,transcriber's ,note3 ,illustrations have been moved from the original position of the printed plates1 in order to correspond better with the flow of the text4 ,the ,list of ,illustrations therefore isn't strictly accurate in regard to where the illustrations may be found4 ,,the ,,romance ,,of ,,madame ,,tussaud',s ,,john ,,theodore ,,tussaud ,illustration3 ,,madame ,,tussaud ,,at ,,the ,,age ,,of #he ,from the portrait by ,paul ,fischer1 ,court painter to ,h4 ,m4 ,george ,,iv4 ,,the ,,romance ,,of ,,madame ,,tussaud',s ,,by ,,john ,,theodore ,,tussaud ,,with ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,hilaire ,,belloc ,,illustrated ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,george ,h4 ,,doran ,,company ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,,george ,h4 ,,doran ,,company ,,printed ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,to ,,my ,,wife ,,through ,,whose ,,kindly ,,urging ,,these ,,leaves ,,have ,,grown ,,to ,,the ,,dimensions ,,of ,a ,,book ,,preface ,the earliest information we have concerning ,madame ,tussaud is that she was born in ,switzerland on the #gth of ,december1 #agfj1 and was the only child of ,joseph and ,marie ,grosholtz4 ,her mother was the daughter of a ,swiss clergyman4 ,she married on the #bjth of ,october1 #agie1 ,franois ,tussaud1 who1 it appears1 was her junior by seven years4 ,we are able to trace his family back as far as #afcj1 when his great-great-grandfather1 one ,denis ,tusseaud--for that is how he spelt his name--was born4 ,there is documentary evidence that ,denis was brought from ,burgy to ,mcon in #afca1 his family also coming from ,burzy1 close by1 in #afeh4 ,his descendants lived at ,mcon for more than a century1 their occupation being generally that of workers in metal4 ,the great-grandfather of ,franois was ,henry ,tusseaud 7#afhd-agag71 and his grandfather's name was ,claude 7#agaf-agfg74 ,franois' father 7#agdd-aghf7 was the first of the family to adopt the present spelling of the name1 although we find that various members of the family used the forms ,tussot1 ,tusseau1 ,tuissiaud1 ,tussiaut1 ,tusseaut1 ,tussiau1 or ,thusseaud4 ,madame ,tussaud's marriage does not appear to have been a happy one1 for we learn that in #ahjj--two years before she came to ,england--she separated from her husband1 of whom we hear nothing further1 although he is known to have been living in ,paris in the lifetime of his grandsons4 ,the foundress of the famous ,exhibition had two sons1 ,joseph and ,francis4 ,francis 7#ahjj-ahgc7 had several sons1 the eldest of whom1 ,joseph ,randall 7#ahca-ahib71 who was a student and exhibitor at the ,royal ,academy1 was the father of the author of this book4 ,mr4 ,john ,theodore ,tussaud was born in ,kensington on the #bnd of ,may1 #aheh1 and at the age of six was sent to ,st4 ,charles's ,college1 ,london1 where he came under the influence of ,cardinal ,manning1 who took a keen personal interest in his welfare4 ,some six years later he was transferred to ,ramsgate1 where he benefited by the training he received from the ,benedictine monks at ,st4 ,augustine's4 ,in the year #ahhi he married ,ruth ,helena1 daughter of ,thomas ,grew4 ,there are seven sons and three daughters of the marriage4 ,mr4 ,tussaud1 like his father1 has exhibited at the ,royal ,academy4 ,his occasional contributions to literature have been welcomed by thoughtful readers1 and he is a recognised authority on historical matters relating to the ,french ,revolution and the ,first ,empire4 ,seventeen great-grandsons of ,madame ,tussaud took an active part in the war1 all1 without exception1 serving in the ,british ,army4 ,two were killed and most of the others wounded4 ,,william ,e4 ,,hurt4 ,,middle ,,temple1 ,,london ,,contents ,,page ,,preface ,,by ,,william ,e4 ,,hurt vii ,,introduction ,,by ,,hilaire ,,belloc #be ,,chapter ,i ,,mr4 ,,tussaud ,,first ,,enters ,,his ,,father',s ,,studio--,,reverie--,,madame ,,tussaud',s ,,uncle ,,forsakes ,,the ,,medical ,,profession ,,for ,,art--,,madame',s ,,birth ,,and ,,parentage--,a ,,prince',s ,,promise #ec ,,chapter ,,ii ,,curtius ,,leaves ,,berne ,,for ,,paris--,,the ,h,,tel ,d',,aligre--,,the ,,court ,,of ,,louis ,,xv--,,madame ,,arrives ,,in ,,paris #ei ,,chapter ,,iii ,,life-,,size ,,figures--,,museum ,,at ,,the ,,palais ,,royal--,,exhibition ,,on ,,the ,,boulevard ,,du ,,temple--,,benjamin ,,franklin--,,voltaire #fe ,,chapter ,,iv ,,madame ,,elizabeth ,,of ,,france--,,madame ,,tussaud ,,goes ,,to ,,versailles--,,foulon--,,three ,,notable ,,groups--,,gallery ,,of ,,notorious ,,criminals #gj ,,chapter ,v ,,eve ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,revolution--,,necker ,,and ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,orl,,ans--,,louis ,,xvi',s ,,fatal ,,mistakes--,,his ,,dismissal ,,of ,,the ,,people',s ,,favourites #gg ,,chapter ,,vi ,,madame ,,tussaud ,,recalled ,,from ,,versailles--,,the ,,twelfth ,,of ,,july1 #aghi--;,,busts ,,taken ,,from ,,curtius',s ,,exhibition--,a ,,garde ,,fran,,aise ,,slain ,,in ,,the ,m,l,e #ha ,,chapter ,,vii ,,heads ,,of ,,the ,,revolution--,,madame',s ,,terrible ,,experiences--,,the ,,guillotine ,,in ,,pawn--,,madame ,,acquires ,,the ,,knife1 ,,lunette ,,and ,,chopper #hg ,,chapter ,,viii ,,madame ,,dines ,,with ,,the ,,terrorists ,,marat ,,and ,,robespierre1 ,,models ,,their ,,figures ,,and ,,subsequently ,,takes ,,casts ,,of ,,their ,,heads--,,she ,,visits ,,charlotte ,,corday ,,in ,,prison--,,death ,,of ,,curtius--,,madame ,,marries--,,napoleon ,,sits ,,for ,,his ,,model #ib ,,chapter ,,ix ,,madame ,,tussaud ,,leaves ,,france ,,for ,,england1 ,,never ,,to ,,return--,,early ,,days ,,in ,,london--,,on ,,tour--,,some ,,notable ,,figures--,,shipwreck ,,in ,,the ,,irish ,,channel #ih ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,bristol ,,riots--,,narrow ,,escape ,,of ,,the ,,exhibition--,a ,,brave ,,black ,,servant--,,arrival ,,at ,,blackheath #ajc ,,chapter ,,xi ,,an ,,old ,,placard--,,princess ,,augusta',s ,,testimonial--,,great ,,success ,,at ,,gray',s ,,inn ,,road--,,madame ,,initiates ,,promenade ,,concerts--,,bygone ,,tableaux #ajh ,,chapter ,,xii ,,placard 7,continued7--,,the ,,old ,,exhibition--,,celebrities ,,of ,,the ,,day--,,tussaud',s ,,mummy--,,poetic ,,eulogism--,,removal ,,to ,,baker ,,street--,,the ,,iron ,,duke',s ,,rejoinder--,,madame ,,de ,,malibran #aac ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,how ,,the ,,waterloo ,,carriage ,,was ,,acquired--,a ,,chance ,,conversation ,,on ,,london ,,bridge--,,the ,,strange ,,adventures ,,of ,,an ,,emperor',s ,,equipage--,,affidavit ,,of ,,napoleon',s ,,coachman #abj ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,napoleon',s ,,waterloo ,,carriage--,,description ,,of ,,its ,,exterior #abg ,,chapter ,,xv ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,waterloo ,,carriage 7,continued7--,,its ,,interior ,,and ,,peculiar ,,contrivances--,,brought ,,to ,,england ,,and ,,exhibited ,,at ,,the ,,london ,,museum #acc ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,the ,,st4 ,,helena ,,carriage--,,napoleon ,,alarms ,,the ,,ladies--,,certificates ,,of ,,authenticity #aci ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,father ,,matthew ,,sits ,,for ,,his ,,model--,,tsar ,,nicholas ,i4 ,,takes ,a ,,fancy ,,to ,,voltaire',s ,,chair--,a ,,replica ,,sent ,,to ,,him--,,the ,,rev4 ,,peter ,,mckenzie',s ,,exorcism #adc ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,landseer ,,and ,,the ,,count ,d',,orsay ,,visit ,,the ,,exhibition--,a ,,fright--,,norfolk ,,farmer',s ,,account ,,of ,,queen ,,victoria',s ,,visit #adh ,,chapter ,,xix ,,wellington ,,visits ,,the ,,effigy ,,of ,,the ,,dead ,,napoleon1 ,,and ,,sits ,,to ,,sir ,,george ,,hayter ,,for ,,historic ,,picture--,,paintings ,,from ,,models--,,is ,,the ,,photograph 8,,taken ,,from ,,life10 ,,or--8 #aec ,,chapter ,,xx ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,colour-,,sergeant ,,bates',s ,,march ,,through ,,england ,,to ,,prove ,,anglo-,,american ,,goodwill--,,start ,,from ,,gretna--,,the ,,dove ,,of ,,peace #aei ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,sergeant ,,bates',s ,,journey ,,finishes ,,in ,,london ,,amid ,a ,,remarkable ,,demonstration--,,his ,,gift ,,to ,,madame ,,tussaud',s #afd ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,my ,,first ,,model--,,beaconsfield',s ,,curl--,,gladstone',s ,,collar--,,john ,,bright ,,and ,,the ,,chinaman #aga ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,the ,,tichborne 8,,claimant0--,,nearly ,,an ,,explosion--,,the ,,big ,,man',s ,,clothes--,,the ,,real ,,heir--,,the ,,claimant',s ,,release ,,from ,,prison--,,confession ,,and ,,death #agg ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,h4 ,m4 ,,stanley ,,sits ,,to ,,joseph ,,tussaud--,,the ,,story ,,of ,,his ,,life--,,how ,,he ,,found ,,livingstone--,a ,,mysterious ,,veiled ,,lady--,,the ,,prince ,,imperial #aha ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,count ,l,,on--,,the ,,shah ,,of ,,persia',s ,,visit--,a ,,weird ,,suggestion2 ,,no ,,response--,,king ,,koffee--,,cetewayo #ahd ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,the ,,berlin ,,congress--,,lord ,,beaconsfield ,,and ,,the 8,,turnerelli ,,wreath0--8,,the ,,people',s ,,tribute0 ,,finds ,a ,,home ,,at ,,tussaud',s--,,the ,,sculptor',s ,,despair--,,he ,,constructs ,,his ,,tombstone ,,and ,,dies #aij ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,the ,,ph,,nix ,,park ,,murders--,,we ,,secure ,,the ,,jaunting-,,car ,,and ,,pony--,,charles ,,bradlaugh--,,general ,,boulanger--,,lord ,,roberts ,,inspects ,,the ,,model ,,of ,,himself #aig ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,my ,,favourite ,,portrait--,,lord ,,tennyson ,,poses ,,unconsciously ,,before ,,my ,,wife--8,,this ,,beats ,,tussaud',s0--,,sir ,,richard ,,burton--,,his ,,widow ,,clothes ,,the ,,model #bjc ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,removal ,,of ,,the ,,exhibition ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,building--,,sleeping ,,figures--,,history ,,of ,,the ,,portman ,,rooms--,,the ,,cato ,,street ,,conspiracy--,,baron ,,grant',s ,,staircase #bjh ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,siam',s ,,visit--,,the ,,shahzada',s ,,clothing--,,the ,,king ,,of ,,burmah',s ,,war ,,elephant--,,tale ,,of ,,two ,,monkeys #bae ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,queen ,,victoria',s ,,copperplates--,,another ,,royal ,,persian ,,visit--8,,perished ,,by ,,fire0--8,,viscount ,,hinton0 ,,and ,,his ,,organ--,,the ,,coquette',s ,,jewels ,,lost ,,and ,,found #bbj ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,royal ,,visitors--,,king ,,alphonso ,,and ,,princess ,,ena--,,the ,,late ,,emperor ,,frederick--,a ,,penniless ,,trio--,,princess ,,charles--,,the ,,prince ,,of ,,wales ,,and ,,prince ,,albert #bbe ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,the ,,begum ,,of ,,bhopal ,,pays ,,us ,a ,,visit--,,lord ,,rosebery ,,and ,,lord ,,annaly--,,lord ,,randolph ,,churchill--,,lady ,,beatty--,,lady ,,jellicoe ,,and ,,mrs4 ,,asquith #bca ,,chapter ,,xxxiv ,,tussaud',s ,,as ,,educator--,,queer ,,questions--,,wanted1 ,a 8,,model0 ,,wife--,,quaint ,,extract ,,from ,,an ,,indian',s ,,diary #bcf ,,chapter ,,xxxv ,,stars ,,of ,,the ,,stage ,,in ,,my ,,studio--,,miss ,,ellen ,,terry ,,has ,a ,,cup ,,of ,,tea--,,sir ,,squire ,,and ,,lady ,,bancroft--,,sir ,,henry ,,irving ,,and ,,the ,,cabby--,,we ,,comply ,,with ,a ,,strange ,,request #bdb ,,chapter ,,xxxvi ,,literary ,,sitters--,,george ,r4 ,,sims' ,,impromptu--,,his ,,ordeal ,,in ,,the ,,chamber ,,of ,,horrors4 ,,george ,,augustus ,,sala',s ,,masterpiece #bdi ,,chapter ,,xxxvii ,g4 ,a4 ,,sala ,,on ,,marie ,,antoinette--,,the ,,royal ,,family--,,the ,,queen--,,her 8,,trial10 ,,condemnation ,,and ,,death--,,the ,,sansons--,,sala',s ,,impressions #bed ,,chapter ,,xxxviii ,,more ,,sitters--,,mr4 ,,john ,,burns ,,walks ,,and ,,talks--,,we ,,buy ,,his ,,only ,,suit--,,mr4 ,,george ,,bernard ,,shaw ,,has ,,to ,,work ,,for ,,his ,,living--,,four ,,leading ,,suffragettes--,,christabel',s ,,model 8,,speaks0--,,the ,,channel ,,swimmer--,,general ,,booth #bge ,,chapter ,,xxxix ,,bank ,,holiday ,,queues--,,cup-,,tie ,,day--,,gentlemen ,,from ,,the ,,north--,,bachelor ,,beanfeasts--,,the ,,member ,,for ,,oldham--,a ,,scare #bhb ,,chapter ,,xl ,,the ,,mysterious ,,sun ,,yat ,,sen',s ,,visit--,,his ,,escape ,,from ,,the ,,chinese ,,legation--,,the ,,dargai ,,tableau--,,sir ,,william ,,treloar ,,entertains ,,his ,,little ,,friends #bhg ,,chapter ,,xli ,a ,,miscellany ,,of ,,humour--,,our ,,policeman--,,the ,,mysterious ,,lantern--,,the ,,danger ,,of ,,old ,,catalogues--,,stories ,,of ,,children--,,sir ,,ernest ,,shackleton',s ,,model #bia ,,chapter ,,xlii ,,the ,,lure ,,of ,,horrors--,,beginnings ,,of ,,the 8,,dead ,,room0--,,sir ,,thomas ,,lawrence1 ,p4,r4,a41 ,,sketches ,a ,,suicide--,,burke ,,and ,,hare--,,fieschi',s ,,infernal ,,machine--,,greenacre--,,executions ,,in ,,public--8,,free ,,at ,,last60 #big ,,chapter ,,xliii ,,the ,,chamber ,,of ,,horrors ,,rumour--,,no ,,reward ,,has ,,been ,,or ,,will ,,be ,,offered--,,the ,,constable',s ,,escapade--,a ,,nocturnal ,,experience--,,dumas',s ,,comedy ,,of ,,the ,,chamber--,,yeomen ,,of ,,the ,,halter #cjg ,,chapter ,,xliv ,,anecdotal--8,,which ,,is ,,peace80--,,mark ,,twain ,,at ,,tussaud',s--,,dr4 ,,grace',s ,,story--,,mr4 ,,kipling',s ,,model--,,filial ,,pride--,,bishop ,,jackson',s ,,sally--,,german ,,inaccuracy #cae ,,chapter ,,xlv ,,enemy ,,models--,a ,,hostile ,,public--,,banishment ,,of ,,four ,,rulers--,,our ,,reply ,,to ,,john ,,bull--,,attacks ,,on ,,the ,,kaiser',s ,,effigy--,,story ,,of ,,an ,,iron ,,cross #cbj ,,chapter ,,xlvi ,,tussaud',s ,,during ,,the ,,war--,,chameleon ,,crowds--,,the ,,psychology ,,of ,,courage--,,men ,,of ,,st4 ,,dunstan',s--,,poignant ,,memories--,,our ,,watchman',s ,,soliloquy #cbf ,,chapter ,,xlvii ,,three ,,heroes ,,of ,,the ,,war3 ,,nurse ,,cavell1 ,,jack ,,cornwell1 ,v4,c41 ,,captain ,,fryatt--,,lords ,,roberts ,,and ,,kitchener--,,queen ,,alexandra',s ,,stick ,,and ,,violets--,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,norfolk',s ,,tip #cce ,,chapter ,,xlviii ,a ,,crinoline ,,comedy--,,mr4 ,,bruce ,,smith',s ,,story--,,an ,,american ,,lady',s ,,shilling--,,my ,,father',s ,,meeting ,,with ,,barnum--,,the 8,,cherry-,,coloured0 ,,cat--8,,paganini0 ,,and ,,the ,,tailor--,,george ,,grossmith ,,poses #cda ,,chapter ,,xlix ,,we ,,visit ,,the ,,old ,,bailey ,,for ,,mementoes--,a ,,mock ,,trial--,,relics ,,of ,,old ,,newgate--,,two ,,famous ,,cells--,,the ,,newgate ,,bell #cdf ,,chapter ,l ,,tussaud',s ,,in ,,verse--,,tom ,,hood',s ,,quatrain--8,,alfred ,,among ,,the ,,immortals0--,a ,,refuge ,,for ,,cabinet ,,ministers--,,two ,,dialogues--8,,this ,,is ,,fame0 #ceb ,,chapter ,,li ,,last ,,scene ,,of ,,all--,,madame ,,tussaud',s ,,appearance ,,and ,,character--,,her ,,memoirs ,,published ,,in #ahch--;,,her ,,last ,,words #cef ,,illustrations ,,madame ,,tussaud at the age of #he ,frontispiece ,,page ,,john ,,theodore ,,tussaud #cb ,,christopher ,,curtius #ef ,,louis ,,xvi ,,and ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,orl,,ans #ef ,,three ,,views ,,of ,,voltaire',s ,,head #eg 8,,the ,,dying ,,socrates0 #eg ,,benjamin ,,franklin #eg ,,madame ,,tussaud at the age of #bj #gb ,,marie ,,antoinette1 ,,the ,,dauphin1 ,,and ,,the ,,duchesse ,d',,angoul,,me #gb ,,madame ,,elizabeth ,,of ,,france #gc ,,madame ,,elizabeth ,,of ,,france1 ,,sister ,,of ,,louis ,,xvi #gc ,,model ,,of ,,the ,,bastille #gc ,m4 ,,necker #gc ,,camille ,,desmoulins #hh ,,thomas ,,carlyle #hh ,,marie ,,antoinette #hh ,,jean ,,baptiste ,,carrier #hh ,,knife1 ,,lunette ,,and ,,chopper ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,guillotine #hh ,,the ,,guillotine #hi ,,charlotte ,,corday #hi ,,jean ,,paul ,,marat #hi ,,maximilien ,,marie ,,isidore ,,robespierre #hi ,,the ,,princess ,,de ,,lamballe #hi ,,danton #hi ,,madame ,,tussaud at the age of #db #aab ,,her ,,royal ,,highness ,,the ,,princess ,,charlotte ,,of ,,wales ,,and ,,saxe-,,coburg #aab ,,the ,,bristol ,,riots #aab ,,sir ,,charles ,,wetherell #aab ,,her ,,most ,,excellent ,,majesty ,,queen ,,adelaide #aac ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,exhibition #aac ,,daniel ,o',,connell #aac ,,madame ,,de ,,malibran #aac ,,joseph ,,tussaud #aac ,,thorwaldsen',s ,,celebrated ,,bust ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,napoleon #abh ,,napoleon',s ,,military ,,carriage ,general ,view #abh ,,napoleon',s ,,military ,,carriage ,scene of its capture at ,jenappe #abh ,,the ,,empress ,,josephine #abh ,,napoleon',s ,,military ,,carriage ,the ,interior #abi ,,articles ,,found ,,in ,,napoleon',s ,,carriage #abi ,,napoleon',s ,,barouche #abi ,,father ,,mathew #add ,,nicholas ,i #add ,,voltaire',s ,,chair #ade ,,sir ,,edwin ,,landseer1 ,r4,a4 #ade ,,wellington ,,visiting ,,the ,,effigy ,,of ,,napoleon #afj ,,sir ,,george ,,hayter #afj ,,colour-,,sergeant ,,gilbert ,h4 ,,bates #afa ,,william ,,cobbett #afa ,,richard ,,cobden #afa ,,john ,,bright #agh ,,tichborne ,,claimant #agh ,,dr4 ,,livingstone #agi ,,the ,,prince ,,imperial #agi ,,napoleon ,,iii #agi ,,count ,l,,on #aib ,,edward ,,tracy ,,turnerelli #aib ,,the ,,turnerelli ,,wreath #aib ,,king ,,cetewayo #aic ,,general ,,boulanger #aic ,,lord ,,frederick ,,cavendish #bjh ,,charles ,,bradlaugh #bjh ,,sir ,,richard ,,burton #bji ,,head ,,of ,,lord ,,tennyson #bji ,,viscount ,,hinton ,,and ,,his ,,organ #bdj ,,the ,,surrender ,,of ,,general ,,cronje #bdj ,,william ,,makepeace ,,thackeray #bda ,,sir ,,squire ,,bancroft #bda ,,bust ,,of ,,george ,,augustus ,,sala #bhh ,,george ,,augustus ,,sala #bhh ,t4 ,w4 ,,burgess ,the ,channel ,swimmer #bhh ,,effigy ,,of ,,dr4 ,,sun ,,yat ,,sen #bhi ,,dr4 ,,sun ,,yat ,,sen #bhi ,,the ,,children',s ,,lord ,,mayor #bhi ,,charles ,,peace #cbj ,,marquis ,,of ,,hartington #cbj ,,burke ,,and ,,hare #cbj ,,sir ,,thomas ,,lawrence #cbj ,,key ,,of ,,the ,,bastille #cbj ,,john ,,williams #cbj ,,william ,,marwood ,the ,hangman #cba ,,dr4 ,,jackson ,bishop of ,london #cba ,,count ,,zeppelin #cba ,,bismarck #cba ,,jack ,,sheppard #cba ,,the ,,old ,,newgate ,,bell #cba ,,edith ,,cavell #ceb ,,jack ,,cornwell1 ,v4 ,c4 #ceb ,,captain ,,fryatt #ceb ,,field-,,marshal ,,earl ,,kitchener #ceb ,,alfred ,,austin #cec ,,tom ,,hood #cec ,,francis ,,tussaud #cec ,,introduction ,,by ,,hilaire ,,belloc ,,introduction ,,by ,,hilaire ,,belloc ,this is a fascinating book and its fascination consists in two things attaching to its subject3 first that the famous collection of modelled portraits which has become a sort of national institution in ,england under the name of 8,madame ,tussaud's0 has its roots in the greatest period of modern history1 the ,french ,revolution2 second1 in that the complete and growing record has passed through so many changes and has yet survived4 ,even though the famous collection had dealt with nothing more than the main figures of the ,revolution and of the great wars that followed it1 it would have been a possession of permanent and lasting historical value4 ,i am not sure that if it had so remained1 stopped short at the effigies of those now long dead1 it would not now receive a greater respect4 ,it might well in that case have become something recognised as a national possession1 protected and preserved by the national government4 ,for the prolongation of the record right on into our own time1 while it very greatly increases the real value of the collection as a piece of historical evidence1 yet deprives it of that illusion which men cannot avoid where history is concerned3 the illusion that things thoroughly passed are in some way greater and of more consequence than contemporary things4 ,this continuity of the great collection--so long as it is maintained with judgment in selection and without too much yielding to momentary fame is none the less a thing to be very thankful for4 ,already those of us who1 like the present writer1 are well on into middle age1 can judge how the younger generation is beginning to regard as historical these simulacra1 which1 when they were first modelled1 seemed in our own youth insignificant because they were contemporary4 ,to our children 7who are now grown and are young men and women71 ,disraeli1 ,gladstone1 ,bismarck--all the group that were old but living men in the eighties 7,disraeli died at the beginning of them1 ,bismarck long after their close7--are what to us were ,louis-,philippe1 ,garibaldi1 ,palmerston1 and the process properly continued will be invaluable4 ,we have already more than #acj years of record4 ,there is no reason why it should not extend to the two centuries4 ,it often happens that a thing of great value to history1 a piece of evidence which we now find invaluable1 has come to us by an accident1 the motive of its creation not historical at all nor really connected with record4 ,indeed of the bulk of historical evidence which we use to-day for the reconstruction of the past only a small proportion--official documents--are of the nature of deliberate records4 ,and that proportion of evidence is on the whole the worst as material1 for official documents always have a motive underlying them1 and they never give one a vivid picture4 ,the great bulk of the material with which we used to build up the past and make it live again for ourselves is accidental4 ,and so it is with this great collection4 ,the motive at first was merely that of a waxwork show4 ,the remarkable woman who created the collection did so as a matter of business4 ,the exhibits were intended to satisfy no more than contemporary curiosity4 ,but they have become a piece of historical evidence which increases in value with every year4 ,whatever you may read 7and the accounts are always contradictory7 of some man prominent in the past1 whatever picture or sculpture you may find of him 7and these are often deliberately flattering or in some other way untrue7 the physical impression of him will never be so full and so exact as in the case of an effigy made by a contemporary who saw him1 watched him1 knew him1 and whose whole motive was exactitude in reproduction4 ,here there does indeed arise the question of the medium4 ,you cannot conceive of a better medium than wax among all the known mediums for production of effigies of human beings4 ,yet it is not perfect4 ,and it is precisely because the likeness is so great1 precisely because the effect is so parallel to that of reality1 that we note the minor details in which illusion is not achieved4 ,when a man sees a bust of marble he does not expect to find illusion4 ,the greatest portrait statuary can never be more than a symbol4 ,but the wax effigy aims at exact reproduction4 ,to put it in extreme terms1 the ideal of the modeller in wax would be to reproduce a figure such that one knowing the original could be deceived and think he had found again his friend dead or sleeping4 ,when a wax effigy reproduces a known and real person1 especially a person whom we ourselves have come across1 the discrepancy between reality and its copy is clearer4 ,but there is this strong evidence in support of the success which modelling in wax has reached1 that where we are dealing with something unknown1 some imaginary person1 it is possible to create1 in spite of the immobility of the figure1 an illusion of life4 ,everyone who has visited these collections will testify to that4 ,with a person whom one has seen in the flesh the little details in which the wax does not tally with the flesh nor immobility with life1 stand out clear4 ,that is especially the case with those whose complexion is difficult to imitate4 ,it is also the case in the attachment of the hair4 ,and ,i have further noticed that the direction of the eyes makes a difference1 the figure being more lifelike as a rule when the eyes are cast down or averted1 than when a direct look is imitated4 ,but it remains true that with an imaginary person when you are free to suppose that the person had a complexion of the sort easily imitated in wax1 and where you are further free to presume the pose1 you can get as near to reality in this medium as it is possible for human art to achieve4 ,therein1 then1 lies the great value of this thing4 ,it is a witness to history1 and as ,i have said1 one increasingly valuable as time proceeds4 ,still it is with what is chiefly historical in this gallery of figures and especially with the tradition of the ,french ,revolution and the ,napoleonic ,wars1 that we are most concerned4 ,and the ,tussaud collection has this added interest that it sprung as it were from the revolutionary time4 ,its origins lay in that4 ,its first fame was due to an emigration from ,france into ,england1 and it still remains much the best effort at physical reconstruction which we have to-day4 ,the reason is that the lady who founded this institution was not only herself a contemporary of but an actor in the principal events of that time4 ,she came by a series of accidents into direct touch with one personality after another4 ,she left a record of each4 ,she was a personal and convincing witness and her work remains4 ,she is just as much a person of the ,revolution and of the ,napoleonic period as any one of those whom she modelled for our benefit4 ,and that is 7let us remember7 of special value in that one is in the spirit of one's time4 ,the artist deliberately reconstructing a bust through plastic art is always in danger of failing through a lack of the necessary sympathy between the time in which he lives and the time in which his subject lived4 ,the truth of this is expressed very sharply in modern attempts at reconstructing medival sculpture4 ,it has been done4 ,it is singularly successful1 for instance1 in the central porch of ,notre ,dame in ,paris4 ,but as a rule it fails4 ,the modern man either works from a modern model1 or at any rate with modern expressions and modern features at the back of his mind4 ,one conspicuous instance occurs to me1 the modern figures upon ,lichfield4 ,they are as grievously out of their supposed time as are the figures of ,tennyson's 8,idylls of the ,kings40 ,the ,knights of the ,round ,tables of ,tennyson's version are the gentlemen of pegtopped trousers who were contemporary with the poet4 ,they have been to public schools and to universities4 ,they would be horrified at the dropping of aitches1 and they have often attended at services which were fully choral4 ,they would have called the inhabitants of the country which they visited 8natives40 ,that is what ,tennyson made of ,geraint and ,launcelot and his odious ,arthur4 ,i am afraid one cannot say much more for the sculptures that ,i have in my mind4 ,they are dressed in medival armour1 but the faces that look out from the helmets are the faces to be seen in the ,london clubs to-day4 ,they are faces devoid of simplicity and strength4 ,they are not the faces of the ,middle ,ages4 ,you have the same thing in historical painting1 and that is why historical painting usually looks so ridiculous in the generation after it was made4 ,we all know those historical paintings which our grandfathers bought and which still disfigure the large rooms of private houses1 where you have ,richard ,i of ,england charging the ,saracens 7he1 an ,angevin671 his face glowing with the emotions of the football field4 ,now this prime difficulty and error in pictorial and plastic record in the past you can only avoid by the advantage of contemporary work1 and this is where the great value of this collection comes in4 ,all its work is contemporary1 and we can to-day1 after an interval of more than a hundred years1 weigh the importance of that point4 ,the revolutionary figures sometimes look odd to us precisely because their real aspect has been so vividly preserved4 ,the hand that modelled ,marat was a hand of ,marat's age4 ,it touched the flesh of the dead man4 ,the eyes that received the conception reproduced by the hands1 gazed upon ,marat himself as he lay back dead4 ,and here it is convenient to introduce that essential character in the great collection--the genius of its originator4 ,the whole thing1 its character1 long tradition and establishment--is the creation of one remarkable woman1 and of her we ought to have some full biography4 ,i know of none4 ,she has at least the rare advantage of having propagated her name justly and the thing she created is identified with her4 ,it is not often that history acts with so little irony and with so much generosity4 ,her energy was much more remarkable than that of those very few women who have created and organised permanent businesses1 for it was not only her judgment and initiative which created the commercial side of the collection3 it was also her own talent and industry1 the work of her own hands1 that laid the foundation of it all4 ,most of the early portraits were the direct product of her skill and it is from her that the continuous tradition of the place descends4 ,her sons learnt their art from their mother and carried it on to the third generation which still continues it4 ,it was she who took all the critical decisions1 she who steered the fortunes of the family through the crisis of the ,revolution1 who determined to take the collection over to ,england1 who conceived the idea of making it a permanent record by adding contemporaries year after year4 ,it is not often that one has this intimate admixture of personality with an institution1 and when one gets it it has an astonishing effect in vivifying the whole4 ,when an institution is thus the product of a character at once highly energetic and highly individual1 it is as though a living thing continued on long beyond the term of a human life4 ,it is1 in the strict and original sense of the word1 8inspired40 ,you get that quality1 of course1 in all literature1 and in some of the corporations which remarkable men and women have founded1 but very rarely in a piece of business in an institution of affairs4 ,here you get it1 and the more you read of the woman's life and character the more you understand the success of her effort and its vitality4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,theodore ,,tussaud ,it was an astonishing life6 ,there lies behind it the story of her uncle ,curtius1 a ,swiss who left medical practice in the middle of the #ahth century and took to modelling in wax4 ,it was a taste which had grown upon him from his habit of modelling parts of the human body for the purposes of his profession4 ,he extended it to portraits and at last he abandoned medicine for his new art4 ,he had firmly established himself in it and had already been taken up by members of the ,french ,royal ,family who had visited ,switzerland1 when under their protection he left for ,paris4 ,and there his sister1 ,madame ,grosholtz1 and her child1 then five or six years old1 joined him4 ,there she learnt her uncle's trade and thence in her twentieth year she went to live at ,versailles as a sort of companion to ,madame ,elizabeth1 ,louis ,,xvi's sister1 a girl about four years older than herself4 ,she was the close friend and companion of the princess right up to the moment of the ,revolution4 ,madame ,elizabeth like her brother had a delight in manual work4 ,with her it took the form of modelling under the guidance of ,marie ,grosholtz and it was these nine years that formed the character and that remained the liveliest memory throughout all the very long life that this remarkable woman was to live4 ,it would be interesting to discover 7,i know of no such document that could tell me1 but there must be some7 whether the young companion whom ,madame ,elizabeth thus took under her protection1 and to whom she thus gave a unique opportunity for the observation of contemporary life1 was in race ,german or ,french4 ,berne would seem to be the origin of the family1 and the uncle's ,latin name and the family name of his brother-in-law point to ,german origin4 ,all his associations on the other hand were ,french1 and when he came to ,paris it was hardly as a foreigner4 ,the story reads as though they were ,french-speaking on their arrival4 ,perhaps in some future edition of the work this point will be settled4 ,it is one of considerable moment to our judgment of the art4 ,it was a moment when the connection between ,switzerland and ,french society was very close4 ,it was to ,switzerland that ,voltaire had retired4 ,it was from ,switzerland that the genius of ,rousseau proceeded4 ,the unfortunate ,necker1 with his caution and his avarice1 played his great part in the early ,revolution as a ,swiss4 ,to ,switzerland also he went back when he had failed--and there1 by the way1 in his retirement we have an amusing picture of him listening to the daily recital of the news from ,paris as the ,revolution proceeded1 wagging his head solemnly1 and perpetually saying1 8,i told you so40 ,madame de ,stal1 his famous daughter1 whom ,pitt so much desired to marry for her money1 and whom ,napoleon so hated1 was thoroughly ,swiss4 ,she shows it in every line of her writing4 ,she is from the heart of ,geneva in her traditions and ideas4 ,the family coming thus to ,paris were part of a general movement and even their connection with ,versailles can be paralleled4 ,it would not have taken much1 had things proceeded quietly1 for ,switzerland to have fallen into the orbit of the ,french monarchy within the next hundred years4 ,after these nine formative years in the continued company of ,madame ,elizabeth1 ,marie ,grosholtz enters the ,revolution1 and the connections of the family with the origins of the great upheaval are close1 curious1 and of intense interest4 ,it was1 it will be remembered1 the bust of ,necker from the collection of ,curtius1 then on exhibition1 which the mob carried round at the beginning of the insurrection4 ,the show of figures already well-known in ,paris became the starting-point for the future collection4 ,it was because the ,revolutionaries from the very beginning of the movement showed so much acquaintance with those effigies that the continuous stream of further portraits began4 ,that is why ,marie ,grosholtz was sent for time after time to take a death mask1 to model a famous living man1 to establish what afterwards became the invaluable record we still have4 ,from #aghg-hi1 the preliminary years when she was already at work1 right on to #ahjb1 a matter of #ae years1 the most crowded of all history1 the newly developed art went on actively without interruption4 ,there is not1 ,i think1 in all history a parallel to so astonishing and lucky a chance4 ,it was almost as though fate had designed a reporter1 or a state portraitist for the benefit of posterity4 ,you do get the same thing now and then in the shape of a chronicler who happens to keep out of the turmoil and mark the detail of his time1 but it is extremely rare and in the case of plastic art1 unique4 ,the nearest parallel to-day--which may raise a smile on account of the extreme difference in time and manner--is that of ,holbein's portraits of the ,english ,court4 ,there also you get the living record marvellously preserved for future times4 ,it is to our advantage that the character of this foundress does not diminish in energy with the passage of time4 ,we see her doing the work of three people all through the years of her middle age and making decision after decision upon the fortunes of her house4 ,and while she was thus conducting with one hand the financial side of the business1 with the other she was herself still modelling perpetually1 and with a third and quite separate faculty she was creating a school of her own1 as it were1 for the continuation of the modelling after her time4 ,if ever there was the maker of an important thing it was this woman and if ever there was an important thing proceeding entirely from one individual1 that thing is the collection which still remains to us4 ,there is a sort of parallel which can be drawn between ,madame ,tussaud and ,madame ,campan4 ,both of them have seen1 and worked at1 the ,palace of ,louis ,,xvi1 under and in connection with his ,queen4 ,both were much of an age1 ,madame ,campan eight years senior to ,madame ,tussaud4 ,both lived on through the ,revolution and the ,empire1 the one till #ahbb1 the other beyond the revolutionary year of #ahdh4 ,both had something of the same strength4 ,both carried on the tradition of the old attachment to the ,bourbons4 ,both have left the legend of a strong personality1 the one through an effect on education in ,france which was deeper than has been generally recognised1 the other in a more lasting manner through her plastic work4 ,in this connection one muses upon what would have been ,madame ,tussaud's fate had she continued her career in the country where it had begun1 and had she not taken over the collection in its origins to ,england at the ,peace of ,amiens4 ,i think she would have been a great figure in the ,france of the ,restoration and of the bourgeois ,monarchy4 ,a continuous unbroken link with all the great years up to #ahdh and presenting a whole gallery of the past for a new generation to witness would have been something the ,french and ,paris would have made much of1 and a great deal that was lost on the other side of the ,channel through lack of understanding would have been preserved4 ,i mean that too many of those figures were for those who saw them in an alien atmosphere jests or shades1 whereas in ,france they would have been an intimate part of the great national story4 ,this removal to ,england also in some degree affected the proportion of the collection and in the same degree diminished its great international value4 ,not that figures of international moment had not been included--the great figures are all there--but that ,paris would have been a better general centre for watching and recording the moving history of the #aith century1 than ,london4 ,the ,muse ,grevin in ,paris supplemented the ,tussaud collection in ,england4 ,one imagines that it would have been better for history as a whole had one great collection1 preferably in ,paris1 served for a permanent and continuous chronicle of what living men had been4 ,when we come to details of the personalities from the period before the ,revolution to the ,peace of ,amiens 7the foundation of the whole ,exhibition7 we are struck1 ,i think1 by the great difference in our appreciation4 ,some of the figures are just what we should have thought these men would have been4 ,others offend us or puzzle us by what seems to us discrepancy4 ,but we must remember that the error is in ourselves and not in the contemporary record4 ,of the great historical figures ,voltaire 7which is the first of them7 is least specially illuminated by what ,i may call 8the ,tussaud tradition40 ,and that is because we already know pretty well all that there is to know about ,voltaire4 ,his story was a simple one1 his genius obvious1 not complex1 and the time of life in which ,madame ,tussaud's uncle came to sculp him 7to model his face in wax7 was just at the very end1 when public fame and his own great pride in himself had combined to put him into full evidence1 even to the details of his daily life4 ,it was just at the end of that life1 in #aggh1 that ,voltaire sat to ,curtius1 ,madame ,tussaud's uncle1 the original founder of the whole gallery1 and the tutor of his niece in her art4 ,it is interesting to compare the little miniature 7one of several7 which ,curtius made--it is far more lifelike than the larger figure--with the famous ,houdon4 ,houdon's is much the greater thing1 of course1 and the more living1 but though ,houdon was the greatest of portraitists by far1 the greatest renderer of the human face that ever lived1 there is something intimate in the little wax miniature of ,curtius which no great sculptor could have given4 ,for instance1 you have here admitted1 as it were1 almost photographed1 the domestic insufficient quality of ,voltaire's famous smile4 ,houdon could not help making that smile--or grin--have something heroic about it2 or at any rate great4 ,but the ,tussaud work undoubtedly shows you the thing as it actually was2 as his servants and his intimates saw it4 ,i learn1 by the way1 from this book 7,i had not known it before7 that ,houdon had himself worked for ,curtius--a considerably older man--and the connection is as curious as it is interesting4 ,it is striking to find a record of the connection in this book1 but not astonishing that it should be absent from others1 for there has been no good comprehensive work on ,houdon written that ,i can recollect4 ,i am told that there is some ,german encyclopdic work or other but no proper study of the man and his life4 ,next after ,voltaire we have to note side by side with the collection a small work of ,curtius's own in miniature1 the very striking profile of the ,duke of ,orlans4 ,how it helps one to understand that base and extraordinary career6 ,everyone reading the story of the ,revolution should concentrate upon that man's ambition1 weakness and intrigue4 ,the origin of the whole business was his false idea 7unfortunately for himself confirmed by circumstances for many years7 that ,louis ,,xvi and ,marie ,antoinette would have no children4 ,he came to regard himself as the heir1 and the natural result was that when the first child came after so perplexing a delay 7a delay the cause of which ,i have explained in an appendix to my own monograph on ,marie ,antoinette7 ,philippe galit felt himself aggrieved4 ,his grievance was illogical and unjust1 but it was there and in that grievance you find no small part of the motive force that impelled the early ,revolution4 ,the family tradition carried on by the ,tussauds from the ,revolution was what may be described as the 8orthodox0 tradition4 ,it is the tradition which appears in this book4 ,i am not sure that the historian can wholly agree with it4 ,this 8orthodox0 tradition is the tradition of an equable and happy society overthrown into a sort of chaos at the head of which chance scoundrels floated1 each to disappear in turn1 struck by a sort of anarchic doom proceeding from their fellow anarchs4 ,the ,revolution was rather a resettlement of society from a state which had become unstable to a new and more stable state1 and its leaders were upon the whole1 though suffering under the exaggeration from which leaders at such a time invariably suffer1 men of capacity--especially on the military side4 ,further1 those who were made responsible in popular tradition for the worst excesses were hardly the principal authors of them4 ,thus1 the real director of what is called the ,terror was ,carnot1 not ,robespierre4 ,carnot was a perfectly sane man and a genius to boot1 attached to the new democratic principle1 but a soldier1 and working for the highly practical ends which a soldier has in view4 ,he thought of the ,terror as a piece of martial law1 and it is significant that under his direction by far the greater number of those who suffered in ,paris suffered through a direct breach of the temporary regulations 7such as those against the export of money or communication with the enemy7 which were necessary for the prosecution of the campaign4 ,robespierre was not the director of the ,terror at all4 ,he was a man singularly restricted in nature1 but of powerful effect in oratory in spite of his close academic style4 ,he was a man of complete sincerity1 much too narrow in doctrine1 but because he exactly expressed with more lucidity than anyone else1 and with more conviction1 what was the passionate creed of the time1 he became for something like two years at once the idol and the symbol of the revolutionary masses4 ,as the ,terror looked like an intensive application of the ,revolution men associated it with ,robespierre's name1 and ,robespierre1 suffering from the very grave defect of vanity 7common in men who reach a public position71 was willing to allow the false imputation1 and to enjoy the title of ruler1 when he was really in the ,central ,council of the ,republic1 singularly impotent4 ,he paid a heavy price for that falsehood4 ,it cost him his life and--what was worse--his reputation4 ,what we know positively of ,robespierre's action during the ,terror is that he attended the ,central ,council less and less frequently1 and that he tried1 if anything1 to stop the ,terror4 ,in fact it was precisely on this account1 his interference with the rigour of the martial law1 that his enemies brought him to the guillotine4 ,but1 by a curious irony not uncommon in history1 the death of this man who was not the leader of the ,terror1 and who had if anything attempted to check it1 and who was put to death because he attempted to check it1 caused the ,terror to cease4 ,men had so universally 7and so falsely7 identified him with the extremity of the republican military rgime that when he passed it was impossible to continue it4 ,in the matter of ,marat what ,i may call 8the ,tussaud tradition0 is sounder4 ,the man was unbalanced to the point of lunacy1 and when ,madame ,tussaud was called in to take the impression of his face just after death1 her use of the word 8fiend0 though exaggerated is comprehensible4 ,this effigy of ,marat which you may see in the famous gallery and which was modelled immediately after his death--an immediate piece of historical evidence of the first value--was shown in ,paris when it was completed4 ,it is an astonishing thing to have that piece of continuity with us4 ,but all these death masks of the ,revolution are of the highest value4 ,there is an extraordinary dignity in the full features of the ,queen1 looking younger than she did in the last years of her life1 and a singular and awful reality in the mask of ,robespierre4 ,i know only two representations of ,robespierre which really recall the man4 ,one is this effigy exactly modelled from the face itself after these last thirty-six hours of agony1 and the other is the portrait which ,greuze made of him and which is now in ,lord ,rosebery's collection4 ,and of these two1 of course1 the death mask1 though repulsive1 is the more actual4 ,but of all these revolutionary figures1 by far the most interesting to me is that of ,carrier4 ,the contrast between that strongly exact1 clearly cut face and the story of ,carrier's madness at ,nantes1 is one of the things that make one understand not only the ,revolution but in general mankind at white heat4 ,here is a man who1 if features mean anything1 might have been some sharp1 self-contained1 disappointed1 ironic speaker1 or even poet4 ,it is the face of a man who certainly knew his own mind1 who despised other men1 which is a weakness1 but who followed some great idea within4 ,it is a face human in its self-repression and exactitude4 ,were we familiar with it in connection with some great name of peaceable activity1 were it the face of one of those who settled the ,congress of ,vienna1 or of some monarch1 or of some writer1 it would be famous as an index of genius4 ,as it is1 the name--especially to those who do not know the face--suggests nothing but a mad infamy1 and indiscriminate shooting and drowning in batches of the wretched ,vendean prisoners4 ,and ,i myself when writing thus of ,carrier have a right to be balanced in my judgment for he came very near to guillotining my grandfather's father1 from whom he differed in politics4 ,and here in the case of ,carrier is an excellent example of the historical value of that which ,i postulate as the first1 much the greatest1 character in a collection such as this3 for had we not the bust of the living ,carrier1 itself almost a living thing1 taken immediately after death1 we should hardly have guessed what ,carrier was4 ,but the face combined with the history explains him well enough4 ,the story of ,madame ,tussaud seeking for ,sanson's guillotine1 or rather for one of his guillotines after the ,peace of ,amiens and sending her son over to ,paris to look for the man and his implements 7which the executioner had pawned7 and getting it at last at great cost1 is characteristic of her energy and business sense4 ,she lived at a time when the material relic was the clou of her collection4 ,if to-day it rather detracts from the sober historical value of the figures1 it remains an excellent witness to her indefatigable initiative4 ,and so it is with the collection of ,napoleonic relics1 notably the ,waterloo carriage1 which she secured just at the moment when it was of the greatest value to her business4 ,her modelling of the dead in the revolutionary time included1 by her own account1 the head of the ,princess de ,lamballe1 when that unfortunate and rather insipid young woman 7but gracious and kind7 was so foolishly and so atrociously murdered4 ,the record would seem to correspond more or less with the judgment of ,michelette1 and ,michelette's portrait mostly produced by chance illusion is the best ,i know4 ,in the fate of all those men and women1 but particularly in that of ,madame de ,lamballe1 the main element of tragedy is their bewilderment4 ,they could not conceive what cause or motive lay behind the fierce hatred which concentrated upon them4 ,it was for them a nightmare1 something irresponsible like a cataclysm of nature1 and yet something human1 and something that ought1 therefore1 to be explicable4 ,oddly enough the one person who did get a glimmer of the human motive at work was ,marie ,antoinette herself4 ,it is astonishing how rapidly not only the general character but the intelligence of ,marie ,antoinette developed in these years4 ,she became the true daughter of ,maria ,theresa--too late6 ,they suffered 7of course7 through that illusion which is the curse of publicity4 ,they were tortured and they were killed for a label1 not for their very selves4 ,but the tragedy is increased in their case1 ,i think1 because they did not seek publicity4 ,your politician1 often a mountebank1 whose appetite is for strutting upon a stage1 who loves the limelight1 whose meat and drink it is to hear his name repeated perpetually by the populace1 deserves what he gets4 ,and he nearly always gets what the fates reserve for such vanities4 ,in a greater or less degree these creators of their own label suffer in the end3 at the least disappointment and neglect1 at the most death4 ,but as ,i have said they deserve what comes to them4 ,they have had their reward4 ,it was not so with the stable hereditary publicity of the ,bourbon royal family and its adherents4 ,they could not help the light which beat upon them4 ,they did not seek it4 ,the absurd legends in which any public figure is necessarily clothed as with a wrap of falsehood is not one of their seeking or of their making4 ,they suffer for those legends and for the consequences of those legends precisely after the fashion which dramatic irony demands that the victim of any great tragedy should suffer--in spite of themselves and with no understanding of how the thing came4 ,what could be more ridiculous than the figment of ,louis ,,xv--obese1 good-natured1 slow1 irresolute in morals1 irresolute in policy--as a tyrant4 ,or what could be more absurd than the fiction of a libertine ,marie ,antoinette8 ,or of a democratic ,duke of ,orlans8 ,or of a patriot ,necker8 ,it was1 ,i think1 this element of undeserved and awfully ironic tragedy which burnt into the soul of all those who had come into contact with the harmless but sometimes dignified and always splendid circle of ,versailles4 ,one of the few sincere emotions of ,burke's life was1 ,i think1 the moment when he broke out into rhetoric on the fate of the ,queen4 ,this middle-class man had seen her1 and the grotesque disproportion between herself and her fate moved him to real feeling4 ,it is to his credit1 for not many things that ,burke said were genuine4 ,he was an advocate taking pay from people who wanted arguments and ,i think he would have argued just as well for better pay on the other side4 ,this appassionate sympathy with and support of the victims was very conspicuous in ,madame ,tussaud herself4 ,and she carried it through the whole of that period when she was at first unwillingly modelling the revolutionaries1 often with disgust compelled to take the mask of a dead face1 or later 7she was in prison with ,josephine7 associated with the figures of the period of the ,directorate and the ,consulship4 ,of those personal interviews when that handsome woman now in middle age was still engaged at her task of modelling and sculpture in wax1 there is none of which we would rather have a full record than the modelling of ,napoleon4 ,it is mentioned in ,mr4 ,tussaud's book only by way of quotation from a contemporary journal--the ,belle ,assemble4 ,it would be interesting to know if there is any family record giving full details1 for we have not even the date1 though we have the hour of the day--six o'clock in the morning--that she first met the ,emperor4 ,he was not ,emperor yet and we can fix an inferior and a superior limit easily enough for the portrait was made at the ,tuileries1 after ,napoleon as ,first ,consul had gone there1 and before the ,peace of ,amiens4 ,it must1 therefore1 have fallen within a period of only just over two years2 it must have been done either in #ahjj or in #ahja4 ,it is in connection with ,napoleon that the shifting of values1 which ,i have suggested took place through the transference of the collection to ,england1 may be noted4 ,the exhibition once fixed in ,london took on the ,english point of view and to that extent distorted a full ,european impression4 ,for instance1 one of the great features in the story of the collection is the visit of the ,duke of ,wellington to the effigy of ,napoleon1 and a well-known and almost famous picture was made of the incident4 ,i am old enough to remember many people who spoke of it as though it was a most dramatic moment in the history of the nineteenth century4 ,but no one with the full ,european sense would feel like that4 ,wellington was not the great protagonist against ,napoleon4 ,he was but one of fifty men opposed to the ,emperor4 ,the defeat of ,napoleon was in ,russia1 and at ,leipsic and at ,waterloo1 not at ,waterloo alone1 and the victors of ,waterloo were ,wellington and ,blcher1 neither of whom could have succeeded without the other4 ,of the figures added to the great collection after ,madame ,tussaud's death1 of the figures which carry on the historical record and continue to add to its value1 ,i am sure that the one of most interest for an ,englishman is that of ,richard ,burton4 ,it was not 7apparently7 modelled directly from life4 ,but it was modelled under the eye of ,lady ,burton herself1 and satisfied that critic4 ,the inclusion of such a figure is an example of what ,i mean when ,i say that such a collection is a valuable and continuous piece of historical evidence4 ,the greatness of ,burton was missed4 ,he was subject to a boycott due in the main to his exposure of the ritual murder at ,damascus4 ,his energetic but isolated character did not square with that of the most of his countrymen4 ,and yet to have an ,englishman so uniquely ,english and to have recognised what a part he was of the record of his time shows a sure instinct4 ,it is here that the chief danger imperilling the value of the collection appears4 ,and with that after so much praise ,i would conclude4 ,madame ,tussaud1 it will be remembered1 decided at some time early in the #aith century to make continuous additions to her collection as time went on1 to keep it up to date1 to make it contemporary4 ,it was a natural decision and obviously necessary to the conduct of the thing as a business enterprise4 ,for contemporaries will always desire to look at the portraits of those who are for any reason notorious1 rather than to preserve the historical record4 ,but save in quite exceptional times1 such as that of the ,revolution1 which gave the collection its origin1 there is always the danger of a change in values4 ,in the first place1 for a man to be notorious is not the same thing as for a man to deserve fame4 ,his notoriety may be of the quality of fame rather than mere notoriety1 and may mature into fame1 and yet not be a fame of that first class which warrants an historical record4 ,in either of these two cases there is the danger of disproportion in the collection1 regarded as something of slight historical value4 ,but that disproportion may be remedied by the removal of the figures4 ,the third danger attaching to the system is not remediable4 ,it is omission1 and that is what ,i had in my mind in the case of ,burton4 ,it is very unlikely that a man producing a series of contemporary portraits in the early part of ,james ,i's reign would have included ,william ,shakespeare2 or in the end of ,victoria's reign a man so remarkable 7though1 of course1 not on a great scale7 as ,samuel ,butler4 ,there is always a certain proportion of men in any generation with regard to whom the careful observer can say with fair certitude that posterity will require to know much more of them1 and who are yet for the moment not in the public eye4 ,now the commercial necessities of an exhibition cannot consider these men4 ,they are of no value to the crowd1 and therein1 ,i say1 lies the danger4 ,let me give an example4 ,i do not think 7,i may be wrong as ,i am speaking in the negative of what is only a detail71 ,i do not think that there is in the ,tussaud collection any model of the great ,carnot4 ,carnot was on the whole the most virile of all that virile revolutionary group1 and he was one of the first half dozen of those who created the modern world4 ,in a military sense ,carnot was the tutor and creator of ,napoleon4 ,but it would certainly not have occurred to any observer of popular feelings 7even if ,carnot had been included7 at the time1 especially of popular feelings with an eye to the ,english market1 that ,carnot was worth preserving4 ,to-day ,i think most students of history would rather have a really accurate study of ,carnot than of even ,robespierre4 ,if ever1 which is possible1 a collection of this sort comes under the aid or patronage of the state1 the peril ,i speak of might in theory be removed3 for the state will endow4 ,but as things are1 the peril exists4 ,i mention it because ,i do sincerely regard this body of effigies not as something concerned with as ephemeral a function in the state as popular curiosity1 still less as a mere commercial venture1 but rather--what ,i have called it throughout this essay--a unique piece of historical record4 ,and history1 ,i take it1 is the indispensable memory with which citizens should furnish themselves if they are to understand their own state and civilisation4 ,,the ,,romance ,,of ,,madame ,,tussaud',s ,,chapter ,i ,mr4 ,tussaud first enters his father's studio--,reverie--,madame ,tussaud's uncle forsakes the medical profession for art--,madame's birth and parentage--,a ,prince's promise4 ,it was at the age of fourteen and in the year #ahgb that ,i first entered my father's studio1 and well ,i remember the bright summer morning ,i passed its threshold to place myself under his tuition4 ,it was an odd rememorative sort of place1 the eeriness of which sat uneasily on the mind of1 ,i fear1 a somewhat jocose and irresponsible youth4 ,the surroundings somehow seemed to force upon my mind the memories of men and things ,i must have heard about or dreamt of1 or with whom ,i had been in some way made familiar4 ,moreover1 the place was so out of touch with the ordinary affairs of life1 so reposeful and secluded amid the din and turmoil of the world outside4 ,the studio stood well in the rear of an old-world residence1 known as ,salisbury ,house1 in the parish of ,marylebone4 ,here the family had long lived4 ,the house confronted what1 in my early days1 was then still designated the ,new ,road4 ,upon its site there has been since erected the imposing classic palace designed to accommodate the hitherto poorly housed ,corporation of the borough4 ,whenever ,i recall this eventful day there readily springs to my mind the circumstance that ,i found my father busily engaged in modelling a new portrait of the ,prince of ,wales--the late ,king ,edward--for whose recovery from a very dangerous illness the nation had recently held a ,day of ,thanksgiving4 ,from this day onward ,i may claim to have acted as something more than a mere spectator of that long procession of models wrought by my father's diligent hands4 ,each one necessitated the making of some small sketch1 some characteristic study1 that has helped to swell as strange a collection of memorials as ever existed of men and events of bygone days4 ,it is amid these surroundings that ,i now sit to begin the writing of these chapters2 and a strangely engrossing retrospect they reveal4 ,five generations of my family have contributed towards them1 and now1 on a modelling stool by my side1 there stands the promising work of a son who will1 ,i trust1 one day follow me to carry on the work4 ,during the quietude of those hours that succeed the labours of the day1 and when the last studio hand has closed the door behind him1 ,i take the opportunity of penning this brief history4 ,often in the moving shadows of the twilight or in the flickering flame of a falling ember ,i fancy ,i see life and movement in the faces that gaze down upon me1 quickened1 as it were1 to respond to the memories their features evoke4 ,but for me1 at least1 there is little that is disquieting in their scrutiny4 ,for the most part they are old familiars1 and a long acquaintance has set us wonderfully at our ease4 ,as the eye passes from the semblance of one celebrity to that of another1 how vividly they carry one's thoughts back through ,king ,edward's reign1 the long years ,queen ,victoria sat upon the throne1 the days of ,william ,,iv1 the reign and regency of 8,the ,first ,gentleman of ,europe10 and far back into the days of good 8,farmer ,george06 ,even though set among the strong and characteristic features of the leading men of these memorable reigns1 the striking countenance of ,napoleon can be discerned without hesitation1 and his familiar features force me in imagination to undergo the ordeal of crossing the ,channel to retrace the course this narrative takes and discover my ancestress under the domination of the ,first ,consul1 then pushing in hot haste his fortune at the point of the bayonet1 and fast traversing the hazardous road leading to the throne of ,france4 ,somehow we do not find this long and curious retrospect illumined by any very strong ray of human happiness4 ,even the overshadowing head and shoulders of the great ,napoleon do not conceal from our vision the dismal heads of the revolutionists2 indeed1 if they had been hidden from our sight1 could these ghoulish impressions ever be effaced from our memory8 ,and so1 behind ,bonaparte1 one's eyes sight the sinister heads of ,robespierre1 ,fouquier-,tinville1 ,carrier1 ,hbert--merciless creatures who gambled with the lives of their fellow men for high positions1 and multiplied these awful human stakes that they might hold themselves secure4 ,there1 too1 in the falling light1 one perceives the faces of ,louis ,,xvi and his ,queen1 ,marie ,antoinette1 the two most notable and pitiful victims of the ,reign of ,terror--a reign1 forsooth1 in which these ill-starred sovereigns1 the descendants of generations of kings1 were but the poorest and saddest of subjects4 ,the vista is long and hazy1 but it is not too dim for one to observe upon a bracket the visage of the great ,voltaire1 with its leering eyes and sardonic grin4 ,his bust is vis--vis with the ponderous head of the idealist ,rousseau1 with its heavy forehead and its short1 narrow chin4 ,and so face after face peers down upon me1 carrying the mind back with unfailing steps until is reached the true source from which this dramatic story springs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,christopher ,,curtius ,uncle of ,mme4 ,tussaud and founder of the ,museum in ,paris during the ,french ,revolution in the ,boulevard du ,temple4 ,a ,portrait ,study by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud4 ,in the year #ageh1 so far afield as the city of ,berne1 a certain young ,swiss1 named ,christopher ,curtius1 was earnestly employing his days as a medical practitioner4 ,with the object of improving himself in his profession he had taken to modelling the limbs and organs of the human body in wax4 ,he soon extended the scope of his labours to the execution of many miniature portraits in that same plastic material1 and gained the patronage of many of the leading members of the aristocracy4 ,in this work he succeeded well1 and towards his latter days in ,berne he practised rather as an artist than as a family doctor4 ,it is as the maternal uncle of ,madame ,tussaud1 the subject of these memoirs1 that ,christopher ,curtius comes under our consideration4 ,madame ,tussaud was the child of one ,joseph ,grosholtz1 who lost his life when serving on the ,staff of ,general ,wurmser during the ,seven ,years' ,war1 a couple of months or so before she was born4 ,he was of purely ,swiss parentage1 and the family to this day prides itself on being of ,burgundian ,swiss stock4 ,although ,marie ,grosholtz was not married until the year #agie1 it will be well to refer to her henceforth as ,madame ,tussaud1 under which name she is universally known4 ,madame ,grosholtz and her child seem to have been the only relatives possessed by ,curtius1 who later induced his sister to take up her residency with him1 doubtless with the object of taking control of the affairs of his household4 ,it was when ,curtius had fully established himself as an artist in ,berne that an incident took place1 about the year #agfb1 which led to important consequences4 ,the ,prince de ,conti had been losing favour at the ,court of his royal cousin1 ,louis ,,xv1 a circumstance mainly due1 we are told1 to the ,prince's excessive popularity with the ,army and a certain independent bearing he adopted towards the ,king and his favourites4 ,the ,king's mistress1 ,madame de ,pompadour1 did not hesitate to show her resentment at de ,conti's lack of deference4 ,according to all accounts1 the ,prince did not take his position very much to heart1 for1 in truth1 an estrangement between the ,court and the representatives of his house afforded little in the nature of a new experience4 ,at any rate1 he shook the dust of the capital off his boots1 and set out on a tour through ,europe4 ,on this journey he tarried for some days in the city of ,berne1 betraying a keen desire to participate in all that medival town could afford him by way of interest and entertainment4 ,among these ,curtius's studio--which had now acquired something of the dignity of a private museum--was not allowed to escape his attention4 ,no account of his visit to this establishment has been handed down1 but a few words uttered by the ,prince on leaving conveyed1 beyond all doubt1 his genuine admiration for the doctor-artist's skill in his new profession as a sculptor in wax4 8,if you will leave ,berne and come to ,paris1 ,i will undertake to find you a suitable atelier in which to carry on your work1 and hold myself responsible for your receiving as many commissions as you feel disposed to executive4 ,come10 he urged4 8,you will not regret it40 ,one wonders what kindred foibles1 what curious traits of disposition in common1 existed between this ,prince and the artist that there should have been struck so readily a chord of sympathy between them4 ,for the offer1 as we shall hereafter learn1 had not been lightly made1 nor had its ready acceptance been inspired without betraying a ready confidence most men would have deemed it highly imprudent to concede4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,curtius leaves ,berne for ,paris--,the ,htel d',aligre--,the ,court of ,louis ,,xv--,madame arrives in ,paris4 ,in response to the ,prince de ,conti's invitation1 ,curtius left ,berne for ,paris a few months later1 and for once the time-honoured adage proffering a warning to those prone to rely upon the promises of princes had no bearing1 for this ,prince kept his word4 ,on his arrival at ,paris1 ,curtius found a handsome suite of apartments awaiting him at the ,htel d',aligre1 hard by the ,croix du ,trahoir in the ,rue ,st4 ,honor4 ,they were spacious and well furnished1 and in style and comfort far exceeded his expectation4 ,the ,rue ,st4 ,honor on the north1 the ,rue ,bailleul on the south1 the ,rue de l',arbre ,sec on the east1 and the ,rue des ,poulies on the west1 outline to this day the ground on which the hotel1 with its gardens1 then stood4 ,the ,htel d',aligre was a place that had seen better days4 ,it had1 like so many of the great family dwellings that existed in ,paris towards the end of the eighteenth century1 demanded of its owners a longer and more speedily replenished purse than they possessed4 ,the sheltering of a stately and magnificent household had long been unknown to this once famous residence1 and its handsome rooms had been divided up and let as separate tenements4 ,the building contained a fine salon1 which at one time was placed by a ,chancellor d',aligre at the service of the ,grand ,council1 and so late as the year of ,curtius's arrival in ,paris we hear of it being used for an exhibition of pictures displayed under the gis of the ,acadmie de ,saint ,luc4 ,of this acadmie ,curtius was soon elected a member1 and it may be presumed that some of his own works were shown in the exhibition4 ,during its latter days the hotel figured under a dual appellation1 the ancient name of d',aligre being prefaced by that of the renowned ,schomberg4 ,finally it was known to the good citizens of ,paris1 shortly before its total disappearance1 as the ,old ,htel ,schomberg d',aligre4 ,this building occupied a position that could hardly have been better chosen for ,curtius's purpose1 for it stood in the very heart and throng of the busy capital--that is to say1 close to the ,louvre and at no great distance from the ,tuileries--and was surrounded by the houses of the wealthiest and most influential inhabitants of the city4 ,we should like to follow the footsteps of ,curtius1 and enter with him into his new home in ,paris2 but with the meagre information we have concerning these early days in his career we can only picture him as settling down to his work and drawing around him many famous patrons1 to some of whom we shall have to refer as we make progress with our story4 ,doubtless the ideals he had conceived of the ,french capital as a citizen in far-off ,berne would not have squared with the actual state in which he found the city when he took up his domicile within it4 ,report had carried the splendours of ,versailles far beyond the frontiers of ,france1 and might well have enlivened the imagination of an artist like ,curtius1 who1 doubtless1 would have hoped to enjoy the pleasure of witnessing them for himself2 but on his arrival in the capital he found the glories of the palaces had set1 and that the ,court of ,louis ,,xv had not only grown dull1 but had even gone out of fashion4 ,the ,king himself had become weary of the great ,court functions and sumptuous entertainments1 and now preferred to indulge in complete seclusion the appetites that still remained to him4 ,the military exploits of his reign had not brought him any great renown1 and in recent years he had suffered reverses that had cast a gloom over these closing days of his life4 ,he had also been reminded more than once that the levelling hand of ,death took no heed of rank and power4 ,that dread visitor had already unceremoniously claimed the ,king's son 7the ,dauphin7 and his wife1 and his own neglected ,queen1 ,marie ,leczinska1 was fast failing in health4 ,the temper of the people towards the ,king had undergone a great change1 and the days of 8,well-,beloved0-ness had long since departed4 ,during the reign of his predecessor1 ,louis ,,xiv1 the excessive taxation and the state of semi-serfdom had been borne by the lower classes with something like resignation1 for they had received some compensation through the glory of his military achievements and the extension of his power4 ,but small reason had they for so patiently bearing the ever-increasing burdens that had signalised the reign of his successor1 ,louis ,,xv1 whose military exploits had brought the country little by way of glory1 and whose career had naught to show but a long life of wanton extravagance1 combined with a painful disregard for the welfare of his people4 ,what ,curtius did in the four years that succeeded his arrival in ,paris one cannot say for certain2 but there is little doubt that he was busily engaged in executing commissions for his numerous and ever-increasing list of patrons1 whose liberality and kindness not only equalled1 but far surpassed1 the ,prince de ,conti's promises4 ,it is quite evident that soon after his arrival ,curtius tried his deft hands upon a model of the ,queen of ,louis ,,xv1 and it is this comparatively early work that constitutes one piece among a mere half-dozen examples that have been handed down to us4 ,probably the influence of his friend1 the ,prince de ,conti1 aided him in obtaining this commission4 ,it was after having practised his profession as artist for some years that ,curtius repaired to ,berne for the purpose of fetching his sister and her little daughter4 ,that was in the year #agff1 and ,madame ,tussaud was then about six years old4 ,on the authority of her ,memoirs1 published in #ahch1 it would appear that she was born at ,berne in the year #agfj2 but documentary evidence exists which appears to indicate that her birth actually took place a year later4 ,be that as it may1 we first hear of her when she accompanied her mother to ,paris as the guest of her uncle4 ,this brief review will not permit us to dwell long on the early days of the young girl in ,paris1 nor on those events that prefaced the outbreak of the ,revolution4 ,truth to say1 between #agff and #aghi--;a matter of twenty-three years--the details concerning the lives of ,curtius and his niece are neither very full nor very clearly defined4 ,this seems to be all of a piece with the nature of the work they produced1 for it is astonishing1 having regard to the considerable output1 how small a quantity of it has been handed down to us4 ,one has1 therefore1 little material to assist him in gaining an insight into the artists' careers1 or to guide in the forming of a just opinion either as to the exact character of their work or the nature of their subjects4 ,miniatures in coloured wax1 modelled in fairly high relief and framed and glazed in the ordinary way as pictures1 seem to offer a general idea and the best conception of the work that emanated from the studio during these momentous years1 so pregnant with meaning for the near future4 ,illustration3 ,,louis ,,xvi ,,and ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,orleans ,specimens of the few existing examples of ,curtius's miniature work4 ,modeled from life shortly before the outbreak of the ,french ,revolution4 ,the pity of the loss is that the work1 taken direct from life1 afforded a faithful record of important personages4 ,of this there is ample proof1 and that the models should have been of so ephemeral a character is a matter of great regret1 extending far beyond the feelings of the artists' descendants4 ,yet1 when one remembers the hatred of the populace towards the aristocrats and those holding authority under the ,old ,rgime1 it is not to be wondered at that many portraits should have shared1 with their originals1 the destructive effects of the antipathy that was shown both to patrons of art and to the art itself4 ,it goes without saying that during the ,reign of ,terror people would be disposed to hide1 or even to destroy1 any art subject in their possession indicating their attachment to the ,royalists4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,life-size figures--,museum at the ,palais ,royal--,exhibition on the ,boulevard du ,temple--,benjamin ,franklin--,voltaire4 ,a good deal of hearsay and some incontestable evidence helps to fill the hiatus between the time ,curtius came to ,paris and the outbreak of the ,revolution4 ,although the many years spent by ,curtius in the production of miniatures in coloured wax do not appear to have brought him a very great or a very wide reputation1 yet they were the means of leading him to the modelling of life-size portraits in this same material1 with the express intention of forming them into a collection solely for the object of exhibiting them to the public4 ,now it is to this important departure in the treatment of his works that we owe the present ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition1 an establishment with which his name must be for ever associated4 ,he seems to have set his mind upon this venture round about the year #aggf1 and some years later to have opened a ,museum of life-size portrait models at the ,palais ,royal1 an enterprise that was soon to be followed by the opening of a second ,exhibition of a far more renowned and interesting character on the ,boulevard du ,temple1 to which we shall have occasion to refer more than once4 ,the ,museum at the ,palais ,royal seems to have proved a lucrative concern1 and to have been devoted to the portraits of men and women of position1 holding for the time being a prominent place in the public eye4 ,little is known concerning it1 except for a few meagre and commonplace references in the literature of the period1 and it may1 to all intents and purposes1 be considered as relegated to the domain of the forgotten past4 ,we shall not1 however1 find ourselves able to dispose of the ,exhibition on the ,boulevard du ,temple without rendering an account of it1 for in the course of a few years it figured very largely in the ,revolution1 and had associated with it several incidents of an important and far-reaching character4 ,there is the record about this time of an acquaintance between the sculptor and ,benjamin ,franklin1 the ,american statesman and philosopher4 ,franklin had come to ,paris in ,december1 #aggf1 8to transact the business of his country at the ,court of ,france10 his chief purpose being to obtain political and financial assistance in consolidating the newly formed ,united ,states of ,america4 ,curtius and his niece--now a young woman of sixteen years--had the pleasure of entertaining the ,doctor1 who took considerable interest in their work4 ,not only did he commission them to execute several distinct portraits of himself1 but he also ordered models of many other notable characters of the day4 ,one of his own portraits is the identical figure which has been shown at ,madame ,tussaud's ever since4 ,illustration3 ,,benjamin ,,franklin ,modeled from life1 in ,paris1 by ,christopher ,curtius for his ,exhibition4 ,this model was executed in #aghc1 in which year ,franklin assumed great prominence as one of the signatories to the ,treaty of ,peace between the ,mother ,country and the ,united ,states1 which recognised the latter as an independent nation4 ,the figure in question is a life-size one2 but1 in addition to this1 ,curtius1 aided by his capable niece1 who was now earnestly supporting her uncle in his work1 produced several miniature portraits of the statesman which went directly into his possession4 ,indeed1 it is well known that ,franklin had in his rooms in ,paris many works that had emanated from ,curtius's studio4 ,in ,franklin's ,autobiography there is an account of his home in ,market ,street1 ,philadelphia1 in which he finally settled1 and the following extract under the date #acth ,july1 #aghg1 from a journal kept by an old friend of his1 the ,reverend ,dr4 ,manasseh ,cutler1 a distinguished scholar and botanist1 of ,hamilton1 ,massachusetts1 who had recently paid him a visit1 shows that he took with him from ,paris a number of miniatures1 many of which he had obtained from ,curtius3 ,over his mantel he has a prodigious number of medals1 busts and casts in wax or plaster of paris1 which are the effigies of the most noted characters in ,europe4 ,when ,franklin returned to ,america in #aghe there sailed with him1 on board the same ship1 ,houdon1 the eminent ,french sculptor1 who had been in his early student days a friend and companion of ,curtius1 who engaged his services1 and to whom he rendered considerable assistance in his work4 ,houdon's skill was highly appreciated by ,franklin1 and the object of the journey to ,america was that the sculptor might execute a statue of ,washington for the ,state of ,virginia1 the instructions for the work coming from both ,franklin and ,jefferson4 ,the voyage was made in the ,london ,packet1 and the date of the embarkation was the #bgth of ,july1 #aghe4 ,perhaps the most famous man of this period was the satirist1 philosopher1 and dramatist1 ,voltaire1 who1 throughout the whole of his long life1 had championed the cause of the people against arbitrary and despotic power4 ,illustration3 ,,three ,,views ,,of ,,voltaire',s ,,head ,modeled from life by ,christopher ,curtius in ,paris during the spring of #aggh1 a few weeks before ,voltaire's death4 ,after an absence of twenty-eight years the aged ,voltaire left his home on the shores of ,geneva and returned to ,paris1 arriving there on the #ajth of ,february1 #aggh4 ,he was welcomed by an ovation that might well have befitted the homecoming of a great conqueror4 ,curtius's reputation at that time stood at its highest1 and ,voltaire gave him several sittings soon after his arrival4 ,it is owing to this circumstance that the artist was able to place among the models of his recently opened ,exhibition on the ,boulevard du ,temple a life-size standing figure of this popular idol4 ,it is a matter of exceptional interest that the selfsame figure still exists1 and is shown to-day as one of the most attractive and notable objects in ,madame ,tussaud's1 where it has stood for just upon a century and a half4 ,besides producing this figure1 ,curtius took the opportunity the sittings afforded him of executing several miniature models1 one of them representing the philosopher during his last moments4 ,to this he gave the title of 8,the ,dying ,socrates40 ,several copies of this are known to exist1 and we give an illustration of the one in the ,tussaud collection4 ,these were the last portraits produced of him from life1 and they were completed none too soon4 ,illustration3 8,,the ,,dying ,,socrates0 ,portrait of ,voltaire at the time of his death4 ,wax miniature modeled by ,christopher ,curtius4 ,the stirring reception accorded ,voltaire on his arrival in ,paris1 to which he responded with great energy1 coupled with the strenuous effort and anxiety attending his personal superintendence of his new tragedy1 ,irene1 soon affected his health4 ,the sittings were given during the months of ,march and ,april1 and on the following #cjth of ,may his eventful life terminated at the age of eighty-four4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,madame ,elizabeth of ,france--,madame ,tussaud goes to ,versailles--,foulon--,three notable groups--8,caverne des ,grands ,voleurs40 ,in the year #aghj the ill-fated ,louis ,,xvi had been six years on the throne1 and ,curtius by this time had become well ingratiated with the followers of the ,new ,rgime4 ,illustration3 ,,madame ,,elizabeth ,,of ,,france ,the ,sister of ,louis ,,xvi and ,patroness of ,madame ,tussaud4 ,a ,portrait ,study by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud4 ,among the many distinguished visitors who honoured ,curtius's studio with their presence in #aghj was one who was destined to exercise a great influence on ,madame ,tussaud's life4 ,this was the ,king's sister1 ,madame ,elizabeth of ,france1 who1 at the time we speak of1 was sixteen years of age4 ,her disposition was singularly sweet and charming1 and the keen interest she took in the models and mysteries of the studio caused her to bestow upon the niece of ,curtius very special attention4 ,madame ,elizabeth1 according to her young protge1 was of medium height and slight build1 her forehead was high and intellectual1 and she had kind1 soft1 blue eyes4 ,her expression and demeanour were most sympathetic1 and on the slightest provocation her amiable countenance became wreathed in smiles1 the parting lips revealing a perfect set of teeth4 ,so infatuated did ,madame ,elizabeth become with this pleasant work of modelling in coloured wax1 which was soon to become a veritable craze1 that she asked ,madame ,tussaud to instruct her in the art1 and for that purpose invited her to live with her in her apartments at the ,palace of ,versailles1 for the ,princess seldom visited ,paris4 ,her overtures to his niece met with little opposition on the part of ,curtius1 who1 in spite of the fact that he had decided leanings towards the cause of the people1 yet1 in order to further his relative's interests1 readily gave his permission to her accompanying the ,princess4 ,this concession ,curtius must have made at some sacrifice1 for it deprived him of his niece's society and of the help she was then rendering him in his studio4 ,madame ,tussaud accordingly bade her uncle farewell1 and left ,paris for ,versailles4 ,illustration3 ,,madame ,,tussaud ,,at ,,the ,,age ,,of #bj ,madame ,tussaud1 as the young and beautiful ,marie ,grosholtz1 at the time she was compelled by the ,national ,convention to take impressions of the dead features of ,louis ,,xvi1 his ,queen ,marie ,antoinette and many leaders of the ,french ,revolution4 ,a ,portrait ,study by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud4 ,the quarters then occupied by ,madame ,elizabeth were situated at the end of the faade of the south wing of the palace1 and looked out upon the ,swiss ,lake4 ,one wonders whether the fascinating work of modelling in wax was the sole influence that prompted ,madame ,elizabeth's friendly feeling towards ,madame ,tussaud4 ,the ,princess had already shown a marked predilection for the ,swiss1 for both at the palace and on her own private estate of ,montreuil hard by she had many ,swiss people about her4 ,unfortunately1 little is known of the life of ,madame ,tussaud either at ,versailles or at ,montreuil1 which the ,king presented to his sister with the understanding that she should continue to make ,versailles her official home until she attained the age of twenty-four4 ,illustration3 ,,madame ,,elizabeth ,,at ,,montreuil ,from a painting by ,ricard in ,versailles4 ,we are told that the ,princess was very fond of modelling sacred subjects1 and many of these works produced by her own hands she gave away to her friends4 ,she showed her attachment to ,madame ,tussaud in many ways1 and required her to sleep in an adjoining apartment4 ,curtius's niece often found herself engaged in many duties besides those associated with modelling in wax1 and it was no unusual thing for the girl to be made the means of conveying alms to the ,princess's numerous pensioners4 ,for nine years she enjoyed the confidence and almost daily company of her patroness1 and throughout the long life vouchsafed to her she deemed them the happiest she had known4 ,seldom could she be brought to dwell upon these days1 or call to mind the fate of her illustrious pupil and the other members of the ,royal ,family she then so often encountered1 without the tears1 sooner or later1 welling to her eyes4 ,indeed1 not even after the passage of some sixty years1 when her own days were drawing to a close1 and when one might have expected her grief to have become assuaged1 could she restrain her emotion at the memory of their sad and tragic end4 ,we have already referred to the second and larger ,exhibition opened by ,curtius on the ,boulevard du ,temple4 ,a collection of wax figures representing famous personages1 living and dead1 attired in their everyday costume1 and exhibiting their usual pose and attitude1 was known as a 8,cabinet de ,cire40 ,the house wherein ,curtius opened this second ,exhibition was formerly occupied by ,foulon1 the ,minister of ,finance1 who earned public execration by his ill-timed suggestion that if the people could not get sufficient bread they might eat hay4 ,when the ,revolution broke out ,foulon was one of the first victims for the mob to vent its rage upon4 ,they hanged him1 decapitated the body1 and then paraded the streets with his head stuck on a pike1 between his lips being placed a wisp of hay in memory of the cruel sneer at the people's want4 ,for his ,exhibition ,curtius modelled several notable groups4 ,three of these call for some mention4 ,the first was a representation of the ,royal ,family dining in public1 a curious ceremonial of that period4 ,there was1 within the walls of the ,palace of ,versailles1 a chapel whither the family repaired to hear mass every morning2 and on ,sundays1 after returning from prayer1 they held a grand couvert in the palace4 ,the dining-table was in the form of a horseshoe1 the ,cent ,suisse 7or ,swiss ,bodyguard7 formed a circle around it1 and1 between them1 the spectators were permitted to view the august party at their dinner4 ,to this spectacle everyone had access1 provided the gentlemen were fully dressed--that is1 had a bag-wig1 sword1 and silk stockings--and the ladies were correspondingly attired4 ,even if their clothes were threadbare the visitors were not turned back2 nor were they admitted1 however well clad1 unless they presented themselves as etiquette prescribed4 ,the costume of the ,swiss ,bodyguard was magnificent1 being similar to that worn by ,henry ,,iv of ,france4 ,it comprised a hat with three white feathers1 short robe1 red pantaloons or long stockings 7all in one1 and slashed at the top with white silk71 black shoes with buckles1 sash1 sword1 and halbert4 ,the ,royal ,family generally remained three-quarters of an hour at table4 ,the spectacle was such an interesting one that ,curtius1 ever alive1 as his successors have been1 to satisfy the popular imagination1 modelled a group for his ,exhibition depicting the incident4 ,the second tableau represented an ,indian group4 ,in the grounds of the ,palace of ,versailles are two residences1 the ,grand ,trianon and the ,petit ,trianon1 the latter having been a favourite retreat of ,marie ,antoinette because of its secluded position and charming attractions4 ,curtius--assisted by his niece1 who was now a full-grown woman1 sensible of her responsibilities1 and able to execute commissions of her own--modelled a group of figures1 consisting of the envoys of ,tippoo ,sahib and several sepoys in their picturesque ,eastern costumes1 which was arranged under a tent placed in the ,grand ,trianon4 ,tippoo ,sahib was the ,sultan of ,mysore1 and he had sent to ,louis ,,xvi to invoke his assistance in expelling the ,british from his dominions4 ,on the #ajth of ,august1 #aghh1 after spending the night at the ,grand ,trianon1 the envoys were escorted to the ,palace of ,versailles1 and received with great pomp4 ,this was one of the last occasions on which ,madame ,elizabeth appeared in public at the palace and on which the ,king was able to receive freely the representatives of a foreign ,power4 ,the winter that followed was long and severe1 and had much to do with hastening the outbreak of the ,revolution and the downfall of the monarchy4 ,we do not know for certain whether the commission for the third group was prompted by ,madame ,elizabeth or by ,marie ,antoinette herself1 but we know for certain that it was one of the groups shown in the ,petit ,trianon before those disturbing elements manifested themselves that heralded the terrible upheaval which was to come4 ,the tableau comprised the seated figures of ,louis ,,xvi and ,marie ,antoinette with their young children1 the ,dauphin and the ,duchesse d',angoulme1 all attired in full ,court costume4 ,illustration3 ,,marie ,,antoinette1 ,,the ,,dauphin1 ,,and ,,the ,,duchesse ,d',,angoul,,me ,models taken from life and exhibited for some time in ,le ,petit ,trianon at ,versailles4 ,a very special interest attaches to this group1 inasmuch that1 except for the renovation necessitated by the long passage of time1 it is now shown within the walls of the present ,exhibition exactly as it was when first modelled4 ,while ,madame ,tussaud was fully occupied at ,versailles her uncle was busy with his ,museum in ,paris4 ,in #aghc ,curtius added to his collection on the ,boulevard du ,temple the 8,caverne des ,grands ,voleurs10 which we may fairly regard as the forerunner of the present ,chamber of ,horrors4 ,there seems to be some doubt as to the distinctive character of ,curtius's two ,exhibitions4 ,one authority informs us that his rooms at the ,palais ,royal contained the effigies of famous and celebrated men1 and that the venture on the ,boulevard du ,temple was devoted to those of notorious and infamous scoundrels4 ,one cannot say for certain what were the characteristics of the two collections at this time1 but there can be no doubt that both attracted great numbers of people for a very long period4 ,the descriptive accounts of ,parisian amusements of the time make mention of ,curtius's 8,cabinet de ,cire0--or1 to make use of the titles given to it on a copperplate etching of that period by ,martial1 8,thatre des ,figures de ,cire1 ou ,thatre ,curtius0--as a sight well worthy of inviting the attention of persons of rank and condition4 8,one may see10 said ,dulaure in #agia1 8waxen coloured figures of celebrated characters in all stations of life40 ,upon closing the ,exhibition at the ,palais ,royal1 ,curtius conveyed its figures to the ,boulevard du ,temple1 wherein merged all the models that had been previously on view1 thus combining the peculiar characteristics of the two establishments and constituting the ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition as we know it to-day4 ,,chapter ,v ,eve of the ,french ,revolution--,necker and the ,duke of ,orlans--,louis ,,xvi's fatal mistakes--,his dismissal of the people's favourites4 ,we are now approaching the day when the long-pent-up storm1 threatening for so great a while1 was about to burst1 and we must contemplate ,king ,louis ,,xvi and his advisers seeking for a means to placate a people at last stirred to resentment through the cruel and unjust burdens it had for generations been made to bear4 ,the murmurings which had long been general and indefinite were now resolving themselves into a hatred fast becoming focused upon the rich and the powerful1 many of whom1 it must be added1 were also arrogant and dissolute4 ,a rude awakening among some of these1 who had at last been brought to realise the imminence of the convulsion1 induced them to advocate with much haste and little discretion certain concessions4 ,these were obviously granted as acts of expediency1 and with as little derogation as possible from their own interest1 rather than out of any sympathy for a distressed and desperate people clamouring for relief4 ,so1 early in #aghi1 the ,king was prompted to resort to an expedient which had not been adopted since the year #afad4 ,he summoned the ,states-,general to meet together at ,versailles on the #eth of ,may1 #aghi4 ,in the deliberations of this ,national ,council the ,king and his ,ministers looked for support and guidance to meet the difficulties that beset them4 ,but matters took an unexpected course4 ,the ,deputies of the ,third ,estate1 which out-numbered the ,first and ,second put together1 demanded that all three ,estates should sit and vote as one whole indissoluble body4 ,in spite of opposition they pushed their demand to a successful issue1 and1 grasping control of both legislative and executive power1 forthwith resolved themselves into a permanent constitutional assembly4 ,the ,king soon found himself confronted by an irresistible authority1 including a majority of men who betrayed little concern for his prerogative1 and manifested a strong sympathy with the cause of the people4 ,in such stirring times as those which were now being experienced in ,france1 ,curtius turned to the advocates of the people's cause for many of his subjects for his new ,exhibition4 ,among these were many who were to figure largely in the ,revolution4 ,special mention must be made of two figures1 added about this date1 namely1 ,necker and ,philippe1 ,duke of ,orlans1 for their models had an important bearing upon the events that followed4 ,necker1 at the time his model was made by ,curtius and ,madame ,tussaud1 was the ,french ,minister of ,finance4 ,in #agge he had claimed for the ,state the right of fixing the price of grain and1 if necessary1 of prohibiting exportation2 a year later he was made ,director of the ,treasury1 and in #aggg he became ,director-,general of ,finance4 ,his retrenchments were bitterly opposed by ,queen ,marie ,antoinette2 and his famous ,compte ,rendu1 in #agha1 occasioned his dismissal at that time4 ,some of his measures1 such as his adjustment of taxes and his establishment of ,state-guaranteed annuities and ,state pawnshops1 were a boon to suffering ,france4 ,he retired to ,geneva1 but in #aghg returned to ,paris1 and1 when ,m4 de ,calonne cast doubt on the ,compte ,rendu1 he published a justification which drew upon him his banishment from ,paris4 ,recalled to office in ,september1 #aghh1 he quickly made himself a popular hero by recommending the summoning of the ,states-,general1 to which reference has already been made4 ,on the #aath of ,july1 #aghi1 he received the royal command to leave ,france at once2 but the fall of the ,bastille1 three days later1 frightened the ,king into recalling him1 amid the wildest popular enthusiasm4 ,illustration3 ,,model ,,of ,,the ,,bastille ,the ,duke of ,orlans1 the famous galit1 was another hero of the people at this time4 ,he was looked upon coldly at ,court owing to his dissolute habits4 ,london was frequently visited by him1 and he became an intimate friend of the ,prince of ,wales1 afterwards ,george ,,iv4 ,he infected young ,france with ,anglomania in the form of horse-racing and hard drinking1 and made himself popular among the lower classes by profuse charity4 ,in #aghg he showed his liberalism boldly against the ,king1 and as the ,states-,general drew near he lavished his wealth in flooding ,france with seditious books and papers4 ,in the following year he promulgated his ,dlibrations1 written by ,laclos1 to the effect that the ,third ,estate was the nation2 and in ,june1 #aghi--the month that preceded the fall of the ,bastille--he led the forty-seven nobles who seceded from their own order to join that ,estate4 ,the ,duke presumed to become constitutional ,king of ,france1 or at least ,regent2 but he was only a comparatively small fragment that drifted into the vortex of the ,revolution itself4 ,in #agib1 when all hereditary titles were swept away1 this 8citizen0 adopted the name of ,philippe galit4 ,he was the twentieth ,deputy for ,paris in the ,national ,convention1 and voted for the death of the ,king2 but in the following year retribution overtook him1 for he himself was found guilty of conspiracy and guillotined4 ,the public distrust of the ,king's party1 the fatal error in bringing the foreign troops to ,paris and its environs1 and1 finally1 the banishment of ,necker and the ,duke of ,orlans1 the great champions of the people1 must be regarded as the immediate cause of the catastrophe that followed4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,madame ,tussaud recalled from ,versailles--,the #abth of ,july1 #aghi--;,busts taken from ,curtius's ,exhibition--,a ,garde ,franaise slain in the mle4 ,it must be remembered that the 8romance0 of ,madame ,tussaud's began in the ,french capital one hundred and fifty years ago4 ,as we view to-day the quaint little figure of ,madame which stands in the ,exhibition she helped to found in ,france and established in this country1 we must imagine her in the full vigour of her young womanhood1 sensible to the dangers and terrors of the ,revolution in which she was about to be involved4 ,the ,exhibition was as yet in its infancy2 but stirring times were approaching1 and the days were pregnant with meaning for the ,france that was to be--a time of bloodshed and grim ruthlessness born of a people's desire for freedom1 and attended by ghastly scenes in ,paris that revealed the extremities to which unbridled human passions could go4 ,we must see through her eyes the sights that marked the red dawn of the ,french ,revolution2 and hear the first low rumble that gave warning of the approach of the ,reign of ,terror4 ,her uncle recalled her from the ,court of ,versailles1 an order that he might afford her his protection1 and she did not leave a whit too soon4 ,now we come to the fateful days of ,july4 ,the ,three ,estates had been fused into one on the #bgth of ,june with the assent of the ,king1 who thus virtually signed his own death-warrant4 ,another step soon followed in the same disastrous course4 ,the ,queen and her intimate advisers caused ,louis to make an attempt to maintain his authority by force1 and for this purpose an army of #dj1jjj men1 drawn from various quarters1 was concentrated upon ,paris and its vicinity1 and placed under the orders of ,marshal ,broglie4 ,among these troops were several regiments of ,swiss and ,germans4 ,at that moment ,necker1 whom the ,court party distrusted and feared1 was forced to relinquish his office1 and commanded to leave ,france forthwith4 ,the #abth of ,july was a ,sunday1 and on the morning of that day an extraordinary degree of activity was observed among the troops in ,paris4 ,the nerves of the people became overwrought2 they were apprehensive of imminent danger--some hidden design1 some sinister motive1 on the part of the newly appointed ,ministers 7including the hated ,foulon1 who had succeeded the beloved ,necker7 whose policy they could not fathom4 ,before midday the ,palais ,royal was crowded with people1 wondering what all this military movement could mean1 and gazing at the strange placards which bade them stay at home and avoid all meetings4 ,the half-discredited rumour of the dismissal of ,necker spread like wild-fire through the capital1 and the first person who made the announcement was about to be ducked in one of the water basins in the gardens of the ,palais ,royal1 when a ,deputy of the ,third ,estate1 who happened to be standing by1 confirmed the news4 ,illustration3 ,,camille ,,desmoulins ,young enthusiast who stirred the populace of ,paris to riotous demonstration on hearing of the dismissal of ,necker4 ,everyone in the gardens was at once made acquainted with the fall of the people's favourite2 and as the cannon of the ,palais made known1 as usual1 the fact that the hour of noon had arrived1 a young man named ,camille ,desmoulins sprang upon a table outside the ,caf ,foy1 and1 brandishing a drawn sword and pistol1 called 8,to arms60 ,he then harangued with burning eloquence the people who crowded around him1 and fired their imagination at the close of his oration by plucking a leaf from a tree 7green being the colour of ,necker's livery7 and placing it in his hat as a cockade1 an example that was followed by thousands4 ,the theatres and other places of amusement were closed as a sign of mourning for ,necker1 who was loudly acclaimed on every side4 ,then it was suggested that the models of ,necker and the ,duke of ,orlans should be obtained from ,curtius's ,museum4 ,the idea was quickly seized upon1 and the crowd rushed en masse to the ,exhibition rooms on the ,boulevard du ,temple1 where they demanded the busts of the 8friends of the people40 ,they also asked for the model of the ,king1 a request that was refused by ,curtius1 who observed that as the full-length figure was extremely heavy it would be 8broken0 if carried4 ,this reply pleased the people1 who clapped their hands and shouted 8,bravo1 ,curtius1 bravo60 ,illustration3 ,m4 ,,necker ,director-,general of ,finance under ,louis ,,xvi1 whose bust1 taken from ,curtius's exhibit by the mob1 was carried through the streets of ,paris to fan the flame of revolution4 ,deeming it imprudent not to respond to the public clamour1 ,curtius relinquished the busts of the two public idols2 and as soon as they had gained possession of them the mob shouted 8,long live ,necker60 8,long live the ,duke of ,orlans60 and 8,down with the foreign troops60 ,as an expression of grief at the loss of their favourites they covered the busts with crape4 ,then1 elevating them upon pedestals1 they carried them through the streets of ,paris in triumph4 ,on rolled the procession through the ,rue de ,richelieu1 the ,boulevard1 the streets of ,st4 ,martin1 ,st4 ,denis1 and ,st4 ,honor1 increasing in numbers at every step1 among them men of the ,garde ,franaise1 till it came to the ,place ,vendme1 where the busts were carried twice round the statue of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,en route the crowd obliged all they met to take off their hats in honour of the men the busts represented4 ,by the time the great throng reached the ,place ,vendme it had become #e1jjj or #f1jjj strong4 ,here a detachment of royal troops came up1 and vainly attempted to disperse the mob4 ,the crowd pelted the soldiers with stones1 and1 having put them to flight1 proceeded to the ,place ,louis ,,xv1 where they were assailed by the ,german troops of the ,prince de ,lambesc4 ,the cavalry charged the mob with drawn sabres1 and the bearers of the busts were thrown down beneath their burdens4 ,again and again they were raised1 only to fall once more4 ,the figure of ,necker was cleft asunder by a soldier of the ,royal ,german ,regiment4 ,a man named ,pepin1 a hawker of articles of drapery1 was wounded by a bullet in the leg1 and fell by the side of the broken figure4 ,that representing the ,duke of ,orlans escaped destruction2 but a member of the ,civic ,guard1 while endeavouring to protect it1 lost his life1 and several other persons were wounded in attempting to assist him4 ,it was the first blood shed in the ,revolution1 which may thus be regarded as having broken out at the very doors of the ,exhibition in ,paris4 ,thomas ,carlyle gives1 in his ,french ,revolution1 the following characteristic account of the incident3 ,,to ,,arms6 ,sunday1 #abth ,july1 #aghi4 ,france1 so long shaken and wind-parched1 is probably at the right inflammable point4 ,as for poor ,curtius who1 one grieves to think1 might be but imperfectly paid1 he cannot make two words about his ,images4 ,the ,wax-bust of ,necker1 the ,wax-bust of ,d',orlans1 helpers of ,france3 these1 covered with crape1 as in funeral procession1 or after the manner of suppliants appealing to ,heaven1 to ,earth1 and ,tartarus itself1 a mixed multitude bears off4 ,for a sign6 ,as indeed man1 with his singular imaginative faculties1 can do little or nothing without signs3 ,thus ,turks look to their ,prophet's ,banner2 also ,osier ,mannikins have been burnt1 and ,necker's ,portrait has erewhile figured1 aloft on its perch4 ,in this manner march they1 a mixed1 continually increasing multitude2 armed with axes1 staves1 and miscellanea2 grim1 many-sounding through the streets4 ,be all ,theatres shut2 let all dancing on planked floor1 or on the natural greensward1 cease6 ,instead of a ,christian ,sabbath1 and feast of guinguitte tabernacles1 it shall be a ,sorcerer's ,sabbath2 and ,paris1 gone rabid1 dance--with the ,fiend for piper6 ,however1 ,besenval1 with horse and foot1 is in the ,place ,louis ,quinze4 ,mortals promenading homewards1 in the fall of the day1 saunter by1 from ,chaillot or ,passy1 from flirtation and a little thin wine2 with sadder step than usual4 ,will the ,bust-,procession pass that way8 ,behold it2 behold also ,prince ,lambesc dash forth on it1 with his ,royal-,allemands6 ,shots fall1 and sabre-strokes2 ,busts are hewed asunder2 and1 alas1 also heads of men4 ,a sabred ,procession has nothing for it but to explode1 along what streets1 alleys1 ,tuileries ,avenues it finds2 and disappear4 ,one unarmed man lies hewed down2 a ,garde ,franaise by his uniform2 bear him 7or bear even the report of him7 dead and gory to his ,barracks2--where he has comrades still alive6--,french ,revolution1 ,chapter ,,iv4 ,illustration3 ,,thomas ,,carlyle ,it was on this very day1 the #abth of ,july1 after the incidents just described1 that the famous reply was made to the ,king by ,liancourt4 ,upon his apprising ,his ,majesty of the ferment in ,paris1 ,louis remarked1 8,why1 it is a revolt1 then80 8,no1 sire10 rejoined the ,minister1 8it is a revolution60#a #a ,this reply has been erroneously asserted to have been made by ,liancourt on the evening of the #adth of ,july1 the day of the capture of the ,bastille2 it was really given as stated above4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,heads of the ,revolution--,madame's terrible experiences--,the guillotine in pawn--,madame acquires the knife1 lunette1 and chopper4 ,it is no part of our concern to trace the course of the ,revolution throughout1 or to dwell too long upon its horrors4 ,nevertheless before ,madame ,tussaud passed into tranquil days she had to suffer the severest ordeal of her life1 the memory of which she could never wholly efface4 ,we can hardly imagine her bitter experience when compelled to employ her young hands in taking impressions of heads immediately after decapitation1 and this1 strange to say1 by the very same knife which may be seen at this day among the relics of the ,revolution at ,tussaud's4 ,illustration3 ,,georges-,,jacques ,,danton ,illustration3 ,,jean ,,baptiste ,,carrier ,responsible for the butchery of the ,vendean prisoners at ,nantes during the ,french ,revolution4 ,impression of his head taken immediately after he had been guillotined1 #afth ,december1 #agid4 ,thus she was compelled to reproduce the lineaments of ,louis ,,xvi1 ,marie ,antoinette1 ,hbert1 ,danton1 ,robespierre1 ,carrier1 ,fouquier-,tinville--the best and fairest1 and also the worst and vilest--who met their death on the scaffold4 ,unthinkable were the gruesome tasks of faithfully recording their features imposed upon the young woman who was destined to bring to ,england that ,exhibition the annals of which we now relate4 ,no wonder many a heated controversy has waged around these works1 for it is hard to realise that they are the actual impressions of those heads that fell under the knife of the guillotine4 ,yet they are the selfsame impressions that were shown at ,christopher ,curtius's ,museum in ,paris4 ,that ,madame ,tussaud's uncle would have had the temerity to exhibit spurious heads to a crowd by no means in a humour to be trifled with1 and far too familiar with the features the casts portrayed to be deceived1 is more than unlikely2 and we know such an imposition in his case would have been quite unnecessary4 ,the casts were undoubtedly taken under compulsion1 either with the object of pandering to the temper of the people1 or of serving as confirmatory evidence of execution having taken place--perhaps both4 ,the idea of exhibiting the heads of those who had been done to death as enemies of the people had asserted itself during the very earliest days of the ,revolution4 ,within a fortnight of the taking of the ,bastille1 ,foulon's head had been severed from its body and paraded through the streets of ,paris at the end of a pike4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,princess ,,de ,,lamballe ,a friend and companion to ,marie ,antoinette4 ,later the noble features of the ,princess de ,lamballe had suffered the same brutal degradation1 with the added inhumanity of having been thrust between the window-bars of the ,temple ,prison1 wherein the unfortunate ,louis ,,xvi and his wife were incarcerated4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,guillotine ,showing the mode of execution in ,france4 ,a facsimile with wax models now in the ,tussaud collection4 ,on that terrible day1 the #ajth of ,august1 #agib1 when the ,swiss ,guard was cut to pieces in defending the ,tuileries1 several of these brave soldiers had their heads stuck upon pikes and exhibited to the mob4 ,the ,royalist writer1 ,suleau1 suffered the same fate4 ,how far had ,madame ,tussaud been implicated in the accomplishment of the dreadful work of taking casts from decapitated heads8 ,it was during the autumn of #aghi that ,christopher ,curtius 7who had by this time adopted ,marie as his daughter7 insisted upon her withdrawing from the service of ,madame ,elizabeth1 to whom she had1 with every reason1 become devotedly attached4 ,for ,curtius had1 at the outset of the disturbances in ,paris1 espoused the cause of the people1 and1 as an adroit and far-seeing man1 had become anxious for his adopted daughter's safety4 ,he1 without doubt1 desired she should return under his own roof to derive the benefit of his protection4 ,so it is that we find ,marie in her uncle's studio adjoining his ,exhibition1 and where that gruesome work was so soon to be undertaken4 ,now during the year #agic ,curtius had been drawn into the service of the ,national ,convention1 and on several occasions had to quit ,paris for many days at a time1 leaving ,marie and her mother to do the best they could with the ,exhibition during his absence4 ,he was at this time 8,envoy ,extraordinary of the ,republic and ,war ,commissary at ,mayence40 ,on the last occasion of his quitting the capital his absence extended over a period of fully eighteen months4 ,meanwhile heads were falling fast1 and no one knew how long his own would repose upon his shoulders4 ,then it was that ,marie suffered the terrible experience of having to take the impressions of so many heads that were brought to her from the guillotine4 ,we have it from her own mouth that it was a task with which she dared not hesitate to comply4 ,it must have been known to many that only a few years back she had been a member of the household of the ,king's sister1 ,madame ,elizabeth1 at ,versailles1 and not a few of those who were near and dear to her had suffered death for a far less offence than that4 ,but at last1 as the days wore on1 the ,jacobins themselves fell1 and the ,reign of ,terror gave way to the ,directorate4 ,then easier times came1 though still far from tranquil4 ,nevertheless heads had ceased to fall1 and ,sanson1 the executioner1 finding his occupation gone1 pawned his guillotine1 and got into woful trouble for alleged trafficking in municipal property4 ,years after ,madame came to this country she sent her son to ,paris to search out this terrible instrument of death1 and1 with the help of the executioner1 who was still living1 and who solemnly vouched for its authenticity1 she secured the knife1 the lunette1 and also the chopper that was used as a standby1 lest the great knife should fail4 ,illustration3 ,,knife1 ,,lunette ,,and ,,chopper ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,guillotine ,,used ,,in ,,paris ,,during ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,terror ,years after1 ,madame ,tussaud1 with the aid of the executioner1 procured these for her collection4 ,it was only after much negotiation and the payment of a very considerable sum of money that her object was attained4 ,and now the dread knife harmlessly reposes by the side of the impressions of those heads it so ruthlessly struck off a century and a quarter ago--that of ,louis ,,xvi and his ,queen1 ,marie ,antoinette1 as well as those of ,robespierre1 ,danton1 ,fouquier-,tinville1 ,hbert1 and the miscreant of ,nantes1 ,carrier4 ,from the time they were first shown in ,paris until the present day they have been viewed by an ever-increasing throng1 though the sight of them can never have been pleasing1 and those who gaze upon them shudder and pass on4 ,though ,madame ,tussaud did not witness the execution of ,marie ,antoinette1 yet she remembered seeing the ,queen pass on a tumbril through the jeering crowds to the scaffold4 ,the once gay and light-hearted ,queen was dressed in white for her last pageant on earth1 her hands tied behind her4 ,the spectacle brought back to ,madame memories of the royal palace where she had frequently attended to give lessons in modelling1 and she was so overcome that she fainted4 ,perhaps the most horrifying experience undergone by ,madame ,tussaud during this terrible period was when the mangled head of the greatly beloved ,princess de ,lamballe was brought to her that a cast might be made4 ,in vain did she protest that she could not endure the ordeal4 ,the brutal murderers compelled her to comply4 ,illustration3 ,,marie ,,antoinette ,impression of her head taken immediately after she had been guillotined1 #afth ,october1 #agic4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,madame dines with the ,terrorists ,marat and ,robespierre1 models their figures1 and subsequently takes casts of their heads--,she visits ,charlotte ,corday in prison--,death of ,curtius--,madame marries--,napoleon sits for his model4 ,one of the most bloodthirsty of all the red ,terrorists was ,jean ,paul ,marat1 who was slain in his bath by ,charlotte ,corday on the #acth of ,july1 #agic4 ,illustration3 ,,charlotte ,,corday ,marat1 as a young man1 had lived in this country for some time1 and was well known to ,madame ,tussaud through visits he paid to the house of her uncle1 ,curtius1 at #bj ,boulevard du ,temple4 ,immediately after his assassination she was called upon to take a cast of ,marat's head4 8,they came for me10 she relates1 8to go to ,marat's house at once1 and to take with me what appliances ,i needed to make an impression of his features4 ,the cadaverous aspect of the fiend made me feel desperately ill1 but they stood over me and forced me to perform the task40 ,marat's model is still to be seen in the ,exhibition lying in the bath in which he was stabbed by the heroic young ,norman girl4 ,charlotte ,corday had addressed a letter to ,marat stating that she had news of importance to communicate1 and when she called he readily admitted her4 ,she amused him with an account of the ,deputies at ,caen1 when he said4 8,they shall all go to the guillotine40 8,to the guillotine60 exclaimed she1 and as he took up a pencil to write the names of his intended victims ,charlotte plunged a knife into his heart4 ,madame ,tussaud afterwards visited ,charlotte ,corday in the ,conciergerie ,prison1 and described her as tall1 well-mannered1 and possessed of many graces of character and appearance4 ,the brave young woman1 who paid for her avenging act with her life1 wrote in a letter to her father that she had done what was right4 ,after the heroine's death ,madame ,tussaud obtained a record of ,charlotte ,corday's beautiful face4 ,illustration3 ,,jean ,,paul ,,marat ,one of the most bloodthirsty of the terrorists1 stabbed in his bath by ,charlotte ,corday1 #acth ,july1 #agic4 ,a wax model made immediately after his death4 ,the actual model1 now in our ,exhibition1 of ,marat dying in his bath1 was exhibited during the ,revolution at the ,museum of ,curtius in ,paris1 and attracted crowds1 who were loud in their lamentations1 for at that time ,marat was a national idol4 ,robespierre visited the ,museum1 and took the opportunity of haranguing the people at the door4 ,in flamboyant language he said1 8,enter1 citizens1 and see the image of our departed friend1 snatched from us by the assassin's hand1 guided by the demon of aristocracy4 ,marat was the father of the poor1 the defender of the weak1 and the consoler of the wretched4 ,as his heart poured forth the sweet emotions of sympathy for the oppressed1 so did the vigour of his mind emit its thunder against the oppressor40 ,then1 descending to bathos1 the cunning demagogue exclaimed1 8,what did he get for it all8 ,five francs were found in his house60 ,surprise has sometimes been expressed by visitors that the bath in which ,marat was stabbed to death should be so small and of such a curious shape4 ,marat was murdered in a 8slipper0 bath1 which was more like a 8halt boot0 than a slipper1 so that the water would come up to the shoulders of the bather without flowing over4 ,this kind of bath was greatly in vogue at the time of the ,french ,revolution4 ,its object was to save water1 which in those days was not freely supplied4 ,when the bather was in the bath a small quantity of water would fill it4 ,maximilien ,robespierre had sent numerous people to their death during the ,reign of ,terror4 ,his own turn came at last1 when he too met his death from the sharp tongue of ,la ,guillotine4 ,the revulsion of feeling that had set in against ,robespierre was very bitter4 ,he was shot at point-blank range by a man named ,meda in the ,salle d'galit1 a room in the ,htel de ,ville1 but was only wounded1 and he went to the guillotine on the #bhth of ,july1 #agid1 with his broken jaw swathed in a white linen cloth4 ,illustration3 ,,maximilien ,,marie ,,isidore ,,robespierre ,impression of his head taken immediately after he had been guillotined1 #bhth ,july1 #agid4 ,one of the impressions done by ,madame ,tussaud1 then a young girl1 by order of the authorities4 ,an hour after the head of ,robespierre rolled from the lunette ,madame ,tussaud1 reluctantly obeying a demand that an impression should be taken of the severed head1 set about the shuddering task4 ,the cast therefrom is now shown in one of our ,exhibition rooms containing relics of the ,revolution4 ,her feelings may be imagined as she sat with the head of the callous ,terrorist confronting her4 ,although ,madame ,tussaud took an impression of the features of ,robespierre directly after his execution1 she had taken a portrait of him long before his fall4 ,he expressed a wish that his figure should be introduced standing near that of ,marat1 as also those of ,collot d',herbois and ,rosignol4 ,he proposed that they should send their own clothes in which the figures might be dressed1 to afford additional accuracy4 ,the likenesses were taken and apparelled as desired4 ,in those days ,madame ,tussaud often sat next ,robespierre at dinner4 ,she describes him as always extremely polite and attentive1 never omitting those little acts of courtesy which are expected from a gentleman when sitting at table with a lady1 anticipating her wishes1 and taking care that she should never have to ask for anything4 ,in this particular1 says ,madame ,tussaud1 he differed from ,marat1 who was so selfishly eager to supply his own wants that he never troubled himself with the needs of others4 ,robespierre's conversation was generally animated1 sensible1 and agreeable1 but his enunciation was not good4 ,there was nothing particularly remarkable in his conduct1 manners1 or appearance when in society4 ,if noticed at all1 it could only be as a pleasant1 gentlemanly man of moderate abilities4 ,this was a strong admission for a lady who was always a ,royalist at heart and had been long detained in ,paris against her will4 ,her association with the ,court of ,louis inevitably brought ,madame ,tussaud under suspicion of the so-called ,committee of ,public ,safety1 and for a time she was imprisoned with ,madame de ,beauharnais1 who was later to become the ,empress ,josephine1 whom ,napoleon divorced to marry ,marie ,louise4 ,the scene is changed1 and we see ,marie ,grosholtz--,curtius having died about that time--wedded in #agie to ,franois ,tussaud1 by whose name she was henceforth to be known to posterity4 ,madame ,tussaud1 it would appear1 made the acquaintance and gained the favour of ,napoleon himself4 ,a ,parisian publication1 ,la ,belle ,assemble1 gives a circumstantial account of ,madame ,tussaud being sent for to take the likeness of ,napoleon--when he was ,first ,consul--at the ,tuileries as early as six o'clock in the morning4 ,it would appear that ,madame went at the invitation of ,napoleon's first wife1 ,josephine1 who was desirous of having a permanent record of her husband's features4 ,the young modeller was ushered into a room at the palace where the great soldier waited for her4 ,la ,belle ,assemble states that ,josephine greeted ,madame ,tussaud with kindness1 and conversed much and most affably4 ,napoleon said little1 spoke in sharp sentences1 and rather abruptly4 ,he would have shown her special consideration had she chosen to remain in ,france2 but it is not to be wondered at that ,madame ,tussaud cared no longer to remain amid the sorrowful recollections of the ,revolution1 and that she seized the opportunity1 on the signing of the ,peace of ,amiens1 to leave ,france for ever4 ,it was to ,england she turned for refuge and the prosecution of her life's work4 ,madame boldly transported across the ,channel to ,england her uncle's two ,paris ,exhibitions1 which1 as already related1 had been made into one4 ,here she decided to settle1 and here her descendants have lived ever since4 ,illustration3 ,,madame ,,tussaud ,,at ,,the ,,age ,,of #db ,when she left ,france for ,england1 never to return4 ,a ,portrait ,study by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,madame ,tussaud leaves ,france for ,england1 never to return--,early days in ,london--,on tour--,some notable figures--,shipwreck in the ,irish ,channel4 ,madame ,tussaud arrived in this country with her ,exhibition some time in ,may1 #ahjb4 ,there is considerable difficulty in tracing her movements during the first few years after her arrival4 ,the information points to her having remained in ,london with her ,exhibition for some six or seven years4 ,in ,london there is some amount of evidence of her having shown her exhibits in ,fleet ,street and also at the ,lowther ,arcade in the ,strand4 ,however1 it is fairly clear that she first showed her collection at the old ,lyceum ,theatre in the ,strand1 then known as the ,english ,opera ,house1 which she vacated in #ahjc that ,mr4 ,winsor might make the experiment of lighting the place with gas4 ,it was the first house of entertainment to be illuminated in this way1 and the innovation was regarded as dangerous4 ,then she went on tour1 and visited the more important places in ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland4 ,wherever the town visited boasted a ,mayor1 the ,exhibition was almost invariably opened by him1 or under his auspices4 ,the figures that ,madame ,tussaud modelled and the dates when she executed the work give some idea of her activities at the time4 ,she modelled from life ,queen ,caroline in #ahjh1 ,george ,,iii in #ahji1 and ,alexander ,i1 ,emperor of ,russia1 in #ahad4 ,in that year the ,emperor and the ,king of ,prussia visited ,england in connection with the centenary of the ,house of ,hanover1 which took place on the #ast of ,august4 ,madame ,tussaud also modelled from life ,mrs4 ,siddons1 the famous actress1 who retired from the stage in #ahji1 and died at her residence in ,upper ,baker ,street in #ahca4 ,illustration3 ,,princess ,,charlotte ,,of ,,wales ,daughter of ,george ,,iv4 ,princess ,charlotte of ,wales 7daughter of ,george ,,iv7 was married on the #bnd of ,may1 #ahaf1 and on that day ,her ,royal ,highness sat to ,mr4 ,p4 ,turnerelli1 the sculptor1 for what was called 8the ,nuptial ,bust40 ,from this ,madame ,tussaud modelled a figure of the ,princess for the ,exhibition1 and it drew large numbers of people to see it when the young ,princess died in the year following her marriage4 ,for blooming ,charlotte1 ,england's fairest ,rose1 ,in ,history's page the tear of pity flows4 ,few were the moments of connubial life1 ,she shar'd the blisses of a happy wife4 ,but when relentless ,death had nipt her bloom1 ,and hid the faded ,rose within the tomb1 ,o'er her cold grave an ,angel waved his wing1 ,and cried1 8,o ,death1 where is thy fatal sting8 ,from hence she goes2 to me the charge is given10 ,and in his bosom took the ,rose to ,heaven4 ,the ,duke of ,york was modelled from life in #ahab1 ,leopold ,i1 ,king of ,belgium1 in #ahag1 the ,bishop of ,norwich in #ahbj1 and ,george ,,iv a few days before his coronation in ,july1 #ahba4 ,sir ,walter ,scott's figure in ,highland costume was taken from life in ,edinburgh in #ahbh1 a year after ,george ,canning's likeness had been similarly obtained4 ,it was in #ahbh that ,madame ,tussaud took a portrait of the miscreant ,burke1 immediately after his execution2 and she modelled from life his accomplice1 ,hare1 while he was in prison in ,edinburgh4 ,prince ,talleyrand's figure was modelled from life by ,madame in #ahcb1 ,lord ,eldon in #ahcc1 the ,duke of ,wellington and ,sir ,robert ,peel in #ahce1 and ,lord ,melbourne in #ahcf4 ,in that year ,madame ,tussaud took from life a model of the ,duchess of ,kent1 the mother of ,queen ,victoria1 which proved a great attraction4 ,by this time the ,exhibition had found a home in ,baker ,street1 where it became established in the spring of #ahce4 ,concerning the travels of the ,exhibition1 it is on record that ,madame ,tussaud visited ,north ,shields on the #bnd of ,december1 #ahaa1 and ,edinburgh in #ahaa-ab4 ,early in the latter year we find her on the #bhth of ,february at 8#d ,the ,market ,place1 ,hull1 just opposite the ,reindeer ,inn40 ,she was in ,leeds on the #bhth of ,september1 and in ,manchester on the #bnd of ,december1 #ahab4 ,there is an entry in an old account-book which says1 8,left the house in ,criggate1 ,leeds1 ,monday1 ,november #af40 ,it is pretty clear that the ,exhibition was located in ,newcastle in ,january1 and in ,liverpool on the #acth of ,april1 #ahac4 ,in #ahag the ,exhibition was shown at 8,mr4 ,sparrow's ,upper ,ware ,rooms1 ,old ,butter ,market1 ,ipswich1 having lately arrived from the ,concert ,rooms1 ,canterbury1 and lastly from the ,assembly ,rooms1 ,deal40 ,it was probably when the ,exhibition was visiting ,cambridge in #ahah that a worthy ,don made the suggestion that the figures of criminals should be placed in a separate room4 ,too long would be taken even to name all the places that were visited by the ,exhibition1 but there is an account in the ,coventry ,herald that on the #adth ,march1 #ahbc1 the cordial thanks of a meeting of school managers were presented to ,madame ,tussaud for her 8unsolicited and handsome donation of a moiety of the receipts of her ,exhibition on ,monday evening last40 ,among the figures taken on tour at this time were models of ,louis ,,xvi1 ,marie ,antoinette1 and the ,dauphin1 ,voltaire1 and ,madame ,st4 ,amaranthe 7,tussaud's 8,sleeping ,beauty071 taken a few months before her execution4 ,these identical figures1 as already stated1 are still in the collection4 ,to trace the travels of the ,exhibition there is no need4 ,for some years ,madame1 with her sons1 ,joseph and ,francis1 went on tour throughout the country4 ,a misadventure in the ,irish ,channel1 when she was on her way to ,dublin1 threatened the enterprise with disaster4 ,the vessel which carried their precious belongings was partially wrecked1 and many valuable exhibits were lost4 ,undaunted by the bufferings of ,fate1 and helped by friends1 ,madame replenished her ,exhibition and brought it up to date4 ,the current of events did not run smoothly for ,madame ,tussaud2 but the little woman possessed a brave spirit1 and struggled on against adversity1 being upheld by the conviction that she would eventually triumph4 ,,chapter ,x ,the ,bristol riots--,narrow escape of the ,exhibition--,a brave black servant--,arrival at ,blackheath4 ,the ,bristol riots in the autumn of #ahca again brought the ,exhibition into serious jeopardy4 ,madame ,tussaud had just arrived in the city of the ,west ,country1 when the ,recorder1 ,sir ,charles ,wetherell1 came to open a ,special ,commission for the trial of certain political offenders associated with the agitation for reform4 ,judge ,wetherell was heartily disliked by ,west-country folk1 and there was strong opposition to this ,special ,commission being held4 ,public resentment developed into a riot1 which the military was sent to subdue4 ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,charles ,,wetherell ,judge at the political trial that precipitated the ,bristol riots4 ,madame tells the story herself of the sufferings she endured during the days of wanton destruction and loss of life1 as the rabble resorted to killing and pillage4 ,judge ,wetherell was obliged to escape from the city1 disguising himself1 as it was then stated1 with some taunt at his personal habits1 8through the medium of a wash and the donning of a clean shirt and collar40 ,the three days' terror can scarcely be considered the result of a genuine revolutionary movement4 ,true1 certain ringleaders of the rabble seem to have imagined in some vague way that they were hastening the day of 8liberty02 but the rioters only destroyed for sheer destruction's sake4 ,what they sought to promote they neither knew nor cared4 ,for the most part the mob was utterly contemptible1 and but for the extraordinary apathy of the authorities the riot might have been easily quelled4 ,it was on the morning of ,saturday1 the #bith of ,october1 that the ,recorder came to the city1 and1 a disturbance being feared1 a number of special constables were sworn in4 ,these officials1 mostly young men1 did more harm than good1 for they irritated the people by overmuch zeal1 and led to blows being exchanged1 which fomented the trouble4 ,this was followed by an attack on the ,mansion ,house1 where ,sir ,charles was banqueting with the ,corporation4 ,the civic party was hunted out1 and made its escape over the housetops4 ,suddenly the cry was raised1 8,to the back60 and the mob surged round to the offices behind the ,mansion ,house1 where faggots and firewood were stored4 ,for the present the rioters refrained from firing the building1 and contented themselves with looting the premises4 ,the cellars proved particularly attractive to the unruly crowd1 which was shortly in possession of a hundred dozen of wine1 and the day closed amid general drunkenness and disorder4 ,on ,sunday morning the mob reassembled in ,queen ,square4 ,the authorities had plucked up sufficient courage to publish a proclamation warning all rioters to return to their homes2 but these gentlemen were not disposed to take the admonition seriously4 ,the unlucky bill-sticker who posted the proclamation was badly mauled4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bristol ,,riots ,from a water-color drawing made on the spot by ,william ,muller1 showing the figures being removed for security from the ,exhibition premises1 ,sunday1 #cjth ,october1 #ahca4 ,one individual mounted ,king ,william's statue in the ,square and waved a tri-coloured cap on a pole1 shouting to his comrades to behold the cap of ,liberty4 ,possibly this aroused in the minds of the befuddled rioters some recollection of the ,french ,revolution1 for a move was made towards the gaol1 which was speedily in their power4 ,a vigorous employment of sledgehammers soon broke in the prison doors1 and the prisoners1 some of them almost nude1 at once joined the mob4 ,the ,governor's house was sacked and fired2 his books were pitched into the ,new ,river1 and the prison van met with a similar fate4 ,then the ,gloucester ,county ,gaol1 the lock-up house at ,lawford's ,gate1 and the ,bishop's ,palace were all fired4 ,between seven and eight o'clock the rioters revisited the cellars of the ,mansion ,house and began rolling out barrels of beer and wine4 ,intoxicated persons could be seen moving about the kitchen and the banqueting-room with lighted candles1 and in less than two hours the building was gutted4 ,dwellings in ,queen ,square were sacked and fired1 until the whole mass was wrapped in flames4 ,such was the remarkable lethargy of the householders that a few mischievous boys made a house-to-house visitation1 gave the inmates half an hour's notice to quit1 and at the expiration of that time coolly set fire to the houses without molestation4 ,the booty the rioters seized was trifling4 ,on the corpse of one boy1 who was sabred by a soldier1 was found a curious collection of spoil--a lady's glove1 some children's books1 and the ,custom ,house keys4 ,one curious incident happened when the contents of fifty puncheons of rum gushed out of a bonded warehouse and ran flowing down the street1 setting fire to a house at the other end4 ,the riots were quelled by the military on the ,monday1 after many thousands of pounds' worth of property had been destroyed2 and one of the results was that four persons were hanged4 ,by what might almost be described as a stroke of good fortune--inasmuch as it perpetuated the name of ,tussaud--there was in ,bristol at that time a lad of nineteen years1 named ,william ,muller1 whose genius as a painter gives ,bristol just cause for pride to-day4 ,this gifted youth produced a series of wonderful sketches of the 8,bristol ,revolution10 as it was then called1 in which he portrays the weird and striking scenes of incendiarism in the city streets4 ,one of these sketches is now in our possession4 ,it shows ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition premises standing out full and clear in the fiery glare1 while the figures and other articles are being hurriedly removed and piled up in the roadway before the jeering mob4 ,the figures and decorations are easily recognised in the picture1 and many of them are still included in the ,exhibition4 ,for no imaginable reason the premises occupied by ,madame ,tussaud's collection had been marked to be burnt4 ,a chalk sign was scrawled upon the door1 and the adjoining buildings1 besmeared with petroleum1 had been already set on fire4 ,in ,madame's employment was a stalwart and loyal negro4 ,this black servant took up his position at the entrance to the ,exhibition1 and threatened to kill with a blunderbuss the first man who dared approach to harm the place4 ,the negro kept the mob at bay long enough1 it would seem1 to save the building1 for at eight o'clock ,madame's anxiety was relieved when she heard1 above the wild yelling of the infuriated people1 the distant sounds of the drums and fifes of the #aath ,infantry ,regiment1 just then reaching the outskirts of the city4 ,the music that cheered her scared the plundering rabble and stayed their depredations4 ,madame ,tussaud came through all this in her seventieth year1 with twenty years of activity still before her2 and1 after a long tour through provincial towns1 she took her ,exhibition to ,blackheath1 on the south-eastern side of ,london1 attracted1 no doubt1 by the fact that that place had become a fashionable resort owing to the residence there1 some years previously1 of ,queen ,caroline1 the estranged wife of ,george ,,iv4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,an old placard--,princess ,augusta's testimonial--,great success at ,gray's ,inn ,road--,madame initiates promenade concerts--,bygone tableaux4 ,an old placard now in our possession informs us that at ,blackheath the ,exhibition was housed in the ,assembly ,room at the ,green ,man ,hotel4 ,the exact date when it left there is not known1 but we do know that it had previously found a temporary abode in the ,town ,hall1 ,brighton4 ,there it was visited early in #ahcc by members of the ,royal ,family1 then in residence at the ,pavilion1 as is vouched for in the following quaint notice4 ,the placard we give in full1 not only on account of its quaint wording1 but because it gives a good idea of the ,exhibition as it then existed3 ,,now ,,open6 ,,with ,,decided ,,success6 ,the ,promenade being ,crowded every ,evening6 ,in the only ,room that could be had sufficiently spacious for the purpose1 ,the ,,great ,,assembly ,,room of the late ,,royal ,,london ,,bazaar1 ,,gray',s ,,inn ,,road 7,which has been fitted up for the purpose74 ,carriages may wait in the ,arena4 ,lately arrived from the ,town ,hall1 ,brighton1 and last from the ,assembly ,room1 ,green ,man ,hotel1 ,blackheath4 ,,splendid ,,novelty1 ,coronation ,groups and ,musical ,promenade4 ,,entirely ,,new4 ,,madame ,,tussaud ,,and ,,sons ,have the honor to announce that their entirely new ,exhibition1 which has only to be seen to ensure its support and patronage1 justly entitling it to the appellation of the most popular ,collection in the ,empire1 is ,,now ,,open as above mentioned1 and they trust the ,public will not form their ideas of it from anything of a similar description they may have seen in this ,metropolis or elsewhere--as in their peculiar art they stand alone2 a fact acknowledged by those that have made the tour of ,europe4 ,they are induced to state this to guard against the prejudice excited by a view of inferior ,collections4 ,madame ,tussaud had the honor of being ,artist to ,her ,royal ,highness ,madame ,elizabeth1 was patronized by the late ,royal ,family of ,france1 by their ,royal ,highnesses the ,duke and ,duchess of ,york1 twice by the ,universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge1 and lately at the ,town ,hall1 ,brighton1 by ,her ,royal ,highness the ,princess ,augusta1 ,his ,royal ,highness ,prince ,george1 and by nearly the whole of the ,royal ,establishment4 ,her ,royal ,highness1 with that kindness which has ever distinguished the ,royal ,family for the encouragement of the ,fine ,arts1 honored ,madame ,tussaud with the following letter3 8,lady ,mary ,taylor is commanded by ,her ,royal ,highness the ,princess ,augusta to acquaint ,madame ,tussaud with ,her ,royal ,highness's approbation of her ,exhibition1 which is well worthy of admiration1 and the view of which afforded ,her ,royal ,highness much amusement and gratification4--,pavilion1 ,brighton1 ,feb4 #i1 #ahcc40 ,the placard goes on to describe the ,exhibition as follows3 ,the ,exhibition consists of a great variety of ,public ,characters1 modelled with the greatest care1 and regardless of expense1 among whom will be noticed the original figures of ,,burke and ,,hare 7taken from their faces1 to obtain which the ,proprietors went expressly to ,scotland72 which have excited intense interest from the peculiar nature of their crimes1 and their approach to life1 which renders it difficult to recognize them from living persons4 ,also ,,dennis ,,collins 7taken from life at the gaol1 ,reading71 in the identical dress he had on when he made the atrocious attempt on ,his ,majesty's life at ,ascot ,heath ,races4 ,this shows that ,madame ,tussaud in those days1 as her successors do in these1 took the greatest pains to ensure fidelity as regards costume as well as features4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,empress ,,josephine ,there can be no doubt that ,madame ,tussaud actually originated the promenade concerts which have since become so popular a form of musical entertainment1 for the placard goes on to announce that3 ,there will be a ,musical ,promenade every ,evening from ,half-past ,seven till ,ten1 when a selection of ,music will be performed by the ,messrs4 ,tussaud and ,fishers2 the ,promenade will be lighted with a profusion of lamps1 producing1 with the variety of rich costumes1 special decorations1 etc41 an unequalled coup d'il4 ,a description is next given of some of the exhibits1 which will be perused with interest3 ,the ,collection consists of ,,portraits in composition as large as life1 dressed in appropriate costumes4 ,,first ,,group4 ,,representing ,,the ,,coronation ,,of ,h4,m4 ,,william ,,iv4 ,description4--,it represents ,,his ,,majesty on the ,throne1 habited in his ,robes of ,state1 as worn on that august occasion1 in the act of being ,crowned by the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 supported by the ,bishop of ,norwich4 ,on ,his ,majesty's right1 ,her ,majesty ,,queen ,,adelaide1 wearing the ,cap of ,state1 supported by ,earl ,grey1 in his ,coronation ,robes4 ,on ,his ,majesty's left1 the ,lord ,chancellor ,brougham and the ,duke of ,wellington1 in their ,coronation ,robes1 surmounted by ,three allegorical ,figures representing ,britannia1 ,caledonia1 and ,hibernia4 ,,second ,,group4 ,,the ,,coronation ,,of ,,buonaparte1 ,copied from the ,celebrated ,picture by ,david4 ,description4--,the moment chosen is the time when ,buonaparte1 contrary to all precedent crowned himself4 ,it represents him in the act of placing the ,crown on his head1 dressed in the magnificent costume as worn by him at his ,coronation2 also a ,figure of the ,empress ,josephine1 who is seen kneeling at the foot of the altar1 accompanied by a ,page4 ,at the altar is represented ,his ,holiness ,pope ,pius ,,vi1 giving the benediction1 supported by the celebrated ,cardinal ,fesche 7,buonaparte's ,uncle7 and ,prince ,roustan 7,buonaparte's favourite ,mameluke7 in the act of proclaiming the ceremony1 attended by a ,mameluke4 ,the two above-mentioned ,groups have been universally admired by every one that has seen them2 and ,madame ,tussaud and ,sons hope they will meet with the approbation of the ,inhabitants of ,london and its ,vicinity4 ,,new ,,group4 ,taken from the ,history of ,scotland4 ,,mary ,,queen ,,of ,,scots ,,abdicating ,,the ,,throne4 ,description4--,it represents her at the moment of hesitating to abdicate1 being alarmed at the conduct of ,baron ,ruthven1 who stands opposite to her4 ,next to him is the ,figure of ,sir ,j4 ,melville1 interceding to appease the ,baron2 and behind the ,queen is a venerable ,figure of an ,augustin ,monk1 who is in the attitude of indignation at seeing his ,mistress insulted4 ,,characters ,,as ,,follows3 ,full-length models4 ,his ,late ,majesty ,george the ,fourth4 ,her late ,majesty ,queen ,caroline4 ,her late ,r4,h4 ,princess ,charlotte4 ,their ,majesties ,george ,,iii and ,queen ,charlotte4 ,his ,late ,royal ,highness the ,duke of ,york4 ,field-,marshall the ,duke of ,wellington4 ,his late ,imperial ,majesty ,alexander of ,russia2 and ,his ,majesty the ,king of the ,belgians4 ,field ,marshall ,von ,blcher4 ,right ,honorable ,william ,pitt4 ,right ,honorable ,george ,canning4 ,right ,honorable ,c4 ,j4 ,fox4 ,reverend ,john ,wesley4 ,the ,celebrated ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,the ,immortal ,shakspeare4 ,william ,penn1 founder of ,pennsylvania4 ,mary ,queen of ,scots4 ,an ,austin ,monk4 ,baron ,ruthven4 ,lord ,melville4 ,the celebrated ,baron ,emanuel ,swedenborg4 ,illustration3 ,,her ,,most ,,excellent ,,majesty ,,queen ,,adelaide1 ,,consort ,,of ,,king ,,george ,,iv4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,placard 7continued7--,the old ,exhibition--,celebrities of the day--,tussaud's mummy--,poetic eulogism--,removal to ,baker ,street--,the ,iron ,duke's rejoinder--,madame de ,malibran4 ,illustration3 ,,daniel ,o',,connell ,the old placard next proceeds to enumerate some of the then modern celebrities in the ,exhibition as follows3 ,portrait likeness of the ,rev4 ,john ,clowes1 of ,st4 ,john's ,church1 ,manchester1 and late ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 taken 7with permission7 from life within the last ten years2 the ,artist1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,kemble1 in the character of ,hamlet2 the celebrated ,mrs4 ,siddons in the character of ,queen ,catherine2 ,dey of ,algiers2 full-length ,portrait of ,daniel ,o',connell1 esq41 ,m4,p41 taken with permission 7from ,mr4 ,p4 ,turnerelli's celebrated bust71 for which ,mr4 ,o',connell gave sittings in ,dublin2 ,sir ,walter ,scott1 taken from life in ,edinburgh1 by ,madame ,tussaud1 which was seen by thousands1 and also honored by his approbation2 ,lord ,byron1 taken from life in ,italy4 ,the other subjects comprising this unique exhibition1 consisting of ,characters in full dress as large as life1 correctly executed1 may be classed as follows3 ,the late ,royal ,family of ,france1 taken from life1 viz41 the ,king1 ,queen1 and ,dauphin2 ,pope ,pius ,,vi41 ,henry ,,iv4 of ,france1 ,duc de ,sully1 ,m4 ,voltaire1 ,napoleon ,buonaparte1 ,madame ,joseph ,buonaparte1 ,cardinal ,fesche1 one of ,buonaparte's ,mameluke ,guards1 and ,prince ,roustan1 ,buonaparte's favorite ,mameluke4 ,,remarkable ,,characters1 ,,subjects1 c4 ,an old ,coquette1 who teased her husband's life out4 ,two beautiful ,infants4 ,a small cabinet of ,portraits in wax by the celebrated ,courcius of ,paris1 viz41 the ,dying ,philosopher1 ,socrates4 ,death of ,cleopatra1 ,queen of ,egypt4 ,m4 ,voltaire4 ,shepherd and ,shepherdess4 ,biographical and descriptive ,sketches may be had at the place of ,exhibition1 price ,sixpence each4 ,madame ,,tussaud and ,,sons1 in offering this little notice to the ,public1 have endeavoured to blend utility and amusement4 ,it contains an outline of the history of each character represented in the ,exhibition1 which will not only greatly increase the pleasure to be derived from a mere view of the figures1 but will also convey to the minds of young persons much biographical knowledge1 a branch of education universally allowed to be one of the highest importance4 ,admittance #as4 ,children under #h ,years of ,age #f;d42 second room #f;d4 ,tickets for ,six ,weeks not transferable1 #es4 ,open every day from #aa till #d o'clock1 in the ,evening from #g till #aj4 ,the following highly interesting figures and objects1 in consequence of the ,peculiarity of their appearance1 are placed in an adjoining situation1 and are well worth the attention of artists and amateurs1 taken by order of the ,national ,assembly by ,madame ,tussaud--,the ,celebrated ,john ,marat1 one of the leaders of the ,french ,revolution1 taken immediately after his assassination by ,charlotte ,corde4 ,the following heads--,robespierre1 ,carrier1 ,fouquier de ,tinville1 and ,hbert were taken immediately after execution4 ,the celebrated ,count de ,lorge1 who was confined twenty years in the ,bastille1 taken from life4 ,mirabeau4 ,also1 ,phrenological ,portraits of ,,stewart ,,and ,,his ,,wife1 ,who were executed in ,edinburgh on the #acth of ,august1 #ahbi1 having confessed to the murder of ,seven ,persons by means of ,poison1 which they familiarly called doctoring4 ,casts of ,,corder and ,,holloway1 taken from their faces4 ,,curious ,,and ,,interesting ,,relics1 c4 ,the shirt of ,henry ,,iv4 of ,france in which he was assassinated by ,ravaillac1 with various original documents relative to that transaction4 ,a small model of the original ,french ,guillotine1 with its apparatus4 ,model of the ,bastille in ,paris in its entire state4 ,,an ,,egyptian ,,mummy4 ,proved by the ,hieroglyphics to be the body of the ,princess of ,memphis1 who lived in the time of ,sesostris1 ,king of ,egypt1 a4m4 #bebh1 #adia years before ,christ1 being actually #ccbh years old4 7,phair1 ,printer1 #fg1 ,great ,peter ,street1 ,westminster47 ,a further placard is headed as follows3 ,,removal ,,postponed ,,till ,,further ,,notice4 ,the ,flattering ,success with which this ,exhibition continues to be honored1 7the ,promenade being ,crowded every ,evening71 the very general desire expressed by ,thousands for it to remain some time longer1 7its merits becoming more generally known71 being acknowledged to be the most ,splendid1 and1 at the same time1 the most ,instructive to ,youth1 7induces the ,proprietors to obey the general wish47 ,it will remain in consequence till further ,notice4 ,the ,exhibition is1 therefore1 located in 8,the ,great ,assembly ,room of the late ,royal ,london ,bazaar1 ,gray's ,inn ,road40 ,there it remained till early in ,march1 #ahce1 on the #bast of which month it removed to its quarters in ,baker ,street4 ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,exhibition ,,in ,,the ,,early ,,days ,,at ,,baker ,,street ,from ,j4 ,mead's 8,london ,interiors10 published in #ahdb4 ,as for the ,assembly ,room1 it appears that on ,tuesday1 the #bith of ,march1 directly after ,madame ,tussaud left1 it was put up for sale at the ,mart by the famous auctioneer1 ,george ,robins4 ,a lady1 on viewing the ,exhibition when it was in ,gray's ,inn ,road1 wrote the following excellent verses3 ,i stand amid a breathless throng1 ,though animation's light is here2 ,expression1 too1 that might belong ,to creatures of a nobler sphere2 ,where'er ,i turn my dazzled view1 ,i marvel what ,art's hand can do6 ,here are the lips1 and cheeks1 and eyes1 ,the folded hands--the beaming brow-- ,those graces ,nature's self supplies-- ,all burst upon my vision now6 ,and is it fiction8--can it be ,that these are not reality8 ,the eye1 where centres ,genius' light2 ,the lips1 where ,eloquence presides2-- ,the cheek with ,beauty's roses bright2 ,the breast1 where ,passion darkly hides2 ,the ,warrior's pride1 the ,cynic's sneer1 ,from ,nature's book are copied here6 ,painting her meed of praise may claim ,from ,fame's proud trump or ,minstrel's lyre1 ,and around sculpture's gifted name ,may burn the poet's words of fire2 ,but ,tussaud6 ,both these arts divine ,must yield in novelty to thine4 ,thou bring'st before our wond'ring eyes1 ,modell'd in truth1 each gone-by scene ,that ,hist'ry's varied page supplies2-- ,here still they flourish1 fresh and green1 ,defying ,time's oblivious power1 ,who long have pass'd ,life's fitful hour4 ,modern ,prometheus6 who can'st give1 ,like him of old1 to human form ,all but the life2--here thou wilt live ,and triumph o'er the 8creeping worm0 ,that sullies all things--pale ,decay6 ,thy features ne'er can pass away6#b ,a nobler ,trophy far is thine1 ,than 8storied urn10 by stranger hands1 ,rear'd 7in thy now adopted clime71 ,and higher reverence commands2 ,these forms--to which thine ,art has lent ,life's truth--shall be thy monument6 ,,mrs4 ,,cornwell ,,baron-,,wilson4 ,it is interesting to note that one of the first visitors to the ,exhibition in its settled home at ,baker ,street was the great ,duke of ,wellington4 ,he was there on ,wednesday1 the #bfth of ,august1 and after that date was frequently to be seen walking through the rooms1 his favourite models being those of ,queen ,victoria and the dead ,napoleon4 ,indeed1 the ,duke requested ,mr4 ,joseph ,tussaud1 the elder son of ,madame ,tussaud1 to let him know whenever a new figure of exceptional interest was added to the ,exhibition--not forgetting the ,chamber of ,horrors4 ,illustration3 ,,joseph ,,tussaud ,elder son of ,madame ,tussaud1 born #agif1 died #ahfd4 ,mr4 ,tussaud ventured a remark expressing his surprise that the ,duke should be interested in such figures1 whereupon the old warrior turned upon him with the rejoinder1 8,well1 do they not represent fact80 ,other models added about this time included those of ,nicholas ,i of ,russia1 ,louis ,philippe1 ,king of the ,french1 the ,duke of ,cumberland1 ,talleyrand1 and ,hume1 the historian4 ,a tragic occurrence took place shortly after the ,exhibition had taken up its abode in ,london1 and led to its permanent establishment in the ,metropolis4 ,at that time ,madame de ,malibran1 the eldest daughter of the ,spanish singer1 ,manuel ,garcia1 was idolised by the populace as a gifted songstress4 ,she died suddenly during a festival held at ,manchester on the #bcrd of ,september1 #ahcf1 in the twenty-eighth year of her age4 ,illustration3 ,,madame ,,marie ,,felicita ,,de ,,malibran ,famous opera singer1 daughter of the ,spanish singer1 ,manual ,garcia1 made her dbut in ,london in #ahbe and after a successful ,european tour reached ,new ,york1 when she married a local ,french merchant1 ,m4 ,malibran1 after his bankruptcy returning to the stage and greater honors4 ,madame ,tussaud placed her figure in the ,exhibition with all speed1 and the numerous admirers of the prima donna flocked to see it4 ,the idea there and then took hold of ,madame ,tussaud's mind that the ,exhibition would command perennial success by being constantly brought up to date through the adding of the portraits of people whose names were on everybody's lips4 ,this principle has been faithfully observed ever since4 ,in the early days at ,baker ,street 8the ,hours of ,exhibition10 as the ,catalogue quaintly puts it1 were 8from #aa in the ,morning till #e1 and from #g in the ,evening till #aj4 ,brilliantly illuminated at #h40 ,when the place was closed1 seats were provided in the vestibule1 and it was no uncommon sight to see from fifty to a hundred persons waiting for the reopening of the doors at #g p4m4 #b ,alluding to the exquisite figure of the artist's self4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,how the ,waterloo carriage was acquired--,a chance conversation on ,london ,bridge--,the strange adventures of an ,emperor's equipage--,affidavit of ,napoleon's coachman4 ,the account of how we became possessed of the ,waterloo carriage reads like an interesting chapter from fiction4 ,in the collection are two other ,napoleon vehicles1 namely1 the ,milan and ,st4 ,helena carriages4 ,they are all strongly built1 ponderous1 and suitable for a great campaigner4 ,illustration3 ,,napoleon',s ,,military ,,carriage1 ,,captured ,,on ,,the ,,retreat ,,from ,,waterloo ,this was discovered by ,mr4 ,joseph ,tussaud in ,london in #ahdb and purchased for the ,tussaud collection4 ,but what we are particularly concerned to tell at this moment is the story of the strange coincidence by which the ,waterloo carriage was secured for the ,exhibition4 ,in all the wonderful happenings associated with this place1 possibly none is quite so simple and yet so surprising as this4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,tussaud1 the elder son of ,madame ,tussaud1 was a great lover of ,london1 and it was his delight to roam leisurely about the ,metropolis1 studying the streets and byways and the people who traversed them4 ,in one of these peregrinations during the spring of #ahdb he found himself leaning over the parapet of ,london ,bridge1 watching the movements of the diversified craft on the river1 when he observed by the wharves of ,billingsgate a carriage being hoisted ashore from the deck of a ship like a huge spider hanging from its web4 ,that in itself was probably a fairly frequent occurrence1 and it would have passed from ,mr4 ,tussaud's memory except for what followed4 ,there were numbers of people looking over the bridge--as may be seen to-day1 and will be seen for many a day to come--and my great-uncle suddenly heard the voice of a countryman next to him saying1 8,that's a very fine carriage1 but ,i know where there's a finer that some people would give a lot to have4 ,i could take you to a place where you could see the selfsame carriage in which ,napoleon tried to escape from ,waterloo40 ,this was news indeed to a ,tussaud--the one man in all ,london to whom it mattered most--and it may be imagined that the countryman was encouraged to go on with his story and show the way to the coveted relic4 ,the carriage1 which has since been of inestimable value to ,madame ,tussaud's1 was traced to a repository in ,gray's ,inn ,road1 belonging to one ,robert ,jeffreys1 8a respectable coach manufacturer1 who took the carriage in part payment of a bad debt10 as explained in a contemporary news-sheet4 ,did ever time play a trick like that with the carriage of an ,emperor8 8,in part payment of a bad debt60 ,who the debtor was1 there is no telling now2 it is1 however1 known that the carriage had been bought at a ,tattersall auction1 when short-sighted speculators let ,napoleon's chariot go cheap4 ,previously the carriage had earned a fortune for ,mr4 ,william ,bullock1 who took it round the country as an exhibit1 which the people flocked in their thousands to see1 till the novelty wore off and the carriage was rolled into the repository of ,jeffreys1 the coach-builder1 where it remained for years with none to do it reverence4 ,an early cartoon by ,cruikshank1 in ,november of the ,waterloo year1 portrays a clamorous crowd surrounding the carriage when on view at the ,egyptian ,hall1 and1 it must be admitted1 treating it with scant respect4 ,the carriage had been sent as a present to ,george ,,iv when ,prince ,regent1 and in due time it arrived at ,carlton ,house with four high-stepping ,normandy horses4 ,blackwood's ,magazine of ,march1 #ahag1 states that 8,bonaparte's military carriage has excited more interest as an exhibit than anything for a number of years40 ,the manner in which the four horses were driven through the city by the ,french coachman1 ,jean ,hornn1 who lost his right arm when the carriage was captured1 proves the excellent manner in which the horses were broken in4 ,mr4 ,bullock1 in whose hands this splendid trophy of victory was placed by the ,government1 is said to have cleared #bf1jjj by his exhibition of it4 ,there is a letter in existence by ,mr4 ,william ,bullock in which he states that ''' the celebrated ,carriage1 taken by the ,prussian troops about fifteen miles from ,waterloo on the evening of the great ,battle1 was afterwards purchased by me from his late ,majesty ,george ,,iv for the sum of #b1ejj1 and exhibited by me at the ,egyptian ,hall1 ,piccadilly1 ,london1 as well as in the principal ,cities in ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 by the ,authority of the ,government1 and is the identical carriage ,i have just seen in your possession4 ,the ,diamonds found in the ,carriage ''' were purchased by ,mr4 ,mawe1 diamond merchant in the ,strand1 from ,baron ,von ,keller1 the ,officer that captured them4 ,the present one1 with others1 was purchased by me from ,mr4 ,mawe4 ,i am1 ,dear ,sir1 ,your most obedient ,servant1 ,,william ,,bullock4 ,it is not known what ,mr4 ,joseph ,tussaud paid ,mr4 ,robert ,jeffreys1 the ,gray's ,inn ,road coach-builder1 for it2 but this much may be said1 that the carriage which proved so good an investment for ,mr4 ,bullock has fulfilled all expectations at ,madame ,tussaud's1 where it is pre-eminently the right thing in the right place4 ,it was certified at the time that ,m4 ,simon1 of ,brussels1 built the carriage1 and that most of the contrivances for economising space and ensuring comfort and convenience were suggested by the ,emperor himself and his second wife1 ,marie ,louise2 also that this was the carriage which picked up ,napoleon on his retreat to ,paris after the burning of ,moscow4 ,scarcely less singular than the coincidence of my great-uncle meeting with the countryman on ,london ,bridge was my acquiring1 sixteen years ago1 from a second-hand bookseller in ,margate1 an original official letter relating to the carriage4 ,the letter1 it will be seen1 bears a date about five months after the ,battle of ,waterloo4 ,it reads3 ,downing ,street1 #bgth ,nov41 #ahae4 ,,sir1 ,i am directed by ,lord ,bathurst to request that you would receive into the ,king's ,mews the travelling carriage of ,general ,bonaparte1 together with all its appurtenances1 and also the four horses and the harness taken from the same1 and keep them from public view till further notice4 ,i have the honour to be1 ,sir1 ,your most obedient humble servant1 ,,henry ,,goulburn4 ,william ,parker1 ,esqre41 c41 c41 c41 ,royal ,mews4 ,the following affidavit sworn by ,jean ,hornn at the ,mansion ,house before the famous ,lord ,mayor1 ,sir ,matthew ,wood1 on the #ith of ,march1 #ahaf1 is of peculiar interest1 containing as it does several important historic details3 ,,affidavit ,,of ,,jean ,,hornn4 ,,jean ,,hornn1 a native of ,bergen-op-,zoom in ,holland1 and now of ,piccadilly in the ,county of ,middlesex1 aged twenty-eight years1 maketh oath3-- ,,that about ten years ago he entered into the service of ,napoleon ,bonaparte1 the late ,emperor of ,france1 and attended ,napoleon in the capacity of his military coachman1 through the campaign which was distinguished by the battle of ,jena-- ,,that he attended ,napoleon1 in the same capacity of military coachman1 during the subsequent campaigns1 through the greater part of ,prussia1 ,spain1 ,germany1 and ,russia1 and in his excursion to ,italy-- ,,and this ,deponent saith1 that he drove the military ,carriage of the said ,ex-,emperor from ,paris to ,waterloo2 in which ,carriage the ,emperor travelled thither1 accompanied by ,general ,bertrand-- ,,that on the evening of the day on which the battle of ,waterloo was fought1 he1 this ,deponent1 was attacked while with the said ,carriage1 by a detachment of ,prussian lancers1 and other infantry1 who captured the ,carriage1 together with the ,necessaire1 and other articles it contained for the personal use of the ,ex-,emperor-- ,,that whilst this ,deponent was remaining with the ,carriage1 in a field about thirty paces from the road1 endeavouring to pass round ,jenappe 7which was blocked up in the confusion of the retreat7 he1 this ,deponent received ten wounds in various parts of the body2 three of which were in his right arm-- ,,that having then no appearance of life1 he was left among the dead-- ,,that a few days afterwards1 and whilst this ,deponent was lying in great agony at ,jenappe1 he was removed by a ,british officer2 who conveyed him to ,brussels1 and who obtained the amputation of this ,deponent's arm1 as well as surgical care of his other wounds-- ,,that he afterwards returned to ,paris2 and has received from the present ,government of ,france a small annual pension-- ,,and this ,deponent saith1 that he hath inspected the ,carriage1 ,horses1 ,necessaire of ,gold and ,silver1 their respective ,cases1 the ,pistols1 ,wearing ,apparel1 and other ,articles now exhibiting at the ,london ,museum1 in ,piccadilly 7and which this ,deponent hath been informed have been received there from the ,british ,government71 and that they are the same ,carriage1 ,horses1 ,necessaire1 and other ,articles which belonged to the late ,emperor of ,france1 and were personally used by him-- ,,and that the ,carriage is the same in which the ,ex-,emperor proceeded to ,moscow2 and which ,carriage was driven by this ,deponent1 with the ,ex-,emperor therein1 twenty-four leagues beyond that ,city1 on the road to ,chotillowo-- ,,that after the ,french army evacuated ,moscow1 and in the retreat toward ,france1 the same ,carriage was removed from off the perch and wheels1 and placed on a sledge1 and that the ,ex-,emperor travelled therein1 and was driven by this ,deponent-- ,,and this ,deponent also saith1 that he hath seen and examined the ,grey ,surtout ,coat1 lined with ,sable ,fur1 which is also at the ,london ,museum2 and that it is the same which this ,deponent hath frequently seen worn by the said ,ex-,emperor during the ,russian campaign2 and that the parts of the coat which appear to have been burnt and scorched were chiefly so burnt and scorched by the fires1 before which it was frequently placed during that campaign-- ,,and this ,deponent saith1 that the ,fur ,travelling ,cap1 and the several other ,articles of ,wearing ,apparel 7exclusive of those which came from the ,british ,government1 and which are also at the ,london ,museum7 were parts of the personal ,wardrobe of the ,ex-,emperor of ,france2 and were frequently used and worn by him-- ,,and this ,deponent was present when the said ,surtout ,coat1 ,travelling ,cap1 and other last-mentioned ,articles were purchased by ,mr4 ,bullock1 at ,paris1 of ,guste ,maitrot1 who was keeper of the ,wardrobe to the late ,emperor of ,france4 ,,jean ,,hornn4 ,sworn at the ,mansion ,house1 ,london1 the #ith day of ,march1 #ahaf2 having been first interpreted to the ,deponent1 ,,jean ,,hornn1 by ,,adam ,,brieff1 who was sworn duly to interpret and explain the same to him4 ,before me1 ,,matthew ,,wood1 ,mayor4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,napoleon's ,waterloo carriage--,description of its exterior4 ,some account must be given of this most interesting relic4 ,ever since it first came to the ,exhibition it has excited the most lively interest1 and1 until it was covered in by a glazed case1 visitors enjoyed the privilege of sitting inside--a proceeding which would not have mattered had not unscrupulous souvenir hunters abused this favour by pilfering portions of the fabric that lined it4 ,time-worn1 it now stands before us1 a thing of gaunt and sombre aspect4 ,this old war-coach offers1 to those who contemplate it1 a full measure of historic reminiscence1 recalling the most striking and critical episodes in the great ,corsican's career4 ,he entered it at the time his power stood at its zenith1 and retained it in constant attendance upon him down to the hour he took refuge within it1 a conquered and a broken man4 ,it was built for his campaign in ,russia4 ,in it he travelled many a league on the road to ,moscow4 ,bereft of its wheels and lashed upon a sleigh1 through the perils of that terrible retreat1 it safely carried him far on his way back to the gates of ,paris4 ,with him it was sent to the ,isle of ,elba2 thence it helped him along on his last auspicious journey to the ,french capital4 ,illustration3 ,,napoleon',s ,,military ,,carriage ,scene of its capture at ,jenappe4 ,from a colored engraving published during the autumn of #ahae4 ,it assisted him on his way to ,waterloo4 ,standing on the main road hard by ,la ,belle ,alliance1 it waited him throughout that memorable ,sunday1 the #ahth of ,june1 over a hundred years ago4 ,at the end of the day's ordeal into it1 sore and ill1 he flung himself1 only to struggle from it at the point of capture to take refuge in the confusion and the shadow of the night1 leaving his hat1 sword1 and many other things behind him4 ,deepened long ago into a monotone of dusky grey1 still here and there the old coach betrays a touch of colour1 revealing a fair estimate of its former self4 ,simple and modest as ,imperial carriages go1 nevertheless1 on a certain ,may day in the year #ahab1 as it sallied forth on its maiden voyage1 its back turned upon the old ,palace of ,st4 ,cloud and its fore-carriage set upon the highroad to ,russia1 it must have looked a comely chariot--as yet unsullied by the stain of travel1 and not yet degraded by the lust of war4 ,by the man that made it--one ,simon1 of ,brussels1 to whom reference has already been made--it would have been designated a berline de voyage1 or maybe a carrosse a six chevaux1 by us it has been called a travelling carriage1 and technically classed as a chariot-built coach4 ,dark-blue1 black1 and yellow1 with here and there a line of red and gold1 were the colours under which it made its dbut4 ,the head1 or upper part of the body1 is constructed of thick black-enamelled leather1 stretching over a strong framework of ash4 ,the lower portion consists of finely polished wood panelling1 originally of a rich dark-blue colour4 ,a narrow brass fillet traverses the centre of the body1 lining off its upper from its lower sections1 and under this fillet runs a delicate gilt scroll composed of the fruit1 leaf1 and tendrils of the vine4 ,this neat and unpretentious bordering1 together with the emblazonment of the ,imperial arms upon the doors1 constitutes the only tangible claim the carriage has to anything in the nature of artistic adornment4 ,a curious bulkhead1 or boot1 built out from the fore-part of the coach1 provides1 among other things1 the very important accommodation contingent upon a long and unbroken journey--the opportunity of resting at full length within it4 ,under this bulkhead ,napoleon's camp bedstead still reposes1 neatly encased within a receptacle some six inches square and three feet long1 folded1 ready to be withdrawn at a moment's notice4 ,when and where this bedstead was last required for its master's use are points of interest often conjectured1 but as yet not satisfied4 ,placed beyond the bulkhead1 unusually forward and high above the fore-wheels1 is perched the coachman's dicky--a dicky on which the coachman must have sat alone1 for its size excludes any chance of companionship4 ,it is supported by slender scroll iron stays in a manner so mobile1 so sensitive to the slightest movement1 that the poor jehu who piloted the coach through those long and weary journeys we know it to have traversed must at times have felt sorely tempted to guide his horses from their prescribed course and to steer them away into the 8,land of ,nod40 ,the doors possess the simple distinction of opening in the opposite direction from those of an ordinary ,english carriage1 whilst the ,imperial arms--a device borrowed of the ,csars--are still to be clearly deciphered upon both panels4 ,the ponderous under-carriage might well suggest to the mind of a mechanic an instance in which weight had far outbidden advantage in strength4 ,the heavy1 split1 crane-neck perch1 the deep solid axle-bed1 and the cumbersome fore-carriage have been constructed throughout in wrought iron1 and afford a good example of the coachsmith's work of a century ago4 ,the great cee springs are in keeping with the rest1 heavy and strong4 ,the thick leather straps plying them1 and carrying the full weight of the body of the carriage and all contained within it1 are still in sound condition and quite capable of doing their work2 but by way of precaution they have now been relieved of all strain1 and the weight is borne by four iron standards springing directly from the floor4 ,the wheels1 even compared with others of the period in which they were made1 are very heavily dished4 ,following the ,continental manner1 the spokes are arranged in pairs1 so that their spacing out might be described as two close together and two wide apart--those placed near together entering the rim near where the felloes join1 presumably with the object of adding strength at a weak point4 ,the rims are made up of seven felloes fixed together with iron clamps4 ,the iron tyres1 heavy and rough1 are secured to the rims with bolts and nuts1 instead of1 as in our day1 by rivets and burrs4 ,the hubs1 or stocks1 large and massive1 are further strengthened by stock hoops1 the flange on the outer hoops of the fore-wheels being hexagonal1 while those on the hind-wheels are of a plain round shape4 ,the axles are curiously primitive--simple nut-axles used from time immemorial--the wheels being held in position by means of strong rough iron nuts screwed on at the extremity of the axle arms and further secured by a pin passed through a hole at the end of them4 ,strangely enough1 the axle-ends are absolutely devoid of caps4 ,behind on the foot-stage1 or rumble1 there still rests1 as on the day the vehicle was taken1 the odd-looking and spacious shoe-shaped trunk in which so many articles of apparel belonging to ,napoleon were found4 ,this is doubtless the source from which have flowed during the past century not a few genuine1 but also numberless doubtful1 belongings attributed to the great ,napoleon which have been offered for sale under the 8incontestable0 sworn testimony of so many irresponsible and illusive authorities as having been found in ,napoleon's carriage captured at ,waterloo4 ,the four black square metal lamps fixed in a rough-and-ready way with iron rods to the corners of the coach have a simple and quaint appearance1 but otherwise have little about them to call for comment4 ,they have been made to take large wax candles1 and have the usual spring sockets to hold them4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,description of the ,waterloo carriage 7continued7--,its interior and peculiar contrivances--,brought to ,england and exhibited at the ,london ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,,napoleon',s ,,military ,,carriage ,the interior4 ,the interior of the carriage is even more interesting than the exterior4 ,glancing within1 we immediately find ourselves in closer touch with things personal to the great ,emperor4 ,we find therein provision for a couple of passengers only4 ,here are two deep and roomy seats1 divided by a tall movable arm-rest1 offering the occupants unusual freedom and comfort4 ,confronting these seats1 set high up on the front of the vehicle1 are a pair of windows affording each traveller a full view of the driver and of the road and country beyond4 ,beneath these are displayed those objects of interest which have so readily engrossed the attention of many millions of visitors who1 during the century past1 have been moved to inspect the carriage4 ,opposite to that seat usually occupied by ,napoleon--that is to say1 the one on the offside1 following our rule of the road--there hangs a brass handle which is apparently attached merely to a simple shallow drawer4 ,an easy pull at this reveals a strong and well-appointed writing-desk1 capable of being withdrawn far out of its recess4 ,this action1 with the aid of a writing-slope that unfolds from the top1 enables the desk to span the space between the front of the carriage and the seat1 thus giving to its occupant all the facility and convenience desirable for carrying on a correspondence at leisure4 ,nor is this the only accommodation the desk provides4 ,some time after the carriage had changed ownership it was found that an extra pull withdrew the desk still farther from its aperture1 and upon this being done a secret compartment was discovered behind it1 in which were found jewels and money of great value4 ,on the right side of this desk1 fitted into a narrow but deep recess1 there rests a long1 wedge-shaped box made to hold a goodly supply of those quills of which ,napoleon was so uncommonly prodigal4 ,below these fittings1 and readily engaging attention1 is a large cloth-covered door1 hinged to open towards the middle of the carriage1 so that when butting against the arm-rest of the seat it divides the lower portion of the interior into two separate parts4 ,when so placed it exposes a large cavity constituting the lower part or foot of a sleeping compartment1 the seat of the coach serving for the head1 and the space between being bridged by a plank or board4 ,in this cavity were found all the necessary things for making up a complete and comfortable bed4 ,on the near side of the front interior1 placed immediately under the window1 is a shallow rack made to take small things such as sealing-wax1 wafers1 paper-knife1 etc41 the receptacle being furnished with a wooden flap and catch to enclose it4 ,underneath this is a large and strongly made drawer that pulls out endways4 ,in it many things were discovered which were in immediate use before the capture of the coach1 among them several pieces of a silver service containing articles of food remaining from a meal4 ,below this again there is an opening1 which has never boasted of a door to enclose it4 ,at the bottom of it a brass-bound rest1 or table1 has been fitted between grooves so that it may be drawn out1 or pushed in1 as occasion required4 ,this also forms a bridge to unite the recess with the seat facing it1 so as to provide a second sleeping compartment when found necessary4 ,on the inside of the doors hang heavy cloth lapels covering large square pockets1 edged with broad gold-coloured gimp braid speckled with blue spots4 ,on the outer side of each seat is a deep hole1 both of which contained a loaded pistol ready at hand in case of emergency4 ,well above and running across the back of the seats is a half-circle recess serving as a gun-rack1 forming a strange protrusion viewed from the outside of the coach4 ,an oil lamp1 which at best could have yielded but a feeble light1 takes up the customary position in the centre at the back of the carriage4 ,the interior is lined throughout with a dark-blue cloth1 in colour and texture similar to that used at the present day for the same purpose4 ,a fairly reliable inventory of things found in the carriage on the night it was captured has been handed down to us1 and the following is a copy3 ,a beautifully constructed and marvellously well-appointed ncessaire1 comprising some seventy pieces1 a few in solid gold and many mounted in the same metal 7a present from ,marie ,louise to ,napoleon on the eve of his departure for the ,russian campaign of #ahab1 and designed and carried out under her immediate supervision74 ,several parts of a solid silver service1 engraved with the ,imperial arms4 ,a large silver chronometer4 ,a green velvet cap4 ,a mahogany liquor case1 containing two leather-covered bottles1 one filled with rum and the other holding a small quantity of sweet wine4 ,a pair of spurs4 ,two fine merino mattresses4 ,an assortment of the finest bed and other linen4 ,many toilet requisites1 among them a cake of ,windsor soap4 ,a steel camp bedstead1 still in position on the carriage1 in the case made to hold it under the boot4 ,a uniform1 sword1 and cocked hat4 ,a rich and costly ,imperial robe4 ,a handsome diamond head-dress1 or tiara4 ,a pair of pistols1 loaded1 found in recesses at side of seats4 ,many gold medals with ,napoleon's portrait and name engraved upon them4 ,an article devoid of intrinsic value1 but nevertheless possessing an exceptional interest--namely1 a musket-ball flattened out to the shape of a thin medal1 found carefully put by in the secret drawer at the back of the desk2 a missile1 maybe1 that ended the days of a friend1 or one possibly that endangered ,napoleon's own life4 ,a considerable number of mounted and unmounted diamonds found secreted in various parts of the carriage1 three hundred of these stones alone being discovered in the above-mentioned ncessaire4 ,illustration3 ,,napoleon',s ,,atlas ,illustration3 ,,necessaire 7,interior7 ,illustration3 ,,necessaire 7,exterior7 ,illustration3 ,,razor1 ,,tooth ,,brush ,,and ,,gimlet ,illustration3 ,,silver ,,box 7,side view7 ,illustration3 ,,spoon ,,and ,,table ,,napkin ,illustration3 ,,parts ,,of ,,silver ,,service ,illustration3 ,,silver ,,box 7,,top ,,view7 ,,and ,,two ,,goblets ,illustration3 ,,parts ,,of ,,silver ,,service ,illustration3 ,,telescope ,the jewels and other articles easy of acquisition fell1 for the most part1 to the lot of ,major von ,keller's men of the #aeth ,prussian ,infantry ,regiment of the ,line1 which was that night under the command of ,general ,count ,gneisenau4 ,the coach was drawn by a team of six of the finest brown ,normandy horses1 four driven by the coachman1 the leaders under the control of a postilion4 ,when the coach was overtaken by the ,prussians--that is to say1 about a quarter-past eleven at night1 outside the town of ,jenappe--the postilion and the leaders were killed outright1 whilst the coachman1 severely wounded1 was left for dead upon the road4 ,recovering from his many wounds--one of which entailed the loss of his right arm--he was induced by ,major von ,keller himself to come over to this country with the coach and horses4 ,these were exhibited1 as a very special attraction for the ,christmas holidays of #ahae1 at the ,london ,museum 7then but recently opened by ,mr4 ,bullock7 in ,piccadilly1 a house of entertainment that was soon to be known to future generations as the ,egyptian ,hall4 ,and now for a century has this old war-coach been held up for the inspection of the passer-by1 and1 in its turn1 has been the dumb witness of many a fleeting and touching episode4 ,for as it stood have not time and men passed on8 ,has it not beheld many a young gallant1 with the honours of the campaign fresh upon him1 recounting to wife and child the story of that last great battle that closed the ,empire of the first ,napoleon2 many a veteran son of ,mars telling his grown sons how that great day was won2 many a kindly warrior gently helping his children's children to mount the steps and learn how on that day old 8,boney0 was made to fly1 and nearly got caught in the act8 ,but those to whom the old coach must have brought back so many vivid memories of that famous victory1 and who had the greatest right to enter it1 have themselves moved on2 and now its doors have been fastened up and the old chariot encased for secure keeping1 not indeed against the ravages of time1 but1 with regret it must be said1 safe away from the hands of those who would not scruple to despoil it4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,the ,st4 ,helena carriage--,napoleon alarms the ladies--,certificates of authenticity4 ,illustration3 ,,napoleon',s ,,barouche ,the carriage used by ,bonaparte during his exile at ,st4 ,helena4 ,this is the last carriage in which ,napoleon is known to have ridden4 ,on his first arrival at ,st4 ,helena he took much exercise in the saddle1 but during and after the year #ahah1 until he ceased venturing beyond the precincts of ,longwood1 he made constant use of this vehicle4 ,the following extract from ,mr4 ,norwood ,young's very valuable contribution to our ,napoleonic literature1 ,napoleon in ,exile at ,st4 ,helena1 gives us an insight to the manner in which it was used3 ,after the dictation and the reading1 ,napoleon1 in the afternoon1 generally went for a drive1 one of the ladies1 with ,bertrand or ,las ,cases1 being taken in the carriage4 ,the two ,archambauds at first used six horses1 afterwards reduced to four1 which they drove1 as postilions1 at a great pace4 ,the round of the wood1 done at high speed1 was soon covered1 and the course would then be repeated4 ,madame de ,montholon declared that they went so fast that it was difficult to breathe4 ,at this rate the wood was so often driven round that1 in spite of the excitement of dodging the trees1 there came a staleness in the sport4 ,in the early days the outing would be varied by a visit to the ,bertrands at ,hutt's ,gate1 and all the ladies became much alarmed as the vehicle dashed round the corners1 with the terrible precipice on one side4 ,it was indeed dangerous1 for there were no barriers1 and a little carelessness might have sent the whole party down the abyss4 ,there is now in most places a low earth bank1 a railing made of gas-pipes1 and a plantation of flax at the edge1 which at least conceals the danger4 ,when the ,bertrands had moved from ,hutt's ,gate the drives never went beyond the ,longwood estate1 which has a circuit of about four miles4 ,who built the carriage and how it came to be transported to ,st4 ,helena1 we know not4 ,in type it is what was then--and for the matter of that is still--known as a 8barouche40 ,yellow and green are the prevailing colours in which the body has been enamelled1 the former predominating to a considerable extent4 ,ponderously built throughout1 as indeed were all travelling carriages of this period1 the body is swung so that its full weight is cast upon the hind-wheels4 ,the under-carriage is strong and cumbersome1 like that of the ,waterloo carriage1 standing by its side4 ,its heavy cee springs are overlaid by strong leather straps upon which the body is comfortably slung4 ,the carriage is lined throughout with heavy green superfine cloth4 ,so far as its general appearance is concerned1 it might well be designated as unexceptional4 ,it has no mark or devices upon it to indicate that it constituted the equipage of a royal household1 and the axle-caps have not even the maker's name upon them4 ,the following quotations from an old ,catalogue published at the time when the conveyance was first installed in our collection of ,napoleonic relics remove any doubt as to its authenticity3 #bcg4 ,,carriage used by the ,emperor ,napoleon1 during six years of his exile at ,st4 ,helena1 and the last he ever entered4 ,certified by the ,counts ,montholon and ,las ,cases4 ,the following is the letter1 with description1 from ,mr4 ,blofeld1 of whom it was purchased3 8,,dear ,,sir1 8,in accordance with your request ,i send you the following brief particulars of the carriage used by the ,emperor ,napoleon at ,st4 ,helena4 ,i purchased it in #ahdh1 at that island1 of ,major ,charles ,sampson1 an officer who had lived highly respected there for more than fifty years1 and who gave me the following certificate3 8#8,received from ,mr4 ,john ,blofeld1 for ,bonaparte's old carriage1 the first used by him on the ,island of ,st4 ,helena4 7,here follows the mount paid47--7,,major7 ,c4 ,,sampson4' 8,in #ahej ,i went to ,paris1 where ,i showed it to ,general ,count ,montholon and ,count ,emanuel de las ,cases2 those gentlemen immediately recognised it1 and both said they had frequently rode in it with the ,emperor1 and they most kindly gave me the following certificates1 which1 as you purchased the carriage1 ,i enclose4 ,general ,montholon informed me that the ,emperor always used it1 drawn by four horses1 ridden by two postilions1 with the head of the carriage down4 8,certificates3 8#8,i hereby certify that the carriage shown to me at ,paris by ,mr4 ,john ,blofeld is the actual carriage used by the ,emperor ,napoleon at the ,island of ,st4 ,helena4--7,,general7 ,,montholon4' 8#8,i hereby certify that the carriage shown to me by ,mr4 ,john ,blofeld1 and purchased by him of ,major ,c4 ,sampson1 of ,st4 ,helena1 is the actual carriage used by the ,emperor ,napoleon at that island4--,,emanuel ,,de ,,las ,,cases4' 8,i remain1 ,dear ,sirs1 8,yours faithfully1 8,,john ,,blofeld4 8,messrs4 ,joseph and ,francis ,tussaud1 8,london1 ,jan4 #h1 #ahea40 ,illustration3 ,,thorwaldsen',s ,,celebrated ,,bust ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,napoleon ,one of the treasured possessions of ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,father ,mathew sits for his model--,tsar ,nicholas ,i takes a fancy to ,voltaire's chair--,a replica sent to him--,the ,rev4 ,peter ,mc,kenzie's exorcism4 ,illustration3 ,,father ,,mathew1 8,,the ,,noble ,,priest ,,of ,,cork0 ,a great temperance leader whose striking resemblance to ,napoleon ,i4 caused an odd confusion in the ,museum when in renovating the wax figures a servant put the head of ,father ,mathew on the shoulders of the deposed ,emperor4 ,one of the greatest of all temperance reformers was ,father ,mathew1 8the ,noble ,priest of ,cork10 who persuaded sixty thousand people in ,london alone to become teetotallers and to take a pledge to that effect4 ,the apostle of temperance was induced to come to ,london in the early forties to give a series of lectures4 ,some were delivered at ,hall's ,riding ,school 7now a motor garage7 in ,albany ,street1 opposite ,holy ,trinity ,church and close to ,great ,portland ,street ,station1 and ,mr4 ,francis ,tussaud 7grandfather of the writer7 modelled him in one of the rooms of that place4 ,he was constantly interrupted during the sittings by people of all classes and creeds coming into take the pledge4 ,most of them insisted upon kneeling to receive ,father ,mathew's blessing4 ,they were probably actuated by respect for him1 and also by the hope that the recollection of his blessing might strengthen their teetotal vows4 ,at the close of the sittings ,father ,mathew detached from his breast his temperance medal1 which was attached to a ribbon round his neck1 and handed it to the artist that it might be placed upon his model4 ,father ,mathew bore so striking a resemblance in face and figure to ,napoleon ,i that the two were once oddly mistaken for each other by our own servants4 ,we had occasion to renovate the portraits of the soldier and the preacher4 ,to do so it was necessary that the heads of both should be detached4 ,the assistant who was responsible for taking the figures to pieces in this way mistook the one head for the other4 ,the error was fortunately soon detected by ,mr4 ,francis ,tussaud1 who had modelled both the heads1 and he soon had the mistake rectified4 ,there are persons still living who remember ,father ,mathew4 ,an old and respected neighbour1 ,francis ,draper by name1 is one of the youngest men of eighty-seven one could possibly meet4 ,although born in #ahcb1 he still possesses a wonderfully clear memory4 ,in #ahdb1 when ,father ,mathew paid his visit to ,london1 ,mr4 ,draper--then a boy of ten years--was introduced to him at the ,riding ,school4 ,in an anteroom upstairs1 to which ,father ,mathew retired between the times when he administered the pledge1 he saw an artist modelling his face in clay1 which he was told was for ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition4 ,he had an impression at the time that the artist was ,francis1 a son of ,madame ,tussaud1 and his surmise was accurate1 for it was ,mr4 ,francis ,tussaud who was executing the model4 ,for many years afterwards he saw 8,the ,noble ,priest of ,cork0 standing in a group in ,madame ,tussaud's1 with his medal suspended round his neck1 and1 he says1 it was the best likeness of anyone in the rooms4 ,the assassination of ,alexander ,,ii of ,russia in ,march1 #ahha1 recalls a quaint story of ,voltaire's chair1 which stands in a corner of one of the ,napoleon ,rooms1 not far removed from a collection of heads of leaders of the ,french ,revolution4 ,illustration3 ,,voltaire',s ,,chair ,this chair is one of our most treasured relics4 ,it was made to ,voltaire's own design1 and is unlike any other chair we have ever seen4 ,after the ,entente ,cordiale between ,france and ,england in the forties1 the visit to ,queen ,victoria of ,louis ,philippe was promptly followed by the arrival in ,london1 in #ahdd1 of ,alexander's father1 ,nicholas ,i of ,russia1 who1 during his stay1 was conducted over the ,exhibition by ,madame ,tussaud's elder son1 ,joseph4 ,in the course of his tour round the galleries the ,tsar's attention was arrested by the great ,frenchman's wonderful chair4 ,being struck by its ingenious construction1 he examined it very closely1 and then1 as so many persons have done1 gave himself the pleasure of occupying the seat in which the famous satirist had spent many an industrious hour4 ,the chair was intended by ,voltaire to facilitate his literary work1 and1 evidently taking account of his incessant labours1 he had the arms extended without supports so that he could sit in any attitude and facing any direction1 while a movable writing-slope was attached to be always within his reach4 ,so keen an interest did the ,tsar take in the chair that we decided to make a replica and send it to him as a pleasant surprise4 ,this was done1 but no direct acknowledgment of the chair's delivery was ever received4 ,months afterwards1 however1 two cases--one containing a splendid gallery portrait of ,nicholas and the other a beautiful statuette of the same monarch--arrived at the ,exhibition4 ,these presents were accepted as a recognition1 in practical form1 of the chair4 ,they could not have signified an ,imperial bid for a place in the ,exhibition1 for a most lifelike model of ,his ,majesty was already there4 ,illustration3 ,,nicholas ,i41 ,,emperor ,,of ,,russia ,gallery portrait by ,bothmann presented to ,madame ,tussaud's by the ,tsar4 ,nearly forty years later1 on the assassination of ,nicholas's son1 ,alexander--to which allusion has been made--there appeared in one of our leading ,english illustrated papers1 which gave pages to the story of the assassination1 a full double-page picture of the ,imperial study at ,st4 ,petersburg1 and1 behold1 therein stood the identical chair which we had sent to ,nicholas ,i4 ,it is interesting to note that on ,wednesday1 the #bjth of ,october1 thirty-six years later1 a number of ,princesses came to the ,exhibition2 and among them was ,princess ,alix of ,hesse1 then a happy young girl of eight1 and now mourned as the late ,tsarina1 who1 as reported1 shared with the ,tsar and his family a terrible death at the hands of diabolical assassins during the recent ,russian ,revolution4 ,among the royal party which came on that day were our own ,princesses ,louise1 ,victoria1 and ,maud of ,wales4 ,a great ,wesleyan preacher and lecturer in his day was the ,rev4 ,peter ,mc,kenzie1 who died in ,november1 #ahie4 ,he deserves a place in these memoirs on account of his characteristic and rather eccentric behaviour when he visited the ,exhibition4 ,in the course of his perambulation through the galleries he1 like most of our patrons1 found his way to the ,napoleon ,rooms1 where ,voltaire's chair immediately arrested his attention4 ,striking an indignant attitude in front of it1 the ,wesleyan preacher exclaimed1 8,and this belonged to the man that was going to pull down the edifice of ,christianity and sweep the religion of ,jesus ,christ from the earth60 ,so saying1 he planted himself in the chair and1 with a triumphant wave of his hand1 declaimed to the wondering visitors gathered round the following verse of a well-known hymn3 ,jesus shall reign where'er the sun ,doth his successive journeys run2 ,his kingdom stretch from shore to shore1 ,till moons shall wax and wane no more4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,landseer and the ,count d',orsay visit the ,exhibition--,a fright--,norfolk farmer's account of ,queen ,victoria's visit4 ,about the year #ahde the celebrated ,count d',orsay1 being1 as usual1 in a desperate state of impecuniosity1 was absolutely afraid to venture out of ,gore ,house 7where now stands the ,royal ,albert ,hall71 except on ,sunday1 for fear of being arrested and imprisoned for debt4 ,it so happened that a portrait of one of the members of the ,royal ,family1 painted by the ,count1 was just then in process of engraving1 and it was necessary before the proofs could be struck off that d',orsay himself should see and correct the work of the engraver4 ,to do this the ,count would be obliged to go to the engraver's house1 and that gentleman1 being of a devout and ,sabbatarian turn of mind1 utterly refused to receive d',orsay on ,sunday4 ,finding himself in this difficulty1 the ,count asked the advice of his friend1 ,sir ,edwin ,landseer4 8,i should risk going on a weekday1 if ,i were you10 said ,sir ,edwin4 8,wrap yourself up carefully1 come and have breakfast with me in ,st4 ,john's ,wood ,road1 and then we will go together to the engraver40 ,this they accordingly did1 and1 greatly to ,landseer's relief1 the ,count passed through the streets unrecognised4 ,not content1 however1 with escaping thus far1 d',orsay found his freedom so delightful that he became reckless1 and did not seem at all disposed to return in any haste to his captivity4 8,it is so long since ,i have seen ,london on any day but ,sunday1 ,i will enjoy myself now10 said he4 8,can't we go to some place of amusement together80 ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,edwin ,,landseer1 ,r4 ,a4 ,celebrated animal painter1 though best known for his paintings of dogs1 his work was very varied and included the modeling of the celebrated lions at the foot of the ,nelson ,monument in ,trafalgar ,square4 ,landseer suggested ,madame ,tussaud's1 an ,exhibition which d',orsay had never before seen2 and to ,baker ,street they went4 ,the ,count1 charmed with the novelty of the wax figures1 was childishly delighted with all he saw1 until a moment when he became conscious that his footsteps were being dogged by two suspicious-looking individuals4 8,do you see those men80 said d',orsay4 8,they never take their eyes from me40 8,yes1 ,i see them10 answered ,landseer1 who had really noticed them for some time1 but thought it wiser not to say anything on the subject to his friend4 8,let us go into the ,chamber of ,horrors40 ,accordingly they paid their extra sixpences and entered the mysterious inner room4 ,the two men followed them4 ,landseer gave up his friend for lost4 ,after a few moments of suspense one of the two men advanced towards d',orsay1 hat in hand1 and1 making an elaborate bow1 said3 8,have ,i the honour of speaking to ,m4 le ,comte d',orsay80 ,no escape seemed possible now1 so the ,count drew himself up and answered with much dignity3 8,sir1 ,i am he40 8,then1 if ,m4 le ,comte will be so very kind as to allow me1 ,madame ,tussaud presents her compliments1 and she will be greatly honoured if ,m4 le ,comte will give her some sittings and will permit us to add his illustrious figure to those already in our establishment40 ,finding that all his anxieties were at an end1 d',orsay forgot his dignity in a moment1 almost embracing the man in his sudden joy1 and exclaiming1 with his accents of broken ,english3 8,my dear fellow1 you shall do what you like40 ,the handsome face and distinguished figure of the ,count were1 of course1 sufficiently remarkable to attract attention anywhere1 and ,madame ,tussaud had too keen an eye for business ever to let slip so excellent an opportunity4 ,this may be regarded as an interesting reminiscence of the old rooms in ,baker ,street and the people who used to frequent them three-quarters of a century ago4 ,although we know that ,queen ,victoria came to visit the ,exhibition in ,baker ,street as ,princess ,victoria1 there is no direct evidence that she ever came as ,queen4 ,there is1 however1 a story that on one occasion ,her ,majesty paid a private visit with her children4 ,when it is remembered that the ,cattle ,show used to be held in the rooms underneath the ,exhibition1 and that ,her ,majesty used to pay it at least one annual visit in those days1 it is quite reasonable to suppose that the ,queen would take an opportunity of going upstairs4 ,the story goes that seventy years ago1 a fortnight after an auctioneer had murdered ,mr4 ,jermy1 ,recorder of ,norwich1 and his family1 at ,stanfield ,hall1 near ,wymondham1 a ,norfolk farmer came to ,london for the ,cattle ,show1 and was an unconscious interviewer of ,queen ,victoria in the ,exhibition4 ,i will give the narrative in his own words1 being unable to vouch for its authenticity4 8,after10 said the farmer1 8,i had been to the show and carefully examined the different animals1 and given my meed of praise to the breeders and their feeders1 ,i thought ,i would devote a spare hour to ,madame ,tussaud's celebrated ,exhibition4 ,accordingly ,i presented myself at the door1 and paid my money4 8,on entering1 ,i was surprised to find that ,i was the only spectator4 ,undisturbed for some time1 ,i wandered about1 looking with astonishment at the waxen effigies1 habited in their gorgeous apparel4 8,in a few minutes some ladies and children arrived1 and1 standing near to one of the former ,i said1 #8,what ugly1 grim-looking people some of those kings and queens are6' ,the lady smiled and answered1 #8,i perfectly agree with you2 they are6' 8,my attention was soon arrested by hearing one of the party1 pointing to a figure1 mention ,lord ,nelson1 when1 proud of having been born in the same county as the illustrious sailor1 ,i could not help exclaiming1 #8,ah1 he was from my neighbourhood6' ,upon which one of the ladies1 advancing1 said to me1 #8,then you are from ,norfolk8 ,pray can you tell me anything about poor ,mrs4 ,jermy with whose melancholy fate ,i so deeply sympathise8 ,have you any information different from that which has appeared in the public papers8' 8,to this ,i replied1 #8,no1 madam1 for ,i have been some days from home4' 8,scarcely had this conversation ended when ,madame ,tussaud herself entered1 and seeing me there asked me how ,i got in1 and if ,i did not know she had forbidden the entrance of anyone4 ,i replied ,i did not2 but1 having paid my money had walked in as a matter of course4 8,judge of my surprise when she informed me ,i had had the honour of speaking to no other than our good and gracious ,queen1 and that the lady whose tender anxiety had been so warmly expressed for the injured widow of ,stanfield ,hall was the same illustrious person whose exalted rank does not1 however1 so elevate her but that the misfortunes and afflictions of others can reach her heart and excite her generous commiseration4 8,the party who accompanied ,her ,majesty were the royal children and their attendants40 ,,chapter ,,xix ,wellington visits the effigy of the dead ,napoleon1 and sits to ,sir ,george ,hayter for historic picture--,paintings from models--,is the photograph 8taken from life10 or----8 ,wellington gazing upon the effigy of ,napoleon is one of the many instances of a really fine picture being produced from an original work executed in our studios4 ,upon it hangs an interesting story4 ,illustration3 ,,wellington ,,visiting ,,the ,,effigy ,,of ,,napoleon ,from the celebrated picture by ,sir ,george ,hayter4 ,early one morning1 soon after the ,exhibition had been opened for the day1 ,joseph1 ,madame ,tussaud's son1 who had been wandering through the rooms1 as was his habit1 perceived an elderly gentleman in front of the tableau representing the lying-in-state of ,napoleon ,i4 ,the model of the dead exile rested--as it does down to this very day--on the camp bedstead used by ,napoleon at ,st4 ,helena1 and was dressed in the favourite green uniform1 the cloak worn at ,marengo 7bequeathed by ,napoleon to his son7 lying across the feet4 ,in the hands1 crossed upon the chest1 was a crucifix4 ,in those days it was the custom to lower at night the curtains that enclosed the bed1 in order to exclude the dust1 whereas now the whole scene is encased in glass4 ,observing that the visitor was desirous of seeing the effigy1 and no attendant being at hand1 ,joseph ,tussaud raised the hangings1 whereupon the visitor removed his hat1 and1 to his great surprise1 ,joseph saw that he was face to face with none other than the great ,duke of ,wellington himself4 ,there stood his ,grace1 contemplating with feelings of mixed emotions the strange and suggestive scene before him4 ,on the camp bed lay the mere presentment of the man who1 seven-and-thirty years before1 had given him so much trouble to subdue4 ,no feeling of triumph passed through the conqueror's mind as he looked upon the poor waxen image1 too true in its aspect of death2 he rather thought upon the vanity of earthly triumphs1 of the levelling hand of time1 and how soon he1 like his great contemporary1 might be stretched upon his own bier4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,tussaud used frequently to recall this dramatic meeting between the ,iron ,duke and the effigy of his erstwhile foe1 and to imagine the feelings of the old ,general as he gazed upon the couch4 ,it was probably the first of the ,duke's many visits to the ,exhibition4 ,a few days after this most interesting visit ,mr4 ,tussaud1 who was an old friend of ,sir ,george ,hayter1 related the incident to that artist4 ,hayter was immediately struck with the potential value of the event for the production of a painting of the historic scene1 and the ,tussaud brothers at once commissioned him to execute the work for them4 ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,george ,,hayter ,whose painting of ,wellington visiting the effigy of ,napoleon is now on exhibition in the ,napoleon rooms at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,sir ,george thereupon communicated the idea to the ,duke1 who readily responded1 and offered to give the necessary sittings4 ,we have the sketches made by ,hayter in preparation for the work1 and among them appears a drawing of ,joseph ,tussaud himself1 although he does not enter the actual picture4 ,hearing that the artist was making progress with the painting1 the ,duke visited his studio1 and1 having expressed himself warmly in appreciation of the picture 7the figures had been but lightly limned in at the time71 said3 8,well1 ,i suppose you'll want me to sit for my picture here80 ,hayter has given us a most characteristic portrait of ,wellington as he then appeared4 ,he is dressed in his usual blue frock-coat1 white trousers1 and white cravat1 fastened with the familiar steel buckle4 ,he stoops a little as was his wont1 his head is lightly covered with snow-white hair1 and his manly features are marked with an expression of mingled curiosity and sadness as1 hat in hand1 he looks upon the recumbent ,napoleon4 ,the picture was completed early in ,december1 #aheb1 and has been on view in the ,napoleon ,rooms at the ,exhibition ever since4 ,the engravings of the picture have been circulated in thousands throughout the world1 and1 strange to say1 they are exceedingly popular in ,austria4 ,it is an interesting fact that the painting in question was the last portrait for which the ,duke ever sat4 ,this story brings to mind several instances in which the members of the ,tussaud family1 especially in days gone by1 have produced subjects for other artists to paint from4 ,for example1 the model of ,marat stabbed in his bath--which has been shown in our ,exhibition ever since it existed in ,paris--was modelled expressly to assist the famous ,david to paint his picture representing the death of the miscreant4 ,strange to say1 a replica of this painting was offered to us a year or so ago1 and the dealer who submitted it insisted that it was the picture from which our model was copied4 ,he looked wofully incredulous when it was explained to him that the boot was on the other foot1 and that the picture had been copied from the model4 ,on one occasion1 in a newsagent's shop1 a lady customer asked for a picture postcard of ,king ,edward4 ,several were shown to her1 but after inspecting them she pushed all the direct photographs on one side1 and selected the print of a figure that had been modelled4 ,the shopkeeper subsequently stated that this card was almost invariably chosen in preference to others4 ,in recent years there has grown a curious disposition on the part of certain publishers to exploit for their own purposes work produced in our studios4 ,this is not to be wondered at when photographs of our models have been so often mistaken for portraits taken direct from life4 ,we have ourselves on many occasions photographed our likenesses for reproduction by the ,press2 and1 apart from this1 newspaper representatives1 times out of number1 have requested permission to take a photograph of figures in the ,exhibition for the use of their own journal4 ,there is also the inevitable snapshotter1 who neither asks permission nor cares whether it is granted or not4 ,such individuals seize an opportunity when few persons are about and take an illicit 8negative0 without risking a verbal one4 ,the result has been that the photographs thus secured--all subject to copyright fees never collected--have been made use of for all kinds of purposes2 they have turned up as blocks in newspapers and magazines1 illustrations in books1 and portrait postcards1 besides being treasured in albums and framed as pictures4 ,only very occasionally has a statement accompanied publication acknowledging the source from which the picture has originated--a circumstance that has more than once led to a curious and1 so far as the artist is concerned1 a somewhat vexatious contretemps4 ,it has so happened that we have had sometimes to send a member of our staff in quest of all the latest photographs of a favourite celebrity whose figure we have desired to remodel and bring up to date4 ,not infrequently has he brought back with him 8photographs0 purporting to have been taken from life1 but which have been instantly recognised as reproductions of figures in the ,exhibition4 ,a droll incident once occurred illustrative of this strange situation4 ,many years ago1 when ,mr4 ,joseph ,tussaud1 under pressure of time and with very meagre material to go upon1 produced a portrait of the late ,pope ,leo ,,xiii directly after he was elevated to the papal chair1 a certain well-known firm of photographers were at their wits' end to obtain a portrait of the new ,pontiff1 and the novel idea suggested itself to them of arranging to borrow for a short time ,madame ,tussaud's model1 and therefrom obtain an original negative that might fulfil their requirements4 ,this they accordingly did1 and the object was achieved with remarkable success1 for the portrait challenged detection4 ,so lifelike was the picture that when it was placed upon the market beholders concluded that the ,pope had sat for it4 ,another firm of photographers1 some time afterwards1 and at great trouble and expense1 succeeded in obtaining sittings from the ,pope himself4 ,when the portrait taken from life appeared1 and was compared with the photographs from the model1 very grave doubt was raised as to whether the new portrait was really a good likeness1 and many persons questioned its genuineness1 much to the chagrin of the photographers who produced it4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,the story of ,colour-,sergeant ,bates's march through ,england to prove ,anglo-,american goodwill--,start from ,gretna--,the dove of peace4 ,an ephemeral celebrity of a bygone day1 who fittingly comes into the picture at the present time--for we are still dealing with events that happened in the seventies--was ,colour-,sergeant ,gilbert ,h4 ,bates1 of the #bdth ,massachusetts 7,u4 ,s4 ,artillery7 ,regiment4 ,illustration3 ,,color-,,sergeant ,,gilbert ,h4 ,,bates ,,of ,,the #bd,,th ,,massachusetts 7,u4 ,s4 ,,artillery7 ,,regiment ,his famous pilgrimage1 in ,november1 #ahgb1 from ,gretna ,green to ,london1 bearing aloft a large ,american flag1 brought forth striking testimony to the undercurrent of cordiality in ,england for all things ,american4 ,photographed from the wax model at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,this gallant soldier of the ,federal ,army1 after carrying the ,star-spangled ,banner through the ,southern ,states of ,america to prove that the war had not killed the respect felt for the national flag1 crossed the ,atlantic1 in fulfilment of a wager1 and bore the ,stars and ,stripes from ,gretna ,green to ,london1 amid most enthusiastic scenes1 demonstrating that ,bates was right when he insisted that ,john ,bull and ,uncle ,sam were the best of friends at heart4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,tussaud modelled a portrait of the sergeant1 who had an honoured place in the ,exhibition for several years4 ,bates was a patriotic ,american who had a firm belief in the friendship of the ,english people for their ,american brethren4 ,for #a1ejj miles through ,states whose streets had been stained with the blood of civil carnage he had marched with the national flag to the strains of patriotic music1 an eloquent tribute to his countrymen's deep-rooted love of peace4 ,his passage was a triumphant success1 and the exploit is handed down to posterity in ,captain ,mayne ,reid's stirring poem 8,from ,vicksburg to the ,sea10 the first of its five verses being3 ,bear on the banner1 soldier bold6 ,how ,southern hearts must thrill ,to see the flag1 so loved of all1 ,waving above them still6 ,what chords 'twill touch1 what echoes wake1 ,of that far truer time6 ,who knows but it the spell may break ,that maddened them to crime4 ,this was remotely the origin of ,bates's ,english expedition4 ,calumny was rife in the ,states4 ,no theme had been so often discussed for the two years then past as that of the feeling of ,john ,bull towards ,uncle ,sam4 ,the malicious craft of certain politicians had led them to foster elements of hatred towards the ,old ,country1 and a corrupt section of the ,press had lent itself to the unworthy task of exaggerating trifles and distorting facts to suit the fancies of gullible readers4 ,it was in the course of one such discussion as to the feeling of the ,english towards ,americans that this lover of concord was led to make a wager of #ajj dollars against #a1jjj dollars that the people of ,england would not insult the flag of ,america1 but would welcome it heartily wherever it should be borne by an ,american soldier4 ,not a few of his compatriots were incredulous of his success1 and they predicted that he would miserably fail2 while one said1 8,i bet he don't travel twelve miles before he sets face homeward and leaves his bean-pole in the custody of some parish beadle40 ,the gallant sergeant was determined and confident1 however1 and1 taking passage in the ,anchor liner ,europa1 he crossed the ,atlantic4 ,bates was a small but well-built man1 #e feet #g inches in height1 square-shouldered and square-headed1 clean shaven1 with clear grey eyes1 dark hair1 and swarthy skin4 ,his age was thirty-four1 and he wore the uniform of a sergeant of the ,federal ,army4 ,he is described as modest1 intelligent1 well-informed1 and a very good specimen of the unassuming1 matter-of-fact1 and practical ,yankee4 ,the flag he carried was from a piece of army bunting from the headquarters of ,general ,sheridan4 ,it was of regulation size1 #f feet by #f feet1 and the hickory staff measured #i feet4 ,before he left he was assured by a ,member of ,parliament in ,chicago that as the ,americans had honoured the ,english ,prince when he visited that country1 the ,english people1 in return1 would honour the ,american 8prince0--which was their flag4 ,and so it turned out4 ,on the #eth of ,november1 #ahgb--;,guy ,fawkes ,day and the anniversary of the ,battle of ,inkerman--,sergeant ,bates left ,edinburgh for ,gretna ,green1 that romantic spot at the southern extremity of ,scotland4 ,it was with difficulty that he managed to leave the northern city without unfurling the flag1 as his ,scottish friends felt that they should have an opportunity of testifying their good feelings to the banner which waved over so many of their kindred in homes beyond the ,atlantic4 ,but his mission had been planned1 and he had decided to begin his march from the border of ,england itself4 ,with no quiver of fear and with a heart full of gladness1 he stood upon ,sark ,bridge and1 uncovering his head1 gave the ,star-spangled ,banner to the breeze4 ,a few merry rustics greeted him with cheers1 and the historic march was begun4 ,the country before him was ,england1 the mother-country1 the home of the ,english language1 the freest and most peaceful country in ,europe4 ,he reached ,carlisle that evening without anything more important happening than a rigid cross-examination by an excited old woman as to whether he was heralding a ,fenian invasion1 and an anxious inquiry from a little boy as to when the circus would arrive4 ,at the ,bush ,hotel at ,carlisle a party of commercial travellers gave him a right hearty ,british welcome1 and this henceforth became the order of the day at whatever town or village he put in an appearance4 ,news of his coming preceded him1 and his progress was one continuous ovation1 culminating in a veritable furore when he reached his journey's end4 ,through ,penrith and ,shap1 where he was cheered by the miners1 who had sent men from the quarries to watch for his approach1 he made his way to ,kendal1 where1 at a dinner given in his honour1 he announced that he had written to cancel the wager he had made4 ,he did this in token of the purity of his motives1 and to prove that he was not actuated by mercenary considerations4 ,from ,kendal he proceeded to ,lancaster1 which city he entered followed by an enormous crowd1 a similar concourse escorting him to the outskirts on his departure4 ,garstang1 between ,lancaster and ,preston1 at that time enjoyed the peculiar distinction of having a ,mayor and capital burgesses without its having been constituted a borough4 ,here he was entertained at a sumptuous repast1 and the streets were full of people1 the church scholars1 drawn up in line1 cheering the flag and its bearer as they passed4 ,the streets of ,preston were lined with spectators2 at ,chorley cheers were given for the ,queen and ,president ,grant2 and at ,bolton the flag-bearer was presented with a pair of clogs1 and given a live turtle-dove to take back with him to the ,american ,president4 ,he was almost carried by an eager1 applauding crowd along ,bradshawgate on his way to ,manchester1 and the ,bolton ,evening ,news of the #adth of ,november1 #ahgb1 records that 8there was more hand-shaking than we have ever seen bestowed on any person4 ,far from insult1 every respect was shown to the flag of the great ,republic1 and10 the newspaper facetiously adds1 8if the bearer is rewarded all along his journey as he was at ,farnworth1 his pockets will be filled with the metal that makes the mare to go40 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,sergeant ,bates's journey finishes in ,london amid a remarkable demonstration--,his gift to ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,in this chapter we conclude the story of the gallant sergeant's historic march with the ,american flag from ,gretna ,green to ,london4 ,at ,bolton he was presented with a piece of silver-plate1 and a pedestrian gave him a pocket-knife2 but this gift was followed immediately afterwards by a letter in which the writer said that as the giving of a sharp instrument was regarded as a bad omen and portended to cut friendship1 he asked ,sergeant ,bates to forward a penny stamp in the enclosed envelope in order that the knife might be sold and not given4 ,the penny stamp was sent4 ,five miles from ,cottonopolis ,bates was met by a man who had been a lieutenant in the #bdth ,massachusetts ,volunteers during the ,civil ,war1 who took off his hat and said1 8,god bless our flag40 ,manchester was reached on the #adth of ,november1 and here the flag had an immense reception1 the crowd in ,market ,street being so dense that the open carriage which the sergeant was obliged to enter could scarcely make headway4 ,lodged at the ,royal ,hotel1 he was presented with a ,union ,jack1 and was pestered by several enterprising showmen1 one of whom offered him as much as #fj a night for five weeks if he would only consent to lend himself and the flag2 but this he resolutely declined to do4 ,from ,manchester to ,macclesfield he met with a repetition of the same hearty ovations4 ,the crowd kept slapping him on the shoulders1 shaking hands1 slipping money into his pockets1 hurrahing1 singing1 and even dancing with joy before the glorious old flag4 ,at ,macclesfield he was treated like a prince1 royally entertained1 and presented with a gold breast-pin by the ,mayor4 ,through ,congleton1 ,burslem1 ,stafford1 ,wolverhampton1 and so on to ,birmingham1 the march was like that of a triumphant warrior1 the crowds at ,bates's heels1 marshalled in military order1 tramping along singing the national melodies of the two countries1 8,rule ,britannia0 and 8,yankee ,doodle0 being the favourite airs4 ,at ,west ,bromwich1 where the flag-bearer stood for a moment to salute the ,union ,jack1 a man rushed out and crowned his flagstaff with laurel4 ,he entered ,birmingham escorted by a crowd of all classes1 both sexes and all ages1 and the proprietor of the 8,hen and ,chickens0 ,hotel placed the house1 the wine-cellar1 and even his cash-drawer at his guest's disposal4 ,the crowd from ,birmingham followed him for some miles out of the town4 ,there was a vast amount of hand-shaking1 and several women insisted on embracing him1 one old lady hugging him so unmercifully that she1 he1 and the flag were nearly sent sprawling in the mud4 ,one workman1 bareheaded and without his coat1 headed the procession in a perfect frenzy of excitement1 and shook hand with ,bates about every five minutes4 ,it appeared that he had served on the ,alabama1 and seemed to think that he was atoning for past transgression and ridding himself of the stigma of having fought against the ,union4 ,warwick was visited1 and the castle inspected4 ,the sergeant was shown over ,shakespeare's birthplace at ,stratford-on-,avon by a ,mrs4 ,hathaway and a lady aptly quoted to him the line3 ,still in thy right hand carry gentle peace4 ,at ,leamington he was presented with an address and a silver ,maltese ,cross4 ,southam and ,banbury were passed through1 and then he came to ,oxford1 where1 it had been predicted1 his mission would fail ignominiously4 ,but he was met by students from ,new ,college1 who treated him with great gentlemanliness1 one observing3 8,sergeant1 you surely never expected that the people of ,england would fall upon one man1 did you80 8,no10 replied ,bates drawing himself up4 8,i have come through ,england not only believing that my flag would not be insulted1 but feeling sure that ,englishmen would show it such respect everywhere that my countrymen would hail my coming as a step full of joyful hope for the future40 8,bravo60 exclaimed the undergraduate4 ,invitations poured in upon the happy soldier4 ,he supped in ,university ,college and breakfasted in ,trinity4 ,at a levee in the reception-room at the 8,roebuck0 the toast was given1 8,may the stars never shine with less lustre1 nor the bars ever grow shorter10 which was received with musical honours3 ,it's a way they have in the ,army1 ,it's a way they have in the ,navy1 ,it's a way we have in the ',varsity ,to drive dull care away4 ,on through ,high ,wycombe and ,uxbridge passed the soldier with his flag1 and the crowd was great as he set out for ,shepherd's ,bush1 whence he was to proceed through ,london4 ,there were incidents humorous and pathetic4 ,at one place an aged woman tottered up to him from a wayside house and1 leaning on her stick1 said3 8,let me touch the flag and give my blessing to the bearer4 ,my youngest boy fought for that flag and died for it in your country4 ,he fell with that flag in his hand40 ,her son1 an ,englishman1 had given his life fighting for the ,union4 ,at another place a grimy sweep1 fresh from a job1 embraced the ,american most affectionately4 ,bates's quarters at ,shepherd's ,bush were at the 8,telegraph10 and during the ,friday evening the hotel was in a state of siege4 ,sir ,john ,bennett1 an ex-,sheriff of the ,city of ,london1 had offered to lend the soldier a carriage2 but it was ultimately decided to use an open equipage drawn by a pair of greys1 one of them mounted by a postilion4 ,the daily papers of the #bnd of ,december1 #ahgb1 give a full account of the proceedings4 ,seated in the carriage was ,sergeant ,bates1 holding his beloved flag1 while two other flags1 the ,union ,jack and the ,star-spangled ,banner1 trailed behind1 the horses' trappings being decorated with international symbols4 ,up ,notting ,hill1 along ,bayswater ,road1 and through ,oxford ,street passed the carriage1 surrounded and followed by a huge and demonstrative crowd4 ,in ,bond ,street the horses were taken out1 and the carriage was dragged by some twenty-five persons along ,st4 ,james's ,street1 ,pall ,mall1 by ,charing ,cross1 and through the ,strand and ,fleet ,street1 up ,ludgate ,hill1 and along ,cheapside1 to the ,guildhall4 ,a dense mass of people had congregated in the ,guildhall yard1 where a ,british sergeant was carrying the ,english standard4 ,the scene beggared description4 ,the ,guildhall itself was full to overflowing1 and having alighted1 ,bates had perforce to be lifted on shoulders and hoisted1 flag and all1 back into the carriage1 from which place of vantage he made a speech before refurling his banner4 ,he was delighted with his reception in the heart of the great ,metropolis1 and never forgot the sea of faces1 the endless crowds1 the fluttering flags1 the waving handkerchiefs1 the cheers1 and the kindly greeting of that memorable day4 ,his hand seemed to have been wrung into pulp1 and he was struck with the phrasing of the oft-repeated salutation1 8,give us your hand1 old pal40 ,cabmen had little ,american flags mounted on their vehicles or pinned to their horses' heads1 ladies had the ,stars and ,stripes for carriage-aprons1 and children waved toy flags4 ,sergeant ,bates was somewhat annoyed by relic hunters1 who1 could they have had their way1 would soon have whittled his flagstaff into imperceptible pieces and riven the banner into a thousand shreds4 ,he gave a piece of flag and his boots to ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition as a small offering to those of the ,british public 8who10 as he quaintly remarked1 8worship such things1 and who find at ,madame ,tussaud's perhaps the best field for the satisfaction of their curiosity40 ,writing from the ,langham ,hotel1 where he was staying1 he observed that ,madame ,tussaud's had previously voted him a niche among the immortal heroes who adorned their ,exhibition1 a mark of honour for which he was told he ought to feel no small pride4 ,and what had ,sergeant ,bates accomplished8 ,he claimed to have succeeded in bringing the two great nations' hearts near to each other1 till they seemed to beat in unison1 and the pulsation of the one was for a while that of the other4 8,god grant10 he said1 8that work so begun may not willingly be laid down40 ,although he was called at one and the same time 8a hare-brained visionary10 8a patriot10 8a fool10 8a man of courage10 and 8a remarkably shrewd1 thoughtful individual10 there can be no doubt that he did at least something to promote international amity1 and to cement the feeling of warm friendship which was found to exist in this country towards her daughter ,america4 ,the continuation of that tie has been1 and is still being1 abundantly manifested ever since the ,united ,states joined the ,allies in their recent determined fight for freedom2 and there are thousands who echo ,sergeant ,bates's words3 8,may the flags of both countries ever wave in freedom and peace till that #8far truer time' when there shall be but one flag1 because but one people on the face of the earth60 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,my first model--,beaconsfield's curl--,gladstone's collar--,john ,bright and the ,chinaman4 ,we now come to a period when ,i may well speak of my own personal knowledge concerning men and events in association with ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition4 ,the year #ahgb was remarkable for several noteworthy events4 ,two or three1 in addition to the ,national ,thanksgiving ,day for the recovery of the ,prince of ,wales from serious illness1 vividly recur to memory4 ,among them was the assassination of the ,earl of ,mayo1 ,viceroy of ,india1 who was stabbed by a convict while inspecting the settlement at ,port ,blair on the ,andaman ,islands4 ,the models of the ,prince of ,wales and the murdered ,viceroy were introduced to the ,exhibition within a few days of each other1 and the sympathetic public responded in great numbers4 ,a startling and remarkable tribute to the ,viceroy's portrait was 8unconsciously0 paid when the ,earl's housekeeper fainted on suddenly finding herself in the presence of the model of her late master4 ,the first portrait ,i was entrusted with1 as my father's understudy1 was that of ,prince ,milan of ,serbia1 the memory of whom has long since passed into oblivion1 like that of many others whose stay has been brief among the figures4 ,this was followed by a head of perennial interest1 that of ,benjamin ,disraeli1 which ,i was called upon to remodel on several occasions in after years4 ,clearly do ,i recall his characteristic features1 so marvellously grasped by ,tenniel1 whose cartoons in ,punch ,i never tired of studying4 ,it will be remembered that one of the marked peculiarities of ,disraeli's general appearance was the famous curl he wore upon his forehead4 ,of that circumstance ,i am at this moment somewhat forcibly reminded by a letter disclosing the remarkable fact that the curl is still in existence1 almost forty years after the great statesman has passed away4 ,here is an extract from the letter offering the forelock to us as a relic3 ,obersley1 ,near ,droitwich1 ,worcester1 ,march #g1 #aiah4 ,my aunt1 ,miss ,louise ,hennet1 nursed ,lord ,beaconsfield during his last illness1 and the two locks 7one the celebrated curl7 were given to her4 ,she was sent to nurse him from the nursing institution of ,st4 ,john the ,divine4 ,the hair is enclosed in paper1 which is endorsed in ,miss ,hennet's writing1 and this can be identified4 ,the letter is duly signed4 ,it may be easily understood that the modelling of the features of celebrated people stamps the memory of the artist with a deep and abiding impression4 ,i had but shortly seen my father produce a very striking portrait of ,marshal ,bazaine1 solely remembered now for his dramatic surrender at ,metz on the #bgth of ,october1 #ahgj4 ,a small knot of interested people attracted my attention towards a stout1 elderly man of military bearing as he was leaving ,mr4 ,adams-,acton's studios in ,salisbury ,place1 ,regent's ,park4 ,i was astonished to recognise in him the living counterpart of the before-mentioned model4 ,it was ,marshal ,bazaine himself1 who had but recently escaped from the fortress of ,ile ,ste4 ,marguerite1 near ,cannes4 ,i was much struck by the fact that the ill-starred soldier of the ,second ,empire looked in no way dejected1 despite the disaster that had befallen his reputation4 ,i am often asked what are the qualifications people must possess for a place in ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,i can give no better answer than that the public shall demand to see them1 for should the portraits of such people be omitted they are invariably inquired for by disappointed visitors4 ,it is astonishing how great a hold must be taken of the public mind by candidates for inclusion in ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition before their election to our house would be welcomed by our patrons4 ,of course1 we are now associating our minds only with reputable society4 ,as regards the ,chamber of ,horrors--of which ,i shall have something to say when the time comes--,i may here remark that it is the notorious characters solely who seem to have a prescriptive right to enter that abode of gloom1 which used to be called in the old days the 8,dead ,room10 hardly so telling a title as the 8,chamber of ,horrors10 for which1 by the way1 we are indebted to our dear old friend 8,mr4 ,punch40 ,as to those people who retain a permanent place in the ,exhibition1 ,i suppose the secret is that1 either by the example of their lives or through the medium of their works1 they have deeply touched the heart or stirred the imagination of the people4 ,i suppose the ,british public never looked on two such political gladiators as ,beaconsfield and ,gladstone1 and while these two statesmen dominated people's minds it was natural that they should both have a pedestal at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,i can neither say who was first to appear in the ,exhibition1 nor prophesy who will be the last to go4 ,they are both there now1 and still attract much notice from persons of all shades of political opinion4 ,so often had these figures to be remodelled1 to keep pace with the changes worked by time and the strenuous nature of their public service1 that there must now repose1 carefully stowed away in our 8catacombs10 impressions of their features sufficient to cover the whole gamut of their political careers4 ,for more than a generation the ,beaconsfield curl and the ,gladstone collar exercised a subtle influence in the political world1 mainly through the cartoons and caricatures of ,john ,tenniel and ,harry ,furniss4 ,one has to be meticulously careful with regard to important details such as these2 and when ,mr4 ,gladstone's figure had to be remodelled in later years1 it was thought advisable1 in order to be quite correct1 that a collar actually belonging to the 8,g4 ,o4 ,m40 should be inspected4 ,mr4 ,gladstone was living at ,carlton ,house ,terrace at the time the new portrait was in progress2 and our 8,master of the ,robes10 who was responsible for the accuracy of detail respecting all ,exhibition costumes1 called there1 and1 on examining the statesman's collars1 was surprised to find that they were of quite normal size1 and not so high as the caricaturist represented them to be4 ,as a matter of fact1 the collars were made to fit loosely round the neck1 and thus allowed the wearer's chin to sink behind their upstanding ends4 ,it is gratifying to record that permission to view her husband's collars was graciously given to our representative by ,mrs4 ,gladstone herself4 ,on a certain occasion when ,mr4 ,gladstone had been notified that ,mr4 ,harry ,furniss1 the originator of the big collar1 would be at a dinner to which he himself was invited1 the ,liberal leader purposely wore a collar of more than usually modest dimensions1 possibly as a gentle rebuke to his caricaturist4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,bright ,anti-,corn ,law leader1 whose model stands near that of ,richard ,cobden in the ,exhibition4 ,illustration3 ,,richard ,,cobden ,english statesman and political economist4 ,the model which approached nearest to these in popularity at the time was that of ,john ,bright1 the great ,anti-,corn ,law ,leaguer and apostle of ,free ,trade4 ,his portrait has long since stood beside that of ,richard ,cobden1 and these two inseparable reformers must remain together for good1 as they laboured together in their lives4 ,it was on one of the occasions when ,bright's likeness had been brought up to date that an incident1 rather flattering to the modeller1 occurred in the ,house of ,commons4 ,an influential ,chinaman1 on being shown the sights of ,london1 was taken to the ,houses of ,parliament1 where he happened to notice a prominent member passing through one of the lobbies4 ,without ceremony the ,chinaman pounced upon ,john ,bright1 and shook him heartily by the hand4 ,the genial statesman was highly amused at the spontaneous greeting1 and inquired how it was the ,chinaman knew him4 8,oh10 he replied1 8,i knew you at once4 ,i have just come from seeing you at ,madame ,tussaud's40 ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,the ,tichborne 8,claimant0--,nearly an explosion--,the big man's clothes--,the real heir--,the ,claimant's release from prison--,confession and death4 ,i can hardly allow this period to pass without making some reference to the fact that from #ahgb till #ahgd--when he was sentenced1 on the #bhth of ,february1 to fourteen years' penal servitude--the name of the 8,claimant0 to the ,tichborne baronetcy and estates was on every lip1 and it seems to me that no trial in my time has ever engrossed public attention to such a degree4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,tichborne 8,,claimant0 ,central figure in a famous perjury trial in ,england4 ,an impression was made of him before his conviction to penal servitude and another model was made eleven years later on his return4 ,people flocked to see the ,claimant's portrait when it was added to the collection1 and perhaps that was the first time one saw queues assembled outside the doors of ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,the various incidents of this historic case absorbed my youthful attention1 and ,i recall how1 at his house in ,kentish ,town1 the ,claimant submitted to the ordeal of having an impression taken of his hands to show the curly thumbs and a scar on his wrist which formed subjects of comment in the courts4 ,i was struck by the ,claimant's enormous size1 which yet did not seem to hinder his movements1 for the agility of the bulky man was indeed extraordinary2 and equally surprising were the acuteness of his mind and the suavity of his manner4 ,to save him the inconvenience of fulfilling appointments in the ,exhibition studios1 my father had a special gas-light fixed at the ,claimant's house that sittings might be taken in the evenings4 ,this device1 curiously enough1 once put the life of the ,claimant in jeopardy4 ,an old gasfitter in our employment1 named ,dallender1 who had done some stage work1 introduced an apparatus such as was used in the theatres4 ,something went wrong with the manipulation of the arrangements1 and the room became charged with gas4 ,a servant was about to enter the apartment with a light1 when the ,claimant himself stopped her on noticing the strong smell4 ,but for this fact the famous ,tichborne trial might have had a sudden and tragic termination4 ,the ,claimant showed certain qualities which hardly tallied with the character of the 8uneducated butcher0 he was declared to be4 ,proof that he had some refinement of feeling--or was he merely actuated by that vanity frequently found among men of his class8--may be inferred from an incident that greatly impressed my father4 ,the ,claimant had promised that he would provide a fresh suit of clothes for his model in the ,exhibition1 and1 in fulfilment of his promise1 after the sentence had been passed upon him1 he beckoned from the table at which he was seated in court to an attendant1 and handed him the suit of clothes1 saying3 8,please see to these being delivered at ,madame ,tussaud's1 as they are expected there40 ,this fact strikes one as being remarkable1 having regard to the anxiety of mind he must undoubtedly have suffered at the close of the trial4 ,it was a curious coincidence that ,i revisited my old college at ,ramsgate about this time1 and there had pointed out to me1 among the students1 the young heir to the ,tichborne estates1 whose title had been made clear by the conviction of the ,claimant for perjury4 ,the students were on their way to the refectory1 and the youthful heir appeared more concerned over the prospect of a good dinner than the result of the case upon which his future depended4 ,stories of the ,claimant were countless as he strode like a ,colossus through the country in the long interval between his civil case and the criminal trial that succeeded it4 ,he was mobbed by sympathisers everywhere1 and men and women shook hands with him1 as if it bestowed a distinction on themselves4 ,there was one amusing story at the time of a wealthy ,yorkshire manufacturer whose wife said to him when they entertained the ,claimant to dinner3 8,john1 how we are slithering into ,society60 ,after he had served eleven years' imprisonment1 his sentence having been reduced through good conduct1 the ,claimant came to the ,exhibition to learn if he could be of any further service to us1 or we to him4 ,his ponderous bulk was so much reduced by prison fare that we should not have known him4 ,he said he was none the worse for the period of enforced 8banting10 which reduced his weight without injuring his health4 ,the ,claimant gave me several sittings at this time1 and a new model was substituted for the old one4 ,he spoke freely of his prison experiences1 and said3 8,it was not easy to be philosophical when set to tease oakum1 but eventually ,i bowed to my fate cheerfully enough4 ,it is some consolation to know that thousands still believe in the justice of my claim to the ,tichborne estates40 ,notwithstanding this1 the ,claimant published in a ,sunday newspaper his signed confession1 which he is said to have afterwards recanted4 ,he survived his liberation from prison fourteen years1 and1 gradually sinking into poverty1 died in obscure lodgings in ,marylebone1 not far from the ,exhibition1 on the #bnd of ,april1 #ahih4 ,the name engraved on his coffin was 8,sir ,roger ,charles ,doughty ,tichborne10 thus maintaining his claim to the very last4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,h4 ,m4 ,stanley sits to ,joseph ,tussaud--,the story of his life--,how he found ,livingstone--,a mysterious veiled lady--,the ,prince ,imperial4 ,in #ahgc the nation was saddened by the death at ,ilala of ,dr4 ,livingstone1 the great missionary-explorer1 who1 some time before1 had disappeared in the trackless wastes of ,central ,africa while preaching the gospel to savages and making surveys of the great continent4 ,the name of ,livingstone will always be bracketed with that of ,h4 ,m4 ,stanley1 who1 as the emissary of the ,new ,york ,herald1 8discovered0 him4 ,illustration3 ,,david ,,livingstone ,missionary and ,african ,explorer1 whose model is in the ,tussaud collection4 ,when my father wrote to ,stanley asking for a sitting1 he replied that he was too heavily engaged at the time writing his book ,how ,i ,found ,livingstone1 and he proposed that the artist should call and make a study of him at his desk4 ,this he did1 with the happy result that he produced a very striking portrait4 ,the story of ,stanley's life is a romance in itself4 ,born of poor parents at ,denbigh1 in ,wales1 about #ahdj1 he at first bore the name of ,john ,rowlands4 ,when about fifteen years of age he worked his way as a cabin boy to ,new ,orleans1 where he was employed by a merchant1 name ,stanley1 whose name he assumed4 ,he served in the ,confederate ,army1 contributed to several journals1 and in the year #ahfg began his connection with the ,new ,york ,herald4 ,as its special correspondent he accompanied ,lord ,napier's ,abyssinian ,expedition1 and the first news of the fall of ,magdala was conveyed to this country by his paper4 ,he next went to ,spain for the ,herald1 and he was in ,madrid in ,october1 #ahfi1 when he received the peremptory telegram 8,come to ,paris on important business40 ,he immediately complied1 and there received from ,mr4 ,bennett1 junior1 the laconic instruction and valediction1 8,find ,livingstone6 ,good-night1 and ,god be with you40 ,in ,january1 #ahga1 ,stanley reached ,zanzibar1 and two months later marched into the heart of ,africa4 ,it was on the #ajth of ,november that he 8found0 ,livingstone at ,ujiji4 ,well1 indeed1 as ,stanley himself admitted1 was he repaid for all the dangers he encountered on his journey when he grasped the hand of the grey-haired old missionary--aged by climate and exposure--whose whereabouts he had been sent to discover4 ,we placed in the ,exhibition portrait models not only of ,stanley1 attired in a facsimile of the explorer's suit worn by him on the occasion of the historic meeting1 but also one of ,dr4 ,livingstone himself4 ,probably many more persons have gazed upon the figure of ,livingstone in the ,exhibition than ever paid a pilgrimage to see his final resting-place in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,together with the model of ,stanley was placed a figure of his boy1 ,kalulu1 concerning whom the explorer wrote a book in #ahgc 7,my ,kalulu74 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,napoleon ,,iii4 ,the death of ,napoleon ,,iii in the ,january of this year was associated with one of the most impressive tableaux in the long history of ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,the ,emperor was represented as lying in state1 and ,i find myself still wondering as to the identity of a tall1 stately lady1 dressed in black and wearing a thick veil1 who came to the ,exhibition on several occasions1 bringing a bunch of violets which she placed on the steps of the catafalque1 after having obtained a vase containing water in which to put the flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,prince ,,imperial ,son of ,napoleon ,,iii41 killed by the ,zulus on ,whit ,monday1 #ahgi4 ,from the painting by ,pichat4 ,the son of the ,emperor ,louis ,napoleon1 the ,prince ,imperial1 who was killed in the ,zulu ,war1 was made the subject of an equestrian memorial at ,madame ,tussaud's some years later4 ,the tableau closely conformed with authentic details of the ,prince's attempt to mount his horse and escape from the ,zulu hordes1 who pierced him with many assegais4 ,it had been suggested in the ,house of ,commons that an effigy to his memory should be erected in the ,abbey1 in view of the fact that the young ,bonaparte died in one of ,england's wars while serving under ,english officers4 ,a reference in ,punch to this proposal suggested that a much more suitable repository for a memorial would be ,madame ,tussaud's along with the other memorials of the ,bonaparte period on view there4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,count ,lon--,the ,shah of ,persia's visit--,a weird suggestion2 no response--,king ,koffee--,cetewayo4 ,about this time ,i met ,count ,lon1 the natural son of ,napoleon the ,great4 ,the ,count was then nearing seventy years of age1 and had taken refuge in this country after the great dbcle of #ahgj4 ,he lived in modest lodgings at ,camden ,town1 and to pay his way set about selling the last remaining relics of the ,imperial ,family he had in his possession4 ,in a diary ,i now have before me ,i find that my father visited him on the #cast of ,january1 #ahgc1 the ,count having expressed a wish to show him the family heirlooms1 with the view to their finding a permanent resting-place among the many ,napoleonic memorials at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,the ,count offered him a fine miniature of ,napoleon ,i's brother1 ,lucien2 a terra-cotta bust of ,napoleon's mother1 8,madame ,mre02 and a snuff-box left by ,napoleon with ,count ,lon's mother4 ,the box contained a portion of the snuff which the ,emperor had been using4 ,there was also a lock of hair belonging to ,napoleon's son1 the ,duc de ,reichstadt1 known in high ,imperial days as the ,king of ,rome4 ,one or two of these relics were acquired for the ,exhibition4 ,illustration3 ,,count ,l,,on ,natural son of ,napoleon ,bonaparte4 ,a ,portrait ,study by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud4 ,the ,count bore a striking resemblance to the ,emperor1 except in two particulars3 his figure was cast in a larger mould1 and his eyes were hazel1 whereas ,napoleon's were blue-grey4 ,count ,lon returned to ,france1 leaving behind him in ,london his son ,charles1 for whom ,i obtained a position in a ,city warehouse1 where he remained engaged for several years1 being at no pains to disguise his identity4 ,my readers will readily see that the name granted to his father by the ,emperor was composed of the last four letters in 8,napoleon10 a whimsical touch of ,imperial humour4 ,count ,lon finally settled at ,pontoise1 some twenty miles north-west of ,paris1 first at the ,villa ,davenport in the ,rue l',hermitage and afterwards in the ,rue de ,beaujon4 ,this was his last stage4 ,the room that he made his final refuge he adorned with four portraits of ,napoleon1 8my glorious father40 ,to what depths had the ,emperor's son fallen6 ,the old man's shirts were in rags2 he could not afford clean linen2 he had to forgo tobacco4 ,he died on the #adth of ,april1 #ahha1 and without pomp or ceremony his body was laid in a pauper's grave4 ,his only memorial was a grassy mound and a little black wooden cross that soon rotted and fell to pieces4 ,on the #bnd of ,july1 #ahgc1 the ,shah of ,persia1 accompanied by his numerous suite1 visited ,madame ,tussaud's1 and was accorded a private view with some pomp and formality4 ,his visit to the ,exhibition was deemed of such importance that it gained the unusual distinction of a special reference in the ,court ,circular4 ,members of our ,royal ,household in considerable numbers attended in state1 and formed an imposing assemblage4 ,the public was excluded4 ,the domes of the building were specially darkened to give effect to the internal illuminations1 which were very beautiful4 ,none enjoyed the function more than the ,shah himself1 who laughed heartily as he pointed at models he was able to recognise1 and several times turned from a figure to a person present1 indicating by a gesture and a chuckle his pride at discerning the likeness4 ,the merry monarch even went so far as to pose among the figures as a real1 live royal model4 ,before leaving the ,exhibition the ,shah called for pen and paper1 and1 surrounded by the distinguished company1 wrote in ,persian the following3 8,whilst staying in ,london ,i visited ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition1 and wrote these words here by way of memorial to my visit4--,,nasserdin ,,chah ,,kadjar1 #abij ,haegira 7#ahgc740 ,the above free translation was there and then made by one of ,his ,solar ,highness's secretaries1 and it possesses the charm of its own defects4 ,the 8king of kings0 was in his most humorously autocratic vein among the unhallowed figures of the ,chamber of ,horrors4 ,he seemed to gloat over the collection of criminals and notorieties1 examining with unaffected delight the guillotine which cut off so many heads during the ,french ,revolution4 ,the lunette in which the necks of the victims were held in position greatly fascinated the ,shah1 who hinted that a condemned prisoner should be brought from one of the ,english gaols to be decapitated on the spot for the edification of himself and his attendants4 ,it was pointed out1 as an evasive measure1 that no condemned man was available at that moment1 whereupon ,his ,majesty turned to the members of his suite and called for volunteers4 ,such a thing1 however1 as an execution at ,madame ,tussaud's was out of the question1 even to gratify the whim of so illustrious a personage2 and the ,shah's retainers looked genuinely relieved when they gathered that their royal master was not to have his way4 ,this period seemed to inaugurate a series of little wars1 which1 nevertheless1 then excited the interest of the people1 whose descendants may well remark how comparatively small these wars were4 ,the ,ashantee campaign ended in the fall of ,coomassie on the #dth of ,february1 #ahgd1 and ,sir ,garnet ,wolseley added fresh laurels to his fame4 ,it was with real regret that the public looked in vain for the portrait of ,king ,koffee at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,as the dusky potentate had evidently never had his photograph taken1 and as 8sittings0 were out of the question1 we could not very well gratify the public curiosity for lack of the necessary data4 ,not only did people expect to discover ,king ,koffee's portrait1 but they also clamoured to see his famous umbrella1 which ,wolseley 8borrowed0 from ,his ,majesty's mud-palace at ,coomassie1 and obviously failed to return1 for the umbrella was accepted as a gift by ,queen ,victoria from the gallant ,commander of this brief and brilliant expedition4 ,we confessed then to a twinge of envy that the celebrated gamp had not found its way to ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,we were1 however1 amply compensated by the public favour with which the portrait of ,sir ,garnet was received4 ,illustration3 ,,king ,,cetewayo ,deposed ,king of the ,zulus1 who visited ,england as the 8guest of the ,government0 and whose image in wax remains at ,madame ,tussaud's as a memorial of his visit4 ,the deposed ,king of the ,zulus1 ,cetewayo1 who was subsequently restored to a portion of his kingdom1 made a considerable stir when he visited this country as the 8guest of the ,government40 ,a friend who was appointed to take shorthand notes when ,cetewayo attended at the ,foreign ,office enabled me to gain a view of the burly black monarch1 and ,i had an opportunity of comparing the original with the many published portraits4 ,he was a handsome type of a fine race1 and looked a king even among the stalwart members of his suite1 everyone of whom seemed to be six feet at least in height and well-proportioned4 ,cetewayo's figure had been in the ,exhibition some time before1 and it now became possible to bring it up to date4 ,everything was done to impress ,cetewayo with the strength of the ,british ,empire2 but it was discovered that the objects which appealed most to his savage taste were the cattle in the fields1 the cloth in the factories1 and the gewgaws and jewels in the shop windows4 8,he is uglier than that10 said an envoy of the ,induna ,king1 ,gungunhana1 critically scrutinising ,cetewayo's figure1 when he visited the ,exhibition in ,june1 #ahia4 ,this native envoy rejoiced in the name of ,huluhulu-,untato1 his companion being ,umfeti-,inteni4 ,they thought the figures were really dead bodies which had been preserved from decay4 ,when told that they were merely waxen images the ,indunas expressed disappointment that the white man had not completed his work by putting breath into the bodies4 ,when ,huluhulu came before the figure of ,queen ,victoria he saluted ,her silent ,majesty1 and stood audibly worshipping her for a minute or two4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,the ,berlin ,congress--,lord ,beaconsfield and the 8,turnerelli wreath0--8,the ,people's ,tribute0 finds a home at ,tussaud's--,the sculptor's despair--,he constructs his tombstone and dies4 ,the year #ahgf--;in which we find the ,prince of ,wales arriving at ,calcutta1 the commercial metropolis of ,india2 8,empress of ,india0 added to the royal titles of ,queen ,victoria2 and ,disraeli's elevation to the ,upper ,house as ,earl of ,beaconsfield--gave us subjects that kept our studios extremely busy1 and also brought a constant stream of visitors to the ,exhibition4 ,the portrait of the ,queen had now to be remodelled2 that of the ,prince of ,wales appeared in the garb of a big-game hunter2 and ,disraeli's doffed its ordinary attire for the robes of a peer4 ,following these 8moving0 events1 we now come to a period when the country became apprehensively aware of ominous happenings in the ,balkan ,states4 ,russia declared war on ,turkey in #ahgg1 and forced a clear road to ,constantinople4 ,this threat to our ,eastern ,empire aroused the spirit of war1 particularly in ,london1 and 8gentlemen of the pavement10 as ,bismarck styled the men in the street1 gloried in the ultra-patriotic sentiment which obtained the name of 8,jingo02 while music-halls and taverns rang with the rousing chorus embodying that distinctive epithet3 ,we don't want to fight1 ,but1 by jingo1 if we do1 ,we've got the ships1 we've got the men1 ,and we've got the money too4 ,lord ,beaconsfield's prompt demand that a halt should be called to hostilities1 for the adjustment of differences between the belligerents1 led to the ,berlin ,congress1 and gave us an excellent opportunity of adding an imposing group of the ,european statesmen who framed the ,berlin ,treaty4 ,yet1 so mercurial is the public taste1 and so pronounced is the love of the ,british race for anything that is amusingly abnormal1 that ,i doubt whether ten people did not come to see the 8,turnerelli wreath0 for one who came to scan the features of these great peace-makers4 8,what was the #8,turnerelli wreath'80 the present generation may ask4 ,it was the pivot of a political comedy that set the whole nation laughing4 ,illustration3 ,,edward ,,tracy ,,turnerelli ,promoter of 8,the ,people's ,tribute0 refused by ,lord ,beaconsfield4 ,edward ,tracy ,turnerelli1 a sculptor's son1 and himself a sculptor1 instituted a penny subscription to present ,lord ,beaconsfield with a gold laurel wreath1 which he called 8,the ,people's ,tribute10 in appreciation of his many services to the ,state and in commemoration of his great part in the deliberations of the ,berlin ,congress4 ,fifty-two thousand workmen subscribed their pennies in vain1 for ,lord ,beaconsfield courteously1 but firmly1 declined the gift1 and it was left on ,turnerelli's hands2 while he1 of course1 could hardly be expected to refund the copper contributions4 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,bottomley1 ,conservative agent for ,clapham1 for a copy of the following interesting autograph letter from ,lord ,beaconsfield1 expressing his satisfaction that the course he had adopted in declining to accept the wreath had met with the approval of many who had been induced to sanction the proposed gift3 #aj ,downing ,street1 ,whitehall1 ,august #aath1 #ahgi4 ,,dear ,,sir1 ,i have the honour to acknowledge your letter of the #ith inst4 ,it gives me much satisfaction to learn that the course ,i felt it my duty to take with respect to a certain pseudo-testimonial has met with the approval of many of those who1 originally1 by misleading representations1 were induced to sanction a surreptitious gift4 ,i am gratified by the suggestion1 which1 on behalf of various ,conservative associations1 you put before me1 that ,i should receive a ,national ,address of confidence as a substitution for the rejected offering1 but when ,i call to mind that the present policy of ,her ,majesty's ,government1 unchanged and unshaken1 is precisely the same as that which1 scarcely a year ago1 received an unanimous and most honourable expression of approval from the ,conservative ,association of this country1 ,i hope ,i am not presumptuous if1 without now troubling them for its renewed avowal1 ,i still venture to count on the continued confidence1 which1 then1 was so welcome and so cheering4 ,faithfully yours1 ,,beaconsfield4 ,the postman who delivered this letter to ,mr4 ,bottomley offered him all his savings 7#ai #es47 for the letter4 ,mr4 ,bottomley received in five days1 in #ahgi1 more than #c1jjj pennies from the working men of ,oldham1 together with the personal signature of each contributor1 and he holds ,mr4 ,turnerelli's receipt for the #ac #es4 he sent him for the tribute4 ,the wreath was offered to us1 and purchased at its gold valuation4 ,i looked at it to-day1 and renewed my admiration of its artistic design and remarkable beauty4 ,every leaf is of gold1 and under each one is inscribed the name of a town where a committee collected the pennies4 ,the 8tie0 bears the inscription 8,tracy ,turnerelli1 chairman40 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,turnerelli ,,wreath 8,the ,people's ,tribute0 offered to and declined by ,lord ,beaconsfield in #ahgi4 ,while ,london roared and cynics wrote satirical quips1 the promoter of 8,the ,people's ,tribute0 took its rejection very much to heart4 ,i have seen a cabinet-size photograph of the disappointed sculptor1 taken immediately afterwards1 showing him with head thrown back1 resting on his left hand1 in a theatrical posture of profound despair4 ,before the ,beaconsfield wreath made the name of ,turnerelli a byword1 the public-spirited sculptor1 who had spent a long time in ,russia1 vehemently opposed the ,crimean ,war1 as did also ,mr4 ,john ,bright4 ,turnerelli was received by ,lord ,aberdeen on the subject1 and the ,prime ,minister was said to have been impressed by the sculptor's sincerity and the cogency of his arguments4 ,he also saw ,lord ,john ,russell1 then ,foreign ,secretary1 ,lord ,clarendon1 and ,lord ,palmerston4 ,in one particular he was vindicated4 ,he declared that ,cronstadt was impregnable1 and as the war went on this proved to be the case4 ,turnerelli1 unluckily for himself1 thereafter entertained the chimerical idea of presenting the golden laurel chaplet to ,lord ,beaconsfield1 estimating that the cost of each leaf would be about #e4 ,he succeeded1 at any rate1 in convincing sceptical people that there were at least #eb1jjj ,conservative working men in the country4 ,the wreath was made by ,messrs4 ,hunt and ,roskell1 who put it on exhibition at their rooms4 ,it was also shown to the ,prince of ,wales and other members of the ,royal ,family before being exhibited at the ,crystal ,palace4 ,turnerelli's own explanation of ,lord ,beaconsfield's refusal to accept the wreath was a curious one4 ,he stated that a 8high legal functionary0 warned ,lord ,beaconsfield that the wreath was a typical 8,imperial diadem0 which could only be loyally offered to a sovereign1 and that it would be an insult to the ,crown if a subject were to accept such a gift4 ,this same legal authority1 ,turnerelli said1 reminded him that the promoter of such a presentation would have been consigned1 in previous reigns1 to the ,tower of ,london4 ,these warnings came too late for ,turnerelli1 who1 had he known about them sooner1 might have substituted an inoffensive golden inkstand or a pair of golden candlesticks4 ,but the wreath was allowed to go on to completion1 to be put on exhibition1 and to be written about in a light and fleering spirit2 while the statesman to whom it was to be presented offered no remonstrance until the pennies of the #eb1jjj working men had been spent on it4 ,flippant people suggested that the whole affair was a 8plant0 on ,turnerelli's part to win from ,lord ,beaconsfield some honour or emolument2 but those who knew ,turnerelli well scouted this insinuation1 and attributed the whole proceeding to the guileless sincerity of the man4 ,had he never embarked upon the wreath project1 he might have preserved some reputation as a writer of topical political verse and pamphlets4 ,the wreath1 however1 may serve to preserve his memory longer1 as an episode in the life of the great ,conservative statesman whom he artlessly1 rather than artfully1 desired to honour4 ,in a curious last will and testament ,turnerelli said3 8,i leave the gold laurel wreath to the nation1 provided my generous friends the ,conservatives will help me to cover the hundred and fifty pounds or thereabouts ,i have personally expended upon it40 ,to a ,birmingham gentleman1 with whom he had almost completed negotiations for the sale of the wreath for #bde1 he wrote3 8,by the advice of influential friends ,i have determined to let ,madame ,tussaud ,sons have the privilege of exhibiting the wreath40 ,turnerelli compensated the ,birmingham would-be purchaser for alleged breach of contract4 ,punch1 of the #bbnd of ,november1 #ahgi1 contained the following3 8,what the ,wreath has come to4--,the brows of ,lord ,beaconsfield at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,punch said it would1 and it has40 ,funny ,folks said3 8,the ,beaconsfield ,wreath is at ,madame ,tussaud's1 probably worn by his lordship's effigy4 ,curious that this emblem of popularity should be on the wax1 while the popularity itself is on the wane40 ,it may be stated that the gold wreath never rested on the waxen brows of ,lord ,beaconsfield1 despite what ,punch said to the contrary4 ,i am reminded that1 in his latter days1 ,turnerelli sought consolation for worldly disdain in designing and constructing his own tombstone4 ,this was erected in ,leamington ,cemetery about four years before his death1 and serves as a monument not only for himself1 but also for his father1 who was a famous sculptor in the early part of the century1 and is buried in ,london4 ,after the erection of the tombstone the younger ,turnerelli regularly went to gaze at it for an hour or two4 ,the block is surmounted by an imitation in stone of the famous rejected wreath4 ,turnerelli died at ,leamington on the #bdth of ,january1 #ahif1 aged eighty-four years4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,the ,phnix ,park murders--,we secure the jaunting-car and pony--,charles ,bradlaugh--,general ,boulanger--,lord ,roberts inspects the model of himself4 ,the requirements of the business have often necessitated our sending fairly far afield in quest of exhibits1 and this has seldom been done without success1 as people with desirable relics to dispose of appear to have recognised the claims of ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,between seven and eight o'clock on ,saturday evening1 the #fth of ,may1 #ahhb1 ,lord ,frederick ,cavendish1 the newly appointed ,chief ,secretary for ,ireland1 and ,mr4 ,thomas ,burke1 the ,permanent ,irish ,under-,secretary1 were stabbed to death in ,phnix ,park1 ,dublin1 and twenty 8,invincibles0 were subsequently tried for the murder1 five being hanged1 three sentenced to penal servitude for life1 and nine to various terms of imprisonment4 ,illustration3 ,,lord ,,frederick ,,cavendish ,chief ,secretary for ,ireland1 who met his death by assassination in ,phnix ,park1 ,dublin1 ,may #fth1 #ahhb4 ,one of the most noted of the many victims of ,irish political agitators4 ,james ,carey1 who turned ,queen's evidence and was acquitted1 paid for the betrayal of his associates with his life1 for he was shot by ,patrick ,o',donnell on board the ,melrose ,castle1 near ,port ,elizabeth1 ,south ,africa1 on the #bdth of ,july1 #ahhc4 ,the ,government1 in their efforts to get ,carey safely into another part of the world under an assumed name1 were thus outwitted by the 8,invincible0 avengers4 ,it had been intimated to the management of the ,exhibition that there was a chance of ,madame ,tussaud's obtaining from ,michael ,kavanagh the jaunting-car in which the assassins drove to and from the scene of the crime4 ,kavanagh was a typical ,dublin jarvey1 with an almost unintelligible brogue1 from whom the car was hired4 ,the assassins drove several miles circuitously about the scene of the tragedy with the object of escaping detection4 ,our representative was forthwith sent to ,dublin1 and soon found himself in possession of ,kavanagh's car4 ,the good-humoured jarvey seemed glad to be rid of the vehicle2 anyhow1 the price he asked was not a prohibitive one4 ,one thing was particularly noticeable1 namely1 that the number on the car differed from the number quoted in the newspaper accounts describing it when taken by the police4 ,it was discovered1 however1 that the 8,invincibles0 had changed the number before the fateful journey4 ,a condition was made by ,kavanagh that the pony which drew the car should also be purchased1 as he wished to have done with them both4 ,it took only a few hours to complete the transaction1 and thereafter ,kavanagh drove the purchaser over the ground traversed by the assassins in their endeavours to throw the police off the scent4 ,this was a voluntary act on the part of ,kavanagh1 and our representative was curiously exercised at the time to understand why he imagined the trip should interest him4 ,to facilitate transit the car was taken to pieces by a coach-builder at ,kingstown and wrapped in sacking1 in the hope that it would not be observed4 ,it was then put on the night boat for ,holyhead4 ,the pony found a home in stables belonging to the ,exhibition1 and soon afterwards came to an untimely end from too little exercise and a too liberal allowance of provender4 ,why we did not sell the pony for what it might fetch is more than can be told to-day2 it may be surmised that such an expedient did not occur to our minds4 ,on the voyage across passengers whispered to each other that the ,phnix ,park car was on board1 and on its arrival in ,london there appeared among the latest telegrams in an evening paper3 8,kavanagh's car goes to ,madame ,tussaud's40 ,evidently the ,irish correspondents had wired the news of which we ourselves had hoped to make a special announcement4 ,the car was soon put together1 and placed on view at the ,exhibition in one of the rooms adjacent to the ,chamber of ,horrors1 and in another part of the ,exhibition were shown the portraits of ,lord ,frederick ,cavendish and ,mr4 ,burke4 ,after being exhibited many years the car was given to a gentleman who manifested an interest in it4 ,its new owner had it renovated for his own use as a private conveyance1 and he might often have been seen driving it in the streets of ,london1 no one suspecting its notorious history4 ,illustration3 ,,charles ,,bradlaugh ,english radical politician and advocate of secularism4 ,charles ,bradlaugh sat many times to my father1 and proved an entertaining and patient subject1 sincerely desirous that his portrait should be a true representation of himself4 ,he discussed the troubles he was then passing through in the political arena over the oath1 for which1 after much contention1 he was permitted to substitute an affirmation4 ,i remember him in his comings and goings1 wearing a frock-coat and silk hat1 tall and of commanding appearance1 always affable and chatty4 ,a humorous writer of the day made fun of ,mr4 ,bradlaugh's advent at ,madame ,tussaud's as follows3 ,tremendous excitement on the admission of ,mr4 ,bradlaugh in wax into ,madame ,tussaud's establishment4 ,cobbett's figure gave an extra kick of delight1 and as he offered his snuff-box to the unwelcome guest he assured him that he was a friend at a pinch4 ,oliver ,cromwell1 ,cranmer1 and ,charles ,i were indignant4 ,the ,russian giant is annoyed1 and ,tom ,thumb threatens to make the place too hot for him4 ,figures waxing wrath6 ,latest telegram from ,baker ,street3 8,bradlaugh cool2 great heat4 ,cromwell showing signs of melting2 all melting4 ,sleeping ,beauty undisturbed40 ,the latest latest3 8,threatened with the guillotine in the ,chamber of ,horrors if they are not quiet4 ,tranquillity restored40 ,on many occasions it has been my office to accompany round the ,exhibition visitors whose likenesses were at the time on view--always a trying ordeal4 ,i call to mind the visit paid by ,general ,boulanger shortly after that ,meteoric ex-,minister of ,war quitted ,paris for ,london to avoid arrest4 ,it will be remembered that ,boulanger was wounded in a duel with ,floquet1 his political antagonist1 and that he dramatically ended his chequered life by shooting himself on the grave1 in ,brussels1 of the woman to whom he was fondly attached4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,boulanger ,meteoric ,minister of ,war for ,france1 who ended his life in ,brussels by shooting himself on the grave of the woman to whom he was devoted4 ,as we stood before his facsimile1 which had been only recently modelled1 and1 as it happened1 represented him as considerably younger than his years1 the ,general smiled and said1 when ,i invited him to grant me a special sitting1 8,it is very1 very good2 do not touch it40 ,i fancied that1 like most people1 ,boulanger had no objection to a flattering youthful reproduction of himself4 ,boulanger's inclusion at ,madame ,tussaud's was the subject of a full-page cartoon by ,tenniel in ,punch1 showing the be-medalled ,general standing in his stirrups on horseback and waving his hand as though in the act of delivering an important command4 ,the cartoon was entitled 8,chez ,madame ,tussaud's40 ,an ,exhibition employ was represented as saying to the little black-bonneted ,madame--with a covert allusion to the ,general's political reverses--8,where is he to be put now1 ma'am80 ,it was with a certain amount of surprise that ,i realised a short time ago1 when the question was put to me by a prominent member of the ,press1 that during the thirty years ,i have been exclusively responsible for the modelling here1 together with the fifteen or sixteen years in which ,i was working under my father1 ,i must have produced1 with studies1 close upon a thousand models4 ,it is1 of course1 quite natural that many celebrities who pay a visit to the ,exhibition1 well knowing that their likenesses1 have a place within it1 are not escorted round the galleries4 ,for the most part1 coyly and shyly they seek out their own models1 and1 more often than not1 approach them with a concern born of a too-studied indifference that is sometimes extremely amusing4 8,bobs0 was not of that order2 he was a notable exception to the general rule4 8,where's my figure80 he asked plump and plain1 and around it he stepped1 quizzically examining it from various points of view4 ,when he had satisfied himself that it was a fairly true representation1 he ejaculated1 8,not at all bad6 ,not at all bad60 and walked off to inspect the relics of the great ,napoleon4 ,lord ,roberts's figure had been installed soon after his famous march from ,kabul to ,khandahar in the ,afghan ,war4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,my favourite portrait--,lord ,tennyson poses unconsciously before my wife--8,this beats ,tussaud's0--,sir ,richard ,burton--,his widow clothes the model4 ,of all the portraits of my own modelling1 ,i think1 if ,i may be permitted to express an opinion1 ,i like that of ,lord ,tennyson as well as any4 ,it revives pleasant memories1 and ,i will ask my readers if ,i may bring my wife into this part of my story4 ,by a coincidence1 as ,i raised my eyes at this moment1 my glance fell upon a bust of ,tennyson resting on a shelf in my studio4 ,illustration3 ,,head ,,of ,,lord ,,tennyson 7,,poet ,,laureate #ahej-ahib7 ,the bust modeled by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud1 first exhibited at the ,royal ,academy1 ,london1 in #ahib1 now in the ,tussaud collection4 ,about the time when ,i was engaged with the model of the great ,victorian poet ,i had rented a farm cottage near ,freshwater1 ,isle of ,wight1 and ,i remember my wife telling me that she frequently saw ,tennyson in the neighbourhood4 ,on several occasions the poet1 who lived at ,farringford1 near by1 while taking his daily constitutional1 came and leant upon the garden gate1 evidently charmed with the beauty of the place4 ,the old thatched roof and the quaint attractiveness of the cottage might well have given rise to reflections in less imaginative minds than that of a poet4 ,i had not the opportunity of studying ,tennyson's features at that time2 but my wife1 coyly hidden in a favourite spot in the garden1 was able to observe him closely4 ,being herself an artist of no mean ability1 she thus afforded me considerable help in the production of his portrait4 ,it seems strange that perhaps the most reclusive of men should have unwittingly come forward and posed1 as it were1 at the very door of the artist who was then desirous of obtaining sittings4 ,one day1 while ,i was at work in the studio on ,tennyson1 ,i was visited by ,father ,haythornthwaite1 rector of the ,catholic ,church at ,freshwater4 ,the priest was greatly interested1 and he must have conveyed to the poet the intelligence that ,i was about to place his figure in ,madame ,tussaud's1 for very shortly afterwards ,i learned that ,tennyson was particularly desirous that ,i should bear in mind that1 in spite of his four-score years1 he had not a grey hair in his head--a touch of nature that seemed to me particularly human4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a nice but unintentional compliment was paid to one of our tableaux about this time by the present ,king1 when he was ,duke of ,york4 ,we complied with a request to furnish a representation of the scene of the death of ,nelson in the cockpit of the ,victory for the ,royal ,naval ,exhibition at ,chelsea in ,may1 #ahia4 ,this tableau was founded on the famous picture by ,devis1 which found a permanent home at ,greenwich ,hospital in #ahbe2 and it was very well received by the visitors to the ,exhibition4 ,the compliment to which ,i allude was not heard by me1 but it was reported in the ,press at the time that the ,duke of ,york1 while looking at the tableau1 exclaimed1 8,why1 this beats ,tussaud's60 ,the tableau has been in our ,exhibition ever since1 and is a great favourite with all4 ,when the present ,prince of ,wales and his brother ,albert paid us a visit1 the ,sailor ,prince looked long and intently at the historic scene4 ,both boys were also a good deal moved as they gazed on the tableau showing the murder of the two little princes in the ,tower of ,london--a representation over which many impressionable people have been unable to keep dry eyes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,richard ,,burton ,the effigy dressed in the clothes he wore on his famous pilgrimage to ,mecca1 modeled by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud4 ,a great name with the past generation was that of ,sir ,richard ,burton1 who1 sixty-six years ago1 in fulfilment of a lifelong dream1 made a pilgrimage to the shrine of the prophet ,mahomet at ,mecca when it was believed that no ,christian could go there4 ,besides being a great explorer he was a man of scholarly attainments1 and his translation of the ,arabian ,nights bears the stamp of an intimate familiarity with the ,orient4 ,when ,sir ,richard died his remarkable career became so much a subject of general comment in the ,press that the ,british public awakened to the fact that a great ,englishman had just passed away4 ,apart from his literary achievements1 the account of his exploits revealed so great a love of adventure and so much disregard for narrowing conventionalities as to leaven the story of his life with a very strong tincture of romance4 ,when modelling his figure ,i saw a great deal of his handsome and stately widow1 and ,i am sure no woman could have taken a greater pleasure or more pains in assisting an artist with such an undertaking4 ,every thought1 every action1 she bestowed upon the work showed how deeply she cherished her husband's memory and how vividly the portrait stirred her imagination4 ,she clothed the model with perhaps the greatest personal treasure of his she possessed--that is to say1 the actual garments her husband wore when he went on his famous pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,she tarried long over the finishing touches that should make his presentment look its best before the critical eyes of the public should scan it4 ,ornaments1 beads1 trappings1 had each her full consideration1 and the very weapons of defence stuck anglewise in his belt were subjected to her most careful arrangement4 ,of the capacity for taking pains there was no limit in ,isabel ,lady ,burton's nature2 but the labour in producing the figure1 after many trying weeks1 at last came to an end2 and there readily springs to my mind the pathetic picture of her bestowing upon the figure the few final touches1 her fingers lingering over the pleats and folds of his robe ere she could declare herself satisfied that the task she had undertaken in helping with the model had been done at her very best4 ,there was one little difficulty1 however1 that she could not quite surmount4 ,the costume was complete in every respect except one--the sandals he had worn on his hazardous journey to ,mecca had become1 owing to the wet and heat and the passage of time1 mere tinder1 and could not be placed upon the figure4 ,the following brief but interesting letter explains how this difficulty was overcome3 #fg1 ,baker ,street1 ,portman ,square1 ,w41 ,may #bbnd1 #ahid4 ,,dear ,,mr4 ,,tussaud1 ,i sent you a pair of sandals yesterday belonging to me1 but to-day ,i have had the promise of a pair from the ,prior of the ,franciscans which would suit much better4 ,i shall send them directly ,i receive them4 ,yours sincerely1 ,,isabel ,,burton4 ,the monument at ,mortlake1 on the ,thames1 within which now repose the remains of ,sir ,richard and his wife1 consists of a white marble mausoleum1 sculptured in the form of an ,arab tent1 its cost having been partly defrayed by public subscription4 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,removal of the ,exhibition to the present building--,sleeping 8figures0--,history of the ,portman ,rooms--,the ,cato ,street ,conspiracy--,baron ,grant's staircase4 ,after fifty prosperous years at the old ,baker ,street ,rooms--now known as the ,portman ,rooms--it became necessary that ,madame ,tussaud's should find more commodious premises to meet the growing popularity of the ,exhibition4 ,the removal to the present well-known red building was made in ,july1 #ahhd1 and the change took about a week1 during which the staff put in very long hours4 ,so strenuous a time was it that some of them could hardly keep their eyes open towards the end of this transition period4 ,there were considerably more than four hundred figures1 not to mention countless other things1 to transfer2 and the models were cloaked for conveyance1 as the idea could not be entertained of portraits of royalties1 celebrities1 and notorieties being carried uncovered and exposed to the vulgar gaze4 ,the wrapping of the images in sheets led to an amusing incident after they had been removed4 ,before they could be properly arranged and a fitting place assigned to each1 the exhibits were placed in their coverings on the floor4 ,this fact1 it appeared1 suggested to tired members of the staff a way by which they might be able to snatch a little rest4 ,missing some of the men1 my suspicions were directed to the prostrate exhibits1 and ,i proceeded to prod the sheeted figures1 with the result that here and there my attentions called forth manifestations of life4 ,the weary helpers had laid themselves down to sleep among the models1 hoping not to be disturbed4 ,although time was pressing1 they were permitted to continue a few hours' well-earned rest with their pack-sheet cloaks around them4 ,few of our visitors on the closing night were aware of the forthcoming change-over1 and it was only when the band1 after playing the last bar of the ,national ,anthem1 struck up 8,auld ,lang ,syne0 that the visitors realised what it all signified4 ,there was a touch of pathos in the farewell scenes1 and for the next week ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition was not included among the sights of ,london4 ,when the old rooms in ,baker ,street were taken over for hospital uses in the war1 my mind reverted to an historic coincidence of considerable military interest4 ,more than a hundred years ago what is now the ,baker ,street ,carriage ,bazaar formed the barracks and stabling of the ,royal ,life ,guards4 ,the place was then known as the ,king ,street ,barracks4 ,old inhabitants of the neighbourhood used to tell me that a regiment of the ,guards marched from these quarters on their way to the field of ,waterloo4 ,a little way off was the ,portman ,street ,barracks1 from which ,captain ,fitzclarence set out to arrest ,arthur ,thistlewood and his confederates in connection with the ,cato ,street ,conspiracy--one of the most desperate and foolhardy episodes in modern ,english history4 ,thistlewood and other members of the ,spencean ,society--which might almost be described as the prototype of latter-day ,bolshevism--conceived the mad idea that they could capture1 among other strongholds1 the ,bank of ,england1 the ,mansion ,house1 the ,tower of ,london1 and ,coutts's ,bank2 but they found that the public sympathy on which they counted did not exist4 ,thistlewood was thrown into gaol for treasonable utterances1 and instead of imprisonment bringing him to his right senses1 he became more fanatical than ever4 ,the crowning act of infamy on the part of this nineteenth-century 8,guy ,fawkes0 and his followers was to hatch a plot for the assassination of ,ministers at a ,cabinet dinner in ,lord ,harrowby's house1 ,grosvenor ,square4 ,the conspirators took a loft over a stable in ,cato ,street1 ,marylebone1 where they accumulated arms1 bombs1 and hand-grenades1 vainly imagining that the police knew nothing of their movements1 whereas the authorities were only waiting the right moment for action4 ,thistlewood and his gang of desperadoes were arrested in the act of arming themselves for the wholesale assassination of the heads of the ,government4 ,in the scuffle ,thistlewood killed a police-officer with his sword4 ,the ringleader and four others1 named ,brunt1 ,davidson1 ,ings1 and ,tidd1 were executed on the evidence of one of their own associates1 who told the court that it was intended1 in the first instance1 to set fire to the ,king ,street ,barracks and either take the ,life ,guardsmen prisoners or kill them as they sat in their mess-room4 ,this mess-room1 fifteen years later1 was occupied by ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,few1 if any1 of the thousands of persons who mount and descend the marble staircase which adorns the entrance-hall of ,madame ,tussaud's are aware that it originally formed part of a lordly pleasure house which was erected by the late ,baron ,grant on the site of what was one of the vilest slums 7then known as 8,the ,rookery07 in ,kensington4 ,who was ,baron ,grant8 ,the late ,baron was born in ,dublin in #ahcj4 ,his real name1 it appears1 was ,gottheimer4 ,his parents were poor1 and he had a hard upbringing4 ,by dint1 however1 of industry1 the sharpness of his wits and his great aptitude for business1 he acquired wealth and a reputation in the ,city of ,london4 ,at the age of thirty-five he was elected ,m4,p4 for ,kidderminster1 standing as a ,liberal-,conservative and defeating ,lord ,annaly1 who was at that time a ,lord of the ,treasury4 ,in #ahfh he was appointed a ,deputy-,lieutenant of the ,tower ,hamlets1 and in the same year the ,king of ,italy conferred upon him the hereditary dignity of ,baron and appointed him a ,commander of the ,order of ,st4 ,maurice and ,lazare4 ,these distinctions were well deserved by the then ,mr4 ,grant for the services he had rendered in connection with the completion of the famous ,victor ,emmanuel ,gallery in ,milan1 though in one of the burlesques of the period the decoration was scathingly referred to in the following couplet3 ,kings can titles give1 but honour can't1 ,so title without honour's but a barren ,grant4 ,at the height of his prosperity ,baron ,grant built his princely mansion at ,kensington ,gore4 ,it was never occupied1 except for one night1 when the 8bachelors of ,london0--in other words1 the smart young men of ,london ,society--hired the house from the ,baron's creditors and gave a ball of exceptional splendour4 ,the ,baron was unable to pay the contractor1 and the mansion1 known as 8,grant's ,folly10 was pulled down because no one could afford to buy or rent it4 ,the magnificent marble staircase1 which cost #aa1jjj1 was bought by ,madame ,tussaud's for #a1jjj1 and placed in our ,exhibition4 ,the beautiful iron railings and gates of the 8,folly0 were purchased for the ,sandown ,park ,club1 where1 ,i understand1 they may still be seen4 ,baron ,grant was a keen collector of works of art1 and once obtained the honour of being voted the thanks of the ,house of ,commons for presenting a picture to the ,national ,gallery4 ,it came about in this way3 ,on the #ahth of ,may1 #ahgd1 a very valuable portrait of ,sir ,walter ,scott was put up to auction at ,christie's1 and was eventually secured by ,baron ,grant for #hjj guineas4 ,the same evening ,sir ,stafford ,northcote1 the ,leader of the ,house1 was asked by a private member why the ,government had not purchased so fine a work of art for the nation4 ,he replied that the ,treasury had no funds available for the outlay4 ,thereupon the ,baron rose and stated that he had already written offering the picture to the ,trustees of the ,national ,gallery4 ,sir ,stafford immediately proposed a vote of thanks1 and this was carried with much enthusiasm4 ,eight hundred guineas1 however1 was far from being the largest sum which the ,baron spent on a single picture4 ,he gave #aj1jjj for ,landseer's 8,otter ,hunt10 and the value of his collection may be judged from the fact that it realised #ajf1jjj when the inevitable crash came and his art treasures passed under the hammer to pay his creditors4 ,the great benefaction for which ,baron ,grant will always be remembered is the gift of ,leicester ,square to the ,metropolis at a cost to him of upwards of #cj1jjj4 ,for years this ,square had been dilapidated and a disgrace to ,london1 with a huge hoarding round it4 ,baron ,grant secured1 by purchase1 all the rights of the owners4 ,he then planted the gardens1 and erected in the centre the statue of ,shakespeare by ,signor ,fontana4 ,this was1 at the time1 the only statue of the world's greatest dramatist existing out of doors in his own country4 ,the liberal donor also placed in the ,square busts of celebrated men who had lived in the neighbourhood4 ,these included ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,john ,hunter1 ,william ,hogarth1 and ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds4 ,this act of munificence did not bring the ,baron the popularity he so much desired1 for after the princely gift was presented by him to the ,metropolitan ,board of ,works on the #bnd of ,july1 #ahgd1 the following verses were freely sold at the opening ceremony3 ,of course1 you've heard the news that ,baron ,grant1 ,to gain what most he wants--a good repute1 ,has promised to reclaim ,wild ,leicester ,square1 so long the ,west ,end's shame1 ,and turn that waste ground1 nigh ,alhambra's towers1 ,into a smiling garden full of flowers4 ,but will the world forget these flowers of ,grant's ,are but the product of his ,city 8plants08 ,and who1 for shady walks1 will give him praise ,for wealth thus spent1 when gained in shady ways8 ,in short1 what can he hope from this affair8 ,save to connect his name with one thing ,square6 ,it was this same public-spirited though erratic 8plunger0 in stocks and shares who1 in ,february1 #ahge1 widened1 at his own cost1 the road leading to ,kensington ,house1 so as to avoid the curve which was dangerous to carriages when driving in4 ,it was an approach that ,queen ,victoria frequently used4 ,,chapter ,,xxx ,king of ,siam's visit--,the ,shahzada's clothing--,king of ,burmah's war elephant--,tale of two monkeys4 ,the ,king of ,siam and the ,shahzada of ,afghanistan are linked in my memory because of the peculiar interest ,king ,chulalongkorn took in the ,afghan ,prince1 whose model appeared in all the splendour of one of the ,shahzada's own ,state dresses4 ,the moment the ,king of ,siam was confronted by this portrait he exclaimed in surprise3 8,how did the uniform come here8 ,where did you get it80 8,oh10 ,i replied1 8we purchased it40 8,whom did you get it from80 the ,king of ,siam persisted4 8,from the ,shahzada himself80 ,the information was imparted that the elaborate costume had been offered to us by a member of the ,shahzada's suite1 who took a keen personal interest in the transaction1 and gave us to understand that his royal master would prefer that the portrait should not wear his own clothes till after his departure from this country4 ,we complied with this condition1 and while writing these reminiscences the gorgeous apparel of the ,afghan ,prince lies heaped in a corner of my studio1 having been brought out that ,i may again for a moment gaze upon its faded glories of purple and gold2 for the portrait of the ,shahzada has long since been removed from its pedestal4 ,the ,king of ,siam was a very decorous and unassuming little gentleman1 who gave no hint of disappointment that his own portrait did not appear in the collection1 while ,i wondered1 as ,i walked with him1 whether he regretted or welcomed the omission4 ,as we came face to face with the ,shah of ,persia1 whose gorgeous habiliments glittered with a veritable firmament of jewels1 the ,king again harped upon the question of the ,shahzada's clothes4 ,looking hard at the 8lion0 of a former season1 the ,king exclaimed3 8,his own clothes1 too1 ,i suppose80 8,not this time10 ,i replied4 8,we were not so fortunate in the case of the ,shah40 8,an exact duplicate1 though10 was the compliment of the laughing ,king4 ,the ,eastern potentate was a most minute and intelligent observer of all he saw1 and questioned me unceasingly4 8,who is that beside the ,prince80 he inquired1 pointing at the ,prince of ,wales in a howdah on the back of the elephant ,juno1 a tableau which depicted a tiger-hunting incident in the late ,king ,edward's ,indian tour4 ,on being told that the ,prince was accompanied by his 8loader10 the ,king replied1 8,yes1 yes10 as if he thought his question a superfluous one4 ,from hall to hall we passed1 and ,i was astonished at the knowledge of ,english history displayed by ,king ,chulalongkorn4 ,he picked out the figure of ,richard ,i1 and1 pointing to the white doublet with the red cross on the breast1 said1 8,the costume of a ,crusader--certainly1 certainly40 ,the representation of ,king ,john with the ,magna ,charta in his hand did not appear to produce a very pleasing impression upon the ,siamese autocrat4 8,what a name6 ,who was he80 remarked the ,king in front of ,houqua1 the big ,chinaman who earned his place in the ,exhibition on account of certain services he had rendered this country4 ,i had withdrawn for a moment1 and was called back to explain that ,houqua was a ,chinese merchant1 whereat the royal interlocutor turned away with a contempt for trade clearly indicated on his face4 ,it was surprising to note that ,king ,chulalongkorn passed the portraits of ,mr4 ,gladstone1 ,lord ,salisbury1 and other ,british statesmen without a pause or comment4 ,he stood some minutes in front of the case containing the orders of the ,duke of ,wellington1 and then remarked1 with admiring emphasis3 8,these are surely all the orders a man could have2 he must have had nearly everything40 ,the group of ,henry ,,viii and his six wives was surveyed in stolid silence by a monarch not likely to be moved by such a spectacle4 ,in a shadowed portion of the gallery he nearly mistook 7and slightly frightened7 two nice ,english girls in white for wax figures4 ,in the ,chamber of ,horrors he showed from his observations that he was familiar with the main features of several of the crimes commemorated there4 ,i may add that every honour was done the ,king on that occasion4 ,we had the public excluded from the ,exhibition1 and the ,siamese ,national ,anthem was played on his arrival and departure4 ,the ,king of ,siam's inspection of the elephant reminds me that1 beside the stuffed monkey which one of the wives of ,henry ,,viii is fondling1 the only animals ever shown in the ,exhibition were in the 8,tiger ,hunt0 scene in question4 ,the tusker was the famous ,juno1 which was for many years the ,king of ,burmah's war elephant4 ,the ,prince of ,wales had just mortally wounded a male tiger1 and was about to give the coup de grace to another beast which1 unexpectedly springing from the jungle1 had been pinned to the ground by ,juno4 ,the animals were stuffed and staged by the late ,mr4 ,rowland ,ward4 ,when ,i say that these were the only animals shown in the ,exhibition ,i mean1 of course1 dead ones4 ,within the past twelve months a monkey that escaped from the ,zoo1 barely a mile away1 entered the ,exhibition by a back window1 and was seen in the act by a crowd of people1 who had been amused by its antics outside4 ,it appears that the monkey1 in scurrying through the building1 caught sight of its dead counterpart on the lap of ,henry's ,queen1 and tried to attract its attention4 ,failing in this1 the little creature pawed it1 and the result was electrical4 ,the strangeness of coming unexpectedly in contact with a dead animal which was thought to be alive seems to have startled the monkey beyond measure1 for it became terrified1 and1 springing away1 went at great speed to the remotest part of the ,exhibition1 where it took refuge in one of the side rooms4 ,several visitors1 mostly ladies1 were in the room at the time1 and they at once made for the door1 which was thereupon locked upon the animal4 ,meanwhile we had telephoned to the ,zoo that one of the monkeys had escaped and was in the ,exhibition4 ,a keeper arrived shortly afterwards1 and said he had missed it from its cage4 ,both keeper and monkey were delighted at their reunion4 ,the monkey had not seemed to trouble much about the figures1 which it probably took for living people1 but the dead monkey on the lap of one of them had been more than it could stand4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,queen ,victoria's copperplates--,another ,royal ,persian visit--8,perished by fire0--8,viscount ,hinton0 and his organ--,the ,coquette's jewels lost and found4 ,in the early part of #ahih we purchased from an enterprising journalist four interesting copperplates--three of them etched by ,queen ,victoria and one by the ,prince ,consort4 ,of the four plates1 three were done by the ,queen within a year of her marriage4 ,although not altogether faultless from an artistic point of view1 the work is most conscientiously executed1 showing how painstaking was the ,queen even in comparatively trivial matters4 ,after her marriage ,her ,majesty found in the ,prince ,consort a fellow craftsman1 and forthwith a room in ,buckingham ,palace was fitted up as a sort of combination studio and workshop4 ,here1 under the guidance and advice of ,sir ,edwin ,landseer1 assisted by ,mr4 ,henry ,graves1 the fine art publisher1 the young couple worked for two or three hours in the morning4 ,nor would the ,queen allow any portion of the process to be performed by an assistant4 ,even the printing was done either by herself or her husband1 a small press being set up for that especial purpose4 ,it is understood that portraits of the royal children thus reproduced are preserved in the print-room at ,windsor ,castle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have already described how the ,shah of ,persia 7,nasr-ed-,din7 paid a private visit to the ,exhibition in the year #ahgc4 ,i must now relate the circumstances that attended the visit of his son1 ,muzafir-ed-,din1 who came to this country for the coronation of ,king ,edward in #aijb1 thirty years later4 ,the 8,brother of the ,sun0 came on the #aith of ,august4 ,he was attended by the ,earl of ,kintore and ,sir ,arthur ,hardinge1 and ,i received ,his ,majesty1 while the orchestra played the ,persian ,national ,anthem4 ,the first model he asked to see was that of his late father1 but unfortunately his picturesque parent had disappeared to make room for more up-to-date people4 ,the horrible fact of the remelting to cast a possibly much less distinguished personage could not1 of course1 be divulged to the royal visitor4 ,a hint to the entourage was sufficient4 8,perished by fire--great accidental fire10 explained ,sir ,arthur ,hardinge with the aplomb of a true diplomat4 8,big fire10 echoed the sombre ,persians sadly in their own tongue4 ,the ,shah listened to a description of the models in ,french and made his comments in ,persian1 a course of procedure which was not helpful to those who would have liked to glean ,his ,majesty's impressions4 ,by this time the news that the ,shah was in the building had spread1 and the people began to throng around him4 ,it was difficult to say whether he appreciated the curiosity of the crowd or not4 ,a merry little party of ,japs beamed upon the dusky potentate from the ,far ,east1 and the two extremities of ,asia thus metaphorically rubbed shoulders4 ,the tableau of 8,queen ,victoria at ,home0 pleased the ,eastern sovereign most4 ,he looked at it longest4 ,the scene depicting the ,gordon ,highlanders storming the ,heights of ,dargai also captivated him4 ,the place where the battle was fought was not very remote from the borders of ,his ,majesty's dominions1 and he was1 no doubt1 familiar with the history of the wild tribesmen of the north-west frontier of ,india4 ,he was an eager auditor while the ,gay ,gordons' feat was narrated in ,french and ,persian4 ,face to face with his own portrait model1 the ,shah addressed some presumably humorous remark to it1 for sovereign and suite relaxed their facial muscles simultaneously1 and a ,persian outburst of mirth succeeded4 ,the stolid monarch actually laughed outright4 ,it was the only recorded laugh of ,his ,majesty during his visit to this country4 ,but what did he say to that waxen presentment8 ,the features of the model were certainly rather darker than those of the ,shah1 but the observation in ,persian of the monarch was darker still--at any rate to me4 ,turning aside1 he remarked1 in ,french1 that though the features were excellent1 the complexion was not quite fair enough--a disclosure of an undoubted ,eastern vanity4 ,he closely scrutinised the figures of reigning sovereigns1 and on coming to that of the young ,queen of ,holland he exclaimed1 in ,french1 8,ah1 ,i have seen ,her ,majesty40 ,the ,shah quickly noticed ,mr4 ,balfour among the group of politicians1 and gazed eagerly at the representation of the meeting between ,lord ,roberts and ,cronje at ,paardeberg4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,surrender ,,of ,,general ,,cronje ,,to ,,lord ,,roberts ,a ,boer ,war tableau modeled by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud4 ,whether the ,shah was made nervous through the proximity of the crowd1 ,i cannot say1 but he neglected to visit the ,chamber of ,horrors and the ,napoleonic relics 7which latter he had expressed a desire to see71 and made a straight line for the exit before those who were chaperoning him realised the meaning of the movement4 ,the ,chamber of ,horrors would have been an attraction to at least one member of the suite4 ,this gentleman was fascinated by the group in the ,hall of ,tableaux representing the execution of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots4 ,he stood gazing with dilated eyes upon the scene1 and had to be called on by a touch on the arm before he could be made to realise the unreality of the drama4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,viscount ,,hinton ,the wax figure on exhibition at ,madame ,tussaud's dressed in subject's own clothes and shown with the organ used by this eccentric gentleman on his organ-grinding career4 ,at an ,exhibition supper at which 8,viscount ,hinton0 was present1 we having modelled his figure and purchased his organ on the death of the old ,earl1 to which title he now laid claim1 a speaker1 in proposing my health1 began 8,mr4 ,chairman1 my ,lord1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen40 ,that was enough for 8,earl ,poulett40 ,he rose and bowed in recognition of the compliment paid to his degree1 and when the speaker finished he made a speech in which he referred to a few incidents in his organ-grinding career4 ,he sat to me for his model1 and we bought the suit of clothes he was wearing1 although a friend of his told his 8lordship0 that he would not have picked them up from the gutter4 ,it appears that 8,hinton0 went to the ,bank of ,england with the #ej note we gave him1 and1 as is customary1 he was asked to sign his name4 ,with a flourish he wrote down 8,poulett10 whereupon the cashier said1 8,christian name as well1 please40 ,hinton drew himself up and said1 8,we earls always sign our names like that10 a remark which1 doubtless1 duly impressed and abashed the cashier4 ,in ,june1 #aija1 as the ,exhibition was closing for the day1 several pieces of jewellery1 valued at between #ej and #fj guineas1 were discovered to be missing from the figure of the ,old ,coquette1 facing the model of the sardonic but courtier-like ,voltaire1 who is seen raising his hat to her4 ,the gems had served to adorn the representation of this curious-looking old dame for a period of more than a century4 ,as soon as the discovery was made the usual notification was given to the police4 ,strange to say1 while the detective-officer was in consultation with us discussing the most likely means of recovering the articles1 a bulky envelope1 bearing the mark of the ,earl's ,court postal district1 was handed in containing the missing property1 with the following short note enclosed3 8,found at ,madame ,tussaud's--thrown down40 ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,royal visitors--,king ,alphonso and ,princess ,ena--,the late ,emperor ,frederick--,a penniless trio--,princess ,charles--,the ,prince of ,wales and ,prince ,albert4 ,madame ,tussaud's was one of the last places visited by the ,king of ,spain and ,princess ,ena before they left this country for their wedding at ,madrid in ,may1 #aijf4 ,somehow there seemed to be at the time an atmosphere of anxiety attending the visit of this vivacious royal couple1 and ,i feel sure this uneasiness was felt by many who observed them pass freely and jocularly among the visitors1 who were very numerous that afternoon in the ,exhibition rooms4 ,disquieting rumours had reached this country that an attempt would be made by certain disaffected ruffians to interfere with their marriage4 ,plots and threats of a sinister character were in the air1 and1 as we all know1 these culminated in a crime of a particularly atrocious nature in the ,spanish capital4 ,yet none seemed to be less affected by these disturbing influences than the young royalties themselves1 while ,i am quite certain neither of them was acting a part4 ,they were simply as happy as a bride and bridegroom ought to be who were counting the days till they should be united4 ,the young ,king took a positive delight in moving among the visitors1 and none was less self-conscious than he4 ,i was amused to find him bubbling over with fun and frolic standing in front of his own portrait4 ,then he did the thing one almost expected he would do4 ,to the amusement of all beholders he exclaimed1 8,let me shake hands with myself10 suiting the action to the words1 and laughing heartily with his bride and her friends4 ,it is for traits like this that ,king ,alphonso enjoys popularity wherever he goes4 ,the visit passed off happily1 and ,i for one felt somewhat relieved when they had taken their departure without molestation1 although ,i had no tangible reason to harbour the doubts that possessed me4 ,on returning to this country soon after the tragic accompaniments of their marriage1 the light-hearted young ,king took an early opportunity of revisiting the ,exhibition1 and in passing gave a familiar nod of recognition at his own portrait1 as one might salute an acquaintance in the street4 ,he roamed about the place in the least ostentatious way1 and took a noticeably keen interest in the figure of the great ,duke of ,wellington1 who1 among his numerous foreign honours1 received the titles of ,duque de ,ciudad ,rodrigo and a ,grandee of the first class1 #ahab--titles granted by predecessors of ,king ,alphonso on the ,spanish throne4 ,as was the case with the ,king of ,spain and his bride1 members of the ,royal ,family on numerous occasions have paid their shillings and gone in 8with the crowd10 their object being to stroll round without having to undergo the worry of a 8reception0 and its attendant red baize and 8blowing of trumpets40 99 99 99 99 99 ,soon after his marriage with our then ,princess ,royal1 the late ,emperor ,frederick of ,germany1 who was at that time ,prince ,frederick of ,prussia1 decided to pay us a visit4 ,this was rather more than fifty years ago4 ,hearing of his intention1 my father decided to withdraw his figure1 deeming it to be too youthful and out-of-date to bear a favourable comparison with its living counterpart--a severe test for even the best of portraits4 ,when the ,prince arrived it appeared that he had come with the main object of inspecting his own model1 for he had not been long in the place before he exclaimed1 8,where is my figure80 ,this was a question that rather nonplussed the member of my family who had undertaken to cicerone ,his ,royal ,highness through the ,exhibition4 ,there was nothing for it but to make the plain1 straightforward admission that it had only just been removed1 and to give the reason for this having been done4 ,notwithstanding this1 the ,prince's request to view the portrait was reiterated1 and he was so emphatic and persistent that there was nothing to be done but to replace the figure before his very eyes4 ,it was a strange proceeding1 that of having to withdraw the model from the side room into which it had been removed1 to march it through the spacious galleries with the ,prince amusedly looking on the while1 and ultimately to dump it down in its old place among the figures in our big royal group4 ,the ,prince1 with great good-humour1 scanned it with a lenient eye1 and pronounced it to be by no means a portrait of which anyone need be ashamed2 in fact1 he appeared quite pleased with it1 and when he left the ,exhibition he seemed to be highly delighted with his unique and interesting experience4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many years ago1 in the late seventies1 ,alexander ,,iii of ,russia 7then the ,tsarevitch71 accompanied by the ,tsarevna and her sister1 the ,princess of ,wales1 visited the ,exhibition in ,baker ,street4 ,on reaching the entrance to the ,napoleon ,rooms and the ,chamber of ,horrors1 where an extra admission fee of sixpence is charged1 my uncle1 who was standing near1 heard the ,tsarevitch say to his companions that he had no money4 ,the ,princess of ,wales was obliged to admit that she was in the same penniless plight1 while the ,tsarevna exclaimed with emphasis1 8,et moi aussi2 je n'ai pas un penny dans ma poche60 ,here1 then1 it may be said1 was a trio of monarchs-to-be in the amusing predicament of not having a sixpence among the three of them6 ,my uncle was bound to respect the royal visitors' incognito1 and so could not venture to 8pass them in10 which1 of course1 he would have been very proud and happy to do4 ,the difficulty was overcome by one of the gentlemen in attendance on the royal party1 who came up shortly afterwards and produced the necessary fees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,princess ,charles of ,denmark is reported to have said many years ago1 8,i sometimes get tired of being a royal1 especially when ,i am looked at and wondered at as though ,i were one of ,madame ,tussaud's wax models4 ,i even think how glorious it must be to be able to jump on the top of a 'bus1 pay my fare like any ordinary person1 and have a day out4 ,i have never tried to do so yet1 but ,i think ,i shall some day40 ,mention of this brings to my mind one of several visits paid to the ,exhibition by the ,princes of our own ,royal ,house4 ,i was notified by telephone that the present ,prince of ,wales and his brother1 ,prince ,albert1 were visiting the ,exhibition4 ,they were received by me1 and ,i conducted them over the place4 ,the royal boys needed very little 8conducting10 as they were soon engrossed in all they saw around them1 and seldom found it necessary to address any questions to me4 ,i was amused to find that they preferred to dispense with the ,catalogue1 taking a boyish delight in recognising the figures for themselves and displaying what knowledge they possessed1 which was considerable4 ,nor did they seem in the least concerned to know whether members of the general public recognised them1 as ,i could see many did from the way they contrived to keep near to them4 ,among the ,napoleonic relics the ,princes lingered an unusually long time1 as if reluctant to leave them2 and the ,prince of ,wales betrayed so much interest in the carriage in which ,napoleon was all but captured after the ,battle of ,waterloo that he was invited to sit in it1 if he cared4 ,without a moment's hesitation he embraced the opportunity1 and his brother joined him4 ,it happened that we were just then about to have the carriage glazed in1 as it has been since1 to protect it from ruthless souvenir hunters1 whose mutilations necessitated our keeping in stock rolls of cloth of the same pattern to renew the lining from time to time4 ,i wonder how many people in different parts of the world now show their friends strips of cloth purporting to be taken from the original lining of the ,napoleon carriage1 whereas the 8souvenirs0 are really 8relics0 of the looms of ,yorkshire4 ,the last to sit in ,napoleon's carriage were the ,prince of ,wales and ,prince ,albert4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,the ,begum of ,bhopal pays us a visit--,lord ,rosebery and ,lord ,annaly--,lord ,randolph ,churchill--,lady ,beatty1 ,lady ,jellicoe1 and ,mrs4 ,asquith4 ,it was on the #bith of ,june1 eight years ago1 that we had a visit from the ,begum of ,bhopal1 a lady who rules over millions in ,india4 ,she was in ,london for the coronation of ,king ,george and ,queen ,mary4 ,as the ,begum was a ,moslem1 we were somewhat concerned as to how we should receive ,her ,highness1 it being rumoured that she could not be chaperoned by one of the opposite sex4 ,i must deny the story that we had to turn all the males out of the ,exhibition1 for there was no occasion to do so4 ,the ,begum was dressed in brown1 with a flowing white yashmak hanging from a quaint head-dress shaped like a top-hat of the ,leech period4 ,this veil1 by the etiquette of her country1 is worn in the company of men1 the wearer looking through two eye-holes4 ,in order that the exhibits might be explained to her1 my wife and a friend of hers1 ,mrs4 ,arthur ,dulcken1 who spoke ,hindustani fluently1 acted as guides4 ,two turbaned gentlemen were in attendance1 and the ,begum walked between her little grandson and granddaughter1 whose hands she held4 ,her knowledge of ,english history was surprising4 ,even the ,prince1 who was only six years old1 prattled about different ,english kings1 though he insisted that the good ,king ,alfred1 shown in the neatherd's cottage1 where he is being rated by the shrew for allowing her cakes to burn1 was a fairy-tale like that of the ,sleeping ,beauty4 ,when the party came to the ,grand ,hall in which ,king ,george and ,queen ,mary sat arrayed in their coronation robes1 with six ,princesses of the ,royal ,house standing around them1 8,bara ,salaam10 said the ,begum1 as she bowed to the ,emperor of ,india4 ,before the scene which shows ,queen ,victoria receiving the news of her accession to the throne the little lady halted4 8,she was very beautiful10 she said1 8and so wise and kind and sympathetic40 ,it was the tribute of one woman ruler to another4 8,she was very beautiful10 she said again1 8and so small4 ,in ,bhopal we think small people beautiful40 ,the ,begum's inches were some sixty-two4 ,she glanced approvingly at the model of ,tom ,thumb1 and proudly placed her grandson by the figure of the ,russian giant to accentuate her admiration for small people4 ,as she passed through the ,chamber of ,horrors1 with its guillotine and gallows1 she said1 with some degree of satisfaction1 8,we do not execute in ,bhopal40 8,i thank you10 she said1 as she departed in state2 and her retainers added an official word of praise3 8,the ,begum has found ,madame ,tussaud's extremely interesting40 99 99 99 99 99 ,lord ,rosebery has more than once visited ,madame ,tussaud's1 and made a fairly long stay on each occasion4 ,only very recently he and ,lord ,annaly1 ,lord-in-,waiting to the ,king1 came to the ,exhibition together4 ,our lecturer happened to notice them among the visitors in the building1 and observed the two noblemen makes a careful inspection of the exhibits1 conversing in a lively manner1 and occasionally calling each other's attention to models which struck them as being specially interesting4 ,it is1 of course1 difficult to judge whether they were prompted by any particular motive1 or paid the visit merely to enjoy a few minutes' respite from the more serious affairs of life2 but they both minutely examined the relics of the ,french ,revolution and1 curiously enough1 the figures of the criminals in the ,chamber of ,horrors1 where they spent some considerable time4 ,lord ,rosebery1 as a citizen of ,edinburgh1 called his friend's attention to the striking figures of ,burke and ,hare1 with the story of whose crimes ,lord ,rosebery must1 of course1 have been familiar4 ,these ghoulish men perpetrated a series of murders in the ,scottish capital in the year #ahbh for the purpose of obtaining money by selling the bodies to anatomical schools as subjects for dissection4 ,it may not be generally known that the verb 8to burke0 is derived from the villainous miscreant of that name4 ,one would like to have heard what passed between ,lord ,rosebery and ,lord ,annaly as1 having left the abode of criminals1 they stopped in front of the former's portrait in the main hall of the ,exhibition4 ,as they were leaving the building our representative1 as an act of courtesy1 opened the middle gate to let them pass with greater freedom1 and1 in doing so1 said1 8,good-night1 my lord40 ,lord ,rosebery smiled in response like one who is pleased at being recognised4 ,it was evident from their demeanour that both the peers had enjoyed their experience4 ,lord ,randolph ,churchill once said that the two proudest moments in his life were neither his first election to ,parliament nor his first appearance on the ,treasury ,bench1 but the publication of a speech of his in leaflet form and the appearance of his effigy at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,he added that he had long wished to see how he looked there1 but had never dared to go4 ,notwithstanding this remark he was seen in the flesh on more than one occasion at a later date sauntering through the ,exhibition rooms4 ,that the wives of famous men invariably feel curious to see the models of their husbands goes without saying1 and very many instances might be cited of their having done so4 ,among those who visited the ,exhibition during the war were ,lady ,jellicoe1 ,lady ,beatty1 and ,mrs4 ,asquith4 ,lady ,beatty made a very intelligent criticism of the ,admiral's portrait1 and as the result of her suggestions certain alterations were made4 ,lady ,jellicoe's criticism was quite favourable4 8,you have been extremely fortunate in catching my husband's expression10 she said4 ,mrs4 ,asquith did not make any comments1 but her young son1 who came with her1 derived not a little amusement from his distinguished father's presentment1 and showed his appreciation by coming again and bringing a boy friend to see it the very next day4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiv ,tussaud's as educator--,queer questions--,wanted1 a 8model0 wife--,quaint extract from an ,indian's diary4 ,an ,american visitor to the ,exhibition once said to me1 8,you know1 this show is a liberal education1 a history of ,europe in kind4 ,i never learned so much history in any one afternoon4 ,why don't you write your reminiscences80 ,i told him that ,i probably should do so one day1 and he replied characteristically3 8,there is no time like the present4 ,get on with it1 and put me down as a subscriber40 ,a ,french ,ambassador is reported to have said3 8,a day in ,tussaud's is worth a year at ,oxford2 it fixes history as no tutor could40 ,on more than one occasion schoolmasters have made a similar remark with reference to the value of the figures and exhibits in ,madame ,tussaud's as a means of impressing the minds of their boys with the episodes of history4 ,teachers often bring their pupils1 and ,i am constantly receiving appreciative letters after a visit4 ,schoolboys themselves1 ,i have always noticed1 take the keenest possible interest in all they see1 and ,i frequently overhear them eagerly challenging one another concerning the identity and lives of historical personages as they confront their models4 ,the ,exhibition has been frequently consulted as an authority upon innumerable historical subjects1 especially with regard to matters dealing with portraiture1 biography1 and costume1 and many of the questions submitted might well have puzzled even the compiler of an encyclopdia4 ,queries are almost always coupled with an urgent request for immediate reply4 ,peculiarities of well-known people are fruitful topics for inquiry4 ,the following are a few of the questions put3 8,on which side of ,cromwell's face did his warts grow80 8,which was the arm that ,nelson lost1 and which was his blind eye80 8,was ,byron's club-foot the right or the left80 8,did ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 have brown eyes or blue80 ,again3 8,what was the height of ,napoleon80--the most frequent question of all4 ,other popular problems relate to costume3 8,did the ,black ,prince really wear black armour8 ,or to what was his cognomen due80 ,we were consulted during the period when preparations were in progress for the late ,king ,edward's coronation so as to decide what was the correct tone of purple for the royal robes4 ,as we have in our possession the robes actually worn by ,george ,,iv at that ,king's coronation1 we allowed a broad hem on one of the trains to be unstitched1 thus revealing the original colour1 unchanged by exposure to dust and light4 ,in this connection the following quotation from ,thackeray's ,the ,four ,georges1 published in #ahfa1 is interesting3 ,madame ,tussaud has got ,king ,george's coronation robes2 is there any man now alive who would kiss the hem of that trumpery8 ,he sleeps since thirty years4 ,the same author also mentions the ,exhibition in the following extract from ,the ,newcomes3 ,for pictures they do not seem to care much2 they thought the ,national ,gallery a dreary exhibition1 and in the ,royal ,academy could be got to admire nothing but the picture of ,m',collop of ,m',collop1 by our friend of the like name3 but they think ,madame ,tussaud's interesting exhibition of ,waxwork the most delightful in ,london3 and there ,i had the happiness of introducing them to our friend ,mr4 ,frederick ,bayham2 who1 subsequently1 on coming to this office with his valuable contributions on the ,fine ,arts1 made particular inquiries as to their pecuniary means1 and expressed himself instantly ready to bestow his hand upon the mother or daughter1 provided old ,mr4 ,binnie would make a satisfactory settlement4 ,illustration3 ,,william ,,makepeace ,,thackeray ,a ,portrait ,study by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud4 ,on one or two other occasions our relics and historic pictures have been specially viewed by those who had charge of the arrangements1 for the express purpose of settling points in regard to precedence and costume at royal functions4 ,inquiries from members of the public often come about through a dispute which has ended in a wager1 but many and various are the reasons that are assigned by the questioner for his query4 ,sometimes my correspondent is a writer of books1 who wants to give a correct description of a character or incident4 ,this leads me to the subject of misconception1 and it is surprising how deep-rooted are the inaccuracies that have crept into the minds of visitors with regard to the models they have seen in the ,exhibition4 ,many of our patrons express themselves as absolutely certain that figures have done things which ,i am equally positive they never did and never could do4 ,illustration3 ,,william ,,cobbett ,noted ,english political writer4 ,what is the use of telling individuals that the originator of ,hansard's ,parliamentary ,debates1 ,william ,cobbett1 who turns his head from side to side1 does not take snuff1 when they insist that they have actually seen him lift his hand from his snuff-box to his nose8 ,yet this is a widespread fallacy4 ,the figure of ,marat dying in his bath never has breathed2 it is the bosom of the ,sleeping ,beauty that rises and falls as she reposes in slumber4 ,neither does ,henry ,,viii turn his head to inspect his six wives4 ,those who think he does must be confusing him with the aforesaid ,cobbett1 although not a few readers of history think that the head of ,bluff ,king ,hal1 who caused so many people to be beheaded1 must itself have been 8turned40 ,some years ago an elderly bachelor from the ,midlands called to ask whether we could make him a model of a lady based upon his own description and sketches and dressed in clothes designed by himself4 ,i should have attached no importance to the matter had ,i not1 my curiosity being whetted1 asked a few questions of the caller4 ,it then transpired that the model was to represent his ideal woman whom he had been unable to discover in real life4 ,he was anxious to have a woman about the house 8pleasing to the eye1 but at the same time somewhat less loquacious than the usual run of females10 as he put it4 ,he proposed that the model should be placed in an adjustable chair and be jointed1 so that at meal-times it could sit at the head of his lonely table and at other times could recline at ease beside the fire1 opposite his own armchair4 ,needless to say1 the commission was not accepted4 ,it is very natural that such an institution as ,madame ,tussaud's should include the 8curious0 among its diversified store of anecdote4 ,one quaint document in our archives is the published diary of an ,indian officer1 ,jemadar1 ,no4 #adbg1 ,abdur ,razzak1 of the #aeth ,madras ,lancers1 from which ,i give the following extract relating to a visit he paid to the ,exhibition3 ,on the #eth ,june1 #ahic1 we went to see the ,wax ,work 8,madame ,tussaud10 where we first saw a woman in red dress with a basket full of different kinds of flowers all made in wax with her1 which was very difficult to make out that she was an image1 but when we entered the building we saw lots of images of emperors and kings1 and remarkable persons both men and women with rich and poor dresses on4 ,i really say that ,i was very much admired to see these images1 and was in many places in the buildings mistook the visitors to be of them when they were standing still1 but when they moved was very much ashamed on account of my misunderstanding2 by this we made our minds to be little far from both the images and the visitors and servants in the building4 ,we saw the throne of ,her ,majesty just the same we have seen on the #ith ,may1 #ahic1 besides this one more image in shape with ,her ,majesty in a room writing something on a table with a candle on it1 and this too quite astonishing4 ,we also saw a gentleman on elephant's back in a jungle has hunted a tiger1 the pair of which attacked the elephant round its trunk taking to him and the elephant putting its head down and a gentleman on it1 aiming to fire on the tiger4 ,we saw a room in which were the images of almost all the assassinators with the particulars of their deeds4 ,we also saw a place in which all the weapons1 etc41 to take revenge of assassinators1 such as scabbard1 hanging1 c4 ,,chapter ,,xxxv ,stars of the stage in my studio--,miss ,ellen ,terry has a cup of tea--,sir ,squire and ,lady ,bancroft--,sir ,henry ,irving and the cabby--,we comply with a strange request4 ,people sometimes ask me how my portraits are taken1 and how my subjects sit to me4 ,it is very much with my work as it is with the work of a sculptor4 ,there is practically only this distinction in principle--the sculptor reproduces his work in marble or bronze1 and ,i execute mine in wax1 both working from a first impression in clay4 ,added to this there is1 of course1 a difference in the matter of treatment4 ,sitters have their own peculiar characteristics1 and often require humouring4 ,i once wrote to ,miss ,ellen ,terry1 asking her to do me the honour of sitting to me2 and she replied that she would be pleased to do so1 making no appointment4 ,a few days afterwards the vivacious actress found her way to my studio door without anyone to guide her1 and how she got there has always puzzled me4 ,i was engrossed in some urgent work1 when a rap came and ,miss ,terry sailed in1 all smiles and animation4 ,she did not introduce herself4 ,there was no need4 ,i knew her instantly1 as ,i supposed she imagined ,i should4 ,it was a very hot day1 and she said1 8,i am positively dying for a cup of tea40 ,she told me she was just clearing off all her visiting arrears before sailing1 and added3 8,you see1 ,mr4 ,tussaud1 ,i have not forgotten you40 ,the cup that cheers was very soon brewed1 and ,miss ,terry saw that ,i noticed a gauntlet on her right hand as she raised the cup to her lips4 8,i met with a slight accident on the stage10 she said4 ,i wish ,i could recall some of her delightful chat1 and ,i regret that ,i did not keep a diary instead of trusting entirely to memory4 ,however1 ,i may derive some consolation from the conclusion1 arrived at by an old and experienced literary friend1 that it is seldom what has been forgotten would have been worth writing about had it been remembered4 ,when ,i had finished modelling1 and not till then1 ,miss ,terry apologised for being in a hurry1 and as she took her departure ,i found myself wondering by what secret art or gift she could conjure up so much mirth and sprightliness when the thermometer was registering ninety in the shade4 ,after ,miss ,terry had gone my eye happened to catch the chair on which she had been sitting1 and ,i discovered that the back legs were within an eighth of an inch of the edge of the high dais4 ,i trembled to think of what might have happened to the actress if the chair had fallen to the floor while she occupied it4 ,i suppose the reason for its position having changed from that in which it was originally placed was that the actress1 who could hardly be described as a reposeful 8sitter10 had shifted it in her restlessness4 ,the carpenter had omitted to fix the fillet which should have been placed to preclude any risk of the chair falling from its elevated position4 ,only a few months ago ,lady ,bancroft1 speaking at a matine in aid of ,king ,george's ,pension ,fund for ,actors1 made an amusing allusion to ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,she had just been listening to the dialogue between ,peg ,woffington1 played by ,irene ,vanburgh1 and ,triplet1 and she said3 8,when it was arranged that my husband should come from his retirement to play the part of ,triplet1 we were very much exercised where to find his old costume4 8,then1 all at once1 we remembered the last time we saw that costume was at ,madame ,tussaud's4 8,i said1 #8,of course you have been melted down by this time4' 8,he said1 #8,what do you think they have made of me8 ,perhaps ,marshal ,foch1 perhaps ,president ,poincar1 perhaps ,president ,wilson4 ,i only hope my figure has not been melted down to something in the ,chamber of ,horrors4'0 ,none laughed more heartily than the ,king at ,lady ,bancroft's story4 ,it was in the spring of #ahhi1 that the ,bancrofts gave me several sittings4 ,the merry laughter of the actress made the time pass quickly and my work a real joy4 ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,squire ,,bancroft ,whose model as ,triplet1 together with the model of ,lady ,bancroft as ,peg ,woffington1 are on exhibition at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,when the models of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,bancroft were added to the ,exhibition1 in the characters of ,peg ,woffington and ,triplet in ,masks and ,faces1 reference to this was made in our ,easter announcement4 ,sir ,squire ,bancroft tells the following story in this connection3 8,a young man from the country visited the ,exhibition on ,easter ,monday of that year1 and went straight to the ,chamber of ,horrors4 ,he said he wanted to see the #8squire who murdered a triplet'60 ,they tell me that ,henry ,irving came to see his portrait a year after ,i had modelled him1 but1 unfortunately1 ,i missed the great actor that day4 ,mention of ,irving takes my mind back rather a long way1 to the time when ,i had the pleasure of introducing his model and that of ,miss ,ellen ,terry to the ,exhibition4 ,they were on the eve of making their first journey across the ,atlantic1 and they cheerfully consented to enable me to let the public see them in their absence4 ,irving was an ideal sitter1 as might be expected of a great actor4 ,he adapted himself to my requirements in every detail1 and gave me to feel that he took great pleasure in my work4 ,i very soon became aware of ,irving's kindliness of heart and his sympathy with an artist at his labours4 ,conversation turned upon the question of insuring ,madame ,tussaud's against fire1 and ,irving remarked that money would be a very poor compensation for the loss of our irreplaceable collection1 especially having regard to the relics of ,napoleon and the heads of the ,french revolutionaries4 ,the actor told me of an alarming experience he had while acting at the ,lyceum ,theatre4 ,the play was nearing its most dramatic climax when he noticed that fire had broken out in the 8sky borders10 and the fear of a panic in the audience rose in his mind lest any member of it should chance to see the flames4 ,he admitted that it was an ordeal that required all his courage to face without betraying signs of anxiety1 but he succeeded in continuing to play his part without a single person in the front of the house suspecting that there was any cause for alarm4 ,fortunately1 the stage carpenters and attendants were able to extinguish the fast-spreading flames without any interruption4 ,the curtain was eventually rung down on an applauding audience1 quite oblivious of the danger that had threatened4 ,irving lighted his pipe on his departure1 which set me thinking that he would have enjoyed a smoke during the sitting1 but was too courteous and considerate to suggest one4 ,he told me he hoped1 on his return from ,america1 to visit the ,exhibition and see his portrait4 ,he came and saw it1 but ,i did not see him4 ,sir ,henry used to employ the same cabman to take him to the theatre each evening4 ,he asked him once if he had ever seen him act1 and1 the man replying in the negative1 ,irving gave him five shillings with which the cabman could procure seats for himself and his wife in the pit4 ,on the following day the actor asked the driver what he thought of him on the stage4 8,to tell you the truth10 said the ingenuous jehu1 8we didn't go40 8,not go10 said ,irving1 8when ,i gave you the money for the seats60 8,well1 sir10 said the man1 8it was this way4 ,it was my missus's birthday1 and ,i asked her which she would prefer to do--go to see you act1 or go to ,madame ,tussaud's1 and she said she preferred the waxworks40 ,irving often related this story against himself with the greatest gusto1 enjoying it quite as much as his hearers did4 ,on many occasions ,madame ,tussaud's has been of service to the stage4 ,when the late ,w4 ,g4 ,wills1 the author of ,jane ,shore1 a prolific playwright in his day1 was at the height of his popularity1 my father was approached by ,mr4 ,coleman1 manager of the ,queen's ,theatre1 ,long ,acre1 to produce for him a figure of ,charles ,i4 ,the reason of this request was1 surely1 one of the strangest that ever entered the brain of even the most enterprising of theatrical managers4 ,mr4 ,george ,rignold was playing at that theatre a drama1 written by ,wills1 entitled ,cromwell4 ,this play was the successor of another by the same dramatist1 namely1 ,charles ,i1 in which ,irving played the part of the ,king1 and confirmed the reputation he had made in ,the ,bells4 ,a bargain had been struck that if ,charles ,i succeeded1 ,wills should write ,cromwell for ,mr4 ,coleman4 ,charles ,i proved a great success at the ,lyceum1 but ,cromwell was a comparative failure at the ,queen's4 ,i come now to the reason of ,mr4 ,coleman's request for a waxen model of the ,king4 ,he said he wanted it to repose in the coffin on the stage to stimulate the imagination of the actor1 ,mr4 ,rignold1 when rendering the long oration delivered by ,cromwell in the presence of the dead monarch4 ,the model was furnished with every detail1 even to the clothing in which the body was attired4 ,i was afterwards told that only the manager1 the actor1 and my father were aware of the realistic plan that had been devised to accentuate an actor's eloquence4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvi ,literary sitters--,george ,r4 ,sims's impromptu--,his ordeal in the ,chamber of ,horrors--,george ,augustus ,sala's masterpiece4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,sims was a cheery1 entertaining sitter2 not1 perhaps1 what most artists would consider a helpful one4 ,his active mind busied itself with every object of interest around him4 ,he would know all about them1 and tell each off with some droll quip or whimsical jest4 ,i have spent many a bright hour with 8,dagonet0--yes1 even including those spent with him in the ,chamber of ,horrors4 ,i once chanced to have a book of his 7the ,dagonet ,ballads7 in my hand when he came into my studio1 and ,i asked him to sign his name in it4 ,without a moment's hesitation he wrote3 ,,dear ,,tussaud1 ,i'm a model man4 ,you're a modeller4 ,yours truly1 ,g4 ,r4 ,,sims4 ,soon after we had decided to add ,mr4 ,sims's figure to the ,exhibition1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,sala happened to meet him1 and questioned him as to the sensations he experienced in picturing himself as a waxen celebrity4 8,i feel very frightened indeed10 he promptly replied1 8and more than that1 exceedingly sorry that ,i ever promised to become a waxwork1 for ,i have been told since that if the public grow weary of your presence1 or the ,tussauds get offended with you1 they melt you down1 and build up a more popular fellow out of your dripping4 ,nasty idea1 very60 ,mrs4 ,sala said it certainly was a very nasty idea2 but if there were any truth in the melting-down story1 ,g4 ,r4 could enjoy the satisfaction of thinking that he might have arisen in his waxen grandeur from the 8dripping0 of someone less popular than himself4 ,mr4 ,sims said that so long as the public only stuck pins into him1 or stamped on his toes1 he did not mind2 but he should feel it very much if they were to bang him about the head with an umbrella1 or take him by the collar and shake him4 ,it must have been in the early winter of the year #ahia1 while ,i was modelling him1 that ,mr4 ,sims had the following interesting and somewhat unpleasant experience1 which he himself describes4 ,he says3 8,i have been penetrating the secrets of ,tussaud's lately1 and had a specially quiet half-hour alone with the murderers in the ,chamber of ,horrors1 just to see what it was like4 8,the idea came to me one night when ,i had been sitting late to ,mr4 ,john ,tussaud4 ,i wanted to see what it would feel like to be all alone with those awful people with only one dim jet of gas lighting up their fearful features4 8,after the door was shut ,i walked about and whistled1 and stared defiantly at ,william ,corder and ,james ,bloomfield ,rush1 and even went so far as to address ,m4 ,eyraud in ,french4 ,but wandering about in the semi-darkness ,i stumbled and fell1 and when ,i got up and looked around me ,i found ,i was in ,mrs4 ,pearcey's kitchen4 8,then ,i made one wild rush at the closed door1 and hammered at it until the kindly watchman came and let me out4 ,i never want to be shut up alone at night in the ,chamber of ,horrors again as long as ,i live40 ,humorously describing my studios at the time1 ,mr4 ,sims says3 8,at ,madame ,tussaud's ,i am at present in rather a curious condition4 ,there is a good deal of the ,thames mystery about me4 ,it is not given to every man to see his legs in one room1 his hands hanging up in another1 and his head on a shelf1 looking about anxiously for his body4 8,i can't say ,i quite like looking at my head on a shelf4 ,it suggests decapitation and ,madame de ,lamballe's head on a pike as ,louis caught sight of it when the mob held it up at the window4 8,but ,i am assured that ,i shall be put together next week1 and that my limbs will once more be found together as ,nature intended they should be4 8,i don't know what that ,scotch sixpenny which refers to me in highly uncomplimentary terms about seven times in every column will say1 but the exigencies of space at the ,marylebone ,museum have compelled the management to put me next to ,lord ,tennyson4 ,i am sure that this will be such a shock to my modesty that ,i shall go hot and melt the very first day that the weather is at all warm4 8,fortunately1 ,i shall have a brother journalist to support me and keep me in countenance1 for while ,lord ,tennyson is seated writing poetry in his study1 ,mr4 ,george ,augustus ,sala in his study sits next door to him1 dashing off one of his brilliant leaders for the ,daily ,telegraph4 ,it is in a study built up on the other side of ,lord ,tennyson that the visitor to ,madame ,tussaud's will at an early date find himself face to face with #8,dagonet4'0 ,there ,george ,r4 ,sims has been seated ever since4 ,twenty-eight years ago6 ,time has wrought many changes1 but during the whole of that period ,i have uninterruptedly enjoyed ,mr4 ,sims's valued friendship4 ,illustration3 ,,george ,,augustus ,,sala ,the bust of the eminent journalist1 first exhibited at the ,royal ,academy1 ,london1 in #ahij1 by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud4 ,george ,augustus ,sala sat to me about the same time1 and a very good sitter he was4 ,the celebrated journalist lived in a flat at ,victoria ,street1 ,westminster1 where ,i called on him1 and ,i remember his saying to me with pride3 8,i'm taking up modern ,greek in my sixtieth year4 ,what do you think ,i am reading8 ,i am reading an excellent account in ,greek of the ,stanfield ,hall murder40 ,during the autumn of #ahhi ,i had seen a good deal of ,mr4 ,sala1 for we were at that time discussing the details for the rewriting of our ,exhibition ,catalogue4 ,he had always taken a great interest in ,madame ,tussaud's1 and1 like many other literary men1 had found it useful as a place of reference on matters of portraiture and costume4 ,he entered upon the scheme for producing a better and larger ,catalogue with great enthusiasm1 but ,i soon discovered that the work was hardly likely to receive that equable treatment necessary for a book of the kind4 ,there were certain subjects his mind positively ran riot on1 while others scarcely aroused the slightest interest4 ,marie ,antoinette and ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 stirred his imagination most of all1 and to the ill-fated ,queen of ,louis ,,xvi he reverted so often that it seemed the book was likely to be over-weighted with matter dealing with her sad career1 to the exclusion of so much else of vital importance to our handbook4 ,whenever he stood in front of the decapitated head of ,marie ,antoinette he always contemplated it in silence--and invariably passed from it without making any remark1 as if it were a subject too sad for ordinary comment4 8,i have done the ,marie ,antoinette biography10 greeted me long before the work had been definitely agreed upon1 and six or seven pages of essay were pressed into my hands as an accomplished undertaking that positively left no room for further consideration4 ,this matter was printed in full in our ,catalogue1 and remained there until the difficulty in procuring paper during the war necessitated its temporary elimination4 ,it is1 perhaps1 the best thing1 from a purely literary point of view1 that ,sala ever wrote4 ,it is reprinted as the following chapter4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvii ,g4 ,a4 ,,sala ,,on ,,marie ,,antoinette ,the ,royal ,family--,the ,queen--,her 8trial10 condemnation and death--,the ,sansons--,sala's impressions4 ,illustration3 ,,george ,,augustus ,,sala ,from a photograph4 ,there are some stories so dreadful in the immensity of human misery which they reveal--there are some tragedies of which the catastrophe is one of such unmitigated horror1 that the reader who has general impressions of what will be the end of the dismal tale1 but who is unfamiliar with its particular circumstances1 is unable to follow1 without some kind of impatience1 the opening scenes of the drama4 ,he has continually in his mind's eye the awful falling of the curtain on anguish and despair and death4 ,half unconsciously he hastens on in his perusal1 and slurs over minor episodes and seemingly trifling facts1 forgetting that these are subsidiary and auxiliary to the terrible consummation which he so anxiously awaits4 8,toutes choses meuvent vers leur fin10 ,rabelais has said2 but the little things--the slender fibres of a story--are gathered up as it proceeds1 into bundles2 and1 acquiring importance from consolidation1 are ultimately merged in the final and tremendous whole4 ,thus there have been many records of human life and action1 now real1 now artificial1 in reading which we have to encounter an almost uncontrollable impulse to turn to the end1 and ascertain whether that of which we have had1 at the beginning1 a vague forecast1 will really come to pass4 ,who1 if he will only have the candour to acknowledge it1 has not had to struggle with such an impulse in reading1 say1 the ,electra of ,sophocles1 the ,faust of ,goethe1 and the ,bride of ,lammermoor of ,scott8--three of the most perfectly tragic dramas1 ,i take it1 ever fashioned by the hand of mortal genius4 ,and so it is with numerous tragedies of superhuman structure and ordinance4 ,in both cases we pant for the last scene of all1 which is to end the strange eventful history4 ,what will be the fate of ,aegisthus1 and the doom of ,clytemnestra8 ,who1 if anyone1 will rescue ,gretchen from a shameful death8 ,how will ,edgar ,ravenswood bear his immeasurable sorrow8 ,these are the problems which agitate us in the study of fiction1 and irresistibly impel us to hasten from the prologue to the epilogue--from the exordium to the peroration4 ,and to speed as quickly is usually our desire when we are confronted with the tragedies of history1 or with the vouched-for chronicles of human passion and crime4 ,throw down on the floor ,clarendon's ,history of the ,rebellion1 it has been said1 and the volume will open1 automatically1 at the page where the execution of ,charles ,i is described4 ,try to concentrate your thoughts on the history of ,marie ,stuart2 and1 coldly1 clearly1 sternly distinct in the midst of a whirligig of scenes and events--the ,louvre1 ,holyrood1 the ,kirk of ,field1 ,lochleven and what not--there stands out the image of the ,hall at ,fotheringay1 the black scaffold1 the block1 the masked headsman2 the ,dean of ,peterborough drearily homilising1 and the ,puritan ,earl of ,kent ranting2 while the weeping tire-women disrobe the royal victim1 her little pet dog snuggling by her1 not without difficulty when the axe has fallen to be dislodged from the corse of the kind mistress he loved so well1 and who has been stricken down by cruel men1 he knows not why4 ,see this1 as ,i see it4 ,it is my purpose to write something on the eventful life and dreadful ending of ,queen ,marie ,antoinette4 ,i try1 when ,i remember the sunshine of her early days--her youth1 her beauty1 her grace--to put myself in a cheerful frame of mind4 ,i wish to look1 at least for a little while1 on the bright side of a career which began so splendidly and so happily4 ,i would fain picture to myself the daughter of ,maria ,theresa1 as ,edmund ,burke saw her at ,versailles--smiling1 radiant1 adored4 ,i would fain hear the clash of the thirty thousand swords which should have leaped from their scabbards to avenge the slightest affront to the peerless consort of the ,king of ,france and ,navarre4 ,i take from my shelves the ,journal de ,madame ,eloff--the ledger containing the milliner and dressmaker's bills of a perhaps too extravagant young ,queen--an endless catalogue of taffetas and satins1 gauze and ribbons1 high-heeled shoes and embroidered gloves1 scent-bottles1 reticules1 feathers1 artificial flowers and fans4 ,from an old ,boule cabinet ,i lift tenderly a dainty little coffee-cup of ,svres egg-shell porcelain1 adorned with an exquisite miniature of her1 painted when she had only been two years the wife of the hapless ,louis4 ,the cup is half embedded in a setting of velvet bleu du ,roi2 and1 alas6 when ,i draw the ceramic gem delicately from the case ,i see that the cup has no handle4 ,a maimed relic1 this porcelain trifle1 possibly of a priceless breakfast set1 wantonly shattered by a howling mob of poissardes and red night-capped 8patriots0 who had sacked one of the ,royal ,palaces4 ,a crowd of memories are conjured up by this morsel of dismembered ,svres4 ,i see1 as in a glass darkly1 the ,galerie des ,glaces and the il-de-,boeuf at ,versailles4 ,i see the toy ,dairy at the ,petit ,trianon2 the banquet of the ,gardes du ,corps in the ,great ,theatre of the ,palace2 the ,king and ,queen3 the ,royal ,princesses circulating among the guests and distributing white cockades among them2 while the musicians make the hall resound with the strains of 8,oh1 ,richard6 ,oh1 mon ,roi60 ,no1 surely1 the age of ,chivalry is not past1 and thrice ten thousand glaives will leap into the light to vindicate the outraged ,majesty of ,france4 ,there's no such thing6 ,a confused picture--a panorama all torn to shreds and splashed with mud and flecked with blood flows before me4 ,the ,etats ,genraux have wed3 the nobility sparkling in velvet and plumes and golden broideries2 the clergy brave in copes and mitres and point lace3 the 8,tiers ,etat10 all in sombre black1 short-cloaked1 slouch-hatted1 grave1 preoccupied1 looking unutterable things4 ,among them looms1 very real and portentous indeed1 a thick-set1 pock-marked man1 with an eye of fire4 ,this is ,honore ,gabriel ,riquetti1 rightly ,comte de ,mirabeau1 but who has broken with his order1 and styling himself 8,mirabeau ,marchand de ,draps0--a retail clothier from ,marseilles1 forsooth6 of about forty-eight hours' commercial standing--stalks among country notaries and shopkeepers1 farmers and shopkeepers as a ,deputy of the ,third ,estate4 ,but all these fade away from my field of vision4 ,i set to studying and balancing my rambling thoughts4 ,i have to deal with ,marie ,antoinette1 ,josephe-,jeanne de ,lorraine1 wife of ,louis ,,xvi1 and who was born1 you will remember1 at ,vienna1 on the #bnd of ,november1 #agee1 the very day of that earthquake at ,lisbon in the occurrence of which ,dr4 ,johnson for a long time so resolutely refused to believe4 ,would the doctor1 ,i wonder1 had he lived in #agic1 have declined to place credence in a newspaper report of what is now to be narrated--an upheaval more dreadful and disastrous than any physical convulsion of the earth's crust8 ,the tattered1 muddy1 gory panorama fades into a murky nothingness4 ,then1 out of the ,valley of ,shadows there arises1 terribly distinct and substantial1 ,,this-- ,it is a raw1 chilly1 marrow-searching day in the month of ,october1 #agic4 ,a spacious hall1 known in this new and blessed era of ,universal ,regeneration1 and ,unlimited ,throat-,cutting1 as the ,salle de la ,libert1 in the ,palais de ,justice1 hard by the prison of the ,conciergerie1 has been swept and garnished for the trial of the discrowned and desolate widow of 8,louis ,capet10 murdered on the scaffold in the ,place de la ,rvolution last ,january4 ,in a dark and filthy dungeon of that same ,conciergerie ,marie ,antoinette has been immured since ,august4 ,the walls of the ,salle de la ,libert have been newly whitewashed--no voluptuous frescoes or oil painting in this abode of ,republican simplicity1 if you please3 only patriotic lime-whiting and democratic glue--and the almost blinding glare of the stark walls brings out in strong relief the dark green canopy suspended over the heads of the ,judges of the ,revolutionary ,tribunal1 who are five in number1 the ,president being one1 ,hermann4 ,above this precious conclave are the busts of ,brutus--save the mark6--and two recent ,revolutionary notorieties3 the infamous ,marat1 deservedly done to death by ,charlotte ,corday and the member of the ,convention1 ,lepelletier de ,st4 ,fargeau1 who had voted for the death sentence on ,louis ,,xvi1 and who immediately afterwards was stabbed to death by an ex-,garde du ,corps in an eating house in the ,palais ,national--once ,palais ,royal4 ,the busts are crowned with scarlet caps of liberty1 adorned with monstrous tri-coloured cockades1 and are flanked by two huge oil lamps4 ,there will be need of the lamps2 for the deliberation of the tribunal will probably last far into the night4 ,the judges sit at a long table which1 although shabby1 is somewhat pretentious in its upholstering1 since the legs are of mahogany1 and fluted1 and the brazen feet are fashioned in the shape of griffin's claws1 and exhibit some traces of bygone gilding4 ,this table is yet extant1 and forms part of the furniture of the ,court of ,cassation1 which at present holds its sittings in the old ,salle de la ,libert4 ,the ,public ,accuser has his place in front of the ,president2 the jury--yes1 this monstrous tribunal has a jury6--is to the left of the judges2 and to the right is the desk of the ,counsel for the defence4 ,behind him is the seat for the prisoners4 ,a breast-high balustrade separates the ,court from the space set apart for the public1 which is ample enough1 and is thronged1 this dreary ,october morning1 by a motley crew of sans culottes1 mechanics1 lamplighters1 bargemen and coarse1 loud-voiced women from the markets1 some of them known as 8,tricoteuses0 and 8,furies of the ,guillotine40 ,between the balustrade and the body of the ,court runs a long gangway1 at one extremity of which is a door1 communicating by means of a narrow staircase with the ,gaol of the ,conciergerie4 ,up this staircase and through this door1 and along this gangway1 and so through an opening of the balustrade into the criminal dock1 there is brought1 between two gendarmes1 a woman of middle age1 with abundant hair which has turned quite grey lately1 and features which retain a few--a very few--traces of former comeliness4 ,she is barely eight-and-thirty1 and she looks full fifty4 ,she is miserably clad in an old1 patched1 threadbare gown of black serge1 which has been mended for her innumerable times by a compassionate girl named ,rosalie1 the daughter of the gaoler4 ,her shoes are old1 full of holes1 and down at heel4 ,she wears black cotton stockings1 and about her shoulders is arranged a kind of tippet1 or pelrine1 of frayed white muslin4 ,as yet she wears no cap2 and her long tresses have been carefully dressed and oiled this morning by the pitying ,rosalie4 ,obviously1 she is in mourning for her husband1 sometime ,king of ,france and ,navarre2 but the ,revolutionary ,tribunal knows nothing of such titles1 and in the ,act of ,accusation1 which is read in a monotonous sing-song by the ,greffier1 the prisoner is arraigned as 8,marie ,antoinette1 of ,austria and ,lorraine1 widow of ,louis ,capet40 ,the indictment goes on to say that the widow ,capet has by her crimes rendered herself the worthy compeer of ,brunhaut1 ,fredegonde1 and ,catherine de ,medicis2 that since she has had her abode in ,france she has been the scourge and bloodsucker of her adopted country2 and that even before 8the ,happy ,revolution which gave the ,french their sovereignty0 she entered into political correspondence with 8the man calling himself ,king of ,bohemia and ,hungary0--this is the ,emperor of ,austria her brother--that1 in conjunction with the brothers of ,louis ,capet1 and 8the execrable and infamous ,calonne0 she had squandered the resources of ,france 7the fruit of the sweat of the people7 in a dreadful manner1 8to satisfy inordinate pleasures and to pay the agents of her criminal intrigues40 ,in another count of the indictment she is charged with being 8an adept in all sorts of crimes40 ,one of these 8crimes0 is1 that on the evening of the famous banquet to the ,garde du ,corps1 and the ,regiment de ,flanders1 in the ,opera ,house at ,versailles1 she1 with the ,king and a numerous and brilliant following1 had passed between the lines of tables1 distributing white cockades to the officers and encouraging them to trample the national or tri-coloured cockade under foot4 8,prisoner10 thunders the ,president1 8were you there when the band played the air1 #8,oh1 ,richard1 oh mon ,roi'80 8,i do not recollect10 replies the ,queen4 8,were you there when the toast of #8,the ,nation' was proposed and refused80 8,i do not think that ,i was40 8,did not your husband read his speech to the representatives to you half-an-hour before he delivered it80 8,my husband had great confidence in me1 and that made him read his speech to me2 but ,i made no observations40 ,fancy cutting a poor woman's head off because her husband read her a speech which he was about to deliver in public6 ,does ,mr4 ,gladstone1 does ,lord ,randolph ,churchill1 does ,sir ,william ,harcourt1 ,i wonder1 ever favour the domestic circle with such 8fore-lectures0 as ,dr4 ,furnival might call them8 ,a remarkable witness against ,marie ,antoinette is a ruffian named ,roussillon1 who deposes that on the fatal ,tenth of ,august when the ,tuileries was stormed by the mob1 he saw under the ,queen's bed a number of empty wine-bottles1 8from which10 adds ,roussillon1 8,i concluded that she had herself distributed wine to the ,swiss soldiers1 that these wretches in their intoxication might assassinate the people40 ,another witness testifies that among the effects of the ex-,queen found at the prison of the ,temple was a satin riband bearing the gilt image of a ,heart with the inscription 8,cor ,jesu miserere nobis40 ,other testimony is to the effect that while the ,queen and the children were incarcerated in the ,temple1 after the execution of ,louis1 the poor little ,dauphin was placed at the top of the table by his mother1 and was served first2 thus justifying the inference that she ignored the ,republic1 ,one and ,indivisible1 and recognised her young son as ,louis ,,xvii1 and the successor of his murdered sire4 ,another charge1 an abominable charge1 and one so monstrous as to make it scarcely credible that it should be launched against a woman and a mother1 is that she had systematically sought to corrupt the mind of the poor young prince4 ,to this horrible allegation she makes at first no answer4 ,at length1 when the charge is repeated1 she is moved to noble indignation1 and exclaims3 ,you accuse me of an impossibility3 8,j'en appelle toutes les mres40 ,i appeal to all mothers4 ,but the instinct of maternity seems to be dead in all that hall of blood1 and the beldames in the public tribunes only yell and gibe at her4 ,less revolting1 but equally preposterous1 is the evidence of one ,rene ,mullet1 a chambermaid who has been in service at ,versailles1 and this hussey swears that one day1 8in a moment of good humour10 she asked the ci-devant ,duc de ,coigny whether the ,emperor still continued to wage war against the ,turks2 as in that case ,france would soon be ruined1 the ,queen having sent her brother no less than two hundred millions of livres1 wherewith to carry on hostilities4 ,to this1 according to the gossiping waiting woman1 the ,duke made answer3 8,thou art right enough4 ,two hundred millions have already been spent1 and we are not at the end of it yet40 ,it is on such evidence as this--evidence not heavy enough to detach a feather from a pigeon's wing1 not convincing enough to prove a forty shilling debt1 the wretched ,marie ,antoinette is at length convicted4 ,the ,president sums up1 furiously1 against her4 ,the advocates who defend her1 ,chauveau and ,tronon-,ducoudray have little to say1 to the point1 and can only feebly plead for clemency to be extended to her2 and the jury1 after deliberating for fifty-five minutes1 return a verdict affirming all the charges submitted to them4 ,hermann calls on the accused to declare whether she has any objection to make to the sentence of the law demanded by the ,public ,accuser4 ,marie ,antoinette bows her head in token of a negative4 ,then the tribunal1 putting their bloodthirsty heads together for a few minutes1 condemn ,marie ,antoinette of ,austria and ,lorraine1 widow of ,louis ,capet to the punishment of ,death1 8and the confiscation of all her property for the benefit of the ,republic1 the sentence to be executed in the ,square of the ,revolution40 ,the confiscation of all her property6 ,when she was dead1 an inventory was taken of the few rags which she had left behind her in her cell in the ,conciergerie1 and they were appraised at the magnificent sum of nine livres1 about seven and sixpence sterling4 ,nine livres all told6 ,in the second year of her marriage it was computed that the roll and butter served every morning to each of her ladies of honour1 cost two thousand livres1 or eighty pounds a year2 and five thousand livres was the annual charge for the bouillon1 or beef-tea1 kept hot by day and by night for ,madame ,royale1 who was a weakly child4 ,during the earlier portion of her imprisonment the unhappy ,queen had been supplied with body linen by the compassionate care of the ,marchioness of ,stafford1 the wife of the ,british ,ambassador in ,paris1 but there was no kindly ,ambassadress to succour her in her last and darkest days1 and the only hand held forth in pity to this forlorn daughter of the ,csars was that of a gaoler's daughter4 ,it was half past four on the morning of the sixteenth of ,october when this infernal tribunal adjourned1 and the ,queen was conducted back to her prison4 ,throughout the whole of her trial she had not ceased to maintain a calm countenance2 but at times she seemed to be giving way to a feeling of sheer weary listlessness1 and moved her fingers on the bar of the dock before her1 as though she was playing on the harpsichord ,when she heard the sentence pronounced1 her features did not shew the slightest alteration2 and she walked from the hall erect and seemingly unmoved1 gendarmes with drawn swords before and behind her1 and the beldames of the fish-market and the rag-shops cursing and shrieking at her1 just as you may see them in ,paul ,delaroche's noble picture4 ,so they took her back to a dungeon twelve feet long1 eight feet broad1 four feet underground1 with a grated window on a level with the pavement4 ,into this wretched hole some scraps of the coarsest food were brought her2 but she was left under the incessant supervision of a female prisoner and two soldiers4 ,it is said that she snatched a little sleep4 ,on waking she asked one of the gendarmes who had been present at the trial whether she had replied 8with too much dignity0 to the question put to her4 8,i ask10 she added1 8because ,i overheard a woman say1 ,see how haughty she still is40 ,the woman who could have made such an observation must have been one of the hags that ,delaroche has painted4 ,at seven o'clock in the morning1 the entire garrison of ,paris was under arms4 ,cannon were placed in all the public places2 and at the foot of every bridge from the ,quay of the ,conciergerie to the ,place de la ,rvolution1 that magnificent area between the gardens of the ,tuileries1 originally called the ,place ,louis ,,xv1 and now know as the ,place de la ,concorde4 ,at half-past eleven ,marie ,antoinette1 dressed in a white linen dshabille1 was brought out from the prison4 ,as though she had been the commonest of malefactors she was made to mount the charette1 or open cart1 the appointed tumbril of infamy4 ,at least the murderers of her husband had had the decency to allow him the 8luxury0 of a hackney coach1 when he was taken from the ,temple to the scaffold4 ,her hair had been cut short ere she left the gaol1 and what remained of her formerly luxuriant tresses was tucked under a white mob-cap4 ,her hands were tied behind her back4 ,of the ,queen in this deplorable plight there exists a very beautiful statue executed by ,lord ,ronald ,gower4 ,on the right1 in the tumbril1 was seated ,sanson1 the executioner1 and on the left a 8constitutional0 priest1 that is to say1 one who had taken the oath of fealty to the ,republic4 ,to the ministrations of this 8patriotic0 cleric1 who was dressed in light grey coat and a bob-wig1 ,marie ,antoinette had in the first instance declined to listen2 but she occasionally spoke to him on her way to the fatal ,place de la ,rvolution4 ,an immense mob1 in which women were revoltingly numerous1 crowded the streets throughout the entire line of route insulting the ,queen and vociferating 8,long live the ,republic60 ,she seldom cast her eyes on the populace1 but from time to time looked with some curiosity on the prodigious military force surrounding the cart4 ,otherwise her attitude throughout this last dismal pilgrimage was one of half torpid indifference4 ,as the cart traversed the ,rue ,st4 ,honor1 the numbed faculties of the ,queen seemed momentarily to revive2 and she examined with some attention the multitudinous inscriptions of 8,liberty0 and 8,equality0 over the shop-fronts4 ,it was as the vehicle turned the corner of the ,rue ,st4 ,honor into that which is now the ,rue ,royale that the famous painter1 ,david1 who1 during the ,reign of ,terror1 was a furious ,jacobin and a friend of ,robespierre1 but who was destined to become a ,baron of the ,empire1 and to paint the ,coronation of ,napoleon at ,notre ,dame1 was able from the balcony which he occupied in company with the wife of a member of the ,convention to make a sketch of ,marie ,antoinette4 ,the drawing has come down to us4 ,the features of the ,martyr ,queen are sharp and pinched1 exhibiting no traces whatever of former comeliness1 and she looks fifty years of age4 ,it may here be mentioned that the illustrious and pure-minded ,english sculptor1 ,john ,flaxman1 when he visited ,paris1 after the ,peace of ,amiens1 resolutely refused to meet the artist who made the last sketch of ,marie ,antoinette1 and always spoke of him disdainfully as 8,david of the bloodstained brush40 ,the historians are divided in opinion as to the demeanor of ,marie ,antoinette on the scaffold4 ,some say that she laid herself down on the fatal plank with calm deliberation1 and met her death with noble fortitude1 recalling ,andrew ,marvell's superb lines on the execution of ,charles ,i3-- ,and while the armd bands ,did clap their bloody hands1 ,he nothing common did1 nor mean1 ,upon that memorable scene2 ,nor called the gods1 in vulgar spite1 ,to vindicate his helpless might2 ,but1 with his keener eye ,the axe's edge did try2 ,then bowed his comely head ,down1 as upon a bed4 ,others narrate that the ,queen ascended the steps of the scaffold in great haste1 and with apparent impatience1 and turned her eyes with much emotion towards the ,palace of the ,tuileries1 the scene of her former greatness1 and that she made some slight resistance before submitting to the executioner4 ,my own impression is that she was two-thirds dead--that the rigor mortis was upon her before she reached the scaffold2 that she was lifted out of the cart and half carried to the guillotine1 and that she did not give the headsman and his assistants the slightest trouble4 ,it is1 at all events1 certain that at half past twelve her head was severed from her body4 ,one of the valets du bourreau1 or executioner's men1 lifted and showed the head streaming with blood1 from the four quarters of the scaffold1 the mob meanwhile screeching 8,vive la ,rpublique60 and it is asserted that a young man who dipped his handkerchief in the blood1 and pressed it with veneration to his heart1 was instantly apprehended4 ,the corpse of ,marie ,antoinette was immediately flung into a pit filled with quicklime1 in the graveyard of the ,madeleine where the remains of her husband had also been interred4 ,at the ,restoration in #ahad1 diligent search was made for the ashes of the ,king and ,queen in the cemetery1 on the site of which was subsequently erected an ,expiatory ,chapel4 ,some half calcined bones and a few scraps of cloth and linen were found2 and these last having been identified by experts as having been part of the apparel of ,louis ,,xvi and ,marie ,antoinette1 the relics with a considerable quantity of the surrounding earth1 were inhumed with much pomp and solemnity1 in the ,royal ,vault of the ,cathedral of ,st4 ,denis4 ,touching the executioner1 it may be expedient to record that ,marie ,antoinette was guillotined1 not by ,charles ,henri ,sanson1 who beheaded ,louis ,,xvi1 but by his son1 ,henri1 who died in ,paris in #ahdj1 aged seventy-three4 ,the elder ,sanson died only a few weeks after he had executed ,louis1 and the ,royalist historians maintain that his death was hastened by remorse for the deed which he had been constrained to commit1 and that in his will he bequeathed a considerable sum for the celebration of an annual ,expiatory ,mass4 ,but this is very doubtful4 ,it has been shown1 however1 without the possibility of doubt1 that the ,sanson family were of ,florentine origin1 and that the ancestors of ,charles ,henri and of ,henri ,sanson came to ,france in the train of ,catherine de ,medicis4 ,for two hundred years1 without intermission1 had members of this gloomy historic family been executioners in ordinary to the city of ,paris4 ,in addition to ,marie ,antoinette1 the younger ,sanson decapitated the ,queen's sister-in-law1 ,madame ,elisabeth1 and the eloquent advocate1 ,malesherbes1 who undertook the defence of ,louise ,,xvi4 ,he likewise beheaded the ,duke of ,orlans 7,philippe galit71 and last1 but not least1 ,maximilien ,robespierre4 ,the so-called ,memoirs of the ,sanson ,family are more than half suspected to be mainly apocryphal1 and to have been written by one ,d',olbreuse1 a bookseller's hack2 and1 according to a writer in the ,paris ,temps1 in #ahge the last of the ,sansons was a remarkably mild1 flaccid and stupid old gentleman1 who was certainly incapable of writing any 8,memoirs0 whatever1 since his own memory was hopelessly decayed1 and whose circumstances in his old age became so embarrassed that he was arrested for debt1 and confined in the prison of ,clichy1 whence he only procured his enlargement by pawning the guillotine itself for #d1jjj francs6 ,shortly after the conclusion of this singular transaction1 a murderer had to be executed1 and the usual instructions were issued by the ,procureur ,general to ,henri ,sanson1 to have his death dealing apparatus ready on a certain morning in the ,place de la ,roquette4 ,it then became necessary to explain to the authorities that the fatal machine was practically in the custody of ,my ,uncle4 ,justice1 however1 had to be satisfied1 and the murderer's head was duly cut off on the appointed morning2 but simultaneously with the signature of the ,minister of ,justice of a draft for #d1jjj francs to release the hypothecated guillotine1 there was issued an order dismissing ,sanson from his post4 ,and ,marie ,antoinette8 ,i have drawn her picture as faithfully as ,i could1 not without much toil and more perplexity for the memoirs of the period in which she lived and died absolutely bristle with falsehoods1 the inventions now of ,royalist and now of ,republican writers4 ,comparatively few are the facts concerning her which have been exactly ascertained and are altogether indisputable2 whereas the name of the unfounded assertions1 the insinuations1 the hypotheses1 and the downright lies1 is legion4 ,by some this most unhappy woman has been represented as an angel of goodness and purity1 a faithful spouse1 a fond parent1 a kind mistress1 and a most pious and charitable princess4 ,by others she has been depicted as a crafty1 unscrupulous and vindictive woman1 as perfidious as ,borgia and profligate as ,messalina4 ,this is no place in which to discuss at length a most intricate question1 all hedged about by obscurity1 uncertainties and mysteries which will1 perhaps1 never be solved4 ,at all events1 the story which ,i have told of her trial and her last moments is true4 ,for the rest1 both ,royalists and ,republicans agree that ,marie ,antoinette was born at ,vienna1 in #agee1 and was the daughter of ,francis of ,lorraine1 ,emperor of ,germany1 and of ,marie ,theresa of ,austria4 ,in ,may1 #aggj1 she married the ,dauphin ,louis1 who was grandson of ,louis ,,xv of ,france1 and who1 in #aggd1 ascended the ,french throne as ,louis ,,xvi4 ,it would not seem that ,marie ,antoinette was absolutely beautiful1 as beautiful1 say1 as ,queen ,louisa of ,prussia1 or as the ,empress ,eugene1 still there is a tolerably unanimous consensus of opinion that she was handsome1 lively1 amiable1 and thoroughly kind-hearted4 ,it is possible that she may have been a little thoughtless in her youth2 and the ledgers of ,madame ,eloffe certainly show that1 as regards her toilet1 ,marie ,antoinette was a most prodigal ,queen4 ,but is it a mortal sin in a young1 pretty and sprightly woman to spend a good deal of money on dress8 ,how many hundred dresses did our chaste ,queen ,elizabeth leave behind her1 in her wardrobe1 at her death8 ,it must be granted that when the dissensions of the ,revolution began1 ,marie ,antoinette was on the ,conservative side1 and that she tried her hardest to incline her husband to that side4 ,was it so very unnatural that she should do so8 ,her brother1 the ,emperor ,joseph1 used to say that 8,royalty was his trade02 and poor ,marie ,antoinette may have laboured under a similar persuasion4 ,but the times were very bad indeed for the 8trade0 of ,royalty1 and there arose a grim conviction among the working millions that the best way of mending matters was to dethrone1 plunder1 and murder their masters and mistresses4 ,the influence of ,marie ,antoinette in the councils of ,louis has been1 ,i should say1 considerably exaggerated by her enemies4 ,her husband1 naturally disposed to concession1 was by temper irresolute1 and he allowed himself to be led away by the course of events1 instead of striving to control and direct them4 ,there can be little doubt1 either1 that ,marie ,antoinette was one of the chief advisers of the flight of the ,king and ,royal ,family to ,varennes2 and that imprudent enterprise served1 even more fiercely1 to inflame the public animosity against herself and her husband4 ,but again1 ,i fail to see the criminality of this attempted escape4 ,the ,king and ,queen knew well enough that the ,revolutionists intended to deprive them of their crowns1 and1 in all probability1 of their lives1 they had no adequate armed force with which to resist the mob4 ,were they not justified in running away8 ,after the deposition of ,louis1 all the elements of grandeur in the character of ,marie ,antoinette began to manifest themselves4 ,she showed the greatest courage during the dastardly attacks made on the ,royal ,family2 and she appeared to be always more anxious for the safety of her husband and children than for her own4 ,she shared their captivity with noble resignation1 and her demeanour under the most trying circumstances never lost an iota of its dignity4 ,in the presence of her judges her fortitude never forsook her2 her burst of indignant maternal feeling overawed even the butchers who were perverting and burlesquing the law to bring her to the shambles2 and her behaviour in almost unparalleled misfortunes1 has won for her not only the pity and the sympathy1 but the reverent admiration of posterity4 ,,chapter ,,xxxviii ,more sitters--,mr4 ,john ,burns walks and talks--,we buy his only suit--,mr4 ,george ,bernard ,shaw has to work for his living--,general ,booth--,four leading suffragettes--,christabel's model 8speaks0--,the ,channel swimmer4 ,the most restless of all my sitters was the ,right ,honourable ,john ,burns1 when he was plain ,john ,burns4 ,i modelled him in the year #ahhi or #ahij1 at the time of the great ,dock ,strike4 ,mr4 ,burns was then throwing all his magnetic personality into the cause of the workers1 and he brought some of that magnetic personality into my studio4 ,only in a technical sense did he 8sit0 to me4 ,he was walking and talking all the time4 ,these were very turbulent days1 and ,mr4 ,burns had figured in the ,trafalgar ,square riots4 ,shipowners and shipbuilders--and everybody1 ,i imagine1 having more than #ejj a year--were the objects of his implacable distrust4 ,he was a younger and poorer man then4 ,mr4 ,burns wore the blue reefer suit which had survived the jostlings of many a crowd1 but he did not bring to my studio the famous straw hat of which so much was written in the ,press at that time4 ,when ,i spoke to him about the hat he rather fenced the question1 and to this day ,i believe that hat to be somewhere in ,mr4 ,burns's possession as a treasured souvenir of his stressful past4 ,i have never seen ,mr4 ,burns wearing any other kind of clothes than blue serge4 ,i struck a bargain with the dockers' champion that he should let me have the suit he was wearing with which to clothe his portrait in the ,exhibition1 and so complete the realism of the model4 ,mr4 ,burns demurred at first1 and then it appeared he had an extremely good reason for doing so4 ,it was the only suit he possessed1 and we agreed that ,i should have it as soon as ,i provided him with a new one to take its place on his own back4 ,mr4 ,burns told the story of this transaction in reply to an interrupter at a public meeting4 8,where did you get that suit80 asked the interrogator4 8,i got it10 said ,mr4 ,burns frankly1 8from ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,when my portrait was put in the ,exhibition you may1 or you may not1 have noticed that it was wearing my old suit4 ,as ,i had no other clothes the management gave me the suit ,i am wearing now1 and ,i hope you will agree that ,i made a pretty good bargain40 ,the audience cheered the speaker and booed the heckler4 ,mr4 ,burns's portrait has been brought up to date since then1 but it still wears the old reefer suit1 and the fact of this being out of the fashion and rather skimpy only adds to the effectiveness of the picture by recalling the working man the late ,sir ,henry ,campbell-,bannerman raised to ,cabinet rank4 ,they tell me ,mr4 ,burns is getting white1 but when ,i modelled him his hair was black and plentiful4 ,judy commemorated the suit incident in the following verse1 depicting ,burns making figure eights on the ice3 ',ave ye seen ,johnny ,burns ,strikin' figgers on the hice8 ',ave ye seen his twists and turns8-- ,sure1 an' can't he do it nice6 ,in his ,tussaud's suit of navy blue ',n' his famous old straw hat1 ,with his ,hacmes 'n' his knobstick too1 ,a reg'lar 'ristocrat6 ,a contrast to ,mr4 ,burns1 though possibly of similar socialistic opinions1 was ,mr4 ,george ,bernard ,shaw1 whom ,i long wanted to sit to me4 ,i had not made the acquaintance of the brilliant satirist1 and somehow hesitated about approaching him4 ,eventually ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,shaw making known my wish1 and1 without delay1 ,i received from him a good-humoured letter1 in which he said that it would give him much pleasure to 8join the company of the ,immortals40 ,a little later he wrote making an appointment1 and1 in due course1 ,mr4 ,shaw came to my studio and gave me a delightful hour of his company4 ,he took up his position on the dais in the most natural manner1 and there was nothing more for me to do than proceed with my modelling4 ,i do not know who was the more amused1 ,mr4 ,shaw or myself--,i by his sayings1 and he by the novelty of the situation4 ,he talked freely as ,i went on with my work1 and one thing among his many whimsical sayings ,i well remember3 8,i took to writing with the object of obtaining a living without having to work for it1 but ,i have long since realised that ,i made a great mistake40 ,as we walked through the ,exhibition he took a general interest in all he saw1 but it was the ,napoleonic relics that detained him1 as is generally the case with distinguished people4 ,i thought ,i detected a certain shyness about ,mr4 ,shaw in the ,chamber of ,horrors4 ,he was very reserved1 and surveyed the faces of degenerate men and women without offering any criticism4 ,i remember that the crafty1 and yet not wholly repulsive1 face of ,charles ,peace engaged ,mr4 ,shaw's attention several minutes4 ,i have no knowledge whether ,mr4 ,shaw ever called to see his portrait4 ,it is quite likely that he did1 and it is no less likely that his visit passed unobserved4 ,it was inevitable that so prominent a figure in the religious world as the late ,general ,booth should find a place in ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition4 ,i went to see the ,general at the instance of some of his friends1 who thought that the portrait of him already included would be all the better for being brought up to date4 ,i recollect being impressed by ,general ,booth's force of character as manifested alike in his manner and in his appearance4 ,he had a keen eye and classic aquiline features4 ,though he made no mention of the matter himself1 it was pretty plainly hinted to me that permission to include the ,general's portrait should be accompanied by some expression of gratitude on the part of the ,exhibition authorities 8for the good of the cause40 ,i also went to ,exeter ,hall to study the ,general's demeanour while addressing a large audience4 ,what ,i remember mostly about that visit was that a 8converted0 sailor mounted the platform and made a rambling speech4 ,so frank were the confessions of the artless tar that ,general ,booth found it necessary to bundle him unceremoniously off the platform1 to the great amusement of the congregation4 ,i was much interested in modelling a quartette of leading suffragettes1 ,mrs4 ,pankhurst1 ,mrs4 ,pethick ,lawrence1 ,miss ,christabel ,pankhurst1 and ,miss ,annie ,kenney4 ,the group is conspicuously shown in the ,grand ,hall to-day4 ,the ladies came separately1 several mornings1 and took as much interest as ,i did in the production of their portraits1 a process that was in no sense tedious1 as their conversation whiled away the time most pleasantly4 ,i very soon became aware that the suffragette on the political warpath is a very different woman from the suffragette in other circumstances4 ,none of them in the least degree frightened me or hectored me2 in fact1 political questions were discussed by them in the quietest1 most sensible1 and most intelligent manner1 giving me the impression then that the extension of the vote to women would not find such women unqualified to make reasonable use of the privilege so long withheld from them4 ,after the figures were added to the ,exhibition1 two of the four ladies very good-humouredly hinted to me that the portraits were not very flattering4 ,i remember the ladies in question coming to see the group1 and ,i promised ,i would make what alterations seemed possible and desirable4 ,as ,i have not heard from them since1 ,i gather that the likenesses have proved satisfactory4 ,months later1 after a batch of laughing damsels had left the building1 a paper disc1 bearing the words 8,votes for ,women10 was discovered fixed to a button on ,mr4 ,asquith's coat4 ,it was soon after the figures of the quartette had been placed in the ,exhibition that an incident occurred which comes to me through the medium of a ,fleet ,street artist in black and white attached to a well-known paper4 ,this gentleman had been instructed to attend a meeting some distance away from town for the purpose of taking some sketches of ,miss ,christabel ,pankhurst1 who was announced to speak4 ,having left things till the last moment1 he discovered1 to his dismay1 that he had missed his train1 and1 not knowing what to do1 he was bewailing his misfortune to a fellow artist1 when the latter slapped him on the back and said3 8,never mind1 old fellow1 you just go to ,tussaud's ,exhibition and take as many pictures of the fair ,christabel's figure as you like4 ,the model is a speaking likeness1 and you can take it from me that the sketches will be all right2 they will be quite as good as if drawn from life40 ,the advice was no sooner given than acted upon1 and the result1 ,i am told1 was most satisfactory4 ,another sitter was ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,burgess1 who came to my studio a few days after he swam the ,channel4 ,the burly ,yorkshireman laughed as he entered and remarked3 8,i am in pretty good training1 but ,i would rather swim the ,channel again than sit still for you1 ,mr4 ,tussaud4 ,however1 ,i will do the best ,i can40 ,he sold the clothes he took off before he entered the water1 and these clothes are worn by his portrait1 now in the ,exhibition4 ,he also parted with the goggles and indiarubber cap he had worn during his swim1 and the cup from which he took nourishment4 ,unfortunately one of ,burgess's too ardent 8admirers0 purloined his hero's cup from us4 ,illustration3 ,t4 ,w4 ,,burgess1 ,,the ,,channel ,,swimmer ,modeled from life by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud4 ,in common with many of the models in ,madame ,tussaud's1 this model is dressed in the subject's own clothing4 ,,chapter ,,xxxix ,bank ,holiday queues--,cup-tie day--,gentlemen from the north--,bachelor beanfeasts--,the ,member for ,oldham--,a scare4 ,the four regular ,bank ,holidays of the year are great occasions at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,on each of them the precincts of ,tussaud's show signs of activity long before the average ,londoner is astir4 ,the length of any of the queues has never been actually measured1 but it is no exaggeration to say that the people have frequently waited four and five deep in a line extending almost a quarter of a mile--from the doors of the ,exhibition to the gates of ,regent's ,park4 ,the crowd at these times consists mainly of ,londoners from all the outlying districts of the ,metropolis1 for ,madame ,tussaud's has always been in great favour as a holiday resort for the multitude4 ,parents also bring their children in great numbers1 and the holiday crowds continue to come for days after4 ,there is1 however1 at least one morning in the year when the portals of the ,exhibition are literally teeming with life while the citizens are slumbering in bed4 ,on ,easter ,monday1 ,whit-,monday1 the ,august ,bank ,holiday1 and even on ,boxing ,day1 holiday-makers may be seen at an early hour waiting in a queue1 yet no comparison may be made between these crowds and those of the ,cup-tie mornings ,i have witnessed at the ,exhibition4 ,this day brings into ,london tens of thousands of men and boys from the densely populated manufacturing towns and mining areas of ,lancashire1 ,yorkshire1 ,durham1 and ,northumberland4 ,these football enthusiasts arrive in the ,metropolis as early in the morning as two1 three1 and four o'clock on the day of the ,crystal ,palace carnival4 ,it has always seemed to me that ,madame ,tussaud's has received the lion's share of patronage during the long interval between the arrival of the cheap excursion trains at the great railway stations and the time when the ,cup-tie is played in the afternoon4 ,the attendance at these hours is extraordinary1 and the appearance of a house of entertainment in full swing so early in the morning has an indescribably weird and garish effect4 ,these north country patrons of ours take up position on the steps of the entrance1 and pass the time taking refreshments brought with them from their homes4 ,though weary with their journey1 they are always cheery and well-behaved1 and the way in which they banter each other in the broad accents of ,oldham1 ,manchester1 ,leeds1 ,bradford1 ,sheffield1 ,halifax1 ,newcastle1 etc41 has many a time afforded me a good deal of interest and diversion4 ,i have often stood on the broad open staircase and looked down upon the swarming hundreds in the entrance-hall and the refreshment rooms and it is a happy experience to dwell on that there has never been occasion to rebuke any of them for roughness or want of good behaviour4 ,it is peculiarly true of the country cousin1 so far as my experience of him goes1 that he never indulges in horse-play when he comes to ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,there is1 however1 one very striking contrast between the crowd on a ,bank ,holiday and that on a ,cup-tie day1 and this is due to the circumstances that the followers of football do not bring their women-folk or children with them on the occasion of these 8bachelor0 beanfeasts--a concession1 ,i presume1 made to their men by the wives and sweethearts of the north4 ,not by a long way do all these excursionists go to see the great football finals at the ,palace4 ,quite a large proportion1 taking advantage of the cheap fares1 come to see ,london and its many sights which the average ,londoner proverbially overlooks4 ,it has more than once been remarked by the ,exhibition attendants that many ,cup-tie visitors spend the greater part of the day at ,madame ,tussaud's1 lingering for hours among the relics of ,napoleon and the figures and exhibits of the ,chamber of ,horrors1 without having the slightest intention of venturing so far as to see the football contest played4 ,it is a mistake to imagine that the working classes of the north are ignorant of ,english history1 or not concerned with it2 and if that impression exists1 ,i should like to correct it4 ,i doubt whether any class takes a keener interest in the ,hall of ,kings1 or makes more use of the information provided by the ,catalogue4 ,the 8trippers10 8country cousins10 or whatever one likes to call them1 seldom pester the ,exhibition attendants with queries1 for what one does not know another does4 ,the ,catalogues are taken away for further perusal1 and one may often search the whole ,exhibition in vain the next morning for one that has been discarded4 ,all day long groups of ,cup-tie trippers stand about the ,sleeping ,beauty1 not only for her sake1 but also for the sake of ,madame ,tussaud1 whose figure stands at ,madame ,st4 ,amaranthe's head1 while at her feet sits ,william ,cobbett1 wearing his old beaver hat1 and holding in his hand the snuff-box which legend credits him with passing to visitors on some weird occasions4 ,men from ,oldham naturally show special interest in ,cobbett1 who was1 in his day1 ,member of ,parliament for that town4 ,cobbett sits on a red upholstered ottoman1 with room enough for two other persons1 and on a certain ,cup-tie day two travel-stained1 tired men sat down by him1 and1 noticing that he moved his head from side to side1 took him to be alive4 ,they addressed questions to him1 and jumped up very hurriedly as he jerked his head and looked blankly at them through his horn spectacles4 ,the only two figures in the ,exhibition that make any pretence of life are ,william ,cobbett and the ,sleeping ,beauty4 ,a wonderful self-made man was ,cobbett1 who began life as a living scarecrow1 armed with a shotgun1 in the employment of a farmer1 and1 after being1 among other things1 sergeant-major won a great reputation as a writer of ,english prose and attained the distinction of adding ,m4,p4 to his name in those days when ,parliamentary honours were less easily achieved than they are to-day4 ,to be sure1 the figures of statesmen have always interested ,cup-tie crowds1 for the provincial is much more of a politician than the ,londoner4 ,so also literary men like ,scott1 ,dickens1 ,tennyson1 ,burns1 and ,kipling come in for much attention2 more1 perhaps1 than portraits of the clergy4 ,sportsmen1 too1 such as ,w4 ,g4 ,grace1 ,fred ,archer1 and 8,tommy ,lipton0--the last-mentioned for his ,america ,cup performances--receive enough notice on ,cup-tie days to maintain a good average of appreciation for the year4 ,as on ,bank ,holidays1 so on ,cup-tie days1 there are always many more live than wax figures in the ,chamber of ,horrors from morning till night4 ,indeed1 ,i have seen the place so crowded that it was difficult to distinguish the effigies from the awestricken observers4 ,sometimes ,i have taken a walk round the ,exhibition after it was closed on the night of the ,cup-tie to see that all was right4 ,once ,i was called in haste to the ,chamber of ,horrors1 where a stranger had been found asleep in a dark corner4 ,after he had been roused and escorted outside1 the scared fellow made off as if he had had the hangman at his heels4 ,a return ticket from ,bolton was picked up where he had lain4 ,but the man from ,bolton had bolted1 and did not return to claim the ticket4 ,,chapter ,,xl ,the mysterious ,sun ,yat ,sen's visit--,his escape from the ,chinese ,legation--,the ,dargai tableau--,sir ,william ,treloar entertains his little friends4 ,once in its long history ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition opened on a ,sunday--not1 however1 to the general public4 ,the occasion was special and1 in a way1 mysterious4 ,it had to do with one of the most dramatic personalities of the ,chinese ,empire and ,republic4 ,a message reached me late on a ,saturday night that ,dr4 ,sun ,yat ,sen1 the first ,president of the ,chinese ,republic1 wished to visit the ,exhibition on the following ,sunday morning4 ,i was unable to receive him in person1 but arranged that an attendant should represent me4 ,the attendant knew nothing of the name of the visitor till he saw him looking at his own portrait and calling the attention of ,general ,homer ,lee--an ,american soldier holding high rank in the ,chinese ,army--who accompanied him1 to the dimple in the chin of the model by placing his finger smilingly on the dimple in his own chin4 ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,sun ,,yat ,,sen ,from a photograph4 ,this was in the year #aiaa1 and ,sun ,yat ,sen was passing through ,london on his way from ,america to take up his presidential duties4 ,his visit to the ,exhibition had been planned by ,dr4 7now ,sir ,james7 ,cantlie1 of ,harley ,street1 to whom ,sun ,yat ,sen owed--the greatest of all debts of gratitude--his life4 ,for it was this same ,sun ,yat ,sen who1 eleven years before1 was liberated through the exertions of ,dr4 ,cantlie from his prison in the ,chinese ,legation at ,portland ,place1 a few minutes' walk from ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,what would have happened to him but for the fact that ,dr4 ,cantlie's intervention resulted in ,sun ,yat ,sen's release through ,lord ,salisbury's representations to the ,chinese authorities can only be conjectured4 ,it was discovered at the time that a ship had been chartered in the ,thames for the removal of ,sun ,yat ,sen to ,china on a charge of treason against the ,emperor--the same ,emperor whose successor1 under a republican form of government1 ,sun ,yat ,sen was destined to be4 ,particulars were also disclosed regarding the manner of his incarceration at the ,chinese ,legation4 ,he was inveigled into the place by the lures of hospitality1 and1 once inside1 the officials relegated him to an apartment which they kept locked for many days4 ,it was only through ,sun ,yat ,sen's friendship with ,dr4 ,cantlie1 whose suspicions were aroused by 8inside0 information1 that the ,british authorities learned of ,sun ,yat ,sen's fate and took steps to have him set free4 ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,sun ,,yat ,,sen ,the wax model on view at ,madame ,tussaud's of the first ,president of the ,chinese ,republic4 ,when the hero of this adventure visited ,madame ,tussaud's on the ,sunday morning in question to see his model1 ,i wondered what his reason could be1 and asked myself whether it had anything to do with the adapting of his disguise1 while travelling from this country to ,china1 at a time when his life must have been in danger4 ,perhaps1 after all1 it was nothing more than the natural curiosity which attracts people whose portraits have been recently added to come and see them4 ,the ,eastern mind may not differ from the ,western in this very human respect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,touching and dramatic in the extreme was the incident which accompanied the unveiling of the tableau representing the ,gordon ,highlanders storming the ,heights of ,dargai4 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,mathias's words were on all lips at the time3 8,that position must be taken at any cost2 the ,gordon ,highlanders will take it40 ,mrs4 ,mathias was present with her son and daughter at the supper we gave to celebrate the event1 and a piper played 8,the ,cock of the ,north0 to recall the deed of the wounded piper who fired his comrades on to victory and was awarded the ,v4,c4 ,when his father's words were recited1 young ,mathias sprang to his feet and thrilled all present by saluting in true military fashion4 ,one of the brightest of red-letter days in ,madame ,tussaud's romantic story was the #bdth of ,january1 #aijg1 when ,sir ,william ,treloar1 8the children's ,mayor10 accompanied by several local ,mayors1 drove to the ,exhibition in all the panoply of civic state to give clat to the visit of fifteen hundred boys and girls of the poorest of the poor1 whom we made our guests4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,children',s ,,lord ,,mayor ,sir ,william ,treloar entertains his little friends at ,madame ,tussaud's1 #bdth ,january1 #aijg4 ,how richly the ,right ,honourable the ,lord ,mayor of ,london enjoyed himself on that occasion1 like the large-hearted man he is1 and how pre-eminently happy he was among the waifs and strays1 many of whom were cripples1 whose lives he has done so much to brighten6 ,sir ,john ,kirk1 of the ,ragged ,school ,union1 was also there1 beaming with joy among his little beneficiaries4 ,i remember ,sir ,william ,treloar pointing to his civic headgear and calling out to the children1 8,how do you like my ,dick ,turpin hat80 ,tea-tables were laid all among the figures1 and the picture produced in this way was both striking and amusing as the young people laughed and chatted by the side of the approving mutes4 ,perhaps the remark which seemed to create the greatest fun was when the ,lord ,mayor said he would like to see his ,sheriffs in the ,chamber of ,horrors4 ,it was very touching to observe the boys loyally and reverently take off their caps in front of the little alcove in which ,queen ,victoria sits1 as someone has said1 8signing despatches all day long40 ,at the close of the happy day the halls and corridors of the ,exhibition rang with the shrill treble of fifteen hundred young voices singing 8,for he's a jolly good fellow10 followed by 8,hip hip1 hooray2 the donkey's run away40 ,a tragedy happened that day not far away1 in ,westbourne ,grove1 which caused the gentlemen of the ,press who attended the function to leave the ,exhibition rather hurriedly4 ,news came of the murder of ,mr4 ,william ,whiteley1 the ,universal ,provider4 ,,chapter ,,xli ,a miscellany of humour--,our policeman--,the mysterious lantern--,the danger of old ,catalogues--,stories of children--,sir ,ernest ,shackleton's model4 ,many of our visitors will remember the model of the policeman which stands at the entrance to the main gallery in the ,exhibition4 ,hundreds--,i might say thousands--of visitors have been 8taken in0 by this lifelike officer1 who is the embodiment of a genial bobby prepared at any moment to show the way or tell the time4 ,the fame of this nameless policeman has extended to practically all the grown-ups who bring their children to see the figures1 and many times in the day we see laughing parents watching the nonplussed expression on the faces of their offspring whom they have prevailed upon to go and ask where a certain model is to be found4 ,immediately opposite is the figure of the programme-seller in somnolent mood1 who is frequently offered sixpence for a ,catalogue she cannot sell4 ,it is the would-be customer that is sold4 ,it is most amusing to observe how many adults are deceived who seem to pride themselves on their discernment4 ,for example1 on ,bank ,holidays it is customary to have a number of real live constables on duty to regulate the crowd and give directions4 ,bobby has a keen sense of humour1 and some of them1 entering into the spirit of the situation1 now and again stand stock-still in the most natural attitude they can command4 ,not once1 but frequently1 a visitor1 in passing with his friends1 has1 with an air of superior knowledge1 pushed the ferrule of his stick or umbrella into the supposed figure's side1 to be startled by the model's ejaculating1 8,now then1 young man1 enough of that40 ,there is a mystery which has never been cleared up1 and that is whether it was a policeman or a burglar who left a bull's-eye lantern in the ,exhibition studio2 but it is quite clear that the intruder1 whoever he was1 fled from the place in fright4 ,a portrait of the ,marquis of ,hartington had just been finished1 and left fully clothed and ready to be transferred to the ,exhibition4 ,by an oversight the door of the studio was left unfastened1 and on our return in the morning it was found to have been opened4 ,illustration3 ,,marquis ,,of ,,hartington ,the late ,duke of ,devonshire4 ,on the floor1 at the feet of the model of the ,marquis1 lay a bull's-eye lantern that evidently had been dropped by its owner as he rushed from the place4 ,the probability is that the policeman1 or the burglar1 had flashed his lamp on the figure and had been scared to find1 as he thought1 a man--or a spectre--confronting him4 ,no claim was ever made for the lamp4 ,it is not an unusual thing that visitors who wish to save expense should bring with them an old ,catalogue which they have treasured up at home for a future visit4 ,this is not a safe plan1 for with the addition of new figures the older ones have to be renumbered4 ,as a result the visitors in question are sometimes misled1 as was the lady in the following story told by a ,londoner4 ,he related that he had occasion to take a country cousin to the ,exhibition1 and she took with her an old ,catalogue4 ,he paid little attention to her describing ,king ,edward ,,iv as ,king ,henry ,,viii1 and exclaiming that she did not know ,queen ,mary of ,scots dressed like a man4 ,but when she said1 8,well1 ,i never6 ,i always thought ,gladstone was a man1 though my brothers call him an old woman10 then he felt interested1 and proceeded to investigate4 ,there it was1 sure enough2 the model ,no4 #fc was the figure of an old lady1 but in the out-of-date ,catalogue ,no4 #fc was 8,william ,ewart ,gladstone40 ,sometimes we get a rough old country farmer who has got it into his head that everyone in our ,exhibition has committed some crime or other4 ,visitors1 when audibly perusing their ,catalogue1 are sometimes a source of entertainment to others who overhear them1 owing to the curious mistakes they make4 ,one day a jolly-looking countryman came to a standstill before the figure of ,henry ,,iv of ,france1 described in our ,catalogue as 8,henri ,quatre40 8',enry ,carter10 said he2 8'oo did 'e kill80 and1 finding the gentleman in question innocent of murder1 he turned away with a disappointed expression1 but evidently with a fixed determination to discover a genuine criminal somewhere else4 ,not only children1 but also their elders1 constantly mistake the policeman1 the programme-seller1 and the sleeping attendant for living people2 but few children are so simple as the little maiden who1 glancing awestruck down the long array of very lifelike effigies of good1 bad1 and indifferent individuals1 asked her mother in a whisper how they were killed before being stuffed4 ,one day a lady was explaining the different groups to her young nephew4 ,pointing to one1 she said1 8,freddy1 this is the ,transvaal crisis4 ,here are ,president ,kruger1 ,mr4 ,cecil ,rhodes1 and ,dr4 ,jameson2 all those people are alive40 ,indicating the next group1 she said1 8,this is the execution of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots2 all these people are dead40 8,i do not see any difference between the live ones and the dead ones10 replied the young hopeful to his auntie1 assuming a puzzled expression4 ,there is no accounting for the actions of children4 ,several youngsters1 for instance1 have been observed slyly pinching the figures to see if any were alive4 ,the story is also told of a small girl who1 when asked what she had done with her sweets1 replied that she had given them to the baby in the cradle--,prince ,edward of ,wales4 ,a child was lost1 and found concealed behind the figure of the ,sleeping ,beauty1 trying to discover the mechanism that makes ,madame ,st4 ,amaranthe's bosom rise and fall4 ,of children's stories there is no end at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,sir ,ernest ,shackleton once told some amusing stories at a dinner of the ,alpine ,ski ,club4 ,he said his own small boy was terribly bored with expedition talk4 ,he told his mother that he wanted to hear of something really exciting4 8,i don't want to know anything more about papa10 he declared2 8tell me about the baby who was drowned in his bath40 ,was the boy thinking of ,marat1 the evil genius of the ,french ,revolution1 whom ,charlotte ,corday stabbed at his ablutions8 ,sir ,ernest said that his wife and son had recently been to see his model at ,madame ,tussaud's1 but the child took more interest in ,general ,tom ,thumb sitting on the palm of the ,russian giant's hand than he did in the portrait of his father4 8,two ladies10 the explorer said1 8were standing by my figure1 and the younger one observed1 #8,that's ,latham1 the airman4' 8#8,no1' replied the other1 #8that is not ,latham2 it is the man1 you know1 who went to the ,north ,pole4' 8,it is experiences such as these that keep a man modest10 said ,sir ,ernest4 ,the ladies had forgotten his name and the object of his expedition1 which was in the ,antarctic and not the ,arctic region--a distinction of minor importance to the general public perhaps4 ,in the days of the ,boer ,war the children of an illustrious couple who were touring the world fell1 childlike1 to discussing the presents their parents would bring home for them4 8,i know what ,i want10 said the youngest of them4 8,i want old ,kruger's hat and whiskers1 and ,i believe papa will bring them to me1 because ,i want to send them to ,madame ,tussaud's40 ,mr4 ,cyril ,maude1 the actor1 was taken to the ,exhibition when a small boy1 and it is recorded of him that the visit inspired him with the determination to become an actor4 ,if that were so1 then we may congratulate ourselves4 ,some years ago a lady wrote to say that when scolding her child for being naughty1 and impressing upon her that bad little girls would not go to heaven1 the child navely replied1 8,well1 mother1 ,i can't expect to go everywhere1 but ,i've been to ,madame ,tussaud's40 ,,chapter ,,xlii ,the lure of horrors--,beginnings of the 8,dead ,room0--,sir ,thomas ,lawrence1 ,p4,r4,a41 sketches a suicide--,burke and ,hare--,fieschi's infernal machine--,greenacre--,executions in ,public--8,free at last60 ,crime may be secret1 but never secure4--,,old ,,proverb4 ,in citing the old aphorism that society itself creates the crimes that most beset it1 we shall in no way be tempted to regard the popularity of the ,chamber of ,horrors as due to any desire on the part of the people to visit the place with the object of gazing upon the result of their own handiwork4 ,an inquiry into the motives that induce the public to visit this gloomy chamber scarcely comes within the scope of this work4 ,but that a very large number do visit the place in the course of each year1 and that they cannot be deemed to belong to any particular class1 but represent1 without distinction1 all classes of society1 we may1 of our own certain knowledge1 aver without the slightest hesitation4 ,were we1 however1 if only from an abstract point of view1 to venture an opinion on the vexed question as to why so many have a leaning towards the seamy and sinister side of life1 we should be disposed to consider that1 apart from the allurement of the abnormal and the inclination to indulge a morbid curiosity1 perhaps the chief influence serving to stimulate the mind of the public when a great crime has been perpetrated in a genuine concern that a serious outrage has been made on society1 constituting a veritable menace to its security4 ,we have stated in a former chapter that ,curtius1 more than a century ago1 had allocated a part of his ,museum in ,paris to models of men of ill-repute1 and had named it the 8,caverne des ,grands ,voleurs40 ,how far this place approximated to the present ,chamber of ,horrors we cannot say1 but it certainly must have created a precedent for the placing of the portraits and the relics of lawbreakers in a place separate and apart from the main and more reputable portion of the ,exhibition4 ,in #ahjb1 when ,madame ,tussaud crossed the ,channel to establish her ,exhibition permanently in this country1 she did not1 in all probability1 find it easy to obtain an additional room for these figures1 especially when touring through the provinces4 ,nevertheless1 when she had to exhibit her models in the same hall1 she undoubtedly differentiated1 to the best of her ability1 between the famous and the infamous by grouping the models of evil-doers in a corner by themselves4 ,when the ,exhibition was opened in ,baker ,street1 the ,chamber of ,horrors became a recognised feature of the collection4 ,it was at first called the 8,dead ,room10 although some designated it the 8,black ,room10 owing to its sombre aspect4 ,its chief exhibit at that time was the guillotine1 surrounded by the impressions of heads that had been decapitated by it4 ,here also was shown the model of ,marat dying in his bath1 besides many other relics of the ,revolution4 ,indeed1 it might have been regarded as the nucleus of an historical museum dealing exclusively with the last days of the old ,french ,monarchy4 ,even the walls were constructed and draped in imitation of the interior of the ,bastille1 the principal keys of which were shown therein as mementoes of unusual interest4 ,illustration3 ,,key ,,of ,,the ,,bastille ,set in a stone from the dungeons of the famous fortress4 8,mr4 ,punch0 made his dbut before the ,british public somewhere during the early forties1 and1 as already indicated1 he took an early opportunity of referring to this part of the ,tussaud collection as the 8,chamber of ,horrors10 by which title it has been known ever since4 ,the number of persons visiting this extra room during these days was not great1 except on those occasions when the business was galvanised into activity by the addition of a portrait-model of some unworthy being who happened for the nonce to figure largely in the public eye4 ,there came into our possession at a time beyond my memory a singular and valuable sketch1 by ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence1 of the alleged murderer1 ,williams1 as he appeared directly after he had hanged himself in ,coldbath ,fields prison4 ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,lawrence ,president of the ,royal ,academy4 ,williams was accused of the murders of the ,marr and the ,williamson families in the ,east ,end of ,london under peculiarly brutal circumstances4 ,these massacres1 which were committed in ,december1 #ahaa1 caused an immense sensation1 and inspired the remarkable monograph of de ,quincey entitled ,murder as ,one of the ,fine ,arts4 ,how ,lawrence came to make such a drawing1 and what induced so refined and dignified a person to interest himself in a subject so repulsive1 it is difficult to understand4 ,although ,lawrence had not then been elected to the presidency of the ,royal ,academy1 he held a high position in society as the first portrait painter of his day4 ,we give an illustration of the sketch in question which is quite authentic4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,williams ,from a drawing made after he had committed suicide in prison by ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence1 ,p4,r4,a4 ,until #ahbc it was directed that the body of a suicide should be buried in a cross-road and have a stake driven through it1 and there can be little doubt that that of ,williams was thus treated4 ,it was not1 indeed1 until #ahhb that an ,act was passed putting an end to this barbarous custom4 ,this circumstance readily calls to mind ,tom ,hood's description of the fate that befell ,ben ,battle1 the victim of ,faithless ,nelly ,gray3 ,a dozen men sat on his corpse1 ,to find out why he died-- ,and they buried ,ben in four cross-roads1 ,with a stake in his inside6 ,of the characters that became1 in course of time1 suitable objects for the 8,dead ,room0 we have neither the space nor the inclination to dwell upon1 but a passing reference to two or three that helped to give the place its present distinctiveness may prove interesting4 ,the hideous crimes perpetrated by ,burke and ,hare1 to which slight reference has already been made1 took place about the year #ahbh1 and the memory of those crimes was still fresh in the mind of the public when we opened in ,baker ,street2 indeed1 a matter of six years could not suffice for its obliteration4 ,the appalling revelation that it was not only possible1 but easy1 for one's neighbour to be decoyed away1 put to death1 and his body sold1 without question1 for a sum varying from #h to #ad1 aroused a feeling of consternation throughout the country of a very real and lasting character4 ,the high prices paid for bodies required for dissection had begotten this terrible traffic4 ,at least sixteen murders had been traced to these miscreants1 but the evidence at the trial failed to answer the question 8,how many more80 ,burke was executed in ,january1 #ahbi1 on the strength of ,hare's evidence1 so that for nearly a century have the portrait-models of these two notorious criminals stood facing each other4 ,there are to this day many visitors who1 on catching sight of their forbidding features1 seem to recognise them1 and make ready comment1 without the aid of a ,catalogue1 on the leading circumstances associated with their nefarious careers4 ,illustration3 ,,burke ,,and ,,hare ,both notorious criminals who perpetrated a series of gruesome murders in ,scotland before #ahbh4 ,these models from life by ,madame ,tussaud were among the first of contemporary criminals made by her for the famous 8,chamber of ,horrors10 then called the 8,dead ,room0 or the 8,black ,room40 ,the very first startling event that furnished a subject for the 8,dead ,room10 when the ,exhibition opened in ,baker ,street in #ahce1 was the attempt on the life of ,louis ,philippe1 ,king of the ,french1 four months later4 ,it had been the custom of ,his ,majesty to review the ,gardes ,nationales and the garrison of ,paris on each anniversary of the ,revolution of #ahcj4 ,for some considerable time the ,king and his ,government had been growing very unpopular1 and many warnings had been given him to desist from this military function2 but1 in spite of all advice1 he persisted in holding the review4 ,the anniversary of the ,revolution was on the #bhth of ,july1 and the ,king1 followed by a numerous ,staff1 left the ,tuileries at half-past ten on the morning of that day1 accompanied by his three sons1 the ,ducs d',orlans1 de ,nemour1 and de ,joinville4 ,in passing along the ,boulevard du ,temple--and1 strange to say1 when almost opposite the site of ,curtius's old ,museum--a noise was heard resembling an irregular musket fire4 ,in an instant the road and pavement at the point where ,louis had been riding was strewn with dead and dying men and horses1 and amid the mle the ,king1 slightly wounded in the forehead1 stood alone by the side of his injured horse4 ,more than forty persons had been struck and nineteen killed or mortally wounded4 ,among the latter was ,edward ,joseph ,mortier1 ,duc de ,trevise1 the famous ,marshal of ,napoleon ,i4 ,after a few moments' suspense1 attention was directed to a cloud of smoke issuing from the third-floor window of a house on the ,boulevard4 ,herein was discovered a machine composed of a row of twenty-five gun-barrels so arranged as to cover the cavalcade as it passed the premises4 ,it had been fired by a train of gunpowder1 with the result that several of the barrels had burst on the discharge4 ,the room was empty1 but from one of the back windows of the house the police caught sight of a man huddled up in a corner of the courtyard below4 ,he was trying to stanch the blood which was flowing from a great wound in his head4 ,in spite of his injury1 caused by his firing of the infernal machine1 he had had the strength to stagger out of the room1 seize a rope1 secure it to a window1 and by its means escape from the house4 ,the man turned out to be ,giuseppe ,fieschi1 a rabid conspirator4 ,our model of him was added some weeks after the event1 and1 being placed by the side of an exact copy of the machine he had used1 the man and his diabolical contrivance proved of considerable interest1 a circumstance that substantially assisted to establish the ,exhibition as a permanent ,london attraction4 ,this political crime was1 however1 soon eclipsed by one of a particularly sordid character committed much nearer home4 ,james ,greenacre who murdered his fiance1 ,hannah ,brown1 by striking her a fatal blow in a fit of temper1 will ever figure as a criminal of a very curious type4 ,many a deed like that which brought him to the scaffold has occasioned but a passing interest4 ,it was the means he adopted for the purpose of evading the consequences of his crime that aroused the excitement and indignation of the people4 ,he dismembered the body1 and deliberately distributed it in broad daylight to widely different parts of the ,metropolis4 ,the discovery of the various parts of the body from time to time1 the bringing of them together1 and the final identification of the remains wrought up the public mind to a state of high tension1 and after the culprit had been brought to justice many thousands visited the ,exhibition to scan for themselves the features of his model which had been installed4 ,it will be remembered that we are dealing with a period when the extreme penalty of the law was exacted in public1 a condition of things which lasted till #ahfh1 when it was enacted that all executions should take place privately within prison walls4 ,the night before ,greenacre's execution at ,newgate 7the #bnd of ,may1 #ahcg7 hundreds slept on the prison steps and round about the neighbourhood of the old gaol4 ,crowds spent the night in taverns and lodging-houses1 indulging in unseemly revelry and ribald and drunken dissipation4 ,nor were the spectators all drawn from the lowest class2 all classes were represented4 ,positions within sight of the drop fetched from five shillings to a couple of guineas each1 and a first-floor room overlooking the scaffold commanded as much as #ab1 no small price in those days4 ,it is a grim story1 but who has not been entertained by the account in the ,ingoldsby ,legends of the way in which 8,my ,lord ,tomnoddy0 failed to witness the launching into eternity of a doomed fellow creature8 ,as the result of a happy thought from 8,tiger ,tim0-- 8,an't please you1 my ,lord1 there's a man to be hang'd0-- ,tomnoddy invites a party of convivial friends to enjoy the scene1 for 8,to see a man swing ,at the end of a string1 ,with his neck in a noose1 will be quite a new thing40 ,so he ,turns down the ,old ,bailey1 ,where1 in front of the gaol1 he ,pulls up at the door of the gin-shop1 and gaily ,cries1 8,what must ,i fork out to-night1 my trump1 ,for the whole first-floor of the ,magpie and ,stump80 ,st4 ,sepulchre's clock strikes eight1 and ,god6 'tis a fearsome thing to see ,that pale wan man's mute agony1-- ,the glare of that wild1 despairing eye1 ,now bent on the crowd1 now turn'd to the sky4 ,oh6 'twas a fearsome sight6 ,ah me6 ,a deed to shudder at1--not to see4 ,the clock strikes ,nine6 'twas the last concluding stroke6 ,and then--my ,lord ,tomnoddy awoke6 8,hollo6 ,hollo6 ,here's a rum go6 ,why1 ,captain6--my ,lord6---here's the devil to pay6 ,the fellow's been cut down and taken away6 ,what's to be done8 ,we've missed all the fun60 ,what was to be done8 ,the man was dead6 ,nought could be done--nought could be said2 ,so--my ,lord ,tomnoddy went home to bed6 ,referring back to the days before the advent of the daily illustrated papers with their portraits of all kinds of people1 a very affecting story was once told by a well-known author4 ,it related to a very pretty and plaintive young woman who visited the ,chamber of ,horrors early on the morning that a certain criminal with many aliases was executed4 ,she was accompanied by her father1 who1 with his arm about her waist to steady her faltering steps1 led her up to where the figure of the murderer stood4 ,the poor woman remained gazing at it as though fascinated2 then1 with a nod1 she burst out crying and buried her head in her hands4 ,her father gently drew her out of the place1 and as he did so whispered in her ear1 8,free1 my child2 free at last60 ,how the author came to hear of the incident we do not know1 or was it one of those coincidences that somehow do occur8 ,,chapter ,,xliii 8,the ,chamber of ,horrors ,rumour0--,no reward has been1 or will be1 offered--,the constable's escapade--,a nocturnal experience--,dumas's comedy of the ,chamber--,yeomen of the ,halter4 ,we have speculated much upon the origin of what has come to be called 8,the ,chamber of ,horrors ,rumour10 relating to a popular delusion that ,madame ,tussaud's will pay a sum of money to any person who spends a night alone with the criminals assembled therein4 ,it need hardly be pointed out that no such ridiculous challenge was ever issued to the public1 although the rumour has run for nearly twenty years1 in spite of repeated contradictions4 ,i am not even hopeful that what ,i am writing now will produce the desired result of disabusing adventurous minds of this impression2 in fact1 denials on our part appear rather to have tended to give wider currency to the rumour4 ,thousands of letters have been received from volunteers of both sexes eager and anxious to undertake the ordeal for rewards which vary1 in their imaginations1 from #e to #e1jjj4 ,among the aspirants have been soldiers1 sailors1 ex-policemen1 and even domestic servants1 all of whom insisted that their nerves were equal to the task4 ,only the other day ,i received a letter from a ,scotsman who intimated his willingness to forgo any pecuniary reward if only we would furnish him with a bottle of whisky and some sandwiches with which to regale himself as he sat at the feet of ,burke and ,hare4 ,the conclusion has somehow taken possession of our minds that this fallacious rumour emanated1 innocently enough1 from a story told long ago by one 8,dagonet0 of a man who was said to have been accidently locked all night in the ,chamber4 ,originally1 ,i imagine1 people must have offered voluntarily to spend a night there for a consideration1 and then1 as the subject came to be talked about1 it very easily grew into the form of a challenge said to have been made by us1 which1 of course1 was never made and never will be made4 ,considerable fillip was given to the rumour by the ,chamber of ,horrors scene in ,the ,whip at ,drury ,lane ,theatre in #aiji4 ,from some source or another handbills in the following form were plentifully distributed3 #ajj ,,reward will be given to any person1 male or female1 who will pass the night alone in the ,chamber of ,horrors at ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition4 ,the only condition made is that the daring one shall not smoke or drink or read during the twelve hours he passes with the wax figures of the world's noted criminals4 ,it was also stated on the handbill that the above was a copy of a placard said to have been issued many years ago1 but in spite of the large reward1 no one came forward to try the experiment1 and that now1 after many years1 8,tom ,lambert1 the trainer of ,the ,whip1 undergoes this horrible experience in the ,drury ,lane drama40 ,so far so good1 for dramatic purposes--and that is all4 ,apparently it was something of this sort that the bard had in mind who wrote the following stanza3 ,i dreamt that ,i slept at ,madame ,tussaud's ,with cut-throats and kings by my side1 ,and that all the wax figures in those weird abodes ,at midnight became vivified4 ,until the recent escapade of a venturesome young lady1 the only instance ,i can recall of any person spending the night alone in the ,chamber of ,horrors falls accidentally to the credit of a policeman on duty at the ,exhibition when the opening of the present building was celebrated in ,july1 #ahhd4 ,a reception was then held which lasted until after midnight1 and naturally it became necessary that the place should be guarded till the return of the staff in the morning4 ,the policeman in question was put in charge of the criminals in the ,chamber of ,horrors1 with liberty to relieve the monotony of his eerie vigil by strolling through the other parts of the building1 which included access to the room in which the refreshments had been served4 ,wines and spirits and other good things were left nominally under his care--whereby hangs a tale4 ,when the time came to relieve the policeman in the morning1 he could not be found1 and after a long search an ,exhibition attendant heard the sound of moaning proceeding from one of the docks in the ,chamber of ,horrors4 ,here lay asleep the missing police-officer1 in a condition that pointed to the probability of his having had recourse to the wines of the feast1 presumably as a means of fortifying his courage4 ,the incident caused some little concern1 but the officer's position was so well understood and the extenuating circumstances were so obvious that his misadventure came to be jocularly treated as an excusable lapse4 ,he had not only spent the night in the dread abode of criminals1 but had actually slept there--a much more surprising performance4 ,yet another reminiscence of the ,chamber of ,horrors1 just a little creepy4 ,sauntering one night through its gloomy passages after the last visitor had departed and the watchmen1 having passed me on their rounds1 had lowered the lights to a feeble glimmer1 my attention was drawn in some unaccountable way towards one of the models4 8,i could swear that figure moved10 ,i said to myself4 8,but no1 the notion is too ridiculous40 ,i looked at it again1 carefully this time4 ,i was not mistaken4 ,the figure did move1 and1 what was more1 it moved distinctly towards me4 ,it appeared to bend slowly forward1 as though in preparation for a sudden bound1 and ,i thought it looked at me with a fixed and malignant stare4 ,just as ,i was expecting it to raise its arms and seize me by the throat1 it stopped dead1 and remained at a grotesque and ludicrous angle1 apparently looking for something on the floor4 ,what was the explanation of this thrilling experience8 ,the vibration caused by a heavy goods train on the ,metropolitan ,railway1 which runs under the ,exhibition premises1 had shaken the figure off its balance1 and the iron which fastened it to the floor permitted it to move and lean forward in the uncanny manner ,i have described4 ,the following comedy of the ,chamber of ,horrors from which the chief actor derived a minimum of amusement1 if any1 comes into my mind as having been described by the elder ,dumas1 and is calculated to relieve the gloom that is naturally associated with the place3 8,a young ,parisian1 visiting the ,exhibition in ,london1 found himself temporarily alone in the famous ,chamber1 and was seized with the ambition of being able to say1 on his return to his favourite ,paris caf1 that his neck had been held in the same lunette which had once encircled those of ,louis ,,xvi and ,marie ,antoinette4 8,the idea was no sooner conceived than carried out1 and for quite five minutes the rash young man enjoyed his novel position under the knife of the very same guillotine which had once worked such havoc among the aristocrats in the gay city4 8,when1 however1 he was about to touch the spring that would release him1 a thought struck him which threw him into a cold sweat4 8,supposing he were to touch the wrong spring1 might not the knife come down1 with the result not only of beheading him1 but of making the world believe a most sensational suicide had been committed8 8,he shouted for help1 and at length an attendant1 followed by a crowd of visitors1 appeared4 8#8,what is the matter8' they asked in ,english2 but the official was equal to the occasion1 and turned it to good account4 8 l'aide6 ,au secours6' yelled the ,parisian1 who could only speak ,french4 8#8,a little patience1' answered the other4 8#8,what does he say8' was the general query4 8#8,oh1 it's a part of his performance1 ladies and gentleman4 ,you see1 ,madame ,tussaud is not satisfied with merely exhibiting the guillotine4 ,she wishes to show you how it is actually worked4' 8,this statement was greeted with general applause by everybody except the victim1 who continued entreating to be released1 whilst the impromptu lecturer calmly explained to the audience the practical working of the death-dealing machine4 8#8,bravo6 ,how well he acts6' was the verdict1 as the prisoner appealed frantically in a language which none else but the attendant understood4 8,finally1 on being at last released1 he fainted4 ,they brought him round with smelling-salts and cold water1 and the first thing he did was to feel if his head was still safe4 ,satisfied on this point1 he fled1 without stopping to find his hat1 and lost not an instant in starting at once for ,paris40 ,i come now1 by a sudden transition1 to write of three notable shrieval servants whose occupation1 however indispensable1 was unsavoury4 ,calcraft1 the first to be styled the 8,yeoman of the ,halter10 ,i had not the 8pleasure0 of knowing4 ,we have the original signboard he used to exhibit outside his house4 ,it is a framed piece of wood1 about three feet by two feet1 and it bears in black letters the following notice3 ,j4 ,,calcraft1 ,boot and ,shoe ,maker4 ,executioner to ,her ,majesty4 ,his successor1 ,marwood1 sat on several occasions for his model4 ,illustration3 ,,william ,,marwood1 ,,the ,,hangman ,modeled from life4 ,the executioner would sometimes visit the studios when his spirits were low1 and a pipe and a glass of gin and water--his favourite beverage--were always at his service4 ,then he would go down to the ,chamber of ,horrors to see some of his old acquaintances around whose necks he had so delicately adjusted the fatal noose4 ,he would stop before each one with a grim look1 while his lips moved tremulously4 8,put me there10 he once said after he had given a sitting4 ,it was like a man choosing the site of his grave4 ,his companion on these visits was a grizzled terrier4 ,one day he came alone4 8,your dog1 ,mr4 ,marwood--where is it80 he was asked4 ,the old man was sad4 8,my poor old dog is dying--my dog that knew the business like a ,christian and the inside of every prison in ,england2 that has played with my ropes2 that has caught rats in my business bags40 8,dying by inches10 was the unfeeling rejoinder of a bystander1 followed by the cruel suggestion1 8,why don't you hang him80 ,marwood gave him a reproachful glance4 8,no1 no4 ,hang a man1 but my dear old dog--never60 ,poor ,marwood had a good heart1 and the story of the dog was so affecting that the interview abruptly terminated4 ,berry1 the executioner1 was paid for a sitting1 and seemed by no means averse from having his figure placed in the ,chamber of ,horrors1 where it may now be seen4 ,he rather appeared to be proud of his official calling4 ,,chapter ,,xliv ,anecdotal--8,which is ,peace80--,mark ,twain at ,tussaud's--,dr4 ,grace's story--,mr4 ,kipling's model--,filial pride--,bishop ,jackson's sally--,german inaccuracy4 ,as ,i proceed with my narrative1 having already travelled through the memories of many years1 there seem to crowd at my heels1 so to speak1 a great collection of humorous and curious incidents which1 although unrelated to each other1 are yet worthy of a place in this chronicle4 ,they come of their own free will readily enough when ,i want to engage in serious work1 but no amount of persuasion will lure them from their lurking-places when ,i want to recount them4 ,as ,i fancy my friends like my short stories as well as any1 ,i propose to introduce a few trivialities that are sufficiently obliging to present themselves as ,i write4 ,in the ,berlin ,treaty days a staunchly ,conservative borough was celebrating the event1 and among other decorations was a large transparency showing ,lord ,beaconsfield and ,lord ,salisbury standing together1 with the motto 8,peace with ,honour0 beneath them4 ,an old woman went up to the borough ,m4,p4 and asked3 8,if you please1 sir1 will you tell me which is ,peace80 ,charles ,peace was the man of the moment just then4 ,illustration3 ,,charles ,,peace ,model of the notorious criminal in convict garb4 ,mark ,twain1 according to his cousin1 ,katherine ,clemens1 once visited ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,he stood a long while1 says his cousin1 in contemplation of an especially clever piece of work1 and was aroused by a sudden stab of pain in his side4 ,turning quickly1 he found himself face to face with a dumb-founded ,british matron with her parasol still pointed at him4 8,o lor'1 it's alive60 she exclaimed1 and beat a hasty retreat4 ,the best known of all cricketers1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,grace1 has long enjoyed a well-earned place of prominence in the ,exhibition1 and even to-day1 when the great master of the bat and the ball is no longer with us1 his portrait continues to attract more than an average share of attention4 ,dr4 ,grace was very fond of telling the following story about a trusted old servant of his whom he treated on one occasion to a trip to ,london4 ,on her return he asked her what it was that pleased her most among the sights of the ,metropolis4 8,oh1 sir1 ,madame ,tussaud's was beautiful10 replied ,susan4 8,then you must have seen me there80 said her master4 8,no1 that ,i did not1 sir40 8,what6 ,how did you miss me8 ,i am there as large as life40 8,well1 sir1 to tell you the truth1 it cost sixpence extra to go into the ,chamber of ,horrors40 ,a young girl arriving at an institution at ,torquay1 from ,london1 was asked whether she had ever visited ,westminster ,abbey4 ,she hesitated1 and was then reminded that that historic edifice contained monuments of the ,kings and ,queens of ,england4 ,she immediately brightened up1 and replied1 8,oh1 yes1 ,i have been there1 but they call it ,madame ,tussaud's now40 ,a short time after the seated figure of ,mr4 ,rudyard ,kipling1 which is still to be seen in the ,exhibition1 had been modelled1 the following conversation is reported to have occurred between a young lady and her maid1 who had visited ,madame ,tussaud's3 ,relating her experiences there1 the girl remarked3 8,they've got ,mr4 ,kipling and another murderer there1 miss40 8,but ,mr4 ,kipling isn't a murderer10 said her young mistress4 8,no1 miss10 was the reply1 8but they've got him there1 miss40 ,during those days when the ,exhibition was being removed from one town to another the figures of criminals originally stood together in the same room with all the other models2 but as it was suggested that it was indecorous to have the effigies of criminals in such close proximity with those of illustrious personages1 ,madame ,tussaud had the former removed to a separate room1 and the ,chamber of ,horrors was formed as it now exists4 ,the relatives and friends of criminals frequently visit the ,chamber4 ,at a drawing-room meeting held at the residence of ,lady ,esther ,smith1 in ,grosvenor ,place1 in aid of the ,social ,institutes' ,union1 which exists to provide facilities for establishing clubs on temperance lines1 ,mrs4 7now ,lady7 ,bland-,sutton told the story of a little girl who was asked where she would like to go for a treat4 8,to ,madame ,tussaud's10 was the prompt reply4 8,but you went there last year10 it was objected4 8,oh1 yes1 ,i know10 said the child1 8but father wasn't in the ,chamber of ,horrors then40 ,somewhat similar is the following3 ,a parlourmaid1 interviewed by her mistress just after a ,bank ,holiday1 was asked3 8,and how did you spend your day off1 ,polly80 8,oh1 we went to ,madame ,tussaud's10 was the reply4 8,we always go there1 mum4 ,you see1 having uncle in the ,chamber of ,horrors gives the place a family interest1 so to speak40 ,when ,dr4 ,jackson was ,bishop of ,london he gave a breakfast to several curates before they left to take up missionary work abroad1 and one of them1 in the course of conversation at the repast1 observed that he had just visited ,madame ,tussaud's1 where he had heard a figure of his ,grace had been on view for many years4 ,he said he much regretted that he could not find the figure anywhere in the ,exhibition1 although he had searched for it high and low4 8,oh10 said the ,bishop1 8haven't you heard1 my dear boy1 that they've melted me down for ,peace80--a sally that was greeted with roars of laughter4 ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,jackson ,bishop of ,london #ahfh-ahhe4 ,many complaints have been made by foreigners visiting ,london regarding the inefficiency of guides with little or no knowledge of the places with which they are supposed to be thoroughly acquainted4 ,for instance1 a certain ,teuton of great pretensions brought to ,madame ,tussaud's a party of travellers from a ,prussian provincial town1 and informed them1 among other things1 that ,mrs4 ,maybrick1 whose model was then in the ,napoleon ,rooms1 was a lady connected with the life of the great ,bonaparte4 ,,chapter ,,xlv ,enemy models--,a hostile public--,banishment of four rulers--,our reply to ,john ,bull--,attacks on the ,kaiser's effigy--,story of an ,iron ,cross4 ,we now come to the eventful period that began in ,august1 #aiad4 ,illustration3 ,,count ,,zeppelin ,model of the inventor of the ,zeppelin airship on view at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,at the beginning of hostilities the ,kaiser1 ,count ,zeppelin1 and other ,german objectionables were relegated to a less conspicuous position than they had formerly occupied4 ,the enemy had not at that time gained the animosity which his subsequent acts of 8frightfulness0 earned for him1 but he soon showed himself in his true colours4 ,it was in the spring of #aiaj that a renewed portrait of the ,german ,emperor had been given a place of honour1 with the ,empress by his side1 near our own royal group4 ,not very long afterwards the ,british public began to suspect the ,kaiser of evil designs upon this country1 and visitors frequently indicated their displeasure in front of his model4 ,with the outbreak of war1 naturally enough1 came an outburst of general reprobation1 and the atrocities committed by the ,german ,army and ,navy provoked impulsive patriots to visible and audible manifestations of anger4 ,more than once the ,kaiser had his figure struck by men1 while women shook their fists and umbrellas in the face of the world's greatest homicide4 ,as a matter of fact1 to the ,kaiser belongs the distinction of having been expelled from ,madame ,tussaud's for several months--a distinction that was shared by the late ,francis ,joseph1 ,emperor of ,austria4 ,this was done in deference to public opinion1 which had become very hostile to their models being shown at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,letters had appeared to this effect in the ,press1 and one periodical published a large cartoon showing the ,kaiser and his associates in the prisoners' dock in the ,chamber of ,horrors4 ,originally four enemy monarchs had pedestals in an obscure corner of ,room ,no4 #d4 ,they were the ,kaiser1 the late ,emperor of ,austria1 the ,sultan of ,turkey1 and ,king ,ferdinand of ,bulgaria4 ,the ,sultan of ,turkey1 as an unkind friend remarked1 8found his level in the melting-pot0 some time ago2 and the ,kaiser twice had to undergo a surgical operation as the result of bouts with ultra-patriotic visitors4 ,ferdinand of ,bulgaria also had some narrow escapes1 especially from our 8handymen10 who have a short way with all enemies4 ,some time ago my attention was called to the fact that one of the 8spikes0 of the ,kaiser's moustache had been clipped off1 giving him a ludicrously woebegone appearance4 ,i have always suspected the ,colonials of that 8cut10 and if ,i am wrong--well1 ,i apologise4 ,perhaps the 8spike0 will be heard of some other day as a souvenir of the war4 ,feeling ran so high after the sinking of the ,lusitania that we readily yielded to the public demand1 and evicted the ,huns from the house4 ,on the #afth of ,september1 #aiaf1 ,john ,bull had addressed to us the following open letter on the subject of the presence of the objectionable figures3 ,to the ,directors1 ,madame ,tussaud ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,baker ,street1 ,w4 ,,gentlemen1 ,being an admirer of your ,moral ,waxworks1 ,i am sure you will excuse me if ,i indicate a blot upon your interesting and intellectual display4 ,as a matter of fact1 there are four blots4 ,they occur in your ,grand ,hall1 ,no4 #d1 and they take the form of effigies representing1 with a fidelity almost lifelike1 those malodorous monarchs the ,sultan of ,turkey1 ,king ,ferdinand of ,bulgaria1 the ,emperor of ,russia1 and that arch-villain ,kaiser ,bill4 ,do1 please1 reshuffle the pack1 gentlemen4 ,take the sinful quartette out of your ,grand ,hall1 which they desecrate1 and place them in that other room of yours which seems specially designed for their accommodation--the ,chamber of ,horrors4 ,in the company of ,burke and ,hare1 ,charles ,peace1 ,greenacre1 and ,wainwright1 they will be quite at home4 ,,john ,,bull4 ,john ,bull on the #adth of ,november printed the following1 containing my reply3 ,,bravo1 ,,tussaud6 ,,patriotic ,,action ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,exhibition4 ,we have received the following interesting letter from ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,tussaud3 8,as a regular reader of your valuable and most instructive paper1 my attention was drawn to your letter1 addressed to my company1 which appeared in your issue of the #afth ,september4 8,in it you call attention to what you describe as a blot--or rather four blots--upon #8our interesting and intellectual display1' namely1 the inclusion of the ,sultan of ,turkey1 the ,king of ,bulgaria1 and the ,emperors of ,austria and ,germany in our collection of celebrities and notorieties4 ,of course1 such a letter from such an influential person could not pass unnoticed1 and it was brought before my ,board of ,directors at the earliest opportunity4 8,prior to the date of your letter the pack had already been reshuffled1 and the figures to which you refer had been relegated to a much less conspicuous position than they had previously occupied4 ,when your letter was penned they were conspiring against the peace of ,europe in a small room which contains the tableau representing #8,the ,destruction of ,messina'--a scene of ruin which seems to be in keeping with this ,machiavellian group4 8,like yourself1 other visitors had frequently suggested that the quartette should be placed in another famous--or infamous--part of the ,exhibition2 but the trouble was that ,burke and ,hare1 ,charles ,peace1 ,greenacre1 and ,wainwright1 whom you name1 and their comparatively innocuous companions1 would not hear of their abode being thus desecrated4 8,what were we to do8 8,i am now pleased to inform you that after considering your remarks a solution has been arrived at3 the pack has been shuffled again1 and1 by a remarkable feat of legerdemain1 the four knaves have now disappeared altogether40 ,we congratulate ,messrs4 ,tussaud on this happy solution to the problem4 ,the restoration of two of the figures was due to a very singular circumstance4 ,our overseas soldiers soon began to visit ,madame ,tussaud's in large numbers1 and they frequently expressed disappointment at not being able to see the two enemy ,emperors whose armies they had come so far to fight4 ,sympathising with their point of view1 we had the ,kaiser and ,francis ,joseph readmitted1 placing them in an isolated position1 with the 8,all-,highest0 at one time confronting the ,messina tableau1 and more recently faced by the tableau of the ,ruhleben horse-box in which ,british prisoners had to spend four long weary years of separation from home and family4 ,in the same room are models of ,prince ,bismarck and ,count von ,moltke4 ,illustration3 ,,prince ,,bismarck ,it was some little time after the ,kaiser's reinstatement that a ,british sailor1 who was quite unable to control his feelings1 after glowering for several minutes at the figure1 made a run at it and knocked it over4 ,the head was smashed and the figure badly damaged4 ,the tar's friends1 who were much concerned at their companion's escapade1 strove to pacify him1 and contrived to get him out of the building without further trouble2 but the ,kaiser had to go into hospital for repairs4 ,the sailor was carried away by an impulse thousands have with difficulty controlled out of respect for the ,exhibition and the law which makes it an offence to destroy other people's property4 ,two days after the incident a little boy inquired of an ,exhibition attendant where he could see the pieces of the ,kaiser1 as he would like to take a bit away4 ,a party of twenty-eight ,american soldiers happened to be passing the curtained room where the dismembered model of the ,kaiser lay1 and one of them made the request that they should be shown the 8,all-,highest0 lying in state4 8,and a very bad state1 too10 replied the attendant1 who could not oblige4 ,the second serious attack upon the ,kaiser's effigy took place two or three months after the first4 ,on this occasion it was a ,colonial soldier who1 seeing the restored monarch gazing at him in a supercilious fashion1 as he imagined1 drew from its scabbard the sword of the defunct ,austrian ,emperor1 whose model sits close by1 and stabbed the ,kaiser's figure in the face4 ,the force with which the thrust was delivered was such that off came the monarch's head1 and again the model had to be taken to hospital for the surgical operation of restoring the head and refixing it to its trunk4 ,count ,zeppelin1 whose name will for ever be associated with the introduction of aerial warships and the dropping of bombs upon defenceless people1 has had many a clenched fist shaken at him standing there beside the portraits of ,roger ,casement and ,tribich ,lincoln4 ,though never actually assaulted1 it was only the stolidity of the ,british character that kept people's hands off his effigy during the ,zeppelin raids on ,london4 ,visitors were too proud1 ,i suppose1 to touch him1 and from the time the first ,german airship was brought down in flames on ,british soil ,count ,zeppelin's model began to be ignored4 ,a ,british matron quietly remarked1 as she stopped an instant in front of the portrait1 8,so you're going the way of all our enemies--beaten at your own game40 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the early months of the war we borrowed from a soldier an ,iron ,cross that he had taken from the breast of a dead ,german officer whom he had found lying in a wood at ,zillebeke1 near ,ypres1 in ,november1 #aiad4 ,according to the story of the soldier--,drummer ,newman1 of the ,grenadier ,guards--our men1 comprising ,grenadier ,guards1 ,irish ,guards1 and ,oxfordshire ,light ,infantry1 were opposed to the ,prussian ,guards1 who were driven out of the wood1 leaving behind them several hundreds of their dead4 ,newman was searching for despatches when he happened upon the cross in question4 ,i remember him coming to my studio with the trophy4 ,he was a typical soldier1 and he greatly amused me by his description of the way in which old soldiers--bearing in mind one of the trite sayings of ,frederick the ,great--would hearten their comrades1 saying1 just before going over the top1 8,now then1 boys1 you don't want to live for ever1 do you80 ,the ,iron ,cross was exhibited with other relics1 and used to be handed round for inspection1 until one day it was missing4 ,that was in ,october1 #aiae1 and1 although we made inquiries of the police and learned that it had been seen in the neighbourhood of the ,exhibition1 we heard no more of it till1 several months later1 it was traced by detectives to a gentleman at ,warrington who had innocently purchased it from an invalided soldier4 ,we willingly refunded the amount that had been paid for the cross1 and it has now been restored to our collection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no sooner was ,london subjected to the terrible ordeal of air-raids than we received1 as was only to be expected1 offers of bombs that had been dropped by enemy aircraft4 ,as a matter of fact1 we acquired one of the first of these missiles1 and it proved of great interest to our visitors1 especially to our own airmen1 who never tired of describing to their friends the construction of the bomb and the way in which it was dropped4 ,we found it necessary1 however1 to discourage the bringing of ammunition to the ,exhibition1 as we had no desire that the building should be wrecked by the untimely explosion of a live bomb or shell4 ,reverting for a moment to the attacks upon the effigy of the ex-,kaiser1 ,i am reminded of one or two occasions when figures have incurred the animosity of beholders1 although not to the same extent4 ,a professional rider1 expelled from the ,jockey ,club1 used to visit the ,exhibition very often for the sole purpose of venting his spleen against the image of his supposed enemy1 ,fred ,archer1 the jockey who won five ,derbys2 and he was heard to remark that it was 8so like the beggar1 ,i would give anything to smash it40 ,in ,august1 #ahic1 an old man1 whose whole get-up spoke of better days1 was seen to walk up to the effigy of the late ,jabez ,spencer ,balfour1 shake his withered1 palsied fist in its face1 and totter out of the building4 ,,chapter ,,xlvi ,tussaud's during the war--,chameleon crowds--,the psychology of courage--,men of ,st4 ,dunstan's--,poignant memories--,our watchman's soliloquy4 ,under the stress of war many strange things revealed themselves at ,tussaud's--things by no means easy to define1 subtle1 illusive1 immaterial1 difficult to comprehend and hard to describe4 ,at the outbreak of hostilities the attendance suffered a severe check4 ,this disquieting effect was in the main1 ,i believe1 due to the great wrench suffered by the public mind through the country's sudden transition from the normal condition of peace to a strenuous state of war4 ,but as each month passed the flow of visitors steadily increased in volume1 until it far exceeded that of pre-war days4 ,by the time the manhood of the ,empire had1 in a great measure1 doffed its sombre everyday suit and donned khaki1 khaki became the dominant colour of the throng that filled the ,exhibition rooms4 ,with this change in attire there came a marked alteration in its demeanour4 ,usually sedate and reserved1 it now betrayed--in startling contradiction to all reasonable expectations--a cherry1 devil-me-care character which1 curious to relate1 resolved itself into a tone unmistakably flippant2 a mental attitude to which we soon realised we must give our careful consideration4 ,he would indeed have been a poor psychologist who had taken this outward showing as a true indication of the feelings of our brave fellows2 for it was obviously but the assumption of that demeanour so strongly characteristic of the ,british disposition1 that of facing an ugly job in a cheerful spirit4 ,it was the ready answer to the pessimist1 8,if it's got to be done1 what's the use of being miserable about it80--a philosophical bearing that perhaps found its deepest expression in their 8,cheerio60 and insouciant wave of the hand bidding farewell to wife1 mother1 and child ere turning to face the grim realities and dread uncertainty of war4 ,to keep pace with the stirring and ever-fluctuating events of the day1 large maps of the battle areas were specially produced for the ,exhibition1 and lectures were given before them1 explaining our varying fortunes in the great conflict4 ,it was in the giving of these lectures that we were soon able to take a fairly correct measure of the disposition of our visitors4 ,they were1 first of all1 delivered on somewhat academic lines1 with1 perhaps1 too pronounced an idea of imparting instruction rather than that of affording entertainment4 ,it was soon found that if the attention of our visitors was to be held1 it was necessary to adopt a more optimistic and lively1 if not an almost bantering1 tone if the dissertation were to receive any real mark of appreciation on the part of those who cared to listen4 ,as the struggle proceeded ,tussaud's began to assume the position of a pointe de runion of a very remarkable character1 and this quite irrespective of class or nationality4 ,we opened our doors as early as eight o'clock in the morning1 and even then found that not a few had been waiting for admission for some considerable time4 ,this forced upon us the conviction that the ,exhibition had risen in favour as something of a place of refuge by those who had involuntarily found themselves abroad early in the morning and had borne its existence in mind4 ,be this as it may1 throughout all hours of the day ,tussaud's proved a centre of attraction to many champions of their country's cause4 ,here they were to be seen1 whether on their final leave before going out to the front1 or homeward bound to enjoy a brief respite from the turmoil of the conflict1 and awaiting a train to carry them to their families4 ,during the autumn of #aiad and far into the following year there congregated within our walls numerous hapless and pathetic beings1 strangers to us by their foreign tongue1 who1 having come from nowhere in particular and having nowhere in particular to go1 aimlessly wandered into the ,exhibition4 ,we can only presume that they came to help pass away many a sad and anxious hour1 or maybe to take measure of the semblance of those who were at that very moment foremost in striving to stem the tide of the cruel incursion that had driven them to take refuge in a foreign land4 ,then as time wore on there came a touch of relieving colour that showed itself here and there amid the prevailing khaki2 at first a mere fleck that gradually became more pronounced as the war advanced4 ,this was the hospital blue of our valiant soldiers who had not passed unscathed through the ordeal of fire1 as cheery a gathering as ever set foot within the place1 a cheeriness readily responded to by their fellow visitors through the medium of sympathy and admiration4 ,one sad sight there was1 however1 which touched the hearts of the people so deeply that no display of cheerfulness on the part of the sufferers--and they1 too1 were invariably light-hearted--could quite evoke a sense of mirth4 ,st4 ,dunstan's ,hostel for ,blinded ,soldiers and ,sailors in ,regent's ,park is not very far from ,madame ,tussaud's1 and many of its inmates visited the ,exhibition1 and1 for the matter of that1 still find a pleasure in coming in couples or small parties to spend an hour or so among the models and the relics4 ,in spite of the distressing fact that they have been deprived of the gift of sight1 they stand in front of the models and pause while the biographies are read out to them from the ,catalogue by some more fortunate companion4 ,then they almost invariably nod to express their comprehension of the subject before them1 and seem to see and understand through the faculty of their imagination much that would otherwise have been made manifest to them through the function of their eyes4 ,during the past few years our attendance has totalled to a figure reaching several millions2 but the number visiting the place hardly constitutes so remarkable a fact as the many diverse nationalities and tribes they represented1 or their coming from so many far-distant and remote parts of the world4 ,the landing of a fresh contingent at any one of our ports1 or the arrival in ,london of any body of men attached to our ,allied ,forces1 brought distinct and unfamiliar types of humanity to our doors4 8,i had often heard of the place1 but never thought ,i should have had an opportunity of seeing it10 was a remark that often fell upon the ears of our attendants2 and we know1 for many reasons1 that most of them had made up their minds to visit the place long before they had set foot upon our shores4 ,of the many telling experiences of the last few momentous years1 the one that will be retained longest in our memory will most assuredly be the touching sight of the war-stained and weary men who1 during the earlier days of the war1 literally stumbled through our turnstiles into the building4 ,dazed for want of sleep1 begrimed and besmeared with the very mud of the trenches1 they flung themselves upon the nearest ottoman or couch1 or in some out-of-the-way place upon the floor1 to snatch a few hours' sleep in comparative comfort4 ,one evening1 when strolling round the rooms some time after the place had been closed1 ,i found myself looking at the watchmen1 who were busily engaged sweeping the floors4 ,the chief among them1 an old and valued servant1 possessing a disposition that generally enabled him to look upon the bright side of things--although he was so often constrained to view them only during the sombre hours of the night--caught me gazing at him4 ,with a face ,i thought unusually grave he bade me 8,good-evening10 and ruefully remarked1 8,it seems to me1 sir1 some of this dirt has come a long way40 ,then1 pondering for a while1 with his eyes fixed upon the floor1 he resumed1 8,yes1 sir1 some of it from the very trenches40 ,and ,i somehow believed the old fellow was right4 ,,chapter ,,xlvii ,three heroes of the war3 ,nurse ,cavell1 ,jack ,cornwell1 ,v4,c41 and ,captain ,fryatt--,lords ,roberts and ,kitchener--,queen ,alexandra's stick and violets--,the ,duke of ,norfolk's tip4 ,there are three figures1 added during the past few momentous years1 which possess the rare distinction of being models of abiding interest4 ,out of the many portraits placed in the ,exhibition1 there are few that stay there very long4 ,illustration3 ,,edith ,,cavell1 ,,the ,,martyr ,,nurse ,a ,portrait ,study by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud4 ,nurse ,cavell1 ,jack ,cornwell1 and ,captain ,fryatt will always be remembered with esteem by the present generation1 and the great story of their heroic deeds ensures for them a permanent home at ,baker ,street1 where they will be viewed with patriotic pride by posterity4 ,the portrait of ,edith ,cavell1 the martyr-nurse1 was modelled immediately after that heroic woman was brutally shot by the ,germans at ,brussels at two o'clock in the morning of ,tuesday1 the #abth of ,october1 #aiae4 ,i communicated with the ,london ,hospital1 ,whitechapel1 where ,nurse ,cavell had served before she went to ,belgium1 and the nurses there readily afforded me all the information they had to impart4 ,several of them visited my studio and gave me valuable hints as to the posing of the figure and the general demeanour of ,miss ,cavell when at the hospital4 ,they particularly described the way in which she used to walk through the wards with a book under her arm and her head inclined slightly to one side4 ,when the model was finished they were good enough to say that it enabled them to visualise ,miss ,cavell as they knew her1 and that it was a pleasing portrait4 ,my wife prepared the laurel wreath1 placed above the model1 on which are inscribed ,nurse ,cavell's words1 uttered a few hours before her death1 8,i am happy to die for my country40 ,soon after the boy hero of the ,jutland naval battle was modelled and he had been awarded the posthumous honour of the ,victoria ,cross1 his mother1 accompanied by a lady friend1 came to the ,exhibition to see the figure of her son4 ,it was on the #bdth of ,august1 #aiaf4 ,illustration3 ,,jack ,,cornwell1 ,v4,c4 ,a ,portrait ,study by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud of the boy hero of the ,battle of ,jutland4 ,no sooner did ,mrs4 ,cornwell catch sight of the image of her young hero than she burst into a fit of weeping1 and exclaimed1 8,my boy1 my dear boy60 ,upon resuming her composure she expressed her surprise at the remarkable resemblance1 and added3 8,i am very proud of my boy1 but ,i do miss him so40 ,mrs4 ,cornwell had with her a letter she had received from the ,captain of ,h4,m4,s4 ,chester 7her son's ship74 ,he wrote3 ,i know you would wish to hear of the splendid fortitude and courage shown by your boy4 ,his devotion to duty was an example to all of us4 ,the wounds1 which resulted in his death within a short time1 were received in the first few minutes of the action4 ,he remained steady at his most exposed post at the gun1 waiting for orders4 ,his gun would not bear on the enemy2 all but two of the crew were killed or wounded1 and he was the only one who was in such an exposed position4 ,but he felt he might be needed1 as indeed he might have been2 so he stayed there1 standing and waiting under heavy fire with just his own brave heart and ,god's help to support him4 ,for the model of ,captain ,fryatt1 of the ,great ,eastern ,railway steamer ,brussels1 ,i had to rely mainly upon photographs4 ,this brave seaman was captured1 with his vessel1 by the ,germans on the #bcrd of ,june1 #aiaf4 ,on the #bgth of the following month he was condemned to death at ,bruges for attempting to ram a ,german submarine1 the sentence being carried out the same afternoon4 ,the model appropriately stands near that of ,mr4 ,havelock ,wilson1 the sailors' champion1 and1 judging from the remarks of visitors who knew the ,captain well1 it bears a good resemblance4 ,illustration3 ,,captain ,,fryatt ,the model of the martyred captain of the ,g4 ,e4 ,r4 ,ship 8,brussels10 now at ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,we cannot leave this subject without associating with these figures the revered names of ,lord ,roberts and ,lord ,kitchener1 whose models stand near by4 ,the attitude of visitors towards them is that of deep admiration and respect1 expressed not so much by word of mouth as by demeanour1 which eloquently testifies to the public sympathy with these great warriors4 ,illustration3 ,,field ,,marshal ,,earl ,,kitchener ,a ,portrait ,study by ,john ,t4 ,tussaud4 99 99 99 99 99 ,enclosed in a glass case is a walking-stick to which belongs a story showing the kind-heartedness of ,queen ,alexandra4 ,early in the war the ,queen-,mother visited the wounded ,indian soldiers in hospital at ,brighton1 and1 noticing that one of the officers limped1 she inquired of him how he come by his injuries4 ,the officer produced his aluminium ration-box1 and explained that a ,german bullet had struck it1 scattering fragments of the metal into his leg and other parts of his body4 ,queen ,alexandra's sympathy with the ,indian officer took a practical form1 as she presented him with her own walking-stick to aid him during convalescence4 ,some time afterwards the officer returned to the front1 and a brother officer brought the walking-stick to us1 as he thought ,madame ,tussaud's was the best place for it1 so that the public should be constantly reminded of ,queen ,alexandra's deed of kindness4 ,the stick bears on a silver plate the initial 8,a10 surmounted by the royal crown4 ,the incident reminds me of another in connection with the same gracious lady which occurred many years ago1 when the ,exhibition was at the old ,portman ,rooms in ,baker ,street4 ,queen ,alexandra1 who was then the ,princess of ,wales1 had been visiting the ,exhibition1 and was leaving the building when a poor flower-girl1 with a baby in her arms1 approached her and1 before anyone could intervene1 held a small bunch of violets close to the ,princess's face1 saying1 8,buy a bunch of violets1 please1 lady40 ,instead of being annoyed1 the ,princess accepted the flowers with her usual sweet smile1 handed the girl half-a-sovereign1 and then entered her carriage and drove away4 ,the astonished girl kept looking at the coin in her hand1 and was quite alarmed when she was told she had held her flowers under the nose of the ,princess of ,wales2 but the remembrance of the ,princess's smile soon reassured her1 and she went away happy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the early days of the war the late ,duke of ,norfolk1 the ,duchess1 and their two children1 the young ,earl of ,arundel and his sister1 ,lady ,mary ,howard1 formed a quartette of most interested spectators1 and were conducted over the place by the gentleman who had been appointed as ,war ,lecturer to the ,exhibition4 ,he devoted most of his attention to the young people1 and relates how the ,earl and his sister passed unobtrusively among the exhibits1 gaily chatting all the way1 no one but he recognising the ducal party4 ,the ,earl was shown1 and allowed to handle1 a ,german rifle1 then recently captured in ,belgium1 and he instantly pretended to load the weapon4 ,then1 raising it to his shoulder1 he took a level aim at the head of the ,kaiser and clicked the trigger4 ,as the party were retiring1 his ,grace and the ,duchess had a brief consultation1 after which the ,duke came back to thank the lecturer for the attention he had given his son and daughter4 ,there were sovereigns in those days1 and his ,grace offered one to the cicerone1 who deferentially declined the gift1 saying he had been amply rewarded by the pleasure of the young people's company4 8,i told the ,duchess you wouldn't take it10 said the ,duke1 laughing4 ,,chapter ,,xlviii ,a crinoline comedy--,mr4 ,bruce ,smith's story--,an ,american lady's shilling--,my father's meeting with ,barnum--,the 8cherry-coloured cat0--,paganini and the tailor--,george ,grossmith poses4 ,in the dressing of the models attention must naturally be paid to the varying styles of both sexes4 ,for this reason visitors are able to mark the changes ,dame ,fashion has decreed4 ,the crinoline period known to our mothers was1 curiously enough1 anticipated in the days immediately preceding the ,french ,revolution1 as exemplified by the quaint ,parisian coquette1 ,madame ,sappe1 with whom that egoistic old cynic1 ,voltaire1 is palpably flirting in the ,grand ,hall1 a few paces removed from the portraits of ,louis ,,xvi and his ,queen1 ,marie ,antoinette4 ,the crinoline of ,madame ,sappe brings vividly to mind an amusing story related by my granduncle ,joseph1 who was standing by the turnstiles when a portly matron waddled towards the pay-table1 wearing an exaggerated example of this spacious skirt4 ,her passage aroused some curiosity1 and the shuffling of her feet was accompanied by an unaccountable sound of pattering which disposed my relative to keep her under observation4 ,as soon as she found herself among the figures and hidden from view1 as she imagined1 the buxom dame cautiously raised her crinoline1 when1 to my uncle's amazement1 out stepped two little boys4 ,nothing was said to the adventurous woman who had thus passed her offspring into the ,exhibition free1 and my uncle used to say that the expression on her face at the success of her subterfuge was one of radiant satisfaction4 ,mr4 ,bruce ,smith1 the popular artist1 who has produced many scenic effects in our tableaux1 tells a story perhaps against himself4 ,he was engaged1 with several fellow artists1 on a hunting scene1 when an elderly lady and a friend strolled quietly past4 ,mr4 ,smith1 at the moment1 was standing stock-still1 scanning his work2 then suddenly making a motion with his brush to retouch the canvas1 he was startled by an unearthly yell from the old lady3 8,good heavens6 they are alive60 ,our 8,master of the ,robes0 fell in conversation with an ,american lady1 who told him that she had paid for admission with a shilling given to her in the ,states by an ,english aunt with the instruction that if ever she went to ,london the shilling should be expressly spent on her admission to ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,she had related the same story to the money-taker at the turnstile1 and he was so impressed that he laid the romantic shilling on one side4 ,our representative offered to give it back to the lady1 but she thanked him and said3 8,no1 ,i guess ,i could not break faith with my aunt6 ,the shilling has found its appointed place in ,madame ,tussaud's till1 after many years1 and ,i have done as ,i was told40 ,my father's meeting with ,phineas ,taylor ,barnum1 the great showman1 was an accidental one4 ,while lunching in a ,west ,end restaurant the brusque and humorous behaviour of one of the guests sitting near enlisted my father's amused attention4 ,the waiters were no less amused by the breezy visitor with the ,american accent1 who supplemented his commands with odd remarks4 ,having ordered a second dozen of oysters1 the ,american said3 8,i guess ,i could hanker arter these4 ,bring me another dozen40 ,looking hard at him1 my father recognised ,barnum1 and presently the two men were in friendly conversation2 in fact1 they spent the greater part of the day together1 as kindred spirits are apt to do in such circumstances4 ,barnum used to call himself the 8,prince of ,humbugs10 and gave that title to his autobiography4 ,he told my father a story about a bright idea that struck him when his show was going none too well in an ,american town4 ,he put up an announcement1 8,come and see the cherry-coloured cat10 and imposed an extra charge for the privilege4 ,there was almost a riot as ,barnum showed the people a black cat4 ,they protested1 and demanded their money back2 but he coolly asked them whether they had never seen a black cherry1 and so appeased their wrath4 ,barnum sat to me in the spring of #ahij1 about a year before he died1 and ,i think ,i must give him the palm for being the most entertaining of all my subjects1 his reminiscences extending over so long and interesting a period4 ,i remember him telling me that many years before he had tried to induce my grandfather to transport ,madame ,tussaud's ,exhibition to ,new ,york1 but that the negotiations fell through at the last moment4 ,as ,i modelled him he gave me some gentle hints not to be too attentive to the wrinkles on his face1 from which ,i inferred that the old showman possibly thought he looked older than he felt1 in spite of his silvery hair and four-score years4 ,a short-sighted tailor was once employed to repair the coat worn by ,paganini1 who stood with the violin under his left arm1 while the bow was held aloft in his right hand4 ,the figure was on a tall pedestal1 and the knight of the needle had to use a step-ladder4 ,one of the attendants1 ever ready for a joke1 taking advantage of the tailor's infirmity1 removed the figure1 and1 adopting a similar attitude1 stood in its place4 ,the tailor prepared his thread1 mounted the steps1 and was about to begin stitching when the supposed figure brought the bow down on his victim's back4 ,this so terrified the unfortunate man that he rolled down the ladder on to the floor1 where he sat gazing up with the utmost stupefaction4 ,all attempts to pacify him were for a time futile1 and whenever he passed the figure of ,paganini afterwards he invariably sidled away from it with a scared look4 ,another practical joker was the late ,george ,grossmith4 ,it is on record that he once made the ,exhibition the scene of his operations4 ,getting into an advantageous nook1 he stood stock-still in a line with other celebrities--waxen ones4 ,people going by stopped and said3 8,ah1 ,grossmith2 ,capital likeness6 ,how excellent6 ,dear little ,grossmith1 one would think he was alive60 and various remarks of the kind4 ,then suddenly the effigy nodded grotesquely1 and slowly extended a comic ,grossmithian hand4 ,everyone fled as though he had been shot at4 ,the ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons 7,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,lowther71 at a banquet given by the ,institution of ,civil ,engineers1 in ,middle ,temple ,hall1 on the #bcrd of ,march1 #ahih1 told of a distinguished visitor to ,london who mistook ,madame ,tussaud's for the ,house of ,commons4 ,much the same view must have been taken by a genial and sociable diplomat from the ,united ,states who1 soon after his arrival in ,london1 came to ,madame ,tussaud's4 8,and what do you think of our great ,exhibition80 asked a friend4 8,well10 replied the ,general1 8it struck me as being very like an ordinary ,english evening party40 ,,chapter ,,xlix ,we visit the ,old ,bailey for mementoes--,a mock trial--,relics of ,old ,newgate--,two famous cells--,the ,newgate bell4 ,as soon as ,i learned in the winter of #aijc that the ,old ,bailey was to be demolished and its mementoes sold by auction1 ,i hastened to the historic court-house1 armed with a catalogue1 to tick off such articles as might be wanted for ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,the grim building brought many impressive scenes to my recollection1 and it struck me as a curious freak of fate that the place where house-breakers had been tried and sentenced should now be itself in the hands of the 8house-breakers40 ,the ,royal ,arms and the ,sword of ,justice had been taken down1 and the walls behind the judge's seat had been stripped of their faded hangings1 giving to the old court an air of desolation2 while the removal of the doors and windows admitted the chilly blasts of that bleak ,february day4 ,from court to court ,i passed1 noting the catalogued items that attracted me4 ,i observed the long form1 covered with black1 time-worn leather1 where ,i sat on the occasion of my first visit1 thirty years before1 a sensitive and imaginative youth1 contemplating with awe and a strange depression of spirits the final stages of a murder trial4 ,then1 as now1 it was the interests of ,madame ,tussaud's that sent me to the ,old ,bailey1 and it may seem odd to confess that of all my many duties none ever afforded me less real pleasure than such duties as this4 ,this time my visit was unexpectedly relieved by an amusing incident which might have served for a scene in a melodrama4 ,i came upon a bevy of workmen1 in charge of a jovial carpenter1 improvising a mock trial to pass the time between the conclusion of a meal and the resumption of their work4 ,presently ,i heard a scuffling noise and the voice of someone in distress4 ,a lanky old man was being forced by a couple of fellow workmen into the prisoners' dock1 obviously on some sort of vamped-up charge4 8,silence60 shouted a shrill-voiced little man1 wearing an apron and paper cap1 who had made himself usher of the court4 ,i looked towards the jury-box1 and there saw a droll-looking individual finishing his dinner out of a newspaper4 8,stop that row6 ,such conduct is disgraceful in a court of justice10 he called1 looking across at the struggling prisoner4 ,then1 observing himself to be alone1 the occupant of the jury-box managed to empanel six of his friends to make seven 8good men and true40 ,the jurymen came forward from different sheltered parts of the court1 bringing with them what remained of their meal4 ,as by some prearranged signal1 an elderly man1 with a round1 red face1 quietly slipped into the judge's seat1 assuming a judicial air1 and fixing his stem gaze upon the protesting prisoner in the dock4 ,the judge paid no attention to the banter directed to him by a number of workmen who constituted the 8public0 and had sauntered in to enjoy the sport4 ,his 8lordship0 took on himself the duties of judge and clerk of the court1 and gravely recited a long1 and terrible indictment of the accused1 who might have been some arch-fiend from the list of crimes charged against him--a list that seemed to box the compass of the ,ten ,commandments4 ,he was involved in domestic complications which drew forth groans from all in court1 and the judge's reference to his 8poor dear wife and little innocent children0 evoked well-simulated execration4 ,a comical fellow entered the witness-box1 and reminded the prisoner of a blood-curdling murder he had committed years ago1 for which somebody else had been hanged4 ,the witness paused1 and then1 bringing down his first1 said1 8,worse than all this1 my lord1 'e's been known to work overtime without extra pay40 ,while these harrowing details were visibly moving the jury1 the clocks of the neighbourhood struck the close of the dinner hour1 and the whole seven men with one accord jumped to their feet shouting 8,guilty60 adding1 8,no recommendation to mercy40 ,the judge put on a billycock hat in imitation of the black cap1 and addressed the prisoner with due solemnity to this effect3 8,prisoner at the bar1 we regret we cannot ask you whether you have anything to say4 ,justice has no time for that4 ,a jury of your countrymen has found you guilty1 and they know best4 ,my duty is to order you to be taken to a public-house near at hand1 where you are very well known1 and at a certain hour you shall buy drinks for everyone in this court1 including myself1 the jury1 and whatever members of the public care to be present4 ,if you fail to turn up at the appointed time and place1 may the ,lord have mercy on your stingy soul60 ,in the course of a few days the ,old ,bailey jury-box and several other fittings of the ancient criminal court were installed under the roof of the ,exhibition4 ,the prices they fetched were hardly more than nominal4 ,it was very different1 however1 with the relics of the adjoining prison4 ,the mementoes of ,old ,newgate found many eager buyers1 and the bitter ,february weather did not prevent a large crowd of bidders following the auctioneer about as he crossed the bleak prison yard and passed through the long dreary corridors4 ,the bidders came from all classes of society1 bent on obtaining some keepsake of the sombre establishment4 ,i see that procession now1 some muffled to the ears1 some blowing their finger-tips in the piercing cold1 others stamping their feet1 but all indulging in one form of humour or another to keep up their spirits in very dispiriting surroundings4 ,there were three lots on which the crowd bestowed special attention4 ,one was ,jack ,sheppard's cell1 from which he made his daring escape--a thrilling feat dear to the imagination of boys young and old4 ,illustration3 ,,jack ,,sheppard1 ,,the ,,highwayman ,this model is posed in the actual cell from the ,newgate prison1 from which he made his sensational escape4 ,another lot was the cell in which ,lord ,george ,gordon1 the instigator of the riots that bear his name1 died of gaol fever on the #ast of ,november1 #agic4 ,his exploits will be remembered by readers of ,barnaby ,rudge4 ,the third lot was the famous bell which1 for just upon a century and a half1 had never failed to notify the good citizens of ,london the precise moment when a condemned prisoner had paid with his life for a life he had taken4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,old ,,newgate ,,bell ,acquired by ,madame ,tussaud ,sons1 ,ltd41 when the prison was demolished in #aijc4 ,there was an idea at the time that the metal of the ,newgate bell contained in it a quantity of silver1 and this belief gave rise to the impression that it would fetch a high price4 ,but it fell to our bidding1 amid a hearty burst of approval1 for the round sum of #ajj1 by no means a high price for such a coveted relic4 ,not only the bell1 but also the cells1 came into our possession that day4 ,the thick solid masonry and heavy iron work were taken down and carefully marked1 so that each part should be set up again in its right position when installed at ,madame ,tussaud's--a tedious process that incurred a far greater outlay than the original cost4 ,satisfaction was widely expressed that the ,newgate relics should find their way into ,tussaud's4 ,these memorials of ,old ,newgate have already reposed in their new home sixteen years1 and have been viewed by millions of people who otherwise would not have had an opportunity of seeing them4 ,visitors of all grades of society linger long before these narrow cells1 and ,i have often seen them rap with their knuckles the ,newgate bell1 which never fails to respond with a soft mellow resonance1 reminding one of the time-honoured couplet1 deeply inscribed upon it3 ,ye people all who hear me ring ,be faithful to your ,god and ,king4 ,,chapter ,l ,tussaud's in verse--,tom ,hood's quatrain--8,alfred among the ,immortals0--,a refuge for ,cabinet ,ministers--,two dialogues--8,this is fame60 ,on very many occasions ,madame ,tussaud's has been the subject of prose and verse in the public ,press4 ,i have already given a few extracts4 ,here are other quotations1 some of which will surely raise a smile4 ,illustration3 ,,tom ,,hood ,tom ,hood was one of the first of a long line of authors and editors who paid tribute to ,madame ,tussaud's4 ,tom ,hood1 the prince of punsters1 honoured us with the following quatrain3 ,the stillborn figures of ,madame ,tussaud1 ,with their eyes of glass and their hair of flax1 ,they only stare whatever you ax1 ,for their ears1 you know1 are nothing but wax4 ,punch has always been very fond of honouring us with quips and sallies regarding portraits that seemed to merit such good-humoured attention4 ,the dapper and debonair late ,poet ,laureate1 ,mr4 ,alfred ,austin1 had not long been added to the collection when our genial jester coruscated as follows3 ,illustration3 ,,alfred ,,austin ,poet ,laureate #ahif-aiac4 ,,alfred ,,among ,,the ,,immortals4 ,,the ,,poet ,,laureate ,,is ,,on ,,view ,,at ,,madame ,,tussaud',s4 8,let them gibe1 let them jeer1 ,let them snigger and sneer ,at my dramas1 my lays1 and my odes6 ,others know my true worth-- ',mid the great ones on earth1 ,they've enshrined me at ,madame ,tussaud's40 ,a more recent contribution from a light versifier runs3 ,there's a refuge1 if ,cabinet duties cease1 ,where ,ministers anxious to rest--with ,peace-- ,may do so4 ,political stars who are on the wane ,in a popular ,chamber may wax again ,chez ,tussaud4 ,here is another quotation from ,punch3 ,there once was a ,madame called ,tussaud ,who loved the grand folk in ,who's ,who1 so ,that she made them in wax1 ,both their fronts and their backs1 ,and asked no permission to do so4 ,one thing is to be noted about the last two quotations3 the writer gives the right pronunciation to the name ,tussaud1 whereas other 8poets0 often make it rhyme with 8swords0--a common error4 ,there was a picture in ,moonshine1 in which a policeman was separating two quarrelling errand boys4 8,now then1 you boys60 said the officer4 ,young ,pat3 8,shure an' it's all him4 ,hitting me1 an' ,i've got a uncle a ,mimber of ,parliament1 ,i have40 ,young ,john3 8,and what of that8 ,why did he cheek me8 ,i'm as good as him4 ,i've got an uncle in ,madame ,tussaud's40 ,the following adroit dialogue appeared in a humorous periodical beneath the picture of a ,scottish minister addressing one of two dishevelled youths3 ,minister 7to small boy who has been fighting73 8,ah1 laddie1 think what wad hae bin done tae ye if ye had kilt that laddie60 ,small ,boy3 8,i'd a bin had up40 ,minister3 8,ah1 yes1 ye'd a bin had up1 but something waur than that40 ,small ,boy3 8,i'd a bin hang1 mebbie40 ,minister3 8,yes6 but something waur than that wad a happen'd40 ,small ,boy3 8,after that ,i'd a bin pit in ,madame ,tussaud's40 ,the family name often appears in the public ,press with more rhyme than reason4 ,the following verse published at the time of the ,hague ,peace ,conference in #ahii is somewhat apropos at the present moment3 ,when all are agreed in word and deed ,that pacific intentions shall rule1 ,when armies disband on every hand ,and tin soldiers are not used at school1 ,when rifles and swords are shown at ,tussaud's ,as inventions quite obsolete1 ,then we might be pleasant1 but just at present ,we're thinking 'bout keeping our ,fleet4 ,when the portrait model of ,mr4 ,rudyard ,kipling was added to the ,exhibition1 that gentleman was made the subject of the following lines3 ,what though from distant climes ,i1 young1 unknown1 ,swift from obscurity ,sprang to a throne8 ,what though aforetime ,worship was paid me8 ,though offers fabulous ,publishers made me8 ,what though the critics all ,pleasantly flattered me8 ,what though all this befell 7,as if this mattered7 me8 ,now with sublime head ,strike ,i the stars2 ,better is this to me ,than all their 8pars40 ,modelled in wax at last1 ,now they do show me ,with other famous ones1 ,madame ,tussaud me6 ,now may ,i pose supreme6 ,now to me1 la 8,crowned heads10 the public grant ,their great ,valhalla6 ,now may the universe ,echo my name2 ,now nothing more remains1 ,this--this is ,,fame6 ,,chapter ,,li ,last scene of all--,madame ,tussaud's appearance and character--,her ,memoirs1 published in #ahch--;,her last words4 ,if ,i have recounted many stories relating to incidents that have taken place long after ,madame ,tussaud passed away1 it is because the flow of anecdote prompted by her genius has continued in an unbroken course down to the present times4 ,but the atmosphere of romance that pervades this history belongs in the main to her days1 and it is only fitting that with the close of her days it should practically come to an end4 ,she died some eight years before ,i was born1 but from my father and from those of his generation who spent the best part of their lives in her company ,i learnt so much about her that it is difficult for me to realise that ,i had not enjoyed her personal acquaintance4 ,her model that stands at the head of the 8,sleeping ,beauty10 ,i have always been given to understand1 is a speaking likeness4 ,in figure she was small and slight1 and her manner was vivacious4 ,her complexion was fresh1 her hair dark brown with never more than a sprinkling of grey1 and her soft brown eyes were keen and alert when her interest was aroused4 ,she was a great talker1 her conversation was replete with reminiscences1 and1 moreover1 she was blessed with a faultless memory4 ,austere in her habits of life1 exacting in her likes and dislikes1 she showed a ready sympathy with those in distress1 and1 above all1 she was generous to a fault4 ,unfortunately her ,memoirs1 published in #ahch1 although they were penned more than a decade before she died1 do not bring us into any very close relationship with either her personality or her life4 ,this would not be surprising to those who knew her1 or who were acquainted with the circumstances in which they were written4 ,she seldom could be brought to speak of herself and her own painful experiences2 and at no time did she betray the slightest disposition to thrust herself upon the public4 ,she was seventy-eight years old at the time1 and her desire for seclusion grew stronger as years advanced1 until her entourage became narrowed down to the simple companionship of her immediate family circle4 ,the ,memoirs came to be written in this wise3 ,her two sons1 ,joseph and ,francis1 in collaboration with an old literary friend of the name of ,francis ,herv1 settled in their minds that the old lady should be induced to leave behind her an account of her career4 ,illustration3 ,,francis ,,tussaud ,younger son of ,madame ,tussaud4 ,born #ahjj1 died #ahgc4 ,modeled by his son ,joseph and exhibited at the ,royal ,academy4 ,as she had declared her unwillingness to busy herself with the task of compiling her autobiography--and in certain matters we knew her to have been immovable--they decided that the best way of accomplishing their design would be to record the substance of those conversations in which they rightly surmised they would have little difficulty in inducing her to take part when in the humour4 ,in spite of the facilities these gentlemen had for obtaining the matter used in their publication1 it may be well conjectured that they did not always find their course run smooth1 and at times they must have been put to odd shifts and a good deal of careful strategy when gathering what they wanted from the shrewd old lady without arousing her suspicions4 ,for these reasons the ,memoirs have failed to supply what is best worth knowing1 such as details giving an insight to her own life--an omission which1 ,i fear1 can never now be made entirely good4 ,that work is1 therefore1 made up of disjointed1 scrappy matter1 avowedly well written1 but somehow obviously strung together for the making of a book4 ,in perusing its pages the reader thus finds himself confronted by a mere procession of notables whom the old lady happened to have known or to have seen in her day1 each with an encyclopdic quantum of information tagged to his or her name that might well have been culled from any biographical treasury4 ,so it is she is to be found speaking of others when her reader's one desire is that she should be induced to talk of herself4 ,neither does this 8,romance0 claim to be a biography4 ,such an undertaking would demand of us closer and more careful study than these brief sketches have entailed1 and much diligent research4 ,moreover1 such has not been the purpose of these pages4 ,by those who had the best authority to speak of her ,i have been often reminded of the trials and hardships against which she had to battle during her long and strenuous career1 showing a courage and determination that might well have broken the spirit of many a man4 ,in estimating her character and her achievements1 my mind turns to events of the past few years which have demonstrated how capable women are of enacting a great part in the drama of human life4 ,madame ,tussaud brought cheerfulness and geniality to bear upon the tasks that lay before her1 and therein lay the secret of her triumphs4 ,she was diligent and attentive to her business1 devoted to her family1 and attached to her friends4 ,the measure of her years far exceeded the allotted span1 and she was rewarded1 despite the slightness of her frame1 with an almost unbroken continuation of good health1 until1 on the #aeth of ,april1 #ahej she passed peacefully and painlessly away at her house attached to the ,exhibition in ,baker ,street4 ,forty years of her life had been chiefly spent in ,paris and the latter fifty years mostly in ,london2 so that her biography may be said to comprise a tale of two cities4 ,she was buried in the catacombs of ,st4 ,mary's ,church1 ,cadogan ,place1 ,chelsea4 ,the last words she spoke in this world were characteristic of this wonderful woman's indomitable spirit4 ,calling her sons1 ,joseph and ,francis1 to her bedside1 she gently upbraided them for showing distress at her departure1 rather than gratitude that she had been spared to them so long4 ,her farewell exhortation was1 8,i divide my property equally between you1 and implore you1 above all things1 never to quarrel40 ,,index ,page ,aberdeen1 ,lord1 #aic ,acadmie de ,saint ,luc1 #fj ,adelaide1 ,queen1 #aaa ,air-raids1 #cbg ,alexander ,,iii of ,russia1 #bbh ,alexandra1 ,queen1 #bbh1 #cch ,alfred the ,great1 #bcb ,alix of ,hesse1 ,princess1 #adg ,anecdotes1 #bic1 #cae1 #cda1 #cdi1 #cec ,animals in ,exhibition1 #bah ,annaly1 ,lord1 #bcb ,archer1 ,fred1 #bhf1 #cbe ,asquith1 ,h4 ,h41 #bce1 #bha ,augusta1 ,princess1 #aji ,austin1 ,alfred1 #ceb ,bailey1 ,old1 #cdf ,baker ,street ,exhibition1 #adi1 #bjh1 #bdg1 #cci1 #cei ,balfour1 ,arthur ,j41 #bbc ,balfour1 ,jabez1 #cbh ,bancroft1 ,lady1 #bdd ,bancroft1 ,sir ,squire1 #bde ,bank ,holiday ,crowds1 #bhb ,barnum1 ,phineas1 #cdc ,baron-,wilson1 ,mrs4 ,c41 #aag ,bastille1 ,keys of the1 #bii ,bastille1 ,the1 #gi ,bates1 ,colour-,sergeant ,g4 ,h41 #aei ,bazaine1 ,marshal1 #agc ,beaconsfield1 ,lord1 #agb1 #aij1 #cae ,beatty1 ,admiral ,lord1 #bce ,berlin ,treaty1 #aia1 #cae ,berne1 #eg1 #eh1 #fc ,berry1 ,the ,executioner1 #cad ,bertrand1 ,count1 #abe1 #aci ,bhopal1 ,begum of1 #bca ,bismarck1 ,prince1 #cbe ,black ,prince1 #bcg ,blind ,visitors1 #ccb ,blcher1 ,von1 #aab 8,bobs01 #aia1 #bjb1 #bij ,bonaparte1 ,napoleon1 #if1 #abg1 #acd1 #aci1 #aec1 #ahd1 #bjf ,booth1 ,general 7the late71 #bec ,boulanger1 ,general1 #bja ,bradlaugh1 ,charles1 #bjj ,bright1 ,john1 #age ,bristol ,riots1 #ajc ,bullock1 ,william1 #abb1 #abc1 #ach ,burgess1 ,t4 ,w41 #bha ,burglar1 ,our1 #bib ,burke1 #bcd1 #caa ,burke1 ,thomas1 #aig ,burns1 ,john1 #bgf ,burns1 ,robert1 #bhf ,burton1 ,isabel ,lady1 #bjf ,burton1 ,sir ,richard1 #bje ,byron1 ,lord1 #bcg ,cabinet de ,cire1 #gc1 #gf ,calcraft1 ,the ,executioner1 #cad ,canning1 ,george1 #ajj1 #aab ,cantlie1 ,sir ,james1 #bhc ,carey1 ,james1 #aig ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 #he ,caroline1 ,queen1 #ii1 #ajg ,carrier1 #ef1 #hg1 #ia ,casement1 ,roger1 #cbf ,cato ,street ,conspiracy1 #baj ,cavell1 ,nurse1 #cce ,cavendish1 ,lord ,frederick1 #aig 8,caverne des ,grands ,voleurs01 #gf1 #bih ,cetewayo1 #ahh ,chamber of ,horrors1 #gf1 #agd1 #ahg1 #bcc1 #bdd1 #bea1 #bgh1 #bij1 #big1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cad1 #cah ,charles of ,denmark1 ,princess1 #bbi ,charlotte1 ,princess1 #ii1 #aab ,children1 ,stories of1 #bid ,churchill1 ,lord ,randolph1 #bcd 8,claimant10 ,tichborne1 #agg ,clarendon1 ,lord1 #aid ,clowes1 ,rev4 ,john1 #aac ,cobbett1 ,william1 #bci1 #bhe ,cobden1 ,richard1 #agf ,coleman1 #bdg ,collins1 ,dennis1 #aaj ,collot d',herbois1 #ie ,concerts1 ,promenade1 #aaj ,consort1 ,prince1 #bbj ,conti1 ,prince de1 #eh ,corday1 ,charlotte1 #ib1 #aad1 #bie ,cornwell1 ,jack1 ,v4,c41 #cce ,crinolines1 #cda ,cromwell1 ,oliver1 #bcg1 #bdh ,cronje1 ,general1 #bbc ,cruikshank1 #abb ,cumberland1 ,duke of1 #aah ,cup-tie ,crowds1 #bhc ,curtius1 ,christopher1 #eg1 #ei1 #fe1 #gj1 #gh1 #hd1 #hh1 #hi1 #if 8,dagonet01 #bdi ,d',angoulme1 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