p]*ance ! ne>e/ ( ! outly+ galaxies may lie a million times beyond ! range ev5 ( ! mighty mirror ( ! great ,rosse telescope4 ,b ?is is little4 ,wond]ful z is ! ext5t ( ! sid]eal sy/em z ?us view$1 ev5 m wond]ful is its inf9ite v>iety4 ,we "k h[ l>gely mod]n discov]ies h increas$ our e/imate ( ! complexity ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,:]e ! anci5ts recogniz$ b a few planets1 we n[ see1 besides ! planets1 ! families ( satellites2 we see ! r+s ( ,saturn1 9 :i* m9ute satellites mu/ be z ! s&s on ! sea-%ore = multitude2 ! wond]ful zone ( a/]oids2 myriads on myriads ( comets2 millions on millions ( meteor-sy/ems1 ga!r+ m & m ri*ly ar\nd ! sun1 until 9 8 neighb\rhood !y =m ! cr[n ( glory :i* bur/s into view :5 he is totally eclips$4 ,b wond]ful z is ! v>iety se5 )9 ! planet>y sy/em1 ! v>iety )9 ! sid]eal sy/em is inf9itely m amaz+4 ,besides ! s+le suns1 !re are gr\ps & sy/ems & /reams ( prim>y suns2 !re are :ole galaxies ( m9or orbs2 !re are clu/]+ /ell> aggregations1 %[+ e v>iety ( ri*ness1 ( figure1 & ( di/ribution2 !re are all ! v>i\s =ms ( nebul1 resolvable & irresolvable1 circul>1 elliptical1 & spiral2 & la/ly1 !re are irregul> masses ( lum9\s gas1 cl++ 9 fanta/ic convolutions ar\nd />s & />-sy/ems4 ,nor is x unsafe to ass]t t o!r =ms & v>iety ( /ructure w yet be discov]$1 or t hundr$s m exi/ :i* we may nev] hope to recognize4 ,b la/ly1 ev5 m wond]ful ?an ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! sid]eal sy/em1 is its amaz+ vitality4 ,in/ead ( millions ( in]t masses1 we see ! :ole heav5s in/9ct ) en]gy--a/ir ) busy life4 ,! great masses ( lum9\s vap\r1 ?\gh occupy+ c\ntless millions ( cubic miles ( space1 are mov$ by unkn[n =ces l cl\ds be=e ! summ] breeze2 />-mi/ is cond5s+ into clu/]s2 />-clu/]s are =m+ into suns2 /reams & clu/]s ( m9or orbs are sway$ by unkn[n attractive en]gies2 & prim>y suns s+ly or 9 sy/ems are pursu+ _! /ately pa? ?r\gh space1 rejoic+ z giants to run _! c\rse1 ext5d+ on all sides ! mighty arm ( _! attraction1 ga!r+ f ev]-new regions ( space supplies ( motive en]gy1 to be trans=m$ into ! v>i\s =ms ( =ce--light & heat & electricity--& di/ribut$ 9 lavi% abundance to ! worlds :i* circle r\nd !m4 ,truly may ,i say1 9 conclusion1 t :e!r we reg>d its va/ ext5t1 its inf9ite v>iety1 or ! amaz+ vitality :i* p]vades its e portion1 ! sid]eal sy/em is1 ( all ! subjects man c /udy1 ! mo/ impos+ & ! mo/ /up5d\s4 ,x is z a book full ( mighty problems--( problems :i* are z yet almo/ unt\*$ by man1 ( problems :i* x might seem hopeless = him to attempt to solve4 ,b ^? problems are giv5 to him = solution1 & he w solve !m1 :5ev] he d>es attempt to deciph] aright ! records ( t wondr\s volume4 ,,mallet',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,volcanoes4 ,!re are few subjects less satisfactorily treat$ 9 sci5tific treatises ?an t :i* ,humboldt calls ! ,reaction ( ! ,e>?'s ,int]ior4 ,we f9d1 n m]ely 9 ! configuration ( ! e>?'s cru/1 b 9 actual & v rem>kable ph5om5a1 evid5ce ( subt]ranean =ces ( great activity2 & ! problems sugge/$ seem 9 no s5se impracticable3 yet no !ory ( ! e>?'s volcanic en]gy has yet ga9$ g5]al acceptance4 ,:ile ! a/ronom] tells u ( ! con/itution ( orbs millions ( times fur!r away ?an our own sun1 ! geologi/ has hi!rto be5 unable to give an acc\nt ( ! =ces :i* agitate ! cru/ ( ! orb on :i* we live4 ,! !ory put =w>d respect+ volcanic en]gy1 h[ev]1 by ! em95t seismologi/ ,mallet1 promises n m]ely to take ! place ( all o!rs1 b to ga9 a degree ( acceptance :i* has n be5 accord$ to any !ory previ\sly enunciat$4 ,x is1 9 pr9ciple1 exce$+ly simple1 ?\gh _m ( ! details 7into :i* ,i d n propose to ent]7 involve que/ions ( consid]able difficulty4 ,let u1 9 ! fir/ place1 consid] briefly ! v>i\s explanations :i* _h be5 already advanc$4 ,!re 0 fir/ ! *emical !ory ( volcanic en]gy1 ! fav\rite !ory ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,x is possible to produce on a small scale ne>ly all ! ph5om5a due to subt]ranean activity1 by simply br++ toge!r c]ta9 sub/ances1 & leav+ !m to und]go ! *emical *anges due to _! association4 ,z a famili> in/ance ( explosive action ?us occasion$1 we ne$ only m5tion ! results exp]i5c$ :5 any "o unfamili> ) ! me?ods ( treat+ lime endeav\rs ov] ha/ily to 8slake0 or 8slack0 x ) wat]4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! /rong po9ts ( ! *emical !ory consi/$ 9 ! circum/ance t volcanoes only occur :]e wat] c rea* ! subt]ranean regions--or1 z ,mallet expresses x1 t 8)\t wat] !re is no volcano40 ,b ! !ory is dispos$ ( by ! fact1 n[ g5]ally admitt$1 t ! *emical en]gies ( our e>?'s mat]ials 7 almo/ :olly exhau/$ be=e ! surface 0 consolidat$4 ,ano!r invit+ !ory is t accord+ to :i* ! e>? is reg>d$ z a m]e %ell ( solid matt] surr\nd+ a molt5 nucleus4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! :ole int]ior ( ! e>? is 9 a /ate ( int5se heat2 & if ! increase ( heat ) dep? 7z %[n 9 our m9es7 is suppos$ to cont9ue uni=mly1 we f9d t at v mod]ate dep?s a degree ( heat mu/ prevail suffici5t to liquefy any kn[n solids "u ord9>y conditions4 ,b ! conditions "u :i* matt] exi/s a few miles only bel[ ! surface ( ! e>? are n ord9>y4 ,! pressure enorm\sly exce$s any :i* our physici/s c obta9 exp]im5tally4 ,! ord9>y di/9ction betwe5 solids & liquids _c exi/ at t enorm\s pressure4 ,a mass ( cold /eel c\ld be z pla/ic z any ( ! glut9\s liquids1 :ile ! /ructural *ange :i* a solid und]goes 9 ! process ( liquefy+ c\ld n take place "u su* pressure ev5 at an enorm\sly high temp]ature4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t if ! e>? really has a molt5 nucleus1 ! solid cru/ mu/1 nev]!less1 be f> too ?ick to be 9 any way di/urb$ by *anges affect+ ! liquid matt] b5ea?4 ,yet ano!r !ory has f\nd advocates4 ,! ma!matician ,hopk9s1 ^: analysis ( ! molt5-nucleus !ory 0 ma9ly effective 9 %[+ t !ory to be unt5able1 sugge/$ t !re may be isolat$ subt]ranean lakes ( fi]y matt]1 & t ^! may be ! true seat ( volcanic en]gy4 ,b su* lakes c\ld n ma9ta9 _! heat = ages1 if surr\nd$ 7z ! !ory requires7 by cool] solid matt]1 especially z ! !ory also requires t wat] %\ld h access to !m4 ,x w be obs]v$ also t none ( ! !ories j describ$ af=ds any direct acc\nt ( ^? v>i\s features ( ! e>?'s surface--m\nta9 ranges1 table-l&s1 volcanic regions1 & s on--:i* are und\bt$ly due to ! action ( subt]ranean =ces4 ,! !ory advanc$ by ,mr4 ,mallet is op5 to none ( ^! objections4 ,x seems1 inde$1 compet5t to expla9 all ! facts :i* h hi!rto appe>$ mo/ p]plex+4 ,x is recogniz$ by physici/s t our e>? is gradually p>t+ ) its heat4 ,z x cools x contracts4 ,n[ if ?is process ( contraction took place uni=mly1 no subt]ranean action w\ld result4 ,b if ! int]ior contracts m quickly ?an ! cru/1 ! latt] mu/ 9 "s way or o!r =ce its way d[n to ! retreat+ nucleus4 ,mr4 ,mallet %[s t ! hott] int]nal portion mu/ contract fa/] ?an ! relatively cool cru/2 & !n he %[s t ! %r9kage ( ! cru/ is compet5t to occasion all ! kn[n ph5om5a ( volcanic action4 ,9 ! di/ant ages :5 ! e>? 0 /ill fa%ion+1 ! %r9kage produc$ ! irregul>ities ( level :i* we recognize 9 ! elevation ( ! l& & ! depression ( ! ocean-b$4 ,!n came ! p]iod :5 z ! cru/ %rank x =m$ corrugations1 9 o!r words1 :5 ! fold+s & elevations ( ! some:at ?ick5$ cru/ gave rise to ! m\nta9-ranges ( ! e>?4 ,la/ly1 z ! globe gradually lo/ its extremely high temp]ature1 ! cont9uance ( ! same process ( %r9kage l$ no long] to ! =mation ( ridges & table-l&s1 b to local cru%+-d[n & dislocation4 ,?is process is /ill go+ on1 & ,mr4 ,mallet n only recognizes "h ! orig9 ( e>?quakes1 & ( ! *anges ( level n[ 9 progress1 b ! true cause ( volcanic heat4 ,! mod]n !ory ( heat z a =m ( motion "h comes into play4 ,z ! solid cru/ closes 9 ^u ! %r9k+ nucleus1 ! "w exp5d$ 9 cru%+ d[n & dislocat+ ! p>ts ( ! cru/ is trans=m$ into heat1 by :i*1 at ! places :]e ! process goes on ) greate/ en]gy1 8! mat]ials ( ! rock s cru%$ & ( t adjac5t to x are heat$ ev5 to fusion4 ,! access ( wat] to su* po9ts det]m9es volcanic eruption40 ,n[ all ?is is n m]e !oris+4 ,mr4 ,mallet does n come be=e ! sci5tific _w ) an +5i\s speculation1 :i* may or may n be confirm$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,he has measur$ & weigh$ ! =ces ( :i* he speaks4 ,he is able to tell precisely :at proportion ( ! actual en]gy :i* mu/ be develop$ z ! e>? contracts is necess>y = ! production ( obs]v$ volcanic ph5om5a4 ,x is probable t n9e-t5?s ( ^? :o h read ^! l9es w\ld be dispos$ to ?9k t ! contraction ( ! e>? mu/ be f> too sl[ to produce effects s /up5d\s z ^? :i* we recognize 9 ! volcano & ! e>?quake4 ,b ,mr4 ,mallet is able to %[1 by calculations :i* _c be disput$1 t less ?an "o-f\r? ( ! heat at pres5t annually lo/ by ! e>? is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! total annual volcanic action1 accord+ to ! be/ data at pres5t 9 our possession4 ,z ,i h said1 ,i d n propose to foll[ out ,mr4 ,mallet's admirable !ory into all its details4 ,i cont5t myself ) po9t+ out h[ excell5tly x acc\nts = c]ta9 peculi>ities ( ! e>?'s surface configuration4 ,few t h /udi$ c>efully drawn *>ts ( ! *ief m\nta9-ranges c h fail$ to notice t ! arrangem5t ( ^! ranges does n accord ) ! idea ( upheaval ?r\gh ! action ( int]nal =ces4 ,b x w be at once recogniz$ t ! aspect ( ! m\nta9-ranges accords exactly ) :at w\ld be expect$ to result f su* a process ( contraction z ,mr4 ,mallet has indicat$4 ,! %rivell$ sk9 ( an apple af=ds no inapt repres5tation ( ! corrugat$ surface ( our e>?1 & accord+ to ! new !ory1 ! %rivell+ ( su* a sk9 is precisely analog\s to ! processes at "w ^u ! e>? :5 m\nta9-ranges 7 be+ =m$4 ,aga91 !re are few /ud5ts ( geology :o h n f\nd a s\rce ( p]plexity 9 ! fold+s & ov]lapp+s ( /rata 9 m\nta9\s regions4 ,no =ces ( upheaval seem compet5t to produce ?is arrangem5t4 ,b by ! new !ory ?is feature ( ! e>?'s surface is at once expla9$2 inde$1 no o!r arrangem5t c\ld be look$ =4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ,mr4 ,mallet's !ory ( ,volcanic en]gy is completely oppos$ to ord9>y ideas respect+ e>?quakes & volcanoes4 ,we h be5 accu/om$ vaguely to reg>d ^! ph5om5a z due to ! eruptive outbur/+ p[] ( ! e>?'s int]ior2 we %all n[ h to consid] !m z due to ! subsid5ce & %r9kage ( ! e>?'s ext]ior4 ,m\nta9s h n be5 upheav$1 b valleys h sunk d[n4 ,& 9 ano!r respect ! new !ory t5ds to modify views :i* h be5 g5]ally ent]ta9$ 9 rec5t times4 ,our mo/ em95t geologi/s h taught t ! e>?'s int]nal =ces may be z active n[ z 9 ! epo*s :5 ! m\nta9-ranges 7 =m$4 ,b ,mr4 ,mallet's !ory t5ds to %[ t ! volcanic en]gy ( ! e>? is a decl9+ =ce4 ,its *ief action _h already be5 ex]t$ :5 m\nta9s began to be =m$2 :at rema9s n[ is b ! m9ute/ fraction ( ! volcanic en]gy ( ! m\nta9-=m+ era2 & ea* ye>1 z ! e>? p>ts ) m & m ( its int]nal heat1 ! s\rces ( h] subt]ranean en]gy are m & m exhau/$4 ,! ?\ght once ent]ta9$ by a/ronom]s t ! e>? might explode l a bomb1 h] scatt]$ fragm5ts produc+ a r+ ( bodies resembl+ ! zone ( a/]oids1 seems fur!r ?an ev] f probability2 if ev] !re 0 any dang] ( su* a cata/rophe1 ! dang] has long s9ce pass$ away4 ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,nor? ,,pole4 ,! ,arctic ,exp$ition :i* return$ to our %ores 9 ! autumn ( #ahgf may be reg>d$ z hav+ f9ally decid$ ! "q :e!r ! ,nor? ,pole ( ! e>? is accessible by ! r\te ?r\gh ,smi?'s ,s\nd--a r\te :i* may conv5i5tly & prop]ly be call$ ! ,am]ican r\te4 ,attacks may h]eaft] be made on ! ,pol> fa/ness f o!r directions2 b x is exce$+ly unlikely t ?is c\ntry1 at any rate1 w aga9 attempt to rea* ! ,pole along ! l9e ( attack foll[$ by ,capta9 ,n>es's exp$ition4 ,i may be =giv51 p]haps1 = reg>d+ ,arctic voyages made by ! seam5 ( o!r nations z less likely to be successful ?an ^? made by my own c\ntrym54 ,x is n m]e national prejudice :i* sugge/s ?is op9ion4 ,x is ! simple fact t hi!rto ! mo/ successful approa*es t[>ds bo? ! ,nor!rn & ! ,s\!rn ,poles h be5 made by ,briti% sailors4 ,ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury has pass$ s9ce ,sir ,e4 ,p>ry made ! ne>e/ approa* to ! ,nor? ,pole record$ up to t "t2 & al?\gh1 9 ! int]val betwe5 ,p>ry's exp$ition & ,n>es's1 no exp$ition _h be5 s5t out f our %ores ) ! object ( advanc+ t[>ds ! ,pole1 :ile ,am]ica1 ,sw$51 ,russia1 & ,g]many s5t out sev]al1 ,p>ry's attempt /ill rema9$ unsurpass$ & unequall$4 ,at l5g? x has be5 surpass$1 b x has be5 by 8 own c\ntrym54 ,9 l mann]1 no nation has yet succe$$ 9 approa*+ ! ,ant>ctic ,pole s ne>ly1 )9 _m miles1 z did ,capta9 ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,ross 9 #ahdd4 ,consid]+ ^! circum/ances1 & rememb]+ ! success :i* rew>d$ ! ef=ts ( ,great ,brita9 9 ! se>* = ! ,nor?-,we/ ,passage1 x _c be reg>d$ z national prejudice to ass]t t ev5ts indicate ! seam5 ( ?is c\ntry z exceptionally fitt$ to cont5d successfully aga9/ ! difficulties & ! dang]s ( ,arctic exploration4 ,%\ld ,engl&1 !n1 give up ! attempt to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole by way ( ,smi?'s ,s\nd & its nor!rly prolongation1 x may fairly be consid]$ unlikely t ! ,pole w ev] be rea*$ 9 t direction4 ,x may be well to exam9e ! relative probable *ances ( success along o!r r\tes :i* h ei!r n be5 s ?or\ghly tri$1 or h be5 tri$ "u less fav\rable conditions4 ,pass+ ov] ! un=tunate exp$ition "u ,hugh ,will\ghby 9 #aeec1 ! fir/ attempt to p5etrate )9 ! ,pol> doma9 0 made by ,h5ry ,hudson 9 #afjg4 ,! r\te select$ 0 "o :i* _m reg>d 7& ,i believe correctly7 z ! "o on :i* !re is ! be/ *ance ( success2 namely1 ! r\te across ! sea ly+ to ! we/ ( ,spitzb]g54 ,t ,hudson1 9 ! clumsy galleons ( ,elizabe?'s "t1 %\ld h p5etrat$ to )9 eight degrees & a half ( ! ,pole1 or to a di/ance only exce$+ ,n>es's ne>e/ approa* by ab\t #acj miles1 proves conclusively1 we ?9k1 t ) mod]n %ips1 & especially ) ! aid ( /eam1 ?is r\te might be foll[$ ) mu* bett] prospect ( success ?an t :i* 0 adopt$ = ,n>es's exp$ition4 ,if ! read] w exam9e a map ( ! ,arctic regions he w f9d t ! we/]n %ores ( ,spitzb]g5 & ! nor?-ea/]n %ores ( ,gre5l&1 z f> z !y h be5 yet explor$1 are sep>at$ by ab\t #cc degrees ( longitude1 equival5t on ! #hj? p>allel ( latitude to ab\t #cce miles4 ,across ! :ole bread? ( ?is sea ,arctic voyag]s h attempt$ to sail nor?w>ds beyond ! #hj? p>allel1 b no "o has yet succe$$ 9 ! attempt except on ! ea/]n side ( t sea4 ,x 0 "h t ,hudson--=tunately = him--direct$ 8 attack2 & he pass$ a hundr$ miles to ! nor? ( ! #hj? p>allel1 be+ imp$$ & f9ally /opp$ by ! pack$ ice ar\nd ! nor?-we/]n %ores ( ,spitzb]g54 ,let u consid] ! =tunes ( o!r attempts :i* h be5 made to approa* ! ,pole 9 ?is direction4 ,9 #ahbg ,capta9 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,edw>d7 ,p>ry1 :o _h already f\r times pass$ beyond ! ,arctic ,circle--viz41 9 #ahah1 #ahai1 #ahba-bc1 & #ahbd-be--made an attempt to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole by way ( ,spitzb]g54 ,8 plan 0 to foll[ ,hudson's r\te until /opp$ by ice2 !n to leave 8 %ip1 & cross ! ice-field ) sl$ges drawn by ,esquimaux dogs1 &1 tak+ boats along ) ! p>ty1 to cross :atev] op5 wat] !y might f9d4 ,9 ?is way he succe$$ 9 rea*+ latitude #hb #de nor?1 ! highe/ ev] atta9$ until ,n>es's exp$ition succe$$ 9 cross+ ! #hcrd p>allel4 ,p>ry f\nd t ! :ole ( ! ice-field ov] :i* 8 p>ty 7 labori\sly travell+ nor?w>ds 0 be+ c>ri$ bodily s\?w>ds1 & t at l5g? ! di/ance !y 7 able to travel 9 a day 0 equall$ by ! s\!rly daily drift ( ! ice-field1 s t !y made no real progress4 ,he gave up fur!r conte/1 & return$ to 8 %ip ! ,hecla4 ,x is important to inquire :e!r ! s\!rly drift :i* /opp$ ,p>ry 0 due to nor!rly w9ds or to a s\!rly curr5t2 & if to ! latt] cause1 :e!r ?is curr5t probably affects ! :ole ext5t ( ! sea 9 :i* ,p>ry's ice-field 0 drift+4 ,we "k t 8 p>ty 7 expos$1 dur+ ! great] "p ( _! advance f ,spitzb]g51 to nor!rly w9ds4 ,n[ ! real velocity ( ^! w9ds mu/ h be5 great] ?an _! app>5t velocity1 because ! ice-field 0 mov+ s\?w>ds4 ,_h ?is n be5 ! case1 or _h ! ice-field be5 sudd5ly /opp$1 ! w9d w\ld h seem$ /rong]2 precisely z x seems /rong] to pass5g]s on bo>d a sail+ vessel :51 aft] be+ be=e ! w9d = a "t1 %e is br\ght across ! w9d4 ,! ice-field 0 cle>ly travell+ be=e ! w9d1 b n ne>ly s fa/ z ! w9d2 & !re=e !re is good reason = believ+ t ! motion ( ! ice-field 0 due to ! w9d alone4 ,if we suppose ?is to h be5 really ! case1 !n1 z !re is no reason = believ+ t nor!rly w9ds prevail uni=mly 9 ! ,arctic regions1 we mu/ reg>d ,p>ry's defeat z due to mis*ance4 ,ano!r explor] might h s\!rly in/ead ( nor!rly w9ds1 & s might be assi/$ in/ead ( imp$$ 9 8 advance t[>ds ! ,pole4 ,_h ?is be5 ,p>ry's =tune1 or ev5 if ! w9ds _h prov$ neutral1 he w\ld h approa*$ ne>] to ! ,pole ?an ,n>es4 ,= ,p>ry reckon$ t he _h lo/ m ?an a hundr$ miles by ! s\!rly drift ( ! ice-field1 by :i* am\nt at lea/ he w\ld h advanc$ fur!r nor?4 ,b t 0 n all2 = !re c be little d\bt t he w\ld h cont9u$ 8 ef=ts long] b = ! ,sisyphan nature ( ! /ruggle4 ,x is true he 0 ne>] home :5 he turn$ back ?an he w\ld h be5 b = ! drift1 & "o ( 8 reasons = turn+ back 0 ! consid]ation ( ! di/ance :i* 8 m5 _h to travel 9 return+4 ,b he 0 *iefly influ5c$ 7s f> z ! return j\rney 0 conc]n$7 by ! dang] caus$ by ! movable nature ( ! ice-field1 :i* might at any "t beg9 to travel nor?w>ds1 or ea/w>ds1 or we/w>ds4 ,if we suppose t n ! w9d b ,arctic curr5ts c>ri$ ! ice-field s\?w>ds1 we mu/ yet admit ! probability--nay1 almo/ ! c]ta9ty--t su* curr5ts are only local1 & occupy b a "p ( ! bread? ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic seas 9 ^? high latitudes4 ,! g5]al drift ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic surface-wat] is unque/ionably n t[>ds ! s\? b t[>ds ! nor?2 & :atev] "p we suppose ! ,arctic ice to p]=m 9 regulat+ ! sy/em ( oceanic circulation--:e!r1 ) ,c>p5t]1 we consid] ! desc5t ( ! cool$ wat] z ! great mov+ cause ( ! entire sy/em ( circulation1 or assign to t motion a less important (fice 7:i* seems to me ! ju/] op9ion7--we mu/ 9 any case reg>d ! ,arctic seas z a region ( surface indraught4 ,! curr5t fl[+ f ^? seas1 :i* caus$ 7on ! hypo!sis we are = ! mom5t adopt+7 ! s\?w>dly motion ( ,p>ry's ice-field1 mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z 9 all probability an exceptional ph5om5on ( ^? seas4 ,by mak+ ! advance f a m ea/w>dly or m we/w>dly "p ( ,spitzb]g51 a nor!rly curr5t w\ld probably be met )2 or r1 ! motion ( ! ice-field w\ld indicate ! pres5ce ( su* a curr5t1 = ,i "q v mu* :e!r op5 wat] w\ld any:]e be f\nd nor? ( ! #hcrd p>allel4 ,9 t case1 a p>ty might advance 9 "o longitude & return 9 ano!r1 select+ = _! return ! longitude 9 :i* 7always accord+ to our pres5t hypo!sis t curr5ts caus$ ! drift7 ,p>ry f\nd t a s\!rly curr5t und]lay 8 r\te across ! ice4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x appe>s to me m probable t w9ds1 n curr5ts1 caus$ ! s\!rly drift ( ,p>ry's ice-field4 ,9 #ahfh1 a ,g]man exp$ition1 "u ,capta9 ,koldewey1 made ! fir/ visit to ! seas we/ ( ,spitzb]g5 9 a /eam%ip1 ! small b p[]ful screw /eam] ,g]mania 7#abf tons71 advanc+ nor?w>ds a little beyond ! #ha/ p>allel4 ,b ?is voyage c sc>cely be reg>d$ z an attempt to approa* ! ,pole on t c\rse2 = ,koldewey's in/ructions 71 8to explore ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,gre5l& nor?w>ds2 &1 if he f\nd success 9 t direction impossible1 to make = ! my/]i\s ,isl& ( ,gilles on ! ea/ ( ,spitzb]g540 ,scoresby 9 #ahjf _h made ?us f> ! mo/ nor!rly voyage 9 a %ip on ,hudson's r\te1 b 9 #ahfh a ,sw$i% exp$ition atta9$ high] latitudes ?an _h ev] or h ev] be5 rea*$ by a %ip 9 t direction4 ,! /eam%ip ,s(ia1 /rongly built ( ,sw$i% iron1 & orig9ally int5d$ = w9t] voyages 9 ! ,baltic1 0 select$ = ! voyage4 ,ow+ to a numb] ( un=tunate delays1 x 0 n until ,septemb]1 #ahfh1 t ! ,s(ia rea*$ ! mo/ nor!rly "p ( h] j\rney1 atta9+ a po9t ne>ly fifte5 miles fur!r nor? ?an ,hudson _h rea*$4 ,to ! nor? brok5 ice 0 /ill f\nd1 b x 0 s closely pack$ t n ev5 a boat c\ld pass ?r\gh4 ,two mon?s e>li] 9 ! season ! voyag]s might h wait$ = a *ange ( w9d & ! break+ up ( ! ice2 b 9 ! middle ( ,septemb] ?is w\ld h be5 v dang]\s4 ,! temp]ature 0 already sixte5 degrees bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 & !re 0 e prospect t 9 a few weeks1 or ev5 days1 ! seas ov] :i* !y _h rea*$ _! pres5t position w\ld be iceb\nd4 ,!y turn$ back f t advanc$ position2 b1 ) c\rage wor?y ( ! old ,vik+s1 !y made ano!r attack a =tnight lat]4 ,!y 7 foil$ aga91 z 0 to be expect$1 = by ?is "t ! sun 0 already on ! w9try side ( ! equator4 ,!y _h1 inde$1 a n>r[ escape f de/ruction4 8,an ice-block ) :i* !y came into collision op5$ a l>ge leak 9 ! %ip's side1 & :51 aft] great ex]tions1 !y rea*$ ! l&1 ! wat] already /ood two feet ov] ! cab9 floor40#ba ,on ! we/]n side ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,*annel--s to t]m ! "p ly+ betwe5 ,gre5l& & ,spitzb]g5--! ne>e/ approa* t[>ds ! ,pole 0 made by ! ,dut* 9 #afgj1 ne>ly all ! m rec5t attempts to rea* high nor!rn latitudes 9 ?is direction hav+ hi!rto end$ 9 failure m or less complete4 ,we h already se5 t ,capta9 ,koldewey 0 *>g$ to explore ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,gre5l& 9 ! ,g]mania 9 #ahfh4 ,9 #ahfi ! ,g]mania 0 aga9 despat*$ "u 8 comm& f ,brem]hav51 9 company ) ! ,hansa1 a sail+ vessel4 ,lieut5ant ,pay] & o!r ,au/rian savants accompani$ ,capta9 ,koldewey4 ,! attack 0 aga9 made along ! ea/]n %ores ( ,gre5l&4 ,z f> z ! #gd? degree ! two vessels kept company2 b at ?is /age x happ5$ un=tunately t a signal f ! ,g]mania 0 mis9t]pret$1 & ! ,hansa left h]4 ,soon aft]1 ! ,hansa 0 cru%$ by masses ( drift+ ice1 & h] crew & pass5g]s took refuge on an imm5se ice-floe sev5 miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,"h !y built a hut1 :i* 0 9 its turn cru%$4 ,w9ds & curr5ts c>ri$ _! icy home ab\t1 & at l5g? broke x up4 ,=tunately !y _h sav$ _! boats1 & 7 able to rea* ,fri$ri*/hal1 a mission>y /ation 9 ! s\? ( ,gre5l&1 :5ce !y 7 convey$ to ,cop5hag5 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgj4 ,return+ to ! ,g]mania1 we f9d t %e _h a less un=tunate exp]i5ce4 ,%e ent]$ ! labyr9? ( s9u\s fjords1 sep>at$ by l(ty promontories1 & girt r\nd by gigantic glaci]s1 :i* *>act]ize ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,gre5l& to ! nor? ( ,scoresby ,s\nd4 ,9 ,augu/ ! *annels by :i* %e _h ent]$ 7 clos$1 & ! ,g]mania 0 imprison$4 ,s soon z ! ice w\ld be> !m1 ,koldewey & 8 companions made sl$g+ excursions to v>i\s po9ts ar\nd _! %ip4 ,b 9 ,novemb] ! d>kness ( ! pol> w9t] settl$ d[n ^u !m1 & ^! excursions ceas$4 ,! pol> w9t] ( #ahfi-gj 0 8*>act]iz$ by a s]ies ( viol5t nor!rly tempe/s1 "o ( :i* cont9u$ m ?an #ajj h\rs1 ) a velocity 7measur$ by ! anemomet]7 ( no less ?an sixty miles an h\r0--a velocity (t5 surpass$1 inde$1 b :i* mu/ h caus$ int5se suff]+ to all :o left ! %elt] ( ! %ip2 = x is to be rememb]$ t ! air :i* ?us swept along at ! rate ( a mile a m9ute 0 ! bitt] air ( ! ,arctic regions4 ,! !rmomet] did n1 h[ev]1 desc5d l[] ?an #bf bel[ z]o1 or #eh bel[ ! freez+-po9t--a cold (t5 surpass$ 9 p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i h myself exp]i5c$ a cold ( m ?an #cj bel[ z]o1 at ,niag>a4 8,) prop] precautions z reg>ds %elt] & clo?+10 proce$s ! n>rative1 8ev5 extreme cold ne$ n cause great suff]+ to ^? :o w9t] 9 su* regions4 ,"o ( ! wor/ ?+s to be endur$ is ! physical & moral we>9ess ( be+ cut (f f ext]nal obs]vations dur+ ! long night ( "s n9ety days1 reliev$ only by ! /range ,nor!rn ,lights4 ,! ice accumulates all r\nd ) pressure1 & assumes peculi> & fanta/ic =ms1 emitt+ ev] & anon om9\s noises4 ,=tunately1 ! ,g]mania lay well %elt]$ 9 a h>b\r op5+ s\?w>ds1 &1 be+ protect$ by a ramp>t ( hills on ! nor?1 0 able to resi/ ! %ock ( ! elem5ts4 ,! sun appe>+ once m ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,febru>y1 ! sci5tific "w ( exploration began4444 ,! pione]s ( ! ,g]mania advanc$ z f> z ! #gg? degree ( latitude1 9 longitude #ah #ej we/ f ,gre5wi*4 ,!re 0 no sign ( an op5 sea t[>ds ! ,pole4 ,_h x n be5 = want ( provisions1 ! p>ty c\ld h prolong$ _! sl$ge j\rney indef9itely4 ,! bank ( ice1 )\t rem>kable protub]ances1 ext5ds to ab\t two leagues f ! %ore1 :i* f ?is extreme po9t seems to tr5d t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 :]e ! view 0 b\nd$ by l(ty m\nta9s40 ,z ! exp$ition 0 only equipp$ = "o w9t]1 x return$ to ,europe 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgj1 )\t hav+ cross$ ! #gh? p>allel ( nor? latitude4 ,capta9 ,koldewey 0 conv9c$1 by ! results ( 8 exploration1 t !re is no cont9u\s *annel nor?w>ds along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,gre5l&4 ,x does n seem to me t 8 exp$ition prov$ ?is beyond all possibility ( "q4 ,/ill1 x seems cle> t ! ea/]n side ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic is less suit$ ?an ! we/]n = ! attempt to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! prevail+ ocean-curr5ts are s\!rly on t side1 j z !y are nor!rly on ! we/]n side4 ,! cold also is great]1 ! l9es ( equal temp]ature ly+ almo/ exactly 9 ! direction ( ! *annel itself--t is1 ne>ly nor? & s\?--& ! cold increas+ a?w>t t direction1 t[>ds ! we/4 ,! ne>] to ,gre5l& ! great] is ! cold4#bb ,! next r\te to be consid]$ 9 ord] ( "t w\ld be ! ,am]ican r\te2 b ,i pref] to leave ?is to ! la/1 z ! late/ results relate to t r\te4 ,i take next1 !re=e1 a r\te :i* "s reg>d z ! mo/ promis+ ( all--t1 namely1 :i* passes betwe5 ,spitzb]g5 & ! ,sc&9avian p59sula4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,lieut5ant ,pay]1 ( ! ,au/rian navy1 _h accompani$ ,capta9 ,koldewey's fir/ exp$ition4 ,:5 driv5 back f ! attempt to advance along ! ea/]n %ores ( ,gre5l&1 t comm&] cross$ ov] to ,spitzb]g51 & tri$ to f9d ! ,l& ( ,gilles4 ,he also accompani$ ,koldewey's lat] exp$ition1 & %>$ 8 belief t !re is no cont9u\s *annel nor?w>ds on ! we/]n side ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic *annel4 ,believ+ /ill1 h[ev]1 ) ,dr4 ,pet]mann1 ! geograph]1 t !re is an op5 ,pol> sea beyond ! ice-b>ri]1 ,pay] set out 9 #ahga1 9 company ) ,weypre*t1 t[>ds ! ,l& ( ,gilles4 ,!y did n f9d ?is my/]i\s l&1 b succe$$ 9 pass+ #aej miles fur!r nor?1 aft] r\nd+ ! s\?-ea/]n %ores ( ,spitzb]g51 ?an any ,arctic voyag]s :o _h be=e p5etrat$ into ! region ly+ betwe5 ,spitzb]g5 & ,novaia ,zemlia4 ,"h !y f\nd1 beyond ! #gf? p>allel1 & betwe5 #db & #fj ea/ longitude1 an op5 sea1 & a temp]ature ( betwe5 #e & #g above ! freez+-po9t4 ,un=tunately1 !y _h n en\gh provisions ) !m to be able safely to travel fur!r nor?1 & 7 ?us compell$ to return4 ,! season seems to h be5 an unusually op5 "o2 & x is mu* to be regrett$ t ! exp$ition 0 n bett] suppli$ ) provisions--a defect :i* appe>s to be n uncommon ) ,g]man exp$itions4 ,soon aft] _! return1 ,pay] & ,weypre*t began to prep>e = a new exp$ition2 & ?is "t _! prep>ations 7 ?or\gh1 & adapt$ = a long /ay 9 ,arctic regions4 8,! *ief aim ( ?is exp$ition10 says ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 9 an int]e/+ acc\nt ( rec5t ,pol> rese>*es1 80 to inve/igate ! unkn[n regions ( ! ,pol> seas to ! nor? ( ,sib]ia1 & to try to rea* ,behr+'s ,/raits by ?is r\te40 ,x 0 only if aft] two w9t]s & ?ree summ]s !y fail$ to d\ble ! extreme promontory ( ,asia1 t !y 7 to direct _! c\rse t[>ds ! ,pole4 ,! voyag]s1 numb]+ tw5ty-f\r p]sons1 left ! ,norwegian port ( ,tromso1 9 ! /eam] ,tege?(f1 on ,july #ad1 #ahgb4 ,c\nt ,wilczek foll[$ %ortly aft] 9 a ya*t1 :i* 0 to convey coals & provisions to an ea/]n po9t ( ! ,arctic ,ocean1 = ! b5efit ( ! ,tege?(f4 ,at a po9t betwe5 ,novaia ,zemlia & ! m\? ( ! ,pets*ora1 ! ya*t lo/ sight ( ! /eam]1 & no?+ 0 he>d ( ! latt] = tw5ty-five mon?s4 ,g5]al anxiety 0 felt = ! fate ( ! exp$ition1 & v>i\s ef=ts 7 made by ,au/ria1 ,engl&1 & ,russia to obta9 news ( x4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahgd1 ! voyag]s sudd5ly turn$ up at ano!r port1 & soon aft] ent]$ ,vi5na amid great en?usiasm4 ,_! /ory 0 a /range "o4 ,x appe>s t :5 ! ,tege?(f 0 lo/ sight ( 7,augu/ #ba1 #ahgb71 %e _h be5 surr\nd$ by va/ masses ( ice1 :i* cru%$ h] hull4 ,= ne>ly half a ye> ! deadly embrace ( ! ice cont9u$2 & :5 at l5g? pressure ceas$1 ! %ip rema9$ fix$ 9 ! ice1 sev]al miles f op5 wat]4 ,dur+ ! :ole summ] ! voyag]s tri$ to release _! %ip1 b 9 va94 ,!y _h n1 h[ev]1 rema9$ motionless all ?is "t4 ,! ya*t _h lo/ sight ( !m at a spot betwe5 ,novaia ,zemlia & ,malaia ,zemlia 79 ,nor? ,russia7 9 ab\t #ga nor? latitude1 & !y 7 imprison$ n f> nor? ( ?is spot4 ,b ! ice-field 0 driv5 hi!r & ?i!r by ! w9ds1 until !y f\nd !mselves1 on ! la/ day ( ,augu/1 #ahgc1 only #f or ab\t sev5 miles s\? ( ! #hj? p>allel ( latitude4 ,only f\rte5 miles f !m1 on ! nor?1 !y saw 8a mass ( m\nta9\s l&1 ) num]\s glaci]s40 ,!y c\ld n rea* x until ! end ( ,octob]1 h[ev]1 & !n !y _h to h\se !mselves 9 prep>ation = ! long w9t] night4 ,?is l& !y call$ ,francis ,joseph ,l&4 ,x lies nor? ( ,novaia ,zemlia1 & on ! ,pol> side ( ! #hj? p>allel ( latitude4 ,! w9t] 0 /ormy & bitt]ly cold1 ! !rmomet] desc5d+ on "o occasion to #gb bel[ z]o--v ne>ly z l[ z dur+ ! greate/ cold exp]i5c$ by ,n>es's p>ty4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahgd1 8! sun hav+ reappe>$1 ,lieut5ant ,pay] began to prep>e sl$ge excursions to asc]ta9 ! configuration ( ! l&4444 ,9 ! second excursion ! voyag]s ent]$ ,au/ria ,s\nd1 :i* b\nds ,francis ,joseph ,isl& on ! ea/ & nor?1 & f\nd !mselves1 aft] em]g+ f x1 9 ! mid/ ( a l>ge bas91 surr\nd$ by sev]al l>ge isl&s4 ,! extreme nor!rn po9t rea*$ by ! exp$ition 0 a cape on "o ( ^! isl&s1 :i* !y nam$ ,pr9ce ,rodolph's ,l&1 call+ ! po9t ,cape ,fligely4 ,x lies a little beyond ! #ha/ p>allel4 ,!y saw l& fur!r nor? beyond ! #hcrd degree ( latitude1 & nam$ x ,pet]mann's ,l&4 ,! ar*ipelago ?us discov]$ is comp>able 9 ext5t to t ( :i* ,spitzb]g5 is ! *ief isl&40 ,! voyag]s 7 compell$ n[ to return1 z ! firm ice did n ext5d fur!r nor?4 ,!y _h a long1 difficult1 & dang]\s j\rney s\?w>ds--sometimes on op5 wat]1 9 small boats1 sometimes on ice1 ) sl$ges--imp$$ "p ( ! "t by contr>y w9ds1 & ) />vation />+ !m 9 ! face dur+ ! la/ =tnight ( _! j\rney4 ,=tunately1 !y rea*$ ,novaia ,zemlia be=e _! provisions q fail$ !m1 & 7 !nce convey$ to ,w>dho by a ,russian trad+ %ip4 ,we h n[ only to consid] ! attempts :i* h be5 made to approa* ! ,nor? ,pole by ! ,am]ican r\te4 ,=1 ?\gh ,coll9son 9 #ahej rea*$ high latitudes to ! nor? ( ,behr+'s ,/raits1 :ile ,wrangel & o!r ,russian voyag]s h attempt$ to travel nor?w>ds across ! ice :i* b\nds ! nor!rn %ores ( ,sib]ia1 x c h>dly be said t ei!r r\te has be5 foll[$ ) ! def9ite purpose ( rea*+ ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,i %all pres5tly1 h[ev]1 h occasion to consid] ! probable value ( ! ,behr+'s ,/raits r\te1 :i* ab\t twelve ye>s ago 0 advocat$ by ! ,fr5*man ,lamb]t4 ,dr4 ,kane's exp$ition 9 #ahec-ee 0 "o ( ^? s5t out 9 se>* ( ,sir ,john ,frankl94 ,x 0 fitt$ out at ! exp5se ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 & ! r\te select$ 0 t along ,smi?'s ,s\nd1 ! nor!rly prolongation ( ,baff9's ,bay4 ,kane w9t]$ 9 #ahec & #ahed 9 ,van ,reussela]'s ,inlet1 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 9 latitude #gh #dc nor?4 ,leav+ 8 %ip1 ! ,advance1 he made a boat-j\rney to ,up]navik1 #f fur!r s\?4 ,he next trac$ ,k5n$y ,*annel1 ! nor!rly prolongation ( ,smi?'s ,s\nd1 rea*+ latitude #ha #bb nor?4 ,he nam$ heights visible yet fur!r to ! nor?1 ,p>ry ,m\nta9s2 & at ! "t--t is1 tw5ty-two ye>s ago--! l& s nam$ 0 ! highe/ nor!rly l& yet se54 ,hayes1 :o _h accompani$ ,kane 9 ?is voyage1 succe$$ 9 rea*+ a /ill high] latitude 9 sl$ges drawn by ,esquimaux dogs4 ,bo? ,kane & ,hayes agre$ 9 ann\nc+ t :]e ! %ores ( ,gre5l& tr5d (f ea/w>ds f ,k5n$y ,*annel1 !re is an op5 sea1 8roll+10 z ,capta9 ,maury magniloqu5tly says1 8) ! swell ( a b\ndless ocean40 ,x 0 9 p>ticul> notic$ t ! tides ebb$ & fl[$ 9 ?is sea4 ,on ?is circum/ance ,capta9 ,maury bas$ 8 conclusion t !re is an op5 sea to ! nor? ( ,gre5l&4 ,aft] %[+ t ! tidal wave c\ld n well h travell$ along ! n>r[ & iceb\nd /raits betwe5 ,baff9's ,bay & ! region rea*$ by ,kane & ,hayes1 ,maury says3 8,^? tides mu/ h be5 born 9 t cold sea1 hav+ _! cradle ab\t ! ,nor? ,pole40 ,! context %[s1 h[ev]1 t he really int5d$ to signify t ! waves 7 =m$ 9 seas ar\nd ! ,nor? ,pole1 & !nce rea*$ ! place :]e !y 7 se52 s t1 z bir? usually prec$es cradl+1 ,maury w\ld m correctly h said t ^! tides are cradl$ 9 t cold sea1 hav+ _! bir? ab\t ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! obs]vations ( ,kane & ,hayes af=d no reason1 h[ev]1 = suppos+ t !re is op5 wat] ar\nd ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,!y h be5 r5d]$ some:at d\btful1 be x rem>k$ 9 pass+1 by ! results ( ,capta9 ,n>es's exp$ition2 & x has be5 prov$ beyond all "q t !re is n an op5 sea directly communicat+ ) ! place :]e ,kane & ,hayes obs]v$ tidal *anges4 ,b1 ap>t f direct evid5ce ( ?is k9d1 two s]i\s errors affect ,maury's reason+1 z ,i po9t$ out elev5 ye>s s9ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a tidal wave w\ld be propagat$ q freely along an ice-cov]$ sea1 no matt] h[ ?ick ! ice might be1 s long z ! sea 0 n absolutely iceb\nd4 ,ev5 if ! latt] condition c\ld exi/ = a "t1 ! tidal wave w\ld bur/ ! icy fett]s t b\nd ! sea1 unless ! sea 7 froz5 to ! v bottom2 :i*1 ( c\rse1 c nev] happ5 ) any sea prop]ly s call$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 ev5 9 ! colde/ w9t] ( ! colde/ ,pol> regions1 ice ( only a mod]ate ?ickness c =m 9 op5 sea 9 a s+le day2 b ! tidal wave does n all[ ice to =m = a s+le h\r 9 su* sort z to b9d ! great ice-fields & ! %ore-ice into "o mighty mass4 ,at l[ tide1 = a v %ort "t1 ice may =m 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! %ore-ice & ! float+ ice1 & aga9 betwe5 ! v>i\s masses ( float+ ice1 small or l>ge 7up to _m squ>e miles 9 ext5t72 b z ! tidal wave returns x breaks ?r\gh ^! bonds z easily z ! ,jewi% ,h]cules bur/ ! )es ) :i* ! ,phili/9es _h b\nd 8 mighty limbs4 ,x is probable t if solid ice z ?ick z ! ?icke/ :i* ,n>es's p>ty f\nd float+ 9 ! ,palocry/ic ,sea--ice #bjj feet ?ick--rea*$ f %ore to %ore ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic *annel1 ! tidal wave w\ld bur/ ! b>ri] z easily z a rivulet ris+ b a few in*es bur/s ! ?9 coat+ :i* has =m$ ov] x on ! fir/ cold night ( autumn4 ,b no su* massive b>ri]s h to be brok5 ?r\gh1 = ! tidal wave nev] gives ! ice an h\r's re/ ,maury reasons t 8! tidal wave f ! ,atlantic c no m pass "u ! icy b>ri] to be propagat$ 9 ! seas beyond1 ?an ! vibrations ( a musical /r+ c pass ) its notes a fret on :i* ! musician has plac$ 8 f+]40 ,b ! circum/ances are totally diff]5t4 ,! ice %>es ! motion ( ! tidal wave1 :i* has n to pass "u ! ice1 b to lift x4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 x does q z readily z ?\gh !re 7 no ice1 b only ! same weight ( wat]4 ,! m]e weight ( ! ice c\nts simply = no?+4 ,! tidal wave w\ld rise z easily 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel if a million ,great ,ea/]ns 7 float+ !re z if !re 0 n ev5 a cock-boat2 & ! weight ( ice1 no matt] h[ ?ick or ext5sive1 w\ld be simil>ly ineffective to re/ra9 ! great wave :i* ! sun & moon s5d c\rs+ twice a day a?w>t our oceans4 ,maury's o!r mi/ake 0 ev5 m important s f> z ?is "q ( an op5 sea is conc]n$4 8,no "o10 z ,i wrote 9 #ahfg1 8:o is famili> ) ! a/ronomical doctr9e ( ! tides1 c believe = a mom5t t tides c\ld be g5]at$ 9 a l&-lock$ ocean1 s limit$ 9 ext5t z ! ,nor? ,pol> sea 7assum+ its exi/5ce7 mu/ necess>ily be40 ,to raise a tidal wave ! sun & moon require n m]ely an ocean ( wide ext5t to act ^u1 b an ocean s plac$ t !re is a great div]sity 9 _! pull on v>i\s p>ts ( x2 = x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pull ex]t$ on v>i\s p>ts1 & n ! pull itself1 :i* creates ! tidal wave4 ,n[ ! ,pol> sea has n ! requir$ ext5t1 & is n 9 ! prop] position1 = ?is div]sity ( pull to exi/ 9 suffici5t degree to produce a tidal wave :i* c\ld be recogniz$4 ,x is c]ta91 9 fact1 t1 :e!r !re is op5 wat] or n ne> ! ,pole1 ! tides obs]v$ by ,kane & ,hayes mu/ h come f ! ,atlantic1 & mo/ probably by ! ,nor? ,atlantic *annel4 ,capta9 ,hall's exp$ition 9 ! ,pol>is 7really "u ! comm& ( ,budd+ton71 9 #ahga-gb1 w be probably 9 ! recollection ( mo/ ( my read]s4 ,leav+ ,newf\ndl& on ,june #bi1 #ahga1 x sail$ up ,smi?'s ,s\nd1 & by ! end ( ,augu/ _h rea*$ ! #hj? p>allel4 ,!nce x proce$$ up ,k5n$y ,*annel1 & p5etrat$ into ,robeson ,*annel1 ! nor!rly prolongation ( ,k5n$y ,*annel1 & only #ac miles wide4 ,capta9 ,hall foll[$ ?is passage z f> z #hb #af nor? latitude1 rea*+ 8 extreme nor!rly po9t on ,septemb] #c4 ,f x he saw 8a va/ expanse ( op5 sea1 :i* he call$ ,l9coln ,sea1 & beyond t ano!r ocean or gulf2 :ile on ! we/ !re appe>$1 z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*1 ! cont\rs ( coa/4 ,?is region he call$ ,grant ,l&40 ,s f> z appe>s1 !re 0 no reason at t "t :y ! exp$ition %\ld n h gone /ill fur!r nor?1 ! season app>5tly hav+ be5 exceptionally op54 ,b ! naval comm&] ( ! exp$ition1 ,capta9 ,budd+ton1 does n seem to h _h 8 he>t 9 ! "w1 &1 to ! disappo9tm5t ( ,hall1 ! ,pol>is return$ to w9t] 9 ,robeson ,*annel1 a little beyond ! #ha/ degree4 ,9 ! same mon?1 ,septemb]1 #ahga1 ,capta9 ,hall di$1 "u circum/ances :i* sugge/$ to _m ( ! crew & (fic]s ! suspicion t he _h be5 poison$4#bc ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahgj ! ,pol>is resum$ h] c\rse homew>ds4 ,!y 7 greatly imp$$ by ! ice4 ,a p>ty :i* got sep>at$ f ^? on bo>d 7 un=tunately unable to rega9 ! %ip1 & rema9$ on an ice-field = #bdj days1 suff]+ fe>fully4 ,! ice-field1 l t on :i* ! crew ( ! ,hansa _h to take up _! abode1 drift$ s\?w>ds1 & 0 gradually dim9i%+1 :5 =tunately a pass+ /eam] obs]v$ ! prison]s 7,april #cj1 #ahgb7 & rescu$ !m4 ,! ,pol>is h]self 0 s injur$ by ! ice t h] crew _h to leave h]1 w9t]+ on ,lyttelton ,isl&4 ,!y left ?is spot 9 ! e>ly summ] ( #ahgb1 9 two boats1 & 7 ev5tually pick$ up by a ,scot* :al]4 ,capta9 ,n>es's exp$ition foll[$ ,hall's r\te4 ,i d n propose to ent] "h into any ( ! details ( ! voyage1 ) :i* my read]s are no d\bt famili>4 ,! g5]al hi/ory ( ! exp$ition mu/ be sket*$1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to br+ x duly into its place "h4 ,! ,al]t & ,discov]y sail$ "u ,capta9s ,n>es & ,/eph5son1 9 ,may1 #ahge4 ,_! /ruggle ) ! ice did n fairly comm5ce until !y 7 ne>+ ! #gi? p>allel1 :]e ,baff9's ,bay m]ges into ,smi?'s ,s\nd4 ,!nce1 ?r\gh ,smi?'s ,s\nd1 ,k5n$y ,*annel1 & ,robeson ,*annel1 !y _h a con/ant & sometimes almo/ desp]ate /ruggle ) ! ice1 until !y _h rea*$ ! nor? end ( ,robeson ,*annel4 ,"h ! ,discov]y took up h] w9t] qu>t]s1 9 nor? latitude #ha #dd1 a few miles nor? ( ,capta9 ,hall's w9t]+-place1 b on ! opposite 7or we/]ly7 side ( ,robeson ,*annel4 ,! ,al]t /ill /ruggl$ nor?w>ds1 r\nd+ ! nor?-ea/ po9t ( ,grant ,l&1 & !re f9d+1 n1 z 0 expect$1 a cont9u\s coa/-l9e on ! we/1 b a va/ iceb\nd sea4 ,no h>b\r c\ld be f\nd1 & ! %ip 0 secur$ on ! inside ( a b>ri] ( gr\nd$ ice1 9 latitude #hb #ca1 9 ! mo/ nor!rly w9t]+-place ev] yet occupi$ by man4 ,! ice met ) on ?is sea is describ$ z 8( mo/ unusual age & ?ickness1 resembl+ 9 a m>k$ degree1 bo? 9 appe>ance & =mation1 l[ float+ iceb]gs r ?an ord9>y salt-wat] ice4 ,:]eas ord9>y ice is f #b feet to #aj feet 9 ?ickness1 t 9 ?is ,pol> sea has gradually increas$ 9 age & ?ickness until x measures f #hj feet to #abj feet1 float+ ) its surface at ! l[] "p #ae feet above ! wat]-l9e4 ,9 "s places ! ice rea*es a ?ickness ( f #aej to #bjj feet1 & ! g5]al impression among ! (fic]s ( ! exp$ition seems to h be5 t ! ice ( ?is ,palocry/ic ,sea is ! accumulation ( _m ye>s1 if n ( c5turies2 8t ! sea is nev] free ( x & nev] op52 & t progress to ! ,pole ?r\gh x or ov] x is impossible ) our pres5t res\rces40 ,! w9t] :i* foll[$ 0 ! bitt]e/ ev] kn[n by man4 ,= #adb days ! sun 0 n se52 ! m]cury 0 froz5 dur+ ne>ly n9e weeks4 ,on "o occasion ! !rmomet] %[$ #ajd bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 & dur+ "o t]rible =tnight ! mean temp]ature 0 #ia bel[ freez+6 ,z soon z ! sun reappe>$ sl$ge-exploration began1 ea* %ip be+ left ) only half-a-doz5 m5 & (fic]s on bo>d4 ,exp$itions 7 s5t ea/ & we/1 "o to explore ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 ! o!r to explore ! coa/ ( ,grant ,l&4 ,capta9 ,/eph5son cross$ ov] f ! ,discov]y's w9t]+-place to ,pol>is ,bay1 & !re plac$ ov] ,hall's grave a tablet1 prep>$ 9 ,engl&1 be>+ ! foll[+ inscription3 8,sacr$ to ! memory ( ,capta9 ,c4 ,f4 ,hall1 ( ,u4,s4 ,pol>is1 :o sacrific$ 8 life 9 ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 on ,novemb] #h1 #ahga4 ,?is tablet has be5 erect$ by ! ,briti% ,pol> ,exp$ition ( #ahge1 :o1 foll[+ 9 8 foot/eps1 h pr(it$ by 8 exp]i5ce0--a graceful ackn[l$gm5t 7:i* might1 h[ev]1 h be5 bett] express$74 ,! p>ty :i* travell$ we/w>ds trac$ ! %ores ( ,grant ,l& z f> z we/ longitude #hf #cj1 ! mo/ nor!rly cape be+ 9 latitude #hc #g1 & longitude #gj #cj we/4 ,?is cape !y nam$ ,cape ,columbia4 ,! coa/ ( ,gre5l& 0 explor$ z f> ea/ z longitude #ej #dj 7we/71 l& be+ se5 z f> z #hb #ed nor?1 longitude #dh #cc we/4 ,la/ly1 a p>ty "u ,comm&] ,m>kham & ,lieut5ant ,p>r pu%$ nor?w>ds4 ,!y 7 abs5t t5 weeks1 b _h n travell$ s f> nor? 9 ! "t z 0 expect$1 hav+ enc\nt]$ great difficulties4 ,on ,may #ab1 #ahgf1 !y rea*$ _! mo/ nor!rly po9t1 plant+ ! ,briti% flag 9 latitude #hc #bj #bf nor?4 8,ow+ to ! extraord9>y nature ( ! press$-up ice1 a roadway _h to be =m$ by pickaxes = ne>ly half ! di/ance travell$1 be=e any advance c\ld be safely made1 ev5 ) light loads2 ?is r5d]$ x always necess>y to drag ! sl$ge-loads =w>d by in/alm5ts1 & !re=e to j\rney ov] ! same road sev]al times4 ,! advance 0 consequ5tly v sl[1 & only av]ag$ ab\t a mile & a qu>t] daily--mu* ! same rate z 0 atta9$ by ,sir ,edw>d ,p>ry dur+ ! summ] ( #ahbg4 ,! greate/ j\rney made 9 any "o day am\nt$ only to two miles & ?ree qu>t]s4 ,al?\gh ! di/ance made good 0 only #gc miles f ! %ip1 #bgf miles 7 travell$ ov] to accompli% x40 ,x is ju/ly rem>k$1 9 ! n>rative f :i* ,i h made ?is extract1 t no body ( m5 c\ld h surpass$ 9 praisewor?y p]sev]ance ?is gallant p>ty1 ^: ardu\s /ruggle ov] ! r\ghe/ & mo/ monoton\s road imag9able1 may fairly be reg>d$ z surpass+ all =m] exploits ( ! k9d4 7,! n>rator says t x has 8eclips$0 all =m] ones1 :i* c sc>cely be int5d$ to be tak5 au pi$ de la lettre47 ,! exp$ition rea*$ ! highe/ latitude ev] yet atta9$ "u any conditions1 c>ri$ a %ip to high] latitudes ?an any %ip _h be=e rea*$1 & w9t]$ 9 high] latitudes ?an _h ev] be=e be5 dwelt 9 dur+ ! d>kness ( a ,pol> w9t]4 ,!y explor$ ! mo/ nor!rly coa/-l9e yet trav]s$1 & ?is bo? on ! ea/ & we/ ( _! r\te nor?w>ds4 ,!y h asc]ta9$ ! limits ( human habitation ^u ?is e>?1 & h ev5 pass$ beyond ! regions :i* animals occupy1 ?\gh ne>ly to ! mo/ nor!rly limit ( ! voyage !y f\nd signs ( ! occasional visits ( w>m-blood$ animals4 ,la/1 b n lea/1 !y h demon/rat$1 z x appe>s to me 7?\gh possibly ,am]icans w adopt a diff]5t op9ion71 t by :atev] r\te ! ,pole is to be rea*$1 x is n by t :i* ,i h "h call$ ! ,am]ican r\te1 at lea/ ) ! pres5t means ( transit ov] iceb\nd seas4 ,! c\ntry may well be satisfi$ ) su* results 7ap>t altoge!r f ! sci5tific obs]vations1 :i* are ! be/ fruits ( ! exp$ition71 ev5 ?\gh ! ,pole has n yet be5 rea*$4 ,mu/ we conclude1 h[ev]1 t ! ,nor? ,pole is really inaccessible8 ,x appe>s to me t ! annals ( ,arctic rese>* ju/ify no su* conclusion4 ,! attempt :i* has j be5 made1 al?\gh suppos$ at ! outset to h be5 direct$ along ! mo/ promis+ ( all ! r\tes h]et(ore tri$1 turn$ out to be "o ( ! mo/ difficult & dang]\s4 ,_h !re be5 l& ext5d+ nor?w>ds 7z ,%]>d ,osborn & o!rs op9$71 on ! we/]n side ( ! sea into :i* ,robeson ,*annel op5s1 a successful advance might h be5 made along its %ore by sl$g+4 ,m',cl9tock1 9 #ahec1 travell$ #abbj miles 9 #aje days2 ,ri*>ds #ajab miles 9 #ajb days2 ,me*am #abjc miles2 ,ri*>ds & ,osborn #ajic miles2 ,hamilton #aaej miles ) a dog-sl$ge & "o man4 ,9 #ahed ,me*am travell$ #aaeg miles 9 only #gj days2 ,"y travell$ #aaej miles & ,m',cl9tock #accj miles4 ,b ^! j\rneys 7 made ei!r ov] l& or ov] unmov+ ice close to a %ore-l9e4 ,ov] an iceb\nd sea j\rneys ( ! k9d are q impracticable4 ,b ! conditions1 :ile n m fav\rable 9 respect ( ! exi/5ce ( l&1 7 9 o!r respects altoge!r less fav\rable along ! ,am]ican r\te ?an along any ( ! o!rs ,i h consid]$ 9 ?is brief sket* ( ! attempts hi!rto made to rea* ! ,pole4 ,! rec5t exp$ition w9t]$ z ne> z possible to ! region ( maximum w9t] cold 9 ! we/]n hemisph]e1 & pu%$ _! j\rney nor?w>ds a?w>t ! region ( maximum summ] cold4 ,along ! c\rse pursu$ by ,p>ry's r\te ! cold is f> less int5se1 9 correspond+ latitudes1 ?an along ! ,am]ican r\te2 & cold is ! real enemy :i* b>s ! way t[>ds ! ,pole4 ,all ! difficulties & dang]s ( ! j\rney ei!r h _! orig9 7z directly z ! ice itself7 9 ! bitt] ,arctic cold1 or are r5d]$ effective & int5sifi$ by ! cold4 ,! c\rse to be pursu$1 !re=e1 is t indicat$ by ! temp]ature4 ,:]e ! ,july iso!rms1 or l9es ( equal summ] heat1 run nor?w>ds1 a weak place is indicat$ 9 ! ,arctic b>ri]2 :]e !y tr5d s\?w>ds1 t b>ri] is /ronge/4 ,n[ !re are two longitudes 9 :i* ! ,july ,arctic iso!rms run f> nor?w>d ( _! av]age latitude4 ,"o passes ?r\gh ! ,p>ry ,isl&s1 & indicates ! sea nor?-ea/ ( ,behr+'s ,/raits z a suitable region = attack2 ! o!r passes ?r\gh ,spitzb]g51 & indicates ! c\rse along :i* ,sir ,e4 ,p>ry's attack 0 made4 ,! latt] is slightly ! m promis+ l9e ( ! two1 s f> z temp]ature is conc]n$1 ! iso!rm ( #cf ,fahr5heit 79 ,july7 runn+ "h z f> nor? z ! #gg? p>allel1 :]eas its highe/ nor!rly range 9 ! longitude ( ! ,p>ry ,isl&s is b ab\t #gf4 ,! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is nei!r great nor altoge!r c]ta92 & ! fact t ,p>ry f\nd ! ice drift+ s\?w>ds1 sugge/s ! possibility t t may be ! usual c\rse ( oceanic curr5ts 9 t region4 ,nor? ( ! ,p>ry ,isl&s ! drift may be nor?w>dly1 l t :i* ,pay] & ,weypre*t exp]i5c$ to ! nor? ( ,novaia ,zemlia4 ,!re is "o great attraction = m5 ( sci5ce 9 ! r\te by ! ,p>ry ,isl&s4 ,! magnetic pole has almo/ c]ta9ly travell$ into t region4 ,sir ,j4 ,ross f\nd x1 inde$1 to be ne> ,boo?ia ,gulf1 f> to ! ea/ ( ! ,p>ry ,isl&s1 9 #ahcg4 ,b ! v>iations ( ! ne$le all ov] ! _w s9ce !n1 indicate unmi/akably t ! magnetic poles h be5 travell+ r\nd t[>ds ! we/1 & at su* a rate t ! nor!rn magnetic pole has probably ne>ly rea*$ by ?is "t ! longitude ( ,behr+'s ,/raits4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! exact pres5t position ( ! ,pole w\ld be a mu* m important a*ievem5t1 s f> z sci5ce is conc]n$1 ?an a voyage to ! pole ( rotation4 ,!re is "o po9t :i* sugge/s itself v =cibly 9 read+ ! acc\nt ( ! sl$g+ exp$ition f ! ,al]t t[>ds ! nor?4 ,9 8 (ficial report1 ,capta9 ,n>es says t 8half ( ea* day 0 sp5t 9 dragg+ ! sl$ges 9 t pa9ful fa%ion--face t[>d ! boat--9 :i* ! sailors drag a boat f ! sea on to ! s&20 & aga9 he speaks ( ! 8toilsome dragg+ ( ! sl$ges ov] ice-ridges :i* resembl$ a /ormy sea sudd5ly froz540 ,9 do+ ?is 8#bgf miles 7 toil$ ov] 9 travell+ only #gc miles40 ,is x altoge!r cle> t ! sl$ges 7 wor? ! tr\ble8 ,"o usually reg>ds a sl$ge z int5d$ to c>ry travell]s & _! provisions1 etc41 ov] ice & sn[1 & z useful :5 s employ$2 b :5 ! travell]s h to take along ! sl$ge1 go+ f\r times z f> & work+ t5 times z h>d z if !y 7 )\t x1 ! "q sugge/s itself :e!r all necess>y %elt]1 provisions1 & ut5sils might n h be5 mu* m readily convey$ by us+ a mu* small] & light] sl$ge1 & by di/ribut+ a l>ge "p ( ! luggage among ! memb]s ( ! exp$ition4 ,! p>ts ( a small hut c\ld1 ) a little +5uity1 be s con/ruct$ z to admit ( be+ us$ z lev]s1 cr[b>s1 c>ry+-poles1 & s =?1 & a l>ge portion ( ! luggage absolutely necess>y = ! exp$ition c\ld be c>ri$ by _! help2 :ile a small1 light sl$ge = ! re/ c\ld be help$ along & occasionally lift$ bodily ov] ob/ructions by lev]s & beams =m+ "p ( ! v mat]ial :i* by ! usual arrangem5t =ms "p ( ! load4 ,i am n sugge/+1 be x notic$1 t by any devices ( ?is sort a j\rney ov] ! r\gh ice ( ,arctic regions c\ld be made easy4 ,b x does seem to me t if a p>ty c\ld g back & =? ov] #bgf miles1 pickax+ a way = a sl$ge1 & ev5tually dragg+ x along ov] ! pa? ?us pione]$ = x1 & mak+ only an av]age ( #a mile ( real progress p] day1 or #gc miles 9 all1 ! same m5 c\ld ) less lab\r 7?\gh /ill1 d\btless1 ) great toil & tr\ble7 make six or sev5 miles a day by r$uc+ _! imp$im5ta to :at c\ld be c>ri$ directly along ) !m4 ,:e!r use might n be made ( ! lift+ p[] ( buoyant gas1 is a "q :i* only exp]i5c$ aronauts & ,arctic voyag]s c\ld answ]4 ,i believe t ! employm5t ( imprison$ balloon-p[] = _m purposes1 especially 9 "t ( w>1 has receiv$ z yet mu* less att5tion ?an x des]ves4 ,( c\rse ,i am aw>e t 9 ,arctic regions _m difficulties w\ld pres5t !mselves2 & ! idea ( ord9>y balloon+ ov] ! ,arctic ice-fields may be reg>d$ z altoge!r wild 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! sci5ce ( aronautics4 ,b ! use ( balloon-p[] z an auxili>y1 h[ev] impracticable at pres5t1 is by no means to be despair$ ( z sci5ce advances4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 ! advance ^u ! ,pole itself1 h[ev] int]e/+ to ! g5]al public1 is f> less important to sci5ce ?an o!r objects :i* ,arctic travell]s h _h 9 view4 ,! inquiry into ! ph5om5a ( t]re/rial magnetism )9 ! ,arctic regions2 ! inve/igation ( oceanic movem5ts !re2 ( ! laws accord+ to :i* l[ temp]atures are relat$ to latitude & geographical conditions2 ! /udy ( a]ial ph5om5a2 ( ! limits ( plant life & animal life2 ! exam9ation ( ! my/]i\s ph5om5a ( ! ,aurora ,borealis--^! & _m o!r int]e/+ subjects ( inve/igation h be5 z yet b incompletely dealt )4 ,9 ! ,pol> regions1 z ,maury well rem>k$1 8! iceb]gs are fram$ & glaci]s laun*$2 !re ! tides h _! cradle1 ! :ales _! nurs]y2 !re ! w9ds complete _! circuit1 & ! curr5ts ( ! sea _! r\nd1 9 ! wond]ful sy/em ( oceanic circulation2 !re ! ,aurora is light$ up1 & ! trembl+ ne$le br\ght to re/2 & !re1 too1 9 ! mazes ( t my/ic circle1 t]re/rial =ces ( occult p[] & ( va/ influ5ce ^u ! well-be+ ( man are cont9ually at "w4 ,x is a circle ( my/]ies2 & ! desire to ent] x1 to explore its untrodd5 wa/es & secret *amb]s1 & to /udy its physical aspects1 has gr[n into a long+4 ,noble d>+ has made ,arctic ice & sn[-clad seas classic gr\nd40 ,a ,,mighty ,,sea-,,wave4 ,on ,may #aj?1 #ahgf1 a trem5d\s wave swept ! ,pacific ,ocean f ,p]u nor?w>ds1 we/w>ds1 & s\?w>ds1 travell+ at a rate _m times great] ?an t ( ! swifte/ express tra94 ,= reasons be/ kn[n to !mselves1 writ]s 9 ! newspap]s h by almo/ common cons5t call$ ?is ph5om5on a tidal-wave4 ,b ! tides _h no?+ to d ) x4 ,unque/ionably ! wave result$ f ! upheaval ( ! b$ ( ! ocean 9 "s "p ( t angle ( ! ,pacific ,ocean :i* is b\nd$ by ! %ores ( ,p]u & ,*ili4 ,?is region has long be5 celebrat$ = trem5d\s subm>9e & subt]ranean upheavals4 ,! op9ions ( geologi/s & geograph]s h be5 divid$ z to ! real orig9 ( ! di/urbances by :i* at "o "t ! l&1 at ano!r "t ! sea1 & at yet o!r times 7(t5]1 9 fact1 ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs7 bo? l& & sea h be5 %ak5 z by "s mighty imprison$ giant1 /ruggl+1 l ,prome!us1 to ca/ f 8 limbs ! m\nta9 masses :i* hold !m d[n4 ,"s consid] t ! seat ( ! ,vulcanian =ces lies deep bel[ t "p ( ! *a9 ( ! ,&es :i* lies at ! apex ( ! angle j m5tion$1 & t ! direction ( _! action v>ies accord+ to ! v>y+ conditions "u :i* ! imprison$ gases f9d v5t4 ,o!rs consid] t !re are two if n sev]al seats ( subt]ranean activity4 ,yet o!rs suppose t ! real seat ( di/urbance lies b5ea? ! ocean itself1 a view :i* seems to f9d support 9 sev]al ph5om5a ( rec5t ,p]uvian e>?quakes4 ,al?\gh we h n full in=mation conc]n+ ! great wave :i* 9 ,may1 #ahgf1 swept across ! ,pacific1 & nor?w>ds & s\?w>ds along ! %ores ( ! two ,am]icas1 x may be int]e/+ to consid] "s ( ! m /rik+ features ( ?is great di/urbance ( ! s-call$ peaceful ocean1 & to comp>e !m ) ^? :i* h *>act]iz$ =m] di/urbances ( a simil> k9d4 ,we may ?us1 p]haps1 f9d "s evid5ce by :i* an op9ion may be =m$ z to ! real seat ( subt]ranean activity 9 ?is region4 ,at ! outset x may be necess>y to expla9 :y ,i h ass]t$ some:at confid5tly t ! tides h no?+ :atev] to d ) ?is great oceanic wave4 ,x is ( c\rse well kn[n to e read] t ! highe/ or spr+ tides occur always two or ?ree days aft] new moon & aft] full moon1 ! l[e/ 7or r ! tides hav+ lea/ range above & bel[ ! mean level7 occurr+ two or ?ree days aft] ! fir/ & ?ird qu>t]s ( ! lun> mon?4 ,! sun & moon comb9e1 inde$1 to sway ! ocean mo/ /rongly at full & new1 :ile !y pull contr>iwise at ! fir/ & ?ird qu>t]s2 b ! full effect ( _! comb9$ ef=t is only felt a few days lat] ?an :5 x is made1 :ile ! full effect ( _! opposition to ea* o!r1 9 dim9i%+ ! range ( ! oceanic oscillation1 is also only felt aft] two or ?ree days4 ,?us 9 ,may1 #ahgf1 ! tidal wave _h its greate/ range on or ab\t ,may #af1 new moon occurr+ at half-pa/ five on ! morn+ ( ,may #ac2 & ! tidal wave _h its lea/ range on or ab\t ,may #h1 ! moon pass+ h] ?ird qu>t] a little aft] elev5 on ! morn+ ( ,may #d4 ,accord+ly ! di/urbance :i* affect$ ! wat]s ( ! ,pacific s mightily on ,may #aj1 occurr$ two days aft] ! l[e/ or neap tides1 & five days be=e ! highe/ or spr+ tides4 ,manife/ly t 0 n a "t :5 a tidal wave ( exceptional height c\ld be expect$1 or1 inde$1 c\ld possibly occur4 ,su* a wave z actually di/urb$ ! ,pacific on t day c\ld n 9 any case h be5 produc$ by tidal action1 ev5 ?\gh ! w9ds _h assi/$ to _! utmo/1 & all ! circum/ances :i* help to make high tides _h comb9$--z ! greate/ proximity ( moon to e>?1 ! conjunction ( moon & sun ne> ! cele/ial equator1 & 7( c\rse7 ! exact co9cid5ce ( ! "t ( ! tidal di/urbance ) t :5 ! comb9$ pull ( ! sun & moon is /ronge/4 ,z1 in/ead1 ! sun 0 ne>ly eighte5 degrees f ! equator1 ! moon m ?an n9e1 & z ! moon 0 a full week's motion f ! "p ( h] pa? :]e %e is ne>e/ to ! e>?1 :ile1 z we h se51 only two days _h pass$ f ! "t ( absolutely l[e/ tides1 x w be se5 h[ utt]ly unable ! tidal-wave mu/ h be5 on ! day ( ! great di/urbance to produce ! effects pres5tly to be describ$4 ,x may seem /range1 9 deal+ ) ! case ( a wave :i* app>5tly _h its orig9 9 or ne> ,p]u on ,may #i1 to consid] ! behavi\r ( a volcano1 di/ant #ejjj miles f ?is region1 a week be=e ! di/urbance took place4 ,b al?\gh ! co9cid5ce may possibly h be5 accid5tal1 yet 9 endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 ! true seat ( di/urbance we mu/ ov]look no evid5ce1 h[ev] seem+ly remote1 :i* may ?r[ light on t po9t2 & z ! sea-wave g5]at$ by ! di/urbance rea*$ v quickly ! di/ant region ref]r$ to1 x is by no means unlikely t ! subt]ranean excitem5t :i* ! di/urbance reliev$ may h manife/$ its effects be=eh& at ! same remote volcanic region4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is c]ta9 t on ,may #a ! great crat] ( ,kilauea1 9 ! isl& ( ,hawaii1 became active1 & on ! #d? sev]e %ocks ( e>?quake 7 felt at ! ,volcano ,h\se4 ,at ?ree 9 ! aft]noon a jet ( lava 0 ?r[n up to a height ( ab\t #ajj feet1 & aft]w>ds "s fifty jets came into action4 ,subsequ5tly jets ( /eam issu$ along ! l9e =m$ by a fissure f\r miles 9 l5g? d[n ! m\nta9-side4 ,! di/urbance less5$ consid]ably on ! #e?1 & an obs]v+ p>ty exam9$ ! crat]4 ,!y f\nd t a r\nd$ hill1 #gjj feet 9 height1 & #adjj feet 9 diamet]1 _h be5 ?r[n up on ! pla9 :i* =ms ! floor ( ! crat]4 ,fire & scoria sp\t$ up 9 v>i\s places4 ,be=e reject+ utt]ly ! belief t ! activity ?us exhibit$ 9 ! ,hawaii volcano _h its orig9 9 ! same subt]r5e or subm>9e region z ! ,p]uvian e>?quake1 we %\ld rememb] t o!r regions sc>cely less remote h be5 reg>d$ z =m+ "p ( ! same ,vulcanian di/rict4 ,! viol5t e>?quakes :i* occurr$ at ,new ,madrid1 9 ,miss\ri1 9 #ahab1 took place at ! same "t z ! e>?quake ( ,c>accas1 ! ,we/ ,indian volcanoes be+ simultane\sly active2 & e>?quakes _h be5 felt 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a = sev]al mon?s be=e ! de/ruction ( ,c>accas & ,la ,guayra4 ,n[ we h abundant evid5ce to %[ t ! ,we/ ,indian volcanoes are connect$ ) ! ,p]uvian & ,*ilian regions ( ,vulcanian en]gy1 & ! ,*ilian region is ab\t z f> f ,new ,madrid z ,arica 9 ,p]u f ! ,s&wi* ,isles4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ab\t half-pa/ eight on ! ev5+ ( ,may #i t ! ,p]uvian e>?quake began4 ,a sev]e %ock1 la/+ f f\r to five m9utes1 0 felt along ! entire s\!rn coa/1 ev5 rea*+ ,ant(aga/a4 ,! %ock 0 s sev]e t x 0 impossible1 9 _m places1 to /& upright4 ,x 0 succe$$ by sev]al o!rs ( less int5sity4 ,:ile ! l& 0 ?us di/urb$1 ! sea 0 obs]v$ to be gradually rec$+1 a movem5t :i* =m] exp]i5ces h taught ! ,p]uvians to reg>d ) ev5 m t]ror ?an ! di/urbance ( ! e>? itself4 ,! wat]s :i* _h ?us )drawn1 z if conc5trat+ _! en]gies to leap m fi]cely on _! prey1 pres5tly return$ 9 a mighty wave1 :i* swept pa/ ,callao1 travell+ s\?w>ds ) fe>ful velocity1 :ile 9 its tra9 foll[$ wave aft] wave1 until no less ?an eight _h tak5 _! "p 9 ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,at ,moll5do ! railway 0 torn up by ! sea = a di/ance ( #cjj feet4 ,a viol5t hurricane :i* set 9 aft]w>ds f ! s\? prev5t$ all vessels f approa*+1 & unro($ mo/ ( ! h\ses 9 ! t[n4 ,at ,arica ! p 7 busily engag$ 9 prep>+ tempor>y =tifications to repel a ?reat5$ assault ( ! rebel ram ,huisc>1 at ! mom5t :5 ! ro> ( ! e>?quake 0 he>d4 ,! %ocks "h 7 v num]\s1 & caus$ imm5se damage 9 ! t[n1 ! p fly+ to ! ,morro = safety4 ,! sea 0 sudd5ly p]ceiv$ to rec$e f ! bea*1 & a wave f t5 feet to fifte5 feet 9 height roll$ 9 ^u ! %ore1 c>ry+ be=e x all t x met4 ,eight times 0 ?is assault ( ! ocean repeat$4 ,! e>?quake _h levell$ to ! gr\nd a portion ( ! cu/om-h\se1 ! railway /ation1 ! subm>9e cable (fice1 ! hotel1 ! ,briti% ,consulate1 ! /eam%ip ag5cy1 & _m private dwell+s4 ,ow+ to ! e>ly h\r ( ! ev5+1 & ! excitem5t att5dant on ! propos$ attack ( ! ,huisc>1 e "o 0 out & /irr+2 b ! only loss ( life :i* 0 report$ 0 t ( ?ree little *ildr5 :o 7 ov]tak5 by ! wat]4 ,! progress ( ! wave 0 only /opp$ at ! foot ( ! hill on :i* ! *ur* /&s1 :i* po9t is fur!r inl& ?an t rea*$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahfh4 ,f\r miles ( ! embankm5t ( ! railway 7 swept away l s& be=e ! w9d4 ,locomotives1 c>s1 & rails1 7 hurl$ ab\t by ! sea l s _m play?+s1 & left 9 a tumbl$ mass ( rubbi%4 ,! acc\nt proce$s to say t ! ,unit$ ,/ates /eam] ,wat]s1 /r&$ by ! bore ( #ahfh1 0 lift$ up bodily by ! wave at ,arica1 & float$ two miles nor? ( h] =m] position4 ,! ref]5ce is no d\bt to ! d\ble-end] ,wat]tree1 n /r&$ by a bore 7a t]m utt]ly inapplicable to any k9d ( sea-wave at ,arica1 :]e !re is no l>ge riv]71 b c>ri$ 9 by ! great wave :i* foll[$ ! e>?quake ( ,augu/ #ac4 ,! description ( ! wave at ,arica on t occasion %\ld be comp>$ ) t ( ! wave ( ,may1 #ahgf4 ,ab\t tw5ty m9utes aft] ! fir/ e>? %ock1 ! sea 0 se5 to retire1 z if ab\t to leave ! %ores :olly dry2 b pres5tly its wat]s return$ ) trem5d\s =ce4 ,a mighty wave1 ^: l5g? seem$ immeasurable1 0 se5 advanc+ l a d>k wall ^u ! un=tunate t[n1 a l>ge "p ( :i* 0 ov]:elm$ by x4 ,two %ips1 ! ,p]uvian corvette ,am]ica1 & ! ,am]ican d\ble-end] ,wat]tree1 7 c>ri$ ne>ly half a mile to ! nor? ( ,arica1 beyond ! railroad :i* runs to ,tacna1 & !re left /r&$ high & dry4 ,z ! ,engli% vice-consul at ,arica e/imat$ ! height ( ?is enorm\s wave at fully fifty feet1 x w\ld n seem t ! acc\nt ( ! wave ( ,may1 #ahgf1 has be5 exagg]at$1 = a mu* less height is1 z we h se51 attribut$ to x1 ?\gh1 z x c>ri$ ! ,wat]tree /ill fur!r inl&1 x mu/ h be5 high]4 ,! small loss ( life c be easily und]/ood :5 we consid] t ! e>?quake 0 n foll[$ in/antly by ! sea-wave4 ,w>n$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! e>?quake ( #ahfh1 :i* mo/ ( !m mu/ h rememb]$1 ! inhabitants s\ght safety on ! high] gr\nds until ! great wave & its successors _h fl[$ 94 ,we read t ! damage done 0 great] ?an t caus$ by ! previ\s calamity1 ! new build+s erect$ s9ce #ahfh be+ ( a m co/ly & sub/antial class4 ,m]*&ise f ! cu/om-h\se & /ores 0 c>ri$ by ! wat] to a po9t on ! bea* five miles di/ant4 ,at ,iquique1 9 #ahfh1 ! great wave 0 e/imat$ at fifty feet 9 height4 ,we are told t x 0 black ) ! mud & slime ( ! sea bottom4 8,^? :o witness$ its progress f ! upp] balconies ( _! h\ses1 & pres5tly saw its black mass ru%+ close b5ea? _! feet1 look$ on _! safety z a miracle4 ,_m build+s 71 inde$1 wa%$ away1 & 9 ! l[-ly+ p>ts ( ! t[n !re 0 a t]rible loss ( life40 ,9 ,may1 #ahgf1 ! greate/ mis*ief at ,iquique w\ld seem to h be5 caus$ by ! e>?quake1 n by ! sea-wave1 ?\gh ?is also 0 de/ructive 9 its own way4 8,iquique10 we are told1 8is 9 ru9s4 ,! movem5t 0 exp]i5c$ !re at ! same "t & ) ! same =ce z at ,arica4 ,its duration 0 exactly f\r m9utes & a ?ird4 ,x proce$$ f ! s\?-ea/1 exactly f ! direction ( ,ilaga40 ,! h\ses built ( wood & cane tumbl$ d[n at ! fir/ attacks1 lamps 7 brok51 & ! burn+ oil spread ov] & set fire to ! ru9s4 ,?ree companies ( firem51 ,g]man1 ,italian1 & ,p]uvian1 7 in/antly at _! po/s1 al?\gh x 0 difficult to ma9ta9 an upright position1 %ock foll[+ %ock ) dreadful rapidity4 ,ne>ly #djj1jjj qu9tals ( nitrate 9 ! /ores at ,iquique & ! adjac5t ports ( ,molle & ,pisagua 7 de/roy$4 ,! ,briti% b>que ,capr]a & a ,g]man b>que sank1 & all ! coa/+ craft & small boats 9 ! h>b\r 7 brok5 to pieces & drift$ ab\t 9 e direction4 ,at ,*anavaya1 a small t[n at ! guano-load+ dpt kn[n z ,pabellon de ,pica1 only two h\ses 7 left /&+ out ( f\r hundr$4 ,"h ! e>?quake %ock 0 specially sev]e4 ,9 "s places ! e>? op5$ 9 crevices sev5te5 y>ds deep & ! :ole surface ( ! gr\nd 0 *ang$4 ,at ,punta de ,eobos two vessels 7 lo/1 & f\rte5 %ips m or less damag$1 by ! wave4 ,ant(aga/a1 ,mexillones1 ,tocopilla1 & ,cobigo1 on ! ,bolivian coa/1 suff]$ simultane\sly f ! e>?quake & ! sea-wave4 ,! sea completely swept ! bus9ess portion ( ,ant(aga/a dur+ f\r h\rs4 ,"h a s+ul> ph5om5on 0 notic$4 ,= "s "t ! atmosph]e 0 illum9at$ ) a ruddy gl[4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ?is light came f ! volcano ( ,san ,p$ro de ,atacama1 a few leagues inl& f ,ant(aga/a4 ,a some:at simil> ph5om5on 0 notic$ at ,tacna dur+ ! e>?quake ( ,augu/1 #ahfh4 ,ab\t ?ree h\rs aft] ! e>?quake an int5sely brilliant light made its appe>ance above ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s4 ,x la/$ fully half an h\r1 & 0 ascrib$ to ! eruption ( "s z yet unkn[n volcano4 ,z to ! height ( ! great wave along ?is "p ( ! %ore-l9e ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! acc\nts v>y4 ,accord+ to ^? :i* are be/ au!nticat$1 x w\ld seem z ?\gh ! wave exce$$ consid]ably 9 height t :i* fl[$ along ! ,p]uvian1 ,bolivian1 & ,*ilian %ores 9 ,augu/1 #ahfh4 ,at ,huaniles ! wave 0 e/imat$ at sixty feet 9 height1 at ,mexillones1 :]e ! wave1 z x pass$ s\?w>ds1 ran into ,mexillones ,bay1 x rea*$ a height ( sixty-five feet4 ,two-?irds ( ! t[n 7 completely oblit]at$1 :>ves1 railway /ations1 di/ill]ies1 etc41 all swall[$ up by ! sea4 ,! %ipp+ along ! ,p]uvian & ,bolivian coa/ suff]$ t]ribly4 ,! li/ ( vessels lo/ or badly injur$ at ,pabellon de ,pica alone1 reads l ! li/ ( a fleet4 ,i h be5 p>ticul> 9 ?us describ+ ! effects produc$ by ! e>?quake & sea-wave on ! %ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ord] t ! read] may recognize 9 ! di/urbance produc$ !re ! real orig9 ( ! great wave :i* a few h\rs lat] rea*$ ! ,s&wi* ,isles1 #ejjj miles away4 ,d\bt has be5 ent]ta9$ respect+ ! possibility ( a wave1 o!r ?an ! tidal-wave1 be+ transmitt$ "r across ! ,pacific4 ,al?\gh 9 ,augu/1 #ahfh1 ! c\rse ( ! great wave :i* swept f "s region ne> ,p]u1 n only across ! ,pacific1 b 9 all directions ov] ! entire ocean1 c\ld be cle>ly trac$1 !re 7 "s :o consid]$ ! connection betwe5 ! oceanic ph5om5a & ! ,p]uvian e>?quake a m]e co9cid5ce4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt p]haps *iefly t ! evid5ce obta9$ 9 ,may1 #ahgf1 is mo/ important4 ,x is int]e/+1 inde$1 z %[+ h[ trem5d\s 0 ! di/urbance :i* ! e>?'s frame mu/ !n h und]gone4 ,x w\ld h be5 possible1 h[ev]1 _h we no o!r evid5ce1 = "s to h ma9ta9$ t ! wave :i* came 9 ^u ! %ores ( ! ,s&wi* ,isles a few h\rs aft] ! e>?quake & sea di/urbance 9 ,s\? ,am]ica 0 9 reality an entirely indep5d5t ph5om5on4 ,b :5 we comp>e ! ev5ts :i* happ5$ 9 ,may1 #ahgf1 ) ^? ( ,augu/1 #ahfh1 & p]ceive _! exact simil>ity1 we c no long] reasonably ent]ta9 any d\bt ( ! really /up5d\s fact t ! ?roes ( ! e>? 9 & ne> ,p]u are ( suffici5t en]gy to s5d oceanic waves "r across ! ,pacific1--waves1 too1 ( su* enorm\s height at />t+1 t1 aft] travell+ ) necess>ily dim9i%+ height ! :ole way to ,hawaii1 !y /ill rose & fell ?r\gh ?irty-six feet ,! real significance ( ?is amaz+ oceanic di/urbance is exemplifi$ by ! wave circles :i* spread ar\nd ! spot :]e a /one has fall5 into a smoo? lake4 ,we "k h[1 z ! circles wid51 ! height ( ! wave gr[s less & less1 until1 at no great di/ance f ! c5tre ( di/urbance1 ! wave c no long] be disc]n$1 s slight is ! slope ( its advanc+ & foll[+ faces4 ,h[ trem5d\s1 !n1 mu/ h be5 ! upheaval ( ! b$ ( ocean by :i* wave-circles 7 s5t across ! ,pacific1 reta9+1 aft] travell+ #ejjj miles f ! c5tre ( di/urbance1 ! height ( a two-/ori$ h\se6 ,9 #ahfh1 inde$1 we "k t ! wave travell$ v mu* fur!r1 rea*+ ! %ores ( ,japan1 ( ,new ,zeal&1 & ( ,au/ralia1 ev5 if x did n make its way ?r\gh ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago to ! ,indian ,ocean1 z "s obs]vations seem to %[4 ,al?\gh no news has be5 receiv$ :i* w\ld ju/ify u 9 believ+ t ! wave ( ,may1 #ahgf1 produc$ correspond+ effects at su* great di/ances f ! c5tre ( di/urbance1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! dim5sions ( ! wave :5 x rea*$ ! ,s&wi* ,isles fell f> %ort ( ^? ( ! great wave ( ,augu/ #ac-ad1 #ahfh4 ,x w be well to make a direct comp>ison betwe5 ! waves ( ,may1 #ahgf1 & ,augu/1 #ahfh1 9 ?is respect1 z also ) reg>d to ! rate at :i* !y w\ld seem to h trav]s$ ! di/ance betwe5 ,p]u & ,hawaii4 ,on ?is la/ po9t1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be not$ t we _c =m an exact op9ion until we h asc]ta9$ ! real region ( ,vulcanian di/urbance on ea* occasion4 ,x is possible t a c>eful comp>ison ( times1 & ( ! direction 9 :i* ! wave front advanc$ ^u diff]5t %ores1 might s]ve to %[ :]e ?is region lay4 ,i %\ld n be greatly surpris$ to le>n t x 0 f> f ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! great wave rea*$ ! ,s&wi* ,isles betwe5 f\r & five on ! morn+ ( ,may #aj1 correspond+ to ab\t five h\rs lat] ( ,p]uvian "t4 ,an oscillation only 0 fir/ obs]v$ at ,hilo1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! great s\!rn isl& ( ,hawaii1 ! wave itself n rea*+ ! village till ab\t a qu>t] be=e five4 ,! greate/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! cre/ & tr\gh ( ! wave 0 f\nd to be ?irty-six feet "h2 b at ! opposite side ( ! isl&1 9 ,kealakekua ,bay 7:]e ,capta9 ,cook 0 kill$71 am\nt$ only to ?irty feet4 ,9 o!r places ! diff]5ce 0 mu* less1 be+ 9 "s only ?ree feet1 a circum/ance d\btless due to int]f]5ce1 waves :i* h rea*$ ! same spot along diff]5t c\rses *anc+ s to arrive t ! cre/ ( "o correspond$ ) ! tr\gh ( ! o!r1 s t ! result+ wave 0 only ! diff]5ce ( ! two4 ,we mu/ expla91 h[ev]1 9 ! same way1 ! highe/ waves ( ?irty-six to =ty feet1 :i* 7 d\btless due to simil> int]f]5ce1 cre/ agree+ ) cre/ & tr\gh ) tr\gh1 s t ! result+ wave 0 ! sum ( ! two :i* _h be5 divid$1 & _h rea*$ ! same spot along diff]5t c\rses4 ,x w\ld foll[ t ! high] ( ! two waves 0 ab\t tw5ty-"o feet high1 ! l[] ab\t eighte5 feet high2 b z "s height w\ld be lo/ 9 ! enc\nt] ) ! %ore-l9e1 :]ev] x lay1 on :i* ! waves divid$1 we may fairly assume t 9 ! op5 ocean1 be=e rea*+ ! ,s&wi* gr\p1 ! wave _h a height ( ne>ly ?irty feet f tr\gh to cre/4 ,we read1 9 accordance ) ?is explanation1 t 8! regurgitations ( ! sea 7 viol5t & complex1 & cont9u$ ?r\gh ! day40 ,! wave1 reg>d$ z a :ole1 seems to h rea*$ all ! isl&s at ! same "t4 ,s9ce ?is has n be5 contradict$ by lat] acc\nts1 we are compell$ to conclude t ! wave rea*$ ! gr\p ) its front p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! gr\p1 s t x mu/ h come 7arriv+ z x did f ! side t[>ds :i* ,hilo lies7 f ! nor?-ea/ ,x 01 !n1 n ! direct wave f ,p]u1 b ! wave reflect$ f ! %ores ( ,cali=nia1 :i* produc$ ! mo/ m>k$ effects4 ,we c und]/& well1 ?is be+ s1 t ! regurgitations ( ! sea 7 complex4 ,any "o :o has wat*$ ! infl[ ( waves on a bea* s ly+ )9 an angle ( ! l9e t :ile "o set ( waves comes /raight 9 f ! sea1 ano!r ?w>t set comes f ! %ore =m+ ! o!r side ( ! angle1 w und]/& h[ su* waves diff] f a set ( ord9>y roll]s4 ,! cre/s ( ! two sets =m a sort ( network1 ev] *ang+ z ea* set rolls on2 & consid]+ any "o ( ! f\r-corn]$ me%es ( ?is wave-net1 ! obs]v] w notice t :ile ! middle ( ! rais$ sides rises little above ! surr\nd+ level1 because "h ! cre/s ( "o set cross ! tr\ghs ( ! o!r1 ! corn]s ( ea* quadrangle are high] ?an !y w\ld be 9 ei!r set tak5 sep>ately1 :ile ! middle ( ! f\r-corn]$ space is correspond+ly depress$4 ,! reason is t at ! corn]s ( ! wave-net cre/s jo9 ) cre/s to raise ! wat] surface1 :ile 9 ! middle ( ! net 7n ! middle ( ! sides1 b ! middle ( ! space enclos$ by ! f\r sides7 tr\gh jo9s ) tr\gh to depress ! wat] surface4#bd ,we mu/ take into acc\nt ! circum/ance t ! wave :i* rea*$ ,hawaii 9 ,may1 #ahgf1 0 probably reflect$ f ! ,cali=nian coa/1 :5 we endeav\r to det]m9e ! rate at :i* ! sea di/urbance 0 propagat$ across ! ,atlantic4 ,! direct wave w\ld h come soon]1 & may h escap$ notice because arriv+ 9 ! night-"t1 z x w\ld necess>ily h done if a wave :i* travell$ to ,cali=nia1 & !nce1 aft] reflection1 to ! ,s&wi* gr\p arriv$ !re at a qu>t] be=e five 9 ! morn+ foll[+ ! ,p]uvian e>?quake4 ,we %all be bett] able to =m an op9ion on ?is po9t aft] consid]+ :at happ5$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahfh4 ,! e>?-?roe on t occasion 0 felt 9 ,p]u ab\t five m9utes pa/ five on ! ev5+ ( ,augu/ #ac4 ,twelve h\rs lat]1 or %ortly be=e midnight1 ,augu/ #ac1 ,s&wi* ,isl& "t 7correspond+ to #e p4m41 ,augu/ #ad1 ,p]uvian "t71 ! sea r\nd ! gr\p ( ! ,s&wi* ,isles rose 9 a surpris+ mann]1 8insomu* t _m ?\ght ! isl&s 7 s9k+1 & w\ld %ortly subside altoge!r b5ea? ! waves4 ,"s ( ! small] isl&s 7 = a "t completely subm]g$4 ,be=e long1 h[ev]1 ! sea fell aga91 & z x did s ! obs]v]s f\nd x impossible to resi/ ! impression t ! isl&s 7 ris+ bodily out ( ! wat]4 ,= no less ?an ?ree days ?is /range oscillation ( ! sea cont9u$ to be exp]i5c$1 ! mo/ rem>kable ebbs & floods be+ notic$ at ,honolulu1 on ! isl& ( ,woahoo40 ,! di/ance betwe5 ,honolulu & ,arica is ab\t #fcjj /atute miles2 s t1 if ! wave travell$ directly f ! %ores ( ,p]u to ! ,s&wi* ,isles1 x mu/ h advanc$ at an av]age rate ( ab\t #ebe miles an h\r 7ab\t #dej knots an h\r74 ,?is is ne>ly half ! rate at :i* ! e>?'s surface ne> ! equator is c>ri$ r\nd by ! e>?'s rotation1 or is ab\t ! rate at :i* p>ts 9 latitude #fb or #fc degrees nor? are c>ri$ r\nd by rotation2 s t ! motion ( ! great wave 9 #ahfh 0 fairly comp>able ) "o ( ! movem5ts :i* we are accu/om$ to reg>d z cosmical4 ,i %all pres5tly h some?+ m to say on ?is po9t4 ,n[ 9 ,may1 #ahgf1 z we h se51 ! wave rea*$ ,hawaii at ab\t a qu>t] to five 9 ! morn+1 correspond+ to ab\t t51 ,p]uvian "t4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! e>?quake 0 felt 9 ,p]u at half-pa/ eight on ! previ\s ev5+1 x foll[s t ! wave1 if x travell$ directly f ,p]u1 mu/ h tak5 ab\t #ac h\rs--or an h\r & a half long]1 9 travell+ f ,p]u to ! ,s&wi* ,isles1 ?an x took 9 ,augu/1 #ahfh4 ,?is is unlikely1 because ocean-waves travel ne>ly at ! same rate 9 ! same p>ts ( ! ocean1 :atev] _! dim5sions1 s only t !y are l>ge4 ,we h1 !n1 9 ! diff]5ce ( "t occupi$ by ! wave 9 ,may1 #ahgf1 & 9 ,augu/1 #ahfh1 9 rea*+ ,hawaii1 "s confirmation ( ! result to :i* we 7 l$ by ! arrival ( ! wave simultane\sly at all ! isl&s ( ! ,s&wi* gr\p--! inf]5ce1 namely1 t ! obs]v$ wave _h rea*$ ^! isl&s aft] reflection f ! ,cali=nian %ore-l9e4 ,z ! h\r :5 ! direct wave probably rea*$ ,hawaii 0 ab\t a qu>t] pa/ ?ree 9 ! morn+1 :5 n only 0 x night-"t b also a "t :5 few w\ld be awake to notice ! rise & fall ( ! sea1 x seems n at all improbable t ! direct wave escap$ notice1 & t ! wave actually obs]v$ 0 ! reflect$ wave f ,cali=nia4 ,! direction1 also1 9 :i* ! oscillation 0 fir/ obs]v$ corresponds well ) ?is explanation4 ,x is cle> t ! wave :i* trav]s$ ! ,pacific 9 ,may1 #ahgf1 0 some:at inf]ior 9 size to t ( ,augu/1 #ahfh1 :i* !re=e /ill des]ves to be call$ 7z ,i !n call$ x7 ! greate/ sea-wave ev] kn[n4 ,! e>?quake1 inde$1 :i* prec$$ ! oceanic di/urbance ( #ahfh 0 f> m de/ructive ?an t ( ,may1 #ahgf1 & ! waves :i* came 9 ^u ! ,p]uvian & ,bolivian %ores 7 l>g]4 ,nev]!less1 ! wave ( ,may1 #ahgf1 0 n s f> inf]ior to t ( ,augu/1 #ahfh1 b t its c\rse c\ld be trac$ a?w>t ! entire ext5t ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,:5 we consid] ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,p]uvian & ,*ilian e>?quakes1 & especially :5 we note h[ wide is ! ext5t ( ! region ov] :i* _! action is felt 9 "o way or ano!r1 x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! e>?'s ,vulcanian en]gies are at pres5t m actively at "w ?r\gh\t t region ?an 9 any o!r4 ,!re is no?+ s rem>kable1 "o may ev5 say s /up5d\s1 9 ! hi/ory ( subt]ranean di/urbance z ! alt]nation ( mighty e>?-?roes by :i*1 at "o "t1 ! :ole ( ! ,*ilian ,&es seem di/urb$ & anon ! :ole ( ! ,p]uvian ,&es4 ,9 ,*ili sc>cely a ye> ev] passes )\t e>?quakes1 & ! same may be said ( ,p]u2 b s f> z great e>?quakes are conc]n$ ! activity ( ! ,p]uvian region seems to syn*ronize ) ! comp>ative quiesc5ce ( ! ,*ilian region1 & vice v]s4 ,?us1 9 #agig1 ! t]rible e>?quake occurr$ :i* is kn[n z ! e>?quake ( ,riobamba1 :i* affect$ ! entire ,p]uvian e>?quake region4 ,?irty ye>s lat] a s]ies ( trem5d\s ?roes %ook ! :ole ( ,*ili1 p]man5tly elevat+ its long l9e ( coa/ to ! height ( sev]al feet4 ,dur+ ! la/ twelve ye>s ! ,p]uvian region has 9 turn be5 di/urb$ by great e>?quakes4 ,x %\ld be add$ t betwe5 ,*ili & ,p]u !re is a region ab\t five hundr$ miles 9 l5g? 9 :i* sc>cely any volcanic action has be5 obs]v$4 ,& s+ul>ly en\gh1 8?is v portion ( ! ,&es1 to :i* "o w\ld imag9e t ! ,p]uvians & ,*ilians w\ld fly z to a region ( safety1 is ! "p mo/ ?9ly inhabit$2 insomu* t1 z ,von ,bu* obs]ves1 x is 9 "s places entirely des]t$40 ,"o c readily und]/& t ?is enorm\s d\ble region ( e>?quakes1 ^: oscillations on ei!r side ( ! c5tral region ( comp>ative re/ may be comp>$ to ! sway+ ( a mighty see-saw on ei!r side ( its po9t ( support1 %\ld be capable ( giv+ bir? to ?roes propell+ sea-waves across ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! ?roe actually exp]i5c$ at any giv5 place is relatively b an insignificant ph5om5on3 x is ! di/urbance ( ! entire region ov] :i* ! ?roe is felt :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 attempt+ to e/imate ! en]gy ( ! di/urb+ cause4 ,! region %ak5 by ! e>?quake ( #ahfh1 = in/ance1 0 equal to at lea/ a f\r? ( ,europe1 & probably to fully "o-half4 ,f ,quito s\?w>ds z f> z ,iquique--or along a full ?ird "p ( ! l5g? ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,&es--! %ock produc$ de/ructive effects4 ,x 0 also di/9ctly felt f> to ! nor? ( ,quito1 f> to ! s\? ( ,iquique1 & inl& to enorm\s di/ances4 ,! di/urb+ =ces :i* ?us %ook #a1jjj1jjj squ>e miles ( ! e>?'s surface mu/ h be5 ( almo/ inconceivable en]gy4 ,if direct$ entirely to ! upheaval ( a l& region no l>g] ?an ,engl&1 ^? =ces w\ld h suffic$ to h de/roy$ utt]ly e city1 t[n1 & village )9 su* a region2 if direct$ entirely to ! upheaval ( an oceanic region1 !y w\ld h be5 capable ( rais+ a wave :i* w\ld h be5 felt on e %ore-l9e ( ! :ole e>?4 ,divid$ ev5 betwe5 ! ocean on ! "o side & a l& region l>g] ?an ,russia 9 ,europe on ! o!r1 ^? ,vulcanian =ces %ook ! :ole ( ! l& region1 & s5t a?w>t ! l>ge/ ( our e>?'s oceans a wave :i* ran 9 ^u %ores #aj1jjj miles f ! c5tre ( di/urbance ) a cre/ ?irty feet high4 ,=ces su* z ^! may fairly be reg>d$ z cosmical2 !y %[ unmi/akably t ! e>? has by no means settl$ d[n into t condition ( repose 9 :i* "s geologi/s /ill believe4 ,we may ask ) ! late ,sir ,*>les ,lyell :e!r1 aft] contemplat+ ! trem5d\s en]gy ?us display$ by ! e>?1 any geologi/ w cont9ue to ass]t t ! *anges ( relative level ( l& & sea1 s common 9 =m] ages ( ! _w1 h n[ ceas$8 & agree ) him t if1 9 ! face ( su* evid5ce1 a geologi/ p]si/s 9 ma9ta9+ ?is fav\rite dogma1 x w\ld be va9 to hope1 by accumulat+ pro(s ( simil> convulsions dur+ a s]ies ( ages1 to %ake ! t5acity ( 8 conviction-- 8,si fractus illabatur orbis1 ,impavidum f]i5t ru940 ,b !re is "o aspect 9 :i* su* mighty sea-waves z1 9 #ahfh & aga9 9 ,may1 #ahgf1 h swept ov] ! surface ( our t]re/rial oceans1 rema9s yet to be consid]$4 ,! oceans & cont95ts ( our e>? mu/ be cle>ly disc]nible f h] ne>] neighb\rs among ! planets--f ,v5us & ,m]cury on ! inn] side ( h] pa? ar\nd ! sun1 & f ,m>s 7?\gh "u less fav\rable conditions7 f ! out] side4 ,:5 we consid]1 inde$1 t ! l&s & seas ( ,m>s c be cle>ly disc]n$ ) telescopic aid f our e>? at a di/ance ( =ty millions ( miles1 we p]ceive t our e>?1 se5 f ,v5us at little m ?an half ?is di/ance1 mu/ pres5t a v int]e/+ appe>ance4 ,enl>g$1 ow+ to great] proximity1 ne>ly f\rfold1 hav+ a diamet] ne>ly twice z great z t ( ,m>s1 s t at ! same di/ance h] disc w\ld seem m ?an ?ree times z l>ge1 m brightly illum9at$ by ! sun 9 ! proportion ( ab\t five to two1 %e w\ld %9e ) a lu/re exce$+ t ( ,m>s1 :5 9 full brightness 9 ! midnight sky1 ab\t ?irty times2 & all h] features w\ld ( c\rse be se5 ) correspond+ly increas$ di/9ctness4 ,moreov]1 ! oceans ( our e>? are s mu* l>g] 9 relative ext5t ?an ^? ( ,m>s1 cov]+ ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s in/ead ( b>ely "o-half ( ! surface ( ! _w !y belong to1 t !y w\ld appeal z f> m m>k$ & *>act]i/ic features ?an ! seas & lakes ( ,m>s4 ,:5 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 inde$1 occupies c5trally ! disc ( ! e>? :i* at ! mom5t is turn$ t[>ds any planet1 ne>ly ! :ole ( t disc mu/ appe> to be cov]$ by ! ocean4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! passage ( a wide-spread+ s]ies ( waves ov] ! ,pacific1 at ! rate ( ab\t #ejj miles an h\r1 is a ph5om5on :i* c\ld sc>cely fail to be disc]nible f ,v5us or ,m]cury1 if ei!r planet *anc$ to be fav\rably plac$ = ! obs]vation ( ! e>?--always suppos+ !re 7 obs]v]s 9 ,m]cury or ,v5us1 & t ^! obs]v]s 7 provid$ ) p[]ful telescopes4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! waves :i* spread ov] ! ,pacific on ,augu/ #ac-ad1 #ahfh1 & aga9 on ,may #i-aj1 #ahgf1 7 n only ( enorm\s range 9 l5g? 7measur$ along cre/ or tr\gh71 b also ( enorm\s bread? 7measur$ f cre/ to cre/1 or f tr\gh to tr\gh74 ,7 x o!rwise1 inde$1 ! progress ( a wave =ty or fifty feet high 7at />t+1 & ?irty-five feet high aft] travell+ #fjjj miles71 at ! rate ( #ejj miles p] h\r1 mu/ h prov$ de/ructive to %ips 9 ! op5 ocean z well z along ! %ore-l9e4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ! bread? ( ! wave f cre/ to cre/ "o mile1 !n1 9 pass+ "u a %ip at ! rate ( #ejj miles p] h\r1 ! wave w\ld raise ! %ip f tr\gh to cre/--t is1 ?r\gh a height ( =ty feet--9 "o-?\s&? "p ( an h\r 7= ! di/ance f tr\gh to cre/ is b half ! bread? ( ! wave71 or 9 less ?an f\r seconds1 l[]+ x aga9 9 ! same %ort int]val ( "t1 lift+ & l[]+ x at ! same rate sev]al successive times4 ,! velocity ) :i* ! %ip w\ld travel upw>ds & d[nw>ds w\ld be greate/ :5 %e 0 midway 9 h] asc5t & desc5t1 & w\ld !n be equal to ab\t ! velocity ) :i* a body /rikes ! gr\nd aft] fall+ f a height ( f\r y>ds4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t small vessels subject$ to su* toss+ z ?is w\ld inevitably be swamp$4 ,on ev5 ! l>ge/ %ips ! effect ( su* motion w\ld be mo/ unpleasantly obvi\s4 ,n[1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! passage ( ! great sea-wave 9 #ahfh 0 n notic$ at all on bo>d %ips 9 op5 sea4 ,ev5 )9 sight ( ! %ore ( ,p]u1 :]e ! oscillation ( ! sea 0 mo/ m>k$1 ! motion 0 su* t its effects 7 ref]r$ to ! %ore4 ,we are told t obs]v]s on ! deck ( a ,unit$ ,/ates' w> /eam] di/9ctly saw ! 8peaks ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,cordill]as wave to & fro l re$s 9 a /orm20 ! fact really be+ t ! deck on :i* !y /ood 0 sway$ to & fro4 ,?is1 too1 0 9 a "p ( ! sea :]e ! great wave _h n atta9$ its op5 sea =m1 b 0 a roll+ wave1 because ( ! %all[ness ( ! wat]4 ,9 ! op5 sea1 we read t ! passage ( ! great sea-wave 0 no m notic$ ?an is ! passage ( ! tidal-wave itself4 8,among ! hundr$s ( %ips :i* 7 sail+ ^u ! ,pacific :5 its l5g? & bread? 7 trav]s$ by ! great sea-wave1 !re 0 n "o 9 :i* any unusual motion 0 p]ceiv$40 ,! inf]5ce is cle>1 t ! slope ( ! advanc+ & foll[+ faces ( ! great wave 0 v mu* less ?an 9 ! case above imag9$2 9 o!r words1 t ! bread? ( ! wave greatly exce$$ "o mile--am\nt+1 9 fact1 to _m miles4 ,:]e ! int]val betwe5 ! passage ( successive wave-cre/s 0 not$1 we c tell ! actual bread? ( ! wave4 ,?us1 at ! ,samoan ,isles1 9 #ahfh1 ! cre/s succe$$ ea* o!r at int]vals ( sixte5 m9utes1 correspond+ to eight m9utes betwe5 cre/ & tr\gh4 ,b we h se51 t if ! waves 7 "o mile 9 bread?1 ! correspond+ int]val w\ld be only f\r seconds1 or only "o #abj? "p ( eight m9utes3 x foll[s1 !n1 t ! bread? ( ! great wave1 :]e x rea*$ ! ,samoan ,isles 9 #ahfh1 0 ab\t #abj miles4 ,n[ a wave ext5d+ "r a?w>t ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & hav+ a cross bread? ( m ?an #abj miles1 w\ld be disc]nible z a m>k$ feature ( ! disc ( our e>?1 se5 "u ! conditions describ$ above1 ei!r f ,m]cury or ,v5us4 ,x is true t ! slope ( ! wave's advanc+ & foll[+ surfaces w\ld be b slight1 yet ! diff]5ce ( ! illum9ation "u ! sun's rays w\ld be recognizable4 ,!n1 also1 x is to be rememb]$ t !re 0 n m]ely a s+le wave1 b a succession ( _m waves4 ,^! travell$ also ) enorm\s velocity2 & ?\gh at ! di/ance ( ev5 ! ne>e/ planet1 ! app>5t motion ( ! great wave1 swift ?\gh x 0 9 reality1 w\ld be s f> r$uc$ t x w\ld h to be e/imat$ r ?an actually se51 yet !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 ?us p]ceiv+ x ) ! m9d's eye4 ,! rate ( motion inde$ w\ld almo/ be exactly ! same z t ( ! equatorial "p ( ! surface ( ,m>s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! planet's rotation2 & ?is 7z is well kn[n to telescopi/s71 ?\gh n disc]nible directly1 produces1 ev5 9 a few m9utes1 *anges :i* a good eye c cle>ly recognize4 ,we c sc>cely d\bt !n t if our e>? 7 s situat$ at any "t :5 "o ( ! great waves g5]at$ by ,p]uvian e>?quakes 9 trav]s+ ! ,pacific1 t ! hemisph]e conta9+ ?is ocean 7 turn$ fully illum9at$ t[>ds ,v5us 7fav\rably plac$ = obs]v+ h]71 ! di/urbance ( ! ,pacific c\ld be obs]v$ & measur$ by telescopi/s on t planet4 ,un=tunately !re is little *ance t t]re/rial obs]v]s w ev] be able to wat* ! progress ( great waves a?w>t ! oceans ( ,m>s1 & /ill less t any di/urbance ( ! frame ( ,v5us %\ld become disc]nible to u by its effects4 ,we c sc>ce ev5 be assur$ t !re are l&s & seas on ,v5us1 s f> z direct obs]vation is conc]n$1 s unfav\rably is %e always plac$ = obs]vation2 & ?\gh we see ,m>s "u mu* m fav\rable conditions1 8 seas are too small & w\ld seem to be too %all[ 7comp>$ ) our own7 = great waves to trav]se !m su* z c\ld be disc]n$ f ! e>?4 ,yet x is well to rememb] ! possibility t *anges may at times take place 9 ! ne>] planets--! t]re/rial planets1 z !y are commonly call$1 ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury--su* z telescopic obs]vation "u fav\rable conditions might detect4 ,telescopi/s h1 inde$1 describ$ app>5t *anges1 la/+ only = a %ort "t1 9 ! appe>ance ( "o ( ^! planets1 ,m>s1 :i* may fairly be attribut$ to di/urbances affect+ its surface 9 no great] degree ?an ! great ,p]uvian e>?quakes h affect$ = a "t ! surface ( our e>?4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,am]ican a/ronom] ,mit*el says t on ! night ( ,july #ab1 #ahde1 bright pol> sn[s ( ,m>s exhibit$ an appe>ance nev] notic$ at any prec$+ or succe$+ obs]vation4 ,9 ! v c5tre ( ! :ite surface appe>$ a d>k spot1 :i* reta9$ its position dur+ sev]al h\rs3 on ! foll[+ ev5+ n a trace ( ! spot c\ld be se54 ,aga9 ! same obs]v] says t on ! ev5+ ( ,augu/ #cj1 #ahde1 he obs]v$ = ! fir/ "t a small bright spot1 ne>ly or q r\nd1 project+ out ( ! l[] side ( ! pol> spot4 8,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ev5+10 he says1 8! small bright spot seem$ to be p>tly buri$ 9 ! l>ge "o4 ,aft] ! lapse ( an h\r or m my att5tion 0 aga9 direct$ to ! planet1 :5 ,i 0 a/oni%$ to f9d a manife/ *ange 9 ! position ( ! small bright spot4 ,x _h app>5tly sep>at$ f ! l>ge spot1 & ! edges alone ( ! two 7 n[ 9 contact1 :]eas :5 fir/ se5 !y ov]lapp$ by an am\nt q equal to "o-?ird ( ! diamet] ( ! small "o4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 m]ely an optical ph5om5on1 = on ! next ev5+ ! spots w5t ?r\gh ! same app>5t *anges z ! planet w5t ?r\gh ! correspond+ "p ( its rotation4 ,b x %[$ ! spots to be real ice masses4 ,! /range "p ( ! /ory is t 9 ! c\rse ( a few days ! small] spot1 :i* mu/ h be5 a mass ( sn[ & ice z l>ge z ,novaia ,zemlia1 gradually disappe>$4 ,probably "s great %ock _h sep>at$ an enorm\s field ( ice f ! pol> sn[s1 & x _h ev5tually be5 brok5 up & its fragm5ts c>ri$ away f ! ,arctic regions by curr5ts 9 ! ,m>tian oceans4 ,x appe>s to me t ! /udy ( our own e>?1 & ( ! *anges & occasional convulsions :i* affect its surface1 gives to ! obs]vation ( su* ph5om5a z ,i h j describ$ a new int]e/4 ,or r1 p]haps1 x is n too mu* to say t ! telescopic obs]vations ( ! planets d]ive _! only real int]e/ f su* consid]ations4 ,i may note 9 conclusion1 t :ile on ! "o h& we _c d\bt t ! e>? is sl[ly p>t+ ) its int]nal heat1 & ?us los+ c5tury by c5tury a portion ( its ,vulcanian en]gy1 su* ph5om5a z ! ,p]uvian e>?quakes %[ t ! loss ( en]gy is tak+ place s sl[ly t ! dim9ution dur+ _m ages is almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,z ,i h else:]e rem>k$1 8,:5 we see t :ile m\nta9 ranges 7 be+ upheav$ or valleys depress$ to _! pres5t position1 race aft] race & type aft] type liv$ out on ! e>? ! long lives :i* belong to races & to types1 we recognize ! great "w :i* ! e>?'s subt]ranean =ces are /ill engag$ ^u4 ,ev5 n[ cont95ts are be+ sl[ly depress$ or upheav$1 ev5 n[ m\nta9 ranges are be+ rais$ to a diff]5t level1 table-l&s are be+ =m$1 great valleys are be+ gradually scoop$ out2 old %ore-l9es %ift _! place1 old s\nd+s v>y2 ! sea advances 9 "o place & retires 9 ano!r2 on e side nature's pla/ic h& is /ill at "w1 modell+ & remodell+ ! e>?1 & mak+ x con/antly a fit abode = ^? :o dwell ^u x40 ,,/range ,,sea ,,creatures4 8,we ought to make up our m9ds to dismiss z idle prejudices1 or1 at lea/1 susp5d z premature1 any preconceiv$ notion ( :at might1 or :at ought to1 be ! ord] ( nature1 & cont5t ourselves ) obs]v+1 z a pla9 matt] ( fact1 :at is40--,sir ,j4 ,,h]s*el1 8,prelim4 ,disc40 page #gi4 ,! fancies ( m5 h peopl$ ?ree ( ! f\r s-call$ elem5ts1 e>?1 air1 wat]1 & fire1 ) /range =ms ( life1 & h ev5 f\nd 9 ! salam&] an inhabitant = ! f\r?4 ,on l& ! c5taur & ! unicorn1 9 ! air ! dragon & ! roc1 9 ! wat] tritons & m]maids1 may be nam$ z in/ances among _m ( ! fabul\s creatures :i* h be5 n only imag9$ b believ$ 9 by m5 ( old times4 ,al?\gh x may be d\bt$ :e!r m5 h ev] inv5t$ any absolutely imag9>y =ms ( life1 yet ! possibility ( comb9+ kn[n =ms into imag9>y1 & ev5 impossible1 =ms1 mu/ be admitt$ z an important elem5t 9 any inquiry into ! orig9 ( ideas respect+ su* creatures z ,i h nam$4 ,"o ne$ only look ?r\gh an illum9at$ manuscript ( ! ,middle ,ages to recognize ! read9ess ) :i* imag9>y creatures c be =m$ by comb9+1 or by exagg]at+1 ! *>act]i/ics ( kn[n animals4 ,probably ! comb9$ k & g5ius ( all ! greate/ zoologi/s ( our "t w\ld n suffice = ! inv5tion ( an entirely new =m ( animal :i* yet %\ld be zoologically possible2 b to comb9e ! qualities ( sev]al exi/5t animals 9 a s+le "o1 or to conceive an animal ) "s peculi>ity abnormally develop$1 is )9 ! capacity ( p]sons v little acqua9t$ ) zoology1 nay1 is p]haps f> easi] to su* p]sons ?an x w\ld be to an ,ow51 a ,huxley1 or a ,d>w94 ,9 ne>ly e case1 h[ev]1 ! purely imag9>y be+ is to be recogniz$ by ! utt] impossibility ( its actual exi/5ce4 ,if x be a w+$ man1 arms & w+s are bo? provid$1 b ! pectoral muscles are left un*ang$4 ,a w+$ horse1 9 l mann]1 is provid$ ) w+s1 )\t any means ( work+ !m4 ,a c5taur1 z 9 ! noble sculptures ( ,phidias1 has ! upp] "p ( ! trunk ( a man sup]add$1 n to ! h9d qu>t]s ( a horse or o!r quadrup$1 b to ! entire trunk ( su* an animal1 s t ! abdom5 ( ! human figure lies betwe5 ! upp] half ( ! human trunk & ! correspond+ "p ( ! horse's trunk1 an arrangem5t anatomically prepo/]\s4 ,)\t say+ t e fabul\s animal :i* 0 anatomically & zoologically possible1 _h a real antitype1 exagg]at$ ?\gh ! fabul\s =m may h be51 we mu/ yet admit t errors s gross m>k$ ! conception ( all ! really imag9>y animals ( antiquity1 t any fabul\s animal f\nd to accord fairly well ) zoological possibilities may be reg>d$1 ) extreme probability1 z simply ! exagg]at$ pres5tation ( "s really exi/5t animal4 ,! inv5tors ( c5taurs1 w+$ & man-fac$ bulls1 _m-head$ dogs1 h>pies1 & s =?1 7 utt]ly unable to inv5t a possible new animal1 save by ! m]e/ *ance1 ! probability ( :i* 0 s small t x may fairly be disreg>d$4 ,?is view ( ! s-call$ fabul\s animals ( antiquity has be5 confirm$ by ! results ( mod]n zoological rese>*4 ,! m]man1 zoologically possible 7n 9 all details1 ( c\rse1 b g5]ally71 has f\nd its antitype 9 ! dugong & ! manatee2 ! roc 9 ! condor1 or p]haps 9 ^? ext9ct species ^: bones atte/ _! mon/r\s proportions2 ! unicorn 9 ! rh9oc]os2 ev5 ! dragon 9 ! pt]odactyl ( ! gre5-s&2 :ile ! c5taur1 ! m9otaur1 ! w+$ horse1 & s =?1 h become recogniz$ z purely imag9>y creatures1 :i* _h _! orig9 simply 9 ! fanciful comb9ation ( kn[n =ms1 no exi/5t creatures hav+ ev5 sugge/$ ^! mon/rosities4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t ! sea %\ld h be5 m prolific 9 mon/rosities & 9 =ms ^: real nature has be5 misund]/ood4 ,l& animals _c long escape close obs]vation4 ,ev5 ! mo/ p[]ful & f]oci\s bea/s mu/ succumb 9 ! long run to man1 & 9 =m] ages1 :5 ! /ruggle 0 /ill undecid$ betwe5 "s race ( animals & savage man1 individual specim5s ( ! race mu/ (t5 h be5 kill$1 & ! true appe>ance ( ! animal det]m9$4 ,p[]ful w+$ animals might = a long] "t rema9 comp>atively my/]i\s creatures ev5 to ^? :om !y attack$1 or ^: flocks !y ravag$4 ,a mighty bird1 or a pt]odactylian creature 7a late survivor ( a race !n fa/ dy+ out71 might swoop d[n on 8 prey & disappe> ) x too swiftly to be made ! subject ( close scrut9y1 /ill less ( exact sci5tific obs]vation4 ,yet ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ev5 ( su* creatures w\ld be=e long be kn[n4 ,f "t to "t ! /range w+$ mon/] w\ld be se5 hov]+ ov] ! places :]e 8 prey 0 to be f\nd4 ,occasionally x w\ld be possible to pi]ce "o ( ! race ) an arr[ or a javel92 & ?us1 ev5 9 ^? remote p]iods :5 ! savage prog5itors ( ! pres5t races ( man _h to c>ry on a difficult conte/ ) animals n[ ext9ct or greatly r$uc$ 9 p[]1 x w\ld become possible to det]m9e accurately ! nature ( ! w+$ enemy4 ,b ) sea creatures1 mon/r\s1 or o!rwise1 ! case w\ld be v diff]5t4 ,to ?is day we rema9 ignorant ( mu* t is hidd5 b5ea? ! waves ( ! 8holl[-s\nd+ & my/]i\s ma940 ,( f> ! great] numb] ( sea creatures1 x may truly be said t we nev] see any specim5s except by accid5t1 & nev] obta9 ! body ( any except by v r>e accid5t4 ,^? creatures ( ! deep sea :i* we are be/ acqua9t$ )1 are ei!r ^? :i* are at once v num]\s & v useful z food or 9 "s o!r way1 or else ^? :i* are v rapaci\s & ?us expose !mselves1 by _! attacks on m51 to c\nt]-attack & capture or de/ruction4 ,9 remote times1 :5 m5 7 less able to trav]se ! wide seas1 :51 on ! "o h&1 attacks f great sea creatures 7 m apt to be successful1 :ile1 on ! o!r1 c\nt]-attack 0 mu* m dang]\s1 /ill less w\ld be kn[n ab\t ! mon/]s ( ! deep4 ,se5 only = a few mom5ts z he seiz$ 8 prey1 & !n s9k+ back into ! dep?s1 a sea mon/] w\ld probably rema9 a my/]y ev5 to ^? :o _h witness$ 8 attack1 :ile _! imp]fect acc\nt ( :at !y _h se5 w\ld be modifi$ at ea* repetition ( ! /ory1 until !re w\ld rema9 little by :i* ! creature c\ld be id5tifi$1 ev5 if at "s subsequ5t p]iod its true nature 7 recogniz$4 ,we c readily und]/&1 !n1 t among ! fabul\s creatures ( antiquity1 ev5 ( ^? :i* repres5t$ actually exi/5t races incorrectly describ$1 ! mo/ rem>kable1 & ^? zoologically ! lea/ intelligible1 w\ld be ! mon/]s ( ! deep sea4 ,we c also und]/& t ev5 ! acc\nts :i* orig9ally correspond$ be/ ) ! tru? w\ld h und]gone modifications mu* m notewor?y ?an ^? affect+ descriptions ( l& animals or w+$ creatures--simply because !re w\ld be small *ance ( any errors ?us introduc$ be+ correct$ by ! /udy ( fre%ly discov]$ specim5s4 ,we may1 p]haps1 expla9 9 ?is way ! /range acc\nt giv5 by ,b]osus ( ! creature :i* came up f ! ,r$ ,sea1 hav+ ! body ( a fi% b ! front & head ( a man4 ,we may well believe t ?is animal 0 no o!r ?an a dugong1 or halicore 7a ^w signify+ sea-maid571 a creature inhabit+ ! ,indian ,ocean to ?is day1 & :i* might readily f9d its way into ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,b ! acc\nt ( ! creature has be5 /rangely alt]$ f ! orig9al n>rative1 if at lea/ ! orig9al n>rative 0 correct4 ,=1 accord+ to ,b]osus1 ! animal _h two human feet :i* project$ f ea* side ( ! tail2 &1 /ill /rang]1 x _h a human voice & human language4 8,?is /range mon/] soj\rn$ among ! rude p dur+ ! day1 tak+ no food1 b retir+ to ! sea aga9 at night1 & cont9u$ = "s "t tea*+ !m ! arts ( civiliz$ life40 ,a picture ( ?is /rang] is said to h be5 pres]v$ at ,babylon = _m c5turies4 ,) a probable sub/ratum ( tru?1 ! /ory 9 its late/ =m is z fabul\s z ,autolycus's 8ballad ( a fi% t appe>$ ^u ! coa/1 on ,w$nesday ! f\rscore ( ,april1 =ty ?\s& fa?oms above wat]1 & sang a ballad aga9/ ! h>d he>ts ( maids40 ,x is s+ul>1 by ! way1 h[ commonly ! p[] ( spee*1 or at lea/ ( produc+ s\nds resembl+ spee* or musical notes1 0 attribut$ to ! creature :i* imag9ation conv]t$ into a man-fi% or woman-fi%4 ,dugongs & manatees make a k9d ( l[+ noise1 :i* c\ld sc>cely be mi/ak5 "u ord9>y conditions = ! s\nd ( ! human voice4 ,yet1 n only is ?is peculi>ity ascrib$ to ! m]maid & sir5 7! m]man & triton hav+ ev5 ! suppos$ p[] ( bl[+ on con*-%ells71 b 9 m rec5t acc\nts ( enc\nt]s ) creatures presumably ( ! seal tribe & alli$ races1 ! same feature is to be notic$4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,gosse f a n>rative by ,capta9 ,w$dell1 ! well-kn[n geograph]1 is int]e/+ = ?is reason among/ o!rs4 ,x also illu/rates well ! mixture ( errone\s details 7! (fspr+1 d\btless1 ( an excit$ imag9ation7 ) ! correct description ( a sea creature actually se53--8,a boat's crew 7 employ$ on ,hall's ,isl&1 :5 "o ( ! crew1 left to take c>e ( "s produce1 saw an animal ^: voice 0 musical4 ,! sailor _h la9 d[n1 & at t5 o'clock he he>d a noise resembl+ human cries1 & z daylight 9 ^! latitudes nev] disappe>s at ?is season0 7! ,ant>ctic summ]71 8he rose & look$ ar\nd1 b1 on see+ no p]son1 return$ to b$4 ,pres5tly he he>d ! noise aga92 he rose a second "t1 b /ill saw no?+4 ,conceiv+1 h[ev]1 ! possibility ( a boat be+ upset1 & t "s ( ! crew might be cl++ to deta*$ rocks1 he walk$ along ! bea* a few /eps & he>d ! noise m di/9ctly b 9 a musical /ra94 ,^u se>*+ ar\nd1 he saw an object ly+ on a rock a doz5 y>ds f ! %ore1 at :i* he 0 some:at fright5$4 ,! face & %\ld]s appe>$ ( human =m & ( a r$di% col\r2 ov] ! %\ld]s hung long gre5 hair2 ! tail resembl$ t ( ! seal1 b ! extremities ( ! arms he c\ld n see di/9ctly4 ,! creature cont9u$ to make a musical noise :ile he gaz$ ab\t two m9utes1 & on p]ceiv+ him x disappe>$ 9 an in/ant4 ,imm$iately1 :5 ! man saw 8 (fic]1 he told ?is wild tale1 & to add weight to 8 te/imony 7be+ a ,romani/7 he made a cross on ! s&1 :i* he kiss$1 z mak+ oa? to ! tru? ( 8 /atem5t4 ,:5 ,i saw him he told ! /ory 9 s cle> & positive a mann]1 mak+ oa? to its tru?1 t ,i conclud$ he mu/ really h se5 ! animal he describ$1 or t x mu/ h be5 ! effects ( a di/urb$ imag9ation40 ,9 ?is /ory all is consi/5t ) ! belief t ! sailor saw an animal belong+ to ! seal family 7( a species unkn[n to him71 except ! gre5 hair4 ,b ! h\r 0 n v fav\rable to ! disc]n+ ( col\r1 ?\gh daylight _h n q pass$ away1 & z ,gosse po9ts out1 s9ce gold5-yell[ fur & black fur are f\nd among ,ant>ctic seals1 ! col\rs may be int]m+l$ 9 "s individuals1 produc+ an olive-gre5 t9t1 :i*1 by contra/ ) ! r$di% sk91 might be mi/ak5 = a full gre54 ,consid]+ t ! man _h be5 r\s$ f sleep & 0 some:at fright5$1 he w\ld n be likely to make v exact obs]vations4 ,x w be notic$ t x 0 only at fir/ t he mi/ook ! s\nds made by ! creature = human cries2 aft]w>ds he he>d only ! same noise1 b 9 a musical /ra94 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! musical s\nds said to h be5 utt]$ by ?is creature1 & commonly attribut$ to creatures belong+ to families closely alli$ to ! seals1 ,i d n "k t any attempt has yet be5 made to %[ t ^! families possess ! p[] ( emitt+ s\nds :i* c prop]ly be describ$ z musical4 ,x is q possible t ! ,romani/ sailor's e>s 7 n v nice1 & t any s\nd s(t] ?an a bell[ seem$ musical to him4 ,/ill1 ! idea sugge/s itself t possibly seals1 l "s o!r animals1 possess a note n commonly us$1 b only z a signal to _! mates1 & nev] utt]$ :5 m5 or o!r animals are kn[n to be ne>4 ,x appe>s to me t ?is is r5d]$ probable by ! circum/ance t seals are fond ( music4 ,d>w9 ref]s to ?is 9 8 treatise on ,sexual ,selection 7publi%$ ) 8 8,desc5t ( ,man071 & quotes a /atem5t to ! effect t ! fondness ( seals = music 80 well kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & is (t5 tak5 advantage ( by hunt]s to ! pres5t day40 ,! significance ( ?is w be und]/ood f ,d>w9's rem>k imm$iately foll[+1 t 8) all ^! animals1 ! males ( :i* dur+ ! season ( c\rt%ip incessantly produce musical notes or m]e rhy?mical s\nds1 we mu/ believe t ! females are able to appreciate !m40 ,! rem>k ab\t ! creature's arms seems /rongly to fav\r ! belief t ! sailor int5d$ 8 n>rative to be /rictly tru?ful4 ,_h he wi%$ to excite ! int]e/ ( 8 comrades by a m>vell\s /ory1 he c]ta9ly w\ld h describ$ ! creature z hav+ well-develop$ human h&s4 ,less tru/wor?y by f> seem "s ( ! /ories :i* h be5 told ( animals resembl+ ! m]maid ( antiquity4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 all probability we "k v few among ! species ( seals & alli$ races1 & t "s ( ^! species may pres5t1 9 c]ta9 respects & p]haps at a c]ta9 age1 mu* clos] resemblance to ! human =m ?an ! sea-lion1 seal1 manatee1 or dugong4 ,we _c1 = in/ance1 atta* mu* weight to ! foll[+ /ory relat$ by ,hudson1 ! fam\s navigator3--8,"o ( our company1 look+ ov]bo>d1 saw a m]maid & call+ up "s ( ! company to see h]1 "o m came up1 & by t "t %e 0 come close to ! %ip's side1 look+ e>ne/ly on ! m54 ,a little aft] a sea came & ov]turn$ h]4 ,f ! navel upw>d h] back & brea/s 7 l a woman's1 z !y say t saw h]2 h] body z big z "o ( u2 h] sk9 v :ite2 & long hair hang+ d[n beh9d1 ( col\r black4 ,9 h] go+ d[n !y saw h] tail1 :i* 0 l ! tail ( a porpoise & speckl$ l a mack]el40 ,if ,hudson himself _h se5 & ?us describ$ ! creature x w\ld h be5 possible to reg>d ! /ory ) "s degree ( cr$5ce2 b 8 acc\nt ( :at ,?omas ,hilles & ,rob]t ,rayn]1 m5 ab\t ^: "* = v]acity we "k no?+1 said !y saw1 is ( little weight4 ,! sk9 v :ite1 & long hair hang+ d[n beh9d1 are especially suspici\s features ( ! n>rative2 & 7 probably introduc$ to dispose ( ! idea1 :i* o!rs ( ! crew may h advanc$1 t ! creature 0 only "s k9d ( seal aft] all4 ,! female seal 7,phoca ,gre5l&ica is ! pretty "n ( ! animal7 is n1 h[ev]1 l ! male1 tawny grey1 b dusky :ite1 or yell[i% /raw-col\r1 ) a tawny t9t on ! back4 ,! "y alone c\ld be call$ 8v :ite40 ,!y are s :ite 9 fact z sc>cely to be di/+ui%able :5 ly+ on ice & sn[1 a circum/ance :i*1 z ,d>w9 consid]s1 s]ves z a protection = ^! little fell[s4 ,! foll[+ /ory1 quot$ by ,gosse f ,dr4 ,rob]t ,hamilton's able 8,hi/ory ( ! ,:ales & ,seals10 comp>es fav\rably 9 "s respects ) ! la/ n>rative3--8,x 0 report$ t a fi%+-boat (f ! isl& ( ,yell1 "o ( ! ,%etl& gr\p1 _h captur$ a m]maid by its gett+ entangl$ 9 ! l9es6 ,! /atem5t is1 t ! animal is ab\t ?ree feet long1 ! upp] "p ( ! body resembl+ ! human1 ) protub]ant mamm l a woman2 ! face1 ! =ehead1 & neck1 7 %ort1 & resembl+ ^? ( a monkey2 ! arms1 :i* 7 small1 7 kept fold$ across ! brea/2 ! f+]s 7 di/9ct1 n webb$2 a few /iff long bri/les 7 on ! top ( ! head1 ext5d+ d[n to ! %\ld]s1 & ^! x c\ld erect & depress at pleasure1 some?+ l a cre/4 ,! inf]ior "p ( ! body 0 l a fi%4 ,! sk9 0 smoo? & ( a grey col\r4 ,x (f]$ no resi/ance1 nor attempt$ to bite1 b utt]$ a l[1 pla9tive s\nd4 ,! crew1 six 9 numb]1 took x )9 _! boat2 b sup]/ition gett+ ! bett] ( curiosity1 !y c>efully dis5tangl$ x f ! l9es & a hook :i* _h accid5tally fa/5$ 9 ! body1 & return$ x to its native elem5t4 ,x in/antly div$1 desc5d+ 9 a p]p5dicul> direction40 8,!y _h ! animal = ?ree h\rs )9 ! boat2 ! body 0 )\t scales or hair2 ( a silv]y grey col\r above1 & :ite bel[1 l ! human sk92 no gills 7 obs]v$1 nor f9s on ! back or belly4 ,! tail 0 l t ( ! dog-fi%2 ! mamm 7 ab\t z l>ge z ^? ( a woman2 ! m\? & lips 7 v di/9ct1 & resembl$ ! human40 ,?is acc\nt1 if accept$ 9 all its details1 w\ld c]ta9ly indicate t an animal ( "s species be=e unkn[n _h be5 captur$4 ,b x is d\btful h[ mu* reliance c be plac$ on ! description ( ! animal4 ,mr4 ,gosse1 comm5t+ ^u ! case1 says t ! fi%]m5 _c h be5 affect$ by fe> 9 su* sort t _! imag9ation exagg]at$ ! resemblance ( ! creature to ! human =m4 8,= ! m]maid10 he says1 8is n an object ( t]ror to ! fi%]m52 x is r a welcome gue/1 & dang] is to be appreh5d$ only f its exp]i5c+ bad treatm5t40 ,b !n ?is creature _h n be5 treat$ z a specially welcome gue/4 ,! crew _h captur$ x2 & probably n )\t "s degree ( viol5ce2 = ?\gh x (f]$ no resi/ance x utt]$ a pla9tive cry4 ,& t hook :i* 8_h accid5tally fa/5$ 9 ! body0 has a v suspici\s look4 ,if ! animal c\ld h giv5 its own acc\nt ( ! capture1 probably ! hook w\ld n h be5 f\nd to h fa/5$ 9 ! body altoge!r by accid5t4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! fi%]m5 7 s f> fright5$ t sup]/ition got ! bett] ( curiosity2 s t1 z !y 7 evid5tly v fooli% fell[s1 _! evid5ce is sc>cely wor? mu*4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 only two po9ts 9 _! n>rative :i* d n seem easily reconcil$ ) ! belief t !y _h captur$ a r "y female ( a species closely alli$ to ! common seal--! di/9ct unwebb$ f+]s & ! small arms fold$ across ! brea/4 ,o!r po9ts 9 _! description sugge/ m>k$ diff]5ces 9 degree f ! usual *>act]i/ics ( ! female seal2 b ^! two alone seem to diff] absolutely 9 k9d4 ,consid]+ all ! circum/ances ( ! n>rative1 we may p]haps agree ) ,mr4 ,gosse to ?is ext5t1 t1 comb9$ ) o!r /atem5ts1 ! /ory induces a /rong suspicion t ! nor!rn seas may hold =ms ( life z yet uncatalogu$ by sci5ce4 ,! /ories :i* h be5 relat$ ab\t mon/r\s cuttle-fi% h only be5 fabul\s 9 reg>d to ! dim5sions :i* !y h attribut$ to ^! creatures4 ,ev5 9 ?is respect x has be5 %[n1 q rec5tly1 t "s ( ! acc\nts =m]ly reg>d$ z fabul\s fell ev5 %ort ( ! tru?4 ,pl9y relates1 = in/ance1 t ! body ( a mon/r\s cuttle-fi%1 ( a k9d kn[n on ! ,spani% coa/1 weigh$1 :5 captur$1 #gjj lbs41 ! head ! same1 ! arms be+ #cj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! entire weight w\ld probably h am\nt$ to ab\t #bjjj lbs4 ,b we %all pres5tly see t ?is weight has be5 l>gely exce$$ by mod]n specim5s4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 9 ! ,middle ,ages t ! really fabul\s cuttle-fi% fl\ri%$--! gigantic krak51 8lik] an isl& ?an an animal10 accord+ to cr$ul\s ,bi%op ,pontoppidan1 & able to de/roy 9 its mighty arms ! l>ge/ galleons & w> %ips ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,x is natural t animals really mon/r\s %\ld be magnifi$ by ! fe>s ( ^? :o h se5 or enc\nt]$ !m1 & /ill fur!r magnifi$ aft]w>ds by tradition4 ,"s specim5s ( cuttle-fi% :i* h be5 captur$ :olly1 or 9 "p1 indicate t ?is creature sometimes atta9s su* dim5sions t b little magnify+ w\ld be ne$$ to sugge/ ev5 ! trem5d\s proportions ( ! fabul\s krak54 ,9 #ahfa1 ! ,fr5* w>-/eam] ,alecton enc\nt]$ a mon/r\s cuttle1 on ! surface ( ! sea1 ab\t #abj miles nor?-ea/ ( ,t5]iffe4 ,! crew succe$$ 9 slipp+ a noose r\nd ! body1 b un=tunately ! rope slipp$1 &1 be+ arre/$ by ! tail f91 pull$ (f ! tail4 ,?is 0 haul$ on bo>d1 & f\nd to weigh ov] #dj lbs4 ,f a draw+ ( ! animal1 ! total l5g? )\t ! arms 0 e/imat$ at #ej feet1 & ! weight at #djjj lbs41 ne>ly twice ! weight ( ,pl9y's mon/r\s cuttle-fi%1 long reg>d$ z fabul\s4 ,9 "o respect ?is creature seems to h be5 imp]fect1 ! two long arms usually possess$ by cuttle-fi% ( ! k9d be+ want+4 ,probably x _h lo/ ^! long t5tacles 9 a rec5t enc\nt] ) "s sea enemy1 p]haps "o ( its own species4 ,q possibly x may h be5 su* rec5t mutilation :i* expos$ ?is cuttle-fi% to successful attack by ! crew ( ! ,alecton4 ,a cuttle-fi% ( ab\t ! same dim5sions 0 enc\nt]$ by two fi%]m5 9 #ahgc1 9 ,conception ,bay1 ,newf\ndl&4 ,:5 !y attack$ x1 ! creature ?rew its long arms across ! boat1 b ! fi%]m5 ) an axe cut (f ^! t5tacles1 on :i* ! cephalopod )drew 9 "s ha/e4 ,"o ( ! arms 0 pres]v$1 aft] x _h lo/ ab\t #f feet ( its l5g?4 ,ev5 ?us r$uc$ x measur$ #ai feet2 & z ! fi%]m5 e/imate t ! arm 0 /ruck (f ab\t #aj feet f ! body1 x foll[s t ! entire l5g? ( ! limb mu/ h be5 ab\t #ce feet4 ,!y e/imat$ ! body at #fj feet 9 l5g? & #e feet 9 diamet]--a mon/r\s creature6 ,x 0 =tunate = ^! fi%]m5 t !y _h an axe h&y = its obtrusive t5tacles1 z ) s great a mass & ! great propulsive p[] possess$ by all cephalopods1 x might readily h upset _! small boat4 ,once 9 ! wat]1 !y w\ld h be5 at ! creature's m]cy--a quality :i*1 by all acc\nts1 ! cuttle-fi% does n possess to any rem>kable ext5t4 ,turn we1 h[ev]1 f ! half fabul\s woman-fi%1 & ! exagg]at$ly mon/r\s cuttle-fi%1 to ! fam\s sea-s]p5t1 held by _m to be ! mo/ utt]ly fabul\s ( all fabl$ creatures1 :ile a few1 includ+ "s naturali/s ( di/9ction1 /\tly ma9ta9 t ! creature has a real exi/5ce1 ?\gh :e!r x be rightly call$ a sea-s]p5t or n is a po9t ab\t :i* ev5 believ]s are extremely d\btful4 ,x may be well1 9 ! fir/ place1 to rem>k t 9 weigh+ ! evid5ce = & aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ?is creature1 & be>+ on ! "q ( its nature 7if its exi/5ce be admitt$71 we ought n to be influ5c$ by ! manife/ falsity ( a numb] ( /ories relat+ to suppos$ enc\nt]s ) ?is animal4 ,x is probable t1 b = ^! absurd /ories1 ! well-au!nticat$ n>ratives relat+ to ! creature1 :atev] x may be1 :i* has be5 call$ ! sea-s]p5t1 w\ld h receiv$ mu* m att5tion ?an has h]et(ore be5 giv5 to !m4 ,x is also possible t "s n>ratives w\ld h be5 publi%$ :i* h be5 kept back f ! fe> le/ a tru?ful 7?\gh possibly mi/ak57 acc\nt %\ld be class$ ) ! und\bt$ untru?s :i* h be5 told respect+ ! great sea-s]p5t4 ,x _c be d5i$ t 9 ! ma9 ! inv5tions & hoaxes ab\t ! sea-s]p5t h come *iefly f ,am]ican s\rces4 ,x is un=tunately suppos$ by too _m ( ! less cultur$ sons ( ,am]ica t 7to use ,mr4 ,gosse's expression7 8!re is some:at ( wit 9 gross exagg]ations or hoax+ inv5tions40 ,( c\rse an ,am]ican g5tleman--us+ ! ^w 89 t s5se 9 :i* e man may be a g5tleman10 z ,tweml[ ha? x--w\ld z soon ?9k ( utt]+ a base co9 z a delib]ate untru? or fooli% hoax4 ,b x is ?\ght clev]1 by n a few 9 ,am]ica :o "k no bett]1 to take any "o 9 by an inv5tion4 ,"s1 p]haps b a small numb]1 ( ! newspap]s set a specially bad example 9 ?is respect1 giv+ room 9 _! columns = pret5d$ discov]ies 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 elaborate acc\nts ( newly discov]$ animals1 liv+ or ext9ct1 & o!r untru?s :i* w\ld be reg>d$ z v disgraceful inde$ by ,engli% editors4 ,su* 0 ! fam\s 8lun> hoax10 publi%$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,sun "s =ty ye>s ago2 su* ! n>rative1 9 #ahgc1 ( a mon/r\s fissure :i* _h be5 disc]n$ 9 ! body ( ! moon1 & ?reat5$ to increase until ! moon %\ld be clov5 into two unequal p>ts2 su* ! fables :i* h f "t to "t appe>$ respect+ ! sea-s]p5t4 ,b x w\ld be z unreasonable to reject1 because ( ^! la/-nam$ fables1 ! n>ratives :i* h be5 relat$ by quiet1 tru?-lov+ folk1 & h borne close & c>eful scrut9y1 z x w\ld be to reject ! evid5ce giv5 by ! spectroscope respect+ ! exi/5ce ( iron & o!r metals 9 ! sun because an absurd /ory _h told h[ creatures 9 ! moon _h be5 obs]v$ to make use ( metal ut5sils or to adorn ! ro(s ( _! temples ) metallic imitations ( wrea!d flames4 ,! olde/ acc\nts on record ( ! appe>ance ( a great sea creature resembl+ a s]p5t are ^? quot$ by ,bi%op ,pontoppidan1 9 8 description ( ! natural hi/ory ( 8 native c\ntry1 ,norway4 ,among/ ^! 0 "o confirm$ by oa? tak5 be=e a magi/rate by two ( ! crew ( a %ip comm&$ by ,capta9 de ,f]ry1 ( ! ,norwegian navy4 ,! capta9 & eight m5 saw ! animal1 ne> ,molde1 9 ,augu/1 #agdg4 ,!y describ$ x z ( ! g5]al =m ( a s]p5t1 /ret*$ on ! surface 9 rec$+ coils 7mean+1 probably1 ! %ape assum$ by ! neck ( a swan :5 ! head is drawn back74 ,! head1 :i* resembl$ t ( a horse1 0 rais$ two feet above ! wat]4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahag1 a l>ge m>9e animal1 suppos$ to be a s]p5t1 0 se5 ne> ,cape ,ann1 ,massa*usetts4 ,elev5 witnesses ( good reputation gave evid5ce on oa? be=e magi/rates4 ,"o ( ^! magi/rates _h himself se5 ! creature1 & corroborat$ ! mo/ important po9ts ( ! evid5ce giv5 by ! elev5 witnesses4 ,! creature _h ! appe>ance ( a s]p5t1 d>k br[n 9 col\r 7"s said mottl$71 ) :ite "u ! head & neck4 ,its l5g? 0 e/imat$ at f #ej to #ajj feet4 ,! head 0 9 %ape l a s]p5t's1 b z l>ge z a horse's4 ,no mane 0 notic$4 ,five ( ! witnesses depos$ to protub]ances on ! back2 f\r said ! back 0 /raight2 ! o!r two gave no op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,! magi/rate :o _h se5 ! animal consid]$ ! appe>ance ( protub]ances 0 due to ! b5d+s ( ! body :ile 9 rapid motion4 ,9 #ahdh1 :5 ! capta9 ( ! ,briti% frigate ,ddalus _h publi%$ an acc\nt ( a simil> animal se5 by him & sev]al ( 8 (fic]s & crew1 ! ,hon4 ,colonel ,t4 ,h4 ,p]k9s1 ( ,bo/on1 :o _h se5 ! animal on ! occasion j m5tion$ 9 #ahag1 gave an acc\nt 7copi$ f a lett] writt5 9 #ahbj7 ( :at he _h witness$4 ,x is ne$less to quote ^? po9ts :i* correspond ) :at has be5 already /at$4 ,colonel ,p]k9s notic$ 8an appe>ance 9 ! front ( ! head l a s+le horn1 ab\t n9e in*es to a foot 9 l5g?1 %ap$ l a m>l9spike1 :i* w pres5tly be expla9$4 ,i left ! place10 he proce$s1 8fully satisfi$ t ! reports 9 circulation1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 details1 7 ess5tially correct40 ,he relates h[ a p]son nam$ ,mansfield1 8"o ( ! mo/ respectable inhabitants ( ! t[n1 :o _h be5 su* an unbeliev] 9 ! exi/5ce ( ?is mon/] t he _h n giv5 himself ! tr\ble to g f 8 h\se to ! h>b\r :5 ! report 0 fir/ made10 saw ! animal f a bank ov]look+ ! h>b\r4 ,mr4 ,mansfield & 8 wife agre$ 9 e/imat+ ! creature's l5g? at #ajj feet4 ,sev]al crews ( coa/+ vessels saw ! animal1 9 "s in/ances )9 a few y>ds4 8,capta9 ,tappan10 proce$s ,colonel ,p]k9s1 8a p]son well kn[n to me1 saw him ) 8 head above wat] two or ?ree feet1 at times mov+ ) great rapidity1 at o!rs sl[ly4 ,he also saw :at expla9$ ! appe>ance :i* ,i h describ$ ( a horn on ! front ( ! head4 ,?is 0 d\btless :at 0 obs]v$ by ,capta9 ,tappan to be ! tongue1 ?r[n 9 an upright position f ! m\?1 & hav+ ! appe>ance :i* ,i h giv5 to x4 ,"o ( ! rev5ue cutt]s1 :il/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cape ,ann1 _h an excell5t view ( him at a few y>ds' di/ance2 he mov$ sl[ly1 & ^u ! appe>ance ( ! vessel sank & 0 se5 no m40 ,fifte5 ye>s lat]1 9 ,may #ahcc1 five ,briti% (fic]s--,capta9 ,sullivan1 ,lieut5ants ,macla*lan & ,malcolm ( ! ,rifle ,brigade1 ,lieut5ant ,ly/] ( ! ,artill]y1 & ,mr4 ,snee ( ! ,ordnance--:5 cruis+ 9 a small ya*t (f ,m>g>et's ,bay1 n f> f ,halifax1 8saw ! head & neck ( "s d5iz5 ( ! deep1 precisely l ^? ( a common snake1 9 ! act ( swimm+1 ! head s elevat$ & ?r[n =w>d by ! curve ( ! neck z to enable u to see ! wat] "u & beyond x40 ,!y judg$ its l5g? to exce$ #hj feet4 8,!re c\ld be no mi/ake nor delusion1 & we 7 all p]fectly satisfi$ t we _h be5 fav\r$ ) a view ( ! #8true & v]itable sea-s]p5t1' :i* _h be5 g5]ally consid]$ to h exi/$ only 9 ! bra9 ( "s ,yankee skipp]1 & treat$ z a tale n entitl$ to belief40 ,d[l+1 a man-(-w>'s man !y _h along ) !m1 made ! foll[+ unsci5tific b notewor?y comm5t3 8,well1 ,i've sail$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & h se5 rum sights too 9 my "t1 b ?is is ! que]e/ ?+ ,i ev] see40 8,& surely10 adds ,capta9 ,sullivan1 8,jack ,d[l+ 0 "r40 ,! description ( ! animal agrees 9 all ess5tial respects ) previ\s acc\nts1 b ! head 0 e/imat$ at ab\t six feet 9 l5g?--consid]ably l>g]1 !re=e1 ?an a horse's head4 ,b unque/ionably ! acc\nt ( ! sea-s]p5t :i* has comm&$ mo/ att5tion 0 t giv5 by ! capta91 (fic]s1 & crew ( ! ,briti% frigate ,ddalus1 ,capta9 ,m',quh1 9 #ahdh4 ,! ,times publi%$ on ,octob] #i1 #ahdh1 a p>agraph /at+ t ! sea-s]p5t _h be5 se5 by ! capta9 & mo/ ( ! (fic]s & crew ( ?is %ip1 on h] passage home f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! ,admiralty inquir$ at once into ! tru? ( ! /atem5t1 & ! foll[+ is abridg$ f ,capta9 ,m',quh's (ficial reply1 address$ to ,admiral ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,gage4 8,sir1--,9 reply to y\r lett]1 requir+ in=mation z to ! tru? ( a /atem5t publi%$ 9 ! ,times newspap]1 ( a sea-s]p5t ( extraord9>y dim5sions hav+ be5 se5 f ! ,ddalus1 ,i h ! hon\r to in=m y t at #e p4m41 ,augu/ #f la/1 9 latitude #bd #dd ,s41 longitude #i #bb ,e41 ! wea!r d>k & cl\dy1 w9d fre% f ,n4,w41 ) long ocean swell f ,s4,w41 ! %ip on ! port tack1 head+ ,n4,e4 by ,n41 ,mr4 ,s>toris1 mid%ipman1 report$ to ,lieut5ant ,e4 ,drummond 7) :om1 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,b>rett1 ! ma/]1 ,i 0 walk+ ! qu>t]-deck7 some?+ v unusual rapidly approa*+ ! %ip f be=e ! beam4 ,! object 0 se5 to be an enorm\s s]p5t1 ) head & %\ld]s kept ab\t f\r feet con/antly above ! surface ( ! sea1 z ne>ly z we c\ld judge2 at lea/ #fj feet ( ! animal 0 on ! surface1 no "p ( :i* l5g? 0 us$1 s f> z we c\ld see1 9 propell+ ! animal ei!r by v]tical or horizontal undulation4 ,x pass$ quietly1 b s closely "u our lee qu>t] t1 _h x be5 a man ( my acqua9tance1 ,i %\ld easily h recogniz$ 8 features ) ! nak$ eye4 ,x did n1 :ile visible1 deviate f its c\rse to ! ,s4,w41 :i* x held on at ! pace ( f #ab to #ae miles p] h\r1 z if on "s det]m9$ purpose4 ,! diamet] ( ! s]p5t 0 f #ae to #af in*es beh9d ! head1 :i* 01 )\t any d\bt1 t ( a snake4 ,its col\r 0 a d>k br[n1 ) yell[i% :ite ab\t ! ?roat4 ,x did n once1 :ile )9 ! range ( view f our glasses1 s9k bel[ ! surface4 ,x _h no f9s1 b some?+ l ! mane ( a horse1 or r a bun* ( sea-we$1 wa%$ ab\t its back4 ,x 0 se5 by ! qu>t]-ma/]1 ! boatswa9's mate1 & ! man at ! :eel1 9 addition to myself & ! (fic]s above-m5tion$4 ,i am hav+ a draw+ ( ! s]p5t made f a sket* tak5 imm$iately aft] x 0 se51 :i* ,i hope to h ready = my ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty by to-morr['s po/4--,pet] ,m',quh1 ,capta940 ,! draw+ "h m5tion$ 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news = ,octob] #bh1 #ahdh1 be+ !re describ$ z made 8"u ! sup]vision ( ,capta9 ,m',quh1 & 8 approval ( ! au!nticity ( ! details z to position & =m40 ,! correspond5ce & controv]sy elicit$ by ! /atem5t ( ,capta9 ,m',quh 7 exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,x is notewor?y1 at ! outset1 t few1 p]haps none1 :o _h read ! orig9al /atem5t1 sugge/$ ! idea ( illusion1 :ile x ne$ h>dly p]haps be said t no "o express$ ! slighte/ d\bt z to ! bona fides ( ,capta9 ,m',quh & 8 fell[-witnesses4 ,^! po9ts des]ve att5tion1 because1 9 rec5t times1 ! subject ( ! sea-s]p5t has be5 frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 public j\rnals & else:]e z ?\gh no acc\nts ( ! creature _h ev] be5 giv5 :i* _h be5 entitl$ to cr$5ce4 ,i proce$ to summ>ise ! correspond5ce :i* foll[$ ,m',quh's ann\ncem5t4 ,! full p>ticul>s w be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,gosse's int]e/+ "w1 ! 8,romance ( ,natural ,hi/ory10 :]e1 h[ev]1 z x seems to me1 ! full =ce ( ! evid5ce is a little weak5$1 = all save naturali/s1 by ! introduction ( p>ticul>s n be>+ directly on ! que/ions at issue4 ,among ! e>lie/ communications 0 "o f ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,m4 ,/irl+1 a g5tleman :o1 dur+ a long resid5ce 9 ,norway1 _h he>d repeat$ acc\nts ( ! sea-s]p5t 9 ,norwegian seas1 & _h himself se5 a fi% or reptile at a di/ance ( a qu>t] ( a mile1 :i*1 exam9$ ?r\gh a telescope1 correspond$ 9 appe>ance ) ! sea-s]p5t z usually describ$4 ,?is communication 0 *iefly int]e/+1 h[ev]1 z advanc+ ! !ory t ! suppos$ sea-s]p5t is n a s]p5t at all1 b a long-neck$ plesiosaurian4 ,?is idea _h be5 advanc$ e>li]1 b )\t 8 k1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,newman1 ! editor ( ! ,zoologi/4 ,let u briefly inquire into ! circum/ances :i* sugge/ ! belief4 ,if we consid] ! usual acc\nt ( ! sea-s]p5t1 we f9d "o con/ant feature1 :i* seems entirely inconsi/5t ) ! belief t ! creature c be a s]p5t4 ,! animal has always %[n a l>ge portion ( its l5g?1 f #bj to #fj feet1 above ! surface ( ! wat]1 & )\t any evid5t signs ( undulation1 ei!r v]tically or horizontally4 ,n[1 ap>t f all zoological evid5ce1 our k ( physical laws w n p]mit u to believe t ! portion ?us visible above ! surface 0 propell$ by ! undulations ( a portion conceal$ bel[ ! surface1 unless ?is latt] portion l>gely exce$$ ! =m] 9 bulk4 ,a true fi% does n swim = any l5g? ( "t ) any b a v small portion ( its body above wat]2 probably l>ge eels nev] %[ ev5 a head or f9 above wat] = m ?an a few seconds :5 n at re/4 ,cetaceans1 ow+ to ! lay]s ( blubb] :i* float !m up1 rema9 (t5 = a long "t ) a portion ( _! bulk out ( ! wat]1 & ! l>g] sort (t5 swim long di/ances ) ! head & =e-"p out ( wat]4 ,b1 ev5 !n1 ! great] "p ( ! creature's bulk is "u wat]1 & ! driv+ app>atus1 ! ant]ior f9s & ! mighty tail1 are con/antly "u wat] 7:5 ! animal is urg+ its way horizontally1 be x und]/ood74 ,a sea creature1 9 fact1 :atev] its nature1 :i* keeps any consid]able volume ( its body out ( wat] con/antly1 :ile travell+ a long di/ance1 mu/ ( necessity h a mu* great] volume all ! "t "u wat]1 & mu/ h its propell+ app>atus "u wat]4 ,moreov]1 if ! propulsion is n effect$ by f9s1 paddles1 a great flat tail1 or ^! comb9$1 b by ! undulations ( ! animal's own body1 !n ! "p out ( wat] mu/ ( necessity be affect$ by ^! undulations1 unless x is v small 9 volume & l5g? comp>$ ) ! "p "u wat]4 ,i ass]t bo? ^! po9ts z matt]s dep5d+ on physical laws1 & )\t fe> t ! be/-in=m$ zoologi/ c adduce any in/ances to ! contr>y4 ,x is 9 fact physically impossible t su* in/ances %\ld exi/4 ,x w\ld n be say+ too mu* to ass]t t if ! s-call$ sea-s]p5t 7 really a s]p5t1 its entire l5g? mu/ be ne>] #ajjj ?an #ajj feet4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is utt]ly incr$ible4 ,we are1 !re=e1 =c$ to ! belief t ! creature is n a s]p5t4 ,if x 7 a long-neck$ reptile1 ) a conceal$ body mu* bulki] ?an ! neck1 ! requirem5ts ( floatation w\ld be satisfi$2 if to t body !re 7 atta*$ p[]ful paddles1 ! requirem5ts ( propulsion w\ld be satisfi$4 ,! !ory1 !n1 sugge/$1 fir/ by ,mr4 ,newman1 lat] b indep5d5tly by ,mr4 ,/irl+1 & advocat$ s9ce by sev]al naturali/s ( repute1 is simply t ! s-call$ sea-s]p5t is a mod]n repres5tative ( ! long-neck$ plesiosaurian reptile to :i* has be5 giv5 ! "n ( ! enaliosaurus4 ,creatures ( ?is k9d prevail$ 9 t era :5 :at is call$ ! lias 0 =m$1 a fossilif]\s /ratum belong+ to ! second>y or mesozoic rocks4 ,!y are n f\nd 9 ! lat] or t]ti>y rocks1 & !reon an argum5t might be d$uc$ aga9/ _! possible exi/5ce 9 ! pres5t1 or po/-t]ti>y1 p]iod2 b1 z w pres5tly be %[n1 ?is argum5t is f> f be+ conclusive4 ,! enaliosaurian reptiles 7 8extraord9>y10 says ,lyell1 8= _! numb]1 size1 & /ructure40 ,l ! i*?yosauri1 or fi%-liz>ds1 ! enaliosauri 7or s]p5t-turtles1 z !y might almo/ be call$7 7 c>nivor\s1 _! skeletons (t5 enclos+ ! fossiliz$ rema9s ( half-dige/$ fi%es4 ,!y _h extremely long necks1 ) heads v small comp>$ ) ! body4 ,!y are suppos$ to h liv$ *iefly 9 n>r[ seas & e/u>ies1 & to h brea!d air l ! mod]n :ales & o!r aquatic mammals4 ,"s ( !m 7 ( =midable dim5sions1 ?\gh none ( ! skeletons yet discov]$ indicate a l5g? ( m ?an #ce feet4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 at all likely t ! few skeletons kn[n indicate ! full size atta9$ by ^! creatures4 ,probably1 inde$1 we h ! rema9s ( only a few out ( _m species1 & "s species exi/+ 9 ! mesozoic p]iod may h z l>gely exce$$ ^? ^: skeletons h be5 f\nd1 z ! boa-con/rictor exce$s ! common r+$ snake4 ,x is also altoge!r probable t 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce dur+ :i* ! enaliosaurian reptiles h become almo/ ext9ct 7accord+ to ! hypo!sis we are consid]+71 none b ! l>ge/ & /ronge/ _h any *ance1 9 :i* case ! pres5t repres5tatives ( ! family w\ld l>gely exce$ 9 bulk _! prog5itors ( ! mesozoic p]iod4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,times ( ,novemb] #b1 #ahdh1 "u ! signature ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 po9t$ out h[ _m ( ! ext]nal *>act]s ( ! creature se5 f ! ,ddalus correspond$ ) ! belief t x 0 a long-neck$ plesiosaurus4 8,geologi/s10 he said1 8are agre$ 9 ! inf]5ce t ! plesiosauri c>ri$ _! necks1 :i* mu/ h resembl$ ! bodies ( s]p5ts1 above ! wat]1 :ile _! propulsion 0 effect$ by l>ge paddles work+ b5ea?1 ! %ort b /\t tail act+ ! "p ( a rudd]4444 ,9 ! lett] & draw+ ( ,capta9 ,m',quh 444 we h 444 ! %ort head1 ! s]p5t-l neck1 c>ri$ sev]al feet above ! wat]4 ,ev5 ! bri/ly mane 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! back1 s unlike any?+ f\nd 9 s]p5ts1 has its analogue 9 ! iguana1 to :i* animal ! plesiosaurus has be5 comp>$ by "s geologi/s4 ,b ,i w\ld mo/ ( all insi/ ^u ! peculi>ity ( ! animal's progression1 :i* c\ld only h be5 effect$ ) ! ev5ness & at ! rate describ$ by an app>atus ( f9s or paddles1 n possess$ by s]p5ts1 b exi/+ 9 ! highe/ p]fection 9 ! plesiosaurus40 ,at ?is /age a v em95t naturali/ ent]$ ! field--,pr(essor ,ow54 ,he dwelt fir/ on a c]ta9 *>act]i/ic ( ,capta9 ,m',quh's lett] :i* no /ud5t ( sci5ce c\ld fail to notice--! def9ite /atem5t t ! creature 0 s & s1 :]e a sci5tific obs]v] w\ld simply h said t ! creature pres5t$ su* & su* *>act]i/ics4 8,no soon] 0 ! capta9's att5tion call$ to ! object10 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 8?an #8x 0 discov]$ to be an enorm\s s]p5t1'0 ?\gh 9 reality ! true nature ( ! creature c\ld n be det]m9$ ev5 f ! obs]vations made dur+ ! :ole "t t x rema9$ visible4 ,tak+1 h[ev]1 8! m c]ta9 *>act]s10 ! 8head ) a convex1 mod]ately capaci\s cranium1 %ort1 obtuse muzzle1 gape n ext5d+ fur!r ?an to b5ea? ! eye1 :i* 7! eye7 is r small1 r\nd1 fill+ closely ! palpebral ap]ture0 7t is1 ! eyelids fit closely#be72 8col\r & surface z /at$2 no/rils indicat$ 9 ! draw+ by a cresc5tic m>k at ! end ( ! nose or muzzle4 ,all ^!10 proce$s ,ow51 8are ! *>act]s ( ! head ( a w>m-blood$ mammal1 none ( !m ^? ( a cold-blood$ reptile or fi%4 ,body long1 d>k br[n1 n undulat+1 )\t dorsal or o!r app>5t f9s1 #8b some?+ l ! mane ( a horse1 or r a bun* ( sea-we$1 wa%$ ab\t its back4'0 ,he inf]s t ! creature _h hair1 %[+ only :]e longe/ on ! back1 & !re=e t ! animal 0 n a mammal ( ! :ale species b r a great seal4 ,he !n %[s t ! sea-elephant1 or ,phoca proboscidea1 :i* atta9s ! l5g? ( f #bj to #cj feet1 0 ! mo/ probable memb] ( ! seal family to be f\nd ab\t #cjj miles f ! we/]n %ore ( ! s\!rn end ( ,africa1 9 latitude #bd #dd4 ,su* a creature1 accid5tally c>ri$ f its natural doma9 by a float+ iceb]g1 w\ld h 7aft] its iceb]g _h melt$7 to urge its way /eadily s\?w>ds1 z ! suppos$ sea-s]p5t 0 do+2 & probably ! creature approa*$ ! ,ddalus to scan h] 8capabilities z a re/+-place1 z x paddl$ its long1 /iff body pa/ ! %ip40 8,9 s do+ x w\ld raise a head ( ! =m & col\r describ$ & del9eat$ by ,capta9 ,m',quh0--its head only1 be x rem>k$1 correspond+ ) ! capta9's description4 ,! neck also w\ld be ( ! "r diamet]4 ,! ?ick neck1 pass+ into an inflexible trunk1 ! long] & co>s] hair on ! upp] "p ( :i* w\ld give rise to ! idea 8expla9$ by ! similes above cit$0 7( a mane or bun* ( sea-we$71 ! paddles w\ld be out ( sight2 & ! long eddy & wake creat$ by ! propell+ action ( ! tail w\ld acc\nt = ! idea ( a long s]p5t9e body1 at lea/ = ?is idea occurr+ to "o 8look+ at ! /range ph5om5on ) a sea-s]p5t 9 8 m9d's eye40 8,x is v probable t n "o on bo>d ! ,ddalus ev] be=e beheld a gigantic seal freely swimm+ 9 ! op5 ocean40 ,! excitem5t produc$ by ! /range spectacle1 & ! recollection ( 8old ,pontoppidan's sea-s]p5t ) ! mane10 w\ld suffice1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 consid]$1 to acc\nt = ! metamorphosis ( a sea-elephant into a man$ sea-s]p5t4 ,?is 0 n ! :ole ( ,pr(essor ,ow5's argum5t2 b x may be well to pause "h1 to consid] ! corrections imm$iately made by ,capta9 ,m',quh2 x may be notic$1 fir/1 t ,pr(essor ,ow5's argum5t seems suffici5tly to dispose ( ! belief t ! creature really 0 a sea-s]p5t1 or any cold-blood$ reptile4 ,& ?is view ( ! matt] has be5 confirm$ by lat] obs]vations4 ,b few1 ,i imag9e1 c readily accept ! belief t ,capta9 ,m',quh & 8 (fic]s _h mi/ak5 a sea-elephant = a creature su* z !y describe & picture4 ,to beg9 )1 al?\gh x might be probable en\gh t no "o on bo>d ! ,ddalus _h ev] se5 a gigantic seal freely swimm+ 9 ! op5 ocean--a sight :i* ,pr(essor ,ow5 himself _h c]ta9ly nev] se5--yet we c h>dly suppose !y w\ld n h kn[n a sea-elephant "u su* circum/ances4 ,ev5 if !y _h nev] se5 a sea-elephant at all1 !y w\ld surely "k :at su* an animal is l4 ,no "o c\ld mi/ake a sea-elephant = any o!r liv+ creature1 ev5 ?\gh 8 acqua9tance ) ! animal 7 limit$ to museum specim5s or pictures 9 books4 ,! supposition t ! entire animal1 t is1 its entire l5g?1 %\ld be mi/ak5 = #cj or #dj feet ( ! l5g? ( a s]p5t9e neck1 seems1 9 my judgm5t1 z />tl+ z ! +5i\s !ory ?r[n out by "s naturali/s :5 !y fir/ he>d ( ! giraffe--to ! effect t "s "o ( lively imag9ation _h mi/ak5 ! entire body ( a %ort-horn$ antelope = ! neck ( a mu* l>g] animal6 ,capta9 ,m',quh imm$iately repli$3--8,i ass]t t nei!r 0 x a common seal nor a sea-elephant2 its great l5g? & its totally diff]5t physiognomy preclud+ ! possibility ( its be+ a ,phoca ( any species4 ,! head 0 flat1 & n a capaci\s vault$ cranium2 nor _h x a /iff1 inflexible trunk--a conclusion to :i* ,pr(essor ,ow5 has jump$1 mo/ c]ta9ly n ju/ifi$ by my simple /atem5t1 t #8no portion ( ! #fj feet se5 by u 0 us$ 9 propell+ x ?r\gh ! wat]1 ei!r by v]tical or horizontal undulation4'0 ,he expla9$ t ! calculation ( ! creature's l5g? 0 made be=e1 n aft]1 ! idea _h be5 ent]ta9$ t ! animal 0 a s]p5t1 & t he & 8 (fic]s 7 8too well accu/om$ to judge ( l5g?s & bread?s ( objects 9 ! sea to mi/ake a real sub/ance & an actual liv+ body1 coolly & dispassionately contemplat$1 at s %ort a di/ance too1 = ! #8eddy caus$ by ! action ( ! deeply imm]s$ f9s & tail ( a rapidly mov+1 gigantic seal rais+ its head above ! wat]1' z ,pr(essor ,ow5 imag9es1 9 que/ ( its lo/ iceb]g40 ,he next dispos$ ( ,ow5's ass]tion t ! idea ( clo?+ ! s]p5t ) a mane _h be5 sugge/$ by old ,pontoppidan's /ory1 simply because he _h nev] se5 ,pontoppidan's acc\nt or he>d ( ,pontoppidan's sea-s]p5t1 until he _h told 8 own tale 9 ,london4 ,f9ally1 he add$1 8,i d5y ! exi/5ce ( excitem5t1 or ! possibility ( optical illusion4 ,i adh]e to ! /atem5t z to =m1 col\r1 & dim5sions1 conta9$ 9 my report to ! ,admiralty40 ,a n>rative :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,times e>ly 9 #ahdi mu/ be ref]r$ to 9 ?is place1 z n be+ readily explicable by ,pr(essor ,ow5's hypo!sis4 ,x 0 writt5 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,davidson1 sup]9t5d+ surgeon1 ,najpore ,subsidi>y ,=ce ,kamptee1 & 0 to ! foll[+ effect 7,i abridge x consid]ably73--,:5 at a consid]able di/ance s\?-we/ ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,mr4 ,davidson1 ,capta9 ,petrie1 ( ! ,royal ,saxon1 a /e]age pass5g]1 & ! man at ! :eel1 saw 8an animal ( :i* no m correct description c\ld be giv5 ?an t by ,capta9 ,m',quh4 ,x pass$ )9 #ce y>ds ( ! %ip1 )\t alt]+ its c\rse 9 ! lea/2 b z x came "r abrea/ ( u x sl[ly turn$ its head t[>ds u40 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! upp] "p ( its body 0 above wat]1 89 ne>ly its :ole l5g?2 & we c\ld see ! wat] curl+ up on its brea/ z x mov$ along1 b by :at means x mov$ we c\ld n p]ceive40 ,!y saw ?is creature 9 its :ole l5g? ) ! exception ( a small portion ( ! tail :i* 0 "u wat]2 & by comp>+ its l5g? ) t ( ! ,royal ,saxon1 #fjj feet1 :5 exactly alongside 9 pass+1 !y calculat$ x to be 9 l5g? z well z 9 o!r dim5sions great] ?an ! animal describ$ by ,capta9 ,m',quh4 ,9 ! ye> #aheb two /atem5ts 7 made1 "o by ,capta9 ,/eele1 #i? ,lanc]s1 ! o!r by "o ( ! (fic]s ( ! %ip ,b>ham 7,india m]*antman71 to ! effect t an animal ( a s]p5t9e appe>ance _h be5 se5 ab\t #ejj y>ds f t %ip 79 longitude #dj ,e4 & #cg #af ,s41 t is1 ea/ ( ! s\?-ea/]n corn] ( ,africa74 8,we saw him10 said ! =m]1 8ab\t #af or #bj feet out ( ! wat]1 & he sp\t$ a long way f 8 head0--t is1 ,i suppose1 he sp\t$ to "s di/ance1 n1 z ! words really imply1 at a "p ( 8 neck f> remov$ f ! head4 8,d[n 8 back he _h a cre/ l a cock's comb1 & 0 go+ v sl[ly ?r\gh ! wat]1 b left a wake ( ab\t #ej or #fj feet1 z if dragg+ a long body aft] him4 ,! capta9 put ! %ip (f h] c\rse to run d[n to him1 b z we approa*$ him he w5t d[n4 ,8 col\r 0 gre5 ) light spots4 ,he 0 se5 by e "o on bo>d40 ,! o!r witness gives a simil> acc\nt1 add+ t ! creature kept mov+ 8 head up & d[n1 & 0 surr\nd$ by hundr$s ( birds4 8,we at fir/ ?\ght x 0 a dead :ale4444 ,:5 we 7 )9 #ajj y>ds he sl[ly sank into ! dep?s ( ! sea2 :ile we 7 at d9n] he 0 se5 aga940 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,newton1 ! well-kn[n naturali/1 gu>antees 8 p]sonal acqua9tance ) "o ( ! recipi5ts ( ! lett]s j quot$ f4 ,b su* a gu>antee is1 ( c\rse1 no suffici5t gu>antee ( ! au!nticity ( ! n>rative4 ,ev5 if ! n>rative be accept$1 ! case seems a v d\btful "o4 ,! birds =m a suspici\s elem5t 9 ! /ory4 ,:y %\ld birds clu/] ar\nd a liv+ sea creature8 ,x seems to me probable t ! sea-we$ !ory1 pres5tly to be notic$1 gives ! be/ explanation ( ?is case4 ,possibly "s great aggregation ( sea-we$ 0 !re1 9 :i* 7 entangl$ div]s objects desirable to birds & to fi%es4 ,^! la/ may h dragg$ ! mass "u wat] :5 ! %ip approa*$1 be+ p]haps m or less entangl$ 9 x--& x float$ up aga9 aft]w>ds4 ,! sp\t+ may h be5 simply ! play ( wat] ov] ! "p mi/ak5 = ! head4 ,! sea-we$ !ory ( ! sea-s]p5t 0 broa*$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahdi1 & support$ by a n>rative n unlike ! la/4 ,:5 ! ,briti% %ip ,brazilian 0 becalm$ almo/ exactly 9 ! spot :]e ,m',quh _h se5 8 mon/]1 ,mr4 ,h]riman1 ! comm&]1 p]ceiv$ some?+ "r abeam1 ab\t half a mile to ! we/w>d1 8/ret*$ along ! wat] to ! l5g? ( ab\t #be or #cj feet1 & p]ceptibly mov+ f ! %ip ) a /eady1 s9u\s motion4 ,! head1 :i* seem$ to be lift$ sev]al feet above ! wat]s1 _h some?+ resembl+ a mane1 runn+ d[n to ! float+ portion1 & )9 ab\t #f feet ( ! tail x =k$ out into a sort ( d\ble f940 ,mr4 ,h]riman1 8 fir/ mate1 ,mr4 ,long1 & sev]al ( ! pass5g]s1 aft] survey+ ! object = "s "t1 came to ! unanim\s conclusion t x mu/ be ! sea-s]p5t se5 by ,capta9 ,m',quh4 8,z ! ,brazilian 0 mak+ no headway1 ,mr4 ,h]riman1 det]m9+ to br+ all d\bts to an issue1 _h a boat l[]$ d[n1 & tak+ two h&s on bo>d1 toge!r ) ,mr4 ,boyd1 ( ,pet]head1 ne> ,ab]de51 "o ( ! pass5g]s1 :o act$ z /e]sman "u ! direction ( ! capta91 !y approa*$ ! mon/]1 ,capta9 ,h]riman /&+ on ! b[ ( ! boat1 arm$ ) a h>poon to comm5ce ! onslaught4 ,! combat1 h[ev]1 0 n att5d$ ) ! dang] :i* ^? on bo>d appreh5d$2 = on com+ close to ! object x 0 f\nd to be no?+ m ?an an imm5se piece ( sea-we$1 evid5tly deta*$ f a coral reef & drift+ ) ! curr5t1 :i* sets con/antly to ! we/w>d 9 ?is latitude1 & :i*1 toge!r ) ! swell left by ! subsid5ce ( ! gale1 gave x ! s9u\s1 snake-l motion40 ,a /atem5t 0 publi%$ by ,capta9 ,h>r+ton 9 ! ,times ( ,febru>y1 #aheh1 to ! effect t f 8 %ip ,ca/ilian1 !n di/ant t5 miles f ! nor?-ea/ end ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 he & 8 (fic]s _h se5 a huge m>9e animal )9 #bj y>ds ( ! %ip2 t x disappe>$ = ab\t half a m9ute1 & !n made its appe>ance 9 ! same mann] aga91 %[+ di/9ctly its neck & head ab\t #aj or #ab feet out ( ! wat]4 8,its head 0 %ap$ l a long nun-buoy10 proce$s ,capta9 ,h>r+ton1 8& ,i suppose ! diamet] to h be5 #g or #h feet 9 ! l>ge/ "p1 ) a k9d ( scroll1 or tuft1 ( loose sk9 encircl+ x ab\t #b feet f ! top2 ! wat] 0 discol\r$ = sev]al hundr$ feet f its head4444 ,f :at we saw f ! deck1 we conclude t x mu/ h be5 ov] #bjj feet long4 ,! boatswa9 & sev]al ( ! crew :o obs]v$ x f ! top-gallant =eca/le1#bf 7qu]y1 cross-trees87 /ate t x 0 m ?an d\ble ! l5g? ( ! %ip1 9 :i* case x mu/ h be5 #ejj feet4 ,be t z x may1 ,i am conv9c$ t x belong$ to ! s]p5t tribe2 x 0 ( a d>k col\r ab\t ! head1 & 0 cov]$ ) sev]al :ite spots40 ,?is imm$iately call$ out a /atem5t f ,capta9 ,f4 ,smi?1 ( ! %ip ,pek91 t on ,decemb] #bh1 n f> f ! place :]e ! ,ddalus _h enc\nt]$ ! suppos$ sea-s]p5t1 he _h se51 at a di/ance ( ab\t half a mile1 a creature :i* 0 decl>$ by all h&s to be ! great sea-s]p5t1 b prov$ ev5tually to be a piece ( gigantic sea-we$4 8,i h no d\bt10 he says1 t ! great sea-s]p5t se5 f ! ,ddalus 80 a piece ( ! same we$40 ,x w h be5 notic$ t ! sea-we$ sea-s]p5ts1 se5 by ,capta9 ,f4 ,smi? & by ,capta9 ,h]riman1 7 bo? at a di/ance ( half a mile1 at :i* di/ance "o c readily und]/& t a piece ( sea-we$ might be mi/ak5 = a liv+ creature4 ,?is is r diff]5t f ! case ( ! ,ddalus sea-s]p5t1 :i* pass$ s ne> t _h x be5 a man ( ! capta9's acqua9tance he c\ld h recogniz$ t man's features ) ! nak$ eye4 ,! case1 too1 ( ,capta9 ,h>r+ton's sea-s]p5t1 se5 )9 #bj y>ds ( ! ,ca/ilian1 c h>dly be comp>$ to ^? cases 9 :i* sea-we$1 m ?an #hjj y>ds f ! %ip1 0 mi/ak5 = a liv+ animal4 ,an (fic] ( ! ,ddalus ?us dispos$ ( ,capta9 ,smi?'s imputation3--8,! object se5 f ! %ip 0 beyond all "q a liv+ animal1 mov+ rapidly ?r\gh ! wat] aga9/ a cross sea1 & )9 five po9ts ( a fre% breeze1 ) su* velocity t ! wat] 0 surg+ aga9/ its *e/ z x pass$ along at a rate probably ( t5 miles p] h\r4 ,capta9 ,m',quh's fir/ impulse 0 to tack 9 pursuit1 b he reflect$ t we c\ld nei!r lay up = x nor ov]haul x 9 spe$4 ,!re 0 no?+ to be done1 !re=e1 b to obs]ve x z accurately z we c\ld ) our glasses z x came up "u our lee qu>t] & pass$ away to w9dw>d1 be+ at its ne>e/ position n m ?an #bjj y>ds f u2 ! eye1 ! m\?1 ! no/ril1 ! col\r1 & ! =m1 all be+ mo/ di/9ctly visible to u4444 ,my impression 0 t x 0 r ( a liz>d ?an a s]p5t9e "*1 z its movem5t 0 /eady & uni=m1 z if propell$ by f9s1 n by any undulatory p[]40 ,b all ! evid5ce h]et(ore obta9$ respect+ ! sea-s]p5t1 al?\gh reg>d$ by _m naturali/s1 ,gosse1 ,newman1 ,wilson1 & o!rs1 z demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( "s z yet unclassifi$ mon/] ( ! deep1 seems altoge!r indecisive by comp>ison ) t :i* has rec5tly be5 giv5 by ! capta91 mates1 & crew ( ! %ip ,paul9e4 ,9 ?is case1 assur$ly1 we h n to deal ) a mass ( sea-we$1 ! float+ trunk ( a tree1 a sea-elephant ha/5+ to 8 home amid ! iceb]gs1 or ) any ( ! o!r m or less +5i\s explanations ( obs]vations previ\sly made4 ,we h ei!r ! case ( an actual liv+ animal1 mon/r\s1 fi]ce1 & c>nivor\s1 or else ! five m5 :o depos$ on oa? to ! /at$ facts devis$ ! /ory betwe5 !m1 & wilfully p]jur$ !mselves = no conceivable purpose--t1 too1 n z m5 h be5 kn[n to p]jure !mselves "u ! belief t none c\ld "k ( _! infamy1 b ) ! c]ta9ty on ! "p ( ea* t f\r o!rs 7any "o ( :om might "o day %ame him & ! re/ by confess+7 knew ! real facts ( ! case4 ,! /ory ( ! ,paul9e sea-s]p5t ran simply z foll[s1 z atte/$ at ! ,liv]pool police-c\rt3--8,we1 ! und]sign$1 capta91 (fic]s1 & crew ( ! b>k ,paul9e1 ( ,london1 d solemnly & s9c]ely decl>e1 t on ,july #h1 #ahge1 9 latitude #e #ac ,s41 longitude #ce ,w41 we obs]v$ ?ree l>ge sp]m :ales1 & "o ( !m 0 gripp$ r\nd ! body ) two turns ( :at appe>$ to be a huge s]p5t4 ,! head & tail appe>$ to h a l5g? beyond ! coils ( ab\t #cj feet1 & its gir? #h or #i feet4 ,! s]p5t :irl$ its victim r\nd & r\nd = ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 & !n sudd5ly dragg$ ! :ale to ! bottom1 head fir/4--,george ,drevat1 ma/]2 ,horatio ,?ompson1 *ief mate2 ,john ,h4 ,l&ells1 second mate2 ,william ,lew>n1 /ew>d2 ,ow5 ,bak]1 ,a4,b4 ,aga9 on ! #ac? ,july a simil> s]p5t 0 se5 ab\t #bjj y>ds (f1 %oot+ itself along ! surface1 head & neck be+ out ( ! wat] sev]al feet4 ,?is 0 se5 only by ! capta9 & an ord9>y seaman4--,george ,drevat4 ,a few mom5ts aft]w>ds x 0 se5 elevat$ "s #fj feet p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! air by ! *ief (fic] & two seam51 ^: signatures are affix$4--,horatio ,?ompson1 ,ow5 ,bak]1 ,william ,lew>n40 ,! usual l5g? ( ! ca*alot or sp]m :ale is ab\t #gj feet1 & its gir? ab\t #ej feet4 ,if we assign to ! un=tunate :ale :i* 0 captur$ on ?is occasion1 a l5g? ( only #ej feet1 & a gir? ( only #ce feet1 we %\ld /ill h = ! entire l5g? ( ! suppos$ s]p5t ab\t #ajj feet4 ,?is c h>dly exce$ ! tru?1 s9ce ! ?ree :ales are call$ l>ge sp]m :ales4 ,) a l5g? ( #ajj feet & a gir? ( ab\t #i feet1 h[ev]1 a s]p5t w\ld h no *ance 9 an attempt to capture a sp]m :ale #ej feet long & #ce feet 9 gir?1 = ! simple reason t ! :ale w\ld be a good deal heavi] ?an its oppon5t4 ,9 a conte/ 9 op5 sea1 :]e "o animal seeks to capture ano!r bodily1 weight is all-important4 ,we c h>dly suppose ! :ale c\ld be s compass$ by ! coils ( 8 enemy z to be r5d]$ p[]less2 9 fact1 ! conte/ la/$ fifte5 m9utes1 dur+ ! :ole ( :i* "t ! s-call$ s]p5t 0 :irl+ its victim r\nd1 ?\gh m massive ?an itself1 ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,on ! :ole1 x seems reasonable to conclude--9 fact1 ! op9ion is almo/ =c$ ^u u--t besides ! s]p5t9e portion ( its bulk1 :i* 0 reveal$ to view1 ! creature1 ?us :irl+ r\nd a l>ge sp]m :ale1 _h a massive conceal$ body1 provid$ ) propell+ paddles ( enorm\s p[]4 ,^! 7 at "w all ! "t ! /ruggle w5t on1 enabl+ ! creature to :irl r\nd its enemy easily1 :]eas a s]p5t9e =m1 ) two-?irds ( its l5g?1 at lea/1 coil$ close r\nd ano!r body1 w\ld h _h no propulsive p[] left1 or v little1 9 ! rema9+ #cj feet ( its l5g?1 includ+ bo? ! head & tail ends beyond ! coils4 ,su* a creature z an enaliosaurus c\ld no d\bt h done :at a s]p5t ( twice ! suppos$ l5g? w\ld h attempt$ 9 va9--viz41 dragg$ d[n into ! dep?s ( ! sea ! mighty bulk ( a ca*alot :ale4 ,:5 all ! evid5ce is c>efully weigh$1 we appe> l$ to ! conclusion t at lea/ "o l>ge m>9e animal exi/s :i* has n z yet be5 classifi$ among ! kn[n species ( ! pres5t era4 ,x w\ld appe> t ?is animal has c]ta9ly a s]p5t9e neck1 & a head small comp>$ ) its body1 b l>ge comp>$ ) ! diamet] ( ! neck4 ,x is probably an air-brea!r & w>m-blood$1 & c]ta9ly c>nivor\s4 ,its propulsive p[] is great & app>5tly indep5d5t ( undulations ( its body1 :]e=e x presumably has p[]ful conceal$ paddles4 ,all ^! circum/ances correspond ) ! belief t x is a mod]n repres5tative ( ! long-neck plesiosaurians ( ! great second>y or mesozoic era1 a memb] ( t /range family ( animals ^: figure has be5 comp>$ to t :i* w\ld be =m$ by draw+ a s]p5t ?r\gh ! body ( a sea-turtle4 ,aga9/ ?is view sundry objections h be5 rais$1 :i* mu/ n[ be briefly consid]$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,pr(essor ,ow5 po9t$ out t ! sea-saurians ( ! second>y p]iod h be5 replac$ 9 ! t]ti>y & pres5t seas by ! :ales & alli$ races4 ,no :ales are f\nd 9 ! second>y /rata1 no saurians 9 ! t]ti>y4 8,x seems to me less probable10 he says1 8t no "p ( ! c>case ( su* reptiles %\ld h ev] be5 discov]$ 9 a rec5t unfossiliz$ /ate1 ?an t m5 %\ld h be5 deceiv$ by a cursory view ( a p>tly subm]g$ & rapidly mov+ animal :i* might only be /range to !mselves4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i reg>d ! negative evid5ce f ! utt] abs5ce ( any ( ! rec5t rema9s ( great sea-s]p5ts1 krak5s1 or enaliosauria1 z /rong] aga9/ _! actual exi/5ce1 ?an ! positive /atem5ts :i* h hi!rto weigh$ ) ! public m9d 9 fav\r ( _! exi/5ce4 ,a l>g] body ( evid5ce f eye-witnesses might be got toge!r 9 pro( ( gho/s ?an ( ! sea-s]p5t40 ,to ?is x has be5 repli$ t g5]a are n[ kn[n to exi/1 z ! ,*imra1 ! long-neck$ riv] tortoise1 & ! iguana1 :i* are closely relat$ to =ms :i* exi/$ 9 ! second>y era1 :ile no traces h be5 f\nd ( !m 9 any ( ! int]m$iate or t]ti>y /rata4 ,! *imra is a case precisely analog\s to ! suppos$ case ( ! enaliosaurus1 = ! *imra is b r>ely se51 l ! suppos$ enaliosaurus1 is f\nd 9 ! same & abs5t f ! same fossilif]\s /rata4 ,agassiz is quot$ 9 ! ,zoologi/1 page #bcie1 z say+ t x w\ld be 9 precise con=mity ) analogy t su* an animal z ! enaliosaurus %\ld exi/ 9 ! ,am]ican seas1 z he _h f\nd num]\s in/ances 9 :i* ! fossil =ms ( ! ,old ,_w 7 repres5t$ by liv+ types 9 ! ,new4 ,9 close con=mity ) ?is op9ion is a /atem5t made by ,capta9 ! ,hon4 ,george ,hope1 t :5 9 ! ,briti% %ip ,fly1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 ! sea be+ p]fectly calm & transp>5t1 he saw at ! bottom a l>ge m>9e animal1 ) ! head & g5]al figure ( an alligator1 b ! neck mu* long]1 & ) f\r l>ge paddles in/ead ( legs4 ,"h1 !n1 unless ?is (fic] 0 altoge!r deceiv$1 :i* seems q unlikely "u ! circum/ances1 0 a v]itable enaliosaurus1 ?\gh ( a f> small] species1 probably1 ?an ! creature mi/ak5 = a sea-s]p5t4 ,z = ! abs5ce ( rema9s1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has po9t$ out t ! fossils we possess are b fragm5ts accid5tally pres]v$ by fav\r+ circum/ances 9 an almo/ total wreck4 ,we h _m in/ances ( exi/5t creatures1 ev5 su* z w\ld h a f> bett] *ance ( float+ aft] dea?1 & s gett+ /r&$ :]e _! bones might be f\nd1 :i* h left no trace ( _! exi/5ce4 ,a :ale possess+ two dorsal f9s 0 said to h be5 se5 by ,smaltz1 a ,sicilian naturali/2 b ! /atem5t 0 reject$1 until a %oal ( ^! :ales 7 se5 by two em95t ,fr5* zoologi/s1 ,,mm4 ,quoy & ,gaim>d4 ,no c>case1 skeleton1 or bone ( ?is :ale has ev] be5 discov]$4 ,= sev5te5 h\rs a %ip1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,gosse 0 travell+ to ,jamaica1 0 surr\nd$ by a species ( :ale nev] be=e notic$--#cj feet long1 black above & :ite b5ea?1 ) swimm+ paws :ite on ! upp] surface4 ,"h1 he says1 0 8a :ale ( l>ge size1 occurr+ 9 great numb]s 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 :i* on no o!r occasion has fall5 "u sci5tific obs]vation4 ,! too?less :ale ( ,havre1 a species actually inhabit+ ! ,briti% ,*annel1 is only kn[n f a s+le specim5 accid5tally /r&$ on ! ,fr5* coa/2 & ano!r :ale1 also ,briti%1 is kn[n only f a s+le specim5 ca/ a%ore on ! ,elg9 roa/1 & !re se5 & describ$ by ! naturali/ ,s[]by4 ,dr4 ,&rew ,wilson1 9 an int]e/+ pap]1 9 :i* he ma9ta9s t sea-s]p5t tales are n to be treat$ ) d]ision1 b are wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation1 8support$ z !y are by zoological sci5ce1 & 9 ! actual details ( ! case by evid5ce z tru/wor?y 9 _m cases z t receiv$ 9 our c\rts ( law10 expresses ! op9ion t plesiosauri & i*?yosauri h be5 unnecess>ily dis9t]r$ to d duty = ! sea-s]p5ts4 ,b he (f]s z an alt]native only ! ribbon-fi%2 & ?\gh "s ( ^! may atta9 enorm\s dim5sions1 yet we h se5 t "s ( ! acc\nts ( ! suppos$ sea-s]p5t1 & especially ! late/ n>rative by ! capta9 & crew ( ! ,paul9e1 _c possibly be expla9$ by any creature s flat & relatively s feeble z ! ribbon-fi%4 ,on ! :ole1 x appe>s to me t a v /rong case has be5 made out = ! enaliosaurian1 or s]p5t-turtle1 !ory ( ! s-call$ sea-s]p5t4 ,"o ( ! ribbon-fi% m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,wilson1 :i* 0 captur$1 & measur$ m ?an #fj feet 9 l5g?1 might h[ev] fairly take its place among /range sea creatures4 ,i sc>cely "k :e!r to add to ! numb] a mon/r\s animal l a tadpole1 or ev5 m p]haps l a gigantic skate1 #bjj feet 9 l5g?1 said to h be5 se5 9 ! ,malacca ,/raits by ,capta9 ,web/] & ,surgeon ,&]son1 ( ! %ip ,ne/or4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 ?is mon/]1 mi/ak5 9 ! fir/ in/ance = a %oal1 b pres5tly f\nd to be travell+ along at ! rate ( ab\t t5 knots an h\r1 bett] des]ves to be call$ a /range sea creature ev5 ?an any ( ^? :i* h be5 dealt ) 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,b ! only acc\nt ,i h yet se5 ( ,capta9 ,web/]'s /atem5t1 & ,mr4 ,&]son's corroboration1 appe>$ 9 an ,am]ican newspap]2 & ?\gh ! /ory is exce$+ly well au!nticat$ if ! newspap] acc\nt ( ! matt] is true1 x w\ld n be at all a new feature 9 ,am]ican j\rnalism if n only ! /ory itself1 b all ! alleg$ circum/ances ( its n>ration1 %\ld 9 ! long run prove to be pure inv5tion4 ,,on ,,"s ,,m>vels ,,9 ,,telegraphy4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ,electric ,telegraphy has receiv$ "s developm5ts :i* seem wond]ful ev5 by comp>ison ) ^? o!r wond]s :i* _h be=e be5 a*iev$ by ?is me?od ( communication4 ,9 reality1 all ! m>vels ( electric telegraphy are involv$1 s to speak1 9 ! great m>vel ( electricity itself1 a ph5om5on z yet utt]ly beyond ! int]pretation ( physici/s1 ?\gh n m s ?an its fell[ m>vels1 light & heat4 ,we may1 inde$1 draw a comp>ison betwe5 "s ( ! mo/ wond]ful results :i* h rec5tly be5 a*iev$ by ! /udy ( heat & light & ^? effect$ 9 ! application ( electricity to telegraphy4 ,x is z />tl+ to ^? unfamili> ) ! *>act]i/ics ( light1 or r ) c]ta9 peculi>ities result+ f ^! *>act]i/ics1 to be told t an a/ronom] c tell :e!r !re is wat] 9 ! air ( ,m>s or ,v5us1 or iron vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,aldeb>an or ,betelgeux1 z x is to ^? unfamili> ) ! *>act]i/ics ( electricity1 or ) ! results obta9$ 9 consequ5ce ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 to be told t a writt5 message c be copi$ by telegraph1 a map or diagram reproduc$1 or1 mo/ wond]ful ( all1 a musical air correctly repeat$1 or a v]bal message made v]bally audible4 ,telegraphic m>vels su* z ^! be> to ! orig9al m>vel ( m]e telegraphic communication1 some:at ! same relation :i* ! m>vels ( spectroscopic analysis z appli$ to ! cele/ial orbs be> to t old] m>vel1 ! telescopic scrut9y ( ^? bodies4 ,9 ea* case1 also1 !re lies at ! back ( all ^! m>vels a great] m>vel yet--electricity 9 ! "o case1 light 9 ! o!r4 ,i propose 9 ?is essay to sket* ! pr9ciples on :i* "s ( ! m rec5t wond]s ( telegraphic communication dep5d4 ,i d n int5d to describe at any l5g? ! actual details or con/ruction ( ! v>i\s in/rum5ts employ$4 ,precisely z ! pr9ciples ( spectroscopic analysis c be made cle> to ! g5]al read] )\t ! exam9ation ( ! peculi>ities ( spectroscopic in/rum5ts1 s c ! me?ods & pr9ciples ( telegraphic communication be und]/ood )\t exam9+ in/rum5tal details4 ,9 fact1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r g5]al explanations are n 9 su* cases m useful ?an m detail$ ones1 see+ t ^! mu/ ( necessity be insuffici5t = a /ud5t :o requires to "k ! subject practically 9 all its details1 :ile !y det] ! g5]al read] by te*nicalities 9 :i* he _c be expect$ to take any int]e/4 ,if x be ask$1 :e!r ,i myself1 :o und]take to expla9 ! pr9ciples ( c]ta9 me?ods ( telegraphic communication1 h exam9$ practically ! actual in/rum5tal work+ ( ^! me?ods1 ,i answ] frankly t ,i h n done s4 ,z "s sort ( pro(1 h[ev]1 t )\t su* practical famili>ity ) work+ details ! pr9ciples ( ! con/ruction ( in/rum5ts may be ?or\ghly und]/ood1 ,i may rem9d ! read] 7see p4 #if7 t ! fir/ spectroscopic batt]y ,i ev] look$ ?r\gh--"o 9 :i* ! disp]sive p[] be=e obta9$ 9 su* in/rum5ts _h be5 practically d\bl$--0 ( my own inv5tion1 con/ruct$ 7) a slight me*anical modification7 by ,mr4 ,br[n+1 & appli$ at once successfully to ! /udy ( ! sun by ,mr4 ,hugg9s1 9 ^: obs]vatory ,i saw ?r\gh ?is in/rum5t ! sol> spectrum ext5d$ to a l5g? :i*1 c\ld x all h be5 se5 at once1 w\ld h equall$ _m feet4#bg ,on ! o!r h&1 x is possible to h a consid]able practical exp]i5ce ( sci5tific in/rum5ts )\t s\nd k ( ! pr9ciples ( _! con/ruction2 insomu* t in/ances h be5 kn[n 9 :i* m5 :o h effect$ important discov]ies by ! use ( "s sci5tific in/rum5t1 h aft]w>ds obta9$ _! fir/ cle> conception ( ! pr9ciples ( its con/ruction f a popul> description4 ,x may be well to consid]1 ?\gh briefly1 "s ( ! me?ods ( communication :i* 7 employ$ be=e ! electric telegraph 0 inv5t$4 ,"s ( ! me?ods ( electric telegraphy h _! antitypes1 s to speak1 9 me?ods ( telegraphy us$ ages be=e ! application ( electricity4 ,! e>lie/ employm5t ( telegraphy 0 probably 9 signall+ ! approa* ( invad+ armies by beacon fires4 ,! use ( ?is me?od mu/ h be5 well kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,j]emiah1 s9ce he w>ns ! ,b5jamites 8to set up a sign ( fire 9 ,be?-hacc]em10 because 8evil appe>e? out ( ! nor? & great de/ruction40 ,lat]1 in/ead ( ! simple beacon fire1 comb9ations 7 us$4 ,?us1 by an ,act ( ! ,scotti% ,p>liam5t 9 #adee1 ! blaz+ ( "o bale indicat$ ! probable approa* ( ! ,engli%1 two bales t !y 7 com+ inde$1 & f\r bales blaz+ beside ea* o!r t !y 7 9 great =ce4 ,! smoke ( beacon fires s]v$ z signals by day1 b n s effectively1 except "u v fav\rable atmosph]ic conditions4 ,tor*es held 9 ! h&1 wav$1 depress$1 & s =?1 7 anci5tly us$ 9 milit>y signall+ at night2 :ile 9 ! day-"t bo>ds ( v>i\s figures 9 diff]5t positions indicat$ ei!r diff]5t messages or diff]5t lett]s1 z might be pre-arrang$4 ,hooke communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 #afhd a pap] describ+ a me?od ( 8communicat+ "o's m9d at great di/ances40 ,! lett]s 7 repres5t$ by v>i\s comb9ations ( /raight l9es1 :i* might be agre$ ^u previ\sly if secrecy 7 desir$1 o!rwise ! same =ms might repres5t con/antly ! same lett]s4 ,) f\r /raight planks any lett] ( ?is alphabet c\ld be =m$ z want$1 & be+ !n run out on a framework 7resembl+ a gall[s 9 ,hooke's picture71 c\ld be se5 f a di/ant /ation4 ,two curv$ beams1 comb9$ 9 v>i\s ways1 s]v$ = arbitr>y signals4 ,*appe1 9 #agic1 devis$ an improvem5t on ?is 9 :at 0 call$ ! ,t telegraph4 ,an upright po/ support$ a cross-b> 7! top ( ! ,t71 at ea* end ( :i* 7 ! %ort dep5d5t beams1 mak+ ! figure a complete ,roman capital ,t4 ,! horizontal b> z fir/ us$ c\ld be work$ by ropes )9 ! telegraph-h\se1 s z to be incl9$ ei!r to "r or left4 ,x ?us _h ?ree positions4 ,ea* dep5d5t beam c\ld be work$ 7also f )9 ! h\se7 s z to turn upw>ds1 horizontally1 or d[nw>ds 7reg>d+ ! top b> ( ! ,t z horizontal71 ?us hav+ also ?ree positions4 ,x is easily se5 t1 s9ce ea* position ( "o %ort beam c\ld be comb9$ ) ea* position ( ! o!r1 ! two toge!r w\ld pres5t ?ree times ?ree arrangem5ts1 or n9e 9 all2 & z ^! n9e c\ld be giv5 ) ! cross-b> 9 any "o ( its ?ree positions1 !re 7 9 all tw5ty-sev5 possible positions4 ,m4 ,*appe us$ an alphabet ( only sixte5 lett]s1 s t all messages c\ld readily be communicat$ by ?is telegraph4 ,= %ort] di/ances1 inde$1 & 9 all lat] uses ( ,*appe's telegraph1 ! %ort beams c\ld be us$ 9 int]m$iate positions1 by :i* #bef diff]5t signals c\ld be =m$4 ,su* telegraphs 7 employ$ on a l9e beg9n+ at ! ,l\vre & proce$+ by ,montm>tre to ,lisle1 by :i* communications 7 convey$ f ! ,committee ( ,public ,welf>e to ! armies 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,telescopes 7 us$ at ea* /ation4 ,b>rre /at$1 9 an address to ! ,conv5tion on ,augu/ #ag1 #agid1 t ! news ( ! recapture ( ,lisle _h be5 s5t by ?is l9e ( communication to ,p>is 9 "o h\r aft] ! ,fr5* troops _h ent]$ t city4 ,?us ! message 0 convey$ at ! rate ( m ?an #abj miles p] h\r4 ,v>i\s o!r devices 7 sugge/$ & employ$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! semaphores /ill us$ 9 railway signall+ illu/rate ! g5]al =m :i* mo/ ( ^! me?ods assum$4 ,an upright1 ) two arms1 ea* capable ( assum+ six di/9ct positions 7exclud+ ! upright position71 w\ld give =ty-eight diff]5t signals2 ?us ea* w\ld give six signals alone1 or twelve = ! pair1 & ea* ( ! six signals ( "o comb9$ ) ea* ( ! six signals ( ! o!r1 w\ld give ?irty-six signals1 mak+ =ty-eight 9 all4 ,?is numb] suffices to express ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 7tw5ty-five only are ne$$71 ! ,arabic num]als1 & ?irte5 arbitr>y signals4 ,! progress ( improvem5t 9 su* me?ods ( signall+ promis$ to be rapid1 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! electric telegraph1 or r1 be=e x 0 %[n h[ ! pr9ciple ( ! electric telegraph c\ld be put practically into op]ation4 ,we h se5 t !y 7 capable ( transmitt+ messages ) consid]able rapidity1 m ?an twice z fa/ z we c\ld n[ s5d a writt5 message by express tra94 ,b !y 7 r\gh & imp]fect4 ,!y 7 all1 also1 expos$ to "o s]i\s defect4 ,9 ?ick wea!r !y became useless4 ,sometimes1 at ! v "t :5 x 0 mo/ important t messages %\ld be quickly transmitt$1 fog int]rupt$ ! signall+4 ,sir ,j4 ,b>r[ relates t dur+ ! ,p59sul> ,w> grave anxiety 0 occasion$ = sev]al h\rs by ! int]ruption ( a message f ,plym\?1 really int5d$ to convey news ( a victory4 ,! words transmitt$ 71 8,well+ton defeat$20 ! message ( :i* ^! words =m$ ! beg9n+ 03 8,well+ton defeat$ ! ,fr5* at10 etc4 ,z ,b>r[ rem>ks1 if ! message _h run1 8,fr5* defeat$ at10 etc41 ! int]ruption ( ! message w\ld h be5 ( less consequ5ce4 ,al?\gh ! employm5t ( electricity z a means ( communicat+ at a di/ance 0 sugge/$ be=e ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 9 fact1 s f> back z #aggd1 ! idea has only be5 work$ out dur+ ! la/ =ty-two ye>s4 ,x is curi\s inde$ to note t until ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury ! ^w 8telegraph10 :i* is n[ always und]/ood z equival5t to electric telegraph1 unless ! contr>y is express$1 0 commonly und]/ood to ref] to semaphore signall+1#bh unless ! ^w 8electric0 7 add$4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple und]ly+ all sy/ems ( telegraphic communication by electricity is v commonly misund]/ood4 ,! idea seems to prevail t electricity c be s5t out along a wire to any place :]e "s suitable arrangem5t has be5 made to receive x4 ,9 "o s5se ?is is correct4 ,b ! fact t ! electricity has to make a circuit1 return+ to ! place f :i* x is transmitt$1 seems n g5]ally und]/ood4 ,yet1 unless ?is is und]/ood1 ! pr9ciple1 ev5 ! possibility1 ( electric communication is n recogniz$4 ,let u1 at ! outset1 cle>ly und]/& ! nature ( electric communication4 ,9 a v>iety ( ways1 a c]ta9 prop]ty call$ electricity c be excit$ 9 all bodies1 b m readily 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,?is prop]ty pres5ts itself 9 two =ms1 :i* are call$ positive & negative electricity1 words :i* we may conv5i5tly use1 b :i* mu/ n be reg>d$ z repres5t+ any real k ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( electricity4 ,9 fact1 let x be rememb]$ ?r\gh\t1 t we d n 9 ! lea/ "k :at electricity is2 we only "k c]ta9 ( ! ph5om5a :i* x produces4 ,any body :i* has become *>g$ ) electricity1 ei!r positive or negative1 w "p ) its *>ge to bodies 9 a neutral condition1 or *>g$ ) ! opposite electricity 7negative or positive74 ,b ! transf]5ce is made mu* m readily to "s sub/ances ?an to o!rs--s sl[ly1 inde$1 to "s1 t 9 ord9>y exp]im5ts ! transf]5ce may be reg>d$ z n tak+ place at all4 ,sub/ances ( ! =m] k9d are call$ good conductors ( electricity2 ^? :i* receive ! transf] ( electricity less readily are said to be bad conductors2 & ^? :i* sc>cely receive x at all are call$ insulat+ sub/ances4 ,! read] mu/ n conf\nd ! quality ,i am "h speak+ ( ) read9ess to become *>g$ ) electricity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! bodies :i* mo/ freely receive & transmit electricity are lea/ readily *>g$ ) electricity1 :ile insulat+ sub/ances are readily electrifi$4 ,glass is an insulator1 b if glass is briskly rubb$ ) silk x becomes *>g$ 7or r1 ! "p rubb$ becomes *>g$7 ) positive electricity1 =m]ly call$ vitre\s electricity = ?is reason2 & aga91 if wax or res91 :i* are bo? good insulators1 be rubb$ ) clo? or flannel1 ! "p rubb$ becomes *>g$ ) negative1 =m]ly call$ res9\s1 electricity4 ,electricity1 !n1 positive or negative1 h[ev] g5]at$1 passes freely along conduct+ sub/ances1 b is /opp$ by an insulat+ body1 j z light passes ?r\gh transp>5t sub/ances1 b is /opp$ by an opaque body4 ,moreov]1 electricity may be made to pass to any di/ance along conduct+ bodies suitably insulat$4 ,?us1 x might seem t we h "h ! problem ( di/ant communication solv$4 ,9 fact1 ! fir/ sugge/ion ( ! use ( electricity 9 telegraphy 0 bas$ on ?is prop]ty4 ,:5 a *>ge ( electricity has be5 obta9$ by ! use ( an ord9>y electrical ma*9e1 ?is *>ge c be drawn (f at a di/ant po9t1 if a conduct+ *annel prop]ly insulat$ connects t po9t ) ! bodies 7( :atev] nature7 :i* h be5 *>g$ ) electricity4 ,9 #agdg1 ,dr4 ,watson exhibit$ electrical effects f ! dis*>ges ( ,leyd5 j>s 7vessels suitably con/ruct$ to receive & reta9 electricity7 at a di/ance ( two miles f ! electrical ma*9e4 ,9 #aggd1 ,le ,sage propos$ t by means ( wires ! electricity develop$ by an electrical ma*9e %\ld be transmitt$ by insulat$ wires to a po9t :]e an electroscope1 or in/rum5t = indicat+ ! pres5ce ( electricity1 %\ld1 by its movem5ts1 m>k ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 "o wire be+ provid$ = ea* lett]4 ,9 #agih ,b!nc\rt repeat$ ,watson's exp]im5t1 increas+ ! di/ance to tw5ty-sev5 miles1 ! extremities ( 8 l9e ( communication be+ at ,madrid & ,aranjuez4 7,guillem91 by ! way1 9 8 8,applications ( ! ,physical ,=ces10 passes ov] ,watson's exp]im5t2 9 fact1 ?r\gh\t 8 *apt]s on ! electric telegraph1 ! /eam-eng9e1 & o!r subjects1 he seems desir\s ( convey+ z f> z possible ! impression t all ! great advances ( mod]n sci5ce _h _! orig9 9 ,p>is & its neighb\rhood47 ,f ,watson's "t until #ahbc attempts 7 made 9 ?is c\ntry & on ! ,cont95t to make ! electrical ma*9e s]ve z ! means ( telegraphic communication4 ,all ! famili> ph5om5a ( ! lecture-room h be5 sugge/$ z signals4 ,! motion ( pi? balls1 ! electric sp>k1 ! p]=ation ( pap] by ! sp>k1 ! dis*>ge ( sp>ks on a fulm9at+ pane 7a glass %eet on :i* pieces ( t9foil are suitably arrang$1 s t sp>ks pass+ f "o to ano!r =m v>i\s figures or devices71 & o!r ph5om5a1 7 propos$ & employ$ exp]im5tally4 ,b practically ^! me?ods 7 n effectual4 ,! famili> ph5om5on ( ! electric sp>k expla9s ! cause ( failure4 ,! sp>k indicates ! passage ( electricity across an insulat+ m$ium--dry air--:5 a good conductor approa*es )9 a c]ta9 di/ance ( ! *>g$ body4 ,! great] ! *>ge ( electricity1 ! great] is ! di/ance ov] :i* ! electricity w ?us make its escape4 ,insulation1 !n1 = _m miles ( wire1 & /ill m = a complete sy/em ( communication su* z we n[ h1 0 hopeless1 s long z frictional electricity 0 employ$1 or consid]able electrical int5sity requir$4 ,we h n[ to consid] h[ galvanic electricity1 discov]$ 9 #agij1 0 r5d]$ available = telegraphic communication4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u consid] :at galvanic or voltaic electricity is4 ,i h said t electricity c be g5]at$ 9 _m ways4 ,x may be said1 inde$1 t e *ange 9 ! condition ( a sub/ance1 :e!r f me*anical causes1 z1 = in/ance1 a bl[1 a s]ies ( small bl[s1 friction1 & s =?1 or f *ange ( temp]ature1 moi/ure1 & ! l1 or f ! action ( light1 or f *emical processes1 results 9 ! developm5t ( m or less electricity4 ,:5 a plate ( metal is plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ "s acid 7dilut$7 :i* acts *emically on ! metal1 ?is action g5]ates negative electricity1 :i* passes away z x is g5]at$4 ,b if a plate ( a diff]5t metal1 ei!r n *emically affect$ by ! acid or less affect$ ?an ! =m]1 be plac$ 9 ! dilute acid1 ! two plates be+ only p>tially imm]s$ & n 9 contact1 !n1 :5 a wire is c>ri$ f "o plate to ! o!r1 ! excess ( positive electricity 9 ! plate lea/ affect$ by ! acid is convey$ to ! o!r1 or1 9 effect1 dis*>g$2 ! *emical action1 h[ev]1 cont9ues1 or r is m>k$ly increas$1 fre% electricity is g5]at$1 & ! excess ( positive electricity 9 ! plate lea/ affect$ is con/antly dis*>g$4 ,?us1 along ! wire connect+ ! two metals a curr5t ( electricity passes f ! metal lea/ affect$ to ! metal mo/ affect$2 a curr5t ( negative electricity passes 9 a contr>y direction 9 ! dilute acid4 ,i h spok5 "h ( curr5ts pass+ along ! wire & 9 ! acid1 & %all h occasion h]eaft] to speak ( ! plate ( metal lea/ affect$ z ! positive pole1 ?is plate be+ reg>d$1 9 ?is case1 z a s\rce :5ce a curr5t ( positive electricity fl[s along ! wire connection to ! o!r plate1 :i* is call$ ! negative pole4 ,b ,i mu/ rem9d ! read] t ?is is only a conv5i5t way ( express+ ! fact t ! wire assumes a c]ta9 condition :5 x connects two su* plates1 & is capable ( produc+ c]ta9 effects4 ,:e!r 9 reality any process is tak+ place :i* c be ju/ly comp>$ to ! fl[ ( a curr5t "o way or ! o!r1 or :e!r a negative curr5t fl[s along ! circuit "o way1 :ile ! positive curr5t fl[s ! o!r way1 are que/ions /ill unansw]$4 ,we ne$ n "h ent] into !m1 h[ev]4 ,9 fact1 v little is kn[n ab\t ^! po9ts4 ,nor ne$ we consid] "h ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* _m pairs ( plates su* z ,i h describ$ c be comb9$ 9 _m vessels ( dilute acid to /r5g!n ! curr5t4 ,let x simply be not$ t su* a comb9ation is call$ a batt]y2 t :5 ! extreme plates ( opposite k9ds are connect$ by a wire1 a curr5t ( electricity passes along ! wire f ! extreme plate ( t metal :i* is lea/ affect$1 =m+ ! positive pole1 to ! o!r extreme plate ( t metal :i* is mo/ affect$ & =ms ! negative pole4 ,! metals commonly employ$ are z9c & copp]1 ! =m] be+ ! "o mo/ affect$ by ! action ( ! dilute acid1 usually sulphuric acid4 ,b x mu/ "h be m5tion$ t ! *emical process1 affect+ bo? metals1 b "o *iefly1 w\ld soon r5d] a batt]y ( ! k9d describ$ useless2 :]e=e arrangem5ts are made 9 v>i\s ways = ma9ta9+ ! effici5cy ( ! dilute acid & ( ! metallic plates1 especially ! copp]3 = ! action ( ! acid on ! z9c t5ds1 o!rwise1 to =m on ! copp] a deposit ( z9c4 ,i ne$ n describe ! v>i\s arrangem5ts = =m+ :at are call$ con/ant batt]ies1 z ,daniell's1 ,grove's1 ,buns5's1 & o!rs4 ,let x be und]/ood t1 in/ead ( a curr5t :i* w\ld rapidly gr[ weak] & weak]1 ^! batt]ies give a /eady curr5t = a consid]able "t4 ,)\t ?is1 z w pres5tly be se51 telegraphic communication w\ld be impossible4 ,we h1 !n1 9 a galvanic batt]y a /eady s\rce ( electricity4 ,?is electricity is ( l[ int5sity1 incompet5t to produce ! m /rik+ ph5om5a ( frictional electricity4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 consid] h[ x w\ld op]ate at a di/ance4 ,! curr5t w pass along any l5g? ( conduct+ sub/ance prop]ly insulat$4 ,suppose1 !n1 an insulat$ wire passes f ! positive pole ( a batt]y at a /ation ,a to a /ation ,b1 & !nce back to ! negative pole at ! /ation ,a4 ,!n ! curr5t passes along x1 & ?is c be indicat$ at ,b by "s action su* z electricity ( l[ int5sity c produce4 ,if n[ ! cont9uity ( ! wire be int]rupt$ close by ! positive pole at ,a1 ! curr5t ceases & ! action is no long] produc$4 ,! obs]v] at ,b kn[s !n t ! cont9uity ( ! wire has be5 int]rupt$2 he has be51 9 fact1 signall$ to t effect4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 ! electrical ph5om5a :i* c be produc$ by ! curr5t along a wire connect+ ! positive & negative poles ( a galvanic batt]y are n /rik+4 ,!y d n af=d effective signals :5 ! di/ance trav]s$ is v great & ! batt]y n exceptionally /rong4 ,?us1 at fir/1 galvanic electricity 0 n m successful 9 practice ?an frictional electricity4 ,x 0 n until ! effect ( ! galvanic curr5t on ! magnetic ne$le _h be5 discov]$ t electricity became practically available 9 telegraphy4 ,o]/$ discov]$ 9 #ahbj t a magnetic ne$le pois$ horizontally is deflect$ :5 ! galvanic curr5t passes above x 7p>allel to ! ne$le's l5g?7 or bel[ x4 ,if ! curr5t passes above x1 ! nor? end ( ! ne$le turns t[>ds ! ea/ :5 ! curr5t travels f nor? to s\?1 b t[>ds ! we/ :5 ! curr5t travels f s\? to nor?2 on ! o!r h&1 if ! curr5t passes bel[ ! ne$le1 ! nor? end turns t[>ds ! we/ :5 ! curr5t travels f s\? to nor?1 & t[>ds ! ea/ :5 ! curr5t travels f nor? to s\?4 ,! deflection w be great] or less accord+ to ! p[] ( ! curr5t4 ,x w\ld be v slight inde$ 9 ! case ( a ne$le1 h[ev] delicately pois$1 above or bel[ :i* pass$ a wire convey+ a galvanic curr5t f a di/ant /ation4 ,b ! effect c be int5sifi$1 z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,suppose a b c d e f to be a "p ( ! wire f ,a to ,b1 pass+ above a delicately pois$ magnetic ne$le ,n ,s1 along a b & !n bel[ ! ne$le along c d1 & !n above aga9 along e f & s to ! /ation ,b4 ,let a curr5t trav]se ! wire 9 ! direction %[n by ! arr[s4 ,!n ,n1 ! nor? end ( ! ne$le1 is deflect$ t[>ds ! ea/ by ! curr5t pass+ along a b4 ,b x is also deflect$ to ! ea/ by ! curr5t pass+ along c d2 = ?is produces a deflection ! rev]se ( t :i* w\ld be produc$ by a curr5t 9 ! same direction above ! ne$le--t is1 9 direction b a1 & !re=e ! same z t produc$ by ! curr5t along a b4 ,! curr5t along e f also1 ( c\rse1 produces a deflection ( ! end ,n t[>ds ! ea/4 ,all ?ree p>ts1 !n1 a b1 c d1 e f1 conspire to increase ! deflection ( ! end ,n t[>ds ! ea/4 ,if ! wire 7 twi/$ once aga9 r\nd ,n ,s1 ! deflection w\ld be fur!r increas$2 & f9ally1 if ! wire be coil$ 9 ! way %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 b ) a great numb] ( coils1 ! deflection ( ! nor? end t[>ds ! ea/1 almo/ imp]ceptible )\t su* coils1 w become suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,if ! direction ( ! curr5t be *ang$1 ! end ,n w be correspond+ly deflect$ t[>ds ! we/4 ,! ne$le ne$ n be susp5d$ horizontally4 ,if x hang v]tically1 t is1 turn freely on a horizontal axis1 & ! coil be c>ri$ r\nd x z above describ$1 ! deflection ( ! upp] end w be to ! "r or to ! left1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,! ne$le actually se51 moreov]1 is n ! "o act$ ^u by ! curr5t4 ,?is ne$le is inside ! coil2 ! ne$le se5 turns on ! same axis1 :i* projects ?r\gh ! coil4 ,if1 !n1 ! obs]v] at ! /ation ,b h a magnetic ne$le suitably susp5d$1 r\nd :i* ! wire f ! batt]y at ,a has be5 coil$1 he c tell by ! movem5t ( ! ne$le :e!r a curr5t is pass+ along ! wire 9 "o direction or 9 ! o!r2 :ile if ! ne$le is at re/ he kn[s t no curr5t is pass+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,n[ suppose t ,p & ,n1 ,fig4 #b1 are ! positive & negative poles ( a galvanic batt]y at ,a1 & t a wire passes f ,p to ! /ation ,b1 :]e x is coil$ r\nd a ne$le susp5d$ v]tically at n1 & !nce passes to ! negative pole ,n4 ,let ! wire be int]rupt$ at a b & also at c d4 ,!n no curr5t passes along ! wire1 & ! ne$le n rema9s at re/ 9 a v]tical position4 ,n[ suppose ! po9ts a b connect$ by ! wire a b1 & at ! same mom5t ! po9ts c d connect$ by ! wire c d1 !n a curr5t fl[s along ,p a b to ,b1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 circuit+ ! coil r\nd ! ne$le n & return+ by d c to ,n4 ,! upp] end ( ! ne$le is deflect$ to ! "r :ile ?is curr5t cont9ues to fl[2 return+ to re/ :5 ! connection is brok5 at a b & c d4 ,next1 let c b & a d be simultane\sly connect$ z %[n by ! cross-l9es 9 ,fig4 #c4 7,x w be und]/ood t a d & b c d n t\* ea* o!r :]e !y cross47 ,! curr5t w n[ fl[ f ,p along a d to ,b1 circuit+ r\nd ! ne$le n 9 a contr>y direction to t 9 :i* x fl[$ 9 ! =m] case1 return+ by b c to ,n4 ,! upp] end ( ! ne$le is deflect$ !n to ! left :ile ! curr5t cont9ues to fl[ along ?is c\rse4 ,i ne$ n "h describe ! me*anical devices by :i* ! connection at a b & c d c be in/antly *ang$ s t ! curr5t may fl[ ei!r along a b & d c1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 circuit+ ! ne$le 9 "o direction1 or along a d & b c1 z 9 ,fig4 #c1 circuit+ ! ne$le 9 ! o!r direction4 ,z ,i said at ! outset1 ?is pap] is n int5d$ to deal ) details ( con/ruction1 only to describe ! g5]al pr9ciples ( telegraphic communication1 & especially ^? po9ts :i* h to be expla9$ 9 ord] t rec5t inv5tions may be und]/ood4 ,! read] w see t no?+ c be easi] ?an s to arrange matt]s t1 by turn+ a h&le1 ei!r 7#a71 a b & c d may be connect$1 or1 7#b71 a d & c b1 or1 7#c71 bo? l9es ( communication int]rupt$4 ,! me*anism = effect+ ?is is call$ a commutator4 ,two po9ts rema91 h[ev]1 to be expla9$3 ,fir/1 ,a mu/ be a receiv+ /ation z well z a transmitt+ /ation2 secondly1 ! wire connect+ ,b ) ,n1 9 ,figs4 #b & #c1 c be disp5s$ )1 = x is f\nd t if at ,b ! wire is c>ri$ d[n to a l>ge metal plate plac$ "s dep? und]gr\nd1 :ile ! wire at c is c>ri$ d[n to ano!r plate simil>ly buri$ und]gr\nd1 ! circuit is complet$ ev5 bett] ?an along su* a return wire z is %[n 9 ! figures4 ,! e>? ei!r acts ! "p ( a return wire1 or else1 by cont9ually c>ry+ (f ! electricity1 all[s ! curr5t to fl[ cont9u\sly along ! s+le wire4 ,we may comp>e ! curr5t c>ri$ along ! complete wire circuit1 to wat] circulat+ 9 a pipe ext5d+ cont9u\sly f a res]voir to a di/ance & back aga9 to ! res]voir4 ,wat] suck$ up cont9u\sly at "o end c\ld be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! pipe s long z x 0 cont9u\sly return$ to ! res]voir at ! o!r2 b x c\ld equally be c>ri$ ?r\gh a pipe ext5d+ f t res]voir to "s place :]e x c\ld communicate ) ! op5 sea--! res]voir itself communicat+ ) ! op5 sea--an arrangem5t correspond+ to t by :i* ! return wire is disp5s$ )1 & ! curr5t f ! wire receiv$ into ! e>?4 ,! discov]y t ! return wire may be disp5s$ ) 0 made by ,/e9heil 9 #ahcg4 ,! actual arrangem5t1 !n1 is 9 ess5tials t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,a & ,b are ! two /ations2 ,p ,n is ! batt]y at ,a1 ,p ,n ! batt]y at ,b2 ,p ,p are ! positive poles1 ,n ,n1 ! negative poles4 ,at n is ! ne$le ( /ation ,a1 at n ! ne$le ( /ation ,b4 ,:5 ! h&le ( ! commutator is 9 its mean position--:i* is suppos$ to be ! case at /ation ,b--! po9ts b d are connect$ ) ea* o!r1 b nei!r ) a nor c2 no curr5t1 !n1 passes f ,b to ,a1 b /ation ,b is 9 a condition to receive messages4 7,if b & d 7 n connect$1 ( c\rse no messages c\ld be receiv$1 s9ce ! curr5t f ,a w\ld be /opp$ at b--:i* does n mean t x w\ld pass r\nd n to b1 b t1 ! passage be+ /opp$ at b1 ! curr5t w\ld n fl[ at all47 ,:5 7! commutator at ,b be+ 9 its mean position1 or d b connect$1 & communication ) c & a int]rupt$7 ! h&le ( ! commutator at ,a is turn$ f its mean position 9 "o direction1 a & b are connect$1 z are c & d--z %[n 9 ! figure--:ile ! connection betwe5 b & d is brok54 ,?us ! curr5t passes f ,p by a & b1 r\nd ! ne$le n2 !nce to /ation ,b1 r\nd ne$le n1 & by b & d1 to ! e>? plate ,g2 & s along ! e>? to ,g1 & by d c1 to ! negative pole ,n4 ,! upp] end ( ! ne$le ( bo? /ations is deflect$ to ! "r by ! passage ( ! curr5t 9 ?is direction4 ,:5 ! h&le ( ! commutator at ,a is turn$ 9 ! o!r direction1 b & c are connect$1 z also a & d2 ! curr5t f ,p passes along a d to ! gr\nd plate ,g1 !nce to ,g1 along d b1 r\nd ! ne$le n1 back by ! wire to ! /ation ,a1 :]e1 aft] circuit+ ! ne$le n 9 ! same direction z ! ne$le n1 x travels by b & c to ! negative pole ,n4 ,! upp] end ( ! ne$le1 at bo? /ations1 is deflect$ to ! left by ! passage ( ! curr5t 9 ?is direction4 ,x is easily se5 t1 ) two wires & "o batt]y1 two ne$les c be work$ at bo? /ations1 ei!r "o mov+ alone1 or ! o!r alone1 or bo? toge!r2 b = ! two to move diff]5tly1 two batt]ies mu/ be us$4 ,! sy/ems by :i* ei!r ! movem5ts ( a s+le ne$le1 or ( a pair ( ne$les1 may be made to indicate ! v>i\s lett]s ( ! alphabet1 num]als1 & s on1 ne$ n "h be describ$4 ,!y are ( c\rse altoge!r arbitr>y1 except only t ! m frequ5t occurr5ce ( c]ta9 lett]s1 z e1 t1 a1 r5d]s x desirable t ^! %\ld be repres5t$ by ! simple/ symbols 7z by a s+le deflection to "r or left71 :ile lett]s :i* occur seldom may require sev]al deflections4 ,"o ( ! inv5tions to :i* ! title ( ?is pap] relates c n[ be und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,9 ! arrangem5t describ$1 :5 a message is transmitt$1 ! ne$le ( ! s5d] vibrates syn*ron\sly ) ! ne$le at ! /ation to :i* ! message is s5t4 ,!re=e1 till t message is f9i%$1 none c be receiv$ at ! transmitt+ /ation4 ,9 :at is call$ duplex telegraphy1 ?is /ate ( ?+s is alt]$1 ! ne$le at ! s5d+ /ation be+ left unaffect$ by ! transmitt$ curr5t1 s z to be able to receive messages1 & 9 self-record+ sy/ems to record !m4 ,?is is done by divid+ ! curr5t f ! batt]y into two p>ts ( equal effici5cy1 act+ on ! ne$le at ! transmitt+ /ation 9 contr>y directions1 s t ?is ne$le rema9s unaffect$1 & ready to indicate signals f ! di/ant /ation4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is arrangem5t is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,"h a b n repres5ts ! ma9 wire ( communication ) ! di/ant /ation1 coil$ r\nd ! ne$le ( ! transmitt+ /ation 9 "o direction2 ! dott$ l9es indicate a f9] %ort wire1 coil$ r\nd ! ne$le 9 a contr>y direction4 ,:5 a message is transmitt$1 ! curr5t along ! ma9 wire t5ds to deflect ! ne$le at n 9 "o direction1 :ile ! curr5t along ! auxili>y wire t5ds to deflect x 9 ! o!r direction4 ,if ! ?ickness & l5g? ( ! %ort wire are su* z to make ^! two t5d5cies equal1 ! ne$le rema9s at re/1 :ile a message is transmitt$ to ! di/ant /ation along ! ma9 wire4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 if a curr5t is s5t f ! di/ant /ation along ! wire 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! dott$ arr[1 ?is curr5t also circuits ! auxili>y wire1 b 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[s on ! dott$ curve1 :i* is ! same direction 9 :i* x circuits ! ma9 wire4 ,?us ! ne$le is deflect$1 & a signal receiv$4 ,:5 ! direction ( ! *ief curr5t at ! transmitt+ /ation is rev]s$1 s also is ! direction ( ! artificial curr5t1 s t aga9 ! ne$le is balanc$4 ,simil>ly1 if ! direction ( ! curr5t f ! di/ant /ation is rev]s$1 s also is ! direction 9 :i* ?is curr5t trav]ses ! auxili>y wire1 s t aga9 bo? effects conspire to deflect ! ne$le4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r way 9 :i* an auxili>y wire may be made to "w4 ,x may be s arrang$ t1 :5 a message is transmitt$1 ! divid$ curr5t fl[+ equally 9 opposite directions1 ! in/rum5t at ! s5d+ /ation is n affect$2 b t :5 ! op]ator at ! di/ant /ation s5ds a curr5t along ! ma9 wire1 ?is neutralizes ! curr5t com+ t[>ds him1 :i* curr5t _h be=e balanc$ ! artificial curr5t4 ,! latt]1 be+ no long] c\nt]balanc$1 deflects ! ne$le2 s t1 9 po9t ( fact1 by ?is arrangem5t1 ! signal receiv$ at a /ation is produc$ by ! artificial curr5t at t /ation1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! real cause ( ! signal is ! transmission ( ! neutraliz+ curr5t f ! di/ant /ation4 ,! great value ( duplex telegraphy is manife/4 ,n only c messages be s5t simultane\sly 9 bo? directions along ! wire--a circum/ance :i* ( itself w\ld d\ble ! "w :i* ! wire is capable ( do+--b all loss ( "t 9 arrang+ ab\t ! ord] ( outw>d & homew>d messages is prev5t$4 ,! sav+ ( "t is especially important on long l9es1 & 9 subm>9e telegraphy4 ,x is also "h t ! *ief difficulties ( duplex telegraphy h be5 enc\nt]$4 ,! *ief curr5t & ! artificial curr5t mu/ exactly balance ea* o!r4 ,= ?is purpose ! fl[ along ea* mu/ be equal4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! long wire1 ! curr5t has to enc\nt] a great] resi/ance ?an 9 trav]s+ ! %ort wire2 to comp5sate = ?is diff]5ce1 ! %ort wire mu/ be mu* f9] ?an ! long "o4 ,! long] ! ma9 wire1 ! m delicate is ! task ( effect+ an exact balance4 ,b 9 ! case ( subm>9e wires1 ano!r & a mu* m s]i\s difficulty has to be ov]come4 ,a l& wire is well insulat$4 ,a subm>9e wire is sep>at$ by b a relatively mod]ate ?ickness ( gutta-p]*a f wat]1 an excell5t conductor1 communicat+ directly ) ! e>?1 & is1 moreov]1 surr\nd$ by a protect+ %ea?+ ( iron wires1 laid spirally r\nd ! core1 )9 :i* lies ! copp] conductor4 ,su* a cable1 z ,f>aday long s9ce %[$1 acts precisely z an enorm\s ,leyd5 j>2 or r1 ,f>aday %[$ t su* a cable1 )\t ! wire %ea?+1 w\ld act :5 subm]g$ z a ,leyd5 j>1 ! conduct+ wire act+ z ! int]ior metallic coat+ ( su* a j>1 ! gutta-p]*a z ! glass ( ! j> 7! insulat+ m$ium71 & ! wat] act+ z ! ext]ior metallic coat+4 ,:eat/one %[$ fur!r t su* a cable1 ) a wire %ea?+1 w\ld act z a ,leyd5 j>1 ev5 ?\gh n subm]g$1 ! metal %ea?+ tak+ ! "p ( ! ext]ior coat+ ( ! j>4 ,n[1 reg>d+ ! cable ?us z a cond5s]1 we see t ! transmission ( a curr5t along x may 9 effect be comp>$ ) ! passage ( a fluid along a pipe ( consid]able capacity1 into :i* & f :i* x is convey$ by pipes ( small capacity4 ,!re w be a ret>dation ( ! fl[ ( wat] correspond+ to ! "t necess>y to fill up ! l>ge "p ( ! pipe2 ! wat] may inde$ beg9 to fl[ ?r\gh z quickly z ?\gh !re 7 no enl>gem5t ( ! bore ( ! pipe1 b ! full fl[ f ! fur!r end w be delay$4 ,j s x is ) a curr5t transmitt$ ?r\gh a subm>9e cable4 ,! curr5t travels in/antly 7or ) ! velocity ( free/ electrical transmission7 along ! entire l9e2 b x does n atta9 a suffici5t int5sity to be recogniz$ = "s "t1 nor its full int5sity till a /ill long] int]val has elaps$4 ,! m delicate ! means ( recogniz+ its fl[1 ! m quickly is ! signal receiv$4 ,! "t int]vals 9 "q are n1 inde$1 v great4 ,) ,?omson's mirror galvanomet]1 9 :i* ! slighte/ motion ( ! ne$le is indicat$ by a beam ( light 7reflect$ f a small mirror mov+ ) ! ne$le71 ! ,atlantic cable conveys its signal f ,val5tia to ,newf\ndl& 9 ab\t "o second1 :ile ) ! less s5sitive galvanomet] be=e us$ ! "t w\ld be r m ?an two seconds4 ,n[1 9 duplex telegraphy ! artificial curr5t mu/ be equal to ! *ief curr5t 9 int5sity all ! "t2 s t1 s9ce 9 subm>9e telegraphy ! curr5t rises gradually to its full /r5g? & z gradually subsides1 ! artificial curr5t mu/ d ! same4 ,rev]t+ to ! illu/ration d]iv$ f ! fl[ ( wat]1 if we _h a small pipe ! rapid fl[ ?r\gh :i* 0 to c>ry z mu* wat] "o way z ! sl[ fl[ ?r\gh a l>ge pipe 0 to c>ry wat] ! o!r way1 !n if ! l>ge pipe _h a wid5+ along "o "p ( its long c\rse ! %ort pipe w\ld require to h a simil> wid5+ along ! correspond+ "p ( its %ort c\rse4 ,& to make ! illu/ration p]fect1 ! wid5+s along ! l>ge pipe %\ld be unequal 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! pipe's l5g?2 = ! capacity ( a subm>9e cable1 reg>d$ z a cond5s]1 is diff]5t along diff]5t p>ts ( its l5g?4 ,:at is want$1 !n1 = a satisfactory sy/em ( duplex telegraphy 9 ! case ( subm>9e cables1 is an artificial circuit :i* %all n only correspond z a :ole to ! long circuit1 b %all reproduce at ! correspond+ p>ts ( its own l5g? all ! v>ieties ( capacity exi/+ along v>i\s p>ts ( ! l5g? ( ! subm>9e cable4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made by electricians to accompli% ?is result4 ,let x be notic$ t two po9ts h to be consid]$3 ! int5sity ( ! curr5t's action1 :i* dep5ds on ! resi/ance x has to ov]come 9 trav]s+ ! circuit2 & ! velocity ( transmission1 dep5d+ on ! capacity ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! circuit to cond5se or collect electricity4 ,v>ley1 ,/e>n1 & o!rs h endeav\r$ by v>i\s comb9ations ( cond5s]s ) resi/ance coils to meet ^! two requisites4 ,b ! action ( artificial circuits ?us arrang$ 0 n suffici5tly uni=m4 ,rec5tly ,mr4 ,j4 ,muirhead1 jun41 has met ! difficulty 9 ! foll[+ way 7,i foll[ p>tially ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! ,times ( ,febru>y #c1 #ahgg1 :i* ! read] w n[ h no difficulty 9 und]/&+73--,he has =m$ 8 second circuit by %eets ( pap] prep>$ ) p>aff91 & hav+ ^u "o side a /rip ( t9foil1 w\nd to & fro to repres5t resi/ance4 ,?r\gh ?is ! artificial curr5t is conduct$4 ,on ! o!r side is a %eet ( t9foil to repres5t ! %ea?+1#bi & to correspond to ! capacity ( ! wire4 ,ea* %eet ( pap] ?us prep>$ may be made to repres5t precisely a giv5 l5g? ( cable1 hav+ en\gh t9foil on "o side to furni% ! resi/ance1 & on ! o!r to furni% ! capacity4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( su* %eets w\ld exactly repres5t ! cable1 & ?us ! artificial or non-signall+ "p ( ! curr5t w\ld be precisely equival5t to ! signall+ "p1 s f> z its action on ! ne$le at ! transmitt+ /ation 0 conc]n$4 8,! new plan 0 fir/ tri$ on a work+ scale10 says ! ,times1 8on ! l9e betwe5 ,m>seilles & ,bona2 b x has s9ce be5 br\ght into op]ation f ,m>seilles to ,malta1 f ,suez to ,ad51 & la/ly1 f ,ad5 to ,bombay4 ,on a rec5t occasion :5 !re 0 a break-d[n ^u ! ,indo-,european l9e1 ! duplex sy/em r5d]$ ess5tial s]vice1 & ma9ta9$ telegraphic communication :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 mo/ s]i\sly int]f]$ )40 ,! inv5tion1 we may well believe1 8_c fail to be highly pr(itable to ! proprietors ( subm>9e cables10 or to br+ ab\t 8be=e long a mat]ial r$uction 9 ! co/ ( messages f places beyond ! seas40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next m>vel ( telegraphy to be describ$ is ! transmission ( actual facsimiles ( writ+s or draw+s4 ,s f> z /rict sequ5ce ( subject-matt] is conc]n$1 ,i ought1 p]haps1 at ?is po9t1 to %[ h[ duplex telegraphy has be5 surpass$ by a rec5t inv5tion1 enabl+ ?ree or f\r or m messages to be simultane\sly transmitt$ telegraphically4 ,b x w be m conv5i5t to consid] ?is wond]ful advance aft] ,i h describ$ ! me?ods by :i* facsimiles ( h&writ+1 etc41 are transmitt$4 ,hi!rto we h consid]$ ! action ( ! electric curr5t 9 deflect+ a magnetic ne$le to "r or left1 a me?od ( communication leav+ no trace ( its transmission4 ,we h n[ to consid] a me?od at once simpl] 9 pr9ciple & af=d+ means :]eby a p]man5t record c be left ( ea* message transmitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,if ! insulat$ wire is twi/$ 9 ! =m ( a helix or coil r\nd a b> ( s(t iron1 ! b> becomes magnetiz$ :ile ! curr5t is pass+4 ,if ! b> be b5t into ! horse-%oe =m1 z 9 ,fig4 #f1 :]e ,a ,c ,b repres5ts ! b>1 a b c d e f ! coil ( insulat$ wire1 ! b> acts z a magnet :ile ! curr5t is pass+ along ! coil1 b ceases to d s z soon z ! curr5t is int]rupt$4#cj ,if1 !n1 we h a telegraphic wire f a di/ant /ation 9 electric connection ) ! wire a b c1 ! "p e f desc5d+ to an e>?-plate1 !n1 accord+ z ! op]ator at t di/ant /ation transmits or /ops ! curr5t1 ! iron ,a ,c ,b is magnetiz$ or demagnetiz$4 ,! "p ,c is commonly replac$ by a flat piece ( iron1 z is suppos$ to be ! case ) ! tempor>y magnets %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 :]e ?is flat piece is bel[ ! coils4 ,s f> back z #ahch ?is prop]ty 0 appli$ by ,morse 9 ,am]ica 9 ! record+ in/rum5t :i* be>s 8 "n1 & is n[ 7) slight modifications7 9 g5]al use n only 9 ,am]ica b on ! ,cont95t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is in/rum5t is exce$+ly simple4 ,its ess5tial p>ts are %[n 9 ,fig4 #g2 ,h is ! h&le1 ,h b ! lev] ( ! manipulator at ! /ation ,a4 ,! manipulator is %[n 9 ! position = receiv+ a message f ! /ation ,b along ! wire ,w4 ,! h&le ,h ( ! manipulator at ! /ation ,b is %[n depress$1 mak+ connection at a ) ! wire f ! batt]y ,n ,p4 ,?us a curr5t passes ?r\gh ! h&le to c1 along ! wire to c & ?r\gh b to ! coil ( ! tempor>y magnet ,m1 aft] circl+ :i* x passes to ! e>? at e & s by ,e to ! negative pole ,n4 ,! passage ( ?is curr5t magnetizes ,m1 :i* draws d[n ! armature m4 ,?us ! lev] l1 pull$ d[n on ?is side1 presses upw>ds ! po9t$ /yle s aga9/ a /rip ( pap] p :i* is /eadily roll$ (f f ! :eel ,w s long z a message is be+ receiv$4 7,! me*anism = ?is purpose is n indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #g47 ,?us1 s long z ! op]ator at ,b holds d[n ! h&le ,h1 ! /yle s m>ks ! mov+ /rip ( pap]1 ! spr+ r1 "u ! lev] s l1 draw+ ! /yle away s soon z ! curr5t ceases to fl[ & ! magnet to act4 ,if he simply depresses ! h&le = an in/ant1 a dot is m>k$2 if long]1 a da%2 & by v>i\s comb9ations ( dots & da%es all ! lett]s1 num]als1 etc41 are indicat$4 ,:5 ! op]ator at ,b has complet$ 8 message1 ! h&le ,h be+ rais$ by ! spr+ "u x 7to ! position 9 :i* ,h is %[n71 a message c be receiv$ at ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,i h 9 ! figure & description assum$ t ! curr5t f ei!r /ation acts directly on ! magnet :i* works ! record+ /yle4 ,usually1 9 long-di/ance telegraphy1 ! curr5t is too weak = ?is1 & ! magnet on :i* x acts is us$ only to complete ! circuit ( a local batt]y1 ! curr5t f :i* does ! real "w ( magnetiz+ ,m at ,a or ,m at ,b1 z ! case may be4 ,a local batt]y ?us employ$ is call$ a relay4 ,! ,morse in/rum5t w s]ve to illu/rate ! pr9ciple ( ! me?ods by :i* facsimiles are obta9$4 ,! details ( con/ruction are altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,morse in/rum5t2 !y also v>y greatly 9 diff]5t in/rum5ts1 & are too complex to be conv5i5tly describ$ "h4 ,b ! pr9ciple1 :i* is ! ess5tial po9t1 c be readily und]/ood4 ,9 work+ ! ,morse in/rum5t1 ! op]ator at ,b depresses ! h&le ,h4 ,suppose t ?is h&le is kept depress$ by a spr+1 & t a long /rip ( pap] pass+ uni=mly betwe5 ! two po9ts at a prev5ts contact4 ,!n no curr5t c pass4 ,b if !re is a hole 9 ?is pap]1 !n :5 ! hole rea*es a ! two metal po9ts at a meet & ! curr5t passes4 ,we h "h ! pr9ciple ( ! ,ba9 telegraph4 ,a long /rip ( pap] is pun*$ ) r\nd & long holes1 correspond+ to ! dots & m>ks ( a message by ! ,morse alphabet4 ,z x passes betwe5 a metal :eel & a spr+1 bo? =m+ "p ( ! circuit1 x breaks ! circuit until a hole all[s ! spr+ to t\* ! :eel1 ei!r = a %ort or long] "t-int]val1 dur+ :i* ! curr5t passes to ! o!r /ation1 :]e x sets a relay at "w4 ,9 ,ba9's sy/em ! message is receiv$ on a *emically prep>$ /rip ( pap]1 mov+ uni=mly at ! receiv+ /ation1 & connect$ ) ! negative pole ( ! relay batt]y4 ,:5 contact is made1 ! face ( ! pap] is t\*$ by a /eel po9t] connect$ ) ! positive pole1 & ! curr5t :i* passes f ! end ( ! po9t] ?r\gh ! pap] to ! negative pole produces a blue m>k on ! *emically prep>$ pap]4#ca ,we see t by ,ba9's arrangem5t a pap] is m>k$ ) dots & l9es1 correspond+ to r\nd & elongat$ holes1 9 a ribbon ( pap]4 ,x is only a /ep f ?is to ! production ( facsimiles ( writ+s or draw+s4 ,suppose a %eet ( pap] s prep>$ z to be a conductor ( electricity1 & t a message is writt5 on ! pap] ) "s non-conduct+ sub/ance = ink4 ,if t %eet 7 pass$ betwe5 ! knobs at a 7! h&le ,h be+ press$ d[n by a spr+71 :il/ simultane\sly a %eet ( ,ba9's *emically prep>$ pap] 7 pass$ a?w>t ! /eel po9t] at ! receiv+ /ation1 !re w\ld be trac$ across ! la/-nam$ pap] a blue l9e1 :i* w\ld be brok5 at p>ts correspond+ to ^? on ! o!r pap] :]e ! non-conduct+ ink int]rupt$ ! curr5t4 ,suppose ! process repeat$1 ea* pap] be+ slightly %ift$ s t ! l9e trac$ across ei!r w\ld be p>allel & v close to ! =m]1 b precisely correspond+ z respects ! position ( its l5g?4 ,!n ?is l9e1 also1 on ! record+ pap] w be brok5 at p>ts correspond+ to ^? 9 :i* ! l9e across ! transmitt+ pap] meets ! writ+4 ,if l9e aft] l9e be drawn 9 ?is way till ! entire bread? ( ! transmitt+ pap] has be5 cross$ by close p>allel l9es1 ! entire bread? ( ! receiv+ pap] w be cov]$ by closely m>k$ blue l9es except :]e ! writ+ has brok5 ! contact4 ,?us a negative facsimile ( ! writ+ w be f\nd 9 ! mann] indicat$ 9 ,figs4 #h & #i4cb ,9 reality1 9 processes ( ?is k9d1 ! pap]s 7unlike ! ribbons on ,ba9's telegraph7 are n c>ri$ across 9 ! way ,i h imag9$1 b are swept by successive /rokes ( a movable po9t]1 along :i* ! curr5t fl[s2 b ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,x is ess5tial1 9 su* a process z ,i h describ$1 fir/1 t ! record+ %eet %\ld be c>ri$ a?w>t ! po9t] :i* conveys ! m>k+ curr5t 7or ! po9t] c>ri$ across ! record+ %eet7 9 precise accordance ) ! motion ( ! transmitt+ %eet a?w>t ! wire or /yle :i* conveys ! curr5t to ! long wire betwe5 ! /ations 7or ( ?is /yle across ! transmitt+ %eet74 ,! record+ %eet & ! transmitt+ %eet mu/ also be %ift$ betwe5 ea* /roke by an equal am\nt4 ,! latt] po9t1 is easily secur$2 ! =m] is secur$ by caus+ ! me*anism :i* gives ! transmitt+ /yle its successive /rokes to make & break circuit1 by :i* a tempor>y magnet at ! receiv+ /ation is magnetiz$ & demagnetiz$2 by ! action ( ?is magnet ! record+ po9t] is caus$ to />t on its motion a?w>t ! receiv+ %eet1 & mov+ uni=mly x completes its ?w>t /roke at ! same in/ant z ! transmitt+ /yle4 ,caselli's pantelegraph admirably effects ! transmission ( facsimiles4 ,! transmitt+ /yle is c>ri$ by ! motion ( a heavy p5dulum 9 an arc ( con/ant range ov] a cyl9drical surface on :i* ! pap] conta9+ ! message1 writ+1 or picture1 is spread4 ,z ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum beg9s1 a simil> p5dulum at ! receiv+ /ation beg9s its sw+2 ! same break ( circuit :i* 7by demagnetiz+ a tempor>y magnet7 releases "o1 releases ! o!r also4 ,! latt] sw+s 9 an arc ( precisely ! same range1 & c>ries a precisely simil> /yle ov] a simil> cyl9drical surface on :i* is plac$ ! prep>$ receiv+ pap]4 ,9 fact1 ! same p5dulum at ei!r /ation is us$ = transmitt+ & = receiv+ facsimiles4 ,nay1 n only s1 b ea* p5dulum1 z x sw+s1 s]ves 9 ! "w bo? ( transmitt+ & record+ facsimiles4 ,z x sw+s "o way1 x travels along a l9e ov] ea* ( two messages or draw+s1 :ile ! o!r p5dulum 9 its syn*ron\s sw+ traces a correspond+ l9e ov] ea* ( two receiv+ %eets2 & z x sw+s ! o!r way1 x traces a l9e on ea* ( two receiv+ %eets1 correspond+ to ! l9es along :i* ! transmitt+ /yle ( ! o!r is pass+ along two messages or draw+s4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! way 9 :i* ! in/rum5t works 9 busy times4 ,x c1 ( c\rse1 s5d a message1 or two messages1 )\t receiv+ any4#cc ,9 ,caselli's pantelegraph matt]s are s arrang$ t in/ead ( a negative facsimile1 l ,fig4 #i1 a true facsimile is obta9$ 9 all respects except t ! lett]s & figures are made by closely set d>k l9es in/ead ( be+ d>k ?r\gh\t z 9 ! message4 ,! transmitt+ pap] is conduct+ & ! ink non-conduct+1 z 9 ,bakewell's orig9al arrangem5t2 b in/ead ( ! conduct+ pap] complet+ ! circuit = ! di/ant /ation1 x completes a %ort home circuit 7s to speak7 along :i* ! curr5t travels )\t ent]+ on ! di/ant circuit ,:5 ! non-conduct+ ink breaks ! %ort circuit1 ! curr5t travels 9 ! long circuit ?r\gh ! record+ po9t] at ! receiv+ /ation2 & a m>k is ?us made correspond+ to ! ink$ "p ( ! transmitt+ %eet in/ead ( ! blank "p1 z 9 ! old] plan4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,guillem9's 8,application ( ! ,physical ,=ces0 indicates ! effectiv5ess ( ,caselli's pantelegraph n only z respects ! "* ( ! message x conveys1 b z to rapidity ( transmission4 7,i alt] ! measures f ! metric to our usual sy/em ( notation4#cd7 8,no?+ is simpl] ?an ! writ+ ( ! pantelegraph4 ,! message :5 writt5 is plac$ on ! surface ( ! transmitt+ cyl9d]4 ,! cl]k makes ! w>n+ signals1 & !n sets ! p5dulum go+4 ,! transmission ( ! message is accompli%$ automatically1 )\t ! cl]k hav+ any "w to d1 & consequ5tly )\t 8 be+ oblig$ to acquire any special k4 ,s9ce two despat*es may be s5t at ! same "t--& s9ce %or?& may be us$--! rapidity ( transmission may be consid]able40 8,! long p5dulum ( ,caselli's telegraph10 says ,m4 ,quet1 8g5]ally p]=ms ab\t =ty oscillations a m9ute1 & ! /yles trace =ty brok5 l9es1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by less ?an ! hundr$? "p ( an in*4 ,9 "o m9ute ! l9es describ$ by ! /yle h rang$ ov] a bread? ( m ?an half an in*1 & 9 tw5ty m9utes ( ne>ly #aj in*es4 ,z we c give ! l9es a l5g? ( #d in*es1 x foll[s t 9 tw5ty m9utes ,caselli's app>atus furni%es ! facsimile ( ! writ+ or draw+ trac$ on a metalliz$ plate #d in*es broad by #aj in*es long4 ,= cle>ness ( reproduction1 ! orig9al writ+ mu/ be v legible & 9 l>ge *>act]s40 8,s9ce #ahfe ! l9e f ,p>is to ,lyons & ,m>seilles has be5 op5 to ! public = ! transmission ( messages by ?is truly m>vell\s sy/em40 ,x w easily be se5 t ,caselli's me?od is capable ( _m important uses besides ! transmission ( facsimiles ( h&writ+4 ,= in/ance1 by means ( x a portrait ( "s p]son :o is to be id5tifi$--:e!r fraudul5t abscond]1 or escap$ prison] or lunatic1 or wife :o has elop$ f h] husb&1 or husb& :o has des]t$ 8 wife1 or miss+ *ild1 & s on--c be s5t 9 a few m9utes to a di/ant city :]e ! miss+ p]son is likely to be4 ,all t is necess>y is t f a photograph or o!r portrait an arti/ employ$ = ! purpose at ! transmitt+ /ation %\ld1 9 bold & heavy l9es1 sket* ! l9eam5ts ( ! miss+ p]son on "o ( ! prep>$ %eets1 z 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! portrait at ! receiv+ /ation w appe> z 9 ,fig4 #aa1 & if necess>y an arti/ at ?is /ation c d>k5 ! l9es or 9 o!r ways improve ! picture )\t alt]+ ! lik5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,b n[ we mu/ turn to ! greate/ m>vel ( all--! transmission ( tones1 tunes1 & words by ! electric wire4 ,! transmission ( ! rhy?m ( an air is ( c\rse a v simple matt]4 ,i h se5 ! foll[+ passage f 8,l>dn]'s ,museum ( ,sci5ce & ,art10 #ahei1 quot$ z describ+ an anticipation ( ! telephone1 ?\gh 9 reality x only %[s :at e "o :o has he>d a telegraphic indicator at "w mu/ h notic$1 t ! click ( ! in/rum5t may be made to keep "t ) an air4 8,we 7 9 ! ,hanov] ,/reet ,(fice1 :5 !re 0 a pause 9 ! bus9ess op]ations4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,port]1 ( ! (fice at ,bo/on--! writ] be+ at ,new ,york--ask$ :at tune we w\ld h8 ,we repli$1 #8,yankee ,doodle1' & to our surprise he imm$iately compli$ ) our reque/4 ,! in/rum5t1 a ,morse "o1 comm5c$ drumm+ ! notes ( ! tune z p]fectly & di/9ctly z a skilful drumm] c\ld h made !m at ! head ( a regim5t1 & _m w be a/oni%$ to he> t #8,yankee ,doodle' c travel by lightn+4444 ,s p]fectly & di/9ctly 7 ! s\nds ( ! tunes transmitt$1 t good in/rum5tal p]=m]s c\ld h no difficulty 9 keep+ "t ) ! in/rum5ts at ?is end ( ! wires4444 ,t a piani/ 9 ,london %\ld execute a fantasia at ,p>is1 ,brussels1 ,b]l91 & ,vi5na1 at ! same mom5t1 & ) ! same _s1 expression1 & precision z if ! in/rum5ts at ^! di/ant places 7 "u 8 f+]s1 is n only )9 ! limits ( practicability1 b really pres5ts no o!r difficulty ?an may arise f ! exp5se ( ! p]=mances4 ,f :at has j be5 /at$1 x is cle> t ! "t ( music has be5 already transmitt$1 & ! production ( ! s\nds does n (f] any m difficulty ?an ! pr9t+ ( ! lett]s ( a despat*40 ,un=tunately1 ,l>dn] omitt$ to describe h[ ?is easy task 0 to be a*iev$4 ,reuss fir/ 9 #ahfa %[$ h[ a s\nd c be transmitt$4 ,at ! s5d+ /ation1 accord+ to 8 me?od1 !re is a box1 into :i*1 ?r\gh a pipe 9 ! side1 ! note to be transmitt$ is s\nd$4 ,! box is op5 at ! top1 & across x1 ne> ! top1 is /ret*$ a membrane :i* vibrates syn*ron\sly ) ! a]ial vibrations correspond+ to ! note4 ,at ! middle ( ! membrane1 on its upp] surface1 is a small disc ( metal1 connect$ by a ?9 /rip ( copp] ) ! positive pole ( ! batt]y at ! transmitt+ /ation4 ,! disc also1 :5 ! ma*9e is ab\t to be put 9 use1 lightly t\*es a po9t on a metallic arm1 along :i* 7:ile ?is contact cont9ues7 ! electric curr5t passes to ! wire communicat+ ) ! di/ant /ation4 ,at t /ation ! wire is c>ri$ 9 a coil r\nd a /raight rod ( s(t iron susp5d$ horizontally 9 su* a way z to be free to vibrate betwe5 two s\nd+-bo>ds4 ,aft] =m+ ?is coil1 ! wire :i* conveys ! curr5t passes to ! e>?-plate & s home4 ,z already expla9$1 :ile ! curr5t passes1 ! rod ( iron is magnetiz$1 b ! rod loses its magnetization :5 ! curr5t ceases4 ,n[1 :5 a note is s\nd$ 9 ! box at ! transmitt+ /ation1 ! membrane vibrates1 & at ea* vibration ! metal disc is sep>at$ f ! po9t :i* x lightly t\*es :5 at re/4 ,?us contact is brok5 at regul> int]vals1 correspond+ to ! rate ( vibration due to ! note4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ! note ,c is s\nd$2 !n !re are #bef complete vibrations 9 a second1 ! electric curr5t is !re=e int]rupt$ & r5ew$1 & ! b> ( s(t iron magnetiz$ & demagnetiz$1 #bef times 9 a second4 ,n[1 x _h be5 discov]$ by ,page & ,h5ry t :5 a b> ( iron is rapidly magnetiz$ & demagnetiz$1 x is put into vibrations syn*roniz+ ) ! int]ruptions ( ! curr5t1 & !re=e emits a note ( ! same tone z t :i* has be5 s\nd$ into ! transmitt+ box4 ,pr(essor ,heisl]1 9 8 8,lehrbu* d] te*nis*5 ,physik10 #ahff1 wrote ( ,reuss's telephone3 8,! in/rum5t is /ill 9 its infancy2 h[ev]1 by ! use ( batt]ies ( prop] /r5g?1 x already transmits n only s+le musical tones1 b ev5 ! mo/ intricate melodies1 sung at "o end ( ! l9e1 to ! o!r1 situat$ at a great di/ance1 & makes !m p]ceptible !re ) all desirable di/9ctness40 ,dr4 ,van d] ,weyde1 ( ,new ,york1 /ates t1 aft] read+ an acc\nt ( ,reuss's telephone1 he _h two su* in/rum5ts con/ruct$1 & exhibit$ !m at ! meet+ ( ! ,polyte*nic ,club ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute4 8,! orig9al s\nds 7 produc$ at ! fur!/ extremity ( ! l>ge build+ 7! ,coop] ,in/itute71 totally out ( he>+ ( ! ,association2 & ! receiv+ in/rum5t1 /&+ on ! table 9 ! lecture-room1 produc$1 ) a peculi> & r nasal twang1 ! diff]5t tunes sung into ! box at ! o!r end ( ! l9e2 n p[]fully1 x is true1 b v di/9ctly & correctly4 ,9 ! succe$+ summ] ,i improv$ ! =m ( ! box1 s z to produce a m p[]ful vibration ( ! membrane4 ,i also improv$ ! receiv+ in/rum5t by introduc+ sev]al iron wires into ! coil1 s z to produce a /rong] vibration4 ,i submitt$ ^!1 ) "s o!r improvem5ts1 to ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 & on t occasion 7n[ sev5 ye>s ago7 express$ ! op9ion t ! in/rum5t conta9$ ! g]m ( a new me?od ( work+ ! electric telegraph1 & w\ld und\bt$ly lead to fur!r improvem5ts 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce40 ,! telephonic successes rec5tly a*iev$ by ,mr4 ,gray 7 9 "p anticipat$ by ,la ,c\r1 ( ,cop5hag51 ^: me?od may be ?us describ$3 ,at ! transmitt+ /ation a tun+-=k is set 9 vibration4 ,at ea* vibration "o ( ! prongs t\*es a f9e /rip ( metal complet+ a circuit4 ,at ! receiv+ /ation ! wire convey+ ! electric curr5t is coil$ r\nd ! prongs ( ano!r tun+-=k ( ! same tone1 b )\t t\*+ !m4 ,! int]mitt5t curr5t1 correspond+ z x does ) ! rate ( vibration prop] to ! receiv+ =k1 sets ?is =k 9 vibration2 & 9 ,la ,c\r's in/rum5t ! vibrations ( ! receiv+ =k 7 us$ to complete ! circuit ( a local batt]y4 ,8 object 0 n s mu* ! production ( tones z ! use ( ! vibrations correspond+ to diff]5t tones1 to act on diff]5t receiv+ in/rum5ts4 ,= only a =k correspond+ to ! s5d+ =k c\ld be set 9 vibration by ! int]mitt5t curr5t result+ f ! latt]'s vibrations4 ,s t1 if !re 7 sev]al transmitt+ =ks1 ea* c\ld s5d its own message at ! same "t1 ea* receiv+ =k respond+ only to ! vibrations ( ! correspond+ transmitt+ =k4 ,la ,c\r propos$1 9 fact1 t 8 in/rum5t %\ld be us$ 9 comb9ation ) o!r me?ods ( telegraphic communication4 ,?us1 s9ce ! transmitt+ =k1 :5ev] put 9 vibration1 sets ! local batt]y ( ! receiv+ /ation at "w1 x c be us$ to "w a ,morse in/rum5t1 or x c\ld "w an ord9>y ,:eat/one & ,cook in/rum5t1 or x c\ld be us$ = a pantelegraph4 ,! same wire1 :5 diff]5t =ks are us$1 c\ld "w simultane\sly sev]al in/rum5ts at ! receiv+ /ation4 ,"o special use indicat$ by ,la ,c\r 0 ! adaptation ( 8 sy/em to ! ,caselli pantelegraph1 :]eby1 in/ead ( "o /yle1 a comb ( /yles might be c>ri$ ov] ! transmitt+ & record+ plates4 ,x w\ld be necess>y1 9 all su* applications ( 8 me?od 7?\gh1 /rangely en\gh1 ,la ,c\r's description makes no m5tion ( ! po9t71 t ! vibrations ( ! transmitt+ =k %\ld admit ( be+ in/antly /opp$ or 8damp$40 ,mr4 ,gray's sy/em is m directly telephonic1 z aim+ r at ! developm5t ( s\nd itself ?an at ! transmission ( messages by ! vibrations correspond+ to s\nd4 ,a s]ies ( tun+-=ks are us$1 :i* are set 9 sep>ate vibration by f+]+ ! notes ( a key-bo>d4 ,! vibrations are transmitt$ to a receiv+ in/rum5t consi/+ ( a s]ies ( re$s1 correspond+ 9 note to ! s]ies ( transmitt+ =ks1 ea* re$ be+ enclos$ 9 a s\nd+-box4 ,^! boxes v>y 9 l5g? f two feet to six in*es1 & are connect$ by two wood5 b>s1 "o ( :i* c>ries an electro-magnet1 r\nd ! coils ( :i* pass ! curr5ts f ! transmitt+ in/rum5t4 ,:5 a tun+-=k is set 9 vibration by ! p]=m] at ! transmitt+ key-bo>d1 ! electro-magnet is magnetiz$ & demagnetiz$ syn*ron\sly ) ! vibrations ( ! =k4 ,n only are vibrations ?us imp>t$ to ! re$ ( correspond+ note1 b ^! are syn*ron\sly /r5g!n$ by ?uds result+ f ! l5g!n+ ( ! iron :5 magnetiz$4 ,s f> z its musical capabilities are conc]n$1 ,gray's telephone c h>dly be reg>d$ z fulfill+ all ! hopes t h be5 express$ conc]n+ telephonic music4 8,dream+ en?usia/s ( a prophetic turn ( m9d =etold10 we le>n1 8t a "t w\ld come :5 future ,pattis w\ld s+ on a ,london /age to audi5ces 9 ,new ,york1 ,b]l91 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,%anghai1 ,san ,francisco1 & ,con/ant9ople all at once40 ,b ! acc\nt ( ! fir/ conc]t giv5 at a di/ance sc>cely realizes ^! fond expectations4 ,:5 8,home1 ,sweet ,home10 play$ at ,philadelphia1 came float+ ?r\gh ! air at ! ,/e9way ,hall1 ,new ,york1 8! s\nd 0 l t ( a di/ant organ1 r fa9t1 = a h>d /orm 0 9 progress1 & !re 0 consequ5tly a great leakage ( ! electric curr5t1 b q cle> & musical4 ,! l[] notes 7 ! be/1 ! high] be+ sometimes almo/ inaudible4 #8,! ,la/ ,rose ( ,summ]1' #8,com' g5til1' & o!r melodies1 foll[$1 ) m or less success4 ,!re 0 no attempt to play *ords10 ?\gh ?ree or f\r notes c be s\nd$ toge!r4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! rosy pr$ictions ( ,m4 ,/rakos* 7! impres>io7 8z to ! future ( ?is in/rum5t seem r exalt$1 & we are n likely z yet to lay on our music f a c5tral res]voir z we lay on gas & wat]1 ?\gh ! exp]im5t 0 c]ta9ly a v curi\s "o40 ,! importance ( ,mr4 ,gray's1 z ( ,la ,c\r's inv5tions1 dep5ds1 h[ev]1 f> m on ! way 9 :i* !y increase ! message-be>+ capacity ( telegraphy ?an on _! p[] ( convey+ airs to a di/ance4 ,at ! ,philadelphia ,exhibition1 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson he>d f\r messages s\nd$ simultane\sly by ! ,gray telephone4 ,! ,morse alphabet 0 us$4 ,i h m5tion$ t 9 t alphabet v>i\s comb9ations ( dots & da%es are us$ to repres5t diff]5t lett]s2 x is only necess>y to sub/itute ! %ort & long duration ( a note = dots & da%es to h a simil> s\nd alphabet4 ,suppose1 n[1 f\r tun+-=ks at ! transmitt+ /ation1 ^: notes are ,d ,illu/ration1 ,mi1 ,sol1 & ,d ,illu/ration1 or say ,c1 ,e1 ,g1 & ,c1 !n by ea* ( ^! =ks a sep>ate message may be transmitt$1 all ! messages be+ c>ri$ simultane\sly by ! same l9e to sep>ate s\nd+ re$s 7or =ks1 if pref]r$71 & receiv$ by diff]5t cl]ks4 ,) a suitable key-bo>d1 a s+le cl]k c\ld s5d ! f\r messages simultane\sly1 /rik+ *ords in/ead ( s+le notes1 ?\gh consid]able practice w\ld be necess>y to trans=m f\r v]bal messages at once into ! prop] telephonic music1 & "s skill 9 f+]+ to give ! prop] duration to ea* note4 ,la/ly1 we come to ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( all1 ,pr(essor ,graham ,bell's vocal telephone4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahge ,i _h ! pleasure ( he>+ f ,pr(essor ,bell 9 ! c\rse ( a ride--all too %ort--f ,bo/on to ,salem1 ,mass41 an acc\nt ( 8 in/rum5t z !n devis$1 & ( 8 hopes z to future developm5ts4 ,^! hopes h s9ce be5 9 great "p fulfill$1 b ,i v5ture to pr$ict t we d n yet "k all1 or ne>ly all1 t ! vocal telephone1 9 ,bell's h&s1 is to a*ieve4 ,x ought to be m5tion$ at ! outset t ,bell claims to h demon/rat$ 9 #ahgc 7a ye> be=e ,la ,c\r7 ! possibility ( transmitt+ sev]al messages simultane\sly by means ( ! ,morse alphabet4 ,bell's orig9al arrangem5t = vocal telephony 0 z foll[s3--,at "o /ation a drumhead ( goldbeat]s' sk91 ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet]1 0 plac$ 9 front ( an electro-magnet4 ,to ! middle ( ! drumhead1 on ! side t[>ds ! magnet1 0 glu$ a circul> piece ( clockspr+4 ,a simil> electro-magnet1 drumhead1 etc41 7 plac$ at ! o!r /ation4 ,:5 notes 7 sung or words spok5 be=e "o drumhead1 ! vibrations ( ! goldbeat]s' sk9 c>ri$ ! small piece ( clockspr+ vibrat+ly t[>ds & f ! electro-magnet1 )\t produc+ actual contact4 ,n[1 ! curr5t :i* 0 pass+ along ! coil r\nd ! electro-magnet *ang$ 9 /r5g? ) ea* *ange ( position ( ?is small piece ( metal4 ,! m rapid ! vibrations1 & ! great] _! amplitude1 ! m rapid & ! m int5se 7 ! *anges 9 ! p[] ( ! electric curr5t4 ,?us1 ! electro-magnet at ! o!r /ation und]w5t *anges ( p[] :i* 7 syn*ron\s )1 & proportionate to1 ^? *anges ( p[] 9 ! curr5t :i* 7 produc$ by ! *anges ( position ( ! vibrat+ piece ( clockspr+4 ,accord+ly1 ! piece ( clockspr+ at ! receiv+ /ation1 & ) x ! drumhead !re1 0 caus$ by ! electro-magnet to vibrate ) ! same rapidity & en]gy z ! piece at ! transmitt+ /ation4 ,!re=e1 z ! drumhead at "o /ation v>i$ its vibrations 9 response to ! s\nds utt]$ 9 its neighb\rhood1 s ! drumhead at ! o!r /ation1 v>y+ its vibrations1 emitt$ simil> s\nds4 ,lat]1 ! receiv+ drumhead 0 made unlike ! transmitt+ "o4 ,in/ead ( a membrane c>ry+ a small piece ( metal1 a ?9 & v flexible disc ( %eet-iron1 held 9 position by a screw1 0 us$4 ,?is disc1 set 9 vibration by ! v>y+ action ( an electro-magnet1 z 9 ! old] arrangem5t1 utt]$ articulate s\nds correspond+ to ^? :i*1 sett+ 9 motion ! membrane at ! transmitt+ /ation1 caus$ ! *anges 9 ! p[] ( ! electric curr5t & 9 ! action ( ! electro-magnet4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahgf ,sir ,w4 ,?omson gave ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! p]=mance ( ?is in/rum5t at ! ,philadelphia ,exhibition3--8,9 ! ,canadian dep>tm5t0 7= ,pr(essor ,bell 0 n at ! "t an ,am]ican citiz57 8,i he>d #8,to be or n to be--!re's ! rub1' ?r\gh ! electric wire2 b1 scorn+ monosyllables1 ! electric articulation rose to high] flights1 & gave me passages tak5 at r&om f ! ,new ,york newspap]s3--#8,s4 ,s4 ,cox has arriv$' 7,i fail$ to make out ! #8,s4 ,s4 ,cox'71 #8! ,city ( ,new ,york1' #8,s5ator ,morton1' #8! ,s5ate has resolv$ to pr9t a ?\s& extra copies1' #8! ,am]icans 9 ,london h resolv$ to celebrate ! com+ ,f\r? ( ,july4' ,all ?is my own e>s he>d spok5 to me ) unmi/akable di/9ctness by ! ?9 circul> disc armature ( j su* ano!r little electro-magnet z ?is :i* ,i hold 9 my h&4 ,! words 7 %\t$ ) a cle> & l\d voice by my colleague judge1 ,pr(essor ,watson1 at ! f> end ( ! l9e1 hold+ 8 m\? close to a /ret*$ membrane1 c>ry+ a piece ( s(t iron1 :i* 0 ?us made to p]=m 9 ! neighb\rhood ( an electro-magnet1 9 circuit ) ! l9e1 motions proportional to ! sonorific motions ( ! air4 ,?is1 ! greate/ by f> ( all ! m>vels ( ! electric telegraph1 is due to a "y c\ntryman ( our own1 ,mr4 ,graham ,bell1 ( ,ed9burgh1 & ,montreal1 & ,bo/on1 n[ ab\t to become a naturaliz$ citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:o c b admire ! h>dihood ( inv5tion :i* devis$ su* v slight means to realize ! ma!matical conception t1 if electricity is to convey all ! delicacies ( quality :i* di/+ui% articulate spee*1 ! /r5g? ( its curr5t mu/ v>y cont9u\sly1 & z ne>ly z may be 9 simple proportion to ! velocity ( a p>ticle ( air engag$ 9 con/itut+ ! s\nd80 ,s9ce ^! words 7 spok5 by "o ( ! highe/ au?orities 9 matt]s telegraphic1 ,pr(essor ,bell has introduc$ "s important modifications 9 8 app>atus4 ,he n[ employs1 n an electro-magnet1 b a p]man5t magnet4 ,t is to say1 in/ead ( us+ at ea* /ation su* a b> ( s(t iron z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 :i* becomes a magnet :ile ! electric curr5t is pass+ ?r\gh ! coil surr\nd+ x1 he uses at ea* /ation a b> ( iron p]man5tly magnetiz$ 7or pref]ably a p[]ful magnet made ( sev]al horse-%oe b>s--t is1 a comp\nd magnet71 surr\nd$ simil>ly by coils ( wire4 ,no batt]y is ne$$4 ,in/ead ( a curr5t ?r\gh ! coils magnetiz+ ! iron1 ! iron already magnetiz$ causes a curr5t to trav]se ! coils :5ev] x acts1 or r :5ev] its action *anges4 ,if an armature 7 plac$ across its ends or poles1 at ! mom5t :5 x drew t armature to ! poles by virtue ( its magnetic p[]1 a curr5t w\ld trav]se ! coils2 b aft]w>ds1 s long z ! armature rema9$ !re1 !re w\ld be no curr5t4 ,if an armature plac$ ne> ! poles 7 %ift$ rapidly 9 front ( ! poles1 curr5ts w\ld trav]se ! coils1 or be induc$1 _! int5sity dep5d+ on ! /r5g? ( ! magnet1 ! l5g? ( ! coil1 & ! rapidity & range ( ! motions4 ,9 front ( ! poles ( ! magnet is a diaphragm ( v flexible iron 7or else "s o!r flexible mat]ial be>+ a small piece ( iron on ! surface ne>e/ ! poles74 ,a m\?piece to conv]ge ! s\nd ^u ?is diaphragm sub/antially completes ! app>atus at ea* /ation4 ,pr(essor ,bell ?us describes ! op]ation ( ! in/rum5t3--8,! motion ( /eel or iron 9 front ( ! poles ( a magnet creates a curr5t ( electricity 9 coils surr\nd+ ! poles ( ! magnet1 & ! duration ( ?is curr5t ( electricity co9cides ) ! duration ( ! motion ( ! /eel or iron mov$ or vibrat$ 9 ! proximity ( ! magnet4 ,:5 ! human voice causes ! diaphragm to vibrate1 electrical undulations are induc$ 9 ! coils ar\nd ! magnets precisely simil> to ! undulations ( ! air produc$ by ! voice4 ,! coils are connect$ ) ! l9e wire1 & ! undulations induc$ 9 !m travel ?r\gh ! wire1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! coils ( ano!r in/rum5t ( simil> con/ruction at ! o!r end ( ! l9e1 are aga9 resolv$ into air undulations by ! diaphragm ( ?is 7o!r7 in/rum5t40 ,s p]fectly are ! s\nd undulations repeat$--?\gh ! in/rum5t has n yet assum$ its f9al =m--t n only has ! lighte/ :isp] utt]$ at "o end ( a l9e ( #adj miles be5 di/9ctly he>d at ! o!r1 b ! speak] c be di/+ui%$ by 8 voice :5 he is kn[n to ! li/5]4 ,s f> z c be se51 !re is e room to believe t be=e long ,pr(essor ,bell's gr& inv5tion w be p]fect$ to su* a degree t words utt]$ on ! ,am]ican side ( ! ,atlantic w be he>d di/9ctly aft] trav]s+ #bjjj miles "u ! ,atlantic1 at ! ,european end ( ! subm>9e cable--s t ,sir ,w4 ,?omson at ,val5tia c\ld tell by ! voice :e!r ,graham ,bell1 or ,cyrus ,field1 or 8 late colleague ,pr(essor ,watson1 7 speak+ to him f ,newf\ndl&4 ,yet a s+le wave ( ^? :i* toss 9 millions on ! ,atlantic1 roll+ 9 on ! ,iri% /r&1 w\ld utt]ly dr[n ! voices ?us made audible aft] pass+ b5ea? two ?\s& miles ( ocean4 ,"h surely is ! greate/ ( telegraphic a*ievem5ts4 ,( all ! m>vels ( telegraphy--& !y are _m--none are equal to1 none seem ev5 comp>able )1 ?is "o4 ,/range truly is ! hi/ory ( ! progress ( rese>* :i* has culm9at$ 9 ?is noble triumph1 wond]ful ! ?\ght t f ! /udy ( ! convulsive twit*+s ( a dead frog by ,galvani1 & ( ! quiv]+ ( delicately pois$ magnetic ne$les by ,ampre1 %\ld gradually h aris5 ?r\gh successive developm5ts a sy/em ( communication s p]fect & s wond]ful z telegraphy has already become1 & promis+ yet great] m>vels 9 ! future4 ,! la/ p>agraph _h b>ely be5 writt5 :5 news arriv$ ( ano!r =m ( telephone1 surpass+ ,gray's & ,la ,c\r's 9 "s respects z a conveyor ( musical tones1 b z yet unable to speak l ,bell's4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,edison1 an ,am]ican electrician4 ,he calls x ! motograph4 ,he discov]$ ab\t six ye>s ago ! curi\s prop]ty on :i* ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t dep5ds4 ,if a piece ( pap] moi/5$ ) c]ta9 *emical solutions is laid ^u a metallic plate connect$ ) ! positive pole ( a galvanic batt]y1 & a plat9um wire connect$ ) ! negative pole is dragg$ ov] ! moi/5$ pap]1 ! wire slides ov] ! pap] l smoo? iron ov] ice--! usual friction disappe>+ s long z ! curr5t is pass+ f ! wire to ! plate ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,at ! receiv+ /ation ( ,mr4 ,edison's motograph !re is a resonat+ box1 f "o face ( :i* ext5ds a spr+ be>+ a plat9um po9t1 :i* is press$ by ! spr+ ^u a tape ( *emically prep>$ pap]4 ,?is tape is /eadily unw\nd1 draw+ by its friction ! plat9um po9t1 & ) x ! face ( ! resonator1 outw>ds4 ,?is slight /ra9 on ! face ( ! resonator cont9ues s long z no curr5t passes f ! plat9um po9t to ! metallic drum ov] :i* ! moi/5$ tape is roll+4 ,b s soon z a curr5t passes1 ! friction imm$iately ceases1 & ! face ( ! resonator resumes its normal position4 ,if !n at ! transmitt+ /ation !re is a membrane or a v f9e diaphragm 7z 9 ,reuss's or ,bell's arrangem5t7 :i* is set vibrat+ by a note ( any giv5 tone1 ! curr5t1 z 9 ^? arrangem5ts1 is transmitt$ & /opp$ at int]vals correspond+ to ! tone1 & ! face ( ! resonat+ box is fre$ & pull$ at ! same int]vals4 ,h5ce1 x speaks ! correspond+ tone4 ,! in/rum5t appe>s to h ! advantage ov] ,gray's 9 range4 ,9 telegraphic communication ,gray's telephone is limit$ to ab\t "o octave4 ,edison's ext5ds f ! deepe/ bass notes to ! highe/ notes ( ! human voice1 :i*1 :5 magnets are employ$1 are almo/ inaudible4 ,b ,edison's motograph has yet to le>n to speak4 ,o!r telegraphic m>vels might well f9d a place "h4 ,i might speak ( ! wond]s ( subm>9e telegraphy1 & ( ! m>vell\s delicacy ( ! arrangem5ts by :i* messages by ! ,atlantic ,cable are read1 & n only read1 b made to record !mselves4 ,i might dwell1 aga91 on ! +5i\s pr9t+ telegraph ( ,mr4 ,hughes1 :i* sets up its own types1 inks !m1 & pr9ts !m1 or on ! /ill m elaborate plan ( ! ,*evali] ,bonelli 8= conv]t+ ! telegraph /ations into s _m type-sett+ work%ops40 ,b space w\ld altoge!r fail me to deal prop]ly ) ^! & k9dr$ m>vels4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o application ( telegraphy1 especially int]e/+ to ! a/ronom]1 ab\t :i* ,i mu/ say a few words3 ,i mean1 ! employm5t ( electricity z a regulator ( "t4 ,"h aga9 x is ! pr9ciple ( ! sy/em1 r ?an details ( con/ruction1 :i* ,i propose to describe4 ,suppose we h a clock n only ( excell5t con/ruction1 b "u a/ronomical surveillance1 s t :5 x is a second or s 9 error x is set "r aga9 by ! />s4 ,let ! p5dulum ( ?is clock beat seconds2 & at ea* beat let a galvanic curr5t be made & brok54 ,?is may be done 9 _m ways--?us ! p5dulum may at ea* sw+ tilt up a v light metallic hamm]1 :i* =ms "p ( ! circuit :5 d[n2 or ! end ( ! p5dulum may be cov]$ ) "s non-conduct+ sub/ance :i* comes at ea* sw+ betwe5 two metallic spr+s 9 v light contact1 sep>at+ !m & s break+ circuit2 or 9 _m o!r ways ! circuit may be brok54 ,:5 ! circuit is made1 let ! curr5t travel along a wire :i* passes ?r\gh a numb] ( /ations ne> or remote1 trav]s+ at ea* ! coils ( a tempor>y magnet4 ,!n1 at ea* sw+ ( ! p5dulum ( ! regulat+ clock1 ea* magnet is magnetiz$ & demagnetiz$4 ,?us ea*1 once 9 a second1 draws to itself1 & !n releases its armature1 :i* is !reupon pull$ back by a spr+4 ,let ! armature1 :5 drawn to ! magnet1 move a lev] by :i* "o too? ( a :eel is c>ri$ =w>d4 ,!n ! :eel is turn$ at ! rate ( "o too? p] second4 ,?is :eel communicates motion to o!rs 9 ! usual way4 ,9 fact1 we h at ea* /ation a clock driv51 n by a weight or spr+ & ) a p5dulum :i* all[s "o too? ( an escapem5t :eel to pass at ea* sw+1 b by ! di/ant regulat+ clock :i* turns a driv+ :eel at ! rate ( "o too? p] second1 t is1 "o too? = ea* sw+ ( ! regulat+ clock's p5dulum4 ,ea* clock1 !n1 keeps p]fect "t ) ! regulat+ clock4 ,9 a/ronomy1 :]e x is (t5 ( ! utmo/ importance to secure p]fect syn*ronism ( obs]vation1 or ! p[] ( not+ ! exact diff]5ce ( "t betwe5 obs]vations made at di/ant /ations1 n only c ! same clock ?us keep "t = two obs]v]s hundr$s ( miles ap>t1 b ea* obs]v] c record by ! same arrangem5t ! mom5t ( ! occurr5ce ( "s ph5om5on4 ,= if a tape be unw\nd automatically1 z 9 ! ,morse in/rum5t1 x is easy s to arrange matt]s t e second's beat ( ! p5dulum records itself by a dot or %ort l9e on ! tape1 & t ! obs]v] c ) a t\* make 7or break7 contact at ! in/ant ( obs]vation1 & s a m>k be made prop]ly plac$ betwe5 two seconds' m>ks--?us giv+ ! precise "t :5 ! obs]vation 0 made4 ,su* applications1 h[ev]1 ?\gh exce$+ly int]e/+ to a/ronom]s1 are n among ^? 9 :i* ! g5]al public take *ief int]e/4 ,!re 0 "o occasion1 h[ev]1 :5 a/ronomical "t-relations 7 connect$ 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ mann] ) "o ( ! greate/ ( all ! m>vels ( telegraphy3 ,i mean1 :5 ! ,great ,ea/]n 9 mid-ocean 0 suppli$ regul>ly ) ,gre5wi* "t1 & ?is s p]fectly 7& !re=e ) su* p]fect indication ( h] place 9 ! ,atlantic71 t :5 x 0 calculat$ f ! "t-signals t ! buoy left 9 op5 ocean to m>k ! place ( ! cut cable _h be5 rea*$1 & ! capta9 0 com+ on deck ) sev]al (fic]s to look = x1 ! buoy ann\nc$ its pres5ce by ?ump+ ! side ( ! great %ip4 ,,! ,,phonograph1 ,,or ,,voice-,,record]4 ,9 ! prec$+ essay ,i h describ$ ! wond]ful in/rum5t call$ ! telephone1 :i* has rec5tly become z widely kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z 9 ,am]ica1 ! c\ntry ( its fir/ developm5t4 ,i propose n[ briefly to describe ano!r in/rum5t--! phonograph--:i*1 ?\gh n a telegraphic in/rum5t1 is relat$ 9 "s degree to ! telephone4 ,9 pass+1 ,i may rem>k t "s1 :o z telegraphic speciali/s might be expect$ to "k bett]1 h describ$ ! phonograph z a telegraphic inv5tion4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,telegraphic ,j\rnal1 = in/ance1 :o _h mi/ak5 = m9e a pap] on ! phonograph 9 "o ( our daily newspap]s1 d5\nc$ me 7z ! suppos$ au?or ( t pap]7 = speak+ ( ! possibility ( cry/alliz+ s\nd by means ( ?is in/rum5t2 & !n w5t on to speak ( ! mi/ake ,i 7t is1 said au?or7 _h made 9 leav+ my own prop] subject ( /udy to speak ( telegraphic in/rum5ts & to expatiate on ! p[]s ( electricity4 ,9 reality ! phonograph has no relation to telegraphy :atev]1 & its p[]s d n 9 ! slighte/ degree dep5d on electricity4 ,if ! case _h be5 o!rwise1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! /ud5t ( a/ronomy1 or ( any o!r dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 %\ld be consid]$ incompet5t ( necessity to describe a telegraphic in/rum5t1 or to discuss ! pr9ciples ( telegraphic or electrical sci5ce4 ,:at %\ld unque/ionably be left to ! speciali/1 is ! description ( ! practical effect ( details ( in/rum5tal con/ruction1 & ! l--= only he :o is 9 ! habit ( us+ special in/rum5ts or classes ( in/rum5t c be expect$ to be compet5t adequately to discuss su* matt]s4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! phonograph is n an in/rum5t dep5d+1 l ! telephone1 on ! action ( electricity 79 "s =m or o!r71 yet x is relat$ closely en\gh to ! telephone to make ! mi/ake ( ! ,telegraphic j\rnali/ a natural "o4 ,at lea/1 ! mi/ake w\ld be natural en\gh = any "o b a telegraphic speciali/2 ! m s t ,mr4 ,edison is a telegraphi/1 & t he has effect$ sev]al important & int]e/+ inv5tions 9 telegraphic & electrical sci5ce4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! previ\s article1 pp4 #bgj1 #bga1 ,i _h occasion to describe at "s l5g? ! pr9ciples ( 8 8,motograph40 ,i spoke ( x z 8ano!r =m ( telephone1 surpass+ ,gray's & ,la ,c\r's 9 "s respects z a convey] ( musical tones1 b z yet unable to speak l ,bell's 444 9 telegraphic communication40 ,i proce$$3 8,gray's telephone is limit$ to ab\t "o octave4 ,edison's ext5ds f ! deepe/ bass notes to ! highe/ notes ( ! human voice1 :i*1 :5 magnets are employ$1 are almo/ inaudible2 b x has yet to le>n to speak40 ,! phonograph is an in/rum5t :i* has le>n$ to speak1 ?\gh x does n speak at a di/ance l ! telephone or ! motograph4 ,yet !re seems no special reason :y x %\ld n comb9e bo? qualities--! p[] ( repeat+ messages at consid]able int]vals ( "t aft] !y 7 orig9ally spok51 & ! p[] ( transmitt+ !m to great di/ances4 ,i h said t ! phonograph is an in/rum5t closely relat$ to ! telephone4 ,if we consid] ?is feature ( ! in/rum5t att5tively1 we %all be l$ to ! cle>] recognition ( ! ac\/ical pr9ciples on :i* its prop]ties dep5d1 & also ( ! nature ( "s ( ! int]e/+ ac\/ical problems on :i* light seems likely to be ?r[n by means ( exp]im5ts ) ?is in/rum5t4 ,9 ! telephone a /ret*$ membrane1 or a diaphragm ( v flexible iron1 vibrates :5 words are utt]$ 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,:5 a /ret*$ membrane is us$1 ) a small piece ( iron at ! c5tre1 ?is small piece ( iron1 z sway$ by ! vibrations ( ! membrane1 causes electrical undulations to be induc$ 9 ! coils r\nd ! poles ( a magnet plac$ 9 front ( ! membrane4 ,^! undulations travel along ! wire & pass ?r\gh ! coils ( ano!r in/rum5t ( simil> con/ruction at ! o!r end ( ! wire1 :]e1 accord+ly1 a /ret*$ membrane vibrates precisely z ! fir/ _h done4 ,! vibrations ( ?is membrane excite atmosph]ic vibrations id5tical 9 "* ) ^? :i* fell ^u ! fir/ membrane :5 ! words 7 utt]$ 9 its neighb\rhood2 & !re=e ! same words appe> to be utt]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! second membrane1 h[ev] f> x may be f ! transmitt+ membrane1 s only t ! electrical undulations are effectually transmitt$ f ! s5d+ to ! receiv+ in/rum5t4 ,i h "h describ$ :at happ5$ 9 ! case ( t e>li] =m ( ! telephone 9 :i* a /ret*$ membrane ( "s su* sub/ance z goldbeat]'s sk9 0 employ$1 at ! c5tre ( :i* only 0 plac$ a small piece ( iron4 ,= 9 its be>+ on ! subject ( ! phonograph1 ?is p>ticul> =m ( telephonic diaphragm is m sugge/ive ?an ! lat] =m 9 :i* v flexible iron 0 employ$4 ,we see t ! vibrations ( a small piece ( iron at ! c5tre ( a membrane are compet5t to reproduce all ! peculi>ities ( ! atmosph]ic waves :i* fall ^u ! membrane :5 words are utt]$ 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,?is mu/ be reg>d$1 ,i conceive1 z a rem>kable ac\/ical discov]y4 ,mo/ /ud5ts ( ac\/ics w\ld h surmis$ t to reproduce ! motions m]ely ( ! c5tral p>ts ( a /ret*$ diaphragm w\ld be altoge!r insuffici5t = ! reproduction ( ! complicat$ s]ies ( s\nd-waves correspond+ to ! utt]ance ( words4 ,i appreh5d t if ! problem _h orig9ally be5 sugge/$ simply z an ac\/ical "o1 ! idea ent]ta9$ w\ld h be5 ?is--t ?\gh ! motions ( a diaphragm receiv+ vocal s\nd-waves might be g5]at$ artificially 9 su* sort z to produce ! same vocal s\nds1 yet ?is c\ld only be done by fir/ det]m9+ :at p>ticul> po9ts ( ! diaphragm 7 c5tres ( motion1 s to speak1 & !n adopt+ "s me*anical arrangem5ts = giv+ to small portions ( ! membrane at ^! po9ts ! necess>y oscillat+ motions4 ,x w\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 suppos$ t motions communicat$ to ! c5tre ( ! diaphragm w\ld suffice to make ! :ole diaphragm vibrate prop]ly 9 all its diff]5t p>ts4 ,let u briefly consid] :at 0 be=e kn[n ab\t ! vibrations ( plates1 discs1 & diaphragms1 :5 p>ticul> tones 7 s\nd$ 9 _! neighb\rhood2 & also :at 0 kn[n respect+ ! requirem5ts = vocal s\nds & spee* z di/+ui%$ f simple tones4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ,i propose only to consid] ^! po9ts 9 a g5]al1 n 9 a special1 mann]4 ,we mu/ fir/ c>efully draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! vibrations ( a plate or disc :i* is itself ! s\rce ( s\nd1 & ^? vibrations :i* are excit$ 9 a plate or disc by s\nd-waves o!rwise orig9at$4 ,if a disc or plate ( giv5 size be set 9 vibration by a bl[ or o!r impulse x w give =? a special s\nd1 accord+ to ! place :]e x is /ruck1 or x w give =? comb9ations ( ! sev]al tones :i* x is capable ( emitt+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 exp]im5t %[s t a diaphragm l t us$ 9 ! telephone--n only ! electric telephone1 b su* common telephones z h be5 sold ( late 9 l>ge quantities 9 toy %ops1 etc4--w respond to any s\nds :i* are prop]ly direct$ t[>ds x1 n m]ely reproduc+ s\nds ( diff]5t tones1 b all ! peculi>ities :i* *>act]ize vocal s\nds4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! size ( a disc & ! conditions "u :i* x is /ruck det]m9e ! nature ( its vibrations1 & ! air responds to ! vibrations ?us excit$2 9 ! latt]1 ! air is set mov+ 9 vibrations ( a special k9d by ! s\nds or words utt]$1 & ! disc or diaphragm responds to ^! vibrations4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh x is important t ?is di/9ction be recogniz$1 we c /ill le>n1 f ! behavi\r ( discs & plates set 9 vibration by a bl[ or o!r impulse1 ! laws accord+ to :i* ! actual motions ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( a vibrat+ disc or plate take place4 ,we owe to ,*ladni ! inv5tion ( a me?od = r5d]+ visible ! nature ( su* motions4 ,c]ta9 electrical exp]im5ts ( ,li*t5b]g sugge/$ to ,*ladni ! idea ( scatt]+ f9e s& ov] ! plate or disc ^: motions he wi%$ to exam9e4 ,if a horizontal plate cov]$ ) f9e s& is set 9 vibration1 ^? p>ts :i* move upw>ds & d[nw>ds scatt] ! s& f _! neighb\rhood1 :ile on ^? po9ts :i* und]go no *ange ( position ! s& w rema94 ,su* po9ts are call$ nodes2 & r[s ( su* po9ts are call$ nodal l9es1 :i* may be ei!r /raight or curv$1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,if a squ>e plate ( glass is held by a suitable clamp at its c5tre1 & ! middle po9t ( a side is t\*$ :ile a b[ is drawn across ! edge ne> a corn]1 ! s& is se5 to ga!r 9 ! =m ( a cross divid+ ! squ>e into f\r equal squ>es--l a cross ( ,/ ,george4 ,if ! f+] t\*es a corn]1 & ! b[ is drawn across ! middle ( a side1 ! s& =ms a cross divid+ ! squ>e along its diagonals--l a cross ( ,/ ,&rew4 ,t\*+ two po9ts equidi/ant f two corn]s1 & draw+ ! b[ along ! middle ( ! opposite edge1 we get ! diagonal cross & also c]ta9 curv$ l9es ( s& sy/ematically plac$ 9 ea* ( ! f\r qu>t]s into :i* ! diagonals divide ! squ>e4 ,we also h1 9 ?is case1 a f> %rill] note f ! vibrat+ plate4 ,& s1 by v>i\s *anges 9 ! position ( ! po9ts clamp$ by ! f+] & ( ! "p ( ! edge along :i* ! b[ is drawn1 we c obta9 innum]able v>ieties ( nodal l9es & curves along :i* ! s& ga!rs ^u ! surface ( ! vibrat+ plate4 ,:5 we take a circul> plate ( glass1 clamp$ at ! middle1 & t\*+ "o "p ( its edge ) ! f+]1 draw ! b[ across a po9t ( ! edge half a quadrant f ! f+]1 we see ! s& arrange itself along two diamet]s int]sect+ at "r angles4 ,if ! b[ is drawn at a po9t "o-?ird a quadrant f ! f+]-clamp$ po9t1 we get a six-po9t$ />4 ,if ! b[ is drawn at a po9t a f\r? ( a quadrant f ! f+]-clamp$ po9t1 we get an eight-po9t$ />4 ,& s we c get ! s& to arrange itself into a /> ( any ev5 numb] ( po9ts2 t is1 we c get a /> ( f\r1 six1 eight1 t51 twelve1 etc41 po9ts1 b n ( ?ree1 five1 sev51 etc4 ,9 ^! cases ! c5tre ( ! plate or disc has be5 fix$4 ,if1 in/ead1 ! plate or disc be fix$ by a clip at ! edge1 or clamp$ else:]e ?an at ! c5tre1 we f9d ! s& arrang+ itself into o!r =ms1 9 :i* ! c5tre may or may n appe>2 t is1 ! c5tre may or may n be nodal1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,a curi\s effect is produc$ if v f9e p[d] be /rewn along ) ! s& ov] ! plate4 ,= x is f\nd t ! du/ ga!rs1 n :]e ! nodes or places ( no vibration lie1 b :]e ! motion is greate/4 ,f>aday assigns z ! cause ( ?is peculi>ity ! circum/ance t 8! light p[d] is entangl$ by ! little :irlw9ds ( air produc$ by ! vibrations ( ! plate2 x _c escape f ! little cyclones1 ?\gh ! heavi] s& p>ticles are readily driv5 ?r\gh !m2 :51 !re=e1 ! motion ceases1 ! light p[d] settles d[n 9 heaps at ! places :]e ! vibration 0 a maximum40 ,9 pro( ( ?is !ory we h ! fact t 89 vacuo no su* effect is produc$2 all p[d]s light & heavy move to ! nodal l9es40 7,tyndall on 8,s\nd407 ,n[ if we consid] ! mean+ ( su* results z ^!1 we %all beg9 to recognize ! p]plex+ b also in/ructive "* ( ! evid5ce d]iv$ f ! telephone1 & appli$ to ! con/ruction ( ! phonograph4 ,x appe>s t :5 a disc is vibrat+ "u su* special conditions z to give =? a p>ticul> s]ies ( tones 7! s-call$ fundam5tal tone ( ! disc & o!r tones comb9$ ) x :i* belong to its s]ies ( ov]tones71 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! disc are vibrat+ to & fro 9 a direction squ>e to ! face ( ! disc1 except c]ta9 po9ts at :i* !re is no vibration1 ^! po9ts toge!r =m+ curves ( special =ms along ! sub/ance ( ! disc4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 tones ( v>i\s k9ds are s\nd$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a disc or ( a /ret*$ circul> membrane1 we may assume t ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! disc are set 9 vibration aft] a mann] at lea/ equally complicat$4 ,if ! tones belong to ! s]ies :i* c\ld be emitt$ by ! diaphragm :5 /ruck1 we c und]/& t ! vibrations ( ! diaphragm w\ld resemble ^? :i* w\ld result f a bl[ /ruck "u special conditions4 ,:5 o!r tones are s\nd$1 x may be assum$ t ! s\nd-waves :i* rea* ! diaphragm cause x to vibrate z ?\gh n ! circumf]5ce 7only7 b a circle 9 ! sub/ance ( ! diaphragm--conc5tric1 ( c\rse1 ) ! circumf]5ce1 & correspond+ 9 dim5sions ) ! tone ( ! s\nds--7 fix$4 ,if a drum ( giv5 size is /ruck1 we he> a note ( p>ticul> tone4 ,if we he>d1 z ! result ( a bl[ on ! same drum1 a mu* high] tone1 we %\ld "k t 9 "s way or o!r ! effective dim5sions ( ! drum-sk9 _h be5 r$uc$--z = in/ance1 by a r+ firmly press$ aga9/ ! inside ( ! sk94 ,s :5 a diaphragm is respond+ to tones o!r ?an ^? correspond+ to its size1 t5sion1 etc41 we inf] t ! s\nd-waves rea*+ x cause x to behave1 s f> z its effective vibrat+ portion is conc]n$1 z ?\gh its con=mation _h alt]$4 ,:5 sev]al tones are respond$ to by su* a diaphragm1 we may inf] t ! vibrations ( ! diaphragm are rem>kably complicat$4 ,n[ ! v>ieties ( vibratory motion to :i* ! diaphragm ( ! telephone has be5 made to respond h be5 multitud9\s4 ,n only h all ord]s ( s\nd s+ly & toge!r be5 respond$ to1 b vocal s\nds :i* 9 _m respects diff] widely f ord9>y tones are repeat$1 & ! peculi>ities ( intonation :i* di/+ui% "o voice f ano!r h be5 fai?fully reproduc$4 ,let u consid] 9 :at respects vocal s\nds1 & especially ! s\nds employ$ 9 spee*1 diff] f m]e comb9ations ( ord9>y tones4 ,x has be5 said1 & ) "s ju/ice1 t ! organ ( voice is ( ! nature ( a re$ in/rum5t4 ,a re$ in/rum5t1 z mo/ p]sons "k1 is "o 9 :i* musical s\nds are produc$ by ! action ( a vibrat+ re$ 9 break+ up a curr5t ( air into a s]ies ( %ort puffs4 ,! h>monium1 accordion1 conc]t9a1 etc41 are re$ in/rum5ts1 ! re$ = ea* note be+ a f9e /rip ( metal vibrat+ 9 a slit4 ,! vocal organ ( man is at ! top ( ! w9dpipe1 along :i* a cont9u\s curr5t ( air c be =c$ by ! lungs4 ,c]ta9 ela/ic b&s are atta*$ to ! head ( ! w9dpipe1 almo/ clos+ ! ap]ture4 ,^! vocal *ords are ?r[n into vibration by ! curr5t ( air f ! lungs2 & z ! rate ( _! vibration is made to v>y by v>y+ _! t5sion1 ! s\nd *anges 9 tone4 ,s f>1 we h :at corresponds to a re$ in/rum5t admitt+ ( be+ alt]$ 9 pit* s z to emit diff]5t notes4 ,! m\?1 h[ev]1 affects ! "* ( ! s\nd utt]$ f ! ?roat4 ,! "* ( a tone emitt$ by ! ?roat _c be alt]$ by any *ange 9 ! configuration ( ! m\?2 s t if a s+le tone 7 9 reality produc$ by ! vocal *ords1 ! resonance ( ! m\? w\ld only /r5g!n t tone m or less accord+ to ! figure giv5 to ! cavity ( ! m\? at ! w ( ! s+] or speak]4 ,b 9 reality1 besides ! fundam5tal tone utt]$ by ! vocal *ords1 a s]ies ( ov]tones are produc$4 ,ov]tones are tones correspond+ to vibration at twice1 ?ree times1 f\r times1 etc41 ! rate ( ! vibration produc+ ! fundam5tal tone4 ,n[ ! cavity ( ! m\? c be s modifi$ 9 %ape z to /r5g!n ei!r ! fundam5tal tone or any "o ( ^! ov]tones4 ,& accord+ z special tones are /r5g!n$ 9 ?is way v>i\s vocal s\nds are produc$1 )\t *ang+ ! pit* or int5sity ( ! s\nd actually utt]$4 ,call+ ! fundam5tal tone ! fir/ tone1 ! ov]tones j m5tion$ ! second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 etc41 tones respectively 7aft] ,tyndall71 we f9d t ! foll[+ relations exi/ betwe5 ! comb9ations ( ^! tones & ! v>i\s v[el s\nds3-- ,if ! lips are pu%$ =w>d s z to make ! cavity ( ! m\? deep & ! orifice ( ! m\? small1 we get ! deepe/ resonance ( :i* ! m\? is capable1 ! fundam5tal tone is re9=c$1 :ile ! high] tones are z f> z possible ?r[n into ! %ade4 ,! result+ v[el s\nd is t ( deep ,u 78oo0 9 8hoop074 ,if ! m\? is s f> op5$ t ! fundam5tal tone is accompani$ by a /rong second tone 7! next high] octave to ! fundam5tal tone71 we get ! v[el s\nd ,o 7z 9 8hole074 ,! ?ird & f\r? tones feebly accompany+ ! fir/ & second make ! s\nd m p]fect1 b are n necess>y4 ,if ! orifice ( ! m\? is s wid5$1 & ! volume ( ! cavity s r$uc$1 t ! fundam5tal tone is lo/1 ! second some:at weak5$1 & ! ?ird giv5 z ! *ief tone1 ) v weak f\r? & fif? tones1 we h ! v[el s\nd ,a4 ,to produce ! v[el s\nd ,e1 ! resonant cavity ( ! m\? mu/ be consid]ably r$uc$4 ,! f\r? tone is ! *>act]i/ic ( ?is v[el4 ,yet ! second tone also mu/ be giv5 ) mod]ate /r5g?4 ,! fir/ & ?ird tones mu/ be weak1 & ! fif? tone %\ld be add$ ) mod]ate /r5g?4 ,to produce ! v[el s\nd ,a1 z 9 8f>10 ! high] ov]tones are *iefly us$1 ! second is want+ altoge!r1 ! ?ird feeble1 ! high] tones--especially ! fif? & sev5?--/rong4 ,! v[el s\nd ,i1 z 9 8f9e10 x %\ld be add$1 is n a simple s\nd1 b diph?ongal4 ,! two s\nds ^: succession gives ! s\nd we repres5t 7errone\sly7 by a s+le lett] ,i 7long71 are n v diff]5t f 8a0 z 9 8f>10 & 8ee0 7or 8i0 z 9 8rav9e072 !y1 lie1 h[ev]1 9 reality1 respectively betwe5 8a0 9 8f>0 & 8fat10 & 8i0 9 8rav9e0 & 8p940 ,?us ! tones & ov]tones necess>y = s\nd+ 8,i0 long1 d n require a sep>ate description1 any m ?an ^? necess>y = s\nd+ o!r diph?ongs1 z 8oi10 8oe10 & s =?4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! s\nd-waves necess>y to reproduce accurately ! v>i\s v[el s\nds1 are m complicat$ ?an ^? :i* w\ld correspond to ! fundam5tal tones simply 9 :i* any s\nd may be utt]$4 ,!re mu/ n only be 9 ea* case c]ta9 ov]tones1 b ea* ov]tone mu/ be s\nd$ ) its due degree ( /r5g?4 ,b ?is is n all1 ev5 z reg>ds ! v[el s\nds1 ! mo/ readily reproducible peculi>ities ( ord9>y spee*4 ,spok5 s\nds diff] f musical s\nds prop]ly s call$1 9 v>y+ 9 pit* ?r\gh\t _! cont9uance4 ,s f> z tone is conc]n$1 ap>t f v[el quality1 ! spee* note may be imitat$ by slid+ a f+] up ! f+]-bo>d ( a viol9 :ile ! b[ is be+ drawn4 ,a famili> illu/ration ( ! v>y+ pit* ( a spee* note is f\nd 9 ! utt]ance ( ,hamlet's "q1 8,pale1 or r$80 ) int5se anxiety ( inquiry1 if "o may s speak4 8,! spee* note on ! ^w #8pale' w consi/ ( an upw>d movem5t ( ! voice1 :ile t on #8r$' w be a d[nw>d movem5t1 & 9 bo? words ! voice w trav]se an int]val ( pit* s wide z to be conspicu\s to ord9>y e>s2 :ile ! cultivat$ p]ception ( ! musician w detect ! voice mov+ ?r\gh a less int]val ( pit* :ile he is utt]+ ! ^w #8or' ( ! same s5t5ce4 ,& he :o c record 9 musical notation ! s\nds :i* he he>s1 w p]ceive ! musical int]val trav]s$ 9 ^! vocal movem5ts1 & ! place also ( ^! spee* notes on ! musical /aff40 ,v>iations ( ?is k9d1 only n s great 9 am\nt1 occur 9 ord9>y spee*2 & no telephonic or phonographic in/rum5t c\ld be reg>d$ z p]fect1 or ev5 satisfactory1 :i* did n reproduce !m4 ,b ! v[el s\nds are1 aft] all1 comb9ations & modifications ( musical tones4 ,x is o!rwise ) consonantal s\nds1 :i*1 9 reality1 result f v>i\s ways 9 :i* v[el s\nds are comm5c$1 int]rupt$ 7:olly or p>tially71 & resum$4 ,9 "o respect ?is /atem5t requires1 p]haps1 "s modification--a po9t :i* has n be5 mu* notic$ by writ]s on vocal s\nds4 ,9 ! case ( liquids1 v[el s\nds are n p>tially int]rupt$ only1 z is commonly /at$4 ,!y cease entirely z v[el s\nds1 ?\gh ! utt]ance ( a vocal s\nd is cont9u$ :5 a liquid consonant is utt]$4 ,let ! read] utt] any ^w 9 :i* a liquid occurs1 & he w f9d t :ile ! liquid itself is s\nd$ ! v[el s\nds prec$+ or foll[+ ! liquid cease entirely4 ,repeat+ sl[ly1 = example1 ! ^w 8rema910 dwell+ on all ! liquids1 we f9d t :ile ! 8r0 is be+ s\nd$ ! 80 s\nd _c be giv51 & ?is s\nd ceases s soon z ! 8m0 is s\nd$2 simil>ly ! long 8a0 s\nd c only be utt]$ :5 ! 8m0 s\nd ceases1 & _c be c>ri$ on into ! s\nd ( ! f9al liquid 8n40 ,! liquids are1 9 fact1 improp]ly call$ semi-v[els1 s9ce no v[el s\nd c accompany _! utt]ance4 ,! tone1 h[ev]1 ) :i* !y are s\nd$ c be modifi$ dur+ _! utt]ance4 ,9 s\nd+ labials ! emission ( air is n /opp$ completely at any mom5t4 ,! same is true ( ! sibilants s1 z1 %1 zh1 & ( ! consonants g1 j1 f1 v1 ? 7h>d & s(t74 ,^! are call$1 on ?is acc\nt1 cont9u\s consonants4 ,! only consonants 9 pron\nc+ :i* ! emission ( air is = a mom5t entirely /opp$1 are ! true mutes1 sometimes call$ ! six explosive consonants1 b1 p1 t1 d1 k1 & g4 ,to reproduce artificially s\nds resembl+ ^? ( ! consonants 9 spee*1 we mu/ = a mom5t int]rupt1 :olly = explosive & p>tially = cont9u\s consonant s\nds1 ! passage ( air ?r\gh a re$ pipe4 ,tyndall ?us describes an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d 9 :i* an imp]fect imitation ( ! s\nd ( ! lett] 8m0 0 obta9$--an imitation only requir+1 to r5d] x p]fect1 z ,i h myself exp]im5tally v]ifi$1 att5tion to ! consid]ation respect+ liquids po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 8,"h10 says ,tyndall1 describ+ ! exp]im5t z conduct$ dur+ a lecture1 8is a free re$ fix$ 9 a frame1 b )\t any pipe associat$ ) x1 m\nt$ on ! ac\/ic bell[s4 ,:5 air is urg$ ?r\gh ! orifice1 x speaks 9 ?is =cible mann]4 ,i n[ fix ^u ! frame ( ! re$ a pyramidal pipe2 y notice a *ange 9 ! clang1 &1 by pu%+ my flat h& ov] ! op5 end ( ! pipe1 ! simil>ity betwe5 ! s\nds produc$ & ^? ( ! human voice is unmi/akable4 ,hold+ ! palm ( my h& ov] ! end ( ! pipe1 s z to close x altoge!r1 & !n rais+ my h& twice 9 quick succession1 ! ^w #8mamma' is he>d z pla9ly z if x 7 utt]$ by an infant4 ,= ?is pyramidal tube ,i n[ sub/itute a %ort] "o1 & ) x make ! same exp]im5t4 ,! #8mamma' n[ he>d is exactly su* z w\ld be utt]$ by a *ild ) a /opp$ nose4 ,?us1 by associat+ ) a vibrat+ re$ a suitable pipe1 we c imp>t to ! s\nd ( ! re$ ! qualities ( ! human voice40 ,! 8m0 obta9$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 01 h[ev]1 imp]fect4 ,to produce an 8m0 s\nd su* z an adult w\ld utt] )\t a 8/opp$ nose10 all t is necess>y is to make a small op5+ 7exp]im5t readily det]m9es ! prop] size & position7 9 ! side ( ! pyramidal pipe1 s t1 z 9 ! natural utt]ance ( ?is liquid1 ! emission ( air is n altoge!r int]rupt$4 ,i witness$ 9 #ahgd "s curi\s illu/rations ( ! artificial production ( vocal s\nds1 at ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute1 ,hobok51 ,n4,j41 :]e ! +5i\s ,pr(essor ,may] 7:o w h1 ,i tru/1 a good deal to say ab\t ! sci5tific significance ( telephonic & phonographic exp]im5ts be=e long7 has ac\/ic app>atus1 includ+ sev]al talk+-pipes4 ,by suitably mov+ 8 h& on ! top ( "s ( ^! pipes1 he c\ld make !m speak c]ta9 words ) tol]able di/9ctness1 & ev5 utt] %ort s5t5ces4 ,i rememb] ! p]=mance clos$ ) ! rem>kably di/9ct utt]ance1 by "o pr(ane pipe1 ( ! words euphemi/ically r5d]$ by ,m>k ,twa9 79 8 /ory ( ! ,sev5 ,sleep]s1 ,i ?9k71 8,g ?\ to ,hades60 ,n[1 ! speak+ diaphragm 9 ! telephone1 z 9 ! phonograph1 pres5tly to be describ$1 mu/ reproduce n only all ! v>ieties ( s\nd-wave correspond+ to v[el s\nds1 ) _! int]mixtures ( ! fundam5tal tone & its ov]tones & _! inflexions or slid+ *anges ( pit*1 b also all ! effects produc$ on ! receiv+ diaphragm by ^? int]ruptions1 complete or p>tial1 ( a]ial emission :i* correspond to ! pronunciation ( ! v>i\s consonant s\nds4 ,x might c]ta9ly h seem$ hopeless1 f all t _h be5 be=e kn[n or surmis$ respect+ ! effects ( a]ial vibrations on flexible diaphragms1 to attempt to make a diaphragm speak artificially--9 o!r words1 to make ! movem5ts ( all p>ts ( x correspond ) ^? ( a diaphragm set 9 vibration by spok5 words--by movem5ts affect+ only its c5tral "p4 ,x is 9 ! recognition ( ! possibility ( ?is1 or r 9 ! discov]y ( ! fact t ! movem5ts ( a m9ute portion ( ! middle ( a diaphragm regulate ! vibratory & o!r movem5ts ( ! entire diaphragm1 t ! great sci5tific int]e/ ( ,pr(essor ,graham ,bell's rese>*es appe>s to me to reside4 ,x may be well1 9 illu/ration ( ! difficulties ) :i* =m]ly ! subject appe>$ to be surr\nd$1 to describe ! results ( exp]im5ts :i* prec$$1 ?\gh !y c sc>cely be said to h l$ up to1 ! inv5tion ( artificial ways ( reproduc+ spee*4 ,i d n n[ ref] to exp]im5ts l ^? ( ,kratz5/e9 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & ,von ,kempel5 ( ,vi5na1 9 #aggi1 & ! m successful exp]im5ts by ,willis 9 lat] ye>s1 b to attempts :i* h be5 made to obta9 mat]ial records ( ! a]ial motions accompany+ ! utt]ance ( spok5 words4 ,! mo/ successful ( ^! attempts 0 t made by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,b>l[4 ,8 purpose 0 8to con/ruct an in/rum5t :i* %\ld record ! pneumatic actions0 accompany+ ! utt]ance ( articulat$ s\nds 8by diagrams1 9 a mann] analog\s to t 9 :i* ! indicator-diagram ( a /eam-eng9e records ! action ( ! eng9e40 ,he p]ceiv$ t ! actual a]ial pressures involv$ be+ v small & v v>iable1 & ! succession ( impulses & *anges ( pressure be+ v rapid1 x 0 necess>y t ! mov+ p>ts %\ld be v light1 & t ! movem5t & m>k+ %\ld be accompli%$ ) z little friction z possible4 ,! in/rum5t he con/ruct$ consi/$ ( a small speak+-trumpet ab\t f\r in*es long1 hav+ an ord9>y m\?piece connect$ to a tube half an in* 9 diamet]1 ! ?9 end ( :i* wid5$ out s z to =m an ap]ture ( #b in*es diamet]4 ,?is ap]ture 0 cov]$ ) a membrane ( goldbeat]'s sk91 or ?9 gutta-p]*a4 ,a spr+ c>ry+ a m>k] 0 made to press aga9/ ! membrane ) a slight initial pressure1 to prev5t z f> z possible ! effects ( j>r+ & consequ5t vibratory action4 ,a light arm ( alum9ium 0 connect$ ) ! spr+1 & held ! m>k]2 & a cont9u\s /rip ( pap] 0 made to pass "u ! m>k] 9 ! mann] employ$ 9 telegraphy4 ,! m>k] consi/$ ( a small1 f9e sable bru%1 plac$ 9 a light tube ( glass "o-t5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ! tube be+ r\nd$ at ! l[] end1 & pi]c$ ) a hole ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?r\gh ?is hole ! tip ( ! bru% project$1 & 0 f$ by col\r put into ! glass tube by :i* x 0 held4 ,x %\ld be add$ t1 to provide = ! escape ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! speak+-trumpet1 a small op5+ 0 made 9 ! side1 s t ! pressure ex]t$ ^u ! membrane 0 t due to ! excess ( air =c$ into ! trumpet ov] t expell$ ?r\gh ! orifice4 ,! /r5g? ( ! spr+ :i* c>ri$ ! m>k] 0 s adju/$ to ! size ( ! orifice t1 :ile ! lighte/ pressures aris+ "u articulation c\ld be record$1 ! greate/ pressures %\ld n produce a movem5t exce$+ ! wid? ( ! pap]4 8,x w be se510 says ,mr4 ,b>l[1 8t 9 ?is con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t ! sudd5 application ( pressure is z sudd5ly record$1 subject only to ! modifications occasion$ by ! in]tia1 mom5tum1 & friction ( ! p>ts mov$4 ,b ! record ( ! sudd5 cessation ( pressure is fur!r affect$ by ! "t requir$ to dis*>ge ! air ?r\gh ! escape-orifice4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ^! sev]al effects are simil> "u simil> circum/ances1 ! same diagram %\ld always be obta9$ f ! same pneumatic action :5 ! in/rum5t is 9 prop] adju/m5t2 & ?is result is fairly borne out by ! exp]im5ts40 ,! defect ( ! in/rum5t consi/$ 9 ! fact t x record$ *anges ( pressure only2 & 9 po9t ( fact x seems to result1 f ! exp]im5ts made ) x1 t x c\ld only indicate ! ord] 9 :i* explosive1 cont9uant1 & liquid consonants succe$$ ea* o!r 9 spok5 words1 ! v[els be+ all express$ 9 ! same way1 & only "o lett]--! r\gh ,r1 or ,r ) a burr--be+ always unmi/akably indicat$4 ,! explosives 7 repres5t$ by a sudd5 %>p rise & fall 9 ! record$ curve2 ! height ( ! rise dep5d+ on ! /r5g? ) :i* ! explosive is utt]$1 n on ! nature ( ! consonant itself4 ,?us ! ^w 8tick0 is repres5t$ by a high] elevation = ! 8t0 ?an = ! 8k10 b ! ^w 8kite0 by a high] elevation = ! 8k0 ?an = ! 8t40 ,x is notewor?y t !re is always a second small] rise & fall aft] ! fir/ *ief "o1 9 ! case ( ea* ( ! explosives4 ,?is %[s t ! membrane1 hav+ fir/ be5 =cibly di/5d$ by ! small a]ial explosion accompany+ ! utt]ance ( su* a consonant1 sways back beyond ! position :]e ! pressure & ! ela/icity ( ! membrane w\ld 7= ! mom5t7 exactly balance1 & !n oscillates back aga9 ov] t position be=e return+ to its undi/5d$ condition4 ,sometimes a ?ird small elevation c be recogniz$1 & :5 an explosive is foll[$ by a roll+ 8r0 sev]al small elevations are se54 ,! cont9u\s consonants produce elevations less /eep & less high2 aspirates & sibilants give r\nd$ hills4 ,b ! results v>y greatly accord+ to ! position ( a consonant2 &1 s f> z ,i c make out f a c>eful /udy ( ! v int]e/+ diagrams accompany+ ,mr4 ,b>l['s pap]1 x w\ld be q impossible to def9e precisely ! *>act]i/ic records ev5 ( ea* ord] ( consonantal s\nds1 f> less ( ea* sep>ate s\nd4 ,we c\ld readily und]/& t ! movem5t ( ! c5tral "p ( ! diaphragm 9 ! telephone %\ld give mu* m *>act]i/ic diff]5ces = ! v>i\s s\nds ?an ,b>l['s logograph4 ,= if we imag9e a small po9t] atta*$ to ! c5tre ( ! face ( ! receiv+ diaphragm :ile words are utt]$ 9 its neighb\rhood1 ! end ( t po9t] w\ld n only move to & fro 9 a direction squ>e to ! face ( ! diaphragm1 z 0 ! case ) ,b>l['s m>k]1 b x w\ld also sway r\nd its mean position 9 v>i\s small circles or ovals1 v>y+ 9 size1 %ape1 & position1 accord+ to ! v>i\s s\nds utt]$4 ,we might expect1 !n1 t if 9 any way a record ( ! actual motions ( ! extremity ( t small po9t] c\ld be obta9$1 9 su* sort t its displacem5t 9 directions squ>e to ! face ( ! diaphragm1 z well z its sway+s ar\nd its mean position1 w\ld be indicat$ 9 "s pictorial mann]1 ! /udy ( su* records w\ld indicate ! exact words spok5 ne> ! diaphragm1 & ev51 p]haps1 ! precise tones 9 :i* !y 7 utt]$4 ,= ,b>l['s logograph1 deal+ ) "o only ( ! ord]s ( motion 7really triple 9 "*71 gives diagrams 9 :i* ! g5]al "* ( ! s\nds utt]$ is cle>ly indicat$1 & ! suppos$ records w\ld %[ mu* m4 ,b al?\gh ?is might1 f priori consid]ations1 h be5 reasonably look$ =1 x by no means foll[s t ! actual results ( ,bell's telephonic exp]im5ts c\ld h be5 anticipat$4 ,t ! movem5t ( ! c5tral "p ( ! diaphragm %\ld suffice to %[ t su* & su* words _h be5 utt]$1 is "o ?+2 b t ^! movem5ts %\ld ( !mselves suffice1 if artificially reproduc$1 to cause ! diaphragm to reproduce ^! words1 is ano!r & a v diff]5t "o4 ,i v5ture to express my conviction t at ! beg9n+ ( 8 rese>*es ,pr(essor ,bell c h _h v little hope t any su* result w\ld be obta9$1 not)/&+ "s rem>kable exp]im5ts respect+ ! transmission ( s\nd :i* we c n[ v cle>ly p]ceive to po9t 9 t direction4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he _h inv5t$ ! telephone1 ?is po9t 0 9 effect demon/rat$2 = 9 t in/rum5t1 z we h se51 ! movem5ts ( ! m9ute piece ( metal atta*$ 7at lea/ 9 ! e>li] =ms ( ! in/rum5t7 to ! c5tre ( ! receiv+ membrane1 suffice1 :5 precisely copi$ by ! simil> c5tral piece ( metal 9 ! transmitt+ membrane1 to cause ! words :i* produc$ ! motions ( ! receiv+ or he>+ membrane to be utt]$ 7or seem to be utt]$7 by ! transmitt+ or speak+ membrane4 ,x 0 res]v$1 h[ev]1 = ,edison 7( ,new ,j]sey1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,electrical ,advis] to ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company7 to %[ h[ advantage might be tak5 ( ?is discov]y to make a diaphragm speak1 n directly ?r\gh ! action ( ! movem5ts ( a diaphragm affect$ by spok5 words or o!r s\nds1 & !re=e ei!r simultane\sly ) ^! or 9 su* quick succession aft] !m z corresponds ) ! transmission ( _! effects along "s l9e ( electrical or o!r communication1 b by ! me*anical reproduction ( simil> movem5ts at any subsequ5t "t 7)9 c]ta9 limits at pres5t1 b probably h]eaft] ) practically unlimit$ ext5sion z to "t74 ,! foll[+ is slightly modifi$ f ,edison's own description ( ! phonograph3-- ,! in/rum5t is compos$ ( ?ree p>ts ma9ly2 namely1 a receiv+1 a record+1 & a transmitt+ app>atus4 ,! receiv+ app>atus consi/s ( a curv$ tube1 "o end ( :i* is fitt$ ) a m\?piece4 ,! o!r end is ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]1 & is clos$ ) a disc or diaphragm ( exce$+ly ?9 metal1 capable ( be+ ?ru/ slightly outw>ds or vibrat$ ^u g5tle pressure be+ appli$ to x f )9 ! tube4 ,to ! c5tre ( ?is diaphragm 7:i* is v]tical7 is fix$ a small blunt /eel p91 :i* %>es ! vibratory motion ( ! diaphragm4 ,?is arrangem5t is set on a table1 & c be adju/$ suitably ) respect to ! second "p ( ! in/rum5t--! record]4 ,?is is a brass cyl9d]1 ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g? & f\r 9 diamet]1 cut ) a cont9u\s ,v-groove f "o end to ! o!r1 s t 9 effect x repres5ts a l>ge screw4 ,!re are =ty ( ^! grooves 9 ! entire l5g? ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! cyl9d] turns /eadily1 :5 ! in/rum5t is 9 op]ation1 ^u a v]tical axis1 its face be+ pres5t$ to ! /eel po9t ( ! receiv+ app>atus4 ,! %aft on :i* x turns is provid$ ) a screw-?read & works 9 a screw$ be>+1 s t z ! %aft is turn$ 7by a h&le7 x n only turns ! cyl9d]1 b /eadily c>ries x upw>ds4 ,! rate ( ?is v]tical motion is su* t ! cyl9d] behaves precisely z if its groove work$ 9 a screw-be>+4 ,?us1 if ! po9t] be set opposite ! middle ( ! upp]mo/ "p ( ! cont9u\s groove at ! beg9n+ ( ?is turn+ motion1 x w trav]se ! groove cont9u\sly to its l[e/ "p1 :i* x w rea* aft] =ty turn+s ( ! h&le4 7,m correctly1 p]haps1 we might say t ! groove cont9u\sly trav]ses pa/ ! po9t]47 ,n[1 suppose t a piece ( "s su* sub/ance z t9foil is wrapp$ r\nd ! cyl9d]4 ,!n ! po9t]1 :5 at re/1 j t\*es ! t9foil4 ,b :5 ! diaphragm is vibrat+ "u ! action ( a]ial waves result+ f v>i\s s\nds1 ! po9t] vibrates 9 su* a way z to ind5t ! t9foil--n only to a great] or less dep? accord+ to ! play ( ! po9t] to & fro 9 a direction squ>e to ! face ( ! diaphragm1 b also ov] a range all r\nd its mean position1 correspond+ to ! play ( ! end ( ! po9t] ar\nd its mean position4 ,! groove all[s ! pressure ( ! po9t] aga9/ ! t9foil free action4 ,if ! cyl9d] _h no groove ! dead resi/ance ( ! t9foil1 ?us back$ up by an unyield+ surface1 w\ld /op ! play ( ! po9t]4 ,"u ! actual conditions1 ! t9foil is only kept taut en\gh to receive ! impressions1 :ile yield+ suffici5tly to let ! play ( ! po9t] cont9ue unre/ra9$4 ,if n[ a p]son speaks into ! receiv+ tube1 & ! h&le ( ! cyl9d] be turn$1 ! vibrations ( ! po9t] are impress$ ^u ! portion ( ! t9foil ly+ ov] ! holl[ groove1 & are reta9$ by x4 ,!y w be m or less deeply m>k$ accord+ to ! quality ( ! s\nds emitt$1 & accord+ also1 ( c\rse1 to ! /r5g? ) :i* ! speak] utt]s ! s\nds1 & to ! nature ( ! modulations & inflexions ( 8 voice4 ,! result is a message v]bally impr9t$ ^u a /rip ( metal4 ,x diff]s f ! result 9 ! case ( ,b>l['s logograph1 9 be+ virtually a record 9 ?ree dim5sions in/ead ( "o only4 ,! v>y+ dep? ( ! impressions corresponds to ! v>y+ height ( ! curve 9 ,b>l['s diagrams2 b !re ! resemblance ceases2 = t 0 ! s+le feature :i* ,b>l['s logographs c\ld pres5t4 ,edison's impr9t$ words %[1 besides v>y+ dep? ( impression1 a v>y+ range on ei!r side ( ! mean track ( ! po9t]1 & also--?\gh ! eye is n able to detect ?is effect--!re is a v>y+ rate ( progression accord+ z ! end ( ! po9t] has be5 sway$ t[>ds or f ! direction 9 :i*1 ow+ to ! motion ( ! cyl9d]1 ! po9t] is virtually travell+4 ,we may say ( ! record ?us obta9$ t x is s\nd pres5t$ 9 a visible =m4 ,a j\rnali/ :o has writt5 on ! phonograph has spok5 ( ?is record z correspond+ to ! cry/allization ( s\nd4 ,& ano!r :o1 l ! =m]1 has be5 7errone\sly1 b t is a detail7 id5tifi$ ) myself1 has said1 9 l fanciful ve91 t ! /ory ( ,b>on ,mn*aus5 he>+ words :i* _h be5 froz5 dur+ sev]e cold melt+ into spee* aga91 s t all ! babble ( a pa/ day came float+ ab\t 8 e>s1 has be5 realiz$ by ,edison's inv5tion4 ,al?\gh su* expressions may n be1 & 9 po9t ( fact are n1 /rictly sci5tific1 ,i am n dispos$1 = my own "p1 to cavil ) !m4 ,if !y c\ld by any possibility be tak5 au pi$ de la lettre 7&1 by ! way1 we f9d q a new mean+ = ?is expression 9 ! light ( :at is n[ kn[n ab\t v[els & consonants71 !re w\ld be valid objection to _! use4 ,b1 z no "o supposes t ,edison's phonograph really cry/allizes words or freezes s\nds1 x seems hyp]critical to d5\nce su* expressions z ! critic ( ! ,telegraphic ,j\rnal has d5\nc$ !m4 ,to return to ,edison's in/rum5t4 ,hav+ obta9$ a mat]ial record ( s\nds1 vocal or o!rwise1 x rema9s t a contrivance %\ld be adopt$ = mak+ ?is record reproduce ! s\nds by :i* x 0 itself =m$4 ,?is is effect$ by a ?ird portion ( ! app>atus1 ! transmitt]4 ,?is is a conical drum1 or r a drum %ap$ l a fru/um ( a cone1 hav+ its l>g] end op51 ! small]--:i* is ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]--be+ cov]$ ) pap] /ret*$ tight l ! p>*m5t ( a drumhead4 ,9 front ( ?is diaphragm is a light flat /eel spr+1 held v]tically1 & end+ 9 a blunt /eel po9t1 :i* projects f x & corresponds precisely ) t on ! diaphragm ( ! receiv]4 ,! spr+ is connect$ ) ! pap] diaphragm by a silk5 ?read1 j suffici5tly 9 t5sion to cause ! out] face ( ! diaphragm to be slightly convex4 ,hav+ remov$ ! receiv+ app>atus f ! cyl9d] & set ! cyl9d] back to its orig9al position1 ! transmitt+ app>atus is br\ght up to ! cyl9d] until ! /eel po9t j re/s1 )\t pressure1 9 ! fir/ ind5tation made 9 ! t9foil by ! po9t ( ! receiv]4 ,if n[ ! h&le is turn$ at ! same spe$ z :5 ! message 0 be+ record$1 ! /eel po9t w foll[ ! l9e ( impression1 & w vibrate 9 p]iods correspond+ to ! impressions :i* 7 produc$ by ! po9t ( ! receiv+ app>atus4 ,! pap] diaphragm be+ ?us set into vibrations ( ! requisite k9d 9 numb]1 dep?1 & side-range1 !re are produc$ precisely ! same s\nds t set ! diaphragm ( ! receiv] into vibration orig9ally4 ,?us ! words ( ! speak] are he>d issu+ f ! conical drum 9 8 own voice1 t+$ ) a slightly metallic or me*anical tone4 ,if ! cyl9d] be m sl[ly turn$ :5 transmitt+ ?an x _h be5 :5 receiv+ ! message1 ! voice assumes a base tone2 if m quickly1 ! message is giv5 ) a m treble voice4 8,9 ! pres5t ma*9e10 says ! acc\nt1 8:5 a long message is to be record$1 s soon z "o /rip ( t9foil is fill$1 x is remov$ & replac$ by o!rs1 until ! communication has be5 complet$4 ,9 us+ ! ma*9e = ! purpose ( correspond5ce1 ! metal /rips are remov$ f ! cyl9d] & s5t to ! p]son ) :om ! speak] desires to correspond1 :o mu/ possess a ma*9e simil> to t us$ by ! s5d]4 ,! p]son receiv+ ! /rips places !m 9 turn on ! cyl9d] ( 8 app>atus1 applies ! transmitt]1 & puts ! cyl9d] 9 motion1 :5 he he>s 8 fri5d's voice speak+ to him f ! ind5t$ metal4 ,& he c repeat ! cont5ts ( ! missive z (t5 z he pleases1 until he has worn ! metal ?r\gh4 ,! s5d] c make an inf9ite numb] ( copies ( 8 communication by tak+ a pla/]-(-,p>is ca/ ( ! orig9al1 & rubb+ (f impressions f x on a clean %eet ( foil40 ,i =be> f dwell+ fur!r on ! int]e/ & value ( ?is noble inv5tion1 or ( consid]+ "s ( ! developm5ts :i* x w probably receive be=e long1 = already ,i h occupi$ m space ?an ,i _h int5d$4 ,i h no d\bt t 9 ^! days x w br+ its inv5tor less cr$it1 & f> less mat]ial ga91 ?an w\ld be acquir$ f ! inv5tion ( "s +5i\s contrivance = de/roy+ _m lives at a bl[1 bur/+ a hole z l>ge z a *ur* door 9 ! bottom ( an ironclad1 or 9 "s o!r way help+ m5 to c>ry out ^? de/ructive in/9cts :i* !y inh]it f savage & brutal ance/ors4 ,b h]eaft]1 :5 ! repres5tatives ( ! brutality & savag]y ( our nature are held 9 prop] dise/eem1 & ^? :o h add$ new enjoym5ts to life are ju/ly valu$1 a high place 9 ! e/eem ( m5 w be accord$ to him :o has answ]$ "o-half ( ! poet's aspiration1 8,oh = ! t\* ( a vani%$ h&1 ,& ! s\nd ( a voice t is /ill60 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,s9ce ! pres5t pap] 0 writt51 ,m4 ,aurel de ,ratti has made "s exp]im5ts :i* he reg>ds z t5d+ to %[ t !re is no me*anical vibration4 ,?us1 8:5 ! cavities above & bel[ ! iron disc ( an ord9>y telephone are fill$ ) wadd+1 ! in/rum5t w transmit & speak ) undim9i%$ cle>ness4 ,on plac+ a f+] on ! iron disc opposite ! magnet1 ! in/rum5t w transmit & speak di/9ctly1 only ceas+ to act :5 suffici5t pressure is appli$ to br+ plate & magnet into contact4 ,connect+ ! c5tre ( ! disc by means ( a %ort ?read ) an extremely s5sitive membrane1 no s\nd is giv5 out by ! latt] :5 a message is transmitt$4 ,br++ ! iron cores ( ! d\ble telephone 9 contact ) ! disc1 & press+ ) ! f+]s aga9/ ! plate on ! o!r side1 a weak curr5t f a ,daniell cell produc$ a di/9ct click 9 ! plate1 & on draw+ a wire f ! cell ov] a file :i* =m$ "p ( ! circuit1 a rattl+ noise 0 produc$ 9 ! in/rum5t40 ,if ^! exp]im5ts _h be5 made be=e ! phonograph 0 inv5t$1 !y w\ld h sugge/$ ! impracticability ( con/ruct+ any in/rum5t :i* w\ld d :at ! phonograph actually does1 viz41 cause s\nds to be repeat$ by excit+ a m]ely me*anical vibration ( ! c5tral "p ( a ?9 metallic disc4 ,b z ! phonograph proves t ?is c actually be done1 we mu/ conclude t ,m4 ,aurel de ,ratti's exp]im5ts w n be> ! int]pretation he places ^u !m4 ,!y %[1 nev]!less1 t exce$+ly m9ute vibrations ( probably a v small portion ( ! telephonic disc suffice = ! di/9ct transmission ( vocal s\nds4 ,?is might inde$ be inf]r$ f ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,demozet1 ( ,nantes1 :o f9ds t ! vibrations ( ! transmitt+ telephone are 9 amplitude little m ?an #a-bjjj? ^? ( ! receiv+ telephone4 ,,! ,,gorilla ,,& ,,o!r ,,apes4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five c5turies ago1 a voyag] call$ ,hanno is said to h sail$ f ,c>?age1 betwe5 ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules--t is1 ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>--along ! %ores ( ,africa4 8,pass+ ! ,/reams ( ,fire10 says ! n>rator1 8we came to a bay call$ ! ,horn ( ! ,s\?4 ,9 ! recess !re 0 an isl&1 l ! fir/1 hav+ a lake1 & 9 ?is !re 0 ano!r isl& full ( wild m54 ,b mu* ! great] "p ( !m 7 wom51 ) hairy bodies1 :om ! int]pret]s call$ #8,gorillas4' ,pursu+ !m1 we 7 n able to take ! m52 !y all escap$1 be+ able to climb ! precipices2 & def5d$ !mselves ) pieces ( rock4 ,b ?ree wom51 :o bit & scrat*$ ^? :o l$ !m1 7 n will+ to foll[4 ,h[ev]1 hav+ kill$ !m1 we flay$ !m1 & convey$ ! sk9s to ,c>?age2 = we did n sail any fur!r1 z provisions began to fail40#ce ,9 ! op9ion ( _m naturali/s1 ! wild m5 ( ?is /ory 7 ! an?ropoid or manlike apes :i* are n[ call$ gorillas1 r$iscov]$ rec5tly by ,du ,*aillu4 ,! region inhabit$ by ! gorillas is a well-wood$ c\ntry1 8ext5d+ ab\t a ?\s& miles f ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea s\?w>d10 says ,gosse2 8& z ! gorilla is n f\nd beyond ^! limits1 s we may pretty conclusively inf] t ! extreme po9t ( ,hanno 0 some:]e 9 ?is region40 ,i mu/ confess ^! inf]5ces seem to me some:at op5 to "q1 & ! acc\nt ( ,hanno's voyage only int]e/+ 9 its relation to ! gorilla1 z hav+ sugge/$ ! "n n[ giv5 to ?is race ( apes4 ,x is n probable t ,hanno sail$ mu* fur!r ?an ,si]ra ,leone2 accord+ to ,r5nell1 ! isl& :]e ! 8wild m50 7 se51 0 ! small isl& ly+ close to ,%]bro1 "s sev5ty miles s\? ( ,si]ra ,leone4 ,to h rea*$ ! gorilla di/rict aft] d\bl+ ,cape ,v]d--:i* is itself a po9t consid]ably s\? ( ! mo/ s\!rly city f\nd$ by ,hanno--he w\ld h _h to voyage a di/ance exce$+ t ( ,cape ,v]d f ,c>?age4 ,no?+ 9 ! acc\nt sugge/s t ! portion ( ! voyage1 aft] ! coloniz+ 0 complet$1 _h s great a range4 ,! behavi\r ( ! 8wild m510 aga91 does n correspond ) ! kn[n habits ( ! gorilla4 ,! idea sugge/$ is t ( a species ( an?ropoid ape f> inf]ior to ! gorilla 9 /r5g?1 c\rage1 & f]ocity4 ,! next acc\nts :i* h be5 reg>d$ z relat+ to ! gorilla are ^? giv5 by ,portuguese voyag]s4 ,^! n>ratives h be5 receiv$ ) consid]able d\bt1 because 9 "s p>ts !y seem manife/ly fabul\s4 ,?us ! pictures repres5t+ apes %[ also huge fly+ dragons ) a crocodile's head2 & we h no reason = believ+ t batlike creatures l ! pt]odactyls ( ! gre5s& exi/$ 9 ,africa or else:]e s late z ! "t ( ! ,portuguese voyages ( discov]y4 ,pur*as1 9 8 hi/ory ( ,&rew ,battell1 speaks ( 8a k9de ( great apes1 if !y might s bee t]m$1 ( ! height ( a man1 b twice z bigge 9 feature ( _! limmes1 ) /r5g? proportionable1 hairie all ov]1 o!rwise altoge!r l m5 & wom5 9 _! :ole bodily %ape1 except t _! legges _h no calves40 ,?is description accords well ) ! peculi>ities ( gorillas1 & may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ g5u9e acc\nt ( ^! animals4 ,battell's contempor>ies call$ ! apes s describ$ ,pongoes4 ,x is probable t 9 select+ ! "n ,pongo = ! "y gorilla lately at ! ,we/m9/] ,aqu>ium1 ! proprietors ( ?is int]e/+ creature %[$ a m accurate judgm5t ( ! mean+ ( ,pur*as's n>rative ?an ,du ,*aillu %[$ ( ,hanno's acc\nt1 9 call+ ! great an?ropoid ape ( ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea a gorilla4 ,i propose "h briefly to sket* ! peculi>ities ( ! f\r apes :i* approa* ne>e/ 9 =m to man--! gorilla1 ! *impanzee1 ! orang-outang1 & ! gibbon2 & !n1 ?\gh n deal+ g5]ally ) ! "q ( our relation%ip to ^! non-speak+ 7&1 9 "s respects1 p]haps1 8unspeakable07 animals1 to t\* on "s po9ts connect$ ) ?is "q1 & to po9t out "s errors :i* are v commonly ent]ta9$ on ! subject4 ,x may be well1 9 ! fir/ place1 to po9t out t ! t]ms 8ape10 8baboon10 & 8monkey0 are no long] us$ z !y 7 by ! old] naturali/s4 ,=m]ly ! t]m 8ape0 0 limit$ to tailless simians hav+ no *eek-p\*es1 & ! same numb] ( tee? z man2 ! t]m 8baboon0 to %ort-tail$ simians ) dog-%ap$ heads2 & ! t]m 8monkey10 unless us$ g5]ically1 to ! long-tail$ species4 ,?is 0 ! usage sugge/$ by ,ray1 & adopt$ sy/ematically ?irty or =ty ye>s ago4 ,b x is no long] foll[$1 ?\gh no uni=m classification has be5 sub/itut$ = ! old arrangem5t4 ,?us ,miv>t divides ! apes into two classes--call+ ! fir/ ! ,simiad1 or ,old ,_w apes2 & ! second ! ,cebid1 or ,new ,_w apes4 ,he subdivides ! ,simiad into 7#a7 ! ,sim91 includ+ ! gorilla1 *impanzee1 orang1 & gibbon2 7#b7 ! ,semnopi!c92 & 7#c7 ! ,cynopi!c92 nei!r ( :i* subdivisions w occupy mu* ( our att5tion "h1 save z respects ! ?ird subdivision ( ! ,cynopi!c91 viz41 ! ,cynocephali1 :i* includes ! baboons4 ,! o!r great division1 ! ,cebid1 or ,new ,_w apes1 are = ! mo/ "p v unlike ! ,old ,_w apes4 ,none ( !m approa* ! gorilla or orang-outang 9 size2 mo/ ( !m are long-tail$2 & ! numb] & arrangem5t ( ! tee? is diff]5t4 ,! feature1 h[ev]1 :i* mo/ naturali/s h select$ z ! *>act]i/ic di/9ction betwe5 ! apes ( ! ,old ,_w & ( ! ,new ,_w is ! position ( ! no/rils4 ,! =m] are call$ ,cat>h9e1 a ^w signify+ t ! no/rils are direct$ d[nw>ds2 ! latt] are call$ ,platyrh9e1 or broad-nos$4 ,! no/rils ( all ! ,old ,_w apes are sep>at$ by a n>r[ c>tilag9\s plate or septum1 :]eas ! septum ( ! ,new ,_w apes is broad4 ,aft] ! apes come1 accord+ to ,miv>t's classification1 ! half-apes or lemuroids4 ,i ought1 p]haps1 to h m5tion$ t ,miv>t1 9 describ+ ! lemuroids z ! second sub-ord] ( a great ord] ( animals1 ! ,primates1 speaks ( a man z 7zoologically speak+7 belong+ to ! fir/ sub-ord]4 ,s t1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! two sub-ord]s are ! ,an?ropoids1 includ+ ! ,an?ropos 7man7 & ! ,lemuroids1 includ+ ! lemur4 ,! classification "h indicat$ w s]ve our pres5t purpose v well4 ,b ! read] is rem9d$ t1 z already m5tion$1 naturali/s d n adopt at pres5t any uni=m sy/em ( classification4 ,moreov]1 ! t]m ,simiad is usually employ$--& w be employ$ "h--to repres5t ! entire simian race1 i4e41 bo? ! ,simiad & ! ,cebid ( ,miv>t's classification4 ,& n[1 turn+ to ! ,an?ropoid apes1 we f9d ourselves at ! outset confront$ by ! "q1 ,:i* ( ! f\r apes1 ! gorilla1 ! orang-outang1 ! *impanzee1 or ! gibbon1 is to be reg>d$ z ne>e/ to man 9 intellig5ce8 ,s f> z bodily configuration is conc]n$1 our op9ion w\ld v>y accord+ to ! p>ticul> feature :i* we select$ = consid]ation4 ,b x w probably be admitt$ t intellig5ce %\ld be ! *>act]i/ic by :i* our op9ions %\ld be guid$4 ,! gibbon may be dismiss$ at once1 ?\gh1 z w pres5tly appe>1 !re are "s features 9 :i* ?is ape resembles man m closely ?an ei!r ! gorilla1 ! orang-outang1 or ! *impanzee4 ,! gorilla mu/1 ,i fe>1 be summ>ily eject$ f ! position ( hon\r to :i* he has be5 rais$ by _m naturali/s4 ,?\gh ! gorilla is a mu* l>g] animal ?an ! *impanzee1 8 bra9 b>ely equals ! *impanzee's 9 mass4 ,x is also less fully develop$ 9 front4 ,9 fact ,gratiolet ass]ts t ( all ! broad-*e/$ apes1 ! gorilla is--s f> z bra9 "* is conc]n$--! l[e/ & mo/ degrad$4 ,he reg>ds ! gorilla's bra9 z only a m advanc$ =m ( t ( ! brutal baboons1 :ile ! orang's bra9 is ! culm9at+ =m ( ! gibbon type1 & ! *impanzee's ! culm9at+ =m ( ! macaque type4 ,?is does n dispose ( ! difficulty v satisfactorily1 h[ev]1 because x rema9s to be %[n :e!r ! gibbon type & ! macaque type are sup]ior z types to ! baboon types4 ,b x may suffice to rem>k t ! baboons are all brutal & f]oci\s1 :]eas ! gibbons are comp>atively g5tle animals1 & ! macaques docile & ev5 playful4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r brutality & f]ocity %\ld be reg>d$ z necess>ily remov+ ! gorilla fur!r f man2 because x is c]ta9 t ! races ( man :i* approa* ne>e/ to ! an?ropoid apes1 ) :i* races ! comp>ison %\ld assur$ly be made1 are *>act]iz$ by ^! v qualities1 brutality & f]ocity4 ,intellig5ce mu/ be o!rwise gaug$4 ,probably ! av]age proportion ( ! bra9's weight to t ( ! entire body1 & ! complexity ( ! /ructure ( ! bra91 w\ld af=d ! be/ means ( decid+ ! "q4 ,b1 un=tunately1 we h v unsatisfactory evid5ce on ^! po9ts4 ,! naturali/s :o h bas$ op9ions on su* evid5ce z has be5 obta9$1 seem to ov]look ! pov]ty ( ! evid5ce4 ,kn[+ z we d h[ greatly ! human bra9 v>ies 9 size & complexity1 n only 9 diff]5t races1 b 9 diff]5t individuals ( ! same race1 x appe>s unsatisfactory 9 ! extreme to reg>d ! av]age ( ! bra9s ( ea* simian species hi!rto exam9$ z pres5t+ ! true av]age c]ebral capacity = ea* species4 ,/ill x seems tol]ably cle> t ! *oice z to ! race ( apes :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z fir/ 9 intellig5ce1 & !re=e z on ! :ole ! mo/ manlike1 re/s betwe5 ! orang-outang & ! *impanzee4 8,9 ! _w ( sci5ce1 z 9 t ( politics10 said ,pr(essor ,rolle/on 9 #ahfb1 8,france & ,engl& h occasionally diff]$ z to _! *oice betwe5 rival c&idates = royalty4 ,if ei!r h]$it>y claims or p]sonal m]its affect at all ! "r ( succession1 beyond a "q ! gorilla is b a pret5d]1 & "o or o!r ( ! two 7o!r7 c&idates ! true pr9ce4 ,!re is a graceful z well z an ungraceful way ( )draw+ f a false position1 & ! ,briti% public w adopt ! graceful c\rse by accept+ =?) & h5ce=? ! ,fr5* c&idate0--! orang-outang4 ,if ?is 7 int5d$ z prophecy1 x has n be5 fulfill$ by ! ev5t1 = ! gorilla is /ill reg>d$ by mo/ ,briti% naturali/s z ! ape :i* comes on ! :ole ne>e/ to man2 b probably1 9 say+ 8! ,briti% public w adopt ! graceful c\rse0 9 accept+ ! orang-outang z 8! k+ ( ! ,simiad10 ,pr(essor ,rolle/on meant only t t c\rse w\ld be graceful if adopt$4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ! gorilla1 ! *impanzee 0 usually reg>d$ z next to man 9 ! scale ( ! animal creation4 ,x 0 ,cuvi] :o fir/ ma9ta9$ ! claim ( ! orang-outang to ?is position4 ,cuvi]'s op9ion 0 bas$ on ! great] developm5t ( ! orang-outang's bra91 & ! height ( its =ehead4 ,b ^! m>ks ( sup]iority belong to ! orang only :5 "y4 ,! adult orang seems to be inf]ior1 or at lea/ n sup]ior1 to ! *impanzee z respects c]ebral =mation1 & 9 o!r respects seems less to resemble man4 ,! proportions ( 8 body1 8 long arms1 high %\ld]s1 de=m$ neck1 & imp]fect e>s are oppos$ to its claims to be reg>d$ z manlike4 ,9 all ^! respects1 save "o1 ! *impanzee seems to be greatly its sup]ior4 7,! e> ( ! *impanzee is l>ge1 & n plac$ z ) u3 t ( ! gorilla is mu* m l man's47 ,z to ! intellig5ce exhibit$ 9 ! conduct ( ! *impanzee & orang-outang1 v>i\s op9ions may be =m$ accord+ to ! v>i\s circum/ances "u :i* ! animals are obs]v$4 ,! foll[+ has be5 quot$ 9 evid5ce ( ! sup]iority ( ! *impanzee 9 ?is respect3--8,ab\t fifty ye>s ago1 a "y *impanzee & an orang-outang ( ab\t ! same age 7 exhibit$ toge!r at ! ,egyptian ,hall4 ,! *impanzee1 ?\gh 9 a decl9+ /ate ( heal?1 & r5d]$ peevi% & irritable by bodily suff]+1 exhibit$ mu* sup]ior m>ks ( intellig5ce to 8 companion2 he 0 active1 quick1 & obs]vant ( ev]y?+ t pass$ ar\nd him2 no new visitor ent]$ ! ap>tm5t 9 :i* he 0 kept1 & no "o left x1 )\t attract+ 8 att5tion4 ,! orang-outang1 on ! contr>y1 exhibit$ a melan*oly & a disreg>d ( pass+ occurr5ces almo/ am\nt+ to apa?y2 & ?\gh 9 ! enjoym5t ( bett] heal?1 0 evid5tly mu* inf]ior to 8 companion 9 quickness & obs]vation4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 ! animals 7 d9+ on potatoes & boil$ *ick51 & surr\nd$ z usual ) a l>ge p>ty ( visitors1 ! orang-outang all[$ h] plate to be tak5 )\t exhibit+ ! lea/ app>5t conc]n4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ! *impanzee4 ,we took advantage ( an opportunity :5 8 head 0 turn$ 7to obs]ve a p]son com+ 97 to secrete 8 plate also4 ,= a few seconds he look$ r\nd to see :at _h become ( x1 b1 n f9d+ x1 began to p\t & fret exactly l a spoil$ *ild1 & p]ceiv+ a "y lady1 :o happ5$ to be /&+ ne> him1 laugh+1 p]haps suspect+ h] to be ! del9qu5t1 he flew at h] 9 ! greate/ rage1 & w\ld probably h bitt5 h] _h %e n got beyond 8 rea*4 ,^u hav+ 8 plate re/or$1 he took c>e to prev5t ! repetition ( ! joke by hold+ x firmly ) "o h&1 :ile he f$ himself ) ! o!r40 ,?is /ory c h>dly be reg>d$ z decid+ ! "q 9 fav\r ( ! *impanzee4 ,_m animals1 admitt$ly f> inf]ior to ! l[e/ ord] ( monkeys 9 intellig5ce1 %[ wat*fulness ov] _! food1 & z mu* ill-temp] :5 depriv$ ( x1 & z mu* anxiety to recov] x1 z ?is *impanzee did4 ,a hundr$ cases 9 po9t might readily be cit$4#cf ,p]haps ! s\nde/ op9ion respect+ ! relative position ( ! gorilla1 *impanzee1 & orang-outang ) ref]5ce to man1 is t :i* places ! gorilla ne>e/ to ! l[] tribes ( man n[ inhabit+ ,africa1 ! *impanzee approximat+1 b n s closely1 to high] ,african tribes1 & ! orang-outang approximat+1 b /ill less closely1 to ,asiatic tribes4 ,x appe>s to me t1 :atev] weight naturali/s may atta* to ^? details 9 :i* ! gorilla & ! *impanzee are m remov$ f man ?an ! orang1 no "o :o takes a g5]al view ( ^! ?ree races ( an?ropoid apes c hesitate to reg>d ! gorilla z t :i*1 on ! :ole1 approa*es ne>e/ to man2 b x is to a mu* l[] race ( man t ! gorilla approximates1 s t ! *impanzee & ! orang-outang may fairly be reg>d$ z high] 9 ! scale ( animal life4 ,if we consid] "y specim5s ( ! ?ree animals1 :i* is1 on ! :ole1 ! safe/ way ( =m+ an op9ion1 we are unmi/akably l$1 9 my judgm5t1 to su* a conclusion4 ,i h se5 ?ree or f\r "y *impanzees1 two "y orangs1 & ! "y gorilla lately exhibit$ at ! ,aqu>ium 7:]e he c\ld be directly comp>$ ) ! *impanzee71 & ,i _c hesitate to pron\nce ,pongo altoge!r ! mo/ human ( ! ?ree4 ,a "y *impanzee rem9ds "o r ( an old man ?an ( a *ild1 & ! same may be said ( "y orangs2 b ! "y gorilla unmi/akably rem9ds "o ( ! "y negro4 ,repeat$ly1 :ile wat*+ ,pongo1 ,i 0 rem9d$ ( ! looks & behavi\r ( "y negroes :om ,i _h se5 9 ,am]ica1 ?\gh n able 9 e case to fix def9itely on ! feature ( resemblance :i* recall$ ! negro to my m9d4 7,! read] is1 d\btless1 famili> ) half-rememb]$ traits su* z ^? ,i ref] to--traits1 = in/ance1 su* z assure y t a p]son belongs to "s c\nty or di/rict1 ?\gh y may be unable to say :at feature1 expression1 or ge/ure sugge/s ! idea47 ,"o circum/ance may be specially not$1 n only z frequ5tly recurr+1 b z illu/rat+ ! traits on :i* ! resemblance ( ! gorilla 7:5 "y1 at any rate7 to ! negro dep5ds4 ,a negro turns 8 eyes :]e a ,caucasian w\ld turn 8 head4 ,! peculi>ity is probably a relic ( savage life2 = ! savage1 :e!r engag$ 9 w> or 9 ! *ase1 avoids1 z f> z possible1 e movem5t ( body or limb4 ,pongo look$ 9 ?is way4 ,:5 he ?us ca/ 8 black eyes sideways at an object ,i f\nd myself rem9d$ irresi/ibly ( ! ways ( ! wat*ful negro wait]s at an ,am]ican hotel4 ,c]ta9ly !re is little 9 ! movem5ts ( ! *impanzee to rem9d "o ( any k9d ( human *ild4 ,he is impi%2 b n ! mo/ impi% *ild ( any race or tribe ev] _h ways1 ,i %\ld suppose1 resembl+ 84 ,! f\r an?ropoid apes1 full gr[n & 9 _! native wilds1 diff] greatly f ea* o!r 9 "*4 ,x may be well to consid] _! v>i\s traits1 endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 h[ f> div]sities exi/+ among !m may be trac$ to ! conditions "u :i* ! f\r ord]s subsi/4 ,! gorilla occupies a well-wood$ c\ntry ext5d+ along ! coa/ ( ,africa f ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea s\?w>ds across ! equator4 ,:5 full gr[n he is equal to a man 9 height1 b mu* m p[]fully built4 8,( specim5s %ot by ,du ,*aillu10 says ,rym] ,jones1 8! l>ge/ male seems to h be5 at lea/ six feet two 9 height2 s t1 mak+ all[ance = ! %ortness ( ! l[] limbs1 ! dim5sions ( a full-gr[n male may be said to equal ^? ( a man ( eight or n9e feet high1 & x is only 9 _! l5g? t ! l[] limbs are disproportionate to ! gigantic trunk4 ,9 ! ?ickness & solidity ( _! bones1 & 9 ! /r5g? ( _! muscles1 ^! limbs are q 9 keep+ ) ! re/ ( ! body4 ,:5 upright1 ! gorilla's arms rea* to 8 knees2 ! h9d h&s are wide1 & ( amaz+ size & p[]2 ! great toe or ?umb measures six in*es 9 circumf]5ce2 ! palms & soles1 & ! nak$ "p ( ! face1 are ( an int5se black col\r1 z is also ! brea/4 ,! o!r p>ts are ?ickly clo!d ) hair ( an iron grey1 except ! head1 on :i* x is r$di% br[n1 & ! arms1 :]e x is long & ne>ly black4 ,! female is :olly t+$ ) r$40 ,du ,*aillu gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! aspect ( ! gorilla 9 8 native woods3--8,sudd5ly1 z we 7 yet creep+ along 9 a sil5ce :i* made ev5 a heavy brea? seem l\d & di/9ct1 ! woods 7 at once fill$ ) a trem5d\s b>k+ ro>2 !n ! und]bru% sway$ rapidly j ahead1 & pres5tly /ood be=e u an imm5se gorilla4 ,he _h gone ?r\gh ! jungle on all-f\rs2 b :5 he saw our p>ty he erect$ himself & look$ u boldly 9 ! face4 ,he /ood ab\t a doz5 y>ds f u1 & 0 a sight ,i ?9k ,i %all nev] =get4 ,ne>ly six feet high 7he prov$ f\r in*es %ort]71 ) imm5se body1 huge *e/1 & great muscul> arms1 ) fi]cely gl>+1 l>ge1 deep-grey eyes1 & a helli% expression ( face1 :i* seem$ to me "s night-m>e vision2 ?us /ood be=e u ! k+ ( ! ,african =e/4 ,he 0 n afraid ( u2 he /ood !re & beat 8 brea/s ) 8 l>ge fi/s till x res\nd$ l an imm5se bass drum 7:i* is _! mode ( bidd+ defiance71 meantime giv+ v5t to ro> aft] ro>40 ,! gorilla is a fruit-eat]1 b z fi]ce z ! mo/ c>nivor\s animals4 ,he is said to %[ an enrag$ enmity aga9/ m51 probably because he has f\nd !m n only ho/ile to himself1 b successful 9 secur+ ! fruits :i* ! gorilla loves1 = he %[s a simil> hatr$ to ! elephant1 :i* also seeks ^! fruits4 ,we are told t :5 ! gorilla 8sees ! elephant busy ) 8 trunk among ! twigs1 he in/antly reg>ds ?is z an infraction ( ! laws ( prop]ty1 &1 dropp+ sil5tly d[n to ! b\gh1 he sudd5ly br+s 8 club sm>tly d[n on ! s5sitive f+] ( ! elephant's proboscis1 & drives (f ! al>m$ animal trumpet+ %rilly ) rage & pa940 ,8 enmity to man is m t]ribly manife/$4 8,! "y a?letic negroes 9 _! ivory-haunts10 says ,gosse1 8well "k ! pr[ess ( ! gorilla4 ,he does n1 l ! lion1 sull5ly retreat on see+ !m1 b sw+s himself rapidly d[n to ! l[] bran*es1 c\rt+ ! conflict1 & clut*es ! ne>e/ ( 8 enemies4 ,! hide\s aspect ( 8 visage 78 gre5 eyes fla%+ ) rage7 is height5$ by ! ?ick & prom95t br[s be+ drawn spasmodically up & d[n1 ) ! hair erect1 caus+ a horrible & fi5di% sc[l4 ,weapons are torn f _! possessor's grasp1 gun-b>rels b5t & cru%$ 9 by ! p[]ful h&s & vice-l tee? ( ! enrag$ brute4 ,m horrid /ill1 h[ev]1 is ! sudd5 & unexpect$ fate :i* is (t5 inflict$ by him4 ,two negroes w be walk+ ?r\gh "o ( ! woodl& pa?s unsuspici\s ( evil1 :5 9 an in/ant "o misses 8 companion1 or turns to see him drawn up 9 ! air ) a convuls$ *ok+ cry1 & 9 a few m9utes dropp$ to ! gr\nd1 a /rangl$ corpse4 ,! t]rifi$ survivor gazes up1 & meets ! gr9 & gl>e ( ! fi5di% giant1 :o1 wat*+ 8 opportunity1 _h sudd5ly put d[n 8 imm5se h9d h&1 caught ! wret* by ! neck ) resi/less p[]1 & dropp$ him only :5 he ceas$ to /ruggle40 ,! *impanzee inhabits ! region f ,si]ra ,leone to ! s\!rn conf9es ( ,angola1 possibly z f> z ,cape ,negro1 s t 8 doma9 includes )9 x t ( ! gorilla4 ,he atta9s almo/ ! same height z ! gorilla :5 full gr[n1 b is f> less p[]fully built4 ,9 fact1 9 g5]al proportions ! *impanzee approa*es man m ne>ly ?an does any o!r animal4 ,8 body is cov]$ ) long black co>se hair1 ?icke/ on ! head1 %\ld]s1 & back1 & r ?9 on ! brea/ & belly4 ,! face is d>k br[n & nak$1 z are ! e>s1 except t long black :isk]s adorn ! animal's *eeks4 ,! hair on ! =e>ms is direct$ t[>ds ! elb[s1 z is ! case ) all ! an?ropoid apes1 & ) man himself4 ,?is hair =ms1 :]e x meets ! hair f ! upp] arm1 a small ruff ab\t ! elb[ jo9t4 ,! *impanzees live 9 society 9 ! woods1 con/ruct+ huts f ! bran*es & foliage ( trees to protect !mselves aga9/ ! sun & heavy ra9s4 ,x is said by "s travell]s t ! *impanzee walks upright 9 its native woods1 b ?is is d\btful2 ?\gh c]ta9ly ! =mation ( ! toes bett] fits !m to /& upright ?an ei!r ! gorilla or ! orang4 ,!y arm !mselves ) clubs1 & unite to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! attacks ( wild bea/s1 8compell+10 x is said1 8ev5 ! elephant himself to ab&on ! di/ricts 9 :i* !y reside40 ,we le>n t 8x is dang]\s = m5 to ent] _! =e/s1 unless 9 companies & well arm$2 wom5 9 p>ticul> are (t5 said to be c>ri$ away by ^! animals1 & "o negress is report$ to h liv$ among !m = ! space ( ?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t !y treat$ h] ) uni=m k9dness1 b always prev5t$ any attempt on h] "p to escape4 ,:5 ! negroes leave a fire 9 ! woods1 x is said t ! *impanzees w ga!r r\nd & w>m !mselves at ! blaze1 b !y h n suffici5t intellig5ce to keep x alive by fre% supplies ( fuel40 ,! orang-outang inhabits ,borneo1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,indian coa/4 ,he atta9s a great] height ?an ! gorilla1 b1 ?\gh v p[]ful & active1 w\ld probably n be a mat* = ! gorilla 9 a s+le combat4 ,8 arms are by comp>ison z well z actually mu* long]4 ,:]eas ! gorilla's rea* only to ! knees1 ! arms ( ! orang-outang almo/ rea* ! gr\nd :5 ! animal is /&+ upright4 ,! orang does n (t5 assume an upright attitude1 h[ev]4 8,x seldom attempts to walk on ! h9d feet alone1 & :5 x does ! h&s are inv>iably employ$ = ! purpose ( /eady+ its tott]+ equilibrium1 t\*+ ! gr\nd lightly on ea* side z x proce$s1 & by ?is means recov]+ ! lo/ balance ( ! body40 ,! gorilla uses 8 h&s diff]5tly4 ,he c sc>cely be said to walk on all-f\rs1 because he does n place ! inside ( ! h& on ! gr\nd1 b walks on ! knuckles1 evid5tly try+ to keep ! =e "p ( ! body z high z possible4 8,! muzzle is some:at long1 ! m\? ill-%ap$1 ! lips ?9 & protub]ant2 ! e>s are v small1 ! *9 sc>cely recognizable1 & ! nose only to be recogniz$ by ! no/rils4 ,! face1 e>s1 & inside ( ! h&s ( ! orang are nak$ & ( a brick-r$ col\r2 ! =e p>ts are also b ?9ly cov]$ ) hair2 b ! head1 %\ld]s1 back1 & extremities are ?ickly clo!d ) long hair ( d>k w9e-r$ col\r1 direct$ =w>ds on ! cr[n ( ! head & upw>ds t[>ds ! elb[s on ! =e>ms40 ,! orang-outang *anges rem>kably 9 "* & appe>ance z he approa*es full gr[?4 8,?\gh exhibit+ 9 e>ly y\? a rotundity ( ! cranium & a height ( =ehead altoge!r peculi>1 & accompani$ at ! same "t ) a g5tl5ess ( disposition & a gravity ( mann]s :i* contra/ /rongly ) ! petulant & irascible temp] ( ! l[] ord]s ( quadruman\s mammals1 ! orang-outang 9 its adult /ate is ev5 rem>kable = ! flatness ( its retir+ =ehead1 ! great developm5t ( ! sup]orbital & occipital cre/s1 ! prom95ce ( its jaws1 ! rem>kable size ( its can9e tee?1 & ! :ole =m ( ! skull1 :i* f ! globul> %ape ( ! human head1 z 9 ! "y specim51 assumes all ! =ms & *>act]s belong+ to t ( a l>ge c>nivor\s animal4 ,! extraord9>y contra/s ?us pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( ! skull at diff]5t epo*s ( ! same animal's life 7 long consid]$ z ! *>act]s ( di/9ct species2 nor 0 x till int]m$iate =ms 7 obta9$1 exhibit+ 9 "s degree ! peculi>ities ( bo? extremes1 t !y 7 f9ally recogniz$ z di/+ui%+ diff]5t p]iods ( gr[? only40 ,unlike ! gorilla1 :i* attacks man ) peculi> malignity1 & ! *impanzee1 :i* :5 9 l>ge troops assails ^? :o approa* its retreats1 ! orang1 ev5 9 its adult /ate1 seems n to be dang]\s unless attack$4 ,ev5 !n he does n always %[ great f]ocity4 ,! two foll[+ anecdotes illu/rate well its "*4 ,! fir/ is f ! p5 ( ,dr4 ,abel ,cl>ke 7fif? volume ( ! 8,asiatic ,rese>*es072 ! o!r is f ,wallace's int]e/+ "w1 8,! ,malay ,ar*ipelago40 ,an orang-outang fully sev5 feet high 0 discov]$ by ! company ( a m]*ant %ip1 at a place call$ ,ramboon1 on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,sumatra1 on a spot :]e !re 7 few trees & little cultivat$ gr\nd4 8,x 0 evid5t t he _h come f a di/ance1 = 8 legs 7 cov]$ ) mud up to ! knees1 & ! natives 7 unacqua9t$ ) him4 ,on ! approa* ( ! boat's crew he came d[n f ! tree 9 :i* he 0 discov]$1 & made = a clump at "s di/ance2 exhibit+1 z he mov$1 ! appe>ance ( a tall man-l figure1 cov]$ ) %9+ br[n hair1 walk+ erect1 ) a waddl+ gait1 b sometimes accel]at+ 8 motion ) 8 h&s1 & occasionally impell+ himself =w>d ) ! b\gh ( a tree4 ,8 motion on ! gr\nd 0 evid5tly n 8 natural mode ( progression1 =1 ev5 :5 assi/$ by 8 h&s & ! b\gh1 x 0 sl[ & vacillat+2 x 0 necess>y to see him among ! trees to e/imate 8 /r5g? & agility4 ,on be+ driv5 to a small clump1 he ga9$ by "o spr+ a v l(ty bran* & b\nd$ f "o bran* to ano!r ) ! swiftness ( a common monkey1 8 progress be+ z rapid z t ( a swift horse4 ,aft] receiv+ five balls 8 ex]tions relax$1 &1 recl9+ exhau/$ aga9/ a bran*1 he vomit$ a quantity ( blood4 ,! ammunition ( ! hunt]s be+ by ?is "t exhau/$1 !y 7 oblig$ to fell ! tree 9 ord] to obta9 him2 b :at 0 _! surprise to see him1 z ! tree 0 fall+1 effect 8 retreat to ano!r1 ) seem+ly undim9i%$ vig\r6 ,9 fact1 !y 7 oblig$ to cut d[n all ! trees be=e !y c\ld =ce him to combat 8 enemies on ! gr\nd1 & :5 f9ally ov]p[]$ by numb]s1 & ne>ly 9 a dy+ /ate1 he seiz$ a spe> made ( supple wood1 :i* w\ld h )/ood ! /r5g? ( ! /\te/ man1 & broke x l a re$4 ,x 0 /at$1 by ^? :o aid$ 9 8 dea?1 t ! human-l expression ( 8 c\nt5ance & 8 pite\s mann] ( plac+ 8 h&s ov] 8 w\nds1 di/ress$ _! feel+s s z almo/ to make !m "q ! nature ( ! act !y 7 committ+4 ,he 0 sev5 feet high1 ) a broad exp&$ *e/ & n>r[ wai/4 ,8 *9 0 fr+$ ) a be>d t curl$ neatly on ea* side1 & =m$ an ornam5tal r ?an a frightful app5dage to 8 visage4 ,8 arms 7 long ev5 9 proportion to 8 height1 b 8 legs 7 mu* %ort]4 ,^u ! :ole1 he 0 a wond]ful bea/ to behold1 & !re 0 m ab\t him to excite amazem5t ?an fe>4 ,8 hair 0 smoo? & glossy1 & 8 :ole appe>ance %[$ him to be 9 ! full vig\r ( 8 y\? & /r5g?40 ,on ! :ole1 ! n>rative seems to sugge/ a rem>k simil> to "o appli$ by ,wa%+ton ,irv+ to ! foll[]s ( ,oj$a & _! treatm5t ( ! 7s-call$7 ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 8we confess we feel a mom5t>y d\bt :e!r ! arbitr>y appellation ( #8brute' is always appli$ to ! "r p>ty40 ,! o!r /ory also pres5ts man z at lea/ z brutal z ! orang conc]n$ 9 ! ev5t4 8,a few miles d[n ! riv]10 says ,wallace1 8!re is a ,dyak h\se1 & ! inhabitants saw a l>ge orang fe$+ on ! "y %oots ( a palm by ! riv]-side4 ,on be+ al>m$ he retreat$ t[>ds ! jungle :i* 0 close by1 & a numb] ( ! m51 arm$ ) spe>s & *opp]s1 ran out to int]cept him4 ,! man :o 0 9 front tri$ to run 8 spe> ?r\gh ! animal's body2 b ! orang seiz$ x 9 8 h&s1 & 9 an in/ant got hold ( ! man's arm1 :i* he seiz$ 9 8 m\?1 mak+ 8 tee? meet 9 ! fle% above ! elb[1 :i* he tore & lac]at$ 9 a dreadful mann]4 ,_h n ! o!rs be5 close beh9d1 ! man w\ld h be5 m s]i\sly injur$1 if n kill$1 z he 0 q p[]less2 b !y soon de/roy$ ! creature ) _! spe>s & *opp]s4 ,! man rema9$ ill = a long "t1 & nev] fully recov]$ ! use ( 8 arm40 ,! t]m gibbon includes sev]al v>ieties ( tail-less1 long-arm$1 cat>h9e apes4 ,! l>ge/ v>iety1 call$ ! siamang1 ne$ alone be describ$ "h4 ,! siamang inhabits ,sumatra4 ,x pres5ts sev]al po9ts ( resemblance to ! orang-outang1 b is also 9 sev]al respects /rongly di/+ui%$ f t animal4 ,! arms are long] ev5 ?an ! orang's1 & ! peculi> use :i* ! orang makes ( 8 long arms is m /rik+ly %[n 9 ! progression ( ! long-arm$ siamang1 = ! body incl9+ slightly =w>d1 :5 ! animal is on level gr\nd ! long arms are us$ some:at l crut*es1 & !y advance by j]ks resembl+ ! hobbl+ ( a lame man :om fe> compels to make an extraord9>y ef=t4 ,! skull is small1 & mu* m depress$ ?an t ( ! orang or *impanzee4 ,! face is nak$ & black1 /raggl+ r$ hairs m>k+ ! eyebr[s4 ,! eyes are deeply sunk1 a peculi>ity :i*1 by ! way1 seems *>act]i/ic ( arboreal creatures g5]ally2#cg ! nose broad & flat1 ) wide-op5 no/rils2 ! *eeks sunk "u high *eekbones2 ! *9 almo/ rudim5t>y4 8,! hair ov] ! :ole body is ?ick1 long1 & ( a glossy black col\r1 mu* clos] on ! %\ld]s1 back1 & limbs ?an on ! belly1 :i*1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! females1 is ne>ly nak$4 ,! e>s are entirely conceal$ by ! hair ( ! head2 !y are nak$1 &1 l all ! o!r nak$ p>ts1 ( a deep black col\r4 ,b5ea? ! *9 !re is a l>ge1 b>e sac1 ( a lax & oily appe>ance1 :i* is di/5d$ ) air :5 ! animal cries1 & 9 t /ate resembles an enorm\s goitre4 ,x is simil> to t possess$ by ! orang-outang1 & und\bt$ly assi/s 9 swell+ ! volume ( ! voice1 & produc+ ^? a/\nd+ cries :i*1 accord+ to ,duvancelle's acc\nt1 may be he>d at ! di/ance ( sev]al miles40 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be d\bt$1 = ,m4 ,duvancelle himself rem>ks ( ! w\w\1 t1 8?\gh depriv$ ( ! guttural sac s rem>kable 9 ! siamang1 its cry is v ne>ly ! same2 s t x w\ld appe> t ?is organ does n produce ! effect ( increas+ ! s\nd usually attribut$ to x1 or else t x mu/ be replac$ 9 ! w\w\ by "s analog\s =mation40 ,! habits ( ! siamang are int]e/+1 especially 9 _! be>+ on ! relation%ip betwe5 ! v>i\s ord]s ( an?ropoid apes & man2 =1 ?\gh ! gibbon is unque/ionably ! l[e/ ( ! f\r ord]s ( ! an?ropoid apes 9 intellig5ce1 x possesses "s *>act]i/ics :i* br+ x ne>] to man 7s f> z !y are conc]n$7 ?an any ( its cong5]s4 ,! *ief au?orities respect+ ! ways ( ! siamang are ! ,fr5* naturali/s ,di>d & ,duvancelle1 & ! late ,sir ,/am=d ,raffles4 ,! siamangs g5]ally assemble 9 l>ge troops1 8conduct$1 x is said1 by a *ief1 :om ! ,malays believe to be invuln]able1 probably because he is m agile1 p[]ful1 & difficult to capture ?an ! re/40 8,?us unit$10 proce$s ,m4 ,duvancelle 79 a lett] address$ to ,cuvi]71 8! siamangs salute ! ris+ & ! sett+ sun ) ! mo/ t]rific cries0 7l sun-wor%ipp]s71 8:i* may be he>d at ! di/ance ( _m miles1 & :i*1 :5 ne>1 /un :5 !y d n fright54 ,?is is ! morn+ call ( ! m\nta9 ,malays2 b to ! inhabitants ( ! t[n1 :o are unaccu/om$ to x1 x is an unsupportable annoyance4 ,by way ( comp5sation1 ! siamangs keep a pr(\nd sil5ce dur+ ! day1 unless :5 int]rupt$ 9 _! repose or _! sleep4 ,!y are sl[ & heavy 9 _! gait1 want+ confid5ce :5 !y climb & agility :5 !y leap1 s t !y may be easily caught :5 !y c be surpris$4 ,b nature1 9 depriv+ !m ( ! means ( readily escap+ dang]1 has end[$ !m ) a vigilance :i* r>ely fails !m2 & if !y he> a noise :i* is unusual to !m1 ev5 at ! di/ance ( a mile1 fright seizes !m & !y imm$iately take flight4 ,:5 surpris$ on ! gr\nd1 h[ev]1 !y may be captur$ )\t resi/ance1 ei!r ov]:elm$ ) fe> or consci\s ( _! weakness & ! impossibility ( escap+4 ,at fir/1 inde$1 !y endeav\r to avoid _! pursu]s by flight1 & x is !n t _! want ( skill 9 ?is ex]cise becomes mo/ app>5t40 8,h[ev] num]\s ! troop may be1 if "o is w\nd$ x is imm$iately ab&on$ by ! re/1 unless1 inde$1 x happ5 to be a "y "o4 ,!n ! "m1 :o ei!r c>ries x or foll[s close beh9d1 /ops1 falls ) x1 &1 utt]+ ! mo/ frightful cries1 precipitates h]self ^u ! common enemy ) op5 m\? & arms ext5d$4 ,b x is manife/ t ^! animals are n made = combat2 !y nei!r "k h[ to deal nor to %un a bl[4 ,nor is _! mat]nal affection display$ only 9 mom5ts ( dang]4 ,! c>e :i* ! females be/[ ^u _! (fspr+ is s t5d] & ev5 ref9$1 t "o w\ld be almo/ tempt$ to attribute ! s5tim5t to a rational r ?an an in/9ctive process4 ,x is a curi\s & int]e/+ spectacle1 :i* a little precaution has sometimes enabl$ me to witness1 to see ^! females c>ry _! "y to ! riv]1 wa% _! faces 9 spite ( _! outcries1 wipe & dry !m1 & altoge!r be/[ ^u _! cleanl9ess a "t & att5tion t 9 _m cases ! *ildr5 ( our own species might well envy4 ,! ,malays relat$ a fact to me1 :i* ,i d\bt$ at fir/1 b :i* ,i consid] to be 9 a great measure confirm$ by my own subsequ5t obs]vations4 ,x is t ! "y siamangs1 :il/ yet too weak to g alone1 are always c>ri$ by individuals ( _! own sex1 by _! fa!rs if !y are males1 & by _! mo!rs if females4 ,i h also be5 assur$ t ^! animals frequ5tly become ! prey ( ! tig]1 f ! same species ( fasc9ation :i* s]p5ts are said to ex]cise ov] birds1 squirrels1 & o!r small animals4 ,s]vitude1 h[ev] long1 seems to h no effect 9 modify+ ! *>act]i/ic defects ( ?is ape--8 /upidity1 sluggi%ness1 & awkw>dness4 ,x is true t a few days suffice to make him z g5tle & cont5t$ z he 0 be=e wild & di/ru/ful2 b1 con/itutionally timid1 he nev] acquires ! famili>ity ( o!r apes1 & ev5 8 submission appe>s to be r ! result ( extreme apa?y ?an ( any degree ( confid5ce or affection4 ,he is almo/ equally ins5sible to good or bad treatm5t2 gratitude & rev5ge are equally /range to him40 ,we h next to consid] c]ta9 po9ts connect$ ) ! !ory ( ! relation%ip betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid apes4 ,x is h>dly necess>y = me to say1 p]haps1 t 9 ?us deal+ ) a subject requir+ = its indep5d5t inve/igation ! life-long /udy ( dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce :i* are outside ^? 9 :i* ,i h tak5 special int]e/1 ,i am n pret5d+ to advance my op9ion z ( weight 9 matt]s z yet undet]m9$ by zoologi/s4 ,b x has always seem$ to me1 t :5 ^? :o h made special /udy ( a subject collect & publi% ! result ( _! rese>*es1 & a body ( evid5ce is ?us made available = ! g5]al body sci5tific1 ! facts c be advantage\sly consid]$ by /ud5ts ( o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 s only t1 9 leav+ = a :ile _! own subject1 !y d n dep>t f ! true sci5tific me?od1 & t !y are specially c>eful to di/+ui% :at has be5 really asc]ta9$ f :at is only surmis$ ) a great] or less degree ( probability4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ,i w\ld call att5tion to "s v common mi/akes respect+ ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( ! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,i d n ref] "h to ord9>y misconceptions respect+ ! !ory ( natural selection4 ,to say ! tru?1 ^? :o h n pass$ beyond ?is /age ( error1--^? :o /ill conf\nd ! !ory ( natural selection ) ! ,lam>ckian & o!r !ories 7or r hypo!ses#ch7 ( evolution1--are n z yet 9 a position to deal ) our pres5t subject1 & may be left out ( consid]ation4 ,! errors to :i* ,i ref] are 9 ! ma9 includ$ 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t4 ,x is suppos$ by _m1 p]haps by mo/1 t accord+ to ,d>w9 man is desc5d$ f "o or o!r ( ! races ( an?ropoid apes2 & t ! v>i\s ord]s & sub-ord]s ( apes & monkeys at pres5t exi/+ c be arrang$ 9 a s]ies gradually approa*+ m & m ne>ly to man1 & indicat+ ! v>i\s /eps 7or "s ( !m1 = gaps exi/ 9 ! s]ies7 by :i* man 0 develop$4 ,no?+ c be pla9]1 h[ev]1 ?an ,d>w9's contradiction ( ?is g5ealogy = ! human races4 ,n only does he n = a mom5t c\nt5ance ! belief t ! pres5t races ( monkeys & apes c be arrang$ 9 a s]ies gradually approximat+ m & m ne>ly to man1 n only does he reject ! belief t man is desc5d$ f any pres5t exi/+ an?ropoid ape1 b he ev5 d5ies t ! prog5itor ( man resembl$ any kn[n ape4 8,we mu/ n fall into ! error ( suppos+10 he says1 8t ! e>ly prog5itor ( ! :ole simian /ock1 includ+ man1 0 id5tical )1 or ev5 closely resembl$1 any exi/+ ape or monkey40 ,x appe>s to me1 ?\gh x may seem some:at bold to express ?is op9ion ( ! views ( a naturali/ s des]v$ly em95t z ,mr4 ,miv>t1 t 9 8 int]e/+ little treatise1 8,man & ,apes10--a treatise :i* may be describ$ z oppos$ to ,d>w9's special views b n g5]ally oppos$ to ! !ory ( evolution1--he misappreh5ds ,d>w9's position 9 ?is respect4 ,= he arrives at ! conclusion t if ! ,d>w9ian !ory is s\nd1 !n 8l[ d[n0 7i4e41 f> remote7 89 ! scale ( ,primates0 7tri-syllabic7 80 an ance/ral =m s l man t x might well be call$ an homunculus2 & we h ! virtual pre-exi/5ce ( man's body suppos$1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! actual fir/ appe>ance ( t body z we "k x--a supposition manife/ly absurd if put =w>d z an explanation40#ci ,h[1 !n1 accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 is man relat$ to ! monkey8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is simply t ! relation%ip is ! same 9 k9d1 ?\gh n ! same 9 degree1 z t by :i* ! mo/ p]fect ,caucasian race is relat$ to ! l[e/ race ( ,au/ralian1 or ,papuan1 or ,bosjesman savages4 ,no "o supposes t "o ( ^! races ( savages c\ld by any process ( evolution1 h[ev] long-cont9u$1 be develop$ into a race resembl+ ! ,caucasian 9 bodily & m5tal attributes4 ,nor does any "o suppose t ! savage prog5itor ( ! ,caucasian races 0 id5tical )1 or ev5 closely resembl$1 any exi/+ race ( savages4 ,yet we recognize 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( savage man our blood relations4 ,9 o!r words1 x is g5]ally believ$ t if our g5ealogy1 & t ( any exi/+ race ( savages1 c\ld be trac$ back ?r\gh all its reticulations1 we %\ld at l5g? rea* a race ^: blood we %>e ) t race4 ,x is also g5]ally believ$ 7?\gh = my own "p ,i ?9k ! logical consequ5ces ( ! pr9ciple und]ly+ all !ories ( evolution is 9 reality oppos$ to ! belief7 t1 by trac+ ! g5ealogical reticulations /ill fur!r back1 we %\ld at l5g? arrive at a s+le race f :i* all ! pres5t races ( man & no o!r animals h desc5d$4 ,! ,d>w9ian fai? ) respect to m5 & monkeys is precisely analog\s4 ,x is believ$ t ! g5ealogy ( e exi/5t race ( monkeys1 if trac$ back1 w\ld lead u to a race ^: blood we %>e ) t race ( monkeys2 &--:i* is at once a wid] & a m precise proposition--t1 z ,d>w9 puts x1 8! two ma9 divisions ( ! ,simiad1 namely1 ! cat>h9e & platyrh9e monkeys1 ) _! sub-gr\ps1 h all proce$$ f "s "o extremely anci5t prog5itor40 ,?is proposition is manife/ly wid]4 ,i call x also m precise1 because x implies1 & is evid5tly int5d$ by ,d>w9 to signify1 t f t extremely anci5t prog5itor no race outside ! two great ord]s ( ,simiad h ev5 p>tially desc5d$1 ?\gh o!r races %>e ) ! ,simiad desc5t f "s /ill m remote race ( prog5itors4 ,?is latt] po9t1 h[ev]1 is n relat$ specially to ! common errors respect+ ! ,d>w9ian !ory :i* ,i h indicat$ above1 except 9 s f> z x is a detail ( ! actual ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,i w\ld1 9 pass+1 po9t out t1 l ! detail ref]r$ to 9 connection ) ! relation%ip ( ! v>i\s races ( man1 ?is "o is n logically d$ucible f ! !ory ( evolution4 ,9 fact1 ,i h sometimes ?\ght t ! pr9cipal difficulties ( t !ory arise f ?is unnecess>y & n logically s\nd doctr9e4 ,i po9t$ out1 r m ?an ?ree ye>s ago1 9 an article 8,on "s ( our ,blood ,relations10 9 a weekly sci5tific j\rnal1 t ! analogy betwe5 ! desc5t ( races & ! desc5t ( individual memb]s ( any race1 requires u r to believe t ! remote prog5itor ( ! human race & ! ,simiad has _h its %>e--?\gh a less %>e--9 ! g5]ation ( o!r races relat$ to ^! 9 m or less remote degrees4 ,i may p]haps mo/ conv5i5tly pres5t ! consid]ations on :i* ,i bas$ ?is conclusion1 by means ( a some:at famili> illu/ration3-- ,let u take two p]sons1 bro!r & si/] 7:om let u call ! pair ,a71 z analogues ( ! human race4 ,!n ^! two h f\r great-gr&p>5ts on ! fa!r's side1 & f\r on ! "m's side4 ,all ^! may be reg>d$ z equally relat$ to ! pair ,a4 ,n[1 let u suppose t ! desc5dants ( ! f\r families ( great-gr&p>5ts int]m>ry1 no m>riages be+ 9 any case made outside ^! families1 & t ! desc5dants 9 ! same g5]ation z ! pair ,a are reg>d$ z correspond+ to ! entire ord] ( ! ,simiad1 ! pair ,a repres5t+1 z already agre$1 ! race ( man1 & all families outside ! desc5dants ( ! f\r great-gr&p>5tal families correspond+ to ord]s ( animals m di/antly relat$ ?an ! ,simiad to man4 ,!n we h :at corresponds 7s f> z our illu/ration is conc]n$7 to ,d>w9's views respect+ man & ! ,simiad1 & animals l[] 9 ! scale ( life4 ,! fir/ c\s9s ( ! pair ,a may be tak5 z repres5t+ ! an?ropoid apes2 ! second c\s9s z repres5t+ ! lemurs or half-apes2 ! ?ird c\s9s z repres5t+ ! platyrh9e or ,am]ican apes4 ,! entire family--includ+ ! pair ,a1 repres5t+ man--is desc5d$ also1 9 accordance ) ! ,d>w9ian view1 f a s+le family ( prog5itors1 no outside families %>+ desc5t1 ?\gh all %>e blood1 ) t family4 ,b manife/ly1 ?is is an entirely artificial & improbable arrangem5t 9 ! case ( families4 ,! eight gr&p>5ts might be s remov$ 9 circum/ances f surr\nd+ families--s mu* sup]ior to !m1 let u say--t nei!r !y nor any ( _! desc5dants w\ld int]m>ry ) ^! inf]ior families3 & ?us none ( _! great-gr&*ildr5 w\ld %>e desc5t f "s o!r /ock contempor>y ) ! great-gr&p>5ts2 or--:i* is ! same ?+1 b se5 9 ano!r light--none ( ! contempor>ies ( ! great-gr&*ildr5 w\ld %>e desc5t f ! eight gr&p>5ts4 ,b s complete a sep>ation ( ! family f surr\nd+ families w\ld be altoge!r exceptional & unlikely4 ,=1 ev5 assum+ ! eight families to be orig9ally v m>k$ly di/+ui%$ f all surr\nd+ families1 yet families rise & fall1 m>ry unequally1 & )9 ! range ( a few g5]ations a wide disp>ity ( blood & condition appe>s among ! desc5dants ( any gr\p ( families4 ,s t1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! relations assum$ to subsi/ betwe5 man1 ! ,simiad1 & l[] animal =ms1 corresponds to an unusual & improbable set ( relations among families ( sev]al p]sons4 ,ei!r1 !n1 ! relations ( families mu/ be reg>d$ z n truly analog\s to ! relations ( races1 :i* no evolutioni/ w\ld ass]t1 or else we mu/ adopt a some:at diff]5t view ( ! relation%ip betwe5 man1 ! ,simiad1 & inf]ior animals4 ,"o o!r illu/ration may s]ve n only to make my argum5t cle>]1 b also1 by pres5t+ an actual case1 to en=ce ! conclusion to :i* x po9ts4 ,we "k t ! v>i\s races ( man are relat$ toge!r m or less closely1 t "s are pur] ?an o!rs1 & t "o or two claim almo/ absolute purity4 ,n[1 if we take "o ( ^! la/1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,jewi% race1 & trace ! race backw>ds to its orig91 we f9d x1 accord+ to tradition1 c>ri$ back to twelve families1 ! twelve sons ( ,jacob & _! respective wives4 7,we _c g fur!r back because ! wives ( ,jacob's sons mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 & !y 7 n desc5d$ f ,abraham or ,isaac & _! wives only1--9 fact1 c\ld n h be547 ,if ! desc5dants ( ^? twelve families _h nev] int]m>ri$ ) outside families 9 su* sort t ! desc5dants ( su* mix$ families came to be reg>d$ z true ,hebrews1 we %\ld h 9 ! ,hebrews a race correspond+ to ! ,simiad z reg>d$ by ,d>w91 i4e41 a race entirely desc5d$ f "o set ( families1 & s con/itut+1 9 fact1 a s+le family4 ,b we "k t1 despite ! objections ent]ta9$ by ! ,hebrews aga9/ ! int]mixture ( _! race ) o!r races1 ?is did n happ54 ,n only did _m ( ^? reg>d$ z true ,hebrews %>e desc5t f nations outside _! own1 b _m ( ^? reg>d$ z truly belong+ to nations outside ! ,jewi% race %>$ desc5t f ! twelve sons ( ,jacob4 ,! case correspond+1 !n1 to t ( ! pure/ ( all human races1 & ! case !re=e mo/ fav\rable to ! view pres5t$ by ,d>w9 7?\gh v f> f ess5tial to ! ,d>w9ian !ory71 is simply ?is1 t1 9 ! fir/ place1 _m animals reg>d$ z truly ,simiad %>e desc5t f animals outside t family :i* ,d>w9 reg>ds z ! ape prog5itor ( man2 &1 9 ! second place1 _m animals reg>d$ z outside ! ,simiad %>e desc5t f t ape-l prog5itor4 ,?is involves ! important inf]5ce t ! ape-l prog5itor ( man 0 n s m>k$ly diff]5tiat$ f o!r families ( animals !n exi/+1 t f]tile int]c\rse 0 impossible4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ t ?is inf]5ce accords well )1 if x might n almo/ h be5 directly d$uc$ f1 ! ,d>w9ian doctr9e t all ord]s ( mammals 71 9 turn1 desc5d$ f a /ill m remote prog5itor race4 ,! same consid]ations may manife/ly be appli$ also to t m remote race1 to ! /ill m remote race f :i* all ! v]tebrates h desc5d$1 & s on to ! s\rce itself f :i* all =ms ( liv+ creatures are suppos$ to h desc5d$4 ,a difficulty meets u at t remote/ end ( ! *a9 analog\s to ! difficulty ( und]/&+ h[ life began at all2 b we %\ld pr(it little by ext5d+ ! inquiry to ^! difficulties1 :i* rema91 & are likely long to rema91 insup]able4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 are ! consid]ations above urg$ f introduc+ any new or insup]able objection to ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 t1 rightly und]/ood1 !y indicate ! true answ] to an objection :i* has be5 urg$ by ,miv>t & o!rs aga9/ ! belief t man has desc5d$ f "s ape-l prog5itor4 ,miv>t %[s t no exi/+ ape or monkey approa*es man m ne>ly 9 all respects ?an o!r races1 b t "o resembles man m closely 9 "s respects1 ano!r 9 o!rs1 a ?ird 9 yet o!rs1 & s =?4 8,! e> lobule ( ! gorilla makes him our c\s910 he says1 8b 8 tongue is eloqu5t 9 8 own dispraise40 ,if ! 8bridg+ convolutions ( ! orang's bra9 g to su/a9 8 claim to supremacy1 !y also g f> to su/a9 a simil> claim on ! "p ( ! long-tail$ ?umbless spid]-monkeys4 ,if ! obliquely ridg$ tee? ( ,simia & ,troglodytes 7! *impanzee7 po9t to community ( orig91 h[ c we d5y a simil> community ( orig91 z ?us e/imat$1 to ! h[l+ monkeys & galagos8 ,! liv] ( ! gibbons proclaims !m almo/ human2 t ( ! gorilla decl>es him comp>atively brutal4 ,! l[] ,am]ican apes meet u ) :at seems ! #8front ( ,jove himself1' comp>$ ) ! gigantic b l[-br[$ d5iz5s ( tropical ,we/]n ,africa40 ,he concludes t ! exi/5ce ( ^! wide-spread signs ( aff9ity & ! associat$ signs ( div]g5ce1 disprove ! !ory t ! /ructural *>act]s exi/+ 9 ! human frame h _h _! orig9 9 ! influ5ce ( inh]itance & 8natural selection40 8,9 ! words ( ! illu/ri\s ,dut* naturali/s1 ,messrs4 ,s*ro$]1 ,van d] ,kolk & ,vrolik10 he says1 8! l9es ( aff9ity exi/+ betwe5 diff]5t ,primates con/ruct r a network ?an a ladd]4 ,x is inde$ a tangl$ web1 ! me%es ( :i* no naturali/ has z yet unravell$ by ! aid ( natural selection4 ,nay1 m1 ^! complex aff9ities =m su* a net = ! use ( ! teleological reti>ius z x w be difficult = 8 ,lucretian antagoni/ to evade1 ev5 ) ! c\ntless turns & d\bl+s ( ,d>w9ian evolutions40 ,x appe>s to me t :5 we obs]ve ! analogy betwe5 ! relation%ips ( individuals1 families1 & races ( man1 & ! relation%ips ( ! v>i\s species ( animals1 ! difficulty indicat$ by ,mr4 ,miv>t disappe>s4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! case ( ! eight alli$ families above consid]$4 ,suppose1 in/ead ( ! cont9ual int]m>riages be=e imag9$--an exceptional ord] ( ev5ts1 be x rememb]$--t ! m usual ord] ( ?+s prevails1 viz41 t alliances take place ) o!r families4 ,= simplicity1 h[ev]1 imag9e t ea* m>ri$ pair has two *ildr51 male & female1 & t ea* p]son m>ries once & only once4 ,!n x w be f\nd t ! pair ,a h t5 families ( c\s9s1 two fir/-c\s9 families1 & eight second-c\s9 families2 ^! are all ! families :i* %>e desc5t f ! eight great-gr&p>5ts ( ! pair4 7,to h ?ird-c\s9 families we %\ld h to g back to ! f\r? g5]ation47 ,?us !re are elev5 families 9 all4 ,n[1 9 ! case fir/ imag9$ ( con/ant int]m>ry+1 !re w\ld /ill h be5 elev5 families1 b !y w\ld all h desc5d$ f eight great-gr&p>5ts1 & we %\ld !n expect to f9d among ! elev5 families v>i\s comb9ations1 s to speak1 ( ! special *>act]i/ics ( ! eight families f :i* !y _h desc5d$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 elev5 families1 9 no way connect$1 h desc5d$ f eighty-eight great-gr&p>5ts1 & w\ld pres5t a correspond+ v>iety ( *>act]i/ics4 ,b 9 ! case actually suppos$1 9 :i* ! elev5 families are s relat$ t ea* "o 7= :at applies to ! pair ,a applies to ! o!rs7 has two fir/-c\s9 families1 & eight second-c\s9 families1 x w be f\nd t in/ead ( #hh !y h only #ef great-gr&p>5ts1 or ance/ors1 9 ! ?ird g5]ation above !m4 ,! two families relat$ z fir/ c\s9s to ! pair ,a h1 l ^!1 eight great-gr&p>5ts1 f\r out ( ^! eight = "o family1 be+ ! f\r gr&p>5ts ( ! fa!r ( ! pair ,a1 ! o!r f\r be+ outsid]s2 :ile f\r ( ! eight great-gr&p>5ts ( ! o!r family ( fir/ c\s9s are ! f\r gr&p>5ts ( ! "m ( ! pair ,a1 ! o!r f\r be+ outsid]s4 ,! o!r eight families ea* h eight great-gr&p>5ts2 two ( ! families hav+ among _! great-gr&p>5ts ! p>5ts ( "o ( ! gr&fa!rs ( ! pair ,a1 b no o!r great-gr&p>5t 9 common ) ! pair ,a2 o!r two ( ! eight families hav+ among _! great-gr&p>5ts ! p>5ts ( ! o!r gr&fa!r ( ! pair ,a2 o!r two hav+ among _! great-gr&p>5ts ! p>5ts ( "o ( ! gr&mo!rs ( ! pair ,a2 ! rema9+ two families hav+ among _! great-gr&p>5ts ! p>5ts ( ! o!r gr&mo!r ( ! pair ,a2 :ile 9 all cases ! six rema9+ great-gr&p>5ts ( ea* family are outsid]s1 9 no way relat$1 on our assumption1 ei!r to ! eight great-gr&p>5ts ( ! pair ,a or to ea* o!r1 except z connect$ 9 pairs by m>riage4 ,n[ manife/ly 9 su* a case1 :i*1 save = ! symmetry introduc$ to simplify its details1 repres5ts fairly ! usual relation%ips betwe5 any family1 its fir/ c\s9s1 & its second c\s9s1 we %\ld n expect to f9d any "o ( ! t5 o!r families resembl+ ! pair ,a m closely 9 all respects ?an w\ld any o!r ( ! t54 ,! two fir/-c\s9 families w\ld on ! :ole resemble ! pair ,a m ne>ly ?an w\ld any ( ! o!r eight1 b we %\ld expect to f9d "s features or circum/ances 9 :i* "o or o!r or all ( ! second-c\s9 families w\ld %[ a clos] resemblance to "o or o!r or bo? ( ! pair ,a4 ,?is is f\nd (t51 p]haps g5]ally1 to be ! case1 ev5 z respects ! ord9>y *>act]i/ics 9 :i* resemblance is look$ =1 z complexion1 height1 features1 mann]1 disposition1 & s =?4 ,mu* m w\ld x be recogniz$1 if su* close inve/igation c\ld be made among ! v>i\s families z ! naturali/ c make into ! *>act]i/ics ( m5 & animals4 ,! fact1 !n1 t features ( resemblance to man are f\nd1 n all 9 "o ord] ( ! ,simiad1 b scatt]$ among ! v>i\s ord]s1 is p]fectly analog\s ) ! laws ( resemblance recogniz$ among ! v>i\s memb]s ( m or less closely relat$ families4 ,! same result foll[s if we consid] ! analogy betwe5 v>i\s diff]5t species ( animals on ! "o h& & betwe5 v>i\s races ( ! human family on ! o!r4 ,no "o ?9ks ( urg+ aga9/ ! ord9>y !ory t m5 =m only a s+le species1 ! objection t none ( ! o!r families ( ! human race c be reg>d$ z ! prog5itor ( ! ,caucasian family1 see+ t ?\gh ! ,mongolian type is ne>] 9 "s respects1 ! ,e?iopian is ne>] 9 o!rs1 ! ,am]ican 9 o!rs1 ! ,malay 9 yet o!rs4 ,we f9d 9 ?is ! p]fect analogue ( :at is recogniz$ 9 ! relation%ips betwe5 families all belong+ to "o nation1 or ev5 to "o small bran* ( a nation4 ,is x n reasonable1 !n1 to f9d 9 ! correspond+ features ( scatt]$ resemblance obs]v$ among ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! great ,simian family1 n ! objection :i* ,miv>t f9ds aga9/ ! !ory ( relation%ip1 b r :at %\ld be expect$ if t !ory is s\nd1 & !re=e1 pro tanto1 a confirmation ( ! !ory8 ,b n[1 9 conclusion1 let u briefly consid] ! great difficulty ( ! !ory t man is desc5d$ f "s ape-l1 arboreal1 spee*less animal1--! difficulty ( bridg+ ov] ! wide gap :i* confess$ly sep>ates ! l[e/ race ( savages f ! highe/ exi/+ race ( apes4 ,aft] all t has be5 done to dim9i% ! difficulty1 x rema9s a v great "o4 ,x is q true t :at is go+ on at ?is pres5t "t %[s h[ ! gap has be5 wid5$1 & !re=e indicates h[ x may once h be5 comp>atively small4 ,! m savage races ( man are gradually disappe>+ on ! "o h&1 ! mo/ man-l apes are be+ de/roy$ on ! o!r1--s t on bo? sides ( ! great gap a wid5+ process is at "w4 ,t5 ?\s& ye>s h5ce ! lea/ civiliz$ human race w probably be little inf]ior to ! av]age ,caucasian races ( ! pres5t day1 ! mo/ civiliz$ be+ f> 9 advance ( ! mo/ advanc$ ,european races ( our "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gorilla1 ! *impanzee1 ! orang-outang1 & ! gibbon w probably be ext9ct or ne>ly s4 ,true1 ! m5 ( ^? days w probably h v exact records ( ! *>act]i/ics n only ( ! pres5t savage races ( man1 b ( ! pres5t races ( apes4 ,nay1 !y w probably "k ( int]m$iate races1 long s9ce ext9ct ev5 n[1 ^: fossil rema9s geologi/s hope to discov] be=e long z !y h already discov]$ ! rema9s ( an ape z l>ge z man 7! ,dryopi!cus7 :i* exi/$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! ,mioc5e p]iod2#dj & m rec5tly ! rema9s ( a race ( monkeys ak9 to ,macacus1 :i* once inhabit$ ,attica4 ,b al?\gh our remote desc5dants w ?us possess means :i* we d n possess ( bridg+ ! gap betwe5 ! highe/ races ( apes & ! l[e/ races ( man1 ! gap w nev]!less be wid] 9 _! "t4 ,& trac+ backw>ds ! process1 :i*1 ?us trac$ =w>d1 %[s a wid5$ gap1 we see t once ! gap mu/ h be5 mu* n>r[] ?an x is4 ,l[] races ( man ?an any n[ kn[n once exi/$ on ! e>?1 & also races ( apes ne>] ak9 to man ?an any n[ exi/+1 ev5 if ! pres5t races ( apes are n ! degrad$ desc5dants ( races :i*1 liv+ "u m fav\rable conditions1 7 bett] develop$ aft] _! k9d ?an ! gorilla1 *impanzee1 orang1 & gibbon ( ! pres5t "t4 ,x may be1 inde$1 t 9 ! consid]ation la/ sugge/$ we may f9d "s assi/ance 9 deal+ ) our difficult problem4 ,x is commonly assum$ t ! man-l apes are ! mo/ advanc$ memb]s ( ! ,simian family save man alone1 & s f> z _! pres5t condition is conc]n$ ?is may be true4 ,b x is n necess>ily ! case t ! an?ropoid apes h advanc$ to _! pres5t condition4 ,judg+ f ! appe>ance ( ! "y ( ^! races1 we may inf] ) "s degree ( probability t ^! apes are ! degrad$ repres5tatives ( m intellig5t & less savage creatures4 ,:]eas ! "y ( man is decid$ly m savage 9 "* ?an ! well-nurtur$ & c>efully tra9$ adult1 ! "y ( apes are decid$ly less savage ?an ! adult4 ,! same reason+ :i* leads u to reg>d ! wildness1 ! natural cruelty1 ! de/ructiv5ess1 ! love ( noise1 & _m o!r little ways ( "y *ildr51 z rem9d]s ( a m or less remote savage ance/ry1 %\ld lead u to reg>d ! comp>ative tam5ess & quiet ( ! "y gorilla1 = example1 z evid5ce t 9 remote times ! prog5itors ( ! race 7 n s wild & fi]ce z ! pres5t race ( gorillas4 ,b ev5 :5 all su* consid]ations1 :e!r bas$ on ! kn[n or ! possible1 h be5 tak5 into acc\nt1 ! gap betwe5 ! l[e/ savage & ! highe/ ape is n easily bridg$4 ,x is easi] to see h[ man may h develop$ f an arboreal1 unspeak+ animal to 8 pres5t /ate1 ?an to asc]ta9 h[ any "p ( ! developm5t 0 actually effect$2 9 o!r words1 x is easi] to sugge/ a g5]al hypo!sis ?an to e/abli% an ev5 p>tial !ory4 ,t ! prog5itor ( man 0 arboreal 9 8 habits seems altoge!r probable4 ,d>w9 recognizes 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! hair on ! human =e>m ! /ronge/ evid5ce on ?is po9t1 s f> z ! actual body ( man is conc]n$2 ! rema9+ & p]haps /rong] evid5ce be+ d]iv$ f appe>ances recogniz$ 9 ! unborn *ild4 ,he1 :o usually seems z ?\gh he c\ld ov]look no?+1 seems to me to h ov]look$ a peculi>ity :i* is ev5 m /rik+ly sugge/ive ( orig9al arboreal habits4 ,!re is "o set ( muscles1 &1 s f> z ,i "k1 "o only1 :i* ! infant uses freely1 :ile ! adult sc>cely uses !m at all4 ,i mean ! muscles :i* sep>ate ! toes1 & ^?1 especially1 :i* "w ! big toe4 ,v "y *ildr5 n only move ! toes ap>t1 s t ! great toe & ! little toe w be incl9$ to ea* o!r 79 ! plane ( ! sole7 ne>ly n9ety degrees1 b also di/9ctly clut* ) ! toes4 ,! habit has no relation to ! *ild's actual means ( satisfy+ its wants4 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t ! *ild's mann] ( clut*+ ) its f+]s is indicative ( ! =m] arboreal habits ( ! race1 b x is n difficult to expla9 ! action o!rwise4 ,! clut*+ movem5t ( ! toes1 h[ev]1 _c be s expla9$4 ,! *ild c nei!r br+ food to its m\? 9 ?is way nor save itself f fall+2 & z ! adult does n use ! toes 9 ?is way ! habit _c be reg>d$ z ! fir/ imp]fect ef=t t[>ds movem5ts subsequ5tly useful4 ,9 fact1 ! v circum/ance t ! movem5t is gradually disus$ %[s t x is useless to ! human *ild 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! race4 ,9 ! v "y gorilla ! clut*+ motion ( ! toes is sc>cely m m>k$ ?an x is 9 a v "y *ild2 only 9 ! gorilla ! movem5t1 be+ ( use1 is cont9u$ by ! "y1 & is develop$ into t effective clut* ) ! feet :i* has be5 already describ$4 ,"h we h ano!r illu/ration ( t div]g5cy :i*1 r ?an ei!r simple desc5t or asc5t1 *>act]izes ! relation%ip betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid ape4 ,9 ! gr[+ gorilla a habit is m & m freely us$1 :i* is m & m completely giv5 up by ! *ild z he progresses t[>ds maturity4 ,probably ! arboreal prog5itor ( man 0 orig9ally compell$ to ab&on 8 arboreal habits by "s sl[ *ange 9 ! flora ( 8 habitat1 result+ 9 ! dim9ution & ev5tual disappe>ance ( trees suit$ = 8 movem5ts4 ,he w\ld ?us be compell$ to adopt1 at fir/1 "s su* c\rse z ! *impanzee--mak+ huts ( su* bran*es & foliage z he c\ld conv5i5tly use = ! purpose4 ,! habit ( liv+ 9 l>ge companies w\ld 7z 9 ! case ( ! *impanzee7 become be=e long necess>y1 especially if ! race or races ?us driv5 f _! =m] abode 9 ! trees 71 l ! gibbons1 unapt :5 alone bo? 9 attack & 9 def5ce4 ,"o c imag9e h[ ! use ( vocal signals ( v>i\s k9ds w\ld be ( s]vice to ! memb]s ( ^! troops1 n only 9 _! excursions1 b dur+ ! "w ( erect+ huts or def5ces aga9/ _! enemies4 ,if 9 two g5]ations ! sil5t wild dog acquires1 :5 br\ght into ! company ( dome/ic dogs1 no less ?an five di/9ct b>k+ signals1 we c well believe t a race mu* sup]ior 9 intellig5ce1 & =c$ by necessity to associate 9 l>ge bodies1 w\ld--9 _m hundr$s ( g5]ations1 p]haps--acquire a great numb] ( vocal symbols4 ,^! at fir/ w\ld express v>i\s emotions1 z ( affection1 fe>1 anxiety1 sympa?y1 & s =?4 ,o!r signals w\ld be us$ to indicate ! approa* ( enemies1 or z battle-cries4 ,i c see no reason :y gradually ! use ( p>ticul> vocal signs to indicate v>i\s objects1 animate or inanimate1 & v>i\s actions1 %\ld n foll[ aft] a :ile4 ,& ?\gh ! possession & use ( _m1 ev5 ( _m hundr$s1 ( su* signs w\ld be v f> f ev5 ! mo/ imp]fect ( ! languages n[ employ$ by savage races1 "o c p]ceive ! possibility--:i* is all t at pres5t we c expect to recognize--t out ( su* sy/ems ( vocal signall+ a =m ( language might arise1 :i*1 und]go+ sl[ & gradual developm5t1 %\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( _m g5]ations1 approa* 9 "* ! language ( ! l[e/ savage races4 ,t f su* a beg9n+ language %\ld atta9 its high] & highe/ developm5ts is n m wond]ful 9 k9d1 ?\gh mu* m wond]ful1 p]haps1 9 degree1 ?an t f ! fir/ imp]fect me?ods ( pr9t+ %\ld h aris5 ! highe/ kn[n developm5ts ( ! typographic art4 ,! real difficulty lies 9 conceiv+ h[ m]e vocal signall+ became develop$ into :at c prop]ly be reg>d$ z spok5 language4 ,( ! difficulties relat$ to ! orig9 (1 or r ! developm5t (1 man's moral consci\sness1 space w n p]mit me to speak1 ev5 ?\gh !re 7 mu* to be said beyond ! admission t ^! difficulties h n z yet be5 ov]come4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t races ( m5 /ill exi/ ^: moral consci\sness c h>dly be reg>d$ z v fully develop$4 ,n only s1 b1 ?r\gh a =m ( rev]sion to savage types1 ! highe/ & mo/ cultivat$ races ( man br+ =? f "t to "t 7z our police reports too pla9ly te/ify7 be+s utt]ly savage1 brutal1 & ev5 78:i* is else07 be/ial4 ,nay1 ! man is =tunate :o has nev] _h occasion to control innate t5d5cies to evil :i* are at lea/ /rongly significant ( ! orig9 ( our race4 ,to mo/ m9ds x mu/ be pleasant] z c]ta9ly x seems m reasonable1 to believe t ! evil t5d5cies ( our race are manife/ations ( qualities und]go+ gradual ext9ction1 ?an to reg>d !m z ! consequ5ces ( "o pa/ (f5ce1 & s to h no reason = tru/+ 9 _! gradual eradication h]eaft]4 ,b1 z ,d>w9 says1 9 ! true sci5tific _s1 8,we are n "h conc]n$ ) hopes or fe>s1 only ) ! tru? z f> z our reason all[s u to discov] x4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge t man1 ) all 8 noble qualities1 ) sympa?y :i* feels = ! mo/ debas$1 ) b5evol5ce :i* ext5ds n only to o!r m5 b to ! humble/ liv+ creature1 ) 8 ,god-l intellect :i* has p5etrat$ into ! movem5ts & con/itution ( ! sol> sy/em1--) all ^! exalt$ p[]s1 man /ill be>s 9 8 bodily frame ! indelible /amp ( 8 l[ly orig940 ,z x seems to me1 man's moral nature tea*es ! same lesson ) equal1 if n great]1 significance4 ,,! ,,use ,,& ,,abuse ,,( ,,food4 ,francis ,bacon has laid x d[n z an axiom t exp]im5t is ! f\ndation ( all real progress 9 k4 8,man10 he said1 8z ! m9i/] & int]pret] ( nature1 does & und]/&s z mu* z 8 obs]vations on ! ord] ( nature p]mit him1 & nei!r kn[s nor is capable ( m40#da ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 z if !re c\ld be no subject on :i* man %\ld be bett] in=m$ ?an on ! value ( v>i\s articles ( food1 & ! quantity 9 :i* ea* %\ld be us$4 ,on mo/ bran*es ( exp]im5tal inquiry1 a few m5 9 ea* age--p]haps b = a few ages 9 succession--h pursu$ = a long] or %ort] portion ( _! life1 a sy/em ( exp]im5t & obs]vation4 ,b on ! subject ( food or diet all m5 9 all ages h be5 practical exp]im5t]s1 & n = a few ye>s only1 b dur+ _! entire life4 ,"o w\ld expect1 !n1 t no que/ions c\ld be m decisively settl$ ?an ^? :i* relate to ! use or ! abuse ( food4 ,e "o ought to "k1 x might be suppos$1 :at k9ds ( food are good = ! heal?1 9 :at quantity ea* %\ld be tak51 :at *anges ( diet t5d to correct ?is or t k9d ( ill-heal?1 & h[ long ea* *ange %\ld be cont9u$4 ,un=tunately1 z we "k1 ?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,we all eat _m ?+s :i* are bad = u1 & omit to eat _m ?+s :i* w\ld be good = u4 ,we *ange our diet1 too (t51 )\t any consid]ation1 or f false consid]ations1 ( ! wants ( ! body4 ,:5 we h d]iv$ b5efit f "s *ange ( diet1 we are apt to cont9ue ! new diet aft] ! necessity = x has pass$ away4 ,z to quantity1 also1 we seldom foll[ well-judg$ rules4 ,"s take less nutrim5t 7or less ( "s p>ticul> =m ( nutrim5t7 ?an is ne$$ to supply ! absolute requirem5ts ( ! sy/em2 o!rs p]si/5tly ov]load ! sy/em1 despite all ! w>n+s :i* _! own exp]i5ce & t ( o!rs %\ld af=d ( ! mis*ief likely to foll[ t c\rse4 ,x is only ( late ye>s t sy/ematic ef=ts h be5 made to ?r[ light on ! subject ( ! prop] use ( food1 to di/+ui% betwe5 its v>i\s =ms1 & to analyze ! special (fice ( ea* =m4 ,i propose to exhibit1 9 a popul> mann]1 "s ( ! m important practical conclusions to :i* m5 ( sci5ce h be5 l$ by _! inve/igations into ^! que/ions4 ,! human body has be5 comp>$ to a lamp 9 :i* a flame is burn+4 ,9 "s respects ! comp>ison is a mo/ apt "o1 z we %all see pres5tly4 ,b man does m ?an live2 he works1--) 8 bra9 or ) 8 muscles4 ,& !re=e ! human frame may be m ju/ly comp>$ to a /eam-eng9e ?an to ! flame ( a lamp4 ,( m]e life1 ! latt] illu/ration is suffici5tly apt1 b x leaves unillu/rat$ man's capacity = "w2 & s9ce food is tak5 ) two pr9cipal objects--! ma9t5ance ( life & ! r5ewal ( mat]ial us$ up 9 bra9 "w & muscul> "w--we %all f9d t ! comp>ison ( man to a ma*9e af=ds a f> bett] illu/ration ( our subject ?an ! m common comp>isons ( ! life ( man to a burn+ flame1 & ( food to ! fuel :i* s]ves to ma9ta9 combu/ion4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o class ( food1 &1 p]haps1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ important1 ! op]ation ( :i* is equally well illu/rat$ by ei!r comp>ison4 ,! sort ( food to :i* ,i ref] may be t]m$ heat-ma9ta9+ food4 ,i di/+ui% x ?us f food :i* s]ves o!r ends1 b ( c\rse x is n to be und]/ood t any article ( diet s]ves solely ! end ( ma9ta9+ heat4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d t heat-ma9ta9+ sub/ance exi/s 9 ne>ly all ! ord9>y articles ( food4 ,( ^! !re are two--sug> & fat--:i* may be look$ on z special 8heat-giv]s40 ,/>*1 also1 :i* appe>s 9 all vegetables1 & ?us comes to =m a l>ge proportion ( our daily food1 is a heat-giv]4 ,9 fact1 ?is sub/ance only ent]s ! sy/em 9 ! =m ( sug>1 ! saliva hav+ ! p[] ( conv]t+ />* 7:i* is insoluble 9 wat]7 into sug>1 & ?us r5d]+ x soluble & dige/ible4 ,/>*1 z ,i h said1 appe>s 9 all vegetables4 ,b x is f\nd m freely 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x con/itutes ne>ly ! :ole sub/ance ( arr[root1 sago1 & tapioca1 & appe>s m or less freely 9 potatoes1 rice1 :eat1 b>ley1 & oats4 ,9 ! process ( vegetation x is conv]t$ into sug>2 & ?us x happ5s t vegetable diet--:e!r pres5t+ />* 9 its natural =m to be conv]t$ into sug> by ! consum]1 or conta9+ sug> :i* has result$ f a process ( *ange und]gone by />*--is 9 g5]al heat-ma9ta9+4 ,sug> is us$ z a conv5i5t means ( ma9ta9+ ! heat-supply2 = 9 eat+ sug> we are sav$ ! tr\ble ( conv]t+ />* into sug>4 ,a love = sweet ?+s is ! in/9ctive expression ( ! necessity = heat-ma9ta9+ food4 ,we see ?is lik+ /rongly develop$ 9 *ildr51 ^: rapid gr[? is cont9ually draw+ ^u _! heat-supply4 ,s f> z adults are conc]n$1 ! ta/e = sweet food is f\nd to prevail m 9 temp]ate ?an 9 tropical climes1 z might be expect$2 b1 contr>y to :at we might at fir/ expect1 we d n f9d any increase 9 ! lik+ = sweet food 9 v cold climates4 ,ano!r & a m effective way ( secur+ ! requir$ heat-supply prevails 9 su* c\ntries4 ,z />* is conv]t$ into sug>1 s by a fur!r process sug> is conv]t$ into fat4 ,x is by ! conv]sion ( sug> into fat t its heat-supply+ p[] is made available4 ,?is conv]sion takes place 9 ! vegetable z well z 9 ! animal sy/em1 & ?us fat appe>s 9 a v>iety ( =ms--z butt]1 suet1 oil1 & s =?4 ,n[1 precisely z sug> is a m conv5i5t heat-suppli] ?an />*1 s fat exce$s sug> 9 its p[] ( ma9ta9+ animal heat4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t "o p\nd ( fat--:e!r 9 ! =m ( suet1 butt]1 or oil--w g z f> t[>ds ! ma9t5ance ( animal heat z two p\nds ( sug>1 or z two p\nds & a half ( />*4 ,?us x happ5s t 9 v cold c\ntries !re is develop$ a ta/e = su* articles ( food z conta9 mo/ fat1 or ev5 = pure fat & its analogues--oil1 butt]1 tall[1 dripp+1 & o!r =ms ( grease4 ,i h spok5 ( />*1 sug>1 & fat z heat-=m+ articles ( food2 b ,i mu/ note _! influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( muscles & n]ves4 ,)\t a c]ta9 proportion ( fat 9 ! food a wa/+ ( ! tissues w always take place2 = muscles & n]ves _c =m )\t fat4 ,& conv]sely1 ! be/ rem$y = wa/+ diseases is to be f\nd 9 ! supply ( "s easily dige/ible =m ( fatty food4 ,well-fatt$ meat1 & especially meat 9 :i* ! fat is to be se5 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! fle%1 may be tak5 "u su* circum/ances4 ,butt] & salad oil are !n also prop] articles ( food4 ,cream is /ill bett]1 & cream *eeses may be us$ ) advantage4 ,x is on acc\nt ( its heat-supply+ & fat-=m+ qualities t cod-liv] oil has tak5 its place z "o ( ! mo/ valuable rem$ies = scr(ul\s & consumptive pati5ts4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t ! =mation ( fat is n ! object ) :i* heat-supply+ food is tak54 ,x is an indication ( d]angem5t ( ! sy/em :5 heat-giv+ food is too readily conv]t$ into fat4 ,& 9 s f> z ?is process ( conv]sion takes place beyond :at is requir$ = ! =mation ( muscles & n]ves1 ! body suff]s 9 ! loss ( its j proportion ( heat-supply4 ,( c\rse1 if too l>ge an am\nt ( heat-giv+ food is tak5 into ! sy/em1 we may expect t ! surplus w be deposit$ 9 ! =m ( adipose tissue4 ,! deposition ( fat 9 su* a case w be f> less injuri\s to ! sy/em ?an an excessive heat-supply w\ld be4 ,b :5 only a j am\nt ( heat-giv+ food is tak51 & 9 place ( fulfill+ its j (fice ?is food is conv]t$ into adipose tissue1 x becomes necess>y to inquire into ! cause ( ! mis*ief4 ,te*nically1 ! evil may be describ$ z result+ f ! defici5t oxyg5ation ( ! heat-supply+ food4 ,?is g5]ally arises f defective circulation1 & may (t5 be cur$ by a v mod]ate b sy/ematic increase 9 ! am\nt ( daily ex]cise1 or by ! use ( ! sponge-ba?1 or1 la/ly1 by su* *anges 9 ! dress--& especially 9 ! articles ( attire worn next to ! sk9--z t5d to enc\rage a fre] circulation ( ! blood4 ,! t5d5cy to accumulate fat may sometimes be trac$ to ! use ( ov]-w>m cov]+s at night1 & especially to ! use ( wooll5 night-clo!s4 ,by att5d+ to consid]ations ( ?is sort1 m readily & safely ?an by an undue dim9ution ( ! am\nt ( heat-supply+ food1 ! t5d5cy to obesity may frequ5tly be correct$4 ,9 w>m wea!r we %\ld dim9i% ! supply ( heat-giv+ food4 ,9 su* wea!r ! sy/em does n require ! same daily addition to its animal heat1 & ! excess is conv]t$ into fat4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t despite ! increas$ rate at :i* p]spiration proce$s dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 m5 uni=mly f$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> increase 9 weight 9 summ] & lose weight 9 w9t]4 ,s f> z m]e exi/5ce is conc]n$1 heat-=m+ food may be look$ ^u z ! real fuel on :i* ! lamp ( life is su/a9$4 ,b man1 consid]$ z a work+ be+1 _c exi/ )\t en]gy-=m+ food4 ,all "w1 :e!r ( ! bra9 or ( ! limbs1 involves ! exhau/ion ( n]v\s & muscul> matt]2 & unless ! exhau/$ matt] be r5ew$1 ! "w mu/ come to an end4 ,! supply ( heat-giv+ food may be comp>$ to ! supply ( fuel = ! fire ( a /eam-eng9e4 ,by means ( ?is supply ! fire is kept alive2 b if ! fire h no?+ to "w ^u1 its en]gies are wa/$ or us$ to ! injury ( ! ma*9e itself4 ,! supply ( wat]1 & its cont9ual use 79 ! =m ( /eam7 9 ! propulsion ( ! eng9e1 are ! processes correspond+ to ! cont9ual exhau/ion & r5ewal ( ! muscles & n]ves ( ! human frame4 ,& ! comp>ison may be c>ri$ yet fur!r4 ,we see t 9 ! case ( ! eng9e ! am\nt ( smoke1 or r ( c>bonic acid1 ?r[n out by ! bla/-pipe is a measure ( ! vital en]gy 7s to speak7 )9 ! eng9e2 b ! am\nt ( "w done by ! eng9e is measur$ r by ! quantity ( /eam :i* is ?r[n out1 because ! ela/ic =ce ( e p>ticle ( /eam has be5 ex]t$ 9 ! propulsion ( ! eng9e be=e be+ ?r[n out ?r\gh ! bla/-pipe4 ,9 a mann] precisely correspond+ to ?is1 ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid gas exhal$ by a man is a measure ( ! rate at :i* m]e exi/5ce is proce$+2 b ! am\nt ( "w1 m5tal or muscul>1 :i* ! man a*ieves1 is measur$ by ! am\nt ( us$-up bra9-mat]ial & muscle-mat]ial :i* is daily ?r[n (f by ! body4 ,i %all pres5tly %[ 9 :at way ?is am\nt is e/imat$4 ,9 ! composition ( ! muscles !re is a mat]ial call$ fibr9e1 & 9 ! composition ( ! n]ves !re is a mat]ial call$ album54 ,^! are ! sub/ances#db :i* are exhau/$ dur+ m5tal & bodily lab\r1 & :i* h to be r5ew$ if we are to cont9ue work+ ) our head or ) our h&s4 ,nay m1 life itself involves "w2 ! he>t1 ! lungs1 ! liv]1 ea* int]nal organ ( ! body1 p]=ms its %>e ( "w1 j z a c]ta9 proportion ( ! p[] ( a /eam-eng9e is exp5d$ 9 m]ely mov+ ! ma*9]y :i* sets x 9 action4 ,if ! wa/e ( mat]ial involv$ 9 ?is =m ( "w is n comp5sat$ by a cont9ual & suffici5t supply ( fibr9e & album5 ! result w be a gradual l[]+ ( all ! p[]s ( ! sy/em1 until "s "o or o!r gives way1--! he>t ceases to beat1 or ! /oma* to dige/1 or ! liv] to secrete bile1--& s dea? ensues4 ,! fibr9e & album5 9 ! animal frame are d]iv$ exclusively f vegetables4 ,= al?\gh we seem to d]ive a portion ( ! supply f animal food1 yet ! fibr9e & album5 ?us suppli$ h be5 d]iv$ 9 ! beg9n+ f ! vegetable k+dom4 8,x is ! peculi> prop]ty ( ! plant10 says ,dr4 ,lanke/]1 8to be able1 9 ! m9ute cells ( :i* x is compos$1 to conv]t ! c>bonic acid & ammonia :i* x gets f ! atmosph]e into fibr9e & album51 & by easy *emical processes we c sep>ate ^! sub/ances f our vegetable food4 ,:eat1 b>ley1 oats1 rye1 rice1 all conta9 fibr9e1 & "s ( !m also album54 ,potatoes1 cabbage1 & asp>agus conta9 album54 ,x is a well-asc]ta9$ fact t ^? sub/ances :i* conta9 mo/ ( ^! #8nutriti\s secretions1' z !y h be5 call$1 support life ! longe/40 ,!y *ange little dur+ ! process ( dige/ion1 ent]+ ! blood 9 a pure /ate1 & be+ directly employ$ to r5ew ! n]v\s & muscul> matt] :i* has be5 us$ up dur+ "w1 ei!r m5tal or muscul>4 ,?us ! supply ( ^! sub/ances is cont9ually be+ drawn ^u4 ,! c>bon1 :i* =ms _! pr9cipal con/itu5t1 is conv]t$ into c>bonic acid2 & ! nitrog51 :i* =ms ab\t a six? "p ( _! sub/ance1 re-appe>s 9 ! nitrog5 ( urea1 a sub/ance :i* =ms ! pr9cipal solid con/itu5t ( ! matt] daily ?r[n f ! sy/em ?r\gh ! action ( ! kidneys4 ,?us ! am\nt ( urea :i* daily passes f ! body af=ds a measure ( ! "w done dur+ ! day4 8,?is is n10 says ,dr4 ,lanke/]1 8! m]e dream ( ! !ori/2 x has be5 practically demon/rat$ t increas$ /ress ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1 viz41 bra9 "w1 emotion1 or excitem5t f disease1 increases ! quantity ( urea & ! dem& = nitrog5\s food4 ,9 ! same mann] ! am\nt ( urea is ! repres5tative ( ! am\nt ( muscul> "w done40 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! av]age am\nt ( urea daily =m$ 9 ! body ( a heal?y man is ab\t #dgj gra9s4 ,to supply ?is daily consumption ( nitrog5\s matt]1 x is necess>y t ab\t f\r ounces ( fle%-=m+ sub/ance %\ld be consum$ daily4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 to inquire h[ ?is sub/ance may be obta9$4 ,! requisite quantity ( album9\s & fibr9\s matt] 8is conta9$10 says ,dr4 ,lanke/]1 89 a p\nd ( beef2 9 two p\nds ( eggs2 9 two qu>ts ( milk2 9 a p\nd ( peas2 9 five p\nds ( rice2 9 sixte5 p\nds ( potatoes2 9 two p\nds ( ,indian meal2 9 a p\nd & a half ( oatmeal2 & 9 a p\nd & ?ree-qu>t]s ( fl\r40 ,a consid]ation ( ?is li/ w %[ ! importance ( att5d+ to ! quality z well z ! quantity ( our food4 ,a man ( ord9>y appetite might satisfy 8 hung] on potatoes or on rice1 )\t by any means supply+ 8 sy/em ) a suffici5t am\nt ( fle%-=m+ food4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a man 7 to live on bread & beef alone1 he w\ld load 8 sy/em ) an am\nt ( nitrog5\s food1 al?\gh n tak+ :at c\ld be consid]$ an excessive am\nt ( daily n\ri%m5t4 ,we see1 also1 h[ x is possible to cont9ually v>y ! =m 9 :i* we take ! requir$ supply ( nitrog5\s food1 )\t v>y+ ! am\nt ( t supply f day to day4 ,! supply itself %\ld ( c\rse also v>y f day to day z ! am\nt ( daily "w may v>y4 ,:at w\ld be ample = a p]son p]=m+ a mod]ate am\nt ( "w w\ld be insuffici5t = "o :o und]w5t daily great bodily or m5tal ex]tions1 & w\ld be too mu* = "o :o 0 tak+ holiday4 ,x w\ld appe>1 f ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,haughton1 t ! am\nt ( urea daily =m$ 9 ! body ( a heal?y man ( av]age weight v>ies f #djj to #fcj gra9s4 ,( ?is weight x appe>s t #cjj gra9s results f ! action ( ! int]nal organs4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! am\nt ( fle%-=m+ food indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph may be dim9i%$ 9 ! proportion ( #dg to #dj 9 ! case ( a p]son tak+ ! m9imum ( ex]cise--t is1 avoid+ all movem5ts save ^? absolutely necess>y = com=t or conv5i5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t am\nt mu/ be increas$ 9 ! proportion ( #gd to #fc 9 ! case ( a p]son 7( av]age weight7 work+ up to 8 full p[]s4 ,x w be se5 at once1 !re=e1 t a h>dwork+ man1 :e!r lab\r] or ?9k]1 mu/ make good fle%-=m+ food con/itute a consid]able portion ( 8 diet2 o!rwise he w\ld require to take an am\nt ( food :i* w\ld s]i\sly int]f]e ) 8 com=t & ! due action ( 8 dige/ive organs4 ,= in/ance1 if he liv$ on rice alone1 he w\ld require to +e/ ne>ly sev5 p\nds ( food daily2 if on potatoes1 he w\ld require upw>ds ( tw5ty-"o p\nds2 :]eas "o p\nd & a ?ird ( meat w\ld suffice to supply ! same am\nt ( fle%-=m+ food4 ,m5 :o h to "w1 quickly f9d out :at !y require 9 ! way ( food4 ,! ,iri%man :o1 :ile do+ little "w1 w live cont5t$ly on potatoes1 asks = bett] fle%-=m+ food :5 engag$ 9 heavy lab\r4 ,9 fact1 ! employ] ( ! work+ man1 s f> f feel+ aggriev$ :5 8 m5 require an improvem5t 9 _! diet1 ei!r z respects quality or quantity1 ought to look on ! want z evid5ce t !y are really work+ h>d 9 8 s]vice1 & also t !y h a capacity = cont9u\s "w4 ,! man :o lives on less ?an ! av]age %>e ( fle%-=m+ food is do+ less ?an an av]age am\nt ( "w2 ! man :o is unable to eat an av]age quantity ( fle%-=m+ food1 is unable to d an av]age am\nt ( "w4 8#8,on :at pr9ciple d y dis*>ge y\r m58' ,i once said10 relates ,dr4 ,lanke/]1 8to a railway contractor4 #8,oh1' he said1 #8x's accord+ to _! appetites4' #8,b1' ,i said1 #8h[ d y judge ( t8' #8,:y1' he said1 #8,i s5d a cl]k r\nd :5 !y are gett+ _! d9n]s1 & ^? :o c't eat he m>ks ) a bit ( *alk1 & we s5d !m ab\t _! bus9ess4'0 ,at a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,museum ( ,physics & ,natural ,hi/ory at ,flor5ce1 by ,pr(essor ,mantegazza1 a few ye>s s9ce1 ! ,pr(essor dwelt on ! insuffici5t food :i* ,italians are 9 ! habit ( tak+1 z among ! mo/ important causes ( ! weakness ( ! nation4 8,italians10 he said1 8y %\ld foll[ z closely z y c ! example ( ! ,engli% 9 y\r eat+ & 9 y\r dr9k+1 9 ! *oice ( fle%-meat 79 toss+ (f bump]s ( y\r ri* w9es71#dc 9 ! quality ( y\r c(fee1 y\r tea1 & y\r tobacco4 ,i give y ?is advice1 de> c\ntrym51 n only z a m$ical man1 b also z a patriot4 ,x is q evid5t1 f ! way millions ( y p]=m ! process :i* y call eat+ & dr9k+1 t y h n ! mo/ elem5t>y notions ( ! laws ( physiology4 ,y imag9e t y are liv+4 ,y are b>ely prolong+ exi/5ce on macc>oni & wat]-melons4 ,y nei!r "k h[ to eat nor h[ to dr9k4 ,y h no muscul> en]gy2 &1 !re=e1 y h no cont9u\s m5tal en]gy4 ,! weakness ( ! individual1 multipli$ _m millions ( times1 results 9 ! collective weakness ( ! nation4 ,h5ce results insuffici5t "w1 & !nce insuffici5t production4 ,?us ! returns ( ! tax-collector & ! cu/om-h\se (fic] are scanty1 & ! national ex*equ] suff]s accord+ly40 ,nor is all ?is1 /range z x may s\nd1 ! m]e gossip ( ! lecture-room4 8,! "q ( good fe$+10 says ,dr4 ,lanke/]1 8is "o ( national importance4 ,x is va9 to expect ei!r bra9 or muscles to d effici5t "w :5 !y are n provid$ ) ! prop] mat]ial4 ,nei!r intellectual nor physical "w c be done )\t good food40 ,we h n[ consid]$ ! two pr9cipal =ms ( food1 ! heat-=m+--sometimes call$ ! amylace\s--con/itu5ts1 & ! fle%-=m+ or nitrog5\s con/itu5ts4 ,b !re are o!r sub/ances :i*1 al?\gh =m+ a small] proportion ( ! daily food1 are yet sc>cely less important4 ,return+ to our comp>ison ( ! human sy/em to a /eam-eng9e--we h se5 h[ ! heat-=m+ & fle%-=m+ con/itu5ts ( food correspond to ! supply ( fuel & wat]2 b an eng9e w\ld quickly fall into a useless /ate if ! we> & te> ( ! mat]ial ( :i* x is con/ruct$ 7 n att5d$ to & repair$4 ,n[1 9 ! human frame !re are mat]ials :i* are cont9ually be+ us$ up1 & :i* require to be cont9ually re/or$1 if ! sy/em is to cont9ue free f disease4 ,^! mat]ials are ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! sy/em4 ,among/ !m we mu/ include wat]1 :i* composes a mu* l>g] portion ( our bodies ?an might be suppos$4 ,sev5-n9?s ( our weight consi/s simply ( wat]4 ,e day !re is a loss ( ab\t "o-?irtie? "p ( ?is con/itu5t ( our sy/em4 ,! daily repair ( ?is important wa/e ( mat]ial is n effect$ by imbib+ a correspond+ supply ( wat]4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! weight ( wat] daily lo/ is r5ew$ 9 ! solid food4 ,_m vegetables consi/ pr9cipally ( wat]4 ,?is is notably ! case ) potatoes4 ,:]e ! wat] suppli$ to a di/rict is bad1 s t little wat] is consum$ by ! inhabitants--at lea/1 )\t ! addition ( "s o!r sub/ance--x becomes important to notice ! v>y+ proportion ( wat] pres5t 9 diff]5t articles ( food4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 ,i may call att5tion to a rem>kable circum/ance obs]v$ dur+ ! failure ( ! potato crops 9 ,irel&4 ,not)/&+ ! great losses :i* ! p su/a9$ at t "t1 x 0 notic$ t ! am\nt ( tea import$ into ,irel& exhibit$ a rem>kable increase4 ,?is seem$ at fir/ sight a some:at p]plex+ ph5om5on4 ,! explanation 0 recogniz$ 9 ! circum/ance t ! potato--a wat]y vegetable1 z we h said--no long] =m$ ! *ief portion ( ! p's diet4 ,?us ! defici5cy 9 ! supply ( wat] _h to be made up by ! use ( a l>g] quantity ( fluid food2 & z simple wat] 0 n palatable to ! p1 !y drank tea 9 mu* l>g] quantities ?an !y _h be5 9 ! habit ( tak+ be=e ! fam9e4 ,b we h to consid] ! o!r m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! sy/em4 ,if ,i 7 to run ?r\gh ! li/ ( all ! m9]als :i* exi/ )9 ! body1 ,i %\ld we>y ! pati5ce ( ! read]1 & p]haps n add v mu* to ! cle>ness ( 8 ideas respect+ ! con/itution ( ! human frame4 ,let x suffice to /ate g5]ally t1 accord+ to ! calculations ( physiologi/s1 a human body weigh+ #aed p\nds conta9s ab\t #ag p\nds ( m9]al matt]2 & t ! mo/ important m9]al comp\nds exi/+ )9 ! body are ^? :i* conta9 lime1 soda1 & pota%4 ,)\t pret5d+ to any /rictly sci5tific accuracy 9 ! classification1 we may say t ! lime is pr9cipally f\nd 9 ! bones1 ! soda 9 ! blood1 ! pota% 9 ! muscles2 & accord+ z "o or o!r ( ^! important con/itu5ts is want+ 9 our food1 s w ! correspond+ portions ( ! frame be f\nd to suff]4 ,we h a famili> illu/ration ( ! effects ( unduly dim9i%+ ! supply ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! body 9 ! ravages :i* scurvy has work$ among/ ! crews ( %ips :i* h rema9$ = a long p]iod ill-suppli$ ) fre% vegetables4 ,"h x is *iefly ! want ( pota% 9 ! food :i* causes ! mis*ief4 ,an int]e/+ in/ance ( ! rapid--almo/ />tl+--effects ( food conta9+ pota%1 9 ! cure ( m5 /rick5 by scurvy1 is relat$ by ,dana4 ,! crew ( a %ip :i* _h be5 sev]al mon?s at sea1 b 0 n[ ne>+ ! l&1 7 pro/rat$ by ! ravages ( scurvy4 ,ne>ly all seem$ hopelessly ill4 ,"o "y lad 0 app>5tly dy+1 ! livid spots :i* 7 spread+ ov] 8 limbs seem+ to betok5 8 rapidly approa*+ end4 ,at ?is mom5t a %ip appe>$ 9 view :i* _h b lately left ! l&1 & 0 lad5 ) fre% vegetables4 ,be=e long l>ge quantities ( ! life-be>+ food _h be5 transf]r$ to ! decks ( ! o!r %ip4 ,! in/9cts ( life taught ! poor scurvy-/rick5 wret*es to *oose ! vegetable :i* ( all o!rs 0 be/ suit$ to supply ! want "u :i* _! frames 7 wa/+4 ,!y also 7 l$ by ! same tru?ful in/9cts to pref] ! raw to cook$ vegetables4 ,?us ! sick 7 to be se5 eat+ raw onions ) a great] reli% ?an ! g\rm& %[s = ! mo/ appetis+ vi&s4 ,b ! poor lad :o 0 ! worse ( ! suff]]s _h already lo/ ! p[] ( eat+2 & x 0 )\t a hope ( sav+ 8 life t "s ( 8 companions squeez$ ! juice ( onions betwe5 8 lips1 already quiv]+ ) ! tremor ( approa*+ dea?4 ,he swall[$ a few drops1 & pres5tly ask$ = m4 ,%ortly he began to revive1 & to ! amazem5t ( all ^? :o _h se5 ! /ate ( pro/ration to :i* he _h be5 r$uc$1 he rega9$ 9 a few days 8 usual heal? & /r5g?4 ,! elem5ts :i* we require 9 ord] to supply ! daily wa/e ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! body are conta9$ 9 great] or less quantities 9 ne>ly all ! articles :i* man uses = food4 ,b x may readily happ5 t1 by adopt+ an ill-regulat$ diet1 a man may n take a suffici5t quantity ( ^! important elem5ts4 ,x mu/ also be notic$ t articles ( food1 bo? animal & vegetable1 may be depriv$ ( a l>ge proportion ( _! m9]al elem5ts by boil+2 & if1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! wat] 9 :i* ! food has be5 boil$ is ?r[n away1 injuri\s effects c sc>cely fail to result f ! free use ( food :i* has lo/ s important a portion ( its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,accord+ly1 :5 p]sons p>take mu* ( boil$ meat1 !y %\ld ei!r consume ! bro? ) ! meat1 or use x z s\p on ! alt]nate days4 ,vegetables /eam$ 9 small quantities ( wat] 7?is wat] be+ tak5 ) !m71 also af=d a valuable addition to boil$ meat4 ,9 fact1 exp]i5ce seems to h sugge/$ ! advantage ( mix+ c>rots1 p>snips1 turnips1 & gre5s ) boil$ meat2 b un=tunately ! addition is n always made 9 a prop] mann]4 ,if ! vegetables are boil$ sep>ately 9 l>ge quantities ( wat]1 & s]v$ up aft] ?is wat] has be5 ?r[n away1 m h>m ?an good is done by ! addition2 s9ce ! appetite is satisfi$ ) comp>atively useless food1 in/ead ( be+ left free to *oose1 z x might o!rwise d1 su* =ms ( food z w\ld be/ supply ! requirem5ts ( ! sy/em4 ,salads & uncook$ fruits1 = in/ance1 conta9 sal9e +r$i5ts 9 l>ge proportion1 & c\ld be us$ advantage\sly aft] a meal ( boil$ meat4 ,potatoes are likewise a valuable article ( food on acc\nt ( ! m9]al elem5ts conta9$ 9 !m4 ,& !re c be no d\bt t ! value ( potatoes z an article ( food is l>gely increas$ :5 !y are cook$ 9 _! sk9s1 aft] ! ,iri% fa%ion4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ consid] ^? articles ( food :i* promote ! natural vital *anges1 b d n !mselves come to =m "p ( ! frame1 or1 at lea/1 n 9 any l>ge proportion ( _! bulk4 ,su* are tea1 c(fee1 & cocoa3 al*oholic dr9ks2 n>cotics2 & la/ly1 spices & condim5ts4 ,we may comp>e ! use ( ^! articles ( food to t ( oil 9 lubricat+ v>i\s p>ts ( a /eam-eng9e4 ,=1 z ! oil nei!r =ms "p ( ! heat-supply nor ( ! =ce-supply ( ! /eam-eng9e1 nor is us$ to replace ! worn mat]ial ( its /ructure1 yet s]ves to r5d] ! movem5ts ( ! ma*9e m equable & effective1 s ! =ms ( food we are consid]+ are nei!r heat-produc+ nor fle%-=m+1 nor d !y s]ve to replace1 to any great ext5t1 ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! body1 yet !y produce a s5se ( refre%m5t accompani$ ) r5ew$ vig\r4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e 9 :at precise way ^! effects are produc$1 b no d\bt c exi/ z to ! fact t !y are really attributable to ! =ms ( food to :i* we h assign$ !m4 ,tea1 c(fee1 & cocoa owe _! influ5ce on ! n]v\s sy/em to ! pres5ce ( a sub/ance :i* has receiv$ ! v>i\s names ( !9e1 caffe9e1 & !obrom9e4 ,x is id5tical 9 composition ) pip]9e1 ! mo/ important +r$i5t 9 pepp]4 ,x may be sep>at$ 9 ! =m ( delicate :ite1 silky cry/als1 :i* h a bitt] ta/e4 ,9 its conc5trat$ =m ?is sub/ance is poison\s1 & to ?is circum/ance mu/ be ascrib$ ! ill effects :i* foll[ f ! too free use ( /rong tea or c(fee4 ,h[ev]1 ! in/ances ( bad effects result+ f ! use ( 8! cup :i* *e]s b n inebriates0 are few & f> betwe51 :ile ! b5efits d]iv$ f x are recogniz$ by all4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 /at$ t no nation :i* has begun to make use ( tea1 c(fee1 or cocoa1 has ev] giv5 up ! practice2 & no /rong] evid5ce c be requir$ ( ! value ( ^? articles ( food4 ,( alcoholic liquors x is impossible to speak s fav\rably4 ,!y are made use (1 inde$1 almo/ z ext5sively z tea or c(fee2 !y h be5 made ! !me ( ! poet1 & hail$ z ! emblems ( all t is g5ial & convivial4 ,yet !re c be little d\bt t1 :5 a balance is /ruck betwe5 ! good & evil :i* h result$ to man f _! use1 ! latt] is f\nd l>gely to prepond]ate4 ,! consid]ation ( ^! evils belongs1 h[ev]1 r to ! morali/ ?an to ! physiologi/4 ,i h "h simply to consid] alcoholic liquors z articles ( food4 ,!re c be little d\bt t1 :5 us$ ) caution & judgm5t1 !y af=d 9 c]ta9 cases an important adjunct to ^? articles :i* are directly appli$ to ! rep>ation ( bodily wa/e4 ,)\t absolutely n\ri%+ ! frame1 !y ultimately lead to ?is end by enc\rag+ ! dige/ive processes :i* result 9 ! assimilation ( nutritive articles ( food4 ,b ! quantity ( alcohol necess>y to effect ?is is f> less ?an is usually tak5 ev5 by p]sons :o are t]m$ temp]ate4 ,x is also c]ta9 t hundr$s make use ( alcoholic liquors :o h no necessity = !m1 & :o w\ld be bett] )\t !m4 ,^? :o require !m mo/ are m5 :o lead a /udi\s s$5t>y life2 & x is su* m51 also1 :o suff] mo/ f excess 9 ! use ( alcoholic liquors4 ,x rema9s t ,i %\ld make a few rem>ks on mi/akes respect+ ! quantity ( food4 ,"s p]sons fall into ! habit ( tak+ an excessive quantity ( food1 n f gre$9ess1 b f ! idea t a l>ge am\nt ( food is necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( _! /r5g?4 ,!y ?us ov]tax ! dige/ive organs1 & n only fail ( _! purpose1 b weak5 in/ead ( /r5g!n+ ! sy/em4 ,especially s]i\s is ! mi/ake (t5 made by p]sons 9 delicate heal? ( swall[+--no o!r ^w c be us$1 = ! dige/ive organs altoge!r refuse to respond to ! action ( ! m\?--l>ge quantities ( "s conc5trat$ =m ( food1 su* z ev5 ! /ronge/ /oma* c\ld n deal ) 9 t =m4 ,i knew a p]son :o1 ?\gh suff]+ f weakness su* z %\ld h sugge/$ ! bl&e/ & simple/ =ms ( food1 adopt$ z a suitable breakfa/ mutton-*ops & bottl$ /\t1 argu+1 :5 remon/rat$ )1 t he requir$ m support ?an p]sons 9 /rong] heal?4 ,he 0 simply requir+ 8 weak dige/ive organs to accompli% "w :i* w\ld h tax$ ! dige/ive en]gies ( ! mo/ /alw>t lab\r] work+ daily 9 ! op5 air = _m h\rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a too ab/emi\s diet is z errone\s 9 pr9ciple z a diet 9 excess ( ! natural requirem5ts ( ! sy/em4 ,a diet :i* is simply too ab/emi\s is p]haps less dang]\s ?an p]si/5t ab/95ce f ! use ( c]ta9 necess>y =ms ( food4 ,nature g5]ally prev5ts u f injur+ ourselves by unwisely dim9i%+ ! quantity ( food we take2 b un=tunately %e is n always equally decid$ 9 h] admonitions respect+ ! quality ( our food4 ,a man may be injur+ 8 heal? ?r\gh a defici5cy 9 ! am\nt ei!r ( ! heat-=m+ or ( ! fle%-=m+ food :i* he consumes1 & yet "k no?+ ( ! orig9 ( ! mis*ief4 ,x may also be not$ t sy/ematic ab/95ce1 ei!r z respects quantity or quality ( food1 is mu* m dang]\s ?an an occasional fa/4 ,inde$1 x is n g5]ally injuri\s ei!r to ab/a9 = sev]al days f p>ticul> articles or =ms ( food1 or to rema91 = sev]al h\rs beyond ! usual int]val betwe5 meals1 )\t food ( any sort4 ,on ! contr>y1 b5efit (t5 arises f ea* practice4 ,! ,emp]or ,aurelian us$ to attribute ! good heal? he enjoy$ to 8 habit ( ab/a9+ = a :ole day1 once a mon?1 f food ( all sorts2 & _m h f\nd ! ,l5t5 rules ( ab/95ce b5eficial4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 *ange ( diet is a saf] measure ?an p]iodical fa/+ or ab/95ce f ei!r heat-produc+ or fle%-=m+ food4 ,x mu/ be notic$1 9 conclusion1 t "y p]sons ought n1 )\t m$ical advice1 to fa/ or ab/a9 = any l5g? ( "t f ! m important =ms ( food1 z s]i\s mis*ief to ! dige/ive organs frequ5tly foll[s f ei!r c\rse4 ,,ozone4 ,! s+ul> gas t]m$ ozone has attract$ a l>ge am\nt ( att5tion f *emi/s & meteorologi/s4 ,! vague ideas :i* 7 =m$ z to its nature :5 z yet x _h be5 b newly discov]$1 h giv5 place gradually to m def9ite views2 & ?\gh we _c be said to h ?or\ghly ma/]$ all ! difficulties :i* ?is /range elem5t pres5ts1 yet we "k already mu* t is int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,let u briefly consid] ! hi/ory ( ozone4 ,n9e ye>s aft] ,prie/ley _h discov]$ oxyg51 ,van ,m>um1 ! electrician1 notic$ t :5 electric sp>ks are tak5 ?r\gh t gas1 a peculi> od\r is evolv$4 ,mo/ p "k ?is od\r1 s9ce x is always to be recogniz$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( an electrical ma*9e 9 action4 ,9 reality1 x indicates ! pres5ce ( ozone 9 ! air4 ,b = m ?an half a c5tury aft] ,van ,m>um _h notic$ x1 x 0 suppos$ to be ! 8smell ( electricity40 ,9 #ahdj1 ,s*nbe9 began to inquire into ! cause ( ?is peculi> od\r4 ,he pres5tly f\nd t x is due to "s *ange 9 ! oxyg52 & t x c be produc$ 9 _m ways4 ,( ^!1 ! simple/1 &1 9 "s respects1 ! mo/ int]e/+1 is ! foll[+3--8,take /icks ( common phosphorus1 scrape !m until !y h a metallic lu/re1 place !m 9 ?is condition "u a l>ge bell-j>1 & half-cov] !m ) wat]4 ,! air 9 ! bell-j> is soon *>g$ ) ozone1 & a l>ge room c readily be suppli$ ) ozoniz$ air by ?is process40 ,s*nbe9 set himself to inquire into ! prop]ties ( ?is new gas1 & v int]e/+ results rew>d$ 8 rese>*es4 ,x became q cle>1 to beg9 )1 t :atev] ozone may be1 its prop]ties are p]fectly di/9ct f ^? ( oxyg54 ,its p[] ( oxidiz+ or ru/+ metals1 = example1 is mu* great] ?an t :i* oxyg5 possesses4 ,_m metals :i* oxyg5 w n oxidize at all1 ev5 :5 !y are at a high temp]ature1 submit at once to ! influ5ce ( ozone4 ,b ! p[] ( ozone on o!r sub/ances ?an metals is equally rem>kable4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson /ates t1 :5 air is s ozoniz$ z to be only respirable = a %ort "t1 its de/ructive p[] is su* t gutta-p]*a & india-rubb] tub+s are de/roy$ by m]ely convey+ x4 ,! blea*+ & dis9fect+ p[]s ( ozone are v /rik+4 ,s*nbe9 0 at fir/ l$ to associate !m ) ! qualities ( *lor9e gas2 b he soon f\nd t !y are p]fectly di/9ct4 ,x _h n yet be5 %[n :e!r ozone 0 a simple or a comp\nd gas4 ,if simple1 ( c\rse x c\ld be b ano!r =m ( oxyg54 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 ! *ances seem$ aga9/ ?is view2 & !re 7 n want+ skilful *emi/s :o ass]t$ t ozone 0 a comp\nd ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air ) ! hydrog5 :i* =ms an elem5t ( ! aque\s vap\r ne>ly always pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,x 0 important to set ?is "q at re/4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by ! lab\rs ( ,de la ,rive & ,m>ignac1 :o prov$ t ozone is simply ano!r =m ( oxyg54 ,"h we t\* on a difficult bran* ( mod]n *emical rese>*4 ,! *emical elem5ts be+ recogniz$ z ! simple/ =ms ( matt]1 x might be suppos$ t ea* elem5t w\ld be un*angeable 9 its nature4 ,t a comp\nd %\ld admit ( *ange1 is ( c\rse a ?+ to be expect$4 ,if we decompose wat]1 = in/ance1 into its compon5t elem5ts1 oxyg5 & hydrog51 we may look on ^! gases z exhibit+ wat] to u 9 ano!r =m4 ,& a hundr$ in/ances ( ! sort might be adduc$1 9 :i*1 ei!r by sep>at+ ! elem5ts ( a comp\nd1 or by re-arrang+ !m1 we obta9 new =ms ( matt] )\t any real *ange ( sub/ance4 ,b ) an elem5t1 ! case1 "o w\ld suppose1 %\ld be diff]5t4 ,h[ev]1 ! physici/ mu/ take facts z he f9ds !m2 & among/ ! mo/ ?or\ghly recogniz$ *emical facts we h ?is "o1 t elem5t>y sub/ances may assume diff]5t =ms4 ,*emi/s call ! ph5om5on allotropy4 ,a well-kn[n in/ance ( allotropy is se5 9 r$ phosphorus4 ,phosphorus is "o ( ! *emical elem5ts2 &1 z e "o kn[s1 ! =m 9 :i* x is usually obta9$ is t ( a s(t1 yell[1 semi-transp>5t solid1 some:at resembl+ bees' wax 9 consi/5ce1 poison\s1 & readily tak+ fire4 ,r$ phosphorus is ! same elem5t1 yet diff]s :olly 9 its prop]ties4 ,x is a p[d]1 x does n readily take fire1 & x is n poison\s4 ,ozone1 !n1 is ano!r =m ( oxyg54 ,x is ! only in/ance yet discov]$ ( gase\s allotropy4 ,& n[ we h to deal ) ! difficult & /ill-vex$ que/ions ( ! way 9 :i* ! *ange f oxyg5 is br\ght ab\t1 & ! actual di/9ction betwe5 ! two =ms ( ! same gas4 ,s*nbe9 held t common oxyg5 is produc$ by ! comb9ation ( two special =ms ( oxyg5--! positive & ! negative1 or1 z he call$ !m1 ozone & antozone4 ,he %[$ t1 9 c]ta9 conditions ( ! air1 ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 exhibits qualities :i* are ! direct rev]se ( ^? :i* ozone exhibits1 & are di/9ct f ^? ( ord9>y oxyg54 ,9 oxyg5 ?us negativ$ or antozoniz$1 animals _c live any m ?an !y c 9 nitrog54 ,! products ( decomposition are n only n de/roy$ z by ozone1 b seem subject to pres]vative influ5ces1 & spe$ily become s+ul>ly (f5sive2 dead animal matt] rapidly putrefies1 & w\nds %[ a t5d5cy to mortification4 ,b ! !ory ( positive & negative =ms ( oxyg51 ?\gh /ill held by a few physici/s1 has gradually giv5 way be=e ! advance ( new & s\nd] modes ( inquiry4 ,x has be5 prov$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ozone is d5s] ?an ord9>y oxyg54 ,! production ( ozone is always foll[$ by a contraction ( ! gas's volume1 ! contraction be+ great] or less accord+ to ! am\nt ( oxyg5 :i* has be5 ozoniz$4 ,regul>ly z ! obs]v]s--,messrs4 ,&rews & ,tait--conv]t$ a def9ite proportion ( oxyg5 into ozone1 ! correspond+ contraction foll[$1 & z regul>ly 0 ! orig9al volume ( ! gas re/or$ :51 by ! action ( heat1 ! ozone 0 reconv]t$ into oxyg54 ,& n[ a v s+ul> exp]im5t 0 made by ! obs]v]s1 ) results :i* prov$ utt]ly p]plex+ to !m4 ,m]cury has ! p[] ( absorb+ ozone2 & ! exp]im5t]s ?\ght t if1 aft] produc+ a def9ite contraction by ! =mation ( ozone1 !y c\ld absorb ! ozone by means ( m]cury1 ! quantity ( oxyg5 :i* rema9$ w\ld s]ve to %[ !m h[ mu* ozone _h be5 =m$1 & !nce1 ( c\rse1 !y c\ld det]m9e ! d5sity ( ozone4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t we h "o hundr$ cubic in*es ( oxyg51 & t by any process we r$uce x to a comb9ation ( oxyg5 & ozone occupy+ n9ety-five cubic in*es4 ,n[1 if ! m]cury absorb$ ! ozone1 & we f\nd1 say1 t !re only rema9$ eighty-five cubic in*es ( oxyg51 we c\ld reason 9 ?is way3--,t5 cubic in*es 7 occupi$ by ! ozone be=e ! m]cury absorb$ x2 b ^! correspond to fifte5 cubic in*es ( oxyg52 h5ce1 ozone mu/ be d5s] ?an oxyg5 9 ! proportion ( fifte5 to t51 or ?ree to two4 ,& :atev] result might h foll[$1 a real absorption ( ! ozone by ! m]cury w\ld h satisfactorily solv$ ! problem4 ,b ! result actually obta9$ did n admit ( int]pretation 9 ?is way4 ,! app>5t absorption ( ! ozone by ! m]cury1 t is1 ! disappe>ance ( ! ozone f ! mixture1 0 accompani$ by no dim9ution ( volume at all4 ,9 o!r words1 return+ to our illu/rative case1 aft] ! absorption ( ! ozone f ! n9ety-five cubic in*es occupi$ by ! mixture1 !re /ill rema9$ n9ety-five cubic in*es ( oxyg52 s t x seem$ z ?\gh an evanesc5t volume ( ozone correspond$ 9 weight to five cubic in*es ( oxyg54 ,?is solution1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n be admitt$1 s9ce x made ! d5sity ( ozone inf9ite4 ,! explanation ( ?is p]plex+ exp]im5t is full ( int]e/ & in/ruction4 ,! foll[+ is ! acc\nt giv5 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,heaton 7,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,*>+ ,cross ,hospital71 slightly modifi$1 h[ev]1 s t x may be m readily und]/ood4 ,mod]n *emi/s adopt1 z a conv5i5t mode ( repres5t+ ! ph5om5a :i* gases exhibit1 ! !ory t e gas1 :e!r elem5t>y or comp\nd1 consi/s ( m9ute molecules4 ,!y suppose t ^! molecules are ( equal size1 & are sep>at$ by equal int]vals s long z ! gas rema9s un*ang$ 9 heat & d5sity4 ,?is view s]ves to acc\nt = ! features ( resemblance pres5t$ by all gases4 ,! features 9 :i* gases v>y are acc\nt$ = by ! !ory t ! molecules are diff]5tly con/itut$4 ,! molecules are suppos$ to be clu/]s ( atoms1 & ! qualities ( a gas are assum$ to dep5d on ! nature & arrangem5t ( ^! ultimate atoms4 ,! molecules ( "s elem5ts consi/ b ( a s+le atom2 ! molecules ( o!rs are =m$ by pairs ( atoms2 ^? ( o!rs by triplets2 & s on4 ,aga91 ! molecules ( comp\nd gases are suppos$ to consi/ ( comb9ations ( diff]5t k9ds ( atoms4 ,n[1 ,dr4 ,odl+1 to :om we owe ! solution ( ! p]plex+ problem describ$ above1 ?us int]pret$ ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,a molecule ( oxyg5 conta9s two atoms1 "o ( ozone conta9s ?ree1 & ! oxidiz+ p[] ( ozone dep5ds on ! ease ) :i* x p>ts ) its ?ird atom ( oxyg54 ,?us1 9 ! exp]im5t :i* p]plex$ ,messrs4 ,&rews & ,tait1 ! m]cury only seem$ to absorb ! ozone2 9 reality x conv]t$ ! ozone into oxyg5 by remov+ its ?ird atom4 ,& n[ we see h[ to int]pret su* a result z we consid]$ 9 our illu/rative case4 ,five cubic in*es ( oxyg5 gave up _! atoms1 ea* atom comb9+ ) "o ( ! rema9+ oxyg5 d\blets1 s z to =m a set ( ozone triplets4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 fifte5 cubic in*es ( oxyg5 7 trans=m$ into ozone4 ,!y n[ occupi$ b t5 cubic in*es2 s t ! mixture1 or ozoniz$ oxyg51 conta9$ eighty-five cubic in*es ( oxyg5 & t5 ( ozone4 ,:5 ! m]cury 0 introduc$1 x simply trans=m$ all ! ozone triplets into oxyg5 d\blets1 by tak+ away ! odd atom f ea*4 ,x ?us left t5 cubic in*es ( oxyg51 :i*1 ) ! rema9+ eighty-five1 con/itut$ ! n9ety-five cubic in*es obs]v$ to rema9 aft] ! suppos$ absorption ( ! ozone4 ,x foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t ozone is half z heavy aga9 z oxyg54 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,heaton rem>k$1 8?is beautiful hypo!sis1 al?\gh acc\nt+ p]fectly = all kn[n facts1 0 yet b a probability4 ,"o l9k 0 lack+ 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce1 & t l9k ,m4 ,soret has suppli$ by a happily devis$ exp]im5t40 ,al?\gh m]cury & mo/ sub/ances are only capable ( conv]t+ ozone into oxyg51 oil ( turp5t9e has ! p[] ( absorb+ ozone 9 its entirety4 ,?us1 :5 ! exp]im5t 0 repeat$1 ) oil ( turp5t9e 9 place ( ! m]cury1 ! ozone 0 absorb$1 & ! rema9+ oxyg51 in/ead ( occupy+ n9ety-five in*es1 occupi$ b eighty-five4 ,aft] ?is1 no d\bt c\ld rema9 t ,dr4 ,odl+'s +5i\sly conceiv$ hypo!sis 0 ! correct explanation ( ,messrs4 ,&rews & ,tait's exp]im5t4 ,we recognize1 !n1 9 ozone a sort ( conc5trat$ oxyg51 ) ?is peculi> prop]ty1 t x possesses an extraord9>y read9ess to "p ) its *>act]i/ic ?ird atom1 & s disappe> z ozone1 two-?irds ( its weight rema9+ z oxyg54 ,x is to ?is peculi>ity t ozone owes ! prop]ties :i* r5d] x s important to our welf>e4 ,we are inde$1 z yet1 9 no position to !orize respect+ ?is elem5t1 our k ( its v exi/5ce be+ s rec5t1 & our in=mation respect+ its pres5ce 9 our atmosph]e be+ ( /ill m rec5t acquisition4 ,inde$1 x is well rem>k$ by ,mr4 ,heaton1 t we _h1 until q lately1 no reason = confid5tly adopt+ ,s*nbe9's view t ozone exi/s 9 our atmosph]e4 ,! te/-pap]s :i* ,s*nbe9 made use ( turn$ blue "u ! influ5ce ( ozone1 x is true1 b !y 7 simil>ly influ5c$ by o!r elem5ts :i* are kn[n to exi/ 9 our atmosph]e1 & ev5 ! sun's rays turn$ !m blue4 ,h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,&rews has %[n h[ ! "* ( ! air produc+ ! *ange c be fur!r te/$1 s z to r5d] x c]ta9 t ozone only has be5 at "w4 ,if air :i* col\rs ! te/-pap]s be f\nd to lose ! prop]ty aft] be+ heat$1 ! *ange c only be due to ozone1 because nitr\s & nitric acids 7:i* h ! p[] ( col\r+ ! te/-pap]s7 w\ld n be remov$ by ! heat1 :]eas ozone is *ang$ by heat into oxyg54 ,once we are c]ta9 t ozone exi/s 9 ! air1 we mu/ recognize ! fact t its pres5ce _c fail to h an important be>+ on our heal? & com=t2 = ozone is an exce$+ly active ag5t1 & _c exi/ any:]e )\t sett+ busily to its own prop] "w4 ,:at t "w is1 & :e!r x is b5eficial or delet]i\s to ourselves1 rema9s to be consid]$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ozone has imm5se p[] z a dis9fectant4 ,x decomposes ! products emanat+ f putrefy+ matt] m effectually ?an any o!r kn[n elem5t4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ pro( ev] giv5 ( its qualities 9 ?is respect is t af=d$ by an exp]im5t conduct$ by ,dr4 ,ri*>dson a few ye>s ago4 ,he plac$ a p9t ( blood tak5 f an ox 9 a l>ge wide-m\!d bottle4 ,! blood _h !n coagulat$1 & x 0 left expos$ to ! air until x _h become entirely r$issolv$ by ! effects ( decomposition4 ,at ! end ( a ye> ! blood 0 put into a /opp]$ bottle1 & set aside = sev5 ye>s4 8,! bottle 0 !n tak5 f its hid+-place10 says ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 8& an ounce ( ! blood 0 )drawn4 ,! fluid 0 s (f5sive z to produce nausea :5 ! gases evolv$ f x 7 inhal$4 ,x 0 subject$ by ,dr4 ,wood & myself to a curr5t ( ozone4 ,= a few m9utes ! od\r ( ozone 0 de/roy$ by ! od\r ( ! gases f ! blood2 gradually ! (f5sive smell pass$ away2 !n ! fluid mass became q sweet1 & at la/ a fa9t od\r ( ozone 0 detect$1 :]eupon ! curr5t 0 /opp$4 ,! blood 0 ?us entirely deodoriz$2 b ano!r & mo/ s+ul> ph5om5on 0 obs]v$4 ,! dead blood coagulat$ z ! products ( decomposition 7 remov$1 & ?is s p]fectly1 t f ! new clot t 0 =m$ s]um exud$4 ,be=e ! exp]im5t comm5c$1 ,i _h pr$ict$ on !oretical gr\nds t second>y coagulation w\ld foll[ on purification2 & ?is exp]im5t1 z well z sev]al o!rs aft]w>ds p]=m$1 v]ifi$ ! tru? ( ! pr$iction40 ,x w ( c\rse be und]/ood t ozone1 9 ?us act+ z a dis9fectant1 is trans=m$ into oxyg54 ,x p>ts ) its ?ird atom z 9 ! m]cury exp]im5t1 & s loses its di/9ctive peculi>ity4 ,?us we might be l$ to anticipate ! results :i* come next to be consid]$4 ,ozone has c]ta9 "w to d1 & 9 do+ t "w is transmut$ into oxyg54 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t :]e !re has be5 mu* "w = ozone to d1 !re we %all f9d little ozone left 9 ! air4 ,h5ce1 9 op5 spaces :]e !re is little decompos+ matt]1 we %\ld expect to f9d m ozone ?an 9 t[ns or cities4 ,?is accords ) :at is actually obs]v$4 ,& n only is x f\nd t c\ntry air conta9s m ozone ?an t[n air1 b x is f\nd t air :i* has come f ! sea has m ozone ?an ev5 ! c\ntry air1 :ile air 9 ! cr[d$ p>ts ( l>ge cities has no ozone at all1 nor has ! air ( inhabit$ rooms4 ,s f> z we h gone1 we might be dispos$ to speak unhesitat+ly 9 fav\r ( ! effects produc$ by ozone4 ,we see x purify+ ! air :i* w\ld o!rwise be load$ by ! products ( decompos+ matt]1 we f9d x pres5t 9 ! sea air & ! c\ntry air :i* we "k to be s brac+ & heal?-re/or+ aft] a long resid5ce 9 t[n1 & we f9d x abs5t j 9 ^? places :i* we look ^u z mo/ unheal?y4 ,aga91 we f9d fur!r evid5ce ( ! good effects ( ozone 9 ! fact t *ol]a & o!r epidemics nev] make _! dread$ appe>ance 9 ! l& :5 ! air is well suppli$ ) ozone--or 9 :at ! meteorologi/s call 8! ozone-p]iods40 ,& ?\gh we _c yet expla9 ! circum/ance q satisfactorily1 we yet seem ju/ifi$ 9 ascrib+ to ! purify+ & dis9fect+ qualities ( ozone our fre$om at ^? times f epidemics to :i* cleanl9ess & good sanit>y regulations are not$ly inimical4 ,b !re is a rev]se side to ! picture4 ,& z we describ$ an exp]im5t illu/rat+ ! dis9fect+ qualities ( ozone be=e describ+ ! good effects ( ! elem5t1 we %all describe an exp]im5t illu/rat+ c]ta9 less pleas+ qualities ( ozone1 be=e discuss+ ! delet]i\s influ5ces :i* x seems capable ( ex]t+4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson f\nd t :5 ! air ( a room 0 s load$ ) ozone z to be only respirable ) difficulty1 animals plac$ 9 ! room 7 affect$ 9 a v s+ul> mann]4 8,9 ! fir/ place10 he says1 8all ! symptoms ( nasal cat>rh & ( irritation ( ! muc\s membranes ( ! nose1 ! m\?1 & ! ?roat 7 rapidly induc$4 ,!n foll[$ free secretion ( saliva & pr(use action ( ! sk9--p]spiration4 ,! brea?+ 0 greatly quick5$1 & ! action ( ! he>t increas$ 9 proportion40 ,:5 ! animals 7 suff]$ to rema9 yet long] )9 ! room1 conge/ion ( ! lungs foll[$1 & ! disease call$ by physicians 8conge/ive bron*itis0 0 set up4 ,a v s+ul> circum/ance 0 notic$ also z to ! effects ( ozone on ! diff]5t ord]s ( animals4 ,! above-m5tion$ effects1 & o!rs :i* accompani$ !m1 ! description ( :i* w\ld be out ( place 9 ^! pages1 7 develop$ m freely 9 c>nivor\s ?an 9 h]bivor\s animals4 ,rats1 = example1 7 mu* m easily influ5c$ by ozone ?an rabbits 74 ,! results ( ,dr4 ,ri*>dson's exp]im5ts prep>e u to he> t ozone-p]iods1 ?\gh *>act]iz$ by ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 diseases1 br+ ) !m _! own =ms ( disease4 ,apoplexy1 epilepsy1 & o!r simil> diseases seem peculi>ly associat$ ) ! ozone-p]iods1 insomu* t eighty p] c5t4 ( ! dea?s occurr+ f !m take place on days :5 ozone is pres5t 9 ! air 9 l>g] quantities ?an usual4 ,cat>rh1 influ5za1 & affections ( ! bron*ial tubes1 also affect ! ozone-p]iods4 ,we see1 !n1 t we h mu* yet to le>n respect+ ozone be=e we c pron\nce def9itively :e!r x is m to be welcom$ or dread$4 ,we mu/ wait until ! rese>*es :i* are 9 progress h be5 c>ri$ out to _! conclusion1 & p]haps ev5 !n fur!r modes ( inquiry w h to be pursu$ be=e we c =m a def9ite op9ion4 ,,dew4 ,!re are few ph5om5a ( common occurr5ce :i* h prov$ m p]plex+ to philosoph]s ?an ^? :i* att5d ! deposition ( dew4 ,e "o is famili> ) ^! ph5om5a1 & 9 v e>ly times obs]vant m5 _h notic$ !m2 yet x is b q rec5tly t ! true !ory ( dew has be5 put =w>d & e/abli%$4 ,?is !ory af=ds a /rik+ evid5ce ( ! value ( c>eful & sy/ematic obs]vation appli$ ev5 to ! simple/ ph5om5a ( nature4 ,x 0 obs]v$1 9 v e>ly times1 t dew is only =m$ on cle> nights1 :51 !re=e1 ! />s are %9+4 ,x 0 natural1 p]haps1 ?\gh h>dly philosophical1 to conclude t dew is directly %$ d[n ^u ! e>? f ! />s2 accord+ly1 we f9d ! ref]5ce ( dew to /ell> influ5ces among ! e>lie/ !ories prop\nd$ 9 explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,a !ory some:at less fanciful1 b /ill dep5d+ on suppos$ /ell> influ5ces1 0 %ortly put =w>d4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t dew is only =m$ :5 ! atmosph]e is at a l[ temp]ature2 or1 m correctly1 :5 ! air is at a mu* l[] temp]ature ?an has prevail$ dur+ ! daytime4 ,comb9+ ?is peculi>ity ) ! =m] anci5t philosoph]s reason$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,cold g5]ates dew1 & dew appe>s only :5 ! skies are cle>--t is1 :5 ! />s are %9+2 h5ce x foll[s t ! />s g5]ate cold1 & ?us lead indirectly to ! =mation ( dew4 ,h5ce arose ! s+ul> !ory1 t z ! sun p\rs d[n heat ^u ! e>?1 s ! />s 7& also ! moon & planets7 p\r d[n cold4 ,no?+ is m common--we may note 9 pass+--?an ?is me?od ( philosophiz+1 especially 9 all t conc]ns wea!r-*anges2 & p]haps x w\ld be impossible to f9d a m signal in/ance ( ! mi/akes into :i* m5 are likely to fall :5 !y adopt ?is false me?od ( reason+2 =1 s f> is x f be+ true t ! />s %$ cold ^u ! e>?1 t ! exact rev]se is ! case4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ by a/ronom]s & physici/s t an important portion ( ! e>?'s heat-supply is d]iv$ f ! />s4 ,foll[+ on ^! fanciful speculations came ,ari/otle's !ory ( dew--celebrat$ z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances ( ! approximation :i* may sometimes be made to ! tru? by clev] reason+ on insuffici5t obs]vations4 ,= we mu/ n fall into ! mi/ake ( suppos+1 z _m h done1 t ,ari/otle fram$ hypo!ses )\t mak+ obs]vations2 inde$1 !re has seldom liv$ a philosoph] :o has made m obs]vations ?an he did4 ,8 mi/ake 0 t he ext5d$ 8 obs]vations too widely1 n mak+ en\gh on ea* subject4 ,he imag9$ t1 by a /r+ ( syllogisms1 he c\ld make a few supply ! place ( _m obs]vations4 ,ari/otle add$ two important facts to our k respect+ dew--namely1 fir/1 t dew is only =m$ 9 s]5e wea!r2 & secondly1 t x is n =m$ on ! summits ( m\nta9s4 ,mod]n obs]vations %[ ! m correct /atem5t ( ! case to be t dew is seldom =m$ ei!r 9 w9dy wea!r or on ! tops ( m\nta9s4 ,n[1 ,ari/otle reason$ 9 a subtle & able mann] on ^! two obs]vations4 ,he saw t dew mu/ be ! result ( processes :i* are int]f]$ ) :5 ! air is agitat$1 & :i* d n ext5d high above ! e>?'s surface2 he conjectur$1 !re=e1 t dew is simply caus$ by ! dis*>ge ( vap\r f ! air4 8,vap\r is a mixture10 he said1 8( wat] & heat1 & z long z wat] c get a supply ( heat1 vap\r rises4 ,b vap\r _c rise high1 or ! heat w\ld get deta*$ f x2 & vap\r _c exi/ 9 w9dy wea!r1 b becomes dissipat$4 ,h5ce1 9 high places1 & 9 w9dy wea!r1 dew _c be =m$ = want ( vap\r40 ,he d]id$ ! notion t ! />s & moon cause ! precipitation ( dew4 8,on ! contr>y1 ! sun10 he said1 8is ! cause2 s9ce its heat raises ! vap\r1 f :i* ! dew is =m$ :5 t heat is no long] pres5t to keep up ! vap\r40 ,amid/ mu* t is false1 !re is "h a good deal t is s\nd4 ,! notion t heat is "s sub/ance :i* floats up ! vap\r1 & may become deta*$ f x 9 high or w9dy places1 is ( c\rse incorrect4 ,s also is ! supposition t ! dew is produc$ by ! fall ( cond5s$ vap\r z ! heat passes away4 ,nor is x correct to say t ! abs5ce ( ! sun causes ! cond5sation ( vap\r1 s9ce1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ! cold :i* causes ! deposition ( dew results f m ?an ! m]e abs5ce ( ! sun4 ,b1 9 po9t+ out t ! dis*>ge ( vap\r f ! air1 ow+ to loss ( heat1 is ! true cause ( ! deposition ( dew1 ,ari/otle express$ an important tru?4 ,x 0 :5 he attempt$ to acc\nt = ! dis*>ge t he fail$4 ,x w be obs]v$1 also1 t 8 explanation does n acc\nt = ! obs]v$ fact t dew is only =m$ 9 cle> wea!r4 ,ari/otle's views did n f9d acceptance among ! ,greeks or ,romans2 !y pref]r$ to look on ! moon1 />s1 & planets z ! ag5ts :i* cause ! deposition ( dew4 8,?is notion10 says a mod]n au?or1 80 too beautiful = a ,greek to give up1 & ! ,romans c\ld n d bett] ?an foll[ ! example ( _! ma/]s40 ,9 ! middle ages1 despite ! cr$it atta*$ to ,ari/otle's "n1 ^? :o cultivat$ ! physical sci5ces 7 unwill+ to accept 8 views2 = ! al*emi/s 7:o alone may be said to h be5 /ud5ts ( nature7 f\nd$ _! hopes ( success 9 ! se>* = ! philosoph]'s /one1 ! elixir vit1 & ! o!r objects ( _! pursuit1 on occult influ5ces suppos$ to be ex]cis$ by ! cele/ial bodies4 ,x 0 unlikely1 !re=e1 t !y w\ld will+ly reject ! anci5t !ory :i* ascrib$ dew to lun> & /ell> radiations4 ,b at l5g? ,bapti/a ,porta adduc$ evid5ce :i* ju/ifi$ him 9 d5y+ positively t ! moon or />s ex]cise any influ5ce on ! =mation ( dew4 ,he discov]$ t dew is sometimes deposit$ on ! inside ( glass panes2 & aga91 t a bell-glass plac$ ov] a plant 9 cold wea!r is m copi\sly cov]$ ) dew )9 ?an )\t2 nay1 he obs]v$ t ev5 "s opaque sub/ances %[ dew on _! "u surface :5 none appe>s on ! upp]4 ,yet1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 ,bapti/a ,porta reject$ t "p ( ,ari/otle's !ory :i* 0 alone correct4 ,he ?\ght 8 obs]vations ju/ifi$ him 9 look+ on dew z cond5s$--n f vap\r1 z ,ari/otle ?\ght--b f ! air itself4 ,b n[ a new !ory ( dew began to be support$4 ,we h se5 t n only ! believ]s 9 /ell> influ5ce1 b ,ari/otle also1 look$ on dew z fall+ f above4 ,porta's exp]im5ts 7 oppos$ to ?is view4 ,x seem$ r z if dew rose f ! e>?4 ,obs]vation also %[$ t ! am\nt ( dew obta9$ at diff]5t heights f ! gr\nd dim9i%es ) ! height4 ,h5ce1 ! new !ori/s look$ ^u dew z an exhalation f ! gr\nd & f plants--a f9e /eam1 z x 71 ris+ upw>ds1 & settl+ pr9cipally on ! "u surfaces ( objects4 ,b ?is view1 l ! o!rs1 0 de/9$ to be ov]?r[n4 ,mus*5broek1 :5 engag$ 9 a s]ies ( obs]vations int5d$ to e/abli% ! new view1 made a discov]y :i* has a v important be>+ on ! !ory ( dew3 he f\nd t1 in/ead ( be+ deposit$ ) tol]able uni=mity ^u diff]5t sub/ances1--z fall+ ra9 is1 = in/ance1 & z ! ris+ ra9 imag9$ by ! new !ori/s ought to be1--dew =ms v mu* m freely on "s sub/ances ?an on o!rs4 ,"h 0 a difficulty :i* long p]plex$ physici/s4 ,x appe>$ t dew nei!r fell f ! sky nor arose f ! e>?4 ,! object itself on :i* ! dew 0 =m$ seem$ to play an important "p 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( deposition4 ,at l5g? x 0 sugge/$ t ,ari/otle's long-neglect$ explanation might1 ) a slight *ange1 acc\nt = ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,! =mation ( dew 0 n[ look$ ^u z a dis*>ge ( vap\r f ! air1 ?is dis*>ge n tak+ place necess>ily upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 b always f ! air next to ! object4 ,b x 0 easy to te/ ?is view4 ,x 0 und]/ood t ! coldness ( ! object1 z comp>$ ) ! air1 0 a necess>y elem5t 9 ! ph5om5on4 ,x foll[$1 t if a cold object is sudd5ly br\ght into w>m air1 !re ought to be a deposition ( moi/ure ^u ! object4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be ! case4 ,any "o c readily repeat ! exp]im5t4 ,if a decant] ( ice-cold wat] is br\ght into a w>m room1 9 :i* ! air is n dry--a cr[d$ room1 = example--! deposition ( moi/ure is imm$iately detect$ by ! cl\d+ ( ! glass4 ,b !re is1 9 fact1 a mu* simpl] exp]im5t4 ,:5 we brea!1 ! moi/ure 9 ! brea? g5]ally cont9ues 9 ! =m ( vap\r4 ,b if we brea! ^u a w9d[-pane1 ! vap\r is imm$iately cond5s$1 because ! glass is consid]ably cold] ?an ! exhal$ air4 ,b al?\gh ?is is ! correct view1 & ?\gh physici/s _h made a notewor?y advance 9 gett+ rid ( errone\s notions1 yet a !ory ( dew /ill rema9$ to be =m$2 = x 0 n yet %[n h[ ! cold1 :i* causes ! deposition ( dew1 is itself occasion$4 ,! rem>kable effects ( a cle> sky & s]5e wea!r 9 enc\rag+ ! =mation ( dew1 7 also /ill unacc\nt$ =4 ,on ! explanation ( ^! & simil> po9ts1 ! *ief int]e/ ( ! subject dep5ds4 ,sci5ce owes ! elucidation ( ^! difficulties to ,dr4 ,wells1 a ,london physician1 :o /udi$ ! subject ( dew 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,8 obs]vations 7 made 9 a g>d5 ?ree miles f ,blackfri>s ,bridge4 ,wells expos$ little bundles ( wool1 weigh+1 :5 dry1 t5 gra9s ea*1 & det]m9$ by _! increase 9 weight ! am\nt ( moi/ure :i* _h be5 deposit$ ^u !m4 ,at fir/1 he conf9$ himself to comp>+ ! am\nt ( moi/ure collect$ on diff]5t nights4 ,he f\nd t al?\gh x 0 an inv>iable rule t cl\dy nights 7 unfav\rable to ! deposition ( dew1 yet t on "s ( ! v cle>e/ & mo/ s]5e nights1 less dew 0 collect$ ?an on o!r occasions4 ,h5ce x became evid5t t m]e cle>ness 0 n ! only circum/ance :i* fav\r$ ! deposition ( dew4 ,9 mak+ ^! exp]im5ts1 he 0 /ruck by results :i* appe>$ to be anomal\s4 ,he soon f\nd t ^! anomalies 7 caus$ by any ob/ructions :i* hid ! heav5s f 8 wool-packs3 su* ob/ructions h9d]$ ! deposition ( dew4 ,he tri$ a crucial exp]im5t4 ,hav+ plac$ a bo>d on f\r props1 he laid a piece ( wool on ! bo>d1 & ano!r "u x4 ,dur+ a cle> night1 he f\nd t ! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( dew deposit$ on ! two pieces ( wool 0 rem>kable3 ! upp] "o ga9$ f\rte5 gra9s 9 weight1 ! l[] "o ga9$ only f\r gra9s4 ,he made a little ro( ov] "o piece ( wool1 ) a %eet ( pa/ebo>d2 & ! increase ( weight 0 r$uc$ to two gra9s1 :ile a piece ( wool outside ! ro( ga9$ no less ?an sixte5 gra9s 9 weight4 ,leav+ ^! s+ul> results unexpla9$ = a :ile1 ,dr4 ,wells next proce$$ to te/ ! temp]ature ne> 8 wool-packs4 ,he f\nd t :]e dew is mo/ copi\sly produc$1 !re ! temp]ature is l[e/4 ,n[1 s9ce x is q cle> t ! deposition ( dew 0 n ! cause ( ! increas$ cold--= ! cond5sation ( vap\r is a process produc+ heat--x became q cle> t ! =mation ( dew is dep5d5t on & proportional to ! loss ( heat4 ,& n[ ,wells 0 approa*+ ! solution ( ! problem he _h set himself2 = x foll[$ f 8 obs]vations1 t su* ob/ructions z ! propp$ bo>d & ! pa/ebo>d ro( kept 9 ! heat4 ,x foll[$ also1 f ! obs]v$ effects ( cle> skies1 t cl\ds keep 9 ! heat4 ,n[1 :at sort ( heat is t :i* is prev5t$ f escap+ by ! int]f]5ce ( scre5s1 :e!r mat]ial or vapor\s8 ,!re are ?ree processes by :i* heat is transmitt$ f "o body to ano!r1--^! are1 conduction1 convection1 & radiation4 ,! fir/ is ! process by :i* objects 9 contact communicate _! heat to ea* o!r1 or by :i* ! heat 9 "o "p ( a body is gradually transmitt$ to ano!r "p4 ,! second is ! process by :i* heat is c>ri$ f "o place to ano!r by ! absolute transmission ( heat$ matt]4 ,! ?ird is t process by :i* heat is spread out 9 all directions1 9 ! same mann] z light4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ t ! la/ process is t ) :i* we are alone conc]n$2 & ?is important result fl[s f ,dr4 ,wells' exp]im5ts1 t ! rate ( ! deposition ( dew dep5ds on ! rate at :i* bodies "p ) _! heat by radiation4 ,if ! process ( radiation is *eck$1 dew is less copi\sly deposit$1 & vice v]s4 ,:5 we consid] ! case ( heat accompani$ by light1 we und]/& readily en\gh t a scre5 may int]f]e ) ! emission ( radiant heat4 ,we use a fire-scre51 = in/ance1 ) ! object ( produc+ j su* an int]f]5ce4 ,b we are apt to =get t :at is true ( lum9\s heat is true also ( t heat :i* e sub/ance possesses4 ,9 fact1 we d n meet ) _m in/ances 9 :i* ! effect ( scre5s 9 prev5t+ ! loss ( obscure heat is v notewor?y4 ,!re are "s1 z ! w>m? ( a gre5-h\se at night1 & s on2 b !y pass unnotic$1 or are misund]/ood4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ! explanation ( dew-ph5om5a _h be5 s long delay$4 ,! v law on :i* x is f\nd$ _h be5 practically appli$1 :ile its mean+ _h n be5 recogniz$4 8,i _h (t5 9 ! pride ( half-k10 says ,wells1 8smil$ at ! means frequ5tly employ$ by g>d5]s to protect t5d] plants f cold1 z x appe>$ to me impossible t a ?9 mat1 or any su* flimsy sub/ance1 c\ld prev5t !m f atta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 by :i* alone ,i ?\ght !m liable to be injur$4 ,b :5 ,i _h se5 t bodies on ! surface ( ! e>? become1 dur+ a /ill & s]5e night1 cold] ?an ! atmosph]e1 by radiat+ _! heat to ! heav5s1 ,i p]ceiv$ imm$iately a j reason = ! practice :i* ,i _h be=e deem$ useless40 ,& n[ all ! facts :i* _h be=e seem$ obscure 7 acc\nt$ =4 ,x _h be5 notic$ t metallic plates 7 (t5 dry :5 grass or wood 0 copi\sly moi/5$4 ,n[1 we "k t metals "p unwill+ly ) _! heat by radiation1 & !re=e ! temp]ature ( a metal plate expos$ 9 ! op5 air is consid]ably high] ?an t ( a neighb\r+ piece ( wood4 ,= a simil> reason1 dew is m freely deposit$ on grass ?an on gravel4 ,glass1 aga91 is a good radiator1 s t dew is freely deposit$ on glass objects1--a circum/ance :i* is v annoy+ to ! telescopi/4 ,! rem$y employ$ is f\nd$ on ,wells' obs]vations--a cyl9d] ( t9 or c>d1 call$ a dew-cap1 is made to project beyond ! glass1 & ?us to act z a scre51 & prev5t radiation4 ,we c n[ also int]pret ! effects ( a cle> sky4 ,cl\ds act ! "p ( scre5s1 & *eck ! emission ( radiant heat f ! e>?4 ,?is fact has be5 notic$ be=e1 b mis9t]pret$1 by ,gilb]t ,:ite ( ,selborne4 8,i h (t5 obs]v$10 he says1 8t cold seems to desc5d f above2 = :5 a !rmomet] hangs abroad on a fro/y night1 ! int]v5tion ( a cl\d %all imm$iately raise ! m]cury t5 degrees1 & a cle> sky %all aga9 compel x to desc5d to its =m] gauge40 ,ano!r s+ul> mi/ake _h be5 made ) ref]5ce to ! p[] :i* cl\ds possess ( *eck+ ! emission ( radiant heat4 ,x _h be5 obs]v$ t on moonlit nights ! eyes are apt to suff] 9 a peculi> way1 :i* has occasionally br\ght on tempor>y bl9dness4 ,?is _h be5 ascrib$ to ! moon's influ5ce1 & ! t]m moon-bl9dness _h !re=e be5 giv5 to ! affection4 ,9 reality1 ! moon has no m to d ) ?is =m ( bl9dness ?an ! />s h to d ) ! =mation ( dew4 ,! abs5ce ( cl\ds f ! air is ! true cause ( ! mis*ief4 ,!re is no suffici5t *eck to ! radiation ( heat f ! eyeballs1 & ! consequ5t *ill results 9 tempor>y loss ( sight1 & sometimes ev5 9 p]man5t injury4 ,s9ce cl\ds possess ?is important p[]1 x is cle> t :ile !y are pres5t 9 ! air !re c nev] be a copi\s =mation ( dew1 :i* requires1 z we h se51 a consid]able fall 9 ! temp]ature ( ! air ar\nd ! place ( deposition4 ,:5 ! air is cle>1 h[ev]1 radiation proce$s rapidly1 & !re=e dew is freely =m$4 ,b x might seem t s9ce objects 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air "p ) _! radiant heat m freely ?an objects on ! gr\nd1 ! =m] %\ld be m copi\sly moi/5$ ) dew ?an ! latt]4 ,t ! fact is exactly ! rev]se is ?us expla9$4 ,! cold :i* is produc$ by ! radiation ( heat f objects high 9 ! air is communicat$ to ! surr\nd+ air1 :i*1 gr[+ heavi]1 desc5ds t[>ds ! gr\nd1 its place be+ suppli$ by w>m] air4 ,?us ! object is prev5t$ f r$uc+ ! air 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood to s l[ a temp]ature z w\ld be atta9$ if ?is process ( circulation 7 *eck$4 ,h5ce1 a concave vessel plac$ bel[ an object high 9 air1 w\ld s]ve to increase ! deposition ( dew by prev5t+ ! transf] ( ! refrig]at$ air4 ,we are n aw>e t ! exp]im5t has ev] be5 tri$1 b und\bt$ly x w\ld h ! effect we h describ$4 ,an object on ! gr\nd gr[s cold m rapidly1 because ! neighb\r+ air _c desc5d aft] be+ *ill$1 b cont9ues 9 contact ) ! object2 also cold air is cont9ually desc5d+ f ! neighb\rhood ( objects high] 9 air :i* are p>t+ ) _! radiant heat1 & ! cold air ?us desc5d+ takes ! place ( w>m] air1 ^: neighb\rhood might o!rwise t5d to *eck ! loss ( heat 9 objects on ! gr\nd4 ,"h1 also1 we recognize ! cause ( ! second peculi>ity detect$ by ,ari/otle--namely1 t dew is only =m$ copi\sly 9 s]5e wea!r4 ,:5 !re is w9d1 x is impossible t ! refrig]at$ air ar\nd an object :i* is p>t+ ) its radiant heat1 c rema9 long 9 contact ) ! object4 ,fre% air is cont9ually supply+ ! place ( ! refrig]at$ air1 & ?us ! object is prev5t$ f gr[+ s cold z x o!rwise w\ld4 ,9 conclusion1 we %\ld wi% to po9t out ! important pres]vative influ5ce ex]cis$ dur+ ! =mation ( dew4 ,if ! heat :i* is radiat$ f ! e>?1 or f objects ^u x1 dur+ a cle> night1 7 n repair$ 9 any way1 ! mo/ s]i\s injury w\ld result to vegetation4 ,= in/ance1 if ! sun rais$ no vap\r dur+ ! day1 s t :5 night came on ! air 0 p]fectly dry1 & ?us ! radiant heat pass$ away into cele/ial space )\t comp5sation1 n a s+le =m ( vegetation c\ld reta9 its life dur+ ! bitt] cold :i* w\ld result4 ,b consid] :at happ5s4 ,! sun's heat1 :i* has be5 p>tly us$ up dur+ ! day 9 supply+ ! air ) aque\s vap\r1 is gradually giv5 out z ?is vap\r returns to ! =m ( wat]4 ,?us ! process ( refrig]ation is effectually *eck$1 & vegetation is sav$ f de/ruction4 ,!re is some?+ v beautiful 9 ?is4 ,dur+ ! day1 ! sun seems to p\r =? 8 heat ) reckless pr(usion1 yet all ! :ile x is be+ sil5tly /or$ up2 dur+ ! night1 aga91 ! e>? seems to be radiat+ h] heat too rapidly into space1 yet all ! :ile a process is go+ on by :i* ! loss ( heat is adequately comp5sat$4 ,e p>ticle ( dew :i* we bru% f ! blades ( grass1 z we take our morn+ rambles1 is an evid5ce ( ! pres]vative action ( nature4 ,,! ,,levell+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,ra94 ,x has be5 recogniz$1 ev] s9ce geology has become truly a sci5ce1 t ! two *ief p[]s at "w 9 remodell+ ! e>?'s surface1 are fire & wat]4 ,( ^! p[]s "o is 9 ! ma9 de/ructive1 & ! o!r pres]vative4 ,7 x n = ! e>?'s vulcanian en]gies1 !re c be no "q t ?is _w w\ld long s9ce h be5 r5d]$ unfit = life1--at lea/ ( high] types ?an we recognize among sea creatures4 ,= at all times igne\s causes are at "w1 levell+ ! l&1 h[ev] sl[ly2 & ?is n only by ! action ( sea-waves at ! bord]-l9e betwe5 l& & wat]1 b by ! action ( ra9 & flood ov] inl& regions4 ,measur+ ! de/ructive action ( wat] by :at goes on 9 ! lifetime ( a man1 or ev5 dur+ _m successive g5]ations1 we might consid] its effects v slight1 ev5 z on ! o!r h& we might und]rate ! effects ( ! e>?'s int]nal fires1 7 we to limit our att5tion to ! effects ( upheaval & ( depression 7n less pres]vative 9 ! long run7 dur+ a few hundr$s or ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,z ,lyell has rem>k$ 9 8 8,pr9ciples ( ,geology10 8our position z obs]v]s is ess5tially unfav\rable :5 we endeav\r to e/imate ! nature & magnitude ( ! *anges n[ 9 progress4 ,z dwell]s on ! l&1 we inhabit ab\t a f\r? "p ( ! surface2 & t portion is almo/ exclusively a !atre ( decay1 & n ( reproduction4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t new deposits are annually =m$ 9 seas & lakes1 & t e ye> "s new igne\s rocks are produc$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 b we _c wat* ! progress ( _! =mation2 & z !y are only pres5t to our m9ds by ! aid ( reflection1 x requires an ef=t bo? ( ! reason & ! imag9ation to appreciate duly _! importance40 ,b t !y are actually ( extreme importance1 t 9 fact all ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( our e>? at pres5t are due to ! /eady action ( ^! two causes1 no geologi/ n[ d\bts4 ,i propose n[ to consid] "o =m 9 :i* ! e>?'s aque\s en]gies effect ! dis9tegration & de/ruction ( ! l&4 ,! sea de/roys ! l& sl[ly b surely1 by beat+ ^u its %ores & by wa%+ away ! fragm5ts %ak5 d[n f cliffs & rocks1 or ! m f9ely divid$ matt] ab/ract$ f s(t] /rata4 ,9 ?is "w ! sea is sometimes assi/$ by ! o!r =m ( aque\s en]gy--! action ( ra94 ,b 9 ! ma91 ! sea is ! de/ructive ag5t by :i* %ore-l9es are *ang$4 ,! o!r way 9 :i* wat] works ! de/ruction ( ! l& affects ! int]ior ( l& regions1 or only affects ! %ore-l9e by remov+ e>?y matt] f ! int]ior ( cont95ts to ! m\?s ( great riv]s1 :5ce p]haps ! action ( ! sea may c>ry x away to =m %oals & s&banks4 ,i ref] to ! direct & indirect effects ( ! d[nfall ( ra94 ,all ^! effects1 )\t a s+le exception1 t5d to level ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! m\nta9 torr5t ^: col\r betrays ! admixture ( e>?y fragm5ts is c>ry+ ^? fragm5ts f a high] to a l[] level4 ,! riv] owes its col\r 9 l mann] to e>? :i* x is c>ry+ d[n to ! sea level4 ,! flood deposits 9 valleys matt] :i* has be5 )drawn f hill slopes4 ,ra9fall1 acts1 h[ev]1 9 o!r ways1 & sometimes /ill m effectively4 ,! soak$ slopes ( great hills give way1 & great l&slips occur4 ,9 w9t] ! wat] :i* has dr5*$ ! l& freezes1 9 freez+ exp&s1 & !n ! e>? crumbles & is ready to be c>ri$ away by fre% ra9s2 or :5 dry1 by ! action ev5 ( ! w9d alone4 ,l&slips1 too1 are br\ght ab\t frequ5tly 9 ! way1 :i* are ev5 m rem>kable ?an ^? :i* are caus$ by ! unaid$ action ( heavy ra9falls4 ,! mo/ en]getic action ( aque\s de/ructive =ces is se5 :5 wat] :i* has accumulat$ 9 ! high] regions ( "s m\nta9 di/rict breaks its way ?r\gh b>ri]s :i* h long re/ra9$ x1 & ru%es ?r\gh su* *annels z x c f9d or make = itself into valleys & pla9s at l[] levels4 ,su* cata/rophes are =tunately n (t5 witness$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 nor :5 se5 d !y atta9 ! same magnitude z 9 m m\nta9\s c\ntries4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 z ?\gh !y c\ld atta9 v great proportions only 9 regions :]e a l>ge ext5t ( m\nta9 surface lies above ! sn[-l9e4 ,! reason :y 9 su* regions floods are mu* m de/ructive ?an else:]e w readily be p]ceiv$ if we consid] ! ph5om5a ( "o ( ^! t]rible cata/rophes4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! floods :i* inundat$ ! pla9s ( ,m>tigny 9 #ahah4 ,e>ly 9 t ye> x 0 f\nd t ! entire valley ( ! ,bagnes1 "o ( ! l>ge/ side-valleys ( ! great valley ( ! ,rhne1 above ,g5eva1 _h be5 conv]t$ into a lake ?r\gh ! damm+ up ( a n>r[ outlet by avalan*es ( sn[ & ice f a l(ti] glaci] ov]hang+ ! b$ ( ! riv] ,dranse4 ,! tempor>y lake ?us =m$ 0 no less ?an half a league 9 l5g?1 & m ?an #bjj y>ds wide1 its greate/ dep? exce$+ #bjj feet4 ,! inhabitants p]ceiv$ ! t]rible effects :i* mu/ foll[ :5 ! b>ri] bur/1 :i* x c\ld n fail to d 9 ! spr+4 ,!y1 !re=e1 cut a gall]y #gjj feet long ?r\gh ! ice1 :ile z yet ! wat] 0 at a mod]ate height4 ,:5 ! wat]s began to fl[ ?r\gh ?is *annel1 _! action wid5$ & deep5$ x consid]ably4 ,at l5g? ne>ly half ! cont5ts ( ! lake 7 p\r$ (f4 ,un=tunately1 z ! heat ( ! wea!r increas$1 ! middle ( ! b>ri] sl[ly melt$ away1 until x became too weak to )/& ! pressure ( ! va/ mass ( wat]4 ,sudd5ly x gave way2 & s completely t all ! wat] 9 ! lake ru%$ out 9 half an h\r4 ,! effects ( ?is trem5d\s outru% ( ! imprison$ wat] 7 fe>ful4 8,9 ! c\rse ( _! desc5t10 says "o acc\nt ( ! cata/rophe1 8! wat]s enc\nt]$ sev]al n>r[ gorges1 & at ea* ( ^! !y rose to a great height1 & !n bur/ ) new viol5ce into ! next bas91 sweep+ along =e/s1 h\ses1 bridges1 & cultivat$ l&40 ,x is said by ^? :o witness$ ! passage ( ! flood at v>i\s p>ts ( its c\rse1 t x resembl$ r a mov+ mass ( rock & mud ?an a /ream ( wat]4 8,enorm\s masses ( granite 7 torn out ( ! sides ( ! valleys1 & :irl$ = hundr$s ( y>ds along ! c\rse ( ! flood40 ,m4 ,es*] ! eng9e] tells u t a fragm5t ?us :irl$ along 0 aft]w>ds f\nd to h a circumf]5ce ( no less ?an sixty y>ds4 8,at fir/ ! wat] ru%$ on at a rate ( m ?an a mile 9 ?ree m9utes1 & ! :ole di/ance 7=ty-five miles7 :i* sep>ates ! ,valley ( ,bagnes f ! ,lake ( ,g5eva 0 trav]s$ 9 little m ?an six h\rs4 ,! bodies ( p]sons :o _h be5 dr[n$ 9 ,m>tigny 7 f\nd float+ on ! fur!r side ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 ne> ,vevey4 ,?\s&s ( trees 7 torn up by ! roots1 & ! ru9s ( build+s :i* _h be5 ov]?r[n by ! flood 7 c>ri$ d[n beyond ,m>tigny4 ,9 fact1 ! flood at ?is po9t 0 s high1 t "s ( ! h\ses 9 ,m>tigny 7 fill$ ) mud up to ! second /ory40 ,x is to be not$ respect+ ?is rem>kable flood1 t its effects 7 greatly r$uc$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! ef=ts made by ! inhabitants ( ! l[] valleys to make an outlet = ! imprison$ wat]s4 ,x 0 calculat$ by ,m4 ,es*] t ! flood c>ri$ d[n #cjj1jjj cubic feet ( wat] e second1 an outfl[ five times z great z t ( ! ,rh9e bel[ ,basle4 ,b = ! draw+ (f ( ! tempor>y lake1 ! flood1 z ,lyell rem>ks1 w\ld h approa*$ 9 volume "s ( ! l>ge/ riv]s 9 ,europe4 8,= sev]al mon?s aft] ! dbcle ( #ahah10 says ,lyell1 8! ,dranse1 hav+ no settl$ *annel1 %ift$ its position cont9ually f "o side to ! o!r ( ! valley1 c>ry+ away newly erect$ bridges1 und]m9+ h\ses1 & cont9u+ to be *>g$ ) z l>ge a quantity ( e>?y matt] z ! fluid c\ld hold 9 susp5sion4 ,i visit$ ?is valley f\r mon?s aft] ! flood1 & 0 witness to ! sweep+ away ( a bridge & ! und]m9+ ( "p ( a h\se4 ,! great] "p ( ! ice-b>ri] 0 !n /&+1 pres5t+ v]tical cliffs #aej feet high1 l rav9es 9 ! lava-curr5ts ( ,etna1 or ,auv]gne1 :]e !y are int]sect$ by riv]s40 ,x is wor?y ( special notice t inundations ( simil> or ev5 great] de/ructiv5ess h occurr$ 9 ! same region at =m] p]iods4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 necess>y = ! de/ructive action ( floods 9 m\nta9 di/ricts t ice & sn[ %\ld assi/1 z 9 ! ,m>tigny flood4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahfh1 ! cantons ( ,tess91 ,grisons1 ,uri1 ,valois1 & ,/4 ,gall1 suff]$ t]ribly f ! direct effects ( heavy ra9fall4 ,! ,/4 ,go?>d1 ,splug51 & ,/4 ,b]nh>d9 r\tes 7 r5d]$ impassable4 ,9 ! =m] pass tw5ty-sev5 lives 7 lo/1 besides _m horses & waggons ( m]*&ise4 ,on ! ?ree r\tes m ?an eighty p]sons 9 all p]i%$4 ,9 ! small village ( ,lod]io alone1 no less ?an fifty dea?s occurr$4 ,! damage 9 ,tess9 0 e/imat$ at #dj1jjj4 ,9 ,uri & ,valois l>ge bridges 7 de/roy$ & c>ri$ away4 ,ev]y?+ atte/$ ! levell+ p[] ( ra92 a p[] :i*1 :5 ! ra9 is fall+ /eadily on regions :5ce x z /eadily fl[s away1 we are apt to ov]look4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 necess>y to g beyond our own c\ntry = evid5ce ( ! de/ructive action ( wat]4 ,we h _h dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s v /rik+ evid5ce 9 ?is respect1 :i* ne$ sc>cely be ref]r$ to m p>ticul>ly "h1 because x w be 9 ! recollection ( all our read]s4 ,look+ ov] ! annals ( ! la/ half-c5tury only1 we f9d sev]al cases 9 :i* ! p[] ( runn+ wat] 9 c>ry+ away heavy masses ( matt] has be5 /rik+ly %[n4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! effects ( ! flood 9 ,ab]de5%ire & ! neighb\r+ c\nties1 e>ly 9 ,augu/1 #ahbi4 ,9 ! c\rse ( two days a great flood ext5d$ itself ov] 8t "p ( ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& :i* w\ld be cut (f by two l9es drawn f ! head ( ,lo* ,ranno*1 "o t[>ds ,inv]ness & ! o!r to ,/onehav540 ,! total l5g? ( v>i\s riv]s 9 ?is region :i* 7 flood$ am\nt$ to betwe5 #ejj & #fjj miles4 ,_! c\rses 7 m>k$ ev]y:]e by de/roy$ bridges1 roads1 build+s1 & crops4 ,sir ,t4 ,d4 ,laud] records 8! de/ruction ( ?irty-eight bridges1 & ! entire oblit]ation ( a great numb] ( f>ms & hamlets4 ,on ! ,nairn1 a fragm5t ( s&/one f\rte5 feet long by ?ree feet wide & "o foot ?ick1 0 c>ri$ ab\t #bjj y>ds d[n ! riv]4 ,"s new rav9es 7 =m$ on ! sides ( m\nta9s :]e no /reams _h previ\sly fl[$1 & anci5t riv] *annels1 :i* _h nev] be5 fill$ f "t immemorial1 gave passage to a copi\s flood40 ,b p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable effect ( ^! inundations 0 ! entire de/ruction ( ! bridge ov] ! ,dee at ,ballat]4 ,x consi/$ ( five ar*es1 spann+ a wat]way ( #bfj feet4 ,! bridge 0 built ( granite1 ! pi]1 re/+ on roll$ pieces ( granite & gneiss4 ,we read t ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is bridge 7 swept away 9 succession by ! flood1 ! :ole mass ( masonry disappe>+ 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,mr4 ,f>quh>son /ates t on 8 own premises ! riv] ,don =c$ a mass ( #djj or #ejj tons ( /ones1 _m ( !m ( #bjj or #cjj p\nds' weight1 up an incl9$ plane1 ris+ six feet 9 eight or t5 y>ds1 & left !m 9 a rectangul> heap ab\t ?ree feet deep on a flat gr\nd1 ! heap end+ abruptly at its l[] extremity40 ,at fir/ sight ?is looks l an action ! rev]se ( t levell+ action :i* we h "h attribut$ to wat]4 ,b 9 reality x indicates ! int5se en]gy ( ?is action2 :i* draw+ heavy masses d[n along ) swiftly fl[+ wat]1 communicates to !m s great a mom5tum1 t on enc\nt]+ 9 _! c\rse a ris+ slope1 !y are c>ri$ up its face & !re left by ! retreat+ flood4 ,! ris+ ( ^! masses no m indicates an inh]5t uplift+ p[] 9 runn+ wat]1 ?an ! asc5t ( a g5tly ris+ slope by a mass :i* has roll$ headlong d[n ! /eep side ( a hill indicates an upw>d action ex]t$ by ! =ce ( gravity4 ,ev5 small riv]s1 :5 greatly swoll5 by ra91 exhibit great en]gy 9 remov+ heavy masses4 ,?us ,lyell m5tions t 9 ,augu/1 #ahbg1 ! ,college1 a small riv] :i* fl[s d[n a slight declivity f ! ea/]n wat]%$ ( ! ,*eviot ,hills1 c>ri$ d[n sev]al ?\s& tons' weight ( gravel & s& to ! pla9 ( ! ,till4 ,?is little riv] also c>ri$ away a bridge !n 9 process ( build+1 8"s ( ! ar* /ones ( :i*1 weigh+ f half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a ton ea*1 7 propell$ two miles d[n ! rivulet40 8,on ! same occasion ! curr5t tore away f ! abutm5t ( a mill-dam a l>ge block ( gre5/one porphyry1 weigh+ ne>ly two tons1 & transport$ x to a di/ance ( ne>ly a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,in/ances are relat$ z occurr+ repeat$ly1 9 :i* f #ajjj to #cjjj tons ( gravel are 9 l mann] remov$ by ?is /reamlet to /ill great] di/ances 9 "o day40 ,x may appe>1 h[ev]1 to ! read] t we h 9 su* in/ances z ^! ! illu/ration ( de/ructive ag5cies :i* are ( _! v nature limit$ )9 v n>r[ areas4 ,! torr5t1 or ev5 ! riv]1 may we> out its b$ or wid5 x1 b nev]!less c h>dly be reg>d$ z modify+ ! aspect ( ! region ?r\gh :i* x fl[s4 ,ev5 9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 ! de/ructive action ( wat] is n ne>ly s limit$ z x might appe> to be4 ,tak+ a few c5turies or a few ?\s& ye>s1 no d\bt1 we c attribute to ! action ( riv]s1 :e!r 9 ord9>y fl[ or 9 flood1 little p[] ( modify+ ! region :i* !y dra94 ,b tak+ t wid] survey 79 "t7 ( fluviatile "w :i* mod]n sci5ce requires1 deal+ ) ?is =m ( aque\s en]gy z we deal ) ! e>?'s vulcanian en]gies1 we p]ceive t ! effects ( riv] action 9 ! c\rse ( long p]iods ( "t are n limit$ to ! c\rse :i* at any giv5 "t a riv] may pursue4 ,9 c>ry+ d[n mat]ial along its c\rse to ! sea1 a riv] is n m]ely we>+ d[n its own b$1 b is s *ang+ x t 9 ! c\rse ( "t x w become unfit to dra9 ! region ?r\gh :i* x fl[s4 ,its bottom mu/ ( necessity become less incl9$4 ,n[ al?\gh x w !n be l[] ?an at pres5t1 & !re=e be !n ev5 m ?an n[ ! place to :i* ! wat] fall+ ^u ! region trav]s$ by ! riv] w naturally t5d1 x w no long] c>ry (f t wat] ) suffici5t velocity4 ,?ree consequ5ces w foll[ f ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re w be great de/ruction 9 ! surr\nd+ region ?r\gh floods because ( inadequate outfl[2 9 ! second place1 ! ov]fl[+ wat]s w 9 ! c\rse ( "t f9d new *annels1 or 9 o!r words new riv]s w be =m$ 9 ?is region2 ?irdly1 ow+ to ! con/ant pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( wat] 9 ! depress$ b$ ( ! old riv]1 ! banks on ei!r side w suff]1 great l&slips occurr+ & *ok+ up its n[ useless *annel4 ,sev]al riv]s are und]go+ ^! *anges at ! pres5t "t1 & o!rs1 :i* are manife/ly unfit = ! "w ( dra9+ ! region ?r\gh :i* !y fl[ 7a circum/ance atte/$ by ! occurr5ce ( floods 9 e wet season71 mu/ be=e long be modifi$ 9 a simil> way4 ,we are ?us l$ to ! consid]ation ( ! second =m 9 :i* ! de/ructive action ( inl& wat]s1 or we may truly say1 ! de/ructive action ( ra91 is manife/$1--viz41 9 l&slips4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are also caus$ n unfrequ5tly by vulcanian action1 b equally ( c\rse l&slips s caus$ d n belong to our pres5t subject4 ,l&slips caus$ directly or indirectly by ra91 are (t5 q z ext5sive z ^? occasion$ by vulcanian en]gy1 & !y are a great deal m common4 ,we may cite z a rem>kable in/ance a l&slip ( ne>ly half a mile 9 bread?1 n[ 9 progress1 9 a di/rict ( ! city ( ,ba? call$ ,h$gmead1 :i* =ms a portion ( ! slope ( ,beacon ,hill4 ,x is attribut$ to ! action ( a subt]ranean /ream on a b$ ( gravel1 ! cont9u$ wa%+ away ( :i* causes ! %ift+2 b ! heavy ra9s ( #ahgf-gg caus$ ! l&slip to become mu* m m>k$4 ,besides sl[ l&slips1 h[ev]1 ra9 n unfrequ5tly causes great masses ( e>? to be precipitat$ sudd5ly1 & :]e su* masses fall into ! b$ ( a riv]1 local deluges ( great ext5t & ( ! mo/ de/ructive "* (t5 foll[4 ,! foll[+ in/ances1 cit$ 9 an abridg$ =m f ! pages ( ,lyell's 8,pr9ciples ( ,geology10 atte/ ! t]rible nature ( cata/rophes su* z ^!4 ,two dry seasons 9 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s ( ,new ,hamp%ire 7 foll[$ by heavy ra9s on ,augu/ #bh1 #ahbf4 ,f ! /eep & l(ty slopes ( ! ,riv] ,saco great masses ( rock & /one 7 deta*$1 & desc5d+ c>ri$ along ) !m 89 "o promiscu\s & frightful ru91 =e/s1 %rubs1 & ! e>? :i* su/a9$ !m40 8,al?\gh !re are num]\s indications on ! /eep sides ( ^! hills ( =m] slides ( ! same k9d1 yet no tradition _h be5 h&$ d[n ( any simil> cata/rophe )9 ! memory ( man1 & ! gr[? ( ! =e/ on ! v spots n[ deva/at$ cle>ly %[$ t = a long int]val no?+ simil> _h occurr$4 ,"o ( ^! mov+ masses 0 aft]w>ds f\nd to h slid ?ree miles1 ) an av]age bread? ( a qu>t] ( a mile40 ,at ! base ( ! va/ *asms =m$ by ^! natural excavations1 a confus$ mass ( ru9s 0 se51 consi/+ ( transport$ e>?1 gravel1 rocks1 & trees4 ,=e/s 7 pro/rat$ ) z mu* ease z if !y _h be5 m]e fields ( gra92 if !y resi/$ = a :ile1 8! torr5t ( mud & rock accumulat$ beh9d till x ga!r$ suffici5t =ce to bur/ ! tempor>y b>ri]40 8,! valleys ( ! ,amonoosuck & ,saco pres5t$1 = _m miles1 an un9t]rupt$ sc5e ( desolation1 all ! bridges be+ c>ri$ away1 z well z ^? ov] ! tribut>y /reams4 ,9 "s places ! road 0 excavat$ to ! dep? ( f fifte5 to tw5ty feet2 9 o!rs x 0 cov]$ ) e>?1 rocks1 & trees to z great a height4 ,! wat] fl[$ = _m weeks aft] ! flood1 z d5sely *>g$ ) e>? z x c\ld be )\t be+ *ang$ into mud1 & m>ks 7 se5 9 v>i\s localities ( its hav+ ris5 on ei!r side ( ! valley to m ?an tw5ty-five feet above ! ord9>y level40 ,b p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable evid5ce ( ! trem5d\s nature ( ?is cataclysm is to be f\nd 9 ,lyell's /atem5ts respect+ ! condition ( ! region n9ete5 ye>s lat]4 8,i f\nd ! signs ( deva/ation /ill v /rik+10 he says2 8,i also p>ticul>ly rem>k$ t ! surface ( ! b>e granite rocks _h be5 smoo!d by ! passage ov] !m ( s mu* mud & /one40 ,pr(essor ,hubb>d m5tions 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal t 89 #ahch ! deep *annels worn by ! avalan*es ( mud & /one1 & ! imm5se heaps ( b\ld]s & blocks ( granite 9 ! riv] *annel1 /ill =m$ a picturesque feature 9 ! sc5]y40 ,x w readily be und]/ood t :5 de/ruction su* z ?is foll[s f l&slips along ! bord]s ( insignificant riv]s1 ^? occurr+ on ! banks ( ! mighty riv]s :i* dra9 :ole cont95ts are /ill m t]rible4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,bates ! naturali/1 indicates ! nature ( ! l&slips :i* occur on ! banks ( ! ,amazon4 8,i 0 awoke be=e sunrise1 "o morn+10 he says1 8by an unusual s\nd resembl+ ! ro> ( artill]y2 ! noise came f a consid]able di/ance1 "o cra% succe$+ ano!r4 ,i suppos$ x to be an e>?quake1 =1 al?\gh ! night 0 brea?lessly calm1 ! broad riv] 0 mu* agitat$1 & ! vessel roll$ heavily4 ,soon aft]w>ds ano!r l\d explosion took place1 foll[$ by o!rs :i* la/$ = an h\r till ! day dawn$1 & we !n saw ! "w ( de/ruction go+ =w>d on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 ab\t ?ree miles (f4 ,l>ge masses ( =e/1 includ+ trees ( colossal size1 probably #bjj feet 9 height1 7 rock+ to & fro1 & fall+ headlong "o aft] ano!r into ! wat]4 ,aft] ea* avalan*e ! wave :i* x caus$ return$ on ! crumbly bank ) trem5d\s =ce1 & caus$ ! fall ( o!r masses by und]m9+4 ,! l9e ( coa/ ov] :i* ! l&slip ext5d$ 0 a mile or two 9 l5g?2 ! end ( x1 h[ev]1 0 hid f our view by an int]v5+ isl&4 ,x 0 a gr& sight2 ea* d[nfall creat$ a cl\d ( spray2 ! concussion 9 "o place caus+ o!r masses to give way a long di/ance f x1 & ?us ! cra%es cont9u$1 sway+ to & fro1 ) little prospect ( t]m9ation4 ,:5 we glid$ out ( sight two h\rs aft] sunrise ! de/ruction 0 /ill go+ on40 ,we might consid] "h ! action ( glaci]s 9 gradually gr9d+ d[n ! m\nta9 slopes1 ! de/ructive action ( avalan*es1 & a numb] ( o!r =ms 9 :i* sn[ & ice break d[n by sl[ degrees ! uprais$ portions ( ! e>?4 ,= 9 reality all ^! =ms ( de/ructive action take _! orig9 9 ! same process :5ce runn+ wat]s & heavy ra9falls d]ive _! p[]4 ,all ^! de/ructive ag5cies are d]iv$ f ! vap\r ( wat] 9 ! air4 ,b x seems bett] to limit ! read]'s att5tion 9 ?is place to ! action ( wat] 9 ! liquid =m2 & !re=e we proce$ to consid] ! o!r ways 9 :i* ra9 we>s d[n ! l&4 ,hi!rto we h consid]$ effects :i* are produc$ *iefly along ! c\rses ( riv]s1 or 9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,b heavy ra9fall acts1 & p]haps 9 ! long run z effectively 7:5 we rememb] ! f> wid] region affect$7 ov] wide tracts ( ne>ly level gr\nd1 z along ! banks ( torr5ts & riv]s4 ,! ra9 :i* falls on pla9s or g5tly undulat+ surfaces1 al?\gh aft] a :ile x dries up1 yet to "s degree aids 9 levell+ ! l&1 p>tly by wa%+ d[n p>ticles ( e>?1 h[ev] sl[ly1 to l[] levels1 p>tly by soak+ ! e>? & prep>+ a ?9 /ratum ( its upp] surface to be conv]t$ into du/1 & bl[n away by ! w9d4 ,b x is :5 v heavy /orms occur t ! levell+ action ( ra9 ov] widely ext5d+ regions c be mo/ readily recogniz$4 ,( ?is fact obs]vant travell]s _c fail to h _h occasional evid5ce4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell m5tions "o in/ance obs]v$ by him1 :i* is specially int]e/+4 8,dur+ a t\r 9 ,spa910 he says1 8,i 0 surpris$ to see a di/rict ( g5tly undulat+ gr\nd 9 ,catalonia1 consi/+ ( r$ & grey s&/one1 & 9 "s p>ts ( r$ m>l1 almo/ entirely d5ud$ ( h]bage1 :ile ! roots ( ! p9es1 holm oaks1 & "s o!r trees1 7 half expos$1 z if ! soil _h be5 wa%$ away by a flood4 ,su* is ! /ate ( ! =e/s1 = example1 betwe5 ,ori/o & ,vi*1 & ne> ,san ,lor5zo4 ,b be+ ov]tak5 by a viol5t ?und]/orm1 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 ,i saw ! :ole surface1 ev5 ! highe/ levels ( "s flat-topp$ hills1 /ream+ ) mud1 :ile on e declivity ! deva/ation ( torr5ts 0 t]rific4 ,! peculi>ities 9 ! physiognomy ( ! di/rict 7 at once expla9$1 & ,i 0 taught t1 9 speculat+ on ! great] effects :i* ! direct action ( ra9 may once h produc$ on ! surface ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ,engl&1 we ne$ n rev]t to p]iods :5 ! heat ( ! climate 0 tropical40 ,he might h cit$ in/ances ( su* /orms occurr+ 9 ,engl&4 ,= example1 ,:ite1 9 8 delightful 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,selborne10 describes ?us ! effects ( a /orm :i* occurr$ on ,june #e1 #aghd3 8,at ab\t a qu>t] aft] two ! /orm began 9 ! p>i% ( ,h>pley1 mov+ sl[ly f nor? to s\?1 & f !nce x came ov] ,norton ,f>m & s to ,grange ,f>m1 bo? 9 ?is p>i%4 ,_h x be5 z ext5sive z x 0 viol5t 7= x 0 v %ort7 x mu/ h ravag$ all ! neighb\rhood4 ,! ext5t ( ! /orm 0 ab\t two miles 9 l5g? & "o 9 bread?4 ,!re fell prodigi\s torr5ts ( ra9 on ! f>ms above m5tion$1 :i* occasion$ a flood z viol5t z x 0 sudd51 do+ great damage to ! mead[s & fall[s by delug+ ! "o & wa%+ away ! soil ( ! o!r4 ,! holl[ lane t[>ds ,alton 0 s torn & disord]$ z n to be passable till m5d$1 rocks be+ remov$ :i* weigh$ two hundr$weight40 ,we h m5tion$ ! =mation ( du/1 & ! action ( w9d ^u x1 z a cause t5d+ to level ! surface ( ! l&4 ,x may appe> to _m t ?is cause is too insignificant to be notic$ among ^? :i* modify ! e>?'s surface4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ow+ to its cont9u\s action1 & to its always act+ 79 ! ma97 9 "o direction1 ?is cause is mu* m important ?an might be suppos$4 ,we ov]look its action z actually go+ on ar\nd u1 because 9 a few ye>s1 or 9 a few g5]ations1 x produces no *ange t c be readily notic$4 ,b 9 long p]iods ( "t x *anges v m>k$ly ! level ( l[] l&s1 & t too ev5 9 cities1 :]e means exi/ = remov+ ! accumulations ( du/ :i* are cont9ually collect+ on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,we "k t ! rema9s ( old ,roman roads1 walls1 h\ses1 & s =?1 9 ?is c\ntry1 are f\nd1 n at ! pres5t level ( ! surface1 b sev]al feet--9 "s cases _m y>ds--bel[ ?is level4 ,! same holds else:]e1 "u ! same conditions--t is1 :]e we "k q c]ta9ly t ! sub/ances ?us f\nd und]gr\nd 7 orig9ally on ! surface1 & t !re has be5 nei!r any di/urbance caus+ !m to be engulf$1 nor any deposition ( scori1 volcanic du/1 or o!r products ( subt]ranean di/urbance4 ,we _c hesitate to reg>d ?is bury+ ( old build+s z due to ! cont9ual deposition ( du/1 :i* ev5tually becomes compact$ into solid e>?4 ,we "k1 moreov]1 t ! =mation ( du/ is 9 ! ma9 due to ra9 conv]t+ ! surface lay]s ( ! e>? into mud1 :i* on dry+ requires b ! frictional action ( heavy w9ds to rise 9 cl\ds ( du/4 ,9 "s soils ?is process goes on m rapidly ?an 9 o!rs1 z e "o :o has travell$ mu* afoot is aw>e4 ,!re are p>ts ( ,engl&1 = in/ance1 :]e1 ev5 9 ! drie/ summ]1 ! daily deposition ( du/ on dry & breezy days is b slight1 o!rs :]e 9 su* wea!r a du/ lay] at lea/ a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness is deposit$ 9 ! c\rse ( a day4 ,if we assum$1 :i* w\ld sc>cely seem an exagg]at$ e/imate1 t 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le ye> a lay] ( du/ av]ag+ an in* 9 ?ickness is deposit$ ov] ! l[] levels ( ! surface ( ! l&1 we %\ld f9d t ! av]age dep? ( ! lay] =m$ 9 ! la/ ?\s& ye>s w\ld am\nt to no less ?an eighty-?ree feet4 ,( c\rse 9 inhabit$ places ! deposition ( du/ is *eck$1 ?\gh n s mu* z mo/ p]sons imag9e4 ,!re is n probably 9 ?is c\ntry a s+le build+ five hundr$ ye>s old1 orig9ally built at a mod]ately l[ level1 ! position ( ^: f\ndation does n atte/ ! con/ant ga!r+ ( matt] ^u ! surface4 ,! actual am\nt by :i* ! l[] levels are rais$ & ! high] levels dim9i%$ 9 ! c\rse ( a ?\s& ye>s may be v mu* less1 b t x mu/ am\nt to _m feet c sc>cely be que/ion$4 ,& z 9 consid]+ ! action ( ra9 fall+ ov] a wide range ( c\ntry1 we h to di/+ui% betwe5 ! sl[ b /eady action ( ord9>y ra9s & ! occasional viol5t action ( great /orms ( ra91 s 9 consid]+ ! effects ( dr\ght foll[+ aft] ra9 :i* has well saturat$ ! l& we h to di/+ui% betwe5 ord9>ily du/y times & occasions :5 9 a v %ort "t1 ow+ to ! int5sity ( ! heat & ! viol5ce ( ! w9d l>ge quantities ( du/ are spread ov] a wide area4 ,d>w9 ?us describes ! effect ( su* exceptional dr\ght1 z exp]i5c$ 9 ! ye>s #ahbg-ahcb 9 ,bu5os ,ayres3--8,s little ra9 fell t ! vegetation1 ev5 to ! ?i/les1 fail$2 ! brooks 7 dri$ up1 & ! :ole c\ntry assum$ ! appe>ance ( a du/y high road4 ,?is 0 especially ! case 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 & ! s\!rn "p ( ,santa ,f40 ,he describes ! loss ( life caus$ by ! want ( wat]1 & _m rem>kable circum/ances ( ! dr\ght :i* d n "h specially conc]n u4 ,he !n goes on to speak ( ! du/ :i* ga!r$ ov] ! op5 c\ntry4 8,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%10 he says1 8in=m$ me ( a v curi\s s\rce ( dispute4 ,! gr\nd be+ s long dry1 su* quantities ( du/ 7 bl[n ab\t t 9 ?is op5 c\ntry ! l&m>ks became oblit]at$1 & p c\ld n tell ! limits ( _! e/ates40 ,! du/ ?us scatt]$ ov] ! l&1 :e!r left or remov$1 necess>ily =m$ "p ( ! solid mat]ial br\ght f high] to l[] levels1 indirectly 79 ?is case7 ?r\gh ! action ( ra92 = a dr\ght c only conv]t into friable matt] e>? :i* has be=e be5 ?or\ghly soak$4 ,b ! action ( ra91 :i* _h orig9ally l$ to ! =mation ( ^! enorm\s masses ( du/1 pres5tly took "p 9 c>ry+ ! du/ 9 ! =m ( mud to yet l[] levels4 8,subsequ5tly to ! dr\ght ( #ahbg to #ahcb10 proce$s ,d>w91 8a v ra9y season foll[$1 :i* caus$ great floods4 ,h5ce x is almo/ c]ta9 t "s ?\s&s ( ! skeletons0 7( creatures ^: dea?s he _h describ$ be=e7 87 buri$ by ! deposits ( ! v next ye>4 ,:at c\ld be ! op9ion ( a geologi/1 view+ su* an enorm\s collection ( bones1 ( all k9ds ( animals & ( all ages1 ?us emb$d$ 9 "o ?ick e>?y mass8 ,w\ld he n attribute x to a flood hav+ swept ov] ! surface ( ! l&1 r ?an to ! common ord] ( ?+s80 ,9 fact1 a s+le great dr\ght1 foll[$ by a v ra9y season1 mu/ 9 ?is in/ance1 :i* 0 h[ev] altoge!r exceptional1 h produc$ a lay] or /ratum su* z geologi/s w\ld ord9>ily reg>d z ! "w ( a mu* long] "t & mu* m pot5t di/urb+ causes4 ,x may be well to consid] 9 ?is place ! "q :e!r 9 reality ! quantity ( ra9 :i* falls n[ dur+ our w9t] mon?s does n greatly exce$ t :i* =m]ly fell 9 t "p ( ! ye>4 ,! idea is v preval5t t our w9t]s h *ang$ entirely 9 "* 9 rec5t times1 & ! fe> 7or ! hope87 is ent]ta9$ t ! *ange may cont9ue 9 ! same direction until wet & mild w9t]s replace altoge!r ! cold :i* prevail$ 9 =m] ye>s4 ,!re is no suffici5t reason1 h[ev]1 = suppos+ t any su* *ange is tak+ place4 ,x is1 inde$1 n difficult to f9d 9 ! meteorological annals ( ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury1 in/ances ( ! occurr5ce ( sev]al successive w9t]s v unlike ! great] numb] ( ^? :i* we h exp]i5c$ dur+ ! la/ t5 or twelve ye>s4 ,b if we take any consid]able s]ies ( ye>s 9 ! la/ c5tury we f9d ! alt]nations ( ! wea!r v simil> to ^? we at pres5t recognize4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ,gilb]t ,:ite's brief summ>y ( ! wea!r f #agfh onw>ds3-- ,= ! w9t] ( #agfh-fi we h ,octob] & ! fir/ "p ( ,novemb] ra9y2 !nce to ! end ( #agfh alt]nate ra9s & fro/s2 ,janu>y & ,febru>y fro/y & ra9y1 ) gleams ( f9e wea!r2 to ! middle ( ,m>*1 w9d & ra94 ,= ! w9t] ( #agfi-gj we h ,octob] fro/y1 ! next =tnight ra9y1 ! next dry & fro/y4 ,decemb] w9dy1 ) ra9 & int]vals ( fro/ 7! fir/ =tnight v foggy72 ! fir/ half ( ,janu>y fro/y1 !nce to ! end ( ,febru>y mild hazy wea!r4 ,m>* fro/y & bright]4 ,= #aggj-ga1 f ! middle ( ,octob] to ! end ( ! ye>1 almo/ incessant ra9s2 ,janu>y sev]e fro/s till ! la/ week1 ! next =tnight ra9 & sn[1 & spr+ wea!r to ! end ( ,febru>y4 ,m>* fro/y4 ,= #agga-gb1 ,octob] ra9y1 ,novemb] fro/ ) int]vals ( fog & ra91 ,decemb] bright mild wea!r ) ho> fro/s2 !n six weeks ( fro/ & sn[1 foll[$ by six ( fro/1 sleet1 hail1 & sn[4 ,= #aggb-gc1 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & to ,decemb] #bb1 ra91 ) mild wea!r2 to ! end ( #aggb1 cold foggy wea!r2 !n a week ( fro/1 foll[$ by ?ree ( d>k ra9y wea!r4 ,fir/ =tnight ( ,febru>y fro/2 !nce to ! end ( ,m>* mi/y %[]y wea!r4 ,pass+ ov] ! w9t] ( #aggc-gd1 :i* 0 half ra9y1 half fro/y1 :at c\ld m closely resemble ! w9t] wea!r we h _h s mu* ( dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 ?an t exp]i5c$ 9 ! w9t] ( #aggd-ge8 ,f ,augu/ #bd to ! ?ird week ( ,novemb]1 !re 0 ra91 ) frequ5t int]vals ( sunny wea!r2 to ! end ( ,decemb]1 d>k dripp+ fogs2 to ! end ( ! fir/ =tnight 9 ,m>*1 ra9 almo/ e day4 ,& s on1 ) no rem>kable *anges1 until ! ye> #agib1 ! la/ ( ,gilb]t ,:ite's records4 ,if we limit our att5tion to any giv5 mon? ( w9t]1 we f9d ! same mixture ( cold & dry ) wet & op5 wea!r z we are famili> ) at pres5t4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! mon? usually ! mo/ w9try ( all1 viz41 ,janu>y4 ,pass+ ov] ! ye>s already consid]$1 we h ,janu>y1 #aggf1 d>k & fro/y ) mu* sn[ till ! #bf? 7at ?is "t ! ,?ames 0 froz5 ov]71 !n foggy ) ho> fro/2 ,janu>y1 #aggg1 fro/y till ! #aj?1 !n foggy & %[]y2 #aggh1 fro/y till ! #ac?1 !n ra9y to ! #bd?1 !n h>d fro/2 #aggi1 fro/ & %[]s ?r\gh\t ,janu>y2 #aghj1 fro/ ?r\gh\t2 #agha1 fro/ & sn[ to ! #be?1 !n ra9 & sn[2 #aghb1 op5 & mild2 #aghc1 ra9y ) heavy w9ds2 #aghd1 h>d fro/2 #aghe1 a ?aw on ! #bnd1 !n ra9y wea!r to ! #bh?1 ! re/ ( ! mon? fro/y2 #aghf1 fro/ & sn[ till ,janu>y #g1 !n a week mild ) mu* ra91 ! next week heavy sn[1 & ! re/ mild ) frequ5t ra92 #aghg1 fir/ tw5ty-f\r days d>k moi/ mild wea!r1 !n f\r days fro/1 ! re/ mild & %[]y2 #aghh1 ?irte5 days mild & wet1 five days ( fro/1 & f ,janu>y #ah to ! end ( ! mon? dry w9dy wea!r2 #aghi1 ?irte5 days h>d fro/1 ! re/ ( ! mon? mild ) %[]s2 #agij1 sixte5 days ( mild foggy wea!r ) occasional ra91 to ! #ba/ fro/1 to ! #bh? d>k ) driv+ ra9s1 & ! re/ mild dry wea!r2 #agia1 ! :ole ( ,janu>y mild ) heavy ra9s2 & la/ly #agib1 8"s h>d fro/ 9 ,janu>y1 b mo/ly wet & mild40 ,!re is no?+ c]ta9ly 9 ?is record to sugge/ t any mat]ial *ange has tak5 place 9 our ,janu>y wea!r dur+ ! la/ eight ye>s4 ,& if we _h giv5 ! record ( ! entire w9t] = ea* ( ! ye>s above dealt ) ! result w\ld h be5 ! same4 ,we h1 9 fact1 v /rik+ evid5ce 9 ,gilb]t ,:ite's acc\nt ( ! cold wea!r ( ,decemb]1 #aghd1 :i* he specially describes z 8v extraord9>y10 to %[ t nei!r our sev]e nor our av]age w9t] wea!r c diff] mat]ially f t :i* p exp]i5c$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 8,9 ! ev5+ ( ,decemb] #i10 he says1 8! air began to be s v %>p t we ?\ght x w\ld be curi\s to att5d to ! motions ( a !rmomet]2 we !re=e hung out two1 "o made by ,m>t9 & "o by ,doll&0 7sic1 presumably ,dollond71 8:i* soon began to %[ u :at we 7 to expect2 = by t5 o'clock !y fell to tw5ty-"o1 & at elev5 to f\r1 :5 we w5t to b$4 ,on ! #aj?1 9 ! morn+ ! quicksilv] 9 ,doll&'s glass 0 d[n to half a degree bel[ z]o1 & t ( ,m>t9's1 :i* 0 absurdly graduat$ only to f\r degrees above z]o1 sank q into ! brass gu>d ( ! ball1 s t :5 ! wea!r became mo/ int]e/+ ?is 0 useless4 ,on ! #aj?1 at elev5 at night1 ?\gh ! air 0 p]fectly /ill1 ,doll&'s glass w5t d[n to "o degree bel[ z]o60 ,! note ( exclamation is ,:ite's4 ,he goes on to speak ( 8?is /range sev]ity ( ! wea!r10 :i* 0 n exce$$ t w9t]1 or at any "t dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( ,:ite's obs]vations4 ,)9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ! !rmomet]1 on m ?an "o occasion1 has %[n two or ?ree degrees bel[ z]o4 ,c]ta9ly ! w9t]s _c be suppos$ to h be5 ord9>ily sev]] ?an ours 9 ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 we f9d t !rmomet]s1 by well-kn[n in/rum5t mak]s1 7 s con/ruct$ z to indicate no l[] temp]ature ?an f\r degrees above z]o4 ,let u return1 aft] ?is some:at long digression1 to ! levell+ action ( ra9 & riv]s4 ,if we consid] ?is action alone1 we _c b recognize 9 x a cause suffici5t to effect ! removal ( all ! high] p>ts ( ! l& to l[ levels1 & ev5tually ( all ! l[-ly+ l& to ! sea1 9 ! c\rse ( su* p]iods z geology makes u acqua9t$ )4 ,! mud-banks at ! m\?s ( riv]s %[ only a "p ( :at ra9 & riv] action is do+1 yet consid] h[ enorm\s is ! mass :i* is ?us c>ri$ into ! sea4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t 9 a s+le week ! ,ganges alone c>ries away f ! soil ( ,india & deliv]s into ! sea twice z mu* solid sub/ance z is conta9$ 9 ! great pyramid ( ,egypt4 8,! ,irrawaddy10 says ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el1 8sweeps (f f ,burmah #fb cubit feet ( e>? 9 e second ( "t on an av]age1 & !re are #hf1djj seconds 9 e day1 & #cfe days 9 e ye>2 & s on = o!r riv]s4 ,nor is !re any reason to fe> or hope t ! ra9s w cease1 & ?is de/ructive process come to an end4 ,= ?\gh ! quantity ( wat] on ! surface ( ! e>? is probably und]go+ a sl[ process ( dim9ution1 small portions ( x ye> by ye> tak+ _! place z wat]s "u ! e>?1#dd yet ^! processes are f> too sl[ to appreciably affect ! supply ( wat] till a f> long] p]iod has elaps$ ?an t dur+ :i* 79 all probability7 life c cont9ue ^u ! e>?4 ,:5 we consid] ! =ce really repres5t$ by ! d[nfall ( ra91 we ne$ n greatly wond] t ! levell+ p[] ( ra9 is s effective4 ,! sun's heat is ! true ag5t 9 ?us levell+ ! e>?1 & if we reg>d1 z we ju/ly may1 ! action ( wat]1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( ra9 or riv]1 or ( sea-wave rais$ by w9d or tide1 z ! *ief levell+ & !re=e de/ructive =ce at "w ^u ! e>?1 & ! action ( ! e>?'s vulcanian en]gies z ! *ief re/orative ag5t1 !n we may fairly consid] ! conte/ z ly+ betwe5 ! sun's heat & ! e>?'s int]nal heat4 ,!re c be little "q z to :at w\ld be ! ultimate issue ( ! conte/ if l& & sea & air all endur$ or 7 only s f> modifi$ z !y 7 affect$ by ^! causes4 ,sun-heat w\ld inevitably prevail 9 ! long run ov] e>?-heat4 ,b we see f ! condition ( our moon h[ ! )drawal ( wat] & air f ! sc5e mu/ dim9i% ! sun's p[] ( levell+ ! irregul>ities ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,we say advis$ly dim9i%1 n de/roy2 = !re c be no "q t ! sol> heat alt]nat+ ) ! cold ( ! long lun> night is /ill at "w levell+1 h[ev] sl[ly1 ! moon's surface2 & ! same w be ! case ) our e>? :5 h] oceans & atmosph]e h disappe>$ by sl[ processes ( absorption4 ,! p[] actually at "w at pres5t 9 produc+ ra91 & s1 indirectly1 9 levell+ ! e>?'s surface1 is enorm\s4 ,i h %[n t ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to evaporate a quantity ( wat] :i* w\ld cov] an area ( #ajj squ>e miles to a dep? ( "o in* w\ld be equal to ! heat :i* w\ld be produc$ by ! combu/ion ( half a million tons ( coals1 & t ! am\nt ( =ce ( :i* ?is consumption ( heat w\ld be ! equival5t corresponds to t :i* w\ld be requir$ to raise a weight ( upw>ds ( "o ?\s& millions ( tons to a height ( "o mile4#de ,:5 we rememb] t ! l& surface ( ! e>? am\nts to ab\t fifty millions ( squ>e miles1 we p]ceive h[ enorm\s mu/ be ! =ce-equival5t ( ! annual ra9fall ( our e>?4 ,we are apt to ov]look :5 contemplat+ ! sil5t & seem+ly quiet processes ( nature--su* z ! =mation ( ! ra9-cl\d or ! precipitation ( ra9--! trem5d\s en]gy ( ! =ces really caus+ ^! processes4 8,i h se510 says ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 8! wild /one-avalan*es ( ! ,alps1 :i* smoke & ?und] d[n ! declivities ) a vehem5ce almo/ suffici5t to /un ! obs]v]4 ,i h also se5 sn[-flakes desc5d+ s s(tly z n to hurt ! fragile spangles ( :i* !y 7 compos$2 yet to produce f aque\s vap\r a quantity :i* a *ild c\ld c>ry ( t t5d] mat]ial dem&s an ex]tion ( en]gy compet5t to ga!r up ! %att]$ blocks ( ! l>ge/ /one-avalan*e ,i h ev] se51 & pit* !m to twice ! height f :i* !y fell40 ,,anci5t ,,babylonian ,,a/rogony4 ,x is s+ul> to consid] h[ %ort a "t elaps$1 aft] writ+s 9 ! arr[-head$ or cunei=m lett]s 7! ,keils*rift5 ( ! ,g]mans7 7 discov]$1 be=e1 fir/1 ! p[] ( int]pret+ !m 0 obta9$1 &1 secondly1 ! range ( ! cunei=m lit]ature 7s to speak7 0 recogniz$4 ,n m ?an n9ety ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! fir/ specim5s ( arr[-head$ inscriptions rea*$ ,europe4 ,!y _h be5 kn[n = a consid]able "t be=e ?is4 ,inde$1 x has be5 suppos$ t ! ,assyrian lett]s ref]r$ to by ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 & ,pl9y1 7 9 ?is "*4 ,della ,valle & ,figu]oa1 e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 describ$ inscriptions 9 arr[-head$ lett]s1 & haz>d$ ! idea t !y are to be read f left to "r4 ,b no v satisfactory evid5ce 0 advanc$ to %[ :e!r ! inscriptions 7 to be s read1 or f "r to left1 or1 z ,*>d9 sugge/$1 9 v]tical l9es4 ,! celebrat$ ,olaus ,g]h>d ,ty*s51 ( ,ro/ock1 & o!r ,g]man philologi/s1 endeav\r$ to deciph] ! specim5s :i* rea*$ ,europe t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury2 b _! ef=ts1 ?\gh +5i\s & zeal\s1 7 n rew>d$ ) success4 ,9 #ahja ,dr4 ,hag] advanc$ ! sugge/ion t ! comb9ations =m$ by ! arr[-heads did n repres5t lett]s b words1 if n entire s5t5ces4 ,li*t5/e91 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9$ t ! lett]s belong$ to an old =m ( ! ,arabic or ,coptic "*2 & he succe$$ to 8 own satisfaction 9 f9d+ v>i\s passages f ! ,koran 9 ! cunei=m inscriptions4 ,dr4 ,grotef5d 0 ! fir/ to a*ieve any real success 9 ?is l9e ( rese>*4 ,x is said t he 0 l$ to take up ! subject by a slight dispute ) "o ( 8 fri5ds1 :i* l$ to a wag] t he w\ld deciph] "o ( ! cunei=m inscriptions4 ,! results ( 8 inve/igations 7 t cunei=m inscriptions are alphabetical1 n hi]oglyphical2 t ! language employ$ is ! basis ( mo/ ( ! ,ea/]n languages2 & t x is writt5 f "r to left4 ,s9ce 8 "t1 ?r\gh ! lab\rs ( ,ri*1 ,botta1 ,rawl9son1 ,h9cks1 ,de ,saulcy1 ,lay>d1 ,sayce1 ,george ,smi?1 & o!rs1 ! collection & int]pretation ( ! arr[-head$ inscriptions h be5 c>ri$ out ) great success4 ,we f9d reason to believe t1 ?\gh ! orig9al lit]ature ( ,babylon 0 lo/1 ! tablet libr>ies ( ,assyria conta9$ copies ( mo/ ( ! writ+s ( ! m anci5t nation4 ,among/ ^! h be5 f\nd ! n[ celebrat$ descriptions ( ! ,creation1 ! ,fall ( ,man1 ! ,deluge1 ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 & o!r matt]s f\nd 9 an abridg$ & expurgat$ =m 9 ! book ( ,g5esis4 ,x is to t portion ( ! ,babylonian acc\nt :i* relates to ! creation ( ! sun & moon & />s t ,i wi% "h to call att5tion4 ,x is n only curi\s 9 itself1 b ?r[s light1 9 my op9ion1 on que/ions ( consid]able int]e/ connect$ ) ! views ( anci5t ,ea/]n nations respect+ ! heav5ly bodies4 ,x may be well1 be=e consid]+ ! passage 9 "q1 to consid] briefly--?\gh we may n be able def9itely to det]m9e--! real antiquity ( ! ,babylonian acc\nt4 ,9 ,smi?'s int]e/+ "w on ! ,*aldan acc\nt ( ,g5esis1 ! "q :e!r ! ,babylonian acc\nt prec$$ ! writ+ ( ! book ( ,g5esis1 or vice v]s1 is n def9itely dealt )4 ,probably ?is "p ( 8 subject 0 includ$ among ! 8important comp>isons & conclusions ) respect to ,g5esis0 :i* he pref]r$ to avoid1 z 8 8desire 0 fir/ to obta9 ! recognition ( ! evid5ce )\t prejudice40 ,x might c]ta9ly h int]f]$ to "s degree ) ! unprejudic$ recognition ( ! evid5ce ( ! tablets if x _h be5 ma9ta9$ by him1 & /ill m if he _h demon/rat$1 t ! ,babylonian is ! e>li] v]sion4 ,= ! acc\nt 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 com+ ?us to be reg>d$ z m]ely an expurgat$ v]sion ( a n>rative orig9ally conta9+ mu* fabul\s matt]1 & n a little t is mon/r\s & prepo/]\s1 w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 pres5t$ to u 9 q t aspect 9 :i* x _h long be5 reg>d$ by !ologians4 ,b al?\gh ,mr4 ,smi? /ates t he plac$ ! v>i\s dates z l[ z he fairly c\ld1 consid]+ ! evid5ce1--nay1 t he 8aim$ to d ?is r ?an to e/abli% any sy/em ( *ronology10--!re c be no mi/ake ab\t ! relative antiquity :i* he 9 reality assigns to ! ,babylonian inscriptions4 ,he /ates1 inde$1 t e copy ( ! ,g5esis leg5ds belongs to ! reign ( ,assurbanipal1 :o reign$ ov] ,assyria ,b4,c4 #fgj4 ,b x is 8ackn[l$g$ on all h&s t ! tablets are n ! orig9als1 b are only copies f e>li] texts40 ,! ,assyrians ackn[l$ge !mselves t ?is lit]ature 0 borr[$ f ,babylonian s\rces1 & ( c\rse x is to ,babylonia we h to look to asc]ta9 ! approximate dates ( ! orig9al docum5ts4 8,! difficulty10 he proce$s1 8is increas$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 x appe>s t at an e>ly p]iod 9 ,babylonian hi/ory a great lit]>y developm5t took place1 & num]\s works 7 produc$ :i* embodi$ ! prevail+ my?s1 religion1 & sci5ce ( t day4 ,writt51 _m ( !m1 9 a noble /yle ( poetry on "o side1 or regi/]+ ! highe/ ef=ts ( _! sci5ce on ! o!r1 ^! texts became ! /&>ds = ,babylonian lit]ature1 & lat] g5]ations 7 cont5t to copy ^! writ+s in/ead ( mak+ new works = !mselves4 ,clay1 ! mat]ial on :i* !y 7 writt51 0 ev]y:]e abundant1 copies 7 multipli$1 & by ! v5]ation 9 :i* !y 7 held ^! texts fix$ & /]eotyp$ ! /yle ( ,babylonian lit]ature1 & ! language 9 :i* !y 7 writt5 rema9$ ! classical /yle 9 ! c\ntry d[n to ! ,p]sian conque/4 ,?us x happ5s t texts ( ,rim-agu1 ,s>gon1 & ,hammurabi1 :o 7 #ajjj ye>s be=e ,nebu*adnezz> & ,nabonidus1 %[ ! same language z ! texts ( ^! lat] k+s1 !re be+ no s5sible diff]5ce 9 /yle to mat* ! long int]val betwe5 !m10--precisely z a c]ta9 devotional /yle ( writ+ ( our own day closely resembles ! /yle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we _c1 !n1 f ! /yle1 det]m9e ! age ( ! orig9al writ+s f :i* ! ,assyrian tablets 7 copi$4 ,b !re are c]ta9 facts :i* enable u to =m an op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,babylonia 0 conqu]$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #acjj1 by ,tugult99ip1 k+ ( ,assyria4 ,= #bej ye>s be=e t date a =eign race 7call$ by ,b]osus1 ,arabs7 _h rul$ 9 ,babylonia4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( any ( ! orig9al ,babylonian ,g5esis tablets be+ writt5 aft] ! date ( ,hammurabi1 "u :om x is suppos$ t ?is race obta9$ dom9ion 9 ,babylonia4 ,_m s*ol>s1 inde$1 reg>d ,hammurabi z mu* m anci5t2 b none set him lat] ?an #aeej ,b4,c4 ,n[1 be=e ! "t ( ,hammurabi sev]al races ( k+s reign$1 _! reigns rang+ ov] a p]iod ( #ejj ye>s4 ,!y 7 call$ *iefly ,k+s ( ,sumir & ,akkad--t is1 ,k+s ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,babylonia4 ,x is believ$ t be=e ?is p]iod1--rang+1 say1 f ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c4 to #aeej ,b4,c4 7at lea/ n lat]1 ?\gh possibly1 & accord+ to _m s*ol>s1 probably1 f> e>li]71--! two divisions ( ,babylonia 7 sep>ate mon>*ies4 ,?us1 evid5ce :e!r any lit]ature 0 writt5 be=e or aft] ,b4,c4 #bjjj1 may be f\nd 9 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( m5tion1 or traces1 ( ?is division ( ! ,babylonian k+dom4 ,mr4 ,smi? consid]s1 = example1 t two works1--! great ,*aldan "w on a/rology1 & a leg5d :i* he calls 8,! ,exploits ( ,lub>a10--c]ta9ly belong to ! p]iod prec$+ ,b4,c4 #bjjj4 ,9 ! =m] "w1 ! subject ( :i* specially connects x1 z w pres5tly be se51 ) ! tablet relat+ to ! creation ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ,akkad is always ref]r$ to z a sep>ate /ate4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,smi? f9ds t ! /ory ( ! ,creation & ,fall belongs to ! upp] or ,akkad division ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,izdub> leg5ds1 conta9+ ! /ory ( ! ,flood1 & :at ,mr4 ,smi? reg>ds z probably ! hi/ory ( ,nimrod1 seem to belong to ,sumir1 ! s\!rn division ( ,babylonia4 ,he consid]s ! ,izdub> leg5ds to h be5 writt5 at lea/ z e>ly z ,b4,c4 #bjjj4 ,! /ory ( ! ,creation 8may n h be5 committ$ to writ+ s e>ly20 b x also is ( great antiquity4 ,& ^! leg5ds 87 traditions be=e !y 7 committ$ to writ+1 & 7 common1 9 "s =m1 to all ! c\ntry40 ,rememb]+ ,mr4 ,smi?'s express$ int5tion ( sett+ all dates z late z possible1 8 endeav\r to d ?is r ?an to e/abli% any sy/em ( *ronology1 we _c misund]/& ! real drift ( 8 argum5ts1 or ! real significance ( 8 conclusion t ! p]iod :5 ! ,g5esis tablets 7 orig9ally writt5 ext5d$ f ,b4,c4 #bjjj to ,b4,c4 #aeej1 or r\ghly syn*roniz$ ) ! p]iod f ,abraham to ,moses1 accord+ to ! ord9>y *ronology ( our ,bibles4 8,dur+ ?is p]iod x appe>s t traditions ( ! creation ( ! univ]se1 & human hi/ory d[n to ! "t ( ,nimrod1 exi/$ p>allel to1 & 9 "s po9ts id5tical )1 ^? giv5 9 ! book ( ,g5esis40 ,?us view+ ! matt]1 we recognize ! int]e/ ( t passage 9 ! ,babylonian ,g5esis tablets :i* corresponds ) ! acc\nt 9 ! book ( ,g5esis respect+ ! creation ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,we f9d 9 x ! e>lie/ exi/5t record ( ! orig9 ( a/rological sup]/itions4 ,x does n express m]ely ! vague belief1 :i* might be v>i\sly int]pret$1 t ! sun & moon & />s 7 specially creat$ 7aft] light _h be5 creat$1 aft] ! firmam5t _h be5 =m$ sep>at+ ! wat]s above f ! wat]s bel[1 & aft] ! l& _h be5 sep>at$ f ! wat]7 to be = signs & = seasons = ! inhabitants ( ! _w--t is1 ( our e>?4 ,x def9itely /ates t ^? o!r suns1 ! />s1 7 set into con/ellation figures = man's b5efit2 ! planets & ! moon next =m$ = 8 use2 & ! sun set !reaft] 9 ! heav5s z ! *ief among ! cele/ial bodies4 ,x runs ?us1 s f> z ! fragm5ts h yet be5 ga!r$ toge!r3-- ,,fif? ,,tablet ,,( ,,creation ,,leg5d4 #a4 ,x 0 delightful all t 0 fix$ by ! great gods4 #b4 ,/>s1 _! appe>ance 9 figures ( animals he arrang$1 #c4 ,to fix ! ye> ?r\gh ! obs]vation ( _! con/ellations1 #d4 ,twelve mon?s 7or signs7 ( />s 9 ?ree r[s he arrang$1 #e4 ,f ! day :5 ! ye> comm5ces unto ! close4 #f4 ,he m>k$ ! positions ( ! w&]+ />s 7planets7 to %9e 9 _! c\rses1 #g4 ,t !y may n d injury1 & may n tr\ble any "o4 #h4 ,! positions ( ! gods ,bel & ,hea he fix$ ) him4 #i4 ,& he op5$ ! great gates 9 ! d>kness %r\d$1 #aj4 ,! fa/5+s 7 /rong on ! left & "r4 #aa4 ,9 its mass 7i4e4 ! l[] *aos7 he made a boil+4 #ab4 ,! god ,uru 7! moon7 he caus$ to rise out1 ! night he ov] %ad[$1 #ac4 ,to fix x also = ! light ( ! night until ! %9+ ( ! day1 #ad4 ,t ! mon? might n be brok51 & 9 its am\nt be regul>4 #ae4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! mon?1 at ! ris+ ( ! night1 #af4 ,8 horns are break+ ?r\gh to %9e on ! heav54 #ag4 ,on ! sev5? day to a circle he beg9s to swell1 #ah4 ,& /ret*es t[>ds ! dawn fur!r4 #ai4 ,:5 ! god ,%amas 7! sun7 9 ! horizon ( heav51 9 ! ea/1 #bj4 4 4 4 =m$ beautifully & 4 4 4 #ba4 4 4 4 4 4 4 to ! orbit ,%amas 0 p]fect$ #bb4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ! dawn ,%amas %\ld *ange #bc4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 go+ on its pa? #bd4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 giv+ judgm5t #be4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 to tame #bf4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 a second "t #bg4 4 4 4 ,( ?is tablet ,smi? rem>ks t x is a typical specim5 ( ! /yle ( ! s]ies1 & %[s a m>k$ /age 9 ! ,creation1 ! appo9tm5t ( ! heav5ly orbs runn+ p>allel to ! biblical acc\nt ( ! f\r? day ( ,creation4 ,x is important to notice its significance 9 ?is respect4 ,we c und]/& n[ ! mean+ und]ly+ ! words1 8,god said1 ,let !re be lights 9 ! firmam5t ( ! heav5s1 to divide ! day f ! night2 & let !m be = signs & = seasons1 & = days & ye>s40 ,! ord]1 inde$1 9 :i* ! bodies are =m$ accord+ to ! biblical acc\nt is inv]t$4 ,! great] light--! sun--is made fir/1 to rule ! day3 !n ! less] light--! moon--to rule ! night4 ,^! are ! heav5ly bodies :i* 9 ?is description rule ! day ( #bd h\rs4 ,! sun may be reg>d$ also z rul+ 7accord+ to ! anci5t view1 z accord+ to nature7 ! seasons & ! ye>4 ,! />s rema9 z set 9 ! heav5 = signs4 8,he made ! />s also40 8,& ,god set !m0--t is1 ! sun1 moon1 & />s--89 ! firmam5t ( ! heav5 to give light ^u ! e>?1 & to rule ov] ! day & ov] ! night10 & s =?4 ,no "o c d\bt1 ,i conceive1 t ! biblical acc\nt is sup]ior to ! o!r1 bo? 9 a sci5tific & 9 a lit]>y s5se4 ,x /ates mu* less z actually kn[n1 & :at x does /ate accords bett] ) ! facts kn[n 9 ! writ]'s day4 ,!n1 ! ,babylonian n>rative1 ?\gh impressive 9 c]ta9 passages1 is ov]load$ ) detail4 ,9 bo? acc\nts we f9d ! heav5ly bodies set 9 ! firmam5t by a special creative act1 & specially design$ = ! b5efit ( man4 ,& 9 pass+ ,i w\ld obs]ve t ! discov]y ( ^! ,babylonian inscriptions1 h[ev] !y may be int]pret$1 & :e!r !y be reg>d$ z some:at e>li] or some:at lat] ?an ! ,bible n>rative1 appe>s to dispose f9ally ( ! fanta/ic int]pretation assign$ by ,hugh ,mill] & o!rs to ! biblical cosmogony1 z correspond+ to a s]ies ( visions 9 :i* ! v>y+ aspects ( ! _w 7 pres5t$4 ,x has long seem$ to me an utt]ly unt5able proposition t a n>rative seem+ly int5d$ to describe def9itely a c]ta9 s]ies ( ev5ts %\ld1 aft] be+ = ages s int]pret$1 require n[ = its correct int]pretation to be reg>d$ z an acc\nt ( a s]ies ( visions4 ,if ! explanation 7 reconcilable 9 any way ) ! words ( ,g5esis1 !re yet seems some?+ ( pr(anity 9 imag9+ t m5's m9ds _h ?us be5 play$ ) by a n>rative purport+ to be ( "o sort yet 9 reality ( q a diff]5t "*4 ,b :atev] possibility !re may be 7& x c be b ! b>e/ possibility7 t ! ,g5esis n>rative admits ( ! vision int]pretation1 no "o c reasonably attempt to ext5d t int]pretation to ! ,babylonian acc\nt4 ,s t ei!r a n>rative f :i* ! ,g5esis acc\nt 0 presumably d]iv$ 0 c]ta9ly int5d$ to describe a s]ies ( ev5ts1 or else a n>rative v ne>ly z e>ly z ! ,g5esis acc\nt1 & presumably d]iv$ f x at a "t :5 its true mean+ mu/ h be5 kn[n1 pres5ts ! sun1 moon1 & />s z objects expressly creat$ & set 9 ! sky aft] ! e>? _h be5 =m$1 & = ! special b5efit ( man z yet uncreat$4 ,i am n conc]n$1 h[ev]1 ei!r to dwell ^u ?is po9t1 or to insi/ on any ( its consequ5ces4 ,let u return to ! consid]ation ( ! ,babylonian n>rative z x /&s4 ,we f9d twelve con/ellations or signs ( ! zodiac are m5tion$ z set to fix ! ye>4 ,i am incl9$ to consid] t ! prec$+ words1 8/>s1 _! appe>ance 9 figures ( animals he arrang$10 relate specially to ! />s ( ! zodiac4 ,! inv5tor ( ?is a/rogony probably reg>d$ ! />s z orig9ally scatt]$ 9 an irregul> mann] ov] ! heav5s1--r z *aotic mat]ial f :i* con/ellations might be =m$1 ?an z objects sep>ately & expressly creat$4 ,!n !y 7 tak5 & =m$ into figures ( animals1 set 9 su* a way z to fix ! ye> ?r\gh ! obs]vation ( ^! con/ellations4 ,x is h>dly necess>y1 p]haps1 to rem9d ! read] t ! ^w zodiac is d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w signify+ an animal1 ! orig9al "n ( ! zone be+ ! zodiacal way1 or ! pa?way ( ! animals4 ,our old] navigators call$ x ! ,be/i>y4#df 8,twelve mon?s or signs 9 ?ree r[s40 ,smi? takes ! ?ree r[s to mean 7i47 ! zodiacal signs1 7ii47 ! con/ellations nor? ( ! zodiac1 & 7iii47 ! con/ellations s\? ( ! zodiac4 ,b ?is does n agree ) ! words 8twelve signs 9 ?ree r[s40 ,possibly ! ref]5ce is to ?ree circles1 two b\nd+ ! zodiac on ! nor? & s\? respectively1 ! ?ird c5tral1 ! ecliptic1 or track ( ! sun2 or ! two tropics & ! equator may h be5 signifi$4 ,in/ead ( 8twelve signs 9 ?ree r[s10 we %\ld1 probably1 read 8twelve signs along a triple b&40 ,! description 0 writt5 long aft] a/ronomical temples 7 fir/ erect$1 & z ! design] ( a zodiacal dome l t 7f> m rec5tly7 erect$ at ,d5d]ah w\ld set ! twelve zodiacal signs along a b& =m$ by ?ree p>allel circles1 m>k+ its c5tral l9e & its nor!rn & s\!rn limits1 s we c und]/& ! writ] ( ! tablet pres5t+ ! cele/ial ar*itect z work+ 9 ! same l9es1 on a gr&] scale2 sett+ ! twelve zodiacal signs on ! correspond+ triple b& 9 ! heav5s !mselves4 ,! next po9t to be notic$ 9 ! ,babylonian a/rology is ! ref]5ce to 8w&]+ />s40 ,mr4 ,smi? rem>ks t ! ^w nibir1 ?us translat$1 8is n ! usual ^w = planet1 & !re is a /> call$ ,nibir ne> ! place :]e ! sun cross$ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! old & new ye>s1 & ?is /> 0 "o ( twelve suppos$ to be fav\rable to ,babylonia40 8,x is evid5t10 he proce$s1 8f ! op5+ ( ! inscription on ! fir/ tablet ( ! ,*aldan a/rology & a/ronomy1 t ! functions ( ! />s 71 accord+ to ! ,babylonians1 to act n only z regulators ( ! seasons & ! ye>1 b also to be us$ z signs1 z 9 ,g5esis i4 #ad2 = 9 ^? ages x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ! heav5ly bodies gave1 by _! appe>ance & positions1 signs ( ev5ts :i* 7 com+ on ! e>?40 ,! two v]ses relat+ to ,nibir seem to correspond to no o!r cele/ial bodies b planets 7unless1 p]haps1 to comets74 ,if we reg>d ,nibir z signify+ any fix$ />1 we c f9d no significance 9 ! m>k+ ( ! c\rse ( ! /> ,nibir1 t x may d no injury & may n tr\ble any "o4 ,moreov]1 z ! fix$ />s1 ! sun1 & ! moon1 are sep>ately describ$1 x seems unlikely t ! planets w\ld be left unnotic$4 ,9 ! biblical n>rative ! ref]5ce to ! cele/ial bodies is s %ort t we c und]/& ! planets be+ includ$ 9 ! words1 8,he made ! />s also40 ,b 9 an acc\nt s full ( detail z t pres5t$ 9 ! ,babylonian tablet1 ! omission ( ! planets w\ld be v rem>kable4 ,x is also wor?y ( notice t 9 ,polyhi/or's ,babylonian traditions1 record$ by ,b]osus1 we read t 8,belus =m$ ! />s1 ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! five planets40 ,9 ! tablet n>rative ! creator ( ! heav5ly bodies is suppos$ to be ,anu1 god ( ! heav5s4 ,?is is inf]r$ by ,mr4 ,smi? f ! fact 8t ! ,god :o creat$ ! />s1 fix$ places or habitations = ,bel & ,hea ) himself 9 ! heav5s40 ,= accord+ to ! ,babylonian !ogony1 ! ?ree gods ,anu1 ,bel1 & ,hea %>e betwe5 !m ! divisions ( ! face ( ! sky4 ,! acc\nt ( ! creation ( ! moon is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! n>rative4 ,we see t1 accord+ to ! ,babylonian philosophy1 ! e>? is reg>d$ z =m$ f ! wat]s & re/+ aft] its creation above a va/ abyss ( *aotic wat]4 ,we f9d traces ( ?is old hypo!sis 9 sev]al biblical passages1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! words ( ! ,?ird ,comm&m5t1 8! heav5 above1 ! e>? b5ea?1 & ! wat]s "u ! e>?20 & aga9 9 ,prov]bs xxx4 #d1 8,:o ha? b\nd ! wat]s 9 a g>m5t8 :o ha? e/abli%$ all ! ends ( ! e>?80 8,! great gates 9 ! d>kness %r\d$1 ! fa/5+s /rong on ! left & "r10 9 ! ,babylonian acc\nt1 ref] to ! enclosure ( ! great inf]nal lake1 s t ! wat]s "u ! e>? might n ov]:elm ! _w4 ,x is f out ! d>k ocean b5ea? ! e>? t ! god ,anu calls ! moon into be+4 ,he op5s ! mighty gates %r\d$ 9 ! ne!r d>kness1 & creates a va/ :irlpool 9 ! gloomy ocean2 !n 8at 8 bidd+1 f ! turmoil arose ! moon l a giant bubble1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! op5 gates m\nt$ on its de/9$ way across ! vaults ( heav540 ,x is /range to reflect t 9 q rec5t times1 at lea/ #djjj ye>s aft] ! ,babylonian tablet 0 writt51 & :o %all tell h[ _m ye>s aft] ! tradition 0 fir/ inv5t$8--a !ory ( ! moon's orig9 n unlike ! ,babylonian hypo!sis has be5 advanc$1 despite ov]:elm+ dynamical objections2 & a mod]n p>adoxi/ has ev5 po9t$ to ! spot b5ea? ! ocean :]e a sudd5 increase ( dep? indicates t matt] 0 sudd5ly extrud$ long ago1 & driv5 =cibly away f ! e>? to ! orbit along :i* t expell$ mass--our moon--is n[ travell+4 ,x w\ld h be5 int]e/+ to h kn[n h[ ! ,babylonian tablet describ$ ! creation ( ,%amas1 ! sun2 ?\gh1 s f> z c be judg$ f ! fragm5ts above quot$1 !re 0 n ! same fulness ( detail 9 ?is "p ( ! description z 9 t relat+ to ! moon4 ,mr4 ,smi? inf]s t ! ,babylonians consid]$ ! moon ! m important body1 unlike ! writ] or compil] ( ! book ( ,g5esis1 :o describes ! sun z ! great] light4 ,x does n seem to foll[ v cle>ly1 h[ev]1 f ! tablet record1 t ! sun 0 consid]$ inf]ior to ! moon 9 importance1 & c]ta9ly we _c imag9e t ! ,babylonians consid]$ ! moon a great] light4 ,! creation ( ! />s prec$es t ( ! moon1 ?\gh manife/ly ! moon 0 judg$ to be m important ?an ! />s4 ,n improbably1 !re=e1 ! sun1 ?\gh foll[+ ! moon 9 ord] ( creation1 0 reg>d$ z ! m important orb ( ! two4 ,9 fact1 9 ! ,babylonian z 9 ! 7s-call$7 ,mosaic leg5d ( ,creation1 ! m important memb]s ( a s]ies ( creat$ bodies are1 9 "s cases1 creat$ la/--man la/ ( all ord]s ( animat$ be+s1 = in/ance4 ,if we turn n[ f ! consid]ation ( ! ,babylonian tradition ( ! creation ( ! heav5ly bodies to note h[ ! biblical acc\nt diff]s f x1 n only or *iefly 9 details1 b 9 g5]al "*1 we seem to recognize 9 ! latt] a det]m9ation to deta* f ! cele/ial orbs ! individuality1 s to speak1 :i* ! old] tradition _h giv5 to !m4 ,! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis is n only simpl]1 &1 9 a lit]>y s5se1 m effective1 b x is 9 ano!r s5se purifi$4 ,! cele/ial bodies d n appe> 9 x z cele/ial be+s4 ,! ,babylonian leg5d is foll[$ only s f> z x c be foll[$ consi/5tly ) ! avoidance ( all t might tempt to ! wor%ip ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,! writ] ( ! book ( ,g5esis1 :e!r ,moses or n1 seems c]ta9ly to h %>$ ! views ( ,moses z to ! ,sabanism ( ! nation f :i* ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham _h sep>at$4 ,moses w>n$ ! ,israelite1--8,take good he$ unto ?yself1 le/ ?\ lift up ?9e eyes unto heav52 & :5 ?\ see/ ! sun1 & ! moon1 & ! />s1 ev5 all ! ho/ ( heav51 %\lde/ be driv5 to wor%ip !m1 & s]ve !m1 :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god ha? divid$ unto all nations "u ! :ole heav540 ,s ! writ] ( ,g5esis is c>eful to remove f ! tradition :i* he foll[s all t might sugge/ ! individual p[] & influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! />s are to be = signs1 b we read no?+ ( ! p[] ( ! w&]+ />s 8to d injury or tr\ble any "o40 7,t is1 n 9 ! book ( ,g5esis4 ,9 ! song ( ,deborah we f9d1 ?\gh p]haps only 9 a poetic fa%ion1 ! old influ5ces assign$ to ! planets1 :5 ! s+] says t ! 8/>s 9 _! c\rses f\ght aga9/ ,sis]a40 ,deborah1 h[ev]1 0 a woman1 & wom5 h always be5 lo? & late to give up anci5t sup]/itions47 ,aga91 ! sun & ! moon 9 ,g5esis are ! great] & ! less] lights1 n1 z 9 ! ,babylonian n>rative1 ! god ,%amas & ! god ,uru4 ,we may f9d a p>allel to ?is treatm5t ( ! ,babylonian my? 9 ! treatm5t by ,moses ( ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?1 a day ( re/ :i* ! ,babylonian tablets %[ to h _h1 z = o!r reasons _h be5 be=e suspect$1 an a/rological significance4 ,! ,jewi% lawgiv] does n d away ) ! obs]vance2 9 fact1 he 0 probably p[]less to d away ) x4 ,at any rate1 he suff]s ! obs]vance to rema91 precisely z ! writ] ( ! book ( ,g5esis reta9s ! ,babylonian tradition ( ! creation ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,b he is c>eful to expurgate ! ,*aldan obs]vance1 j z ! writ] ( ,g5esis is c>eful to expurgate ! ,babylonian tradition4 ,! week z a p]iod is no long] associat$ ) a/rological sup]/itions1 nor ! ,sabba? re/ enjo9$ z a feti%4 ,bo? ideas are directly associat$ ) ! mono!i/ic pr9ciple :i* prim>ily l$ to ! sep>ation ( ! family ( ,abraham f ! re/ ( ! ,*aldan race4 ,9 ,babylonia1 ! me?od ( associat+ ! names ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s ) ! days1 d\btless _h its orig94 ,saturn 0 ! ,sabba? />1 z x is /ill call$ 7,sabbatai7 9 ! ,talmud4 ,b1 z ,pr(essor ,tis*5dorf told ,humboldt1 9 answ] to a "q specially address$ to him on ! subject1 8!re is an entire abs5ce 9 bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 ( any traces ( names ( week-days tak5 f ! planets40 ,! lun> fe/ivals1 aga91 ?\gh unque/ionably ,sabai/ic 9 _! orig91 7 app>5tly too ?or\ghly e/abli%$ to be disc>d$ by ,moses2 nay1 he 0 ev5 oblig$ to p]mit ! cont9uance ( _m obs]vances :i* suspici\sly resembl$ ! old (f]+s ( sacrifice to ! moon z a deity4 ,he _h also to cont9ue ! sacrifice ( ! passov]1 ! orig9 ( :i* 0 unmi/akably a/ronomical1--correspond+ 9 "t to ! sun's passage across ! equator1 or r to ! fir/ lun> mon? foll[+ & includ+ t ev5t4 ,b he c>efully dissociates bo? ! lun> & ! lunisol> sacrifices f _! prim>y ,sabai/ic significance4 ,9 fact1 ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,hebrew legislation1 s f> z x relat$ to religion1 is ! hi/ory ( a /ruggle on ! "p ( ! lawgiv]s & ! lead]s ( op9ion aga9/ ! t5d5cy ( ! p to rev]t to ! idolatr\s wor%ip ( _! ance/ors & ( races closely ak9 to !m--especially aga9/ ! t5d5cy to ! wor%ip ( ! sun & moon & all ! ho/ ( heav54 ,9 ! v fact1 h[ev]1 t ?is conte/ 0 ma9ta9$1 :ile yet ! ,hebrew cosmogony1 & 9 p>ticul> ! ,hebrew a/rogony1 conta9s indubitable evid5ce ( its orig9 9 ! poetical my?s ( old] ,babylonia1 we f9d "o ( ! /ronge/ pro(s ( ! influ5ce :i* ! lit]ature ( ,babylon1 :5 at ! fulness ( its developm5t1 ex]t$ ^u surr\nd+ nations4 ,?is influ5ce is n m cle>ly %[n ev5 by ! fact t ne>ly #bjjj ye>s aft] ! decay ( ,babylonian lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & art1 a nation l ! ,assyrians1 engag$ 9 e/abli%+ empire r ?an 9 lit]>y & sci5tific pursuits1 %\ld h be5 at ! pa9s to obta9 copies ( _m ?\s&s ( ! tablet records :i* =m$ ! libr>ies ( old] ,babylonia4 ,9 bo? circum/ances we f9d good reason = hop+ t c>eful se>* among ,assyrian & ,babylonian ru9s may n only be rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( _m o!r portions ( ! lat] ,assyrian libr>y 7:i* 0 also 9 "s s5se a museum71 b t o!r & e>li] copies ( ! orig9al ,babylonian records may be obta9$4 ,= x seems unlikely t works s valuable z to be ?\ght wor? recopy+ aft] #aejj or #bjjj ye>s1 9 ,assyria1 _h n be5 m ?an once copi$ dur+ ! int]val 9 ,babylonia4 8,se>* 9 ,babylonia10 says ,mr4 ,smi?1 8w\ld no d\bt yield e>li] copies ( all ^! works1 b t se>* has n yet be5 in/itut$1 & = ! pres5t we h to be cont5t$ ) our ,assyrian copies4 ,look+1 h[ev]1 at ! _w-wide int]e/ ( ! subjects1 & at ! important evid5ce :i* p]fect copies ( ^! works w\ld und\bt$ly give1 !re c be no d\bt10 ,mr4 ,smi? adds1 8t ! subject ( fur!r se>* & discov]y w n slumb]1 & t all z yet kn[n w "o day be sup]s$$ by new] texts & full] & m p]fect light40 ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,ed9burgh ,london ,,footnotes #a ,m /rictly1 x plays ! same "p z a glass scre5 be=e a gl[+ fire4 ,:5 ! heat ( ! fire falls on su* a scre5 7?r\gh :i* light passes readily en\gh71 x is receiv$ by ! glass1 w>m+ ! glass up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & ! w>m$ glass emits 9 all directions ! heat s receiv$2 ?us scatt]+ ov] a l>ge space ! rays :i*1 b = ! glass1 w\ld h fall5 directly ^u ! objects :i* ! scre5 is int5d$ to protect4 #b ,! case "h imag9$ is n entirely hypo!tical4 ,we exam9e ,m]cury & ,v5us v ne>ly "u ! conditions "h imag9$2 = we c obta9 only spectroscopic evid5ce respect+ ! exi/5ce ( wat] on ei!r planet4 ,9 ! case ( ,m>s we h telescopic evid5ce1 & no "o n[ d\bts t ! gre5i% p>ts ( ! planet are seas & oceans4 ,b ,v5us & ,m]cury are nev] se5 "u conditions enabl+ ! obs]v] to det]m9e ! col\r ( v>i\s p>ts ( _! discs4 ,i may add t a mi/ake1 some:at analog\s to t :i* ,i h describ$ 9 ! cases ( an imag9$ obs]v] ( our e>?1 has be5 made by "s spectroscopi/s 9 ! case ( ! planets ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,9 consid]+ ! spectroscopic evid5ce respect+ ! condition ( ^! planets' atmosph]es1 !y h ov]look$ ! circum/ance t we c judge only ( ! condition ( ! out]mo/ & coole/ lay]s1 = ! l[] lay]s are conceal$ f view by ! enorm\s cl\d masses1 float+1 z ! telescope %[s1 9 ! atmosph]ic envelopes ( ! giant planets4 ,?us ! ,g]man spectroscopi/ ,vgel argues t because 9 ! spectrum ( ,jupit] d>k l9es are se5 :i* are kn[n to belong to ! absorption-spectrum ( aque\s vap\r1 ! planet's surface _c be int5sely hot4 ,b ,jupit]'s absorption-spectrum belongs to lay]s ( 8 atmosph]e ly+ f> above 8 surface4 ,we c no m inf] ! actual temp]ature ( ,jupit]'s surface f ! temp]ature ( ! lay]s :i* produce 8 absorption-spectrum1 ?an a visitor :o %\ld view our e>? f out] space1 obs]v+ ! l[ temp]ature ( ! air t5 or twelve miles above ! sea-level1 c\ld inf] !nce ! actual temp]ature ( ! e>?'s surface4 #c ,9 8,o!r ,worlds ?an ,ours10 ,i wrote z foll[s3--8,! l9es ( hydrog51 :i* are s well m>k$ 9 ! sol> spectrum1 are n se5 9 ! spectrum ( ,betelgeux4 ,we are n to conclude f ?is t hydrog5 does n exi/ 9 ! composition ( ! />4 ,we "k t c]ta9 p>ts ( ! sol> disc1 :5 exam9$ ) ! spectroscope1 d n at all times exhibit ! hydrog5 l9es1 or may ev5 pres5t !m z bright in/ead ( d>k l9es4 ,x may well be t 9 ,betelgeux hydrog5 exi/s "u su* conditions t ! am\nt ( light x s5ds =? is ne>ly equival5t to ! am\nt x absorbs1 9 :i* case its *>act]i/ic l9es w\ld n be easily disc]nible4 ,9 fact1 x is important to notice g5]ally1 t :ile !re c be no mi/ak+ ! positive evid5ce af=d$ by ! spectroscope z to ! exi/5ce ( any elem5t 9 sun or />1 ! negative evid5ce suppli$ by ! abs5ce ( p>ticul> l9es is n to be c]ta9ly reli$ ^u40 #d ,dr4 ,drap] rem>ks "h 9 pass+1 8,i d n ?9k t1 9 comp>isons ( ! spectra ( ! elem5ts & sun1 en\gh /ress has be5 laid on ! g5]al appe>ance ( l9es ap>t f _! m]e position2 9 photographic repres5tations ?is po9t is v prom95t40 #e ,! ^w 8ignit$0 may mislead1 & inde$ is n correctly us$ "h4 ,! oxyg5 9 ! sol> atmosph]e1 l ! hydrog51 is simply gl[+ ) int5sity ( heat4 ,no process ( combu/ion is tak+ place4 ,ignition1 /rictly speak+1 means ! initiation ( ! process ( combu/ion1 & a sub/ance c only be said to be ignit$ :5 x has be5 set burn+4 ,! ^w gl[+ is pref]able2 or if ref]5ce is made to heat & light comb9$1 !n 8gl[+ ) int5sity ( heat0 seems ! description mo/ likely to be correctly und]/ood4 #f ,x w\ld be an int]e/+ exp]im5t1 :i* ,i w\ld specially recomm5d to ^? :o1 l ,dr4 ,drap]1 possess in/rum5tal means specially adapt$ to ! inquiry1 to asc]ta9 :at v>iations1 if any1 occur 9 ! sol> spectrum :5 7i47 ! c5tral "p ( ! disc alone1 & 7ii47 ! out] "p alone1 is all[$ to transmit light to ! spectroscope4 ,! inquiry seems specially suit$ to ! me?ods ( spectral photography pursu$ by ,dr4 ,drap]1 & by ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,/ill1 ,i believe int]e/+ results c be obta9$ ev5 )\t ^! special appliances2 & ,i hope be=e long to employ my own telescope 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( rese>*4 #g ,9 #ahfj1 a ye> ( maximum sun-spot frequ5cy1 ,cambridge won ! ,univ]sity boat-race2 ! ye> #ahfe1 ( m9imum sun-spot frequ5cy1 m>k$ ! middle ( a long array ( ,ox=d victories2 #ahgb1 ! next maximum1 m>k$ ! middle ( a ,cambridge s]ies ( victories4 ,may we n anticipate t 9 #ahgh1 ! ye> ( m9imum spot frequ5cy1 ,ox=d w w98 ,?is pr$iction made 9 autumn1 #ahgg1 0 fulfill$4 ,i d\bt n simil> evid5ce might be obta9$ ab\t cricket4 #h ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ?is rem>k relates only to ! !ory t by close scrut9y ( ! sun a p[] ( pr$ict+ wea!r peculi>ities c be obta9$1 n to ! !ory t !re may be a cyclic association betwe5 sun-spots & ! wea!r4 ,if ?is association exi/s1 yet no scrut9y ( ! sun c tell u m ?an we already "k1 & x w sc>cely be pret5d$ t new sol> obs]vatories c\ld give u any bett] g5]al idea ( ! progress ( ! great sun-spot p]iod ?an we obta9 f obs]vatories already 9 exi/5ce1 or1 inde$1 might obta9 f ! obs]vations ( a s+le amateur telescopi/4 ,i ?9k x q possible t1 f ! sy/ematic /udy ( t]re/rial relations1 ! exi/5ce ( a cyclic association betwe5 ! great spot p]iod & t]re/rial ph5om5a may be demon/rat$1 in/ead ( be+ m]ely surmis$1 z at pres5t4 ,by ! way1 x may be wor? not+ t a pr$iction relative to ! com+ w9t] t ( #ahgg-gh has be5 made on ! fai? ( su* association by ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy?4 ,x runs z foll[s3-- 8,hav+ rec5tly comput$ ! rema9+ obs]vations ( our e>?-!rmomet]s "h1 & prep>$ a new projection ( all ! obs]vations f _! beg9n+ 9 #ahcg to _! calamit\s close la/ ye> #ahgf--results g5]ally confirmatory ( ^? arriv$ at 9 #ahgj h be5 obta9$1 b ) m po9t$ & imm$iate be>+ on ! wea!r n[ be=e u4 8,! *ief features und\bt$ly d$ucible = ! pa/ ?irty-n9e ye>s1 aft] elim9at+ ! m seasonal effects ( ord9>y summ] & w9t]1 are3-- 8#a4 ,betwe5 #ahcg & #ahgf ?ree great heat-waves1 f )\t1 /ruck ?is "p ( ! e>?1 viz41 ! fir/ 9 #ahdfe1 ! second 9 #ahehj1 & ! ?ird 9 #ahfhg4 ,& unless "s v complete alt]ation 9 ! wea!r is to take place1 ! next su* visitation may be look$ = 9 #ahgie1 )9 limits ( half a ye> ea* way4 8#b4 ,! next feature 9 magnitude & c]ta9ty is t ! p]iods ( m9imum temp]ature1 or cold1 are n ei!r 91 or any:]e ne>1 ! middle "t betwe5 ! cre/s ( ^? ?ree *ronologically id5tifi$ heat-waves1 b are comp>atively close up to !m on ei!r side1 at a di/ance ( ab\t a ye> & a half1 s t ! next su* cold-wave is due at ! end ( ! pres5t ye> #ahgg4 8,?is is1 p]haps1 n an agreeable prospect1 especially if political agitators are at ?is "t mov+ among/ ! colli]s1 /riv+ to p]suade !m to decrease ! out-put ( coal at e pit's m\?4 ,be+1 !re=e1 q will+1 = ! g5]al good1 to suppose myself mi/ak51 ,i beg to s5d y a fir/ impression ( plate #ag ( ! =?com+ volume ( obs]vations ( ?is ,royal ,obs]vatory1 & %all be v happy if y c br+ out f ! measures record$ !re any m com=table view = ! public at l>ge4 8,,piazzi ,,smy?1 8,a/ronom]-,royal = ,scotl&40 ,if ?is pr$iction %all be confirm$ ?is 0 writt5 9 autumn1 #ahgg1 x w af=d an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( ! cyclic relation sugge/$1 b no argum5t = ! end[m5t ( sol> rese>*4 ,pr(essor ,smy?'s obs]vations 7 n sol> b t]re/rial4 ,! pr$iction 0 n confirm$1 ! w9t] ( #ahgg-gh be+1 on ! contr>y1 exceptionally mild4 #i ,! read] unfamili> ) ! pr9ciples ( ! telescope may require to be told t 9 ! ord9>y telescope ea* "p ( ! object-glass =ms a complete image ( ! object exam9$4 ,if1 :5 us+ an op]a-glass 7"o b>rel71 a portion ( ! l>ge glass be cov]$1 a portion ( :at _h be=e be5 visible is conceal$4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) a telescope ( ! ord9>y con/ruction4 ,all t happ5s :5 a portion ( ! object-glass is cov]$ is t ! object appe>s 9 "s degree less fully illum9at$4 #aj ,x may be briefly sket*$1 p]haps1 9 a note4 ,! =ce necess>y to draw ! e>? inw>ds 9 su* sort z to make h] foll[ h] actual c\rse is proportional to 7i7 ! squ>e ( h] velocity directly1 & 7ii7 h] di/ance f ! sun inv]sely4 ,if we increase our e/imate ( ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun1 we1 9 ! same degree1 increase our e/imate ( h] orbital velocity4 ,! squ>e ( ?is velocity !n increases z ! squ>e ( ! e/imat$ di/ance2 & !re=e1 ! e/imat$ =ce sunw>ds is increas$ z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance on acc\nt ( 7i71 & dim9i%$ z ! di/ance on acc\nt ( 7ii71 & is1 !re=e1 on ! :ole1 increas$ z ! di/ance4 ,t is1 we n[ reg>d ! sun's action z great] at ?is great] di/ance1 & 9 ! same degree t ! di/ance is great]2 :]eas1 if x _h be5 :at we be=e suppos$ x1 x w\ld be less at ! great] di/ance z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance 7attraction v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance74 ,be+ great] z ! di/ance1 in/ead ( less z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 x foll[s t our e/imate ( ! sun's absolute =ce is n[ great] z ! cube ( ! di/ance4 ,simil>ly1 if we _h dim9i%$ our e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance1 we %\ld h dim9i%$ our e/imate ( 8 absolute p[] 7or mass7 z ! cube ( ! di/ance4 ,b our e/imate ( ! sun's volume is also proportional to ! cube ( 8 e/imat$ di/ance4 ,h5ce our e/imate ( 8 mass v>ies z our e/imate ( 8 volume2 or1 our e/imate ( 8 mean d5sity is con/ant4 #aa ,only v rec5tly an a/]oid1 ,hilda 7#aecrd 9 ord] ( detection71 has be5 discov]$ :i* travels v mu* ne>] to ! pa? ( ,jupit] ?an to t ( ,m>s--a solit>y in/ance 9 t respect4 ,its di/ance 7! e>?'s di/ance be+ repres5t$ by unity71 is #cie1 ,jupit]'s be+ #ebj1 & ,m>s's #aeb2 its p]iod falls %ort ( #h ye>s by only two mon?s1 ! av]age p]iod ( ! a/]oidal family be+ only ab\t #d ye>s4 ,five o!rs1 ,cybele1 ,freia1 ,sylvia1 ,camilla1 & ,h]mione1 travel r ne>] to ,jupit] ?an to ,m>s2 b ! rema9+ #aff travel ne>] to ,m>s1 & mo/ ( !m mu* ne>]4 #ab ,ev5 ?is /atem5t is n ma!matically exact4 ,if ! rails are /raight & p>allel1 ! ratio ( approa* & recession ( an eng9e on "o l9e1 t[>ds or f an eng9e on ! o!r1 is nev] q equal to ! eng9es' velocities add$ toge!r2 b ! diff]5ce am\nts practically to no?+1 except :5 ! eng9es are ne> ea* o!r4 #ac ,i h omitt$ all ref]5ce to details2 b 9 reality ! d\ble batt]y 0 automatic1 ! motion ( ! obs]v+ telescope1 z diff]5t col\rs ( ! spectrum 7 br\ght into view1 sett+ all ! prisms ( ! d\ble batt]y into t precise position :i* causes !m to %[ be/ ea* p>ticul> "p ( ! spectrum ?us br\ght into view4 ,x is r s+ul> t ! fir/ view ,i ev] _h ( ! sol> prom95ces1 0 obta9$ 7at ,dr4 ,hugg9s's obs]vatory7 ) ?is in/rum5t ( my own inv5tion1 :i* also 0 ! fir/ p[]ful spectroscope ,i _h ev] us$ or ev5 se54 #ad ,x v>ies m 9 "s mon?s ?an 9 o!rs1 z ! moon's orbit *anges 9 %ape "u ! v>i\s p]turb+ influ5ces to :i* %e is subject4 #ae ,x may seem /range to say t "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s aft] ! passage ( a comet :i* la/ pass$ 9 #ahfb1 & 0 !n fir/ discov]$1 ,augu/ meteors h be5 se54 ,b 9 reality1 z we "k ! p]iod ( t comet to be ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 we "k t ! displays ( ! ye>s #ahdj1 #ahda1 etc41 to #ahej1 mu/ h foll[$ ! prec$+ passage by ab\t t int]val ( "t4 #af ,! ,d l9e1 prop]ly speak+1 z orig9ally nam$ by ,fraunh(]1 belongs to sodium4 ,! l9e spok5 ( above z ! si]ra ,d l9e is "o close by ! sodium l9e1 & mi/ak5 = x :5 fir/ se5 9 ! spectrum ( ! col\r$ prom95ces z a bright l9e4 ,x does n appe> z a d>k l9e 9 ! sol> spectrum4 #ag ,s9ce ?is 0 writt51 ,i h le>n$ t ,mr4 ,backh\se1 ( ,sund]l&1 ann\nc$ simil> results to ^? obta9$ at ,dune*t1 z se5 a =tnight or s e>li]4 #ah ,"h no acc\nt is tak5 ( ! motions ( ! />s )9 ! sy/em2 su* motions mu/ ord9>ily be m9ute comp>$ ) ! common motion ( ! sy/em4 #ai ,eight pictures ( nebul 7 exhibit$ 9 illu/ration ( ?is peculi>ity4 #bj ,sir ,john ,h]s*el long s9ce po9t$ to ! v>iation ( our sun z a possible cause ( su* *anges ( t]re/rial climate4 #ba ,dur+ ^! j\rneys ! ,atlantic 0 s\nd$1 & ,scoresby's e/imate ( ! enorm\s dep? ( ! ,atlantic to ! nor?-we/ ( ,spitzb]g5 0 fully confirm$1 ! l9e indicat+ a dep? ( m ?an two miles4 ,x 0 f\nd also t ,spitzb]g5 is connect$ ) ,norway by a subm>9e bank4 #bb ,x is f> f improbable t a *ange has tak5 place 9 ! climate ( ! "p ( ! ,arctic regions trav]s$ by ,koldewey2 = ! ,dut* seem readily to h f\nd _! way mu* fur!r nor? two c5turies ago4 ,inde$1 among ,capta9 ,koldewey's results is "o :i* seems to indicate ! occurr5ce ( su* a *ange4 ,! c\ntry he explor$ 0 f\nd to h be5 inhabit$4 8,num]\s huts ( ,esquimaux 7 se51 & v>i\s in/rum5ts & ut5sils ( primitive =m2 b = "s reason or o!r ! region seems to h be5 f9ally des]t$4 ,! ,pol> be> reigns supreme on ! glaci]s1 z ! walrus does among ! iceb]gs40 ,n improbably ! =m] inhabitants 7 =c$ to leave ?is region by ! gradually increas+ cold4 #bc ,dr4 ,emile ,bessels 0 tri$ at ,new ,york 9 #ahgb1 on ! *>ge ( hav+ poison$ ,capta9 ,hall1 b 0 acquitt$4 #bd ,! ph5om5a "h describ$ are well wor? obs]v+ on _! own acc\nt1 z af=d+ a v in/ructive & at ! same "t v beautiful illu/ration ( wave motions4 ,!y c be well se5 at _m ( our wat]+-places4 ,! same laws ( wave motion c be readily illu/rat$ also by ?r[+ two /ones into a l>ge smoo? pool1 at po9ts a few y>ds ap>t4 ,! cross+ ( ! two sets ( circul> waves produces a wave-net1 ! me%es ( :i* v>y 9 %ape accord+ to _! position4 #be ,x is a pity t m5 ( sci5ce s (t5 =get1 :5 address+ ^? :o are n m5 ( sci5ce1 or :o /udy o!r dep>tm5ts ?an !irs1 t te*nical t]ms are out ( place4 ,mo/ p1 ,i take x are m famili>1 on ! :ole1 ) eyelids ?an ) palpebr4 #bf ,?is nautical expression is new to me4 ,top-gallants--=e1 ma91 & miz5--,i "k1 & =eca/le ,i "k1 b ! top-gallant =eca/le ,i d n "k4 #bg ,! in/rum5t 0 l5t to ,mr4 ,hugg9s by ,mr4 ,w4 ,spottiswoode4 ,x has be5 rec5tly employ$ successfully at ,gre5wi*4 #bh ,?us 9 ,*ri/ie ,john/one1 writt5 9 #ahec1 :5 ,fluck] ,john/one tells ,*ri/ie ! /ory ( ! wid['s sorr[s1 giv+ x ^w = ^w1 & ev5 ?r[+ 9 :at dramati/s call 8! bus9ess10 he says1 8#8,"h ye'll play y\r h& l a g]affe4' #8,g]affe8' %e says2 #8t's a bea/1 ,i'm ?9k+4' #8,na2 x's ! ?+ on ! hill t makes signals4' #8,telegraph1 ye fuli% golo%56' #8,oo1 ay1 telegraph6 g]affe's sunne/ said = a'4'0 8,play+ ! h& l a telegraph0 w\ld n[ be z unmean+ z ,fluck] ,john/one's orig9al description4 #bi ,n 8to repres5t ! gutta-p]*a10 z /at$ 9 ! ,times acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,muirhead's inv5tion4 ,! gutta-p]*a corresponds to ! insulat+ mat]ial ( ! artificial circuit2 viz41 ! prep>$ pap] ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t along ! t9foil /rips acts inductively on ! coat+ ( t9foil4 #cj ,i mu/ caution ! read] aga9/ ,fig4 #cdh 9 ,guillem9's ,application ( ! ,physical ,=ces1 9 :i* ! "p c d ( ! wire is n %[n4 ,! two coils are 9 reality "p ( a s+le coil1 divid$ into two to p]mit ( ! b> be+ b5t2 & to remove ! "p c d is to divide ! wire1 &1 ( c\rse1 break ! curr5t4 ,x w be se5 t c d passes f ! remote side ( coil b c1 ,fig4 #f1 to ! ne> side ( coil d e4 ,if x 7 tak5 r\nd ! remote side ( ! latt] coil1 ! curr5t along ?is w\ld neutralize ! effect ( ! curr5t along ! o!r4 #ca ,! pap] is soak$ 9 dilute f]rocyanide ( potassium1 & ! passage ( ! curr5t =ms a ,prussian blue4 #cb ,sir ,w4 ,?omson /ates1 9 8 altoge!r excell5t article on ! electric telegraph1 9 ,ni*ol's ,cyclopdia1 t ! inv5tion ( ?is process is due to ,mr4 ,bakewell4 #cc ,x is to be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! record+ po9t] mu/ always m>k its l9es 9 ! same direction1 s t1 unless a message is be+ transmitt$ at ! same "t t "o is be+ receiv$ 79 :i* case ! oscillations bo? ways are utiliz$71 ! in/rum5t works only dur+ "o-half ( ea* complete d\ble oscillation4 #cd ,x seems to me a pity t 9 ! ,engli% edition ( ?is "w ! usual measures h n be5 sub/itut$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! book is n int5d$ or inde$ suitable = sci5tific read]s1 :o alone are accu/om$ to ! metric sy/em4 ,o!r read]s d n c>e to h a little sum 9 r$uction to g ?r\gh at ea* num]ical /atem5t4 #ce ,hanno's ,p]iplus--! voyage ( ,hanno1 *ief ( ! ,c>?ag9ians1 r\nd ! p>ts ( ,libya1 beyond ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 ! n>rative ( :i* he po/$ up 9 ! ,temple ( ,kronos4 #cf ,i may m5tion "o :i* occurr$ )9 my own exp]i5ce4 ,a ma/iff ( m9e1 "s ye>s ago1 0 eat+ f a plate full ( brok5 meat4 ,x 0 8 cu/om to bury ! l>ge pieces :5 !re 0 m ?an he c\ld get ?r\gh4 ,:ile he 0 bury+ a l>ge piece1 a cat ran (f ) a small fragm5t4 ,! mom5t he return$ to ! plate he miss$ ?is1 &1 see+ no "o else ne> ! plate1 he1 9 8 own way1 accus$ a little daught] ( m9e 7"s two or ?ree ye>s old7 ( ! !ft4 ,look+ fi]cely at h]1 he gr[l$ 8 suspicions1 & w\ld n suff] h] to escape f ! corn] :]e 8 plate /ood until ,i dragg$ him away by 8 *a94 ,nor did he = "s "t =get ! wrong :i* he suppos$ %e _h done him1 b always gr[l$ :5 %e came ne> 8 h\se4 #cg ,x may be sugge/$1 9 pass+1 t ! association :i* has be5 commonly notic$ betwe5 prom95t eyeballs & comm& ( language 7phr5ologi/s place ! organ ( language1 9 _! unsci5tific phraseology1 beh9d ! eyeballs7 may be relat$ 9 "s degree to ! circum/ance t 9 gradually em]g+ f ! condition ( an arboreal creature ! an?ropoid ape w\ld n only cease to d]ive advantage f sunk5 eyes1 b w\ld be b5efit$ by ! possession ( m prom95t eyeballs4 ,! increas+ prom95ce ( ! eyeballs w\ld ?us be a *ange directly associat$ ) ! gradual advance ( ! animal to a condition 9 :i*1 associat+ into l>g] & l>g] companies & becom+ m & m dep5d5t on mutual assi/ance & discipl9e1 !y w\ld require ! use ( a gradually ext5d+ s]ies ( vocal signs to indicate _! wants & wi%es to ea* o!r4 #ch ,! ^w hypo!sis is too (t5 us$ z ?\gh x 7 synonym\s ) !ory1 s t ,newton's fam\s say+1 8,hypo!ses non f+o0 has come to be reg>d$ by _m z ?\gh x express$ an objection on ,newton's "p aga9/ ! =mation ( !ories4 ,?is w\ld h be5 /range inde$ 9 ! au?or ( ! noble/ !ory yet prop\nd$ by man 9 matt]s sci5tific4 ,newton indicates 8 mean+ pla9ly en\gh1 9 ! v p>agraph 9 :i* ! above expression occurs1 def9+ an hypo!sis z an op9ion n bas$ on ph5om5a4 #ci ,i f9d x some:at difficult to und]/& cle>ly ,mr4 ,miv>t's own position ) ref]5ce to ! g5]al !ory ( evolution4 ,he c]ta9ly is an evolutioni/1 & z c]ta9ly he consid]s natural selection comb9$ ) ! t5d5cy to v>iation 7z ord9>ily und]/ood7 insuffici5t to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! v>i\s =ms ( animal & vegetable exi/5ce4 ,he supplies ! miss+ factor 9 8an innate law impos$ on nature1 by :i* new & def9ite species1 "u def9ite conditions1 em]g$ f a lat5t & pot5tial be+ into actual & manife/ exi/5ce20 &1 s f> z c be judg$1 he consid]s t ! orig9 ( man himself is an in/ance ( ! op]ation ( ?is law4 #dj ,! ,middle ,t]ti>y p]iod--! ,t]ti>y1 :i* includes ! ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e p]iods1 be+ ! late/ ( ! ?ree great p]iods recogniz$ by geologi/s z prec$+ ! pres5t era1 :i* includes ! entire hi/ory ( man z at pres5t kn[n geologically4 #da ,closely foll[+ 9 ?is respect 8 illu/ri\s namesake ,rog]1 :o writes1 9 ! six? *apt] ( 8 ,opus ,majus1 8,s9e exp]i5tia nihil suffici5t] sciri pote/40 #db ,fibr9e & album5 are id5tical 9 composition4 ,case9e1 :i* is ! coagulable portion ( milk1 is compos$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! *ief di/9ction betwe5 ! ?ree sub/ances consi/s 9 _! mode ( coagulation2 fibr9e coagulat+ spontane\sly1 album5 "u ! action ( heat1 & case9e by ! action ( acetic acid4 #dc ,to ?is article ( ! ,pr(essor's fai? decid$ objection mu/ be tak51 h[ev]4 #dd ,^? ^: cu/om x is to reg>d all !oriz+ respect+ ! circum/ances reveal$ by obs]vation z unsci5tific1 may read ) pr(it an extremely speculative passage 9 ,newton's ,pr9cipia relat+ to ! probable dry+ up ( ! e>? 9 future ages4 8,z ! seas10 he says1 8are absolutely necess>y to ! con/itution ( our e>?1 t f !m ! sun1 by its heat1 may exhale a suffici5t quantity ( vap\rs1 :i*1 be+ ga!r$ toge!r into cl\ds1 may drop d[n 9 ra91 = wat]+ ( ! e>?1 & = ! production & n\ri%m5t ( vegetables2 or be+ cond5s$ ) cold on ! tops ( m\nta9s 7z "s philosoph]s ) reason judge71 may run d[n 9 spr+s & riv]s2 s = ! cons]vation ( ! seas & fluids ( ! planets1 comets seem to be requir$1 t1 f _! exhalations & vap\rs cond5s$1 ! wa/es ( ! planet>y fluids sp5t ^u vegetation & putrefaction1 & conv]t$ into dry e>?1 may be ultimately suppli$ & made up2 = all vegetables entirely d]ive _! gr[?s f fluids1 & aft]w>ds1 9 great measure1 are turn$ into dry e>? by putrefaction2 & a sort ( slime is always f\nd to settle at ! bottom ( putrefi$ fluids2 & h5ce x is t ! bulk ( ! solid e>? is cont9ually increas$2 & ! fluids1 if !y are n suppli$ f )\t1 mu/ be 9 a cont9ual decrease1 & q fail at la/4 ,i suspect1 moreov]1 t x is *iefly f ! comets t _s comes :i* is inde$ ! smalle/ b ! mo/ subtle & useful "p ( our air1 & s mu* requir$ to su/a9 ! life ( all ?+s ) u40 #de ,see my 8,sci5ce ,byways10 pp4 #bdd1 #bde4 #df ,! foll[+ passage f ,admiral ,smy?'s ,b$=d ,catalogue is wor? notic+ 9 ?is connection3--8,we f9d t bo? ! ,*9ese & ! ,japanese _h a zodiac consi/+ ( animals1 z zodiacs ne$s mu/1 among :i* !y plac$ a tig]1 a peacock1 a cat1 an alligator1 a duck1 an ape1 a hog1 a rat1 & :at n4 ,animals also =m$ ! ,via ,solis ( ! ,kirghis1 ! ,mongols1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,mant%us1 & ! anci5t ,turks2 & ! ,spani% monks 9 ! army ( ,cortes f\nd t ! ,mexicans _h a zodiac ) /range creatures 9 ! dep>tm5ts4 ,su* a /rik+ similitude is assur$ly indicative ( a common orig91 s9ce ! co9cid5ces are too exact 9 mo/ in/ances to be ! effect ( *ance2 b :]e ?is orig9 is to be fix$ has be5 ! subject ( int]m9able discussions1 & le>n+1 ignorance1 sagacity1 & prejudice h long be5 9 battle array aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,diodorus ,siculus consid]s x to be ,babylonian1 b ,bi%op ,w>burton1 some:at dogmatically tells u1 #8,brute wor%ip gave rise to ! ,egyptian a/]isms prior to ! "t ( ,moses4'0 ,!re is n[1 ( c\rse1 v little reason = que/ion+ t ,egyptian a/ronomy 0 borr[$ f ,babylon4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,cov] creat$ by ,transcrib] & plac$ 9 ! ,public ,doma94 ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,"s ditto m>ks h be5 replac$ by ! actual text4 ,page #hc3 ,9 ! illu/ration1 8,o0 %\ld be 8,c04 ,page #aga3 ,!re is no obvi\s clos+ quotation m>k to mat* ! op5+ m>k at 8( mo/ unusual age & ?ickness04 ,page #aib3 8,divid$ ev5 betwe5 ! ocean0 may be a mispr9t = 8ev5ly04 ,page #aig3 ,no mat*+ clos+ quotation m>k = ! op5+ m>k at 8! small bright spot04 ,page #bbb3 ,transcrib] add$ an op5+ quotation m>k at 8,d[n 8 back0 to mat* ! clos+ m>k aft] 8,he 0 se5 by e "o on bo>d40 ,page #bcj3 ,no mat*+ clos+ quotation m>k = ! op5+ m>k at 8a :ale ( l>ge size04 ,page #cjb3 ,transcrib] add$ an op5+ quotation m>k at 8,ab\t fifty ye>s ago0 to mat* ! clos+ m>k aft] 8f$ himself ) ! o!r40 ,page #cgb3 ,no mat*+ op5+ quotation m>k = ! clos+ m>k aft] 8its l[] extremity40 ,page #che3 ,no mat*+ clos+ quotation m>k = ! op5+ m>k at 8sweeps (f f04