,a ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,english ,,letter ,,foundries4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,a true exact ,repreentation of the ,art of ,cating ,preparing ,letters for ,printing4 ,engrav'd for the ,universal ,magazine #agej for ,i4 ,hinton at the ,kings ,arms in ,st4 ,pauls ,church ,yard ,,london4 #eh4 ,interior of ,caslon's ,foundry in #agej4 ,from the ,universal ,magazine4 7,the mould is described1 p4 #ajh74 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,english ,,letter ,,foundries1 ,,with ,,notes1 ,historical and ,bibliographical1 ,,on ,,the ,,rise ,,and ,,progress ,,of ,,english ,,typography4 ,,by ,,talbot ,,baines ,,reed4 ,,london3 ,,elliot ,,stock1 #fb1 ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,e4,c4 #ahhg4 ,illustration v ,,preface4 ,in this age of progress1 when the fine arts are rapidly becoming trades1 and the machine is on every side superseding that labour of head and hand which our fathers called ,handicraft1 we are in danger of losing sight of1 or1 at least1 of undervaluing the genius of those who1 with none of our mechanical advantages1 established and made famous in our land those arts and handicrafts of which we are now the heritors4 ,the ,art of ,letter ,founding hesitated long before yielding to the revolutionary impulses of modern progress4 ,while kindred arts--and notably that art which preserves all others--were advancing by leaps and bounds1 the founder1 as late as half a century ago1 was pursuing the even tenor of his ways by paths which had been trodden by ,de ,worde and ,day and ,moxon4 ,but the inevitable revolution came1 and ,letter ,founding to-day bids fair to break all her old ties and take new departures undreamed of by those heroes of the punch and matrix and mould who made her what we found her4 ,at such a time1 it seems not undutiful to attempt to gather together into a connected form the numerous records of the ,old ,english ,letter ,founders scattered throughout our literary and vi typographical history1 with a view to preserve the memory of those to whose labours ,english ,printing is indebted for so much of its glory4 ,the present work represents the labour of several years in what may be considered some of the untrodden by-paths of ,english typographical history4 ,the curious ,dissertation on ,english ,typographical ,founders and ,founderies by the learned ,edward ,rowe ,mores1 published in #aggh1 is1 in fact1 the only work in the language purporting to treat of ,letter ,founding as distinct from the art which it fosters4 ,this quaint and crabbed sketch1 full of valuable but half-digested information1 was intended to accompany a specimen of the types of ,john ,james1 whose foundry had gradually absorbed all the minor ,english foundries1 and1 after the death of its owner1 had become the property of ,mores himself4 ,the enthusiasm of the ,oxford antiquary infused new life into the dry bones of this decayed collection4 ,working backwards1 he restored in imagination the old foundries of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 as they had been before they became absorbed in his own4 ,he tracked back a few famous historical types to their fountain-head1 and even bridged over the mysterious gulf which divided the early sixteenth from the early seventeenth centuries of ,english letter-founding4 ,mores' ,dissertation has necessarily formed the basis of my investigations1 and is1 indeed1 almost wholly incorporated in the present volume4 ,of the additional and more anecdotal notes on the later founders1 preserved by ,nichols and ,hansard1 ,i have also freely made use2 although in every case it has been my endeavour to take nothing on report which it has been possible to verify by reference to original sources4 ,this effort has been rewarded by several interesting discoveries which it is hoped may be found to throw considerable fresh light on the history of our national typography4 ,the first century of ,english letter-founding is a period of great obscurity1 to master which it is absolutely essential to have vii unlimited access to all the works of all the printers whose books were the only type specimens of their day4 ,such access it has been beyond my power fully to secure1 and in this portion of my work ,i am bound to admit that ,i can lay claim to little originality of research4 ,i have1 however1 endeavoured to examine as many of the specimens of these early presses as possible1 and to satisfy myself that the observations of others1 of which ,i have availed myself1 are such as ,i can assent to4 ,in detailing the rise and progress of the various ,english ,letter ,foundries1 it has been my endeavour to treat the subject1 as far as possible1 bibliographically--that is1 to regard as type-specimens not merely the stated advertisements of the founder1 but also the works for which his types were created and in which they were used4 ,the ,catena on ,job1 ,walton's ,polyglot1 ,boyle's ,irish ,testament1 ,bowyer's ,selden1 thus rank as type specimens quite as interesting as1 and far more valuable than1 the ordinary letter founders' catalogues4 ,proceeding on this principle1 moreover1 this ,history will be found to embody a pretty complete bibliography of works not only relating to1 but illustrative of1 ,english ,letter ,founding4 ,at the same time1 the particular bibliography of the subject has been kept distinct1 by appending to each chapter a chronological list of the ,specimen ,books issued by the foundry to which it relates4 ,the introductory chapter on the ,types and ,type ,founding of the ,first ,printers may be considered somewhat foreign to the scope of this ,history4 ,the importance1 however1 of a practical acquaintance with the processes and appliances of the ,art of ,letter ,founding as a foundation to any complete study of typographical history--as well as the numerous misconceptions existing on the part even of accepted authorities on the subject--suggested the attempt to examine the various accounts of the ,invention of ,printing from a letter founder's point of view1 in the hope1 if not of arriving at any very definite conclusions1 at least of clearing the question of a few prevalent fallacies4 ,the two chapters on ,type ,bodies and ,type ,faces1 although also viii to some extent foreign1 are considered important by way of introduction to the history of ,english ,letter ,founding in which the 8foreign and learned0 characters have so conspicuously figured4 ,if this book--the imperfections of which are apparent to no one as painfully as they are to the writer--should in any way encourage the study of our national ,typography1 with a view to profit by the history of the past in an endeavour to promote its excellence in the future1 the labour here concluded will be amply repaid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the agreeable task remains of thanking the numerous friends to whose aid and encouragement this book is indebted for much of whatever value it may possess4 ,my foremost thanks are due to my honoured and valued friend1 ,mr4 ,william ,blades1 to whom ,i am indebted for far more than unlimited access to his valuable typographical library1 and the ungrudging use of his special knowledge on all subjects connected with ,english typography4 ,these ,i have enjoyed1 and what was of equal value his kindly advice and sympathy during the whole progress of a work which1 but for his encouragement from the outset1 might never have been completed4 ,another friend who1 brief as was our acquaintance1 had taken a genuine interest in the progress of this ,history1 and had enriched it by more than one valuable communication1 has been snatched away by the hand of ,death before the thanks he never coveted but constantly incurred can reach him4 ,in ,henry ,bradshaw the world of books has lost a distinguished ornament1 and this little book has lost a hearty friend4 ,to ,mr4 ,f4 ,madan1 of the ,bodleian ,library1 ,oxford1 ,i owe much valuable information as to early printing at that ,university2 while to the kindness of ,mr4 ,horace ,hart1 ,controller of the ,university ,press1 ,i am indebted for full access to the highly interesting collection of typographical antiquities preserved at that ,press1 as well as for the specimens ,i am here enabled to show of some of the most interesting relics of the oldest ,foundry in the country4 ix ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,smith has kindly given me similar facilities as regards the archives and historical specimens of the venerable ,caslon ,foundry4 ,mr4 ,sam4 ,timmins most generously placed at my disposal much of the information embodied in my chapter on ,baskerville1 including the extracts from the letters forming part of his unique collection relating to that celebrated typographer4 ,to ,mr4 ,james ,figgins ,i am obliged for many particulars relating to the early association of founders at the commencement of the present century2 also for a specimen of one of the most noted founts of his distinguished ancestor4 ,mr4 ,charles ,r4 ,rivington ,i have to thank for one or two valuable extracts from the ,minutes of the ,court of the ,stationers' ,company1 relating to ,letter ,founders4 ,to ,messrs4 ,ensched and ,sons1 of ,haarlem1 my thanks are also specially due for giving me specimens of some of their most curious and ancient types4 ,it is also my pleasure1 as well as my duty1 to thank the ,secretary of the ,american ,antiquarian ,society for information regarding specimens in his possession2 my friend1 ,dr4 ,wright1 of the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society1 for free access to the highly interesting ,library under his care2 ,messrs4 ,tuer1 ,bremner1 ,gill1 and others for the kind loan of ,specimens2 the ,librarian of the ,london ,institution for permission to facsimile portions of the rare specimen of ,james' ,foundry in that ,library2 and the numerous other friends1 who1 by reading proofs and in other ways1 have generously assisted me in my labours4 ,i also take this opportunity of thanking ,mr4 ,prtorius and ,mr4 ,manning for the care they have bestowed on the preparation of facsimiles for this work2 and of expressing my obligations to the officials of the ,british ,museum and ,record ,office for their invariable courtesy on all occasions on which their assistance has been invoked4 ,,london1 ,january #ast1 #ahhg4 xi ,,contents4 ,introductory ,chapter4 ,,the ,,types ,,and ,,type ,,founding ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,printers #a ,chap4 #a4 ,,the ,,english ,,type ,,bodies ,,and ,,faces #ca #b4 ,,the ,,learned1 ,,foreign ,,and ,,peculiar ,,characters #eg #c4 ,,the ,,printer ,,letter-,,founders1 ,,from ,,caxton ,,to ,,day #hc #d4 ,,letter ,,founding ,,as ,,an ,,english ,,mechanical ,,trade #ajb #e4 ,,the ,,state ,,control ,,of ,,english ,,letter ,,founding #abc #f4 ,,the ,,oxford ,,university ,,foundry #acg #g4 ,,the ,,star ,,chamber ,,founders1 ,,and ,,the ,,london ,,polyglot #afd #h4 ,,joseph ,,moxon #ahj #i4 ,,the ,,later ,,founders ,,of ,,the #ag,,th ,,century #aic #aj4 ,,thomas ,,and ,,john ,,james #bab #aa4 ,,william ,,caslon #bcb #ab4 ,,alexander ,,wilson #beg #ac4 ,,john ,,baskerville #bfh #ad4 ,,thomas ,,cottrell #bhh #ae4 ,,joseph ,,and ,,edmund ,,fry #bih #af4 ,,joseph ,,jackson #cae #ag4 ,,william ,,martin #ccj #ah4 ,,vincent ,,figgins #cce #ai4 ,,the ,,minor ,,founders ,,of ,,the #ah,,th ,,century #cde #bj4 ,,william ,,miller #cee #ba4 ,,the ,,minor ,,founders ,,from #ahjj ,,to #ahcj #ceg xiii ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,,page #a4--,types cast from leaden matrices1 circ4 #aejj #af #b4--,specimen illustrating the variations in the face of type1 produced by bad casting #ah #c4--,type mould of ,claude ,garamond4 ,paris1 #aedj4 ,from ,duverger #bc #d4--,profile tracings from ,m4 ,claudin's #aeth century types #ba #e4--;,a #aeth century type4 ,from ,m4 ,madden's ,lettres d'un ,bibliographe #bd #f4--;,a #aeth century type4 ,from ,liber de ,laudibus444,mari1 circ4 #adfh #bd #g4--,roman letter4 ,from the ,sophologium1 ,wiedenbach8 #adfe-gj8 #db #h4--,roman and ,black letter intermixed4 ,from ,traheron's ,exposition of ,st4 ,john1 #aeeb #de #i4--,robijn ,italic1 cut by ,chr4 van ,dijk4 ,from the original matrices #eb #aj4--;,gothic ,type or ,lettre de ,forme1 circ4 #adhj4 ,from the original matrices #ec #aa4--,philosophie ,flamand engraved by ,fleischman1 #agdc4 ,from the original matrices #ed #ab4--,lettre de ,civilit1 cut by ,ameet ,tavernier for ,plantin1 circ4 #aegj4 ,from the original matrices #ef #ac4--;,blooming ,initials4 ,oxford1 circ4 #agjj #hj #ad4--,pierced ,initial4 ,oxford1 ante #agjj #ha #ae4--;,caxton's ,advertisement1 in his ,type #c face #hh #af4--;,caxton's ,type #d499 ,from the ,golden ,legend face #hh #ag4--;,black letter1 supposed to be ,de ,worde's4 ,from ,palmer's ,history of ,printing #ij #ah4--,pynson's ,roman letter4 ,from the ,oratio in ,pace ,nuperrim1 #aeah #ib #ah;a4--,berthelet's ,black letter and ,secretary type4 ,from the ,boke named the ,governour1 #aeca #ie #ai4--,portrait of ,john ,day1 #aefb4 ,from ,peter ,martir's ,commentaries1 #aefh #ii #bj1 #ba1 #bb4--;,day's ,saxon1 ,roman1 and ,italic4 ,from the lfredi ,res ,gest1 #aegd face #if #bc4--,letter ,founding in ,frankfort in #aefh4 ,from ,jost ,amman's ,stnde und ,handwerker #ajd #bd4--,letter ,founding and ,printing circ4 #aedh4 ,from the ,harleian ,,mss4 #aje #be4--,letter ,founding in #afhc4 ,from ,moxon's ,mechanick ,exercises #aji #bf4--,letter ,founding in ,france in #agah4 ,from ,thiboust's ,typographi ,excellentia #aae #bg4--;,colophon of the ,lyndewode1 ,oxford1 n4d4 ,showing types c1 d1 e1 f face #ach #bh4--;,greek fount of the ,eton ,chrysostom1 #afac face #adj #bi4--;,greeks1 ,roman and ,italic4 ,from the ,catena on ,job1 #afcg face #adj #cj4--,the ,sheldonian ,theatre1 ,oxford4 ,from an old wood-block #aec #ca4--,the ,clarendon ,press1 ,oxford4 ,from an old wood-block #aef #cb4--,pica ,roman and ,italic1 presented to ,oxford by ,dr4 ,fell1 #affg #aeb #cc4--,pica ,roman and ,italic1 bought by ,oxford ,university in #afib #aeb #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch4--;,hebrew1 large and small1 ,coptic1 ,arabic1 and ,syriac1 presented to ,oxford by ,dr4 ,fell1 #affg4 ,from the original matrices #adg #ci4--;,ethiopic1 bought by ,oxford ,university in #afib4 ,from the original matrices #aed #dj4--;,ethiopic of ,walton's ,polyglot1 #afeg4 ,from the original matrices #agd #da4--,syriac of ,walton's ,polyglot1 #afeg4 ,from the original matrices #agd #db4--,samaritan of ,walton's ,polyglot1 #afeg4 ,from the original matrices #agd #dc4--,specimen of ,nicholas ,nicholls1 #affe4 ,from the original face #agh #dd4--,portrait of ,joseph ,moxon4 ,from the ,tutor to ,astronomy and ,geography1 #dth ed41 #afhf1 face #ahj #de4--,moxon's ,irish type1 #afhj4 ,from the original matrices #ahi #df4--;,dutch ,initial ,letters4 ,from the original matrices #hj #dg4--,nonpareil ,rabbinical ,hebrew in ,andrews' ,foundry4 ,from the original matrices #aid #dh4--,saxon1 cut by ,r4 ,andrews for ,miss ,elstob's ,grammar1 #agae4 ,from the original matrices #aif #di4--,old ,dutch ,blacks in ,r4 ,andrews' ,foundry4 ,from the original matrices #aid #ej4--;,alexandrian ,greek in ,grover's ,foundry4 ,from the ,catalogue of ,james' ,sale1 #aghb #bjj #ea4--,scriptorial in ,grover's ,foundry4 ,from the original matrices #bjd #eb4--;,court ,hand in ,grover's ,foundry4 ,from the original matrices #bjd #ec4--,union ,pearl in ,grover's ,foundry4 ,from the original matrices #bjd #ed4--,walpergen's ,music type4 ,oxford1 circ4 #afge4 ,from the original matrices #bjh #ee4--,pictorial pierced ,initial4 ,from an #ahth century newspaper #ha #ef4--,title-page of the ,catalogue and ,specimen of ,james' ,foundry1 #aghb4 ,from the original #bbf #eg4--,portrait of ,william ,caslon4 ,from ,hansard face #bcb #eh4--,view of the ,interior of ,caslon's ,foundry in #agej4 ,from the ,universal ,magazine ,frontispiece #ei4--,pica ,roman and ,italic1 cut by ,caslon1 #agbj4 ,from the original matrices #bcf #fj4--;,black letter1 cut by ,caslon4 ,from the original matrices #bci #fa4--;,arabic1 cut by ,caslon1 #agbj4 ,from the original matrices #bce #fb4--;,coptic1 cut by ,caslon1 ante #agca4 ,from the original matrices #bcf #fc4--;,armenian1 cut by ,caslon1 ante #agcf4 ,from the original matrices #bci #fd4--;,etruscan1 cut by ,caslon1 #agch4 ,from the original matrices #bdj #fe4--;,gothic1 cut by ,caslon1 ante #agcd4 ,from the original matrices #bci #ff4--;,ethiopic1 cut by ,caslon4 ,from the original matrices #bdj #fg4--,syriac1 cut by ,caslon ,,ii1 circ4 #agfh4 ,from the original matrices #bdf #fh4--,portrait of ,alexander ,wilson4 ,from ,hansard face #beh #fi4--;,greek1 cut by ,alex4 ,wilson1 ante #agfh4 ,from the ,glasgow ,homer1 #agfh #bfb #gj4--,portrait of ,john ,baskerville4 ,from ,hansard face #bfh #ga4--;,greek1 cut by ,baskerville for ,oxford4 ,from the ,oxford ,specimen1 #agfh-gj face #bgd #gb4--,roman and ,italic1 cut by ,baskerville1 #ageh4 ,from the ,milton1 ,birmingham1 #ageh face #bgf #gc4--;,engrossing1 cut by ,cottrell1 circ4 #agfh4 ,from the original matrices #bhi #gc;a4--,silhouette ,portraits of ,joseph and ,edmund ,fry4 ,from the originals face #bih #gd4--;,alexandrian ,greek 7formerly ,grover's71 rejustified by ,dr4 ,fry4 ,from the original matrices #cjd #gd;a4--,hebrew1 cut by ,dr4 ,fry1 circ4 #aghe4 ,from the original matrices #cjd #ge4--,portrait of ,joseph ,jackson4 ,from ,nichols' ,literary ,anecdotes face #caf #gf4--,portrait of ,william ,caslon ,,iii4 ,from ,hansard face #cbf #gg4--,two-line ,english ,roman1 cut by ,vincent ,figgins1 #agib4 ,from the original matrices #ccg #gh4--,samaritan1 cut by ,dummers for ,caslon1 circ4 #agcd4 ,from the original matrices #cde ,illustration #a ,illustration ,,introductory ,,chapter ,,the ,,types ,,and ,,typefounding ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,printers4 ,for four centuries the noise of controversy has raged round the cradle of ,typography4 ,volumes have been written1 lives have been spent1 fortunes have been wasted1 communities have been stirred1 societies have been organised1 a literature has been developed1 to find an answer to the famous triple question3 8,when1 where1 and by whom was found out the unspeakably useful art of printing books80 ,and yet the world to-day is little nearer a finite answer to the question than it was when ,ulric ,zel indited his memorable narrative to the ,cologne ,chronicle in #adii4 ,indeed1 the dust of battle has added to1 rather than diminished1 the mysterious clouds which envelope the problem1 and we are tempted to seek refuge in an agnosticism which almost refuses to believe that printing ever had an inventor4 ,it would be neither suitable nor profitable to encumber an investigation of that part of the ,history of ,typography which relates to the types and type-making of the fifteenth century by any attempt to discuss the vexed question of the ,invention of the ,art4 ,the man who invented ,typography was doubtless the man who invented movable types4 ,where the one is discovered1 we have also found the other4 ,but1 meanwhile1 it is possible to avail ourselves of whatever evidence exists as to the nature of the types he and his successors used1 and as to the methods by which those types were produced1 and possibly to #b arrive at some conclusions respecting the earliest practices of the ,art of ,typefounding in the land and in the age in which it first saw the light4 ,no one has done more to clear the way for a free investigation of all questions relating to the origin of printing than ,dr4 ,van der ,linde1 in his able essay1 ,the ,haarlem ,legend1#a which1 while disposing ruthlessly of the fiction of ,coster's invention1 lays down the important principle1 too often neglected by writers on the subject1 that the essence of ,typography consists in the mobility of the types1 and that1 therefore1 it is not a development of the long practised art of printing from fixed blocks1 but an entirely distinct invention4 ,the principle is so important1 and ,dr4 ,van der ,linde's words are so emphatic1 that we make no apology for quoting them3 8,i cannot repeat often enough that1 when we speak of ,typography and its invention1 nothing is meant1 or rather nothing must be meant1 but printing with loose 7separate1 moveable7 types 7be they letters1 musical notes1 or other figures71 which therefore1 in distinction from letters cut on wooden or metal plates1 may be put together or separated according to inclination4 ,one thing therefore is certain3 he who did not invent printing with moveable types1 did1 as far as ,typography goes1 invent nothing4 ,what material was used first of all in this invention2 of what metal the first letters1 the patrices 7engraved punches7 and matrices were made2 by whom and when the leaden matrices and brass patrices were replaced by brass matrices and steel patrices2 4 4 4 4 4 all this belongs to the secondary question of the technical execution of the principal idea3 multiplication of books by means of multiplication of letters1 multiplication of letters by means of their durability1 and repeated use of the same letters1 i4e41 by means of the independence 7looseness7 of each individual letter 7moveableness740--,p4 #ai4 ,if this principle be adopted--and we can hardly imagine it questioned--it will be obvious that a large class of works which usually occupy a prominent place in inquiries into the origin of ,printing1 have but slight bearing on the history of ,typography4 ,the block books of the fifteenth century had little direct connection with the art that followed and eclipsed them4#b ,in the one respect of marking the early use of printing for the instruction of mankind1 the block books and the first works of ,typography proper claim an equal interest2 but1 as regards their mechanical production1 the one feature they possess in common is a quality shared also by the playing-cards1 pictures1 seals1 stamps1 #c brands1 and all the other applications of the principle of impression which had existed in one form or another from time immemorial4 ,it is reasonable to suppose that the first idea of movable type may have been suggested to the mind of the inventor by a study of the works of a xylographic printer1 and an observation of the cumbrous and wearisome method by which his books were produced4 ,the toil involved in first painfully tracing the characters and figures1 reversed1 on the wood1 then of engraving them1 and1 finally1 of printing them with the frotton1 would appear--in the case1 at any rate1 of the small school-books1 for the production of which this process was largely resorted to--scarcely less tedious than copying the required number by the deft pen of a scribe4 ,and even if1 at a later period1 the bookmakers so far facilitated their labours as to write their text in the ordinary manner on prepared paper1 or with prepared ink1 and so transfer their copy1 after the manner of the ,chinese1 on to the wood1 the labour expended in proportion to the result1 and the uselessness of the blocks when once their work was done1 would doubtless impress an inventive genius with a sense of dissatisfaction and impatience4 ,we can imagine him examining the first page of an ,abecedarium1 on which would be engraved1 in three lines1 with a clear space between each character1 the letters of the alphabet1 and speculating1 as ,cicero had speculated centuries before1#c on the possibilities presented by the combination in indefinite variety of those twenty-five symbols4 ,being a practical man as well as a theorist1 we may suppose he would attempt to experiment on the little wood block in his hand1 and by sawing off first the lines1 and then some of the letters in the lines1 attempt to arrange his little types into a few short words4 ,a momentous experiment1 and fraught with the greatest revolution the world has ever known6 99 99 99 99 99 ,no question has aroused more interest1 or excited keener discussion in the history of printing1 than that of the use of movable wooden types as a first stage in the passage from ,xylography to ,typography4 ,those who write on the affirmative side of the question profess to see in the earlier typographical works1 as well as in the historical statements handed down by the old authorities1 the #d clearest evidence that wooden types were used1 and that several of the most famous works of the first printers were executed by their means4 ,as regards the latter source of their confidence1 it is at least remarkable that no single writer of the fifteenth century makes the slightest allusion to the use of wooden types4 ,indeed1 it was not till ,bibliander1 in #aedh1d first mentioned and described them1 that anything professing to be a record on the subject existed4 8,first they cut their letters10 he says1 8on wood blocks the size of an entire page1 but because the labour and cost of that way was so great1 they devised movable wooden types1 perforated and joined one to the other by a thread40 ,the legend1 once started1 found no lack of sponsors1 and the typographical histories of the sixteenth century and onward abound with testimonies confirmatory more or less of ,bibliander's statement4 ,of these testimonies1 those only are worthy of attention which profess to be based on actual inspection of the alleged perforated wooden types4 ,specklin#e 7who died in #aehi7 asserts that he saw some of these relics at ,strasburg4 ,angelo ,roccha1#f in #aeia1 vouches for the existence of similar letters 7though he does not say whether wood or metal7 at ,venice4 ,paulus ,pater1#g in #agaj1 stated that he had once seen some belonging to ,fust at ,mentz2 ,bodman1 as late as #agha1 saw the same types in a worm-eaten condition at ,mentz2 while ,fischer1#h in #ahjb1 stated that these precious relics were used as a sort of token of honour to be bestowed on worthy apprentices on the occasion of their finishing their term4 ,this testimony proves nothing beyond the fact that at ,strasburg1 ,venice1 and ,mentz there existed at some time or other certain perforated wooden types which tradition ascribed to the first printers4 ,but on the question whether any book was ever printed with such type1 it is wholly inconclusive4 ,it is possible to believe that certain early printers1 uninitiated into the mystery of the punch and matrix1 may have attempted to cut themselves wooden types1 which1 when they proved untractable under the press1 they perforated and strung together in lines2 #e but it is beyond credit that any such rude experiment ever resulted in the production of a work like the ,speculum4 ,it is true that many writers have asserted it was so4 ,fournier1 a practical typographer1 insists upon it from the fact that the letters vary among themselves in a manner which would not be the case had they been cast from a matrix in a mould4 ,but1 to be consistent1 ,fournier is compelled 7as ,bernard points out7 to postpone the use of cast type till after the ,gutenberg ,bible and ,mentz ,psalter1 both of which works display the same irregularities4 ,and as the latest edition of the ,psalter1 printed in the old types1 appeared in #aeaf1 it would be necessary to suppose that movable wood type was in vogue up to that date4 ,no one has yet demonstrated1 or attempted seriously to demonstrate1 the possibility of printing a book like the ,speculum in movable wooden type4 ,all the experiments hitherto made1 even by the most ardent supporters of the theory1 have been woful failures4 ,laborde#i admits that to cut the #c1jjj separate letters required for the ,letters of ,indulgence1 engraved by him1 would cost #dej francs2 and even he1 with the aid of modern tools to cut up his wooden cubes1 can only show four widely spaced lines4 ,wetter#aj shows a page printed from perforated and threaded wooden types#aa2 but these1 though of large size1 only prove by their #f 8naughty caprioles0 the absurdity of supposing that the 8unleaded0 ,speculum1 a quarternion of which would require #dj1jjj distinct letters1 could have been produced in #addj by a method which even the modern cutting and modern presswork of #ahcf failed to adapt to a single page of large-sized print4 ,john ,ensched1 the famous ,haarlem typefounder1 though a strong adherent to the ,coster legend1 was compelled to admit the practical impossibility1 in his day at any rate1 of producing a single wood type which would stand the test of being mathematically square2 nor would it be possible to square it after being cut4 8,no engraver10 he remarks1 8is able to cut separate letters in wood in such a manner that they retain their quadrature 7for that is the main thing of the line in type-casting740#ab ,admitting for a moment that some printer may have succeeded in putting together a page of these wooden types1 without the aid of leads1 into a chase3 how can it be supposed that after their exposure to the warping influences of the sloppy ink and tight pressure during the impression1 they could ever have survived to be distributed and recomposed into another forme8#ac ,the claims set up on behalf of movable wood types as the means by which the ,speculum or any other of the earliest books was printed1 are not only historically unsupported1 but the whole weight of practical evidence rejects them4 ,dismissing them1 therefore1 from our consideration1 a new theory confronts us1 which at first blush seems to supply1 if not a more probable1 certainly a more possible1 stepping-stone between ,xylography and ,typography4 ,we refer to what ,meerman1 the great champion of this theory1 calls the 8sculpto-fusi0 #g characters3 types1 that is1 the shanks of which have been cast in a quadrilateral mould1 and the 8faces0 engraved by hand afterwards4 ,meerman and those who agree with him engage a large array of testimony on their side4 ,in the reference of ,celtis1 in #aejb1 to ,mentz as the city 8qu prima sculpsit solidos re characteres10 they see a clear confirmation of their theory2 as also in the frequent recurrence of the same word 8sculptus0 in the colophons of the early printers4 ,meerman1 indeed1 goes so far as to ingeniously explain the famous account of the invention given by ,trithemius in #aead1ad in the light of his theory1 to mean that1 after the rejection of the first wooden types1 8the inventors found out a method of casting the bodies only 7fundendi formas7 of all the letters of the ,latin alphabet from what they called matrices1 on which they cut the face of each letter2 and from the same kind of matrices a method was in time discovered of casting the complete letters 7neos sive stanneos characteres7 of sufficient hardness for the pressure they had to bear1 which letters before--that is1 when the bodies only were cast--they were obliged to cut40#ae ,after this bold flight of translation1 it is not surprising to find that ,meerman claims that the ,speculum was printed in 8sculpto-fusi0 types1 although in the one page of which he gives a facsimile there are nearly #a1gjj separate types1 of which #bej alone are e's4 ,schoepflin1 claiming the same invention for the ,strasburg printers1 believes that all the earliest books printed there were produced by this means2 and both ,meerman and ,schoepflin agree that engraved metal types were in use for many years after the invention of the punch and matrix1 mentioning1 among others so printed1 the ,mentz ,psalter1 the ,catholicon of #adfj1 the ,eggestein ,bible of #adfh1 and even the ,nideri ,prceptorium1 printed at ,strasburg as late as #adgf1 as 8literis in re sculptis40 ,almost the whole historical claim of the engraved metal types1 indeed1 turns on the recurrence of the term 8sculptus0 in the colophons of the early printers4 ,jenson1 in #adga1 calls himself a 8cutter of books0 7librorum exsculptor74 ,sensenschmid1 in #adge1 says that the ,codex ,justinianus is 8cut0 7insculptus71 and that he has 8cut0 7sculpsit7 the work of ,lombardus in ,psalterium4 ,husner of ,strasburg1 in #adgb1 applies the term 8printed with letters cut of metal0 7exsculptis #h re litteris7 to the ,speculum ,durandi2 and of the ,prceptorium ,nideri1 printed in #adgf1 he says it is 8printed in letters cut of metal by a very ingenious effort0 7litteris exsculptis artificiali certe conatu ex re74 ,as ,dr4 ,van der ,linde points out1 the use of the term in reference to all these books can mean nothing else than a figurative allusion to the first process towards producing the types1 namely1 the cutting of the punch#af2 just as when ,schoeffer1 in #adff1 makes his ,grammatica ,vetus ,rhythmica say1 8,i am cast at ,mentz0 7,at ,moguntia sum fusus in urbe libellus71 he means nothing more than a figurative allusion to the casting of the types4 ,the theory of the sculpto-fusi types appears to have sprung up on no firmer foundation than the difficulty of accounting for the marked irregularities in the letters of the earliest printed books1 and the lack of a theory more feasible than that of movable wood type to account for it4 ,the method suggested by ,meerman seemed to meet the requirements of the case1 and with the aid of the very free translation of ,trithemius' story1 and the very literal translation of certain colophons1 it managed to get a footing on the typographical records4 ,mr4 ,skeen seriously applies himself to demonstrate how the shanks could be cast in clay moulds stamped with a number of trough-like matrices representing the various widths of the blanks required1 and calculates that at the rate of four a day1 #f1jjj of these blanks could be engraved on the end by one man in five years1 the whole weighing #ajj lb4 when finished6 8,no wonder10 ,mr4 ,skeen navely observes1 8that ,fust at last grew impatient40 ,we must confess that there seems less ground for believing in the use of 8sculpto-fusi0 types as the means by which any of the early books were produced1 than in the perforated wood types4 ,the enormous labour involved1 in itself renders the idea improbable4 ,as ,m4 ,bernard says1 8,how can we suppose that intelligent men like the first printers would not at once find out that they could easily cast the face and body of their types together80#ag ,but admitting the possibility of producing type in this manner1 and the possible obtuseness which could allow an inventor of printing to spend five years in laboriously engraving 8shanks0 enough for a single forme1 the lack of any satisfactory evidence that such types were ever used1 even experimentally1 inclines us to deny them any place in the history of the origin of typography4 99 99 99 99 99 ,putting aside1 therefore1 as improbable1 and not proved1 the two theories of #i engraved movable types1 the question arises1 ,did typography1 like her patron goddess1 spring fully armed from the brain of her inventor8 in other words1 did men pass at a single stride from xylography to the perfect typography of the punch1 the matrix1 and the mould8 or are we still to seek for an intermediate stage in some ruder and more primitive process of production8 ,to this question we cannot offer a better reply than that contained in the following passage from ,mr4 ,blades's admirable life of ,caxton4#ah 8,the examination of many specimens10 he observes1 8has led me to conclude that two schools of typography existed together 4 4 4 ,the ruder consisted of those printers who practised their art in ,holland and the ,low ,countries1 4 4 4 and who1 by degrees only1 adopted the better and more perfect methods of the 4 4 4 school founded in ,germany by the celebrated trio1 ,gutenberg1 ,fust1 and ,schoeffer40 ,it is impossible1 we think1 to resist the conclusion that all the earlier works of typography were the impression of cast metal types2 but that the methods of casting employed were not always those of matured letter-founding1 seems to us not only probable1 but evident1 from a study of the works themselves4 ,mr4 ,theo4 ,de ,vinne1 in his able treatise on the invention of printing1#ai speaking with the authority of a practical typographer1 insists that the key to that invention is to be found1 not in the press nor in the movable types1 but in the adjustable type-mould1 upon which1 he argues1 the existence of typography depends4 ,while not prepared to go as far as ,mr4 ,de ,vinne on this point1 and still content to regard the invention of movable types as the real key to the invention of typography proper1 we find in the mould not only the culminating achievement of the inventor1 but also the key to the distinction between the two schools of early typography to which we have alluded4 ,the adjustable mould was undoubtedly the goal of the discovery1 and those who reached it at once were the advanced typographers of the ,mentz press4 ,those who groped after it through clumsy and tedious by-ways were the rude artists of the ,donatus and ,speculum4 ,in considering the primitive modes of type-casting1 it must be frankly admitted that the inquirer stands in a field of pure conjecture4 ,he has only negative evidence to assure him that such primitive modes undoubtedly did exist1 and he searches in vain for any direct clue as to the nature and details of those methods4 ,we shall briefly refer to one or two theories which have been propounded1 all with more or less of plausibility4 ,casting in sand was an art not unknown to the silversmiths and #aj trinket-makers of the fifteenth century1 and several writers have suggested that some of the early printers applied this process to typefounding4 ,m4 ,bernard#bj considers that the types of the ,speculum were sand-cast1 and accounts for the varieties observable in the shapes of various letters1 by explaining that several models would probably be made of each letter1 and that the types when cast would1 as is usual after sand-casting1 require some touching up or finishing by hand4 ,he shows a specimen of a word cast by himself by this process1 which1 as far as it goes1 is a satisfactory proof of the possibility of casting letters in this way4#ba ,there are1 indeed1 many points in this theory which satisfactorily account for peculiarities in the appearance of books printed by the earliest rude ,dutch ,school4 ,not only are the irregularities of the letters in body and line intelligible1 but the specks between the lines1 so frequently observable1 would be accounted for by the roughness on the 8shoulders0 of the sand-cast bodies4#bb ,an important difficulty to be overcome in type cast by this or any other primitive method would be the absence of uniformity in what letter founders term 8height to paper40 ,some types would stand higher than others1 and the low ones1 unless raised1 would not only miss the ink1 but would not appear at all in the impression4 ,the comparative rarity of faults of this kind in the ,speculum1 leads one to suppose that if a process of sand-casting had been adopted1 the difficulty of uneven heights had been surmounted either by locking up the forme face downwards1 or by perforating the types either at the time of or after casting1 and by means of a thread or wire holding them in their places4 ,the uneven length of the lines favours such a supposition1 and to the same cause ,mr4 ,ottley#bc attributes the numerous misprints of the ,speculum1 to correct which in the type would have involved the unthreading of every line in which an error occurred4 ,and as a still more striking proof that the lines were put into the forme one by one1 in a piece1 he shows a curious printer's blunder at the end of one page1 where the whole of the last reference-line is put in upside down1 thus3 ,illustration #aa ,a 8turn0 of this magnitude could hardly have occurred if the letters had been set in the forme type by type4 ,another suggested mode is that of casting in clay moulds1 by a method very similar to that used in the sand process1 and resulting in similar peculiarities and variations in the types4 ,mr4 ,ottley1 who is the chief exponent of this theory1 suggests that the types were made by pouring melted lead or other soft metal1 into moulds of earth or plaster1 formed1 while the earth or plaster was in a moist state1 upon letters cut by hand in wood or metal2 in the ordinary manner used from time immemorial in casting statues of bronze and other articles of metal1 whether for use or ornament4 ,the mould thus formed could not be of long duration2 indeed1 it could scarcely avail for a second casting1 as it would be scarcely possible to extract the type after casting without breaking the clay1 and even if that could be done1 the shrinking of the metal in cooling would be apt to warp the mould beyond the possibility of further use4 ,mr4 ,ottley thinks that the constant renewal of the moulds could be effected by using old types cast out of them1 after being touched up by the graver1 as models4 ,and this he considers will account for the varieties observable in the different letters4 ,in this last conjecture we think ,mr4 ,ottley goes out of his way to suggest an unnecessary difficulty4 ,if1 as he contends1 the ,speculum was printed two pages at a time1 with soft types cast by the clay process and renewed from time to time by castings from fresh moulds formed upon the old letters touched up by the graver1 we should witness a gradual deterioration and attenuation in the type1 as the work progressed1 which would leave the face of the letter1 at the end1 unrecognisable as that with which it began4 ,it would be more reasonable to suppose that one set of models would be reserved for the periodical renewal of the moulds all through the work1 and that the variations in the types would be due1 not to the gradual paring of the faces of the models1 but to the different skill and exactness with which the successive moulds would be taken4#bd #ab ,the chief objection urged against both the clay and sand methods as above described is their tediousness4 ,the time occupied after the first engraving of the models in forming1 drying and clearing the mould1 in casting1 extracting1 touching up1 and possibly perforating1 the types would be little short of the expeditious performance of a practised xylographer4 ,still there would be a clear gain in the possession of a fount of movable types1 which1 even if the metal in which they were cast were only soft lead or pewter1 might yet do duty in more than one forme1 under a rough press1 roughly handled4 ,on the xylographic block1 moreover1 only one hand1 and that a skilled one1 could labour4 ,of the moulding and casting of these rude types1 many hands could make light work4 ,m4 ,bernard states that the artist who produced for him the few sand-cast types shown in his work1 assured him that a workman could easily produce a thousand of such letters a day4 ,he also states that though each letter required squaring after casting1 there was no need in any instance to touch up the faces4 ,m4 ,bernard's experience may have been a specially fortunate one2 still1 making allowance for the superior workmanship and expedition of a modern artist1 it must be admitted that1 in point of time1 cost and utility1 a printer who succeeded in furnishing himself with these primitive cast types was as far ahead of the old engraver as the discoverer of the adjustable mould was in his turn ahead of him4#be ,there remains yet another suggestion as to the method in which the types of the rude school were produced4 ,this may be described as a system of what the founders of sixty years ago called 8polytype40 ,lambinet1 who is responsible for the suggestion1 under cover of a new translation of ,trithemius's wonderful narrative1 explains this to mean nothing less than an early adoption of stereotype4 ,he imagines#bf that the first printers may have discovered a way of moulding a page of some work--an ,abecedarium--in cooling metal1 so as to get a matrix-plate impression of the whole page4 ,upon this matrix they would pour a liquid metal1 and by the aid of a roller or cylinder1 press the fused matter evenly1 so as to penetrate into all the hollows and corners of the letters4 ,this tablet of tin or lead1 being easily lifted and detached from the matrix1 would then appear as a surface of metal in which the letters of the alphabet stood out reversed and in relief4 ,these letters could easily be detached and rendered mobile by a knife or other sharp instrument2 and the operation could be repeated a hundred times a day4 ,the metal faces so produced would be fixed on wooden shanks1 type high2 and the fount would then be complete4 #ac ,such is ,lambinet's hypothesis4 ,were it not for the fact that it was endorsed by the authority of ,m4 ,firmin ,didot1 the renowned typefounder and printer of ,lambinet's day1 we should hardly be disposed to admit its claim to serious attention4 ,the supposition that the ,mentz ,psalter1 which these writers point to as a specimen of this mode of execution1 is the impression1 not of type at all1 but of a collection of 8casts0 mounted on wood1 is too fanciful4 ,m4 ,didot1 it must be remembered1 was the enthusiastic ,french improver of ,stereotype1 and his enthusiasm appears to have led him to see in his method not only a revolution in the art of printing as it existed in his day1 but also a solution of the mystery which had shrouded the early history of that art for upwards of three centuries4 ,it may be well1 before quitting this subject1 to take note of a certain phrase which has given rise to a considerable amount of conjecture and controversy in connection with the early methods of typography4 ,the expression 8gett en molle0 occurred as early as the year #addf1 in a record kept by ,jean le ,robert of ,cambray1 who stated that in ,january of that year he paid #bj sous for a printed ,doctrinale1 8gett en molle40 ,bernard has assumed this expression to refer to the use of types cast from a mould1 and cites a large number of instances where1 being used in contradistinction to writing by hand1 it is taken to signify typography4#bg ,dr4 ,van der ,linde1#bh on the other hand1 considers the term to mean1 printed from a wooden form1 i4e41 a xylographic production1 and nothing more1 quoting similar instances of the use of the words to support his opinion2 and ,dr4 ,van ,meurs1 whose remarks are quoted in full in ,mr4 ,hessel's introduction to ,dr4 ,van der ,linde's ,coster ,legend1#bi declines to apply the phrase to the methods by which the ,doctrinale was printed at all2 but dwelling on the distinction drawn in various documents between 8en molle0 and 8en papier10 concludes that the reference is to the binding of the book1 and nothing more2 a bound book being 8brought together in a form or binding10 while an unbound one is 8in paper40 #ad ,it is difficult to reconcile these conflicting interpretations1 to which may be added as a fourth that of ,mr4 ,skeen1 who considers the phrase to refer to the indented appearance of the paper of a book after being printed4 ,in the three last cases the expression is valueless as regards our present inquiry2 but if we accept ,m4 ,bernard's interpretation1 which seems at least to have the weight of simplicity and reasonable testimony on its side1 then it would be necessary to conclude that type-casting1 either by a primitive or a finished process 7but having regard to the date and the place1 almost certainly the former71 was practised in ,flanders prior to ,january #addf4 ,none of the illustrations1 however1 which ,m4 ,bernard cites points definitely to the use of cast type1 but to printing in the abstract1 irrespective of method or process4 8,moules par ordre de l',assemble0 might equally well apply to a set of playing-cards or a broadside proclamation2 8mettre en molle0 does not necessarily mean anything more than put into 8print02 while the recurring expressions 8en molle0 and 8 la main10 point to nothing beyond the general distinction between manuscript and printed matter4 ,in fact1 the lack of definiteness in all the quotations given by ,m4 ,bernard weakens his own argument3 for if we are to translate the word moul throughout in the narrow sense in which he reads it1 we must then believe that in every instance he cites1 figurative language was employed where conventional would have answered equally well1 and that the natural antithesis to the general term1 8by hand10 must in all cases be assumed to be the particular term1 8printed in cast metal types40 ,for ourselves1 we see no justification for taxing the phrase beyond its broad interpretation of 8print02 and in this light it appears possible to reconcile most of the conjectures to which the words have given rise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,turning now from the conjectured primitive processes of the ruder school of early ,typography1 we come to consider the practice of that more mature school which1 as has already been said1 appears to have arrived at once at the secret of the punch1 matrix and adjustable mould4 ,we should be loth to assert that they arrived at once at the most perfect mechanism of these appliances2 indeed1 an examination of the earliest productions of the ,mentz press1 beautiful as they are1 convinces one that the first printers were not finished typefounders4 ,but even if their first punches were wood or copper1 their first matrices lead1 and their first mould no more than a clumsy adaptation of the composing-stick1 they yet had the secret of the art2 to perfect it was a mere matter of time4 ,experiments have proved conclusively that the face of a wood-cut type may be without injury impressed into lead in a state of semi-fusion1 and thus produce in creux an inverted image of itself in the matrix4 ,it has also been shown that a lead matrix so formed is capable1 after being squared and justified1 #ae of being adapted to a mould1 and producing a certain number of types in soft lead or pewter before yielding to the heat of the operation4#cj ,it has also been demonstrated that similar matrices formed in clay or plaster1 by the application of the wood or metal models#ca while the substance is moist1 are capable of similar use4 ,dr4 ,franklin1 in a well-known passage of his ,autobiography1 gives the following account of his experiences as a casual letter-founder in #agbg4 8,our press10 he says1 8was frequently in want of the necessary quantity of letter2 and there was no such trade as that of letter-founder in ,america4 ,i had seen the practice of this art at the house of ,james1 in ,london2 but had at the time paid it very little attention4 ,i1 however1 contrived to fabricate a mould4 ,i made use of such letters as we had for punches1 founded new letters of lead in matrices of clay1 and thus supplied in a tolerable manner the wants that were most pressing40#cb ,m4 ,bernard states that in his day the ,chinese characters in the ,imperial printing-office in ,paris were cast by a somewhat similar process4 ,the original wooden letters were moulded in plaster4 ,into the plaster mould types of a hard metal were cast1 and these hard-metal types served as punches to strike matrices with in a softer metal4#cc ,in the ,ensched foundry at ,haarlem there exists to this day a set of matrices said to be nearly four hundred years old1 which are described as leaden matrices from punches of copper1 8suivant l'habitude des anciens fondeurs dans les premiers temps aprs l'invention de l'imprimerie40#cd ,by #af the kindness of ,messrs4 ,ensched1 we are able to show a few letters from types cast in these venerable matrices4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,types cast from leaden matrices 7circ4 #aejj87 now in the ,ensched foundry1 ,haarlem4 ,lead matrices are frequently mentioned as having been in regular use in some of the early foundries of this country4 ,a set of them in four-line pica was sold at the breaking up of ,james's foundry in #aghb1 and in the oldest of the existing foundries to this day may be found relics of the same practice4 ,at ,lubeck1 ,smith informs us in #agee1ce a printer cast for his own use1 8not only large-sized letters for titles1 but also a sufficient quantity of two-lined ,english1 after a peculiar manner1 by cutting his punches on wood1 and sinking them afterwards into leaden matrices2 yet were the letters cast in them deeper than the ,french generally are40 ,when1 therefore1 the printer of the ,catholicon1 in #adfj1 says of his book1 8non calami styli aut penn suffragio1 sed mir patronarum formarumque concordi proportione ac modulo impressus atque confectus est10 we have not necessarily to conclude that the types were produced in the modern way from copper matrices struck by steel punches4 ,indeed1 probability seems to point to a gradual progress in the durability of the materials employed4 ,in the first instance1 the punches may have been of wood1 and the matrices soft lead or clay#cf2 then the attempt might be made to strike hard lead into soft2 that failing1 copper punches#cg might be used to form leaden matrices2 then1 when the necessity for a more durable substance than lead for the letter became urgent1 copper would be used for the matrix1 and brass1 and finally steel1 for the punch4 ,of whatever substance the matrices were made1 the first printers appear early to have mastered the art of justifying them1 so that when cast in the mould they should not only stand1 each letter true in itself1 but all true to one another4 ,nothing amazes one more in examining these earliest printed works than the wonderful regularity of the type in body1 height1 and line2 and if anything could be considered as evidence that those types were produced from matrices in #ag moulds1 and not by the rude method of casting from matrices which comprehended body and face in the same moulding1 this feature alone is conclusive4 ,we may go further1 and assert that not only must the matrices have been harmoniously justified1 but the mould employed1 whatever its form1 must have had its adjustable parts finished with a near approach to mathematical accuracy1 which left little to be accomplished in the way of further improvement4 ,respecting this mould we have scarcely more material for conjecture than with regard to the first punches and matrices4 ,the principle of the bipartite mould was1 of course1 well known already4 ,the importance of absolute squareness in the body and height of the type would demand an appliance of greater precision than the uncertain hollowed cube of sand or clay2 the heat of the molten lead would point to the use of a hard metal like iron or steel2 and the varying widths of the sunk letters in the matrices would suggest the adoption of some system of slides whereby the mould could be expanded or contracted laterally1 without prejudice to the invariable regularity of its body and height4 ,by what crude methods the first typefounder contrived to combine these essential qualities1 we have no means of judging#ch2 but were they ever so crude1 to him is due the honour of the culminating achievement of the invention of typography4 8,his type mould10 ,mr4 ,de ,vinne remarks1 8was not merely the first2 it is the only practical mechanism for making types4 ,for more than four hundred years this mould has been under critical examination1 and many #ah attempts have been made to supplant it4 4 4 4 ,but in principle1 and in all the more important features1 the modern mould may be regarded as the mould of ,gutenberg40 ,illustration3 #b4 ,specimens illustrating the variations in the face of type produced by bad casting4 ,it may be asked1 if the matrices were so truly justified1 and the mould so accurately adjusted1 how comes it that in the first books of these ,mentz printers we still discover irregularites among the letters--fewer1 indeed1 but of the same kind as are to be found in books printed by the artists of the ruder school8 ,to this we reply1 that these irregularities are for the most part attributable neither to varieties in the original models1 nor to defects in the matrix or the mould1 but to the worn or unworn condition of the type1 and to the skill or want of skill of the caster4 ,anyone versed in the practice of type-casting in hand-moulds1 is aware that the manual exercise of casting a type is peculiar and difficult4 ,with the same mould and the same matrix1 one clever workman may turn out nineteen perfect types out of twenty2 while a clumsy caster will scarcely succeed in producing a single perfect type out of the number4 ,different letters require different contortions to 8coax0 the metal into all the interstices of the matrix2 and it is quite possible for the same workman to vary so in his work as to be as 8lucky0 one day as he is unprofitable the next4 ,in modern times1 of course1 none but the perfect types ever find their way into the printer's hands1 but in the early days1 when1 with a perishable matrix1 every type cast was of consequence1 the censorship would be less severe1#ci and types would be allowed to #ai pass into use which differed as much from their original model as they did from one another4 ,let any inexperienced reader attempt to cast twenty ,black-letter types from one mould and matrix1 and let him take a proof of the types so produced in juxtaposition4 ,the result of such an experiment would lead him to cease once and for all to wonder at irregularities observable in the ,gutenberg ,bible1 or the ,mentz ,psalter1 or the ,catholicon4 ,with regard to the metal in which the earliest types were cast1 we have more or less information afforded us in the colophons and statements of the printers themselves2 although it must be borne in mind that the figurative language in which these artists were wont to describe their own labours is apt occasionally to lead to confusion1 as to whether the expressions used refer to the punch1 the matrix1 or the cast types4 ,we meet almost promiscuously with the terms1--8re notas10 8neis formulis10 8chalcographos10 8stanneis typis10 8stanneis formulis10 8ahenis formis10 8tabulis ahenis10 8re legere10 8notas de duro orichalco10 etc4 ,we look in vain for 8plumbum10 the metal one would most naturally expect to find mentioned4 ,the word s1 though strictly meaning bronze1 is undoubtedly to be taken in its wider sense1 already familiar in the fifteenth century1 of metal in the abstract1 and to include1 at least1 the lead1 tin1 or pewter in which the types were almost certainly cast4 ,the reference to copper and bronze might either apply to the early punches or the later matrices2 but in no case is it probable that types were cast in either metal4 ,padre ,fineschi gives an interesting extract from the cost-book of the ,ripoli press1 about #adhj1dj by which it appears that steel1 brass1 copper1 tin1 lead1 and iron wire were all used in the manufacture of types at that period2 the first two probably for the mould1 the steel also for the punches1 the copper for the matrices1 the lead and tin for the types1 and the iron wire for the mould1 and possibly for stringing together the perforated type-models4 ,it is probable that an alloy was early introduced2 first by the addition to the lead of tin and iron1 and then gradually improved upon1 till the discovery of #bj antimony at the end of the fifteenth century#da supplied the ingredient requisite to render the types at once tough and sharp enough for the ordeal of the press4 ,there is little doubt that at some time or other every known metal was tried experimentally in the mixture2 but1 from the earliest days of letter-casting1 lead and tin have always been recognised as the staple ingredients of the alloy2 the hard substance being usually either iron1 bismuth1 or antimony4 99 99 99 99 99 ,turning now from type-casting appliances to the early types themselves1 we are enabled1 thanks to one or two recent discoveries1 to form a tolerably good idea as to their appearance and peculiarities4 ,we have already stated that1 with regard to the traditional perforated wooden types seen by certain old writers1 the probability is that1 if these were the genuine relics they professed to be1 they were model types used for forming moulds upon1 or for impressing into matrices of moist clay or soft lead4 ,we have also considered it possible1 in regard to types cast in the primitive sand or clay moulds of the rude school1 that to overcome the difficulties incident to irregular height to paper1 uneven bodies1 and loose locking-up1 the expedient may have been attempted of perforating the types and passing a thread or wire through each line1 to hold the intractable letters in their place4 ,this1 however1 is mere conjecture1 and whether such types existed or not none of them have survived to our day4 ,their possessors1 as they slowly discovered the secret of the punch1 matrix and mould1 would show little veneration1 we imagine1 for these clumsy relics of their ignorance1 and value them only as old lead1 to be remelted and recast by the newer and better method4 ,but though no relic of these primitive cast types remains1 we are happily not without means for forming a judgment respecting some of the earliest types of the more finished school of printers4 ,in #ahgh1 in the bed of the river ,sane1 near ,lyons1#db opposite the site of one of the famous fifteenth century printing-houses of that city1 a number of old types were discovered which there seems reason to believe belonged once to one of those presses1 and were used by the early printers of ,lyons4 ,they came into the hands of ,m4 ,claudin of ,paris1 #ba the distinguished typographical antiquary1 who1 after careful examination and inquiry1 has satisfied himself as to their antiquity and value as genuine relics of the infancy of the art of printing4 ,illustration3 #d4 ,profile tracings from ,m4 ,claudin's ,types4 ,october #ahhc4 ,it has been our good fortune1 by the kindness of ,m4 ,claudin1 to have an opportunity of inspecting these precious relics4 ,the following outline profile-sketches will give a good idea of the various forms and sizes represented in the collection4 ,there is little doubt that they were all cast in a mould4 ,the metal used is lead1 slightly alloyed with some harder substance1 which in the case of a few of the types seems to be iron4 ,the chief point which strikes the observer is the variety in the 8height to paper0 of the different founts4 ,taking the six specimens shown in the illustration1 it will be seen that no two of the types correspond in this particular4 ,no4 #d corresponds as nearly as possible to our ,english standard height4 ,no4 #c is considerably lower than an ordinary space height4 ,no4 #b approaches some of the continental heights still to be met with1 while ,nos4 #a1 #e1 and #f are higher than any known standard4 ,it is easy to imagine that an early printer who cast his own types would trouble himself very little as to the heights of his neighbours' and rivals' moulds1 so that in a city like ,lyons there might have been as many 8heights to paper0 as there were printers4 ,it is even possible that a printer using one style and size of letter exclusively for one description of work1 and another size and style for another description1 might not be particular to assimilate the heights in his own office2 and so1 foreshadowing the improvidence of some of his modern followers1 lay in founts of letter which would not work with any other1 but which1 as time went on1 could hardly be dispensed with4 ,then1 when the days of the itinerant typesellers and the type-markets began1 he might still further add to his 8heights0 by the purchase of a ,german fount from one merchant1 a ,dutch from another1 and so on4 ,the type ,no4 #c1 though lower than all the rest1 has yet a letter upon its #bb end4 ,but it seems likely that the old printers cut down their worn-out letters for spaces1 not by ploughing off the face1 but by shortening the type at the foot4 ,so that ,no4 #c 7presuming the bodies to have corresponded7 might stand as a space to ,no4 #d1 or ,no4 #d to ,no4 #a4 ,at the same time1 the collection includes a good number of plain spaces and quadrats 7the latter generally about a square body71 which may either have been cast as they now appear1 or be old letters of which the face and shoulder have been cut off4 ,the small hole appearing in the side of type ,no4 #d is a perforation1 and the collection contains several types1 both letters and spaces1 having the same peculiarity4 ,whether this hole was formed at the time of or after casting2 whether the letters so perforated were originally model-types only1 or types in actual use2 whether the hole was intended for a thread or wire to hold the letters in their places during impression2 or whether1 for want of a type-case1 it was used for stringing the types together for safety when not in use1 it is as easy to conjecture as it is impossible to determine4 ,the perforated types which we examined certainly did not appear to be older1 and in most cases appeared less old than those not perforated1--the outline of type ,no4 #d itself shows it to be fairer and squarer than any of its companions4 ,another peculiarity to be noted is the 8shamfer10 or cutting away of one of the corners of the feet of types #b1 #e1 and #f4 ,this appears to have been intentional1 and may have served the same purpose as our nick1 to guide the compositor in setting4 ,none of the types have a nick1 and types #a and #c have no distinguishing mark whatever4 ,the two small indentations in the side of type #b are air-holes produced in the casting4 ,with regard to the faces of the types1 there are traces in most of the letters of the 8shoulders0 of the body having been tapered off by a knife or graver after casting1 so as to leave the letter quite clear on the body4 ,in most cases the letter stands in the centre of the body1 which is1 as a rule1 larger than the size of the character actually requires4 ,in point of thickness1 however1 the old printers appear to have been very sparing2 and a great many of the letters1 though possessing ample room 8body-way10 actually overhang the sides1 and are what we should style in modern terminology 8kerned0 letters4 ,the difficulty1 however1 which would be experienced by printers to-day with these overhanging sorts1 was obviated to a large extent in the case of the old printers by the numerous ligatures1 contractions1 and double letters with which their founts abounded1 and which gave almost all the combinations in which an overhanging letter would be likely to clash with its neighbour4 ,one last peculiarity to be observed is the absence of what is known as the 8break0 at the foot of the type4 ,the contrivance in the mould whereby the #bc foot of the type is cast square1 and the 8jet10 or superfluous metal left by the casting1 is attached1 not to the whole of the foot1 but to a narrow ridge across the centre1 from which it is easily detached1 was probably unknown to the fifteenth century typefounders4 ,their types appear to have come out of the mould with a 8jet0 attaching to the entire foot1 from which it could only be detached by a saw or cutter4 ,the 8shamfer0 already pointed out in types #b1 #e1 #f1 if produced in the mould1 may indicate an early attempt to reduce the size of the jet1 which1 if attaching to the entire square of the foot of a type the size of ,no4 #b1 would involve both time and labour in removal4 ,m4 ,duverger1 in his clever essay to the invention of printing1#dc gives an illustration of the manner in which he imagines the old types would be detached from their jets2 and considers that in the three points only of the want of a breaking 8jet10 the want of a spring to hold the matrix to the mould1 and the absence of a nick1 the mould of the first printer differed essentially from that of the printer of his day4 ,illustration3 #c4 ,type ,mould of ,claude ,garamond4 ,paris1 #aedj4 7,from ,duverger47 a4 ,the 8body0 in which the type is cast4 b1 c4 ,the 8jet10 or mouthpiece1 in which the fluid metal is poured4 d4 ,the type as cast4 ,such are some of the chief points of interest to be observed in these venerable relics of the old typographers4 ,it is to be hoped that ,m4 ,claudin may before long favour the world with a full and detailed account of their many peculiarities4 ,yet1 curious as they are1 they prove that the types of the fifteenth century differed in no essential particular from those of the nineteenth4 ,ruder and rougher1 and less durable they might be1 but in substance and form1 and in the mechanical principles of their manufacture1 they claim kinship with the newest types of our most modern foundry4 #bd ,the old ,lyonnaise relics are not the only guide we have as to the form and nature of the fifteenth century types4 ,m4 ,madden1 in #ahge1 made a most valuable discovery in a book printed by ,conrad ,hamborch1 at ,cologne1 in #adgf1 and entitled ,la ,lpre ,morale1 by ,john ,nider1 of the accidental impression of a type1 pulled up from its place in the course of printing by the ink-ball1 and laid at length upon the face of the forme1 thus leaving its exact profile indented upon the page4 ,we reproduce in facsimile ,m4 ,madden's illustration of this type1 which accompanies his own interesting letter on the subject4#dd ,illustration3 #e4 ,from ,m4 ,madden's ,lettres d'un ,bibliographe4 ,ser4 iv1 p4 #bca4 ,illustration3 #f4 ,from ,liber de ,laudibus ac ,festis ,glorios ,virginis4 ,cologne7871 #adfh7874 ,fol4 #d verso4 7,from the original47 ,a similar discovery1 equally valuable and interesting1 was made not many months ago by the late ,mr4 ,henry ,bradshaw1 of ,cambridge1 in a copy of a work entitled ,de ,laudibus ,glorios ,virginis ,mari1 sine not1 but printed probably about #adfh at ,cologne4#de ,we are indebted to ,mr4 ,bradshaw for the present opportunity of presenting for the first time the annexed facsimile of this curious relic1 #be photographed direct from the page on which it occurs4#df ,these two impressions are particularly interesting in the light of the old ,lyonnaise types still in existence4 ,like them1 it will be seen they are without nick1 and tapered off at the face4 ,they are also without the jet-break4 ,the height of both types 7which is identical7 is above the ,english standard1 and more nearly approaches that of ,no4 #b of the ,lyons letters2 and ,m4 ,madden points out as remarkable that this height 7#bd millimtres7 is exactly that fixed as the standard 8height to paper0 by the 8rglement de la libraire0 of #agbc4 ,the body of the types 7assuming the letter to be laid sideways1 of which there can be little doubt7 is about the modern ,english1 and so corresponds exactly to the body of the text on which it lies4 ,the chief point of interest1 however1 is in the small circle appearing in both near the top1 which ,m4 ,madden 7as regards the type of the ,nider7 thus explains3 8,this circle1 the contour of which is exactly formed1 shows that the letter was pierced laterally by a circular hole4 ,this hole did not penetrate the whole thickness of the letter1 and served1 like the nick of our days1 to enable the compositor to tell by touch which way to set the letter in his stick1 so as to be right in the printed page4 ,if the letter had been laid on its other side1 the existence of this little circle would have been lost to us for ever40 ,it would1 however1 be quite possible for a perforated type1 with the end of the hole slightly clogged with ink1 to present precisely the same appearance as this1 which ,m4 ,madden concludes was only slightly pierced2 and were it not for the fact that the pulling-up of the letter from the forme is itself evidence that the line could not have been threaded1 we should hesitate to affirm that either of the types shown was not perforated4 ,the sharp edge of the circumference in the type of the ,de laudibus1 leaving1 as it does1 in the original page1 a clearly embossed circle in the paper1 makes it evident that the depression was not the result of a mere flaw in the casting1 although it is possible 7as we have satisfied ourselves by experiment7 for the surface of the side of a roughly-cast type to be depressed by air-holes1 some of which assume a circular form1 and may even perforate a thin type4 ,indeed1 at the present day it is next to impossible to cast by hand a type which is not a little sunk on some part of its sides2 and this roughness of surface we can imagine to have been far more apparent on the types #bf cast by the earliest printers4 ,we doubt1 therefore1 whether1 in types liable to these accidental depressions of surface1 a small artificial hole thus easily simulated would be of any service as a guide to the compositor4 ,a more probable explanation of the appearance seems to be that the head of a small screw or pin1 used to fix the side-piece of the mould1 projecting slightly on the surface of the piece it fixed1 left its mark on the side of the types as they were cast1 and thus caused the circular depression observable in the illustrations4#dg ,before leaving this subject it may be remarked that the clear impression of the printed matter1 despite the laid-on types1 which must in either case have been a thin sort1 is strong evidence of the softness of the metal in which the fount was cast4 ,the press appears to have crushed the truant types down into the letters on which it lay1 and1 unimpeded by the obstacle1 to have taken as good an impression of the remainder of the forme as if that obstacle had never existed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the quantity of type with which the earliest printers found it necessary to provide themselves1 turns1 of course1 upon the question1 did the first printers print only one page at a time1 or more8 ,m4 ,bernard considers that the ,gutenberg ,bible1 which is usually collated in sections of five sheets1 or twenty pages1 containing about #b1fhh types in a page1 would require #fj1jjj types to print a single section2 and if sufficient type was cast to enable the compositors to set one section while another was being worked1 the fount would need to consist of #abj1jjj letters4 ,others consider that two pages1 requiring1 in the case of the ,gutenberg ,bible1 only #f1jjj types1 were printed at one time4 ,but even this estimate has been shown to be opposed to the evidence afforded by a considerable number of the incunabula1 respecting which it is evident only one page was printed at a time4 ,on this point we cannot do better than quote the words of ,mr4 ,blades4 8,the scribe10 he says1 8necessarily wrote but one page at a time1 and1 curiously enough1 the early printers here also assimilated their practice4 ,whether from want of sufficient type to set up the requisite number of pages1 or from the limited capability of the presses1 there is strong evidence of the early books from ,caxton's press having been printed page by page4 4 4 4 4 ,instances are found of pages on the same side of the sheet being out of parallel1 which could not occur if two pages were printed together4 4 4 4 ,a positive proof of the separate printing of the pages may be seen in a copy of the ,recuyell of the ,histories of ,troye1 in the ,bodleian2 #bg for the ninth recto of the third quaternion has never been printed at all1 while the second verso 7the page which must fall on the same side of the sheet7 appears properly printed40#dh ,what is true of ,caxton's early works is also true of a large number of other fifteenth century printed books4 ,mr4 ,hessels1 after quoting the testimony of ,mr4 ,bradshaw of ,cambridge1 and ,mr4 ,winter ,jones of the ,british ,museum1 refers to a large number of incunabula in which he has found evidence that this mode of printing was the common practice of the early typographers4#di ,assuming1 then1 that the first books were generally printed page by page1 it will be seen that the stock of type necessary to enable the printer to proceed was but small4 #b1gjj letters would suffice for one page of the forty-two-line ,bible2 and for the ,rationale ,durandi1 about #e1jjj would be required4 ,it is probable1 however1 that1 as ,bernard suggests1 the printers would cast enough to enable one forme to be composed while the other was working1 so that double these quantities would possibly be provided4 ,nor must it be forgotten that a 8fount0 of type in these days consisted not only of the ordinary letters of the alphabet1 but of a very large number of double letters1 abbreviations and contractions1 which must have seriously complicated the labour of composition1 as well as reduced the individual number of each type required to fill the typefounder's 8bill40 ,this feature1 doubtless attributable to the attempt on the part of the early printers to imitate manuscript as closely as possible1 as well as to the exigencies of justification in composition1 which1 in the absence of a variety of spaces1 required various widths in the letters themselves1 was common to both schools of early typography4 ,m4 ,bernard states that1 in the type of the forty-two-line ,bible1 each letter required at least three or four varieties2 while with regard to ,caxton's type #a1 which was designed and cast by ,colard ,mansion at ,bruges1 before #adgb1 ,mr4 ,blades points out that the fount contained upwards of #afc sorts1 and that there were only five letters of which there were not more than one matrix1 either as single letters or in combination4 ,speaking of the ,speculum1 ,mr4 ,skeen counts #a1dcj types on one page1 of which #bb are a1 #fa e1 #ia i1 #gc o1 #cg u1 #bb d1 #ad h1 #cj m1 #ej n1 #db s1 and #da t2 besides which there are no less than ninety duplicate and triplicate characters1 comprising one variation of a1 #ae of c1 #g of d1 #c of e1 #i of f1 #aj of g1 #c of i1 #g of l1 #b of o1 #c of n1 #b of p1 #aj of r1 #i of s1 #i of t1 varying in the frequency of their occurrence from once to eleven times1 leaving but #eda other letters for the rest of the alphabet1 including the capitals2 #bh and of these last1 from three to twenty would be the utmost of each required4 ,altogether1 calculating #ach matrices 7i4e41 two alphabets of twenty-four letters each1 and ninety double and treble letters7 to be the least number of matrices required to make a complete fount1#ej the highest number of types of any one particular sort necessary to print a single page would be ninety-one4 ,the average number of the eleven chief letters specified above would be about forty-four1 while if we take into calculation the minor letters of the alphabet and the double letters1 this average would be reduced to little more than ten4 ,it will thus be seen that the founts of the earliest printers consisted of a small quantity each of a large variety of sorts4 ,mr4 ,astle1 in his chapter on the ,origin and ,progress of ,printing1#ea is1 we believe1 the only writer who has dwelt upon the difficulty which the first letter-founders would be likely to encounter in the arrangement of their 8bill40 ,this venerable compilation was1 he considers1 made in the fifteenth century1 probably by the ordinary method of casting-off copy4 ,if so1 it must have experienced considerable and frequent change during the time that the ligatures were falling into disuse1 and until the printer's alphabet had reduced itself to its present limits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of the face of type used by the earliest printers we shall have occasion to speak later on4 ,respecting the development of letter-founding as an industry1 there is little that can be gathered in the history of the fifteenth century4 ,at first the art of the inventor was a mystery divulged to none4 ,but the sack of ,mentz1 in #adfb1 and the consequent dispersion of ,gutenberg's disciples1 spread the secret broadcast over ,europe4 ,italy1 ,switzerland1 ,france1 the ,netherlands1 ,spain1 ,england1 in turn learned it1 and after their fashion improved it4 ,italy1 especially1 guided by the master-hands of her early artists1 brought it to rapid perfection4 ,the migrations of ,gutenberg's types among the early presses of ,bamberg1 ,eltville1 and elsewhere1 have led to the surmise that he may have sold matrices of his letter4#eb ,in #adfh1 ,schoeffer put forward what may be considered the first advertisement in the annals of typography4 8,every nation10 he says1 in #bi the colophon to ,justinian's ,institutes1 8can now procure its own kind of letters1 for he 7i4e41 ,schoeffer himself7 excels with all-prevailing pencil0 7i4e41 in designing and engraving all kinds of type74#ec ,for the most part printers were their own founders1 and each printer had his own types4 ,but type depts and markets1 and the wanderings of the itinerant typographers1 as the demands of printing yearly increased1 brought the founts of various presses and nations to various centres1 and thus gave the first impulse to that gradual divorce between printing and typefounding which in the following century left the latter the distinct industry it still remains4 99 99 99 99 99 ,such is a brief outline of the chief facts and opinions regarding the processes1 appliances and practices of the earliest typefounders4 ,it may be said that1 after all1 we know very little about the matter4 ,the facts are very few1 and the conjectures1 in many instances1 so contradictory1 that it is impossible to erect a 8system10 or draw any but general conclusions4 ,these conclusions we very briefly summarise as follows4 ,accepting as a fundamental principle that the essence of typography is in the mobility of the types1 we dismiss1 as beyond the scope of our inquiry1 the xylographic works which preceded typography4 ,passing in review the alleged stepping-stones between the two arts1 we fail to see in the evidence adduced as to the use of movable wooden perforated types anything to justify the conclusion that the earliest printers printed books by their means4 ,such types may have been cut experimentally1 but the practical impossibility of cutting them square enough to be composed in a forme1 and of producing a work of the size and character of the ,speculum1 is fatal to their claims4 ,with regard to the sculpto-fusi types--types engraved on cast-metal bodies--the evidence in their favour is of the most unsatisfactory character1 and1 coupled with the practical difficulties of their production1 reduces their claims to a minimum4 ,the marked difference of style and excellence in the typography of certain of the earliest books leads us to accept the theory that two schools of typography existed side by side in the infancy of the art--one a rude school1 which1 not having the secret of the more perfect appliances of the inventors1 cast its letters by some primitive method1 probably using moulds of sand or clay1 in which the entire type had been moulded4 ,such types may have been perforated and held together in lines by a wire4 ,the suggestion that the earliest types were produced by a system of polytype1 and that the face of each letter1 sawn off a plate resembling a #cj stereotype-plate1 was separately mounted on loose wooden shanks1 we dismiss as purely fanciful4 ,turning now to the processes adopted by the typographers of the more advanced school1 we consider that in the first instance1 although grasping the principle of the punch1 the matrix and the adaptable mould1 they may have made use of inferior appliances--possibly by forming their matrices in lead from wooden or leaden punches or models--advancing thence by degrees to the use of steel punches1 copper matrices1 and the bipartite iron mould4 ,we hold that the variations observable in the early works of this school are due mainly to uneven casting and wear and tear of the types4 ,as to the metal in which the type was cast1 we find mention made of almost every metal1 several of which1 however1 refer to the punches and matrices1 leaving tin1 lead1 and antimony as the staple ingredients of the type-metal4 ,of the types themselves1 we find these in most essential particulars to be the same as those cast at a later date4 ,we see1 however1 evidence of perforated1 mould-cast type1 and1 in the absence of a nick1 a 8shamfer0 at the foot1 from which the jet appears to have been sawn or cut1 instead of being broken4 ,we remark a great irregularity in the heights of different founts1 the average of which height is beyond any modern ,english standard4 ,the accidental impression of a type in two early ,german books1 proves that about the year #adgf types were made differing only in the two points of the want of a nick and the want of a jet-break from the types of to-day4 ,the quantity of types required by the earliest printers1 we consider1 would be small1 since they appear in most instances to have printed only one page at a time2 but the number of different sorts going to make up a fount would be very considerable1 by reason of the numerous contractions1 double letters and abbreviations used4 ,finally1 we consider that the art of letter-founding rapidly reached maturity after the general diffusion of printing consequent on the sack of ,mentz2 and that when the writer of the ,cologne ,chronicle1 in the last year of the #aeth century1 spoke of 8the art as now generally used10 he spoke of an art which1 at the close of the #aith century1 has been able to improve in no essential principle on the processes first made use of by the great inventors of ,typography4 ,illustration #ca ,illustration ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,english ,,type ,,bodies ,,and ,,faces4 ,we have laid before the reader1 in the ,introductory ,chapter1 such facts and conjectures as it is possible to gather together respecting the processes and appliances adopted by the first letter-founders1 and shall1 with a view to render the particular history of the ,english ,letter ,foundries more intelligible1 endeavour to present here1 in as concise a form as possible1 a short historical sketch of the ,english type bodies and faces1 tracing particularly the rise and development of the ,roman1 ,italic1 and ,black letters before and subsequent to their introduction into this country2 adding1 in a following chapter1 a similar notice of the types of the principal foreign and learned languages which have figured conspicuously in ,english typography4 ,,type-,,bodies4 ,the origin of type-bodies and the nomenclature which has grown around them1 is a branch of typographical antiquity which has always been shrouded in more or less obscurity4 ,imagining1 as we do1 that the moulds of the first printers were of a primitive construction1 and1 though conceived on true principles1 were adjusted to the various sizes of letter they had to cast more by eye than by rule1 it is easy to understand that founts would be cast on no other principle than that of ranging in body and line and height in themselves1 irrespective of the body1 height and line of other founts used in the same press4 ,when two or more #cb founts were required to mix in the same work1 then the necessity of a uniform standard of height would become apparent4 ,when two or more founts were required to mix in the same line1 a uniformity in body1 and if possible in alignment1 would be found necessary4 ,when initials or marginal notes required to be incorporated with the text1 then the advantage of a mathematical proportion between one body and another would suggest itself4 ,at first1 doubtless1 the printer would name his sizes of type according to the works for which they were used4 ,his ,canon type would be the large character in which he printed the canon of the ,mass4 ,his ,cicero type would be the letter used in his editions of that classical author4 ,his ,saint ,augustin1 his ,primer1 his ,brevier1 his ,philosophie1 his ,pica type1 would be the names by which he would describe the sizes of letter he used for printing the works whose names they bore4 ,it may also be assumed with tolerable certainty that in most of these cases1 originally1 the names described not only the body1 but the 8face0 of their respective founts4 ,at what period this confused and haphazard system of nomenclature resolved itself into the definite printer's terminology it is difficult to determine4 ,the process was probably a gradual one1 and was not perfected until typefounding became a distinct and separate trade4 ,the earliest writers on the form and proportion of letters1--,drer#ed in #aebe1 ,tory#ee in #aebi1 and ,ycair#ef in #aedh1--though using terms to distinguish the different faces of letter1 were apparently unaware of any distinguishing names for the bodies of types4 ,tory1 indeed1 mentions ,canon and ,bourgeoise2 but in both cases he refers to the face of the letter2 and ,ycair's distinction of 8teste y glosa0 applies generally to the large and small type used for the text and notes respectively of the same work4#eg ,in ,england1 type-bodies do not appear to have been reduced to a definite scale much before the end of the sixteenth century4 ,mores#eh failed to trace them further back than #afdg2 but in a ,regulation of the ,stationers' ,company1 dated #aeih1ei ,pica1 ,english1 ,long ,primer1 and ,brevier are mentioned by name as apparently well-established bodies at that time2 and in a petition to the same ,company in #afce1fj ,nonpareil and 8two-line letters0 are mentioned as equally familiar4 ,moxon1 our first writer on the subject1 in his ,mechanick ,exercises1 in #afhc1 #cc described ten regular bodies in common use in his day1 and added to his list the number of types of each body that went to a foot1 viz43 ,pearl #ahd to a foot ,nonpareil #aej ,brevier #aab ,long ,primer #ib ,pica #ge ,english #ff ,great ,primer #ej ,double ,pica #ch #b-line ,english #cc ,french ,canon #ag #a_/b 8,we have one body more10 he adds1 8which is sometimes used in ,england2 that is1 a ,small ,pica3 but ,i account it no great discretion in a master-printer to provide it1 because it differs so little from the ,pica1 that unless the workmen be carefuller than they sometimes are1 it may be mingled with the ,pica1 and so the beauty of both founts may be spoiled40 ,in this sentence we have the first record of the introduction of irregular bodies into ,english typography1 an innovation destined very speedily to expand1 and within half a century increase the number of ,english bodies by the seven following additions3 ,minion #acb to a foot ,bourgeois #ajj ,small ,pica #gf ,paragon #df #b-line ,pica #cg #a_/b #b-line ,great ,primer #be #b-line ,double ,pica #ai ,the origin of these irregular bodies it is easy to explain4 ,between ,moxon's time and #agbj the country was flooded with ,dutch type4 ,the ,english founders were beaten out of the field in their own market1 and ,james1 in self-defence1 had to furnish his foundry entirely with ,dutch moulds and matrices4 ,thus we had the typefounding of two nations carried on side by side4 ,an ,english printer furnished with a ,dutch fount would require additions to it to be cast to the ,dutch standard1 which might be smaller or larger than that laid down for ,english type by ,moxon1 and yet so near that even if it lost or gained a few types in the foot1 it would still be called by its ,english name1 which would thenceforth represent two different bodies4 ,if1 on the other hand1 a new fount were imported1 or cut by an ill-regulated artist here1 which when finished was found to be as much too large for one regular body as it was too small for another1 a body would be found to fit it between the two1 and christened by a new name4 ,in this manner1 ,minion1 ,bourgeois1 ,small ,pica1 ,paragon1 and two-line ,pica insinuated themselves into the list of ,english bodies1 and in this manner arose that ancient anomaly1 the various body-standards of the ,english foundries4 ,for a founder who was constantly called upon to alter his mould to accommodate a printer requiring a special body1 would be likely to cast a quantity of the letter in excess of what was immediately ordered2 and this store1 if not sold in due time to the person for whom it was cast1 would be disposed of to the first #cd comer who1 requiring a new fount1 and not particular as to body1 provided the additions afterwards to be had were of the same gauge1 would take it off the founder's hands4 ,facilis descensus ,averni6 ,having taken the one downward step1 the founder would be called upon constantly to repeat it1 his moulds would remain set1 some to the right1 some to the wrong standard1 and every type he cast would make it more impossible for him or his posterity to recover the simple standard from which he had erred4 ,such we imagine to have been the origin of the irregular and ununiform bodies4 ,even in #agee1 when ,smith published his ,printer's ,grammar1 the mischief was beyond recall4 ,in no single instance were the standards given by him identical with those of #afhc4 ,indeed1 where each founder had two or three variations of each body in his own foundry it is impossible to speak of a standard at all4 ,smith points out that1 in the case of ,english and ,pica alone1 ,caslon had four varieties of the former1 and the ,dutch two2 while of the latter1 ,caslon had three1 and ,james two4 ,nevertheless1 he gives a scale of the bodies commonly in use in his day1 which it will be interesting to compare with ,moxon's on the one hand1 and the standard of the ,english foundries in #ahda as given by ,savage1 on the other4 ,,moxon1 ,,smith1 ,,caslon1,,figgins1,,thorowgood1,,wilson 1 #afhc4 #agee4 #ahda4 #ahda4 #ahda4 #ahda4 ,canon #ag #a_/b #ah and ,g4 ,p4 #ah #ah #ah #ah #b-line ,double ,pica -- #bj #c_/d #bj #c_/d #bj #c_/d #bj #a_/b #bj #c_/d #b-line ,great ,primer -- #be #a_/b #be #a_/b #be #a_/b #bf #be #a_/b #b-line ,english #cc #cb #cb #cb #cb #a_/d #cb #b-line ,pica -- #ce #c_/d #cf #cf #cf #cf ,double ,pica #ch #da #a_/b #da #a_/b #da #a_/b #da #da #a_/b ,paragon -- #dd #a_/b #dd #a_/b #dd #a_/b -- #dd #a_/b ,great ,primer #ej #ea and an r4 #ea #ea #eb #ea ,english #ff #fd #fd #fd #fd #a_/b #fd ,pica #ge #ga #a_/b #gb #gb #a_/b #gb #gb ,small ,pica -- #hc #hc #hb #hb #hc ,long ,primer #ib #hi #hi #ij #ib #hi ,bourgeois -- #ajb and space4#ajb #aja #a_/b #ajc #ajb ,brevier #aab #aab #a_/b #aaa #ajg #aab #aaa ,minion -- #abh #abb #abb #abb #abb ,nonpareil #aej #adc #add #add #add #add ,pearl #ahd #agh #agh #ahj #ahd #agh ,diamond -- -- #bjd #bje #baj #bjd ,this list does not include ,trafalgar1 ,emerald1 and ,ruby1 which1 however1 were in use before #ahda4 ,the first named has disappeared in ,england1 as also has ,paragon4 ,the ,printer's ,grammar of #aghg mentions a body in use at that time named 8,primer10 between ,great ,primer and ,english4 ,it is not our purpose to pursue this comparison further or more minutely2 nor does it come within the scope of this work to enter into a technical #ce examination of the various schemes which have been carried out abroad1 and attempted in this country1 to do away with the anomalies in type-bodies1 and restore a uniform invariable standard4 ,the above table will suffice as a brief historical note of the growth of these anomalies4 ,as early as #agbe1 in ,france1 an attempt was made to regulate by a public decree1 not only the standard height of a type1 but the scale of bodies4 ,but the system adopted was clumsy1 and only added to the confusion it was designed to remove4 ,fournier1 in #agcg1 invented his typographical points1 the first successful attempt at a mathematical systematisation of type-bodies1 which has since1 with the alternative system of ,didot1 done much in simplifying ,french typography4 ,england1 ,germany1 and ,holland have been more conservative1 and therefore less fortunate4 ,attempts were made by ,fergusson in #ahbd1fa and by ,bower of ,sheffield about #ahdj1fb and others1 to arrive at a standard of uniformity2 but their schemes were not warmly taken up1 and failed4 ,before proceeding to a brief historical notice of the different ,english type-bodies1 we shall trouble the reader with a further table1 compiled from specimen-books of the #ahth century1 showing what have been the names of the corresponding bodies in the foundries of other nations1--premising1 however1 that these names must be taken as representing the approximate1 rather than the actual1 equivalent in each case#fc3 ,,english4 ,,french4 ,,german4 ,,dutch4 ,,italian4 ,,spanish4 #a4 ,french ,canon4 ,double ,canon4 ,kleine ,missal4 ,parys ,kanon4 ,reale4 4444 #b4 #b-line ,double ,pica4 ,gros ,canon4 ,groe ,canon4 ,groote ,kanon4 ,corale4 ,canon ,grande4 #c4 #b-line ,great ,primer4,trismegiste4 ,kleine ,canon4 ,kanon4 ,canone4 ,canon4 #d4 #b-line ,english4 ,petit ,canon4 ,doppel ,mittel4 ,dubbelde ,augustyn4 ,sopracanoncino4,peticano4 #e4 #b-line ,pica4 ,palestine4 ,roman4 ,dubbelde ,mediaan4 ,canoncino4 4444 #f4 ,double ,pica4 ,gros ,parangon4 ,text or ,secunda4 ,dubbelde ,descendiaan,ascendonica4 ,misal4 7or ,ascendonica74 #g4 ,paragon4 ,petit ,parangon4 ,parangon4 ,parangon4 ,parangone4 ,parangona4 #h4 ,great ,primer4 ,gros ,romain4 ,tertia4 ,text4 ,testo4 ,texto4 #i4 7,large ,english47 ,gros ,texte4 ,groe ,mittel4 4444 ,soprasilvio4 4444 #i4 ,english4 ,st4 ,augustin4 ,kleine ,mittel4 ,augustyn4 ,silvio4 ,atanasia4 #aj4 ,pica4 ,cicero4 ,cicero4 ,mediaan4 ,lettura4 ,lectura4 #aa4 ,small ,pica4 ,philosophie4 ,brevier4 ,descendiaan4 7,filosofia47 4444 #ab4 ,long ,primer4 ,petit ,romain4 ,corpus or ,garmond4,garmond4 ,garamone4 ,entredos4 #ac4 ,bourgeois4 ,gaillarde4 7,borgis47 ,burgeois or ,galjart4,garamoncino4 4444 #ad4 ,brevier4 ,petit ,texte4 ,petit or ,jungfer4 ,brevier4 ,testino4 ,breviario4 #ae4 ,minion4 ,mignone4 ,colonel4 ,colonel4 ,mignona4 ,glosilla4 #af4 ,nonpareil4 ,nonpareille4 ,nonpareille4 ,nonparel4 ,nompariglia4 ,nompareli4 #ag4 ,pearl4 ,parisienne or ,sedan4 ,perl4 ,joly4 ,parmigianina4 4444 ,perle4 ,peerl4 7,diamond47 ,diamant4 ,diamant4 ,robijn4 ,diamand4 4444 4444 #cf ,a few notes on the origin of the names of ,english type-bodies will conclude our observations on this subject4 ,,canon4--,the ,canon of the ,mass was1 in the service-books of the ,church1 printed in a large letter1 and it is generally supposed that1 this size of letter being ordinarily employed in the large ,missals1 the type-body took its name accordingly3 a supposition which is strengthened by its ,german name of ,missal4 ,mores1 however 7who objects equally to the epithets of ,great or ,french as unnecessary and delusive71 considers this derivation to be incorrect1 and quotes the authority of ,tory1 who uses the term ,canon to apply to letter cut according to rule--lettres de forme--as distinguished from letters not so cut1 which he terms lettres bastardes4 ,so that the lettre qu'on dict ,canon was originally a generic term1 embracing all the regular bodies2 and subsequently came to be confined to the largest size in that category4 ,the theory is ingenious and interesting2 but it seems more reasonable to lay greater stress on the actual meaning of a word than on its equivocal interpretation4 ,in other countries two-line ,great ,primer was commonly called ,canon1 and our ,french ,canon was called by the ,dutch ,parys ,kanon2 by which it would seem that both ,england and ,holland originally received the body from the ,french4 ,in modern letter-founding the name ,canon applies only to the size of the face of a letter which is a three-line ,pica cast on a four-line ,pica body4 ,passing the next four bodies1 which with us are merely reduplications1#fd we note that ,,double ,,pica1 which at present is ,double ,small ,pica1 was in ,moxon's day1 what its name denotes1 a two-line ,pica4 ,when the irregular ,small ,pica was introduced1 ,double ,pica was the name given to the double of the interloper1 the double of the ,pica being styled two-line ,pica4 ,in ,germany1 ,double ,pica was called ,text or ,secunda--the former name probably denoting the use of this size in the text of ,holy ,writ1 while the latter indicates that the body was one of a series1 the ,doppel ,mittel1 corresponding to our two-line ,english1 being probably the ,prima4 ,,paragon1 the double of ,long ,primer1 though a body unnamed in ,moxon's day1 was a size of really old institution2 it having been a favourite body with many of the earliest printers1 and particularly affected by ,caxton in this country4 ,its name points to a ,french origin2 and1 like most of the other fanciful names1 proves that the appellation had reference in the first instance1 not to the depth of its shank1 but to the supposed beauty of the letter which was cut upon it4 ,it was a body which did not take deep root in this country1 and for the most part #cg disappeared with the first quarter of the present century4 ,it is noteworthy that ,paragon and ,nonpareil are the only bodies which have preserved their names in all the countries in which they have been adopted4 ,,great ,,primer4--,for this body1 ,mores claims an indisputable ,english origin4 ,he considers it possible that it may date back to before the ,reformation1 and that it was the body on which were printed the large ,primers of the early ,church4#fe ,this derivation#ff would be more satisfactory were it found that these works1 or the school primers of a later date1 were1 as a rule1 printed in type of this size4#fg ,but this is not the case4 ,primers1 ,pyes1 and ,breviaries occur printed in almost all the regular bodies4 ,great ,primer was a favourite body with the old printers1 and having been adopted by many of the first ,bible printers1 was sometimes called ,bible ,text4 ,the ,french called it ,gros ,romain2 and the 8,great ,romaine letter for the titles10 mentioned in ,pynson's indenture in #aeai1 may possibly refer to an already recognised type-body of this size4 ,in ,germany it was called ,tertia1 being the third of the regular bodies above the ,mittel4 ,in ,holland1 ,italy1 and ,spain it was called ,text4 ,,english is also a body which undoubtedly belongs to us4 ,until the end of last century the name served not only to denote a body1 but the face of the ,english ,black-letter2 and many of the old founts used in the law books and ,acts of ,parliament were ,english both in body and face4 ,as in ,germany1 where it is called ,mittel1 ,english was the middle size of the seven regular bodies in use among us3 the ,great ,primer1 ,double ,pica1 and two-line ,english 7the ,tertia1 ,secunda1 and ,prima of the ,germans7 being on the ascending side1 and ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 and ,brevier on the descending4 ,the ,french call it ,st4 ,augustin1#fh and the ,spaniards ,atanasia1 apparently from its use in printing the works of these ,christian ,fathers4 ,although the middle body1 its standard has been subject to much variation1 particularly in ,france and ,germany1 where large and small ,english are two distinct bodies4 #ch ,,pica4--,this important body1 now the standard body in ,english typography1 presumably owes its name to its use in printing the ordinal of the services of the early ,church1 and is coeval with ,great ,primer4 8,the ,pie10 says ,mores1 of which this is the ,latin name1 8was a table showing the course of the service in the ,church in the times of darkness4#fi ,it was called the ,pie because it was written in letters of black and red2 as the ,friars de ,pica were so named from their party-coloured raiment1 black and white1 the plumage of a magpie40 8,the number and hardness of the rules of this ,pie0 is referred to in the preface to our ,prayer-book2 and it will be remembered that ,caxton's famous advertisement related to 8,pyes of ,salisbury use40 ,but as a larger type-body than ,pica was generally used to print these1 it is possible the name may refer to nothing more than the piebald or black-and-white appearance of a printed page4 ,some authorities derive ,pica from the ,greek 1 a writing tablet1 and1 hence1 an index4 ,the name was1 in fact1 applied to the alphabetical catalogue of the names and things in rolls and records4 ,in ,france and ,germany the body was called ,cicero1 on account of the frequent editions of ,cicero's ,epistles printed in this size of letter4#gj ,it was the ,mediaan body of the ,dutch4 ,,small ,,pica1 as already stated1 was an innovation in ,moxon's day1 and was probably cast in the first instance to accommodate a foreign-cut letter1 too small for pica and too large for long-primer4 ,it subsequently came into very general use1 one of the first important works in which it appeared being ,chambers's ,cyclopdia1 in #agbh4 ,the ,french called it ,philosophie1 and appear to have used it as a smaller body on which to cast the ,cicero face4 ,the ,germans called it ,brevier1 the ,dutch 7it being one body below the ,mediaan7 called it ,descendiaan1 and the ,italians1 when they had it1 followed the ,french1 and called it ,filosofia4 ,,long ,,primer1 ,mores suggests1 was another of the old ,english bodies employed in liturgical works4 ,he explains the use of the word ,long to mean that ,primers in this size of type were printed either in long lines instead of double columns1 or that the length of the page was disproportionate to the width1 or more probably1 that they contained the service at full length a long1 or without contraction4#ga ,these ,primers1 however1 are rarely to be met with in this body4 ,the ,french named the body ,petit ,romain1 preserving a similar #ci relationship between it and their ,gros ,romain1 as we did between our ,long ,primer and ,great ,primer4 ,the other countries evidently attributed the body to ,france1 and named it after ,claude ,garamond1 the famous ,french letter-cutter1 pupil of ,tory1 one of whose ,greek founts1 cut for the ,royal ,typography of ,paris1 was on this body4 ,the ,germans1 however1 also called the body ,corpus1 on account of their ,corpus ,juris being first printed in this size4 ,,bourgeois4--,this irregular body betrays its nationality in its name1 which1 however1 is probably derived1 not from the fact that it was used by the bourgeois printers of ,france1 but from the name of the city of ,bourges1 which was the birthplace of the illustrious typographer1 ,geofroy ,tory1 about the year #adhe4 ,tory originally applied the term bourgeoise to the lettre de somme1 irrespective of size1#gb as distinguished from the lettre ,canon4 ,the ,french call the body ,gaillarde1 probably after the printer of that name1#gc although it is equally possible the name1 like ,mignon or ,nonpareille1 may be fanciful4 ,as a type-body1 ,bourgeois did not appear in ,england till about #agdh1 and ,smith informs us that it was originally used as a large body on which to cast ,brevier or ,petit4 ,,brevier4--,the smallest of the ,english regular bodies claims equal antiquity with ,great ,primer1 ,pica1 and ,long ,primer4 ,the conjecture that it was commonly used in the ,breviaries of the early ,church is not borne out by an examination of these works1 most of which are printed in a considerably larger size4#gd ,the name1 like the ,french and ,german 8,petit10 may mean that1 being the smallest body1 it was used for getting the most matter into a brief space4 ,the ,germans1 when they cut smaller-sized letters1 called the ,petit ,jungfer1 or the ,maiden-letter4 ,,minion1 a body unknown to ,moxon1 was used in ,england before #agcj2 and1 like the other small fancifully named bodies1 appears to have originated in ,france4 ,the ,dutch and ,germans call it ,colonel1 and the ,spaniards ,glosilla4 ,,nonpareil1 now an indispensable body1 because the half of ,pica1 was introduced as a peerless curiosity long before ,moxon's day1 and has preserved its name in all the countries where it has gone4 ,it is said first to have been cut by ,garamond about the year #aefj4 ,mores supposes that1 because the ,dutch founders of ,moxon's day called it 8,englese ,nonpareil0 in their specimens1 the #dj body was first used in this country4 ,the ,dutch name1 however1 evidently refers to the face of the letter1 cut in imitation of an ,english face1 or adapted to suit ,english purchasers4 ,paulus ,pater#ge says that on account of its wonderful smallness and clearness1 the ,dutch ,nonpareil was called by many the 8silver letter10 and was supposed to have been cast in that metal4 ,,pearl1 though an ,english body in ,moxon's day1 appears to have been known both in ,france and ,holland at an earlier date4 ,in the former country it was celebrated as the body on which the famous tiny editions at ,sedan were printed4 ,the ,dutch ,joly corresponded more nearly to our modern ,ruby than to ,pearl4 ,but ,luce1 in #agdj1 cut the size for ,france1 and provoked ,firmin ,didot's severe criticism on his performance--8,among the characters1 generally bad1 which ,luce has engraved1 4 4 4 is one which cannot be seen40 ,,diamond was unknown in ,england until the close of last century1 when ,dr4 ,fry cut a fount which he claimed to be the smallest ever used1 and to get in 8more even than the famous ,dutch ,diamond40 ,this ,dutch fount was of some antiquity1 having been cut by ,voskens about #agjj4 ,previous to this1 ,van ,dijk had cut a letter on a body below ,pearl1 called ,robijn1 a specimen of which appears on ,daniel ,elzevir's sheet in #afha4 ,m4 ,henri ,didot1 however1 eclipsed all these minute-bodied founts by a ,semi-nonpareil in #ahbg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it now remains to trace briefly the origin and development of the leading type-faces used in ,english ,typography4 ,i4--,,roman4 ,to trace the history of the ,roman character would almost require a rsum of the works of all the greatest printers in each country of ,europe4 ,it must suffice to point out very briefly the changes it underwent before and after reaching ,england4 ,,italy4--,the ,italian scribes of the fifteenth century were famous for their beautiful manuscripts1 written in a hand entirely different from the ,gothic of the ,germans1 or the ,secretary of the ,french and ,netherlands calligraphers4 ,it was only natural that the first ,italian printers1 when they set up their press at ,subiaco1 should form their letters upon the best model of the national scribes4 ,the ,cicero de ,oratore of #adfegf is claimed by some as the first book #da printed in ,roman type1 although the character shows that the ,german artists who printed it had been unable wholly to shake off the traditions of the pointed ,gothic school of typography in which they had learned their craft4 ,the type of the ,lactantius1 and the improved type of the works subsequently printed by ,sweynheim and ,pannartz at ,rome1 as well as those of ,ulric ,hahn1 were1 in fact1 ,gothic-,romans2 and it was not till ,nicholas ,jenson1 a ,frenchman1 in #adgj1 printed his ,eusebii ,prparatio at ,venice1 that the true ,roman appeared in ,italy1 which was destined to become the ruling character in ,european ,typography4 ,fournier and others have considered that ,jenson derived his ,roman letter from a mixture of alphabets of various countries2#gg but it is only necessary to compare the ,eusebius with the ,italian manuscripts of the period1 to see that no such elaborate selection of models was necessary or likely4 ,the claims of ,italy in the matter of ,roman type have of late years been somewhat seriously challenged by the researches of ,m4 ,madden1 who in a series of remarkable studies on the typographical labours of the ,frres de la ,vie ,commune at ,wiedenbach1 near ,cologne1 contends that the ,roman type known as the fount of the 8symb bizarre10 on account of the peculiar form of that capital letter1 was used in that monastery in #adfegh2 and that among the typographical fugitives from ,mentz at that time dwelling in ,cologne1 there is little doubt that ,jenson was here initiated into the art which he subsequently made famous4 ,the close resemblance between the ,roman of the ,wiedenbach monks and that of the ,eusebius is1 ,m4 ,madden considers1 clear evidence that the same hand had trained itself on the one for the marvellous perfection of the other4#gi ,jenson's fount is on a body corresponding to ,english4 ,the form is round and clear1 and differing in fashion only from its future progeny4 ,the capital alphabet consists of twenty-three letters 7,j1 ,u1 and ,w not being yet in use72 the 8lower-case0 alphabet is the same1 except that the 8u0 is substituted for the 8v10 and in addition there is a long 1 and the diphthongs and 4 ,to complete the fount1 there are fifteen contractions1 six double letters1 and three points1 the 4 3 8 making seventy-three punches in all4#hj ,jenson's ,roman letter fell after his death into the hands of a 8firm0 of which ,andrea ,torresani was head4 ,aldus ,manutius subsequently associated himself #db with ,torresani1 and1 becoming his son-in-law and heir1 eventually inherited his punches1 matrices1 and types4 ,the ,roman founts of ,aldus were eclipsed by his ,italic and ,greek1 but he cut several very fine alphabets4 ,renouard#ha mentions eight distinct founts between #adid and #aeeh4 ,,germany4--,whether the fount of the ,wiedenbach monks was the progenitor of the ,venetian ,roman1 or whether each can claim an independent origin1 there seems little doubt that the fount of the 8symb bizarre0 is entitled to rank as the first ,roman letter in ,germany4 ,the accompanying facsimile from the ,sophologium will give a good idea of the form and size of this most interesting fount1 and will at the same time show how slightly the form of the ,roman alphabet has changed since its first introduction into ,typography4 ,illustration3 #g4 ,from the ,sophologium 8 l'symb bizarre40 ,wiedenbach 7871 #adfe-gj4 ,roman type was adopted before #adgc by ,mentelin of ,strasburg1 whose beautiful letter placed him in the front rank of ,german printers4 ,gunther ,zainer1 who settled at ,augsburg in #adfi1 after printing some works in the round ,gothic1 also adopted1 in #adgb1 the ,roman of the ,venetian ,school1 founts of which he is said to have brought direct from ,italy4 ,the ,german name of ,antiqua1 applied to the ,roman character1 has generally been supposed to imply a reluctance to admit the claim of ,italy to the credit of introducing this style of letter4 ,as1 however1 the ,italians themselves called the letter the 8,lettera ,antiqua tonda10 the imputation against ,germany is unfounded4#hb ,the ,french1 ,dutch1 and ,english called it 8,roman0 from the first4 #dc ,,france4--,the ,french received printing and the ,roman character at the same time1 the first work of the ,sorbonne press in #adgj being in a handsome ,roman letter about ,great ,primer in size1 with a slight suggestion of ,gothic in some of the characters4 ,gering1 a ,german himself1 and his associates1 had learned their art at ,basle2 but cut1 and probably designed1 their own letter on the best available models4 ,their fount is rudely cast1 so that several of their words appear only half-printed in the impression1 and have been finished by hand4 ,it has been stated erroneously1 by several writers1 on the authority of ,chevillier1 that their fount was without capitals4 ,the fount is complete in that respect1 and ,chevillier's expression1 8lettres capitales10 as he himself explains1 refers to the initial letters for which blank spaces were left to be filled in by hand4 ,besides the ordinary capital and 8lower-case0 alphabets1 the fount abounds in abbreviations4 ,this letter was used in all the works of the ,sorbonne press1 but when ,gering left the ,sorbonne and established himself at the 8,soleil d',or10 in #adgc1 he made use of a ,gothic letter4 ,in his later works1 however1 new and greatly improved founts of the ,roman appear4 ,jodocus ,badius1 who by some is erroneously supposed to have been the first who brought the ,roman letters from ,italy to ,france1 did not establish his famous 8,prelum ,ascensianum0 in ,paris till about #aejj1 when he printed in ,roman types--not1 however1 before one or two other ,french printers had already distinguished themselves in the same direction4 ,,netherlands4--,the ,roman was introduced into the ,netherlands by ,johannes de ,westfalia1 who1 it is said1 brought it direct from ,italy about the year #adgb4 ,he settled at ,louvain1 and after several works in semi-,gothic1 published in #adhc an edition of neas ,silvius in the ,italian letter4 ,his fount is elegant1 and rather a lighter face than most of the early ,roman founts of other countries4 ,this printer appears to have been the only one in the ,low ,countries who used this type during the fifteenth century2 nor was it till ,plantin1 in #aeee1 established his famous press at ,antwerp1 that the ,roman attained to any degree of excellence4 ,but ,plantin1 and after him the ,elzevirs1 were destined to eclipse all other artists in their execution of this letter1 which in their hands became a model for the typography of all civilisation4 ,it should be mentioned1 however1 that the ,elzevirs are not supposed to have cut their own punches4 ,the ,roman types which they made famous1 and which are known by their name1 were cut by #dd ,christopher ,van ,dijk1#hc the form of whose letter was subsequently adopted by the ,english printers4 ,,switzerland early distinguished itself by the ,roman letter of ,amerbach of ,basle1 and still more so by the beautiful founts used by ,froben of the same city1 who between #adia and #aebg printed some of the finest books then known in ,europe4 ,his ,roman was very bold and regular4 ,christopher ,froschouer of ,zurich1 about #aede1 made use of a peculiar and not unpicturesque form of the ,roman letter1 in which the round sorts were thickened1 after the ,gothic fashion1 at their opposite corners1 instead of at their opposite sides4 ,,england4--,the ,roman did not make its appearance in ,england till #aeah1 when ,richard ,pynson printed ,pace's ,oratio in ,pace ,nuperrim1 in a handsome letter1 of which we show a facsimile at p4 #ic4 ,this printer's ,norman birth1 and his close relationship with the typographers of ,rouen1 as well as his supposed intimacy with the famous ,basle typographer ,froben1 make it highly probable that he procured his letter abroad1 or modelled it on that of some of the celebrated foreign printers of his day4 ,the fount is about ,great ,primer in body1 and though generally neat and bold in appearance1 displays considerable irregularity in the casting1 and1 like most of the early ,roman founts1 contains numerous contractions4#hd ,illustration3 #h4 ,from ,traheron's ,exposition of ,st4 ,john4 ,wesel 7871 #aeeg4 ,showing ,roman and ,black-letter intermixed4 ,the ,roman made its way rapidly in ,english typography during the first half of the sixteenth century1 and in the hands of such artists as ,faques1 ,rastell1 ,wyer1 ,berthelet1 and ,day1 maintained an average excellence4 ,but it rapidly degenerated1 and while other countries were dazzling ,europe by the brilliancy of their impressions1 the ,english ,roman letter went from good to bad1 and from bad to worse4 ,no type is more beautiful than a beautiful ,roman2 and with equal truth it may be said1 no type is more unsightly than an ill-fashioned and ill-worked ,roman4 ,while ,claude ,garamond#he in ,france was carrying out into noble practice the theories of the form and proportion of letters set out by his master1 ,geofroy ,tory2 while the ,estiennes at ,paris1 ,sebastian ,gryphe at ,lyons1 ,froben at ,basle1 ,froschouer at ,zurich1 and ,christopher ,plantin at ,antwerp1 were moulding and refining their alphabets into models which were to become #de classical1 ,english printers1 manacled body and soul by their patents and monopolies and state persecutions1 achieved nothing with the ,roman type that was not retrograde4 ,for a time a struggle appears to have existed between the ,black-letter and the ,roman for the mastery of the ,english press1 and at one period the curious spectacle was presented of mixed founts of the two4 ,we present our readers with a specimen of ,english printing at a foreign press in this transition period1 as illustrative not only of the compromise between the two rival characters1 but of the average unappetising appearance of the typography #df of the day4 ,always impressionable and unoriginal1 our national ,roman letter1 in the midst of many admirable models1 chose the ,dutch for its pattern1 and tried to imitate ,plantin and ,elzevir1 but with very little of the spirit of those great artists4 ,no ,english work of the time1 printed in ,english ,roman type1 reproduces within measurable distance the elegant embonpoint1 the harmony1 the symmetry of the types of the famous ,dutch printers4 ,the seeker after the beautiful looks almost in vain for anything to satisfy his eye in the ,english ,roman-printed works of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries4 ,a few exceptions there are#hf2 and when the ,english printers1 giving up the attempt to cut ,roman for themselves1 went to ,holland to buy it2 or when1 as in the case of ,oxford and ,thomas ,james1 the ,english foundries became furnished with ,dutch matrices1 our country was able to produce a few books the appearance of which does not call forth a blush4 ,the first ,english ,bible printed in ,roman type was ,bassendyne's edition in ,edinburgh1 in #aegf4 ,we have it on the authority of ,watson#hg that1 from the earliest days of ,scotch typography1 a constant trade in type and labour was maintained between ,holland and ,scotland2 and he exhibited in his specimen pages the ,dutch ,romans which at that day were the most approved letters in use in his country4 ,utilitarian motives brought about one important departure from the first models of the ,roman letter in the different countries where it flourished4 ,the early printers were generous in their ideas1 and cut their letters with a single eye to artistic beauty4 ,but as printing gradually ceased to be an art1 and became a trade1 economical considerations suggested a distortion or cramping of these beautiful models1 with a view to 8getting more in40 ,in some cases the variation was made gracefully and inoffensively4 ,the slender or compressed ,roman letters of the ,french1 ,italian1 and in some cases the ,dutch printers1 though not comparable with the round ones1 are yet regular and neat2 but in other cases1 ours among them1 there was little of either delicacy or skill in the innovation4 ,the early part of the seventeenth century witnessed the creation abroad of some very small ,roman faces1 foremost among which were those of the beautiful little ,sedan editions of ,jannon1#hh which gave their name to the body of the microscopic letter #dg in which they were printed4 ,van ,dijk cut a still smaller letter for the ,dutch in ,black-letter1 and afterwards in ,roman2 and for many years the ,dutch ,diamond held the palm as the smallest fount in ,europe4 ,england followed the general tendency towards the minute1 and though it is doubtful whether either ,pearl or ,diamond were cut by ,english founders before #agjj1 an ,english printer1 ,field1 accomplished in #afec the feat of printing a #cbmo ,bible in ,pearl4#hi ,among ,english printers in the seventeenth century who did credit to their profession1 ,roycroft is conspicuous1 especially for the handsome large ,romans in which he printed ,ogilby's ,virgil1#ij and other works4 ,yet ,roycroft's handsomest letter--that in which he printed the ,royal ,dedication to the ,polyglot of #afeg--was the fount used nearly a century before by ,day1#ia whose productions few ,english printers of the seventeenth century could equal1 and none1 certainly1 could excel4 ,of ,moxon's attempt in #afhc to regenerate the ,roman letter in ,england1 we shall have occasion to speak elsewhere4 ,his theories1 as put into practice by himself1 were eminently unsuccessful2 and though the sign-boards of the day may have profited by his rules1 it is doubtful if typography did4 ,his enthusiastic praise of the ,dutch letter of ,van ,dijk may have stimulated the trade between ,england and ,holland2 but at home his precepts fell flat for lack of an artist to carry them out4 ,that artist was forthcoming in ,william ,caslon in #agbj1 and from the time he cut his first fount of pica1 the ,roman letter in ,england entered on a career of honour4 ,caslon went back to the ,elzevirs for his models1 and throwing into his labour the genius of an enlightened artistic taste1 he reproduced their letters with a precision and uniformity hitherto unknown among us1 preserving at the same time that freedom and grace of form which had made them of all others the most beautiful types in ,europe4 ,caslon's ,roman became the fashion1 and ,english typography was loyal to it for nearly #hj years4 ,baskerville's exquisite letters were1 as he himself acknowledged1 inspired by those of ,caslon4 ,they were sharper and more delicate in outline1 and when finely printed1 as they always were1 were more attractive to the eye4#ib ,but what they gained in brilliance they missed in sterling dignity2 they dazzled the eye and fatigued it1 and the fashion of the #dh national taste was not seriously diverted4 ,still less was it diverted by the experiments of a 8nouvelle typographie10 which ,luce1 ,fournier1 and others were trying to introduce into ,france4 ,the stiff1 narrow1 cramped ,roman which these artists produced scarcely finds a place in any ,english work of the eighteenth century4 ,the ,dutch type was now no longer looked at4 ,wilson1 whose letter adorned the works of the ,foulis press1 and ,jackson1 whose exquisite founts helped to make the fame of ,bensley1 as those of his successor ,figgins helped to continue it1 all adhered to the ,caslon models4 ,and all these artists1 with ,cottrell1 ,fry1 and others1 contributed to a scarcely less important reform in ,english letter-founding1 namely1 the production by each founder of his own uniform series of ,roman sizes1--a feature wofully absent in the odd collections of the old founders before #agbj4 ,towards the close of the century the ,roman underwent a violent revolution4 ,the few founders who had begun about #agfj in avowed imitation of ,baskerville1 had found it in their interest before #aghj to revert to the models of ,caslon2 and scarcely had they done so1 when about #agij the genius of ,didot of ,paris and ,bodoni of ,parma took the ,english press by storm1 and brought about that complete abandonment of the ,caslon-,elzevir models which marked1 and in some cases disfigured1 the last years of the eighteenth century4 ,the famous presses of ,bensley and ,bulmer introduced the modern ,roman under the most favourable auspices4 ,the new letter was honest1 businesslike1 and trim2 but in its stiff angles1 its rigid geometrical precision1 long hair-seriffs1 and sharp contrasts of shade1 there is little place for the luxuriant elegance of the old style4#ic ,in ,france1 the new fashion1 even with so able an exponent as ,didot1 had a competitor in the ,baskerville type1 which1 rejected by us1 was welcomed by the ,french literati4 ,nor was this the only instance in which the fashion went from ,england to ,france1 for in #ahah the ,imprimerie ,royale itself1 in want of a new typographie of the then fashionable ,roman1 came to ,london for the punches4 ,the typographical taste of the first quarter of the present century suffered a distinct vulgarisation in the unsightly heavy-faced ,roman letters1 which were not only offered by the founders1 but extensively used by the printers2 and the date at which we quit this brief survey is not a glorious one4 ,the simple uniformity of faces which characterised the specimens of ,caslon and his disciples had been corrupted by new fancies and fashions1 demanded by the printer and conceded by the founder1--fashions which1 as ,mr4 ,hansard #di neatly observed in #ahbe1 8have left the specimen of a ,british letter-founder a heterogeneous compound1 made up of fat-faces and lean-faces1 wide-set and close-set1 proportioned and disproportioned1 all at once crying 8,quousque tandem abutre patientia nostra80 ,some of the coarsest of the new fashions were happily short-lived2 and it is worth transgressing our limit to record the fact that in #ahdd the beautiful old-face of ,caslon was1 in response to a demand from outside1 revived1 and has since1 in rejuvenated forms1 regained both at home and abroad much of its old popularity4 ,it will not be out of place to add a word1 before leaving the ,roman1 in reference to letter-founders' specimens4 ,when printers were their own founders1 the productions of their presses were naturally also the published specimens of their type4 ,they might1 like ,schoeffer1 in the colophon to the ,justinian in #adfh1 call attention to their skill in cutting types2 or1 like ,caxton1 print a special advertisement in a special type2 or1 like ,aldus1 put forward a specimen of the types of a forthcoming work4#id ,but none of these are letter-founders' specimens2 nor was it till letter-founding became a distinct trade that such documents became necessary4 ,england was probably behind other nations when1 in #affe1 the tiny specimen of ,nicholas ,nicholls was laid under the ,royal notice4 ,it is doubtful whether any founder before ,moxon issued a full specimen of his types4 ,he used the sheet as a means of advertising not only his types1 but his trade as a mathematical instrument maker2 and his specimen1 taken in connection with his rules for the formation of letters1 is a sorry performance1 and not comparable to the ,oxford ,university specimen1 which that press published in #afic1 exhibiting the gifts of ,dr4 ,fell and ,junius4 ,of the other ,english founders before #agbj1 no type specimen has come down to us2 that shown by ,watson in his ,history of the ,art of ,printing being merely a specimen of bought ,dutch types4 ,caslon's sheet1 in #agcd1 marked a new departure4 ,it displayed at a glance the entire contents of the new foundry2 and by printing the same passage in each size of ,roman1 gave the printer an opportunity of judging how one body compared with another for capacity4 ,caslon was the first to adopt the since familiar 8,quousque tandem0 for his ,roman specimens4 ,the ,latin certainly tends to show off the ,roman letter to best advantage2 but it gives an inadequate idea of its appearance in any other tongue4 8,the ,latin language10 says ,dibdin1 8presents to the eye a great uniformity or evenness of effect4 ,the m and n1 like the solid sirloin upon our table1 have a substantial appearance2 no garnishing with useless #ej herbs 4 4 to disguise its real character4 ,now1 in our own tongue1 by the side of the m or n1 or at no great distance from it1 comes a crooked1 long-tailed g1 or a th1 or some gawkishly ascending or descending letter of meagre form1 which are the very flankings1 herbs1 or dressings of the aforesaid typographical dish1 m or n4 ,in short1 the number of ascending or descending letters in our own language--the p's1 l's1 th's1 and sundry others of perpetual recurrence--render the effect of printing much less uniform and beautiful than in the ,latin language4 ,caslon1 therefore1 and ,messrs4 ,fry and ,co4 after him10--and he might have added all the other founders of the eighteenth century1--8should have presented their specimens of printing-types in the ,english language2 and then1 as no disappointment could have ensued1 so no imputation of deception would have attached40#ie ,several founders followed ,caslon's example by issuing their specimens on a broadside sheet1 which could be hung up in a printing-office1 or inset in a cyclopdia4 ,baskerville appears to have issued only specimens of this kind2 but ,caslon1 ,cottrell1 ,wilson and ,fry1 who all began with sheets1 found it necessary to adopt the book form4 ,these books were generally executed by a well-known printer1 and are examples not only of good types1 but of fine printing4 ,bodoni's splendid specimens roused the emulation of our founders1 and the small octavo volumes of the eighteenth century gave place at the commencement of the nineteenth to quarto1 often elaborately1 sometimes sumptuously got up4 ,mr4 ,figgins was the first to break through the traditional 8,quousque tandem10 by adding1 side by side with the ,latin extract1 a passage in the same-sized letter in ,english4 ,but it has not been till comparatively recent years that the venerable ,ciceronian denunciation has finally disappeared from ,english letter-founders' specimens4 ,,italic4 ,the ,,italic letter1 which is now an accessory of the ,roman1 claims an origin wholly independent of that character4 ,it is said to be an imitation of the handwriting of ,petrarch1 and was introduced by ,aldus ,manutius of ,venice1 for the purpose of printing his projected small editions of the classics1 which1 either in the ,roman or ,gothic character1 would have required bulky volumes4 ,chevillier informs us that a further object was to prevent the excessive number of contractions then in use1 a feature which rendered the typography of the day often unintelligible1 and always unsightly4#if ,the execution of the ,aldine ,italic was entrusted #ea to ,francesco da ,bologna1#ig who1 says ,renouard1 had already designed and cut the other characters of ,aldus' press4 ,the fount is a 8lower-case0 only1 the capitals being ,roman in form4 ,it contains a large number of tied letters1 to imitate handwriting1 but is quite free from contractions and ligatures4 ,it was first used in the ,virgil of #aeja1 and rapidly became famous throughout ,europe4 ,aldus produced six different sizes between #aeja-eh4 ,it was counterfeited almost immediately in ,lyons and elsewhere4 ,the ,junta press at ,florence produced editions scarcely distinguishable from those of ,venice4 ,simon de ,colines cut an ,italic bolder and larger than that of ,aldus1 and introduced the character into ,france about #aeba1 prior to which date ,froben of ,basel had already made use of it at his famous press4 ,plantin used a large ,italic in his ,polyglot1 but1 like many other ,italics of the period1 it was defaced by a strange irregularity in the slopes of the letters4 ,the character was originally called ,venetian or ,aldine1 but subsequently took the name of ,italic in all the countries into which it travelled1 except ,germany1 which1 acting with the same independence as had been displayed towards the ,roman1 called it 8,cursiv40 ,the ,italians also adopted the ,latin name1 8,characteres cursivos seu cancellarios40 ,the ,italic was at first intended and used for the entire text of a classical work4 ,subsequently1 as it became more general1 it was used to distinguish portions of a book not properly belonging to the work1 such as introductions1 prefaces1 indexes1 and notes2 the text itself being in ,roman4 ,later1 it was used in the text for quotations2 and finally served the double part of emphasising certain words#ih in some works1 and in others1 chiefly the translations of the ,bible1 of marking words not rightly forming a part of the text4 ,in ,england it was first used by ,de ,worde1 in ,wakefield's ,oratio1 in #aebd4 ,day1 about #aefg1 carried it to a high state of perfection2 so much so1 that his ,italic remained in use for several generations4 ,vautrollier1 also1 in his ,new ,testaments1 made use of a beautiful small ,italic1 which1 however1 was probably of foreign cut4 ,like the ,roman1 the ,italic suffered debasement during the century which followed ,day1 and the ,dutch models were generally preferred #eb by ,english printers4 ,these were carried down to a minute size1 the 8,robijn ,italic0 of ,christopher ,van ,dijk being in its day the smallest in ,europe4 ,illustration3 #i4 ,robijn ,italic1 cut by ,chr4 van ,dijk4 7,from the matrices in the ,ensched foundry47 ,it is not easy to fix the period at which the ,roman and ,italic became united and interdependent4 ,very few ,english works occur printed wholly in ,italic1 and there seems little doubt that before the close of the sixteenth century the founders cast ,roman and ,italic together as one fount4 ,the ,italic has undergone fewer marked changes than the ,roman4 ,indeed1 in many of the early foundries1 and till a later date1 one face of ,italic served for two or more ,romans of the same body4 ,we find the same ,italic side by side with a broad-faced ,roman in one book1 and a lean-faced in another4 ,frequently the same face is made to serve not only for its correct body1 but for the bodies next above or below it1 so that we may find an ,italic of the ,brevier face cast respectively on ,brevier1 ,bourgeois1 and ,minion bodies4 ,these irregularities were the more noticeable from the constant admixture in seventeenth and eighteenth century books of ,roman and ,italic in the same lines2 the latter being commonly used for all proper names1 as well as for emphatic words4 ,the chief variations in form have been in the capital letters1 and the long-tailed letters of the lower-case4 ,the tendency to flourish these gradually diminished on the cessation of the ,dutch influence1 and led the way to the formal1 tidy ,italics of ,caslon and the founders of the eighteenth century1 some of whom1 however1 consoled themselves for their loss of liberty in regard to most of their letters1 by more or less extravagance in the tail of the 99,q which commenced the ,quousque tandem of their specimens4 ,as in the case of the ,roman1 ,caslon cut a uniform series of ,italics1 having due relation1 in the case of each body1 to the size and proportions of the corresponding ,roman4 ,the extensive1 and sometimes indiscriminate1 use of ,italic gradually corrected itself during the eighteenth century2 and on the abandonment1 both in ,roman and ,italic1 of the long and its combinations1#ii ,english books were left less disfigured than they used to be4 #ec ,,black ,,letter4 ,illustration3 #aj4 ,gothic type1 or 8,lettre de ,forme10 said to have been engraved circa #adhj4 7,from the original matrices in the ,ensched foundry47 ,the ,gothic letter employed by the inventors of printing for the ,bible1 ,psalter1 and other sacred works1 was an imitation of the formal hand of the ,german scribes1 chiefly monastic1 who supplied the clergy of the day with their books of devotion4 ,this letter1 as a typographical character1 took the name of ,,lettre ,,de ,,forme1 as distinguished from the rounder and less regular manuscript-hand of the ,germans of the fifteenth century1 which was adopted by ,schoeffer in the ,rationale1 the ,catholicon1 and other works1 and which became known as ,,lettre ,,de ,,somme4 ,the pointed ,gothic1 or ,,lettre ,,de ,,forme1 a name#ajj generally supposed to have reference to the precision in the figure of the old ecclesiastical character 7although some authorities have considered it to be a corrupt1 rather than a standard form of handwriting71 preserved its character with but little variation in all the countries to which it travelled4 ,it is scarcely necessary to detail its first appearance at the various great centres of ,european typography1 except to notice that in ,italy and ,france it came later than the ,roman4#aja ,in ,england it appears first in ,caxton's type ,no4 #c1ajb and figures largely in nearly all the presses of our early printers4 ,de ,worde was1 in all probability1 the first to cut punches of it in this country1 and to produce the letter which henceforth took the name of 8,english10 as being the national character of our early typography4 ,de ,worde's ,english1 or as it was subsequently styled1 ,black-letter1 was for two centuries and a half looked upon as the model for all his successors in the art2 indeed1 to this day1 a ,black-letter #ed is held to be excellent1 as it resembles most closely the character used by our earliest printers4 ,the ,black being employed in ,england to a late date1 not only for ,bibles1 but for law books and royal proclamations and ,acts of ,parliament1 has never wholly fallen into disuse among us4 ,the most beautiful typography of which we as a nation can boast during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 is to be found in the ,black-letter impressions of our printers4 ,the ,old ,english was classed with the ,roman and ,italic by ,moxon as one of the three orders of printing-letter2 and in this particular our obligations to the ,dutch are much less apparent than in any other branch of the printing art4 ,indeed1 the ,english ,black assumed characteristics of its own which distinguished it from the ,,lettre ,,flamand of the ,dutch on the one hand1 and the ,,fractur of the ,germans on the other4 ,it has occasionally suffered compression in form1 and very occasionally expansion2 but till #ahjj its form was not seriously tampered with4 ,caslon was praised for his faithful reproduction of the genuine ,old ,english2 other founders1 like ,baskerville1 did not even attempt the letter2 the old ,blacks were looked upon as the most useful and interesting portion of ,james's foundry at its sale#ajc2 and the ,roxburgh ,club1 those ,black-letter heroes of the early years of this century1 dismissed all the new-fangled founts of modern founders in favour of the most venerable relics of the early ,english typographers4 ,of these newfangled ,blacks1 it will suffice to recall ,dibdin's outburst of righteous indignation--8,why does he 7i4e41 ,mr4 ,whittingham71 and many other hardly less distinguished printers1 adopt that frightful1 gouty1 disproportionate1 eye-distracting and taste-revolting form of ,black-letter1 too frequently visible on the frontispieces of his books8 ,it is contrary to all classical precedent1 and outrageously repulsive in itself4 ,let the ghost of ,wynkin de ,worde haunt him till he abandon it60#ajd ,illustration3 #aa4 ,philosophie ,flamand1 engraved by ,fleischman1 #agdc4 7,from the matrices in the ,ensched foundry47 ,the ,,lettre ,,de ,,somme of the ,germans1 which1 as we have seen1 was adopted by ,schoeffer in #adei1 became in the hands of the fifteenth century printers a rival to the ,gothic4 ,whether1 as some state1 it was derived from the ,gothic1 or was a distinct hand used by the lay scribes1 we need not here discuss4 ,its name has been generally supposed to owe its origin to the fact that among the earliest works printed in this character was the ,summa fratris ,s4 ,thomas de ,aquino4#aje #ee ,others derive the name from the carelessly formed letters used in books of account4 ,this letter developed in considerable variety among the early presses of the fifteenth century4 ,its main characteristics being that of a round ,gothic1#ajf or at least of a ,gothic shorn of its angles1 it lent itself readily to the influence of the ,roman1 and we find it1 as in the case of the first ,italian books1 merging into that character2 while in the case of many of the ,german and ,netherlands presses we find it occasionally absorbing that character1 adopting its form frequently in the capitals1 and 8,gothicising0 it in the lower-case4 ,but to arrive at an accurate idea of the changes and varieties of the ,,lettre ,,de ,,somme1 it is necessary to study carefully the productions of the various presses and schools of typography in which it was used4 ,in ,england it appeared1 as might be expected1 in some of the early works of the first ,oxford press1#ajg whither it was brought from ,cologne4 ,but it never took root in the country1 and was speedily rejected for the national ,gothic1 only to reappear as an exotic or a curiosity4 ,,secretary4 ,the ,,secretary1 or ,,gros-,b,,tarde1 was the manuscript-hand employed by the ,english and ,burgundian scribes in the fifteenth century4 ,it was1 therefore1 only natural that ,caxton1 like his typographical tutor1 ,colard ,mansion of ,bruges1 should adopt this character for his earliest works1 in preference to the less familiar ,gothic1 ,semi-,gothic1 or ,roman letter4 ,the ,french possessed a similar character1 which1 according to ,fournier1 was first cut by a ,german named ,heilman1 resident in ,paris about #adij4 ,but several years before #adij the ,gros-,btarde was in use in ,france2 in some cases the resemblance between the ,french and ,english types being remarkable4 ,the ,rouen printers1 who executed some of the great law books for the ,london printers early in the sixteenth century1 used a particularly neat small-sized letter of this character4 ,like the ,semi-,gothic1 the ,secretary1 after figuring in several of the early ,london and provincial presses1 yielded to the ,english ,black-letter1 and after about #aecd did not reappear in ,english typography4 ,it developed1 however1 several curious variations2 the chief of which were what ,rowe ,mores describes as the ,,set-,,court1 the ,,base ,,secretary1 and the ,,running ,,secretary4 ,of the first named1 ,james's foundry in #aggh possessed two founts1 come down from ,grover's#ajh2 but as the old deformed ,norman law hand which they represented was abolished by law in #agcc1 the matrices1 which at no time appear to have been much used1 #ef became valueless4 ,the name ,,court ,,hand has since been appropriated for one of the modern scripts4 ,its place was taken in law work by the ,,engrossing hand1 which ,mores denominates as ,base ,secretary4 ,of this character1 the only fount in ,england appears to have been that cut by ,cottrell about #agfj4aji ,the ,,running ,,secretary was another law hand1 described by ,mores as the law ,cursive of ,queen ,elizabeth's reign4 ,it was similar to the ,french ,cursive1 of which ,nicolas ,granjon in #aeef cut the first punches at ,lyons4 ,granjon's letter at first was called after its author1 but subsequently became known as ,,lettre ,,de ,,civilit1 on account of its use1 so ,fournier informs us1 in a work entitled la ,civilit puerile et honnte1 to teach children how to write4 ,plantin possessed a similar character in more than one size1 which he made use of in dedications and other prefatory matter4 ,the ,english fount in ,grover's foundry appears to have been the only one in this country4 ,illustration3 #ab4 ,lettre de ,civilit1 cut by ,ameet ,tavernier for ,plantin1 circa #aegj4 7,from the matrices in the ,ensched foundry47 ,the ,,script1 by which is meant the conventional copy-book writing hand1 as distinguished from the ,italic on the one hand and the law hand on the other1 is another form of the ,btarde1 and is supposed to have originated with ,pierre ,moreau of ,paris1 whose widow in #afdh published a very curious ,virgil1 the first volume of which is printed in this character1 in four or five sizes4 ,the ,dutch founders copied it1 and the curious founts in ,grover's foundry were probably most of them of ,dutch origin4#aaj ,about #agfj ,cottrell and ,jackson both cut improved founts of this character4 ,the ,script1 which the ,french have called ,,lettre ,,coul,e and ,,lettre ,,de ,,finance1 and the ,germans ,,geschreven ,,schrift1 has undergone a good many changes1 especially during the present century4 ,m4 ,didot in #ahae introduced a series of ligatures1 or connectors1 which had the effect of making the letters in each word join continuously2 and at the same time cast his letters on an inclined body1 so as to fit closely together1 and be self-supporting4 ,his system1 however1 involved a large number of combination-letters and ligatures1 which rendered it generally impracticable2 and it was eventually replaced by a square-bodied ,script1 contrived to unite all the advantages1 and obviate all the disadvantages1 of his ingenious system4 #eg ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,type ,,faces 7,,continued74 ,,the ,,learned1 ,,foreign1 ,,and ,,peculiar ,,characters4 ,,greek4 ,greek type first occurs in the ,cicero de ,officiis1 printed at ,mentz in #adfe1 at the press of ,fust and ,schoeffer4 ,the fount used is exceedingly rude and imperfect1 many of the letters being ordinary ,latin4#aaa ,in the same year ,sweynheim and ,pannartz at ,subiaco used a good ,greek letter for some of the quotations occurring in ,lactantius2 but the supply being short1 the larger quotations were left blank1 to be filled in by hand4 ,the first book wholly printed in ,greek was the ,grammar of ,lascaris1 by ,paravisinus1 in ,milan1 in #adgf1 in types stated to be cut and cast by ,demetrius of ,crete4 ,the fount 7about a ,great ,primer in body7 is a curious one1 and contains breathings1 accents and a few abbreviations4 ,the headings to the chapters are wholly in capitals1 which are very bold4#aab ,it is to the glory of ,milan that not only was the first ,greek book printed within its walls1 but also the first ,greek classic and the first portion of the ,greek ,scriptures4 ,the former was the sop1 printed1 it is supposed1 in #adhj1 but without printer's name4 ,the resemblance1 however1 #eh between the fount of this work and that of the ,lactantius is so close that there seems much reason for crediting ,paravisinus with the performance4 ,the ,greek of the ,psalter of #adha is very different1 the lower-case being larger1 and remarkably bold and compact in appearance4 ,the capitals generally resemble the ,lactantius fount4 ,jenson1 at ,venice1 appears to have cut ,greek type as early as about #adgj4 ,in #adhf two ,cretan printers produced respectively a ,greek ,psalter1 with accents and breathings1 and ,homer's ,batrachomyomachia4 ,it was1 however1 reserved to ,florence to boast of the first complete edition of ,homer1 which was printed in that city in #adhh4 ,this work1 one of the most glorious monuments of the typographic art1 appears in a beautiful ,great ,primer type1 of remarkable elegance and neatness1 with few abbreviations4 ,the printer was ,demetrius of ,crete4 ,but it was at ,venice that ,greek printing was destined to reach its greatest excellence in the fifteenth century1 at the press of ,aldus1 who in #adie produced his famous ,aristotle1 in a beautiful letter which eclipsed all its predecessors4 ,his fount was about a ,double ,pica in body1 and much bolder and more imposing than any which had yet appeared1 as well as being better cast and justified4 ,the splendid ,greek impressions of the elder ,aldus are too well known to need further notice here4 ,renouard mentions nine separate founts used at this press4 ,the fame of the ,italian ,greek presses early roused emulation in ,france4 ,among the first printers of ,paris1 however1 the ,greek quotations and words introduced in their works were scanty and indifferent4 ,gering used but a very few letters1 and ,jodocus ,badius1 in #aeje1 excused the poverty of his ,annotationes in ,nov4 ,testamentum1 by pleading the paucity of his types4 ,the early works of the first ,henri ,estienne were similarly defective4 ,in #aejg1 however1 ,greek punches were cut and matrices struck by ,gilles de ,gourmont1 and the first wholly ,greek work was printed at his press in this year1 being a ,greek ,alphabet1 with rules for pronunciation and reading4 ,in the same year he also printed the ,batrachomyomachia4 ,greek printing1 once started in ,paris1 made rapid progress4 ,jodocus ,badius1 ,vidouv1 ,colinus1 and ,christian ,wechel1 all distinguished themselves4 ,geofroy ,tory contributed largely to the improvement in the form of the character4 ,but it was not till ,robert ,estienne1 with the title of 8,regius in ,grcis ,typographus10#aac commenced his career1 that ,greek printing reached its greatest perfection in ,france4 ,on the establishment of an ,imprimerie ,royale by ,francis ,i1#aad ,claude ,garamond1 the first typographical artist of his day1 #ei was entrusted with the care of engraving punches and preparing matrices for three founts of ,greek1 about an ,english1 ,long ,primer1 and ,double ,pica in body1 which henceforth became famous throughout ,europe as the 8,characteres ,regii40#aae ,these characters1 modelled as to their capitals on the alphabet of ,lascaris1 and as to their 8lower-case0 and abbreviations from the beautiful ,greek calligraphy of ,angelus ,vergetius of ,candia1 first appeared in the ,eusebius1 printed1 in #aedd1aaf by ,robert ,estienne1 to whom the use of the types was1 by virtue of his office1 conceded1 and who employed them in the production of some of the most brilliant ,greek impressions ,europe has ever seen4#aag ,during the seventeenth century the ,royal ,greek punches and matrices lay for the most part idle2 but in #afia1 ,anisson1 ,director of the ,imprimerie ,royale1 rescued them from obscurity1 and caused new punches to be cut and matrices struck1 to supply what were missing1 by ,grandjean1 the famous ,parisian founder4 ,in the ,low ,countries1 as early as #aeja1 ,thierry ,martens1 at ,louvain1 had ,greek types with which he printed occasional words4 ,he produced an edition of sop in #aeac1 and in #aeaf a ,grammar of ,theodore de ,gaza's1 and a little book of ,hours1 in ,greek4 ,the latter is considered an excellent piece of typography4 ,greek printing attained to considerable celebrity in the ,low ,countries4 ,the ,greek fount used in ,plantin's ,polyglot1 in #aefi-gb1 is said to have been cut by the famous ,french founder and engraver1 ,le ,b4 ,spain claims a prominent place in the history of early ,greek printing in ,europe1 as it was at ,alcala in that country that the famous ,complutensian ,polyglot of ,cardinal ,ximenes was printed in #aead-ag1aah including the entire text of the ,bible in ,greek4 ,the fount employed in the ,new ,testament is very grand and imposing1 and is said to have been cut specially for the work on the models of ,greek manuscripts of the eleventh or twelfth century4 ,before the completion of this great work1 ,germany had secured the honour of producing the first entire ,greek ,testament at the press of ,froben of ,basle4 ,froben's ,greek is somewhat cramped and stiff4 ,oporinus1 who printed in the #fj same city in #aeea1 besides using a fount identical with that of ,froben1 introduced a smaller and much neater letter at the same time4 ,numerous printers produced ,greek works in ,germany at this period1 perhaps the most famous being ,andrew ,wechel1 who began at ,paris with types inherited from his father1 but in #aegc established himself at ,frankfort1 where he printed several very fine works in a new and most elegant ,greek1 said to have been acquired from the ,estiennes1 to whose letter it bears the closest resemblance4 ,the first appearance of ,greek type in ,england is observed in ,de ,worde's edition of ,whitintoni ,grammatices1 printed in #aeai1 where a few words are introduced cut in wood4 ,cast types were used at ,cambridge in a book entitled ,galenus de ,temperamentis1 translated by ,linacre1 and printed by ,siberch in #aeba4 ,siberch styles himself the first ,greek printer in ,england2 but the quotations in the ,galenus are very sparse1 and he is not known to have printed any entire book in ,greek4 ,in #aebd1 ,pynson also used some ,greek words and lines1 without accents or breathings1 in ,linacre's ,de emendat structur ,latini sermonis2 but added an apology for the imperfections of the characters1 which he said were but lately cast1 and in a small quantity4 ,the first printer who possessed ,greek types in any quantity was ,reginald ,wolfe1 who held a royal patent as printer in ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,hebrew1 and printed1 in #aedc1 ,two ,homilies of ,chrysostom1 edited by ,sir ,john ,cheke1 the first ,greek ,lecturer at ,cambridge4 ,eight years later1 in the first volume of ,dr4 ,turner's ,herbal1 printed at ,mierdman's press in ,london1 the ,greek words were given in ,black1 and quotations in ,italic4 ,in ,edinburgh1 in #aefc1 and as late as #aegi1 the space for ,greek words was left blank in printing1 to be filled in by hand4 ,the ,oxford ,university press1 re-established in #aehe1 was well supplied with ,greek types1 which were used in the ,chrysostom of #aehf1 and the ,herodotus of #aeia4 ,the beautiful ,greek fount used in the ,eton ,chrysostom#aai in #afaj-ab--;a work which takes rank with the finest ,greek impressions in ,europe--is supposed to have been obtained from abroad1 probably from ,paris or ,frankfort4 ,its similarity to the ,greek of the ,estiennes is remarkable4 ,indeed1 the 8characteres regii0 of ,france were at that time1 and for long afterwards1 the envy and models for all ,europe4 ,the ,eton ,greek types1 of which probably the matrices were not in ,england1 were acquired by the ,oxford ,university1 to which body1 in #afcb1 application was made by ,cambridge for the loan of a ,greek fount to print a ,greek ,testament1 the sister ,university possessing no ,greek types of her own4 ,a ,greek press was established in ,london in #afcg1 under peculiar circumstances1 which are detailed in our account of the ,oxford press4 ,there is every reason to suppose that of the handsome ,greek letter provided #fa for this press1#abj not only the types1 but the matrices were acquired4 ,after this1 ,greek printing became general in ,london and ,oxford4 ,the various typefounders all provided themselves with a good variety of sizes1 some of which were very small and neat4 ,there was a very fine ,brevier ,greek in ,grover's foundry in #agjj1 and a ,nonpareil in that of ,andrews in #agjf2 but for minute ,greek printing1 ,england could produce nothing to equal the ,sedan ,greek ,testament1 printed by ,jannon in #afbh4 ,as was the case with the ,roman letter1 many of our printers at the close of the seventeenth century preferred the ,dutch ,greeks1 which at that time were good1 particularly those cut by the ,wetsteins4 ,thomas ,james1 in #agaj1 brought over the matrices of four founts from ,vosken's foundry at ,amsterdam4 ,in #agjj1 ,cambridge ,university1 still badly off for ,greek1 made an offer for the purchase of a fount of the ,king's ,greek at ,paris2 but withdrew on the ,french ,academy insisting as a condition that every work printed should bear the imprint1 8,characteribus ,grcis e ,typographeo ,regio ,parisiensi40 ,the large number of ligatures and abbreviations in the ,greek of that day made the production of a fount a serious business4 ,the ,oxford ,augustin ,greek comprised no fewer than #ced matrices1 and the ,great ,primer as many as #def1 and the ,pica #ejh2 ,fournier1 however1 went beyond all these1 and showed a fount containing #ggf different sorts6 ,the impracticability of such enormous founts brought about a gradual reduction of the ,greek typographical ligatures--a reform for which the ,dutch founders1 under the guidance of ,leusden1 deserve the chief credit4 ,fournier1 in #agfd1 stated that for some years previously1 in ,holland1 ,greek printing had been carried on with the simple letters of the alphabet4 ,wilson's beautiful ,double ,pica ,greek1#aba used in the ,glasgow ,homer of #agef1 was in its day the finest ,greek fount our country had ever seen4 ,a new departure1 however1 was initiated by the production1 in #agfc1 of ,baskerville's ,greek fount#abb for the ,oxford ,new ,testament4 ,the letter is neat1 but stiff and cramped1 and apparently formed on an arbitrary estimate of conventional taste1 and without reference to any accepted model4 ,the fount was praised1 and provoked imitation4 ,baskerville's apprentice1 ,martin1 produced a letter still less ,greek than his master's1 and the general tendency was countenanced by the form of ,bodoni's types1 which were so much admired in this country at the close of the century4 ,a reaction1 however1 had begun before ,bodoni's time4 ,the ,glasgow ,greek kept its place in ,wilson's specimens2 and ,jackson1 encouraged by the younger ,bowyer's remark1 that the ,greek types in common use 8were no more ,greek #fb than they were ,english10 cut a beautiful ,pica about #aghe for his rising foundry4 ,early in the nineteenth century1 a new fashion of ,greek1 for which ,porson was sponsor and furnished the drawings1 came into vogue1 and has remained the prevailing form to this day4 ,it may be doubted if the ,porsonian letter would be recognised by an ancient ,greek scribe as the character of his native land2 but at any rate it is neat1 elegant1 and legible1 and dispenses with all useless contractions and ligatures4 ,in taking leave of this subject1 it would be an omission not to mention the most beautiful little fount in which ,pickering printed his ,homer1 in #ahca4 ,probably no finer masterpiece of minute ,greek printing exists anywhere4 ,,hebrew4 ,the first ,hebrew types are generally supposed to have appeared in #adge1 in a work printed by ,conrad ,fyner1 at ,esslingen in ,wirtemburg1 entitled ,tractatus contra perfidos ,judos4 ,in ,pheibia1 in ,austrian ,italy1 also in #adge1 a ,hebrew work in four folio volumes1 entitled the ,arba ,turim of ,rabbi ,jacob ben ,ascher1 is stated by ,de ,rossi#abc to have been printed2 while in the same year1 a few months earlier1 at ,reggio in ,italy1 appeared ,salamon ,jarchi's ,commentary on the ,pentateuch1 by ,abraham ben ,garton ben ,isaac4 ,the type of this last-named work 7which ,schwab#abd considers without doubt to be the first ,hebrew book printed7 is in the ,rabbinical character1 somewhat rudely cut1 but neat4 ,numerous other ,hebrew works followed1 earlier than #adhh1 at which date the first entire ,hebrew ,bible was printed at ,soncino1 by a family of ,german ,jews4 ,this rare ,bible is printed with points1 and is neat and regular in appearance4 ,the volume itself is highly decorative1 and shows a considerable amount of typographical skill on the part of its ,jewish printers4 ,hebrew printing did not spread very rapidly4 ,de ,rossi mentions several works printed at ,constantinople during the fifteenth century1 as also in the ,italian towns to which the family of ,soncino printers carried the art4 ,aldus was possessed of some rude ,hebrew characters2 but it was ,bomberg1 who established his ,hebrew press in ,venice in #aeag1 who raised the fame of that already famous city by the excellence of his types and workmanship4 ,but as late as #aebj1 at ,naples1 in a treatise on the ,hebrew1 ,greek1 and ,latin letters1 by ,de ,falco1 the ,hebrew words1 for lack of types1 were written in by hand4 ,in ,western ,europe1 ,france was next to ,italy in producing ,hebrew type4 ,mention is made of an ,alphabetum ,hebraicum et ,grcum1 printed by ,gilles de ,gourmont in #aejg2 and in #aejh that able typographer1 whose distinction as #fc the first cutter of ,greek type in ,france we have already noticed1 produced1 under the conduct of his patron1 ,tissard1 a ,hebrew ,grammar1 together with the ,oratio ,dominica1 and other passages in the sacred language4 ,the types made use of were ill-formed and imperfect4 ,although thus early initiated1 ,hebrew printing made little or no progress for some years4 ,jodocus ,badius showed a few lines in #aeaa2 and in #aeaf ,gourmont printed an ,alphabetum ,hebraicum et ,grcum4 ,in #aeai1 ,augustino ,giustiniani1 a native of ,genoa1 who had already distinguished himself by superintending the production of ,porrus' ,polyglot ,psalter at that city in #aeaf1 being invited to ,paris by the ,king1 caused new punches and matrices of the ,hebrew to be made by ,gourmont4 ,the work took a year and a half to complete2 when1 in #aebj1 was published the ,grammar of the ,rabbi ,moses ,kimhi1 the first wholly printed ,hebrew work produced in ,paris4 ,from this time ,hebrew printing made steady progress in ,france4 ,most of the printers possessed types1 the ,wechels and the ,estiennes being the most distinguished in their use of them4 ,in ,spain the printers of the ,complutensian ,polyglot made use of a fine ,hebrew fount in #aead-ag4 ,in ,germany1 as early as #aeja1 in a book supposed to have been printed at ,erfurt1 ,hebrew letters occur1 cut rudely on wood2 and at ,basle1 ,strasburg1 and ,augsburg a similar primitive method was adopted1 as it was also in the case of the ,hebrew ,grammar printed at ,leipsic in #aebj4 ,in #aeab1 however1 at ,tbingen in ,wirtemburg1 the ,septem psalmi pnitentiales were printed in cast metal type4 ,in #aecd1 at ,basle1 the first ,hebrew ,bible printed by a ,gentile was produced at the press of ,bebel4 ,froben's ,bible1 in the same town1 in #aecf1 is in a type inferior to that of ,bomberg4 ,the running titles are all in the ,rabbinical character4 ,in #aehg1 ,elias ,hutter printed at ,hamburg a ,hebrew ,bible in large type1 in which the 8radical0 letters appear black in the usual way1 and the 8serviles0 are open1 or in outline1 while the 8quiescents0 are in smaller solid letters placed above the line4 ,this ,bible was reprinted in #afjc1 and is a typographical curiosity4 ,in the ,low ,countries1 ,hebrew words1 probably cut in wood1 occur in the ,epistola apologetica ,pauli de ,middleburgo1 printed at ,louvain in #adhh2 and ,gand#abe gives #aejf as the probable date of a ,hebrew ,dictionary1 sine not1 but attributed to ,martens4 ,this1 however1 appears doubtful1 as in #aeah ,martens first announced his intention to print in ,hebrew4 ,his first-dated ,hebrew work was a ,grammar1 in #aebh2 though ,schwab considers that the ,dictionary above referred to properly belongs to the year #aebj4 ,martens' earliest founts were a large ,hebrew with vowel points1 and a small1 without4 ,hebrew printing was also practised at #fd ,leyden in #aebj4 ,the splendid type cut by ,le ,b1 the ,frenchman1 for ,plantin's ,polyglot1 printed at ,antwerp in #aefi-gb1 placed the ,netherlands in the front rank of ,hebrew typography4 ,amsterdam1 during the seventeenth century1 excelled all other cities in its ,hebrew printing4 ,abraham and ,bonaventura ,elzevir printed here in ,hebrew about #afcj1 and the ,hebrew ,bibles of ,janson in #afci1 ,athias in #affg1 and ,van der ,hooght in #agje1 are justly regarded as masterpieces of ,hebrew typography4 ,the first specimen of ,hebrew printing in ,england occurs in ,wakefield's ,oratio de laudibus et utilitate trium linguarum1 printed by ,de ,worde in #aebd1 where a few words appear1 rudely cut on wood4 ,in the same work the author complained that he was compelled to omit a third part1 because the printer had no ,hebrew types4 ,hebrew words cut in wood are also used in ,humfrey's ,life of ,bishop ,jewell1 printed by ,john ,day in #aegc2 and ,todd1 in his ,life of ,walton1 mentions a work of ,dr4 ,peter ,baro on ,jonah1 printed at the same press in #aegi1 in the preface to which occur several verses of ,hebrew4 ,as late as #afjc ,dibdin points out that in a poem1 published at ,oxford1 composed by ,dr4 ,thorne1 ,regius ,professor of ,hebrew at that ,university1 a phrase in ,hebrew is added1 with the remark1 8,interserenda hoc in loco 4 4 4 sed enim ,typographo deerant characteres40 ,todd1 however1 mentions a work printed at ,oxford in #aeig1 in which ,hebrew type is used1 while a translation from ,s4 ,chrysostom1 of ,john ,willoughbie1 printed by ,barnes in #afjb1 shows two distinct founts in use4 ,the first ,english book in which any quantity of ,hebrew type was made use of was ,dr4 ,rhys's ,cambro-brytannic ,cymrcve lingu institutiones1 printed by ,thomas ,orwin in #aeib4 ,minsheu's ,ductor in ,linguas1 in #afag1 printed by ,john ,browne1 shows ,hebrew which serves not only for its own language1 but also for the ,syriac4 ,and in #afba ,john ,bill used a newer and better letter for printing ,dr4 ,davies's ,antiqu lingu ,britannic 4 4 rudimenta4 ,the ,hebrew fount made use of in ,walton's ,polyglot in #afeg was probably the first important fount cut and cast in this country2 and1 as we shall have occasion to notice1 was found fault with by the critics of that great undertaking4 ,oxford received a great and small ,hebrew#abf among the matrices presented to her by ,dr4 ,fell2 and both there and in ,london several ,hebrew works were printed at the close of the seventeenth century1 although none of striking importance4 ,it is significant of the superior reputation of the ,oxford ,hebrew1 that the ,hebrew and ,chaldan versions in the ,oratio ,dominica of #agjj were among the versions printed for the ,london publisher of that work in the ,university types4 ,thomas ,james1 although he visited ,amsterdam in #agaj1 at that time the centre of the best #fe ,hebrew printing in ,europe1 failed to secure any matrices2 and most of those which subsequently were added to his foundry appear to have been cut by ,english founders4 ,among them were four founts of ,rabbinical ,hebrew1#abg for which character there existed no matrices in ,england in ,walton's time1 as he was compelled to cut the alphabet shown in his ,prolegomena in wood4 ,mores counted as many as twenty-three different founts in ,james's foundry in his day1 eight of which were with points1 the remainder without4 ,for those without points it was early the practice to cast points on a minute body1 to be worked in a separate line below the letter4 ,caslon cut several good founts of ,hebrew 7one of which was of the open or outline description first introduced by ,hutter72 and during the eighteenth century the character became a necessary part of the stock of every founder4 ,it would be difficult1 however1 to point to any striking achievement in ,hebrew typography earlier than ,bagster's ,polyglot in #ahag-ba1 in which the ,hebrew text is printed in a very small and beautiful type cut by ,vincent ,figgins1 which in its day had the reputation of being the smallest ,hebrew with points in ,england1 and of equalling in size and exceeding in beauty even the elegant letter of ,jansson of ,amsterdam1 two centuries before4 ,,arabic4 ,the first book printed in ,arabic types is supposed to be a ,diurnale grcorum ,arabum1 printed at ,fano in ,italy1 in #aead4 ,two years later1 ,porrus' ,polyglot ,psalter1 comprising the ,arabic version1 was printed at ,genoa2 and two years later still1 a ,koran in ,arabic is said to have been printed at ,venice4 ,thus1 says ,de ,rossi1 while no ,arabic types were to be found in any other part of ,europe1 three towns of ,italy possessed1 and were making use of them at the same moment4 ,in #aeje an ,arabic ,vocabulary at ,granada had the words printed in ,gothic letter with the ,arabic points placed over them2 and in other presses where there were no ,arabic types1 the language was expressed in ,hebrew letters or cut in wood4 ,de ,guignes and others mention a fount of ,arabic used by ,gromors in ,paris1 in #aeci-dj1 to print ,postel's ,grammar1 and add that the fount subsequently disappeared and was lost2 and as late as #aeif1 in a book printed at ,paris1 the ,arabic words had to be rendered in ,hebrew4 ,in #aeia the ,vatican press had a fine fount of ,arabic1 a specimen of which is given by ,angelo ,roccha in his ,bibliotheca ,apostolica ,vaticana1 printed at that press4 ,the ,medicean and ,borromean presses also had founts2 and at ,leyden1 ,raphlengius and ,erpenius #ff were both celebrated for their ,arabic letter4 ,in #afcf the foundry of the ,propaganda showed specimens of ,arabic1 previous to which date ,savary de ,brves had had cut in ,constantinople1 and finished by ,le ,b of ,paris1 the famous ,arabic founts which were used to print the ,psalter at ,rome in #afad1 and subsequently were purchased by ,vitr for the ,french king1#abh and used in ,le ,jay's magnificent ,paris ,polyglot of #afde4 ,the punches and matrices of these founts still exist4 ,cotton mentions an ,arabic press in ,upsala in #afdj4 ,in ,england it was not till early in the seventeenth century that ,arabic printing began to be practised4 ,in ,wakefield's ,oratio de laudibus 4 4 trium linguarum1 ,arabic1 ,chaldaic et ,hebraic1 printed by ,de ,worde in #aebd1 a few rude ,arabic letters are introduced1 cut in wood4 ,in ,minsheu's ,ductor in ,linguas1 #afag1 the ,arabic words are printed in ,italic characters4 ,laud's gift of ,oriental ,,mss4 to ,oxford in #afce1 and the appointment of an ,arabic lecturer1 was the first real incentive to the cultivation of the language by ,english scholars4 ,previous to this1 it is stated that the ,raphlengius ,arabic press at ,leyden had been purchased by the ,english ,orientalist1 ,william ,bedwell2 but if brought to this country1 it does not appear that it was immediately made use of4#abi ,the ,arabic words in ,thomas ,greave's oration1 ,de ,lingu ,arabic ,utilitate1 printed at ,oxford in #afci1 were written in by hand2 and the same author1 when publishing his ,elementa ,lingu ,persic at the press of ,james ,flesher at ,london1 in #afdi1 explained in his preface that his work had been ready for publication nine years before1 but having no types with which to print it1 it had been delayed4 ,a year earlier1 in #afdh1 ,miles ,flesher1 predecessor to ,james and one of the ,star ,chamber printers1 had published in the same type1 and at the same press1 a work entitled ,de ,siglis ,arabum et ,persarum ,astronomis4 ,james ,flesher was the printer who printed in his own types the original specimen-page of the ,london ,polyglot in #afeb4 ,his ,arabic1 however1 is a smaller character than that subsequently made use of by ,roycroft for this grand work4 ,dr4 ,fell's gift of matrices to ,oxford in #affg included a fount of ,arabic1#acj which appeared in the specimen of the foundry1 and was used also in the ,oratio ,dominica of #agjj4 ,prior to this1 however1 ,pocock's ,carmen ,tograi was printed at ,oxford by ,hall in #affa1 8,typis ,arabicis ,academicis10 in a letter differing both from ,flesher's #fg and ,dr4 ,fell's4 ,in #agba1 ,william ,caslon cut for the ,society for ,promoting ,christian ,knowledge the fount of ,arabic for the ,psalter of #agbe1 and the ,testament of #agbg4 ,this fount1#aca with those of ,oxford and the ,polyglot1 shared among them nearly all the ,arabic printing in ,england for about a century later1 when new faces began to be cut or imported4 ,the ,polyglot ,arabics passed through ,grover's foundry into that of ,thomas ,james1 at the sale of which1 in #aghb1 they were bought in an imperfect state by ,dr4 ,edmund ,fry for the ,type ,street foundry4 ,mores mentions three other ,arabic founts cut by ,english founders1 but includes them among the lost matrices in his collection4 ,,syriac4 ,syriac type1 probably cut in wood1 first appeared in ,postel's ,linguarum xii ,alphabeta1 printed in ,paris in #aech2 but the characters are so rude in form and execution as to be scarcely legible4 ,in #aeee1 however1 ,postel assisted in cutting the punches for the famous ,syriac ,peshito ,new ,testament1 printed at ,vienna1 in two vols4 #dto1 the first portion of the ,scriptures1 and apparently the first book printed in that language4 ,in #aefi-gb ,plantin at ,antwerp included the ,syriac ,new ,testament in his ,polyglot1 and reissued it in separate form in #aegd4 ,the ,vatican press had a good fount in #aeia1 which appears in ,roccha's ,bibliotheca ,apostolica ,vaticana4 ,mores mentions a ,nomenclature by ,ferrarius at ,rome in #afbb with ,syriac type4 ,in #afcf the press of the ,propaganda issued a specimen of the ,estranghelo and ,syriac alphabets1 and in the same year ,kircher's ,prodromus ,coptus1 published at the same press1 contained passages in both these characters1 and in ,heraclean4 ,a ,syriac ,testament was printed at ,cothon1 in ,upper ,saxony1 in #afba1 and at ,hamburg in #affc2 and later1 ,gutbier printed the same work in several editions4 ,in ,france1 after the disappearance of ,postel's types1 there was no ,syriac printing for nearly a century4 ,henri ,estienne printed his ,syriac ,new ,testament in #aeci1 in ,hebrew characters2 and in ,cajetan's ,paradigmata de iv lingis1 which appeared in #aeif1 the ,syriac character was cut on wood1 and longer passages expressed in ,hebrew type4 ,in #afad ,savary de ,brves brought ,syriac matrices along with those of other ,oriental characters to ,paris1 and these were made use of by ,vitr1 in #afbe1 to print a ,syriac and ,latin ,psalter1 and appeared subsequently in the great ,polyglot of ,le ,jay4 ,syriac did not make its appearance in ,england till the middle of the seventeenth century4 ,the language was usually expressed in the earlier works in ,hebrew characters4 ,a letter of ,bishop ,usher's1 in #afcg1 mentions a project to #fh purchase ,syriac type abroad1 and negotiations appear to have been made both in ,paris 7where the ,bishop's correspondent informed him there were at that time three or four founts7 and at ,geneva1 with a view to procuring the characters4#acb ,but it was not till the prospectus and preliminary specimen of ,walton's ,polyglot were issued in #afeb that we find ,syriac type in use in this country4 ,the ,polyglot contains the entire ,bible in ,syriac4 ,in #affa there was a fount at ,oxford1 which appears in ,pocock's ,carmen ,tograi1 and differs from the fount subsequently presented by ,dr4 ,fell1#acc which was used in the ,oratio ,dominica of #agjj1 and other ,oriental publications of the ,university4 ,the ,polyglot fount#acd found its way to ,caslon's foundry1 who added two new founts of his own cutting4 ,in #aggh ,mores noted six founts altogether in the country4 ,a fresh interest was taken in ,syriac printing by the exertions of ,dr4 ,claudius ,buchanan1 who1 in #ahae1 had the ,gospels and ,acts printed in types cut and cast under his supervision by ,vincent ,figgins4 ,after his death1 his work fell into the hands of ,dr4 ,lee to complete1 who1 objecting to the omission of the vowel points1 printed the entire ,new ,testament in #ahaf4 ,in #ahbe ,dr4 ,fry produced the beautiful ,nonpareil ,syriac for ,bagster's ,polyglot1 and in #ahbi ,mr4 ,watts cast the fount of ,estranghelo for the edition of the ,bible published that year1 which at the time was the only ,syriac ,bible in ,nestorian characters printed in this country4 ,,armenian4 ,the press of the ,vatican at ,rome possessed a good fount of this character in #aeia1 when ,angelo ,roccha showed a specimen in his ,bibliotheca ,apostolica ,vaticana4 ,previous to this a ,psalter is said to have been printed at ,rome in #aefe1 and ,rowe ,mores mentions doubtfully a ,liturgy printed at ,cracow in #aedi4 ,in #affb the ,armenian ,bishops applied to ,france for assistance in printing an ,armenian ,bible1 but being refused1 although ,armenian printing had been practised in ,paris in #afcc1 went to ,rome1 where1 as early as #afcf1 the press of the ,propaganda had published a specimen of its ,armenian matrices4 ,the ,patriarch1 after fifteen months' residence in ,rome1 removed to ,amsterdam1 where he established an ,armenian press1 and printed the ,bible in #afff1 followed1 in #affh1 by a separate edition of the ,new ,testament4 ,in #affi the press was set up at ,marseilles1 where it continued for a time1 and was ultimately removed to ,constantinople4 ,in ,england the first ,armenian types were those presented by ,dr4 ,fell to #fi ,oxford in #affg4 ,in the ,prolegomena of ,walton's ,polyglot1 the alphabet there given had been cut in wood4 ,in #agcf ,caslon cut a neat ,armenian#ace for ,whiston's edition of ,moses ,chorenensis1 and these two were the only founts in ,england before #ahbj4 ,,ethiopic4 ,the earliest type of this language appeared in ,potken's ,psalter and ,song of ,solomon1 printed at ,rome in #aeac4 ,the work was reprinted at ,cologne in #aeah1 in ,potken's polyglot ,psalter4 ,in #aedh the ,new ,testament was printed at ,rome by some ,abyssinian priests4 ,the press of the ,propaganda issued a specimen of its fount in #afca1 and again in ,kircher's ,prodromus ,coptus in #afcf4 ,erpenius at ,leyden had an ,ethiopic fount1 which in #afbf was acquired by the ,elzevirs4 ,usher attempted to procure the fount for this country1 but his attempt failing1 punches were cut1 and matrices prepared by the ,london founders for the ,london ,polyglot1 which showed the ,psalms1 ,canticles1 and ,new ,testament in the ,ethiopic version4 ,various portions of ,scripture were printed at ,leyden and ,frankfort about the same time1 of which the most important work was the ,psalter1 etc41 of ,ludolfus1 printed at the latter place in #agja1 in a letter bolder and larger than either the ,vatican or ,london fount4 ,the ,oxford press possessed a fount of ,ethiopic#acf prior to #afic1 which appears1 with the other ,oxford ,orientals1 in the ,oratio ,dominica of #agjj and #agac--the ,amharic being in the same character4 ,chamberlayne's ,oratio ,dominica1 printed at ,amsterdam in #agae1 shows these versions in copperplate4 ,mores mentions a second ,english fount in his list of the matrices of the 8,anonymous0 foundry1 besides the fount cut by ,caslon#acg for his foundry4 ,there were thus four founts in ,england in #aggh4 ,the ,polyglot fount#ach and that of the anonymous founder came into the possession of ,james1 and at the sale of his matrices in #aghb1 were acquired by ,dr4 ,fry4 ,the reprint of ,ludolfus' ,psalter by the ,bible ,society in #ahae was in the latter type4 ,but the ,ethiopic ,gospels printed by the same society in #ahbf were in a fount of types cast from the matrices presented by ,ludolfus to the ,frankfort ,library in #agjj4 ,no new fount of ,ethiopic in ,england had been added to the four already named1 when ,hansard wrote in #ahbe4 ,,coptic4 ,of this character the press of the ,propaganda possessed a fount1 of which a specimen was issued in #afcf1 in which year also ,kircher's ,prodromus ,coptus #gj appeared at the same press4 ,no fount1 however1 appeared in ,england till #affg--the alphabets shown in the ,introduction and ,prolegomena to the ,london ,polyglot in #afee and #afeg being cut on wood4 ,in #affg ,dr4 ,fell presented ,coptic matrices#aci to ,oxford1 and it was from these that the types were cast for ,david ,wilkins' edition of the ,new ,testament1 printed in #agaf4 ,in #agca the same scholar published an edition of the ,pentateuch1 this time at the press of ,bowyer1 in types specially cut by ,william ,caslon4#adj ,mores further mentions a ,coptic fount cut by ,voskens of ,amsterdam2 and abroad1 besides the fount at ,rome1 there was one 7or more7 at ,paris4 ,a specimen is shown in ,fournier2 and in #ahjh1 in ,quatremre's work on the ,language and ,literature of ,europe1 considerable portions of ,scripture in ,coptic were included4 ,in our own country the ,oxford and ,caslon founts were the only two in #aggh1 when ,mores wrote1 nor had the number been increased when ,hansard compiled his list of foreign founts in #ahbe4 ,,samaritan4 ,samaritan type appears to have followed closely on the purchase of the celebrated ,,ms4 of the ,samaritan ,pentateuch1 which was deposited in the ,oratory at ,paris in #afbc4 ,the press of the ,propaganda had a fount in #afcf1 and the ,paris ,polyglot1 completed in #afde1 contained the entire ,pentateuch in type of which the punches and matrices had been specially prepared under ,le ,jay's direction4 ,the fount used in the ,london ,polyglot in #afeg is admitted to be an ,english production1#ada and was probably cut under the supervision of ,usher1 who between #afbj and #afcj was most active in procuring ,samaritan ,,mss4 for this country4 ,samaritan type was used in ,scaliger's ,de emendatione temporum1 printed at ,geneva in #afbi2 also in ,leusden's ,schola ,syriaca1 at ,utrecht1 in #afgb2 besides which1 ,mores mentions a fount neatly cut by ,voskens of ,amsterdam4 ,another fount was included in ,dr4 ,fell's gift to ,oxford in #affg1 and this appears in the ,oratio ,dominica of #agjj4 ,the ,polyglot ,samaritan passed into ,grover's hands1 thence to ,james1 at whose sale it was bought1 together with another fount of the same character1 by ,dr4 ,fry4 ,the ,leusdenian fount belonging to ,andrews also came to ,james's foundry1 but was there lost4 ,caslon had a fount cut by ,dummers1#adb which1 with those of ,james and ,oxford1 were the only founts in the country in #aggh4adc ,in ,hansard's list of learned founts in #ahbe1 these four founts were still the only ,samaritans in the country4 #ga ,,sclavonic4 ,types in this character existed at an early date1 a ,psalter having been printed at ,cracow in #adia1 and reprinted at ,montenegro in #adie4 ,in #aeab the ,gospels were printed at ,ugrovallachia1 and again in #aeeb at ,belgrade1 and in #aefb at ,montenegro4 ,there was1 in #aeec1 a ,sclavonic press established by the ,czar ,ivan ,vasilievitch at ,moscow1 whence1 in #aefd1 appeared the ,acts and ,epistles1 a volume which has the distinction of being the first book printed in ,russia4 ,the type and material for this press are said to have been brought from ,copenhagen4 ,the first ,russian printers were persecuted1 but succeeded in producing several other works in ,sclavonic type4 ,in #aeha the first ,bible in that language was printed at ,ostrog1 and after that printing became more general4 ,the second ,moscow press1 established in #afdd1 was famous for its excellent typography2 the second edition of the ,bible1 in #affc1 is a splendid performance4 ,sclavonic printing appears to have been but little practised out of ,russia1 yet we find matrices with ,voskens of ,amsterdam about #afij2 from which1 probably1 the improved types introduced into the ,moscow press in #agjg were cast4 ,the only ,sclavonic fount in ,england was that given by ,dr4 ,fell to ,oxford1 and this1 ,mores states1 was replaced in #afie by a fount of the more modern ,russian character1 purchased probably at ,amsterdam4 ,the ,oratio ,dominica of #agjj gives a specimen of this fount1 but renders the ,hieronymian version in copperplate4 ,chamberlayne's ,oratio ,dominica at ,amsterdam in #agae does the same2 but the ,cyrillian type differs from that of ,oxford4 ,the press of the ,propaganda showed founts both of ,cyrillian and ,hieronymian in #agec1 and founts occur in nearly all the ,polyglot specimens of the chief ,european foundries4 ,the ,,modern ,,sclavonic1 better known to us as ,,russian1 is said to have appeared first in portions of the ,old ,testament1 printed at ,prague in #aeag-ai4 ,ten years later there was ,russian type in ,venice4 ,a ,russian press was established at ,stockholm in #afbe1 by order of ,gustavus ,adolphus1 and in #afif there were matrices in ,amsterdam1 from which came the types used in ,ludolph's ,grammatica ,russica1 printed at ,oxford in that year1 and whence also1 it is said1 the types were procured which furnished the first ,st4 ,petersburg press1 established in #agaa by ,peter the ,great4 ,at ,amsterdam1 also1 a second attempt to translate and print the ,bible into ,russian1 begun about #afih1 was frustrated by the loss of the ,,mss4 and library of ,ernest ,gluck1 the editor and translator1 at the siege of ,marienburg1 in #agjb4 ,the presses at ,st4 ,petersburg increased1 and it is probable that on the establishment of the press in connection with the ,academy of ,sciences1 in #agbg1 ,russian types were cast in that city4 ,breitkopf of ,leipsic #gb had matrices prior to #aghg2 ,fournier1 at ,paris1 in #agff1 showed a specimen of a fount in his foundry2 ,marcel1 in his ,oratio ,dominica1 #ahje1 showed another2 and ,bodoni of ,parma1 in his ,manuale ,tipografico1 #ahah1 had no less than twenty-one sizes4 ,the ,emperor ,alexander1 in #ahac1 promoted the publication of a ,bible by the ,russian ,bible ,society1 which resulted in the printing of the ,gospels in #ahai1 and of the entire ,new ,testament in #ahbc4 ,in ,england1 ,mores notes that in #aggh there was no ,russian type in the country1 but that ,cottrell was at that time engaged in preparing a fount4 ,it does not appear that this project was carried out1 and the earliest ,russian we had was cut by ,dr4 ,fry from alphabets in the ,vocabularia1 collected and published for the ,empress of ,russia in #aghf-i4 ,this fount appeared in the ,pantographia in #agii4 ,about #ahbj ,thorowgood procured matrices in two sizes from ,breitkopf1 and these three founts were the only ones enumerated by ,hansard in #ahbe4 ,,etruscan4 ,the fount of this character cut by ,william ,caslon#add about #agcc for ,mr4 ,swinton of ,oxford was apparently the first produced4 ,fournier1 in #agff1 showed an alphabet engraved in metal or wood4 ,in #agga the ,propaganda published a specimen of their fount1 and ,bodoni of ,parma1 in #ahjf1 exhibited a third in his ,oratio ,dominica4 ,the character is one rarely used1 and prior to #ahbj it is doubtful whether there were more than the three founts above mentioned in existence4 ,,runic4 ,types of this character were first used at ,stockholm in a ,runic and ,swedish ,alphabetarium1 printed in #afaa4 ,the fount1 which was cast at the expense of the king1 was afterwards acquired by the ,university4 ,about the same time ,runic type was used at ,upsala and at ,copenhagen4 ,voskens1 at ,amsterdam1 had matrices about the end of the century1 and it was from ,holland that ,junius is supposed to have procured the matrices which in #afgg he presented to ,oxford4 ,this fount appears in the ,oratio ,dominica of #agjj1 and in ,hickes' ,thesaurus1 #agjc-e4 ,mores mentions a second fount1 incomplete1 in ,james's foundry1 which1 however1 was lost2 so that the ,oxford fount remained the only one in the country4 ,fournier and ,fry show the alphabet engraved4 #gc ,,gothic4 ,matrices of this language were presented to ,oxford by ,junius in #afgg4 ,there appear to have been other matrices in ,holland1 as the neat ,gothic type used in ,chamberlayne's ,oratio ,dominica at ,amsterdam in #agae differs from the ,oxford fount which had appeared in the edition of #agjj1 as well as in ,hickes' ,thesaurus4 ,mores speaks of another fount in ,james's foundry1 whither it had come from the 8,anonymous0 foundry4 ,but the matrices were lost4 ,caslon1 however1 cut a fount1#ade which appeared in his first specimen in #agcd4 ,this and the ,oxford fount were the only two in ,england in #ahbj4 ,,icelandic1 ,,swedish ,,and ,,danish4 ,founts of these characters were also included in ,junius' gift to ,oxford in #afgg1 and were probably specially prepared in ,holland4 ,the first-named is shown in the ,oratio ,dominica of #agjj1 and in ,hickes' ,thesaurus4 ,printing had been practised in ,iceland since #aeca1 when a ,breviary was printed at ,hoolum1 in types rudely cut1 it is alleged1 in wood4 ,in #aegd1 however1 metal types were provided1 and several works were produced4 ,after a period of decline1 printing was revived in #aggc2 and in #ahaj ,sir ,george ,mc,kenzie reported that the ,hoolum press possessed eight founts of type1 of which two were ,roman1 and the remainder of the common ,icelandic character1 which1 like the ,danish and ,swedish1 bears a close resemblance to the ,german4 ,,saxon4 ,the first type for this language was cut by ,john ,day in #aefg1 under the direction of ,archbishop ,parker1 and appeared in lfric's ,paschal ,homily in that year1 and in the lfredi ,res ,gest of ,asser ,menevensis1 published in #aegd4 ,parker1 in his preface to the latter work1 makes mention of ,day as the first who had cut ,saxon characters4 ,this interesting fount#adf is rather less than a ,great ,primer in body1 and in general appearance is handsomer than many of its successors4 ,day used the type in several other works1 and added another fount on ,pica body4 ,saxon type was used by ,browne in #afag1 in ,minsheu's ,ductor in ,linguas2 and ,haviland1 who printed the second edition of that work in #afbf1 had in #afbc already made use of the character in ,lisle's edition of lfric's ,homily4 ,another fount was used by ,badger in #afdj for ,spelman's ,saxon ,psalter1 #gd so that1 as ,mores points out1 at that date there were already four founts in the country4 ,hodgkinson1 one of the ,star ,chamber printers1 had a ,pica ,saxon1 which was used in ,dugdale's ,monasticon1 #afee2 and ,mores mentions two founts1 a ,great ,primer and a ,pica1 in use at ,cambridge in #afdd1 in ,wheelock's edition of ,bede4 ,in #afed ,francis ,junius had a fount of ,saxon 8cut1 matriculated1 and cast10 at ,amsterdam1 which1 after printing ,cdmon's ,paraphrase of ,genesis in #afee1 and some other works in that town1 he brought over to ,england1 and in #afgg presented to the ,university of ,oxford4 ,as early as #afei the ,university had possessed a ,saxon fount1 and a second had been included among the purchases made1 probably1 about the year #afgb4 ,junius' fount was used in ,hickes' ,thesaurus1 #agje1 and his ,saxon ,grammar in #agaa1 but was not employed by the printer of the ,oratio ,dominica of #agjj1 where a different fount appears--the same1 apparently1 which in #agji ,bowyer used to print ,miss ,elstob's ,homily on the ,birthday of ,st4 ,gregory4 ,the ,amsterdam printers of the ,oratio ,dominica of #agae used a handsome fount of their own4 ,the great interest taken in the study of the ,northern languages at this period in ,england produced many ,saxon works1 and some of our scholars devoted themselves to the study of the most beautiful of the old manuscripts1 with a view to the improvement of the character in print4 ,but the failure of the typefounder ,robert ,andrews to do justice to ,humphrey ,wanley's drawings1 in cutting the punches for ,bowyer's new fount in #agae1adg apparently discouraged further endeavours4 ,miss ,elstob's ,anglo-,saxon ,grammar was printed in that year in the new type1 the matrices of which were subsequently presented to ,oxford1 where they still remain4 ,voskens1 the ,dutch founder1 had ,anglo-,saxon matrices at the beginning of the eighteenth century1 but1 except in ,england and ,holland1 the character was not used4 ,caslon and most of his successors cut ,saxon founts4 ,mores noted eleven different founts existing in ,england in #aggh4 ,this number was afterwards increased by numerous new founts cut by ,fry1 ,figgins1 and ,wilson2 and ,hansard enumerated twenty-three in #ahbe4 ,the ,anglo-,norman ,saxon character in which the ,domesday ,book was written1 was twice imitated in type during the eighteenth century1 once by ,cottrell1 whose attempt was not wholly successful1 and again by ,joseph ,jackson1 under the supervision of ,abraham ,farley1 in #aghc4 ,jackson's types were used in the facsimile printed by ,nichols in that year1 and the matrices1 it is stated1 were deposited with the ,british ,museum4 #ge ,,irish4 ,the first fount of this character was that presented by ,queen ,elizabeth to ,o',kearney in #aega1 and used to print the ,catechism1 which appeared in that year in ,dublin1 at the press of ,franckton4 ,the fount1 which is on ,english body1 is only partially ,irish1 many of the letters being ordinary ,roman or ,italic4 ,its general appearance is1 however1 neat4 ,it was used in several works during the early years of the seventeenth century1 notably in the ,daniel's ,new ,testament1 printed by ,franckton in #afjb1 and the ,common ,prayer1 issued from the same press in #afjh4 ,this interesting fount was stated by some to have been secured by the ,jesuits1 and transferred by them to one of their seminaries abroad2 but there appears to be no foundation for such a statement4 ,as late as #afeb it was used in ,godfrey ,daniels' ,christian ,doctrine1 printed in ,dublin2 and still later occasional words mark its gradual extinction4 ,the ,irish seminaries abroad1 meanwhile1 were better supplied with ,irish type than our countrymen4 ,at ,antwerp1 in #afaa1 ,o',hussey's ,catechism was printed in an ,irish fount1 which subsequently reappeared in #afaf at ,louvain1 and was afterwards used to print a number of works published by the ,irish ,college in that place4 ,in #afde a second and larger ,irish fount appeared at ,louvain1 in ,colgan's ,acta ,sanctorum ,hiberni4 ,in #afgf the press of the ,propaganda at ,rome published ,molloy's ,lucerna ,fidelium in a handsome and bold character1 ,great ,primer in body1 which was used again in the following year in ,molloy's ,grammar1 and in #agjg for the ,catechism of ,o',hussey4 ,previous to this1 however1 ,irish printing had revived in ,england1 and ,moxon1 in #afhj1 had cut the curious fount of ,small ,pica ,irish1#adh used in ,boyle's ,new ,testament1 printed by ,robert ,everingham in #afha1 followed by ,bedell's ,old ,testament in #afhe1 and in several further publications from the same press4 ,until the year #ahjj this fount was the only ,irish in this country4 ,abroad1 a new fount appeared at ,paris in #agcb1 where it was used in ,mc,cuirtin's ,dictionary1 and in #agdb in ,donlevey's ,catechism1 printed by ,jas4 ,guerin4 ,the matrices for this fount appear to have been held1 if not prepared1 by ,fournier1 as in the ,manuale ,typographique 7ii1 p4 #aif71 issued by him in #agff1 a specimen of it appears among the foreign founts of his foundry4 ,the fate of this fount is a matter of uncertainty4 ,after #agdb a general cessation of ,irish typography at home and abroad took place2 and the few ,irish works which appeared between that date and #ahjj were for the most part in ,roman type 7like ,o',brien's ,dictionary1 ,paris1 #agfh71 or with the ,irish #gf characters in copperplate 7like ,vallancey's ,grammar74 ,in #ahjd1 however1 a revival took place1 beginning in ,paris1 where ,marcel1 being at that time in possession of several of the founts belonging to the press of the ,propaganda1 which ,napoleon had impounded for the use of the press of the ,republic1 repaired and re-cast the ,irish founts of the ,lucerna ,fidelium1 and issued a short sketch of the character and language1 illustrated with readings in this type4 ,in his beautiful ,oratio ,dominica1 printed in #ahje in presence of ,napoleon1 the same type is used4 8,strikes0 of these founts were retained in ,paris1 and the letter has reappeared in specimens issued in #ahai and #ahdj4 ,the matrices probably remain part of the stock of the ,imprimerie ,nationale to this day4 ,the revival in our kingdom was more rapid4 ,moxon's fount1 which had passed through the hands of ,robert ,andrews1 came in #agcc into the foundry of ,thomas ,james1 at the sale of which1 in #aghb1 the punches and matrices were purchased in a somewhat defective condition by ,dr4 ,fry4 ,a specimen was shown in ,dr4 ,fry's specimen of #agid1 and in his ,pantographia1 #agii1 after which the fount occasionally reappeared until #ahbj1 when it was last seen in ,o',reilly's ,catalogue of ,irish ,writers1 printed in ,dublin in that year4 ,by this time1 however1 there were some six new founts in the country4 ,neilson's ,grammar1 printed at ,dublin in #ahjh1 appeared in a type apparently privately cut1 as it is not found in the specimens of any of the ,british founders4 ,vincent ,figgins cut an elegant fount after the copperplate models in ,vallancey's ,grammar2 ,dr4 ,fry1 under the inspection of ,thaddeus ,conellan1 cut a ,long ,primer1 ,small ,pica1 and ,pica1 and ,watts shortly afterwards added three others4 ,,music4 ,the earliest specimen of music-type occurs in ,higden's ,polychronicon1 printed by ,de ,worde at ,westminster in #adie4 ,the square notes appear to have been formed of ordinary quadrats1 and the staff-lines of metal rules imperfectly joined4 ,in ,caxton's edition of the same work in #adhb the space had been left blank1 to be filled up by the illuminator or scribe4 ,in other countries music was occasionally shown1 but not in type4 ,the plain chant in the ,mentz ,psalter of #adij1 printed in two colours1 was probably cut on wood4 ,hans ,froschauer of ,augsburg printed music from wooden blocks in #adgc1 and the notes in ,burtius' ,opusculum ,musices1 printed at ,bologna in #adhg1 appear to have been produced in the same manner#adi2 while at ,lyons1 the ,missal printed by ,matthias ,hus in #adhe had the staff only printed1 the notes being intended to be filled in by hand1 #gg either with a pen or by means of an inked stamp or punch4 ,about #aejj a musical press was established at ,venice by ,ottavio ,petrucci1 at which were produced a series of ,mass-books4 ,in #aeac he removed to ,fossombrone1 and obtained a patent from ,leo ,x for his invention of types for the sole printing of figurative song 7cantus figuratus74 ,petrucci's notes were lozenge-shaped1 and each was cast complete1 with its correspondent proportion of staff-lines4 ,before #aeej several ,european presses followed ,petrucci's example1 and music-type1 among other places1 was used at ,augsburg in #aejf and #aeaa1 ,parma in #aebf1 ,lyons in #aecb1 and ,nuremburg in #aedi4 ,in #aebe ,pierre ,hautin cut punches of lozenge-shaped music at ,paris4 ,round notes were used at ,avignon in #aecb1 and ,granjon cut this kind at ,paris about #aeei4 ,in #aeeb1 ,adrian ,leroy1 musician to ,henri ,,ii of ,france1 and ,robert ,ballard were appointed ,king's printers for music4 ,their types are said to have been engraved by ,le ,b4 ,in ,england1 after its first use1 music-printing did not become general till #aeej1 when ,grafton printed ,marbecke's ,book of ,common ,prayer1 8noted0 in movable type2 the four staff lines being printed in red1 and the notes in black4 ,there are only four different sorts of notes used1--three square and one lozenge4 ,the appearance of the music is very bold and distinct4 ,day1 ,vautrollier1 and ,east1 all printed with music-type1 which was of the kind generally used during the sixteenth century in ,italy1 ,germany and ,france4 ,vautrollier was the printer for ,tallis and ,bird1 who obtained a patent from ,elizabeth for the sole printing of music4 ,after the expiration of their patent1 and another granted to ,morley in #aeih1 music-printing was exercised 7as ,sir ,john ,hawkins states7 by every printer who chose it4 ,a larger variety of founts appeared1 and in some works two or more founts of music appear mixed in the same work4 ,about #affj the detached notes hitherto used began to give place to the 8new tyed note10 by which the heads of sets of quavers could be joined4 ,but at the close of the seventeenth century music-printing from type became less common1 on account of the introduction of stamping and engraving plates for the purpose4 ,there was music-type in ,aberdeen in #afff at the press of ,forbes4 ,oxford ,university possessed music matrices1 some apparently presented by ,dr4 ,fell about #affg1 and others cut by ,walpergen4 ,the punches and matrices of the latter are still preserved1#aej and are very curious2 many of the matrices being without sides in the copper1 and justified so that the mould shall supply the side1 and the lines thus be cast so as to join continuously in the composition4 ,grover's foundry also had a ,great ,primer music1 and ,andrews had matrices of several sizes of the square-headed or plain chant character4 ,caslon possessed a set #gh of round-headed matrices in two sizes1 which came to him from ,mitchell's foundry4 ,in #agfd ,breitkopf of ,leipsic succeeded in casting a music-type1 in which the notes were composed of several pieces1 which were 8built up0 by the compositor4 ,fleischman cut an improved music on the same principle for the ,enscheds at ,haarlem4 ,rosart of ,brussels1 and ,fournier of ,paris1 succeeded in reducing the number of pieces of a fount to three hundred and one hundred1 respectively4 ,henry ,fought1 in our own country in #agfg1 invented sectional types1 which divided so as to admit the staff lines4 ,the principal improvements after ,fought's time aimed at overcoming the hiatus caused by the joining of the lines4 ,attempts were made to cast the notes separately from the lines1 or to adopt a logographic system of casting several notes in one piece4 ,after the beginning of the present century the production of music-type was left in the hands of specialists1 amongst whom ,mr4 ,hughes1 as late as #ahda1 had the reputation of possessing the best founts in the trade4 ,of the plain chant and psalm music1 both ,dr4 ,fry and ,hughes had matrices in several sizes4 ,,blind4 ,printing for the blind was first introduced in #aghd1 by ,valentin ,hay1 the founder of the ,asylum for ,blind ,children in ,paris4 ,he made use of a large script character1 from which impressions were taken on a prepared paper1 the impressions so deeply sunk as to leave their marks in strong relief1 and legible to the touch4 ,hay's pupils not only read in this way1 but executed their own typography1 and in #aghf printed an ,essai giving an account of their institution and labours1 as a specimen of their press4#aea ,the first ,school for the ,blind in ,england was opened in ,liverpool in #agia1 but printing in raised characters was not successfully accomplished till #ahbg1 when ,mr4 ,gall1 of the ,edinburgh ,asylum1 printed the ,gospel of ,st4 ,john from angular types4 ,mr4 ,alston1 the ,treasurer of the ,glasgow ,asylum1 introduced the ordinary ,roman capitals in relief1 and this system was subsequently improved upon by the addition of the 8lower-case0 letters by ,dr4 ,fry1 the type-founder1 whose specimen gained the prize of the ,edinburgh ,society of ,arts in #ahcg4 ,a considerable number of rival systems have competed in this country for adoption1 greatly to the prejudice of the cause of education among the blind4 ,the most important of these we here briefly summarize3 #gi #a4 ,,lucas ,,system4 ,the letters were represented by curves and lines1 having no connection with the form of the characters they denoted4 ,in this type the ,scriptures occupied about #cf volumes4 #b4 ,,frere',s ,,system4 ,wholly phonetic1 the sounds being represented by circles1 angles1 and lines4 ,these symbols were cut in copper wire1 and soldered upon sheets of tin4 ,from this form a stereotype-plate was taken4 #c4 ,,moon',s ,,system4 ,based upon the two preceding1 but professed to be alphabetic4 ,nearly each symbol represents the form of a portion of the ,roman letter it denotes4 ,the plates were prepared by ,frere's method4 #d4 ,,braille',s ,,system4 ,a series of dots in various combinations1 designed as a universal system4 ,this system was introduced in the 8,institution pour les jeunes aveugles0 in ,paris1 in place of the alphabetical system which had prevailed since ,hay's time4 #e4 ,,carton',s ,,system4 ,also arbitrary1 though following somewhat the form of the lower-case alphabet4 #f4 ,,alston',s ,,system4 ,this great improvement consisted in the rejection of all arbitrary symbols1 and the adoption of the plain ,roman alphabet of capitals4 ,in addition to the simplicity both to the teacher and the scholar1 its adaptability to typography was obvious4 ,instead of soldering the wire outlines on to tin1 the letters were now cut and cast by the ordinary process of typefounding4 ,the subsequent alphabetical systems have all been modifications of or attempted improvements on that of ,alston1 as perfected by ,dr4 ,fry1 and there seems every probability that this system will eventually become the recognised method of printing for the blind in all ,european countries4 ,,initials4 ,illustration3 #df4 ,dutch ,initial ,letters used in ,boyle's ,irish ,testament1 #afha4 ,from the original matrices in the ,ensched foundry1 ,haarlem4 ,illustration3 #ac4 ,blooming ,initials1 at the ,oxford ,university ,press4 ,circa #agjj4 ,in the earliest printed books1 with the exception of the ,mentz ,psalter1 where engraved letters are undoubtedly used1 a blank space was left for initial letters1 which were inserted by hand4 ,a small index-letter1 indicating what the letter was to be1 was generally printed or written in the space by the printer before handing the work over to the illuminator4 ,the trouble and cost involved by this system early suggested the use of wood-cut initials1 and ,erhard ,ratdolt of ,venice1 about #adge1 is generally supposed to have been the first printer to introduce the 8,liter florentes10 which eventually superseded the hand-painted initials4 ,these ornamental initials1 called also lettres tourneures1 or sometimes typi tornatissimi1 were not generally adopted till the close of the century1 by which time1 however1 they had found their way to ,england1 where1 in #adhd1 ,caxton had introduced one or two kinds4 ,the more elaborate initials1 such as #hj that used in the ,mentz ,psalter1 and the later beautiful letters used by ,aldus at ,venice1 by ,schoeffer at ,mentz in #aeah1 by ,tory and the ,estiennes at ,paris1 by ,froben at ,basle1 and by the other great printers of their day1 were known as lettres grises4 ,besides these1 the ordinary 8two-line letters10 or large plain capitals1 came into use2 and these were generally cast--the ornamental letters being for the most part engraved on wood or metal1 and shifted about from one forme to another4 ,the general debasement of artistic taste in the latter half of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is very apparent in the initial letters1 particularly in ,england4 ,large black-letters were frequently used as initials to books in ,roman type1 the large plain caps appear to have been most rudely cut and cast1 and when pictorial letters were made use of1 the effect was not infrequently grotesque4 ,dutch initials found their way into this country in large numbers4 ,they were1 as a rule1 heavy and indistinct1 and lacked the elegance of the letters which1 even as late as #afej1 characterised some of the best printing in ,france4 ,the best initial letters we had were those used at ,oxford1 and these were for the most part copperplate1 and engraved by an artist specially retained by the ,university for the purpose4 ,the 8,dutch ,bloomers0 shown by ,watson in #agaa probably represented the ne plus ultra of typographical ornament at that day4 ,with ,bible printers it was not uncommon to use appropriate pictorial #ha letters1 and we frequently find in their works1 both sacred and profane1 the initial 8,i0 of ,genesis representing the ,creation1 the 8,d0 representing ,david playing on his harp1 the 8,p0 representing the conversion of ,st4 ,paul1 and so on4 ,armorial initials were also occasionally used1 and sometimes letters embodying portraits or landscapes4 ,about the beginning of the seventeenth century1 pierced initial ornaments--that is1 wood block devices1 in which a space is pierced out to admit of any letter--came into use4 ,the great letter-founders of the revival1 ,caslon1 ,baskerville1 and their immediate successors1 confined their attention to the large plain initials1 uniform in shape and design with their ,roman letters2 and it was not till a taste for fancy type arose1 early in the present century1 that founders cut punches for and cast ornamental initials4 #hb ,illustration3 #ad4 ,pierced ,initial1 at the ,oxford ,university ,press4 ,ante #agjj4 ,illustration3 #ee4 ,pierced ,initial4 ,london1 circa #agjj4 ,,type ,,ornaments ,,and ,,flowers4 ,these began1 like the initials1 with the illuminators1 and were afterwards cut on wood4 ,the first printed ornament or vignette is supposed to be that in the ,lactantius1 at ,subiaco1 in #adfe4 ,caxton1 in #adij1 used ornamental pieces to form the border for his ,fifteen ,o's4 ,the ,paris printers at the same time engraved still more elaborate border pieces4 ,at ,venice we find the entire frame engraved in one piece2 while ,aldus1 as early as #adie1 used tasteful head-pieces1 cut in artistic harmony with his lettres grises4 ,of the elaborate woodcut borders and vignettes of succeeding printers we need not here speak4 ,as a rule1 they kept pace with the initial letters1 and degenerated with them4 ,early in the sixteenth century we observe detached ornaments and flourishes1 which have evidently been cast from a matrix1 and the idea of combining these pieces into a continuous border or head-piece was probably early conceived4#aeb ,mores states that ornaments of this kind were common before wood-engraved borders were adopted1 and ,moxon speaks of them in his day as old-fashioned4 ,in ,holland1 ,france1 ,germany and ,england1 however1 these 8type-flowers0 were in very common use during the eighteenth century1 and almost every foundry was supplied with a considerable number of designs cast on the regular bodies4 ,some of the type-specimens exhibit most elaborate figures constructed out of these flowers1 and as late as #ahbj these ornaments continued to engross a considerable space in the specimen of every ,english founder4 ,illustration #hc ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,printer ,,letter-,,founders1 ,,from ,,caxton ,,to ,,day4 ,in taking a brief survey of that early period of ,english ,typography when printers are assumed to have been their own letter-founders1 we shall attempt no more than to gather together1 as concisely as possible1 any facts which may throw light on the first days of ,english letter-founding1 leaving it to the historian of ,printing to describe the productions which1 as we have already stated1 must be regarded1 not only as the works of our earliest printers1 but as the specimen-books of our earliest letter-founders4 ,mores and other chroniclers are1 as we conceive1 misleading1 when they single out half a dozen names from the long list of printers between ,caxton and ,day1 as if they only had been concerned in the development of the art of letter-cutting and founding4 ,it is true that these names are the most distinguished2 but it is necessary to bear in mind that the most obscure printer of that day1 unless he succeeded in purchasing his founts from abroad1 or in obtaining the reversion of the worn types of another printer1 probably cast his letter in his own moulds1 and from his own matrices4 ,respecting many of our early printers1 our information especially with regard to their mechanical operations1 is extremely meagre4 ,but the researches of ,mr4 ,william ,blades#aec have thrown a stream of light upon the typography of #hd ,caxton and his contemporaries1 of which we gladly avail ourselves in recording the following facts and conjectures as to the letter-founding of the period in which they flourished4 ,adopting as a fundamental rule 8that the bibliographer should make such an accurate and methodical study of the types used and habits of printing observable at different presses1 as to enable him to observe and be guided by these characteristics in settling the date of a book which bears no date upon the surface10 ,mr4 ,blades has succeeded not only in establishing a precise chronology of the productions of the first ,english printer1 but an exhaustive catalogue of his several types1 such as has never before been successfully accomplished4 ,previous writers1 many of them practical printers1 have all failed in this particular4 ,most of them lacked the patience or the opportunity to make a systematic study of the specimens of ,caxton's press1 and have been content to perpetuate the account of others who1 like ,bagford1 ,ames1 ,herbert and ,dibdin1 had ample opportunity for such a study1 but failed to bring to bear upon their investigations that practical experience which would have saved them from the inaccuracies with which their descriptions abound4 ,among such writers few have been more unfortunate than ,rowe ,mores1 whose account of ,caxton's types 7although endorsed by the authority of his editor1 ,john ,nichols7 is as misleading as it is meagre4 ,as we are concerned with ,caxton only in his capacity as letter-founder1 we must refer the reader for all details respecting his life and literary industry to ,mr4 ,blades' admirable biography2 merely stating here that he made his first essay at printing in the year #adgd-e1 in the office of ,colard ,mansion at ,bruges2 that in #adgg1 if not earlier1 he settled as printer at ,westminster1 where he remained an industrious and prolific worker until the year of his death in #adia4 ,as we have already observed1 the history of the introduction of printing into ,england differs from that of its origin in most other countries in this important particular1 that whereas in ,germany1 ,italy1 ,france and the ,low ,countries letter-founding is supposed to have preceded printing1 in our own country it followed it4 ,caxton had already run through one fount of type before he reached this country1 and it appears to be quite certain that his ,type ,no4 #b1 with which he established his press at ,westminster1 was brought over by him from ,bruges1 where it had been cast for him1 and already made use of by his preceptor1 ,colard ,mansion4 ,the ,english origin of his ,type ,no4 #c is also open to question4 ,there seems1 however1 reasonable ground for supposing that ,type ,no4 #d was both cut and cast in ,england2 so that ,caxton had probably been at work for a year or two in this country as a printer1 before he became a letter-founder4 ,it must be admitted that any conclusion we may come to as to #he ,caxton's operations as a letter-founder are wholly conjectural4 ,in none of his own works 7in several of which he discourses freely on his labour as a translator and a printer7 does he make the slightest allusion to the casting of his types1 nor does there remain any relic or contemporary record calculated to throw light on so interesting a topic4 ,that ,caxton made use of cast types1 it is hardly needful here to assert4 ,even admitting the possibility of a middle stage between ,xylography and ,typography1 the general identity of his letters1 the constant recurrence of certain flaws among his types1 and the solidity of his pages1 may be taken as sufficient evidence that his types were cast1 and not separately engraved by hand4 ,it is scarcely likely that during his residence at ,bruges1 where1 as he himself states in the prologue to the third book of the ,recuyell1 8,i have practysed and lerned at my grete charge and dispense to ordeyne this said book in prynte10 he would omit to make himself acquainted with the methods used in the ,low ,countries for the production and multiplication of types2 and it is at least reasonable to suppose that1 once established in this country1 and removed from the source of his former supplies1 he would put into practice this branch of his knowledge1 and produce for himself the remaining founts of which he made use4 ,as to the particular process he employed1 we have1 as ,mr4 ,blades points out1 only negative evidence on which to rely4 ,the frequent unevenness and irregularity of his lines1 as well as the variations of the letters themselves1 lead to the conclusion that the method employed was a rude one1 inferior not only to that now in use1 but even to that adopted by the advanced ,german ,school of ,typography of his own day4 ,rude1 however1 as his method may have been1 we are not disposed to allow that ,caxton could have produced the types he did without the use of a matrix and an adjustable mould4 ,despite his rough workmanship1 his types are as superior to those of the ,speculum and ,donatus as they are inferior to those of the ,mentz ,bible and the ,catholicon2 and we consider it out of the question that works like the ,dictes1 or the ,polychronicon1 or the ,fifteen ,o's1 could have been produced from types cast by a clay or sand process1 which we have elsewhere described as possibly employed in the most primitive practice of the art4 ,it is more probable that both ,colard ,mansion and ,caxton1 possessing the principle of the punch1 matrix and adjustable mould1 but ill-furnished with the mechanical appliances for putting that principle into practice1 made use of rough and perishable materials in all three branches of the manufacture4 ,some such rough appliances we have already suggested in our introductory chapter4 4 ,his #hf punches1 as ,mr4 ,blades has pointed out1 were1 in the case of at least two of his founts1 touched-up types of a fount previously in use4 ,a matrix formed from such a punch1 either in soft lead or plaster1 could not be anything but rough and fragile2 and such a matrix1 when justified and applied to a mould of which the adjustable parts may have lacked mathematical finish and accuracy1 could scarcely be expected to produce types of faultless precision4 ,as we have freely admitted1 it is impossible on this subject to go beyond the regions of speculation1 but we decidedly incline to the opinion that the irregularities and defects of ,caxton's types may be accounted for in the way here suggested1 rather than by the assumption that he made use of a method of casting differing wholly in principle from that which was presently to become the universal practice4 ,we shall now briefly follow ,mr4 ,blades' chronological summary of ,caxton's six types1 with a view to point out such particulars respecting them as may have special bearing on the object of this work4 ,,type #a4--,this type1 as already pointed out1 was never used in ,england1 but appears in the works of the ,bruges press between the years #adgb and a date later than #adgf4 ,bernard considers that it was modelled on the handwriting of ,colard ,mansion4 ,although this type was chiefly used by ,mansion1 ,caxton appears to have used it in at least two ,english books printed under ,mansion's roof1 the ,recuyell and the ,chess ,book1 the former of which was the first book printed in the ,english language4 ,the body of the type corresponds to the present ,great ,primer2 and a fount comprised #afc sorts1 of which a considerable number were varieties of the same letters1 8there being only five sorts for which there were not more than one matrix1 either as single letters or in combination40 ,,type #b was the fount with which ,caxton printed1 in #adgg1 at ,westminster1 the ,dictes and ,sayings of the ,philosophers4 ,although this is the first dated book printed in ,england1 there is some reason for supposing that the undated ,jason1 and possibly some of the small quarto poems1 printed in the same type may have preceded it4 ,the fount was cut probably by ,colard ,mansion1 in imitation of the ,gros ,btarde type already in use at his press1 but in a smaller size2 and it is supposed that before ,caxton brought it over to ,england it had been used at ,bruges to print ,les ,quatre ,derrenieres ,choses4 ,twenty works in all are known to have been printed in ,type #b1 which is on a body equal to two-line ,long ,primer1 or 8,paragon10 and consists of #bag sorts4 ,the capital letters are extremely irregular1 not only in size but in design1 some being of the simplest possible construction1 while others have spurs1 lines and flourishes4 ,it was used from #adgg to #adgi1 when1 on its becoming worn out1 selected letters were trimmed up with a graver1 new matrices formed1 and a recasting made4 #hg ,this recasting1 known as ,type #b991 is the same body as ,type #b1 but in all cases the letters are slightly thinner1 while in the case of ascending and descending types it is found that the process of trimming has resulted in the amputation of certain portions of the letters4 ,there are also some thirty-seven sorts more in the second fount1 consisting largely of double and compound letters1 which do not appear in the first4 ,to ,type #b99 belongs the honour of being in all probability the first fount cast in ,england4 ,it was used from #adgi to #adha1 and nine books are known to have been printed in it1 including the second edition of the ,game and ,play of the ,chesse1 from which ,mr4 ,vincent ,figgins#aed in #ahee took the models for his facsimile of the 8,caxton ,black40 ,,type #c4--,this handsome fount appears to have been used from about #adgi to #adhc1 chiefly for head-lines1 although one or two small church books1 as well as ,caxton's ,advertisement1 were printed entirely in it4 ,the body is the same as that of ,type #b1 with which it is sometimes used1 to distinguish proper names4 ,the fount consists of #aid sorts1 of which the points are remarkable as being smaller than those of ,type #b4 ,it is the first appearance of the 8,lettre de ,forme0 in ,english typography2 although1 as ,mr4 ,blades has pointed out1 this character belongs only to the 8lower-case0 letters1 the capitals partaking more of the features of ,mansion's 8,gros ,btarde04 ,the fount possesses a special interest in being the first letter put forward as an ,english printer's ,type-specimen4 ,in the ,advertisement1 which we reproduce in facsimile 7,no4 #ae71 ,caxton calls attention to the fact that he is prepared to sell cheap copies of the ,pica or ,ordinary of the ,salisbury service1 printed in the same type as the specimen shown1 to anyone1 spiritual or temporal1 who may come to his shop at the ,red ,pale1 ,westminster4 ,there is nothing to show whether this fount was brought by ,caxton from ,bruges1 or whether it is entitled to the distinction of being the first fount wholly cut and cast in this country4 ,the ,german cut of the 8lower-case10 as well as the slight use which ,caxton made of it1 would almost suggest that it was not the product of his own genius4 ,on the other hand1 the frequent use which ,de ,worde made of the fount after his master's death1 seems to point to the existence of the matrices1 as well as the types1 in this country4 ,,type #d4--,this letter was in use by ,caxton from #adhj to #adhd1 and there is strong reason for believing that 7whatever may have been the case with ,type #c7 it was both cut and cast in this country4 ,that ,caxton possessed punches of it #hh appears highly probable from the fact that in the recasting of the fount as ,type #d99 we do not find the face of the old letters to have been trimmed up1 as was the case with ,type #b994 ,on the contrary1 as far as face is concerned1 the two founts are identical--a result which could hardly be expected had the matrices for the second fount been produced by any means but a re-striking of the original punches4 ,the fount is smaller in size than ,type #b1 though the design is similar4 ,it consists of #aid sorts1 of which seven were not re-struck for #d994 ,ten works were wholly printed in ,type #d1 and two partly in #d and #d994 ,the one difference between the first and second fount is1 that whereas ,type #d is very close to ,english body1 ,type #d99 is cast on a body equal to two-lines ,minion2 or more precisely1 nineteen types of ,type #d99 are equivalent to twenty types of ,type #d4 ,it appears1 therefore1 that1 either purposely or accidentally1 ,caxton shifted his mould between the two castings4 ,it is easy to imagine that his supply of moulds might be very limited2 and even that it might be limited to but one mould capable of being varied in 8body10 as well as in 8thickness10 which he would adapt as necessity required to cast any size of letter2 so that if1 for instance1 after casting ,type #d1 he had had occasion to 8break0 his mould in order to cast some additional letters in ,type #c1 he might easily fail to readjust it to the precise body of his former fount1 particularly if he used a worn or foul type by which to 8set0 it4 ,the fact that in the ,confessio ,amantis1 and the ,knight of the ,tower1 both castings are used1 shows at least that #d99 was intended to supplement1 rather than replace its predecessor4 ,besides the two partly printed works1 sixteen entire works were printed in ,type #d99 between #adhc-he1 from one of which1 the ,golden ,legend1 our facsimile1 ,no4 #af1 is taken4 ,,type #e4--;,in this fount the 8,lettre de ,forme10 first introduced with ,type #c1 reappears in a smaller1 but very similar form4 ,eleven books were printed in it between about #adhg-ia1 the majority of which were ,latin works of devotion4 ,the body is rather larger than two-line ,brevier1 and the fount consists of only #aec sorts1 there being very few double letters4 ,with this fount is a set of bold ,lombardic capitals1 cast full on the body1 and used as initials4 ,these ,caxton afterwards cut down for quadrats1 shortening them1 as was usual at that time1 at the foot-end of the type1 and so not destroying the face4 ,,type #f4--,this fount was for the most part produced from matrices formed from trimmed-up letters of ,types #b and #b991 supplemented by a few new letters and some from other founts4 ,the body on which it is cast is considerably smaller than ,type #b1 being nearly a ,great ,primer as against a two-line ,long ,primer4 ,this reduction in size necessitated the compression of a number of full-faced letters of the original founts1 some of which have been forcibly squeezed into the compass and others truncated4 ,the fount comprises only #ada sorts1 #hi and has a set of ,lombardic capitals4 ,it was used by ,caxton between #adhi and the time of his death in #adia1 during which period eighteen works were printed in it4 ,in the ,treatise of ,love1 printed in the same type1 and supposed to have been produced by ,de ,worde after his master's death1 appears an initial line in a new type1 which might be reckoned as ,type ,no4 #g2 although1 if the work was wholly posthumous1 its claim to be included as one of ,caxton's founts holds only as regards the cutting and founding of it4 ,illustration3 #ae4 ,advertisement of ,william ,caxton4 ,type #c4 ,illustration3 #af4 ,from the ,golden ,legend4 ,westminster1 #adhb4 ,caxton ,type #d994 99 99 99 99 99 ,such is a brief summary of the types of our first printer4 ,it would be interesting1 were it possible1 to continue in an equally detailed manner an examination of the types of all the early ,english printers4 ,but the rapid increase of printing which followed ,caxton's death would render such a task one of great labour and difficulty4 ,we shall content ourselves with collecting such references to typefounding as may throw general light on the progress of the art during the first century of its existence4 ,we have elsewhere stated our reasons for supposing that the first ,oxford press was commenced with types brought from abroad4 ,of the ,st4 ,alban's printer and his contemporaries1 ,lettou and ,machlinia1 in the city of ,london1 we know very little4 ,the types of both presses were extremely rude1 and might therefore suggest that an attempt was made to produce them by untrained ,english artists1 or1 as is equally probable1 that the old and worn-out soft lead types of an earlier printer were made use of4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wynkyn ,,de ,,worde was the most brilliant1 as he was the most prolific1 ,english printer of the fifteenth century4 ,inheriting some1 if not all1 of his master ,caxton's matrices1 he cut a large number of new letters for himself1 and appears in the execution of these founts to have perfected the manual processes of the manufacture1 so as to leave no doubt that his types were produced in true adjustable moulds1 out of durable matrices1 impressed with hard metal punches4 ,his letters are clear and regularly cast2 indeed1 his ,english or ,black-letter was so excellent that it became a model for all future letter-cutters1 and was closely imitated1 not only in ,england1 but1 apparently1 abroad4 ,some writers have considered that ,de ,worde supplied duplicate matrices of his ,black-letter to some of his contemporaries1 or else cast founts from his own matrices for the trade4 ,the close resemblance between some of his founts and those of other ,english printers of the period1 seems to give colour to such a suggestion1 although the probability is that his old discarded types occasionally found their way into the provinces1 where 7as at the press of ,goes of ,york7 they appeared during the lifetime of their original founder4 ,palmer 7or ,psalmanazar7 makes the following #ij note on this subject3 8,there is one circumstance10 he says1#aee 8that induces me to think he was his own letter-founder2 which is1 that in some of his first printed books1 the very letter he made use of1 is the same used by all the printers in ,london to this day2 and1 ,i believe1 were struck from his puncheons4 ,the first is the two lin'd ,great ,primmer ,black1 the next is the ,great ,primmer ,black40 ,of each of these two founts he shows a specimen 7a facsimile of which is here given71 which1 as ,rowe ,mores explains1 were taken from the matrices at that time 7#agcb7 in ,grover's foundry1 where they were reputed at one time to have belonged to ,de ,worde4#aef ,illustration3 #ag4 ,black ,letter1 supposed to be from ,de ,worde's matrices4 7,from ,palmer's ,general ,history of ,printing47 ,this piece of evidence is not very convincing4 ,it is more to the point that some of his early types are not to be observed in books from the press by any foreign printer at that time2 which could scarcely have been had he1 along with other ,english printers1 purchased founts from some of the foreign founders at that time carrying on a brisk trade with this country4 ,it is1 however1 to be borne in mind that every printer cut or provided himself with ,black as regularly as with ,roman and ,italic2 and the ,black-letter1 especially in the large sizes1 being easy to imitate1 the general resemblance among the founts of that period may mean nothing more than that ,de ,worde's models were faithfully copied by his imitators4 ,de ,worde introduced a larger variety in body than ,caxton1 and in some of #ia his works1 as in the ,whitintoni ,lucubrationes1 in #aebg1 used a very small ,black-letter1 apparently1 as ,herbert remarks1 because he had no ,roman or ,italic small enough4 ,in his ,black founts he used a large number of abbreviations1 though not so many as were at that time used by printers abroad4 ,he has been erroneously credited by some writers with having been the first to introduce the ,roman letter into this country4 ,it appears1 however1 that he closely followed ,pynson in this innovation#aeg2 and1 in his later works1 made considerable use of that character1 both for printing entire books1 and for distinguishing remarkable words or quotations in his ,black-letter text4 ,although characterised as a better printer than scholar1 he was the first to introduce letters of some of the learned languages into his books4 ,in #aeai1 in ,whitintonus de concinitate grammatices1 he used some ,greek words1 the first in ,england1 cut in wood4 ,later1 in #aebd1 in ,wakefield's ,oratio1#aeh printed in ,roman characters with marginal notes in ,italic1#aei he printed some ,greek words in movable types1 and showed ,arabic and ,hebrew cut in wood1 the first used in this country4 ,the ,hebrew is ,rabbinical1 and the author complains that he has been obliged to omit a third part1 because the printer lacked ,hebrew types4 ,as early as #adie1 moreover1 ,de ,worde1 as we have elsewhere noted1 in his edition of the ,polychronicon1 used the first music-types known in typography4 ,he died in #aecd1 after printing upwards of #djj books4 99 99 99 99 99 ,his contemporary1 ,,pynson1 who also acknowledged ,caxton as his 8,worshipful ,master10 appears to have been in regular correspondence with the typographers of ,rouen1 one of whom printed in his name4#afj ,it is also supposed that he was on friendly terms with ,froben of ,basle1 whose woodcut designs occasionally figure in his works4 ,it is1 therefore1 probable he may have imported some of his founts1 including the ,roman1 which he had the honour of first introducing into ,england in #aeah1 from abroad4 ,his first types1 which appeared in the ,dives and ,pauper1 printed by him in #adic1 were extremely rude2 but in this particular he seems to have made rapid progress1 and some of his later #ib works are distinguished as fine specimens of typography4 ,mores' account of ,pynson's types is incomplete1 and in one particular at least1 that of the ,roman letter in #adii1 incorrect4 ,he says3 8,his types in the year #adif were ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer and ,long ,primer ,english 7i4e41 ,black-letter71 all clear and good2 a rude ,english ,english1 an ,english and a ,long ,primer ,roman in #adii 7sic71 an ,english and a ,pica ,roman with which was printed ,bishop ,tonstal's book1 ,de ,arte ,supputandi1 in #aebb4 ,they are thick1 but they stand well in line 4 4 4 ,he had another and better fount of ,great ,primer ,english1 with which was printed the ,gallicantus of ,bishop ,alcock 4 4 4 in #adih40 ,the pretty ,secretary letter1 which ,mores mentions as having been used in ,statham's and ,fitzherbert's ,abridgments belonged to ,le ,tailleur1 the ,rouen printer1 whom ,pynson employed to print several law books1 on account1 it is supposed1 of the greater correctness of the ,norman compositors in setting the law language of the day4 8,however10 says ,ames1 8he had such helps afterwards that all statutes1 etc41 were printed here at home40 ,in #aeah he printed his first work in ,roman type1 the ,oratio in ,pace nuperrim1#afa by ,richard ,pace4 ,only one fount is used throughout this interesting little work1 of which we here reproduce the colophon4 ,illustration3 #ah4 ,from the ,oratio in ,pace nuperrim4 ,printed by ,pynson1 #aeah4 ,a document still preserved in the ,record ,office1 dated ,june #bh1 #aeai1 contains an interesting mention of ,pynson's types4 ,it is an indenture between ,wm4 ,horman1 ,clerk and ,fellow of the ,king's ,college at ,eton1 and ,pynson1 for printing #hjj copies of such ,vulgars as be contained in the copy delivered to him1 8in suffycient and suyng stuff of papyr1 after thre dyverse letters1 on for the englysh1 an other for the laten1 and a thyrde of great romayne letter for the tytyllys of the booke40 #ic ,in #aebd ,pynson possessed a fount of ,greek which he used in ,linacre's ,de ,emendat ,structur4#afb ,this is of special interest1 since the preface contains the first distinct reference to letter-founding which occurs in any ,english book4 ,the ,greek accents and breathings1 it appears1 were not sufficient for the whole of the quotations in the book1 and their paucity is made the subject of the following interesting apology3 8,lectori4 ,s4 ,pro tuo candore optime lector quo animo feras1 si qu liter in exemplis ,hellenissimi vel tonis vel spiritibus vel affectionibus careant4 ,iis enim non satis erat instructus typographus videlicet recens ab eo fusis characteribus grcis1 nec parata ea copia1 quod ad hoc agendum opus est40#afc ,the ,linacre is printed in a good ,great ,primer ,roman type1 with which the ,greek ranges fairly4 ,the letters of the latter character are cast wide1 so that each letter stands apart from the next1 instead of joining close4 ,a further mention of ,pynson's types occurs in a ,latin letter of his own1 printed at the end of the ,lytylton ,tenures of #aebg1 in which he thus inveighs against the piracy of his rival and contemporary1 ,robert ,redman3 8,richard ,pynson1 the ,royal printer1 salutation to the ,reader4 ,behold1 ,i now give to thee1 candid ,reader1 a ,lyttleton corrected 7not deceitfully71 of the errors which occurred in him2 ,i have been careful that not my printing only should be amended1 but also that with a more elegant type it should go forth to the day3 that which hath escaped from the hands of ,robert ,redman1 but more truly ,rudeman1 because he is the rudest out of a thousand men1 is not easily understood40 ,the new fount here referred to must have been among the latest productions of this printer's industrious labours1 as he ceased printing in #aebh1 having issued upwards of #baj works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,william ,,faques1 another contemporary of ,de ,worde's1 who printed in ,london between #aejd and #aeaa1 appears to have had a more direct connection with the ,norman typographers than any of his fellow printers4 ,he learned his art at ,rouen with ,jean le ,bourgeois1 and probably came over to this country furnished with types1 if not with matrices1 from that market4 ,he is praised with justice as an excellent workman1 and some of his ,black-letter founts are described by ,mores as equalling in beauty any which were to be found in #id ,england as late as his day 7#aggh74 ,it is supposed that ,de ,worde became possessed of some of these letters after ,faques' death1 which occurred in #aeaa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,with ,faques and ,pynson early ,english ,typography seems to have reached for a time its high-water mark4 ,a slow deterioration set in1 probably consequent on the withdrawal of the foreign trade in type1 and the necessity thereupon for every printer to become his own punch-cutter and typefounder4 ,mores1 in passing1 is careful to rescue a few names from reproach4 8,,copland ,,the ,,elder10 he says1 87who had been servant to ,de ,worde7 and ,,wyer and ,,redman1 had founts of two-line ,great ,primer1 the letter good and beautiful4 4 4 ,,will4 ,,rastel used ,italic in #aeca4 4 4 ,redman#afd used a ,secretary type in the edition of ,rastell's ,grete ,abridgement1 printed in the year #aecd1 which ,secretary is the last ,secretary we remember4 ,,berthelet had a fount of ,english ,roman with a face as thick as ,english0 7,black-letter71 8but pretty40 ,illustration3 #ah;,a4 ,from the ,boke named the ,governour4 ,printed by ,berthelet1 #aeca4 ,we annex a specimen of the curious semi-,gothic fount used by this last-named printer in #aeca for printing ,sir ,thomas ,elyot's ,boke named the ,governour4 ,the face is of rare occurrence in ,english typography1 and was probably procured #ie from abroad4 ,the small ,secretary type mixed with it is doubtless ,english1 and was one of the latest founts of its kind used in the country4 ,there appears to be no special reason1 as we have stated1 why the names and types of any particular printers at this period should be selected to the exclusion of others who equally with them produced types for their own use4 ,we may1 however1 mention ,,reynold ,,wolfe1 who in #aedc held the first patent as printer to the king in ,latin1 ,greek and ,hebrew1 and printed the first entire ,greek and ,latin book in ,england1 being ,sir ,john ,cheke's edition of ,chrysostom's two ,homilies4#afe ,he appears1 however1 to have printed nothing in ,hebrew4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,day occupies an important place in the history of early ,english letter-founding4 ,what is mainly conjecture with regard to most of his predecessors we are able to state on the authority of historical records with regard to him1 namely1 that he was his own letter-founder2 and from his day ,english letter-founding may be said to have started on a separate career4 ,he was born in #aebb1 and began business about #aedf1 in ,st4 ,sepulchre's parish4 ,in #aedi he removed to ,aldersgate1 where he continued until #aegb4 ,the persecutions of ,queen ,mary's reign caused him to seek refuge abroad1 but he returned in #aeef1 in which year he was the first person admitted to the livery of the ,stationers' ,company1 newly incorporated by the charter of ,philip and ,mary4 ,on the accession of ,queen ,elizabeth he became an important printer1 and was chosen ,warden of the ,company in #aefd and three subsequent years1 and ,master in #aehj4 ,early in the ,queen's reign he found a generous patron in ,archbishop ,parker1 under whose auspices he cut some of his most famous founts4 ,one of the earliest of these was the fount of ,saxon1 which appeared first in lfric's ,saxon ,homily1 edited by the ,archbishop under the title of ,a ,testimonie of ,antiquitie1 and printed in #aefg4 ,it was used again in ,lambard's ,archaionomia in the following year1 in the ,saxon ,gospels1 printed in #aega1 and subsequently in the ,archbishop's famous edition of ,asser ,menevensis' lfredi ,res ,gest in #aegd4aff ,this last-named work1 which may be regarded as one of the first historical monuments of ,english letter-founding1 contained a preface by ,parker1 in which #if ,day's performance in cutting the punches is thus particularly alluded to3--8,jam vero cum ,dayus typographus primus 7et omnium cert quod sciam solus7 has formas ri inciderit2 facil qu ,saxonicis literis perscripta sunt1 iisdem typis divulgabuntur40#afg ,the ,saxon fount1 as will be seen by the facsimile1 is an ,english in body1 very clear and bold4 ,of the capitals1 eight only1 including two diphthongs1 are distinctively ,saxon1 the remaining eighteen letters being ordinary ,roman2 while in the lower-case there are twelve ,saxon letters as against fifteen of the ,roman4 ,the accuracy and regularity with which this fount was cut and cast is highly creditable to ,day's excellence as a founder4#afh ,he subsequently cut a smaller size of ,saxon on ,pica body4 ,the typography of the lfredi is superior to that of almost any other work of the period4 ,dibdin considered it one of the rarest and most important volumes which issued from ,day's press4 ,the ,archbishop's preface is printed in a bold1 flowing ,double ,pica ,italic1 and the ,latin preface of ,st4 ,gregory at the end in a ,roman of the same body1 worthy of ,plantin himself4 ,it is at least a curious circumstance1 pointing to a community of founts among printers even at that day1 that in ,binneman's#afi edition of ,walsingham's ,historia1 bound up with ,day's ,asser and the ,ypodigma ,neustri1 this same large ,roman and ,italic is made use of4 ,respecting an ,italic fount cut by ,day in #aegb1 several interesting particulars are preserved1 which tend to throw further light on our printer's operations as a punch-cutter and letter-founder4 ,illustration3 #bj4 ,day's ,saxon ,fount4 7,from the lfredi ,res ,gest1 #aegd47 ,illustration3 #ba4 ,day's ,double ,pica ,roman4 7,from the lfredi ,res ,gest1 #aegd47 ,illustration3 #bb4 ,day's ,double ,pica ,italic4 7,from the lfredi ,res ,gest1 #aegd47 7,the extract is ,parker's reference to ,day as a letter-founder47 ,it appears that in that year1 at the time when ,day removed his shop from #ig ,aldersgate to ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 ,archbishop ,parker was engaged in providing replies to a ,popish polemic of ,nicholas ,sanders1 entitled ,de ,visibili ,monarchia4 ,dr4 ,clerke of ,cambridge was selected for the task1 and his ,responsio was entrusted to ,day to print4 ,in a letter to ,lord ,burleigh1 dated ,december #ac1 #aegb1 the ,archbishop thus refers to the typography of the forthcoming work#agj3 8,to the better accomplishment of this worke and other that shall followe1 ,i have spoken to ,daie the printer to cast a new ,italian letter1 which he is doinge1 and it will cost him xl marks2 and loth he and other printers be to printe any ,lattin booke1 because they will not heare be uttered and for that ,bookes printed in ,englande be in suspition abroad40 ,strype1 referring to the transaction1 adds a note3 8,for our ,black ,english letter was not proper for the printing of a ,latin ,book2 and neither he 7,day7 nor any one else1 as yet had printed any ,latin books40#aga ,this misleading statement is corrected by ,herbert1#agb who points out that many ,latin books had been printed1 few of which1 after #aebj1 had been in ,black-letter1 and he believed none at all after #aecj4 ,moreover1 many ,english books had long before #aegb been printed in ,roman or ,italic1 and even such as had generally been printed in ,black-letter usually had the notes and quotations in ,roman or ,italic4 ,it is singular that1 after this announcement by the ,archbishop1 neither of the replies to ,sanders was printed in ,italic type4 ,clerke's ,responsio1#agc in #aegc1 appeared in a new ,great ,primer ,roman type1 with the quotations only in ,italic1 the headings being set in the large ,italic afterwards used in the ,asser4 ,acworth's ,de ,visibili ,romanarchia1#agd another rejoinder1 in the same year1 was in an ,english ,roman1 with a corresponding ,italic and ,greek4 ,in ,parker's great work1 however1 ,de ,antiquitate ,britannic ,ecclesi1#age published the year before 7#aegb71 and supposed by some to have been printed by ,day at a private press of the ,archbishop's at ,lambeth1 the entire text1 consisting of #ebd pages1 was in the ,english ,italic1 which ,dibdin describes as 8a full-sized1 close1 but flowing ,italic letter40 ,the preface only to this work was in ,roman2 the various titles and sub-titles being in the larger founts of the ,responsio and ,asser4 ,day was among the first ,english printers who cut the ,roman and ,italic to range as one and the same fount4 ,hitherto the two letters had been but seldom #ih intermixed1 and when they were1 they frequently exhibited a disparity in size and an irregularity in line which was disfiguring4#agf ,day1 however1 cut uniform founts4 ,in addition to the characters already mentioned1 he greatly improved the ,greek letter of the day4 ,the ,christian ,pietatis ,prima ,institutio1 printed by him in #aegh1 is in a beautiful type1 which is considered to be equal to that of the great ,greek typographers of ,paris--the ,estiennes4 ,among his further enterprises in letter-cutting may be mentioned the ,hebrew words1 cut in wood1 which he used in ,humphrey's ,life of ,jewell1 in #aegc1 and in ,baro's ,readings on ,jonah1 in #aegi2 and the musical notes which he introduced into his editions of the metrical ,psalter4 ,these notes are chiefly lozenge-shaped and hollow1 differing from those used by ,grafton in #aeej1 in ,merbecke's ,booke of ,common ,praier1 noted1 which are mostly square and solid4 ,he also1 as he himself stated in a book printed in #aehb1 8caused a new print of note to be made1 with letters to be joined to every note1 whereby thou mayest know how to call every note by its right name40 ,besides these1 he made use of a considerable number of signs1 mathematical and other1 not before cast in type2 while his works abound with handsome woodcut initials1 vignettes and portraits1 besides a considerable variety of metal 8flowers40 ,of the disposal of ,day's punches and matrices after his death we have no precise information1 but the reappearance of the beautiful ,double ,pica ,roman and ,italic of the lfredi1 in the ,bibles printed by the ,barkers1 in ,young's ,catena on ,job in #afcg1 in ,walton's ,polyglot in #afeg1 and other works1 most of them executed by the royal printers1 suggests that these founts at any rate were retained 7probably under archiepiscopal control71 and handed down for the service of the privileged presses4 ,illustration3 #ai4 ,portrait of ,,john ,,day1 #aefb4 7,from the ,colophon to ,peter ,martir's ,commentaries on the ,romans1 #aefh47 ,in ,strype's ,life of ,parker1 already quoted1 is preserved an interesting account of ,day's business1 with which we close this short notice3 8,and with the ,archbishop's engravers1 we may joyn his printer ,day1 who printed his ,british ,antiquities and divers other books by his order 4 4 4 for whom the ,archbishop had a particular kindness 4 4 4 ,day was more ingenious and industrious in his art and probably richer too1 than the rest1 and so became envied by the rest of his fraternity1 who hindered1 what they could1 the sale of his books2 and he had in the year #aegb1 upon his hands1 to the value of two or three thousand pounds worth1 a great summ in those days4 ,but living under ,aldersgate1 an obscure corner of the city1 he wanted a good vent for them4 #aja ,whereupon his friends1 who were the learned1 procured him from the ,dean and ,chapter of ,st4 ,pauls1 a lease of a little shop to be set up in ,st4 ,pauls ,churchyard4 ,whereupon he got framed a neat handsome shop4 ,it was but little and low1 and flat-roofed and leaded like a terrace1 railed and posted1 fit for men to stand upon in any triumph or show2 but could not in anywise hurt or deface the same4 ,this cost him forty or fifty pounds4 ,but 4 4 4 his brethren the booksellers envied him and by their interest got the mayor and aldermen to forbid him setting it up1 though they had nothing to do there1 but by power4 ,upon this the ,archbishop brought his business before the ,lord ,treasurer1 and interceded for him1 that he would move the ,queen to set her hand to certain letters that he had drawn up in the ,queen's name to the city1 in effect1 that ,day might be permitted to go forward with his building4 ,whereby1 he said1 his honour would deserve well of ,christ's ,church1 and of the prince and ,state40--,p4 #eda4 ,day died in #aehd1 aged #fb1 and was buried at ,bradley ,parva4 ,he published about #bej works4 8,he seems indeed10 says ,dibdin1 87if we except ,grafton7 the ,plantin of ,old ,english ,typographers2 while his character and reputation scarcely suffer diminution from a comparison with those of his illustrious contemporary just mentioned40 ,illustration #ajb ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,letter-,,founding ,,as ,,an ,,english ,,mechanical ,,trade4--#adgg-ahcj4 ,it will be convenient1 now that we have reached a point at which letter-founding enters upon a new stage as a distinct trade1 to take a brief survey of its progress as a mechanical industry2 availing ourselves of such records and illustrations as may be met with1 to trace its development and improved appliances during the period covered by this narrative4 ,as has already been stated1 the reticence of our first printers leaves us almost entirely in the dark as to the particular processes by which they produced their earliest types4 ,mr4 ,blades leans to the opinion that ,caxton1 in his first attempts at typefounding1 adopted the methods of the rude ,flemish or ,dutch ,school1 of whose conjectured appliances we have spoken in the introductory chapter4 8,the ,english printers10 he says1 8whose practice seems to have been derived from the ,flemish ,school1 were far behind their contemporaries in the art4 ,their types show that a very rude process of founding was practised2 and the use 4 4 4 of old types as patterns for new1 evinces more of commercial expediency than of artistic ambition40 ,at the same time1 there seems reasonable ground for inferring1 from the peculiarities attending the re-casting of ,caxton's ,type #d as #d991 to which allusion has already been made1 that at least as early as #adhj ,caxton was possessed of the secret of the punch1 and matrix and adjustable mould2 while the #ajc excellent works of ,de ,worde and his contemporaries demonstrate that1 however rudely1 the art may have begun1 ,england was1 in the early years of the sixteenth century1 abreast of many of her rivals1 both as to the design and workmanship of her founts4 ,the frequent indications to be met with of the transmission of founts from one printer to another1 as well as the passing on of worn types from the presses of the metropolis to those of the provinces1 are suggestive of the existence 7very limited1 indeed7 of some sort of home trade in type even at that early date4 ,for a considerable time1 moreover1 after the perfection of the art in ,england1 the trade in foreign types1 which dated back as early as the establishment of printing in ,westminster and ,oxford1 continued to flourish4 ,with ,normandy1 especially1 at the beginning of the sixteenth century1 a brisk commerce was maintained4 ,not only were many of the ,english liturgical and law books printed abroad by ,norman artists1 but ,norman type found its way in considerable quantities into ,english presses4 ,m4 ,claudin1 whose researches in the history of the early provincial presses of ,france entitles him to be considered an authority on the matter1 states that ,rouen1 at the beginning of the sixteenth century1 was the great typographical market which furnished type not to ,england only1 but to other cities in ,france and to ,switzerland4 8,it evidently had special typographical foundries10 he observes4 8,richard ,pynson1 a ,london printer1 was a ,norman2 ,will ,faques learned typography from ,j4 le ,bourgeois1 a printer at ,rouen4 ,these two printers had types cast expressly for themselves in ,normandy4 ,wynkyn de ,worde must have bought types in ,normandy also1 and very likely from ,peter ,olivier and ,jean de ,lorraine1 printers in partnership at ,rouen40#agg ,and with regard to the first printer of ,scotland1 ,m4 ,claudin has no doubt that ,myllar learned his art in ,normandy1 and that the types with which his earliest work was printed were those of the ,rouen printer1 ,hostingue4 ,it is reasonable to suppose that ,english printers would endeavour1 if possible1 to provide themselves1 not with types merely1 but with matrices of the founts of their selections2 and1 indeed1 we imagine some explanation of the marked superiority of our national typography at the close of the fifteenth century over that of half a century later1 is to be found in the fact that1 whereas many of the first printers used types wholly cut and cast for them by expert foreign artists1 their successors began first to cast for themselves from hired or purchased matrices1 and finally to cut their own punches and justify their own matrices4 ,printing entered on a gloomy stage of its career in ,england after ,day's time1 #ajd and as ,state restrictions gradually hemmed it in1 crushing by its monopolies healthy competition1 and by its jealousy foreign succour1 every printer became his own letter-founder1 not because he would1 but because he must1 and the art suffered in consequence4 ,illustration3 #bc4 ,from ,jost ,amman's ,stnde und ,handwerker4 ,frankfurt1 #aefh4 ,illustration3 #bd4 ,letter-founding and ,printing1 circa #aedh4 7,from the cut in the ,harleian ,,mss47 ,of the operations of a sixteenth century letter-foundry1 we are fortunately able to form some idea from the quaint engraving preserved to us by ,jost #aje ,amman in his ,book of ,trades#agh in #aefh1 and reproduced here4 ,the picture represents the ,frankfort founder seated at his small brick furnace1 casting type in a mould4 ,this mould differs from the modern hand-moulds in being pyramidical in shape1 and holding the matrix as a fixture in its interior4 ,one of the moulds on the shelf shows a hole in the side1 into which the matrix was probably inserted4 ,from the manner in which the caster is grasping the mould1 it would seem that it was bipartite1 and needed the two halves holding together during casting4 ,the cast types lying in the bowl have 8breaks0 attached to them1 which at that date were in all probability cast so as to be easily detached4 ,behind the caster are some drawers1 probably intended to contain matrices1 of which one or two lie on the top waiting their turn for use4 ,on the lower of the two shelves above the furnace are some crucibles1 in which the metals would be mixed before filling up the casting-pan4 ,on the upper shelf1 besides three more moulds1 are some sieves1 suggestive of the use of sand1 either for moulding large letters1 or1 as ,mr4 ,blades suggests1 for running the small ingots of metal into for use in the melting-pot4 ,the small room in which this caster is operating in all probability formed part of a printing-office2 and another interesting engraving of perhaps a still earlier date1 which we here reproduce from the original in the ,british ,museum1#agi shows the two departments of the typographer's art going on in #ajf adjoining apartments4 ,in this case1 as in the ,frankfort cut1 the caster is sitting2 but his mould1 large as it is1 appears to be furnished with a spring at the bottom1 more like the later hand-moulds4 ,in the lines accompanying ,amman's picture the founder is made to say that he casts types made of 8,bismuth1 ,tin and ,lead10 a statement which1 if correct1 shows that the ,frankfort types of that day must have been cast in terribly soft metal1 of about the substance and durability of modern solder4 ,the presence of the crucibles1 however1 points to the use of some fourth metal1 of sufficient hardness to require a violent heat to fuse it4 ,the founder also states that he can correctly justify his letters1 which may refer either to the dressing of the types after casting1 or the more important justification of the matrix to adapt it to the mould4 ,another interesting memorial of a sixteenth century foundry is to be met with in a visit to the once famous printing-office of ,christopher ,plantin at ,antwerp4#ahj ,the foundry of the great ,netherlands 8,archi-typographus10 which is still preserved in its pristine condition1 was on the upper floor of his house1 and consisted of two rooms1 one devoted wholly to the casting1 the other being a store-room for types awaiting use at the press4 ,in the casting-room is still to be seen a large brick furnace covered with an earthenware slab4 ,to the right of this is a smaller furnace1 surmounted by the metal pot1 which even yet contains some of the old type-alloy4 ,on the walls hang tongs1 ladles1 knives and moulds4 ,in a box are preserved small parcels of pattern-types for setting the moulds by1 among which the visitor is shown three or four types of silver4#aha ,in another box are a #ajg large number of punches#ahb and moulds of all sizes4 ,a bench extends along one side of the room1 doubtless for the use of the dressers or rubbers4 ,in all these points we recognise that even in ,plantin's day the general appointments of a letter-foundry differed very little from those of the modern foundry before the introduction of machinery4 ,although we have no description of any ,english foundry before ,moxon's time1 we know that the processes in use among us boast a much earlier origin4 ,moxon described no new method1 but the old-established practice which had obtained1 if not from the infancy of the art1 at least from the commencement of that gradual divorce between printing and letter-founding which led1 about #aehe1 to the establishment of foundries for the public use4 ,we have no reason to suppose that the foundries connected with the presses of ,day1 ,wolfe and others differed in practice from those of their ,frankfort and ,antwerp contemporaries1 or that when1 in #aeig1 ,benjamin ,sympson1 a letter-founder1 gave bond to the ,stationers' ,company not to cast type for the printers without due notice1 he1 or the founders who followed him1 knew any other methods of producing their type than those already familiar to every printer at home and abroad4 ,turning now to ,moxon's account of ,english letter-founding as it was in his day1 we find no lack of detail as to every branch of the art and every appliance in use by the artist4 ,it is not our purpose here to follow these descriptions further than as they give a general idea of the practice and method of letter-founding two centuries ago1--a practice and method which1 as we have said1 existed long before his day1 and were destined to be in common use for nearly a century and a half after4 ,we shall best indicate the processes and appliances he describes by giving a brief analysis of that portion of his book which is #ajh devoted to the mechanics of letter-founding1#ahc reserving for a later chapter a general summary of the complete work4 ,naturally beginning with punch-cutting1 he first describes in detail the various tools made use of by the engraver1 viz41 the forge1 the using file1 the flat gauge1 the sliding gauges1 the face gauges1 the ,italic and other standing gauges1 the liner1 the flat table1 the tach1 and other furniture of the bench4 ,every one of these tools is to be found in the punch-cutter's room of the present day1 scarcely changed in form or use from the woodcuts which illustrate ,moxon's description4 ,turning from the tools to the workman1 ,moxon next proceeds to describe his choice of steel for the punches2 the making and striking of the counter-punches on the polished face of the punch2 the 8graving and sculping0 of the insides of the letters2 together with certain rules in the use of the gravers1 small files1 etc41 employed in this delicate operation4 ,with regard to the process described as counter-punching1 it is necessary to admit that this constituted a refinement of the art of punch-cutting apparently unknown to the first printers4 ,the freedom of their letters1 consequent on the imitation of handwriting1 which served as their earliest models1 makes it evident that they cut by eye1 rather than by mathematical rule4 ,but as typography gradually made models for itself1 the best artists1 particularly those who aimed at producing regular ,roman and ,italic letters1 discovered the utility and expediency of arriving at uniformity in design and contour1 by the use of these counter-punches1 which stamped on to the steel the impress of the hollow portions of the letters they were about to cut1 leaving it to the hand of the engraver to cut round these hollows the form of the required character4 ,the punches being cut1 finished and hardened1 ,moxon next deals with the various parts of the type-mould1 describing in turn the 8,making0 of the mould3 ,the ,carriage1#ahd 7a72 the ,body1 7b72 the ,male ,gauge1 7c72 the ,mouthpiece1 7d e72 the ,register1 7f i72 the ,female ,gauge1 7g72 the ,hag1 7h72 the ,bottom ,plate1 7a72 the ,wood1 7b72 the ,mouth1 7c72 the ,throat1 7d72 the ,pallat1 7e d72 the ,nick1 7f72 the ,stool1 7g72 the ,spring1 7h74 ,illustration3 #be4 ,letter-founding in #afhc4 7,from ,moxon's ,mechanick ,exercises47 ,a4 ,ladle4 ,b4 ,leather mould-guard4 a1 b1 c1 d4 ,furnace-top4 e4 ,pan4 f4 ,funnel4 g4 ,stoke-hole4 i4 ,air-hole4 k4 ,ash-hole4 ,here again we have described1 with scarcely a difference1 the mould in which scores of men yet living have in their day cast types for the trade4 ,the #aaa justification of the mould is then described2 after which the important operation of striking the steel punch into copper1 and forming and justifying the matrix1 is treated of1 with instructions for 8botching0 matrices in the event of a mistake in the latter process4 ,the matrices being thus ready1 the founder is instructed how to adjust them to the mould in preparation for casting1--a solemn process which may be best described in the writer's own language3 8,wherefore1 placing the under-half of the ,mold in his left hand1 with the ,hook or ,hag forward1 he clutches the ends of its ,wood between the lower part of the ,ball of his ,thumb and his three hind-,fingers4 ,then he lays the upper half of the ,mold upon the under half1 so as the ,male-,gages may fall into the ,female ,gages1 and at the same time the ,foot of the ,matrice place itself upon the ,stool4 ,and clasping his left-hand ,thumb strong over the upper half of the ,mold1 he nimbly catches hold of the ,bow or ,spring with his right-hand ,fingers at the top of it1 and his ,thumb under it1 and places the point of it against the middle of the ,notch in the backside of the ,matrice1 pressing it as well forwards towards the ,mold1 as downwards by the ,sholder of the ,notch close upon the ,stool1 while at the same time with his hinder-,fingers as aforesaid1 he draws the under half of the ,mold towards the ,ball of his ,thumb1 and thrusts by the ,ball of his ,thumb the upper part towards his ,fingers1 that both the ,registers of the ,mold may press against both sides of the ,matrice1 and his ,thumb and ,fingers press both ,halves of the ,mold close together4 ,then he takes the ,handle of the ,ladle in his right ,hand1 and with the ,boll of it gives a ,stroak two or three outwards upon the ,surface of the ,melted ,mettal to scum or cleer it from the ,film or ,dust that may swim upon it4 ,then he takes up the ,ladle full of ,mettal1 and having his ,mold as aforesaid in his left hand1 he a little twists the left side of his ,body from the ,furnace1 and brings the ,geat of his ,ladle1 7full of ,mettal7 to the ,mouth of the ,mold1 and twists the upper part of his right-hand towards him to turn the ,mettal into it1 while at the same moment of ,time he ,jilts the ,mold in his left hand forwards to receive the ,mettal with a strong ,shake 7as it is call'd7 not only into the ,bodies of the ,mold1 but while the ,mettal is yet hot1 running swift and strongly into the very ,face of the ,matrice to receive its perfect ,form there as well as in the ,shanck40 ,this done1 the mould is opened1 and the type released2 ,moxon adding that a workman will ordinarily cast #d1jjj such letters in a day4 ,then follow rules to be observed in breaking off1 rubbing1 kerning1 setting-up and dressing1 with descriptions of the dressing-sticks1 block-groove1 hook1 knife and 8plow40 ,that these operations1 as well as the casting1 had undergone no alteration nearly a century after ,moxon's day1 may be judged from the fact that ,moxon's descriptions are used verbatim to accompany the view of the #aab interior of ,caslon's foundry1 shown in the ,universal ,magazine of #agej1 where all these operations are exhibited in active progress4 ,with regard to the preparation of the type-metal1 ,moxon's account is minute and a trifle peculiar4 ,this metal was1 according to his account1 made of lead hardened with iron4#ahe ,stub-nails were chosen as the best form of iron to melt1 and the mixture was made with the assistance of antimony1 of which an equal amount with the iron was added to the lead1 in the proportion of #c lb4 of iron to #be lb4 of lead4 ,the great heat required to melt the iron necessitated open furnaces of brick1 built out of doors1 in a broad1 open place1 well exposed to the wind1 into which the iron and antimony mixture was put in pots surrounded with charcoal4 ,after half an hour's time the metal men were to 8lay their ,ears near the ,ground and listen to hear a ,bubling in the ,pots10 which is the sign that the iron is melted4 ,they then were to erect another small furnace1 8on that side from whence the ,wind blows10 which was to contain the large pot full of lead4 ,the lead being melted1 they were to carry it at a great heat1 with a 8,labour would make ,hercules sweat10 to the open furnace1 filling up the pots of iron and antimony with the lead1 and stirring at the same time4 ,the open furnace was to be then demolished1 and the mixed metal left to cool in the pots4 ,and 8now10 says ,moxon1 87according to ,custom71 is ,half a ,pint of ,sack mingled with ,sallad ,oyl provided for each ,workman to ,drink2 intended for an ,antidote against the ,poysonous ,fumes of the ,antimony1 and to restore the ,spirits that so ,violent a ,fire and ,hard ,labour may have exhausted40 ,such is a brief account of the practice of typefounding in ,moxon's time4 ,of the trade customs of the day our author also presents us with a curious picture1 in his account of the ,chapel4 8,a ,founding-,house10 he says1 8is also call'd a ,chappel3 but ,i suppose the ,title was originally assum'd by ,founders to make a ,competition with ,printers4 ,the ,customes used in a ,founding-,house are made as near as maybe those of a ,printing-,house2 but because the ,matter they ,work on and the manner of their ,working is different1 therefore such different ,customes are in ,use as are suitable to their ,trade1 as3 8,first1 ,to call ,mettle ,lead1 a ,forfeiture4 8,secondly1 ,a ,workman to let fall his ,mold1 a ,forfeiture4 8,thirdly1 ,a ,workman to leave his ,ladle in the ,mettle ,noon or ,night1 a ,forfeiture40 #aac ,we are given to understand that in the case of other offences1 common to both printing and typefounding1 such as swearing1 fighting1 drunkenness1 abusive language1 or giving the lie in the chapel1 or the equally heinous offence of leaving a candle burning at night1 the journeyman founder was liable to be 8solaced0 by his fellow-workmen1 in the same hearty and energetic way which characterised the administration of justice among the printers4 ,after ,moxon's time we meet with numerous accounts of foundries and their appointments4 ,the interesting inventory of the ,oxford foundry1 appended to the specimen of the press in #afie1 gives a good idea of the extent of that establishment4 ,there were apparently two casters1 two rubbers1 and two or three dressers1 and the foundry possessed twenty-eight moulds4 ,the punches were sealed up in an earthen pot1 possibly to protect them from rust or injury2 or possibly1 because having once served their purpose in striking the matrices1 they were put aside as of little or no use4 ,the small value put upon punches after striking is constantly apparent about this period4 ,very few punches came down with the foundries which were absorbed by that of ,john ,james2 and of those that did1 the greater portion were left to take their chance among the waste as worthless4 ,the small value set upon the punches of ,walpergen's music1 in the inventory of his plant1#ahf shows that they were considered the least important of his belongings4 ,matrices did not wear out in the old days of hand-moulds and soft metal1 as they do now under steam machines and 8extra hard02 but the liability to loss or damage1 and the importance of protecting and preserving the steel originals of their types1 can hardly have been less with the founders of a century and a half ago than it is to-day4 ,the entertaining letters of ,thomas ,james from ,holland1 in #agaj1ahg point to a curious practice in that country1 which we believe has never obtained in this4 ,we refer to the habit of lending casters and matrices by one founder to another4 ,in each of the two foundries he visited there were places for four casters2 but in one case only one man was at work1 and in the other no one was to be found1 for this reason4 ,this system of interchange is hardly consistent with the jealousy and suspicion shown by the same ,dutch founders towards their ,english rival in his endeavours to procure sets of matrices from their punches4 ,in this endeavour1 however1 he succeeded1 much to his own satisfaction4 ,he also purchased moulds1 which1 like all the other ,dutch moulds he saw1 were made of brass4 ,voskens' foundry1 which he visited1 appears to have been 8a great business1 having five or six men constantly at the furnace1 besides boys to rub1 and himself and a brother #aad to do the other work40 ,he also found artists who1 like ,cupi and ,rolij1 were punch-cutters only1 not attached to any one foundry1 but doing work for founders generally4 ,van ,dijk was a cutter only1 who kept a founder of his own named ,bus1 and this founder cast1 not at his own or ,van ,dijk's house1 but at the house of ,athias1 by whom probably he was also engaged4 ,the ,voskens1 who succeeded ,van ,dijk1 did their own casting1 but their punches and matrices were supplied them by ,rolij1 who1 as an independent artist1 was free to sell duplicate matrices of his letters to ,james4 ,this division of letter-founding into one or more trades1 though common abroad1 was never a common practice in ,england1 where jealousy and lack of enterprise conspired to keep each founder's business a mystery known only to himself4#ahh ,in the course of this book we shall have constant occasion to point out the intimate relations which existed at the beginning of the eighteenth century between ,english printers and ,dutch founders4 ,there was probably more ,dutch type in ,england between #agjj and #agbj than there was ,english4 ,the ,dutch artists appeared for the time to have the secret of the true shape of the ,roman letter2 their punches were more carefully finished1 their matrices better justified1 and their types of better metal1 and better dressed1 than any of which our country could boast4 ,nor was it till ,caslon developed a native genius that ,english typography ceased to be more than half ,dutch4 ,thiboust's quaint ,latin poem on the excellence of printing1#ahi though throwing little new light on the practice of the art1 is worth recording here1 not only for the description it gives of letter-founding in ,france at the time1 but for the sake of the curious woodcut which accompanies it4 ,the latter represents a round furnace in the centre of a room1 surmounted by a metal pot1 at which two casters are standing1 with ladle and mould in hand4 ,the moulds1 of which a number are to be seen in a rack against the wall1 are almost cubic in shape1 and apparently without the hooks shown in ,moxon's illustration4 ,one of the casters is holding his mould low1 as in the act of casting4 ,a workman sitting on a stool is setting up in a stick the newly-cast type from a box on the #aae floor--possibly breaking them off at the same time4 ,beyond is a dresser grooving out the break in a stick of types4 ,illustration3 #bf4 ,letter-founding in ,france in #agah4 7,from ,thiboust's ,typographi ,excellentia47 ,of the portion of the poem devoted to letter-founding1#aij we venture to give the following rough translation3 #aaf 8,the founder see1 whose molten metal glows ,above the blazing furnace4 ,from the pot ,his ladle nimbly feeds the curious mould1 ,whence straight the type in perfect fashion falls4 ,the willing servant1 he1 of all the ,schools1 ,whether in ,latin they would write1 or ,greek1 ,or in the ,hebrew tongue their minds disclose1 ,or in the ,german4 ,he1 for all prepared1 ,skilful1 for each his character provides4 ,see with what art the several types are cast1 ,each from its parent matrix2 see how bright1 ,trimmed by the dresser's cunning knife1 they lie4 ,he the redundant metal first breaks off1 ,then on the stick in order sets the type1 ,and with his plane their equal height assures4 ,such is the founder's craft1 whose arduous round ,of toil 'midst ardent heats is daily found40 ,a still more satisfactory view of an eighteenth century foundry is to be found in the ,universal ,magazine of #agej4 ,this engraving1 of which our frontispiece is a facsimile1 represents the interior of ,caslon's foundry1 with the processes of casting1 breaking-off1 rubbing1 setting-up1 and dressing1 all in operation4 ,the casting is specially interesting1 in the light of ,moxon's graphic account of the attitudes and contortions of the caster4 ,unlike their ,french brethren1 each of ,caslon's casters stands partitioned off from his neighbour1 with a furnace and pan to himself4 ,one of them is dipping his ladle in the pot for a new cast2 the next holds his mould lowered1 at the commencement of a 8pour02 the third has evidently completed the upward jerk necessary to force the metal into the matrix2 and the fourth1 with his mould again lowered1 is apparently throwing out the type and preparing for the next casting4 ,a set of three views of the interior of a ,french foundry1 from an ,encyclopdia#aia of about this date1 presents a few interesting points of contrast between foreign and ,english methods4 ,in the first view the process of punch-cutting is displayed4#aib ,one man is finishing a punch with his file2 another is striking a counter-punch 7with perhaps undue energy7 into the steel face of a punch2 while the third1 at a large forge1 is hammering a piece of steel in readiness for the engraver4 ,the second view shows metal making1 casting1 breaking-off1 and #aag rubbing1 in operation4 ,there are two men at the large furnace1 one watching the melting of antimony in a crucible1 the other pouring off the mixed metal into ingots4 ,at the small metal pot with three divisions1 in the centre of the room1 are three casters1 one of whom is about to cast1 another has finished his 8throw10 and the third is loosening his spring so as to open the mould4 ,at the table in the rear sit two girls1 one breaking off1 the other rubbing4 ,the third view represents a dressing-room1 where a girl is setting up the rubbed types on a stick4 ,the dresser is ploughing the 8break0 from the foot of a stick of types1 which is placed in the blocks1 not lengthways along the bench1 but across it4 ,an apprentice sitting at the table completes the dressing1 holding one end of the stick tilted while he passes his scraper over the front and back of the row of types4 ,drawings of all the tools and parts of tools used in typefounding complete the illustration4 ,fournier1 the ,french ,moxon1 in #agfd devoted the latter part of vol4 i of his ,manuel ,typographique#aic to the appliances and instruments used in type-casting4 ,his work enters in detail into the form and use of every tool used in every department of the trade1 from the cutting of the punch to the storage of the finished types1 giving careful and accurate woodcuts of each4 ,allowing for a few national peculiarities1 and certain improvements in casting1 there is scarcely anything but the date of the book to distinguish it from a mechanical handbook to typefounding in the middle of the nineteenth century4 ,the operations of punch-cutting and justifying appear to have been kept a mystery from the earliest days of the trade4 ,to lay minds1 the one work of the founder was to cast types2 but the preliminary operations on which his whole reputation as a founder depended1 were little understood by any but the founder himself4 ,and even he1 as in the case of the first two ,caslons1 carried on this part of the mystery stealthily1 and with closed doors even against his own apprentices4 ,in many cases1 especially with the originators of the great foundries1 ,caslon1 ,cottrell and ,jackson1 it was the master himself who designed and cut his own punches4 ,it was not till the unusual demand for artists at the close of last century broke down this exclusiveness that outsiders arose to work for the trade in general4 ,and even these1 it was the policy and endeavour of each founder to attach to himself1 treating him as a gentleman at large1 and free from the obligations imposed on his other workmen4 ,the ,rules and ,regulations of ,thorne's ,foundry1 printed about the year #ahjf1 give an interesting glimpse into the internal economy of a foundry of that period4 ,after fixing the prices to be paid for work 7for casting1 rubbing1 and kerning were #aah all paid by 8piece071 they provide that the dressers shall have #bes4 a week1 8abiding by the old custom of leaving work at four o'clock on ,mondays4 ,each man to dress after four casters40 ,the fines for 8foot-ale0 imposed on new hands are ordered to be deposited with the master1 who is to keep an account of the same1 and divide it equally among the men at ,christmas4 ,the foundry hours are from six in the morning to eight in the evening in summer1 and from seven to eight in winter1 8beginning when candle-light commences40 ,the dressers are to work from seven to eight in summer1 and eight to eight in winter4 ,any man losing or damaging a mould1 matrix1 or tool1 to make good the loss on the following ,saturday4 ,any man leaving his lamp or candle alight after hours is to pay #f;d41 and the master for a similar offence is to fine himself #as4 ,rubbers must grind their stones once a fortnight1 8if requested to do so either by the master or foreman40 ,no work to be taken out of the foundry4 ,casters and rubbers must take their turn at carrying in metal4 ,breaking-off and setting-up boys shall earn #aj;d4 a week for each man they set-up after4 ,many of these customs are traditional1 and survive at the present time4 ,conservatism1 indeed1 has been a marked feature in the history of ,british letter-founding4 ,between #afcg and #ahcg the number of important foundries rarely exceeded the limit prescribed by the ,star ,chamber decree of the former year4 ,the methods and practice of the art1 as we have seen1 remained virtually unchanged during the whole period4 ,the traditional customs1 the trade argot1 the relations of men to men1 and men to masters1 even the tricks and gestures of the caster1 suffered nothing by the lapse of two centuries4 ,the relations of the founders among themselves during the period underwent more vicissitudes4 ,at all times jealous of their mystery1 they mistrusted in turn the printers and one another4 ,as the new school of ,caslon and his apprentices rose up to oust the old ,dutch school of ,james1 mutual antagonism was the order of the day4 ,the literary duel between the ,caslons and the ,frys was perhaps the least injurious outcome of this spirit4 ,this antagonism resolved itself1 at the close of last century1 into a combination of ,london founders against their rising ,scotch competitors4 ,an ,association was formed in #agic1 which continued for three years4 ,in #agii it was re-formed1 and this time lasted four years2 and again in #ahji it was revived and continued till #ahbj1 when it terminated4 ,in the early days of this ,association the lady ,caslons took a prominent part in its deliberations1 which1 however1 frequently consisted of little more than the imposition of fines for non-attendance4 ,the prices of type during this period1 chiefly owing to the fluctuations in the value of metals during the ,french war1 were constantly changing4 ,pica in #agic was #as4 #a #a_/b;d4 a pound1 in #ahjj #as4 #d;d41 in #ahaj #cs41 and in #ahaf 7after the price of antimony had gone down from #djj to #bjj a #aai ton71 #bs4 ,the ,scotch founders1 however1 joined presently by the ,sheffield houses1 continued to underbid the ,london founders in their own market2 and at one time a combination of all the ,english houses existed in opposition to the unfortunate new foundry of the ,frenchman1 ,pouche4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our survey does not extend beyond the year #ahcj1 but before concluding this hasty outline of the progress of letter-founding as a mechanical trade1 it will be interesting to notice the gradual changes in the process of casting which led to the final abandonment of the venerable hand-mould in favour of machinery4 ,we cannot do better than give a brief summary from the ,patent ,book#aid of the chief improvements proposed to be made in typefounding prior to #ahcj1 premising that many of the schemes advanced no further than the proposal1 and that some of the most important improvements which actually did take place were not registered in the ,patent ,book at all4 #agij4--,,william ,,nicholson proposed to cast type in the usual manner1 except that instead of leaving a space in the mould for the stem of the letter only1 several letters are cast at once in ordinary moulds1 communicating by a common groove at the top4 ,the types are also to be scraped in dressing1 so as to render the tail of the letter gradually smaller the more remote it is from the face2 thus enabling them to be set imposed upon a cylindrical surface4 #agij4--,,robert ,,barclay4 ,a method of making punches on broken steel1 the irregular figures in the grain of which will effectually obviate counterfeit4 ,punches may be formed of steel broken as above1 by cutting1 drilling1 punching1 bending parts of the letters1 and leaving the grain of the steel to form the lines or strokes2 and in this way complex founts of type might be cast1 every letter of which would vary in its lines from every other4 #ahjb4--,,philip ,,rusher4#aie ,improvements in the form of printing types4 ,each capital letter1 with few exceptions1 should be comprised in the compass of an oval4 ,each small letter is to be without tail-piece or descender1 and the metal 7both in small letters and capitals7 is to extend no lower than the body of the letter4 ,the letters above the line have their heads shortened or lowered about one-third4 #ahjf4--;,,anthony ,,francis ,,berte4 ,a machine for casting type4 ,the casting is performed by applying the mould to one of several apertures in the side of the metal pot1 through which1 by the removal of a lock or valve1 the metal is made suddenly to flow into the mould with a force proportionate to the height of the surface of the type-metal in the vessel4#aif #abj #ahjf4--;,,elihu ,,white4 ,a machine for casting types2 consisting of a matrix-box containing a certain number of matrices1 which is applied to a complex mould having a similar number of apertures1 through which the metal is poured1 thus forming several types at one operation4 #ahjg4--;,,anthony ,,francis ,,berte4 ,improvements on his former patent4 ,the metal is forced through the aperture by means of a plug or piston1 and the machine is so contrived as to regulate the quantity of metal ejected at each application of the mould4 ,another improvement consists of making the body of the mould in four adjustable pieces instead of two1 which will admit of changes in the body1 as well as the thickness of the types4 ,the moulds are without nicks1#aig and the type1 when cast1 is expelled by a punch or other tool1 without opening the mould4 #ahji4--;,,john ,,peek4 ,a machine for the more expeditious casting of types1 by which three motions out of the five ordinarily made use of in casting1 are saved4 ,this consists in the addition of two parts to the ordinary hand-mould2 that to the upper part being a plate with a socket in which the matrix is suspended on pivots1 and that to the lower part being a bolt which presses the matrix to the mould1 where it is kept by a spiral spring round the bolt1 and by the withdrawal of which the matrix is tilted1 another spiral spring keeping it in that position till the mould recloses4 ,the bolt is worked by a lever4#aih #ahab4--,,william ,,caslon4 ,an improved printing type4 ,the face or letter part of the type is made of the usual thickness1 and in the usual way1 8but the body1 which is commonly made about seven-eighths of an inch1 ,i make only three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness2 and the front of the said body ,i make sloping or bevelling upwards from the outer side towards the face1 as well as the opposite side or back1 by which means the upper part of the body is about one-eighth of an inch narrower than the under part of the same40 ,these short types are raised to the requisite height to paper by stands of the necessary thickness4 8,or the body may1 without being bevelled1 be fixed by nails or otherwise1 upon blocks of wood of a proper width and height4 ,or the stands may be made of the whole width of the body of the type1 with only one projecting part1 the other being screwed on after the types are put on the stands4 ,the advantage of these types is in economy of weight and space2 the former being one-half1 and the latter one-third to one-half of the ordinary types40 #ahad4--;,,ambroise ,,firmin ,,didot4 ,an improvement in the method of making types4 ,in ,roman text1 running hand or any other hand consisting more or less in hair strokes or fine lines1 from letter to letter1 the projecting extremities of each letter are extended so as to form a join with the next4 ,in the case of inclined letters 8,i do1 by suitable alteration in my moulds1 cast my types and the beards and shanks or tails thereof with the same or nearly the same inclination or slope of surface as aforesaid2 and to prevent such types sliding upon each other #aba when set up1 a protuberance or projecting part is cast on one face1 and a cavity or indentation corresponding to it in the opposite one2 or otherwise ,i do1 by angular or curved deviations from1 in1 or as to the straight direction of the said surfaces1 render it impossible that any sliding should take place between the same40 #ahaf4--,,robert ,,clayton4 ,a new method of preparing metal 4 4 4 types4 ,the specification mainly relates to plate-printing1 but concludes3 8,thirdly1 ,i obtain what ,i shall term alto or high-relief1 by producing metal castings from wooden moulds or matrices1 punched in wood with a cross-grain1 which has been previously slightly charred or baked40#aii ,the metal is bismuth1 tin and lead in equal parts1 or tin 7#d71 bismuth 7#d71 lead 7#c71 and antimony 7#a74 #ahbb4--,,william ,,church4 ,machine for casting the types and arranging them ready to be transferred to the composing machinery4 ,a matrix-bar containing a series of matrices is applied to a mould-bar1 with a corresponding number of moulds4 ,at the time of casting the latter is applied to jets leading from the metal chest1 which is supplied from a metal fountain connected with the metal pot1 and furnished with a valve to prevent the return of the metal4 ,after the casting1 the mould-bar1 drawn endways1 cuts off communication with the metal1 and brings the said types beneath a series of punches1 which descend and force them out at the same time that the matrix-box is unlocked1 and descends clear of the types 4 4 4 ,the mould-bar is kept cool during the process by a stream of water passing through it 4 4 4 ,the metal is injected by the descent of a plunger into the metal chest4 ,the type1 as cast1 is carried direct into a composing machine1 where it is set up by means of a mechanism worked by keys1 resembling the notes of a piano4#bjj #ahbc4--,,louis ,,john ,,pouch,e#bja 7communicated by ,didot of ,paris74 ,machine calculated to cast from #aej to #bjj types at each operation1 the operation being repeated twice or oftener in a minute4 ,the moulds are composed of steel bars4 ,the first has horizontal grooves at right angles to its length1 and forms the body of the letter4 ,the second is a matrix-bar1 screwed to the bottom of the first4 ,the third bar forms the fourth side of the type-body4 ,the feet of the type are made by the fourth1 a 8break bar10 with orifices communicating with each type-mould4 ,two of these moulds are placed side by side so as to form a trough between them1 in which the molten metal is poured1 nearly as high as the orifices on the 8break bar40 ,on pulling a trigger by a string1 a plunger at the end of a lever falls into the trough1 and injects the metal into the moulds4 ,the lever is slightly raised after the casting1 by a treadle1 after which the workman raises it by hand until it passes a catch1 which retains it until the string is pulled again4 ,the mould is then unclamped1 the mould-bars drawn asunder by wrenches1 the types are found adhering to the break bar like the teeth of a comb1 when they are broken off and dressed in the usual way4 #ahbc4--;,,john ,,henfrey ,,and ,,augustus ,,applegarth4 ,certain machinery for casting types4 ,the type is cast in a space between two flanges1 set at right angles on a spindle1 and pressed to and drawn from one another alternately by a spring and a peculiarly arranged eccentric piece4 ,a piece of steel1 called the 8body10 adjustable to the thickness of the particular type1 is screwed to one of the flanges4 ,the matrix is on a carriage1 and is run through holes in the flanges for the casting1 and kept in its place by a spring4 ,the metal is #abb injected by the descent of a plunger1 which recovers itself by a spring4 ,after the casting the spindle begins to revolve1 immediately upon which the matrix is disengaged from the type and withdrawn clear of the flanges4 ,the flanges are then opened1 and the cast type pushed from the mould by the action of spring pins4 ,a type is thus cast for each revolution of the spindle4 ,the 8break0 is disengaged from the letter by two small pins1 one of which protrudes from each jaw after the casting4#bjb #ahbh4--,,thomas ,,aspinwall4 ,an improved method of casting types1 by means of a 8,mechanical ,type ,caster40 ,the working parts of this machine are mounted on a table suspended so as to move to and from the melting-pot4 ,the mould is in two parts1 mounted on two sliding 8carrier pieces0 on the table1 inclined to each other at a slight angle4 ,the matrix is held during the casting by a spring4 ,on the revolution of the crank shaft 7by hand7 a sliding rod on the table is made to move towards the melting-pot1 and the carrier pieces being acted upon by a cross-bar attached to it by springs1 are drawn forward so as to unite the two parts of the mould for the casting4 ,by a further revolution of the crank shaft1 a projecting piece on the end of the sliding rod1 coming in contact with an adjusting screw on one end of a bent lever1 causes it to turn on its centre1 and by a friction roller at the other end forces down the plunger of a cylinder communicating with the metal pot1 so as to inject the metal into a chamber1 whence it ejects a portion previously there through a nozzle into the mould as it is moved forward by the forward motion of the table4 ,the handle of the crank is then turned the reverse way1 the table swings back from the metal pot1 the plunger rises by a spring1 the parts of the mould separate1 the matrix is withdrawn from the cast type by a lever 7which overcomes the force of the spring by which it is held during the casting71 and the type itself loosened from the mould by coming in contact with an inclined plane4 ,we conclude these extracts with a proposal suggestive more of the primitive experiments of the first printers than of nineteenth century letter-founding4 #ahca4--;,,james ,,thomson4 ,certain improvements in making or producing printing types4 8,my improvements consist in making printing types by casting or forming a cake of metal having letters formed and protruding on one side of it1 and in afterwards sawing this cake directly or transversely1 so as to divide it into single types40 ,the casting is effected in two ways4 ,first by forming a mould from types set up1 and immersing this within an iron box in a pot of melted type-metal1 8as in making stereotype plates2 with this difference1 however1 that in the present case1 the plate must be as thick as the length of the intended type2 and further1 that in setting up the types for the cast1 proper spaces must be made between each letter and between the lines1 in order to allow for what will be taken away in the sawing40 ,the second mode is 8by taking a plate of copper or other suitable metal1 and making in it indentations or matrices with a punch having on it the letter for the intended type1 taking care to make them in straight rows1 direct and transverse4 ,the plate being so indented1 is put into an iron box and immersed in a pot of liquid type-metal1 and kept there the proper depth and proper time1 so as to enable the metal fully to enter into those indentations or matrices1 that the letter may be well formed4 ,the cake thus cast or formed1 after being taken out and cooled1 is sawed as before40 #abc ,illustration ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,state ,,control ,,of ,,english ,,letter-,,founding4 ,our ,statute ,books and ,public ,records do not throw any very important light on the early history of ,english letter-founding4 ,although a busy import trade in type appears to have been maintained by the earliest printers1 and although as early as the days of ,de ,worde1 as we have seen1 there were ,english printers who not only cast types for themselves1 but are supposed to have supplied them to others1 we search in vain for any definite reference to letter-founding in the decrees and proclamations which1 prior to #afcg1 had for their object the regulation or repression of printing4 ,it is true that the term printing was at that period wide enough to cover all its tributary arts1 from paper-making to book-selling4 ,at the same time1 it is noteworthy that1 whereas in many of the early decrees paper-making1 book-binding and book-selling are distinctly mentioned1 letter-founding is invariably ignored4 ,if any inference is to be drawn from this fact1 it is that type was one of the latest of the printer's commodities to go into the public market4 ,a printer's type was his own1 and no one else's2 and if occasionally one great printer was pleased to part with founts of his letter to his brother craftsmen1 either by favour or for a consideration1 it was not till late in the day--that is1 not for about a century after the introduction of printing into ,england--that ,english-cast types became marketable ware in the country4 ,it is not our purpose here to review in detail the various decrees and #abd proclamations which regulated printing in this country#bjc2 but it will be interesting to notice such of them as appear to have special reference to letter-founding4 ,the earliest ,statute relating to printing was made in #adhc1 before the art had well taken root in the country2 and proclaimed free trade in all printed matter imported from abroad4 ,in #aecc this enactment was repealed1 on the ground that 8at this day there be within this realm a great number of cunning and expert in the said science or craft of printing40#bjd ,more direct control was assumed in #aeef1 when the charter was granted to the ,stationers' ,company1 constituting that body the 8,master and ,keepers1 or ,wardens and ,commonalty1 of the ,mystery or ,art of a ,stationer of the ,city of ,london40#bje ,under this comprehensive term1 there is little doubt1 founders of type1 had any at that time been practising in ,london1 would be included2 and such being the case1 it would become necessary for them1 as well as for paper-makers1 printers1 binders1 booksellers and others1 to become members of the ,stationers' ,company1 and subsequently1 in compliance with the enlarged powers conferred on the ,company in #aeei and #aeef1 to give surety to that body for the due observance of the ordinances by virtue of which they held their privileges4 ,the powers conferred on the ,company by its charter related exclusively to the publication of printed matter2 and the rights of search granted in the subsequent ,acts confirming the charter appear to have been directed rather against the possession of smuggled or illegally printed books than against the possession of the materials necessary to produce them4 ,in #aehb was tried a celebrated lawsuit known as the ,star ,chamber case of ,john ,day versus ,roger ,ward and ,william ,holmes1 for illegal printing of an #abe ,a ,b ,c and ,catechism4#bjf ,in the course of the inquiry occurs an interesting reference to the practice of printers as their own letter-founders1 which we reproduce as being one of the earliest direct notices of letter-founding in the ,public ,records4 ,amongst the questions put to the recalcitrant ,roger ,ward#bjg the following three were intended to discover whether the illicit ,a ,b ,c was printed by him in his own type1 or whether 7with a view to remove suspicion from himself7 he had printed it in the type of another printer3 8,,question ,,xiii4 ,did any person or personns ,ayde help or assist you with paper letters 7type7 or other necessaries in this work8 8,,answer4 ,he was not with paper letters 7type7 or other necessaryes in the said worke aidyd holpen or assistyd by any manner of personne or persons but that one ,adam a ,servant of ,master ,purfo7o7ttes dyd lend him some letters wherewith he imprinted the said boke4 8,,question ,,xviii4 ,whether were the ,letters wherewith you imprinted the sayd ,a ,b ,c your owne yea or no8 ,if not whose were they and by what meanse came you by them1 ,and whether with the ,consent of the owner or not8 ,and whether have you redelivered them back againe and how long since1 ,and what nomber of ,reames did you imprint with the said letter8 8,,answer4 ,that all the letters wherewith he impryntyd the said ,a ,b ,c were not his owne for he dyd borrowe of one ,adame1 a man of one master ,purfott all the ,inglisshe 7i4e41 ,black7 ,letters to the said worke and he borrowyd these letters without the consent of the said master ,purfytt and hath the same as yet in this defendants custodye and have not ,redelyvered of the same sithes he borrowyd the same as aforesaid and to his ,remembrance he ,did imprynt with the sayd letter the nomber of ,twentie ,reames of paper4 8,,question ,,xix4 ,whether have you cast any new ,letter of your owne since the first printinge of the said ,a ,b ,c1 and what nomber of the same have you printed of that letter 7in that type78 8,,answer4 ,he confessyth that he hath sythes the first imprintyng of the said ,a ,b ,c1 cast a newe letter of his owne and yet he hath not pryntyd any of that letter 7in that type740 ,this testimony was generally corroborated by the other printers and persons examined1 to many of whom it appeared to be notorious that ,roger ,ward had printed the book in a letter not his own1 and that he had since cast a new fount of type for his own use4 ,the whole inquiry throws a curious light on the methods of business of the printers of the day4 ,composition then1 as ,mr4 ,arber points out1 was not necessarily done in the master-printer's house where he kept #abf his press4 ,of course that which was done by himself and his apprentices was done there1 but work given out to journeymen 7who were generally householders71 was probably done in their houses and paid for by piecework4 8,a custom which10 continues ,mr4 ,arber1 8was facilitated by most of the books then printed being almost always in some one size of type4 ,therefore there could not be so much control exercised over the literature in respect to the guardianship of the type--however easy it was for printers of that day to identify the printer of a book by its typography--neither do we find any such attempted2 but only in respect to the custody of the hand printing press1 which was doubtless well secured every night as a dangerous instrument1 lest secret nocturnal printing should go on without the owner's consent40#bjh ,in the same year1 #aehb1 ,christopher ,barker1 the ,queen's printer1 drew up an able report on the condition of printing as it then existed1 in which1 among other matters1 he referred to the cost of making type1 and its consequent effect on publishers and printers4 8,in ,king ,edward the ,sixt his ,dayes10 he says1 8,printers and printing began greatly to increase2 but the provision of letter1 and many other thinges belonging to printing was so exceeding chargeable1 that most of those printers were ,dryven throughe necessitie1 to compound beforehand with the booksellers at so low value1 as the printers themselves were most tymes small gayners and often loosers 4 4 4 ,the ,bookesellers 4 4 now 7#aehb7 4 4 keepe no printing howse1 neither beare any charge of letter1 or other furniture1 but onlie paye for the workmanship 4 4 4 so that the artificer printer1 growing every ,daye more and more unable to provide letter#bji and other furniture 4 4 4 will in tyme be an occasion of great discredit to the professours of the arte40 ,the report goes on to mention that at that time 7,december #aehb7 8there are twenty-two printing howses in ,london1 where eight or ten at the most would suffise for all ,england1 yea1 and ,scotland too40#baj ,in ,may of the following year there were twenty-three printers with fifty-three presses among them1 and during the next two years the number appears to have increased so considerably as to call for that sweeping enactment1 the ,star ,chamber decree of #aehf4 ,this famous measure prohibits all presses out of ,london1 except one each at the two ,universities1 and 8tyll the excessive #abg multytude of ,prynters havinge presses already sett up be abated10 permits no new press whatsoever to be erected4#baa ,the ,stationers' ,company have authority to inspect all printing offices1 8to search take and carry away all presses1 letters and other pryntinge instrumentes sett up1 used or employed 4 4 contrary to the intent and meaninge hereof2 4 4 4 and thereupon shall cause all suche printing presses1 or other printing instruments1 to be ,defaced1 melted1 sawed in peeces1 broken1 or battered 4 4 4 and the stuffe of the same so defaced1 shall redelyver to the owners thereof againe within three monethes next after the takinge or seizinge thereof as aforesayd40#bab ,the ,company were not slow in making use of their enlarged powers1 and the refractory ,roger ,ward appears to have had considerable experience of the rigours of the new decree4 ,in ,october #aehf the wardens seized on his premises 8#c presses and divers other parcells of pryntinge stuffe10 and ordered them to be defaced and rendered unserviceable1 according to the tenor of the decree4 ,in #aeij they made a further visitation1 and discovered that 8he did kepe and conceale a presse and other pryntinge stuff in a ,taylor's house near adjoyninge to his owne1 and did hide his letters in a hen house near ,st4 ,sepulchure's ,churche1 expressely against the ,decrees of the ,star ,chamber4 ,all the whyche stuff were brought to ,stacioners ,hall0 and duly destroyed4 ,but the dauntless ,roger ,ward was not thus to be extinguished1 and scarcely six months later1 at ,hammersmith1 another press1 8with #e formes of letters of ,divers sortes and #c cases with other printing stuffe10 were impounded and rigorously defaced4 ,nor was ,ward the only victim4 ,in a ,secret ,report presented in ,september #aehi to ,lord ,burleigh respecting the authors of the famous ,marprelate ,tracts1 it is stated that the printer of the first three of these1 8all beinge printed in a ,dutch letter10 was ,robert ,waldegrave2 and 8towchinge the printinge of the two last ,lebells in a litle ,romaine and ,italian letter10 the report states--once more showing how in those days a printer was known by his types--8the letter that these be printed in is the same that did printe the ,demonstration of ,discipline aboute ,midsommer was twelve moneth 7#bd ,june1 #aehh71 which was printed by ,waldegrave neere ,kingston upon ,thames1 as is discovered4 ,when his other letters and presse were defaced about ,easter was twelve moneth #abh 7#gth ,april1 #aehh7 he saved these lettres in a boxe under his ,cloke1 and brought them to ,mistris ,cranes howse in ,london1 as is allso confessed2 and they are knowen by printers to be ,waldegrave's letters2 ,and it is the same letter that was taken with ,hodgkys4 ,these two last ,libells came abroade in ,july 7#aehi7 last4 ,now it is confessed by the ,carier that ,john ,hodgkys that is taken1 did send from a gentlemans howse in ,woltonam in ,warwikeshier unto ,warrington immediatlye after whitsontyde last 7#ah ,may #aehi71 a printinge presse1 two boxes of letter1 a barrell of nicke 7incke 871 a baskett and a brasse pott1 which were delyvered to him at ,warrington10 etc4#bac ,the ,stationers' ,company1 on the whole1 had a busy time during the few years following the ,star ,chamber decree1 in hunting up and destroying disorderly presses and the 8stuffe0 appertaining thereto4 ,the numerous monopolies and patents of which they were the appointed guardians provoked a regular secret organisation of unprivileged printers1#bad who pirated right and left1 sometimes with impunity1 sometimes at the cost of losing their whole plant and stock-in-trade by a raid of the authorities4 ,these raids must have kept the typecasters of the day well occupied1 and it is even possible that the 8stuffe0 which from time to time fell into the hands of the ,company may have included punches1 matrices and moulds1 which it would be far less easy to replace than presses1 ink and balls4 ,a printer liable to such visitations would prefer1 if possible1 to procure his type out of doors1 rather than maintain the valuable plant requisite to make it himself2 and it is probable that the outside demand thus created may have been among the causes which led to the establishment of one or two small foundries1 unconnected with any one printing office in particular1 whose business it would be to supply any purchaser with type from its matrices4 ,the ,stationers' ,company1 who from time to time supplemented the powers conferred upon them by the ,star ,chamber with regulations of their own on matters such as standing formes1 apprentices and prices1 would naturally recognise a source of danger in a new foundry starting under the circumstances described1 and were prompt to assert their authority4 ,accordingly we find the following entry in the ,index to the ,court ,books of the ,company under date #aeig3 8,,benjamin ,,sympson1 letter founder1 to enter into a #dj bond not to cast any letters or characters1 or to deliver them1 without advertising the ,master and ,wardens in writing1 with the names of the parties for whom they are intended4--#aeig40 #abi ,here we have the first historical record of letter-founding as a distinct and recognised trade4#bae ,of ,benjamin ,sympson and his types nothing is known4 ,his name does not occur in any of the lists of printers of the period1 nor does it appear that he was even a member of the ,stationers' ,company4 ,whether he was called upon at his own request to qualify as a typefounder1 or whether the resolution of the ,court was arrived at in consequence of his previous transactions with one or more of the disorderly printers1 is equally uncertain4 ,in #aeih the ,stationers' ,company made a regulation respecting the price of work1 which is also of interest1 as indicating the bodies of type at that time most commonly in use for bookwork4 ,it was as follows3 8,no new copies without pictures to be printed at more than the following rates3 those in pica ,roman and ,italic and in ,english 7i4e41 ,black letter7 with ,roman and ,italic at a penny for two sheets2 those in brevier and long primer letters at a penny for one sheet and a half40#baf ,a further regulation regarding typefounders shows that in #afbb the trade had more than one recognised representative3 8,the ,founders bound to the ,company by bond1 not to deliver any fount of new letters1 without acquainting the ,master and ,wardens--#afbb40 ,the ,act of #aehf1 despite the rigour with which1 at first at any rate1 it was enforced1 appears to have fallen into contempt1 and to have been openly #acj disregarded by the printers of the first quarter of the seventeenth century4 ,according to the account of the 8,london ,printer10 who wrote his ,lamentation in #affj1 printing and printers1 about #afcg1 were grown to such 8monstrous excess and exorbitant disorder0 as to call for the prompt and serious attention of the ,court of ,star ,chamber1 who in that same year1 because the former 8,orders and ,decrees have been found by experience to be defective in some particulars2 and divers abuses have sithence arisen and been practiced by the craft and malice of wicked and evill disposed persons10 put forward the famous ,star ,chamber ,decree of #afcg4bag ,in this decree1 the severity of which called forth from ,milton his noble protest1 the ,areopagitica1#bah letter-founding is formally recognised as a distinct industry1 and shares with printing the rigours of the new restrictions4 ,the following is the text of the clauses relating to founders3 ,,xxvii4--,item1 ,the ,court doth order and declare1 that there shall be foure ,founders of letters for printing allowed1 and no more1 and doth hereby nominate1 allow1 and admit these persons1 whose names hereafter follow1 to the number of foure1 to be letter-,founders for the time being1 7viz47 ,john ,grismand1 ,thomas ,wright1 ,arthur ,nichols1 ,alexander ,fifield4 ,and further the ,court doth ,order and ,decree1 that it shall be lawfull for the ,lord ,arch-bishop of ,canterbury1 or the ,lord ,bishop of ,london for the time being1 taking unto him or them1 six other high ,commissioners1 to supply the place or places of those who are now allowed ,founders of letters by this ,court1 as they shall fall void by death1 censure1 or otherwise4 ,provided that they exceede not the number of foure1 set down by this ,court4 ,and if any person or persons1 not being an allowed ,founder1 shall notwithstanding take upon him1 or them1 to ,found1 or cast letters for printing1 upon complaint and proofe made of such offence1 or offences1 he1 or they so offending1 shal suffer such punishment1 as this ,court1 or the high ,commission ,court respectively1 as the severall causes shall require1 shall think fit to inflict upon them4 ,,xxviii4--,item1 ,that no ,master-,founder whatsoever shall keepe above two ,apprentices at one time1 neither by ,copartnership1 binding at the ,scriveners1 nor any other way whatsoever1 neither shall it be lawfull for any ,master-,founder1 when any ,apprentice1 or ,apprentices shall run1 or be put away1 to take another ,apprentice1 or other ,apprentices in his1 or their place or places1 unless the name or names of him1 or them so gone away1 be rased out of the ,hall-booke of the ,company1 whereof the ,master-,founder is free1 and never admitted again1 upon pain of such punishment1 as by this ,court1 or the high ,commission respectively1 as the severall causes shall require1 shall be thought fit to bee imposed4 #aca ,,xxix4--,item1 ,that all ,journey-men-,founders be imployed by the ,master-,founders of the said trade1 and that idle ,journey-men be compelled to worke after the same manner1 and upon the same penalties1 as in case of the ,journey-men-,printers is before specified4#bai ,,xxx4--,item1 ,that no ,master-,founder of letters1 shall imploy any other person or persons in any worke belonging to the casting or founding of letters1 than such only as are freemen or apprentices to the trade of founding letters1 save only in the pulling off the knots of mettle hanging at the ends of the letters when they are first cast1 in which work it shall be lawfull for every ,master-,founder1 to imploy one boy only that is not1 nor hath beene bound to the trade of ,founding letters1 but not otherwise1 upon pain of being for ever disabled to use or exercise that art1 and such further punishment1 as by this ,court1 or the high ,commission ,court respectively1 as the severall causes shall require1 be thought fit to be imposed4 ,,xiv4--,item1 ,that no ,joyner1 or ,carpenter1 or other person1 shall make any printing-,presse1 no ,smith shall forge any ,iron-,worke for a printing ,presse1 and no ,founder shall cast any ,letters for any person or persons whatsoever1 neither shall any person or persons bring1 or cause to be brought in from any parts beyond the ,seas1 any ,letters ,founded or ,cast1 nor buy any such ,letters for ,printing1 ,unlesse he or they respectively shall first acquaint the said ,master and ,wardens1 or some of them1 for whom the same ,presse1 ,iron-works1 or ,letters1 are to be made1 forged1 or cast1 upon paine of such fine and punishment1 as this ,court1 or the high ,commission ,court respectively1 as the severall causes shall require1 shall thinke fit4 ,respecting the four founders thus nominated1 and their types1 we shall have occasion to speak in a following chapter4 ,continuing here our cursory review of the ,statutes which affected letter-founding1 it is necessary to remind the reader that this tremendous decree1 which for severity eclipsed all its predecessors1 was short-lived4 ,on ,november #c1 #afdj1 the ,long ,parliament assembled1 and with it the ,star ,chamber disappeared1 and its decrees became dead letters4 ,then for a season there was virtually free trade in printing1 and advantage was taken of the new condition of affairs to infringe existing rights on every hand1 the ,king's ,patent ,printers 7if we are to believe the 8,london ,printer10 above quoted7 being the chief and most unscrupulous transgressors4 ,parliament was not slow to take up the mantle dropped by the late ,star ,chamber1 and in #afdc attempted to stem 8the very grievous0 liberty of the press1 reinvesting the ,stationers' ,company with powers to search and seize all unlicensed presses and books1 and to apprehend the 8authors1 printers and other persons whatsoever employed in compiling1 printing1 stitching1 binding1 #acb publishing and dispersing the said scandalous1 unlicensed and unwarrantable papers1 books and pamphlets40 ,this ordinance1 in which once more typefounders are conspicuous by their absence1 was strengthened by a further decree in #afdg1 and two years later the ,act of ,sept4 #bj1 #afdi1 virtually reimposed the old ,star ,chamber regulations1 requiring1 among other provisions1 that printers should enter into a #cjj bond not to print seditious or scandalous matter2 also that no house or room should be let to a printer1 nor implements made1 press imported1 or letters founded1 without notice to the ,stationers' ,company4 ,the penalties attached to a breach of these orders were severe4 ,this ,act was renewed in #afeb1 but it failed to remedy the abuses it was intended to meet4 ,private presses sprung up on all hands2 the art was degraded and prostituted to all manner of base uses2 workmen as well as master printers joined in their complaints against disorders which were working their ruin4 ,the number of printers1 restricted since #aehf to twenty1 had grown to sixty2 the ,royal printers themselves were interlopers1 two of them not even being practical printers1 and all of them being political incendiaries4 ,such being the condition of affairs1 it is not surprising that in #affb the remonstrances raised on all sides should result in an ,act of ,parliament intended to dispose finally of the abuses complained of4 ,the ,act of #affb 7#ac and #ad ,charles ,,ii1 c4 #cc7 reimposes the provisions of the ,star ,chamber decree of #afcg with additional rigour4#bbj ,it enacts that no type is to be founded or cast1 or brought from abroad1 without licence from the ,stationers' ,company4 ,the number of founders is again limited to four1 and all #acc vacancies in the number are to be filled up by the ,archbishop of ,canterbury or the ,bishop of ,london4#bba ,masters of the ,stationers' ,company1 past and present1 may have three apprentices1 liverymen two1 and the commonalty only one4 ,master founders must see that their journeymen are kept at work2 and these journeymen must be all ,englishmen and freemen1 or sons of freemen4 ,founders working for the trade who offend are to be disabled from following their craft for three years1 and on a second offence to be permanently disqualified1 besides suffering punishment by fine or imprisonment1 or 8other corporal punishment not extending to life and limb40 ,this uncompromising ,act was continued from time to time1 with temporary lapses1 until #afic1bbb when1 in the tide of liberty following the ,revolution1 it disappeared4 ,despite its stern provisions1 we find from a petition entitled ,the ,case of the ,free ,workmen ,printers1 presented to the ,house about #affe1 praying for its renewal1 that the number of printing-houses had already grown to seventy1 with one hundred and fifty apprentices2 and in #afhc we have the evidence of ,moxon that the number of founders1 as well as of printers1 was grown 8very many40 ,it does not1 however1 appear that at any time during the continuance of the ,act1 that the number of founders ever exceeded four4 ,how far they complied with the regulation requiring them to account to the ,company for all type cast1 we are unable1 in the absence of any register of such accounts1 to say2 but that a register was duly kept is evident from the following important minute of the ,court in #afgd3 8,all the ,letter-founders to give timely notice to the ,master and ,wardens1 of all such quantities of letter as they shall cast for any person2 which notice shall be entered by the ,clerk in a register book to be provided for that purpose4--#afgd40 ,in #affh1 as will be seen in a subsequent chapter1 the ,company had1 in discharge of their authority1 nominated ,thomas ,goring to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury as 8an honest and sufficient man0 to be one of the four founders allowed by the ,act1 there being then a vacancy in the number4 ,and that the penal clauses were not neglected is equally evident from the resolution of the ,court in #afhe1 withholding ,godfrey ,head's dividend until he should comply with the ,act by giving an account to the ,company of what type he was casting4 #acd ,the latest minute on the ,court ,books relating to letter-founding was in #afic--the year in which the ,act expired--when the following order was made3 8,printed papers to be delivered to all ,founders1 ,press ,makers and others concerned1 requiring obedience to that ,clause in the ,act for preventing abuses in ,printing1 whereby all ,letter ,founders1 ,press ,makers1 ,joiners1 and others are commanded to acquaint the ,master or ,wardens what ,presses or ,letters they shall at any time make or cast4--#afic40 ,after #afic1 letter-founding came from under all restraint4 ,laws of copyright and patent still clung to printing1#bbc but1 except for a proposal made about #afie by one ,w4 ,mascall#bbd that every printer1 letter-founder and press-maker should enter with a statement on oath the number of his presses1 the weight of his letter and the extent of his other utensils1 we find no reference to letter-founding in the ,public ,records for upwards of a century4 ,notwithstanding this liberty1 the number of founders during the eighteenth century appears rarely to have exceeded the figure prescribed by the ,star ,chamber ,decree of #afcg1 and occasionally to have been less4 ,one more attempt was made in the closing days of the eighteenth century to control the freedom of the press by law4 ,there is something almost grotesque in the efforts made by legislators in #agii to refit1 on a full-grown and invincible press1 the worn-out shackles by which the ,stuarts had tried to curtail the growth of its childhood2 and the ,act of the #cith ,george ,,iii1 cap4 #gi1bbe in so far as it deals with printing1 will always remain one of the surprises1 as well as one of the disgraces1 of the ,statute-book4 ,among its worst provisions1 the following affect letter-founders and letter-founding3 ,sec4 #bc ordains that no one1 under penalty of #bj1 shall be allowed to possess or use a printing-press or types for printing1 without giving notice thereof to a ,clerk of the ,peace1 and obtaining from him a certificate to that effect4 ,sec4 #cc provides that any ,justice of the ,peace may issue a warrant to search any premises1 and seize and take away any press or printing-types not duly certificated4 #ace ,the following sections we give in full3 ,sec4 #be4 8,that from and after the ,expiration of ,forty ,days after the passing of this ,act1 every ,person carrying on the ,business of a ,letter ,founder or ,maker or ,seller of ,types for ,printing or of ,printing ,presses1 shall cause ,notice of his or her ,intention to carry on such ,business to be delivered to the ,clerk of the ,peace of the 4 4 4 ,place where such ,person shall propose to carry on such ,business1 or his ,deputy in the ,form prescribed in the ,schedule of this ,act annexed4#bbf ,and such ,clerk of the ,peace or his ,deputy shall1 and he is hereby authorized and required thereupon to grant a ,certificate in the ,form also prescribed in the said ,schedule1#bbg for which such ,clerk of the ,peace or his ,deputy shall receive a ,fee of ,one ,shilling and no more1 and shall file such ,notice and transmit an attested ,copy thereof to one of his ,majesty's ,principal ,secretaries of ,state2 and every ,person who shall1 after the expiration of the said ,forty ,days1 carry on such ,business1 or make or sell any ,type for ,printing1 or ,printing ,press1 without having given such ,notice1 and obtained such ,certificate1 shall forfeit and lose the ,sum of ,twenty ,pounds40 ,sec4 #bf4 8,and be it further enacted1 ,that every ,person who shall sell ,types for ,printing1 or ,printing ,presses as aforesaid1 shall keep a ,fair ,account in ,writing of all ,persons to whom such ,types or ,presses shall be sold1 and shall produce such ,accounts to any ,justice of the ,peace who shall require the same2 ,and if such ,person shall neglect to keep such ,account1 or shall refuse to produce the same to any such ,justice1 on demand in ,writing to inspect the same1 such ,person shall forfeit and lose1 for such offence1 the ,sum of ,twenty ,pounds40 ,such was the law with regard to typefounding at the time when the widows of the two ,caslons were struggling to revive their then ancient business1 when ,vincent ,figgins was building up his new foundry1 and ,edmund ,fry1 ,caslon ,,iii and ,wilson were busily occupied in cutting their modern ,romans to suit the new fashion4 ,and such the law remained nominally until the year #ahfi1bbh #acf just upon four centuries after the introduction of the ,art into this country4 ,it is probable that1 during the first few disturbed years of its existence1 the ,act may have been enforced1 that certificates may have been registered1 and accounts dutifully furnished4#bbi ,but its provisions appear very soon to have fallen into contempt1 and certainly1 as far as we can ascertain1 failed to trouble the peace of any ,british letter-founder4 99 99 99 99 99 ,such is a hasty and very cursory review of the various laws which from time to time have taken letter-founding under control4 ,whether they succeeded in placing any real check on the progress of the art1 it is difficult to determine4 ,but it is certain that the heaviest restrictive measures have generally been accompanied not only by the most grievous abuses in the spirit of the press1 but by distinct degeneration in the quality of the typographical work executed4 ,a privileged printer1 sure of his monopoly and safe from competition1 would have little or no inducement to execute his work at more cost or pains than was necessary4 ,old type would do as well as new1 and bad type would do as well as good4 ,free trade and open competition were the great evils to be dreaded1 because free trade and open competition would demand the best paper1 and type and workmanship4 ,the typography of the entire ,stuart period is a disgrace to ,english art4 ,fine printing was an art unknown2 and only a few works like ,walton's ,polyglot1 which were produced in an atmosphere untainted by mercenary considerations1 stand out to redeem the period from unqualified reproach4 ,on the other hand1 the removal of the restrictions was the signal for a revival which may be traced in almost every printed work of the early eighteenth century4 ,in the absence of any great ,english founder1 the best ,dutch types came freely into the ,english market4 ,books came to be legible1 paper became white1 ink black1 and press-work respectable4 ,caslon came in on the tide of the revival1 as also did ,bowyer1 ,watts1 ,bettenham1 and artists of their rank2 and the emancipated press1 among them1 made up the leeway of a wasted century1 and1 no longer in the grip of faction1 but the free servant of the great and wise of the land1 raised for itself monuments which will remain a lasting glory not only to ,english scholarship and ,english eloquence1 but also to ,english typography1 for which liberty has been1 and always will be1 the surest road to achievement4 #acg ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,illustration ,,the ,,oxford ,,university ,,foundry4 ,printing was practised at ,oxford within a year of the introduction of the art into ,england4 ,setting aside the legend of ,corsellis and the 8#adfh0 ,exposicio ,simboli1 we find that a printer1 presumably ,theodoric ,rood1 from ,cologne1 was settled here in #adgh1 and issued three works anonymously from his press during that and the following year4 ,between #adhj and #adhc1 ,rood printed eight works bearing his own name1 and in #adhe and #adhf1 in partnership with an ,englishman named ,thomas ,hunte1 he produced six more4 ,whether the first ,oxford printer made his own type or procured it from abroad1 we have no information1 but the distinctly ,cologne character of the two earliest founts favours the supposition that1 like ,caxton1 he brought at any rate his first types with him from the ,continent4 ,the vague reference which ,rood and ,hunte make to their labours at the end of the ,phalaridis ,epistol in #adhe1bcj does not throw much light on the question1 although the boast of an independent discovery of the art of printing there recorded may possibly mean that towards the close of their career they had arrived at a knowledge of the mystery of making their own types4 ,without attempting a detailed examination of the seventeen works of the #ach first ,oxford printers1 we observe that during the eight years in which they practised their art1 they made use of seven different kinds of type1 which arrange themselves chronologically as follows#bca 3 ,,known ,,date4 ,,title4 ,,type4 ,,group4 8#adfh0;,exposicio ,symboli a ,group ,i1 8#adfh0-adgi4 #adgi ,aristotelis ,ethica a 7,no printer's name47 #adgi gidius de peccato originali a 444 ,cicero pro ,milone b 444 ,latin ,grammar in ,english b ,group ,,ii1 #adha-hb4 #adha ,alexander de ,ales4 ,expositio 7,theodoric ,rood47 de ,anim4 ,two ,editions b1c #adhb ,lattebury4 ,morales4 ,two editions b1c 444 ,hampole4 ,explanationes d1e 444 ,swyneshed4 ,insolubilia d1e 444 ,anwykyll4 ,compendium4 #ast editionde8f 444 ,anwykyll4 ,compendium4 #bnd edition d1f ,group ,,iii1 #adhc-hf4 444 ,lyndewode4 ,constitutiones c1d1e1f 7,rood and ,hunte47 #adhe ,phalaridis ,epistol c1f #adhf ,liber ,festivalis f1g 444 ,textus ,alexandri d1f1g ,misprint for #adgh4 ,it will be noticed from the above list that type a was used solely by the first anonymous ,oxford printer1 and disappeared entirely as soon as ,rood began to print in his own name4 ,the letter is a ,black of similar character1 as ,mr4 ,bradshaw points out1 to that used by ,zell and ,guldenschaft at ,cologne1 and was probably brought thence to this country4 ,the body corresponds closely to the present 8,english40 ,one peculiarity about type a is that in the mis-dated ,exposicio ,simboli the capital 99,q is always printed sideways 799,q71 whereas in the two following books it appears correctly4 ,during the two years that ,rood printed under his own name alone1 he made use of a compressed ,black-letter of ,english body1 type b1 with which1 in the ,ales and ,lattebury1 he combined a larger ,black1 type c1 on ,double ,english body for chapter-headings or initials4 ,type b disappeared entirely at the close of ,rood's solitary labours4 ,type c1 however1 was preserved2 we find it used in single letters1 or very sparsely in two later works4 ,illustration3 #bg4 ,colophon of ,lyndewode's ,constitutiones4 ,oxford1 #adhb 7874 ,showing the types c1 d1 e1 f4 ,rood and ,hunte inaugurated their partnership by the introduction of two #aci new founts of ,black-letter1 types d and e1 or rather one fount having one size of capitals1 and a small and large size of 8lower-case10 all cast on the same body1 about a ,pica1 and capable of being used interchangeably4 ,subsequently they used another double fount1 types f and g1 cast in the same manner1 f being the small1 and g the large 8lower-case10 with one size of capitals for both1 all cast on a body closely corresponding to ,great ,primer4 ,the character of this letter is decidedly ,caxtonian1 and suggests the possibility that at this stage of their labours the printers may have learned the art of making their own type4 ,type f had been in use for some time in combination with c1 d and e1 before type g appeared4 ,the accompanying facsimile from the ,lyndewode shows types c1 d1 e and f4 ,we thus find that the seven early ,oxford types reduce themselves to four principal founts1 and one fount of initial letter1 of which the following table will briefly sum up the typographical details 3 ,,type4 ,,character4 ,,approximate ,,notes4 ,,body4 a ,cologne ,black ,english ,used with no other type4 b ,narrow ,dutch ,black ,english ,used alone or with c for headlines4 c ,heading and ,initial ,black #b-line ,used chiefly with b1 ,english also with d1 e1 f4 d ,small lower-case ,dutch ,with ,pica ,used chiefly with e1 ,black one also with f and g4 set e ,large lower-case ,dutch of ,pica ,used chiefly with d1 ,black ,capitals4 also with f4 f ,small lower-case ,caxtonian ,with ,great ,primer4,used chiefly with g1 ,black one also with d and e4 set g ,large lower-case ,caxtonian of ,great ,primer4,used chiefly with f1 ,black ,capitals4 also with d4 ,the first ,oxford press disappeared altogether in #adhf1 between which date and #aeag no work is known to have issued4 ,in #aeag ,john ,scolar1 another ,german1 printed a few small works very neatly in ,english and ,brevier black-letter1 with a ,great ,primer for titles1 and made use of the ,university arms for the first time1 either on his titles or last pages4 ,scolar's press1 in turn1 came to an abrupt standstill in #aeai1 after which1 in common with the other provincial presses of the country1 printing at ,oxford remained dormant for upwards of half a century4#bcb ,it was not till the year #aehe that the art was actively resumed4 ,in that #adj year the ,earl of ,leicester presented a press1 and the ,university made a grant of #ajj4 ,the ,star ,chamber ,decree of the following year formally allowed 7with rigid restrictions7 the establishment of the new press1 and under ,joseph ,barnes1 the first ,university printer1 it rapidly rose to prominence4 ,it appears from the outset to have been well provided with types1 many of them of a beautiful cut1 particularly those of the ,greek character4 ,the ,chrysostomi ,homili1 printed by ,barnes in #aehf1 and the ,herodotus of #aeia1 were both noticeable for the excellence of their letter4 ,the former is said to be the first ,greek book printed at the ,university4 ,the reputation of the ,university for its ,greek types was enhanced some years afterwards by the acquisition of the letter in which the magnificent edition of ,st4 ,chrysostom#bcc had been printed at ,eton by ,john ,norton in #afaj-ac1 at the charge and under the direction of ,sir ,henry ,savile4#bcd ,this work1 one of the most splendid examples of ,greek printing in this country1 is said to have cost its author #h1jjj4 ,respecting the origin of the types1 ,bagford says1 in one of his ,,mss43 8,sir ,henry ,savile1 meditating an edition of ,st4 ,chrysostom1 prepared a fount of curious ,greek letters1 which in those days were called the ,silver letter1 not being cast of silver1 but for the beauty of the letter so called40 ,beloe1#bce on the other hand1 considers that the types were procured from abroad4 8,they certainly resemble10 he says1 8those of ,stephens1 and the other ,paris printers1 as well as those of the ,wechels at ,frankfort1 at a subsequent period4 ,from the ,wechels indeed they are said by some to have been procured1 but this fact ,i have not been able to ascertain4 ,it appears beyond a doubt1 from a passage in one of the ,epistles of ,isaac ,casaubon1 that they were cast abroad40#bcf ,the fine execution of this work obtained for ,norton the distinction accorded to ,robert ,estienne of ,paris by ,francis ,i1 of 8,regius in ,grcis ,typographus40 ,scarcely less high an honour had been paid to this printer in #aeid1 when we are told ,paul ,estienne 7son of ,henri ,estienne ,,ii7 visiting ,england1 and appreciating his merit1 permitted him to make use of the device of the ,estiennes4#bcg ,illustration3 #bh4 ,greek fount of the ,eton ,chrysostom1 #afac4 ,illustration3 #bi4 ,from the ,catena on ,job4 #afcg4 ,at what date these famous ,greek types came into the possession of the #ada ,oxford ,university ,press it is impossible to determine4 ,it was probably not till after some years of rough usage following ,sir ,henry ,savile's death2 as ,evelyn1#bch in one of his letters1 after lamenting the loss of ,sir ,simon ,fanshaw's medals1 says that 8they were after his decease thrown about the house for children to play at counter with1 as were those elegant types of ,sir ,henry ,savill's at ,eton1 which that learned knight procured with great cost for his edition of ,st4 ,chrysostom40 ,the types1 of which we give a specimen 7,no4 #bh71 were of a ,great ,primer body1 very elegantly and regularly cut1 with the usual numerous ligatures and abbreviations which characterised the ,greek typography of that period4 ,during the early part of the seventeenth century the ,oxford ,greek types do not appear to have been extensively used2 and in #afcb we find it recorded that ,lord ,pembroke1 the then ,chancellor of the ,university of ,cambridge1#bci applied for and obtained the loan of one of these founts for the purpose of printing the ,greek ,testament1#bdj which was issued in that year by ,buck1 the ,university printer1 and which1 says ,beloe1#bda 8has ever #adb been admired for the perspicuity of its types as well as for the accuracy of its typography40 ,the reason urged for this loan was1 that the ,oxford press made no use of the ,greek type itself4 ,this reproach was1 however1 shortly afterwards removed by the bounty and interest of ,archbishop ,laud1 whose generous encouragement of printing at ,oxford must always entitle him to an honourable mention in any record of the history of the art4 ,laud1 at that time ,bishop of ,london1 was appointed ,chancellor of the ,university in #afcj1 and in the same year projected1 among other acts of bounty1 two important measures for the advancement of printing at that ,academy4 ,these were3 8,to procure a large ,charter for ,oxford1 to confirm their ,ancient ,privileges1 and obtain new for them1 as large as those of ,cambridge1 which they had got since ,henry the #hth and ,oxford had not4 8,to set up a ,greek press in ,london and ,oxford1 for printing the ,library-,manuscripts1 and to get both ,letters and ,matrices40#bdb ,the former of these projects was carried out in #afcb1 when ,charles ,i granted a charter to ,oxford1 giving her equal privileges with the sister ,university1 authorising her to employ three printers1 and securing to her a right for a certain term over all books issued4 ,in forwarding this charter to the ,university1 ,laud mentioned by name two of the printers--,king and ,motteshead1 but urged ,convocation as yet to nominate no one as the third1 in order1 he said1 8that you may get an able man1 if it be possible1 for the printing of ,greek when you shall be ready for it40#bdc ,this is clearly an allusion to the ,bishop's other project1 which1 however1 was only partially fulfilled during his lifetime4 ,a ,greek press was established in ,london in #afcb1 under peculiar circumstances1 which1 though not strictly bearing upon the history of letter-founding at ,oxford1 we may here refer to as an interesting episode in the history of ,english printing4 ,robert ,barker and ,martin ,lucas1 the ,king's printers in ,london1 were arraigned before the ,high ,commission ,court for a scandalous error in a ,bible#bdd printed by them in #afca1 whereby the seventh commandment was made to read1 8,thou shalt commit adultery40 ,for this grave offence1 the impression 7which numbered #a1jjj copies and was full of typographical errors7 was called in1 and #adc the printers were ordered to pay a fine of #cjj4bde ,this sum of money ,laud received the royal authority to expend in the purchase of ,greek types1 according to the terms of the following letter addressed to him by the ,king1 dated ,january #ac1 #afcc3 8,most reverend father in ,god1 right trusty and right entirely beloved counsellor1 we greet you well4 ,whereas our servant1 ,patrick ,young1 keeper of our library1 hath lately with great industry and care published in print an epistle of ,clemens ,romanus#bdf in ,greek and ,latin1 which was never printed before1 and has done this to the benefit of the church1 and our great honour1 the manuscript1 by which he printed it1 being in our library2 and whereas we further understand that the right reverend father in ,god1 ,augustin1#bdg now ,bishop of ,peterborough1 and our said servant ,patrick ,young1 are resolved for to make ready for the press one or more ,greek copies every year1 by such manuscripts as are either in our library or in the libraries of our universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge1 or elsewhere1 if there were ,greek presses1 matrices1 and mony ready for the work which pains of theirs will tend to the great honour of our self1 this church1 and nation2 we have thought good to give them all possible encouragement herein1 and do therefore first require you1 that the fine lately imposed by our high commissioners upon ,robert ,barker and ,martin ,lucas for base and corrupt printing of the ,bible1 being the sum of three hundred pounds1 be converted to the present buying of such and so many ,greek letters and matrices1 as shall be by you thought fit for this great and honourable work4 ,and our further will and pleasure is that the said ,robert ,barker and ,martin ,lucas1 our patentees for printing1 which either now are1 or shall hereafter succeed them1 being great gainers by that patent1 which they hold under us1 shall at their own proper costs and charges of ink1 paper1 and workmanship1 print1 or cause to be printed in ,greek1 or ,greek and ,latin1 one such volume in a year1 be it bigger or less1 as the right reverend father aforesaid1 or our servant ,patrick ,young or any other of our learned subjects shall provide and make ready for the press1 and shall print such a number of each copy1 as yourself1 or your successors for the time being1 shall think fit2 and all this they shall perform1 whether the said copy or copies be to be printed in ,london1 ,oxford1 or ,cambridge1 which shall be left free to their judgments and desire1 whose pains prepare the copy or copies for the press4 ,and last of all1 our further will and pleasure is1 that the aforesaid patentees do without any delay procure such1 and so many matrices and letters1 as aforesaid1 that no hindrance be put upon the work1 and that they be at the charge of printing in the mean time with such letters1 as are already in the kingdom4 ,of all which or any other necessary circumstances for the furtherance of this work1 we shall not fail to call for a strict account from you2 and therefore do look that you call for as strict a one from them3 provided always1 that it shall be1 and remain in your power to mitigate their fine aforesaid1 according as you shall see their diligence and care for the advancing of this work40#bdh ,this letter ,laud forwarded to the printers1 who in reply1 8accounted it so #add great a happiness0 to receive the royal commands in the matter1 and stated that they were already labouring 8to find out the best fount and matrices1 and to purchase the same at what cost soever40#bdi ,the new ,greek press1 thus furnished1 was in due time settled in ,london1 at the ,king's ,printing ,house in ,blackfriars1 and from its types was printed1 in #afcg1 ,patrick ,young's ,catena on ,job1#bej 8in as curious a letter10 says ,bagford1 8as any book extant40 ,in this interesting work1 from which we here give a facsimile1 two ,greek founts are used1 the larger being a handsome ,double ,pica1#bea not dissimilar to that in which ,estienne's great folio ,greek ,testament was printed in ,paris4 ,the smaller fount1 a ,great ,primer1 bears so close a resemblance to the fount used in the ,eton ,chrysostom1 that it is probable it may have been cast abroad from the same matrices4 ,the ,double ,pica ,roman and ,italic used in the work are the same as those employed by ,day in the preface to the lfredi in #aegd2 the matrices having apparently been secured by the ,archbishop for the use of the ,royal press4 ,although ,laud's project for the establishment of a ,greek press at ,oxford1 similar to that in ,london1 was not fully realised1 his efforts on behalf of the ,university and its press continued unabated4 ,in #afce he presented his fine collection of ,oriental ,manuscripts1 and established a ,chair of ,arabic1 which greatly encouraged and promoted the study and printing of works in that and other ,eastern languages4 ,this favour he followed up with a gift of ,oriental types1 which is alluded to in a letter from ,john ,greaves to ,dr4 ,peter ,turner1 dated #afcg4beb ,greaves approves of the bargain formed by the proctor's brother1 ,mr4 ,browne1 for the purchase at ,leyden#bec of some printing types1 of probably an #ade ,eastern language4 ,the only danger is that some are wanting4 ,mr4 ,bedwell1 when he bought ,raphelengius's ,arabic press1 found some characters defective1 which he was never able to get supplied4 ,the writer hopes that1 8now that ,archbishop ,laud has taken such care for furnishing the ,university with all sorts of types1 and procuring so many choice ,,mss4 of the ,oriental languages1 that some will endeavour to make true use of his noble intentions1 and publish some of those incomparable pieces of the ,east1 not inferior to the best of the ,greeks or ,latins40#bed ,in a letter addressed ,may #e1 #afcg1 to the ,vice-,chancellor1 the ,archbishop himself refers to these recent acquisitions in the following terms3 8,you are now upon a very good way towards the setting up of a learned press2 and ,i like your proposal well to keep your matrices and your letters you have gotten1 safe1 and in the mean time to provide all other necessaries1 that so you may be ready for that work40#bee ,one of the last recorded services of ,laud to the ,oxford press was the recovery1 in #afci1 of the ,savile ,greek ,types1 which had been clandestinely abstracted by ,turner1 the ,university printer4 ,his letter on the subject is characteristic of the fatherly care which he exercised over the interests of the ,oxford ,press3 8,i am informed10 he says1 8that under pretence of printing a ,greek ,chronologer 4 4 4 ,turner1 the printer 4 4 4 got into his hands all ,sir ,h4 ,savil's ,greek letters amounting to a great number1 some of them scarce worn4 ,it was in ,dr4 ,pink's time4 ,i pray speak with the ,dr4 about it and call ,turner to an account before the heads what's become of them4 ,i doubt ,turner's poverty and knavery together hath made avoidance of them40 ,oct4 #ah1 #afci4 8,feb #acth4 ,turner brought back the ,greek letters1 and delivered them by weight as he received them3 there were not any wanting4 ,he came very unwillingly to it40#bef ,this celebrated ,greek fount does not appear to have been much used after this1 and no trace of it now remains at the ,university press4#beg ,unfortunately for the cause of learning at ,oxford1 as elsewhere1 the political troubles of the following years abruptly terminated ,laud's services in that #adf direction1 and suspended for a time all further progress in the development of the press4#beh ,a revival took place during the ,commonwealth1 on the appointment1 in #afeh1 of ,dr4 ,samuel ,clarke1 the learned ,orientalist 7who a short time previously had assisted in the correction of ,walton's ,polyglot71 as ,archi-,typographus4 ,this responsible functionary was 8a person10 so the ,university ,statute ordained1 8set over the printers1 who shall be well skilled in the ,greek and ,latin tongues1 and in philological studies1 4 4 whose office is to supervise and look after the business of ,printing1 and to provide at the ,university expence1 all paper1 presses1 types1 etc41 to prescribe the module of the letter1 the quality of the paper1 and the size of the margins1 when any book is printed at the cost of the ,university1 and also to correct the errors of the press40#bei ,this office was1 by the same ,statute1 annexed to that of superior law bedel1 as having less business than the rest4 ,after the ,restoration1 printing at ,oxford made still greater advances1 chiefly through the instrumentality and munificence of ,dr4 ,john ,fell4 ,this eminent scholar and theologian was born in the year #afbe4 ,he entered as a student of ,christ ,church at the age of eleven1 and in #afdc bore arms in the civil wars for the king in the garrison of ,oxford4 ,at the ,restoration he received ecclesiastical promotion1 and in #afff became ,vice-,chancellor of the ,university4#bfj ,in this capacity he exerted himself strenuously to continue the work begun by ,laud for the advancement of learning and encouragement of printing at the ,university2#bfa and about #affg presented a complete typefoundry1 consisting of the punches and matrices of twenty founts of ,roman1 ,italic1 ,orientals1 ,saxons1 ,black and other letter1 besides moulds and all the apparatus and utensils necessary for a complete printing office4 ,illustration3 #cd1 #ce1 ,hebrew42 #cf1 ,coptic42 #cg1 ,arabic42 #ch1 ,syriac4 #cd to #ch4 ,oriental ,founts presented to the ,oxford ,press by ,dr4 ,fell in #affg4 7,from the original matrices47 ,the extent of this noble gift1 the importance of which can only be estimated #adh by recalling the low condition of letter-founding in ,england at the time1 will best appear by the following ,inventory1 published by the ,university in #afie3 ,an ,account of the ,matrices1 ,puncheons1 etc41 given by ,bishop ,fell to the ,university of ,oxford#bfb3 #cd ,,boxes ,,of ,,matrices4 #a4 ,great ,primer ,roman #aba #b4 ,double ,pica ,roman #abc #c4 ,pica ,greek #eac #d4 ,augustin ,greek #cec #e4 ,long ,primer ,greek #ced #f4 ,great ,primer ,greek #def #g4 ,long ,primer ,italic #aba #h4 ,small ,pica ,italic #adb #i4 ,long ,primer ,roman #aee #aj4 ,pica ,roman #aef #aa4 ,brevier ,roman #aef #ab4 ,great ,brass ,roman ,caps4 #dj #ac4 ,augustin ,roman #adb #ad4 ,english ,black #gc #ae4 ,small ,pica ,roman #adb #af4 ,coptick #ace #ag4 ,augustin ,italic #aad #ah4 ,pica ,italic #acj #ai4 ,nonpareil ,italic #aba #bj4 ,nonpareil ,roman #acd #ba4 ,paragon ,greek #bb4 ,paragon ,greek #dde #bc4 ,syriac #aba #bd4 ,double ,pica ,italic #hg #be4 ,great ,canon #bjd #bf4 ,brevier ,italic #acd #bg4 ,music #gj #bh4 ,pica ,roman and ,italic1 bought by the ,university1 an4 #afib4 ,roman1 #ic2 ,italic1 #gh2 ,small ,caps41 not justified1 #bg2 in all #aih #bh4 ,great ,primer ,italic #hg #bi4 ,astronomical ,signs1 ,pica #be #bi4 ,samaritan1 ,english #cj #bi4 ,mathematical ,marks #ba #bi4 ,cancelled ,figures1 ,pica #aj #bi4 ,brasses1 ,long ,primer #af #bi4 ,mathematical ,marks1 ,small ,pica #aj #cj4 ,hebrew1 ,great and ,small #bib #ca4 ,hebrew1 ,great and ,small #bed #ca4 ,armenian #g #cb4 ,arabic1 ,syriac1 and ,hebrew #bbh #cb4 ,arabic ,figures #aj #cc4 ,sclavonian1 ,great ,primer #aaj ,a paper of ,flower ,matrices4 ,a paper of ,great ,primer ,roman and ,italic1 cut by ,mr4 ,nichols--not good4 ,new ,music ,puncheons and ,matrices1 cut by ,peter ,walpergen4 ,,puncheons ,,sealed ,,up ,,in ,,an ,,earthen ,,pot4 ,for the ,double ,pica ,roman and ,italic1 and some for the ,double ,pica ,greek4 ,for the ,great ,brass ,roman ,capitals4 ,for the ,black1 ,english4 ,for the ,coptick4 ,for the ,syriack4 ,for the ,samaritan4 ,for the ,cannon ,roman and ,italic4 ,for the ,astronomical ,signs and ,figures4 ,for the ,pica ,roman and ,italic4 ,for the ,sclavonian also there were #aji punches4 ,,utensils ,,for ,,printing4 #a small anvil4 #d hammers4 #bh moulds4 #a engine to make brass rules with a plane4 #a wyer sieve4 #ccb dressing sticks4 #adi #b great vices4 #b hand vices4 #ba great files4 #a pair of sheers4 #b iron pots4 #d dressing planes4 #c dressing blocks4 #c plyers4 #b rubbing stones4 #a grinding stone4 #bf copper borders4 #cb copper letters4 #g printing presses1 with all things belonging to them4 #b rolling presses1 with all things necessary to them4 #acb upper and lower cases4 #e pair of capital cases4 #e pair of fund cases4 #ac pair of ,greek cases4 #ej chases4 ,dr4 ,fell supplemented this gift by a further signal service1 which is thus recorded by ,bagford3 8,the good ,bishop provided from ,holland the choicest ,puncheons1#bfc ,matrices1 etc41 with all manner of ,types that could be had1 as also a ,letter ,founder1 a ,dutchman by ,birth1 who had ,served the ,states in the same quality at ,batavia1 in the ,east ,indies4 ,he was an excellent workman1 and succeeded by his son1 who has been since succeeded by ,mr4 ,andrews40#bfd ,the ,dutchman here spoken of was ,walpergen1 who1 as will be seen later on1 preceded ,sylvester ,andrews as typefounder in ,oxford4 ,fell was a zealous defender of the privileges enjoyed by his ,university1 and in #afgi drew up a report setting forth its claims in the matter of printing4#bfe ,in this report he mentions that1 in the year #afgb1 several members of the ,university1 himself included1 taking into consideration the 8low estate of the manufacture of printing0 in the kingdom1 and particularly in the ,university1 8took upon themselves the charges of the press in the said ,university1 and at the expence of above four thousand pounds furnisht from ,germany1 ,france and ,holland1 an ,imprimery1 with all the necessaries thereof1 and pursued the undertaking so vigorously1 as in the short compass of time which hath since intervened1 to have printed many considerable books in ,hebrew1 ,greek and ,latin1 as well as in ,english2 both for their matter and elegance of paper and letter1 very satisfactory to the learned abroad and at home40 ,it is probable that the transaction here recorded constituted a portion of what became known as ,dr4 ,fell's gift to the ,university2 a series of benefactions which doubtless extended over several years--from #affg to #afgb--;and included1 when complete1 the whole of the types and implements named in the above ,inventory4 ,mores1 who is responsible for the date1 #affg1 leads us to suppose #aej that the gift was completed in that year2 but he gives no authority2 and the absence of any second inventory of the acquisitions made in #afgb1 points strongly to the conclusion that the two transactions were part of the same gift4 ,in #afge ,dr4 ,fell was created ,bishop of ,oxford1 and continued his active services to the cause of learning until the time of his death in #afhf1 having1 as ,anthony ,wood remarks1 8advanced the learned press1 and improved the manufacture of printing in ,oxford in such manner as it had been designed before by that public spirited person1 ,dr4 ,laud1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury40#bff ,in #afgg the ,university press was further enriched by another important gift of type and matrices1 presented by ,mr4 ,francis ,junius4 ,this learned scholar1 whom ,rowe ,mores styles the restorer--if not more than the restorer--of the knowledge of the ,septentrional languages in ,england1 was a ,german1 the son of ,francis ,junius1 the theologist1 of ,heidelberg4 ,he resided for some time in ,england as librarian to the ,earl of ,arundel1 during which time he zealously prosecuted his philological studies4 ,in #afed1 being then at ,amsterdam1 he furnished himself with a set of ,saxon punches and matrices1 respecting which he wrote as follows to ,selden in that year#bfg38;,in the meanwhile have ,i here ,anglo-,saxonic types 7,i know not whether you call them puncheons7 a cutting1 and ,i hope they will be matriculated and cast within the space of seven or eight weeks at the furthest4 ,as soon as they come ,i will send you some little specimen of them to the end ,i might know how they will be liked in ,england40 ,in addition to this ,saxon1 ,junius also obtained founts of ,gothic1 ,runic1 ,danish1 ,icelandic1 ,greek1 ,roman1 ,italic1 and a pretty ,black1 all cast on ,pica body4 ,these he brought over with him to this country4 ,of the ,gothic1 ,runic1 ,saxon1 and ,greek he certainly brought punches and matrices as well as types1 as these are to this day preserved at ,oxford1 and there is reason to suppose all his founts were similarly complete4#bfh ,junius1 who had spent much time in his younger years at ,oxford for the #aea sake of study1 libraries1 and conversation1 and had visited it frequently since1 retired there at last in #afgf1 and executed a deed of gift whereby he presented his books in the ,northern language and his punches and matrices to the ,university1 the latter consisting of the following founts3 ,pica ,runic4 ,pica ,gothic4 ,pica ,anglo-,saxon4 ,pica ,icelandic4 ,pica ,danish4 ,pica ,black4 ,pica ,greek4 ,pica ,roman4 ,pica ,italic4 ,english ,swedish4 ,junius died the following year at ,windsor1 at the great age of ninety4 ,a quaint tribute to his memory exists in a note from ,dr4 7afterwards ,bishop7 ,nicolson1 who1 writing to ,thwaites in ,may #afig1 says1 8,my acquaintance with that worthy personage was very short1 and in his last days1 when he was near ninety 4 4 4 4 alas6 ,i can remember little more of him than that he was very kind and communicative1 very good1 and very old40#bfi ,the custodians of his valuable gift scarcely appear at first to have been impressed with an adequate sense of their responsibility1 for we find that the ,junian punches and matrices disappeared shortly after their presentation1 and remained lost for a considerable period1 when they were discovered by chance under the circumstances thus humorously narrated in a letter from ,dr4 7afterwards ,bishop7 ,tanner1 dated ,all ,souls ,college1 ,aug4 #aj1 #afig1 and addressed to ,dr4 ,charlett3 8,mr4 ,thwaites and ,john ,hall took the courage last week to go to ,dr4 ,hyde about ,junius' matrices and punchions which he gave with his books to the ,university4 ,these1 nobody knew where they were1 till ,mr4 ,wanley discovered some of them in a hole in ,dr4 ,hyde's study4 ,but1 upon ,mr4 ,hall's asking1 ,dr4 ,hyde knew nothing of them2 but at last told him he thought he had some punchions about his study1 but did not know how they come there2 and presently produces a small box-full1 and taking out one1 he pores upon it1 and at last wisely tells them that these could not be what they looked after1 for they were ,ethiopic#bgj3 but ,mr4 ,thwaites desiring a sight of them1 found that which he looked on to be ,gothic and ,runic punchions1 which they took away with them1 and a whole oyster-barrel full of old ,greek letter1 which they discovered in another hole40#bga #aeb ,illustration3 #cb4 ,pica ,roman and ,italic presented to the ,oxford ,press by ,dr4 ,fell1 #affg4 #cc4 ,pica ,roman and ,italic bought by the ,university in #afib4 7,from the ,specimen of #afib47 #aec ,the combined gifts of ,dr4 ,fell and ,francis ,junius laid the foundation of the ,oxford ,university foundry as it now exists4 ,even before the close of the century it had been augmented by numerous small additions and purchases4 ,about the time of ,fell's gift the press received a second fount of ,coptic1 presented by ,witsen1 the ,burgomaster of ,amsterdam4#bgb ,in #afid1 ,dr4 ,charlett1 writing to ,archbishop ,tenison1 refers to the founts of ,slavonic and ,armenian types1 8very elegantly cut1 which ,m4 ,ludolfus is bringing to ,oxford from ,holland40 ,the ,university also purchased matrices of ,pica-,roman and ,italic in #afib1 besides adding to its stock some indifferent ,great ,primer matrices by ,nichols1 and music cut by the ,oxford founder1 ,walpergen4#bgc ,illustration3 #cj4 ,the ,sheldonian ,theatre4 7,from an old wood block in the ,oxford ,university ,press47 ,about the year #affi the foundry1 which1 together with the press1 had been carried on in hired premises provided by ,fell1 was transferred to the basement of the then new ,sheldonian ,theatre4#bgd ,here it was that1 in the year #afic1 appeared the earliest known 8,specimen of the several ,sorts of ,letter given to the ,university by ,dr4 ,john ,fell1 late ,lord ,bishop of ,oxford1 to which is added the ,letter given #aed by ,mr4 ,f4 ,junius40 ,a manuscript note on the title-page of the ,bodleian copy of this interesting specimen adds 8with puncheons and matrices bought of others40 ,these additions1 besides those already noted1 include an ,ethiopic 8bought of ,dr4 ,bernard10 and some supplementary ,arabic sorts and ,syriac vowels 8bought by ,dr4 ,hyde40 ,the ,specimen consists of eighteen leaves4 ,illustration3 #ci4 ,ethiopic1 purchased by the ,oxford ,press in #afib4 7,from the original matrices47 ,in #afie a fuller specimen 7of twenty-four leaves7 appeared with the same title1 and included the ,junian ,danish1 a few later acquisitions1 such as the new ,slavonic1 and a fount of spoon-shaped music cut by ,walpergen4 ,to this document was also appended the inventory of 8utensils for printing10 already given in the account of ,dr4 ,fell's gift4 ,of the estimation in which this specimen was held at the time1 the following eulogium of ,bagford may be taken as testimony4 ,he says3 8,for the satisfaction of the curious1 ,i shall give a catalogue and specimen of the letter presented by ,dr4 ,fell1 the like of which cannot be shown by any of the great printing houses in ,europe1 which may be seen by that printed in #afie1 although it may fall into the hands of foreign printers of ,holland1 ,flanders1 ,italy1 ,germany and ,france1 they must confess that they had not seen the like1 both for the great beauty and goodness of the letters40#bge ,apart from its value as a specimen of the ,oxford foundry1 considerable interest attaches to the specimen of #afie1 as being the first polyglot production in this country in which a stated portion of the ,scripture--the ,lord's ,prayer--appears in as many as forty-five different forms and nineteen different languages4 ,in this respect1 however1 it was shortly afterward eclipsed by a polyglot ,oratio ,dominica1 published in ,london in #agjj1bgf exhibiting the ,lord's ,prayer in upwards of one hundred versions4 ,this may1 to some extent1 be regarded as a specimen of the ,university press1 as the two principal sheets of the work were printed at ,oxford containing the prayer in the ,hebrew1 ,samaritan1 ,chaldee1 #aee ,syriac1 ,coptic1 ,ethiopic1 ,amharic1 ,arabic1 ,persic1 ,turkish1 ,tartaric1 ,malayan1 ,gothic1 ,runic1 ,icelandic and ,sclavonic1 of the ,university foundry4#bgg ,these constitute the most interesting part of the collection1 as the remaining versions1 requiring special characters1 are produced chiefly in copperplate4#bgh ,rowe ,mores points with some pride to this specimen as showing how far superior we were at that time to our neighbours abroad in the variety of our metal types4#bgi ,specimens of ,dr4 ,fell's and ,junius' gifts1 and an account of the foundry with its recent acquisitions1 were frequently printed in the early part of the eighteenth century4 ,rowe ,mores mentions four between #afie and #agjf4 ,in the latter year the document had grown to twenty-five leaves1 and included a ,great ,primer and a two-line ,great ,primer1 purchased in #agja1 and other additions4 ,the inventory mentions twenty-eight moulds as being the number still in use in the foundry1 and seven presses in the printing-house4 ,it also distinguishes certain types as being of the ,dutch height1 a discrepancy to which1 in all probability1 may be traced that unfortunate anomaly of 8,bible height0 and 8,classical height10 which to this day hampers the operations of a foundry where1 in perpetuation of a blunder made two centuries ago1 types are still cast to two different heights1 agreeing neither with one another nor with any ,british standard4#bhj ,a later specimen1 without date1 was issued in broadside form1 in which the old title gave place to the more simple one of ,a ,specimen of the several ,sorts of ,letters in the ,university ,printing ,house1 ,oxford4 ,in this specimen1 while including all the recent acquisitions1 several of the older and less sightly founts comprised in ,dr4 ,fell's gift are discarded4 #aef ,in the year #agab the ,university press was removed from the ,sheldonian ,theatre to occupy its new quarters in the ,clarendon ,printing ,house1 erected for its accommodation--a building considered at the time one of the finest printing-houses in the world4#bha ,illustration3 #da4 ,the ,clarendon ,press4 7,from an old wood block at the ,oxford ,university ,press47 ,the encouragement given by ,junius to the study of the ,northern languages resulted in the production of many important works in that branch of literature at the ,university press during the early years of the eighteenth century4 ,foremost among these was ,dr4 ,hickes' ,thesaurus1#bhb printed in #agjc-e1 a learned and elaborate work1 in which the types presented by ,junius are many of them displayed to advantage4 ,rowe ,mores1 for the honour of his ,university in general1 and his own college in particular1 gives a list of the famous 8,saxonists0 of ,dr4 ,hickes' time4 ,amongst these1 not the least eminent was ,miss ,elizabeth ,elstob1 who published in #agae an ,anglo-,saxon ,grammar1 printed in types1 which1 as they subsequently found their way into the ,oxford foundry1 call for a particular mention here4 ,william ,bowyer the younger had printed in #agji a work entitled ,an ,english-,saxon ,homily on the ,birth-,day of ,st4 ,gregory1 translated by the ,rev4 ,william ,elstob of ,oxford and his sister1 a young lady of great industry and #aeg learning1 whom ,mores describes as the 8indefessa comes0 of her brother's studies1 and a female student of the ,university4#bhc ,in #agab1 in the same types1 was issued a specimen of ,miss ,elstob's ,anglo-,saxon ,grammar4 ,before1 however1 this work could be completed1 ,bowyer's printing-house was destroyed by fire1 and his types1 including the ,anglo-,saxon1 perished in the flames4 ,this disastrous event was the occasion for a remarkable display of sympathy on the part of ,mr4 ,bowyer's many friends1 both in and out of the profession1 which found expression in several forms1#bhd one of the most practical of which was the offer of ,lord ,chief ,justice ,parker 7afterwards ,earl of ,macclesfield7 to be at the cost of cutting a new set of ,anglo-,saxon types for ,miss ,elstob's ,grammar4 ,the drawings for the new types were made1 at ,lord ,parker's request1 by ,humphrey ,wanley1#bhe the eminent ,saxonist1 and the cutting of the punches entrusted to ,robert ,andrews the letter-founder1 who1 however1 proved unequal to the task4 8,i did what was required10 ,mr4 ,wanley wrote1 8in the most exact and able manner that ,i could in all respects4 ,but it signified little2 for when the alphabet came into the hands of the workman 7who was but a blunderer71 he could not imitate the fine and regular stroke of the pen2 so that the letters are not only clumsy1 but unlike those that ,i drew4 ,this appears by ,mrs4 ,elstob's ,saxon ,grammar40#bhf #aeh ,poor as the letter-founder's performance was1 the ,grammar duly appeared in the new letter in #agae1bhg and the punches1 matrices and types remained in the possession of ,mr4 ,bowyer and his son1 being used occasionally in some of their subsequent works1 though not in any other of which ,miss ,elstob was the authoress4#bhh ,in #agec they were sent by ,william ,bowyer the younger1 to ,rowe ,mores1 with the following letter1 for presentation to the ,university of ,oxford3 #dth ,december1 #agec4 8,to ,,edward ,,rowe ,,mores1 ,esq41 at ,low ,leyton4 8,sir1--,i make bold to transmit to ,oxford1 through your hands1 the ,saxon punches and matrices1 which you were pleased to intimate would not be unacceptable to that learned body4 ,it would be a great satisfaction to me1 if ,i could by this means perpetuate the munificence of the noble donor1 to whom ,i am originally indebted for them1 the late ,lord ,chief ,justice ,parker1 afterwards ,earl of ,macclesfield1 who1 among the numerous benefactors which my father met with1 after his house was burned in #agab-ac1 was so good as to procure those types to be cut1 to enable him to print ,mrs4 ,elstob's ,saxon ,grammar4 ,england had not then the advantage of such an artist in letter cutting as has since arisen1#bhi and it is to be lamented1 that the execution of these is not equal to the intention of the noble donor1 and1 ,i now add1 to the place in which they are to be reposited4 ,however1 ,i esteem it a peculiar happiness1 that as my father received them from a great patron of learning1 his son consigns them to the greatest seminary of it1 and that he is1 ,sir1 your most obliged friend1 and humble ,servant1 8,w4 ,,bowyer40 ,the adventures of this epistle and the gift which accompanied it1 before reaching their destination1 are almost romantic4 ,for some reason which does not appear1 ,rowe ,mores1 on receipt of the punches and matrices1 instead of transmitting them to ,oxford1 took them to ,mr4 ,caslon's foundry to be repaired and rendered more fit for use4 ,mr4 ,caslon having kept them four or five years without touching them1 ,mr4 ,bowyer removed them from his custody1 and in #ageh entrusted them to ,mr4 ,cottrell1 from whom in the same year he received them again1 carefully 8fitted up0 and ready for use1 together with #ae lbs4 of letter cast #aei from the matrices4 ,in this condition the whole was again consigned by ,mr4 ,bowyer to ,rowe ,mores1 together with a copy of ,miss ,elstob's ,grammar1 for transmission to ,oxford4 ,on hearing1 two years later1 that his gift had never reached the ,university1 he made inquiries of ,mores1 from whom he received a reply that 8the punches and matrices were very safe at his house10 awaiting an opportunity to be forwarded to their destination4 ,this opportunity does not appear to have occurred for three years longer1 when1 in ,october1 #agfd1 the gift was finally deposited at ,oxford4 ,its formal acknowledgment was1 however1 delayed till ,august #aggh1 exactly a quarter of a century after its presentation4#bij ,the correspondence touching this transaction1 amusing as it is1 throws a curious light on ,rowe ,mores' character for exactitude1 and it is doubtful whether the publication of ,mr4 ,bowyer's first letter in the ,dissertation1#bia together with a few flattering compliments1 was an adequate atonement for the injury done to that gentleman by the unwarrantable detention of his gift4 ,nor does the title under which the gift was permitted to appear in the ,university specimen1 suppressing as it does all mention of the real donor's name1 and giving the entire honour to the dilatory go-between1 reflect any credit on the hero of the transaction4 ,the entry appears thus3 8,characteres ,anglo-,saxonici per eruditam fminam ,eliz4 ,elstob ad fidem codd4 mss4 delineati2 quorum tam instrumentis cusoriis quam matricibus ,univ4 donari curavit ,e4 ,r4 ,m4 e ,collegio ,regin41 ,a4,m4 #agec4 8,cusoria majuscula #db 7desunt 99,,at et 7 ,matrices majuscul #dd4 ,cusoria minuscula #cg 7desunt e et 7 ,matrices minuscul #ci40 ,it does not appear that these types were ever made use of at ,oxford4 ,the punches and matrices remain in the ,university press to this day4#bib ,between the ,broadside sheet following the specimen of #agjf1 and #agfh1 no specimen of the ,oxford foundry occurs4 ,there exists1 however1 in the works issuing from the ,press during that period ample testimony to its activity4 ,the proposal to print ,dr4 ,mawer's ,supplement to ,walton's ,polyglot1 with its types1 is evidence of the continued reputation of its 8learned0 founts2 while such an admirable specimen of typography as ,blackstone's ,charter of the ,forest1 printed in #agei1bic affords proof that ,oxford was not behindhand in that famous #afj revival of printing which received such impetus from the taste and genius of ,baskerville4 ,the ,delegates of the ,press had1 indeed1 so high an opinion of the talents of this famous artist1 that they employed him in #ageh to cut a fount of ,great ,primer ,greek type for a ,greek ,testament shortly to be issued4#bid ,the performance was pronounced unsuccessful1 but the ,greek types duly appeared1 together with numerous other acquisitions1 including a ,long ,primer ,syriac purchased from ,caslon1 in the ,specimen of #agfh-gj4bie ,of this specimen ,rowe ,mores 7who informs us that it was printed at the request of foreigners7 falls foul as inaccurate4 8,the materials from which this account 7i4e41 his summary of the contents of the ,foundry7 is drawn10 he says1 8are not so accurate as might have been expected from an ,archi-typographus and the ,curators of the ,sheldonian4 ,in excuse may be alleged that neither the ,archi-typographus nor the ,curators are ,letter-founders2 certainly that the matter has not been treated with that precision which in so learned a body should seem to be requisite4 ,for one instance among others1 which might be produced1 take the ,double ,pica1 ,brevier and ,nonpareil ,hebrew1 the only ,hebrew types the ,university then had4 ,they are two-line ,english1 ,english and ,long ,primer4 ,and this mistake has run through all the editions of the ,oxford specimen1 and in the last of #aggj1 the leanest and the worst of all1 appears most glaringly4 ,for this ,brevier is placed immediately under ,caslon's ,long ,primer1 a diversity sufficient one would think to show the blunder without the aid of a magnifier4 ,the ,nonpareil as it is called is omitted in this last specimen1 and so are many other sets of matrices which have been given to the ,university1 touching which enquiry should be made out of respect 7at least7 to the memory of the donors40#bif #afa ,another specimen appeared in #aghf1 in which more of the old founts are discarded in favour of more modern letters1 among which are noticeable several ,roman founts cast on a large body1 to obviate the necessity of 8leading02 including an ,english1 cast for ,mr4 ,richardson's ,dictionary4 ,almost all the 8learned0 founts presented by ,fell and ,junius are here shown1 as well as a considerable number of borders and ornamental initials4 ,in #agid a still fuller specimen appeared1 which included a ,great ,primer ,greek1 cut by ,caslon1 and several new titling letters4 ,to this specimen is appended a detailed inventory1 both of the punches and matrices at that time in the possession of the ,university1 and of the quantity of type of various kinds in stock1 with the utensils for printing4 ,the following is a summary of the foreign and 8learned0 punches and matrices included in this catalogue3 ,,punches4 ,anglo-,saxon #gi ,arabic #cc ,armenian #fe ,black1 ,english #gb ,coptic1 ,pica #aaf ,gothic #be ,greek1 ,great ,primer #aad ,greek1 ,great ,primer 7,baskerville's7 #adh ,greek1 ,double ,pica #aij ,greek1 #b-line ,english #aj ,hebrew1 with points #bj ,music #bbj ,runic #bd ,samaritan1 ,english #bh ,saxon #ba ,slavonian #ajf ,syriac1 ,english #ij ,turkish1 ,persian1 ,malayan #dg ,,matrices4 ,arabic1 ,syriac and ,hebrew #bbh ,arabic figures #aj ,anglo-,saxon #hc ,armenian #gg ,armenian #g ,armenian #g ,black1 ,english #gc ,coptic #ace ,coptic #bg ,ethiopic #bbd ,greek1 ,augustin 7or ,english7 #cea ,greek1 ,great ,primer #dic ,greek1 ,great ,primer 7,baskerville's7 #afg ,greek1 ,double ,pica 7bad7 #bci ,greek1 ,paragon 7,double ,pica7 #dcb ,greek1 ,long ,primer #ceb ,greek1 #b-line ,english #aa ,hebrew1 large and small #bcj ,hebrew1 large and small #bej ,music #bbh ,music #gj ,runic1 ,dutch1 ,saxon1 ,gothic and ,greek #hi ,samaritan #cj ,saxon1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,pica #bj ,slavonic #aaj ,syriac1 ,english #abj ,syriac1 vowels #e ,turkish1 ,persian1 ,malayan #dg ,welch #aj ,of the printing utensils1 the following items will give an idea of the extent of the press at that date3 #afb ,,cases 7,,filled ,,with ,,type74 ,common cases #bfg ,single cases and boxes #dd ,fount cases #bf ,long ,greek cases #cd ,frames #cj ,chases #abi ,letter boards #cg ,presses #e ,proof press #a ,of the presses1 one is described as 8mahogany1 set up in the year #agic10 and another as 8on the new constitution which works with a lever1 set up in #agic40 ,we have now brought our account of letter-founding at ,oxford to the close of the last century4 ,its later history is of comparatively slight interest4 ,the foundry still remains a part of the ,press1 and the reputation of the ,university for its oriental and learned founts has been maintained by numerous additions to its punches and matrices4 ,of such matters1 however1 in the absence of periodical general specimens1 it is impossible to give particulars4 ,the list of matrices given by ,hansard in #ahbe is entirely misleading1 as he merely summarises the list taken by ,mores from the ,specimen of #agfh-gj4 ,we may1 however1 observe that at the present moment1 under able management1 the foundry is in active operation1 and that the ,university ,press possesses probably the largest collection of 8,polyglot0 matrices of any foundry in the kingdom4 ,the famous gifts of ,fell and ,junius are now relegated to the relics of this venerable yet still flourishing foundry1 where1 in company with ,baskerville's ,greek1 ,walpergen's music and ,miss ,elstob's ,anglo-,saxon1 they rest from their labours1 and remain to this day the most interesting monuments our country possesses of the art and mystery of its early letter-founders4 99 99 99 99 99 ,appended is a list of the various specimens issued by the ,oxford press from #afic to #agid4 #afic4 ,a specimen of the ,several sorts of ,letter given to the ,university by ,dr4 ,john ,fell1 late ,lord ,bishop of ,oxford4 ,to which is added1 the ,letter given by ,mr4 ,f4 ,junius4 ,oxford1 printed at the ,theater1 ,a4,d4 #afic4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,bodl4 ,c41 i1 #bd1 ,art47 #afie4 ,a specimen of the ,several sorts of ,letter given to the ,university by ,dr4 ,john ,fell1 sometime ,lord ,bishop of ,oxford4 ,to which is added the ,letter given by ,mr4 ,f4 ,junius4 ,oxford1 ,printed at the ,theater1 ,a4,d4 #afie4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,bodl4 ,gough1 ,ox41 #adb2 ,b4 ,m4 ,harl4 ,,ms4 #aebi47 #agjf4 ,a specimen of the ,several sorts of ,letters given to the ,university by ,dr4 ,john ,fell1 sometime ,lord ,bishop of ,oxford4 ,to which is added the ,letter given by ,mr4 ,f4 ,junius1 ,oxford1 ,printed at the ,theater1 ,a4,d4 #agjf1 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,bodl4 ,gough1 ,ox41 #adb47 ,no date4 ,a specimen of the ,several ,sorts of ,letters in the ,university ,printing ,house4 ,oxford4 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,bodl4 ,c41 i1 #bd1 ,art47 ,no date4 ,characteres ,anglo-,saxonici per eruditam fminam ,eliz4 ,elstob ad fidem codd4 #afc mss4 delineati1 quorum tam instrumentis cusoriis quam matricibus ,univ4 donari curavit ,e4 ,r4 ,m4 e4 collegio ,regin4 ,a4,m4 #agec4 #hvo leaf4 4 4 4 4 7,w4 ,b47 #agfh-gj4 ,a specimen of the ,several sorts of ,printing ,types belonging to the ,university of ,oxford at the ,clarendon ,printing ,house1 #agfh 7together with ,new ,letters purchased in the years #agfh1 #agfi1 #aggj74 ,clarendon ,press1 ,sept4 #bi1 #aggj4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,univ4 ,pr47 #aghf4 ,a specimen of the ,several sorts of ,printing ,types belonging to the ,university of ,oxford at the ,clarendon ,printing ,house1 #aghf4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,univ4 ,pr47 #agid4 ,a specimen of the ,several ,sorts of ,printing ,types belonging to the ,university of ,oxford1 at the ,clarendon ,printing ,house1 #agid4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,w4 ,b47 ,illustration #afd ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,star ,,chamber ,,founders1 ,,and ,,the ,,london ,,polyglot4 ,prior to #afcg1 letter-founding is not specifically mentioned as a distinct industry in any of the ,public ,documents4 ,we are not on that account however1 7as we have endeavoured to point out71 to assume either that the restrictive provisions of previous enactments which regulated printing did not apply to letter-founding1 or that1 as a trade1 it had no separate existence before that date4 ,the divorce of letter-founding from printing was in all probability a long and gradual process2 and although it would be difficult to fix any precise date to the completion of that process1 we may yet infer from the fact that the ,decree of #aehf 7which includes by name almost every other branch of industry connected with printing7 makes no mention of letter-founding1 while the ,decree of #afcg particularly names it1 that between these two dates printers ceased generally to be their own letter-founders4 ,as we have elsewhere noticed1 the ,stationers' ,company as early as #aeig took cognisance of letter-founding as a distinct trade1 when it called upon ,benjamin ,sympson to enter into a bond of #dj not to cast any letters or characters1 or to deliver them1 without previous notice to the master and wardens4 ,and that there was a certain body of men known in the trade as 8founders0 owning the authority of the ,stationers' ,company in #afbb1 is evident #afe from the fact that in that year the ,court called upon 8the founders0 to give bond to the ,company not to deliver any fount of new letters without notice4 ,it would be erroneous1 therefore1 to imagine that the ,star ,chamber ,decree of #afcg in any sense created letter-founding as a distinct trade4 ,its purpose1 as in the case of printing1 was to restrict the number of those engaged in it1 which had probably grown excessive under the milder regime of the ,decree of #aehf4 ,in the curious little tract1 to which allusion has already been made1 entitled ,the ,london ,printer1 his ,lamentation1#big the author1 writing in #affj1 after highly commending the ,decree of ,elizabeth 7#bc ,june1 #aehf71 limiting the number of printers1 says that about #afcg1 notwithstanding the above ,decree1 8printing and printers were grown to monstrous excess and exorbitant riot10 and that the law was infringed at all points4 ,in this 8monstrous excess and exorbitant riot10 it is highly probable that the letter-founders of the day figured4 ,and it seems equally probable that ,john ,grismand1 ,thomas ,wright1 ,arthur ,nicholls 7or ,nichols#bih7 and ,alexander ,fifield1 who were appointed by the ,decree of #afcg as the four authorised founders1 had already been founding types for several years1 with or without the sanction of the authorities4 ,in the ,registers of the ,stationers' ,company1 the names both of ,john ,grismand and ,thomas ,wright occur as publishers of certain works1 the former in #afce1 the latter in #afch2 from which it would appear that both before and after #afcg they may have combined the trade of bookseller and printer with that of letter-founder4#bii ,and in another curious document1 preserved among the ,bagford collections1 and entitled ,the ,brotherly ,meeting of the ,masters and ,workmen ,printers1 began ,november #e1 #afba2 the first ,sermon being on ,november #e1 #afbh1 #aff and hath been continued by the ,stewards1 whose names follow in this ,catalogue to this present third of ,may #afha1cjj the names of ,thomas ,wright1 ,arthur ,nichols1 and ,alexander ,fifield all appear as having served their ,stewardship1 although unfortunately the list does not assign dates to the respective terms of service4#cja ,in the lists of the ,stationers' ,company1 however1 we find that the four founders took up their freedom in the following order3 ,john ,grisman 7sic71 ,december #b1 #afaf2 ,thomas ,wright1 ,may #g1 #afbg2 ,arthur ,nicholls1 ,december #c1 #afcb2 and ,alexander ,fifield1 ,july #bj1 #afce4cjb ,respecting ,wright and ,fifield1 after their nomination as ,star ,chamber founders history records nothing4 ,it is probable that they continued to combine the callings of printer and founder1 as ,john ,grismand certainly appears to have done1 for we find him named in a ,state ,paper in #afdi as having on the #aith ,october of that year entered into a bond of #cjj1 and given two sureties1 not to print any seditious work4#cjc ,of ,arthur ,nicholls there remains a record of a more ample and satisfactory nature1 which we are glad to lay before the reader 7as we believe7 for the first time1 being undoubtedly one of the most valuable and interesting memorials of early ,english letter-founding which we possess4 ,it appears that ,nicholls1 at the time of his nomination as ,star ,chamber founder in #afcg1 was also a candidate for the vacant place of printer at ,oxford1 at that time at the disposal of ,archbishop ,laud1 who1 as we have seen in the #afg preceding chapter1 had been reserving it for a printer well versed in the ,greek language4 ,nicholls1 being unsuccessful in this matter1 and driven by his straitened circumstances to seek some addition to his slender pittance as letter-founder thereupon made application to ,laud to be admitted as a licensed master-printer in ,london1 that so he might make use of his own type4 ,his letter and the 8,cause of ,complaint0 annexed are preserved among the ,state ,papers1#cjd and are so important that we make no apology for quoting them in extenso3 8,to the ,right ,reverend ,father in ,god1 ,,william1 ,,lord ,,archbishop ,,of ,,canterbury1 his ,grace1 ,primate and ,metropolitane of all ,england4 8,the humble peticion of ,arthur ,nicholls4 ,showeth unto your grace3 8,that the said peticioner hath spent much tyme and paines in cuttinge and foundinge of letters for divers of the printers in ,london1 and at this tyme hath greate store of letters ready cast lying upon his hands1 they refusing to take them from him att any rate4 8,besides this his imployment of founding letters is of soe small gaine that alone it will not mainteyne him and his familie but that of necessitie hee must betake himself to some other course whereby to be freed from extreame povertie1 and utterly to quitt himself of that1 unless your ,grace be pleased out of your wonted goodness to comiserate his case4 8,may it therefore please your ,grace1 since you have otherwise determined to dispose of the printers place att ,oxford1 to give him leave1 for the better encouragement of that course wherein he hath so long exercised himself1 to bee a printer here in ,london1 ,that soe he may make use of his owne letters for the elegant performance whereof hee doth promise to use his best care and industry ,and ever to pray for your ,grace's honour and happinesse40 ,the 8,cause of ,complaint0 gives a lively picture of the tribulations of letter-founders at that time3 8,the ,cause of ,complaint of ,,arthur ,,nicholls0 7endorsed 8,mr4 ,nicholls his reasons to be made printer407 8,the ,complainant being the cutter and founder of ,letters for ,printers is #c quarter of a yeares time cuttinge the ,punches and ,matrices belonginge to the castinge of one sorte of letters1 which are some #bjj of a sorte1 after which they are #f weekes a castinge1 that done some #b monthes tyme is required for triall of every sorte1 and then the ,printers pay him what they themselves list2 thus he is necessitated to lay out much money and forebeare a long tyme to little or noe benefitt4 8,likewise for the ,greeke the ,printers came unto him promisinge him the doinge of all the common worke1 which drewe him to doe #djj ,mattrices and ,punches for #hj l4 which weare truly worth #aej l43 8,further they caused him to spend #e weekes tyme in cutting the letters for the small ,bible1 it beinge finished was approved for the best in ,england1 notwithstandinge they put him off aboute it from tyme to tyme for #ae weekes till 7as they pretended7 ,mr4 ,patricke ,yonge came out of the contry4 #afh 8,all which tyme he kept his servants standinge still1 in regard whereof he refused to doe it1 except he might doe the common worke likewise1 when for feare of the displeasure of my lord his ,grace1 they came to him agayne but told him that if they should lett him have worke enough1 he would growe to ritch4 8,albeit1 of soe small benifitt hath his ,art bine1 that for #d yeares worke and practice he hath not taken above #dh l41 and had it not bine for other imploymente he might have perrisht4 8,he seeinge himself soe slightly regarded by them1 was the rather annimated to sell off the proffitablest of his worke thinking to take some other businesse in hand1 whereby to free himselfe from want1 being not able to subsist by workinge only for #b or #c4 8,notwithstandinge his longe tyme spent in that ,art1 wherein he hath brought up his sonne to bee soe expert and able that if it please ,god to call him1 the other is able exactly to performe anythinge touchinge the same4 8,wherefore he requesteth my lorde ,grace not to confine him to these miserable uncertainties1 but promiseth if he will bee pleased to grant his peticion1 he shall see more done in one yeare than was ever done in ,england for all kindes of languages which he is assured will bee for the good of the commonwealth in general and his ,graces particular content40 ,whether ,nicholls' application was successful or otherwise1 is not known4 ,in the disastrous times which immediately followed the four ,star ,chamber founders are lost sight of4 ,it is scarcely likely1 judging from the dismal account given above of the trade in times of peace1 that they were able1 any of them1 to keep a business together in times of civil war4 ,nor is there any certainty that when1 in #afdi1 the ,commonwealth re-enacted the main provisions of the ,star ,chamber ,decree1 that the four founders then appointed were the same who had been licensed in #afcg4 ,mores1 however1 leads us to suppose that they were1 and for the purpose of enumerating the ,oriental and learned matrices which about the year #afeg were in use in the country1 treats their four foundries as one4 ,there is1 however1 no reason for supposing that they worked in partnership1 or that their business was in any way connected4 ,but in one great undertaking they were associated2 and the ,london ,polyglot of #afeg has generally been regarded as the product of the types of some1 if not all1 of their number4 8,by these or some of them10 observes ,mores1 8we may suppose to have been cut the letter used in ,the ,english ,polyglott3 but as we cannot assign to any of them their particular performances we shall till we are better able to ascertain them1 call their labours by the name of the ,,polyglott ,,foundery1 which1 as nearly as that work and the ,heptaglott which accompanies it instructs us1 is described at the bottom of the page4#cje ,but it is not to be doubted1 considering the elegance and simplicity of the assortment which we see1 that the foundery #afi was as completely furnished with that which we see not1 and which1 for that reason we cannot mention40#cjf 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,london ,polyglot ranks deservedly as one of the most conspicuous landmarks of ,english typography4 ,great works had gone before it1 and greater followed4 ,but in few of these has the learning of the scholar1 the enterprise of the publisher1 the industry of the editor1 the ability of the printer1 and the skill of the letter-founder been combined to so extraordinary a degree as in the production of this magnum opus of the ,commonwealth press4 ,a brief sketch of the typographical history of this famous work may be interesting1 and not out of place here4 ,the ,london ,polyglot was the fourth great ,bible of the kind which had been given to the world4#cjg ,in #aeagcjh the ,complutensian ,polyglot had been printed at ,alcala1 at the charges of ,cardinal ,ximenes1 in six volumes1 containing the ,sacred ,text1 in ,hebrew1 ,latin1 ,greek and ,chaldean1 including an 8,apparatus0 consisting of a ,hebrew and ,chaldee ,lexicon1 etc4 ,this work will always be famous1 if for no other reason1 for the grand1 bold ,greek type in which the ,septuagint and ,new ,testament are printed4 ,in #aegb the ,antwerp ,polyglot of ,arias ,montanus was printed1 in eight magnificent volumes1 by ,christopher ,plantin4 ,it comprises the whole of the ,complutensian texts1 with the addition of the ,syriac1 and an ,apparatus containing ,lexicons and ,grammars of ,hebrew1 ,chaldee1 ,syriac and ,greek4 ,in #afde the ,paris ,polyglot1 edited by ,le ,jay and others1 was published in ten sumptuous volumes4 ,it comprises the whole of the texts of the ,antwerp ,polyglot1 with the addition of ,arabic and ,samaritan4 ,owing to the abrupt completion of this work1 no ,apparatus was included of any description4 ,this work was seventeen years in the press4 ,the ,london ,polyglot1 as we shall observe1 added to the languages used in the ,paris ,polyglot1 the ,persian and ,ethiopic1 with an ,appendix containing additional ,targums1 also a complete 8,apparatus0 and ,prolegomena1 with alphabetical tables of the various languages employed1 and others besides4 #agj ,the following table will show clearly the gradual advances made by the four great ,polyglots in respect of the versions they comprise#cji3 ,,complutum1 #aebj4 ,,antwerp1 #aegb4 ,,paris1 #afde4 ,,london1 #afeg4 #a,old ,test41 ,old ,test41 ,old ,test41 ,heb4,old ,test41 ,heb4 ,heb4 ,heb4 #b,vulgate1 ,lat4 ,vulgate1 ,lat4 ,vulgate1 ,lat4 ,vulgate1 ,lat4 #c,septuagint1 ,septuag4 ,gr4 ,septuag41 ,gr4 ,septuag41 ,gr4 ,gr4 ,lat4 ,lat4 ,lat4 ,lat4 #d,pentat41 ,old ,test41 ,old ,test41 ,old ,test41 ,chal4 ,chal4 ,lat4 ,chal4 ,lat4 ,chal4 ,lat4 ,lat4 #e,new ,test41 ,new ,test41 ,gr4,new ,test41 ,gr4 ,new ,test41 ,gr4 ,gr4 ,lat4 ,lat4 ,lat4 ,lat4 #f 44444 ,new ,test41 ,new ,test41 ,new ,test41 ,syriac ,syriac1 ,syriac1 ,heb4 ,lat4 ,heb4 ,lat4 #g 44444 44444 ,old ,test41 ,old ,test41 ,syriac ,syriac ,lat4 #h 44444 44444 ,bible1 ,arab4 ,bible1 ,arab4 ,lat4 #i 44444 44444 ,pentat41 ,samar4,pentat41 ,samar4 ,lat4 #aj 44444 44444 44444 ,pentat4 ,gospels1 ,per4 ,lat4 #aa 44444 44444 44444 ,ps41 ,cant4 ,new ,test41 ,eth4 ,lat4 #ab 44444 44444 44444 ,add4 ,targums #ac ,apparatus ,apparatus 44444 ,apparatus1 ,proleg41 etc4 ,the first announcement of the ,london ,polyglot was made in #afeb1 when ,dr4 ,walton published ,a ,brief ,description of an ,edition of the ,bible in the ,original ,hebrew1 ,samaritan1 and ,greek1 with the most ancient ,translations of the ,jewish and ,christian ,churches1 viz4 the ,sept4 ,greek1 ,chaldee1 ,syriac1 ,ethiopic1 ,arabic1 ,persian1 etc41 and the ,latin versions of them all2 a new ,apparatus1 etc4#caj #aga ,this ,description1 which set forth the various improvements in the proposed ,polyglot on its predecessors1 was accompanied by a specimen-sheet#caa containing the first twelve verses of the first chapter of ,genesis in the following order3 ,on one side1 ,hebrew with interlinear ,latin translation1 ,latin 7,vulgate71 ,greek 7,septuagint7 with ,latin1 ,chaldean paraphrase with ,latin1 ,hebrew-,samaritan1 ,samaritan4 ,on the other side1 ,syriac with ,latin1 ,arabic with ,latin1 ,latin translation of the ,samaritan1 ,persian with ,latin4 ,the imprint to this highly interesting specimen 7a copy of which is said to be in the ,library of ,sydney ,college1 ,cambridge7 was3 ,londini1 ,typis ,jacobi ,flesher2 from which it appears that ,james ,flesher was the first possessor of some of the types cast by the polyglot founders1 and subsequently used by ,roycroft in this great work4#cab ,flesher's ,specimen1 which we have unfortunately not been able to discover1 met with many critics4 ,amongst others was ,dr4 ,boate1 the ,dutch scholar 7who had already found fault with the ,hebrew character used in the ,paris ,polyglot1 which he described as 8a very scurvy one1 and such as will greatly disgrace the work071 was very disparaging to the new undertaking4 ,it was probably in deference to this critic that ,dr4 ,walton added the following ,,ms4 note to the copy of the specimen now at ,sydney ,college1 ,cambridge3 8,typos ,hebr4 et ,syr4 cum punctis meliores1 parabimus1 etc40 ,the time occupied in securing the co-operation and assistance of the learned men of the day1 in getting subscribers1#cac in arranging copy1 and finally in #agb providing the necessary types1 delayed the commencement of the undertaking till ,september #afec4 ,writing to ,usher on ,july the #ahth of that year1 ,dr4 ,walton thus notes the near completion of the preliminary arrangements3 8,i hope we shall shortly begin the work2 yet ,i doubt the founders will make us stay a week longer than we expected4 4 4 4 ,we have resolved to have a better paper than that of #aas4 a ream1 viz41 of #aes4 a ream40#cad ,towards the end of ,september #afec1 the impression of the first volume was begun at the press of ,thomas ,roycroft1 in ,bartholomew ,close1 whose name will always be honourably associated with this famous work4 ,very little is known of the actual manual labour employed in the production1 beyond the fact that two presses only were said to have been kept at work1 and that the types were supplied by more than one of the four authorised founders4 ,chevillier#cae speaks somewhat contemptuously of the typographical execution 7fabrique de l',imprimerie7 of the ,london as compared with that of the ,paris ,polyglot4 ,and if1 as ,le ,long points out1 8he means by that term the beauty of the paper and the magnificence of the types1 it must be admitted that the ,paris edition is superior2 but if he means the arrangement of the texts and versions1 and the general disposition of the entire work1 then it is much inferior2 for ,walton has mapped out his work so precisely that at a single opening of the book you see the texts and versions all at a glance2 thus giving a great facility for comparison1 wherein the chief usefulness of compilations of this sort consist40#caf ,not the least noticeable feature about the work is the fact that from the time of its first going to press to its completion1 the printing barely occupied four years4 ,the first volume was completed at the beginning of ,september #afed4 ,a month later1 from the same press was published ,dr4 ,walton's ,introductio ad ,lectionem ,linguarum ,orientalium for the use of subscribers4#cag ,in #afee the second volume of the ,bible was finished2 in #afef the third1 and about #agc the close of #afeg the remaining three4#cah 8,and thus10 says a contemporary1#cai 8in about four years was finished the ,english ,polyglot ,bible1#cbj the glory of that age1 and of the ,english ,church and ,nation2 a work vastly exceeding all former attempts of the kind1 and that came so near perfection as to discourage all future ones40 ,apart altogether from the literary and scholastic value of the ,bible1 the amount of labour and industry represented in its mere typographical execution is astonishing4 ,each double page presents1 when open1 some ten or more versions of the same passage divided into parallel columns of varying width1 but so set that each comprehends exactly the same amount of text as the other4 ,the regularity displayed in the general arrangement1 in the references and interpolations1 in the interlineations1 and all the details of the composition and impression1 are worthy of the undertaking and a lasting glory to the typography of the seventeenth century4#cba ,with regard to the types1 which concern us most1 the following is the list of the characters employed1 as extracted by ,rowe ,mores3 ,,orientals4 ,hebrew3 ,two-line ,english1 ,double ,pica1 ,english4 ,samaritan 7with the ,english face73 ,english499 ,syriac3 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer499 ,arabic3 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer4 ,,meridional4 ,ethiopic3 ,english or ,pica499 ,,occidentals4 ,greek3 ,great ,primer and ,small ,pica4 ,roman and ,italic3 ,two-line ,english1 ,double ,pica ,day's1#cbb ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier1 five-line ,pica1 two-line ,great ,primer1 ,small ,pica4 ,,septentrional4 ,english 7,black73 ,pica4 99 ,of the founts marked thus 7997 in the present and following summarised lists of the contents of the ,english foundries1 the matrices or punches1 and in some cases both matrices and punches1 still exist4 #agd ,illustration3 ,,founts ,,of ,,the ,,london ,,polyglot1 #afeg4 #dj4 ,,ethiopic4 ,from the original matrices4 #da4 ,,syriac4 ,from the original matrices4 #db4 ,,samaritan4 ,from the original matrices4 ,the matrices of three of these founts1 the ,samaritan1 the ,ethiopic1 and the ,syriac1 have survived to the present day1 and in the course of this work we shall have occasion to trace their descent from the original makers to the present owners4 ,meanwhile1 it is with great satisfaction that we are able here to show a specimen of types actually cast from these venerable relics as they now exist4#cbc ,of the ,arabic fount1 some of the punches and matrices also exist1 but in too incomplete and dilapidated a state to allow of their being used4 ,of the ,orientals1 the ,hebrew is1 perhaps1 the least good4 ,the ,syriac and ,arabic are fine bold characters4 ,the ,greek is neat1 though somewhat insignificant4 ,the ,ethiopic#cbd and ,samaritan#cbe are both good and elegant faces4 ,the ,italic is particularly neat4 ,as might be expected from founts procured from various foundries in that day1 there is a certain absence of uniformity in the #age bodies on which the different founts are cast4 ,this only makes the more remarkable the accuracy and precision with which the columns are arranged4 ,in most copies the columns are divided by red lines1 ruled by hand--in itself an enormous task4 ,nine languages are used in the ,polyglot1 but no single book is printed in so many4 ,the following is the arrangement of texts according to volumes3 ,,vol4 #a4--,prolegomena4 ,pentateuch4 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,latin1 ,syriac1 ,arabic and ,samaritan4 ,,vol4 #b4--;,joshua to ,esther4 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,latin1 ,syriac and ,arabic4 ,,vol4 #c4--;,job to ,malachi4 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,latin1 ,syriac1 ,arabic1 and ,psalms also in ,ethiopic4 ,,vol4 #d4--;,apocrypha4 ,greek1 ,latin1 ,syriac1 ,arabic 7some of the books1 however1 have not the ,arabic4 ,tobit is in a two-fold ,hebrew74 ,an appendix to this volume contains two ,chaldee ,targums and a ,persic ,pentateuch4 ,,vol4 #e4--,new ,testament1 ,gospels in ,greek1 ,latin1 ,syriac1 ,arabic1 ,ethiopic and ,persian2 other books1 ,greek1 ,latin1 ,syriac1 ,arabic and ,ethiopic4 ,,vol4 #f4--,various readings4 ,it will thus be seen that the ,greek1 ,latin1 ,syriac and ,arabic texts run throughout the work4 ,the ,chaldean text and ,targums are all given in ,hebrew type4 ,the ,hebrew text is printed throughout masoretically4 ,in addition to the above fundamental characters used1 the ,prolegomena show the following ,alphabets cut in wood1 viz43--,rabbinical ,hebrew1 ,syriac duplices1 ,nestorian and ,estrangelan1 ,armenian1 ,coptic1 ,illyrian1 both ,cyrillian and ,hieronymian1 ,iberian1 ,gothic1 ,chinese1 and the character of the ,codex ,alexandrinus4 ,these are1 for the most part1 rudely cut1 and valuable only as curiosities4 ,from our point of view1 the chief glory of the ,english ,polyglot is that it is wholly the impression of ,english type4 ,it marks an epoch in the history of our national letter-founding1 as1 before it appeared1 no work of importance had been printed in any of the learned characters except ,latin and ,greek4 ,the ,hebrew1 ,samaritan1 ,syriac1 ,arabic and ,ethiopic were probably cut expressly for the work1 under the supervision of its learned editors1 and became thus the models or prototypes of the numerous ,oriental founts which during the eighteenth century figured so largely in the works of ,english scholarship4 ,the original preface to the ,polyglot contained an honourable reference to ,cromwell1 who had1 from the first1 encouraged the undertaking and materially assisted it by remitting the tax on the paper imported from abroad for the use of the work4 ,but the ,protector's death took place in the year after the publication2 and the ,restoration1 which followed two years later1 was made the occasion for a somewhat ignoble act of time-service on the part of ,walton1 who cancelled #agf the last three leaves of the preface1 and added a ,dedication to ,charles ,,ii1 in which1 among other attacks on the memory of his former patron1 he referred to ,cromwell as 8,draco ille magnus40#cbf ,the particular typographical interest of this ,royal ,dedication is that it is printed in the handsome ,double ,pica ,roman and ,italic used by ,day in the lfredi of #aegd1 and subsequently by ,barker and ,lucas in ,young's ,catena on ,job1 in #afcg1 and in other works4 ,the somewhat worn condition of the types leads ,dibdin to condemn the founts as inferior#cbg2 but in point of elegance and grandeur this venerable letter remained still one of the best of which our national typography could boast4 ,in recognition of his services1 ,charles made ,walton his chaplain-in-ordinary1 and created him subsequently ,bishop of ,chester4 ,nor was he the only worker to whom the completion of this great enterprise brought honour4 ,roycroft1 after what may be considered a feat of rapid and skilful typography1 was permitted to take the title ,orientalium ,typographus ,regius4#cbh ,the value of the ,english ,polyglot was vastly enhanced by the addition to it of ,dr4 ,edmund ,castell's ,heptaglot ,lexicon1#cbi which1 after seventeen years of incessant labour1 commencing with the first announcement of the ,polyglot1 was printed1 at ,roycroft's press1 in #affi1 in two volumes1 uniform in size and style with the ,bible1 of which henceforth it formed a necessary complement4 ,respecting this famous work1 there is little to add from a typographical point of view to what has already been noted with regard to the ,polyglot4 ,the #agg same types are1 with few exceptions1 used in both4 ,mores considers1 but wrongly1 that the ,amharic shown in ,castell's work is metal1 and the same as that used in the ,oratio ,dominica of #agac4 ,this letter 7which also appeared in the first edition of the ,oratio ,dominica in #agjj7 belonged to ,oxford ,university1 who procured it in #afib1 being the ,ethiopic character with additions4 ,but the few letters shown in the ,heptaglot are evidently engraved by hand1 and not cast4 ,it is to be regretted that ,castell's work1 which has been pronounced one of the greatest and most perfect works of the kind ever performed by human industry and learning1 and which represented an amount of heroic perseverance in the midst of adverse circumstances scarcely credible1 was almost the ruin of its author1 both in constitution and fortune4 ,it sold slowly1 and at the time of his death upwards of #ejj copies were left on hand4 ,the encouragement he received both from royal and episcopal patronage was inadequate to cover the losses which the undertaking had involved1 and he died in comparative obscurity in #afhe4 ,roycroft's office appears to have suffered severely by the ,fire of ,london in #afff1 and a large number of copies of ,castell's ,lexicon1 then in course of printing1 were destroyed4 ,to the same disastrous event may also be attributed the disappearance of some of the founts of the ,polyglot founders1 after the completion of the ,lexicon4 ,mores1 however1 succeeds in tracing the most interesting of these2 and the fact that all the matrices did not go down to posterity as a single property1 is additional proof that they were not all the production of one artist4 ,the ,arabic1 larger ,syriac1 and ,samaritan passed into the foundry of the ,grovers1 and the ,ethiopic into that of ,robert ,andrews1 who1 it seems probable1 also inherited the ,hebrew and ,black4 ,the smaller ,syriac came into ,mr4 ,caslon's hands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nicholas ,,nicholls4--,this founder was son of ,arthur ,nicholls1 the ,star ,chamber founder1 and1 as appears by the mention of him in his father's petition to ,archbishop ,laud1 already quoted1 was brought up to the ,art1 in which1 as early as #afcg1 he was 8so expert and able as to be able to perform anything touching the same40 ,during the ,civil ,wars he appears to have suffered in the royal cause1 and1 like many others1 at the ,restoration to have looked for substantial reward at the hands of the son of the ,royal ,martyr4 ,in #affe he presented to the king a petition to be appointed ,his ,majesty's ,letter ,founder4 ,the original document is in the ,record ,office1#ccj and is as follows3 #agh 8,to the ,,kinge',s ,,most ,,excellent ,,majestie4 ,the humble peticion of ,nicholas ,nicholls4 ,most humbly sheweth 8,that the petitioner in the worst of tymes was a constant and loyall sufferer for the causes of your ,majestie and that of your ,royall ffather of glorious memory1 and thereby reduced to greate extreamities4 8,now soe it is1 ,that the peticioner by ,industrie hath attained to a considerable skill in the ,art of cutting and casting all kinds of ,letters and faire ,characters 7as by the annexed may appeare7 ,and your ,majestie beinge the great encourager of good ,literature 8,your ,majestie's peticioner most humbly prays your ,grace and ffavour to serve in the place of ,letter ,founder to your ,majesties ,presses ,that soe your ,majesties presses may be supplyed with ,characters in some measure worthy of your ,royall ,greatness4 ,and the peticioner makes no question but he shall perform that service 7with the blessing of ,god7 to your ,majestie's full content and satisfaction4 8,and the peticioner 7as in duty bound7 shall alwaies pray for your ,majesties long and prosperous ,reigne over us40 ,attached to the petition1 in the centre of a folio sheet1 is the tiny polyglot specimen1 of which we here present our readers with an exact facsimile4 ,english typography possesses few relics more interesting than this quaint little page--the earliest known type-founder's specimen in the country4 ,the execution1 particularly of the ,roman fount1 is very poor1 and one wonders1 in examining it and comparing it with the recently completed ,polyglot1 at the artist's claim 8to considerable skill in cutting and casting of faire characters40 ,it is possible1 however1 that the unusual minuteness of the type may have been held to be a merit compensating for defects in execution4 ,and as none of the founts are known to have been used in any other work of the time1 it may be presumed the letters were cut specially for this specimen4 ,the ,roman and ,greek founts are ,pearl in body1 and the ,orientals ,nonpareil1 and display the text 8,vivas o rex in perpetuum0 in ,latin1 ,greek1 ,hebrew 7with points71 ,syriac1 ,samaritan1 ,ethiopic and ,arabic4 ,this loyal aspiration1 effusively dedicated as 8the prayer of the devoted heart1 and the specimen of the ,art of the least of the subjects of the greatest of the ,kings10 is surrounded by a neat flower-border 7also ,nonpareil in body71 and printed somewhat roughly on coarse paper4 ,despite its defects1 it appears to have found favour with the august personage to whom it was offered1 as we find1 on ,january #bith1 #affg1 a minute of a 8,warrant for swearing ,nicholas ,nicholls1 ,letter ,founder to ,his ,majesty40#cca ,illustration3 #dc4 ,specimen of ,nicholas ,nicholls1 #affe4 7,from the original in the ,record ,office47 ,of the subsequent operations of ,nicholls we know very little4#ccb ,he probably inherited his father's foundry1 and cast from his matrices4 ,the ,,nichols whom #agi ,mores mentions as having founded in #afij1ccc could hardly 7if the date be correctly given7 be the same man who was a practised letter-founder in #afcg4 ,to this last-named founder no doubt belongs the fount of ,great ,primer ,roman and ,italic acquired by the ,oxford ,university ,press1 which had the unenviable distinction of being designated in their ,specimen of #afie1 as 8cut by ,mr4 ,nichols--not good40#ccd 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following is the only specimen we have to note in this place3 7#affe74 ,specimen sheet of minute printing in several languages1 addressed to the ,king by ,nicholas ,nicholls1 ,letter ,founder4 4 4 4 4 7,state ,papers1 ,domestic1 #affe1 vol4 #adb1 ,no4 #agd47 ,illustration #ahj ,illustration ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,joseph ,,moxon1 #afei4 ,joseph ,moxon1 whose distinction it is to have been the first practical ,english writer on the mechanics of typography1 was born at ,wakefield1 in ,yorkshire1 on ,august #h1 #afbg1 and appears to have been brought up as a mathematical instrument maker1 in which profession he showed himself highly proficient4 ,in the year #afei1 being either already settled in the metropolis1 or having come thither for the purpose1 he added to his stated business that of a typefounder1 in which1 according to ,mores1 he continued till #afhc4 ,it is difficult to fix the precise condition of the laws relating to typefounders in the last year of the ,commonwealth4 ,the ,ordinances of #afdg and #afdi1 which reimposed the main provisions of the ,star ,chamber ,decree of #afcg1 remained nominally in force till the ,restoration1 so that we are to suppose that ,moxon1 unless he practised his art surreptitiously or sub ros1 was formally installed into a vacancy in the body of authorised founders on execution of the usual bond to the ,company of ,stationers4 ,illustration3 #dd4 ,from the ,tutor to ,astronomy and ,geography1 #dth ed41 #afhf4 ,if1 as seems probable1 he commenced operations with little or no previous experience1 and with no plant ready to his hand1 the progress of the new foundry must at first have been very slow1 particularly as he appears to have devoted much of his time to his other scientific pursuits1 to which in #affe he added that of hydrographer to the king4 ,to this office a considerable salary was attached4 ,in the same year1 ,mores informs us1 he lived at the sign of the 8,atlas0 on ,ludgate ,hill1 near ,fleet ,bridge1 but the ,fire of ,london in #afff caused him to #aha quit that abode for another of the same sign in ,warwick ,lane4 ,from ,warwick ,lane1 where he was living in #affh1 he appears to have removed to ,westminster1 to the sign of the 8,atlas0 in ,russell ,street1 whence in #affi was issued his famous specimen of types1 the first complete typefounders' specimen known in ,england4#cce ,in a passage in the ,mechanick ,exercises1 published several years later1 ,moxon speaks of the art of letter-cutting as a mystery1 8kept so conceal'd among the ,artificers of it1 that ,i cannot learn anyone hath taught it any other1 but every one that has used it1 ,learnt it of his own ,genuine ,inclination40 ,if this be the writer's own experience--though his subsequent intimate acquaintance with the minutest details of the art almost disproves it--his specimen must be taken as the production of a self-taught typographer after ten years' intermittent practice4 ,viewed in this light1 the exceedingly poor performance which the sheet presents can to some extent be accounted for4 ,it must also be borne in mind that ,moxon's theoretical and mathematical studies of the proportions and form of letters had not yet been begun1 or1 at least1 elaborated2 so that in no sense is his ,specimen to be assumed to be a reduction into practice of those theories4 ,this specimen1 which is entitled ,prooves of the ,several ,sorts of ,letters cast by ,joseph ,moxon1 is a folio sheet1 showing in double column3 ,great ,canon ,romain4 ,double ,pica ,romain4 ,pica ,romain4 ,pica ,italica4 ,great ,primmer ,romain4 ,long ,primer ,romain4 ,long ,primer ,italica4 ,english ,romain4 ,brevier ,romain4 ,english ,italica4 ,brevier ,italica4 ,the imprint is1 8,westminster1 printed by ,joseph ,moxon in ,russell ,street1 at the sign of the ,atlas1 #affi40 ,in all respects it is a sorry performance4 ,only one fount1 the ,pica1 has any pretensions to elegance or regularity4 ,the others are so clumsily cut1 so badly cast1 and so wretchedly printed1 as here and there to be almost undecipherable4 ,moxon's proficiency in the processes of the art does not appear as yet to have attained the pitch of justifying his matrices to any regularity of line1 or of casting his types square in body4 ,some lines of the specimen curve and wave so as to make it a marvel how others kept their places in the forme1 and the press-work #ahb and ink are so bad that at a first glance the beholder is tempted to mistake the larger letters with their sunken faces for open instead of solid-faced ,romans4 ,the sheet was apparently put forward not solely as a specimen of types4 ,the matter of each paragraph is an advertisement of ,moxon's business as a mathematical instrument maker4 ,in ,great ,canon ,romain he calls attention to the 8,globes ,celestial and ,terrestrial of all sizes made by ,joseph ,moxon1 ,hydrographer to the ,king's ,most ,excellent ,majesty1 #affi40 ,in ,double ,pica ,romain he announces his ,spheres2 in ,great ,primer 8a ,large ,map of the ,world02 in ,pica ,italica1 8a book called a ,tutor to ,astronomie and ,geographie10 and so on4 ,to one or two of the founts1 such as the ,great ,canon1 the ,pica and the ,brevier1 he adds a line of accents or signs4 ,it would appear1 from the imprint already quoted1 that ,moxon combined printing with typefounding at ,westminster4 ,if so1 he probably confined his press to the printing of specimens and advertisements of his own goods1 as we cannot ascertain that any of his other works were printed by himself1 or that he printed anything for the public4 ,about #afgj he removed back to the sign of the ,atlas1 in ,ludgate ,hill4 ,rowe ,mores considers it probable that for some time he resided in ,holland1 during which time he acquired a certain proficiency in the ,dutch language4#ccf ,during the same period it is probable that he may have come across1 and been struck by specimens of the beautifully proportioned ,elzevir letters of ,christoffel ,van ,dijk1 which he admitted were the inspiration of his ,regul ,trium ,ordinum4 ,of this curious work1#ccg which was published in #afgf1 it will suffice to say here1 it is a work intended not so much for the letter-cutter as for the sign-board and inscription painter4 ,taking the ,van ,dijk letters as his models1 the writer attempts to demonstrate that each letter is a combination of geometrical figures1 bearing regular proportions one to another2 and by sub-division of the square of each letter into forty-two equal parts1 he professes to be able to erect in any other square1 similarly sub-divided1 the same letter in precise proportion and harmony4 ,this theory he illustrates by copper-plate figures of the various letters #ahc of the ,roman1 ,italic and ,black ,alphabets1 and their sub-divisions4 ,the result is not pleasing4 ,the letters are stiff1 and in some cases distorted2 although this we believe to be the fault not so much of the theory itself as of the rules of proportion for the different parts of each letter predicated in the first instance4 ,the book1 as we have observed1 is clearly not intended as a guide to punch-cutting4 ,we regard it rather as an interesting attempt to reduce to precise mathematical rules a set of characters which never have and never will yield themselves entirely to such treatment4#cch ,at the conclusion of the section devoted to 8the ordering of ,inscriptions01 ,moxon says 7p4 #aa71 8,but of this and several other ,observations of this ,nature1 ,i have written more at large in a book ,i intend to publish on the whole ,art of ,printing40 ,from this it is evident that1 as early as #afgf1 his treatises on ,typography1 which formed the second volume of the ,mechanick ,exercises and were published in #afhc1 were already written4 ,to this highly interesting work#cci--the first work on the mechanics and practice of printing and letter-founding--we have already alluded in a previous chapter4 ,it is impossible here to give more than a brief summary of its contents4 ,its publication commenced in #afgg1 with a series of monthly 8,exercises0 devoted to the ,smith's1 ,joiner's1 ,carpenter's and ,turner's trades4 ,these formed the first volume4 ,moxon himself informs us that their publication was interrupted by the excitement of ,oates' plot1 8which took off the minds of his few #ahd customers from buying them1 as formerly40 ,it was not till #afhc that the work was resumed4 ,the second volume 7which appeared in twenty-four monthly parts71 treating wholly of the ,art of ,printing1 commences with a brief account of the ,invention of the ,art 7in which the reader is left to decide between the titles of ,haarlem and ,mentz71 and with a claim on behalf of ,typography equally with ,architecture to be regarded as a ,mathematical ,science4#cdj 8,a scientifick man10 says ,moxon1 8was doubtless he who was the first ,inventor of ,typographie2 but ,i think few have succeeded him in ,science1 though the number of ,founders and ,printers be grown very many3 ,insomuch that for the more easie managing of ,typographie1 the ,operators have found it necessary to devide it into several ,trades4 4 4 4 ,the several devisions that are made are--#a4 ,the ,master ,printer4 #b4 ,the ,letter ,cutter4 #c4 ,the ,letter ,caster4 #d4 ,the ,letter ,dresser4 #e4 ,the ,compositer4 #f4 ,the ,correcter4 #g4 ,the ,press ,man4 #h4 ,the ,inck-,maker4 ,besides several other ,trades they take in to their ,assistance1 as the ,smith1 the ,joyner1 etc40 ,these divisions he proceeds to treat of seriatim and in detail4 ,we have elsewhere quoted freely from this work1 with a view to illustrate the condition of letter-founding as a mechanical trade in his time4#cda ,but we notice here1 that in the advice which he gives to the ,master ,printer on the choice of letter for his office1 he takes the opportunity to reiterate his admiration of the ,dutch form of letter1 particularly that adopted by ,christoffel ,van ,dijk1 and his conviction that as the ,roman letters were originally made to consist of circles1 arcs of circles and straight lines1 the cutting of those letters should invariably be according to strict mathematical rule of form and proportion4 ,his advice on the choice of letter is fourfold4 #a4 8,that the ,letter have a true shape40 #b4 8,that they be deep cut0 7i4e41 in the punch74 #c4 8,that they be deep sunck in the ,matrices0 7with a good 8beard074 #d4 8,that his ,letter be cast upon good ,mettal40 ,he then proceeds to indicate the quantities of each body of letter with which the printer should provide himself2 and from that proceeds to notice in turn every possible requisite for a well-ordered printing office1 from the 8ball-nails0 to the press4 ,his 8,exercises on ,letter ,founding0 may be best introduced in his own language3 8,having shown you the ,master ,printers ,office10 he says1 8,i account #ahe it suitable to proper ,method to let you know how the ,letter ,founder ,cuts the ,punches1 how the ,molds are made1 the ,matrices sunck1 and the ,letter ,cast and ,drest4 4 4 4 ,wherefore the next ,exercises shall be 7,god willing7 upon ,cutting of ,steel ,punches40 ,the minuteness with which he enters into every detail connected with this mysterious art1 and his familiarity with the terminology of the craft1 prove that ,moxon1 although he professed to have learned it not from any master1 but 8of his own genuine inclination10 was an experienced and even enthusiastic punch-cutter4 ,he devotes considerable attention to the tools and gauges necessary for the work1 and returns once more to the charge on behalf of geometry as the foundation of typography4 ,anyone acquainted with the modern practice of punch-cutting1 cannot but be struck1 on reading the directions laid down in the ,mechanick ,exercises1 with the slightness of the change which the manual processes of that art have undergone during the last two centuries4 ,indeed1 allowing for improvements in tools1 and the greater variety of gauges1 we might almost assert that the punch-cutter of ,moxon's day knew scarcely less than the punch-cutter of our day1 with the accumulated experience of two hundred years1 could teach him4 ,moxon's observations1 as in the ,regul ,trium ,ordinum1 apply only to the ,roman1 ,italic and ,black-letter1 and these he illustrates by a series of plates devised on the same method as in his former work1 showing each letter in a magnified form on a square subdivided into forty-two parts1 with the proportions for the various parts of each letter minutely laid down4 ,he imagines an objection that it may be deemed impossible in the case of a small letter to divide the square of the body into forty-two equal parts4 8,but yet10 he says1 8it is possible with curious working10 and proceeds1 evidently to his own satisfaction1 to demonstrate the fact in a very curious way1 by suggesting a series of graduations in the rubbing of spaces and points1 whereby a thin#cdb space may be enlarged by sixths until a series of #dbnd parts of each body is arrived at4 ,impracticable as such a system appears1 it is consistently carried out in the enlarged letters which illustrate the ,exercises4 ,the result is not more successful than that produced in the ,regul ,trium ,ordinum2 and we venture to think that if any proof were needed that geometry is not1 and cannot be1 the ,alpha and ,omega of typographical beauty1 these reductions into practice of ,moxon's ingenious theories will supply it4 ,passing from letter-cutting1 ,moxon next describes with much minuteness #ahf the various parts of the mould and the method of putting them together4 ,here the practical instrument maker is on familiar ground1 and the directions he gives remained the best authority on the subject1 until the venerable hand-mould which he describes began to give place1 a century and a quarter after his time1 to the lever-mould from ,america4 ,next to mould-making1 the ,exercises deal with the important processes of striking and justifying the matrices1 operations which1 like that of punch-cutting1 have undergone but little change since his day4 ,then follow descriptions of the furnace1 the alloy of the metal1 and the methods of casting and dressing the type1 with the implements necessary for these branches of the work2 and this portion of the work closes with a few highly interesting plates1 amongst which that of the caster at work#cdc is the most curious and valuable4 ,the remainder of the book is devoted to various departments of the letter-press printer's trade1 those of the compositor1 the corrector1 the pressman1 and the warehouse keeper4 ,to this is added an ,appendix1 describing the ancient customs of the 8,chapel10 and a ,dictionary of typographical terms4 ,such is a brief and meagre outline of the contents of this first ,english book on printing and letter-founding4 ,it is a work which no one interested in ,english typography can omit to consult4 ,for almost a century it remained the only authority on the subject2 subsequently it formed the basis of numerous other treatises1 both at home and abroad1 and to this day it is quoted and referred to1 not only by the antiquary who desires to learn what the art once was1 but by the practical printer1 who may still on many subjects gather from it much advice and information as to what it should still be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,reverting now to ,mores' description of the contents of ,moxon's foundry1 we meet with one fount which calls for particular mention here4 ,the ,pica ,irish was cut expressly for the purpose of printing the ,irish ,new ,testament1 published in #afha at the cost of ,robert ,boyle1 son of the ,earl of ,cork1 and is described by ,mores as the only fount of purely ,irish type he had ever seen in the country4 ,we may1 perhaps1 be excused a slight digression in this place for the purpose of giving a sketch of the efforts which before ,moxon's day had been made to propagate the ,irish language by means of typography4 ,the first fount of ,irish type known was presented in #aega by ,queen ,elizabeth to ,john ,o',kearney1 treasurer of ,st4 ,patrick's1 with a view to encourage the diffusion of the ,scriptures in the ,irish character4 ,by whom this character was prepared we are not informed4 ,it is not the #ahg genuine ,irish1 but a hybrid fount1 consisting chiefly of ,roman and ,italic letters1 to which the 8discrepants10 or seven distinctively ,irish sorts1 are added4#cdd ,it is accompanied by a small and equally neat letter for notes1 which1 however1 appears to be ,saxon4 ,the earliest specimen of this fount appears in a broadside ,poem on the ,last ,judgment1#cde printed in #aega1 and sent over to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 apparently as a specimen of the type4 ,this was followed almost immediately by the ,church ,catechism and ,articles1 translated by ,o',kearney and ,nicholas ,walsh1 afterwards ,bishop of ,ossery1 and printed in #aega at the cost of ,john ,ussher4#cdf ,the object of the royal donor was further realised in #afjb1 when there appeared from the press of ,john ,francke1 ,william ,o',donnell's 7or ,daniel's7 ,irish ,new ,testament1#cdg the first version of that or any portion of the ,holy ,scriptures in the native character4 ,in dedicating the translation to ,james ,i1 ,daniel thus refers to the royal origin of the types3--8,and notwithstanding that our late dreade ,soveraigne ,elzabeth 4 4 4 provided the ,irish characters and other instrumentes for the presse in the hope that ,god in mercy would raise up some to translate the ,newe ,testament into their native tongue1 yet hath ,sathan hitherto prevailed1 and still they remain ,lo-ruchama ,lo-ammi1 etc40 ,the type did further service in #afjh1 when ,daniel's ,common ,prayer#cdh was printed by ,francke1 a well-executed work1 with engraved title and beautiful #ahh ornamented initials1 each page being enclosed in a rule border4 ,after the appearance of this book nearly a quarter of a century elapsed before the type reappeared in ,bishop ,bedell's ,a ,b ,c1 or ,english and ,irish ,catechism1 printed by the ,stationers' ,company at ,dublin in #afca4cdi ,this ,catechism1 with additional matter1 was republished by ,godfrey ,daniel in #afeb1 also in ,dublin1#cej after which the ,irish type of ,queen ,elizabeth disappeared in ,ireland1 and reappeared only in occasional words occurring in ,sir ,james ,ware's books1 printed in ,london by ,tyler1 in #afef and #afeh4 ,there seems no reason for believing1 as some state1 that it was secured by the ,jesuits and taken abroad4#cea ,not only is it not to be found in any ,irish work printed abroad1 but the ,irish ,seminary at ,louvain possessed a fount of its own1 which1 between #afaf and #affc1 was in constant use4 ,after #afjb no serious attempt had been made to complete the translation of the ,scriptures into ,irish until ,dr4 ,bedell1 ,bishop of ,kilmore1 undertook the task about #afcj4 ,for this purpose1 being then at the age of #eg1 he devoted himself to the study of the language1 and having secured the assistance of ,mr4 ,king and the ,rev4 ,denis ,sheridan1 both eminent ,irish scholars1 the translation of the ,old ,testament was completed in #afdj4 ,bedell1 we are informed 8determined to publish the version immediately at his own expense and in his own house1 and made an agreement with a person who undertook to print it3 the types were even sent for to ,holland40#ceb ,but the troubles and persecutions of the ensuing year1 followed closely by the death of the ,bishop1 hindered the design1 and the manuscript lay neglected for forty years4#cec #ahi ,in the year #afhj1 the ,new ,testament of #afjb being then entirely out of print1#ced and no ,irish types being available1 the illustrious ,robert ,boyle determined on republishing it at his own expense4 ,to this end he caused a fount of ,irish type to be cut and cast in ,london1 and had an able printer instructed in the language for the purpose of printing it4 ,moxon was the founder selected to produce the types1 and the result was the curious ,irish fount of which the matrices formed part of his foundry4 ,with this type ,boyle is said to have had the ,church ,catechism1 with the ,elements of the ,irish ,language1 printed in #afhj1cee and in the following year was issued in ,london1 with a preface in ,irish and ,english1 the new edition of ,daniel's ,irish ,new ,testament4#cef ,illustration3 #de4 ,moxon's ,irish fount1 from the original punches4 8,god hath raised up10 says this preface1 8the generous ,spirit of ,robert ,boyle1 ,esq41 son to the ,right ,honourable ,richard1 ,earl of ,cork1 ,lord ,high ,treasurer of ,ireland1 renowned for his ,piety and ,learning1 who hath caused the same ,book of the ,new ,testament to be ,reprinted at his proper ,cost2 ,and as well for that purpose1 as for ,printing the ,old ,testament1 and what other ,pious ,books shall be thought convenient to be published in the ,irish ,tongue1 has caused a ,new ,set of fair ,irish ,characters to be ,cast in ,london1 and an able ,printer to be instructed in the way of ,printing this ,language40 ,the printer was ,robert ,everingham1#ceg at the ,seven ,stars1 in ,ave ,maria ,lane1 who in #afhe was further employed by ,boyle to print1 in the same ,irish #aij types1#ceh ,bishop ,bedell's translation of the ,old ,testament1#cei the manuscript of which had fortunately been preserved4 ,the whole ,bible being thus complete1 it was issued in two #dto volumes1 and in #afij was reprinted in ,roman characters at ,everingham's press for the use of the ,highlanders4#cfj ,our space forbids us to give here anything like a list of the different works in which ,moxon's ,irish type appeared after #afij4 ,an interesting note as to the early use of the fount in ,ireland occurs in a petition presented in #agji to the ,lord ,lieutenant by several of the clergy and gentry of ,ireland for the printing of a new edition of the ,new ,testament 8in the ,irish character and tongue1 in order to which the only set of characters now in ,britain is bought already40#cfa ,this petition does not appear to have been successful2 but in #agab a ,book of ,common ,prayer1#cfb translated by ,dr4 ,john ,richardson1 ,rector of ,annah 7,chaplain to the ,lord ,lieutenant71 with the assistance of the ,christian ,knowledge ,society1 was printed by ,elinor ,everingham1 at the ,seven ,stars in ,ave ,maria ,lane4 ,dr4 ,richardson also published some ,irish ,sermons#cfc at the same press1 and a ,history of the ,attempts 4 4 4 to ,convert the ,popish ,natives of ,ireland4 ,in #agjj1 in the ,london ,oratio ,dominica1 ,moxon's ,irish type was used1 as also in the reprint in #agac1 after which the fount frequently reappeared until #ahbj1 when it was used in the ,transactions of the ,iberno ,celtic ,society1 for printing the titles of ,e4 ,o',reilly's 8,chronological ,account of ,irish ,writers0 there given4 ,the 8punches and matrices01 said ,mores1 writing in #aggh1 8have ever since continued in ,england4 ,the ,irish themselves have no letter of this face1 but are supplied with it by us from ,england2 though it has been said1 but falsely1 that #aia the ,university of ,louvain have lately procured a fount to be cut for the use of the ,irish ,seminary there40#cfd ,we are glad to add to this statement that the punches of this interesting fount are still in existence1 and1 indeed1 that these most curious relics of the handiwork of the author of the ,mechanick ,exercises lie before us as we write these words4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among the other peculiar characters cut by ,moxon may be mentioned the symbols used in ,mr4 ,george ,adams' scientific works1 and the ,philosophic or 8,real ,character0 designed by ,bishop ,john ,wilkins for his learned ,essay towards a ,universal ,language1 printed in #affh4cfe ,the correcting marks used in the ,mechanick ,exercises1 as well as other mathematical and astronomical symbols1 were also the work of this versatile artist1 whose scientific genius appears to have had a special bent towards the more curious by-paths of typography4 ,moxon's foundry descended to ,robert ,andrews1 with whom it is possible he was1 during the close of his career1 associated1 either as a master or a partner4 ,rowe ,mores is unable to distinguish1 beyond the peculiar founts above noted1 and the ,canon ,roman and ,italic 7which subsequently came into ,mr4 ,caslon's hands71 what were the precise contents of his foundry4 ,he therefore omits his usual list1 and includes the whole in ,andrews'4 ,the date of ,moxon's death is uncertain4 ,a third edition of the ,mechanick ,exercises1 not including the typographical portion1 was issued in #agjc4 ,unless this was a posthumous publication1 ,moxon must have been seventy-six years old at the time4 ,mores states that he founded in ,london from #afei to #afhc1 from which it would seem that he retired from the type business a considerable time before his death4 ,he was a voluminous writer on scientific and mathematical subjects1 and many of his works ran through several editions4 #aib ,mores describes him cordially as an admirable mechanic and an excellent artist1 and states that he was made a ,fellow of the ,royal ,society1 #cjth ,november #afgh4 ,he was succeeded in his office of ,hydrographer to the ,king by ,mr4 ,george ,adams1 whom ,mores describes as 8our ingenious friend 4 4 4 and a successor to ,mr4 ,moxon as well in skilfulness and curiosity as well as office40#cff ,our portrait of ,moxon is taken from the frontispiece to the fourth edition of his ,tutor of ,astronomy and ,geography1 #afhf1 printed by ,samuel ,roycroft for the author4 ,it is doubtful whether his investigations and theories had any sensible effect on the practice of ,english letter-founding4 ,they may have tended to encourage the favour with which ,dutch letter was regarded at the beginning of the eighteenth century2 but it is not clear that his attempt to confine to rule and compass the art of letter-cutting either secured general adoption or was productive of any appreciable reform in our national typography4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following is the title of the only specimen known to have been issued by ,moxon3 #affi4 ,prooves of the ,several ,sorts of ,letters cast by ,joseph ,moxon4 ,westminster1 printed by ,joseph ,moxon in ,russell ,street1 at the sign of the ,atlas1 #affi4 ,fo4 4 4 4 4 7,b4 ,m41 ,harl4 ,,ms4 #eiae1 fo4 #afj47 ,illustration #aic ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,later ,,founders ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,,thomas ,,goring1 #affh4 ,,joseph ,,lee1 #affi4 ,of these two founders nothing is known beyond what is recorded in two short entries on the books of the ,stationers' ,company1 viz43 #affh4 ,the ,master and ,wardens requested to certify to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury that ,thomas ,goring1 a member of this ,company1 is an honest and sufficient man1 and fit to be one of the four present founders2 there being one now wanting1 according to the ,act of ,parliament4 #affi4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,lee and ,mr4 ,goring to give at the next ,court an account in writing1 what sorts of letter they have made1 and for whom1 since the ,act of ,parliament in that case was provided4 ,the names of both these founders occur in the list1 already referred to1 of former ,stewards of the ,brotherly ,meeting of ,masters and ,workmen ,printers1 issued in #afha4cfg #aid ,,robert ,,andrews1 #afhc4 ,this founder1 who was born in #afej1 succeeded ,joseph ,moxon1 probably about the year #afhc1cfh and transferred his foundry to ,charterhouse ,street1 where he continued in business till #agcc4 ,his foundry1 of which1 ,mores informs us1 ,moxon's matrices formed the most considerable part1 was1 next to that of the ,grovers1 the most extensive of its day2 and it would appear that1 for some time at any rate1 these two shared between them the whole of the ,english trade4 ,andrews' foundry consisted of a large variety of ,roman letter and ,titlings2 and in 8learned0 founts was specially rich in ,hebrew1 of which there were no less than eleven founts1 and five ,rabbinical4 ,of peculiar sorts1 he possessed the matrices of ,bishop ,wilkins' 8,real ,character10 also the correcting-marks used by ,moxon in his ,mechanick ,exercises1 and other symbols1 besides three or four founts of square-headed music4 ,illustration3 #dg4 ,nonpareil ,rabbinical ,hebrew1 from ,r4 ,andrews' ,foundry4 7,from the original matrices47 ,illustration3 #di4 ,old ,blacks from ,r4 ,andrews' ,foundry1 #agjf4 7,from the original matrices47 ,he also possessed the ,hebrews and the ,ethiopic#cfi used in ,walton's ,polyglot2 the ,irish cut by ,moxon for ,boyle's ,new ,testament1 and a curious alphabet of ,great ,primer ,anglo-,norman2 besides a fine specimen of old ,blacks 7two of which are here shown71 probably handed down from some of the early ,english #aie printers1 whose character they strongly resemble4 ,his son1 ,silvester ,andrews1 as we shall notice later on1 founded at ,oxford1 whither he appears to have taken matrices of some of the ,romans and one fount of ,hebrew from his father's foundry4 ,the following is the list of matrices in the foundry in #agjf1 as given by ,mores4 ,founts of which the punches or matrices are still in existence are distinguished by an asterisk2 those descended from the ,polyglot foundry are marked ,p41 and those from ,moxon's ,m43 8,mr4 ,,robert ,,andrews' ,,foundery1 #agjf4 ,,orientals4 ,hebrew4 #b-line ,english1 #cb4 ,p48 ,double ,pica1 #fh4 ,p48 ,great ,primer1 #ce4 ,english 7the common ,german face71 #dg4 ,english1 #gc4 ,p48 ,pica1 #fe4 ,long ,primer1 #ce4 ,brevier1 #ce4 ,small ,pica1 old1 #db4 ,small ,pica1 another1 #gg4 ,small ,pica1 another1 #gc4 ,nonpareil1 #ce4 ,rabbinical ,hebrew4 ,english 7,german71 #cj4 ,rashi1 ,pica1 #bi4 ,rashi1 ,long ,primer199 #cj4 ,rashi1 ,brevier199 #bi4 ,rashi1 ,nonpareil199 #bi4 ,large face points1 #db4 ,accents1 #bg4 ,small face points1 #bh4 ,samaritan4 7,leusdenian71 #ba4 ,syriac4 ,great ,primer1 #dg2 ,points1 #ac4 ,arabic4 ,great ,primer1 #ajd4 ,english1 #fb4 ,,meridionals4 thiopic4 ,great ,primer199 #bab4 ,p4 ,,occidentals4 ,greek4 ,english4 ,long ,primer4 ,brevier4 ,long ,primer1 #deg4 ,brevier1 #cca4 ,nonpareil1 #cbi4 8,these three were purchased by ,thos4 ,james1 #bjth ,april #agbd1 ten years before the sale of the foundery40 ,roman and ,italic4 #b-line ,english full face caps1 #ca4 #b-line ,english ,roman1 #adg4 #b-line ,english ,italic1 #ajh4 ,double ,pica large face ,roman1 #abb4 ,double ,pica small face ,roman1 #aae4 ,double ,pica ,italic1 #ajg4 ,double ,pica #b1 ,roman1 #aah4 ,double ,pica #b1 ,italic1 #ff4 ,another1 #abf4 ,great ,primer #a1 ,roman1 #aad4 ,great ,primer #a1 ,italic1 #ajb4 ,great ,primer #b1 ,roman1 #aaj4 ,great ,primer #b1 ,italic1 #ff4 ,english ,roman and ,italic1 444 ,english #b1 ,roman1 #ib4 ,english #c1 ,roman1 #if4 ,english ,roman lower-case1 #cb4 ,pica ,roman1 #aag4 ,pica ,roman1 lower-case1 #bg4 ,pica ,roman1 and ,italic1 long face1 444 ,long ,primer ,roman1 #hd4 ,long ,primer ,italic1 #hj4 ,long ,primer ,roman lower-case1 #db4 ,long ,primer ,roman lower-case1 another1 #ch4 ,long ,primer ,italic capitals and double-letters1 #de4 ,brevier ,roman lower-case1 #eg4 ,brevier ,roman lower-case1 another1 #eg4 ,brevier ,italic1 444 ,title ,letters and ,irregulars4 #d-line ,pica full face caps1 #cj4 ,canon ,roman1 #bg4 ,m4 ,canon ,italic1 #gd4 ,m4 #b-line ,double ,pica ,roman1 #abg4 #b-line ,great ,primer full face caps1 #ca4 #aif ,title ,letters and ,irregulars4 #b-line ,pica full face caps1 #ca4 #b-line ,pica ,roman lean face1 #eh4 ,paragon ,roman1 #abb4 ,paragon ,italic1 #ajj4 ,small ,pica ,roman1 #gf4 ,small ,pica ,italic1 #hb4 ,small ,pica ,italic1 another1 #ih4 ,small ,pica ,italic1 another1 #hj4 ,small ,pica ,roman and ,italic1 444 ,bourgeois ,italic1 #gb4 ,nonpareil ,roman1 #hj4 ,pearl ,roman1 #b sets4 ,,septentrionals4 ,anglo-,saxon4 ,pica1 #af4 ,pica1 another1 #ba4 ,anglo-,norman4 ,great ,primer capitals1 #bd4 ,english4 ,great ,primer with law1 #aaf4 ,english99 with law1 #ajf4 ,pica with law1 #abe4 ,pica small face1 #ga4 ,long ,primer199 #gh4 ,brevier with law1 #aah4 ,small ,pica99 with law1 #abj4 ,small ,pica199 #eh4 ,nonpareil199 #dc4 ,secretary4 ,great ,primer capitals1 #ae4 ,hibernian4 ,pica199 #fj4 ,m4 ,bishop ,wilkins' ,real ,character1 ,english1 #afj4 ,m4 ,mr4 ,adam's symbols1 #bj4 ,m4 ,mr4 ,moxon's correcting marks1 ,english1 #af4 ,m4 ,mathematical ,characters1 ,english and ,small ,pica1 #db4 ,m4 ,astronomical and ,astrological1 #ca4 ,m4 ,music4 #b-line ,great ,primer1 #ed4 ,paragon1 square-headed1 #dd4 ,large old square-headed1 #fa4 ,sundry old square-headed1 #aee4 ,illustration3 ,elstob ,saxon4 #dh4 ,saxon cut by ,r4 ,andrews for ,miss ,elstob's ,grammar1 #agae4 7,from the original matrices47 ,although he accumulated a large quantity of matrices1 ,robert ,andrews does not appear to have been a good workman4 ,the very indifferent manner in which he cut the punches for ,miss ,elstob's ,saxon ,grammar has been elsewhere recorded1#cgj and the fact that his apprentice1 ,thomas ,james1 after quitting his #aig service and setting up for himself1 furnished his new foundry entirely with foreign matrices1 speaks somewhat unfavourably for the merits of the ,english letter then in common use4 ,three of the ,greek founts1 however1 ,james did subsequently purchase1 in #agbd1 for his own use2 and nine years later1 on ,andrews' retirement from business1 he purchased the whole of his foundry1 and that of his son1 with the exception of the ,canon ,roman and ,italic1 which were acquired by ,mr4 ,caslon4 ,robert ,andrews was one of the ,assistants of the ,stationers' ,company4 ,he only survived his retirement two years1 and died ,november #bgth1 #agce1 at the age of #hj4 ,his name appears as a contributor of #e #es4 towards the subscription raised by ,mr4 ,bowyer's friends in #agab1 after the destruction by fire of that eminent printer's office4 ,,james ,,grover1 circ4 #afge4 ,,thomas ,,grover1 his son4#cga ,this foundry1 which1 according to ,rowe ,mores1 was supposed to include founts formerly belonging to ,wynkyn de ,worde1 was the most extensive1 and in many respects the most interesting of the later seventeenth century foundries4 ,it seems probable that ,james and ,thomas ,grover began business in partnership1 about the year #afgd1 in succession to one of the 8,polyglot0 founders1 whose matrices they appear to have acquired4 ,their foundry was situated in ,angel ,alley1 ,aldersgate ,street2 and1 about #agjj1 at which date ,rowe ,mores fixes his summary1 was evidently of considerable extent4 ,although many of the founts are of little importance1 it is worthy of note that among the ,roman and ,italic matrices is included1 for the first time1 a ,diamond2 and that a ,pica and ,long ,primer are distinguished as 8,king's ,house0 founts1 and were probably reserved for the service of the ,royal press at ,blackfriars4 ,the large-face ,double ,pica ,roman and ,italic1 there is reason to suppose1 is the famous fount cut by ,john ,day about #aegb1 which had subsequently been in the possession of one of the ,polyglot founders4#cgb ,in ,scriptorials1 ,cursives and other fancy letters1 as well as in peculiar and mathematical sorts1 the foundry was unusually rich4 ,the ,great ,primer and #b-line ,great ,primer ,black matrices are those reputed to have belonged to ,de ,worde2 and from these #aih founts1 says ,mores1 were taken the two specimens shown on page #cdc of ,palmer's ,general ,history of ,printing4#cgc ,among the 8learned0 founts1 the ,english ,samaritan matrices were those from which had been cast the type for ,walton's ,polyglot1 in #afeg1 as were also those of the larger ,syriac2 while the ,double ,pica large and small faced ,greek claim a still earlier origin1 being the founts in which was printed ,patrick ,young's ,catena on ,job1 in #afcg1 the matrices having been procured from the proceeds of the fine on the ,king's printers for their scandalous errors in the printing of the 8,wicked0 ,bible1 as detailed in a former chapter4#cgd ,the smaller face1 as we have noticed1 bears the strongest resemblance to the ,greek of the ,eton ,chrysostom4 ,mores states that the ,great ,primer ,arabic of the ,polyglot was in this foundry1 but omits to include the matrices in his summary4#cge ,the following is the full list of the matrices in the foundry1 circ4 #agjj1 as given by ,mores3 8,,the ,,foundery ,,of ,,the ,,two ,,mr4 ,,grovers1 circ4 #agjj4 ,,orientals4 ,hebrew4 ,great ,primer1 #cj4 ,pica1 #hj4 ,long ,primer1 #fj4 ,brevier1 #acj4 ,samaritan 7with ,english face74 ,english199 #cb4 ,p4 ,syriac4 ,double ,pica1 #fj4 ,p4 ,pica1 #hj4 ,arabic4 ,double ,pica1 #cj4 ,great ,primer1 ,p48 ,,meridionals4 ,coptic 7the new hand7199 #ha4 8,this seems to be a mistake of the cataloguers1 who had fallen upon something which they did not understand2 we suppose the ,alexandrian fount1 which from the semblance they took to be ,coptic2 the number #ha was made up with something else they were strangers to2 and so are we4 ,but whatever it was 7it is in the foundry7 it is now in its proper place40 ,,occidentals4 ,greek4 ,double ,pica large face1 #ahc4 ,royal4 ,double ,pica small face1 444 ,royal4 ,great ,primer1 #add4 ,english1 #cej4 ,greek4 ,pica1 #chj4 ,pica1 another1 #abj4 ,long ,primer1 #abj4 ,brevier1 #dbf4 ,very fine4 ,brevier1 another1 imperfect4 #b-line full face capitals1 #bc4 ,roman and ,italic4 #b-line ,english full face capitals1 #ca4 #b-line ,english ,roman1 #ajj4 #b-line ,english ,italic1 #gg4 ,double ,pica ,roman large face1 #abj4 ,day8 ,p48 ,double ,pica ,italic1 #ih4 ,day8 ,p48 ,double ,pica ,roman small face1 #abf4 ,double ,pica ,italic1 #ih4 ,great ,primer ,roman large face1 #ajb4 ,great ,primer ,italic1 #aje4 ,great ,primer ,roman small face1 #aec4 ,great ,primer ,italic1 #aje4 ,great ,primer small capitals1 #bg4 ,english ,roman1 #aei4 ,english ,italic1 #aad4 #aii ,roman and ,italic4 ,two other ,english ,roman and ,italic4 7,one called the ,old ,english47 ,english small capitals1 #bg4 ,pica ,roman broad face1 #he4 ,pica ,roman1 #adf4 7,called ,king's ,house47 ,pica ,roman and ,italic1 #bib4 ,pica ,italic1 #db4 ,pica small capitals1 #bg4 ,long ,primer ,roman and ,italic1 #agg4 ,long ,primer another1 #bbf4 7,called ,king's ,house47 ,long ,primer another1 #bai4 ,long ,primer two others4 ,small capitals1 #bg4 ,brevier ,roman large face1 #if4 ,brevier ,roman and ,italic1 #bda4 ,brevier ,roman and ,italic1 small face4 ,brevier ,italic4 ,title ,letters and ,irregulars4 #e-line ,pica full face capitals1 #ca4 ,canon ,roman1 #hg4 ,canon ,italic1 #gj4 ,canon ,roman lean face capitals1 #eg4 #b-line ,double ,pica full face capitals1 #bf4 #b-line ,great ,primer full face capitals1 #ca4 #b-line ,great ,primer ,roman1 #hf4 #b-line ,great ,primer ,italic1 #fh4 #b-line ,pica full face capitals1 #ca4 #b-line ,pica ,roman1 #hc4 #b-line ,pica ,italic1 #gg4 #b-line ,small ,pica full face capitals1 #bg4 #b-line ,long ,primer full face capitals1 #ca4 #b-line ,brevier full face capitals1 #ba4 ,paragon ,roman1 #ajf4 ,paragon ,italic1 #ch4 ,small ,pica ,roman and ,italic1 #age4 ,small ,pica ,roman and ,italic1 another1 #bcc4 ,small ,pica small capitals1 #bg4 ,minion ,roman and ,italic1 #age4 ,nonpareil ,roman and ,italic1 #agd4 ,nonpareil ,roman and ,italic1 another1 #age4 ,pearl ,roman and ,italic1 #afg4 ,diamond ,roman and ,italic1 #id4 ,,septentrionals4 ,anglo-,saxon4 ,great ,primer1 444 ,pica1 #cj4 ,english4 ,double ,pica1 #fi4 ,great ,primer1 #ff4 ,de ,worde8 ,great ,primer1 another1 with law1 #gc4 ,english1 #hb4 ,english1 another1 with law1 #abh4 ,long ,primer #a1 #gd4 ,long ,primer #b1 #hi4 ,long ,primer #c1 #gd4 ,brevier1 #gc4 #b-line ,great ,primer1 #fi4 ,de ,worde8 ,small ,pica1 #gj4 ,nonpareil1 #hh4 ,scriptorial4 ,double ,pica ,court1 #hj4 ,english ,court199 #ajj4 ,great ,primer ,secretary1 #aje4 ,double ,pica ,union ,pearl199 #fa4 ,cursive4 ,double ,pica1 444 ,great ,primer1 #fi4 ,english #a1 #fh4 ,english #b1 #eg4 ,pica199 444 ,long ,primer1 #fh4 ,geometrical and ,algebraical ,symbols4 ,astronomical1 ,astrological1 and ,pharmaceutical ,characters4 ,english1 #ee4 ,figures struck in circles and squares4 ,english1 #bb4 ,pica ,astronomical ,characters belonging to ,pica ,king's ,house1 #bb4 ,pica ,algebraical and ,pharmaceutical ,marks1 and cancelled figures1 #c sets4 ,long ,primer ,dominical ,letters1 ,astronomical and ,pharmaceutical ,marks and ,characters4 ,long ,primer ,fractions1 #bj4 ,music4 ,great ,primer1 #agf4 ,flowers1 #bjj4 ,space ,rules1 ,metal ,rules1 ,braces1 #aej4 ,punches4 ,some for ,pica1 ,long ,primer and ,nonpareil ,greek4 ,long ,primer and other ,punches4 ,respecting one of the founts in this foundry a special interest exists1 which calls for particular reference here4 ,among the 8,meridionals0 in the list is included a 8,coptic 7the new hand7 #ha matrices10 an entry which ,mores considers #bjj to be 8a mistake of the cataloguers1 who had fallen upon something they did not understand--we suppose the ,alexandrian fount1 which from the semblance they took to be ,coptic4 ,the number #ha was made up with something else which they were strangers to1 and so are we40#cgf ,later on1 in noting the various founts missing in the collection of ,john ,james1 he again refers to this 8,new ,coptic10 adding1 8it certainly was the ,alexandrian which they called ,new ,coptic02#cgg and a specimen of this ,alexandrian ,greek duly appears in the catalogue of ,james's foundry1 prepared by ,mores in #aggh4 ,this fount1 which we are thus enabled to trace back with tolerable certainty to an earlier date than #agjj1 is interesting as being the first attempt at facsimile reproduction by means of type4 ,the history of its origin is vague1 but there seems reason to believe that it may have been in existence at least half a century before coming into the hands of the ,grovers4 ,illustration3 #ej4 ,alexandrian ,greek in ,grover's ,foundry1 ante1 #agjj4 7,from the ,catalogue of ,james's ,foundry1 #aghb1 p4 #aj47 ,in the year #afbh ,cyrillus ,lucaris1 a native of ,crete and ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 sent to ,king ,charles ,i1 by the hand of ,sir ,thomas ,rowe1#cgh ,english ambassador to the ,grand ,seignor1 a manuscript of the ,bible in four volumes1 written in ,greek uncial or capital letters1 without accents or marks of aspiration1 and supposed to be the work of ,thecla1 a noble ,egyptian lady who lived in the #bja sixth century4 ,this precious work was received by ,charles ,i and deposited in the ,royal ,library of ,st4 ,james1 of which at that time ,patrick ,young was the ,keeper4 ,young applied himself with enthusiasm to the work of collating and examining the ,manuscript1 with a view to putting forward a literal transcript of its contents in print4 ,having published at ,oxford1 in #afcc1 an edition of the first epistle of ,clemens ,romanus to the ,corinthians1 in ,greek and ,latin1 the text of which is included in the ,alexandrian ,,ms41 he was encouraged to put forward1 in #afcg1 his ,catena on ,job1 which contained the entire text of that book transcribed from the same ,codex4 ,this book was printed in the ,greek types of the ,royal printing office1 purchased under the peculiar circumstances already detailed4#cgi ,after this1 says ,gough1 ,young 8formed the design of printing the entire text of the ,codex in facsimile type1 of which1 in #afdc1 he printed a ,specimen1 consisting of the first chapter of ,genesis1 with notes1 and left behind him scholia as far as to the fifteenth chapter of ,numbers40#chj ,of this specimen1 unfortunately1 no copy can be discovered2 although as to the existence of such a document there is no lack of contemporary evidence4 ,in his ,prolegomena to the ,london ,polyglot of #afeg1 ,bishop ,walton1 who had made a careful study of the ,codex1 and availed himself freely of ,young's notes1 distinctly states that he had seen the specimen1 and that the proposal to carry through the work had been discouraged by the advice of ,young's friends4#cha ,walton shows a few words of the ,alexandrian ,greek1 poorly cut in wood1 among the specimens in his ,prolegomena3 a circumstance which would suggest that in #afeg the matrices used for ,junius' facsimile1 if in existence1 were not then available4 ,walton's statement was confirmed by ,grabe1 ,mill1 and others1 who made a study of the ,codex and its history2 and in #agjg ,young's biographer and successor in the task of preparing the ,codex for print1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,smith1 repeated it with the authority of one who had also personally inspected the ,specimen4#chb #bjb ,it has been assumed by later writers that both ,walton and ,thomas ,smith made reference to a proposed facsimile reprint of the ,manuscript2 and ,gough's circumstantial statement1 already quoted 7which is adopted by ,nichols and copied by others1 such as ,horne1 ,edwards1 etc471 leaves little doubt that the chapter of ,genesis was actually put forward in #afdc1 in facsimile type1 as a specimen of the forthcoming work4 ,the evidence as to the existence of the types receives further countenance from the presence of these matrices in ,grover's foundry1 certainly before the year #agjj4 ,anthony ,wood states that ,young's project excited much curiosity and expectation1 and that in #afde an ordinance was read for printing and publishing the ,septuagint1 under the direction of ,whitelock and ,selden4 ,the troublous times which ensued1 however1 as well as certain doubts as to the fidelity with which the original text was being treated by the transcriber1 led to the abandonment of the scheme during ,young's tenure of office1 which ceased in #afdi4 ,in that year ,bulstrode ,whitelock became ,library ,keeper1 and consequently custodian of the ,,ms4 ,it would appear1 however1 from a sentence in one of ,usher's letters1#chc that as late as #afea ,young retained his purpose of publishing the ,bible from the text of the ,codex1 but his death in the following year finally stopped the enterprise4 ,what became of the specimen chapter of ,genesis it is impossible to say4 ,bishop ,walton1 as he himself states1 acquired possession of the scholia to the end of ,numbers and the remainder of ,young's ,greek and ,latin ,,mss41 ,wood informs us1 came to the hands of ,dr4 ,owen1 ,dean of ,christ ,church1 ,oxford4 ,assuming the matrices to have existed1 their natural location would be either the ,royal ,printing ,office1 or the foundry in which already had been deposited the ,greek types and matrices used in the ,catena on ,job4 ,if1 however1 they remained in the ,st4 ,james's ,library1 it is possible to conceive of their disappearance for a considerable period1 as ,whitelock's principal duties during his term of office appear to have been to check the depredations which in ,young's own time had already deprived the ,library of many of its treasures4#chd #bjc ,at the ,restoration1 the ,keepership of the ,library was bestowed on ,thomas ,rosse1 by whom was once more revived the suggestion of reproducing the ,alexandria ,codex in facsimile1 not this time by means of type1 but by copper-plate4 ,this circumstance is thus related by ,aubrey in his inedited ,remains of ,gentilism and ,judaism1 preserved among the ,lansdowne ,,mss4 in the ,british ,museum4#che 84 4 4 4 ye ,tecla ,,ms4 in ,st ,james ,library 4 4 4 was sent as a ,present to ,king ,charles the ,first1 from ,cyrillus1 ,patriark of ,constantinople3 as a jewell of that antiquity not fit to be kept among ,infidels4 ,mr4 4 4 4 ,rosse 7translator of ,statius7 was ,tutor to ye ,duke of ,monmouth who gott him the place 7of7 ,library-,keeper at ,st ,james's3 he desired ,k4 ,cha4 ,i 7sic7 to be at ye chardge to have it engraven in copper-plates1 and told him it would cost but #bjj2 but his ,maty would not yeild to it4 ,mr4 ,ross sayd #8that it would appeare glorious in ,history1 after his ,maty's death4' #8,pish1' sayd he1 #8,i care not what they say of me in ,history when ,i am dead4' ,h4 ,grotius1 ,j4 ,g4 ,vossius1 ,heinsius1 etc41 have made ,journeys into ,england purposely to correct their ,greeke ,testaments by this ,copy in ,st ,james's4 ,sr ,chr4 ,wren sayd that he would rather have it engraved by an ,engraver that could not understand or read ,greek1 than by one that did40 ,the ,manuscript was subsequently handed1 in #afgh1 to ,dr4 ,thomas ,smith to collate and edit1 with a view to its reproduction2 but once again the scheme fell through1 and 7with the exception of ,walton's ,polyglot7 it was not till ,grabe1 in #agjg1 published his ,octateuch 7accompanying his preface by a small copper-plate specimen of the ,,ms471 that any considerable portion of the ,bible appeared from this ancient text4 ,of the subsequent successful attempt to produce the entire ,manuscript in facsimile type we have spoken elsewhere4#chf ,meanwhile1 we find from the facts here given1 that in #afdc a specimen of a portion of the text of the ,codex is said to have been issued in facsimile type2 that constant efforts had been made during the latter half of the seventeenth century to carry out ,patrick ,young's purpose of reproducing the entire ,bible in this form2 that in #afeg ,bishop ,walton was presumably unaware of the existence of any matrices from which to exhibit a specimen of the uncial ,greek of the ,codex2 that ,grabe1 similarly ignorant1 made use of copper-plate in #agjg for a similar purpose2 but that prior to the year #agjj1 concealed under the erroneous name of 8,coptic--the new hand10 there existed in the foundry of the ,grovers 7where already were deposited several of the 8,king's ,house0 matrices1 as well as those of the ,greek fount used in ,junius' ,catena on ,job in #afcg7 a set of matrices consisting of a single alphabet of the ,alexandrian ,greek1 which apparently lay undetected until #ageh1 when that foundry came into the hands of ,john #bjd ,james1 or more probably until #aggh1 when ,rowe ,mores applied himself to the task of arranging and cataloguing the various matrices of interest in that miscellaneous collection4 ,illustration3 #ea4 ,scriptorial in ,grover's ,foundry1 #agjj4 7,from the original matrices47 ,illustration3 #eb4 ,court ,hand in ,grover's ,foundry1 #agjj4 7,from the ,catalogue of ,james's ,foundry1 #aghb1 p4 #af47 ,illustration3 #ec4 ,union ,pearl in ,grover's ,foundry1 #agjj4 7,from the original matrices47 ,it may be added that the letters of this fount 7like those of the old ,greek1 ,court ,hand1 ,scriptorial and ,union ,pearl in the same foundry7 are struck inverted in the copper#chg2 a peculiarity which may be due either to their foreign execution1 or to the ignorance of the ,english striker1 and which1 in either case1 goes far to account for the confusion which existed respecting their identity4 ,unfortunately1 the link which might definitely connect these ,alexandrian matrices with the facsimile types of ,patrick ,young is1 in the absence of any copy of the specimen chapter of ,genesis of #afdc1 wanting4 ,but1 apart even #bje from this1 the fount undoubtedly claims the distinction of being the first attempt at facsimile by means of type#chh2 on which account this somewhat lengthy note as to its history will1 perhaps1 be pardoned4 ,thomas ,grover had several daughters1 one of whom1 ,cassandra1 was the wife of ,mr4 ,meres#chi2 and ,mr4 ,meres' daughter ,elizabeth was the wife of ,mr4 ,richard ,nutt4#cij ,on ,thomas ,grover's death#cia his foundry became the joint property of all his daughters1 who attempted to dispose of it by private contract in #agbh1 when it was appraised by ,thomas ,james and ,william ,caslon4 ,mr4 ,caslon actually made an offer for its purchase1 but at so low a figure that it was not accepted4 ,the foundry therefore remained locked up in the house of ,mr4 ,nutt1 who appears to have been a printer1 and to have provided himself with type for his own use during his tenure of the matrices4 ,finally1 on the death of all ,grover's daughters1 the foundry became ,mr4 ,nutt's absolutely1 and was by him sold on the #adth ,september #ageh to ,john ,james4 ,,godfrey ,,head1 #afhe1cib was one of the authorised founders in #afhe1 when the following record against him was entered on the ,court minutes of the ,stationers' ,company3 8,the next dividend of the ,stock of ,mr4 ,godfrey ,head to be detained in the treasurer's hand until further order1 for his not giving a due account of the letter he is to cast1 as the ,act of ,parliament prescribes4--#afhe4 8,godfrey ,head's dividend paid on his submission1 and giving #bjs4 to the poor's box40 #bjf ,his foundry1 ,mores informs us1 was in ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,close4 ,whether ,head succeeded to it or established it1 we are unable to ascertain4 ,of his productions1 two founts only can be traced with any certainty1 the ,pica ,greek and the ,english ,black1 both of which subsequently passed into ,mr4 ,caslon's foundry4 ,he was succeeded by ,,robert ,,mitchell1 who had formerly been servant to ,mr4 ,grover4 ,mitchell removed the foundry first to ,jewin ,street1 and afterwards1 says ,mores1 8lived over ,cripplegate1 and afterwards in ,paul's ,alley1 between ,aldersgate ,street and ,red ,cross ,street4 ,his foundry1 containing nothing very curious1 unless it were the ,blacks1 was on the #bfth ,july #agci purchased by ,william ,caslon and ,john ,james jointly1 and divided between them40 ,the following is ,mores' summary of the contents of this foundry1 at its partition3 8,mr4 ,,robert ,,mitchell',s ,,foundery4 ,,mr4 ,,caslon',s ,,choice4 ,greek4 ,pica4 ,roman and ,italic4 #d-line ,pica #b-line ,great ,primer #b-line ,english #b-line ,pica and ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier1 and ,nonpareil4 full-face capitals4 ,english 7,black74 ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier1 ,small ,pica4 ,the ,music matrices4 ,the ,flower matrices4 ,,mr4 ,,james',s ,,share4 ,roman and ,italic4 ,canon1 #b-line ,great ,primer1 #b-line ,english1 ,double ,pica 7small faced71 ,great ,primer 7#c founts71 ,english 7large face71 ,pica1 ,brevier 7#c founts71 ,small ,pica1 ,minion1 ,pearl 7#b founts74 ,algebra4 ,english4 ,cancelled ,figures4 ,pica4 ,almanac matrices4 ,long ,primer4 ,,the 8,,anonymous0 ,,foundry4 ,over and above the foundries described by ,mores as having been absorbed by that of ,thomas and ,john ,james1 there remained in his possession a certain number of matrices--some of them of some importance--of whose former owners he was unable to give us an account4 8,these may be considered as a distinct foundery10 he says1 8and distinguished by the title of #8anonymous1' for we know not whence they came4 ,our account of ,mr ,james's purchases is accurate1 and these are not included amongst them1 but at the end of our scrutiny remained unclaimed4 ,let them be called #8,the ,anonymous ,foundry'40 #bjg ,we do not presume to step in where ,rowe ,mores fears to tread1 and therefore leave the matrices1 of which the following is his list1 still unappropriated3 8,,the ,,anonymous ,,foundery1 absq4 dat4 ,,orientals4 ,arabic4 ,double ,pica4 thiopic4 ,english4 ,,occidentals4 ,greek4 ,great ,primer4 ,roman and ,italic4 ,great ,primer4 ,english4 ,long ,primer4 ,brevier4 #b-line ,double ,pica full face capitals4 #b-line ,great ,primer full face capitals4 #b-line ,english full face capitals4 #b-line ,pica full face capitals4 ,small ,pica4 ,bourgeois4 ,nonpareil4 ,pearl4 ,,septentrionals4 ,gothic4 ,pica4 ,anglo-,norman4 ,pica4 ,english4 ,english4 ,pica4 ,long ,primer4 ,small ,pica4 78of all of which a more full account will be given in the ensuing catalogue407 ,,oxford ,,founders4 ,,peter ,,walpergen1 or ,walberger1 as we have stated in our account of the ,oxford ,foundry1 was doubtless the individual alluded to by ,bagford when1 in recounting ,fell's services to ,oxford1 he says3 8,the good ,bishop provided from ,holland 4 4 4 a ,letter ,founder1 a ,dutchman by birth1 who had served the ,states in the same quality at ,batavia in the ,east ,indies40#cic ,bagford1 it is true1 does not name this founder1 but as there exists in the ,bodleian ,library a copy of a ,portuguese version of sop's ,fables1 edited by ,jo4 ,ferreira d',almeida1 and printed at ,batavia by ,pedro ,walberger in #afgb1cid we have no hesitation in identifying our founder with this ,dutch typographer1 and in fixing his settlement at ,oxford somewhere about the above date1 which1 it will be remembered1 was the year in which ,fell and others took upon them the charge of the ,university ,press1 and furnished from abroad all the necessaries for its use and advancement4 ,that he was well known at ,oxford in #afhc is also apparent from a casual reference to 8,mr4 ,walberger of ,oxford0 in ,moxon's ,mechanick ,exercises1#cie where the writer dwells with some minuteness on a peculiar and elaborate tool1 called the 8,joynt-,flat-,gauge10 contrived by this founder for polishing the faces of his punches after hardening them1 and before striking them into the copper4 #bjh ,it was doubtless from this casual notice that ,rowe ,mores derived his scant reference to ,walpergen1 of whom he knows nothing1 save that he founded at ,oxford in #afhc1 was sometimes called ,walperger1 and by name appears to have been a foreigner1 therefore probably a 8transient10 by means of his countryman ,michael ,burghers1 the ,university engraver4 ,of ,walpergen's work little is known beyond the fact that he appears to have devoted his attention chiefly to the production of ,music type1 impressions of which appear in the ,university ,specimen of #afie4 ,the punches and matrices of this interesting fount are still preserved at ,oxford1 and are singular relics of the old letter-founders' art4#cif ,illustration3 #ed4 ,music1 cut by ,walpergen1 ,oxford1 circ4 #afie4 7,from the original matrices47 ,although the ,music was the only fount cut by ,walpergen of which we have any certain knowledge1 it is probable that the experienced ,dutch artist1 whom ,bagford describes as an excellent workman1 did not confine his labours to that class of work4 ,what were his exact relations with the ,university ,press is also a matter of conjecture4 ,but it seems probable1 from the manner in which he is spoken of by ,moxon1 and in the ,oxford ,specimen1 that he practised as a letter-founder on his own account1 and not wholly as an official of the ,university4 ,he died in #agad4cig ,among the ,university archives is preserved an inventory of his chattels1 which1 if a full account of his earthly possessions1 speaks #bji poorly for the profits of the profession of letter-founding in those days4 ,this highly interesting document runs as follows#cih3 ,an inventory of the ,chattels of ,peter ,de ,walpergen1 deceased1 taken the tenth day of ,january #agad-e4 ,being the ,moiety of a ,fount of ,musick4 s4 d4 ,two hunderd and two pounds weight of ,mettal 78 cast type7 at four pence per pound his part is #a #ac #h ,one hunderd fourty seven ,matrices at one ,shilling per piece his part is #c #ac #f ,nine quadrats at two pence per piece his part is #j #j #i ,four moulds at two shillings six pence per piece his part #j #e #j ,sixty three puncheons at five shillings 7i4e41 for the lot7 his part #j #b #f ,four cases at four shillings his part #j #b #j ,two galleys at two shillings his part #j #a #j ,a box at sixpence his part #j #j #c ,appraised by us1 ,,leonard ,,lichfield4 ,,richard ,,green4 ,the extraordinarily low value of the punches is quite consistent with the esteem in which these now precious steel originals were held at the time1 after once being struck4 ,walpergen's music matrices were secured by the ,university ,press1 in whose ,specimens the type had already figured for some years2 but we have1 so far1 been unable to discover any important works in which the character was used4 ,,sylvester ,,andrews1 who succeeded to ,walpergen's foundry before the year #agad1 was the son of ,robert ,andrews1 the ,london founder4 ,his foundry1 which1 with the exception of one alphabet of ,hebrew1 consisted entirely of ,roman and ,italic1 was1 ,rowe ,mores informs us1 nothing compared with that of his father1 and was indeed a part of his father's4 ,the following is the list of his matrices3 8,,mr4 ,,silvester ,,andrews' ,,foundery2 furtim3 ,hebrew4 ,brevier 7at first #cc7 #cj ,roman and ,italic4 #b-line ,english ,capitals 444 ,great ,primer ,roman1 large face #abe ,great ,primer ,italic #hb ,english ,roman #adh ,english ,italic #ih ,pica ,roman1 large face #aec ,pica ,roman1 small face #adh ,pica ,italic #aaj ,pica ,roman1 lower case #bg ,long ,primer ,roman #aai ,long ,primer ,italic #ajb ,brevier ,roman1 large face #acj ,brevier ,roman1 small face #ace ,brevier ,italic 7#b sets of ,capitals7 #aje #baj #b-line ,pica ,italic 444 ,small ,pica ,roman #adf ,small ,pica ,italic #bh ,minion ,roman and ,italic 444 ,nonpareil ,roman1 large face #adj ,nonpareil ,italic #aje ,nonpareil ,roman1 small face #id ,pearl ,roman #ih ,pearl ,italic #ch ,although his stock of matrices was limited1 he appears to have done a considerable business1 not only with the ,university1 in whose service he was probably retained1 but also with other printers practising in ,oxford1 notably with ,john ,baskett1 the king's printer1 to whom1 with two others1 the 8,chancellor1 ,masters and ,scholars of the ,university10 leased their 8privilege and interest in printing0 for twenty-one years from ,march #agac4 ,in the year #agai ,baskett1 who had two years previously produced the magnificent 8,vinegar0 ,bible#cii at ,oxford1 mortgaged his stock and privilege at the ,university to ,james ,brooks1 stationer1 of ,london1 as security for a loan of #c1jjj4 ,and in a schedule attached to an indenture1 dated ,may #bc1 #agbj1 having reference to this transaction1 occurs an inventory of the type at that time in the printer's possession1 which is highly interesting1 not only as throwing light on ,andrews' business1 but as indicating the contents of a large office of the period1 and the extent to which ,dutch type at that time competed in this country with ,english4 ,the schedule is as follows3 ,an ,account of the ,letter ,presses and other ,stock and ,implements of and in the ,printing house at ,oxford belonging to ,john ,baskett1 ,citizen and ,staconer of ,london3 ,a ,large ffount of ,perle ,letter ,cast by ,mr4 ,andrews4 ,a ,large ffount of ,nonpl ,letter1 ,new-,cast by ditto4 ,another ffount of ,nonpl ,letter1 ,old1 the whole standing and ,sett up in a ,com'on ,prayer in #bdmo ,compleat4 ,a large ffount of ,minn ,letter1 ,new-,cast by ,mr4 ,andrews4 ,another ,large ffount of ,minn ,letter1 ,new-,cast in ,holland4 ,the whole ,testament standing in ,brevr and ,minn ,letter1 ,old4 ,a ,large ffount of ,brevr ,letter1 ,new-,cast in ,holland4 ,a very ,large ffount of ,lo4 ,primr ,letter1 ,new-,cast by ,mr4 ,andrews4 ,a ,large ffount of ,pica ,letter1 very good1 cast by ditto4 ,another ,large ffount of ditto1 never used1 ,cast in ,holland4 ,a small ,quantity of ,english1 ,new-,cast by ,mr4 ,andrews4 ,a small ,quantity of ,great ,primr1 ,new-,cast by ditto4 ,a very ,large ffount of ,double ,pica1 ,new1 the largest in ,england4#djj #baa ,a ,quantity of ,two ,line ,english ,letters4 ,a ,quantity of ffrench ,cannon4 ,two line ,letters of all ,sorts and a ,sett of ,silver ,initiall ,letters4 ,cases1 ,stands1 etc4 ffive ,printing ,presses1 very good1 with other ,appurtenances1 etc4 ,the schedule is signed 8,jno4 ,baskett40#dja ,in #agcc ,sylvester ,andrews' foundry was purchased1 at the same time with that of his father1 by ,thomas ,james1 and removed to ,london4 ,his epitaph remains1 and gives an amusing glimpse of his character and the reputation he bore at ,oxford4 ,on a ,letter-,founder at ,oxford4 8,underneath this stone lies honoured ,syl ,who died1 though much against his will2 ,yet1 in his fame he will survive ,learning shall keep his name alive2 ,for he the parent was of letters1 ,he founded1 to confound his betters2 ,though what those letters should contain ,did never once disturb his brain4 ,since1 therefore1 reader1 he is gone1 ,pray let him not be trod upon40#djb ,illustration #bab ,illustration ,,chapter ,x4 ,,thomas ,,and ,,john ,,james1 #agaj4 ,thomas ,james was the son of the ,rev4 ,john ,james1 vicar of ,basingstoke4#djc ,he served his apprenticeship to ,robert ,andrews1 but quitted his service prior to the year #agaj1 in order to start business on his own account4 ,impressed1 doubtless1 with the present low condition of the art in ,england1 and lacking the skill to regenerate it by his own labour1 he determined to visit ,holland and procure for himself1 from that famous typographical market1 the matrices and moulds necessary for establishing a successful foundry #bac in ,london4 ,the characteristic letters in which he describes this expedition to his brother are given by ,rowe ,mores1#djd and present so instructive and entertaining a picture of the ,dutch type-founders of the day1 that we are tempted to copy them in extenso4 8,rotterdam1 #bb ,june #agaj4--;,i have been with all the ,letter ,founders in ,amsterdam1 and if ,i would have given ---- for matrices1 could not persuade any of 'em but the last ,i went to1 to part with any4 ,so far from it that it was with much ado ,i could get them to let me see their business4 ,the ,dutch letter founders are the most sly and jealous people that ever ,i saw in my life4 ,however this last man 7being as ,i perceived by the strong perfume of ,geneva waters a most profound sot7 offers to sell me all his house for about ---- ,i mean the matrices3 for the punchions with them he will not sell for any money4 ,but there being about as much as he would have ---- for1 ,hebrew and other ,oriental languages such as ,syrian1 ,samaritan and ,russian characters1 ,i would not consent to buy 'em4 ,but the rest consisting of about #ag sets of ,roman and ,italic capitals and small letters1 and about #e sets of capital letters only1 and #c sets of ,greek1 besides a set or two of ,black with other appurtenances1 these ,i design to buy4 ,he is not very fond of selling them because it will be a great while before he can furnish himself again4 ,however ,i believe ,i shall have 'em for less than ---- a matrice1 which as he says is cheaper than ever they were his2 but having most of the punches he can sink 'em again and so set himself to rights with little trouble and less charge40 ,the next letter1 dated ,rotterdam1 #adth ,july #agaj1 describes graphically the difficulties which ,james encountered in driving his bargain to a conclusion4 8,i took a place in the waggon for ,tergoes and from thence in a scayte for ,amsterdam1 where ,i arrived at #e o'clock on ,monday morning #aj ,july4 ,as soon as ,i thought the person ,i have dealt with was stirring ,i went to confer with him farther about his matrices2 but instead of finding all things set in order for sale1 ,i found him less provided than when ,i was with him before2 for indeed he had lent about eight sets of matrices to another ,letter ,founder4 ,i let him know my mind by an interpreter4 ,he told me what a disposition his things were in1 and said he had rather part with some particular sets than with all4 ,in short1 ,i found he had not a mind to part with any but those which he esteemed least1 and those of which he had the puncheons by him to sink again when he pleased4 ,i told him that ,i came expecting to make an end of the bargain1 if he would part with all the sets ,i had seen in his proof for the price ,i had offered4 ,the man hesitated a good while and at last told me he would advise about it4 ,i told him ,i'd have him resolve presently1 and showed him the bill 4 4 4 ,the sight of the bill made the man begin to be a little more serious than before2 so after a few more words he told me he would send for his other sets in the afternoon4 ,i told him that he might do1 but in the meantime ,i would survey those he had by him2 so he had a table set and he fetched his matrices to me4 ,the reason why ,i would not stir out of his house till ,i had taken a survey of his matrices was1 because ,i was fearful that he might pick and cull 7as we call it7 a great #bad many things which are useful in printing besides just the alphabets2 and indeed lest he might change some whole sets2 though indeed the man declares he would not do a thing so ill for his life4 ,however ,i having all the matrices brought into one room locked 'em up and took the key away with me1 and went to dinner4 ,in the afternoon ,i went again with my interpreter 7being an ,exchange ,broker7 where we sat all the afternoon viewing the matrices4 ,at night ,i locked 'em up again and took the key with me1 and on ,tuesday morning presented my bill1 which was accepted and paid immediately4 ,but ,i should have told you that the afternoon before he sent his wife to speak to the people to send home the other sets2 but she brought a note from the house and said the master who had the key and keeping of 'em was gone a great way out of town to the burial of his mother1 and they did not expect him back till ,wednesday4 ,this news was very disagreeable to me2 but not knowing how to help myself1 on ,tuesday1 after having viewed all day those he had1 ,i paid him ----1 and took 'em along with me to my lodging when it was too late to send to you by the post from ,amsterdam4 ,on ,wednesday ,i went again but could not find the man at home4 ,he was gone for the other sets4 ,so ,i tarried till yesterday and went again and received #c of the #h sets4 ,the rest are not to be had yet1 the man being not returned1 only his wife who gave him those three sets4 ,so there are wanting but five sets more which are all ,greeks but one4 ,i took 'em1 molds and all1 and packed them up in a box and sent 'em by an ,amsterdam scayte appointed to carry goods for ,rotterdam4 ,this ,i did1 fearing the ,catherine yacht might sail if ,i tarried for the rest4 ,at #h o'clock last night ,i took scayte for ,tergoes1 and arrived there this morning4 ,from thence ,i came hither by waggon and arrived here before #i40 ,the next letter1 dated ,rotterdam1 #bgth ,july #agaj1 describes his purchase more in detail1 and gives particulars as to the ,dutch foundries visited4 8,you are desirous to know whether the matrices ,i have bought excel those which are in the hands of the ,letter ,founders in ,england4 ,the beauty of letter like that of faces is as people opine2 but notwithstanding ,i had no choice1 all the ,romans excel what we have in ,england in my opinion1 and ,i hope being well wrought1 ,i mean cast1 will gain the approbation of very handsome letters4 ,the ,italic ,i do not look upon to be unhandsome1 though the ,dutch are never very extraordinary in those4 ,an account of the names that ,i think ,i shall give the sets ,i have bought is as follows3 ,the largest size ,i shall distinguish by the name of ,four-line ,pica1 the next by that of ,french ,canon1 the next by that of ,two-line ,pica2 these three consist of ,capitals only4 ,the fourth size is a small ,canon ,italic1 the fifth a ,two-line ,english ,roman and ,italic1 the sixth ,great ,primer ,roman1 of which ,i have two sets1 a great face and a small one1 with one ,italic to them both4 ,the seventh size is an ,english ,roman and ,italic2 the eighth a ,pica1 of which ,i have three sets ,roman1 and one ,italic2 the ninth a ,small ,pica ,roman and ,italic1 the tenth ,long ,primer1 three sets ,roman and one ,italic1 the eleventh1 ,brevier ,roman and ,italic4 ,besides these ,i have one set of ,great ,primer ,greek1 one of ,english ,greek1 one of ,pica ,greek1 one of ,brevier ,greek1 as also one set of ,pica ,black and one of ,brevier ,black together with matrices of divers sorts of flowers useful as ornaments in printing4 ,to which ,i have #ae molds4 ,all the sizes except the three first have ,capitals1 small letters1 double letters1 figures and points1 as also all the accents1 amounting in the whole to the number of about #cejj matrices4 ,as for sets of ,nonpareil and ,pearl1 ,i am informed nobody in #bae this country has any but the ,jew whose name is ,athias4#dje ,him ,i was with first of all1 who assured me he would part with none of any size whatever1 as did likewise another man whose name is ,foskins4#djf ,the next ,i went to was ,cupi by name4 ,he said he must consult a friend of his before he could give me my answer1 which friend being gone out of town it would be two or three days before he could certify me4 ,the next and last ,i went to the same day3 his name was ,rolij1#djg a ,german by birth4 ,him ,i soon perceived ,i should agree with1 as afterwards ,i did4 ,but before ,i went to him ,i called upon ,cupi4 ,he told me he would sell no matrices1 but he would cast me as much letter as ,i would have as cheap as anybody4 ,i went to him before ,i agreed with ,rolij because ,i would see which would sell cheapest4 ,but finding them all so inflexible ,i was obliged to agree with ,rolij upon his own terms1 who1 however1 did not know but ,i had come to him first1 since himself and ,cupi are the only letter-cutters in this country1 and he did not imagine but that if he would not have sold me matrices ,cupi would1 as ,i found by him afterwards4 ,when ,cupi perceived that ,rolij would sell me some matrices 7as1 indeed1 then ,rolij and ,i had agreed and he received #agjj gilders in part71 he comes to the ,exchange-,broker and told him he would sink his puncheons again and in half a year's time deliver me all the matrices he has1 perfect1 after the rate of ---- per matrice1 but that except ,i would take all one with another1 he would sell none at all4 8,his ,roman letters are very handsome and his ,italics ugly1 but all printed upon a proof of the best paper2 with all the care taken in composing and printing imaginable1 which adds much to the lustre of his letter4 ,in a book it is quite another thing2 not #baf so handsome as ,rolij's1 whose letter in the proofs ,i could see in matter looks much better than it does in his printed ,specimen1 which is done with all disadvantage1 being wretchedly composed and worse printed off1 upon very sorry paper4 ,however ,i can see when letters are well proportioned4 ,i have two specimens of his letter in matter which look very beautiful4 ,rolij says whatever matrices ,i want1 whether great or small1 he'll cut 'em for me as soon as ,i give him orders1 provided it happens before a peace4 ,he told me likewise he would see if he could procure any ,nonpareil and ,pearl of the ,jew1 ,i allowing him a reasonable profit for his pains4 ,rolij says he was the man who made ,foskins#djh father by the letter he cut for him4 ,foskins#djh is a man of great business1 having five or six men constantly at the furnace1 besides boys to rub1 and himself and a brother to do the other work4 ,how many men the ,jew keeps at work ,i do not know1 for he would not permit me to go up into his work-house4 ,foskins thought ,i wanted letter to be cast1 but when he knew that ,i was a letter founder he looked very sly1 and watched me as if ,i had been a thief1 being ,i suppose very fearful that ,i should steal some of their art from them4 ,cupi was not very forward to let me see his work-house1 and the first time avoided it by saying he could not stay for he was just going out1 but the second time ,i did see it though he was as loth then as before1 saying he believed there was nobody at work4 ,but ,i told him the person who was with me wanted to see the trade1 and he would oblige me by showing it4 ,he had places for four to work1 although there was but one casting4 ,i did not ask ,rolij to show me his work-house the first time ,i went to him1 but the second time ,i went up and saw places for four men and nobody at work4 ,i asked him where his men were2 he told me they were gone to a fair at ,harlem1 but ,i believe he had lent them out as well as his matrices to some other letter founder4 ,as ,i was going along the street with him1 he told me there was an ,english gentleman that had lodged at such a house 7pointing to it71 for whom he had cast three hundred pounds worth of work not long ago1 which if true must have been for ,tonson4 8,i have bought of ,rolij in all thirty sets of matrices1 besides the box of flowers and #ae molds made of brass as almost all the ,dutch molds ,i saw were4 ,mr4 ,cupi has in all but eighteen sets of matrices1 but is continually1 as ,i hear1 cutting more1 designing in time to set up printing and bookselling too4 ,he is a very close and very civil fellow4 ,i do not know but one time or other ,i may take another trip into this country for matrices1 for there's no trusting to anybody here to manage business for one4 ,there's hardly such a thing as an honest man to be found4 ,they all live by buying and selling1 and whatever they can bite anyone of1 they count it fairly got in the way of trade4 ,i hear but a very indifferent character of the young man1 the broker1 who interprets for me4 ,he is very expert indeed at that1 and ,i do not know what ,i should have done without him3 but ,i am informed that if it lay in his power to come at any of my money1 he would contrive some way or other to cozen me of it1 or part of it at least2 for which reason ,i took particular care4 ,he stood very hard with me for a gilder per cent4 for every hundred ,i laid out4 ,the moulds and matrices together stand me in ----4 ,i have enquired very diligently of abundance of ,printers1 ,booksellers1 and of ,mr4 ,rolij whether there are any letter founders at ,harlem1 ,leyden1 ,the ,hague1 ,delft or ,utrecht4 ,i was told by some they knew of none1 and by others that there were none1 and ,rolij assured me there were none at any of those places2 and ,i myself saw at ,foskins#djh a box with letter in it1 #bag directed for ,utrecht2 and it seems very probable there may be none at any of these places1 because letter may be sent from ,amsterdam to any of these places as cheap by water as a porter in ,london will carry a burthen half a mile4 ,the box of molds and matrices which ,i bought was brought hither from ,amsterdam for twelve stivers into the house1 the distance about forty ,english miles4 ,i am told there is one letter founder at ,tergoes1 but ,i can't hear of one ,englishman or ,english house in the whole town4 ,however ,i'll endeavour to find the founder before ,i leave the country4 ,i have been through ,tergoes three times1 and as often through ,harlem1 ,leyden and ,delft1 but never made any stay in any one of them4 ,i have been twice to the ,hague1 but at such times that ,i could not see the ,states ,house4 ,the town is very fine4 ,one's charges thither and back again are not above a gilder4 #8,tis very easy1 and travelling would be very pleasant if one were not destitute of company40 ,on his return to ,england with his purchases1 ,james established his foundry in ,aldermanbury1 and afterwards removed to the ,town ,ditch4 ,the following is ,rowe ,mores' summary of his original matrices3 8,,mr4 ,,james',s ,,foundery4 ,,occidentals4 ,greek3 ,great ,primer1 #aia2 ,pica1 #afa2 ,brevier1 #ada2 ,small ,pica1 #acj4 ,roman and ,italic4 ,two-line ,english ,roman1 #adh2 ,italic1 #ij4 ,great ,primer ,roman1 #aaa2 another ,roman1 #aja2 ,italic1 #abc4 ,english ,roman1 #hf2 ,italic1 #gh4 ,pica ,roman1 #aji2 another #hj2 another1 #hb2 ,italic1 #ie4 ,long ,primer ,roman1 #adj2 another1 #aee2 another1 #ada2 ,italic1 #id4 ,brevier ,roman1 #aab2 ,italic1 #ig4 ,titles and ,irregulars4 ,four-line ,pica ,roman1 #ce4 ,canon ,roman 7,two-line ,great ,primer it is71 #cc4 ,small ,canon 7,two-line ,english7 missing4 ,two-line ,pica ,roman1 #ca4 ,small ,pica ,roman1 #acf2 ,italic1 #gc4 ,,septentrionals4 ,english 7,blacks74 ,pica1 #fj4 ,brevier1 #fe4 ,mathematical ,marks1 ,flowers1 etc4 ,james' business appears to have thriven for a time1 owing doubtless to the fact of his being possessed of the matrices of ,dutch letter1 which at that time had quite superseded the home productions in the popular favour4 ,so much were they sought after1 indeed1 that we hear of a great printer like ,tonson making a special journey to ,holland1 and there laying out as much as #cjj on ,dutch letter4 ,the upper floor1 on which the work of the foundry was carried on in the house at the ,town ,ditch1 being insufficient in strength for the weight of his operations1 he removed to the foundry in ,bartholomew ,close1 where he continued till the time of his death4 8,this founding ,house10 says ,rowe ,mores1 8is an edifice disjoined from the dwelling-house1 and seems to have been built for ,mr4 ,james' own purpose4 ,the dwelling-house is an irregular rambling place1 formerly in the occupation of ,mr4 ,roycroft1 afterwards in that of ,mr4 ,houndeslow1 afterwards in that of ,mr4 ,s4 ,palmer1 author of the ,general ,history of ,printing1 and lastly that of the two ,mr4 ,james's1 and was a part of the ,priory of ,st4 ,bartholomew4 ,and in this house wrought formerly as a journeyman #bah with ,mr4 ,palmer1 a gentleman well known since in the philosophical world1 ,dr4 ,benj4 ,franklin of ,philadelphia40 ,franklin worked here in #agbe for about a year1 during which time1 as he himself states in the interesting note quoted from his autobiography at page #ae1 he was an occasional visitor in ,james's typefoundry adjoining4 ,james' later years were embittered by transactions which tended neither to his credit nor his fortunes1 and which one would be tempted to pass by unnoticed1 but that the history of ,english type-founding is closely involved in the narration4 ,in the year #agbe a ,scotch printer complained to ,william ,ged1 a respectable goldsmith of ,edinburgh1 of the inconvenience of being compelled to send to ,london or ,holland for type1 there being no foundry in ,scotland at the time1 and urged him to undertake the business of type-founder4 ,ged1 in considering the matter1 was struck with the idea of producing plates from whole pages of composed type1 and after several experiments1 satisfied himself that the idea was practicable4#dji ,in #agbg he entered into a contract with an ,edinburgh printer to prosecute the invention1 but the latter being intimidated by the rumoured costliness of the process1 withdrew from the bargain at the end of two years4 ,in #agbi ,ged entered into a new partnership with ,william ,fenner1 a ,london stationer1 who offered1 for one half of the profits1 to find the requisite capital and work the undertaking4 ,fenner introduced him to ,thomas ,james1 the founder1 and a company was shortly afterwards formed1 consisting of ,ged1 ,fenner1 ,thomas ,james1 ,john ,james1 his brother1 an architect at ,greenwich1 and ,james ,ged1 son of the inventor4 ,ged's narrative1 which is simple1 and to all appearances straightforward1 represents ,thomas ,james as having played from the first a highly dishonourable part in the proceedings of the new company4 ,being naturally selected to provide the necessary type1 he supplied worn and battered letter1 which ,ged was compelled to reject as useless4 ,ged next applied to the ,king's printers1 who had recently discarded ,james's type in favour of the highly superior letter of ,william ,caslon1 for permission to take plates from some formes of their new letter4 ,the printers consulted ,mr4 ,caslon1 who not only denied the utility of #bai the invention1 but asserted that he could1 if he chose1 make as good plates as ,ged4#daj ,a wager of #ej ensued4 ,each of the disputants was furnished with a page of type1 and allowed eight days for producing the plate4 ,at the end of a single day ,ged produced three plates to the umpire1 who was bound to admit his success4 ,this feat becoming known1 the partners applied for1 and obtained a privilege from the ,university of ,cambridge in #agca1 to print ,bibles and ,prayer ,books by the new method4 ,ged was1 however1 again thwarted in every direction by the treachery of his colleagues1 especially of ,thomas ,james1 who continued to supply imperfect type1 and actively intrigued with the ,king's printers for the purpose of upsetting the ,university contract and discrediting the invention4 ,with wonderful courage and perseverance ,ged struggled against the opposition1 and1 it is said1 completed two ,prayer ,books4 ,the printers engaged on the work1 however1 were influenced by ,james1 the compositors making malicious errors in the text1 and the pressmen damaging the formes with their ink balls4 ,the complaint thus raised against the type was the motive for sending ,james in #agcb to ,holland1 to procure fresh letter4 ,this second expedition lacked all the interesting features of the first1 and he returned after being absent for two months and spending #afj1 with only one fount of type1 far too large for the requirements of the undertaking4 ,meanwhile1 however1 in consequence of the persistent animosity of the printers1 the books were suppressed by authority1 and the plates sent to the ,king's printing house1 and thence to ,caslon's foundry to be broken up4#daa ,ged1 shattered in health and fortune1 returned to ,edinburgh in #agcc1 where1 by the assistance of his friends1 he was enabled1 after some delay1 to finish his edition of ,sallust4#dab ,he died in #agdi4dac #bbj ,the dishonourable part taken by ,james in this business reacted on himself1 for we find that he suffered considerably both in purse and business1 in consequence of his connection with the undertaking4 8,the printers10 says ,mores1 8would not employ him1 because the block printing1 had it succeeded1 would have been prejudicial to theirs40#dad ,the rising fame of ,caslon at this particular period contributed also1 and with equal force1 to the ill-success of his later years4 ,before his death1 however1 he added considerably to his foundry1 chiefly by the purchase of the foundries of his old master1 ,robert ,andrews1 and of his son ,sylvester at ,oxford4 ,by the former he acquired not only a large number of ,roman and ,italics1 but also several ,oriental and curious founts 7some of which had formed the foundry of ,moxon71 which constituted the nucleus of that large collection for which his foundry subsequently became notorious4 ,he died in #agcf1dae after a long illness1 during which his son ,john ,james managed the business4 ,the following circular1 addressed to the printing trade at the time of his death1 is interesting1 not only as notifying the fact1 but as being put forward as a specimen of the type of the foundry4 ,,advertisement4 8,the death of ,mr4 ,thomas ,james of ,bartholomew ,close1 ,letter ,founder1 having been industriously published in the ,newspapers1 without the least mention of any person to succeed in his business1 it is become necessary for the widow ,james to give as public notice that she carries on the business of letter founding1 to as great exactness as formerly1 by her son ,john ,james1 who had managed it during his father's long illness2 the letter this advertisement is printed on being his performance4#daf ,and he casts all other sorts from the largest to the smallest size4 ,also the ,saxon1 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 and all the ,oriental types1 of various sizes40 #bba ,although the above seems to indicate that ,john ,james was a practical letter-cutter1 he does not appear to have contributed much to the increase of his foundry by his own handiwork4 ,in #agci he purchased1 jointly with ,william ,caslon1 the foundry of ,robert ,mitchell1 and took a half of the matrices4#dag ,a year later he bought ,ilive's foundry4 ,of this purchase ,rowe ,mores mentions that the two founts of ,nonpareil ,greek1 though duly paid for1 never came to ,james's hands4 ,the remaining matrices1 consisting of ,roman and ,italics and a few sundries1 were transferred to ,bartholomew ,close1 where they lay1 apparently unused1 in the boxes distinguished by the name of ,jugge4 ,a far more important purchase was made some eighteen years later1 when ,grover's foundry1 after having lain idle for thirty years in the possession of his family1 was finally sold to ,james by ,mr4 ,nutt in #ageh4 ,by this purchase ,james became possessed of a stock of matrices1 the number of which nearly doubled his own foundry1 and which included many of the most interesting relics of the art4#dah ,at the same time1 he combined in one no fewer than nine of the old ,english foundries1 and remained1 with ,caslon and ,baskerville1 as one of only three representatives of the trade in the country4#dai ,the following table will present in a clear form the gradual absorption of all the old foundries into that of ,james3 7,de ,worde7 7,day7 7,privileged printers7 ,the ,polyglot ,founders ,moxon 7,walpergen7 #afcg-affg #afei-afhc #afgc-agad ,jas4 ,grover ,r4 ,andrews 7,rolij7 ,s4 ,andrews ,ilive ,head #afhj-agjj #afhc-agcc #agaj #agad-agcc #agcj-agdj #afhe-agjj 787 ,thos4 ,grover ,thos4 ,james ,mitchell #agjj-ageh #agaj-agcf #agjj-agci ,john ,james ,caslon #agcf-aggb the last of the ,old ,english ,letter ,founders4 #bbb ,with the exception of the circular already mentioned1 nothing of the nature of a specimen of this large foundry appeared during the lifetime of its owner4 ,as early as #agcf1 ,rowe ,mores informs us1 a specimen was begun1 designed to show the variety of matrices with which the foundry then abounded1 and from which types could be supplied to the trade4 ,but although so early begun1 and progressed with for several years1 the work was left incomplete at the time of ,james's death in #aggb4dbj ,two causes may be assigned for this fact1 one being the frequent and numerous additions to the foundry from time to time1 which would render any specimen undertaken at an early stage of its existence incomplete2 and the second and more cogent reason is to be found in the fact that the excellence and growing popularity of ,caslon's founts at this particular period tended rapidly to depreciate the productions of the old founders1 and1 as ,rowe ,mores himself states1 to render many of their founts altogether useless in typography2 so that a letter which in #agcf might have commanded a tolerable sale1 would in #agef be despised1 and in #aggj scoffed at4 ,at ,john ,james's death his foundry passed by purchase#dba into the hands of ,mr4 ,rowe ,mores1#dbb a learned and eccentric antiquary and scholar1 who had devoted himself1 among other matters1 to the study of typographical antiquities1 a pursuit in which he received no little stimulus from the possession of a collection of punches and matrices1 some of which were supposed to be as old as the days of ,wynkyn de ,worde4 ,whether any motive besides a pure antiquarian zeal prompted the purchase1 or whether he held the collection in the capacity of trustee1 is not known1 but it #bbc seems probable he had been intimately acquainted with the foundry and its contents for some time before ,james's death4 ,he speaks emphatically of it as 8our0 foundry1 and his disposition of its contents for sale is made with the authority of an absolute proprietor4 ,it does not appear1 however1 that during the six years of his possession any steps were taken to extend or even continue the old business1 which we may assume to have died with its late owner4 ,mr4 ,mores found himself the owner of a vast confused mass of matrices1 many of them unjustified1 and others imperfect1 which to an ordinary observer might have been summarily condemned as rubbish1 but which he1 with an enthusiasm quite remarkable1 set himself to catalogue and arrange in order1 considering himself amply repaid for his pains by the discovery of a few veritable relics of ,wynkyn de ,worde and other old ,english printers4 ,the result of his labours he minutely relates in his ,dissertation1#dbc a work written1 as he himself says1 8to preserve the memory of this ,foundry1 the most ancient in the kingdom1 and which may now be dispersed10 and intended as an introduction to the completed specimen of its contents4 ,despite its eccentric style and crabbed diction1 the work1 by virtue of its learning and acuteness1 will always remain one of the most interesting contributions to the history of ,english typography4 ,the condition of the foundry will be best described in its author's own words4 ,after giving a list of matrices lost1#dbd and quoting a catalogue of the matrices of the learned languages in the foundry in #agfg1 written by ,james himself 7which varies considerably from the ,catalogue presented at the sale1 to be given later on71 he observes3 8,the specimen will show that several of the matrices are unjustified4 ,this being but an accidental circumstance1 does not in the least affect the goodness of the type1 though it affects its appearance in the casting4 ,the matrices were amassed at all events to augment the collection1 and the operation of the file was suspended till a call for the type should make it necessary4 ,so this defect is no more than a proof that the matrices have not been impaired by use4 8,another circumstance it may be necessary to mention relating to the difference in the number of matrices of the same face and body1 which may lead to a suspicion that those of a lesser number are imperfect4 ,but this is not the #bbd fact4 ,the difference arises from a difference in the quantity of ligations1 which have been always cut in a greater or smaller number according to the humour or fancy of the artist4 ,we own ourselves admirers of ligatures1 for they are certainly ornamental and elegant1 and it is to be wished that they could be used in typography with the same ease as they are displayed in calligraphy4 ,but this is impossible2 fusile types are not so tractable as the pen of a ready writer1 and we scruple not to call a fount complete though it be destitute of every jugation4 4 4 4 8,a word or two must be added in relation to the ,specimen4 ,it was begun by ,mr4 ,james in the year #agcf1 in which year1 after the decease of his father1 he entered into business for himself1 and was designed to show the variety of matrices with which his foundery abounded4 ,therefore it is a specimen only of the types which he could cast for those who wanted2 no reference being made to the situation of the matrices from which he would have cast them4 ,but notwithstanding the number of years intermediate1 the ,specimen was left unfinished by ,mr4 ,james at the time of his death1 and that which was left has been mangled since his decease4 ,not that there was any occasion for such references1 for ,mr4 ,james was possessed of the matrices1 and consequently of the secret of adapting them to his purpose4 ,to supply this deficiency in a specimen of the matrices 7for as such the specimen is now to be considered7 has been attended with trouble incredible to anyone but one who upon a like occasion shall attempt the same4 ,and such an occasion we believe there will never be4 8,for the ,specimen some apology is to be made2 neither the form nor the matter is so judicious as we could wish1 but the greatest part of it was composed long ago1 and it was almost impossible now to alter it4 ,incorrectness must be overlooked1 because ,letter ,founders generally compose their own specimens1 and this might be sufficient to apologise for deficiencies in the ,composing part4 ,but we must use another plea in extenuation of enormities in this part unavoidable2 the confinement of large-bodied letters to a narrow measure2 though for blemishes of this sort the just allowance will be made by those of judgement4 ,it shows the letter1 the common purpose of this kind of specimens4 8,we have inserted specimens of several matrices which the great improvements made in the art of letter-cutting have rendered altogether useless in typography2 but these specimens will be found of critical use to an antiquary1 for whose sake we have inserted them1 regardless of the charge that we deform our ,specimen1 or of another more material accusation1 that by multiplying particulars we endeavour to enhance the value of our foundery4 ,the latter we can easily refute2 for the sets we speak of1 besides the rudeness of the workmanship1 are imperfect1 and consequently unsaleable1 and will probably be taken #bbe from the foundery before it is disposed of to prevent the trouble of a future garbling1#dbe and this consideration must extend to those objections which may be made against things cast in haste without justification1 for the purpose only of shewing the faces4 8,hitherto we have spoken only of ,matrices4 ,the punches1 though in order they are first1 must come last2 and of them we have but little to say2 for these having performed their office by formation of the matrice are generally like other useful instruments which have discharged their duty1 neglected1 discarded and thrown away4 8,the entire loss1 the waste and the rubbish in our foundery in this article are great4 ,the waste and rubbish are in weight about #abj lbs41 and were we to put down tale instead of weight 7the pusils which seem to make the greater part of this quantity not much exceeding in largeness the little end of a poinctrel7 the number would be very great4 ,but covetous of preserving the remembrance of everything which in ,mr4 ,james' ,foundery was curious or uncommon1 we have re-scrutinized these1 and have left behind us nothing but the ,roman and ,italic in which is nothing either curious or uncommon4 8,the same likewise have we done to the matrices1 the waste of which now remaining and disposed of in order is in number about #b1fjj1dbf the rubbish in weight about #a_/b cwt4 8,a work of some trouble but virt hath been gratified amongst the rubbish of punches by some originals of ,wynkyn de ,worde1 some punches of the #b-line ,great ,primer ,english4#dbg ,they are truly vetustate formque et squalore venerabiles1 and we would not give a lower-case letter in exchange for all the leaden cups of ,haerlem40#dbh ,illustration3 #ef4 ,from the original in the ,library of the ,london ,institution4 ,mr4 ,mores1 unfortunately1 did not live to see the publication of his #bbg ,dissertation1 or to complete the ,specimen which was to accompany it4 ,he died in #aggh1 and four years elapsed before the foundry was put up to auction1 and the catalogue with its specimen attached finally appeared4 ,of this interesting document we need only observe that in point of execution and printing it calls for all the apology which ,mr4 ,mores offers on its behalf2#dbi for one could hardly imagine a specimen doing less justice to the collection it represents4 ,yet1 in spite of its imperfections1 it is a work of the highest importance to anyone interested in the history of the old ,english letter-founders1 and we regret that space forbids quoting the ,catalogue in full4 ,we shall1 however1 present our readers with an abstract of the ,specimen as far as it relates to the matrices of the 8learned0 languages in the foundry2 adding1 as far as possible1 the initials of the foundries through which each fount had come into ,james' hands4#dcj ,the specimens shown are as follows3 ,hebrew 7,biblical74#dca #b-l4 ,english ,mod4 ,a4#dcb #b-line ,english ,no4 #b4 #b-line ,english ,ancient4 ,p4 ,double ,pica4 ,p4 ,a4 ,great ,primer4 ,a4 ,english ,antique4 ,english ,ancient1 ,no4 #b4 ,p4 ,a4 ,english ,ancient1 ,no4 #c4 ,english ,modern4 ,pica ,ancient4 ,g48 ,pica ,modern4 ,a4 ,small ,pica ,antique4 ,a4 ,small ,pica ,antique4 ,no4 #b4 ,a4 ,hebrew4 ,small ,pica ,modern4 ,long ,primer4 ,g48 ,brevier4 ,a4 ,brevier4 ,no4 #b4 ,s4,a4 ,nonpareil4 ,a4 ,hebrew 7,rabbinical74 ,english ,german 7a spurious ,rashi74 ,a4 ,rashi ,pica4 ,a4 ,rashi ,long ,primer499 ,a4 ,rashi ,brevier499 ,a4 ,rashi ,nonpareil499 ,a4 ,samaritan4#dcc ,double ,pica 7,leusden's74 ,a4 ,english99 7with ,english face74 ,p4 ,g4 #bbh ,syriac4 ,double ,pica4 ,p4,g4 ,great ,primer4 ,a4 ,pica4 ,g4 ,arabic4#dcd ,double ,pica 7,gt4 ,primer8799 ,p48,g4 ,great ,primer4 ,a4 thiopic4 ,gt4 ,primer or ,english994 ,p4,a4 ,english4 ,anon4 ,greek4#dce ,double ,pica4#dcf ,royal,g4 ,great ,primer499 ,g4 ,great ,primer4 ,no4 #b4 ,great ,primer4 ,no4 #c4 ,r4 ,english4 ,english4 ,no4 #b4 ,pica4 ,r4 ,pica4 ,no4 #b4 ,small ,pica4 ,p4 ,small ,pica4 ,no4 #b4 ,r48 ,small ,pica4 ,no4 #c4 ,p4 ,brevier4 ,a4 ,brevier4 ,no4 #b4 ,r4 ,brevier4 ,no4 #c4dcg ,g4 ,nonpareil4 ,a4 ,pearl4 ,n48 ,english ,alexandrian499 ,g4 ,gothic4 ,pica4 ,anon4 ,anglo-,saxon4#dch ,great ,primer4 ,g4 ,great ,primer1 ,no4 #b4 ,g4 ,english 7,pica74 ,a4 ,long ,primer4 ,a48 ,anglo-,norman4#dci ,great ,primer4 ,a4 ,english4 ,anon4 ,runic4 ,pica4 ,court ,hand4 ,double ,pica4 ,g4 ,english499 ,g4 ,union4--,double ,pica499 ,g4 ,scriptorial 7,cursive74#ddj ,double ,pica4 ,g4 ,english4 ,g4 ,english4 ,no4 #b4 ,g4 ,pica499 ,g4 ,small ,pica4 ,g4 ,secretary4 ,great ,primer4 ,g4 ,hieroglyphics4 ,a ,set4 ,english4#dda #b-line ,great ,primer4 ,de ,worde8,g4 ,great ,primer4 ,de ,worde8,g4 ,great ,primer4 ,no4 #b4 ,a4 ,english4 ,anon4 ,english4 ,no4 #b99 ,a4 ,english4 ,no4 #d4 ,g4 ,pica4 ,a4 ,pica4 ,no4 #b4 ,anon4 ,pica4 ,no4 #c4 ,r48 ,small ,pica ,no4 #b4 ,a4 ,small ,pica ,no4 #c4 ,anon48 ,small ,pica ,no4 #f4 ,a4 ,small ,pica ,no4 #g4 ,a48 ,long ,primer 7,dutch cut74 ,g48 ,long ,primer ,no4 #b4 ,g4 ,long ,primer ,no4 #c4 ,g4 ,brevier4 ,g48 ,brevier4 ,no4 #d4 ,r48 ,nonpareil499 ,g4 ,of ,roman capitals1 eight founts were shown1#ddb and of ,roman and ,italic from #bbi ,canon to ,diamond1 there were thirty-nine founts in specimen and a hundred and eight not shown4 ,in addition to the above1 the specimen included ninety-seven varieties of flowers1 chiefly from the ,grovers' foundry2 while other odd flowers1 with signs1 rules1 braces1 and various imperfect founts 7contained in sixteen drawers7 were also sold1 though not shown4 ,at the end of the list of matrices came what was perhaps the most interesting feature of the sale1 viz41 a set of punches contained in a press named 8,caxton10 consisting of twenty drawers4 ,of these the majority were ,roman and ,italics1 which we will not specify1 as it is impossible to determine whose handiwork they were in the first instance4 ,we give1 however1 the contents of drawers ,a ,e ,f and ,g1 which contained the following punches of the learned languages#ddc3 ,a4--thiopic ,english99 ,p4 ,a4 ,samaritan ,pica99 7,english87 ,p4 ,g4 ,samaritan ,long ,primer ,syriac ,english 7,pica87 ,g4 ,arabic ,great ,primer ,a4 ,arabic ,pica 7,english87 ,a4 ,greek ,brevier ,saxon ,pica ,a4 ,hibernian#ddd ,pica99 ,m4 ,a4 ,e4--,greek ,great ,primer199 points and ligatures ,g4 ,f4 ,greek ,pica1 points and ligatures ,g4 ,greek ,nonpareil1 points and ligatures ,a4 ,it is at least remarkable that so few punches should have existed in so large a foundry2 but it is to be remembered that the wear and tear of the matrices in those days was not so great as now1 and the necessity for a new set of strikes from the punches was consequently less frequent4 ,we may even suppose1 from ,mr4 ,mores' own reference to the subject1 already quoted1 that it was a common practice to discard a set of punches as useless as soon as they had left their impression in the matrices4 ,the concluding items of the ,catalogue are 8about #fj or #gj moulds1 from #e-line ,pica down to ,nonpareil1 some two1 some three or more of a sort which #bcj will be lotted according to their bodies2 also a parcel of iron ladles2 a vice1 #cc lbs4 weight1 several gauges1 dividers1 blocks1 setting-up sticks1 dressing sticks1 etc410--a meagre list1 which1 if it represents the working plant of the foundry1 points to a rough and ready practice of the art which1 even in ,moxon's time1 would have been considered primitive4 ,a word must be added respecting the ,catalogue4 ,whether it was taken precisely as ,mr4 ,mores left it1 or whether ,mr4 ,paterson1 the auctioneer 7whose 8talent at ,cataloguing0 ,nichols1 in his ,anecdotes1 approvingly mentions71#dde completed it1 we cannot say4 ,it is as precise1 perhaps1 as any catalogue of so confused a collection could be4 ,an opening was1 however1 left for a good deal of misapprehension1 by the fact that the nests of drawers in which the matrices were stored1 instead of bearing distinguishing numbers1 bore the names of famous old printers1 which duly figured in the ,catalogue4#ddf ,misled by this circumstance1 it seems more than likely that ,paterson may have enhanced the importance of his lots by dwelling on the fact that one fount was 8,de ,worde's01 another 8,cawood's10 another 8,pynson's10 and so on4 ,the absurdity of this delusion becomes very apparent when we see the ,alexandrian ,greek some years later puffed by its purchasers as the veritable production of ,de ,worde 7who lived a century before the ,alexandrian ,,ms4 came to this country71 and find ,hansard1 in #ahbe1 ascribing seven founts of ,hebrew and a ,pearl ,greek to ,bynneman4 ,what was the result of the sale financially we cannot ascertain4 ,of the fate of its various lots we know very little either1 except that ,dr4 ,fry secured most of the curious and 8learned0 matrices4 ,how far the other foundries of the day1 at home and abroad1 enriched themselves1 or how much of the collection fell into the hands of the coppersmiths1 are problems not likely to find solution4 ,with the sale1 however1 disappeared the last of the old ,english foundries1 and closed a chapter of ,english typography1 which1 though not the most glorious1 is certainly not the least instructive through which it has passed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the only specimen of this foundry is that appended to the ,catalogue of the sale3 ,a ,,catalogue and ,specimen of the large and extensive ,printing-,type-,foundery of the late ingenious ,mr4 ,john ,james1 ,letter-founder1 formerly of ,bartholomew ,close1 ,london1 deceased2 including several other ,founderies1 ,english and ,foreign4 ,improved #bca by the late ,reverend 7sic7 and ,learned ,edward ,rowe ,mores1 deceased4 ,comprehending a great variety of punches and matrices of the ,hebrew1 ,samaritan1 ,syriac1 ,arabic1 thiopic1 ,alexandrian1 ,greek1 ,roman1 ,italic1 ,saxon1 ,old ,english1 ,hibernian1 ,script1 ,secretary1 ,court-,hand1 ,mathematical1 ,musical1 and other characters1 ,flowers and ,ornaments3 which will be sold by ,auction by ,mr4 ,paterson at his ,great ,room 7,no4 #f7 ,king ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 ,london1 on ,wednesday1 #eth ,june1 #aghb1 and the ,three following days4 ,to begin exactly at #ab o'clock4 ,to be viewed on ,wednesday1 ,may #bith1 and to the ,time of ,sale4 ,catalogues1 with ,specimen of the ,types1 may be had at the ,place of ,sale4 7,price ,one ,shilling47 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,lond4 ,inst47 ,illustration #bcb ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,william ,,caslon1 #agbj4 ,printing had reached a low ebb in ,england in the early years of the eighteenth century4 ,a glance through any of the common public prints of the day1 such1 for instance1 as official broadsides1 political pamphlets1 works of literature1 or even ,bibles1#ddg points to a depression and degeneration so marked that one is tempted to believe that the art of ,caxton and ,pynson and ,day was rapidly becoming lost in a wilderness of what a contemporary satirist terms 8,brown sheets and sorry letter40 ,with the exception of ,oxford ,university1 no foundry of the day was contributing anything towards the revival of good printing1 or even towards the maintenance of such a standard as did exist4 ,and ,oxford1 as we have said1 owed its best founts to gifts procured1 almost entirely1 from abroad4 ,grover and ,andrews1 the heritors of the old founders1 originated little or nothing2 and where their efforts were put into requisition 7as in the case of ,andrews' attempt to cut the ,anglo-,saxon for ,miss ,elstob's ,grammar7 they failed4 ,scarcely a work with any #bcc pretension to fine printing was the impression of honest ,english type4 ,watson1 the ,scotch historian of printing1 openly rebuked his brethren of the craft for not stocking their cases with ,dutch type4 ,tonson1 a king among ,english printers is said on one occasion to have lodged in ,amsterdam while a founder there was casting him #cjj worth of type2 and ,james1 the only ,english founder whose business showed any vitality1 owed his success chiefly1 if not entirely1 to the fact that all his letter was the product of ,dutch matrices2 and even these1 in his hands1 were so indifferently cast as to be often as bad as ,english type4 ,illustration3 #eg4 ,from ,hansard4 ,what was the reason for this lamentable decline--how far it was chargeable on the printer1 how far on the founder1 or how far both were the victims of that system of ,star ,chamber decrees1 monopolies1 patents1 restraints and privileges which had characterised the illiberal days of the ,stuarts--this is not the place to inquire4 ,nor1 happily1 are we called upon to speculate as to what would have been the consequence to ,english ,typography of an uninterrupted prolongation of the malady under which it laboured4 ,but it is necessary to remind ourselves of the critical nature of that malady in order to appreciate properly the providential circumstance which turned the attention of ,william ,caslon to typefounding1 and thus served to avert from ,england the disgrace which threatened her4 ,william ,caslon#ddh was born at ,hales ,owen in ,shropshire in the year #afib4 ,he served his apprenticeship to an engraver of gun-locks and barrels in ,london1 and at the expiration of his term followed his trade in ,vine ,street1 near the ,minories4 ,the ability he displayed in his art was conspicuous1 and by no means confined to the mere ornamentation of gun-barrels--the chasing of silver and the designing of tools for bookbinders frequently occupying his attention4 ,while thus engaged1 some of his bookbinding punches were noticed for their neatness and accuracy by ,mr4 ,watts1#ddi the eminent printer1 who1 fully alive to the present degenerate state of the typographical art in this country1 was quick to recognise the possibility of raising it once more to its proper position4 ,he #bcd accordingly encouraged ,mr4 ,caslon to persevere in letter-cutting1 promising him his personal support1 and favouring him meanwhile with introductions to some of the leading printers of the day4 ,about the same time1 it is recorded that another great printer1 the elder ,bowyer1#dej 8accidentally saw in the shop of ,mr4 ,daniel ,browne1 bookseller1 near ,temple ,bar1 the lettering of a book1 uncommonly neat2 and enquiring who the artist was by whom the letters were made1 ,mr4 ,caslon was introduced to his acquaintance1 and was taken by him to ,mr4 ,james's foundery in ,bartholomew ,close4 ,caslon had never before that time seen any part of the business2 and being asked by his friend if he thought he could undertake to cut types1 he requested a single day to consider the matter1 and then replied he had no doubt but he could4 ,from this answer1 ,mr4 ,bowyer lent him #bjj1 ,mr4 ,bettenham#dea 7to whom also he had been introduced7 lent the same sum1 and ,mr4 ,watts #ajj40deb ,with this assistance ,mr4 ,caslon established himself in a garret in ,helmet ,row1 ,old ,street1 and devoted himself with ardour to his new profession4#dec ,an opportunity for distinguishing himself presented itself shortly afterwards4 ,in the year #agbj the ,society for ,promoting ,christian ,knowledge1#ded acting #bce on a suggestion made by ,mr4 ,salomon ,negri1 a native of ,damascus1 and a distinguished ,oriental scholar1 8deemed it expedient to print for the ,eastern ,churches the ,new ,testament and ,psalter in the ,arabic language for the benefit of the poor ,christians in ,palestine1 ,syria1 ,mesapotamia1 ,arabia and ,egypt1 the constitution of which countries allowed of no printing40 ,a new ,arabic fount being required for the purpose1 ,mr4 ,caslon1 whose reputation as a letter-cutter appears already to have been known1 was selected to cut it4 ,this he did to the full satisfaction of his patrons1 producing the elegant ,english ,arabic which figures in his early specimens4 ,the ,society was1 according to ,rowe ,mores1 already possessed of a fount of ,arabic cast from the ,polyglot matrices in ,grover's foundry4 ,but ,caslon's fount was preferred for the text1 and in it appeared1 in due time1 first the ,psalter in #agbe1dee and afterwards the ,new ,testament in #agbg4def ,illustration3 #fa4 ,english ,arabic1 cut by ,caslon in #agbj4 7,from the original matrices47 8,mr4 ,caslon1 after he had finished his ,arabic fount1 cut the letters of his own name in ,pica ,roman1 and placed the name at the bottom of a specimen of the ,arabic#deg2 and ,mr4 ,palmer 7the reputed author of ,psalmanazar's ,history of ,printing71 seeing this name1 advised ,mr4 ,caslon to complete the fount of ,pica4 ,mr4 ,caslon did so2 and as the performance exceeded the letter of the other founders of the time1 ,mr4 ,palmer--whose circumstances required credit with those who1 by his advice1 were now obstructed 7i4e41 whose business was likely to #bcf suffer from this new rival7--repented having given the advice1 and discouraged ,mr4 ,caslon from any further progress4 ,illustration3 #ei4 ,pica ,roman and ,italic1 cut by ,william ,caslon1 #agbj4 7,from the original matrices47 8,mr4 ,caslon1 disgusted1#deh applied to ,mr4 ,bowyer1 under whose inspection he cut1 in #agbb1 the beautiful fount of ,english 7,roman7 which was used in printing the edition of ,selden's ,works#dei in #agbf40 ,caslon's excellent performance of this task may best be judged of by an inspection of this noble work1 which remains conspicuous not only as the impression of the first letter cast at the ,caslon foundry1 but as marking a distinct turning-point in the career of ,english typography1 which from that time forward entered on a course of brilliant regeneration4 ,the ,hebrew letter used in the ,selden was also of ,caslon's cutting1 and must therefore share with the ,english ,roman the honour of a first place in the productions of his foundry4 ,illustration3 #fb4 ,pica ,coptic1 cut by ,caslon1 ante #agca4 7,from the original matrices47 ,his next performance was a fount of ,pica ,coptic for ,dr4 ,wilkins's#dfj edition #bcg of the ,pentateuch1#dfa a letter which ,rowe ,mores commends as superior to the ,oxford ,coptic in which ,dr4 ,wilkins' ,new ,testament had been printed in #agaf4dfb ,this fount ,caslon also cut under the direction of ,mr4 ,bowyer1 his generous patron1 whom he always acknowledged as his master from whom he had learned his art4 ,caslon's business1 thus established1 rapidly advanced in fame and excellence4 ,although at the outset it depended mainly on the support of his three chief patrons1 it was soon able to stand alone and compete with the best houses in the trade4 8,it is difficult10 observes ,mr4 ,hansard1 8to appreciate the obstacles which ,mr4 ,caslon encountered at the commencement of his career4 ,at present the theory and practice of letter-founding are not1 as in his time1 an #8art and mystery1' and efficient workmen in every branch are easily procured4 ,he had not only to excel his competitors in his own particular branch of engraving the punches1 which to him was probably the easiest part of his task1 but to raise an establishment and cause his plans to be executed by ignorant and unpractised workmen4 ,he had also to acquire for himself a knowledge of the practical and mechanical branches of the art1 which require1 indeed1 little genius1 but the most minute and painful attention to conduct successfully4 ,the wishes and expectations of his patrons were fulfilled and exceeded by his decided superiority over his domestic rivals and ,batavian competitors4 ,the importation of foreign types ceased2 his founts were1 in fact1 in such estimation as to be frequently1 in their turn1 exported to the ,continent40#dfc ,in #agbh ,mr4 ,caslon narrowly escaped committing an error which might seriously have affected his after career4 ,the foundry of the ,grovers being then in the market1 he contracted for the purchase of it4#dfd ,fortunately for ,english typography1 the business fell through1 and ,caslon was still left a free man to pursue his own method1 unburdened by the incubus of a large and useless stock of matrices1 which1 had they been suffered to mingle with his own beautiful productions1 would have degraded his foundry to a patchwork establishment little better than that of his competitors at home and abroad4 ,as it was1 he had the advantage of completing his specimens after his own plan1 and impressing with the mark of his own genius every fount which bore his name4 ,his fame in #agcj was such1 that 7as ,ged1 in his narrative of the invention of #bch ,block-,printing1 states7 he had already eclipsed most of his competitors1 and had introduced his founts into some of the chief printing houses of the metropolis1 and even secured the custom of the ,king's printers to the exclusion of all others4#dfe ,although ,ged's narrative goes to show that ,caslon shared the scepticism of his contemporaries with regard to the utility of stereotyping1 and was even ready to back his opinion with his money1 it is satisfactory to observe that he was no party to the discreditable persecution to which that unfortunate inventor was subjected by other members of the craft4 ,indeed1 the only successful experiment made by ,ged appears to have been a cast from ,caslon's type4 ,that the success of the new foundry was not achieved wholly without opposition is apparent from the following anecdote preserved by ,mr4 ,nichols1 and told in connection with the account of ,bishop ,hare's ,hebrew ,psalter1 published by ,bowyer in #agcc4dff ,this work1 it appears1 had been originally intended to be printed at the press of ,palmer1 with whom ,caslon1 as we have seen1 had already had dealings of a not altogether satisfactory character4 8,his ,lordship1 however10 says ,nichols 7quoting ,psalmanazar's account of the transaction71 8had excepted against ,mr4 ,palmer's ,hebrew types which were of ,athias' font1#dfg and a little battered1 and insisted upon his having a new set from ,mr4 ,caslon1 which greatly exceeded them in beauty4 ,but ,mr4 ,palmer was so deeply in debt to him 7,caslon7 that he knew not how to procure it from him without ready money1 which he was not able to spare4 ,the ,bishop likewise insisted upon having some ,roman and ,italic types cast with some distinguishing mark1 to direct his readers to the ,hebrew letters they were designed to answer1 and these required a new set of punches and matrices before they could be cast2 and that would have delayed the work1 which ,mr4 ,palmer was in haste to go about that he might the sooner finger some of his ,lordship's money4 ,this put him upon such an unfair stratagem as1 when discovered1 quite disgusted his lordship against him2 namely1 representing ,mr4 ,caslon as an idle1 dilatory workman1 who would in all probability make them wait several years for those few types1 if ever he finished them4 ,that he was indeed the only ,artist that could supply him with those types1 but that he hated work and was not to be depended upon2 and therefore advised his ,lordship to make shift with some sort which he could substitute and would answer the same purpose1 rather than run the risk of staying so long and being perhaps disappointed4 8,the ,bishop1 however1 being resolved1 if possible1 to have the desired types1 sent for ,mr4 ,bowyer1 and asked him whether he knew a letter-founder that could #bci cast him such a set out of hand1 who immediately recommended ,mr4 ,caslon2 and being told what sad and disadvantageous character he had heard of him1 ,mr4 ,bowyer not only assured his ,lordship that it was a very false and unjust one1 but engaged to get the above-mentioned types cast by him1 and a new font of his ,hebrew ones1 in as short a time as the thing could possibly be done4 ,mr4 ,caslon was accordingly sent for by his ,lordship1 and having made him sensible of the time the new ones would require to be made ready for use1 did produce them according to his promise1 and the book was soon after put to the press40#dfh ,among the other interesting founts cut by ,caslon about this time1 may be mentioned the ,pica ,black1 of which we show a specimen1 and which received special commendation for its faithful following of the traditional ,old ,english character first used by ,wynkyn de ,worde4 ,illustration3 #fj4 ,pica ,black1 cut by ,caslon4 7,from the original matrices47 ,he also cut an ,armenian for ,whiston's edition of ,moses ,choronensis1#dfi and an ,etruscan for ,mr4 ,j4 ,swinton of ,oxford1 the learned antiquary and philologist1 who published his ,de ,lingu ,etruri#dgj in #agch2 as well as a ,gothic and several other of the foreign and learned characters4 ,illustration3 #fc4 ,pica ,armenian1 cut by ,caslon1 ante #agcf4 7,from the original matrices47 ,illustration3 #fe4 ,pica ,gothic1 cut by ,caslon1 ante #agcd4 7,from the original matrices47 #bdj ,illustration3 #fd4 ,pica ,etruscan1 cut by ,caslon1 #agch4 7,from the original matrices47 ,illustration3 #ff4 ,pica ,ethiopic1 cut by ,caslon4 7,from the original matrices47 ,all of these1 with exception of the ,etruscan and an ,ethiopic cut still later1 were completed before #agcd1 in which year the first ,specimen of his foundry appeared4 ,this famous broadside1 of which very few copies are now extant1 dates from ,chiswell ,street1 to which address ,mr4 ,caslon had transferred the ,helmet ,row ,foundry 7after an intermediate sojourn in ,ironmonger ,row71 about the year #agcd4 ,the sheet is arranged in four columns1 and displays altogether thirty-eight founts1 namely3 ,titlings4 #e-line ,pica1 #d-line ,pica1 #b-line ,great ,primer1 #b-line ,english1 #b-line ,pica1 #b-line ,long ,primer1 #b-line ,brevier4 ,roman and ,italic4 ,french ,canon1 #b-line ,great ,primer1 #b-line ,english1 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,pica1 ,small ,pica 7#b71 ,long ,primer 7#b71 ,brevier1 ,nonpareil1 and ,pearl4 ,saxon4 ,pica and ,long ,primer4 ,black4 ,pica and ,brevier4 ,gothic1 ,coptic1 ,armenian1 ,samaritan4 ,pica of each4 ,syriac and ,arabic4 ,english of each4 ,hebrew4 ,english1 ,english with points1 ,brevier4 ,greek4 ,english1 ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier4 ,flowers4 ,seven designs4 ,of these1 all1 with three exceptions1 are ,caslon's own handiwork1 and represent the untiring industry of fourteen years4 ,of the excellence of the performance it is sufficient to say that the ,specimen placed ,caslon absolutely without rival at the head of his profession2 8and10 as ,nichols says1 8for clearness and uniformity1 for the use of the reader and student1 it is doubtful whether it has been exceeded by any subsequent production40 ,the three founts referred to as not the product of ,caslon's hand1 were the ,canon ,roman1 from ,andrews' foundry1 formerly ,moxon's1 and exhibited in the #bda ,mechanick ,exercises#dga2 the ,english ,syriac1 which is from the matrices of the ,polyglot#dgb2 and the ,pica ,samaritan1 which was cut by a ,dutchman named ,dummers4 ,fame appears to have followed rapidly on the appearance of this ,specimen4 ,the sheet was included as an inset plate in the second edition of ,ephraim ,chambers' ,cyclopdia in #agch1dgc with the following flattering notice3--8,the above were all cast in the foundery of ,mr4 ,w4 ,caslon1 a person who1 though not bred to the art of letter-founding1 has1 by dint of genius1 arrived at an excellency in it unknown hitherto in ,england1 and which even surpasses anything of the kind done in ,holland or elsewhere40 ,caslon made a further addition to his stock of matrices in #agci by the purchase of half of ,mitchell's foundry1#dgd of which the most interesting items were a ,pica ,greek1 sets of ,music and flower matrices1 and six sizes of ,black4 ,the remainder1 consisting of ,romans and ,italics1 do not appear to have added much to the resources of the ,chiswell ,street foundry4#dge ,in the year #agdb ,mr4 ,caslon's eldest son1 ,william--at that time twenty-two years of age--entered the business1 and in the ,specimen of the same year his name first appears in conjunction with his father's4 ,unfortunately1 no copy of this ,specimen 7which had evidently been seen by ,nichols#dgf7 is known to be extant4 ,another ,specimen1 also unfortunately missing1 is mentioned by the same authority1 who says1 8the abilities of the second ,caslon appeared to great #bdb advantage in the specimen of the types of the learned languages in #agdh40dgg ,a further ,specimen was issued in the following year1 in broadside form1 which displayed a large variety of letters1 from ,canon to ,pearl1 many of them being the handiwork of ,caslon the younger4 ,it is possible that this last sheet may have been sent1 for the most part1 abroad2 for while no copy of it is to be found in this country1 we find one mentioned with commendation by ,fournier in #agff1dgh and another preserved to this day in the ,sohmian ,collection at ,stockholm1 where1 along with several other rare ,english and foreign specimens1 it has been recently discovered by1 the indefatigable ,mr4 ,william ,blades4 ,in ,ames' ,typographical ,antiquities1#dgi published in #agdi1 appears a specimen of 8,mr4 ,caslon's ,roman letter and the names of the sizes now in use10 the introductory note to which affords the first definite notice of the younger ,caslon in connection with the foundry4 8,the art10 says ,ames1 8seems to be carried to its greatest perfection by ,mr4 ,william ,caslon1 and his son1 who1 besides the type of all manner of living languages now by him1 has offered to perform the same for the dead1 that can be recovered1 to the satisfaction of any gentleman desirous of the same40 ,another contemporary record of equal interest1 which seems1 moreover1 to allude to one or more of the three missing ,specimens above mentioned1 is contained in a little essay on the ,original1 ,use1 and ,excellency of ,printing1 published in #agebdhj2 in which the anonymous writer1 after dealing with the invention1 remarks3 8,altho' the chief honour is due to the ,inventor1 yet the perfection and beauty that ,printing is now arrived at is very much owing to them that came after4 ,many in the present age have not a little contributed thereto4 ,among whom ,i cannot but particularly mention ,mr4 ,william ,caslon and his ,son1 ,letter ,founders in ,chiswell ,street1 who have very much by their indefatigable labours promoted the honour of this ,art1 and who have lately printed three broadsheet specimens of their curious types2 one of them consisting of all the common sorts of letter used in printing2 the second sheet is #bdc divers sorts of their ,orientals1 ,old-,english1 and ,saxon2 and the third contains a great variety of curious ,flowers and ,fancies for ,ornamenting of ,title ,pages1 ,tickets1 c41 also several sorts of ,titling letter of ,roman1 ,old-,english and ,greek2 and the whole1 for their master strokes and curious flourishes1 outdo all that have been cast in ,england1 ,holland or any other place before40 ,the above is one of many compliments paid to ,caslon at this period by his contemporaries4 ,smith1 in his ,printer's ,grammar in #agee1 goes out of his way more than once to commend the founder by whose genius 8letter is now in ,england of such a beautiful cut and shape as it never was before40 ,baskerville1 in a passage quoted elsewhere1#dha frankly acknowledges him as the greatest master of the art4 ,ames and ,chambers1 as has been noticed1 vie with one another in proclaiming his pre-eminence2 ,mores himself styles him the ,coryphus of modern letter founders1 and ,lemoine awards him the title of the ,english ,elzevir4 ,in #agej ,mr4 ,caslon's reputation was such that his ,majesty ,george ,,ii4 placed him on the ,commission of the ,peace for ,middlesex1 which office he sustained with honour to himself and advantage to the community till the time of his death4 ,in ,june of the same year1 the ,universal ,magazine#dhb contained an ,article on ,letter ,founding1 extracted chiefly from ,moxon1 and accompanied by a view of the interior of ,caslon's ,foundry1 containing portraits of six of his workmen4 ,the view 7of which our frontispiece is a reproduction7 represents four casters at work1 one rubber 7,joseph ,jackson71 one dresser 7,thomas ,cottrell71 and three boys breaking off1 etc4 ,considering the extent of the business at the time1 it may be doubted whether this represents the entire working staff of the establishment1 or whether the view is of a portion only1 in which1 for the convenience of the artist1 the four processes of the manufacture are assembled4 ,the processes of punch-cutting and justifying were conducted in private by the ,caslons themselves2 yet not1 as history shows1 in such secrecy as to prevent their two apprentices1 ,cottrell and ,jackson1 from observing and learning the manual operation of that part of the 8art and mystery40#dhc ,a movement among the workmen of the ,foundry in #ageg for a higher scale of wages1 although decided in favour of the men1 resulted in the dismissal of the two ex-apprentices1 who were supposed to have been ringleaders in the #bdd movement4 ,with the experience acquired during their term of service at ,chiswell ,street1 both these men were enabled to establish foundries of their own2 and it is to the credit of ,cottrell's good sense1 if not of his good feeling1 that he subsequently supported his own claim to the patronage of the trade by announcing on his specimens that he had 8served his apprenticeship to ,william ,caslon1 ,esq40 ,the active part taken by the ,second ,caslon in the operations of the ,foundry may be best judged of by a reference to the ,specimen ,book of #agfd4dhd ,in this book the number of founts which originally appeared on the broadside of #agcd is more than doubled1#dhe most of the additions 7with the exception of those which had formed part of ,mitchell's ,foundry7 being the handiwork of ,caslon ,,ii4 ,the following advertisement appears on the last page3 8,this new ,foundery was begun in the year #agbj1 and finish'd #agfc2 and will 7with ,god's leave7 be carried on1 improved and inlarged by ,william ,caslon and ,son1 ,letter-,founders in ,london4--,soli ,deo ,gloria40 ,rowe ,mores1 whose prejudice against the ,second ,caslon is undisguised1 waxes facetious on the head of this innocent declaration1#dhf although he can find but little to blame in the ,specimen itself1 8in which10 he says1 8is nothing censurable but the silly notion and silly fondness of multiplying bodies0--the ,specimen showed a long-bodied ,english and a large-face ,long ,primer and ,bourgeois--8as if the intrinsic of a foundery consisted in the numerosity of the heads60 ,such animadversions1 however1 leave untouched the younger ,caslon's reputation as an able and successful typefounder1 which was1 indeed1 so well established that during the later years of his father's life he appears to have had the sole management of the business4 ,caslon ,i1 having lived to see the result of his genius and industry in the regeneration of the ,art of ,printing in ,england1 retired1 universally respected1 from the active management of the ,foundry1 and took up his residence first in #bde a house opposite the ,nag's ,head in the ,hackney ,road1 removing afterwards to ,water ,gruel ,row1 and finally settling in what was then styled a country house at ,bethnal ,green1 where he resided till the time of his death4 8,mr4 ,caslon10 says ,nichols1 8was universally esteemed as a first-rate artist1 a tender master1 and an honest1 friendly1 and benevolent man40#dhg ,the following anecdote1 preserved by ,sir ,john ,hawkins in his ,history of ,music1 gives a pleasing glimpse into his private life1 and shows that in his devotion to the severer arts the gentler were not neglected4 8,mr4 ,caslon10 says ,sir ,john1 8settled in ,ironmonger ,row1 in ,old ,street2 and being a great lover of music1 had frequent concerts at his house1 which were resorted to by many eminent masters4 ,to these he used to invite his friends and those of his old acquaintance1 the companions of his youth4 ,he afterwards removed to a large house in ,chiswell ,street1 and had an organ in his concert room4#dhh ,after that1 he had stated monthly concerts1 which1 for the convenience of his friends1 and that they might walk home in safety when the performance was over1 were on that ,thursday in the month which was nearest the full moon2 from which circumstance his guests were wont humourously to call themselves #8,luna-tics4' ,in the intervals of the performance the guests refreshed themselves at a sideboard1 which was amply furnished2 and when it was over1 sitting down to a bottle of wine1 and a decanter of excellent ale1 of ,mr4 ,caslon's own brewing1 they concluded the evening's entertainment with a song or two of ,purcell's sung to the harpsicord1 or a few catches2 and1 about twelve1 retired40#dhi ,mr4 ,caslon's hospitalities were not confined to his musical friends merely4 ,his house was a resort of literary men of all classes1 of whom large parties frequently assembled to discuss interesting matters relating to books and studies4#dij ,mr4 ,caslon was thrice married4 ,his second and third wives were named respectively ,longman and ,waters1 and each had a good fortune4 ,by his first wife he had two sons and a daughter3 ,william1 who succeeded him at ,chiswell #bdf ,street2 ,thomas1 who became an eminent bookseller in ,stationers' ,hall ,court1 where he died in #aghc1 after having in the previous year served the office of ,master of the ,stationers' ,company2 and ,mary1 who married first ,mr4 ,shewell1 one of the original partners in ,whitbread's brewery1 and afterwards ,mr4 ,hanbey1 an ironmonger of large fortune4 ,a brother of ,mr4 ,caslon1 named ,samuel1 is mentioned by ,rowe ,mores1 and appears to have served at ,chiswell ,street for a short time as mould maker1 leaving there subsequently1 on some dispute1 to work in the same capacity for ,mr4 ,anderton of ,birmingham4 ,mr4 ,caslon died1 much respected1 at ,bethnal ,green1 on ,jan4 #bcrd1 #agff1 aged #gd1 and was buried in the ,churchyard of ,st4 ,luke's1 the parish in which his three foundries were all situated4 ,the monument to his memory1 kept in repair by bequest of his daughter1 ,mrs4 ,hanbey1 is thus briefly inscribed3 ,w4 ,,caslon1 ,esq41 ob4 #bcrd ,jan41 #agff1 tat #gd4 ,a life-size portrait of him by ,kyte is preserved at ,chiswell ,street1 representing him holding in his hand the famous ,specimen ,sheet of #agcd4 ,william ,caslon ,,ii issued in the year of his father's death a ,specimen in small quarto1 bearing his own name and containing the same founts as those exhibited in the #agfd book4#dia ,this ,specimen1 consisting of thirty-eight leaves1 was again reprinted in #aggj by ,luckombe in his ,history of ,printing1#dib of which work it occupies pages #acd to #agc4 ,illustration3 #fg4 ,long ,primer ,syriac1 cut by ,caslon ,,ii1 circa #agfh4 7,from the original matrices47 ,about the year #agfh the ,chiswell ,street foundry was called upon to supply a ,syriac fount for the ,oxford ,university ,press1 and ,caslon produced the ,long ,primer ,syriac which occurs in his subsequent specimens4 ,he had previously supplied the ,university with a ,long ,primer ,hebrew1 and the old ledgers of the foundry show that numerous transactions of a similar kind took place during the latter half of last century4 ,in #aggj1 besides the specimen of ,luckombe1 another indirect specimen of the ,caslon types was issued by a ,mr4 ,cornish1 printer1 in ,blackfriars1 in a very #bdg small form--#cbmo--exhibiting a series of ,romans1 two founts of ,black1 and three pages of flowers4 ,it was probably on the ,specimen of #agff that ,rowe ,mores founded his summary of the contents of the ,caslon foundry2 and it will be interesting to reproduce this list1 as it presents a view of the state of the foundry as it then existed1 and1 at the same time1 distinguishes the authors of the several founts with which it was supplied4 ,rowe ,mores seizes the opportunity afforded by this enumeration for another sneer at ,caslon ,,ii4 8,this is the best account10 he says1 8we can give of this capital and beautiful foundery1 the possessor of which refused to answer the natural questions1 because1 forsooth1 #8answering would be of no advantage to us2 if we wanted letter to be cast1 he would cast it4' ,but this we can do ourselves40#dic ,the summary is as follows3 8,,mr4 ,,caslon',s ,,foundery4 ,,orientals4 ,hebrew4 #b-line ,english4 ,caslon ,i ,double ,pica4 ,caslon ,,ii ,great ,primer4 ,caslon ,,ii ,english4 ,caslon ,i ,english open4#did ,caslon ,i ,pica4 ,caslon ,,ii ,long ,primer4#die ,caslon ,,ii ,brevier4 ,caslon ,,ii #b-line ,great ,primer4 ,caslon ,,ii ,samaritan4 ,pica4 ,dummers ,syriac4 ,english4 ,polyglot ,arabic4 ,english4 ,caslon ,i ,armenian4 ,pica4 ,caslon ,i ,,meridionals4 ,coptic4 ,pica4 ,caslon ,i ,ethiopic4 ,pica4 ,caslon ,i ,,occidentals4 ,greek4 ,double ,pica4 ,caslon ,,ii ,great ,primer4 ,caslon ,,ii ,english4#dif ,caslon ,,ii ,pica4#dig ,head-,mitchell ,long ,primer4 ,caslon ,i ,brevier4 ,caslon ,i ,small ,pica4 ,caslon ,,ii ,nonpareil4 ,caslon ,,ii ,etruscan4 ,english4 ,caslon ,i ,roman and ,italic4 ,all the regulars4 ,irregulars and ,titlings4 #e-line4 ,caslon ,i #d-line4#dif ,caslon ,i ,canon4 ,moxon-,andrews #b-line ,double ,pica4 ,caslon ,,ii #b-line ,great ,primer4#dif ,caslon ,i #b-line ,english4#dif ,caslon ,i #b-line ,pica full-face4 ,mitchell #bdh ,irregulars and ,titlings4 #b-line ,pica4 ,caslon ,,ii ,paragon4 ,caslon ,,ii ,small ,pica4 ,caslon ,,ii ,bourgeois4 ,caslon ,,ii ,minion4 ,caslon ,,ii ,nonpareil4 ,caslon ,,ii ,pearl4#dih ,caslon ,,ii ,proscription4 #bj-line to #d-line4#dii ,caslon ,,ii ,,septentrionals4 ,gothic4 ,pica4 ,caslon ,i ,anglo-,saxon4 ,english4 ,caslon ,,ii ,pica4#ejj ,caslon ,i ,anglo-,saxon4 ,long ,primer4#ejj ,caslon ,i ,brevier4 ,caslon ,,ii ,english4 ,double ,pica4 ,caslon ,,ii ,great ,primer4 ,caslon ,,ii ,english4 ,head-,mitchell ,english ,modern4#eja ,caslon ,,ii ,pica4#eja ,caslon ,,ii ,long ,primer4 ,caslon ,,ii ,brevier4 ,caslon ,i #b-line ,great ,primer4 ,caslon ,,ii ,small ,pica4#ejb ,caslon ,,ii ,,music4 ,round ,head4 ,caslon ,,ii ,,flowers and the rest of the ,apparatus4 ,caslon ,,ii died in #aggh1 aged #eh1 and was buried in the family vault at ,st4 ,luke's1 the following line being added to his father's inscription3 ,also ,w4 ,caslon1 ,esq4 7son of the above7 ob4 #ag ,aug41 #aggh1 tat4 #eh years4 ,of him1 too1 an excellent oil portrait is preserved at ,chiswell ,street4 ,he had married a ,miss ,elizabeth ,cartlitch1#ejc a lady of beauty1 understanding1 and fortune1 who1 during the latter years of her husband's life1 had taken an active share in the management of the foundry4 ,mr4 ,caslon dying intestate1 his property was divided equally between his widow and her two sons1 ,william and ,henry1 the chief superintendence of the business devolving on ,william ,caslon ,,iii1 at that time quite a young man4 ,the chief event of the new rgime was the issue of the admirable ,specimen ,book of #aghe1 a work which1 for its completeness and excellent execution1 has received high approbation4 ,it consists of sixty sheets1 twenty-one of which are devoted to ,romans and ,italics1 ten to 8learned0 letter#ejd and ,blacks1 two to ,music1 two to #bdi ,script1 and no fewer than twenty-six to flowers arranged in artistic combinations and designs4 ,the volume is dedicated to ,king ,george ,,iii1 ,mr4 ,caslon assuming the title allowed a century earlier to ,nicholas ,nicholls1 of 8,letter ,founder to ,his ,majesty40 ,the 8,address to the ,public10 which prefaces this ,specimen1 naturally lays claim on behalf of the ,caslon ,foundry to the merit of having rescued the type trade in ,england from the hands of foreigners4 ,but it also suggests1 by the somewhat acrid tone in which it refers to its 8opponents10 that the competition of the newly-established foundries of ,cottrell1 ,fry1 ,wilson1 and ,jackson was already beginning to tell on the temper of the third of the ,caslons1 who evidently did not regard as flattery the avowed imitation of the ,caslon models by some of his rivals4#eje ,the ,specimen contains one new feature--a ,double ,pica ,script--which1 however1 is of no particular merit4 ,the year #aghe was prolific in ,specimens of the ,chiswell ,street foundry4 ,in addition to the book above referred to1 two folio ,specimens1 one an #h pp4 large post-folio1 and another a #f pp4 foolscap-folio1 appeared1 intended for use as #bej inset plates to ,encyclopdias1#ejf in which the principal founts of the foundry1 ,roman and ,oriental1 were displayed4 ,in addition to this1 there was issued a #b pp4 folio ,specimen of large letter#ejg showing the sand-cast types of the foundry in sizes from #ai to #g-line ,pica4 ,in the preceding year ,caslon ,,iii4 had issued his specimen of ,cast ,ornaments--the first of the kind exhibited by an ,english ,founder--displaying #fe designs of various size and merit at prices ranging from #c;d4 to #gs4 each4 ,in his introductory note to the second edition1 dated ,july #bj1 #aghf1 he takes to himself the credit of an invention 8completed with infinite attention and at an inconceivable expence10 whereby the trade is in future to be supplied with typographic designs equal to copperplate and less costly than the commonest wood-cuts4 ,the process thus originated was that of sharply impressing a wood block in cooling metal so as to form a lead matrix from which to 8dab0 further impressions as required4 ,the specimen of #aghe contained a few small ships of imposing appearance1 but these were produced by the usual method of punch and matrix4 ,it does not appear that the third ,caslon's connexion with the business resulted in any large addition to its founts4 ,as1 however1 no specimen book of the ,foundry is known between #aghf and #ahje1 it is difficult to judge of its progress during that period4 ,in the year #agib ,mr4 ,caslon disposed of his interest in the ,chiswell ,street business to his mother and sister-in-law4 ,henry ,caslon had died in #aghh4 ,he had married ,miss ,elizabeth ,rowe1 a lady of good family1#ejh between whom and their only son1 ,henry 7at that time an infant of two years71 he left his share of the ,foundry4 8,it will not appear extraordinary10 says ,hansard1 8that a property so divided1 and under the management of two ladies1 though both superior and indeed extraordinary women1 should be unable to maintain its ground triumphantly against the active competition which had for some time existed against it4 ,in fact1 the fame of the first ,william ,caslon was peculiarly disadvantageous to ,mrs4 ,caslon1 as she never could be persuaded that any attempt to rival him could possibly be successful40 ,mrs4 ,caslon1 sen41 was an active member of the ,association of ,typefounders #bea of her day1 which first met in #agic4 ,in this capacity she gained the esteem of her fellow founders as well as of the printers1 and on one occasion formed one of a deputation of two to confer with the latter on certain questions affecting the price of type4 ,she died from the effects of a paralytic stroke in ,october #agie4 ,the esteem in which she was held by all who knew her was amply testified by numerous notices in the public prints of the day4 8,her merit and abilities10 says one1 8in conducting a capital business during the life of her husband and afterwards1 till her son was capable of managing it1 can only be known to those who had dealings with the manufactory4 ,in quickness of understanding and activity of execution she has left few equals among her sex40 ,and1 in the same strain1 the ,freemason's ,magazine of ,march #agif1 thus speaks of her3 8,the urbanity of her manners1 and her diligence and activity in the conduct of so extensive a concern1 attached to her interest all who had dealings with her1 and the steadiness of her friendship rendered her death highly lamented by all who had the happiness of being in the extensive circle of her acquaintance40 ,the latter notice is accompanied by a portrait of this worthy lady4 ,mrs4 ,caslon's will becoming the object of some litigation1 her estate was thrown into ,chancery1 and in ,march #agii1 the ,foundry was1 by order of the ,court1 put up for auction and purchased by ,mrs4 ,henry ,caslon for #ebj4 ,the smallness of this figure is the more remarkable since only seven years previously1 on the retirement of ,caslon ,,iii41 a third share of the concern had sold for #cjjj4 8,on the decease of ,mrs4 ,caslon10 writes ,hansard1 in #ahbe1 8the management of the ,foundry devolved on ,mrs4 ,henry ,caslon1 who1 possessing an excellent understanding1 and being seconded by servants of zeal and ability1 was enabled1 though suffering severely under ill-health1 in a great measure to retrieve its credit4 ,finding the renown of ,william ,caslon no longer efficacious in securing the sale of his types1 she resolved to have new founts cut4 ,she commenced the work of renovation with a new ,canon1 ,double ,pica and ,pica1 having the good fortune to secure the services of ,mr4 ,john ,isaac ,drury1 a very able engraver1 since deceased4 ,the ,pica1 an improvement on the style of ,bodoni1#eji was particularly admired1 and had a most extensive sale4 ,finding #beb herself1 however1 from the impaired state of her health1 which suffered from pulmonary attacks1 unable to sustain the exertions required in conducting so extensive a concern1 she resolved1 after the purchase of the ,foundry1 to take as an active partner ,mr4 ,nathaniel ,catherwood1 7a distant relation71 who by his energy and knowledge of business fully equalled her expectations4 ,this connection gave a new impetus to the improvements of the ,foundry1 which did not cease during the lives of the partners1 and their exertions were duly appreciated and encouraged by the printers4 ,in #ahjh the character of the ,foundry may be considered as completely retrieved1 but the proprietors did not long live to enjoy their well-merited success4 ,in #agii1 ,mrs4 ,henry ,caslon had married ,mr4 ,strong1 a medical gentleman1 who died in #ahjb4 ,in the spring of #ahjh she was afflicted with a serious renewal of her pulmonary attack1 in consequence of which she was advised to try the effect of the air of ,bristol ,hotwells1 which probably protracted her life during a twelvemonth of extreme suffering1 but could not eradicate the fatal disease4 ,her fortitude and resignation under this long continued1 and helpless affliction could not be surpassed1 and were truly admirable4 ,her sufferings were terminated in ,march #ahji1 when she was buried in the ,cathedral of ,bristol4 ,the worthy and active ,mr4 ,nathaniel ,catherwood did not long survive his associate1 being seized with a typhus fever which baffled the medical art4 ,he died on the #fth of ,june1 tat4 #de1 very generally regretted40#eaj ,a portrait of ,mrs4 ,strong is preserved at ,chiswell ,street4 ,in #ahje was published the first ,specimen containing the new ,romans of ,messrs4 ,caslon and ,catherwood1 among which1 however1 the ,canon and ,double ,pica referred to by ,hansard are not included4 ,the dates affixed to the various specimens#eaa show that most of them were completed between #ahjb and #ahje1 the #bec earliest being the ,great ,primer1 dated ,may #ahjb4 ,the ,specimen also contained the ,caslon ,orientals4 ,in #ahjh a further ,specimen of the ,romans1 including a few additional founts1 appeared as a supplement to ,stower's ,printers' ,grammar4#eab ,these two ,specimens1 which are the only ones known to have been issued during twenty-three years1 indicate clearly the important revolution through which the ,chiswell ,street ,foundry1 in common with all the other foundries of the day1 had passed in respect of the model of its characters4 ,all the once admired founts of the originator of the ,foundry have been discarded1 and between the ,specimen of #aghe and that of #ahjh there is absolutely no feature in common4#eac ,on the death of his mother and her partner1 ,henry ,caslon ,,ii assumed the management of the business1 and fully maintained its reputation4 ,the former name of the firm was retained1 and a fresh specimen of ,roman letters and modern ,blacks was issued about the year #ahab4 ,in #ahad ,mr4 ,caslon took into partnership ,mr4 ,john ,james ,catherwood1#ead brother to ,mr4 ,nathaniel ,catherwood1 and in this association proceeded vigorously with the improvement of the foundry4 ,the partnership continued until #ahba1 during which period1 says ,hansard1 8the additions and varieties made to the stock of the ,foundry have been immense4 ,nothing that perseverance in labour and unsparing effort could effect1 either to meet the fashion and evanescent whim of the day1 or with the superior view of permanent improvement1 has been wanted to keep the concern up to its long-established eminence1 and to enable it to rank high among the many able competitors of the present age4 ,the ancient stock can never be equalled--the modern never excelled40#eae ,among the more important accessions to the stock of the ,foundry may #bed be mentioned the acquisition in #ahag of the ,foundry of ,mr4 ,william ,martin of ,duke ,street1 ,st4 ,james's1 which1 as elsewhere stated1#eaf included several good ,roman and ,oriental letters4 ,the partnership between ,mr4 ,caslon and ,mr4 ,catherwood being dissolved in #ahba by the withdrawal of the latter1#eag ,mr4 ,caslon admitted to a share of the business ,mr4 ,martin ,william ,livermore1 8who for many years10 says ,hansard1 8had evinced ample talent1 indefatigable zeal1 and obliging attention1 as active foreman and manager of the mechanical department40 ,it is to be regretted that the absence of any specimen book between #ahab and #ahcj1 prevents us from forming any accurate idea of the development of the ,foundry during that period4 ,it may be interesting1 however1 to quote the list given by ,hansard1 of matrices of the 8learned0 languages in the ,foundry at the time when he wrote1 i4e4 #ahbe3 ,arabic4 ,english4 ,armenian4 ,pica4 ,coptic4 ,pica4 ,ethiopic4 ,pica4 ,etruscan4 ,pica4 ,german4 ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier4 ,greek4 ,double ,pica1#eah ,great ,primer1#eah ,english1 ,pica1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,bourgeois1 ,brevier1 ,nonpareil1 ,pearl1 ,diamond4#eai ,gothic4 ,pica4 ,persian4 ,english4 ,hebrew4 ,two-line ,great ,primer1 ,two-line ,english1 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer2 ditto1 with points2 ,english2 ditto1 with points2 ,pica2 ditto1 with points2 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,bourgeois1 ,brevier4 ,samaritan4 ,pica4 ,sanscrit4 ,english4#ebj ,saxon4 ,english1 ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier4 ,syriac4 ,english 7,polyglot7 ,long ,primer4 ,music4 ,large1 ,small4 ,black4 ,two-line ,great ,primer1 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,pica1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier1 ,nonpareil4 ,messrs4 ,caslon and ,livermore issued specimens in #ahcj and #ahcd1 the latter appearing exactly one hundred years after the first broadside published by ,william ,caslon ,i4 ,we do not propose to continue the particular history of this venerable ,foundry beyond this date4 ,it may1 however1 be interesting to take a rapid survey of its subsequent career4 #bee ,numerous specimens followed the issue of #ahcd1 that of #ahci bearing the title of ,caslon1 ,son1 and ,livermore1 ,letter-founders to ,her ,majesty's ,board of ,excise--the new partner being ,mr4 ,caslon's son1 the late ,mr4 ,henry ,william ,caslon4 ,shortly afterwards1 ,mr4 ,livermore's connexion with the business ceased1 and the next few specimens bear the name of ,henry ,caslon alone4 ,in #ahdc a revival of the ,caslon old-style letter took place under the following circumstances1 which1 as they initiated a new fashion in the trade generally1 call for reference here4 ,in the year #ahdc1 ,mr4 ,whittingham of the ,chiswick press1 waited upon ,mr4 ,caslon to ask his aid in carrying out the then new idea of printing in appropriate type ,the ,diary of ,lady ,willoughby1#eba a work of fiction1 the period and diction of which were supposed to be of the reign of ,charles ,i4 ,the original matrices of the first ,william ,caslon having been fortunately preserved1 ,mr4 ,caslon undertook to supply a small fount of ,great ,primer4 ,so well was ,mr4 ,whittingham satisfied with the result of his experiment1 that he determined on printing other volumes in the same style1 and eventually he was supplied with the complete series of all the old founts4 ,then followed a demand for old faces1 which has continued up to the present time4 ,an attempt to sell the ,foundry in #ahdf1ebb not being successful1 the business1 again took the style of ,caslon and ,son4 ,mr4 ,henry ,caslon died ,may #bh1 #ahej1 and in the same year the important step was taken of uniting the ,london ,branch of the ,glasgow ,letter ,foundry with that of ,chiswell ,street1 which was now carried on under the style of ,h4 ,w4 ,caslon and ,co41 ,mr4 ,alexander ,wilson1 of the ,glasgow ,foundry1 being for some time associated with ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,caslon in the management4 ,in #ahgc1 ,mr4 ,caslon1 being in ill health1 retired1 and died in the following year4 ,he was the last of his race1 and the ,chiswell ,street ,foundry1 after an uninterrupted dynasty of five generations1 covering a period of nearly #afj years1 was by his death left without a ,caslon to represent it4 ,the management of the business devolved on ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,smith1 in whose hands it has since remained4 #bef ,,list ,,of ,,specimens ,,of ,,the ,,caslon ,,foundry1 #agcd-ahcj4 #agcd4 ,a ,specimen by ,william ,caslon1 ,letter-founder in ,chiswell ,street1 ,london4 #agcd4 ,large post broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,caslon47 #agch4 ,a ,specimen by ,william ,caslon1 ,letter-founder in ,chiswell ,street1 ,london4 ,large post broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,chambers' ,cycl41 #agch47 #agdb4 ,a ,specimen by ,caslon and ,son1 7referred to by ,nichols1 ,lit4 ,anec41 ii1 #cfe74 4 4 4 4 7,lost47 #agdh4 ,a ,specimen by ,caslon and ,son 7referred to by ,nichols1 ,lit4 ,anec41 ii1 #gba74 4 4 4 4 7,lost47 #agdi4 ,a ,specimen by ,william ,caslon and ,son1 ,letter-founders in ,chiswell ,street1 ,london4 #agdi4 ,large ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,sohmian ,coll41 ,stockholm47 #agdi4 ,a ,specimen of ,mr4 ,caslon's ,roman ,letter1 and the names of the sizes now in use4 4 4 4 4 7,ames' ,typ4 ,antiq41 p4 #ega47 #agfc4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,william ,caslon and ,son4 ,printed by ,dryden ,leach1 ,london1 #agfc1 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,amer4 ,antiq4 ,soc47 #agfd4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,william ,caslon and ,son4 ,printed by ,dryden ,leach4 ,london1 #agfd4 #dto and #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4 ,b4 ,r47 #agff4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,william ,caslon1 ,letter-founder1 ,london4 ,printed by ,john ,towers4 #agff4 ,small #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,b4,m4 ,t1 #cbj1 #aa47 #aggj4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,william ,caslon1 ,letter-founder1 ,london4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,luckombe's ,history of ,printing1 pp4 #acd-adg47 #aggj4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types cast by ,wiliam ,caslon for the use of ,john ,dixcey ,cornish1 at ,number #d1 in ,printing-,house-,yard1 ,blackfriars1 ,london4 #aggj4 #cbmo4 4 4 4 4 7,caslon47 #aghd4 ,a ,specimen of ,cast ,ornaments on a new plan by ,william ,caslon and ,son4 ,london4 #aghd4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,sohmian ,coll41 ,stockholm47 #aghe4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,william ,caslon1 ,letter-founder to ,his ,majesty4 ,london4 ,printed by ,galabin and ,baker1 #aghe4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,b4,m4 #dda1 f4 #ad47 #aghe4 ,a ,specimen of ,large letter by ,william ,caslon1 ,london1 #aghe4 ,two sheets folio4 4 4 4 4 7,b4,m4 #dda1 f4 #ad47 #aghe4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,william ,caslon1 ,letter-founder to ,his ,majesty1 #aghe4 ,folio1 #h pp4 4 4 4 4 7,chambers' ,cycl41 #aghd-f47 #aghf4 ,a ,specimen of ,cast ,ornaments on a new plan by ,william ,caslon1 ,letter-founder to ,his ,majesty4 ,london4 ,printed by ,j4 ,w4 ,galabin1 #aghf4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,b4,m4 #ffh1 g4 #ag1 #b47 #ahje4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,caslon and ,catherwood1 ,letter-founders1 ,chiswell ,street1 ,london4 ,t4 ,bensley1 printer1 ,london4 #ahje4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,ox4 ,univ4 ,pr47 #ahjh4 ,a ,specimen of ,caslon and ,catherwood's modern-cut ,printing ,types4 ,london1 #ahjh4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,stower's ,printers' ,grammar47 n4 d4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,caslon and ,catherwood1 ,chiswell ,street1 ,london4 ,t4 ,bensley1 printer1 ,london4 #ahab8 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caslon47 #ahcj4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,caslon and ,livermore1 ,letter-founders1 ,chiswell ,street1 ,london4 ,bensley1 ,printer1 #ahcj4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel4 #ddaa47 ,illustration #beg ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,alexander ,,wilson1 #agdb4 ,in the early years of the #ahth century1 printing in ,scotland was in a condition even more depressed and unsatisfactory than in ,england4 ,except in ,glasgow and ,edinburgh the art was almost wholly neglected2 and in those two cities the disadvantages at which printers were placed1 owing partly to restrictive patents and monopolies1 partly to jealousies among themselves1 but chiefly to the absence of any letter-foundry in their own country1 were sufficient bar to all prosperity1 either as an industry or an art4 ,a graphic sketch of this lamentable state of affairs is given in ,james ,watson's ,history of ,printing1 published in ,edinburgh in #agac1ebc a work which1 while professing to give a general history of the art1 derives its chief interest from the brief account of printing in ,scotland given in the preface4 ,that the art was derived in that country from ,holland the author entertains no doubt1 #beh and that it was indebted for its maintenance and any measure of excellence it might claim to the same foreign source1 he boldly asserts4 ,it was the intervention of ,dutch workmen that mainly contributed to relieve the deadlock into which the monopolies and patents of the #agth century had brought the trade generally1 and it was only by a continuous supply of ,dutch workmen1 ,dutch presses1 and ,dutch type that printing in ,scotland was to be raised from its present low condition4 ,and1 as a crowning argument1 he exhibits with some pride a selection of indifferent ,dutch types and 8,bloomers10 with which his own office is provided1 as a suggestion of the excellence to which ,scotch ,typography might yet attain4#ebd ,this avowal of entire dependence on foreign labour and workmanship is significant2 and the absence of any suggestion for remedying the evil by the establishment of a foundry in ,scotland itself only emphasises the helpless condition into which the art had sunk4 ,but although such a notion was too wild a dream for ,james ,watson1 others of his countrymen were bold enough to entertain it1 and we find that in #agbe a ,scotch printer clearly represented to ,william ,ged the disadvantage under which the country laboured from having no foundry nearer than ,london or ,holland1 and urged him to undertake the business4 ,of ,ged's career we have spoken elsewhere4#ebe ,he failed1 and ,scotch typography1 despite the rising fame of ,caslon1 might have remained many years longer in its depressed condition1 but for the accident which directed the genius of ,alexander ,wilson to letter-founding4 ,born at ,st4 ,andrews in #agad1 young ,wilson was originally intended for the medical profession1 and it was with a view to push his fortunes in that direction that he came up to ,london in #agcg and took employment as assistant to a surgeon and apothecary in the great city4 ,while thus engaged he obtained an introduction to ,dr4 ,stewart1 physician to ,lord ,isla1 afterwards ,duke of ,argyle1 and in this way came under the notice of his lordship4 ,a common interest in scientific pursuits1 particularly astronomy1 served to interest ,lord ,isla in the young doctor's assistant1 and during the term of his service in ,london ,wilson devoted much of his leisure to scientific study under the encouragement and favour of his new patron4 ,illustration3 #fh4 ,from ,hansard4 ,of his first introduction to typography1 we quote the following account given by ,hansard on the authority of ,alexander ,wilson's son and grandson3#ebf #bei 8,while he was thus passing his time in a manner which he considered comfortable for one at his first entrance upon the world1 a circumstance accidentally occurred which gave a new direction to his genius1 and which in the end led to an entire change of his profession4 ,this was a chance visit made one day to a letter-foundry with a friend1 who wanted to purchase some printing types4 ,having seen the implements and common operations of the workmen usually shown to strangers1 he was much captivated by the curious contrivances made use of in prosecuting that art4 ,shortly afterwards1 when reflecting upon what had been shown him in the letter-foundry1 he was led to imagine that a certain great improvement in the process might be effected2 and of a kind too1 that1 if successfully accomplished1 promised to reward the inventor with considerable emolument4 ,he presently imparted his idea on the subject to a friend named ,baine1 who had also come from ,st4 ,andrews1 and who possessed a considerable share of ingenuity1 constancy and enterprise4 ,the consequence of this was1 the resolution of both these young adventurers to relinquish1 as soon as it could be done with propriety1 all other pursuits1 and to unite their exertions in prosecuting the business of ,letter ,founding1 according to the plan which had been contemplated with a view to improvements4 ,after some further deliberation1 ,mr4 ,wilson waited upon his patron1 ,lord ,isla1 to whom he communicated his views1 and the design of embarking in this new scheme2 and derived much satisfaction from his ,lordship's entire approbation and best wishes for his success4 8,mr4 ,wilson and ,mr4 ,baine then became partners in the project1 and having taken convenient apartments1 applied with great assiduity to the different preparatory steps of the business4 ,at an early stage they had proofs of difficulties to an extent which had not been anticipated1 and which1 had their magnitude been foreseen1 would probably have altogether deterred them from their attempt4 ,but although they found their task grow more and more arduous as their experience improved1 it may yet be mentioned1 as a fact which bespeaks singular probity of mind1 that they never once attempted to gain any insight whatever through the means of workmen employed in any of the ,london foundries1 some of whom they understood could have proved of considerable service to them40 ,of the precise nature of the improved system of founding by which the two young ,scotchmen proposed to prosecute their undertaking1 the narrative given by ,mr4 ,hansard affords no information4 ,it has been suggested by some that it was no other than that of stereotyping by a method similar to1 or better than1 that attempted a few years earlier by ,ged4 ,but whatever it may have been1 further experiment failed to justify the scheme as one of practical utility1 and the two partners1 who had by this time quitted the metropolis and returned to #bfj ,st4 ,andrews1 determined to abandon it and to fall back on the ordinary method of manufacturing type4 8,in their attempt to prosecute this speculation10 continues ,mr4 ,hansard1 still quoting the narrative furnished him by ,dr4 ,wilson's successors1 8they found themselves in a more sure1 though still in a difficult track1 and in which they had no guide whatever but their own talent of invention and mechanical ability2 and it was by the aid of these that they carried things forward until1 at length1 they were enabled to cast a few founts of ,roman and ,italic characters3 after which they hired some workmen1 whom they instructed in the necessary operations1 and at last opened their infant letter-foundry at ,st4 ,andrews in the year #agdb40 ,the ,scotch printers were not slow in showing their appreciation of the convenience afforded them by the establishment of a foundry in their midst1 and from the first ,messrs4 ,wilson and ,baine appear to have received liberal encouragement in their new venture4 ,they added steadily to the variety of their founts1 and finding the demand for their type on the increase1 not only in ,scotland1 but in ,ireland and ,north ,america1 they decided in #agdd to remove from ,st4 ,andrews to a more convenient centre at ,camlachie1 a small village a mile eastward of ,glasgow4 ,in #agdg the claims of their ,irish business necessitated the residence of one of the partners in ,dublin4#ebg ,mr4 ,baine was selected by lot for the duty1 and accordingly departed for ,ireland1 leaving ,mr4 ,wilson at ,camlachie4 ,two years later the partnership was dissolved by mutual consent1 and ,mr4 ,baine quitted the business to make an independent venture in type founding4#ebh #bfa ,left to himself1 ,mr4 ,wilson actively prosecuted his business1 and although no specimen of the foundry is known to exist1 either during the partnership between ,wilson and ,baine1 or1 indeed1 during the entire period of its location at ,camlachie1 its productions very shortly attained some considerable celebrity4 8,during his residence at ,camlachie10 says ,mr4 ,hansard1 8,mr4 ,wilson had contracted habits of intimacy and friendship with some of the most respectable inhabitants and eminent characters in that quarter1 among whom may be particularly reckoned the professors of the ,university of ,glasgow and ,messrs4 ,robert and ,andrew ,foulis1 the ,university printers4#ebi ,the growing reputation of the ,university ,press1 conducted by these latter gentlemen1 afforded more and more scope to ,mr4 ,wilson to exercise his abilities in supplying their types2 and being now left entirely to his own judgment and taste1 his talents as an artist in the line to which he had become devoted became every year more conspicuous40 8,when the design was formed by the gentlemen of the ,university1 together with the ,messrs4 ,foulis1 to print splendid editions of the ,greek classics1 ,mr4 ,wilson with great alacrity undertook to execute new types1 after a model highly approved4 ,this he accomplished1 at an expense of time and labour which could not be recompensed by any profits arising from the sale of the types themselves4 ,such disinterested zeal for the honour of the ,university ,press was1 however1 upon this occasion1 so well understood as to induce the ,university1 in the preface to their folio ,homer1#ecj to mention ,mr4 ,wilson in terms as honourable to him as they had been justly merited40 ,of this magnificent work--one of the finest monuments of ,greek typography #bfb which our nation possesses--it is sufficient to say that if the reputation of ,alexander ,wilson depended on no other performance1 it alone would give him a lasting title to the distinction accorded to him in the preface1 of 8egregius ille typorum artifex40#eca ,illustration3 #fi4 ,double ,pica ,greek1 cut by ,alex4 ,wilson1 #agef4 7,from the ,glasgow ,homer 7,foulis7 #agef-h47 ,in #agfj ,mr4 ,wilson was honoured with the appointment of the ,practical ,astronomy ,professorship in the ,university of ,glasgow1 about two years after which the foundry was removed to the more immediate vicinity of the college4 ,after this appointment the further enlargement and improvement of the foundry #bfc devolved upon his two eldest sons2 and he lived to witness its rise under their management to the highest reputation4 ,among the later performances of ,dr4 ,wilson1 the most important was the beautiful fount of ,double ,pica cut in #agfh for the #dto edition of ,gray's ,poems#ecb published by the ,brothers ,foulis1 who in their preface made public acknowledgment of the excellence of the letter and the expedition with which it had been provided4#ecc ,another high compliment was paid to ,dr4 ,wilson's talents in #agge1 when ,dr4 ,harwood1 in the preface to his ,view of the ,greek and ,roman ,classics1#ecd singled out1 along with ,baskerville's types1 the 8,glasgow ,greek types which have not been used since the superb edition of ,homer in #ageg1 and which are the most beautiful that modern times have produced10 as fit to form the nucleus of a ,royal typography for ,england1 dedicated to the improvement of the 8noblest art which human genius ever invented40#ece ,the first known specimen of the ,glasgow ,letter ,foundry1 as it was now called1 was published in #aggb4 ,it is at least remarkable that no specimen of its types should have been issued during the first thirty years of its successful career4 ,but although ,rowe ,mores mentions with approval a sheet by ,baine1 he had apparently seen none bearing the name of ,wilson4 ,the specimen of #aggb1 which dated from the ,college of ,glasgow1 consisted of twenty-four #hvo leaves1 and showed ,roman and ,italic only1 in sizes from #e-line to ,pearl1 there being several faces to most of the bodies4 ,certain of these1 it is stated1 are 8conformable to the ,london types02 and the enterprising proprietors undertake 8to cast to any body and range1 on receiving a few pattern types40 ,in #aghc1 another specimen was issued in a broadside form1 in four columns1 and is usually to be met with in copies of ,ephraim ,chambers' ,cyclopdia1 enlarged by ,rees1 where it is inserted to illustrate the article 8,printing40 #bfd ,it shows ,roman and ,italic from #f-line to ,pearl1 with five sizes of ,black1 six of ,hebrew1 and five of ,greek1 including the famous 8,glasgow ,homer0 ,double ,pica4#ecf ,the general appearance of the sheet is good1 and the founts compare favourably in shape and finish with those of any other foundry of the day4 ,a note to the specimen intimates that the founts shown form a portion only of the contents of the ,foundry4 ,a full specimen appeared in #aghf1 and again in #aghi1 the latter being a small #dto volume of #ej pages1 showing very considerable advance on its predecessors4#ecg ,a further specimen appeared in #ahae1 showing the modern cut letters of the ,foundry4 ,with almost a monopoly of the ,scotch and ,irish#ech trade1 the ,glasgow ,foundry became in course of time a formidable rival to the ,london houses1 whose productions it contrived to undersell even in the ,english market4 ,its success1 however1 raised up competitors with itself in ,scotland1 foremost among which was the foundry of ,mr4 ,miller1 a former manager in the ,glasgow ,foundry4 ,in #ahbe the proprietors of the ,foundry were ,messrs4 ,andrew and ,alexander ,wilson1 son and grandson to the originator4 ,hansard summarises their foreign and learned founts at this date as follows3 ,greek4 ,double ,pica 7,glasgow ,homer71 ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,pica1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer 78,elzevir071 ,brevier1 ,nonpareil4 ,hebrew4 #b-line ,english1 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer1 ,english1#eci ,pica1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier1 ,minion1 ,nonpareil4 ,saxon4 ,english1 ,pica1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier4 ,black4 #b-line ,great ,primer1 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier1 ,nonpareil4 ,in #ahbh another complete specimen appeared1 showing the new series of ,romans from ,double ,pica to ,diamond1 ,greek1 and fifteen pages of flowers4 ,mr4 ,andrew ,wilson dying in #ahcj1 the management of the business devolved on his sons ,alexander and ,patrick1 by whom it was decided1 in #ahcb1 to establish a branch house in ,edinburgh4 #bfe ,a handsome #dto specimen of the ,roman letter of the ,foundry was published in #ahcc4 ,this volume is interesting as being one of the first to show the letter not only in the venerable 8,quousque tandem0 paragraph1 but also in an ,english garb4#edj ,it includes also five pages of ,greek1 in which the ,double ,pica 8,homer0 is still prominent1 and two pages of ,hebrew1 but no other orientals4 ,in #ahcd the important step was taken of transferring the ,glasgow ,foundry to ,london1 where1 in premises at ,new ,street1 ,gough ,square1 the business was carried on4#eda ,briefly to trace the later vicissitudes of the ,foundry we may add that1 about #ahcd1 a further development of the business was completed by the establishment of a ,foundry at ,two-,waters in ,hertfordshire1 where it was expected the cost of production would be considerably reduced by the cheaper labour attainable in the country4 ,a strike occurring in #ahcg among the ,london workmen1 the ,gough ,square ,house was closed4 ,in #ahdj another branch was established at ,dublin4 ,despite the activity of ,mr4 ,alex4 ,wilson and the continued excellence of his types1 the business declined4 ,the latter years of his management were spent in fruitless endeavours to supersede the old method of handcasting by machinery4 ,the various experiments made1 however1 7one of which was by the present ,sir ,henry ,bessemer1 whose father#edb had been a type-founder7 failed1 and tended further to diminish ,mr4 ,wilson's resources1 until in #ahde be became bankrupt4 ,the ,london and ,two-,waters ,foundries being offered for sale by auction1 the principal part of the matrices were purchased by the proprietors of the ,caslon ,foundry in #ahej1 ,mr4 ,wilson remaining for some time with ,mr4 ,caslon as joint manager4 ,the ,edinburgh branch of the business1 started in #ahcb1 had continued for #bff some time with ,mr4 ,duncan ,sinclair as managing partner4 ,but on the latter withdrawing from the concern and establishing himself as an independent founder at ,whiteford ,house1 ,edinburgh1 about #ahci1 the management was entrusted to ,mr4 ,john ,gallie4 ,on the breaking up of the business1 the plant of the ,edinburgh and ,dublin branches was acquired by ,dr4 ,james ,marr1 who1 in association with ,mr4 ,gallie1 carried on the business under the firm of ,marr1 ,gallie1 and ,co4 ,in #ahec it was ,james ,marr and ,co41 with branches in ,london1 ,edinburgh1 and ,dublin4 ,dr4 ,james ,marr died in #ahff1 from which time till #ahgd1 the business was carried on by his widow1 with ,mr4 ,john ,blair as manager4 ,in #ahgd it was converted into a ,limited ,company under the title of the ,marr ,typefounding ,company1 ,limited1 who removed the business from the old premises in ,new ,street1 ,edinburgh1 to ,whiteford ,house1 where it is still carried on4 ,mr4 ,duncan ,sinclair1 between whose specimens and those of the ,wilson ,foundry there was an obvious similarity1 continued for some years at ,whiteford ,house1 where his son1 formerly manager at the ,two-,waters branch of the ,glasgow ,foundry1 subsequently joined him4 ,they published specimens in #ahdj1 #ahdb1 and #ahdf 7which latter included a fount of 8,gem074 ,in #ahfa the ,whiteford ,house ,foundry was in the hands of ,john ,milne and ,co41 who published a quarto specimen4 ,in #ahgj the contents of this foundry were dispersed at public auction1 and the premises1 as already stated1 were shortly afterwards taken by the ,marr ,typefounding ,company4 ,,specimen ,,books1 #aghc-ahcd4 #aggb4 ,a ,specimen of some of the ,printing ,types cast in the ,foundery of ,dr4 ,a4 ,wilson and ,sons1 ,college of ,glasgow 7,glasgow17 #aggb4 #hvo1 #bd leaves4 4 4 4 4 7,b4,m41 ,b4 #gbb1 #h47 #aghc4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types 4 4 ,the above are some of the sizes cast in the ,letter ,foundery of ,dr4 ,alex4 ,wilson and ,sons1 ,glasgow4 #aghc4 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,chambers' ,cyclopdia1 #aghd-f47 #aghf4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types cast in the ,letter ,foundry of ,alex4 ,wilson and ,sons1 ,glasgow1 #aghf4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,ox4 ,univ4 ,pr47 #aghi4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types cast in the ,letter ,foundry of ,alex4 ,wilson and ,sons1 ,glasgow1 #aghi4 ,small #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,caslon47 #ahab4 ,a ,specimen of ,modern ,cut ,printing ,types by ,alex4 ,wilson and ,sons1 ,letter ,founders1 ,glasgow1 #ahab4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,caslon47 #ahae4 ,a ,specimen of ,modern ,cut ,printing ,types by ,alex4 ,wilson and ,sons1 ,letter ,founders1 ,glasgow1 #ahae4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,caslon47 #ahbc4 ,a ,specimen of ,modern ,printing ,types by ,alex4 ,wilson and ,sons1 ,glasgow1 #ahbc4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel4 #ddjb47 #bfg #ahbh4 ,a ,specimen of ,modern ,printing ,types by ,alex4 ,wilson and ,sons1 ,letter ,founders1 ,glasgow1 #ahbh4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,ox4 ,univ4 ,pr47 #ahcc4 ,a ,specimen of ,modern ,printing ,types cast at the ,letter ,foundry of ,alex4 ,wilson and ,sons1 ,glasgow1 #ahcc4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,t4 ,b4 ,r47 #ahcc4 ,a ,specimen of ,modern ,printing ,types cast at the ,letter ,foundry of ,wilsons and ,sinclair1 ,new ,street1 ,edinburgh1 #ahcc4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,ox4 ,univ4 ,pr47 #ahcd4 ,a ,selection from the ,specimen ,book of ,alex4 ,wilson and ,sons1 ,glasgow ,letter ,foundry1 ,great ,new ,street1 ,gough ,square1 ,london1 #ahcd4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,caslon47 ,illustration #bfh ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,john ,,baskerville1 #ageb4 ,,john ,,baskerville was ,born at ,wolverley1 in ,the county of ,worcestershire1 in the year #agjf4 ,he began life as a footman to a clergyman1 and at the age of twenty became a writing-master in ,birmingham4 ,this occupation he appears to have supplemented by1 or exchanged for1 that of engraving inscriptions on tombstones and memorials2 a profession in which he is said to have shown much talent4#edc ,in #agcg he was still engaged in teaching writing at a school in the ,bull-,ring1 ,birmingham1 and is said to have written an excellent hand4 ,his artistic tastes led him afterwards to enter into the japanning business1 in which he prospered and became possessed of considerable property4 ,he purchased an estate on the outskirts of the town1 to which he gave the name of ,easy ,hill2 and here built a handsome house1 in which he carried on his business1 and lived in considerable style4#edd ,illustration3 #gj4 ,from ,hansard4 ,about the year #agej his inclination for letters induced him to turn his #bfi attention to typography1 and to add to his business of a japanner that of a printer4#ede ,the condition of printing in ,england at this period was still anything but satisfactory4 ,fine printing was an art unknown2 and although under the influence of ,caslon's genius the press was recovering from the reproach under which it lay at the beginning of the century1 ,england was still very far behind her neighbours both in typographical enterprise and achievement4 ,once more it was left to an outsider to initiate the new departure2 and as in #agbj the art of letter-founding had been roused from its lethargy by the genius of a gunsmith's apprentice1 so in #agej the art of printing was destined to find its deliverer in the person of an eccentric ,birmingham japanner4 ,whatever may be the judgment of posterity as to the merits of ,baskerville's performances1 to him is undoubtedly due the honour of the first real stride towards a higher level of national typography2 an example which became the incentive to that outburst of enthusiasm--that 8matrix and puncheon mania10 as ,dibdin terms it--which brought forth the series of splendid typographical productions with which the eighteenth century closed and the nineteenth opened4 ,baskerville's first essay in his new enterprise was deliberate1 and gave ample proof of the enthusiasm of the man4 ,six years elapsed before any work issued from his press4 ,during that period he is said to have sunk upwards of #fjjedf in the effort to produce a type sufficiently perfect to satisfy his fastidious taste4 ,he engaged the best punch-cutters that could be had1#edg in addition to which he made his own moulds1 chases1 ink1 presses1 and1 indeed1 almost the entire apparatus of the art4 ,the following extracts from letters in the possession of ,mr4 ,s4 ,timmins1 to whose industrious researches the student of typography is indebted for much new light on the history of ,baskerville's career1 and to whose courtesy we are indebted for the present opportunity of placing them before our readers1 will #bgj best describe the marvellous industry and enthusiasm which carried our printer to the successful issue of his great enterprise4 ,the letters form part of a correspondence between ,baskerville and his friend ,r4 ,dodsley1 the publisher1 respecting the preparations for his earliest printing venture3 ,baskerville to ,r4 ,dodsley4 #bnd ,october #ageb4 8,to remove in some measure your impatience1 ,i have sent you an impression of fourteen punches of the ,two-lines ,great ,primer1 which have been begun and finished in nine days only1 and contain all the letters ,roman necessary in the ,titles and ,half-titles4 ,i cannot forbear saying they please me1 as ,i can make nothing more correct1 nor shall you see anything of mine much less so4 ,you'll observe they strike the eye much more sensibly than the smaller characters1 tho' equally perfect1 till the press shows them to more advantage4 ,the press is creeping slowly towards perfection4 ,i flatter myself with being able to print nearly as good a colour and smooth a stroke as the enclosed4 ,i should esteem it a favour if you'd send me the ,initial ,letters of all the ,cantos lest they should not be included in the said fourteen1 and three or four pages of any part of the ,poem from whence to form a ,bill for the casting a suitable number of each letter4 ,the ,r wants a few slight touches1 and the ,y half an hour's correction4 ,this day we have resolutely set about thirteen of the same siz'd ,italic ,capitals1 which will not be at all inferior to the ,roman1 and ,i doubt not to complete them in a fortnight4 ,you need1 therefore1 be in no pain about our being ready by the time appointed4 ,our best respects to ,mrs4 ,dodsley and our friend1 ,mr4 ,beckett40 ,baskerville to ,r4 ,dodsley4 #aith ,october #ageb4 8,as ,i proposed in my last1 ,i have sent you impressions from a candle of twenty ,two-lines ,great ,primer ,italick1 which were begun and finished in ten days only4 ,we are now about the figures1 which are in good forwardness1 and changing a few of those letters we concluded finished4 ,my next care will be to strike the punches into copper and justify them with all the care and skill ,i am master of4 ,you may depend on my being ready by your time 7,christmas71 but if more time could be allowed1 ,i should make use of it all in correcting and justifying4 ,so much depends on appearing perfect on first starting 4 4 40 ,baskerville to ,r4 ,dodsley4 #afth ,january #aged4 8,i have put the last hand to my ,great ,primer1 and have corrected fourteen letters in the specimen you were so kind to approve1 and have made a good progress in the ,english1 and have formed a new alphabet of ,two-line ,double ,pica and ,two-line ,small ,pica capitals for ,titles1 not one of which ,i can mend with a wish1 as they come up to the most perfect idea ,i have of letters40 ,he then details his scheme for obtaining absolutely correct texts of the works he is about to print1 as follows3 8 ',tis this4 ,two people must be concerned2 the one must name every letter1 capital1 point1 reference1 accent1 etc41 that is1 in ,english1 must spell every part of every word distinctly1 and note down every difference in a book prepared on purpose4 ,pray oblige me in making the experiment with ,mr4 ,james ,dodsley in four or five lines of #bga any two editions of an author1 and you'll be convinced that it's scarcely possible for the least difference1 even of a point1 to escape notice4 ,i would recommend and practise the same method in an ,english author1 where most people imagine themselves capable of correcting4 ,here's another great advantage to me in this humble scheme2 at the same time that a proof sheet is correcting1 ,i shall find out the least imperfection in any of the ,types that has escaped the founder's notice4 ,i have great encomiums on my ,specimen from ,scotland40 ,the concluding sentence of this letter probably refers to the public announcement of the forthcoming quarto ,virgil1#edh put forward about this time1 together with a specimen of the type4 ,this most interesting document1 a very few copies of which still exist1 is in the form of a quarto sheet1 headed1 8,a ,specimen by ,john ,baskerville1 of ,birmingham1 in the ,county of ,warwick1 ,letter ,founder and ,printer40 ,it displays the ,roman and ,italic of the ,great ,primer fount1 and is remarkable not only as a piece of exquisite printing1#edi but as the first known specimen of the famous ,birmingham foundry4 ,the following letters refer principally to the progress and completion of the ,virgil3 ,baskerville to ,r4 ,dodsley4 ,birmingham1 #bjth ,december #agef4 8,i shall have ,virgil out of the press by the latter end of ,january1 and hope to produce the ,volume as smooth as the best paper ,i have sent you4 ,pray1 will it not be proper to advertize how near it is finishing1 and beg the gentlemen who intend favouring me with their names1 to send them by that time8 ,when this is done1 ,i can print nothing at home but another ,classick 7a specimen of which will be given with it7 which ,i cannot forbear thinking a grievous hardship after the infinite pains and great expense ,i have been at4 ,i have almost a mind to print a pocket ,classick in one size larger than the old ,elzevirs1 as the difference will1 on comparison1 be obvious to every ,scholar2 nor should ,i be very sollicitous whether it paid me or not40 ,r4 ,dodsley to ,baskerville4 #ajth ,february #ageg4 8,the account you give me of the ,virgil pleases me much1 and ,i hope you will in that have all the success your heart can wish4 ,i beg if you have any objection1 addition or alteration to make in the following ,advertisement you will let me know by return of post3 #bgb 8 #8,,to ,,the ,,public4 8 #8,john ,baskerville of ,birmingham thinks proper to give notice that having now finished his ,edition of ,virgil in one ,volume1 ,quarto1 it will be published the latter end of next month1 price one guinea in sheets4 ,he therefore desires that such gentlemen who intend to favour him with their names1 will be pleased to send them either to himself at ,birmingham1 or to ,r4 and ,j4 ,dodsley in ,pall ,mall1 in order that they may be inserted in the list of his encouragers4' 0 ,r4 ,dodsley to ,baskerville4 ,april #g1 #ageg4 8,i am very sorry ,i advertised your ,virgil to be published last month as you have not enabled me to keep my word with the public2 but ,i hope it will not be delayed any longer1 as every day you lose now the season is so far advanced1 is certainly a great loss to you4 ,i hope ,i shall have the pleasure of seeing you and it together4 ,however1 if the delay is occasioned by your making corrections1 ,i think that a point of so much consequence1 that no consideration should induce you to publish till it is quite correct4 ,as to the ornamented paper1 ,i will lower the price since you think it proper1 but am still of opinion that it will not sell at our end of the town1 tho' for what reason ,i cannot imagine4 4 4 4 ,i like exceedingly your specimen of a ,common ,prayer1 and hope you are endeavouring to get leave to print one4 ,there is an error in the ,exhortation1 shall for should4 ,your small letter is extremely beautiful2 ,i wish ,i could advise you what to print with it4 ,what think you of some popular ,french book--,gil ,blas1 ,molire1 or ,telemaque 8 ,in the specimen from ,melmoth ,i think you have used too many ,capitals1 which is generally thought to spoil the beauty of printing2 but they should never be used to adjectives1 verbs1 or adverbs4 ,my best compliments attend your whole family40 ,at length1 after repeated delays1 caused mainly by the nervous fastidiousness of the printer1 who even corrected his work currenti prelo up to the last moment1 the famous ,virgil appeared in #ageg1eej and with its publication ,baskerville's reputation was made4 ,being the earliest performance of this press1 the volume possesses a peculiar interest among the productions of ,english typography4 ,opinions may differ as to some of the eulogies pronounced on it by bibliographers and bibliophiles1#eea but as a typographical curiosity1#eeb and as a pioneer of fine printing in our midst1 it is a work to be treasured and reverenced4 #bgc ,from a letter-founder's point of view its chief interest consists in its being the earliest book printed in the type of the new ,birmingham foundry4 ,the fount used is a ,great ,primer1 slender and delicate in form1 combining1 as ,dibdin says1 in a singularly happy manner1 the elegance of ,plantin with the clearness of the ,elzevirs4 ,the ,italic letter was specially admired for its freedom and symmetry--qualities in which it excelled even the beautiful founts of ,aldus and ,colinus4 ,baskerville's merit met with prompt recognition in many quarters1 amongst others1 by the ,delegates of the ,oxford ,press1 who1 in #ageh 7apparently on his own application71 entrusted him with the cutting and casting of a new ,greek fount for their own use4 ,a record of this important transaction remains in the following ,minutes of the ,delegates3 8,june #f1 #ageh4--,present 7among others7 ,dr4 7,sir ,w47 ,blackstone4 ,order'd that this ,delegacy will at their next meeting take into consideration ,mr4 ,baskerville's ,proposals for casting a ,set of new ,greek ,types4 8,july #e1 #ageh4--,ordered that ,dr4 ,blackstone be empowered to agree with ,mr4 ,baskerville of ,birmingham to make a new set of ,greek ,puncheons1 matrices and moulds1 in ,great ,primer1 for the ,use of the ,university1 and also to cast therein #cjj ,weight of ,types1 at the ,price of #bjj ,guineas for the whole4 ,and that he and ,mr4 ,prince 7,warehouse-keeper7 do give proper ,directions for that ,purpose4 8,jan4 #ca1 #agei4--;,agreed that ,mr4 ,musgrave have leave to print his ,euripides at the ,university ,press on ,mr4 ,baskerville's ,types as soon as they arrive4#eec 8,march #aa1 #agfa4--,ordered1 ,that a ,greek ,testament in ,quarto and ,octavo be printed on ,baskerville's ,letter1 and three or four ,gentlemen of ,learning and ,accuracy be desired separately to correct the ,proofs4 8,june #bc1 #agfa4--ejj copies in ,quarto and #b1jjj in ,octavo ordered to be printed40 ,in the accounts for #agfa the following entry records the conclusion of the business3 8,to ,mr4 ,baskerville for ,greek ,types 4 4 4 4 #baj #j #j40 ,considerable expectation was aroused by this order1 which was considered of sufficient importance to deserve mention in the public press1 as the following extract from the ,st4 ,james's ,chronicle of ,september #e1 #ageh1 testifies3 8,the ,university of ,oxford have lately contracted with ,mr4 ,baskerville of ,birmingham for a complete ,alphabet of ,greek ,types of the ,great ,primer size2 and it is not doubted but that ingenious artist will excel in that ,character1 as he has already done in the ,roman and ,italic1 in his elegant edition of ,virgil1 which has gained the applause and admiration of most of the literati of ,europe1 as well as procured him the esteem and patronage of such of his own countrymen as distinguish themselves by paying a due regard to merit40 ,the anticipations thus expressed were destined to be disappointed2 for #bgd ,baskerville's genius appears to have failed him in his efforts to reproduce a foreign character4 ,even before the appearance of the ,oxford ,greek ,testament1 which did not occur till #agfc1 rumours of the failure of this undertaking had begun to circulate4 ,writing in #agfc1 respecting a forthcoming ,greek ,testament of his own1 ,bowyer says1 8,two or three quarto ,editions on foot1 one at ,oxford1 far advanced on new types by ,baskerville1--by the way1 not good ones40#eed ,the appearance of the work in question#eee justified1 to some extent1 the criticism4 ,regular as the ,greek character is1 it is stiff and cramped1 and1 as ,dibdin says1 8like no ,greek characters ,i have ever seen40 ,rowe ,mores goes to the length of styling it 8execrable02 and ,bowyer appears to have had it specially in mind when he said to ,jackson that the ,greek letters commonly in use were no more like ,greek than ,english4 ,be this as it may1 ,baskerville made no further excursions into the foreign and learned languages1 and1 fortunately 7as we consider7 for his reputation1 confined his talents to the execution of the characters of his native tongue1 a branch of the art in which he had no rival4 ,the punches1 matrices and some of the types of this interesting fount are still preserved at ,oxford1#eef and are the only relics in this country of ,baskerville's letter-foundry4 ,we are particularly glad1 therefore1 to be able to present here1 in addition to the annexed facsimile from the ,specimen of #agfh-gj1 a line printed from the actual type cast by ,baskerville in #agfa3 ,illustration ,illustration3 #ga4 ,baskerville's ,greek4 7,from the ,oxford ,specimen of #agfh-gj47 #bge ,among the other important works which1 says ,mr4 ,nichols1 8,baskerville printed with more satisfaction to the literary world than emolument to himself10 his ,paradise ,lost1 in #dto1 printed in #ageh1eeg is of signal merit and beauty4 ,as a work of fine printing1 it equals1 if it does not excel1 the ,virgil4 8,the type01 observes ,hansard 7who speaks of it as a ,pica instead of an ,english7 8is manifestly an improvement on the #8slender and delicate' mentioned by ,mr4 ,dibdin2 ,i should think it1 on the contrary1 approaching to the embonpoint1 and admirably calculated by extending the size 7if in exact proportion71 for works of the largest dimensions4 ,the ,italic possesses much room for admiration4 4 4 4 ,this work will1 in my opinion1 bear a comparison1 even to its advantage1 with those subsequently executed by the first typographer of our age4 ,there is a clearness1 a soberness1 a softness1 and at the same time a spirit1 altogether harmonising1 in ,baskerville's book1 that neither of the others with which ,i am comparing it1 can1 ,i think1 fairly claim40#eeh ,in his preface to the ,paradise ,lost1 ,baskerville gives an interesting account of his own labours and ambitions as a letter-founder4 ,he says3 8,amongst the several mechanic ,arts that have engaged my attention1 there is no one which ,i have pursued with so much steadiness and pleasure as that of ,letter ,founding4 ,having been an early admirer of the beauty of ,letters1 ,i became insensibly desirous of contributing to the perfection of them4 ,i formed to myself ideas of greater accuracy than had yet appeared1 and have endeavoured to produce a ,sett of ,types according to what ,i conceived to be their true proportion4 8,mr4 ,caslon is an artist to whom the ,republic of ,learning has great obligations2 his ingenuity has left a fairer copy for my emulation than any other master4 ,in his great variety of ,characters ,i intend not to follow him2 the ,roman and ,italic are all ,i have hitherto attempted3 if in these he has left room for improvement it is probably more owing to that variety which divided his attention1 than to any other cause4 ,i honour his merit and only wish to derive some small share of ,reputation from an ,art which proves accidentally to have been the object of our mutual pursuit4 8,after having spent many years1 and not a little of my fortune1 in my endeavours to advance this art2 ,i must own it gives me great satisfaction to find that my edition of ,virgil has been so favorably received 4 4 4 8,it is not my desire to print many books2 but such only as are books of ,consequence1 of intrinsic merit1 or established ,reputation1 and which the public may be pleased to see in an elegant dress1 and to purchase at such a price as will repay the extraordinary care and expence that must necessarily be bestowed upon them 4 4 4 ,if #bgf this performance 7i4e41 the ,milton7 shall appear to persons of judgment and penetration in the ,paper1 ,letter1 ,ink1 and ,workmanship to excel1 ,i hope their approbation may contribute to procure for me1 what would indeed be the extent of my ,ambition1 a power to print an ,octavo ,prayer ,book1 and a ,,folio ,,bible40 ,both these ambitions were in due time fulfilled4 ,in #ageh ,baskerville had applied for the post of ,printer to the ,university of ,cambridge1 an office which he obtained1 with permission to print the folio ,bible1 and two editions of the ,common ,prayer in three sizes4 ,this learned body1 however1 appear to have been influenced in the transaction more by a wish to fill their own coffers than by a desire to promote the interests of the ,art2 and the heavy premiums exacted from ,baskerville for the privilege thus accorded effectually deprived him of any advantage whatever in the undertaking4 ,he continued to hold this unsatisfactory office till #agff4 ,meanwhile he had laboured assiduously to complete his promised series of the ,roman and ,italic faces4 ,at the time of the publication of the ,virgil1 he put forward a quarto sheet containing specimens of the ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,pica1 and ,brevier ,roman1 and ,great ,primer and ,pica ,italic1 beautifully printed4 ,this sheet1 which is noted by ,renouard1#eei and which is occasionally found bound up with copies of the ,virgil1 was very shortly followed1 about the end of the year #ageh1 by a larger and more general specimen1 consisting entirely of ,roman and ,italic letter in eight sizes1 viz43--,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,pica1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,bourgeois and ,brevier4 ,of the two last1 ,roman only is shown4 ,the whole is arranged in two columns on a broadside sheet1 with appropriate titlings1 and forms a beautiful display4 ,although the only copy we have seen is printed on a greenish paper1 somewhat coarse1 the ,specimen exceeds in elegance and uniformity most1 if not all1 the productions of contemporary founders4#efj ,illustration3 #gb4 ,baskerville's ,english ,roman and ,italic4 7,from the ,milton1 #ageh47 ,it may be worth noting here that in point of body ,baskerville appears to #bgg have followed an independent course2 most of his bodies1 even the ,pica1 varying from the usual standards4 ,the punches of the ,greek fount1 preserved at ,oxford1 show marks of high finish1 although unnecessarily1 as it seems to us1 rounded in the stem4 ,it is probable that these and the other punches of his foundry were not his own handiwork1 but cut by skilled artists under his critical supervision4 ,unfortunately1 very little is known of the operations of the ,birmingham foundry as a trade undertaking4 ,it is even doubtful whether1 at first1 ,baskerville supplied his types to any press but his own2 indeed1 the activity of that press during the period when it was in the height of its prosperity was such that it is unlikely its proprietor would encumber himself with the duties of a letter-founder to the trade in general4 ,the magnificent works#efa which between #agei and #aggb continued to issue from his press not only confirmed him in his reputation1 but raised his name to an unique position among the modern improvers of the art4 ,the paper1 the type and the general execution of his works were such as ,english readers had not hitherto been accustomed to1 while the disinterested enthusiasm with which1 regardless of profit1 he pursued his ideal1 fully merited the eulogy of the printer-poet who wrote3 8,o ,,baskerville6 the anxious wish was thine ,utility with beauty to combine2 ,to bid the o'erweening thirst of gain subside2 ,improvement all thy care and all thy pride2 ,when ,,birmingham--for riots and for crimes ,shall meet the long reproach of future times1 ,then shall she find amongst our honor'd race1 ,one name to save her from entire disgrace40#efb ,baskerville's third specimen sheet1 undated1 but probably issued in #agfb1 is an exquisitely printed large folio on highly glazed white paper4 ,it completes the series of ,roman and ,italic displayed in the former sheet with a ,nonpareil1 and the whole is surrounded by an elegant light border4 ,it is incomparably the most beautiful type-specimen of its day1 although it must be admitted that not a little of its beauty is due to the brilliancy of the ink and the gloss of the paper4 ,despite the applause bestowed on him1 and the acknowledged excellence of his work1 ,baskerville failed to make his new business a paying one4 ,his letter #bgh to ,horace ,walpole in #agfb best details the history of his struggles and disappointments3 8,to the ,hon'ble ,horace ,walpole1 ,esq41 ,member of ,parliament1 in ,arlington ,street1 ,london1 this3 ,,easy ,,hill1 ,,birmingham1 #b ,nov4 #agfb4 8,,sir1--,as the ,patron and ,encourager of ,arts1 and particularly that of ,printing1#efc ,i have taken the ,liberty of sending you a ,specimen of ,mine1 begun ten ,years ago at the age of forty-seven1 and prosecuted ever since with the utmost ,care and ,attention1 on the strongest ,presumption1 that if ,i could fairly excel in this divine ,art1 it would make my ,affairs easy or at least give me ,bread4 ,but alas6 in both ,i was mistaken4 ,the ,booksellers do not chuse to encourage ,me1 though ,i have offered them as low terms as ,i could possibly live by2 nor dare ,i attempt an ,old ,copy till a ,law ,suit relating to that affair is determined4 8,the ,university of ,cambridge have given me a ,grant to print their #hvo and #abmo ,common-,prayer ,books1 but under such ,shackles as greatly hurt me4 ,i pay them for the former twenty and for the latter twelve pounds ten shillings the thousand2 and to the ,stationers' ,company thirty-two pound for their permission to print one edition of the ,psalms in ,metre to the small ,prayer ,book2 add to this the great expense of ,double and treble carriage1 and the inconvenience of a printing house an hundred ,miles off4 ,all this ,summer ,i have had nothing to print at ,home4 ,my folio ,bible is pretty far advanced at ,cambridge1 which will cost me near #bjjj all hired at #e per cent4 ,if this does not sell1 ,i shall be obliged to sacrifice a small patrimony which brings me in #gd a year to this business of ,printing1 which ,i am heartily tired of and repent ,i ever attempted4 ,it is surely a particular hardship1 that ,i should not get ,bread in my own country 7and it is too late to go abroad7 after having acquired the ,reputation of excelling in the most useful ,art known to mankind2 while everyone who excels as a ,player1 ,fiddler1 ,dancer1 c41 not only lives in ,affluence1 but has it in their power to save a ,fortune4 8,i have sent a few ,specimens 7same as the enclosed7 to the ,courts of ,russia and ,denmark1 and shall endeavour to do the same to most of the ,courts in ,europe2 in hopes of finding in some of them a purchaser of the whole scheme1 on the ,condition of never attempting another ,type4 ,i was saying this to a particular ,friend1 who reproached me with not giving my own ,country the ,preference1 as it would 7he was pleased to say7 be a national ,reproach to lose it3 ,i told him nothing but the greatest ,necessity would put me upon it2 and even then ,i should resign it with the utmost reluctance4 ,he observed the ,parliament had given a handsome ,premium for a great ,medicine2 and he doubted not1 if ,my ,affair were properly brought before the ,house of ,commons1 but some ,regard would be ,paid to it4 ,i replied ,i durst not presume to ,petition the ,house1 unless encouraged by some of the ,members1 who might do me the honour to promote it2 of which ,i saw not the least hopes or probability4 ,thus1 ,sir1 ,i have taken the ,liberty of laying before you my ,affairs without the least ,aggravation2 and humbly hope your patronage3 ,to whom can ,i apply for #bgi ,protection1 but the ,great who alone have it in their power to serve me8 ,i rely on your candour as a ,lover of the ,arts and to excuse this ,presumption in your most obedient and most humble servant ,,john ,,baskerville4 8,p4,s4--,the folding of the ,specimens will be taken out by laying them for a short time between damped ,papers4 ,n4,b4--,the ,ink1 ,presses1 ,chases1 ,moulds for ,casting1 and all the apparatus for ,printing were made in my own shops40#efd ,the folio ,bible#efe referred to in this letter has always been regarded as ,baskerville's magnum opus1 and is his most magnificent as well as his most characteristic specimen4 ,it duly appeared in ,cambridge in #agfc1 in a beautiful ,great ,primer type1 fully meriting the applause which it evoked4 ,it had been preceded in #agfj by some very elegant editions of the ,book of ,common ,prayer1#eff all published at ,cambridge in his capacity of ,university printer4 ,after the publication of the ,bible1 ,baskerville wearied of his profession of printing1 disheartened alike by the poor pecuniary returns for his labours1 and the unfriendly criticism pronounced in various quarters upon his performances4 ,despite the splendid appearance of his impressions1 the ordinary ,english printers viewed with something like suspicion the meretricious combination of sharp type and hot-pressed paper which lent to his sheets their extraordinary brilliancy4#efg ,they objected to the dazzling effect thus produced on the eye2 they found fault with the unevenness of tone and colour in different parts of the same book1 and even discovered an irregularity and lack of symmetry in some of his types1 which his glossy paper and bright ink alike failed to disguise4 ,that these strictures were not wholly the result of prejudice and jealousy1 a careful examination of ,baskerville's printed works in the light of the modern #bhj canons of fine printing will prove4 ,even his warmest admirers1 like ,fournier1#efh tempered their praise with some reservation2 while hostile critics1 like ,mores1 summarily denied him a place among letter-cutters at all4#efi ,of the prejudice rife against ,baskerville at this time1 an amusing anecdote is preserved in a letter of ,benjamin ,franklin to our printer1 dated #agfj3 8,,craven ,,street1 ,,london1 #agfj4 8,,dear ,,sir1--,let me give you a pleasant instance of the prejudice some have entertained against your work4 ,soon after ,i returned1 discoursing with a gentleman concerning the artists of ,birmingham1 he said you would be a means of blinding all the readers of the nation1 for the strokes of your letters being too thin and narrow1 hurt the eye1 and he could never read a line of them without pain4 #8,i thought1' said ,i1 #8you were going to complain of the gloss of the paper some object to4' #8,no1 no1' said he1 #8,i have heard that mentioned1 but it is not that2 it is in the form and cut of the letters themselves1 they have not that height and thickness of the stroke which makes the common printing so much more comfortable to the eye4' ,you see this gentleman was a connoisseur4 ,in vain ,i endeavoured to support your character against the charge2 he knew what he felt1 and could see the reason of it1 and several other gentlemen among his friends had made the same observation1 etc4 ,yesterday he called to visit me1 when1 mischievously bent to try his judgement1 ,i stepped into my closet1 tore off the top of ,mr4 ,caslon's specimen1 and produced it to him as yours1 brought with me from ,birmingham1 saying1 ,i had been examining it1 since he spoke to me1 and could not for my life perceive the disproportion he mentioned1 desiring him to point it out to me4 ,he readily undertook it1 and went over the several founts1 showing me everywhere what he thought instances of that disproportion2 and declared1 that he could not then read the specimen1 without feeling very strongly the pain he had mentioned to me4 ,i spared him that time the confusion of being told1 that these were the types he had been reading all his life1 with so much ease to his eyes2 the types his adored ,newton is printed with1 on which he has pored not a little2 nay1 the very types his own book is printed with 7for he is himself an author71 and yet never discovered this painful disproportion in them1 till he thought they were yours4 8,i am1 etc41 8,b4 ,,franklin40#egj ,this occasion for the above interesting letter1 was an application made by #bha ,baskerville in #agfj to his friend1 ,dr4 ,franklin1 to assist him in ,london to sound the literati there respecting the purchase of his types4 ,this attempt failing1 a few years later ,dr4 ,franklin undertook a similar good office in ,paris1#ega and with a similar result4 8,the ,french10 he wrote in #agfg1 8reduced by the war of #agef were so far from being able to pursue schemes of taste1 that they were unable to repair their public buildings1 and suffered the scaffolding to rot before them40 ,having lost all spirit for the printing business1 ,baskerville1 about #agff1 declined to pursue it except through the medium of a confidential agent1 and the following notice1 issued about this period1 announced this decision to the public3 8,robert ,martin has agreed with ,mr4 ,baskerville for the use of his whole printing apparatus1 with whom he has wrought as a journeyman for ten years past4 ,he therefore offers his services to print at ,birmingham for ,gentlemen or ,booksellers1 on the most moderate terms1 who may depend on all possible care and elegance in the execution4 ,samples1 if necessary1 may be seen on sending a line to ,john ,baskerville or ,robert ,martin40#egb ,after a retirement of three years1 ,baskerville resumed work in #agfi1 completing between that period and the time of his death his fine series of the #dto classics1 which bear the marks of unabated genius even in declining days2 and suffice1 had he printed nothing else1 to distinguish him as the first typographer of his time4 ,it would appear from a passage in a letter of ,franklin's in reference to the fine edition of ,shaftesbury's ,characteristics1 published in #aggc 7#dto71 that1 in that year1 ,baskerville contemplated some further development of his type-founding business4#egc ,his press1 at any rate1 seems to have continued active till that date1 and even later2 although it is doubtful whether the latest works bearing his imprint received his personal oversight4 ,he died on ,january #h1 #agge4 ,notwithstanding the poor success of his printing enterprise1 he left behind him a fortune of #ab1jjj1 which1 as he had no heir1 went1 together with the stock and goodwill of his business1 to his widow4#egd #bhb ,of ,baskerville's personal character1 a biographer observes3 8,in private life1 he was a humourist1 idle in the extreme2 but his invention was the true ,birmingham model1 active4 ,he could well design1 but procured others to execute2 wherever he found merit1 he caressed it2 he was remarkably polite to the stranger1 fond of shew2 a figure1 rather of the smaller size1 and delighted to adorn that figure with gold lace4 ,although constructed with the light timbers of a frigate1 his movement was stately as a ship of the line4 ,during the twenty-five last years of his life1 though then in his decline1 he retained the singular traces of a handsome man4 ,if he exhibited a peevish temper1 we may consider that good nature and intense thinking are not always found together4 ,taste accompanied him through the different walks of agriculture1 architecture1 and the fine arts4 ,whatever passed through his fingers bore the living marks of ,john ,baskerville40#ege ,a less pleasing sketch of his character is given by ,mark ,noble in his ,biographical ,history of ,england3--8,i have very often01 he says1 8been with my father at his house1 and found him ever a most profane wretch1 and ignorant of literature to a wonderful degree4 ,i have seen many of his letters1 which like his will1 were not written grammatically1 nor could he even spell well4 ,in person he was a shrivelled old coxcomb4 ,his favourite dress was green1 edged with narrow gold lace1 a scarlet waistcoat1 with a very broad gold lace1 and a small round hat1 likewise edged with gold lace4 ,his wife was all that affectation can describe4 4 4 4 ,she was originally a servant4 ,such a pair are rarely met with4 ,he had wit2 but it was always at the expense of religion and decency1 particularly if in company with the clergy4 ,i have often thought there was much similarity in his person to ,voltaire1 whose sentiments he was ever retailing40#egf ,professing a total disbelief of the ,christian religion1 he ordered that his remains should be buried in a tomb in his own grounds1 prepared by himself for the purpose1 with an epitaph#egg expressing his contempt for the superstition which #bhc the bigoted called ,religion4 ,here1 accordingly1 his body was buried upright1 and here it remained1 although the building that contained it was destroyed by the ,birmingham riots of #agia4 ,about half a century after his death his body was exhumed and exhibited for some time in a shop in ,birmingham4 ,its final resting-place is to this day a matter of debate4 ,there is a portrait of ,baskerville by ,exteth1 in the possession of the ,messrs4 ,longman1 and another in the possession of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,caldecott4 ,an engraving of the latter is given in ,hansard's ,typographia2 and there is a copperplate from the same portrait 7unpublished71 at the present time in the collection of ,mr4 ,timmins of ,birmingham4 ,mrs4 ,baskerville#egh1 on succeeding to her husband's property1 declined to continue the printing business1 although continuing that of letter-founding2 and thus advertised her intention to the public3 8,mrs4 ,baskerville1 being about to decline business as a printer1 purposes disposing of the whole of her apparatus in that branch1 comprehending1 among other articles1 all of them perfect in their kind1 a large and full assortment of the most beautiful types1 with the completest printing presses1 hitherto known in ,england4 ,she begs leave to inform the publick1 at the same time1 that she continues the business of ,letter-founding1 in all its parts1 with the same care and accuracy that was formerly observed by ,mr4 ,baskerville4 ,those gentlemen who are inclined to encourage so pleasing an improvement may1 by favouring her with their commands1 be now supplied with ,baskerville's elegant types at no higher expence than the prices already established in the trade40#egi ,april #f1 #agge4 ,the following further advertisement intimates that two years later the typefounding business was still carried on under the same management3 8,the late ,mr4 ,baskerville1 having taken some pains to establish and perfect a ,letter-foundry for the more readily casting of ,printing-types for sale1 and as the undertaking was finished but a little before his death1 it is now become necessary for his widow1 ,mrs4 ,baskerville1 to inform all ,printers that she continues the same business1 and has now ready for sale1 a large stock of types1 of most sizes1 cast with all possible care1 and dressed with the utmost accuracy4 ,she hopes the acknowledged partiality of the world1 in regard to the peculiar beauty of ,mr4 ,baskerville's types1 in the works he has published1 will render it quite unnecessary here to say anything to recommend them--only that she is determined to attend to the undertaking with all care and diligence2 and to the end that so useful an improvement may become as extensive as possible1 and notwithstanding the extraordinary hardness and durability of these types above all others1 she will conform to sell them at the same prices with other ,letter founders40 ,feb4 #be1 #aggg4 #bhd ,notwithstanding ,mrs4 ,baskerville's avowed intention of continuing the business1 many attempts had been made1 and were still made1 to dispose of the foundry4 ,it was offered to the ,universities and declined2 and the ,london booksellers preferred the types of ,caslon and his apprentices4#ehj ,the stock lay a dead weight till #aggi1 when the whole was purchased by ,beaumarchais for the ,socit ,litteraire-,typographique1 for the sum of #c1gjj1 and transferred to ,france4 ,much blame and even contempt was bestowed at the time on the bad taste and unpatriotic spirit of the ,english nation in thus allowing the materials of this famous press to go out of the country4#eha ,de gustibus non est disputandum4 ,deprived of the master-hand of their designer1 the types which startled the world into admiration in the ,virgil of #ageg1 had lost their magic by #aggi2 and it seems hardly reasonable to blame the printers of this country for preferring the sterling types of ,caslon and ,jackson1 in which works as beautiful were being produced1 and by far simpler methods than those employed by the ,birmingham genius4 ,nor does it appear that after the purchase by the ,french there was any general feeling of regret in this country at the opportunity missed4 ,it is1 however1 a fact that for some important works produced towards the close of the century--particularly those of ,bulmer's press--it was considered an advantage to secure the services of artists of the ,birmingham school1 both in the formation of the types and the execution of the press-work4 ,as the pioneer of fine printing in ,england1 ,baskerville deserves1 and will receive the grateful approbation of all lovers of the art4 ,but it would be idle to say that he was not speedily matched and even surpassed by the performance of others1 or that his types1 had they remained in this country1 would have been more valuable on account of their intrinsic excellence than of their historical interest4 ,that the ,french were well satisfied with their bargain1 may be gathered from the following letter quoted by ,nichols1 dated ,paris1 ,august #hth1 #aghj3 8,the ,english language and learning are so cultivated in ,france1 and so eagerly learned1 that the best ,authors of ,great ,britain are now reprinting in this ,metropolis3 ,shakespeare1 ,addison1 ,pope1 ,johnson1 ,hume1 and ,robertson1 are to be published here very soon4 ,baskerville's types1 which were bought it seems for a trifle1 to the eternal disgrace of ,englishmen1 are to be made use of for the purpose of propagating the ,english ,language in this country40#ehb #bhe ,nichols himself adds1 after deploring the comparative failure of ,baskerville1 to receive appreciation in his native land3 8,we must admire1 if we do not imitate the taste and economy of the ,french nation1 who1 brought by the ,british arms in #agfb to the verge of ruin1 rising above distress1 were able1 in seventeen years1 to purchase ,baskerville's elegant types1 refused by his own country1 and to expend an hundred thousand pounds in poisoning the principles of mankind by printing the ,works of ,voltaire40 ,this great work1 for the express purpose of printing which ,baskerville's types were procured1 was thus announced to the ,english public in #aghbehc3 8,a complete edition of the ,works of ,voltaire1 printed by subscription1 with the types of ,baskerville4 8,this work1 the most extensive and magnificent that ever was printed1 is now in the press at ,fort ,kehl1 near ,strasburgh1 a free place1 subject to no restraint or imprimatur1 and will be published towards the close of the present year4 ,it will never be on sale4 ,subscribers only can have copies4 ,each set is to be numbered1 and a particular number appropriated to each subscriber at the time of subscribing4 ,as the sets to be worked off are limited to a fixed and small number1 considering the great demand of all ,europe1 those who wish to be possessed of so valuable a work must be early in their application1 lest they be shut out by the subscriptions being previously filled4 ,voltaire's ,manuscripts and ,port-,folios1 besides his ,works already published1 cost #ab1jjj guineas4 ,this and other expenses attending the publication1 will lay the ,editors under an advance of #ajj1jjj sterling4 ,the public may from thence form a judgment of the extraordinary care that will be taken to make this edition a lasting monument of typographical elegance and grandeur10 etc4 ,june #d1 #aghb4 ,the 8proposals0 were accompanied by two pages of specimens of the type4 ,of this famous edition of ,voltaire an interesting account is given in ,lomenie's ,beaumarchais et ses ,temps4#ehd ,the ,society in whose name ,beaumarchais undertook the work consisted of himself alone4 ,besides the ,voltaire ,,mss4 and the ,baskerville types1 he bought and set to work three paper-mills in the ,vosges1 and after much difficulty secured the old fort at ,kehl as a neutral ground on which to establish in security his vast typographical undertaking4 ,the enterprise was one involving labour1 time and cost vastly beyond his expectations1 and his correspondence with his manager at ,kehl presents an almost pathetic picture of his efforts to grapple with the difficulties that beset his task4 8,how can we promise10 he wrote in #aghj1 8in the early months of #bhf #aghb an edition which has neither hearth nor home in ,march #aghj8 ,the paper-mills have to be made1 the type to be founded1 the printing press to be put up1 and the establishment to be formed40 ,and on another occasion he writes3 8,here am ,i1 obliged to learn my letters at paper-making1 printing and bookselling40 ,it was not until #aghd that ,volume ,one appeared2 and the whole work in two editions was not completed till #agij1ehe by which time ,france was in the throes of the ,revolution1 and little likely to heed the literary exploits even of one of her most talented sons4 ,of the #ae1jjj copies printed1 only #b1jjj found subscribers2 and after the dissolution of the establishment at ,kehl#ehf 7where1 besides1 he printed an edition of ,rousseau and a few other works7 all the benefit ,beaumarchais received from his enterprise was a mountain of waste-paper4 ,the final destination of ,baskerville's types is shrouded in mystery4 ,most writers assert that the printing establishment at ,kehl was entirely destroyed at the commencement of the ,french ,revolution1 and many suggest that the types performed their last service in the shape of bullets4 ,plausible as this story is1 it is disproved by the existence of four works of ,alfieri1 all bearing the imprint1 dalla ,tipografia di ,kehl1 co' caratteri di ,baskerville1 and dated severally #aghf1 #agie1 #ahjj and #ahji4ehg ,these works1 to whose existence no writer on ,baskerville appears hitherto to have called attention1 bear the strongest internal evidence of the accuracy of their claims1 and thus enable us to trace the survival of these famous types to a date twenty years later than that at which they are commonly supposed to have perished4 ,in ,england1 some of ,baskerville's types are said to have been in use in the office of ,messrs4 ,harris1 in ,liverpool1 in #ahbj2 and seven years later1 we find a work printed by ,thomas ,white1 of ,crane ,court1 ,london1 for ,pickering1 claiming to be 8with the types of ,john ,baskerville04#ehh ,but though a fount or two of the types may have survived1 all search as to the ultimate fate of the punches or matrices is baffled4 ,they may still exist1 #bhg neglected1 in the dusty drawers of some foreign press or foundry4#ehi ,if so1 it is to be hoped that their discovery may in due time reward the patience of those whose ambition it is to recover for their native land these precious relics of the most brilliant of all the ,english letter-founders4 ,,list ,,of ,,baskerville',s ,,specimens4 ,no date4 ,a ,specimen by ,john ,baskerville1 of ,birmingham1 in the county of ,warwick1 ,letter ,founder and ,printer4 #dto sheet4 7#ageb87 4 4 4 4 7,s4 ,t47 ,no date4 ,a ,specimen by ,john ,baskerville of ,birmingham4 #dto sheet4 7#ageg87 4 4 4 4 7,althorp47 ,no date4 ,a ,specimen by ,john ,baskerville of ,birmingham1 ,letter ,founder and ,printer4 7#ageh874 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,s4 ,t47 ,no date4 ,a ,specimen by ,john ,baskerville of ,birmingham4 7#agfb874 ,folio4 4 4 4 4 7,s4 ,t47 ,illustration #bhh ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,thomas ,,cottrell1 #ageg4 ,thomas ,cottrell1 described by ,mores as primo proximus of modern letter-founders1 served his apprenticeship in the foundry of the first ,caslon4 ,he was employed there as a dresser1 and the portrait of him which is to be seen in the ,universal ,magazine of #agej1eij among a group of ,caslon's workmen1 represents him as engaged in that branch of the business4 ,it is not improbable that he joined with his friend and fellow apprentice1 ,joseph ,jackson1 in clandestinely observing the operation of punch-cutting1 secretly practised by his master and his master's son at ,chiswell ,street2 and being assisted by natural ability1 and what ,moxon terms a 8genuine inclination10 he contrived during his apprenticeship to qualify himself not only in this1 but in all the departments of the art4 ,in #ageg a question as to the price of work having arisen among ,mr4 ,caslon's workmen1 ,cottrell and ,jackson headed a deputation on the subject to their employer1 then a ,commissioner of the ,peace1 residing at ,bethnal ,green4 ,the worthy justice taking this action in dudgeon1 the two ringleaders were dismissed from ,chiswell ,street1 and thus thrown unexpectedly on their own resources4 ,cottrell1 in partnership for a short time with ,jackson1 and 7according to ,rowe ,mores71 assisted also by a ,dutchman1 one ,baltus de ,graff1 a former #bhi apprentice of ,voskens of ,amsterdam1 established his foundry in ,nevil's ,court1 ,fetter ,lane4 ,his first fount was an ,english ,roman1 which1 though it will compare neither with the performance of his late master1 nor with the then new faces of ,baskerville1 was yet a production of considerable merit for a self-trained hand4 ,in #ageh an incidental record of ,cottrell's ,foundry exists in the history1 elsewhere recorded1 of ,miss ,elstob's ,saxon types1 the punches and matrices of which1 after remaining untouched for several years at ,mr4 ,caslon's1 were brought to ,cottrell by ,mr4 ,bowyer1 to be 8fitted up0 ready for use4 ,this task ,cottrell performed punctually and apparently to the satisfaction of his employer1 returning them with a small fount of the letter cast in his own mould1 as a specimen of the improvement made in them4#eia ,in #agei ,jackson quitted the business to go to sea1 and ,cottrell1 left to himself1 busily proceeded with the completion of his series of ,romans1 which he carried as low as ,brevier1 a size 8which10 says ,rowe ,mores1 8he thinks low enough to spoil the eyes40#eib ,he also cut a ,two-line ,english ,engrossing in imitation of the ,law-,hand1 and several designs of flowers4 ,illustration3 #gc4 ,engrossing1 cut by ,cottrell1 circa #agfh4 7,from the original matrices47 ,the ,engrossing1 or as ,mores styles it1 the ,base ,secretary1 was a character designed to take the place of the lately abolished ,court ,hand in legal documents1 and appears to have been designed for ,cottrell by a law printer named ,richardson4 ,on the completion of the fount1 an impression of which we here give1 ,richardson issued a specimen of it1#eic claiming the design1 and representing its advantages as the proper character for leases1 agreements1 #bij indentures1 etc4 ,the matrices1 however1 remained with ,cottrell1 and the inclusion of the fount in his general specimen shows that ,richardson ceased to retain any exclusive use of it4 ,it was the only fount of the kind in ,england when ,mores wrote in #aggh4 ,cottrell's first specimen was a broadside sheet1 undated1 but probably issued about the year #agfj4 ,it shows the ,roman founts1 arranged in a form very similar to that of ,caslon's broadside of #agdi4 ,the only copy of this specimen known is that in the ,sohmian ,collection at ,stockholm4 ,it was followed1 a few years later1 by an #hvo ,specimen ,book1 which1 from its obvious resemblance to ,caslon's ,book of #agfd1 we may judge to have seen the light about #agff4eid ,this ,specimen exhibits the ,roman and ,italic ,founts from ,five-line to ,brevier1 the ,engrossing above mentioned1 and five pages of ,small ,pica ,flowers elaborately arranged4 ,the general appearance is neat1 each page being surrounded by a border4 ,the ,romans are cut after the ,caslon models1 and are fairly good1 although a close inspection would suggest that ,cottrell's 8genuine inclination0 did not extend to the justifying of his matrices with the same success as to the cutting of the punches4 ,the following note at the foot of the ,long ,primer on ,bourgeois specimen is1 perhaps1 the most interesting feature of this book3 8,this ,foundery was begun in the ,year #ageg1 and will 7with ,god's leave7 be carried on1 improved and enlarged1 by ,thomas ,cottrell1 ,letter ,founder1 in ,london4 8,n4 ,b4 ,served my apprenticeship to ,william ,caslon1 ,esq40 ,fournier1 in the second part of his ,manuel ,typographique1 #agff1 mentions ,cottrell's ,foundry1 but in such a manner as to lead one to suppose he had never seen his specimen1 or heard of it except by the vaguest hearsay4 ,he mentions him as 8,cottrell ,oxfort10 at the head of his list of ,english ,founders4#eie #bia ,a more satisfactory contemporary record is contained in ,luckombe's ,history and ,art of ,printing1 #aggj1 where pages #afi to #agd are occupied by specimens of the ,engrossing and ,flowers already exhibited in the specimen book1 and a fount of ,english ,domesday4 ,this latter fount1 which appears to have been completed subsequent to the issue of the specimen book1 ,cottrell cut under the inspection of ,dr4 ,morton for the forthcoming issue of ,domesday ,book1 begun in #aggc1 and 8which01 ,rowe ,mores sarcastically observes1 8if the undertakers go on as they have begun1 will by domes-day hardly be finished40 ,the work was1 however1 finished and printed1 but not in ,cottrell's type1 his performance having been eclipsed by that of his old colleague and partner ,jackson1 who1 after returning from sea in #agfc1 had worked for a short time at the ,nevil's ,court ,foundry1 and then left to start business for himself1 taking with him two of ,cottrell's workmen4 ,cottrell was at this period a private in the ,life ,guards2 a position considered highly respectable in those days1 and not at all incompatible with business pursuits4 ,his military ardour evidently had its effect in the ,foundry1 for we find that ,robinson and ,hickson1 his two workmen who left with ,jackson1 were also enlisted in the same service4 ,he does not appear to have extended his foundry very much as regards its ,roman letter4 ,according to ,rowe ,mores1 however1 he produced 8some uncommon founts of proscription1 or posting letter of great bulk and dimensions as high as to the measure of twelve-line ,pica40#eif ,of these founts 7which were no doubt cast1 like ,caslon's1 in sand71 a specimen is in existence1 consisting of two broadside sheets1 showing about eleven sizes from two-line ,double ,pica to twelve-line ,pica4 ,no specimen1 however1 is to be found of the ,russian fount1 which ,mores1 writing in #aggh1 hopes ,cottrell is about to cut 8for a gentleman who compiles a ,russian ,dictionary2 the same gentleman who translated into ,english1 ,the ,grand ,instructions of ,her ,imperial ,majesty ,catherine ,,ii1 for a new ,code of ,laws for the ,russian ,empire4 ,london1 #agfh1 #dto41 to whom we wish success40 ,cottrell died in #aghe4 ,he is described as obliging1 good-natured1 and friendly1 rejecting nothing because it is out of the common way1 and expeditious in his performances4 ,nichols1 in recording his death1 says 8,mr4 ,cottrell died1 ,i am sorry to add1 not in affluent circumstances1 though to his profession of a letter-founder were superadded that of a doctor for the toothache1 which he cured by #bib burning the ear2 and had also the honour of serving in the ,troop of ,his ,majesty's ,life ,guards40#eig ,the following is the summary of his foundry as gathered from his specimen book1 together with the additional founts cut subsequently3 ,,mr4 ,,cottrell',s ,,foundry4 ,roman4 #e-line1 #d-line1 #b-line ,double ,pica1 #b-line ,great ,primer1 #b-line ,english1 #b-line ,small ,pica1 #b-line ,long ,primer4 ,roman and ,italic4 ,canon1 #b-line ,great ,primer1 #b-line ,english1 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,pica #a1 ,pica #b1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer #a1 ,long ,primer #b1 ,bourgeois1 ,brevier4 ,flowers4 ,small ,pica1 #bi varieties4 ,engrossing4 #b-line ,english4 ,script4 ,double ,pica4 ,domesday4 ,english4 ,large letter4 ,from #d-line up to #ab-line4 ,of the history of the ,foundry during the nine years following ,mr4 ,cottrell's death1 no record remains4 ,in #agid it became the property of ,robert ,thorne1 a former apprentice of ,cottrell's1 who removed the business from ,nevil's ,court to ,no4 #a1 ,barbican1 whence he issued in that year his first specimen and a price list announcing his new undertaking4#eih ,the specimen book consists entirely of elegantly shaped large letters cast in sand1 from five-line up to nineteen-line1 a then unprecedented size4 ,the bulk of these1 comprising the sizes from five to twelve-line1 advancing by one pica em in body1 it may be surmised1 are from ,cottrell's models2 the thirteen1 sixteen1 and nineteen-line1 being added by ,thorne4 ,for his specimen of ordinary-sized letter1 ,thorne probably made use at first of ,cottrell's book as it stood4#eii ,but it is evident by the specimen published four years later1 in #agih1 that if he ever was possessed of the matrices of these founts1 he entirely discarded them1 in conformity with the passing fashion1 in favour of others more closely resembling the beautiful faces of ,jackson and ,figgins4 ,his specimen of #agih is indeed one of the most elegant of which that famous decade can boast4 ,for #bic lightness1 grace1 and uniformity1 the series of ,romans and ,italics which are exhibited excels that of almost all his competitors4 ,the book1 which contains not a single fount which had previously appeared in ,cottrell's book1 consists of forty-eight leaves1 of which thirty are devoted to ,roman and ,italic1 and the remainder to ,titlings1 ,shaded letters1 and ,flowers1 with one fount of ,double-,pica ,script4 ,a postscript to the specimen states that four more founts were nearly ready1 completing the series1 the preparation of which had evidently been the labour of many years4#fjj ,it is therefore the more to be regretted1 that ,thorne1 in common with all his contemporaries1 was compelled almost immediately1 by the sudden change of public taste in favour of the new style of ,roman1 to abandon the further prosecution of this excellent series1 and devote himself to the production of founts according to 8modern0 fashion4 ,in #ahja a revised price list was issued announcing a rise in the price of type owing to the advanced cost of raw material and journeymen's wages#fja2 and in #ahjc appeared the specimen of the new ,roman series1 representing the product of five years' incessant toil and sacrifice4 ,it cannot be said that this specimen of 8,improved ,types0#fjb--one of the first completed in the trade--bears any comparison with the artistic elegance of its predecessor4 ,it exhibits the new ,roman and ,italic in ten1 seven1 and five-line ,pica1 ,canon1 two-line ,great ,primer 7two faces71 two-line ,english 7two faces71 ,double ,pica 7two faces71 ,great ,primer 7two faces71 ,english1 ,pica1 ,long ,primer 7two faces71 ,bourgeois1 ,brevier1 and ,minion4 ,ornamenteds--two-line ,pica 7two faces71 two-line ,small ,pica 7two faces74 ,shadeds--two-line ,small ,pica 7two faces71 two-line ,nonpareil 7three faces74 ,script--,double ,pica4 ,thorne1 indeed1 having once abandoned the old style for the new1 appears in the van of the innovating fashion4 ,not sharing in the regret expressed by his brethren in the art at the new departure1 he still further advanced upon it by the production of some exceedingly thick and fat 7and we may add unsightly7 jobbing letters1 which1 though subsequently followed and even exceeded by others1 were at the time unique for boldness and deformity4 #bid ,in ,oriental and 8learned0 letters he appears to have achieved nothing2 as not a single fount1 not even ,cottrell's ,domesday1 appears in this specimen1 or in the subsequent inventory of the ,foundry4 ,a curious document entitled ,rules and ,regulations of the ,letter-,foundry of ,robert ,thorne1 ,london1 ,jan4 #ahjf1 exists1 and gives an interesting glimpse into the order and customs of the ,barbican ,foundry4 ,to the general scope of these rules we have referred in another place#fjc2 but as being personal to ,thorne in his relations with his men1 we may mention here that he constituted himself ,treasurer of the fines for 8,footale10 imposed by the men on all new workmen1 with an obligation to account for and distribute the sum every ,christmas ,eve1 and also made himself liable1 equally with his men1 to a fine of a shilling if he left his light burning when quitting the ,foundry for the night4 ,for some time 7though the exact dates cannot be fixed71 ,mr4 ,thorne had a partner in ,mr4 ,hugh ,hughes1 an able engraver and designer of music and other characters1 who afterwards commenced a foundry in ,dean ,street1 ,fetter ,lane4#fjd ,this association does not appear to have lasted long1 or to have involved any alteration in the style of the firm4 ,about the year #ahaj ,mr4 ,thorne removed from ,barbican to ,fann ,street1 ,aldersgate1#fje where1 in premises formerly occupied by a brewery1 he continued his business under the name1 which it still bears1 of the ,fann ,street ,foundry4 ,considerable additions were made to the faces of the ,foundry during the next ten years4 ,two new ,scripts were cut1 the 8,sanspareil0 matrices were adopted for the large letters1 and a few new book founts appeared with light faces1 which contrasted agreeably with the fat style generally predominating in ,thorne's specimens4 ,in #ahag1 declining health induced ,mr4 ,thorne to attempt to dispose of his business to his fellow-founders2 but his offer being declined1 he resumed his labours and continued actively at work until the time of his death1 which occurred in #ahbj1 at the age of sixty-six4 ,he was buried in ,holloway ,churchyard1 where a tablet is erected to his memory4 ,no complete specimen of his type remains later than that of #ahjc2 although the numerous loose sheets which appeared after that date1 and the fact that as many as #acb pages of composed specimens were left in type at the time of his death1 show that one1 if not several books had been issued during the interval4 #bie ,on ,june #bast1 #ahbj1 the ,foundry was put up to auction1#fjf and purchased entire by ,mr4 ,william ,thorowgood4 ,this gentleman was previously unconnected with the typographical profession1#fjg having been engaged as ,london manager and agent to a ,patent ,roller ,pump business at ,stone1 in ,staffordshire1 of which concern he was one of the principal proprietors4 ,with the proceeds1 it is said1 of a fortunate draw in one of the ,state ,lotteries1#fjh he became possessor of the ,fann ,street ,foundry1 and proceeded at once to throw himself into the new business with great energy and no small success4 ,his first specimen book1 issued in ,january #ahba1 a few months after the purchase1 may be taken as representing the contents of the ,foundry pretty much as ,thorne left it2 although even in this short space of time some additions are apparent1 which formed no part of his predecessor's stock4#fji #bif ,in the following year ,mr4 ,thorowgood was sworn ,letter-,founder to ,his ,majesty1 and put forth a specimen of a ,greek fount of good cut1 which1 at the time1 was the sole representative of the 8learned0 languages in his ,foundry4 ,further progress was1 however1 made in this direction during the next few years2 as ,hansard1 writing in #ahbe1 mentions three sizes of ,german1 two of ,greek1 one of ,hebrew1 and four of ,russian1 as forming part of his stock4 ,the ,germans1 and the ,pica and ,bourgeois ,russian1 were procured from the ,foundry of ,breitkopf and ,hrtel of ,leipzig4#faj ,a new specimen book was issued in #ahbh4 ,in the same year1 the retirement of ,dr4 ,fry presented ,mr4 ,thorowgood with the opportunity of making a most important addition to his business by the acquisition of the ,type ,street ,foundry4 ,this purchase transferred to the ,fann ,street ,foundry not only the whole of ,dr4 ,fry's interesting collection of oriental and 8learned0 founts1 which included many relics of the old foundries1 but augmented his stock of book founts1 ,blacks1 ,titlings1 and ,flowers1 to almost double their former extent4 ,the transfer was completed in #ahbi1 and early in the following year a specimen of additions to the ,foundry contained an announcement that 8a new edition of the ,greeks1 ,hebrews1 and foreign characters of the ,polyglot ,foundry1 late the property of ,dr4 ,fry1 is in preparation40 ,this promised specimen duly appeared in #ahcj1 the sheets still bearing ,dr4 ,fry's imprint2 and after this date frequent supplementary specimens marked the development of the business of this now extensive foundry4 ,as the scope of this history does not extend beyond the period now reached1 it will suffice to state that about #ahch1 ,mr4 ,thorowgood admitted into partnership ,mr4 ,robert ,besley1 who1 since the year #ahbf1 had been in the service of the ,foundry as traveller and in other capacities4 ,the firm then became known as ,thorowgood and ,co41 or more commonly ,thorowgood and ,besley4 ,this partnership ceasing by the withdrawal of ,mr4 ,thorowgood in #ahdi1 ,mr4 ,benjamin ,fox1 a practical punch cutter of much talent1 joined ,mr4 ,besley as ,robert ,besley and ,co4 ,on the retirement of ,alderman ,besley in #ahfa1 ,mr4 7afterwards1 ,sir7 ,charles ,reed1 a printer1 entered the business1 which took the style of ,reed and ,fox4 ,mr4 ,fox died in #ahgg1 when the firm became ,sir #big ,charles ,reed and ,sons4 ,sir ,charles ,reed died in #ahha1 and the business is now in the hands of his two sons4 ,,list ,,of ,,specimens1 #agfj-ahcj4 ,no date4 ,a specimen by ,thomas ,cottrell4 7#agfj87 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,sohmian ,coll4 ,stockholm47 ,no date4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,thomas ,cottrell1 ,letter ,founder1 in ,nevil's ,court1 ,fetter ,lane1 ,london4 7#agff87 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4,b4,r47 #aggj4 ,a specimen of ,cottrell's ,engrossing1 ,flowers1 and ,domesday ,letters4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,luckombe's ,history of ,printing1 pp4 #afi-agd47 ,no date4 ,a specimen of ,large ,letters by ,thomas ,cottrell1 in ,nevil's ,court1 ,fetter ,lane1 ,london4 7#aghe87 #b sheets1 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,sohmian ,coll4 ,stockholm47 #agid4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,r4 ,thorne1 ,letter ,founder1 ,no4 #aa1 ,barbican1 ,london4 ,printed by ,w4 ,glindon1 #agid4 ,sm4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,t4,b4,r47 #agih4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,r4 ,thorne1 ,letter ,founder1 ,barbican1 ,london1 ,printed in the year #agih4 ,sm4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,ox4 ,univ4 ,pr47 #ahjc4 ,thorne's ,specimen of ,printing ,types1 #ahjc4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,w4,b47 #ahba4 ,thorowgood's ,new ,specimen of ,printing ,types1 late ,r4 ,thorne's1 ,no4 #b1 ,fann ,street1 ,aldersgate ,street1 ,london4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4,b4,r47 #ahbb4 ,a specimen sheet of ,greek ,type1 ,w4 ,thorowgood1 ,june1 #ahbb4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4,b4,r47 #ahbh4 ,thorowgood's1 late ,thorne's1 ,specimen of ,printing ,types1 #ahbh4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4,b4,r47 #ahcj4 ,additions to the ,specimen of the ,fann ,street ,letter ,foundry1 ,w4 ,thorowgood1 ,letter ,founder to ,his ,majesty1 ,london1 #ahcj4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel4 #ddah47 #ahcj4 ,fann ,street ,letter ,foundry1 ,london4 ,thorowgood's ,specimens of ,greeks1 ,hebrews1 and ,foreign ,characters1 late the property of ,dr4 ,edmund ,fry4 #ahcj4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel4 #ddac47 ,illustration #bih ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,joseph ,,and ,,edmund ,,fry1 #agfd4 ,this foundry1 first known as ,fry and ,pine's1 had its origin in ,bristol in the year #agfd4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,fry1 a prominent and enterprising ,bristolian1 was the son of ,mr4 ,john ,fry1 and was born in the year #agbh4 ,he entered the medical profession1 where1 says a biographer1#faa 8his affable1 courteous manners and sound ,christian principles soon secured to him a large practice amongst the highest class of his fellow citizens4 ,possessing uncommon energy and activity of mind1 he was led to take a part in many new scientific undertakings1 actuated more by the desire to be useful to society and advance the arts than by any hope of individual profit40 ,this spirit of enterprise induced him1 in the year #agfd1 to turn his attention to letter-founding1 which1 though hardly to be called a new scientific undertaking1 was at least a novel industry for a provincial city4 ,the success of ,baskerville's foundry at ,birmingham1 at that time in the height of its celebrity1 was undoubtedly an incentive to the adventurers of ,bristol1 whose first founts were avowedly cut in close imitation of those famous models4 ,illustration3 #gc;,a4 ,joseph ,fry and ,dr4 ,edmund ,fry4 ,from ,silhouettes in the possession of ,francis ,fry1 ,esq41 of ,bristol4 ,william ,pine1 ,mr4 ,fry's partner1 was a practical printer of some note in his native city4 ,he was the first printer of the ,bristol ,gazette1 and carried on a considerable business at his premises in ,wine ,street4 ,the new foundry was #bii attached to his office1 and its productions may be traced in several works which issued from his press between the years #agfd and #aggj4fab ,messrs4 ,fry and ,pine's manager was one ,isaac ,moore1 who 7,rowe ,mores informs us7 was originally an ingenious whitesmith of ,birmingham before he removed to ,bristol4 ,the practical superintendence of the foundry1 if not the actual cutting of its punches1 devolved on him2 and his services appear to have been acknowledged by his admission into the partnership at an early stage of the undertaking1 the business being carried on in his name4 ,renouard mentions a ,specimen by ,isaac ,moore1 ,bristol1 in #agfh1 of which he possessed a copy mounted on linen1#fac and which he describes as displaying 8caractres assez bien gravs1 et imitant ceux de ,baskerville40 ,if this was1 as it would appear from the title1 issued at ,bristol1 we must conclude that the removal of the foundry to the metropolis took place in the same year1 as there exists in the ,sohmian ,collection at ,stockholm1 where it was recently discovered by ,mr4 ,w4 ,blades1 a broadside ,specimen by ,isaac ,moore and ,co4 in ,queen ,street1 near ,upper ,moorfields1 ,london1 showing the ,roman series from five-line to ,brevier1 bearing the same date4 ,whether the two specimens are the same or not1 it is hardly likely that their contents could have varied much during the brief interval4 ,two years later1 however1 the progress of the undertaking was announced by the issue of a fresh broadside sheet containing the complete series of ,romans1 cut after the ,baskerville models1 from eight-line to ,pearl1 with ,italics to most of the founts1 besides a fair display of flowers4 ,the general appearance of the letters is elegant1 especially in the larger sizes4 ,appended to the specimen1 in the form of a postscript1 is the following address to the public 7the first of a series of florid effusions which characterised the specimens of this foundry71 in which the proprietors announce the principles on which their venture is to be conducted1 and refer with satisfaction to the success already achieved by their productions3 8,the ,proprietors of the above ,foundery having nearly compleated all the ,roman and ,italic ,founts1 desire with great ,deference1 to lay this ,specimen before the ,trade2 and intreat the ,curious and critical1 before any decisive ,judgement be passed1 on the ,merits or ,demerits of the ,performance1 to make a minute ,examination and ,comparison of the respective letters and founts of each ,size1 with the same ,letters and ,founts of the most respectable ,founders in the ,kingdom2 ,for as all ,letters1 whether ,roman or ,italic1 bear a great ,similitude to each other1 to apprehend the peculiar ,beauty or ,deformity of them are only to be discovered by such a ,comparison4 ,in making #cjj which they hope the ,candid and ,judicious will set aside the ,influence of ,custom and ,prejudice 7those ,great ,barriers against ,improvement7 and attend to ,propriety1 ,elegance and ,mathematical ,proportion4 ,and as these have been objects particularly attended to in the ,course of the ,work1 they apprehend it will appear on such a ,disquisition1 that all the above sizes bear a greater ,likeness to each other1 than those of any other ,founder4 ,they have been already favoured with the ,encouragement and ,approbation of several very respectable printers1 who have wrought off many large ,editions on their ,founts1 which have been ,experienced to wear extremely well2 owing to the ,letter being clearly and deeply cut and to the ,goodness of the ,metal1 which they make of an ,extraordinary ,composition2 the ,singular ,advantage of which cannot but be obvious4 ,therefore hope that others will likewise make ,trial of them1 as they doubt not but they also will find it greatly to their ,satisfaction40#fad ,it is doubtful whether the encouragement accorded to the new foundry on its first establishment in the metropolis came up to the expectations of the proprietors2 and a circular issued shortly afterwards by two of the partners1 suggests that some fillip was deemed necessary to awaken a more extended patronage of the concern4 ,this curious document is entitled ,proposals for discovering a very great ,improvement which ,william ,pine1 printer of ,bristol1 and ,isaac ,moore1 ,letter ,founder1 in ,queen ,street1 ,upper ,moorfields1 ,london1 have made in the ,art of ,printing1 both in the ,construction of the ,press and in the ,manner of ,beating and ,pulling1 and publicly offers the secret of the invention 7the precise nature of which is not apparent7 to any customer of the new foundry ordering type to the value of ten pounds and upwards4#fae #cja ,how far this ingenuous offer had the effect of stimulating the type business is not recorded2 but the proprietors were forced before long to recognise the desirability of adopting other and surer methods for gaining the popular favour4 ,although ,luckombe1 writing in #aggj1faf mentions ,moore along with ,caslon and ,jackson1 as one of the three ,london founders1 the same authority makes a decidedly disparaging reference to his types#fag2 a circumstance which may be accounted for by the then growing prejudice amongst metropolitan printers against the ,baskerville form of letter adopted by the new foundry4 ,representations of a similar nature having been made from several influential quarters1 it became evident to the proprietors that if they were to retain public favour at all1 it must be by adapting themselves to public taste1 and abandoning the formal1 delicate models of ,baskerville for the more serviceable1 dashing characters of ,caslon4 ,this laborious task occupied several years in completion4 ,meanwhile the original founts were not discarded4 ,the printing office connected with the foundry distinguished itself in the interval by the production of two highly interesting ,bibles1 the one a folio1 published in #aggd1 and the other an #hvo1 in five volumes1 published #aggd-f4fah ,both are elegantly printed in the clear ,great ,primer letter shown in the #aggj ,specimen2 the latter being in long lines specially for the use of the aged4 ,the general appearance of the folio edition compares not unfavourably with the ,baskerville ,bible of #aggb4 ,in #aggd1 ,pine printed at ,bristol a very neat ,bible in the ,pearl type of the foundry1 8being01 says the preface1 8the smallest a ,bible was ever printed with1 and made on purpose for this work40#fai #cjb ,moore's connection with the business appears to have terminated in #aggf1 after which the style of the firm became ,j4 ,fry and ,co41 who in the following year issued1 in their own name1 reprints of the folio and octavo ,bibles above referred to4#fbj ,no specimen-sheet of their types appeared till seven years later1 by which time ,mr4 ,pine had also withdrawn from the business4#fba ,he continued to print the ,bristol ,gazette in ,wine ,street1 ,bristol1 till the time of his death1 which occurred in #ahjc1 at the age of sixty-four years4 ,left to himself1 ,mr4 ,fry1 in the year #aghb1 admitted his sons ,edmund and ,henry into partnership1 under whose supervision the work of re-cutting the ,romans of the foundry made active progress4 ,edmund ,fry1 probably the most learned letter-founder of his day1 had1 like his father1 been educated for the medical profession1 and had taken his doctor's degree4 ,but the infirmity of deafness prevented him from following that walk in life1 and he abandoned it for typefounding1 applying himself to that pursuit1 not only with the enthusiasm of an ardent philologist1 but also with considerable natural ability for conducting the practical operations of the art4 ,the year of his entry into the business 7#aghb7 was signalised by an important event in the typefounding world--the sale of ,james's foundry4 ,this event has been fully alluded to elsewhere1#fbb but it is interesting to note that the ,frys were considerable purchasers on the occasion1 securing amongst other items the chief part of the 8learned0 and foreign matrices1 for which that collection was noted4 ,the following list of their purchases forms an interesting connecting link between the old and the new letter-foundries2 particularly as either punches or matrices of all the founts 7and in some cases both7 still exist1 many of the latter being to this day in occasional use3 #cjc ,blacks4#fbc ,english ,a4 ,pica ,a4 ,small ,pica ,a4 ,long ,primer ,a4 ,brevier ,g4 ,nonpareil ,g4 ,hebrew4 ,english ,a8 ,small ,pica ,long ,primer 7or ,bourgeois7 ,brevier ,rabbinical ,hebrew4 ,small ,pica ,a4 ,brevier ,a4 ,nonpareil ,a4 ,greek4 ,alexandrian ,g4 ,great ,primer ,g4 ,another ,r8 ,pica ,r8 ,arabic4 ,great ,primer ,a8 ,irish4 ,small ,pica ,m4 ,a4 ,ethiopic4 ,english ,p4 ,a4 ,pica ,samaritan4 ,english ,p4 ,g4 ,long ,primer ,scriptorial4 ,pica ,g4 ,english ,g4 ,union ,pearl4 ,double ,pica ,g4 ,court ,hand4 ,english ,g4 ,flowers4--,nearly all ,the business was shortly afterwards removed to ,worship ,street1 hard by the old premises2 and here1 in #aghe1 the first specimen-book of the foundry was issued4 ,this volume exhibits the greater part of the new ,caslon series of ,romans1 which the proprietors in their 8,advertisement0 frankly admit to have been cut in the closest possible imitation of that ingenious artist's models4#fbd ,it includes also two pages of ,hebrew type4 ,later in the same year appeared a large broadside sheet printed both sides1 containing an epitome of the specimen-book1 and displaying1 besides the ,arabic1 ,hebrews1 ,greek and ,samaritan #cjd recently acquired at ,james's sale1one or two fresh ,hebrew founts lately finished4 ,considerable variety is thrown into this and later specimens by showing each size not only on its own body1 but upon the bodies next larger and next smaller1--short descending sorts being specially cut for the latter4 ,the broadside also includes a ,diamond ,roman1 the first in ,england1 for which the founders claim that it is 8the smallest letter in the world10 adding subsequently that it 8gets in considerably more than the famous ,dutch ,diamond40 ,illustration3 #gd4 ,the ,alexandrian ,greek 7formerly ,grover's71 rejustified by ,dr4 ,fry1 #aghf4 7,from the original matrices47 #gd;,a4 ,two-line ,great ,primer ,hebrew1 cut by ,dr4 ,fry1 circa #aghe4 7,from the original matrices47 ,another ,specimen followed in #aghf1 showing several more of the new founts1 and including seven pages of ,orientals4 ,this volume is dedicated to the ,prince of ,wales1 and is prefaced by an address to the public of the usual self-laudatory character1 with a somewhat aggressive reference to the rival foundry at ,chiswell ,street4#fbe ,in the following year ,mr4 ,joseph ,fry retired from the business4 ,besides founding a chocolate business in his native city1 and becoming a considerable #cje partner in the new ,bristol ,porcelain ,works1 he had added to his other enterprises that of a ,chemical ,works at ,battersea1 and later still had established some important ,soap ,works in partnership with ,mr4 ,alderman ,fripp of ,bristol4 ,he did not long survive his retirement1 and died1 after a few days' illness1 on ,march #bi1 #aghg1 aged fifty-nine1 greatly respected4 ,he was buried in the ,friends' burial-ground at the ,friars1 ,bristol4 ,a silhouette portrait of him is to be seen in ,mr4 ,hugh ,owen's ,two ,centuries of ,ceramic ,art in ,bristol1 where also many interesting details of his life are to be found4#fbf ,in #aghg was issued a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,edmund ,fry and ,co4--the first mention of the firm under its new title4 ,this was followed in the next year by a full specimen of the foundry1 with a preface and dedication similar to those of the #aghf edition1 but showing several fresh additions1 particularly among the ,orientals1 which occupy twelve pages4 ,of the latter1 several founts had been cut by ,dr4 ,fry himself4 ,the specimen of #aghg was included in the ,printer's ,grammar#fbg published in that year--a work which makes considerable reference to the ,frys' foundry1 whose specimens and standards are used in illustration of the various subjects dealt with4 ,the introductory note to the specimen gives the following account of the then condition of the foundry4 ,it 8was begun in #agfd and has been continued with great perseverance and assiduity1 at a very considerable expence4 ,the plan on which they first sat out1 was an improvement of the ,types of the late ,mr4 ,baskerville of ,birmingham1 eminent for his ingenuity in his line1 as also for his curious ,printing1 many proofs of which are extant and much admired3 ,but the shape of ,mr4 ,caslon's ,type has since been copied by them with such accuracy as not to be distinguished from those of that celebrated ,founder4 ,they have at present ,twenty-seven complete ,founts in punches and matrices of ,roman and ,italic1 besides many sizes of larger ,letter cast in ,sand2 also an elegant assortment of ,blacks1 with ,hebrews and ,greeks1 and many other ,orientals3 ,they have also a greater variety of ,flowers than are to be met with in any other ,foundery in this ,kingdom40 ,the premises at ,worship ,street becoming inadequate for the type and printing business combined1 ,dr4 ,fry took a plot of ground opposite ,bunhill ,fields in ,chiswell ,street--then open fields--and there built the foundry which gave its name to ,type ,street4 ,to these premises the business was removed in #aghh2 and the ,specimen of that year dates from the ,type ,street ,foundry4 #cjf ,among many elegant works printed at this time in the types of this foundry was the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,homer's fine edition of the classics1#fbh printed by ,millar ,ritchie1#fbi in which the somewhat rare compliment was paid the founder1 of adding his name to the list of typographers engaged on the work4 ,the printing business was about the same time dissociated from the type-founding1 and remained at ,worship ,street under the management of ,henry ,fry1 who styled his office the 8,cicero ,press40#fcj ,in the year #agid ,dr4 ,fry took ,mr4 ,isaac ,steele into partnership1 and the specimen of this year1 under the title of ,edmund ,fry and ,isaac ,steele1 ,letter-,founders to the ,prince of ,wales1 shows a marked advance on its predecessors4 ,besides the additional ,romans1 it includes the ,irish fount originally cut by ,moxon in #afhj1 and is further supplemented by a considerable display of 8,metal ,cast ,ornaments1 curiously adjusted to paper01 of which a specimen had already appeared in the preceding year4 ,rude as many of these cuts now appear1 they were much affected at the time1 while a few of their number bear evident testimony to the wholesome revolution then being effected in the art of engraving by ,mr4 ,bewick4 ,a distinct improvement in the same direction may be traced in the series of 8,head and ,fable ,cuts0 for ,dilworth's ,spelling ,book1 a specimen of which was issued shortly afterwards4#fca ,in #agih ,dr4 ,fry put forth proposals for publishing the important philological work on which he had for sixteen years been engaged1 and which1 in the following year1 was issued under the title of ,pantographia1 with a dedication to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,president of the ,royal ,society4 #cjg ,this important work1#fcb which displays great learning and research1 was favourably received4 ,it exhibits upwards of #bjj alphabets1 amongst which are #ah varieties of the ,chaldee and no less than #ci of the ,greek4 ,many of the letters were cut by the author expressly for the work1 under the direction or with the advice of some of the most eminent scholars of the day1 and not a few subsequently found a place among the specimens of the foundry4 ,in #agii ,mr4 ,george ,knowles was admitted into partnership1 and the firm became ,fry1 ,steele and ,co4 ,a new revolution in the public taste necessitated at this stage the abandonment of the ,caslon ,old ,style faces1 and the adoption of the modern cut ,roman letter then coming into vogue2 and the specimens between #ahjj and #ahjh are interesting as marking the gradual accomplishment of this task4 ,the specimen of #ahjc showed the first of the new ,romans1 and in #ahjh ,stower's ,printer's ,grammar contained the series almost complete4#fcc ,the new style may have been considered an improvement at the time1 but a later judgment has endorsed the regret with which ,dr4 ,fry and others witnessed the then entire abandonment of the time-honoured and graceful ,elzevir-cut characters of the first ,caslon4 ,naturally conservative in most matters pertaining to his art1 ,dr4 ,fry viewed with the utmost displeasure another innovation of the same period1 in the introduction of ornamental type2 and to the end of his career he strenuously resisted the 8pernicious fashion10 as he styled it2 yielding only to the extent of one small series of flowered titling-letters1 which crept into his later specimens4 ,but1 although opposed to ornaments in this form1 the ,type ,street specimens show no lack of flowers1 and ,stower's book includes a profuse specimen of these ornaments1 arranged in fantastic designs by ,mr4 ,hazard1 the printer1 of ,bath4#fcd ,both ,mr4 ,steele and ,mr4 ,knowles appear to have retired about the year #ahjh1 when ,dr4 ,fry assumed the sole management of the business4 ,in the specimen of #ahaf he styles himself ,letter ,founder to the ,king and ,prince #cjh ,regent4 ,soon afterwards1 his own health failing1 he admitted his son1 ,mr4 ,windover ,fry1 into partnership1 and the firm became ,edmund ,fry and ,son4 ,the subsequent specimens of the foundry are not marked by any special feature of interest1 if we except the introduction of ,m4 ,firmin ,didot's ,great ,primer ,script in #ahba1 containing upwards of sixty lower-case sorts1 in a system of ligatures and connectors so elaborate as to necessitate the printing of a scheme to facilitate their composition1 and the manufacture of special cases to hold them4 ,dr4 ,fry's philological studies had not ceased with the publication of ,pantographia1 and he was constantly adding to the stock of punches and matrices of the 8learned0 languages1 in which his foundry was already rich4 ,his excellence as a cutter of ,oriental punches led to his selection by the ,university of ,cambridge#fce to execute several founts for that learned body2 in addition to which he was employed to produce types for the works of the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society1 and similar biblical publications4 ,his most important effort in this direction was an ,english ,syriac for ,bagster's ,polyglot1 with the points cast on the body1 the entire fount consisting of nearly #djj matrices4 ,the specimen of #ahbd1 which was issued both in octavo and 7more sumptuously7 in quarto1 for presentation1 signalised the completion of his efforts in this department1 and at the same time notified that the name of the foundry had been changed--not inappropriately--to the ,polyglot ,foundry4 ,it is to be regretted that ,dr4 ,fry's energy in one particular branch of his art1 congenial as it was to his own tastes1 did not turn out lucrative from a business point of view2 and the last few years of his career as a type-founder were not prosperous4 ,his latest specimen was a broadside sheet of ,newspaper founts in #ahbg4 ,in the same year he produced a raised type for the blind1 under the following circumstances3--,the ,scotch ,society of ,arts1 anxious to promote the welfare of the blind1 and desirous to determine1 among the many systems at that time proposed1 which was the most suitable method of printing for their instruction1 offered a gold medal of the value of #bj for the best communication on the subject4 ,twenty designs were sent in in #ahcc1 of which ,dr4 ,fry's was the only one retaining the ordinary alphabetical characters4 ,his specimen consisted of large and small square 8sanseriff0 capitals working in combination1 with no deviation from the regular form4 ,the committee occupied four years in arriving at a decision2 employing the time in corresponding with and eliciting #cji the opinion of all the chief persons interested and experienced in the education of the blind1 in reference to the various designs4 ,amongst others they received a long communication from the ,rev4 ,w4 ,taylor of ,york1 who commended ,dr4 ,fry's system1 approving specially of the absence of a 8lower-case0 letter4#fcf ,the report was published ,may #cast1 #ahcg1 awarding the medal to ,dr4 ,fry1 who1 however1 was at that time no more1 his death having occurred two years previously4 ,the following summary of the contents of the ,polyglot ,foundry1 as far as its foreign and rare founts were concerned1 is taken from the ,specimen ,book of #ahbd1 and corresponds closely to the list given in ,hansard's ,typographia in the following year4 ,with the exception of the founts purchased at ,james' sale in #aghb 7which are distinguished by the initials71 most of the characters were cut by1 or under the direction of1 ,dr4 ,fry himself4 ,,dr4 ,,fry',s ,,foundry4 ,arabic4 ,great ,primer ,j8 ,great ,primer1 ,no4 #b4 ,english4 ,amharic4 ,english4 ,ethiopic4 ,english ,p4,a4,j4 ,english1 ,no4 #b4 ,pica4 ,j4 ,german4 ,long ,primer4 ,greek4 ,double ,pica4 ,great ,primer4 ,english4 ,pica4 ,pica1 ,no4 #b4 ,small ,pica4 ,long ,primer4 ,long ,primer1 ,no4 #b4 ,brevier4 ,nonpareil4 ,greek ,alexandrian4 ,pica4 ,g4,j4 ,guzerattee4 ,great ,primer4 ,long ,primer4 ,hebrew4 #b-line ,great ,primer4 #b-line ,english4 ,double ,pica with points4 ,english with points4 ,pica4 ,small ,pica4 ,long ,primer4 ,bourgeois4 ,brevier4 ,nonpareil4 ,hebrew ,rabbinical4 ,small ,pica ,a4,j4 ,brevier ,a4,j4 ,nonpareil4 ,a4,j4 ,irish4 ,pica4 ,small ,pica ,m4,a4,j4 ,small ,pica1 ,no4 #b4 ,malabaric4 ,english4 ,pica4 ,russian4 ,double ,pica4 ,samaritan4 ,pica ,p4,g4,j4 ,long ,primer ,j4 ,saxon4 ,double ,pica4 ,great ,primer4 ,english4 ,pica4 ,small ,pica4 ,long ,primer4 ,brevier4 #caj ,syriac4 ,english4 ,long ,primer4 ,music4 ,large ,plein ,chant4 ,small ,plein ,chant4 ,psalm4 ,blacks4 #d-line4 #b-line ,great ,primer4 #b-line ,english4 ,double ,pica4 ,great ,primer4 ,english1 ,no4 #a4 ,a4,j4 ,english1 ,no4 #b4 ,pica1 ,no4 #a4 ,pica1 ,no4 #b4 ,a4,j4 ,small ,pica4 ,long ,primer4 ,a4,j4 ,brevier4#fcg ,in #ahbh1 being now of an advanced age1 and after #df years' incessant labour1 ,dr4 ,fry decided to dispose of his foundry2 and a circular was issued announcing the fact to the public4 ,this document1 throwing as it does considerable light on the history of the ,type ,street ,foundry1 is interesting enough to quote at length4 ,after enumerating generally the contents of the foundry and stating the conditions of sale1 ,dr4 ,fry remarks3 8,the ,substructure of this ,establishment was laid about the year #agfd2 commencing with improved imitations of ,baskerville's founts1 of which every size was completed1 from the largest down to the ,diamond3 but they did not meet the encouraging approbation of the ,printers1 whose offices generally1 throughout the kingdom1 were stored from the ,london and ,glasgow ,founderies with ,types of the form introduced by the celebrated ,william ,caslon1 early in the last century2 chiefly from the admired ,dutch models1 which gained so much credit to the ,elzevirs of ,amsterdam1 ,leyden1 c4 8,by the recommendation1 therefore1 of several of the most respectable ,printers of the ,metropolis1 ,doctor ,fry1 the proprietor1 commenced his imitation of the ,chiswell ,street ,foundery1 which he successfully finished throughout all it's various sizes1 at a vast expense1 and with very satisfactory encouragement1 during the completion of it4 ,at which period a rude1 pernicious1 and most unclassical innovating ,system was commenced1 which1 in a short time was followed by the most injurious and desolating ravages on the property of every ,letter ,founder and ,printer in the kingdom1 by the introduction of fancy letters of various anomalous forms1 with names as appropriate--disgraceful in a ,profession1 once held so ,sacred1 as to have it's operations confined to consecrated ,buildings1 and those of the highest class4 8,the ,baskerville and ,caslon imitations1 all completed with ,accents1 ,fractions1 c41 were1 in consequence of this revolution1 laid by for ever2 and many thousand pounds weight of new letter in ,founts1 estimated on the average at selling prices1 at #bs4 #f;d4 per pound1 were taken from the shelves1 and carried to the melting-pot to be recast into ,types1 no doubt1 in many instances1 more beautiful2 but no instance has occurred to the attentive observation of the ,proprietor of this ,foundery1 where any ,founts of book letter on the present system1 have been found equal in service1 or #caa really so agreeable to the reader1 as the true ,caslon-shaped ,elzevir ,types2 and this is the undisguised sentiment of many judicious ,printers4 8,when that eminent ,printer1 the late ,william ,bowyer1 gave instructions to ,joseph ,jackson to cut his beautiful ,pica ,greek1 he used to say 8,those in common use were no more ,greek than they were ,english40 ,were he now living1 it is likely he would not have any reason to alter that opinion4 8,the ,greeks of this ,foundery were many of them made in ,type ,street1 copied from those of the celebrated ,foulis of ,glasgow2 and there are two1 a ,pica1 and a ,long ,primer1 on the ,porsonian plan4 ,the ,codex ,alexandrinus was purchased at ,james' ,sale in #aghb4fch 8,the ,hebrews were also chiefly cut by ,dr4 ,fry1 subject to the direction and approbation of the most learned ,hebraists4 8,the two ,arabics1#fci ,great ,primer and ,english1 were cut from the original drawings of1 and under the personal direction of ,dr4 ,wilkins1 ,oriental ,librarian to the ,east ,india ,company2 and have no rival either in beauty or correctness4 8,the ,syriac#fdj has been made within the last two years1 with all it's vowel points1 reduced to an ,english body1 from the ,double ,pica of the eminent ,assemann's edition of ,ludolph's ,testament4 8,the ,english1 ,no4 #a1 and ,pica ,ethiopics--the ,pica and ,long ,primer ,samaritans1 were purchased at ,james's sale4 ,the other ,orientals1 viz4 two ,malabarics--the ,amharic--,ethiopic1 ,no4 #c1 and ,guzerattee1 were all cut at this ,foundery4 ,as was the fine collection of ,blacks1 or pointed ,gothics1 except the ,english1 ,no4 #a1--,pica1 ,no4 #b1--,long ,primer1 ,no4 #a1--;and ,brevier1 which were collected by the late ,john ,james4 ,there is good authority for believing that this ,pica ,black1 ,no4 #b1 was once the property of #cab ,william ,caxton#fda2 ,doctor ,fry having recut for a reprint of a work published by the celebrated man1 all the contractions and accented letters exhibited in the ,specimen ,book4 8,the ,occidentals1 as termed by ,moxon1 ,mores1 and others1 viz4 the ,saxons1 ,hibernians1#fdb ,german1 and ,russian1 were also produced at this ,foundery4 ,as were the two ,plein ,chants1 and the ,psalm ,music4 8,the ,great ,primer ,script1 which1 it must be acknowledged1 is the ,ne plus ultra of every effort of the ,letter ,founder in imitation of writing1 was made for the ,proprietor by the celebrated ,firmin ,didot1 at ,paris2 the ,matrices are of ,steel1 and the impressions from the ,punches sunk in inlaid ,silver 6#fdc 8,in taking leave of a ,profession1 which has for many years engaged his whole attention1 the ,proprietor begs to convey1 through this channel1 the high sense of obligation he hopes to retain during his life1 for the great encouragement with which he has been favoured for so long a period2 as well as for the generous assistance and advice of many of his learned ,friends1 in the getting up1 and accurate completion of various undertakings4 ,it is also with much gratification1 that he can look back and recall to recollection1 that he has carefully followed their advices1 in not admitting into #cac his ,foundery any article degrading or disgraceful1 or unbecoming the dignity of that ,art1 which deserves to be looked up to and revered as the #8,head of the republic of letters3'--claiming ,permission to recommend to his ,successor and ,contemporaries1 the steady pursuit of that plan which will secure the reputation of the once ,sacred ,profession1 and restore to it the honourable ,character it obtained several ,centuries ago1 of 8,,ars ,,artium ,,omnium ,,conservatrix40 8,polyglot ,letter ,foundery1 #bnd month #adth1 #ahbh40 ,the foundry met with a purchaser in ,mr4 ,william ,thorowgood1 of ,fann ,street1 to whose premises the entire stock was removed in #ahbi1 where it now forms part of the ,fann ,street ,foundry4 ,dr4 ,fry retired to his residence at ,stratford ,green1 and subsequently removed to ,dalby ,terrace1 ,city ,road1 where he died ,dec4 #bb1 #ahce4fdd ,he was an old ,member of the ,stationers' ,company4 ,in private life he was a man of genial disposition4 ,a portrait of him1 painted by ,frederique ,boileau1 was exhibited in the ,caxton ,exhibition of #ahgg by his son1 the late ,arthur ,fry1 and an excellent silhouette is also in possession of the family of the late ,mr4 ,francis ,fry1 ,f4,s4,a41 of ,bristol1 to whom we are indebted for our copy4 ,,list ,,of ,,specimens1 #agfh-ahbg4 #agfh4 ,a specimen by ,isaac ,moore1 ,bristol1 #agfh4 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,renouard1 ,cat4 ii1 #caj47 #agfh4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,isaac ,moore ,co41 ,letter ,founders1 in ,queen ,street1 near ,upper ,moorfields1 ,london1 #agfh4 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,sohmian ,coll41 ,stockholm47 #aggj4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,isaac ,moore ,co41 ,letter ,founders1 of ,queen ,street1 near ,upper ,moorfields1 ,london1 #aggj4 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel41 #dcga47 #aghe4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types made by ,joseph ,fry and ,sons1 ,letter ,founders and ,marking ,instrument ,makers by the ,king's ,royal ,letters ,patent4 ,london1 ,printed in the year #aghe4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,b4 ,m41 #fgi1 e4 #af47 #aghe4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,joseph ,fry ,sons1 ,letter ,founders1 ,worship ,street1 ,moorfields1 ,london1 #aghe4 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,t4 ,b4 ,r47 #aghf4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,joseph ,fry ,sons1 ,letter ,founders to the ,prince of ,wales4 ,london1 ,printed in the year #aghf4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,w4 ,b47 #aghg4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,edmund ,fry ,co41 #aghg4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,printer's ,grammar1 pp4 #bgc-caf47 #aghh4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,edmund ,fry ,co41 ,letter ,founders to the ,prince of ,wales4 ,london1 ,printed in the year #aghh4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4 ,b4 ,r47 #agij4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,edmund ,fry ,co41 ,letter ,founders to the ,prince of ,wales4 ,london1 ,printed in the year #agij4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,sohmian ,coll41 ,stockholm47 #cad #agic4 ,specimen of ,metal ,cast ,ornaments1 curiously adjusted to ,paper by ,edmund ,fry ,co41 ,letter ,founders to the ,prince of ,wales1 ,type ,street1 ,london4 ,printed by ,t4 ,rickaby1 #agic4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,amer4 ,antiq4 ,soc47 #agid4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,fry ,steele1 ,letter ,founders to the ,prince of ,wales1 ,type ,street1 ,london4 ,printed by ,t4 ,rickaby1 #agid4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,b4 ,m41 #aahii1 i4 #ah47 #agid4 ,specimen of ,metal ,cast ,ornaments1 curiously adjusted to paper by ,edmund ,fry and ,isaac ,steele1 ,letter ,founders to the ,prince of ,wales1 ,type ,street1 ,london4 ,printed by ,t4 ,rickaby1 #agid4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,w4 ,b47 #agie4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,fry ,steele1 ,letter ,founders to the ,prince of ,wales1 ,type ,street1 ,london4 ,printed by ,t4 ,rickaby1 #agie4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4 ,b4 ,r47 #ahjj4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,fry1 ,steele and ,co41 ,letter ,founders to the ,prince of ,wales1 ,type ,street1 ,london4 ,printed in the year #ahjj4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4 ,b4 ,r47 ,reprinted #ahja and #ahjc4 #ahje4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,fry ,steele1 ,letter ,founders to the ,prince of ,wales1 ,type ,street1 ,london4 ,printed in the year #ahje4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4 ,b4 ,r47 #ahje4 ,specimen of ,metal ,cast ,ornaments1 curiously adjusted to paper by ,fry and ,steele1 ,letter ,founders to the ,prince of ,wales1 ,type ,street1 ,london4 ,printed in the year #ahje4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,w4 ,b47 ,no date4 ,specimen sheet of ,head and ,fable ,cuts for ,dilworth's ,spelling ,book1 cast on hard metal1 and curiously adjusted to paper on the best ,turkey ,box1 by ,fry and ,steele1 ,letter ,founders1 ,type ,street1 ,london4 ,price #d #ds4 7#ahje874 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel41 #dchf47 #ahjh4 ,specimens of ,modern ,cut ,printing ,types from the ,foundry of ,messrs4 ,fry and ,steele2 together with a ,specimen of ,flowers4 #ahjh4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,stower's ,printer's ,grammar47 #ahaf4 ,a specimen of ,printing ,types by ,edmund ,fry1 ,letter ,founder to the ,king and ,prince ,regent1 ,type ,street1 ,london1 #ahaf4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,b4 ,m41 #aahii1 h4 #aa47 #ahbj4 ,specimen of ,modern ,printing ,types by ,edmund ,fry and ,son1 ,letter ,founders to the ,king1 ,type ,street1 ,london1 #ahbj4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4 ,b4 ,r47 #ahbd4 ,specimen of ,modern ,printing ,types by ,edmund ,fry1 ,letter ,founder to the ,king 7,polyglot ,foundry71 ,type ,street1 ,london4 #ahbd4 #dto4 and #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,b4 ,m41 #aahii1 h4 #ab47 #ahbe4 ,a specimen of ,diamond1 by ,edmund ,fry1 ,march #ahbe4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4 ,b4 ,r47 #ahbg4 ,fry's ,newspaper ,specimen1 ,type ,street1 #ahbg4 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,j4 ,f47 ,illustration #cae ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,joseph ,,jackson1 #agfc4 ,joseph ,jackson1 apprentice to ,caslon ,i1 was born in ,old ,street1 ,london1 on ,sept4 #d1 #agcc4 ,he was the first child baptised in ,st4 ,luke's1 and received his education at a school in that neighbourhood1 the gift of a ,mr4 ,fuller4 ,during the term of his service at ,chiswell ,street1 he was1 says ,nichols1#fde exceedingly tractable in the common branches of the business4 ,rowe ,mores states that he was an 8apprentice to the whole art10#fdf but this term evidently does not comprehend the most important branch of that art1 namely the cutting of punches4 ,this was kept a profound secret at ,chiswell ,street1 ,mr4 ,caslon and his son constantly locking themselves into the apartment in which they practised it4 ,jackson1 who had a great desire to learn the mystery1 bored a hole through the wainscot1 and was thus1 at different times1 able to watch his employers through the process1 and to form some idea how the whole was performed2 and he afterwards applied himself at every opportunity to the finishing of a punch4 8,when he had completed one to his own mind1 he presented it to his master1 expecting to be rewarded for his ingenuity3 but the premium he received was a hard blow1 with a threat that he should be sent to ,bridewell if he again made a similar attempt4 ,this circumstance being taken in dudgeon1 his mother bought him what tools were necessary1 and he improved himself at her house whenever he had an opportunity40 #caf 8,he continued10 adds ,nichols1 8to work for ,mr4 ,caslon after he came out of his time1#fdg till a quarrel arose in the foundery about the price of work2 and a memorial1 which terminated in favour of the workmen1 being sent to the elder ,caslon 7who was then in the ,commission of the ,peace1 and had retired to ,bethnal ,green71 young ,jackson and ,mr4 ,cottrell were discharged1 as supposed ringleaders4 8,compelled thus to seek employment1 they united their slender stock in a partnership1 and went on prosperously till1 ,jackson's mother dying1 he entered in #agei1 on board the 8,minerva0 frigate1 as armourer2 and in ,may #agfa was removed1 with ,capt4 ,alexander ,hood1 into the same situation in the 8,aurora02 and proved somewhat successful1 having about #dj prize money to receive at the ,peace of #agfc4 ,during the time he was at sea1 he was visited by a severe fit of sickness1 in which he vowed1 if he recovered1 to lead in future a very penitent life2 which promise he punctually fulfilled40 ,quitting the navy1 he returned to ,london and rejoined once more his old comrade and partner1 now a fully-established type-founder in ,nevil's ,court1 ,fetter ,lane4 ,he worked for some time under ,cottrell1 but at length1 at the instigation1 it would appear1 of two of his fellow workmen1 ,robinson and ,hickson 7who shared with ,cottrell the distinction of serving as privates in the ,life ,guards71 he determined to set up in business for himself4 ,the necessary capital for the new concern was found by ,robinson and ,hickson1 who agreed to allow ,jackson1 as his salary for conducting the business under the partnership1 the sum of #fb #hs4 per annum1 and to supply money for carrying on the trade for two years4 ,a small house in ,cock ,lane was taken for the purpose1 and such was the modest beginning of this famous foundry4 ,the hazardous adventure succeeded1 thanks to the genius of ,jackson1 who was able soon to satisfy his partners that the business would be productive before the time promised4 8,when he had pursued his labours about six months1 ,mr4 ,bowyer accidentally calling to inspect some of his punches 7for he had no specimen71 approved them so much1 that he promised to employ him2 adding1 #8,my father was the means of old ,mr4 ,caslon riding in his coach1 how do you know but ,i may be the means of your doing the same8' ,illustration3 #ge4 ,from ,nichols' ,literary ,anecdotes4 8,a short time after this1 he put out a small specimen of one fount2 which his former young master carried to ,bethnal ,green with an air of contempt4 ,the good old justice treated it otherwise2 and desired his son #8to take it home and #cag preserve it2 and whenever he went to cutting again to look well at it4' ,it is but justice to the third ,william ,caslon to add that he always acknowledged the abilities of ,mr4 ,jackson2 and though rivals in an art which requires the greatest exertions of ingenuity1 they lived in habits of reciprocal friendship40 ,it is much to be regretted that no copy of ,jackson's first specimen sheet 7which we may assume to have been issued about #affe7 is now to be discovered4 ,business increasing1 he removed from ,cock ,lane to more commodious premises in ,dorset ,street1 ,salisbury ,square1 ,fleet ,street1 and here his foundry and reputation made rapid advances4 8,about the year #agga01 ,nichols relates1 8he was applied to by the ,duke of ,norfolk to make a mould to cast a hollow square4 ,telling the ,duke that he thought this was practicable1 his ,grace observed that he had applied to all the skilful mechanicks in ,london1 ,mr4 ,caslon not excepted1 who declared it impossible4 ,he soon convinced the ,duke of his abilities1 and in the course of three months1 producing what his ,grace had been years in search of1 was ever after held in great estimation by the ,duke1 who considered him as the first mechanick in the kingdom40 ,in #aggc1 it would appear that ,jackson issued a further specimen of his now increasing foundry4 ,of this performance ,rowe ,mores makes flattering mention in presenting his summary of the contents of the foundry as it stood in that year3 8,mr4 ,jackson10 he says1 8lives in ,salisbury ,court in ,fleet ,street4 ,he is obliging and communicative1 and his ,specimen will1 adjuvante numine1 have place amongst the literate specimens of ,english letter cutters4 ,the prognostics are these3 8,,mr4 ,,jackson',s ,,foundery4 ,,orientals3 ,hebrew4 ,double ,pica4 ,persic4 ,english4 ,bengal4 7or ,modern ,sanskrit71 a corruption of the older characters of the ,hindoos1 the ancient inhabitants of ,bengal4 ,,occidentals3 ,greek4 ,english1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier4 ,roman and ,italic4 sicut et reliqui4 ,,septentrionals3 ,english4 #b-line ,great ,primer4 ,scriptorial4 ,double ,pica1 nearly finished4 8,he has likewise ,proscription letters beginning at #ab-line ,pica1 the same with those of ,mr4 ,cottrell1 the first who cut letters of this dimension40 ,with regard to the ,bengalee letter1 ,rowe ,mores states that this was cut by ,jackson 8for ,mr4 ,william ,bolts1 ,judge of the ,mayor's ,court of ,calcutta1 for a work in which he had been engaged at the time of his sudden departure from ,england about #aggd40fdh #cah ,the work here referred to was the ,grammar of the ,bengal ,language1 projected by the ,east ,india ,company as part of a scheme for the dissemination of a knowledge of the ,indian ,languages in ,europe4 ,it appears1 however1 that although ,mr4 ,bolts was supposed to be in every way competent for the fabrication of this intricate character1 his models1 as copied by ,jackson1 failed to give satisfaction1 and the work was for the time abandoned2#fdi to be revived and executed some few years later in a more masterly and accurate manner by ,mr4 ,charles ,wilkins1#fej then in the service of the ,east ,india ,company in ,bengal1 #cai who with an extraordinary combination of talents1 succeeded1 by the work of his own hand1 in designing1 engraving1 casting and printing the ,grammar published at ,hoogly in #aggh4 ,mr4 ,bolts' failure in this particular reflects no discredit on ,jackson1 who faithfully reproduced the models given him1 and who displayed his talent in the same direction shortly after by the production of a fount of ,deva ,nagari1 cut under the direction of ,captain ,william ,kirkpatrick1 of the ,east ,india ,service1 and ,persian ,secretary to the ,commander-in-,chief for ,india1 for the purpose of printing a ,grammar and ,dictionary in that language4 ,of this fount a specimen remains--the only specimen extant1 we believe1 bearing ,jackson's name4 ,it is a broadside1 displaying in table form the alphabet and combinations of the ,sanscrit1 and exhibits no small delicacy of workmanship1 not only in the ,oriental character itself1 but in the few lines of ,roman letter composing the title4 ,there is no date to the specimen4 ,captain ,kirkpatrick's ,dictionary was never completed4 ,one part only appeared in #aghe1fea containing the ,glossary of the ,arabic and ,persian words incorporated with the ,hindu1 and in this no ,nagari is used4 ,all the remaining parts of the work1 as first projected1 depended on the new type2 but as they never appeared1 the object for which the fount was cut was lost4 ,the next important undertaking which engaged ,jackson's talents was one of national interest4 ,the ,house of ,lords had1 in the year #agfg1 determined upon printing the ,journals and ,parliamentary records1 8a work1 which10 says #cbj ,nichols1 8will ever reflect honour on the good taste and munificence of the present reign0 7,george ,,iii74 ,jackson had been employed to cut several varieties of letter for this work2 and he was now called upon to assist in a further outcome of the same good taste and munificence1 in the production of type for the splendid facsimile of the ,domesday ,book1 begun in #aggc4 ,this important work was projected and carried through by ,dr4 ,nichols himself1 and a brief account of the circumstances under which it saw the light may be interesting and not out of place here4 ,the ,lords1 it appears1 being petitioned to sanction the printing of the ,domesday ,book1 the most important of the ,anglo-,saxon records1 as a matter of national importance1 referred1 through the ,treasury ,board1 to the ,society of ,antiquaries as to the mode in which it should be published1 whether by printing-types1 or by having a copy of the manuscript engraved in facsimile4 ,by the examination of several eminent printers1 it was learned that according to the first plan very many unavoidable errors would occur2 a tracing of the record was then proposed1 to be transferred to copper plates4 ,an estimate of the expense of this was next ordered by the ,treasury ,board1 which amounted to #bj1jjj for the printing and engraving of #abej copies1 each containing #affd plates2 but this sum1 however proportionate1 was considered too large1 and the first plan was again reverted to4 ,it was then proposed by the learned ,dr4 ,morton that a fount of facsimile types should be cut under his superintendence4 ,this undertaking1 however1 failed1 and ,dr4 ,morton received #ejj for doing little or nothing1 and nearly #bjj more for types that were of no use4 ,the founder to whom ,dr4 ,morton applied was ,thomas ,cottrell1 a specimen of whose unsuccessful fount appeared shortly afterwards in ,luckombe's ,history of ,printing1 #aggj4 ,dr4 ,morton's plan being abandoned1 on account of the difficulty of producing in type letters which1 in the manuscript1 were constantly differing in their forms1 the work was entrusted to ,mr4 ,abraham ,farley1 ,f4,r4,s41 a gentleman of great ,record learning1 and who had had access to the ancient ,,mss4 for upwards of forty years4 ,his knowledge1 however1 did not induce him to differ from his original in a single instance1 even when he found an apparent error2 he preserved in his transcript every interlineation and contraction1 and his copy was ultimately placed in ,mr4 ,nichols' hands4 ,jackson was then employed to cut the types1 and successfully accomplished the difficult undertaking4#feb ,the work occupied ten #cba years in printing1 and appeared in #aghc1 in two folio volumes4#fec ,the type was destroyed in the fire which consumed the printing-office of ,mr4 ,nichols in #ahjh1 previous to which1 however1 it was used in ,kelham's ,introduction and ,glossary to the ,domesday ,book in #aghh4fed ,it was ,jackson's success1 no doubt1 in his facsimile letter for the ,domesday ,book1 which led to his selection shortly afterwards by ,mr4 ,nichols to cut the type for ,dr4 ,woide's#fee facsimile of the ,new ,testament of the ,alexandrian ,codex in the ,british ,museum4 ,to the history of this priceless relic reference has been made once or twice in the course of this work4#fef ,only one attempt had previously been made to reproduce its character in type1--that of ,dr4 ,patrick ,young1 in #afdc1 within a few years of the arrival of the manuscript in this country4 ,in this letter was printed a specimen containing the first chapter of ,genesis4 ,but the project was abandoned1 and the matrices1 there is reason to believe1 subsequently passed into ,grover's ,foundry1 and afterwards1 through ,james1 into the possession of ,dr4 ,fry in #aghb4feg ,that ,mr4 ,nichols was acquainted with their existence in #aggh is almost certain1 since they are mentioned in ,rowe ,mores' ,dissertation1 which he himself edited and annotated4 ,but not being sufficiently exact for the purpose1 and1 at the same time1 it being decided that the facsimile should be produced through the medium of type in preference to other process1#feh ,mr4 ,jackson was fixed on to cut a new set of punches from the transcript made by ,dr4 ,woide's own hand4 ,to this task he proved fully equal1 and the work issued from ,mr4 ,nichols' press in #aghffei--;a splendid folio edition1 worthy alike of #cbb its subject and the artists who produced it4 ,the unusual compliment was1 in this instance1 paid to the letter-founder of mentioning his name on the title-page as the author of the types employed in the work4 ,the matrices were afterwards deposited in the ,british ,museum1 and were again brought into requisition when1 in #ahab1 ,mr4 ,baber produced his facsimile of the ,psalms#ffj from the ,alexandrian ,,ms41 and afterwards1 in #ahaf-ba1 at the press of ,messrs4 ,r4 and ,a4 ,taylor1 completed the entire ,old ,testament4#ffa ,thus concluded this great enterprise1 which has been justly characterised by the ,abb ,jager as 8opus plane aureum40 ,jackson having now become famous for his skill in this particular branch of his art1 was called upon shortly before his death to execute a work of scarcely less importance than the facsimile of the ,alexandrian ,greek4 ,this was to cut the punches for ,dr4 ,kipling's facsimile of the celebrated ,codex ,bez preserved at the ,university of ,cambridge4 ,the character of this ,,ms4 differs considerably from that of the ,alexandrine2 and1 being less regular in its execution1 the difficulty of reproducing it in type is proportionately greater4 ,jackson1 however1 accomplished his task faithfully and with marked success4 ,unhappily his death in #agib prevented him from seeing in print the fruit of his labours1 as the work did not appear till the following year1 when it was published at ,cambridge in two beautiful folio volumes1#ffb--;a work which1 says its reviewer1 8reflects honour on the ,university of ,cambridge1 and its editor1 and1 we may add1 on the late excellent letter-founder1 ,mr4 ,jackson1 who cut the types for this handsome book1 as well as for the ,alexandrine ,,ms4 and for ,domesday40#ffc ,jackson's reputation was not by any means wholly dependent on his skill in expressing in type the character of ancient and difficult manuscripts4 ,during the time he was occupied in the works above described1 he made several useful additions to his foundry4 ,amongst others1 he cut a beautiful #cbc fount of ,pica ,greek for ,mr4 ,bowyer1 8who10 says ,nichols1#ffd 8used to say that the types in common use were no more ,greek than they were ,english40 8,he had also1 under the direction of ,joseph ,steele1 the ingenious author of ,prosodia ,rationalis1#ffe augmented the number of musical notes by such as represent the emphasis and cadence of prose40 ,this curious work1 designed to show how the recitation of ,garrick and other eminent speakers might be transmitted to posterity in score1 was printed by ,nichols in #aggi1 being an amplified edition of a treatise published four years previously1#fff in which ,jackson's 8expression symbols0 were made use of4 ,the most important work of his later years was undoubtedly the splendid fount of #b-line ,english ,roman1 cut for ,mr4 ,bensley1 about the year #aghi1 for ,macklin's ,bible4#ffg ,as in the case of the ,bez ,gospels1 he did not live to see the completion of his labours in the publication of this grand edition1 which did not appear till some years after his death1 and then in a type not wholly his own1 but supplemented1 in close facsimile1 by a fount cut by his former apprentice and manager1 ,vincent ,figgins4#ffh ,jackson's grand letter is justly counted among his greatest achievements1 exhibiting1 as ,nichols observes1 a pattern of the most perfect symmetry to which the art had at that time arrived40#ffi ,a crowning monument to the skill of this excellent artist is ,robert ,bowyer's sumptuous edition of ,hume's ,history of ,england1 printed by ,bensley#fgj in #ahjf1 in a ,double ,pica type1 on which ,jackson was engaged at the time of his death4 ,on the execution of this fount he appears to have staked his reputation2 8,mr4 ,jackson18 says his biographer in the ,gentleman's ,magazine1#fga0 had been engaged to cut the letter for the projected edition of ,hume's ,history of ,england1 which he declared should #8be the most exquisite performance of the kind in this or any other country4' ,and accordingly he had1 in a great degree1 accomplished his purpose1 but his anxiety and application were so intense that his health suffered and he fell a victim to the great undertaking40 #cbd ,this circumstance was made the occasion of a curious and affecting ,elegy1 of which we will venture to inflict a specimen on the reader1 not on account of its merit1 but as being a rare instance of a letter-founder becoming the object of a poetical tribute3 8,patrons of merit1 heave the sadden'd sigh 6 ,ye brilliant dewdrops1 hang on ,beauty's eye 6 ,let heavy hearts beat with the tolling bell1 ,and mourn the fatal hour when ,jackson fell 6 ,his were the gifts the ,gods alone impart ,a tow'ring genius and a tender heart 6 ,a greatness equalled only by his skill ,a goodness greater than his greatness still2 ,an ardent zeal each purpose to obtain1 ,which ,virtue and the ,arts might entertain4 ,but ,fate in jealous fury snatched him hence ,the moment he accomplished excellence 6 ,tenax propositi--his art he tried1 ,achieved perfection--and achieving died 60 etc4 ,although anxiety and overwork may have contributed to ,jackson's death1 the immediate cause was a severe attack of scarlet-fever1 which carried him off on ,january #adth1 #agib1 in the #eith year of his age4 ,the last few years of his life had been considerably troubled4 ,in #agij his foundry was destroyed by a fire1 in which his moulds and matrices were seriously damaged4 ,the shock of this calamity affected both his health and his energy1 and the management of his business was1 during his later years1 left almost entirely in the hands of his trusted servant1 ,mr4 ,vincent ,figgins4 ,the foundry was rebuilt1 and the damaged materials were1 as far as possible 7though not wholly71 replaced at the time of his death4 ,mr4 ,jackson was twice married--first to ,miss ,elizabeth ,tassell1 originally a whinster in ,spitalfields1 8a very worthy woman10 says ,nichols1 8and an excellent wife1 who greatly contributed by her care and industry to his getting forward in his first entering into business0 ,she died in #aghc1 and1 in the following year1 ,mr4 ,jackson married ,mrs4 ,pasham1 widow of a well-known printer in ,blackfriars1#fgb a union which materially assisted him in the means of carrying on his #cbe business4 ,this lady died in #agia1 her husband surviving his bereavement only a few months4 ,he was buried in the same grave with his two wives in the ground of ,spa ,fields ,chapel4 ,of ,jackson's private character his contemporaries concur in speaking very highly4 8,by the death of this ingenious artist and truly worthy man10 says ,nichols1 8the poor lost a most excellent benefactor1 his own immediate connexions a steady friend1 and the literary world a valuable coadjutor in their labours40 ,he was a deacon at the ,meeting-,house in ,barbican1 where a funeral sermon was preached by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,towers1 who also delivered a 8neat funeral oration10 at the grave4 ,he died possessed of some considerable property4 ,there is an oil portrait of him in the possession of ,mr4 ,blades1 and an engraved portrait in ,nichols' ,literary ,anecdotes1 from which our copy is taken4 ,it is unfortunately impossible to ascertain in what condition his foundry was left at the time of his death--how far it had recovered from the consequences of the fire1 or how far that calamity had destroyed1 beyond replacing1 any of its contents4 ,it was offered for sale in #agib1 and ,mr4 ,figgins1 the presumptive successor to the business1 not finding himself in a position to become its purchaser1 it was acquired by ,william ,caslon ,,iii1 who had recently disposed of his share in the ,chiswell ,street ,foundry1 over whose affairs he had for some years been presiding4#fgc ,he removed the ,foundry from ,dorset ,street to ,finsbury ,square1 where for a few years it remained located2 but presently transferred it back to its old quarters1 leaving the house in ,finsbury ,square to be converted by ,james ,lackington1 the celebrated bookseller1 into the 8,temple of the ,muses10 one of the largest and most popular old book-shops of the day4 ,in the hands of ,mr4 ,caslon1 ,jackson's foundry was greatly enlarged and improved4 ,the specimen of #agih1 dedicated to the ,king1 exhibits #ai pages of ,titlings and open letters1 #a of ,ornamental1 #ce of ,roman and ,italic1 #h of foreign letter and ,blacks1 #a of ,script1 #e of sundry specimens1 and #ab of ,flowers40#fgd ,the book has many features in common with the ,chiswell ,street specimen of #aghe1 many of the founts in which re-appear here4 ,indeed1 it would seem that on relinquishing his share in the parental business1 ,william ,caslon ,,iii had provided himself with duplicate matrices of several of the ,chiswell ,street founts1 #cbf particularly of the ,foreign and ,oriental letters1 which figure prominently in this and subsequent specimens of the ,salisbury ,square ,foundry4 ,bound with the book is a specimen of ,cast ,ornaments1 a species of a typographical embellishment which ,caslon ,,iii had had the merit of introducing into this country in #aghd1 while still at ,chiswell ,street4 ,in this particular too1 the ,salisbury ,square specimen is a reproduction of that of the ,chiswell ,street house4 ,about the year #ahjc ,mr4 ,caslon took his son1 the fourth ,william ,caslon1 into partnership1 and the firm became ,w4 ,caslon ,son4 ,the specimen of this year exhibits a slight increase on that of #agih1 the chief additions being in the modern-faced ,romans1 then becoming fashionable4 ,the learned and ,oriental founts remain unaltered from the #agih specimen1 and as this is the last specimen of the foundry in which these occupy a prominent place1 it will be convenient to give the list here3 ,greek4 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,english new1 ,pica1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier1 ,nonpareil4 ,hebrew4 #b-line ,great ,primer1 #b-line ,english1 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer1 ditto with points1 ,english1 ditto with points1 ,pica1 ditto with points1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier4 ,syriac4 ,english1 ,long ,primer4 ,arabic4 ,english4 ,armenian4 ,pica4 ,samaritan4 ,pica4 ,saxon4 ,english1 ,pica1 ,brevier4 ,blacks4 #b-line ,great ,primer1 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer1 ,english #a1 ,english #b1 ,pica #a1 ,pica #b1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier4 ,the whole of these founts1 with the exception of the new ,english ,greek1 are identical with those shown in the ,chiswell ,street ,specimen of #aghe4 ,the ,specimen ,book of #ahjc appears to have served the foundry for several years2 as copies exist in which the date is altered by hand to #ahjg1 and the name of the firm changed from 8,w4 ,caslon ,son0 to 8,w4 ,caslon1 ,junior40 ,this last alteration was consequent on the retirement of ,william ,caslon ,,iii from the business in #ahjg4 ,although this gentleman's connection with type founding ceases here1#fge we cannot refrain from quoting the few sentences in which ,mr4 ,hansard1 in #ahbe1 describes his personal character1 while the subject of his notice was yet living3 ,illustration3 #gf4 ,from ,hansard4 8,if his friends had not yet the pleasure of occasionally receiving his lively salutations--of enjoying the gay and gentlemanlike converse1 the whim1 the anecdote1 and the agreeable bagatelle of ,william ,caslon aforesaid1 ,i might be induced to amplify on these points 4 4 4 ,the mention1 however1 of one thing must not be omitted4 ,some years ago he was deprived of sight by the #cbg formation of a cataract in each eye2 still his musical ear furnished the faculty of distinguishing persons whom he knew by their voices2 and his cheerful spirits enabled him to sustain the calamity with a becoming temper of mind4 ,at length1 his courage1 in undergoing the operation of couching three several times1 was rewarded with the perfect restoration of his sight2 and his friends again experience the delight of hearing him truly say1 #8,ah6 ,i'm happy to see you1 by ----4' ,but although ever ready with anecdote and whim to enliven1 still more to his honour as a man1 may it be added1 that he can at once turn the cheerful smile into serious solicitations1 for the assistance of a decayed old friend1 his orphan1 or his widow40 ,mr4 ,caslon died in #ahcc4 ,the portrait here given is taken from that in ,hansard's ,typographia4 ,william ,caslon ,,iv1 being left in sole possession of the foundry1 made considerable progress in extending the business1 especially by the addition of the new fashioned fat-faced types1 at that period so largely affected4 ,his chief improvement1 however1 was the introduction in #ahaj of the ,sanspareil matrices for large letters4#fgf ,this invention1 which ,hansard somewhat extravagantly describes as the greatest improvement in the art of letter-founding that has taken place in modern times1 consisted in the substitution of pierced1 or rather built-up matrices1 in place of the old sand moulds hitherto in use1 and it rapidly secured favour in the trade1 and was as early as possible adopted by the other founders4 ,in #ahab1 ,mr4 ,caslon also took out a patent for a new form of type for imposing on a cylinder1 of a size from #a_/c to #a_/gth that of ordinary type1 and cast wedge-shaped1 or larger at the end containing the face than at the foot2 an attempt which reflected more credit on the ingenuity of its author than upon his practical judgment1 and which was not proceeded with4#fgg ,although no complete specimen book of ,caslon ,,iv has occurred to our notice of a later date than that of #ahjg 7which is itself the #ahjc book altered by pen and ink71 the numerous sheets appearing from time to time1 and collected in the first specimen of his successors1 prove that one or more specimens of the foundry must have appeared during the interval4 ,in #ahai1 ,mr4 ,caslon1 ,junr4 disposed of his foundry to ,messrs4 ,blake1 ,garnett ,co41 of ,sheffield1 to which town the entire stock was removed4 ,after his retirement from type-founding1 he devoted himself actively to the #cbh scheme for lighting ,london with coal-gas4 ,for some of his appliances in connection with this business--the sliding water-joints for pendants and chandeliers amongst others--he received the medal of the ,society of ,arts 7his only reward1 for he did not patent his invention74 ,in #ahcb he went to reside at ,henley1 and ten years later was afflicted with total blindness1 an operation for cataract having proved unsuccessful4 ,in this state he continued for twenty-seven years1 8tired10 as he said1 8of having been so long in the dark10 but serene in temper1 and his mind illuminated with ,christian hope4 ,he taught himself to read the embossed printing for the blind1 and was able to write by the aid of a simple apparatus constructed for that purpose4 ,he lived1 in spite of his affliction1 to a cheerful old age1 and died in #ahfi1 aged #hh4 ,he left no son4 ,to estimate the complete revolution which had taken place in the productions of this foundry during the interval between #ahjg and #ahai1 it is only necessary to glance through the first specimen book of the new proprietors1 issued in the latter year1 which may be taken to represent the state of the foundry pretty nearly as it was at the time of its transfer to ,sheffield4 ,there is not a single fount in the one book which reappears in the other4 ,the modern fat-face ,romans and ,egyptians#fgh take the place of ,jackson's elegant old-style letters4 ,the ,orientals have completely disappeared1 and the general appearance of the book reflects as much as any specimen of the period the prevalent taste of a so-called improved art4 ,it was1 apparently1 highly esteemed in its day4 8,mr4 ,caslon10 says ,hansard1 writing only six years after the event1 8transferred to the ,sheffield founders such a specimen of type and flowers as will ever cause us printers to regret the loss of such a competitor for fame in this difficult business40 ,messrs4 ,blake1 ,garnett ,co41 a firm formed for the special purpose of acquiring the type business1 issued their first specimen1 above referred to1 very shortly after the transfer of the business to its new quarters4 ,their prefatory note is interesting1 not only as recording the transaction1 but as intimating that the ,oriental and ,foreign founts1 which had formed so conspicuous a feature of the previous specimens of the foundry1 had also found their way to ,sheffield3 8,blake1 ,garnett and ,co4 beg leave respectfully to inform the trade that they have purchased the whole of ,mr4 ,caslon's ,foundery1 which1 in addition to the ,specimens here offered to their inspection1 contains founts of ,greek1 ,hebrew1 ,syriac1 ,arabic1 ,saxon1 ,german1 etc4 from ,brevier to ,double ,pica1 chiefly modern1 also every kind of ,accented letters1 4 4 4 4 4 4 and a variety of other ,sorts1 of which ,specimens are not yet printed40 #cbi ,the activity of the new proprietors resulted in a rapid increase in the extent and business of the foundry4 ,supplementary specimens were frequently issued between #ahbj and #ahcj1 when the style of the firm became ,blake and ,stephenson4 ,mr4 ,stephenson was a man of great energy1 practical skill and artistic taste1 and it is to his exertions that the rapidly-achieved eminence of the house was chiefly due4 ,in #ahda1 the firm took its present style of ,stephenson1 ,blake ,co4 ,mr4 ,stephenson directed the operations of the ,sheffield foundry until #ahfj1 when the management devolved on his son1 ,mr4 ,henry ,stephenson1 in whose hands it still remains4 ,,list ,,of ,,specimens1 #agfe-ahca4 ,no date4 ,jackson's first ,specimen of one fount4 #agfe8 7,referred to by ,nichols1 ,lit4 ,anec41 ii1 #cfj47 4 4 4 4 7,lost47 #aghc4 ,jackson's second ,specimen 7described by ,mores1 ,dissert41 p4 #hc47 4 4 4 4 7,lost47 ,no date4 ,specimen of the ,deo ,nagri or ,hindvi ,type1 cut for the purpose of printing a ,grammar and ,dictionary of that ,language under the ,direction of ,william ,kirkpatrick1 ,captain in the ,service of the ,honourable ,east ,india ,company1 and ,persian ,secretary to the ,commander in ,chief in ,india4 ,by ,joseph ,jackson1 ,letter ,founder1 ,salisbury ,court1 ,fleet ,street4 #aghd8 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,j4 ,f47 #agih4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,william ,caslon1 ,letter ,founder to the ,king1 ,salisbury ,square1 ,london4 #agih4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,w4 ,b47 #agih4 ,a ,specimen of ,cast ,ornaments by ,william ,caslon1 ,letter ,founder to the ,king4 ,london4 ,printed by ,c4 ,whittingham4 #agih4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,w4 ,b47 #ahjc4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,w4 ,caslon and ,son1 ,letter ,founders to the ,king4 ,london4 ,printed by ,c4 ,whittingham1 ,dean ,street1 ,fetter ,lane4 #ahjc4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caslon47 #ahjg4 ,the above ,specimen1 with additions1 and title1 altered from 8,w4 ,caslon and ,son1 #ahjc10 to 8,w4 ,caslon1 junr41 #ahjg40 4 4 4 4 7,caslon47 ,no date4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types1 etc41 by ,blake1 ,garnett and ,co4 7successors to ,mr4 ,w4 ,caslon1 of ,london71 ,letter ,founders1 ,sheffield4 7#ahai47 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4 ,b4 ,r47 #ahbf4 ,supplement to ,blake1 ,garnett and ,co4's ,specimen1 #ahbf4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel41 #ddje47 #ahbg4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,blake1 ,garnett and ,co4 7successors to ,mr4 ,w4 ,caslon of ,london71 ,letter ,founders1 ,allen ,street1 ,sheffield4 #ahbg4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel41 #ddjf47 #ahbg-h4 ,supplements to ,blake1 ,garnett and ,co4's ,specimen1 #ahbg and #ahbh4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel41 #ddjh47 #ahcj4 ,select ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,blake and ,stephenson1 ,sheffield4 #ahcj4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel41 #ddad47 #ahca4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,blake and ,stephenson 7successors to ,mr4 ,w4 ,caslon of ,london71 ,letter ,founders1 ,sheffield4 #ahca4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,s4 ,b4 ,co47 #ccj ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,william ,,martin1 #agij4 ,william ,martin was brother to ,robert ,martin1#fgi ,baskerville's apprentice and successor4 ,he appears to have acquired his first knowledge of the art at the ,birmingham foundry1 and about the year #aghf to have come to ,london and entered into the service of ,mr4 ,george ,nicol1#fhj as a punch cutter4 ,mr4 ,nicol was at that time engaged in maturing his plans for the production of a magnificent edition of ,shakespeare1 and kept ,martin at his own house 8to cut sets of types after approved models in imitation of the sharp and fine letter used by the ,french and ,italian printers40 ,on the establishment of the famous 8,shakespeare ,press10#fha by ,messrs4 #cca ,boydell and ,nicol1 in #agij1 at ,cleveland ,row1 ,st4 ,james's1 with ,william ,bulmer as presiding genius1 ,martin was established in premises hard by1 in ,duke ,street2 his foundry being a sort of private foundry in connection with the ,press4 ,here it was that he produced the founts in which the magnificent works1 issued during the next twenty years from ,bulmer's ,press1 were printed4 ,the appearance of the first part of the ,shakespeare#fhb in #agia at once established the fame of the printer and his types2 and the completion of the work1 in nine volumes1 in #ahaj1 may be regarded as marking an epoch in ,british typography4 8,no work of equal magnitude01 says the enthusiastic ,dibdin1 8ever presented such complete accuracy and uniform excellence of execution4 ,there is scarcely one perceptible shade of variation from the first page of the first volume1 to the last page of the work1 either in the colour of the ink1 the hue of the paper1 or the clearness and sharpness of the types40#fhc ,the ,milton1#fhd which followed1 is considered a still finer specimen of typography4 ,the enthusiasm animating all concerned in the new undertaking was remarkable1 and attracted universal attention4 8,the nation10 says ,dibdin1 8appeared to be not less struck than astonished2 and our venerable monarch1 ,george ,,iii1 felt anxious not only to give such a magnificent establishment every degree of royal support1 but1 infected with the matrix and puncheon mania1 he had even contemplated the creation of a royal printing office within the walls of his own palace40 ,one of the ,king's great ambitions was for ,england to rival ,parma in the productions of ,bodoni1#fhe and ,dibdin alludes to a story current at the time of 8his majesty being completely and joyfully taken in1 by bestowing upon the efforts of ,mr4 ,bulmer's press that eulogy which he had supposed was due exclusively to ,bodoni's04#fhf ,in the advertisement of his edition of the ,poems of ,goldsmith and ,parnell1#fhg printed in #agie and dedicated to the ,messrs4 ,boydell and ,nicol1 the founders of the ,shakespeare ,press1 ,bulmer thus bears testimony to the talents of those who had contributed to the performance3--8,the present volume1 in addition to #ccb the ,shakespeare1 the ,milton1 and many other valuable works of elegance which have already been given to the world through the medium of the ,shakespeare ,press1 are 7sic7 particularly meant to combine the various beauties of printing1 type founding1 engraving1 and paper making2 as well as with a view to ascertain the near approach to perfection which those arts have attained to 7in7 this country1 as to invite a fair competition with the typographical productions of other nations4 ,how far the different artists who have contributed their exertions to this great object have succeeded in the attempt1 the public will now be fully able to judge40 ,in all these encomiums1 ,martin claims a share2 and1 regarded simply as type specimens1 the productions of the ,shakespeare ,press justify his reputation as a worthy disciple of his great master ,baskerville4 ,his ,roman and ,italic types were cut in decided imitation of the famous ,birmingham models2 although ,hansard points out with disapproval that in certain particulars he attempted unwisely to vary the design4 8,as to the type01 he says1 8the modern artist1 ,mr4 ,martin1 has made an effort to cut the ceriphs and hair strokes excessively sharp and fine2 the long is discarded1 and some trifling changes are introduced2 but the letter does not stand so true or well in line as ,baskerville's1 and1 as to the ,italic1 the ,birmingham artist will be found to far excel40#fhh ,the ,shakespeare ,press1 along with all the other presses of the land1 had to bow before the revolution which in the closing years of last century swept aside the beautiful old-face ,roman1 and set up in its stead the modern character2 and ,hansard's strictures above-quoted doubtless refer to ,martin's endeavour1 while adhering to the ,baskerville form as his model1 to modify it so as to conform to the new fashion4 ,we are among those who deplore the change thus inaugurated2 but at the same time it must be admitted that ,martin succeeded as well in the new departure as any of his contemporaries4 ,nor did he confine himself to ,roman and ,italic4 ,he produced several founts of ,greeks and ,orientals1 which eventually came to form the most valuable part of his collection4#fhi ,his ,greek character1 however1 like the ,greeks attempted by ,baskerville and ,bodoni1 was not a success2 and the otherwise beautiful edition of ,musus1 printed in #agig1fij and bearing on the title-page his name as the cutter of the type1 is marred by the cramped and inelegant effect of that character4 #ccc ,although ,martin's foundry was entirely supported by1 and1 indeed1 belonged to1 the ,shakespeare ,press1 he appears occasionally to have supplied his types to outsiders--amongst others to ,mc,creery1 the author of the well-known poem on the ,press1 and himself a very elegant printer4 ,the ,press1#fia was printed in #ahjc from ,martin's type1 as a specimen of typography1 and in his preface the author pays the following tribute to that artist's abilities3--8,the extraordinary efforts which have of late years been made to produce the finest models of ,printing ,types1 must be highly gratifying to those who have in any measure interested themselves in raising the credit of the ,british ,press4 ,the spirit for this species of beauty has long been gaining an ascendancy1 having received a strong impulse from the talents of ,baskerville1 who endeavoured to combine sharpness and perfection of impression with graceful types1 giving to his works a finish which was before unknown in this kingdom4 ,mr4 ,martin1 whose abilities are so conspicuously displayed in the productions of the ,shakespeare ,press1 is a pupil of that celebrated school4 ,by the liberality of ,george ,nicol1 ,esq41 ,i am enabled to boast of being the first who has participated with ,mr4 ,bulmer in the use of these types1 a mark of kindness for which my warmest acknowledgements are the least recompense he has a right to expect40 ,several of the other productions of ,mc,creery's press were also printed from ,martin's type4 ,among the finest specimens of the ,shakespeare ,press printed in ,bulmer's time1 the three great bibliographical works of ,dibdin1 viz41 the ,typographical ,antiquities1#fib the ,bibliotheca ,spenceriana1#fic and the ,bibliographical ,decameron1#fid will always take a foremost place4 ,martin1 whose ,roman type rarely appeared to greater advantage1 unfortunately did not live to see the completion of the whole of these typographical masterpieces1 as he died in the summer of #ahae4 ,he was buried in ,st4 ,james's ,church1 ,westminster4 ,after his death1 the foundry 7of which unfortunately no specimen-book exists71 appears to have been continued for a short time by ,mr4 ,bulmer1 who1 #ccd between #ahae and #ahai1 when he himself retired1 produced several fine works4#fie ,prior to that event--in #ahag--,mr4 ,nichols states that the foundry was united with that of the ,caslons4#fif ,there is1 however1 reason for supposing that some of the matrices were retained for the use of the ,shakespeare ,press1 and that others went into the market and were secured by other founders4#fig ,the ,shakespeare ,press1 under the supervision of ,mr4 ,w4 ,nicol1 continued in active operation till #ahee1 when he retired1 and his printing materials were sold2 thus closing one of the most memorable chapters in the history of ,british typographical enterprise4 ,illustration #cce ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,vincent ,,figgins1 #agib4 ,this excellent letter-founder was bound apprentice to ,joseph ,jackson in the year #aghb1 at the age of #af1 and remained in his service till ,jackson's death in #agib4 ,during the last three years of his master's life1 as has been already said1 the entire management of the foundry devolved on him2 and the experience and connection so acquired fully qualified him to succeed to and increase the business to whose success he had materially contributed4 ,contrary to expectation1 however1 ,vincent ,figgins found himself1 on ,jackson's death1 left in the position of an ordinary outsider2 and not being able or willing to pay the sum demanded1 which was in excess of what he conscientiously considered the concern to be worth1 he failed in succeeding to the foundry1 which was purchased by ,william ,caslon ,,iii4 ,left thus to his own resources1 ,mr4 ,figgins was constrained to enter on an independent undertaking4 ,encouraged by the advice of ,mr4 ,john ,nichols1 7who1 as the intimate friend of ,jackson1 had had many opportunities of observing the character and talent of his apprentice71 he determined to rear a foundry in his own name4 8,a large order10 says ,hansard1 8for two founts1 ,great ,primer and ,pica1 of each #b1jjj lbs--even before he had printed a single specimen--gave the young adventurer the best heart to proceed2 neither did his liberal patron suffer him to want the sinews of trade as long as such assistance was required40 ,writing to ,mr4 ,nichols1 fifteen years afterwards1 in reference to a passage in #ccf the ,literary ,anecdotes1 ,mr4 ,figgins thus gracefully acknowledged the generosity which befriended him at the beginning of his career3 8,i am greatly obliged to you for the very flattering mention of my name1 but you have not done yourself the justice to record your own kindness to me3 that1 on ,mr4 ,jackson's death1 finding ,i had not the means to purchase the foundry1 you encouraged me to make a beginning4 ,you gave me large orders and assisted me with the means of executing them2 and during a long and difficult struggle in pecuniary matters for fifteen years1 you1 my dear ,sir1 never refused me your assistance1 without which ,i must have given it up4 ,do mention this--that1 as the first ,mr4 ,bowyer was the means of establishing ,mr4 ,caslon--his son1 ,mr4 ,jackson--it may be known that ,vincent ,figgins owes his prosperity to ,mr4 ,bowyer's successor40#fih ,mr4 ,figgins established himself in ,swan ,yard1 ,holborn1 and at the outset of his undertaking an opportunity occurred which served as largely as any other to establish his reputation as an excellent artist4 ,this was the completion of ,macklin's ,bible1 for which1 as has already been narrated1 ,mr4 ,jackson had1 in #aghi1 cut the beautiful #b-line ,english ,roman fount1 in which the first part of the work is printed4 8,when ,mr4 ,bensley had proceeded some way in the work he wished to renew the fount2 but not choosing to purchase it of ,mr4 ,caslon1 the then possessor of ,jackson's matrices1 he applied to ,mr4 ,figgins to cut a fount to correspond with that he had begun upon4 ,mr4 ,figgins undertook the task2 and the fount1 which was a perfect imitation of the other1 was put into use to begin ,deuteronomy about the year #agic40fii ,of the excellence of this performance both as a facsimile and as a work of art1 a reference to the splendid ,bible#gjj itself and the no less splendid edition of ,thomson's ,seasons1#gja in which the same type was used in #agig1 is the most eloquent testimony4 ,mr4 ,figgins received the honour of being named on the title-page of the latter work1 which still remains one of the finest achievements of ,english typography4#gjb ,his services were also employed in a similar manner to complete the ,double ,pica fount for ,r4 ,bowyer's edition of ,hume1 which1 it will be remembered1 was in course of execution by ,jackson at the time of his death4 ,the splendid types in which these masterpieces of the typographic art were executed1 established ,mr4 ,figgins at once in all the reputation he could desire4 #ccg ,illustration3 #gg4 ,two-line ,english ,roman cut by ,vincent ,figgins1 #agib4 7,from the original matrices47 ,in #agib1 he put forward a single-leaf specimen of the #b-line ,english fount on its completion4 ,in the following year1 having added a 8long-bodied0 ,english and a ,pica1 he issued his first ,specimen ,book4 ,this interesting document of five leaves 7title1 address1 and three specimens7 was printed by ,bensley1 and contained the following prefatory note1 which will be read with interest as the first public announcement of this ,foundry3 8,at a period when the ,art of ,printing has1 perhaps1 arrived to a degree of excellence hitherto unknown in the annals of literature1 the improvement of ,types will no doubt be generally considered an object worthy of attention4 ,vincent ,figgins having had the advantage of ten years' instruction and servitude under the late ingenious ,mr4 ,joseph ,jackson 7great part of which time he had the management of his ,foundery71 flatters himself he shall not be thought arrogant in soliciting the patronage of the ,master ,printers1 and other ,literary ,gentlemen1 when he has commenced an entire new ,letter ,foundery1 every branch of which1 with their support and encouragement1 he hopes he shall be enabled to execute in the most accurate and satisfactory manner2 assuring them that his best endeavours shall be exerted to complete so arduous an undertaking4 ,although as yet he has but few founts finished1 he is anxious to submit a specimen for approbation4 ,all orders he may be favoured with shall be duly attended to and punctually executed4 4 4 ,the ,italics of the following founts1 with a ,long ,primer1 ,brevier and ,english1 are in great forwardness--specimens of which shall be printed as soon as possible4 ,may #agic40 ,one of the first public appearances of the ,english fount was in the #hvo edition of ,milton's ,paradise ,lost1 begun in #agid in monthly parts1 and published #cch by ,parsons in #agif4gjc ,the announcement accompanying ,part ,i makes special reference to 8a new and beautiful ,type cast on purpose for this work by ,vincent ,figgins40 ,the ,italic of this fount is specially elegant4 ,mr4 ,figgins' indefatigable industry enabled him to issue in the next year an enlarged ,specimen ,book with the same title and address as before1 but containing twelve sheets of specimens1 four of which were dated #agid4 ,he met with further encouragement in his new undertaking by the patronage of the ,delegates of the ,oxford ,press1 under whose direction he completed a fount of ,double ,pica ,greek1 the progress of which had been interrupted by the death of ,mr4 ,jackson4 ,in connection with this circumstance1 ,mr4 ,vincent ,figgins the younger1 in the remarks appended to his facsimile reprint of ,caxton's ,game of the ,chesse1 has preserved an anecdote1 which it will be interesting to repeat here1 not only as having reference to ,mr4 ,figgins' early productions1 but as illustrating a curious phase of the mystery of type founding at that day3 8,the mystery thrown over the operations of a ,type foundry10 says ,mr4 ,vincent ,figgins ,,ii in #ahee1 8within my own recollection 7thirty-four years71 and the still greater secrecy which had existed in my father's experience1 testifies that the art had been perpetuated by a kind of ,druidical or ,masonic induction from the first4 ,an anecdote of my father's early struggles may illustrate this4 ,at the death of ,mr4 ,joseph ,jackson1 whom my father had served ten years as apprentice and foreman1 there was in progress for the ,university ,press of ,oxford a new fount of ,double ,pica ,greek1 which had progressed under my father's entire management4 ,the then delegates of that ,press--the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,randolph and the ,rev4 ,w4 ,jackson--suggested that ,mr4 ,figgins should finish the fount himself4 ,this1 with other offers of support from those who had previously known him1 was the germ of his prosperity 7which was always gratefully acknowledged74 ,but when he had undertaken this work1 the difficulty presented itself that he did not know where to find the punch-cutter4 ,no one knew his address2 but he was supposed to be a tall man1 who came in a mysterious way occasionally1 whose name no one knew1 but he went by the sobriquet of #8,the ,black ,man4' ,this old gentleman1 a very clever mechanic1 lived to be a pensioner on my father's bounty--gratitude is1 perhaps1 the better word4 ,i knew him1 and could never understand the origin of his sobriquet1 unless ,black was meant for dark1 mysterious1 from the manner of his coming and going from ,mr4 ,jackson's foundry40 ,shortly after the completion of the ,greek fount1 ,mr4 ,figgins was called upon #cci to execute a fount of ,persian under the direction of the eminent ,orientalist1 ,sir ,william ,ouseley4#gjd ,this type was used in ,francis ,gladwin's ,persian ,moonshee#gje in #ahja1 and other works2 and was commended by ,dr4 ,adam ,clarke as a beautiful letter in the finest form of the ,nustaleek character4 ,about the same time1 he cut a fount of ,english ,tleg from a ,,ms41 for the ,east ,india ,company1 in whose library1 says ,hansard1 the 8matrices or moulds0 were afterwards deposited4 ,of this fount he issued two specimens about #ahjb1 one a folio1 the other a quarto2 and about the same time put forward a specimen of 8,two-line letters0 in the same form4 ,in the year #ahjj1 ,mr4 ,figgins was engaged by ,messrs4 ,eyre and ,strahan1 ,his ,majesty's ,printers1 to cut and cast an improved fount of ,small ,pica ,domesday2 and1 in #ahje1 a new ,pica of the same character1 expressly for the purpose of printing the splendid and valuable publications of the ,commission of ,enquiry into the ,state of the ,records of the ,kingdom4#gjf ,in the years #ahjg and #ahjh1 he was also employed by ,his ,majesty's ,printers in ,scotland on three further #cdj founts 7,pica1 ,long ,primer1 and ,brevier7 for the purpose of printing the ,records of that portion of the ,empire4#gjg ,this improved ,domesday 7a specimen of which may be seen in ,johnson's ,typographia71 differs considerably from that of ,jackson1 in which the ,domesday ,book had been printed in #aghc1gjh and became1 subsequently1 the uniform character adopted for extracts from ,domesday and other ancient ,charters and ,records quoted in modern topographical works4 ,mr4 ,figgins' good fortune in the first results of his new business was somewhat tempered by the fact that1 within a few years of the establishment of his foundry1 the public taste with regard to the ordinary ,roman letter experienced a complete revolution1 setting aside the elegant models on which the punches of ,jackson and his contemporaries had been cut1 in favour of the new fashion which came in with the nineteenth century4 ,to accommodate himself to this fashion must have involved ,mr4 ,figgins in a considerable sacrifice of his early labour and industry1 and the circumstance may possibly account for the somewhat remarkable absence of any specimen bearing his name for a lengthened period4 ,in the appendix to ,stower's ,printers' ,grammar1 #ahjh1 which exhibits the 8modern faces0 of ,caslon and ,fry1 the compiler regrets not being able to show specimens of the new cut types from ,mr4 ,figgins' foundry1 8but understands that in a few months ,mr4 ,f4 will have fully completed his specimens40 ,these new founts appear in a specimen of #ahae1 a book which contains #bd pages of large letter from #af-line to #d-line2 #ce pages of ,roman and ,italic from ,french ,canon to ,pearl2 together with ,titlings1 ,black ,letter1 and ,flowers1 and a few ,orientals4 ,two years later1 ,mr4 ,figgins put forward a specimen of ,newspaper founts1 showing a series of eight sizes1 on a broadside sheet1--the first specimen of the kind1 we believe1 specially addressed to the proprietors of the public press4 ,the title of this sheet is printed in the #e-line ,german ,text1 which ,hansard describes as a typographical curiosity4 ,speaking of ,mr4 ,figgins about #ahab1 ,mr4 ,nichols remarks 7in the passage which called for the acknowledgment already quoted73 8,with an ample portion of his kind instructor's reputation1 he inherits a considerable share of his talents and industry1 and has distinguished himself by the many beautiful specimens he has produced1 and particularly of ,oriental ,types40#gji #cda ,the foundry had1 in the year #ahja1 been removed from ,swan ,yard1 ,holborn1 to ,west ,street1 ,west ,smithfield1 where1 besides the work of completing the founts most commonly in use1 several important and interesting tasks of a special character had engaged ,mr4 ,figgins' attention4 ,among these may be mentioned the ,small ,pica ,hebrew for ,bagster's ,polyglot1#gaj in #ahag1 which had the distinction in its day of being the smallest ,hebrew with points in ,england4 ,dibdin1 in his ,bibliographical ,decameron 7ii1 #djh71 while specially commending the ,polyglot1 quotes a letter from ,mr4 ,bagster in reference to the ,figgins ,hebrew fount1 which it will be interesting to repeat here4 ,writing to ,dibdin1 ,mr4 ,bagster remarks3 8,the difficulty to the compositor of the ,hebrew with points far exceeds every other language4 ,you are doubtless aware that every line is composed of three distinct lines2 i4e41 points and accents both above and below the line of letters4 ,i wrote to the printer and letter founder to display these1 and one of the letters 7that of ,mr4 ,figgins which follows7 is enclosed as their accounts nearly agree4 ,the difference between the fount with points1 and that which is without them is very striking4 ,the former requires #be points and accents and #acf mixed letters2 whereas the latter has only #cb altogether and one stop--a difference between the founts of #acb characters--the first with points exceeding by so considerable a number1 and some are so minute that one ounce is found to contain no less than #bcf4 8,when ,i embraced the design of this work1 no suitable fount of ,hebrew existed4 ,it became therefore necessary to cut the steel punches and the brass 7sic7 matrices before the fount of letter could be cast2 and thus our country is enriched by the creation of this new fount4 8,the ,greek and ,roman type ,i think will also be admired for the delicate neatness of their execution4 ,the ,hebrew and ,greek types are of the neatest form1 and the latter is that of ,porson40 4 4 4 ,mr4 ,figgins' letter enclosed is as follows3 8,the number of ,hebrew matrices are #hb2 these are all first cast on a minion body1 and #ed of them are again cast on a diamond body1 to admit of marks and accents being put over them4 ,the accents and points are #be in number1 of which there are1 of the thinnest sort1 about #bdj to the ounce4 ,the number of boxes required to contain the fount are3 #cdb 8,minion ,hebrew #hb ,spaces 7#d71 em and en quads 7#b71 large quad 7#a7 #g ,diamond ,hebrew #ed ,spaces same as ,minion #g ,minikin accents and marks #be ,spaces1 etc41 same as ,minion #g #ahb 8,i am1 ,sir1 your obedient servant1 8,west ,street1 ,london1 #afth ,oct41 #ahaf4 ,v4 ,,figgins40 ,the ,syriac used in ,bagster's ,polyglot#gaa was not cut by ,mr4 ,figgins2 but he had previously produced three sizes of this character1 viz43 a ,double ,pica1 ,english1 and ,long ,primer 7two founts71 under the direction and partly at the expense of ,dr4 ,claudius ,buchanan1 the eminent ,indian missionary and ,orientalist1 whose work on ,christian ,researches in ,asia1 with notices of translations of the ,scriptures into the ,oriental ,languages1 had been published at ,cambridge1 in #ahaa4 ,at the time of his death1 in #ahae1 ,dr4 ,buchanan was engaged in editing for the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society a ,syriac ,new ,testament1 which appeared in the following year1 printed in ,figgins' type4#gab ,the founts already specified--to which may be added a ,small ,pica ,irish1 copied from the copper-plate engravings in ,charles ,vallancey's ,irish ,grammar1 and some additional ,greeks1 cut under ,porson's superintendence--constituted the chief features of ,mr4 ,figgins' foundry in respect of the learned and foreign founts4 ,with regard to its progress in the characters of more general use1 it will be sufficient to quote ,mr4 ,hansard's note1 written in #ahbe1 and based doubtless on an examination of the excellent1 specimen of #ahba1 with its additions in #ahbb and #ahbc3--8,no foundry existing is better stocked with matrices for those extraneous sorts which are cut more with a view to accommodation than profit2 such as astronomical1 geometrical1 algebraical1 physical1 genealogical1 and arithmetical sorts2 and ,i feel it particularly incumbent on me to add that1 as his specimen bears equal rank with any for the number and beauty of its founts1 so he has strayed less into the folly of fat-faced preposterous disproportions1 than either ,thorne1 ,fry or ,caslon4 ,i consider his ,five-line ,pica ,german text a typographical curiosity40#gac #cdc ,the following is ,hansard's summary of the foreign and learned founts contained in this foundry in #ahbe3 ,,mr4 ,,figgins' ,,foundry4 ,domesday4#gad ,pica1 ,small ,pica4 ,german ,text 7,ornamental74 ,five-line ,pica4 ,greek4#gae ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,pica1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier4 ,hebrew4 ,english with points1 ,pica1 ,small ,pica1 ,ditto with points4#gaf--,long ,primer1 ,nonpareil4 ,irish4 ,small ,pica4 ,persian4 ,paragon4 ,saxon4 ,pica1 ,small ,pica1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier4 ,syriac4 ,double ,pica1 ,english1 ,long ,primer1 ,brevier4 ,tleg4#gag ,english4 ,black4 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer1 ,english1 ,pica1 ,long ,primer4 ,further specimens were issued in #ahbd and #ahbf1 each indicating the rapid growth of the rising foundry between those dates4 ,they were followed in #ahbg by a compact little #afmo volume2 and from that date specimens are frequent4 ,mr4 ,figgins died at ,peckham1 ,feb4 #bith1 #ahdd4 ,he was for several years ,common ,councillor for the ,ward of ,farringdon ,without2 8an amiable and worthy character1 8says ,nichols10 and generally respected48 ,he had relinquished business in #ahcf1 leaving it to his two sons1 ,vincent ,figgins ,,ii and ,james ,figgins1 who issued their first specimen book1 a handsome quarto1 under the style of ,v4 ,j4 ,figgins1 in #ahch4 ,mr4 ,vincent ,figgins ,,ii died in #ahfj1gah when the business was carried on by ,mr4 ,james ,figgins ,i and his son1 ,mr4 ,james ,figgins ,,ii4 ,on the retirement of the former1 then ,mr4 ,alderman ,figgins1 ,m4,p41 the entire management devolved on his son1 the present proprietor4 ,the foundry was removed from ,west ,street1 ,smithfield1 to ,ray ,street1 ,farringdon ,road1 in #ahfe4 #cdd ,,list ,,of ,,specimens1 #agib-ahcb4 ,no date4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,vincent ,figgins1 ,letter ,founder1 ,swan ,yard1 ,holborn ,bridge1 ,london4 7#agib47 #dto1 #b pp41 4 4 4 4 7,j4 ,f47 ,no date4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,vincent ,figgins1 ,letter ,founder1 ,swan ,yard1 ,holborn ,bridge1 ,london4 7#agic47 #dto1 #e pp4 4 4 4 4 7,j4 ,f47 #agid4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,vincent ,figgins1 ,letter ,founder1 ,swan ,yard1 ,holborn ,bridge1 ,london4 #agid4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,w4 ,b47 #ahjb4 ,specimen of a fount of ,tleg ,types cast by ,v4 ,figgins1 ,london4 #ahjb4 folio4 4 4 4 4 7,j4 ,f47 7,also in quarto47 ,no date4 ,specimen of #b-line ,letters cast by ,vincent ,figgins1 ,west ,street1 ,west ,smithfield1 ,london4 ,broadside4 7#ahjb487 4 4 4 4 7,j4 ,f47 #ahae4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,vincent ,figgins1 ,letter ,founder1 ,west ,street1 ,west ,smithfield1 ,london1 #ahae4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,ox4 ,univ4 ,pr47 #ahag4 ,newspaper ,founts cast by ,vincent ,figgins1 ,west ,street1 ,west ,smithfield1 ,london1 #ahag4 ,broadside4 4 4 4 4 7,ox4 ,univ4 ,pr47 #ahba4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,vincent ,figgins1 ,letter ,founder1 ,west ,street1 ,west ,smithfield1 ,london1 #ahba4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,j4 ,f47 7,re-issued with additions #ahbb and #ahbc47 #ahbd4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,vincent ,figgins1 ,letter ,founder1 ,west ,street1 ,west ,smithfield1 ,london1 #ahbd4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel4 #ddjc47 #ahbf4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,vincent ,figgins1 ,letter ,founder1 ,west ,street1 ,west ,smithfield1 ,london1 #ahbf4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,j4 ,f47 #ahbg4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,vincent ,figgins1 ,letter ,founder1 ,london1 #ahbg4 #afmo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel4 #ddjh47 #ahcb4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,vincent ,figgins1 ,letter ,founder1 ,west ,street1 ,west ,smithfield1 ,london1 #ahcb4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel4 #ddag47 #cde ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,minor ,,founders ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,,skinner1 circ4 #agaj4 ,this founder is mentioned by ,mores as a contemporary of ,robert ,andrews and ,head4 ,nothing1 however1 is known of his types4 ,,dummers1 circ4 #agcd4 ,mores says he was a ,dutchman who founded in this country1 where he cut the fount of ,pica ,samaritan which appears in ,caslon's ,specimen of #agcd4gai ,he subsequently returned to his native country4 ,smith1 in his ,printers' ,grammar1 after referring to the genius of ,van ,dijk1 mentions ,voskin and ,dommer 7sic7 as having 8been considered as two ,worthies1 for their abilities in their profession40 ,we append a specimen of the ,samaritan fount3 ,illustration3 #gh4 ,pica ,samaritan1 cut by ,dummers for ,caslon1 circ4 #agcd4 7,from the original ,matrices47 #cdf ,,jalleson1 circ4 #agcd4 ,this man appears to have served1 in #agcc1 as punch cutter to ,mr4 ,r4 ,wetstein of ,amsterdam1 for whom he produced1 amongst other founts1 the accented ,roman with which the ,dutch ,east ,india ,company printed their ,malay ,edition of the ,bible in that year4 ,he came to ,london1 and lived in the ,old ,bailey1 where he attempted an economical way of multiplying founts by casting six different bodies of letter from three sets of punches1 viz41 ,brevier and ,long ,primer from one set1 ,pica and ,english from another1 ,great ,primer and ,double ,pica from a third4 8,accordingly10 says ,smith1 8he charged his ,brevier1 ,pica1 and ,great ,primer with as full a face as their respective bodies would admit of1 and1 in order to make some alteration in the advancing founts1 he designed to cut the ascending and descending letters to such a length as should show the extent of their different bodies4 ,but though he had cast founts of the three minor sorts of letters1 he did not bring the rest here to perfection40#gbj ,while in ,england1 8he printed the greatest part of a ,hebrew ,bible with letter of his own casting2 but was1 by adverse fortune1 obliged to finish the said work in ,holland40 ,jalleson's system1 though apparently unsuccessful at the time1 was eventually adopted1 to a certain extent1 by ,english founders4 ,,jacob ,,ilive1 circ4 #agcj4 ,this eccentric individual was a connection of the ,james's1 his mother1 ,elizabeth1 being the daughter of ,thomas ,james1 the printer1 and consequently cousin to ,thomas ,james1 the founder4#gba ,his father was a printer resident in ,aldersgate ,street1#gbb and his two brothers1 ,abraham and ,isaac1 also followed the same calling4 ,about the year #agcj1 he applied himself to letter-founding1 and carried on a foundry and printing house together in ,aldersgate ,street over against ,aldersgate ,coffee-house1 where he was resident in #agcd4 8,but1 afterwards10 says ,mores1 8when ,calasio#gbc was to be reprinted under the inspection of ,mr4 ,romaine1 or of ,mr4 ,lutzena1 a ,portuguese ,jew who corrected the #cdg ,hebrew--as we ourselves did sometimes another part of the work--he removed to ,london ,house 7the habitation of the late ,dr4 ,rawlinson7 on the opposite side of the way1 where he was employed by the publishers of that work4 ,this was in the year #agdf40 ,his foundry was only a small one1 and does not appear to have received much patronage or to have issued a specimen4 ,the following is ,mores' summary of its contents3 8,,mr4 ,,ilive',s ,,foundery1 #agcd4 ,,occidentals3 ,greek4-- ,nonpareil1 #bjj2 another1 #hj lb4 ,roman4-- #b-line ,english1 the small letters only1 #bg2 ,pica1 similiter1 #bg2 ,brevier broadface1 #ed2 ,small ,pica1 #gj2 another1 the small letters and double only1 #ci2 ,nonpareil cap4 #bg4 ,roman and ,italic4-- ,double ,pica1 #aed2 ,great ,primer1 #bab2 ,english1 #bcf2 ,pica1 #bad2 ,long ,primer1 #bcj2 ,brevier1 #bee2 ,sm4 ,pica1 #bdh4 ,figures4-- ,pica fractions1 #bj2 ,mercantile marks1 ,pica1 #ag4 ,braces1 ,rules and ,flowers1 #cj40 ,in #agdj 7,july #c7 the foundry was purchased by ,john ,james1 in whose premises1 says ,mores1 it lay in the boxes named ,jugge1 and underwent very little alteration4 ,with regard to the sets of ,greek matrices1 ,mores also states that though ,james paid for these they never came to his hands4 ,although abandoning type-founding early1 ,ilive continued to print until the time of his death in #agfc4 ,mores says he was an expeditious compositor and knew the letters by touch4 ,he was1 however1 less noted for his typography than for his opinions4 ,nichols tells us he was somewhat disordered in his mind4 ,in #agcc he published an ,oration proving the plurality of worlds1 that this earth is hell1 that the souls of men are apostate angels1 and that the fire to punish those confined to this world at the day of judgment will be immaterial4 ,this discourse was composed in #agbi1 and spoken at ,joiners' ,hall pursuant to the will of his mother1 who died in #agcc and held the same singular opinions in divinity as her son4#gbd ,a second pamphlet1 entitled ,a ,dialogue between a ,doctor of the ,church of ,england and ,mr4 ,jacob ,ilive upon the ,subject of the ,oration1 also appeared in #agcc4 ,this strange ,oration is highly praised in ,holwell's third part of ,interesting ,events relating to ,bengal4#gbe ,in #agea ,ilive perpetrated a famous literary forgery in a pretended #cdh translation of the ,book of ,jasher1#gbf said to have been made by one ,alcuin of ,britain4 8,the account given of the translation10 says ,mores1 8is full of glaring absurdities1 but of the publication1 this we can say1 from the information of the ,only-,one who is capable of informing us1 because the business was a secret between the ,two3 ,mr4 ,ilive in the night-time had constantly an ,hebrew ,bible before him 7sed qu4 de hoc7 and cases in his closet4 ,he produced the copy for ,jasher1 and it was composed in private1 and the forms worked off in the night-time in a private press-room by these ,two1 after the men of the ,printing-house had left their work4 ,mr4 ,ilive was an expeditious compositor1 though he worked in a nightgown and swept the cases to pye with the sleeves40#gbg ,in #agef1 for publishing ,modest ,remarks on the late ,bishop ,sherlock's ,sermons1 ,ilive was imprisoned in ,clerkenwell ,bridewell1 where he remained for two years1 improving the occasion by writing and publishing ,reasons offered for the ,reformation of the ,house of ,correction in ,clerkenwell1 in #ageg4 ,he also projected several other reforming works4#gbh ,in the last year of his life1 #agfb1 he once more became notorious as the ringleader of a schism among the members of the ,stationers' ,company1 of which the following narrative 7communicated by ,mr4 ,bowyer7 is given by ,gough3 8,he called a meeting of the ,company for ,monday the #cast of ,may1 being ,whit-,monday1 at the ,dog ,tavern1 on ,garlick ,hill1 #8to rescue their liberties1' and choose ,master and ,wardens4 ,ilive was chosen chairman for the day2 and1 standing on the upper table in the hall1 he thanked the freemen for the honour they had done him--laid before them several clauses of their two charters--and proposed ,mr4 ,christopher ,norris and some one else to them for ,master2 the choice falling upon ,mr4 ,norris4 ,he then proposed1 in like manner1 ,john ,lenthall1 ,esq41 and ,john ,wilcox1 ,gent41 with two others for ,wardens2 when the two first nominated were elected4 ,a ,committee was then appointed by the votes of the ,common ,hall to meet the first ,tuesday in each month at the ,horn ,tavern1 in ,doctors' ,commons1 to inquire into the state of the ,company1 which ,committee consisted of twenty-one persons1 five of whom 7provided the ,master and ,wardens were of the number71 were empowered to act as fully as if the whole of the ,committee were present4 ,july the #fth being the first ,tuesday in the month1 the newly-elected ,master1 about twelve o'clock1 came into the ,hall1 and being seated at the upper end of it1 the ,clerk of the ,hall was sent for and desired to swear ,mr4 ,norris into his office2 but he declined1 and ,mr4 ,ilive officiated as the ,clerk in #cdi administering the oath4 ,a boy then offered himself to be bound2 but no ,warden being present1 he was desired to defer until next month1 when several were bound2 some freemen made2 and others admitted on the livery2 one of whom1 at least1 has frequently polled at ,guildhall in contested elections40#gbi ,no particular notice appears to have been taken of the proceedings1 and the rebellion was short lived4 ,previous to its outbreak1 ,ilive had published a pamphlet on ,the ,charter and ,grants of the ,company of ,stationers2 with ,observations and ,remarks thereon1 in which he recited various grievances and stated the opinion of counsel upon several points4 8,i have a copy of this pamphlet10 says ,mr4 ,hansard1 8now lying before me1 the twentieth page of which concludes with the line1 #8,excudebat1 edebat1 donabat1 ,jacob ,ilive1 ,anno #agfb4' 0 ,ilive died in the following year4 ,,the ,,westons4 ,some founders of this name are mentioned by ,ames2 but ,mores supposes that ,ames1 8who10 he adds1 8was an arrant blunderer10 has made ,englishmen of the ,wetsteins of ,amsterdam1 who founded in that city about #agcc-dc4 ,the ,wetsteins1 though they doubtless had considerable type dealings with this country1 are not known at any time to have practised type-founding in ,england4 ,,john ,,baine1 #agdi4 ,after the dissolution of partnership between ,wilson and ,baine in #agdi1gcj the latter appears to have come to ,london1 where1 ,rowe ,mores informs us1 8he published a specimen 7very pretty7 without a date4 ,it exhibits ,great ,primer and ,pica ,greek and 7we take no notice of title letters7 the ,roman and ,italic regulars beginning at ,great ,primer2 and the bastard ,small ,pica4 ,mr4 ,baine left ,england and is now 7#aggh71 we think1 alive in ,scotland40 ,he appears to have carried his foundry with him1 for we find in a specimen of types belonging to a printer1 ,john ,reid1 in ,edinburgh1 in #agfh1gca two founts1 a ,small ,pica and a ,minion marked as having been supplied by him4 ,in #aghg was published a ,specimen by ,john ,baine and ,grandson in ,co4 at ,edinburgh1 a copy of which is in the ,library of the ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 ,worcester1 ,massachusetts4 #cej ,about the same date they established a foundry in ,philadelphia1 the grandson having probably taken charge of the new venture before being joined by his relative4 ,isaiah ,thomas#gcb speaks in high praise of the mechanical ability of the elder ,baine1 and adds that his knowledge of type-founding was the effect of his own industry2 for he was self-taught4 ,both1 he says1 were good workmen and had full employment4 ,they appear to have been moderately successful in ,america4#gcc ,the elder ,baine died in #agij1 aged #gg4 ,his grandson relinquished the business soon after1 and1 says ,mr4 ,thomas1 died at ,augusta in ,georgia about the year #agii4 ,,specimens4 ,no date4 ,specimen by ,john ,baine1 ,london1 #agef 7874 7,noted by ,mores47 4 4 4 4 7,lost47 #aghg4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,john ,baine ,grandson in ,co41 ,letter ,founders1 ,edinburgh1 #aghg4 4 4 4 4 7,amer4 ,ant4 ,soc47 ,,george ,,anderton1 #agec4 ,george ,anderton1 of ,birmingham1 appears to have been one of the earliest of ,english provincial letter founders4 ,mores says he 8attempted0 letter founding1 and in the year #agec printed a little specimen of ,great ,primer ,roman and ,italic4 ,samuel ,caslon1 brother to ,caslon ,i1 worked as a mould maker in this foundry after having left the latter on account of some dispute4 ,,specimen4 #agec4 ,a ,specimen of ,great ,primer by ,george ,anderton1 ,birmingham1 #agec4 7,noted by ,mores47 4 4 4 4 7,lost47 ,,henry ,,fougt1 circ4 #agff4 ,this man1 a ,german1 lived in ,st4 ,martin's ,lane about the year #agff1 and1 in the following year1 took out a patent for 8,certain new and curious types by me invented for the printing of music notes as neatly and as well1 in every respect1 as hath usually been done by engraving40 ,the ,invention consisted in the use of sectional types 8in many respects similar to what in former ages was used in printing-offices and known by the name of choral type40 ,an explanatory note1 #cea setting forth the details of his scheme1 accompanies the specification4#gcd ,fougt issued a specimen of his new type in #agfh1 and is said to have been the only printer of music from type of his day who produced any good work4 ,mores says that he returned to ,germany1 after selling his patent to one ,falconer1 a disappointed harpsichord maker4 ,,specimen4 #agfh4 ,specimen of a ,new ,type for ,music by ,h4 ,fougt4 ,in ,six ,sonatas by ,uttini4 #c vols4 ,london1 #agfh4 ,folio4 4 4 4 4 7,bibl4 ,pr4 i1 #bbf47 ,,joseph ,,fenwick1 circ4 #aggj4 ,mores' quaint account of this unlucky person is as follows3--8,mr4 ,joseph ,fenwick was a locksmith1 and worked as a journeyman in ,david ,street in ,oxford ,road4 ,invited by an advertisement from ,mr4 ,caslon for a smith who could file smooth and make a good screw1 he applied1 and is now mould-mender in ordinary to ,mr4 ,caslon4 ,but his ingenuity hath prompted him to greater things than a good screw4 ,he hath cut a fount of ,two-line ,pica ,scriptorial for a divine1 the planner of the ,statute at ,plaisterers' ,hall for demising and to farm letting servants of both sexes and all services4 ,of him ,mr4 ,caslon required an enormous sum when he thought that nobody could do the work but himself4 ,mr4 ,fenwick succeeded at a very moderate expence2 for he has not been paid for his labour4 ,the plausible design of the fount was the relief and ease of our rural vineyarders1 and the service of those churches in which the galleries overlook the pulpit40 ,in the synopsis of founts given at the end of ,mores' book1 ,fenwick's ,scriptorial1 or ,cursive1 is mentioned as being at that time 7#aggh7 obtainable4 ,t4 ,,richards1 #aggh4 ,mores says he lived near ,hungerford ,bridge1 and called himself letter founder and toyman2 but appeared to be an instrument maker for marking the shirts of soldiers 8to prevent plunder in times of peace40 8,but we have seen no specimen10 he adds1 8either on paper or on rags40 ,mc,p,h,a,i,l1 #aggh4 ,mores describes him as a ,scotchman without address4 8,it is said that he hath cut two full-faced founts1 one of ,two-line ,english1 the other of ,two-line ,small ,pica2 hath made the moulds1 and casts the letter his self4 ,if this be true #ceb 7and we have reason to believe it is not altogether false7 he must travel like the circumforanean printers of names from door to door soon after the invention of the art1 with all the apparatus in a pack upon his shoulders2 for he is a nullibiquarian1 and we cannot find his founding house40 ,to this account ,hansard adds in #ahbe3--8;,i have reason to believe that1 some years ago1 the foundry of ,mc,phail1 which ,mores has commemorated by a most humorous paragraph1 was carried on either by the same individual or a descendant2 but it continues to be screened from observation by the same cloud which obscured it from the curiosity of that illustrious typographical historian40 ,,imisson1 #aghe4 ,lemoine mentions an ingenious person of this name1 8who1 among other pursuits1 made some progress in the art of ,letter ,founding1 and actually printed several small popular novels at ,manchester with wood-cuts cut by himself4 ,but other mechanical pursuits took him off1 and death removed him in #agia40gce ,,myles ,,swinney1 #aghe4 ,this provincial typographer was printer and proprietor of the ,birmingham ,chronicle in #aggd1 and appears to have commenced a letter foundry shortly after the breaking up of ,baskerville's establishment4 ,his shops were in the ,high ,street1 ,birmingham2 and in ,bisset's ,magnificent ,directory 7#ahjj7 a view of his premises is given1 including the ,type ,foundry4 ,he is styled ,letter ,founder1 ,bookseller and ,printer1 in the ,directories of #aghe1 and subsequently added to his other pursuits that of ,medicine ,vendor4 ,in #agic he was a member of the ,association of ,founders at that time in existence2 and1 about the year #ahjc1 issued a neat ,specimen ,book of twenty pages1 comprising a series of ,roman and ,italic and a few ,ornamented and ,shaded letters4 ,the notice accorded to him in the ,magnificent ,directory is very complimentary3--8,this useful ,branch of the ,typographic ,art1 immediately on the demise of the late celebrated ,baskerville1 was resumed and is now continued1 with persevering industry and success1 by ,mr4 ,swinney1 whose elegant ,specimens of ,printing add celebrity to the other manufactures of this ,emporium of the ,arts40 #cec ,the ,poetic ,survey round ,birmingham accompanying the ,directory1 immortalizes our founder in the following couplet3 8,the ,gods at ,swinney's ,foundry stood amaz'd1 ,and at each curious ,type and ,letter gaz'd40 ,among his workmen was ,john ,handy1 a former punch cutter for ,baskerville4#gcf ,mr4 ,swinney died in #ahab1 aged #gd2 having been printer and proprietor of the ,birmingham ,chronicle for nearly fifty years4 ,,specimen4 ,no date4 ,specimen of part of the ,printing ,types cast by ,myles ,swinney1 of ,birmingham4 ,swinney and ,hawkins1 ,printers1 ,birmingham4 7#ahjb87 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,s4,t47 ,,simeon ,,charles ,,stephenson1 #aghi4 ,this short-lived foundry was established in the ,savoy prior to #aghi1 in which year it appears to have been known as ,bell and ,stephenson's ,british ,letter ,foundry1 and to have issued a specimen4 ,in #agic the style was altered to ,simeon ,stephenson ,co41 and subsequently to ,simeon and ,charles ,stephenson1 who removed the foundry to ,bream's ,buildings1 ,chancery ,lane4 ,both the partners were members of the ,association of ,founders existing at that time4 ,of their foundry little is known beyond what may be gathered from their elegant ,specimen ,book of ,types and ,ornaments issued in #agif4 ,the title-page of this volume states that their punches were cut by ,richard ,austin2 and the address to the trade#gcg 7which is dated #agig7 refers to the flattering encouragement hitherto received by the proprietors from the public4 ,the specimen exhibits ten pages of large titling letters1 fourteen pages of ,roman and ,italic1 from ,double ,pica to ,minion1 and the remainder chiefly ornaments4 ,the types1 especially in the larger sizes as well as some of the ornaments1 are very good4 #ced ,despite the merit of its productions the ,british ,foundry was not successful1 and in #agig was put up for auction4 ,whether it was purchased as a whole by some other founder1 or whether it was dispersed1 we cannot say4 ,it seems probable1 however1 that ,austin recovered some of the punches cut by him1 and used them when starting his own foundry in ,worship ,street4 ,,specimens4 #aghi4 ,a ,specimen of ,printing ,types cast at ,bell ,stephenson's ,british ,letter ,foundry in the ,savoy4 ,london1 #aghi4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,bodleian47 #agif4 ,first part of a specimen of ,printing ,types cast at the ,foundry of ,s4 ,c4 ,stephenson1 ,bream's ,buildings1 ,chancery ,lane4 ,the punches cut by ,r4 ,austin4 ,london1 #agif4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,w4 ,b47 #agig4 ,catalogue of the ,stock in ,trade of ,s4 ,c4 ,stephenson1 which will be sold by ,auction by ,mr4 ,c4 ,heydinger4 #agig4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,w4 ,b47 ,illustration #cee ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,william ,,miller1 #ahji4 ,william ,miller1 the originator of this now great foundry1 was for some time a foreman in the ,glasgow ,letter ,foundry4 ,about the year #ahji he left that service to begin a foundry of his own in ,edinburgh under the style of ,william ,miller and ,co4 ,the first specimen is stated to have been published in this year1#gch but no copy unfortunately has been found still to exist4 ,a further specimen was issued in #ahac1 followed in the ensuing year by another of #bh pages1 consisting entirely of ,roman and ,italic letter1 of which there was a complete series from ,double ,pica to ,pearl1 with #b-line letters and one page of borders4 ,as ,hansard observes respecting early founts of this foundry1 the letters so much resemble those of ,messrs4 ,wilson as to require minute inspection to distinguish the one from the other4#gci ,the business1 once started1 made rapid progress1 and in due time became a formidable rival not only to the ,glasgow foundry1 but to the ,london founders4 ,the specimen of #ahae showed further additions to the founts1 some of which1 we have it on ,hansard's authority1 were cut by ,mr4 ,austin1 of ,london4#gdj ,in #ahbb1 the firm is described as ,william ,miller only1 ,letter ,founder to ,his ,majesty for ,scotland4 ,the energy and care displayed by ,mr4 ,miller in the #cef prosecution of his business rapidly brought his foundry to the front rank1 and secured for him the support not only of ,english printers but of some of the most important newspapers of the day1 including ,the ,times4 ,in #ahcb1 ,mr4 ,richard was admitted a partner2 and the style of the firm became once more ,william ,miller and ,co41 and so continued until #ahch1 when it became ,miller and ,richard4 ,of the later history of this foundry it is beyond the scope of this work to treat1 further than to say that it was the first house successfully to introduce machinery for the casting of type in this country2 and that on the revival of the old style fashion about #ahdd1 it took a prominent and successful part with its series of 8,modern ,old ,face0 letter4 ,for the ,exhibition of #ahea1 the proprietors produced a 8,brilliant0 type1 the smallest then in ,england1#gda and subsequently cut a 8,gem0 expressly for ,mr4 ,bellows' ,french ,dictionary#gdb--;a book which for clearness and minuteness combined ranks as a typographical curiosity4 ,after the death of ,mr4 ,miller in #ahdc1 the business was carried on by ,mr4 ,richard and his son1 until #ahfh2 when1 on the retirement of ,mr4 ,richard1 senior1 the active management of the ,foundry 7which since #ahej has had a branch house in ,london7 devolved upon his sons1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,richard1 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,richard1 the present proprietors4 ,,list ,,of ,,specimens1 #ahji-cc4 #ahji4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,w4 ,miller and ,co41 ,edinburgh1 #ahji4 4 4 4 4 7,b4 ,p4 ii1 #db47 #ahac4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,william ,miller and ,co41 ,edinburgh1 #ahac4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,b4 ,p4 ii1 #db47 #ahad4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,william ,miller and ,co41 ,letter ,founders1 ,edinburgh4 ,edinburgh1 printed by ,a4 ,balfour4 #ahad4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,m4 ,r47 #ahae4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,william ,miller and ,co41 ,letter ,founders1 ,edinburgh4 ,printed at the ,stanhope ,press by ,r4 ,chapman4 #ahae4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,ox4 ,univ4 ,pr47 #ahbb4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,william ,miller1 ,letter ,founder to ,his ,majesty for ,scotland1 ,edinburgh4 ,printed by ,james ,ballantyne and ,co4 #ahbb4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel4 #ddja47 #ahcc4 ,supplement to ,william ,miller and ,company's ,specimens of ,printing ,type1 ,edinburgh1 #ahcc4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,ox4 ,univ4 ,pr47 #ceg ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,minor ,,founders1 #ahjj-ahcj4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,bower1 circ4 #ahaj4 ,this foundry was begun in ,sheffield about the beginning of the present century4 ,in #ahaj1 ,mr4 ,bower issued a price list below those of the ,london founders1 whose founts he succeeded occasionally in underselling4 ,hansard mentions the foundry in #ahbd1 under the style of ,bower1 ,bacon and ,bower4 ,no specimen is known with an earlier date than #ahcg1 when the firm was ,g4 ,w4 ,bower1 late ,bower and ,bacon4 ,a later specimen bears the name of ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,bower alone1 and in #ahda the firm was ,bower ,brothers1 who published ,proposals for establishing a graduated scale of sizes for the bodies of ,printing ,types1 and fixing their height-to-paper1 based upon ,pica as the common standard4#gdc ,after the death of ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,bower1 the foundry was continued by ,mr4 ,henry ,bower till his death about #ahea1 in ,september of which year the plant and stock were sold by auction and dispersed among the other founders4 ,the ,catalogue of this ,sale contained about #ej1jjj punches and matrices2 many of them1 however1 being obsolete or of small value4 #ceh ,,brown1 #ahaj4--,,lynch1 #ahaj4 ,these two individuals are included among the ,letter ,founders whose names are given in ,mason's ,printer's ,assistant#gdd--the former having had his place of business in ,green ,street1 ,blackfriars1 and the latter in ,featherstone ,buildings4 ,they do not appear to have continued long in business1 and their names are not included in the list of ,letter ,founders given in ,johnson's ,typographia in #ahbd4 ,,matthewson1 circ4 #ahaj4 ,this man was founding in ,edinburgh in #ahaj1 at which date he had some correspondence with the ,associated ,founders respecting prices4 ,hansard mentions him as an incipient founder even in #ahbe1 and a competitor of ,mr4 ,miller's4 ,nothing is known of the fate of his foundry2 nor has any ,specimen of his types come under notice4 ,,anthony ,,bessemer1 #ahac4 ,anthony ,bessemer was a man of remarkable inventive genius4 ,in his twentieth year he distinguished himself by the erection at ,haarlem in ,holland of pumping-engines to drain the turf pits2 and before he had attained the age of twenty-five1 he was elected a member of the ,acadmie at ,paris for improvements in the microscope4 ,he subsequently turned his attention to letter founding1 and established a foundry at ,charlton1 near ,hitchin4 ,of the exact date of this undertaking we are uncertain2 but1 as his son1 the present ,sir ,henry ,bessemer1 was born at ,charlton in #ahac1 it is evident that the father was already settled there at that date4 ,hansard states#gde that 8,mr4 ,bessimer0 cut the ,caslon ,diamond letter4 ,if the person referred to is ,mr4 ,anthony ,bessemer1 as is probable1 it would appear that during the early years of his business as a founder1 he placed his energies occasionally at the disposal of his brethren in the art4 ,in #ahba he issued a specimen of ,modern-cut ,printing ,types1 and shortly afterwards took into partnership ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,catherwood1 formerly a partner of ,mr4 ,henry ,caslon ,,ii1 who1 since his retirement from that business1 appears for a short time to have had a foundry of his own at ,charles ,street1 ,hoxton4#gdf ,messrs4 ,bessemer #cei and ,catherwood issued a ,specimen in #ahbe1 on the title-page of which the new partner styles himself 8late of the ,chiswell ,street ,foundry1 ,london40 ,bessemer's ,romans were1 in conformity with the fashion of the day1 somewhat heavy1 but finely cut4 ,his chief performance was a ,diamond1 which was1 as ,hansard informs us1 cut to eclipse the famous ,diamond of ,henri ,didot1 of ,paris1 at that time the smallest known4 ,the execution of this feat1 particularly in the ,italic1 was highly successful4 ,the partnership between ,messrs4 ,bessemer and ,catherwood was not of long duration1 and terminated either by the death or the retirement of the latter prior to #ahcj4 ,mr4 ,bessemer then removed his foundry to ,london1 and established it at #ed1 ,red ,lion ,street1 ,clerkenwell1 whence1 in #ahcj1 he issued his final specimen book1 consisting almost entirely of ,roman founts4 ,in #ahcb he retired from the business1 and his foundry was put up to auction and dispersed4 ,the ,catalogue of the ,sale mentions that the #b1ejj punches included in the plant had been collected at an expense of #d1jjj1 and that not a single strike had been taken from them but for the proprietor's own use4 ,from a marked copy of the ,catalogue in our possession1 it appears that several of the lots of punches and matrices fetched high prices4 ,the list of implements and utensils shows that the foundry employed about seven casters and an equal number of rubbers and dressers4 ,mr4 ,bessemer's son1 ,henry1 appears to have been for some time in his father's foundry1 where he mastered the mechanics of the trade4 ,in #ahch1 being then twenty-five years old1 he took out a patent for improvements in type-founding machinery1 embodying several ingenious contrivances1 some of which have since been adopted4 ,,specimens4 #ahba4 ,specimen of the last modern cut ,printing ,types by ,a4 ,bessemer1 ,letter ,founder1 ,hitchin1 ,herts4 #ahba4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel41 #ddjj47 #ahbe4 ,specimen of the last modern cut ,printing ,types by ,a4 ,bessemer ,j4 ,j4 ,catherwood1 ,letter ,founders1 ,hitchin1 ,herts4 7,j4 ,j4 ,catherwood1 late of the ,chiswell ,street ,foundry1 ,london47 #ahbe4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,w4 ,b47 #ahcj4 ,specimen of the last modern cut ,printing ,types by ,a4 ,bessemer1 ,letter ,founder1 #ed1 ,red ,lion ,street1 ,clerkenwell1 ,london4 #ahcj4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4 ,b4 ,r47 ,,richard ,,austin1 circ4 #ahae4 ,richard ,austin began business as a punch cutter in the employ of ,messrs4 ,s4 and ,c4 ,stephenson of the ,british ,type ,foundry1 about the year #agie4 ,on the ,title-page of the specimen issued by that foundry in #agif1 his name is #cfj mentioned as the cutter of the punches1 and the excellent specimen itself is no mean testimony to his abilities4 ,the activity prevailing throughout the trade generally at that period1 consequent on the transition of the ,roman character from the old style to the modern1 brought the punch cutter's services into much request1 and ,hansard informs us that ,mr4 ,austin executed most of the modern founts both for ,messrs4 ,wilson of ,glasgow and ,mr4 ,miller of ,edinburgh4 ,prior to the year #ahai he began a foundry of his own at ,worship ,street1 ,finsbury1 in which subsequently his son1 ,george ,austin1 joined him2 and1 in the year #ahbd1 succeeded to the business4 ,this foundry was styled the ,imperial ,letter ,foundry1 and carried on under the style of ,austin ,sons4 ,the earliest known specimen was issued in #ahbg4 ,this #hvo volume is prefaced by a somewhat lengthy address to the ,trade1 in which1 after criticising the letter founding of the day1 the proprietors boldly claim to be the only letter founders in ,london who cut their own punches1 which they do in a peculiar manner so as to insure perfect sharpness in outline4 ,they also announce that they cast their type in an extra hard metal4 ,mr4 ,austin appears to have been a man of considerable force and independence of character4 ,it is related of him that once1 on receiving--what to any founder at that day must have been a momentous mandate--an intimation that ,the ,times wanted to see him1 he replied1 with an audacity which sends a shudder even through a later generation1 8that if ,the ,times wanted to see him1 he supposed it knew where to find him60 ,on the death of ,mr4 ,austin1 his foundry was acquired by ,mr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,wood1 who subsequently1 in partnership with ,messrs4 ,samuel and ,thomas ,sharwood1 transferred it to #abj ,aldersgate ,street1 under the title of the ,austin ,letter ,foundry4 ,messrs4 ,wood and ,sharwoods' first specimen was issued in #ahci4 ,in their preface1 reference is again made to the late ,mr4 ,austin's hard metal1 the superiority of which1 it is stated1 8was owing to one peculiar article being used in the mixture which is unknown to our brethren in the ,art40 ,mr4 ,wood died in #ahde1 and the firm subsequently became ,s4 and ,t4 ,sharwood1 who1 in #ahed1 published two specimens1 one of ,types1 the other of ,polytyped ,metal ,ornaments4 ,this latter collection had been begun more than twenty years previously by ,vizitelly1 ,branston ,co41#gdg who1 in #ahcb1 had issued a specimen of ,cast ,metal #cfa ,ornaments1 8produced by a new improved method40 ,this method appears to have consisted of the soldering of the casts on metal mounts--at that time a novelty4 ,the ,sharwoods subsequently acquired this collection of blocks and considerably increased it4 ,on the death of the two ,sharwoods1 which occurred about the same time in #ahef1 the ,austin ,foundry was thrown into ,chancery and put up for auction1 and its contents dispersed among the trade4 ,,specimens4 #ahbg4 ,specimens of ,printing ,types cast at ,austin's ,imperial ,letter ,foundry1 ,worship ,street1 ,shoreditch1 ,london4 #ahbg4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel41 #ddjg47 #ahci4 ,a ,specimen ,book of the ,types cast at the ,austin ,letter ,foundry1 by ,wood ,sharwoods4 ,no4 #abj1 ,aldersgate ,street1 ,london4 #ahci4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel41 #ddbi47 99 99 99 99 99 #ahcb4 ,specimen of ,vizitelly1 ,branston ,co4's ,cast ,metal ,ornaments produced by a new and improved method1 greater in number and variety1 superior in design and execution1 and considerably cheaper in price than any collection hitherto offered to the notice of printers4 #gf1 ,fleet ,street1 ,london1 ,january #ahcb4 #dto4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel41 #ddaf47 ,,louis ,,john ,,pouch,e1 circ4 #ahae4 ,this ,frenchman started a foundry in ,great ,wild ,street1 ,lincoln's ,inn4 ,he had probably been established a few years when his first specimen was issued in #ahai1 the most interesting portion of which was a somewhat lengthy address to the public1 setting forth the principles on which his 8,new ,foundry0 was to be conducted4 ,he mentions that 8only four ,type ,foundries 7exclusive of mine7 are worked in ,london at this time10 and declares his intention of breaking down the monopoly they assumed4 ,the specimen itself is not remarkable4 ,in #ahbc1 he took out the patent for this country for ,henri ,didot's system of polymatype#gdh which consisted of a machine capable of casting from #aej to #bjj types at each operation1 each operation being repeated twice a minute4 ,this result was to be obtained by means of a matrix bar which formed one side of a long trough mould into which the metal was poured2 and1 when opened1 8the types are found adhering to the break bar like the teeth of a comb1 when they are broken off and dressed in the usual way40 ,pouche became agent in ,england for this novel system of casting which1 says the editor of the partial reprint of ,hansard's ,typographia1 writing in #ahfi1 was still used successfully in ,france at that date4 #cfb ,the attempt to introduce this system into ,england went far to ruin ,pouche2 and1 according to the above authority1 8on his failure to sustain the competition of the associated founders1#gdi ,didot's machine and valuable tools were purchased by them through their agent1 ,mr4 ,reed1 ,printer1 ,king ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 and destroyed on the premises of ,messrs4 ,caslon and ,livermore40 ,despite this unfortunate speculation1 ,pouche 7who appears for some time to have had a partner named ,jennings71#gej issued another ,specimen ,book in #ahbg1 dated from ,little ,queen ,street1 ,london1 in the advertisement of which he again referred to the fact that there were still only four letter-foundries in ,london 7exclusive of his own71 and took credit to himself for bringing about a reduction of #ab per cent4 in the prices of his opponents4 ,the specimen1 which shows ,titlings1 ,roman and ,italic1 ,egyptians1 ,blacks and ,flowers1 is of little merit and is marked by a great preponderance of heavy faces4 ,about the same time1#gea he issued a price list of all kinds of printers' materials1 styling himself 8,type ,founder and ,stereotype ,caster40 ,in the beginning of #ahcj he abandoned the business1 which was sold by auction4 ,the ,catalogue included a large quantity of stereotype ornaments1 as well as #bj1jjj matrices and punches1 moulds1 presses1 and #ce tons of ,type4 ,the lots were variously disposed of at low prices among the other founders4 ,,specimens4 #ahai4 ,specimen of ,printing ,types by ,l4 ,j4 ,pouche1 at the ,new ,foundry1 ,great ,wild ,street1 ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 ,london4 #ahai4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel41 #dcig47 #ahbg4 ,specimens of ,printing ,types by ,louis ,j4 ,pouche1 ,little ,queen ,street1 ,london4 #ahbg4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,ox4 ,univ4 ,pr47 ,,richard ,,watts1 circ4 #ahae4 ,richard ,watts1 a printer of ,crown ,court1 ,strand1 who1 from #ahjb-i1 had held the office of printer to ,cambridge ,university1 distinguished himself towards the close of the first quarter of the present century as a cutter and founder of ,oriental and foreign characters1 of which he accumulated a considerable collection4 ,his first printing office was at ,broxbourne1 whence in #ahaf he removed to ,crown ,court1 ,temple ,bar1 and here1 chiefly under the patronage of the ,bible #cfc ,society and the ,mission ,presses in ,india and elsewhere1 he produced the punches of a large number of languages hitherto unknown to ,english typography4 ,he received the assistance and advice of many eminent scholars in his work1 some of whom personally superintended the execution of certain of the founts4 ,his collection increased at a rapid rate1 and at the time of his death included almost every ,oriental language in which1 at that time1 the ,scriptures had been printed4 ,his death occurred in #ahdd at ,edmonton1 in which place his foundry appears to have been for some time located4 ,he was succeeded in business by his son1 ,mr4 ,william ,mavor ,watts1 who printed a broadside specimen of the founts1 numbering #fg languages and dialects1 of which several were shown in different sizes of character4 ,this number was largely augmented during the following years1 and1 in the specimen prepared by ,mr4 ,watts for the ,exhibition of #ahfb1 nearly #aej versions were exhibited4 ,to this specimen was prefixed an interesting note respecting the origin of many of the founts4 ,the collection was subsequently acquired by ,messrs4 ,gilbert and ,rivington1 in whose possession it still remains and increases4 ,,hugh ,,hughes1 #ahbd4 ,this artist1 described as a very able engraver1 was for some time in partnership with ,robert ,thorne at the ,fann ,street ,foundry4 ,in #ahbd1 he commenced a foundry of his own in ,dean ,street1 ,fetter ,lane1 whence he published a specimen of ,book and ,newspaper type1 without date1 which1 besides ,romans1 ,scripts1 and ,egyptians1 included also ,saxon1 ,greek1 ,flowers1 and ,music4 ,he appears specially to have applied himself to the production of this last-named character1 and attained the reputation of being the best music type cutter in the trade4 ,savage1 in his ,dictionary of ,printing1 shows a specimen of ,hughes music1 observing that 8the ,english musical types have never to my knowledge undergone any improvement till within a few years1 when ,mr4 ,hughes cut two new founts10 7,nonpareil and ,pearl71 8which are looked upon as the best we have and the largest of which ,i have used for this article 7#8,music'740 ,hughes' system appears to have been that originally introduced by ,breitkopf in #agfd1 and the scheme of a pair of cases by which his specimen is accompanied shows that a complete fount comprised as many as #bch distinct characters4 ,besides music of the modern notation1 ,hughes had matrices for the ,gregorian ,plain ,chant ,music1 of which a specimen is also shown by ,savage4 ,after the death of ,mr4 ,hughes1 which took place before #ahda1 the punches and matrices of his different music founts1 ,gregorian and modern1 were purchased by ,mr4 ,c4 ,hancock1 of ,middle ,row1 ,holborn1 by whom they were considerably #cfd improved1 and who1 subsequently1 after his removal to ,gloucester ,street1 ,queen ,square1 issued a specimen4 ,of the disposal of the other contents of ,mr4 ,hughes' foundry we have no information4 ,,specimens4 ,no date4 ,a ,specimen of ,book and ,newspaper ,printing ,types by ,hugh ,hughes1 ,letter ,cutter and ,founder1 #bc ,dean ,street1 ,fetter ,lane4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,caxt4 ,cel41 #dcih47 ,no date4 ,specimen ,sheet of ,modern ,music ,types by ,h4 ,hughes1 #bc ,dean ,street1 ,fetter ,lane1 together with a scheme of ,music ,cases4 #hvo4 4 4 4 4 7,t4 ,b4 ,r47 ,,barton1 #ahbd4 ,hansard states that this founder was early initiated in mechanical science by ,mr4 ,maudsley1 the engineer2 he was formerly in partnership with ,mr4 ,harvey1 an engraver1 by whom his founts were principally cut4 ,his foundry was in ,stanhope ,street1 ,clare ,market1 and is mentioned by ,johnson as one of the nine foundries carried on in ,london in the year #ahbd4 ,no ,specimen has come under observation4 ,,heaphy1 #ahbe2 ,,simmons1 #ahbe2 ,,black1 #ahbe4 ,to complete the list of minor founders prior to #ahcj1 should be added the names of these three individuals1 who are mentioned by ,hansard in his ,typographia as distinct ,london letter founders in #ahbe4 ,illustration #cfe ,illustration ,,chronological ,,table ,,of ,,english ,,letter-,,founders' ,,specimens ,,noted ,,in ,,this ,,work4 #affe-ahcj4 ,,page #affe4 ,nicholls #agi #affi4 ,moxon #aib #afic4 ,oxford #afb #afie4 ,oxford #afb #agjf4 ,oxford #afb 7#agjh87 ,oxford #afb #agcd4 ,caslon #bef #agdi4 ,caslon #bef #agdi4 ,caslon and ,son #bef #agdi4 ,caslon and ,son #bef 7#ageb87 ,baskerville #bhg #agec4 ,anderton #cej 7#agef87 ,baine #cej 7#ageg87 ,baskerville #bhg 7#ageh87 ,baskerville #bhg 7#agfb87 ,baskerville #bhg 7#agfj87 ,cottrell #big #agfc4 ,caslon and ,son #bef #agfd4 ,caslon and ,son #bef 7#agfe87 ,jackson #cbi #agff4 ,caslon #bef 7#agff87 ,cottrell #cac #agfh4 ,moore 7,london7 #cac #agfh4 ,fougt #cea #agfh-gj4 ,oxford #afc #aggj4 ,caslon #bef #aggj4 ,caslon #bef #aggj4 ,cottrell #big #aggj4 ,moore #cac #aggb4 ,wilson #bff 7#aggh87 ,oxford #afc #aghb4 ,james #bcj 7#aghc87 ,jackson #cbi #aghc4 ,wilson #bff #aghd4 ,caslon and ,son #bef #aghe4 ,caslon #bef #aghe4 ,caslon #bef #aghe4 ,caslon #big 7#aghe87 ,cottrell #big #aghe4 ,fry and ,sons #cac #aghe4 ,fry and ,sons #cac #aghf4 ,oxford #afc #aghf4 ,caslon #bef #aghf4 ,wilson #bff #aghf4 ,fry and ,sons #cac #aghg4 ,e4 ,fry and ,co4 #cac #aghg4 ,baine #cej #aghh4 ,e4 ,fry and ,co4 #cac #aghi4 ,wilson #bff #aghi4 ,bell and ,stephenson #ced #agij4 ,fry and ,co #cac 7#agib7 ,figgins #cdd #agic4 ,e4 ,fry and ,co4 #cad 7#agic7 ,figgins #cdd #agid4 ,oxford #afc #agid4 ,thorne #big #agid4 ,fry and ,steele #cad #agid4 ,fry and ,steele #cad #agid4 ,figgins #cdd #agie4 ,fry and ,steele #cad #agif4 ,s4 and ,c4 ,stephenson #ced #agig4 ,s4 and ,c4 ,stephenson #ced #agih4 ,thorne #big 7#agih87 ,jackson #cbi #agih4 ,caslon ,,iii #cbi #agih4 ,caslon ,,iii #cbi #ahjj4 ,fry1 ,steele1 and ,co4 #cad #ahja4 ,fry1 ,steele1 and ,co4 #cad #ahjb4 ,figgins #cdd 7#ahjb87 ,figgins #cdd #ahjb4 ,swinney #cec #ahjc4 ,fry1 ,steele1 and ,co4 #cad #ahjc4 ,thorne #big #ahjc4 ,caslon ,,iii and ,son #cbi #ahje4 ,caslon ,catherwood #bef #ahje4 ,fry and ,steele #cad 7#ahje87 ,fry and ,steele #cad #ahjg4 ,caslon ,,iv #cbi #ahjh4 ,caslon ,catherwood #bef #ahjh4 ,fry and ,steele #cad 7#ahji7 ,miller #cef 7#ahab87 ,caslon and ,catherwood #bef #ahab4 ,wilson #bff #ahac4 ,miller #cef #ahae4 ,wilson #bff #ahae4 ,figgins #cdd #ahae4 ,miller #cef #ahaf4 ,ed4 ,fry #cad #ahag4 ,figgins #cdd 7#ahai7 ,blake1 ,garnett #cbi #ahai4 ,pouche #cfb #ahbj4 ,ed4 ,fry and ,son #cad #ahba4 ,thorowgood #big #ahba4 ,figgins #cdd #ahba4 ,bessemer #cei #ahbb4 ,thorowgood #big #ahbb4 ,miller #cef #ahbc4 ,wilson #bff #ahbd4 ,ed4 ,fry #cad #ahbd4 ,figgins #cdd 7#ahbd87 ,hughes #cfd #ahbe4 ,bessemer and ,catherwood #cei #ahbf4 ,blake1 ,garnett #cbi #ahbf4 ,figgins #cdd #ahbg4 ,fry #cad #ahbg4 ,blake1 ,garnett #cbi #ahbg4 ,figgins #cdd #ahbg4 ,austin #cfa #ahbg4 ,pouche #cfb #ahbh4 ,wilson #bfg #ahbh4 ,thorowgood #big #ahbh4 ,blake1 ,garnett #cbi #ahcj4 ,caslon and ,livermore #bef #ahcj4 ,thorowgood #big #ahcj4 ,thorowgood #big #ahcj4 ,blake and ,stephenson #cbi #ahcj4 ,bessemer #cei #cff ,illustration ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,authorities ,,consulted ,,or ,,referred ,,to4 ,,ames 7,,joseph71 ,typographical ,antiquities2 being an ,historical ,account of ,printing in ,england4 ,london1 #agdi1 #dto4 ,,ames 7,,joseph71 ,typographical ,antiquities2 augmented by ,william ,herbert4 #c vols4 ,london1 #aghe-ij1 #dto4 ,,amman 7,,jost471 ,eygentliche ,beschreibung aller ,stnde und444,handwerker4 ,frankfurt1 #aefh1 #dto4 ,,arber 7,,edward71 ,transcripts of the ,registers of the ,stationers' ,company4 ,london1 #ahge-gg1 #d vols4 #dto4 ,,astle 7,,thos471 ,the ,origin and ,progress of ,writing4 ,london1 #aghd1 #dto4 ,,beloe 7,w471 ,anecdotes of ,literature and ,scarce ,books1 #f vols4 ,london1 #ahjg-ab1 #hvo4 ,,berjeau1 7,j4 ,,ph471 ,speculum ,human ,salvationis3 ,reproduit en facsimile4 ,londres1 #ahfa1 #dto4 ,,bernard 7,a4 ,j471 ,antoine ,vitr et les ,caractres orientaux de la ,bible ,polyglotte de ,paris4 ,paris1 #aheg1 #hvo4 ,,bernard 7,a4 ,j471 ,les ,estienne et les types grecs de ,francis #a;er4 ,paris1 #ahef1 #hvo4 ,,bernard 7,a4 ,j471 ,de l',origine et des ,dbuts de l',imprimerie en ,europe1 #b vols4 ,paris1 #ahec1 #hvo4 ,,bibliander 7,t471 ,in ,commentatione de ratione communi omnium linguarum et literarum4 ,tiguri1 #aedh4 ,,bigmore and ,,wyman1 ,a ,bibliography of ,printing1 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahhj-f1 #dto4 ,,blades 7,,william71 ,life and ,typography of ,william ,caxton1 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfa-c1 #dto4 ,,blades 7,,william71 ,some ,early ,type ,specimen ,books of ,england1 ,holland1 ,france1 ,italy and ,germany4 ,london1 #ahge1 #hvo4 ,,bodoni 7,g471 ,manuale ,tipografico1 #b vols4 ,parma1 #ahah1 #dto4 ,,bowers ,,bros41 ,proposals for ,establishing a ,graduated ,scale of ,sizes for the ,bodies of ,printing ,types4 ,sheffield1 #ahda1 #abmo4 ,,british ,,museum1 ,catalogue of ,early ,english ,books to #afdj1 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahhd1 #hvo4 ,,butler1 7,a4 ,j471 ,ancient ,coptic ,churches of ,egypt1 #b vols4 ,oxford1 #ahhd1 #hvo4 ,,caille 7,j4 ,,de ,,la71 ,histoire de l',imprimerie et de la ,libraire4 ,paris1 #afhi1 #dto4 ,,caxton ,,celebration4444,catalogue of the ,loan ,collection at ,south ,kensington4 ,london1 #ahgg1 #hvo4 ,,chalmers 7,,alex471 ,the ,general ,biographical ,dictionary1 #cb vols4 ,london1 #ahab-ag1 #hvo4 ,,chambers 7,,ephraim71 ,cyclopdia1 #b vols41 #agbh1 folio 7also editions1 #agch and #aghd-f74 ,,chevillier 7,a471 ,l',origine de l',imprimerie de ,paris4 ,paris1 #afid1 #dto4 ,,cotton 7,,hy471 ,a ,typographical ,gazetteer attempted4 #ast series1 #bnd ed41 ,oxford1 #ahca1 #hvo2 second series1 #ahff1 #hvo4 ,d',,anvers 7,mrs471 ,academia1 or the ,humours of the ,university of ,oxford1 #afia4 ,,daunou 7,p4 ,c4 ,f471 ,analyse des opinions diverses sur l',origine d l',imprimerie4 ,paris1 #ahaj1 #hvo4 ,,de ,,george 7,l,,on71 ,la ,maison ,plantin ,anvers4 #bnd ed4 ,bruxelles1 #ahgh1 #hvo4 ,,de ,,vinne 7,,theodore71 ,the ,invention of ,printing4 ,new ,york1 #ahgg1 #hvo4 ,,dibdin 7,t4 ,f471 ,the ,bibliographical ,decameron1 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahag1 #hvo4 ,,dibdin 7,t4 ,f471 ,introduction to the ,knowledge of the rare and valuable ,editions of the ,classics4 #dth ed41 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbg1 #hvo4 ,,dickson 7,r471 ,the ,introduction of the ,art of ,printing into ,scotland4 ,aberdeen1 #ahhe1 #hvo4 ,,didot 7,,pierre71 ,epitre sur les ,progrs de l',imprimerie4 ,paris1 #aghd1 #hvo4 ,,dunton 7,,jno471 ,the ,life and ,errors of4 ,london1 #agje1 #hvo4 ,,dupont 7,,paul71 ,histoire de l',imprimerie1 #b vols4 ,paris1 #ahed1 #hvo4 ,d,,rer 7,,alb471 ,unterweissung der ,messung4 ,nuremburg1 #aebe1 folio4 ,,duverger 7,e471 ,histoire de l'invention de l',imprimerie par les ,monuments4 ,paris1 #ahdj1 folio4 ,,edwards 7,e471 ,libraries and ,founders of ,libraries4 ,london1 #ahfe1 #hvo4 ,,encyclop,,dia1 ,article sur ,fonderie en ,caractres de l',imprimerie4 ,paris1 n4 d41 folio4 ,,ensched1 ,specimen de ,caractres ,typographiques ,anciens4 ,harlem1 #ahfg1 #dto4 #cfg ,,essay on the ,original1 ,use1 and ,excellency of the ,noble ,art and ,mystery of ,printing4 ,london1 #ageb1 #hvo4 ,,evelyn 7,,jno471 ,diary and ,correspondence1 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahej-b1 #hvo4 ,,faulman 7,c471 ,geschichte der ,buchdruckerkunst4 ,vienna1 #ahhb1 #hvo4 ,,figgins 7,v471 ,facsimile of ,caxton's ,game of the ,chesse2 with remarks4 ,london1 #ahee1 folio4 ,,fineschi 7,v471 ,notizie ,storiche sopra la ,stamperia di ,ripoli4 ,fiorenze1 #agha1 #hvo4 ,,fischer 7,g471 ,essai sur les ,monumens typographiques de ,jean ,gutenberg4 ,mayence1 #ahjb1 #dto4 ,,fournier 7,p4 ,s471 ,manuel ,typographique1 utile aux gens de lettres1 #b vols4 ,paris1 #agfd-ff1 #hvo4 ,,franklin 7,,benj471 ,works of1 #b vols41 ,london1 #agic1 #hvo2 also ,bigelow's edition1 #c vols4 ,philadelphia1 #ahge1 #hvo4 ,,freemason',s ,,magazine4 ,london1 #agif1 #hvo4 ,,fry 7,,edmund71 ,pantographia4 ,london1 #agii1 #hvo4 ,,gaelic ,,society ,,of ,,dublin3 ,transactions of1 ,dublin1 #ahjh1 #hvo4 ,,gand 7,m4 ,j471 ,recherches ,historiques et ,critiques sur la ,vie et les ,editions de ,thierry ,martens4 ,alost1 #ahde1 #hvo4 ,,ged 7,,william71 ,biographical ,memoirs of4 ,london1 #agha1 #hvo4 ,,gentleman',s ,,magazine4 ,vols4 for #agib1 #agic1 #ahjc1 #ahcf4 ,,gough 7,r471 ,british ,topography1 #b vols4 ,london1 #aghj1 #dto4 ,,greswell 7,w4 ,p471 ,a ,view of the ,early ,parisian ,greek ,press1 #b vols4 ,oxford1 #ahch1 #hvo4 ,,guignes 7,j4 ,,de71 ,essai ,historique sur la ,typographie ,orientale et ,grecque de l',imprimerie ,royale4 ,paris1 #aghg1 #dto4 ,,gutch 7,,jno471 ,collectanea ,curiosa1 #b vols4 ,oxford1 #agha1 #hvo4 ,,hansard 7,t4 ,c471 ,typographia4 ,london1 #ahbe1 #hvo4 ,,hansard 7,t4 ,c471 the ,younger4 ,treatises on ,printing and ,type-founding 7from the ,encycl4 ,britan474 ,edinburgh1 #ahda1 #hvo4 ,,harleian ,,mss4--,the ,bagford ,collections4 ,,harleian ,,miscellany1 #h vols4 ,lond41 #agdd-df1 #dto4 ,vol4 #c4 ,,harwood 7,,edw471 ,a ,view of the ,various ,editions of the ,greek and ,roman ,classics4 ,lond41 #agge1 #abmo4 ,,hawkins 7,,sir ,,john71 ,a ,general ,history of the ,science and ,practice of ,music4 ,london1 #aggf1 #dto4 ,vol4 #e4 ,,hearne 7,,thos471 ,reliqui ,hernian4 ,oxford1 #ahfi1 #dto1 ,vol4 #b4 ,,hodgson 7,t471 ,an ,essay on the ,origin and ,progress of ,stereotype ,printing4 ,newcastle1 #ahbj1 #hvo4 ,,imprimerie ,,royale 7de ,paris74 ,specimen3 ,ancienne ,typographic4 ,paris1 #ahai1 #dto4 ,,james 7,,john71 ,catalogue and ,specimen of the large and extensive ,printing ,type ,foundry of4 ,london1 #aghb1 #hvo4 ,,laborde 7,l,,on71 ,dbuts de l',imprimerie ,strasbourg4 ,paris1 #ahdj1 #hvo4 ,,la ,,croix1 ,,fournier ,,et ,,ser1 ,histoire de l',imprimerie1 etc4 ,paris1 #aheb1 #dto4 ,,lambinet 7,,pierre71 ,origine de l',imprimerie1 #b vols4 ,paris1 #ahaj1 #hvo4 ,,lansdowne ,,mss41 ,no4 #bca4 ,,latham 7,h471 ,oxford ,bibles and ,printing in ,oxford4 ,oxford1 #ahgj1 #hvo4 ,,laud 7,arch471 ,works of1 #g vols4 ,oxford1 #ahdg-fj1 #hvo4 ,vol4 #e4 ,,lemoine 7,,hy471 ,typographical ,antiquities4 ,london1 #agig1 #abmo4 ,,linde 7,m4 ,a4 ,,van ,,der71 ,the ,haarlem ,legend of the ,invention of ,printing by ,l4 ,j4 ,coster1 critically examined4 ,lond41 #ahga1 #hvo4 ,,lom,,nie 7,l4 ,,de71 ,beaumarchais et ses ,temps4 ,edwards' translation1 #d vols4 ,london1 #ahef1 #hvo4 ,vol4 #c4 ,,london ,,printers' ,,lamentation4 7,london1 #affj7 #dto4 ,,long 7,j4 ,,le71 ,discours ,historique sur les principales editions des ,bibles ,polyglottes4 ,paris1 #agac1 #abmo4 ,,luce 7,l471 ,essai d'une nouvelle typographie4 ,paris1 #agga1 #dto4 ,,luckombe 7,p471 ,a ,concise ,history of the ,origin and ,progress of ,printing4 ,london1 #aggj1 #hvo4 ,,mccreery 7,,jno471 ,the ,press1 a ,poem4 ,published as a ,specimen of ,typography4 ,liverpool1 #ahjc-bg1 #dto4 ,,madden 7,j4 ,p4 ,a471 ,lettres d'un ,bibliographe1 #e vols4 ,paris1 #ahfh-gh1 #hvo4 ,,mason 7,,monck71 ,life of ,william ,bedell1 ,d4,d4 ,london1 #ahdc1 #hvo4 ,,meerman 7,g471 ,origines ,typographic4 #b vols4 ,hag ,com41 #agfe1 #dto4 ,,milton 7,,john71 ,areopagitica4 7,arber's ,reprint47 ,london1 #ahfh1 #hvo4 ,,mores 7,e4 ,,rowe71 ,a ,dissertation upon ,english ,typographical ,founders and ,founderies4 ,london1 #aggh1 #hvo4 ,,moxon 7,,joseph71 ,regul ,trium ,ordinum ,literarum ,typographicarum4 ,london1 #afgf1 #dto4 ,,moxon 7,,joseph71 ,mechanick ,exercises1 or the ,doctrine of ,handy-,works1 #b vols4 ,london1 #afgg-hc1 #dto4 ,,moxon 7,,joseph71 ,tutor to ,astronomy and ,geography1 #dth ed4 ,london1 #afhf1 #dto4 ,,nichols 7,,jno471 ,biographical and ,literary ,anecdotes of ,william ,bowyer1 ,printer1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london1 #aghb1 #dto4 #cfh ,,nichols 7,,jno471 ,literary ,anecdotes of the ,eighteenth ,century1 #i vols4 ,london1 #ahab-ae1 #hvo4 ,,nichols 7,,jno471 ,illustrations of the ,literary ,history of the ,eighteenth ,century1 #h vols4 ,london1 #ahag-eh1 #hvo4 ,,noble 7,,mark71 ,continuation of ,granger's ,biographical ,history of ,england1 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahjf1 #hvo4 ,,ottley 7,w4 ,y471 ,an ,inquiry concerning the ,invention of ,printing4 ,london1 #ahfc1 #dto4 ,,owen 7,,hugh71 ,two ,centuries of ,ceramic ,art in ,bristol4 #ahgc1 #hvo4 ,,pacioli 7,,luca71 ,de ,divin ,proportione4 ,venice1 #aeji1 folio4 ,,palmer 7,,sam471 ,a ,general ,history of ,printing4 ,london1 #agcb1 #dto4 ,,panizzi 7,,sir ,a471 ,chi era ,francesco da ,bologna8 ,london1 #aheh1 #afmo4 ,,panzer 7,g4 ,w471 ,annales ,typographici1 #aa vols4 ,nuremberg1 #agic-ahjc1 #dto4 ,,parr 7,,richd471 ,the ,life of ,james ,usher1 ,archbishop of ,armagh4 ,london1 #afhf1 folio4 ,,patents ,,for ,,inventions4 ,abridgments of ,specifications relating to ,printing 7#afag-aheg74 ,london1 #ahei1 #hvo4 ,,pater 7,,paulus71 ,de ,germani miraculo1 optimo1 maximo1 ,typis ,literarum 4 4 ,dissertatio4 ,lipsis1 #agaj1 #dto4 ,,philippe 7,j471 ,origine de l',imprimerie ,paris4 ,paris1 #ahhe1 #dto4 ,,printer',s ,,assistant1 ,the4 ,london1 #ahaj4 #abmo4 ,,printer',s ,,grammar1 ,the4 ,london1 #aghg1 #hvo4 ,,psalmanazar 7,,geo471 ,memoirs of4 ,london1 #agfe1 #hvo4 ,,reid 7,,jno471 ,a ,specimen of the ,printing ,types and ,flowers belonging to4 ,edinburgh1 #agfh1 #hvo4 ,,renouard 7,a471 ,annales de l',imprimerie des ,alde4 #c vols4 ,paris1 #ahbe1 #hvo4 ,,renouard 7,a471 ,catalogue de la ,bibliotheque d'un ,amateur4 #d vols4 ,paris1 #ahai1 #hvo4 ,,richardson 7,,rev4 ,j471 ,a ,history of the ,attempts that have been made to convert the ,popish ,native of ,ireland4 #agab1 #hvo4 ,,richardson 7,,wm471 ,a ,specimen of a ,new ,printing ,type1 in ,imitation of the ,law-hand4 ,london1 n4d4 broadside4 ,,rivington 7,c4 ,r471 ,records of the ,company of ,stationers4 ,london1 #ahhc1 #hvo4 ,,roccha 7,,angelo71 ,bibliotheca ,apostolica ,vaticana4 ,rome1 #aeia1 #dto4 ,,rossi 7,j4 ,b4 ,,de71 ,de ,hebraic ,typographi ,origine ac ,primitiis4 ,parma1 #aggf1 #dto4 ,,rushworth',s ,historical ,collections1 #h vols4 ,london1 #afei-agja1 folio4 ,vol4 #b4 ,,sardini 7,g471 ,storia ,critica di ,nicolao ,jenson1 #c vols4 ,lucca1 #agif-ih1 folio4 ,,savage 7,,wm471 ,a ,dictionary of the ,art of ,printing4 ,london1 #ahda1 #hvo4 ,,savage 7,,wm471 ,practical ,hints on ,decorative ,printing4 ,london1 #ahbb1 #dto4 ,,schoepflin 7,j4 ,d471 ,vindicis ,typographi4 ,argentorati1 #agfj1 #dto4 ,,schwab 7,m471 ,les ,incunables ,orientaux4 ,paris1 #ahhc1 #hvo4 ,,shenstone 7,,wm471 ,works in ,verse and ,prose1 #c vols4 ,london1 #agia1 #abmo4 ,,skeen 7,w471 ,early ,typography4 ,colombo1 #ahgb1 #hvo4 ,,smith 7,,jno471 ,the ,printer's ,grammar4 ,london1 #agee1 #hvo4 ,,smith 7,,thos471 ,vit quorundam eruditissimorum et illustrium ,virorum4 ,london1 #agjg1 #dto4 ,,star-,,chamber4 ,a ,decree of ,starre ,chambre concerning ,printing 7#aa ,june1 #afcg74 ,london1 #afcg1 #dto4 ,,state ,,papers1 ,domestic1 ,calendars of1 ,various years4 ,,stower 7,c471 ,the ,printer's ,grammar4 ,london1 #ahjh1 #hvo4 ,,strype 7,,jno471 ,life and ,acts of ,matthew ,parker4 ,london1 #agaa1 folio4 ,,thiboust 7,c4 ,l471 ,de ,typographi ,excellenti2 ,carmen4 ,paris1 #agah1 #hvo4 ,,thomas 7,,isaiah71 ,the ,history of ,printing in ,america1 7#bnd ed471 #b vols41 ,albany1 #ahgd1 #hvo4 ,,timperley 7,c471 ,encyclopdia of ,literary and ,typographical ,anecdote4 ,london1 #ahdb1 #hvo4 ,,timperley 7,c471 ,songs of the ,press1 ,london1 #ahcc1 #hvo4 ,,todd 7,h4 ,j471 ,memoirs of the ,life and ,writings of the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,brian ,walton1 ,d4,d41 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahba1 #hvo4 ,,tory 7,,geofroy71 ,champ-,fleury4 ,paris1 #aebi1 sm4 folio4 ,,trithemius 7,,joh471 ,annales ,hirsaugienses1 #b vols4 ,st4 ,gall1 #afij1 #dto4 ,,twyn 7,,jno471 ,an ,exact ,narrative of the ,tryal and ,condemnation of4 ,lond41 #affd1 #dto4 ,,universal ,,magazine1 ,london1 #agej1 #hvo4 ,,watson 7,,james71 ,the ,history of the ,art of ,printing4 ,edinburgh1 #agac1 #hvo4 ,,wetter 7,,joh471 ,kritische ,geschichte der ,erfindung der ,buchdruckerkunst4 ,mainz1 #ahcf1 #hvo41 and atlas of plates4 ,,willems 7,a471 ,les ,elzevier2 ,histoire et ,annales ,typographiques4 ,bruxelles1 #ahhj4 ,,wilkins 7,,david71 ,concilia ,magn ,britanni et ,hiberni4 ,london1 #agcg1 folio4 ,vol4 #d4 ,,wood 7,,anthony 71 ,athen ,oxonienses1 #b 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,paris #aejg2 #fb3 ,paris #aeaf2 #fc ,amerbach1 ,roman type of1 #dc ,america1 first letter-founders in1 #cej ,ames 7,jos47 on ,caxton's types1 #hd1 #bdb2 on ,caslon's1 #bdb2 inaccuracy of1 #cdi ,amharic1 same as ,ethiopic1 #fi1 #agg2 ,castell's1 #agg2 ,oxford1 #agg2 ,fry1 #cji1 #caa ,amman 7,jost71 ,book of ,trades1 #ajd ,,anderton 7,,geo47 founder1 #bdf1 #cej2 specimen of1 #cej ,,andrews 7,,rob47 #aeg1 #aff1 #aid-aig2 succeeds ,moxon1 #aid2 punches cut by1 #gd1 #aeg1 #aif2 summary of foundry1 #aie2 foundry sold1 #aig ------ ,matrices3 ,anglo-,norman1 #aif2 ,arabic1 #aie2 ,blacks1 #aid1 #aif1 #cab2 ,ethiopic1 #aid1 #aic2 ,greek1 #aie1 #aig2 ,hebrew1 #aid1 #aie2 ,irish1 #aid1 #aif2 ,music1 #gg1 #aif2 ,roman and ,italic1 #aie1 #aig2 ,samaritan1 #gj1 #aie2 ,saxon1 #gd1 #aeg1 #aif2 ,secretary1 #aif2 ,signs1 etc41 #aif2 ,syriac1 #aie1 #bda ,,andrews 7,,syl47 son of above1 #adi1 #aie1 #bji2 supplies ,baskett1 #baj2 foundry sold1 #baa2 epitaph1 #baa ,,andrews 7,,syl47 ,matrices3 ,hebrew1 #bji2 ,roman and ,italic1 #bji1 #baj #8,,anonymous ,,foundry1' #bjf ------ ,matrices3 ,anglo-,norman1 #bjg2 ,arabic1 #bjg2 ,black1 #bjg2 ,ethiopic1 #bjg2 ,gothic1 #bjg2 ,greek1 #bjg2 ,roman1 #bjg ,anglo-,norman ,matrices3 ,andrews1 #aif2 #8,anon1'1 #bjg2 ,james1 #bbc1 #bbh ,anglo-,saxon2 see ,saxon ,anthologia1 ,gr41 ,florence #adid2 #eg ,antimony1 discovered1 #bj2 use of in type metal1 #bj1 #aag2 prices of1 #aah ,antiqua1 ,german name for ,roman1 #db2 ,italian ditto1 #db ,antiques lingu ,brit1 rudimenta1 ,lond4 #afba2 #fd ,applegarth 7,a47 type-casting machine of1 #aba ,apprentice-founders1 regulation of1 #acj1 #acc2 in ,france1 #abi ,aquinas 7,st4 ,th47 ,summa1 #adfb2 #ed ,arabic1 first types of1 #fe2 printed in ,black or ,hebrew1 #fe2 early in ,italy1 #fe1 #ff2 ,paris1 #fe2 ,leyden1 #fe1 #ada1 #add2 ,upsala1 #ff ------ in ,england1 first types1 #ff2 printed in ,italic1 #ff2 written by hand1 #ff2 ,de ,worde's1 #ff1 #ia2 ,bedwell's1 #ff1 #ade2 none at ,oxford1 #afci1 #ff3 ,flesher's1 #ff ------ ,matrices3 ,oxford1 #ff1 #adg1 #adh1 #aee1 #afa2 ,polyglot1 #ff1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg1 #aih2 ,andrews1 #aie2 ,grover1 #aih1 #bce2 #8,anon1' #bjg2 ,james1 #fg1 #bbc1 #bbh1 #cjc2 ,caslon1 #fg1 #bce1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bed2 ,fry1 #fg1 #cjc1 #cji1 #caa2 ,caslon ,,iii1 #cbf ------ ,punches3 ,james1 #bbi ,arabian ,trudgman1 ,lond4 #afae2 #ff ,arba ,turim1 ,pheibia1 #adge2 #fb ,arber 7,e47 on early ,english printers1 #abe ,archaionomia1 ,lond4 #aefh2 #ie ,areopagitica of ,milton1 #acj ,aristotle1 ,venice1 #adie2 #eh ,armenian1 first types1 #fh2 at ,rome1 #fh2 ,paris1 #fh2 ,amsterdam1 #fh2 ,marseilles1 #fh2 ,constantinople1 #fh ------ ,matrices3 ,oxford1 #fb1 #adh1 #aec1 #afa2 ,caslon1 #fi1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bed2 ,caslon ,,iii1 #cbf ,aspinwall 7,t47 type-casting machine of1 #abb ,astle 7,t47 on early type #8bills1' #bh2 on ,day's ,saxon1 #if ,atanasia1 ,spanish type body1 #cg ,athias 7,jos47 ,dutch founder1 #aad1 #bae2 ,hebrew type of1 #fd1 #bae1 #bch1 #bfd ,attempts to convert the ,native ,irish1 ,lond41 n4d41 #aij ,augustin1 a type body1 #cb1 #cg ,augustini1 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 ,rome1 #adgd2 #cg3 ,basle1 #aejf2 #cg ,,austin 7,,richd47 letter founder1 #cei2 cuts punches for ,stephenson1 #cec1 #cei2 ,wilson1 #cfj2 and ,miller1 #cee1 #cfj2 starts a foundry1 #cfj2 specimen and advertisement1 #cfj2 anecdote of1 #cfj2 his successors1 #cfj ------ ,matrices1 ,roman and ,italic1 #cfj ,baber 7,h4 ,h47 facs4 of ,alexandrian ,codex1 #cbb ,badius ,ascensius1 ,french printer1 #bj2 device1 #ajf2 ,greek1 #eh2 ,hebrew1 #fc2 ,roman1 #dc ,bagford 7,jno47 notes on printing1 #hd1 #aci1 #adj1 #add1 #adf1 #afe2 on ,oxford ,specimen1 #aed2 on ,oxford ,printing ,house1 #aef ,bagster 7,s471 ,polyglot ,bible of1 #fe1 #cjh1 #caa1 #cda2 ,hebrew1 cut for1 #fe1 #cda2 ,syriac1 #cjh1 #caa1 #cdb ,,baine 7,,jno47 partner with ,wilson1 #bci1 #bfj2 begins a foundry in ,london1 #cdi2 in ,edinburgh1 #cdi2 specimens1 #bfc1 #cdi1 #cej ,barclay 7,r47 patent punches of1 #aai ,barker 7,chr47 report on printers1 #aehb3 #abf ,barker 7,f47 printer of #8,wicked' ,bible1 #adb1 #adc ,barnes 7,jos47 ,oxford printer1 #adj ,,barton--letter founder1 #cfd ,base-,secretary1 peculiar type1 #ee1 #ef1 #bhi ,,baskerville 7,,jno47 #bfh-hg2 early training1 #bfh2 first types cut by1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bge2 letters to ,dodsley1 #bgj-b2 ,virgil1 #ageg1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgc2 specimens1 #bga1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bhg2 preface to ,milton1 #bge2 tribute to ,caslon1 #bdc1 #bge2 employed by ,oxford ,press1 #afj1 #bgc1 #bgd2 dazzling impressions of1 #bge1 #bgi2 relics of1 at ,oxford1 #afj1 #afb1 #bgd2 privilege from ,cambridge1 #bgf1 #bgh2 type bodies1 #bgf2 punch-cutters for1 #bfi1 #bgg1 #cec2 letter to ,h4 ,walpole1 #bgh2 prejudice against1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhd2 folio ,bible1 #agfc1 #bgi2 tries to sell business1 #bgh1 #bha1 #bhd2 correspondence with ,franklin1 #bhj1 #bha2 various tributes to1 #bfc1 #bgb1 #bgg1 #bhj1 #bhd2 retires from printing1 #bha1 resumes #bha2 death1 #bha2 personal notices of1 #bhb2 epitaph and burial1 #bhb1 #bhc2 portrait1 #bhc2 his influence on ,english typography1 #bhd1 #bii1 #cje1 #caj1 #ccb1 #ccc2 destination of his types1 #bhg1 #bhf ------ ,matrices3 ,roman1 #dg1 #dh1 #bfc1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhd2 ,greek1 #fa1 #afj1 #bgc1 #bgd2 ,initials1 #ha1 #bgj ,bakerville 7,mrs47 notice of1 #bhb1 #bhc2 her advertisements1 #bhc2 book printed by1 #bch ,baskett 7,jno47 printer at ,oxford1 #baj2 his #8,vinegar' ,bible1 #agag-af1 #baj2 inventory of his types1 #baj2 #8silver initials' of1 #ajg1 #baa ,batarde1 a class of type1 #cf1 #ec1 #ee ,bay 7,jno47 early ,american founder1 #cej ,beaumarchais1 purchases ,baskerville's foundry1 #bhd2 typographical establishment at ,kehl1 #bhe2 editions of ,voltaire1 #bhe1 #bhf ,beauties of the ,poets1 ,lond4 #aghh2 #cjf ,bebel1 ,hebrew type of1 #fc ,bede's ,works1 ,camb4 #afdd2 #gd ,bedell 7,bp47 ,a ,b ,c4 or ,catechism1 ,dublin1 #afca1 #ahh2 ,irish ,old ,testament1 ,lond4 #afhe2 #ahh ,bedwell 7,wm47 buys ,arabic abroad1 #ff1 #ade ,,bell and ,,stephenson1 letter founders1 #cec ,bellows' ,french ,dictionary1 ,edinburgh1 #ahgc2 #cef ,bengalee matrices1 ,jackson1 #cag1 #cah2 ,wilkins1 #cah ,bensley 7,t47 printer1 employs ,figgins1 #ccf ,bernard 7,a47 on sculpto-fusi types1 #h2 sand-cast type1 #aj1 #ab2 #8gett en molle1' #ac2 on early founts1 #bg ,berte 7,a4 ,f47 type-casting machine of1 #aai1 #abj ,berthelet 7,t47 types of1 #id2 ,boke named the ,governour1 #id ,,besley 7,,robt47 partner of ,thorowgood1 #bif ,,bessemer 7,,ant47 letter founder1 #bed1 #bfe1 #ceh2 starts at ,charlton1 #ceh2 joined1 by ,j4 ,j4 ,catherwood1 #ceh2 removes to ,london1 #cei2 minute types cut by1 #ceh1 #cei2 foundry sold1 #cei2 specimens1 #ceh1 #cei ------ ,matrices3--,roman and ,italic1 #cei ,bessemer 7,h47 son of above1 type casting machine of1 #bfe1 #cei ,bettenham 7,jas47 printer1 #bcd2 assists ,caslon1 #bcd ,bewick 7,t47 wood-engraver1 #cjf1 #ccj1 #cca ,bible 7,polyglot71 ,complutum1 #aead-ag2 #ei1 #fc1 #afi1 #agj2 ,antwerp1 #aefi-gb2 #ea1 #ei1 #fd1 #afi1 #agj2 ,heidelberg1 #aehf2 #agj2 ,hamburg1 #aeif2 #agj2 ,nuremburg1 #aeii2 #agj3 ,paris1 #afde2 #ff1 #fg1 #gj1 #afi1 #agj1 #aga2 ,london1 #afeg2 #dg1 #ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #ih1 #acf2 account of1 #afh-agf2 ,london1 #ahag-bh1 c41 #fe1 #fh1 #cjh1 #cda ------ 7,hebrew7 ,soncino1 #adhh2 #fb2 ,basle1 #aecd3 #fc2 ,hamburg1 #aehg and #afjc2 #fc1 #bdg2 ,amsterdam1 #afci2 #fd2 ,amsterdam1 #affg2 #fd1 #bae2 ,amsterdam1 #agje2 #fd ,bible1 7,greek7 ,alexandrian ,codex1 ,lond4 #ahaf-ba2 #cbb ------ 7,latin7 ,mentz n4d41 #bf1 #bg1 #ec ------ 7,english7 ,lond4 #aeci 7,grafton's7 #abd2 ,edinburgh #aegf 7,bassendyne7 #df2 ,lond4 #afca 7,barker7 #adb1 #aih2 ,lond4 #afec 7,field7 #dg2 ,oxford1 #agag-af 7,baskett7 #baj2 ,cambridge #agfc 7,baskerville7 #bgi2 ,lond4 #aggd-f 7,moore7 #cja2 ,bristol1 #aggd 7,pine7 #cja2 ,lond4 #aggf 7,pasham7 #cbd2 ,lond4 #aggg 7,fry7 #cjb2 ,lond4 #ahjj 7,macklin7 #cbc1 #ccf ------ 7,armenian7 ,amsterdam1 #afff2 #fh ------ 7,irish7 ,lond4 #afhe2 #ge1 #aij2 ,lond4 #afij2 #aij ------ 7,russian7 ,prague1 #aeag-ai2 #ga ------ 7,sclavonic7 ,ostrog1 #aeha2 #ga3 ,moscow1 #affc2 #ga ------ 7,syriac7 ,lond4 #ahbi2 #fh ,bible-height at ,oxford1 #aee ,bible-printing1 complaints of1 #bcb ,bibliander1 on wooden types1 #d ,bibliotheca ,apostolica ,vaticana1 ,rome1 #aeia2 #fe1 #fg1 #fh #8,bill' of early founders1 #bh ,bill 7,jno47 ,hebrew type of1 #fd ,binneman 7,h47 types of1 #if ,,black1 a founder1 #cfd ,black letter1 early use of in ,england1 #ed1 #ig2 ,caxton's1 #ec1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi1 #cab1 #cdc2 ,de ,worde's1 #ec1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #aig1 #aii1 #bbe1 #bci2 ,faques'1 #ic2 fashions in1 #ed2 semi-gothic1 #ee1 #id2 mixed with ,roman1 #de1 #hj ------ ,matrices3--,oxford1 #adh1 #afa2 ,polyglot1 #agc1 #agg2 ,andrews1 #aif1 #cab2 ,grover1 #aig1 #aii1 #bbe2 ,head1 #bjf1 #bda2 ,mitchell1 #bjf1 #bda2 #8,anon4'1 #bjg2 ,james1 #ed1 #bad1 #bag1 #bbc1 #bbh1 #cjc2 ,caslon1 #ed1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bed2 ,wilson1 #bfd2 ,fry1 #cjc1 #caj1 #caa1 #ccd2 ,thorne1 #bie2 ,caslon ,,iii1 #cbf2 ,figgins1 #cdj1 #cdc ,blades 7,wm47 on early schools of typography1 #i2 on page by page printing1 #bf2 ,life of ,caxton1 #hc2 on early letter-founding1 #ajb ,,blake1 ,,garnett ,,co41 purchase ,caslon ,,iv's foundry1 #cbg2 specimen1 #cbh2 ,orientals1 #cbh ,blind type3 ,hay's1 #gh2 ,lucas1 #gi2 ,frere1 #gi2 ,moon1 #gi2 ,braille1 #gi2 ,carton1 #gi2 ,alston1 #gh1 #gi1 #cji2 ,fry1 #gh1 #gi1 #cjh1 #cji ,block books1 not typographical1 #b2 latest printed1 #b ,block-printing1 see ,stereotype ,bodies1 see ,type-bodies ,bodman on wooden types1 #d ,bodoni 7,g4 ,b47 notice of1 #bea1 #beb2 specimens1 #ej1 #beb2 influence on ,english typography1 #bea1 #cca2 ,manuale ,tipografico1 #gb1 #beb2 ,etruscan letter of1 #gb2 ,greek1 #fa1 #beb1 #ccb2 ,roman1 #dh1 #bea2 ,russian1 #gb ,bothius de ,consolatione1 ,oxon4 #afih2 #aea ,boke named the ,governour1 ,lond4 #aeca2 #id ,bolts 7,w47 ,bengalee type cut for1 #cag1 #cah1 #cai ,bomberg1 ,hebrew type of1 #fb ,bourgeoise1 a class of type1 #cb ,bourgeois1 an ,english type-body1 #cc1 #ci ,bourgeois 7,j4 de7 ,rouen printer1 #ajc ,,bower 7,g4 ,w47 ,sheffield founder1 #ceg2 specimen1 #ceg2 partners of1 #ceg2 attempt to regulate type bodies1 #ce1 #ceg2 foundry sold1 #ceg ,bowyer 7,wm47 printer1 account of1 #bcd2 ,saxon type used by1 #gd1 #aeg1 #bhi2 fire of his office1 #aeg1 #aig1 #bje1 #bcd2 his aid to ,caslon1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bch1 #caf ,bowyer 7,wm4 ,,ii7 his aid to ,jackson1 #cae1 #caf1 #cbc ,boydell 7,jno47 founder of the ,shakespeare press1 #ccj ,boyle 7,r47 ,irish type cut for1 #ahi ,bradshaw 7,henry7 on the type of the ,mentz ,psalter1 #aa2 on the first ,oxford types1 #ach ,branston1 engraver and maker of cast ornaments1 #cfj2 his stereoplates for music1 #cfj ,breaking off1 process in founding1 #aaa1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aca #8,breaks' of early types1 #bb ,breitkopf 7,j4 ,g47 ,leipzig founder1 #bif2 ,german type of1 #bif2 ,map type1 #bif2 ,music1 #gh1 #bif2 ,russian1 #ga1 #gb1 #bif ,brves 7,sav4 de7 ,arabic cut for1 #ff2 ,syriac1 #fg ,breviary 7,icelandic71 ,hoolum1 #aeca2 #gc ,brevier1 a type body1 #cb2 ,english1 #cb1 #cc1 #ci1 #abi2 ,german1 #ch ,brilliant1 an ,english type body1 #cef ,british ,theatre1 ,lond4 #agia-b2 #eb ,brotherly ,meeting of ,printers1 #afe1 #aff1 #aga1 #agh1 #aic1 #aid1 #aig1 #bje ,,brown1 letter-founder1 #ceh ,browne 7,j47 ,hebrew used by1 #fd ,bruce 7,d47 type-casting machine of1 #abb ,buchanan 7,cl47 ,syriac cut for1 #cdb ,buck 7,t47 ,cambridge printer1 #ada ,buel 7,abel7 early ,american founder1 #cej ,bullock's ,oratio1 ,camb4 #aeba2 #ada ,bulmer 7,w47 fine printer1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccc2 employs ,birmingham cutters1 #bhd1 #cca2 prints for ,roxburghe club1 #cab1 #ccd ,burghers 7,m47 ,oxford ,university engraver1 #aea1 #baj ,bus 7,j47 ,dutch founder1 #aad1 #bae ,cdmon's ,paraphrase of ,genesis1 ,amsterdam1 #afee2 #gd ,calasio ,concordanti1 ,lond4 #agdg2 #cdf ,cambridge ,university1 early printing at1 #aci1 #ada2 offer to buy the ,paris ,greek1 #fa1 #ada2 ,greek types at1 #fj1 #ada2 borrow type from ,oxford1 #fa1 #ada2 ,saxon types of1 #gd2 privilege to ,ged for stereotype1 #bai2 to ,baskerville1 #bgf1 #bgh2 ,orientals1 cut by ,fry for1 #cjh ,cambro-brytannic 4 4 lingua ,institutiones1 ,lond4 #aeib2 #fd ,canon1 a type body1 #cb1 #cf2 ,tory's definition of1 #cb ,carmen ,tograi1 ,oxon4 #affa2 #ff1 #fh ,cartlitch 7,miss71 married ,caslon ,,ii1 #bdh ,,caslon 7,,wm47 the ,first1 #bcc-bdf2 gunsmith's apprentice1 #bcc2 first attempts at typography1 #bcc-f2 first foundry1 #bcd2 early patrons1 #bcd2 ,palmer's conduct to1 #bce1 #bch2 early difficulties1 #bcg2 offers for ,grover's foundry1 #bcg2 reputation of1 #bcg2 first specimen1 #bdj1 #bij2 view of his foundry1 #ajh1 #aaf1 #bdc1 #bhh1 #caf2 specimens1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bhj2 various tributes to1 #aeh1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bge2 wager with ,ged1 #bai1 #bch2 rival to ,james1 #bai1 #bbb1 #bch2 buys half ,mitchell's foundry1 #bjf1 #bba1 #bda2 made a ,justice1 #bdc2 his workmen1 #bdc1 #bhh1 #bij1 #cae1 #caf1 #cej1 #cea2 family1 #bde1 #bdf2 retires1 #bdd2 anecdote of private life1 #bde2 dies1 #bdf2 influence on ,english typography1 #dg1 #bdi1 #bhd1 #cja1 #cjc1 #cje ------ ,matrices3 ,armenian1 #fi1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bed2 ,arabic1 #fg1 #bce1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bed1 #caa2 ,black1 #ed1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdh1 #bed2 ,coptic1 #gj1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bcd2 ,ethiopic1 #fi1 #bdj1 #bed2 ,etruscan1 #gb1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdg1bed2 ,flowers1 #bbb1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdh2 ,gothic1 #gc1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bed2 ,greek1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bed2 ,hebrew1 #fe1 #bcf1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bed2 ,initials1 #ha2 ,music1 #bed2 ,roman and ,italic1 #dg1 #dh1 #eb1 #aei1 #aig1 #bcf1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bed1 #bhd2 ,samaritan1 #gj1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bed2 ,saxon1 #gd1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bed2 ,syriac1 #fh1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bed ,,caslon 7,,wm47 the ,second1 son of above1 enters business1 #bda2 specimens1 #bdf2 ,mores' prejudice against1 #bdd1 #bdg2 anecdote of1 #caf2 dies1 #bdh2 wife and family of1 #bdh ------ ,matrices3 ,black1 #bdh2 ,greek1 #bdg2 ,hebrew1 #bdg2 ,music1 #bdh2 #8,proscription-type1' #bdh2 ,saxon1 #gd1 #bdh2 ,syriac1 #bdf ,,caslon 7,,mrs4 ,w47 wife of above1 formerly ,miss ,cartlitch1 #bdh2 manages for her husband1 #bdh2 succeeds to the business in #agib1 #bej2 member of trade ,association1 #bej2 death1 #bea2 tributes to1 #bea2 decline in value of foundry under1 #bea ,,caslon 7,,wm47 the ,third1 son of ,w4 ,caslon ,,ii1 succeeds to the business1 #bdh2 specimens1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bej2 founder to ,his ,majesty1 #bdi2 altercation with ,frys1 #bdi1 #cjc1 #cjd2 large sand cast type of1 #bej2 cast ornaments1 #bed1 #cbf2 leaves ,chiswell ,street1 #bej2 relations with ,jackson1 #cag1 #cbe ------ ,matrices 7,chiswell ,street73 ,script1 #bdi ------ ,buys ,jackson's foundry1 #cbe2 uses ,chiswell ,street ,orientals and ,cast ,ornaments1 #cbe1 #cbf2 specimens1 #cbe1 #cbf2 retirement and character1 #cbf1 #cbg ------ ,matrices 7,salisbury ,square73 ,arabic1 #cbf2 ,armenian1 #cbf2 ,black1 #cbf2 ,greek1 #cbf2 ,hebrew1 #cbf2 ,samaritan1 #cbf2 ,saxon1 #cbf2 ,syriac1 #cbf ,,caslon 7,,henry7 the ,first1 son of ,w4 ,caslon ,,ii1 #bdh2 joint heir to foundry1 #bdh2 wife of1 #bej2 death1 #bej ,,caslon 7,mrs4 ,,henry7 wife of above1 formerly ,miss ,rowe1 #bjj1 #bej2 joint proprietor of foundry1 #bea1 #beb2 sole proprietor1 #bea2 regenerates foundry1 #bea2 cuts new founts1 #bea2 her partner1 #beb2 marries ,mr4 ,strong1 #beb2 illness and death1 #beb2 specimen1 #beb ------ ,matrices3 ,roman and ,italic1 #bea1 #beb1 #bec ,,caslon 7,,henry7 the ,second1 son of above1 #bej2 infant proprietor of foundry1 #bea2 sole proprietor1 #bec2 partners of1 #bec1 #bed2 additions to foundry1 #bec1 #bed1 #ccd2 state of foundry in #ahbe1 #bcd2 revives the ,old ,style1 #bee2 death1 #bee ------ ,matrices3 ,german1 #bed2 ,greek1 #bed2 ,persian1 #bed2 ,diamond ,roman1 #ceh2 ,sanscrit1 #bed ,,caslon 7,,hy4 ,,wm47 son and partner of above1 #bce2 unites ,glasgow and ,caslon foundries1 #bec1 #bfc2 offers foundry for sale1 #bee2 dies1 the last of his name1 #bee ,,caslon 7,,wm47 the ,fourth1 son and partner of ,wm4 ,caslon ,,iii1 #cbf2 succeeds to ,salisbury ,square ,foundry1 #cbg2 improved types1 #abj1 #cbg2 #8,sanspareil' matrices1 #cbg2 sells foundry to ,blake1 #cbg2 character1 #cbh ,caslon 7,saml47 mould-maker1 brother to ,wm4 ,caslon ,i4 #bdf1 #cej ,caslon 7,thos47 bookseller1 son of ,wm4 ,caslon ,i1 #bdf ,caslon ,foundry1 type bodies in #ahda1 #cd2 changes in the value of1 #bea1 #bee2 relics preserved at1 #bde ,cast ,ornaments1 introduced by ,w4 ,caslon ,,iii1 #bej1 #cbf2 ,fry's1 #cjf2 ,vizitelly1 ,branston's1 #cfj1 #cfa ,castell 7,e47 his ,heptaglot ,lexicon1 #agf1 #agg ,casting1 primitive methods of1 #i2 early irregularity of1 #ah1 #be2 in sand1 #i1 #aj1 #ab2 in clay1 #aa1 #ab2 ,moxon's account of1 #aaa2 improvements in1 #aai-bb ,castle of ,otranto1 ,parma1 #agia2 #bea ,catechism and ,articles in ,irish1 ,dublin1 #aega2 #ge1 #ahg ,catechism in ,irish1 ,lond4 #afhj82 #ahi ,catena on ,job1 ,lond4 #afcg2 #ih1 #add1 #agf1 #aih1 #bja1 #bbh ,,catherwood 7,,natl47 partner of ,mrs4 ,h4 ,caslon1 #beb ,,catherwood 7,j4 ,j47 brother to above1 #bec2 partner of ,hy4 ,caslon ,,ii1 #bec2 leaves ,chiswell ,street1 #bed2 notice of1 by ,johnson1 #bed2 starts a foundry1 #bed1 #ceh2 joins ,a4 ,bessemer1 #ceh2 retires1 #cei ,catholicon1 ,mentz1 #adfj2 #af ,caxton 7,wm47 first ,english printer1 #hd2 early training1 #hd1 #he2 probable methods of type founding1 #he1 #hf1 #cdc2 type cast by1 #hd1 #he1 #ajb2 mould of1 #hh2 types of1 #hf-i2 ,black1 #ec1 #hg1 #hh2 ,secretary1 #ee1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh2 ,initials1 #gi2 type ornaments1 #hb2 first books of1 #hf2 his advertisement1 #di1 #hg2 printed page by page1 #bf2 translation of ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 by1 #cab2 employs a foreign printer1 #ia2 facsimiles of his types1 #cdc1 #cdd ,celtis1 his reference to cut types1 #g ,certificate1 letter founders'1 form of1 #ace #8,chalcographia1' derivation of1 #ae ,champfleury1 ,paris1 #aebi2 #cb1 #ahc ,chapel 7a founders'71 account of1 #aab1 #aff1 #ahf ,chapman1 prints with ,baskerville's types1 #bhc ,charles ,,ii and the ,london ,polyglot1 #agf2 on the ,alexandrian ,codex facsimile1 #bjc ,chevillier 7,a47 on the ,london ,polyglot1 #agb ,chinese type cast in plaster moulds1 #ae ,christian ,doctrine1 ,dublin #afeb2 #ge1 #ahh ,christian ,pietatis prima ,institutio1 ,lond4 #aegh2 #ih ,chronological account of ,irish writers1 ,dublin #ahbj2 #aij ,chrysostomi ,homili1 ,lond4 #aedc2 #fj1 #ie3 ,opera1 ,oxon4 #aehf2 #fj1 #adj2 ,translations from1 ,oxon4 #afjb2 #fd3 ,opera1 ,eton #afaj-ab2 #fj1 #adj ,church 7,w47 ,type casting machine of1 #aba ,cicero's suggestion of mobile types1 #c ,cicero1 a type body1 #cb1 #ch ,cicero de ,officiis1 ,mentz #adfe2 #ch1 #eg2 ,rome #adfi2 #ch ------ de ,oratore1 ,rome #adfe2 #dj ,civilit1 ,lettre de1 a ,french cursive1 #ef2 ,plantin's1 #ef ,clarendon ,printing ,house1 ,oxford1 #aef ,clarke 7,s47 ,oxford architypographus1 #adf ,classical #8height-to-paper' at ,oxford1 #aee1 #bgd ,claudin 7,a47 old ,lyonnaise types of1 #bj2 on early type markets1 #ajc ,clayton 7,robt47 patent matrices1 #af1 #aba ,clemens ,romanus ad ,corinthios1 ,oxon4 #afcc2 #adc1 #bja ,codex ,alexandrinus1 history of1 #bjj2 attempts to facsimile1 #bjj-e1 #cba ,codex ,bez1 facsimile of1 ,camb4 #agic2 #cbb ,collection of ,hymns1 ,bristol #agfi2 #bii ,colonel1 a ,dutch and ,german type body1 #ci ,commentary on the ,pentateuch1 ,reggio #adge2 #fb ,common ,prayer1 ,lond4 #aeej2 #gg3 ,cambridge #agfj-b2 #bgi ------ 7,irish7 ,dublin #afjh2 #ge1 #ahg2 ,lond4 #agab2 #aij ,complutensian ,polyglot1 types of1 #ei1 #fc1 #afi ,copland 7,r47 printer1 types of1 #id ,coptic types of the ,propaganda1 #fi2 ,voskens1 #gj2 ,fournier1 #gj ------ ,matrices3 ,oxford1 #gj1 #adg1 #adh1 #aec1 #aee1 #afa2 ,grover1 #8new-hand1' #aih1 #bjj2 ,caslon1 #gj1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bed ,cornish 7,j4 ,d47 his specimen of ,caslon's types1 #bdf ,corpus1 a ,german type body1 #ci ,coster legend disposed of by ,van der ,linde1 #b ,,cottrell 7,,thos47 #bba1 #bhh-ib2 apprentice to ,caslon1 #bdc1 #bhh1 #bij1 #caf2 starts a foundry1 #bhh1 #caf2 his tribute to ,caslon1 #bdd1 #bij2 specimens1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib2 repairs the ,elstob ,saxon1 #aeh1 #bhi2 ,fournier's notice of1 #bij2 private in the ,guards1 #bij1 #caf2 ,nichols' notice of1 #bia2 his foundry1 #bib ------ ,matrices3 ,domesday1 #gd1 #bia1 #bib1 #bid1 #cbj2 ,engrossing1 #ef1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib1 #bie2 ,flowers1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib2 8,proscription10 #bia1 #bib1 #cag2 ,roman and ,italic1 #dh1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib2 ,russian1 #gb1 #bia ,court ,hand1 early ,english1 #ee1 #bhi ------ ,matrices3 ,grover1 #aii1 #bjd2 ,james1 #bbh1 #cjc2 ,fry1 #cjc ,cromwell 7,oliver71 his aid to the ,london ,polyglot1 #agb1 #age ,cupi1 a ,dutch punch cutter1 #aad1 #bae1 #baf ,cursiv1 a ,german name for ,italic1 #ea #8,cut matrices1' a misnomer1 #h ,cyclopdia1 ,e4 ,chambers1 ,lond4 #agbh2 #ch3 ,lond4 #agch2 #bda3 ,lond4 #aghd-f2 #bej1 #bjc ,danish type at ,oxford1 #gc1 #aea ,dawks 7,i47 ,script type of1 #agc ,day 7,jno47 printer1 account of1 #ie-aja2 a letter-founder1 #if2 his ,star ,chamber case v4 ,ward1 #abd4 ,his types3 ,greek1 #ih2 ,hebrew1 #fd1 #ih2 ,italic1 #ea1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #add2 ,music1 #gg1 #ih2 ,roman1 #dg1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #add2 ,saxon1 #gc1 #if ,de ,antiquitate ,britannic ,ecclesi1 ,lond4 #aegb2 #ig ,de ,arte ,supputandi1 ,lond4 #aebb2 #ib ,de ,divin ,proportione1 ,venice1 #aeji2 #ahc ,de ,emendat ,structur1 ,lond4 #aebd2 #fj1 #ic ,de ,lingu ,arabic ,utilitate1 ,oxon1 #afci2 #ff ,de ,lingu ,etruri1 ,oxon4 #agce2 #bci ,de ,siglis ,arabum1 ,lond4 #afdh2 #ff ,de ,vinne 7,theo47 on early type moulds1 #i1 #ag ,de ,visibili ,romanarchi1 ,lond4 #aegc2 #ig ,de ,worde4 ,see ,worde 7,w4 de7 ,demetrius of ,crete1 ,greek types of1 #eg1 #eh ,demetrius ,phalereus3 ,glasgow1 #agdc2 #bfa ,descendiaen1 a ,dutch type body1 #ch ,deva ,nagari matrices3 ,jackson1 #cai2 ,wilkins1 #cah ,diamond1 an ,english type body1 #dj2 a ,dutch body1 #dj1 #cjd2 matrices in ,grover's foundry1 #aig1 #aii2 founts cut in by ,wilson1 #bfd2 ,fry1 #cjd2 ,bessemer1 #ceh1 #cei ,diary of ,lady ,willoughby1 ,lond4 #ahdd2 #bee ,dibdin 7,t4 ,f47 on ,black letter fashions1 #ed2 on ,caxton's types1 #hd2 ,bibliographical ,works of1 #ccc ,dictes and ,sayings of the ,philosophers1 ,westminster1 #adgg2 #hf ,didot 7,a4 ,f47 improved ,script type1 #ef1 #abj1 #cjh1 #cab4 ,didot 7,f47 on ,polytype printing1 #ac1 #bbj ,didot 7,f4 ,a47 typographical points of1 #ce2 ,roman type of1 #dh ,didot 7,h47 ,semi-,nonpareil cut by1 #dj2 ,diamond1 #cei2 ,patent type-casting machine1 #aba1 #cfa ,dilworth's ,spelling ,book1 ,lond4 n4d4 #cjf ,dives et ,pauper1 ,lond4 #adic2 #ia ,diurnale ,gr4 ,arab4 ,fano1 #aead2 #fe ,doctrinale1 #8gett en molle1' #ac ,domesday matrices3--,cottrell1 #gd1 #bia1 #bib1 #bid1 #cbj2 ,jackson1 #gd1 #bia1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cdj2 ,figgins1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cdc ,domesday ,book1 ,lond4 #aghc2 #gd1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cdj ,domesday ,book ,illustrated1 ,lond4 #aghh2 #cba ,donlevey's ,irish ,catechism1 ,paris1 #agdb2 #ge ,double ,pica1 an ,english type body1 #cc1 #cf ,dressing1 an operation in founding1 #aaa1 #aae1 #aaf ,drury 7,j4 ,i47 letter cutter to ,mrs4 ,h4 ,caslon1 #bea ,ductor in ,linguas1 ,lond4 #afag2 #fd1 #gc1 #aga ,,dummers1 a letter founder1 #cde2 ,samaritan type cut for ,caslon1 #gj1 #bda1 #cde ,drer 7,a47 on the shape of letters1 #cb1 #ahc ,dutch ,founders1 notices of1 #aac1 #bac-bag2 type of1 in ,england1 #df1 #ea1 #fa1 #hj1 #aad1 #baj1 #bcc2 in ,scotland1 #beg1 #bch2 cessation of trade with1 #bcg1 #bdi ,dutch #8,bloomers1' #hj1 #beh ,duverger 7,e47 on early type moulds1 #bc ,east 7,t47 ,music type of1 #gg ,east ,india ,company1 types cut for1 #cah1 #cai1 #cci ,elementa ,lingu ,persic1 ,lond4 #afdi2 #ff ,elstob 7,eliz47 ,saxon works of1 #gd1 #aeg2 account of her1 #aeg1 #aeh3 her ,saxon ,grammar1 #aeg1 #aeh ,elzevirs1 types of3 ,greek1 #bfd2 ,hebrew1 #fd2 ,orientals1 #ff1 #ada2 ,roman1 #dd1 #bfc ,emerald1 an ,english type body1 #cd ,english1 an ,english type body1 #cb1 #cc1 #cg2 a name for ,black ,letter1 #cg1 #ec ,english ,two-line1 an ,english type body1 #cf ,english-,saxon ,homily on ,st4 ,gregory's ,day1 ,lond4 #agji2 #gd1 #aef ,engrossing matrices2 ,cottrell1 #ef1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib1 #bie ,enscheds1 ,dutch letter founders1 #bae2 leaden matrices in their foundry1 #ae2 specimens of their old ,italic1 #eb2 ,gothic1 #ec2 ,flamand1 #ed2 ,civilit1 #ef2 ,initials1 #hj ,ensched 7,j47 on wooden types1 #f ,erasmus at ,cambridge1 #ada ,erpenius1 ,oriental matrices and types of1 #fe1 #fi1 #add ,essai sur l',education des ,aveugles1 ,paris1 #aghf2 #gh ,essay on the ,original1 ,use and ,excellency of ,printing1 ,lond4 #ageb2 #bdb ,essay towards a ,real ,character1 ,lond4 #affh2 #aia ,essay on ,melody of ,speech1 ,lond4 #agge2 #cbc ,estienne 7,h47 ,greek types of1 #eh2 flowers1 #hb ,estienne 7,p47 his compliment to ,norton1 #adj ,estienne 7,r47 type of1 ,greek 7,royal71 #eh1 #bfb2 ,hebrew1 #fc2 ,initials1 #hj ,ethiopic1 early founts at ,rome1 #fi1 #agd2 ,leyden1 #fi2 ,frankfort1 #fi2 ,amsterdam1 #fi ------ ,matrices3 ,oxford1 #fi1 #aea1 #aed1 #aee1 #afa2 ,polyglot1 #fi1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg1 #aie2 ,andrews1 #aih2 #8,anon4'1 #fi1 #bjg2 ,james1 #bbh1 #cjc2 ,caslon1 #fi1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bed2 ,fry1 #cjc1 #cji1 #caa ------ ,punches3 ,james1 #bbi ,eton1 ,greek printing at1 #fj1 #adj ,etruscan type at ,rome1 #gb1 ,parma1 #gb ------ ,matrices3 ,caslon1 #gb1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdg ,eusebii ,prparatio1 ,venice1 #adgj2 #da ,eusebius1 ,paris1 #aedd2 #ei ,everingham 7,r47 printer in ,irish1 #ahi1 #aij2 works printed by his widow1 #aij ,exposicio ,simboli1 ,oxon4 #8#adfh'2 #acg1 #ach ,exposition on ,st4 ,john1 ,wesel8 #aeeg2 #de ,facsimile types1 the earliest1 #bjj1 #bjd ,faques 7,w47 printer1 trained at ,rouen1 #ic1 #ajc2 types of1 #ic2 used by ,de ,worde1 #id ,fann ,street ,foundry1 #bid1 #bie1 #cac ,farley 7,abr47 ,domesday type cut for1 #cbj ,fell 7,jno47 his services to ,oxford ,press1 #adf1 #aej2 gift of matrices1 c41 #adh2 report on ,oxford printing1 #adi2 his printing house1 #aej2 ,moxon's compliment to1 #aej1 #ahc ,fenner 7,w47 partner of ,ged1 #bah1 #bai ,,fenwick 7,jos47 founder1 account of1 #cea ------ ,matrices3--,scriptorial1 #cea ,fergusson's proposal for regulating type bodies1 #ce1 #ceg ,fidelis ,servi ,responsio1 ,lond4 #aegc2 #ig ,,fifield 7,alex47 founder1 nominated1 #acj1 #afe2 account of1 #aff ,fifteen ,o's1 ,westminster1 #adij2 #hb1 #he ,,figgins 7,,vincent7 the ,first1 apprentice and foreman to ,jackson1 #cbd1 #cce1 #cch2 fails to succeed to that foundry1 #cbe1 #cce2 ,nichols' aid to1 #cce1 #ccf2 his first foundry1 #ccf1 #cda2 facsimile ,romans cut by1 #ccf1 #ccg2 employed by ,oxford ,press1 #cch2 cuts type for the ,record ,commission1 #cci1 #cdj2 for ,bagster1 #cda2 various tributes to1 #cdj1 #cdb1 #cdc4 ------ ,matrices3--,black1 #cdj1 #cdc2 ,domesday1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cdc2 ,german ,text1 #cdj1 #cdb1 #cdc2 ,greek1 #cch1 #cdc2 ,hebrew1 #fe1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cdc2 ,irish1 #gf1 #cdb1 #cdc2 ,persian1 #cci1 #cdc2 ,roman and ,italic1 #dh1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cdj2 ,saxon1 #gd1 #cdc2 ,syriac1 #fh1 #cdb1 #cdc2 ,tleg1 #cci1 #cdc ,,figgins 7,,vincent7 the ,second1 son of above1 enters business1 #cdc2 his anecdote of a punch-cutter1 #cch2 his facsimile of ,caxton's type1 #hg1 #cdc2 body-standards in his foundry in #ahda1 #cd ,,figgins 7,,james7 the ,first1 son of ,v4 ,figgins ,i1 #cdc ,,figgins 7,,james7 the ,second1 son of above1 #cdc ,filosofia1 an ,italian type body1 #ch ,finance 7,lettre de7 a ,script letter1 #ef ,fischer 7,g47 on wooden types1 #d ,flamand1 a ,dutch ,black-letter1 #ed ,flemish school of typography1 #ajb ,flesher 7,jas47 printer1 #aga1 #agh2 ,arabic type of1 #ff2 ,polyglot specimen of1 #aga ,flesher 7,miles7 printer1 ,arabic type of1 #ff ,flowers1 early type-1 #hb2 ,h4 ,estienne's1 #hb2 ,day's1 #ih ------ ,matrices3--,oxford1 #adh2 ,grover1 #aii2 ,james1 #bbb1 #cjc2 ,caslon1 #bbb1 #bdj2 ,cottrell1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib2 ,thorne1 #bic1 #bie2 ,fry1 #cjc1 #cjg ,forme1 7,lettre de7 ,black-letter1 #cf1 #ec1 #hg1 #hh ,,fougt 7,h47 ,founder of music type1 #gh1 #cej2 ,specimen1 #cej ------ ,matrices3--,music1 #cej ,foulis 7,r4 and ,a47 ,scotch printers1 #bfa2 to ,glasgow ,university1 #bfa2 employ ,wilson1 #bfa2 their ,glasgow ,homer1 #bfa1 #bfb2 beautiful impressions of1 #bfa2 the poet ,gray's tribute to1 #bfc ,foulis 7,andrew71 son of above ,robert1 #bfa2 his patent for stereotype1 #bcj1 #bfa ,founts of early printers1 size of1 #bf1 #bg ,fournier1 7,p4 ,s471 on wooden types1 #e2 typographical points of1 #ce2 notes on ,english founders1 #bdb1 #bij2 account of founding in ,france1 #aag2 his types2 ,coptic1 #gj2 ,etruscan1 #gb2 ,irish1 #ge1 #aia2 ,music1 #gh2 ,roman1 #dh2 ,russian1 #gb ,,fox 7,,benj47 partner in ,fann ,street ,foundry1 #bif ,fractur1 a ,german ,black-letter1 #ed ,france1 first ,gothic type in1 #ec2 ,letter ,founding in1 #aad1 #aaf2 control of founders in1 #abi2 typographical superiority of1 #abd ,francesco da ,bologna1 cut ,aldine punches1 #ea ,frankfort1 ,letter founding at1 in #aefh1 #aje1 #ajf ,franklin 7,benj471 a journeyman in ,london1 #bah1 #bcc1 #bce2 experiments in casting1 #ae2 letters to ,baskerville1 #bhj1 #bha2 starts foundry in ,america1 #cej ,frres de la ,vie ,commune1 ,roman type of1 #da1 #db ,froben 7,j47 his supposed acquaintance with ,pynson1 #ia2 his types2 ,greek1 #ei2 ,hebrew1 #fc2 ,initials1 #hj2 ,roman1 #dc ,froschouer 7,chr47 ,roman type of1 #dc2 ,froschouer 7,jno47 ,music type of1 #gf ,,fry 7,,joseph7 begins a foundry in ,bristol1 #bih2 imitates ,baskerville's ,romans1 #bhd1 #bii1 #cje1 #caj2 first specimens1 #bii2 removes to ,london1 #bii2 ,bibles printed by1 #cja1 #cjb2 his partners1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cjb2 adopts ,caslon models1 #bhd1 #cja1 #cje1 #caj2 purchases at ,james' sale1 #bcj1 #cjb1 #cjc2 quarrel with ,caslon ,,iii1 #bdi1 #cjd2 retirement and death1 #cjd1 #cje ------ ,matrices3 ,roman1 #dh1 #bhd1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cja1 #caj ,,fry 7,,edmund7 son and partner of above1 #cjb2 philological talents1 #cjb2 specimens1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #cac2 removes foundry to ,type ,street1 #cje2 his types used by ,millar ,ritchie1 #cjf2 his ,pantographia1 #cjf1 #cjg2 his partners1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cjh2 new ,romans of1 #cjg1 #caj2 dislike to ornamented type1 #cjg #caj2 letter founder to the ,king1 #cjg2 cuts ,orientals for ,cambridge1 #cjh2 contents of foundry1 #cji2 retires1 #caj2 his ,address to the ,public1 #caj2 sells foundry to ,thorowgood1 #bif1 #cac ,,fry 7,,edmund7 ,matrices3 ,alexandrian ,greek1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cji1 #caa2 ,amharic1 #cji1 #caa2 ,arabic1 #cjc1 #cji1 #caa2 ,black1 #cjc1 #caj1 #caa2 ,blind1 #gh1 #gi1 #cjh1 #cji2 ,cast ,ornaments1 #cjf2 ,ethiopic1 #cjc1 #cji1 #caa2 ,flowers1 #cjc1 #cjg2 ,german1 #cji1 #cab2 ,greek1 #cjc1 #cji1 #caa2 ,guzerattee1 #cji1 #caa2 ,hebrew1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cji1 #caa2 ,irish1 #gf1 #cjc1 #cjf1 #cji1 #cab2 ,malabaric1 #cji1 #caa2 ,music1 #gh1 #caj2 ,roman1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #caj2 ,russian1 #gb1 #cji1 #cab2 ,samaritan1 #gj1 #cjc1 #cji1 #caa2 ,saxon1 #gd1 #cji1 #cab2 ,script1 #cjh1 #cab2 ,syriac1 #fh1 #cjc1 #cjh1 #caj1 #caa1 #cdb ,,fry 7,,henry7 brother and partner of above1 #cjb2 becomes a printer1 #cjf ,,fry 7,,windover7 son and partner of ,edmund ,fry1 #cjh ,fust and ,schoeffer1 music types of1 #gf2 ,initials1 #gi1 #hj #8,fusus1' use of word in colophons1 #h ,fyner 7,c471 ,hebrew type of1 #fb ,gaillarde1 a ,french type-body1 #ci ,galenus de ,temperamentis1 ,camb4 #aeba2 #ada ,gallicantus1 ,lond4 #adih2 #ib ,gallie 7,jno47 manager to ,wilson1 #bff2 partner with ,dr4 ,marr1 #bff ,game and ,play of the ,chesse 7facs471 ,lond4 #ahee2 #hg1 #cdc ,garamond 7,cl47 mould of1 #bc2 ,roman cut by1 #dd2 ,greek1 #eh ,garmond1 a foreign type body1 #ci ,ged 7,wm47 inventor of ,stereotype1 #bah1 #bai1 #beh2 misfortunes and failure of1 #bai1 #bch2 ,biographical ,memoirs of1 #bai ,gem1 an ,english type body1 #cef ,gering1 first ,paris printer1 ,greek type of1 #eh2 ,roman1 #dc ,german matrices3 ,caslon1 #bed2 ,thorne1 #bie2 ,thorowgood1 #bif2 ,fry1 #cji1 #cab ,german-,text matrices3 ,figgins1 #cdj1 #cdb1 #cdc ,geschreven ,schrift1 a ,german ,script1 #ef #8,gett en molle'1 signification of1 #ac1 #ad ,glasgow ,university2 fine printing at1 #bfa ,glosa1 a class of type1 #cb ,glosilla1 a ,spanish type body1 #cb1 #ci ,goes 7,h47 ,york printer1 used ,de ,worde's types1 #hi ,golden ,legend1 ,westminster1 n4 d42 #hh ,goldsmith and ,parnell1 ,lond4 #agie2 #cca ,,goring 7,,thos47 letter-founder1 #aic2 nominated #acc1 #aic2 notice of1 #aff ,gothic letter1 origin of1 #ec2 ,petrarch's aversion to1 #ec2 ,prevost's eulogy of1 #ec ,gothic language2 types of at ,amsterdam1 #gc ------ ,matrices3 ,oxford1 #gc1 #aej1 #aea1 #aee1 #afa2 #8,anon4'1 #bjg2 ,james1 #gc1 #bbe1 #bbh2 ,caslon1 #gc1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bed ,gough 7,jno47 his anecdotes of ,jackson1 #cba1 #cbc2 of ,ilive1 #cdh ,gourmont 7,g4 de7 ,greek type of1 #eh2 ,hebrew1 #fb1 #fc ,graff 7,baltus de71 partner of ,cottrell1 #bhh ,grafton 7,rd47 ,bible printed by1 #abd2 ,music type of1 #gg2 ,dibdin's tribute to1 #aja ,grammar of the ,bengal ,language1 ,hoogly1 #aggh2 #cah ,grammar of the ,sanskrita ,language1 ,lond4 #ahjh2 #cai ,granjon 7,n47 ,french1 letter-cutter1 ,greek types of1 #ei2 ,music1 #gg2 8,civilit01 #ef ,gray's ,poems1 ,glasgow1 #agfh2 #bfc3 ,parma1 #agic2 #bea ,great ,charter1 ,oxford1 #agei3 #aei ,great ,primer1 an ,english type body1 #cc1 #cg1 #hf ,greek3 earliest1 ,schoeffer's1 #eg2 early founts1 ,italy1 #eg1 #eh2 ,france1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa2 ,netherlands1 #ei1 #fa2 ,spain1 #ei2 ,germany1 #fj2 ,switzerland1 #ei2 ,lascaris 8litter majuscul10 #eg2 ,french 8,characteres ,regii10 #ei1 #fj1 #fa1 #ada1 #bfb ------ ,in ,england3 ,de ,worde's1 #fj1 #ia2 ,siberch's1 #fj1 #ada2 ,pynson's1 #fj1 #ic2 ,day's1 #ih2 ,wolfe's1 #fj1 #ie2 ,mierdman's1 #fj2 ,oxford1 #fj1 #adj1 #ada2 ,eton1 #fj1 #adj1 #ade2 ,royal founts1 #fj1 #adb1 #add1 #afg1 #bja1 #bjb2 borrowed by ,cambridge from ,oxford1 #fj1 #ada2 ,dutch founts in ,england1 #fa2 ,cambridge offers for ,paris ,greek1 #fa1 #ada2 large number of ligatures1 #fa2 minute sizes1 #fa1 #fb1 #bed2 fashions in1 #fa1 #bgd2 ,porson's improvement in1 #fb1 #cdb ------ ,matrices3 ,oxford1 #fa1 #adh1 #afj1 #afa1 #bgc1 #bgd2 ,polyglot1 #agc1 #agd2 ,andrews1 #fa1 #aie1 #aig2 ,grover1 #fa1 #aih1 #bjj2 ,head1 #bjf2 ,mitchell1 #bjf1 #bda2 8,anon401 #bjg3 ,james1 #aie1 #aig1 #bac1 #bad1 #bag1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bbh1 #cjc2 ,caslon1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bed2 ,wilson1 #fa1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe2 ,baskerville1 #fa1 #afj1 #bgc1 #bgd2 ,thorowgood1 #bif2 ,fry1 #cjc1 #cjg1 #cji1 #caa2 ,jackson1 #fa1 #caa1 #cag1 #cba1 #cbb2 ,caslon ,,iii1 #cbf2 ,martin1 #fa1 #ccb2 ,figgins1 #cch1 #cdc2 ,ilive1 #cdg ------ ,punches3 ,james1 #bbi ,greek1 ,alexandrian2 see ,alexandrian ,greek ,grierson 7,g47 ,irish printer1 his patent1 #bfj2 establishes letter-founding1 #bfa ,grierson 7,boulter71 son of above1 his petition1 #bfj ,,grismand 7,,john7 ,star ,chamber founder1 #acj1 #afe2 notices of1 #afe1 #aff ,gromors1 ,arabic types of1 #fe ,gros ,btarde1 a ,french ,secretary type1 #ee2 ,colard ,mansion's1 #ee1 #hf1 #hg ,gros ,romain1 a ,french type body1 #cg ,,grover 7,,jas47 letter-founder1 #aff1 #aig ,,grover 7,,thos47 son of above1 letter-founder1 #aeg1 #aff1 #aig-bje2 ,royal founts in his foundry1 #aig1 #bjc2 ,caslon offers for foundry1 #bje1 #bcg2 disposal of it1 #bje ------ ,matrices3 ,alexandrian ,greek1 #aih-bje2 ,arabic1 #aih2 ,blacks1 #aig1 #aji1 #bbe2 ,cursives1 #aii2 ,greek1 #aih2 ,hebrew1 #aih2 ,music1 #gg1 #aii2 ,roman and ,italic1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii2 ,samaritan1 #gj1 #aih2 ,saxon1 #aii2 ,scriptorials1 #aii2 ,signs1 #aii2 ,syriac1 #aih1 #bda ,gutenberg's types1 migrations of1 #bh ,guzerattee matrices3 ,fry1 #cji1 #caa ,hahn 7,ul47 ,roman type of1 #da2 his ,cicero1 #ch2 his ,st4 ,augustine1 #cg ,halhed 7,n4 ,b47 his ,bengal ,grammar1 #cah2 his account of ,c4 ,wilkins1 #cah ,hanbey 7,mr47 son-in-law of ,caslon ,i1 #bdf ,hancock 7,c47 buys ,hughes' ,music matrices1 #cfc ,handy 7,j47 a punch-cutter employed by ,baskerville1 #bfi1 #cec ,hansard 7,t4 ,c47 on type fashions1 #dh2 notices of founders from his ,typographia1 #bea1 #bec1 #bed1 #beh1 #bfd1 #bif1 #cji1 #caj1 #cab1 #cbf1 #cbh1 #ccb1 #ccf1 #cdb1 #cdc1 #ceb1 #cee1 #cfa1 #cfd ,hare 7,bp47 transactions with ,caslon1 #bch ,harris 7,messrs47 use ,baskerville's types1 #bhf ,hautin1 ,music type of1 #gg ,hay1 ,blind type of1 #gh ,hawkins 7,sir ,j47 his anecdote of ,caslon1 #bde ,hazard1 ,bath printer1 notice of1 #cjg ,,head 7,,godfrey7 letter founder1 #acc1 #aff1 #bje ------ ,matrices3 ,black1 #bjf2 ,greek1 #bjf ,,heaphy1 letter founder1 #cfd ,hebrew type1 first use of1 #fb2 early founts in ,italy1 #fb2 ,france1 #fb1 #fc2 ,spain1 #fc2 ,germany1 #fc2 ,netherlands1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe ------ in ,england3 ,de ,worde's1 #fd1 #ia2 ,day's1 #fd1 #ih2 at ,oxford1 #fd2 ,london1 #fd ------ ,matrices3 ,oxford1 #fd1 #adg1 #adh1 #aed1 #afj1 #afa2 ,polyglot1 #fd1 #aga1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg1 #aid2 ,andrews1 #aie2 ,grover1 #aih2 ,james1 #fd1 #fe1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #cjc2 ,caslon1 #fe1 #bcf1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bed2 ,wilson1 #bfd1 #bfe2 ,fry1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cji1 #caa2 ,jackson1 #cag2 ,caslon ,,iii1 #cbf2 ,figgins1 #fe1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cdc2 ,thorowgood1 #bif2 ,jalleson1 #cdf ,hebrew ,dictionary1 ,louvain1 #aebj8 #fc ,hebrew ,grammar1 ,paris1 #aejh2 #fc2 ,leipsic1 #aebj1 #fc2 ,paris1 #aebj2 #fc3 ,louvain1 #aebh2 #fc ,height-to-paper of sand-cast types1 #aj2 of old ,lyons types1 #ba2 of old ,cologne types1 #be2 varieties of at ,oxford1 #aee ,heilman1 ,gros ,btarde type of1 #ee ,henfrey 7,j47 type-casting machine of1 #aba ,herbert 7,w47 his account of ,caxton's types1 #hd2 on early use of ,roman and ,italic1 #ia1 #ig ,herodotus1 ,oxford1 #aeij2 #fj1 #adj ,hibernian type1 see ,irish ,hickes' ,thesaurus1 ,oxon4 #agjc-e2 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #aej1 #aef ------ ,saxon ,grammar1 ,oxon4 #agaa2 #gd ,history of ,england 7,hume's7 ,lond4 #ahjf2 #cbc1 #ccf ,hogarth and ,baskerville's types1 #dg ,homeri ,opera1 ,florence1 #adhh2 #eh3 ,glasgow1 #agef-eh2 #fb1 #bfa1 #bfb3 ,parma1 #ahjh2 #bea3 ,lond4 #ahca2 #fb1 #bed ------ ,batrachomyomachia1 ,venice1 #adhf2 #eh3 ,paris1 #aejg2 #eh ,hooght 7,van der7 ,hebrew types of1 #fd ,hor 7,greek71 ,louvain1 #aeaf2 #ei ,horatii ,opera1 ,sedan1 #afbg2 #df3 ,glasgow1 #agdd2 #bfa3 ,birmingham1 #agfb2 #bgg ,horman 7,w47 his indenture with ,pynson1 #ib ,hostingue1 a ,rouen printer1 #ajc ,,hughes 7,,hugh7 partner with ,thorne1 #bid1 #cfc2 starts a foundry1 #cfc2 specimen1 #cfc2 his music type1 #cfc ------ ,matrices3 music1 #gh1 #cfc ,hunte 7,thos47 early ,oxford printer1 #acg1 #ach ,hutter1 curious ,hebrew type of1 #fc1 #bdg2 his ,polyglot ,bible1 #agj ,iberno-,celtic ,society's ,transactions1 ,dublin1 #ahbj2 #aij ,iceland1 early printing in1 #gc ,icelandic matrices at ,oxford1 #gc1 #aea1 #aee ,,ilive 7,,jacob7 letter founder1 #cdf-i2 his eccentricities1 #cdg1 #cdh2 forged ,book of ,jasher1 #cdh2 heads schism in ,stationers' ,company1 #cdh2 his foundry bought by ,james1 #bba1 #cdg ------ ,matrices3 ,greek1 #bba1 #cdg2 ,roman1 #cdg ,,imisson1 letter founder1 #ceb ,imprimerie ,royale1 ,paris1 establishment of1 #eh2 ,greek type of1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa2 ,roman1 #dd1 #dh ,initials of ,mentz ,psalter1 #gi2 early cutters of1 #gi1 #hj2 ,caxton's1 #gi2 ,day's1 #ih2 #8,two-line letters1' #hj2 ,pictorial1 #hj2 ,dutch1 #hj2 ,bible1 #hj2 ,armorial1 #hj2 pierced1 #ha2 ,oxford copperplate1 #hj1 #aei2 fashions in1 #ha2 ,baskett's #8,silver initials1' #ajg1 #baa ,introductio ad ,lectionem ,ling4 ,oriental4 ,london1 #afee2 #agb ,ireland1 letter foundry in1 #bfj1 #bfe2 printing patent for1 #bfj2 ,scotch and ,english type supplied to1 #bfj1 #bfe4 ,vernacular printing in1 #ge1 #gf1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh ,irish type in ,dublin1 #ge1 #ahf1 #ahg2 ,antwerp1 #ge2 ,louvain1 #ge1 #ahh1 #aia2 ,rome1 #ge1 #aia2 ,paris1 #ge1 #gf1 #aia2 revival of ,irish printing1 #gf1 #aia ------ ,matrices3 ,moxon1 #ge1 #gf1 #aee1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aid1 #cjf2 ,andrews1 #aid1 #aif2 ,james1 #bbi1 #cjc2 ,fry1 #bbi1 #cjc1 #cjf1 #cji1 #cab2 ,figgins1 #cdb1 #cdc ------ ,punches3 ,james1 #bbi ,iron1 an ingredient in type metal1 #ba1 #aab ,irregular type bodies1 origin of1 #cc ,isla 7,lord7 patron of ,wilson1 #beh ,italic1 first cut by ,aldus1 #ej2 early foreign founts1 #ea2 ,van ,dijk's1 #eb2 various uses for1 #eb ------ ,in ,england1 fashions in1 #eb2 ,de ,worde's1 #eb1 #ia2 ,day1 #eb1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #add1 #agf2 ,vautrollier1 #ea1 #ih2 ,james1 #bad1 #bag2 ,caslon1 #eb2 ,baskerville1 #bge ------ ,see also s4v4 ,roman and ,italic ,italy1 first ,roman type in1 #dj2 first ,gothic type in1 #ec ,,jackson 7,,jos47 apprentice to ,caslon ,i1 #bdc1 #bhh1 #cae2 first punch cut by1 #cae2 dismissed1 #bdc1 #bhh1 #caf2 partner with ,cottrell1 #bhh1 #bia1 #caf2 goes to sea1 #bhi1 #caf2 starts a foundry1 #bia1 #caf2 first specimens1 #caf1 #cag2 ,bowyer's aid to #cag1 #cbc2 removes to ,salisbury ,square1 #cag2 makes a hollow square1 #cag2 his foundry1 #cag2 employed by ,nichols1 #cbj1 #cba2 ,bensley1 #cbc2 ,oxford ,press1 #cch2 fire of foundry1 #cbd2 elegy on1 #cbd2 death and tributes to1 #cbd1 #cbe2 portraits of1 #bhh1 #caf1 #cbe ------ ,matrices3 ,alexandrian ,greek1 #cba2 ,bengalee1 #cag2 ,black1 #cag2 ,codex-,bez ,greek1 #cbb2 ,deva ,nagari1 #cai2 ,domesday1 #gd1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cdj2 ,greek1 #fa1 #caa1 #cag1 #cbc2 ,hebrew1 #cag2 ,music symbols1 #cbc2 ,persian1 #cag2 #8,proscription' letter1 #cag2 ,roman1 #dh1 #cag1 #cbc2 ,script1 #ef1 #cag ,,jalleson1 letter founder1 #cdf2 his system of type bodies1 #cdf2 ,hebrew type1 #cdf ,,james 7,,thos47 letter founder1 #aeg1 #bab-bbj2 his family1 #bab2 apprentice to ,r4 ,andrews1 #aif1 #bab2 his letters from ,holland1 #aac1 #bac-ag2 his foundry1 #bag2 buys ,greek of ,grover1 #aie1 #aig2 rivalry with ,caslon1 #bah1 #bbj2 transactions with ,ged1 #bah1 #bai2 second visit to ,holland1 #bai2 decline of his business1 #bbj2 buys ,andrews' foundry1 #aig1 #baa1 #bbj2 death1 #bbj2 advertisement by his widow1 #bbj ,,james 7,,thos47 ,matrices3 ,black1 #bad1 #bag2 ,greek1 #bac1 #bad1 #bag3 ,roman and ,italic1 #df1 #bac1 #bad1 #bag ,,james 7,,jno47 son and successor of above1 #bbj2 buys half ,mitchell's foundry1 #bjf1 #bba2 ,ilive's1 #bba1 #cdg2 ,grover's1 #bje1 #bba2 his projected specimen1 #bbb1 #bbd2 dies1 #bbb2 last of the ,old ,english ,founders1 #bba1 #bcj ------ ,matrices and ,punches3 ,anglo-,norman1 #bbh2 ,arabic1 #fg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #cjc2 ,black1 #ia1 #bbh4 #cjc2 ,court ,hand1 #bbh1 #cjc2 ,ethiopic1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #cjc2 ,flowers1 #bbi1 #cjc2 ,gothic1 #gc1 #bbh2 ,greek1 #bbj1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #cjc2 ,hebrew1 #fe1 #bbj1 #bbg1 #cjc2 ,irish1 #bbi1 #cjc2 ,runic1 #gb1 #bbh2 ,samaritan1 #gj1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #cjc2 ,saxon1 #bbj1 #bbh2 #bbi2 ,scriptorial1 #bbh1 #cjc2 ,secretary1 #bbh2 ,syriac1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bda ,james 7,dr4 ,t47 first ,bodleian ,librarian1 #bab ,james 7,elianor7 aunt of ,thos4 ,james the founder1 #bab ,james 7,george7 son of above1 ,city ,printer1 #bab ,james 7,jno47 architect1 brother of ,thos4 ,james the founder1 #bab2 partner with ,ged1 #bah ,james' ,foundry acquired by ,mores1 #bbb2 arranged for sale1 #bbc2 catalogue and specimen1 #bbf-cj1 #cjc2 matrices lost1#bbc1 #bbg1 #bbh2 punches lost1 #bbi2 obsolete founts1 #bbd1 #bbe2 leaden matrices1 #af1 #bbh2 moulds1 c41 #bbi1 #bcj2 sale of1 #bcj1 #cjb ,jannon1 ,sedan printer1 ,roman type of1 #df1 ,greek1 #fa ,jansson1 ,hebrew type of1 #fd1 #fe ,jasher1 ,book of1 ,lond4 #agea2 #cdh ,jason1 ,westminster 7#adgg71 #hf ,jenson1 ,greek type of1 #eh2 ,roman1 #da ,jerome's suggestion of mobile types1 #c ,joly1 a ,dutch type body1 #dj ,journeyman founders1 regulation of1 #aca1 #acc ,jungfer1 a ,german type body1 #ci ,junius 7,fr47 his gift to ,oxford1 #aej1 #aea2 ,dr4 ,nicholson's note on1 #aea2 portrait of1 #aea ,junius 7,pat47 see ,young 7,pat47 ,jurisson1 see ,imisson ,justifying of matrices1 #aj1 #aaa1 #ahf2 a secret operation1 #aag ,justinian1 ,mentz1 #adfh2 #di ,kehl1 typographical establishment at1 #bhe1 #bhf2 ,voltaire's ,works1 printed at1 #bhe1 #bhf2 ,works by ,alfieri at1 #bhf ,kerning1 a process in founding1 #bb1 #aaa #8,king's ,house1' ,roman types1 #aig1 #aii1 #bjc ,kipling 7,t47 his facsimile of ,codex ,bez1 #cbb ,kirkpatrick 7,w47 ,sanscrit type cut for1 #cai ,,knowles 7,g47 a partner of ,ed4 ,fry1 #cjg ,koran1 ,venice1 #aeah2 #fe ,laborde 7,leon7 on wooden types1 #e ,lackington 7,jas47 bookseller1 #cbe ,lactantius1 ,subiaco1 #adfe2 #dj1 #eg ,la ,lpre morale1 ,cologne1 #adgf2 #bd ,lambinet 7,p47 on early polytype printing1 #ab ,lascaris ,anthologia 7in ,greek ,capitals71 ,florence1 #adid2 #eg3 ,greek ,grammar1 ,milan1 #adgf2 #eg ,last ,judgment1 ,irish poem on1 ,dublin1 #aega2 #ahg ,laud 7,archbp47 his services to ,oxford press1 #adb-e1 #aff2 letter to1 from ,king ,charles ,i1 #adc ,le ,b 7,g47 cuts punches for ,plantin1 #ajg2 his ,arabic1 #fd2 ,hebrew1 #ei2 ,music1 #gg ,,lee 7,,jos47 letter founder1 #aff1 #aic ,lee 7,dr4 ,s47 ,orientals cut for by ,dr4 ,fry1 #cjh ,l',estrange 7,r47 ,surveyor of ,imprimery1 #acb ,le ,tailleur1 ,rouen printer for ,pynson1 #ib ,letter-cutting by eye1 not by rule1 #ahd ,letter ,founders1 one named in #aeig1 #abh1 #afd2 regulations of1 in #afbb1 #abi1 #afd2 in #afcg1 #acj2 in #affb1 #acb2 in #afgd1 #acc2 in #afic1 #acd2 called to account1 #acc1 #acd1 #aic1 #bje2 petition and #8,cause of ,complaint' of one1 in #afcg1 #afg2 ,to ,his ,majesty1 #agh1 #bdi1 #bif1 #cjg1 #cbi1 #cef2 limited number of1 #aah1 #acd2 ,association of1 #aah1 #bej1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ceh ,letter ,founding of the first printers1 #i1 #ab1 #ad1 #ah2 early secrecy of1 #bh2 spread of1 #bh ------ ,in ,france3 ,state control of1 #abi2 ,thiboust's account of1 #aad2 views of in ,encyclopdia1 #aaf2 ,fournier's account of1 #aag ------ ,in ,germany3 at ,frankfort1 in #aefh1 #aje ------ ,in ,netherlands3 ,plantin's ,foundry1 #ajf2 ,james' account of ,dutch founders1 #aac1 #bac-g ------ ,in ,england3 came after printing1 #hd2 earliest record of1 #ic2 early practice of1 #ajc2 curious cut in the ,bagford ,,mss41 #aje2 divorce from printing1 #afd2 practised by ,day1 #if2 early unlicensed1 #abh2 the ,london ,polyglot a land-mark of1 #age2 ,moxon's account of1 #afhc1 #ajg-ac1 #ahc-f2 at ,oxford1 in #afie1 #aac2 custom of lending casters and matrices1 #aac1 #baf2 division of trades in1 #aad1 #ahd2 trade jealousies in1 #aad1 #aah2 ,universal ,magazine1 #agej1 account in1 #ajh1 #aaf2 secret operations in1 #aag1 #bhh1 #cae1 #cch2 rules of ,thorne's ,foundry1 #ahjf1 #aag1 #bid2 conservatism of1 #aah2 competition in1 #aah2 ,state-control of1 #abc-acf2 liberty of1 #acd2 final emancipation of1 #ace ,lettres ,tourneures1 initials1 #gi ,lettres de ,forme1 #cf1 #ec1 #hg1 #hh ,lettres de ,somme1 #ec1 #ed ,lettou and ,machlinia1 types of1 #hi ,leusden1 simplified ,greek types of1 #fa ,lever-mould1 introduced1 #abj ,lexicon ,heptaglotton1 ,lond4 #affi2 #agf ,liber de laudibus ,mari1 ,cologne8 #adgh8 #bd ,life of ,jewell1 ,lond4 #aegc2 #fd1 #ih ,ligatures in old founts1 #aj1 #bg1 #da1 #ej1 #bbd ,liguarum ,,xii ,a,iphabeta1 ,paris1 #aech2 #fg ,linde 7,a4 ,van der7 on the essence of typography1 #b2 on #8gett en molle1' #ac ,liter ,florentes1 initials1 #gi ,littleton ,tenures 7,pynson's71 ,lond4 #aebg2 #ic2 7,redman's71 ,lond4 n4 d41 #id ,,livermore 7,,martin7 partner to ,henry ,caslon ,,ii1 #bed2 retires from ,chiswell ,street1 #bee ,logique d',okam1 #adhh1 contractions in1 #ea ,london ,printer's ,lamentation1 #affj3 #abg1 #acj1 #afe ,long ,primer1 an ,english type-body1 #cb1 #cc1 #ch ,long 1 disappearance of1 #eb ,louvain1 ,irish type at1 #ge1 #ahh1 #aia ,lbeck1 leaden matrices at1 #af ,lucas 7,m47 printer of the #8,wicked' ,bible1 #adb1 #adc ,luce 7,l47 ,roman type of1 #dj1 #dh ,lucerna ,fidelium1 ,rome1 #afgf2 #ge ,luckombe 7,p47 his ,history of ,printing1 ,lond4 #aggj2 #bdf1 #bia1 #cja ,ludolf1 ,ethiopic type used by1 #fi ,ludolph's ,grammatica ,russica1 ,oxon4 #afif2 #ga ,,lynch1 letter founder1 #ceh ,lyndewode ,constitutiones1 ,oxon4 n4d42 #aci ,lyons1 early printing at1 #bj2 fifteenth century types at1 #bj2 nicks used at1 #abj ,lyons 7,israel7 ,hebrew type cut for1 #bdg ,mc,cuirtin's ,irish ,dictionary1 ,paris1 #agcb2 #ge ,mc,creery 7,j47 prints with ,martin's types1 #ccc1 his poem on ,the ,press1 #bgg1 #ccc ,machine for type casting1 first1 #abb1 #bfe ,machlinia and ,lettou1 types of1 #hi ,mc,p,h,a,i,l1 letter founder1 #cea ,madden 7,j4 ,p4 ,a47 on #aeth ,century type1 #bd2 on the ,wiedenbach typographers1 #da ,malabaric matrices3--,fry1 #cji1 #caa ,mansion 7,colard7 ,caxton's master1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 ,gros ,btarde type of1 #ee1 #hf1 #hg ,marcel 7,j4 ,j47 his ,oratio ,dominica1 #gb1 #gf2 his ,alphabet ,irlandais1 #gf1 #aia2 ,russian type of1 #gb2 ,irish1 #gf ,marprelate ,tracts1 types of1 #abg ,,marr 7,,dr4 ,j47 acquires part of ,glasgow ,foundry1 #bff ,martens 7,th47 ,greek type of1 #ei2 ,hebrew1 #fc ,martin 7,robert7 agent and manager for ,baskerville1 #bha1 #ccj2 works printed by1 #bha ,,martin 7,,wm47 brother to above1 #ccj2 cuts punches in ,london1 #ccj2 starts foundry1 #ccj2 employed by ,shakespeare ,press1 #cca-c2 tributes to1 #cca1 #ccb1 #ccc2 supplies ,mc,creery1 #ccc2 foundry sold to ,caslon1 #bed1 #ccd2 ,orientals of1 #ccb ------ ,matrices3--,greek1 #ccb2 ,roman and ,italic1 #ccb1 #ccc ,mascall 7,w47 proposal to register founders1 #acd ,mathematical signs in type1 #ih1 #adh1 #aia1 #aif1 #aii1 #bag1 #cdb ,matrices1 early forms of1 #ad2 of lead1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #bbh2 of clay1 #ae2 of wood1 #af1 #aba2 justification of1 #af2 struck inverted1 #bjd2 without sides1 #bjh2 of steel1 #cab2 #8,sanspareil1' #cbg ,,matthewson1 letter founder in ,edinburgh1 #ceh ,maynyal1 ,paris printer for ,caxton1 #ia ,mediaan1 a ,dutch type body1 #ch ,meerman on sculpto-fusi types1 #g ,mentelin1 ,roman type of1 #db ,mentz1 ,sack of1 #bh2 school of typography of1 #i ,meres 7,jno47 son-in-law of ,t4 ,grover1 #bje ,metals used in type alloy1 #ai1 #ajf1 #aab1 #aba2 softness of1 in early types1 #bf2 ,moxon's directions for mixing1 #aab ,meurs 7,dr4 ,van7 on #8gett en molle1' #ac ,mierdman1 ,greek types of1 #fj ,miller 7,peter7 ,american printer1 anecdote of1 #ag ,,miller 7,,wm47 manager for ,wilson1 #bfd1 #cee2 starts foundry1 #cee2 his early founts1 #cee2 employed by the ,times1 #cef2 specimens1 #cee1 #cef2 partner and successors of1 #cef ------ ,matrices3--,roman and ,italic1 #cee1 #cef ,,milne ,co41 founders1 #bff ,milton 7,jno47 ,areopagitica1 #acj2 ,works1 ,birmingham1 #ageh2 #bge2 ,lond4 #agid-g2 #cca2 ,paradise ,lost1 ,lond4 #agif2 #ccg1 #cch ,minion1 an ,english type body1 #cc1 #ci1 #baj2 a foreign body1 #ci ,minsheu's ,ductor in ,linguas1 ,lond4 #afag2 #fd1 #gc1 #aga ,missal1 a ,german type body1 #cf ,missal1 printed at ,lyons1 #adhe2 #gf ,,mitchell 7,,robt47 founder1 #bjf2 partition of his foundry1 #bjf1 #bba1 #bda ------ ,matrices2 ,black1 #bjf1 #bda2 ,greek1 #bjf1 #bda2 ,music1 #gh1 #bjf1 #bda2 ,roman and ,italic1 #bjf2 ,signs1 #bjf ,mitchelson1 first ,american founder1 #cej ,mittel1 a ,german type body1 #cg ,model types for clay or sand moulds1 #aa2 as punches for lead or clay matrices1 #ae1 #af ,moderne1 ,italian name for ,black letter1 #dc ,molloy's ,lucerna ,fidelium1 ,rome1 #afgf2 #ge3 ,irish ,grammar1 ,rome1 #afgg2 #ge ,monasticon1 ,lond4 #afee2 #gd ,,moore 7,,isaac7 manager and partner of ,fry and ,pine1 #bii2 specimens of1 #bii2 inventions of1 #cjj2 retires1 #cjb ,moreau1 ,script type of1 #ef ,mores 7,ed4 ,rowe7 account of1 #bbb2 possessor of ,james' foundry1 #bbb1 #bbc2 his ,dissertation1 #bbb1 #bbc2 account of early printers by1 #hd1 #ij1 #ib1 #id2 of ,miss ,elstob1 #aeg2 his correspondence as to her ,saxon matrices1 #aeh1 #aei2 his account of ,james' foundry1 #bbc2 strictures on ,oxford specimen1 #afj2 allusion to ,coster1 #bbe2 prejudice against ,caslon ,,ii2 #bdd1 #bdg2 against ,baskerville1 #bgd1 #bhj2 notice of ,fry's specimen1 #cjj2 as a compositor1 #cdg ,morton 7,dr47 ,domesday type cut for1 #bia1 #cbj ,moses ,choronensis1 ,lond4 #agcf2 #fi1 #bci ,motteroz 7,m47 ideal ,roman letter of1 #dh ,mould1 see ,type-mould ,,moxon 7,,jos47 letter founder1 #ahj-aib2 specimen1 #aha2 a printer1 #ahb2 his offices1 #aha1 #ahb2 his ,regul ,trium ,ordinum1 #ahb2 his ,mechanick ,exercises1 #ajg-aab1 #ahc-ahf2 his standards of type bodies1 #cc1 #cd2 employed by ,boyle1 #ahi ------ ,matrices3 ,irish1 #ge1 #gf1 #ahf-aia2 ,roman and ,italic1 #dg1 #aha ,musus1 ,hero and ,leander1 ,lond4 #agig2 #ccb ,music2 ,de ,worde's1 #gf1ia2 early printing abroad1 #gf1 #gg2 improvements in1 #gh2 ,grafton's1 #gg2 ,day's1 #gg1 #ih2 ,vautrollier's1 #gg2 ,east's1 #gg2 #8new-tyed note'1 #gg2 at ,aberdeen1 #gg ------ ,matrices3 ,oxford1 #gg1 #adh1 #afa2 ,walpergen1 #gg1 #adh1 #aec1 #bjh2 ,andrews1 #gg1 #aif2 ,grover1 #gg1 #aii2 ,mitchell1 #gh1 #bjf1 #bda2 ,caslon1 #gg1 #bda1 #bdh2 ,fry1 #gh1 #caj1 #cab2 ,fougt1 #gh1 #cej2 ,branston's 7stereo71 #cfj2 ,hughes1 #gh1 #cfc2 ,jackson's symbols1 #cbc ,myllar 7,a47 ,scotch printer1 types of1 #ajc ,negus 7,s47 list of printers by1 #cdf ,neilson's ,irish ,grammar1 ,dublin1 #ahjh2 #gf1 #aia ,new ,testament 7,greek71 ,basle1 #aeaf2 #ei3 ,sedan1 #afbh2 #fa3 ,cambridge1 #afcb2 #fj1 #ada3 ,oxford1 #agfc2 #fa1 #afj1 #bgc1 #bgd3 ,lond4 #aghf 7,codex ,alex472 #cba ------ 7,latin71 ,lond4 #aegd2 #df1 #ea ------ 7,arabic71 ,lond4 #agbg2 #fg1 #bce ------ 7,coptic71 ,oxon4 #agaf2 #gj1 #bcg ------ 7,ethiopic71 ,rome1 #aedh2 #fi3 ,lond4 #ahbf 7,gospels72 #fi ------ 7,irish71 ,dublin1 #afjb2 #ge1 #ahg2 ,lond4 #afha2 #ge1 #ahi ------ 7,russian71 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahai-bc2 #gb ------ 7,saxon71 ,lond4 #aega 7,gospels71 #ie ------ 7,sclavonic71 ,ugrovallachia1 #aeab 7,gospels71 #ga3 ,moscow1 #aefd 7,acts and ,epistles71 #ga ------ 7,syriac71 ,paris1 #aeci2 #fg3 ,vienna1 #aeee2 #fg3 ,cothon1 #afba2 #fg3 ,hamburg1 #affc2 #fg3 ,lond4 #ahaf2 #fh1 #cdb ------ 7,tamulic71 ,tranquebar1 #agad-ai2 #bcd ,,nicholls 7,,arthur7 letter founder1 nominated1 #acj1 #afe2 petition to ,archbishop ,laud1 #aff1 #afg2 #8,cause of ,complaint1' #afg ,,nicholls 7,,nicholas7 son of above1 letter founder1 #aff1 #agg2 his father's account of1 #afh2 his petition to the king1 #agh2 his specimen1 #agh1 #aha2 letter founder to the king1 #agh ,,nichols1 an ,oxford letter founder1 #adh1 #agh ,nichols 7,jno47 his ,anecdotes of ,bowyer1 #bcc2 ,domesday1 facsimile of1 #cbj1 #cba2 assists ,figgins1 #cce1 #ccf ,nicholson 7,w47 patent for type casting1 #aai1 #cbg ,nicks1 origin of1 #abj2 early substitutes for1 #bb ,nicol 7,geo47 founder of the ,shakespeare ,press1 #ccj2 employs ,w4 ,martin1 #ccj ,nicol 7,w47 son of above1 succeeds to the ,shakespeare ,press1 #ccj ,nomenclator ,syriacus1 ,rome1 #afbb2 #fg ,nonpareil1 an ,english type body1 #cb1 #cc1 #ci1 #abi2 a foreign body1 #ci ,norfolk 7,duke of7 employs ,jackson1 #cag ,norton 7,j47 printer of the ,eton ,chrysostom1 #fj1 #adj2 distinctions conferred on1 #adj ,nutt 7,richd47 successor to ,grover's foundry1 #bjc ,o',brien's ,irish ,dictionary1 ,paris1 #agfh2 #ge ,ogilby 7,jno47 ,roman letter of1 #dg ,o',hussey's ,irish ,catechism1 ,antwerp1 #afaa2 #ge3 ,rome2 #agjg1 #ge ,o',kearney's ,irish ,catechism1 ,dublin2 #aega2 #ge1 #ahg ,oporinus1 ,greek type of1 #ei ,opusculum ,musices1 ,bologna1 #adhg2 #gf ,oratio ,dominica1 ,lond4 #agjj2 #fd1 #ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gc1 #gd1 #aed1 #agg1 #aij3 ,lond4 #agac2 #fi1 #aee1 #agg1 #aij3 ,amsterdam1 #agae2 #fi1 #ga1 #gc1 #gd1 #aed1 #bcf3 ,paris1 #ahje2 #gb1 #gf3 ,parma2 #ahjf1 #gb ,oratio in pace nuperrim1 ,lond4 #aeah2 #dd1 #ib ,oratio trium linguarum1 ,lond4 #aebd2 #ea1 #fd1 #ff1 #ia ,oriental ,collections1 ,lond4 #agig-ahjj2 #cci ,ornamental type1 introduced1 #cjg1 #caj ,ornaments1 see ,type ornaments ,orthographia ,practica1 ,saragossa1 #aedh2 #cb1 #ahc ,orwin1 ,arabic type of1 #fd ,ottley 7,w4 ,y47 on early clay moulds1 #aa ,ouseley 7,sir ,w47 ,persian type cut for1 #cci ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 ,lond4 #ahai2 #cab ,oxford ,university ,press1 first printing at #acg-i2 types of the early press1 #ee1 #acg1 #ach2 ,scolar's press1 #aci2 revival of printing1 #adj2 early ,greek founts1 #fj1 #fa1 #adj1 #ada1 #ade2 lends ,greek type to ,cambridge1 #ada2 ,laud's services to1 #adb-e1 #aff2 charter in #afcb1 #adb2 early ,oriental types1 #fd1 #ff1 #add3 ,archi-typographus appointed1 #adf2 ,fell's services to1 #adf-aej2 loyalty of1 #adf2 large purchases in #afgb1 #adi2 ,junius' gift to1 #aej1 #aea2 fine printing at1 #aei ------ ,foundry established1 #aec2 state of1 in #affe1 #aac2 matrices lost at1 #aea2 removed to ,sheldonian ,theatre1 #aec2 first specimen1 #aec2 types used in the ,oratio ,dominica1 #agjj1 #aed2 heights to paper in1 #aee2 removed to ,clarendon ,building1 #aef2 gift of ,elstob ,saxon to1 #aeh1 #aei2 ,greek cut for1 by ,baskerville1 #afj1 #bgc1 #bgd2 specimens1 #afj1 #afb2 types cut for1 by ,caslon1 #afj1 #afa1 #bdf2 by ,figgins1 #cch2 inventory of1 in #agid1 #afa1 #afb2 relics at1 #aej1 #aei1 #afj1 #afb1 #bgd ------ ,matrices3 ,amharic1 #agg2 ,arabic1 #ff1 #adg1 #adh1 #aee1 #afa2 ,armenian1 #fi1 #adh1 #aec1 #afa2 ,coptic1 #gj1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi1 #aec1 #aee1 #afa2 ,danish1 #gc1 #aea2 ,ethiopic1 #fi1 #aea1 #aed1 #aee1 #afa1 #agg2 ,gothic1 #gc1 #aea1 #aee1 #afa2 ,greek1 #adh1 #afj1 #afa1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #cch2 ,hebrew1 #fd1 #adg1 #adh1 #aed1 #afa2 ,icelandic1 #gc1 #aea1 #aee2 ,initials1 #hj2 ,music1 #gg1 #adh1 #aec1 #aed1 #afa1 #bji2 ,roman and ,italic1 #aej1 #aeb1 #agi2 ,runic1 #gb1 #aea1 #aee1 #afa2 ,russian1 #ga2 ,samaritan1 #gj1 #adh1 #aed1 #afa2 ,saxon1 #gd1 #aea1 #afa2 ,sclavonic1 #ga1 #adh1 #aec1 #aee1 #afa2 ,swedish1 #gc1 #aea2 ,syriac1 #fh1 #adg1 #adh1 #aee1 #afa ,pacioli 7,l47 on the shape of letters1 #ahc ,palmer 7,s47 his note on ,de ,worde1 #ij2 his printing-house1 #bag2 ,history of ,printing1 #ij1 #bce1 #bcf2 projected account of letter-founding1 #aad2 discreditable conduct to ,caslon1 #bce1 #bch ,pantographia1 ,lond4 #agii2 #gb1 #gf1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cjh ,paradigmata de ,,iv ,linguis1 ,paris1 #aeif2 #fg ,paragon1 an ,english ,type body1 #cc1 #cf1 #hf1 #cdc2 a foreign body1 #cf ,parker 7,archp4 ,m47 patron of ,day1 #ie2 ,saxon cut for1 #ie2 ,roman and ,italic for1 #if1 #ig1 #ih ,patents relating to letter-founding1 #aai-abb ,pater 7,paulus7 on wooden types1 #d ,paterson1 the auctioneer1 notice of1 #bcj1 #caa ,pauli de ,middleburgo ,epistola1 ,louvain1 #adhh2 #fc ,pearl an ,english type body1 #cc1 #dj ,peek 7,jno47 type-casting machine of1 #abj ,pentateuch 7,polyglot7 ,constantinople1 #aedf2 #agj ------ 7,coptic7 ,lond4 #agca2 #gj1 #bcg ------ 7,irish7 ,lond4 #ahai 7,gen4 and ,exod471 #cab ,perforated wooden types1 #d1 #e2 sand-cast types1 #aj2 mould-cast types1 #bb1 #be ,perle1 a ,french type body1 #dj ,persian ,matrices3 ,caslon1 #bed2 ,jackson1 #cag2 ,figgins1 #cci1 #cdc ,persian ,moonshee1 ,lond4 #ahja2 #cci ,petit1 a ,french and ,german type body1 #ci ,petit ,romain1 a ,french type body1 #ch ,petrucci1 music type of1 #gg ,phalaridis ,epistol1 ,oxon4 #adhe2 #acg1 #ach ,philosophie1 a ,french type body1 #cb1 #ch ,pica1 an ,english type body1 #cb1 #cc1 #ch ,picas or ,pies1 of the early ,church1 #ch1 #hg ,pickering 7,w47 minute ,greek used by1 #fb1 #bed2 book printed for1 in ,baskerville's types1 #bhf ,,pine 7,,wm47 ,bristol printer and founder2 partner with ,fry1 #bih2 his inventions1 #cjj2 ,bible printed by1 #cja2 retires from founding1 #cjb ,plantin 7,chr47 his foundry1 #ajf2 supposed silver type of1 #ajf2 ,types3 ,greek1 #ei2 ,hebrew1 #fd2 ,italic1 #ea2 ,lettre de ,civilit1 #ef2 ,roman1 #dc2 ,syriac1 #fg ,plinii ,secundi ,epistol1 ,lond4 #agij2 #cjf ,ploos van ,amstel1 ,dutch founders1 #bae ,polychronicon1 ,westminster1 #adie2 #gf1 #ia ,polyglot ,bibles1 account of1 #afi ------ the ,london1 see ,bible 7,polyglot7 ,lond4 #afeg ,,polyglot ,,foundry ,matrices3 ,arabic1 #ff1 #agc1 #agg2 ,black1 #agc1 #agg2 ,ethiopic1 #fi1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg2 ,greek1 #agc1 #agd2 ,hebrew1 #fd1 #agc1 #agg2 ,roman and ,italic1 #agc1 #agf2 ,samaritan1 #gj1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg2 ,syriac1 #fh1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg1 #bda ,polytype1 supposed early system of1 #ab2 later attempts at1 #abb1 #bbj ,porson's improvement in ,greek letter1 #fb1 #cdb ,postel's ,arabic ,grammar1 ,paris #aeci-dj1 #fe2 ,syriac type used by1 #fg ,,pouchee 7,l4 ,j47 ,letter ,founder1 starts a foundry1 #cfa2 agent for ,didot's #8polymatype1' #aba1 #cfa2 specimen1 #cfb2 abandons business1 #cfb2 dispersion of his foundry1 #cfb ,practical ,sermons 7,irish7 ,lond4 #agaa2 #aij ,press1 ,the1 a ,poem2 ,liverpool1 #ahjc2 #bgg1 #ccc ,primer1 an ,english type body1 #cb1 #cd2 derivation of1 #cg ,primers of the ,early ,church1 #cg1 #ch ,printing1 invention of1 #a2 degeneration of1 in ,england1 #dd1 #acf1 #bcb1 #bfi2 comprehensiveness of the early trade of1 #abc2 statutes relating to1 #abd-acf2 rise of fine printing1 #bfi1 #bgb ,printers1 their own founders1 #hh1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #abc1 #abe2 number of1 in ,london1 #abf1 #acj1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd ,prodromus ,coptus1 ,rome1 #afcf2 #fg1 #fi1 #bcf ,propaganda ,press1 specimens1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi1 #gj2 ,types of3--,arabic1 #ff2 ,coptic1 #fi2 ,ethiopic1 #fi2 ,irish1 #ge1 #aia2 ,samaritan1 #gj2 ,sclavonic1 #ga2 ,syriac1 #fg #8,proscription' letter1 ,matrices3--,caslon1 #bdh2 ,cottrell1 #bia1 #bib1 #cag2 ,thorne1 #bib1 #bic2 ,jackson1 #cag ,prosodia ,rationalis1 ,lond4 #aggi2 #cbc ,psalmanazar 7,g47 anecdotes of ,palmer by1 #aad1 #bch ,psalms 7,polyglot7 ,paris1 #aeac2 #hb3 ,genoa1 #aeaf2 #fc1 #fe1 #agj3 ,cologne1 #aeah2 #fi1 #agj ------ 7,hebrew7 ,tbingen1 #aeab1 7,septem pnit471 #fc ------ 7,heb4 ,lat47 ,lond4 #agcf2 #bch1 #bci ------ 7,greek7 ,milan1 #adha2 #eh3 ,venice1 #adhf1 #eh3 ,lond4 #ahab 7,cod4 ,alex47 #cbb ------ 7,latin7 ,mentz1 #adeg2 #aa1 #ac1 #ec3 ,mentz1 #adij2 #gf ,psalms 7,arabic7 ,rome1 #afad2 #ff3 ,lond4 #agbe2 #fg1 #bce ------ 7,armenian7 ,rome1 #aefe2 #fh ------ 7,ethiopic7 ,rome1 #aeac2 #fi3 ,frankfort1 #agja2 #fi ------ 7,saxon7 ,lond4 #afdj2 #gc ------ 7,sclavonic7 ,cracow1 #adia2 #ga ------ 7,syriac-,lat47 ,paris1 #afbe2 #fg ,pump for type-casting machine1 #aai ,punches1 probable earliest1 #ad2 of copper1 #ae1 #af2 of wood1 #ad1 #ae1 #af2 small value put on1 #aac1 #bji1 #bbe1 #bbi2 defects of ,french1 #aaf2 ,barclay's patent1 #aai ,punch-cutting1 account of1 #ajh1 #ahe2 a distinct trade in ,holland1 #aad2 independent artists in ,england1 #aag1 #cch1 #ceh1 #cfj2 secrecy of #aag1 #bdc1 #bhh1 #cae1 #cch ,pynson 7,r47 servant to ,caxton1 #ia2 correspondence with ,rouen printers1 #ia1 #ib1 #ajc2 types of1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic2 his ,roman1 the first in ,england1 #cg1 #dd1 #ib2 his indenture with ,horman1 #cg1 #ib2 ,greek types cast by1 #ic2 apology for1 #ic ,quatremre1 ,coptic type used by1 #gj ,quintilian's suggestion of mobile types1 #c #8,quousque tandem1' formula for type specimens1 #di1 #eb ,rabbinical ,hebrew1 ,matrices3--,andrews1 #aid1 #aie2 ,james1 #fe1 #bbg1 #cjc2 ,fry1 #cjc ,raphelengius1 ,arabic type of1 #ff1 #ade ,ratdolt1 initials of1 #gi ,rasselas1 ,banbury1 #ahjd2 #aai ,rastell 7,w47 types of1 #id ,rastell's ,grete ,abridgement1 ,lond4 #aecd2 #id ,readings on ,jonah1 ,lond4 #aegi2 #fd1 #ih ,record ,commission1 types cut for1 #cci1 #cdj ------ ,reports1 ,lond4 #ahjj-ai2 #cci3 ,edinburgh1 #ahaa-af2 #cdj #8,real ,character1' ,moxon's1 cut for ,wilkins1 #aia1 #aif1 #caj ,recuyell of the ,histories of ,troye1 ,bruges1 #adgd2 #hf ,redman 7,r47 ,pynson's quarrel with1 #ic2 types of1 #id ,,reed 7,,charles7 partner in the ,fann ,street ,foundry1 #bif ,registration of founders1 #acc1 #ace ,regul ,trium ,ordinum1 ,lond4 #afgf2 #ahb1 #ahe ,reliques of ,irish ,poetry1 ,dublin1 #aghi2 #aia ,,richard 7,,mr47 partner of ,mr4 ,miller1 #cef ,,richard 7,j4 ,m47 son of above1 #cef2 #8,brilliant' type of1 #cef2 #8,gem' type of #cef ,,richard 7,w4 ,m47 brother of above1 #cef ,,richards 7,t47 a letter founder1 #cea ,richardson 7,rev4 ,j47 ,irish works of1 #aij ,richardson 7,w47 ,engrossing type cut for1 #bhi1 #bij ,ripoli ,press1 metals used in the foundry of1 #ai2 matrices bought by1 #bh ,ritchie 7,millar71 fine printer1 #cjf ,robijn1 a ,dutch type body1 #dj1 #eb ,roccha 7,ang47 on early perforated types1 #d2 his ,bibliotheca ,apostolica ,vaticana1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh ,rolij 7or ,rolu71 ,dutch letter cutter1 #aad1 #bae1 #baf ,roman letter1 origin of1 #dj2 early founts in ,italy1 #dj1 #da2 ,germany1 #db2 ,france1 #dc1 #dd2 ,netherlands1 #dc1 #dd1 #dg2 ,switzerland1 #dd ,roman letter1 in ,england3 introduction of1 #dd1 #ia2 ,pynson's1 #dd2 #ib2 ,de ,worde's1 #ia2 ,redman's1 #id2 ,day's1 #dg1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #add2 ,vautrollier's1 #df1 #ih2 degeneration of1 #dd1 #bcb2 called #8,white letter1' #ia2 mixed with ,black1 #de1 #ig2 followed ,dutch models1 #df2 first ,bible in1 #df2 in ,scotland1 #df2 ,roycroft's1 #dg1 #agc1 #agf2 ,ogilby's1 #dg2 ,field's1 #dg2 ,moxon's rules for1 #dg1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #ahe2 ,caslon's influence on1 #dg1 #bdi1 #bhd1 #cja1 #cjc1 #cje2 narrow faces1 #df2 ,baskerville's influence on1 #dg1 #bhd1 #bii1 #cje1 #ccb1 #ccc2 ,french influence on1 #dh2 ,bodoni's influence on1 #dh1 #cca2 revolutions in1 #dh1 #bea1 #bec1 #cja1 #cbh1 #ccb1 #cdj2 ,french obligations to1 #dh2 heavy faced1 #dh2 revival of the ,old ,face1 #di2 ,rusher's improved1 #aai2 ,motteroz ideal1 #dh ------ and ,italic matrices3 ,oxford1 #adh1 #aeb2 ,polyglot1 #agc1 #agf2 ,moxon1 #aha2 ,andrews1 #aie2 ,grover1 #aih1 #aii2 ,mitchell1 #bjf2 #8,anon1' #bjg2 ,james1 #bac1 #bad1 #bag1 #bbc2 ,caslon1 #dg1 #aei1 #bce1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bea1 #beb1 #bec2 ,wilson1 #dh1 #bfj1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe2 ,baskerville1 #dg1 #dh1 #bfc1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhd2 ,cottrell1 #dh1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib2 ,fry1 #dh1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cjf1 #caj2 ,jackson1 #dh1 #cag1 #cbc2 ,figgins1 #dh1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cdj2 ,thorne1 #bia1 #bic1 #bie2 ,thorowgood1 #bie2 ,martin1 #ccb1 #ccc2 ,ilive1 #cdg2 ,stephenson 7,s4 and ,c471 #cec2 ,miller1 #cee1 #cef ,rood 7,theo47 ,oxford printer1 #acg1 #ach ,rosart1 music type of1 #gh ,rouen1 an early type market1 #ia1 #ic1 #ajc ,rowe 7,sir ,t47 family of1 #bjj ,rowe 7,eliz47 married ,h4 ,caslon1 #bjj1 #bej ,roxburghe ,club1 works printed for1 #cab1 #ccd ,royal ,typography in ,england1 proposal for a1 #bfc ,roycroft 7,thos47 printer of the ,london ,polyglot1 #aga1 #agb2 distinction conferred on1 #agf2 printing house of1 #bag2 fire of his office1 #agg2 epitaph1 #agf2 types used by1 #dg1 #fd1 #ff1 #agc-agg ,rubbing1 a process in founding1 #aaa1 #aaf1 #aag ,ruby1 an ,english type body1 #cd ,runic1 early foreign founts of1 #gb ------ ,matrices3 ,oxford1 #gb1 #aej1 #aea1 #aee1 #afa2 ,james1 #gb1 #bbe1 #bbh ,running ,secretary1 a ,french ,cursiv1 #ef ,rusher 7,ph47 his improved types1 #aai2 his ,rasselas1 #aai ,russian type1 chief foreign founts1 #ga1 #gb2 none in ,england in #aggh2 #gb ------ ,matrices3 ,cottrell1 #gb1 #bia2 ,fry1 #gb1 #cji1 #cab2 ,thorowgood1 #gb1 #bif ,st4 ,alban's1 printing at1 #hi1 #aci ,st4 ,augustin1 a ,french type body1 #cb1 #cg ,sallust1 ,edinburgh1 #agci2 #bai ,samaritan type1 chief founts abroad1 #gj1 #agd ------ ,matrices3 ,oxford1 #gj1 #adh1 #aed1 #afa2 ,polyglot1 #gj1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg1 #aih2 ,andrews1 #gj1 #aie2 ,grover1 #gj1 #aih2 ,james1 #gj1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #cjc2 ,caslon1 #gj1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bed2 ,caslon ,,iii1 #cbf2 ,fry1 #gj1 #cjc1 #cji1 #caa2 ,dummers1 #gj1 #bda1 #cde ------ ,punches3 ,james1 #bbi ,sand moulds1 early use of1 #af ,sanscrit matrices3 ,caslon1 #bed2 ,jackson1 #cai2 ,wilkins1 #cah1 #cai #8,sanspareil' matrices invented1 #cbg ,savile 7,sir ,h47 his ,eton ,chrysostom1 #fj1 #adj ,saxon1 early types of1 in ,england1 #gc1 #gd2 in ,amsterdam1 #gd ------ ,matrices3 ,day1 #gc1 #ie1 #if2 ,oxford1 #gd1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeh1 #afa2 ,andrews 7for ,elstob71 #gd1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aif1 #bhi2 ,grover1 #aii2 ,james1 #bbc1 #bbh2 ,caslon1 #gd1 #bdj1 #bdh2 ,caslon ,,iii1 #cbf2 ,wilson1 #gd1 #bfd2 ,fry1 #gd1 #cji1 #cab2 ,figgins1 #gd1 #cdc ------ ,punches3 ,james1 #bbi ,schoeffer 7,p47 advertisement of1 #bh1 #di2 his ,lettre de ,somme1 #ed2 ,greek1 #eg2 ,initials1 #gi ,schoepflin on sculpto-fusi types1 #g ,schola ,syriaca1 ,utrecht1 #afgb2 #gj1 #agd ,scholar's ,instructor1 ,camb4 #agce2 #bdg ,sclavonic1 various founts abroad1 #ga ------ ,matrices3 ,oxford1 #ga1 #adh1 #aec1 #aee1 #afa ------ modern3 see ,russian ,scolar 7,j47 early ,oxford printer1 #aci ,scoloker1 ,ipswich printer1 device of1 #ajf ,scotland1 first types in1 #ajc2 early use of ,dutch types in1 #df1 #beg1 #beh2 condition of printing in1 before #agbj1 #beg2 no foundry in #agbe1 #bah1 #beg1 #beh ,script type1 origin of1 #ef1 #bjd2 ,dutch1 #ef2 ,french and ,german1 #ef2 ,moreau's1 #ef2 ,didot's1 #ef1 #abj1 #cjh1 #cab2 ,dawks'1 #agc ------ ,matrices3 ,caslon1 #bdi2 ,cottrell1 #ef1 #bij1 #bib2 ,fry1 #cjh1 #cab2 ,jackson1 #ef1 #cag2 ,thorne1 #bic1 #bid1 #bie ,scriptorial matrices3 ,grover1 #aii1 #bjd2 ,james1 #bbh1 #cjc2 ,fry1 #cjc2 ,fenwick1 #cea #8,sculpto-fusi' types1 theory of1 #g1 #h #8,sculptus1' use of the word in colophons1 #g ,secretary type1 early1 at ,paris1 #ee2 ,rouen1 #ee1 #ib2 ,caxton's1 #ee1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh2 ,berthelet's1 #id1 #ie2 variations of1 #ee2 disappearance1 #ee1 #id1 #ie ,secretary matrices3 ,andrews1 #aif2 ,grover1 #aii2 ,james1 #bbh ,sedan1 small ,roman type at1 #dj1 #df2 small ,greek1 #fa1 #bed ,sedan1 a ,french type body1 #ce ,seldeni ,opera ,omnia1 ,lond4 #agbf2 #bcf ,semi-,nonpareil1 a ,french type body1 #dj ,set-,court1 see ,court ,hand ,setting-up1 an operation in founding1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aag ,shakespeare1 ,lond4 #agib-ahjb2 #ccj1 #cca ,shakespeare ,press1 established1 #cca2 works issued by1 #cca-c ,sheldonian ,theatre1 ,oxford1 #aec ,shewell 7,mr47 son-in-law of ,caslon ,i1 #bdf ,siberch 7,jno47 first ,cambridge printer1 #ada2 ,greek types of1 #fj1 #ada ,signs cut by ,moxon1 #aia ,silver1 alleged use of for type metal1 #dj1 #ajf1 #adj ,,simmons1 a letter founder1 #cfd ,,sinclair 7,,duncan7 manager for ,wilson1 #bff2 starts a foundry in ,edinburgh1 #bff ,,sinclair 7,,jno47 son of above2 manager for ,wilson1 #bfe2 joins his father1 #bff ,skeen 7,w47 on wooden types1 #f2 on sculpto-fusi types1 #h2 on #8gett en molle1' #ad ,,skinner1 a letter founder1 #cde ,small ,pica1 an ,english type-body1 #cc1 #ch ,smart 7,w47 purchased ,baskerville remainders1 #bha ,smith 7,jno47 his tribute to ,caslon1 #bdc2 body-standards given by1 #cd ,smith1 7,dr4 ,t47 his tribute to ,laud1 #ade2 note by1 on the ,alexandrian ,codex1 #bja1 #bjc ,smith 7,t4 ,w47 manager to ,h4 ,w4 ,caslon1 #bee ,society for ,promoting ,christian ,knowledge1 notice of1 #bcd2 their press at ,tranquebar1 #bcd2 their ,arabic ,psalms and ,testament1 #bce ,somme1 ,lettre de1 #ed ,soncino1 ,hebrew type at1 #fb ,sophologium 7,wiedenbach8 #adfe87 #db ,sower 7,chr47 early ,american founder1 #cej ,spaces1 early contrivances for1 #ba ,specimens1 see ,type-specimens ,specklin on wooden types1 #d ,speculum1 not printed with wood type1 #d1 #e1 #f2 nor with sculpto-fusi types1 #f2 possible sand-cast types of1 #aj2 curious #8turn' in #aj2 possible clay-cast types of1 #aa2 quantity of types and contractions in1 #bg ,star ,chamber2 case of ,day v4 ,ward1 #abd2 decrees affecting printers and founders1 #abf1 #acj1 #afg2 abolished1 #aca ,starr 7,e47 ,type-casting machine of1 #abb ,statham's ,abridgments1 ,rouen1 n4d41 #ib ,stationers1 early brotherhood of1 #abd ,stationers' ,company1 incorporation of1 #abd2 powers against printers1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi2 minutes relating to founders1 #abh1 #abi1 #acc1 #acd1 #afd1 #afe1 #aic2 schism in1 #cdh ,statutes affecting printers and founders1 #abd1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd ,,steele 7,,isaac7 partner of ,edmund ,fry1 #cjf1 #cjg ,,stephenson 7,s4 and ,c47 ,london founders1 #cec2 first foundry1 #cec2 specimens1 #cec1 #ced2 punch-cutter for1 #cec1 #cei2 foundry sold1 #ced ------ ,matrices3--,roman and ,italic1 #cec2 ,ornaments1 #cec ,,stephenson 7,,henry7 ,sheffield founder1 #cbi ,stereotype1 early suggestion of1 #ac2 first attempts at1 #bah2 history of ,ged's invention1 #bah2 re-invention by ,tilloch1 #bbj1 #bfa2 perfected by ,wilson and ,lord ,stanhope1 #bbj2 ,didot's method of1 #bbj ,strong 7,mr47 married ,mrs4 ,h4 ,caslon1 #beb ,strype's note on ,day1 #ih2 on early types1 #ig ,subiaco1 ,roman type at1 #dj2 ,greek1 #eg ,swedish ,matrices3--,oxford1 #gc1 #aea ,,swinney 7,,myles7 ,birmingham founder1 #bfi1 #ceb2 specimen of1 #ceb1 #cec2 poetical tribute to1 #cec ,swynheim and ,pannartz1 ,roman types of1 #dj1 #da2 ,greek1 #eg ,,sympson 7,,benj47 the first recorded ,english letter-founder1 #abh1 #afd ,syriac1 chief founts abroad1 #fg2 printed in ,hebrew1 #fg2 ,usher's attempt to procure types of1 #fg1 #fh ------ ,matrices3 ,oxford1 #fh1 #adg1 #adh1 #aee1 #afj1 #afa2 ,polyglot1 #fh1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg1 #aih1 #bda2 ,andrews1 #aie1 #bda2 ,grover1 #aih1 #bda2 ,james1 #bbh1 #bda2 ,caslon1 #afj1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bed2 ,fry1 #fh1 #cjc1 #cjh1 #cji1 #caa1 #cdb2 ,caslon ,,iii1 #cbf2 ,figgins #fh1 #cdb1 #cdc2 ,watts1 #fh ------ ,punches3--,james1 #bbi ,tleg matrices3 ,figgins1 #cci1 #cdc ,tertia1 a ,german type body1 #cg ,teste1 a size of type1 #cb ,testo1 a ,spanish type body1 #cb1 #cg ,thiboust 7,c4 ,l47 his account of ,french founding1 #aad1 #aae2 his ,typographi ,excellentia1 #aae ,thomas 7,isaiah7 his ,printing in ,america1 #ag2 note on the first ,american founders1 #cej ,thomson 7,jas47 his patent for type-casting1 #ab1 #abb ,thomson's ,seasons1 ,parma1 #agid3 #bea3 ,lond4 #agii3 #ccf ,,thorne 7,,robt47 apprentice and successor to ,cottrell1 #bib2 removes to ,barbican1 #bib2 and to ,fann ,street1 #bid2 regulations of his foundry1 #aag1 #bid2 specimens1 #bib1 #bic1 #bid2 new fashions of ,roman1 #bic2 sale of his foundry1 #bie ------ ,matrices3 ,blacks1 #bie2 ,engrossing1 #bie2 ,flowers1 #bic1 #bie2 ,german1 #bie2 ,ornamented1 #bie2 #8,proscription1' #bib1 #bid2 ,roman and ,italic1 #bib1 #bic1 #bie2 ,script1 #bic1 #bid1 #bie2 ,shaded1 #bic1 #bie ,,thorowgood 7,,wm47 purchases ,thorne's foundry1 #bie2 specimens1 #bie1 #bif2 purchases ,dr4 ,fry's foundry1 #bif1 #cac2 successors1 #bif2 standards of type bodies in #ahda1 #cd ------ ,matrices3 ,german1 #bif2 ,greek1 #bif2 ,hebrew1 #bif2 ,roman and ,italic1 #bie2 ,russian1 #gb1 #bif ,tilloch's patent for stereotype1 #bbj1 #bfa ,timmins 7,s47 ,baskerville relics of1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bga1 #bgi ,tonson 7,j47 buys type in ,holland1 #baf1 #bag1 #bcc ,tory 7,geof47 on shapes of types1 #cb1 #ec1 #ahc2 his ,champfleury1 #cb1 #ahc2 ,greek type of1 #eh2 ,initials1 #hj2 ,roman1 #dd ,tractatus contra ,judos1 ,esslingen1 #adge #fb ,trafalgar1 an ,english type body1 #cd ,tranquebar1 ,scriptures printed at1 #agad-ai2 #bcd ,treatise of ,love1 ,westminster1 #adia 82 #hi ,treatyse of ,fysshynge with an ,angle1 ,lond4 #ahbg2 #bhf ,trithemius on the ,invention of ,printing1 #g ,turner's ,herbal1 ,lond4 #aeea2 #fj ,turner1 a dishonest ,oxford printer1 #ade ,two-line letters1 early mention of1 #cb2 use of1 #hj1 #abi ,twyn's ,tryal and ,condemnation1 ,lond4 #affd2 #acb ,types1 early2 first suggestion of mobile1 #c2 wooden1 #c2 perforated1 #d2 ,wetter's specimen of1 #e2 ,laborde's specimen1 #e2 #8sculpto-fusi1' #g2 sand-cast1 #aj2 clay-cast1 #aa2 irregularities in1 #ah2 #aeth century types at ,lyons1 #bj-bc2 and at ,cologne1 #bd-bf2 ligatures and contractions1 #bb1 #bg2 quantities of1 in founts1 #bf1 #bg2 one size only in a book1 #abf2 markets for1 #bj1 #bh1 #ij1 #ajc2 trade in1 #ajc1 #abc2 early control over1 #abf ,type-bodies1 origin of1 #ca1 #cb2 names of early1 #cb-dj2 irregular1 #cc2 standards of #cc1 #cd2 attempts to regulate1 #ce1 #ceg2 names of foreign1 #ce ,type-casting1 ,moxon's account of1 #aaa2 machine for1 origin of1 #abb2 patents for1 #aai-bb2 early machines1 #bfe1 #cef ,type-ornaments1 first at ,subiaco1 #hb2 ,aldus'1 #hb2 ,caxton's1 #hb2 ,h4 ,estienne's1 #hb2 used in combination1 #hb ,type patented1 ,rusher's1 #aai2 ,caslon ,,iii1 #abj1 #cbg ,type-mould1 invention of1 #i2 of sand1 #aj2 clay1 #aa1 plaster1 #ae2 earliest adjustable1 #ad2 in four pieces1 #ag1 #abj2 peculiarities of early1 #bc1 #aje2 ,garamond's1 #bc2 ,dutch1 of brass1 #aac1 #baf2 #8drags' in #bf2 ,moxon's description of1 #ajh1 #ahf2 abandonment of hand1 #aai2 lever introduced1 #abj1 #ahf ,type-specimens1 ,english1 #di1 #ej2 ,dibdin on1 #di2 ,bodoni's1 #ej1 #bea ,type ,street ,foundry established1 #cje #8,typi tornatissimi1' initials1 #gi ,typographical ,antiquities1 ,lond4 #agdi2 #eb1 #bdb ,typographi ,excellentia1 ,carmen1 ,paris1 #agah2 #aae ,typography1 essence of1 #b2 and xylography1 #b2 two early schools of1 #i2 a mathematical science1 #ahd ,union-,pearl matrices3 ,grover1 #aii1 #bjd2 ,james1 #bbh1 #cjc2 ,fry1 #cjc ,universal ,magazine1 #agej3 account of letter-founding in1 #ajh1 #aaf1 #bdc1 #bhh1 #caf ,unterweissung der ,messung1 ,nuremburg1 #aebe2 #cb1 #ahc ,usher's attempt to procure ,oriental types1 #fg1 #fi1 #ada ,van ,dijk 7,chr47 ,dutch letter cutter1 #aad1 #bae2 ,moxon's praise of1 #ahb1 #ahd2 ,roman letter of1 #dj1 #dd1 #dg1 #ahb1 #ahd2 ,italic1 #eb2 ,black1 #dg ,vatican ,press1 ,oriental types of1 #fe1 #fg1 #fi ,vautrollier 7,th47 ,roman type of1 #df1 #ih2 ,italic1 #ea2 ,music1 #gg ,virgil1 ,paris1 #afdh2 #ef3 ,lond4 7,ogilby's7 #dg3 ,florence1 #agda2 #bjd3 ,birmingham1 #ageg2 #bgb1 #bgc ,vitr1 ,french printer1 ,arabic types of1 #ff2 ,samaritan1 #gj2 ,syriac1 #fg ,vizitelly1 ,branston and ,co4's cast ornaments1 #cfj ,vocabularia1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #aghf-i2 #gb ,vocabulary 7,arabic71 ,granada1 #aeje2 #fe ,vocabulary1 ,persian1 ,arabic and ,english1 ,lond4 #aghe2 #cai ,voltaire1 uvres de1 ,kehl1 #aghd-i2 #bhf ,voskens 7,dirk7 ,dutch founder1 #aad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bij ------ ,matrices of3 ,coptic1 #gj2 ,runic1 #gb2 ,russian1 #ga2 ,samaritan1 #gj2 ,saxon1 #gd2 ,sclavonic1 #ga ,wages in ,caslon's foundry1 dispute concerning in1 #ageg2 #bdc3 in ,thorne's foundry1 #ahjf2 #aah ,waldegrave 7,r47 a disorderly printer1 #abg ,,walpergen 7,p47 ,oxford founder1 #adi1 #bjg2 book printed by1 at ,batavia1 #bjg2 his ,music type1 #gg1 #adh1 #aec1 #afb1 #bjh1 #bji2 inventory of his chattels1 #bji2 small value of his punches1 #bji ,walpole 7,horace7 ,baskerville's letter to1 #bgh ,walsingham1 ,historia ,brevis1 ,lond4 #aegd2 #ie1 #if ,walton 7,brian7 editor of the ,london ,polyglot1 #agj2 his ,proposals and ,specimen1 #agj2 his ,introductio ad lectionem1 #agb2 timeservice of1 #age2 rewards to1 #agf2 note by1 on the ,alexandrian ,codex facsimile1 #bja ,wanley 7,humphrey7 designs ,saxon letter for ,miss ,elstob1 #aeg ,ward 7,roger7 a disorderly printer1 #abe1 #abg ,watson 7,jas47 ,scotch printer1 #beg2 his ,history of ,printing1 #beg2 ,specimen1 #df1 #di1 #beh2 his ,dutch ,initials1 #hj1 #beh ,,watts 7,,richard7 ,cambridge ,university printer1 #cfb2 printer and founder in ,london1 #cfb2 ,oriental types of1 #cfc2 specimen by his successors1 #cfc ------ ,matrices3 ,syriac1 #fh ,watts 7,jno47 printer1 assists ,caslon1 #bcc1 #bcd2 ,franklin his apprentice1 #bcc1 #bce ,wechels1 ,frankfort printers1 ,greek types of1 #eh1 #fj1 #adj2 ,hebrew1 #fc ,wertheimer 7,jno47 ,hebrew type cut for1 #bfd ,weston1 see ,wetstein ,westfalia 7,jno4 de7 ,roman type of1 #dc ,wetstein1 ,dutch founders1 #cdf1 #cdi2 ,greek types of1 #fa ,wetter's unhistorical wooden types1 #e ,white 7,elihu7 type-casting machine of1 #abj ,white 7,thos47 printer1 uses ,baskerville's types1 #bhf #8,white letter1' a name for ,roman1 #ia ,whittaker 7,jno47 ,caxtonian restorations by1 #cdd ,whittingham 7,c47 printer1 revives the ,old ,style ,roman1 #bee ,whitintoni ,grammatices1 ,lond4 #aeai2 #fj1 #ia3 ,de heteroclytis nominibus1 ,lond4 #aebc2 #ia3 ,lucubrationes1 ,lond4 #aebg2 #ia ,wiedenbach1 typographical school at1 #da1 #db2 ,roman type at1 #db ,wilkins 7,dr4 ,c47 ,librarian to ,east ,india ,company1 #cah2 typographical achievements of1 #cah1 #cai2 ,bengal type cut by1 #cai2 ,deva ,nagari cut by1 #cai1 #cbj2 fire at his office1 #cai2 ,sanscrit cut for1 #bed ,wilkins 7,dr4 ,d47 notice of1 #bcf2 ,coptic works of1 #bcf ,wilkins 7,dr4 ,jno47 ,philosophical or ,real character of1 #aia1 #aif1 #caj ,,wilson 7,,alex47 the ,first2 begins as a doctor's assistant in ,london1 #beh2 patronised by ,lord ,isla1 #beh2 starts a foundry1 #bei2 his partner ,baine1 #bei1 #bfj2 attempts new method of founding1 #bei2 earliest founts of1 #bfj2 settles at ,st4 ,andrew's1 #bfj2 ,irish and foreign business1 #bfj1 #bfd2 removes to ,camlachie1 #bfj2 casts types for the ,foulis1 #bfa2 the ,glasgow ,homer ,greek type1 #bfb2 retires1 #bfb2 tributes to1 #bfb1 #bfc2 specimens1 #bfc2 foundry removed to ,glasgow1 #bfc ------ ,matrices3 ,black1 #bfd2 ,greek1 #fa1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bfe2 ,hebrew1 #bfa1 #bfe2 ,roman and ,italic1 #dh1 #bfj1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe2 ,saxon1 #gd1 #bfd ,,wilson 7,,andrew7 son of above2 assists and succeeds his father1 #bfd2 state of the foundry in #ahbe2 #bfd ------ ,matrices3 ,greek1 #bfd2 ,roman1 #bfd1 #cee ,,wilson 7,,alex47 the ,second1 son of above1 joins his father1 #bfd2 succeeds to the foundry1 #bfd2 establishes branches at ,edinburgh1 #bfd1 ,london1 #bfe1 and ,two ,waters1 #bfe2 type casting machine of1 #abb1 #bfe2 fails in business1 #bfe2 sells foundry1 #bfe2 joins ,mr4 ,caslon1 #bee1 #bfe ,,wilson 7,,patrick7 brother and partner of above1 #bfd ,wilson ,foundry1 type standards in #ahda2 #cd3 division and dispersion of1 #bee1 #bfe ,woide 7,dr47 his facsimile of the ,alexandrian ,codex1 #caa1 #cba ,wolfe 7,jno47 disorderly ,city printer1 #abe ,wolfe 7,rey47 types of1 #ie2 ,greek of1 #fj ,wolsey 7,cardinal7 his influence on printing1 #aci ,women1 employment of1 in foundries1 #aag ,,wood ,,and ,,sharwoods1 founders1 successors to ,austin1 #cfj2 ,cast ,ornaments of1 #cfj ,wooden types1 the legend of1 #c-f2 ,specimens of at ,oxford1 #f2 used in ,england1 #abi ,worde 7,wynkyn de7 account of1 #hi-ia2 used ,caxton's types1 #hg1 #hi2 and ,faques'1 #id2 bought type abroad1 #ajc2 employed a ,paris printer1 #ia2 his own letter founder1 #hi1 #ij1 #ajc2 types of3 ,arabic1 #ff1 #ia2 ,black1 #ec1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #aig1 #aii1 #bbe1 #bci2 ,greek1 #fj1 #ia2 ,hebrew1 #fd1 #ia2 ,italic1 #ea1 #ia2 ,music1 #gf1 #ia2 ,roman1 #ia ,,wright 7,,thos47 ,star ,chamber ,founder1 #afe1 #aff2 nominated1 #acj1 #afe ,wyer 7,r47 types of1 #id ,xenophon's ,anabasis1 ,glasgow1 #aghc2 #bbj ,xylography1 a distinct art from ,typography1 #f2 extinction of1 #b ,ycair on the shapes of letters1 #cb1 #ec2 his ,orthographia ,practica1 #cb1 #ec1 #ahc ,york1 early printing at1 #hi1 #aci ,young 7,patrick7 ,royal ,librarian1 #adc1 #afg2 his ,catena on ,job1 #ih1 #add1 #agf1 #aih1 #bja1 #bbh2 his facsimile from the ,alexandrian ,codex1 #bja1 #cba ,zainer 7,gunther7 ,roman type of1 #db ,zell 7,ulric7 his narrative of the invention of printing1 #a ,illustration ,illustration ,,endnotes3 #a ,the ,haarlem ,legend of the ,invention of ,printing by ,lourens ,janszoon ,coster1 critically examined4 ,from the ,dutch by ,j4 ,h4 ,hessels1 with an introduction and classified list of the ,costerian ,incunabula4 ,london1 #ahga4 #hvo4 #b ,xylography did not become extinct for more than half a century after the invention of ,typography4 ,the last block book known was printed in ,venice in #aeaj4 #c 8,hic ego non mirer esse quemquam qui sibi persuadeat 4 4 4 4 mundum effici 4 4 4 4 ex concursione fortuit6 ,hoc qui existimet fieri potuisse1 non intelligo cur non idem putet si innumerabiles unius et viginti form litterarum1 vel aure1 vel qualeslibet1 aliqu conjiciantur1 posse ex his in terram excussis1 annales ,ennii1 ut deinceps legi possint1 effici0 7,de ,nat4 ,deor41 lib4 ii74 ,cicero was not the only ancient writer who entertained the idea of mobile letters4 ,quintilian suggests the use of ivory letters for teaching children to read while playing3 8,eburneas litterarum formas in ludum offere0 7,inst4 ,orat41 i1 cap4 #a72 and ,jerome1 writing to ,lta1 propounds the same idea3 8,fiant ei 7,paul7 litter vel buxe vel eburne1 et suis nominibus appellentur4 ,ludat in eis ut et lusus ipse eruditio fiat40 #d ,in ,commentatione de ratione communi omnium linguarum et literarum4 ,tiguri1 #aedh1 p4 #hj4 #e ,in ,chronico ,argentoratensi1 m4s4 ed4 ,jo4 ,schilterus1 p4 #ddb4 8,ich habe die erste press1 auch die buchstaben gesehen1 waren von holtz geschnitten1 auch gntze wrter und syllaben1 hatten lchle1 und fasst man an ein schnur nacheinander mit einer nadel1 zoge sie darnach den zeilen in die lnge10 etc4 #f ,de ,bibliothec ,vatican4 ,rom1 #aeia1 p4 #dab4 8,characteres enim a primis illis inventoribus non ita eleganter et expedite1 ut a nostris fieri solet1 sed filo in litterarum foramen immisso connectebantur1 sicut ,venetiis id genus typos me vidisse memini40 #g ,de ,germani ,miraculo1 etc4 ,lipsi1 #agaj1 p4 #aj4 8 4 4 4 4 ligneos typos1 ex buxi frutice1 perforatos in medio1 ut zon colligari un jungique commode possint1 ex ,fausti officina reliquos1 ,mogunti aliquando me conspexisse memini40 #h ,essai sur les ,monumens ,typographiques de ,jean ,gutenburg4 ,mayence1 an #aj1 #ahjb1 p4 #ci4 #i ,dbuts de l' ,imprimerie ,strasbourg4 ,paris1 #ahdj1 p4 #gb4 #aj ,erfindung der ,buchdruckerkunst4 ,mainz1 #ahcf4 ,album1 tab4 ii4 #aa ,the history of these 8fatal1 unhistorical wooden types0 is worth recording for the warning of the over-credulous typographical antiquary4 ,wetter1 writing his book in #ahcf1 and desirous to illustrate the feasibility of the theory1 8spent10 so ,dr4 ,van der ,linde writes1 8really the amount of ten shillings on having a number of letters made of the wood of a pear-tree1 only to please ,trithemius1 ,bergellanus1 and ,faust of ,aschaffenburg4 4 4 4 ,his letters1 although tied with string1 did not remain in the line1 but made naughty caprioles4 ,the supposition--that by these few dancing lines the possibility is demonstrated of printing with #dj1jjj wooden letters1 necessary to the printing of a quarternion1 a whole folio book--is dreadfully silly4 ,the demonstrating facsimile demonstrates already the contrary4 ,wetter's letters not only declined to have themselves regularly printed1 but they also retained their pear-tree-wood-like impatience afterwards40 ,the specimen of these types may be seen in the ,album of plates accompanying ,wetter's work1 where they occupy the first place1 the matter chosen being the first few verses of the ,bible1 occupying nineteen lines1 and the type being about two-line ,english in body4 ,m4 ,wetter stated in his work that he had deposited the original types in the ,town ,library of ,mentz1 where they might be inspected by anyone wishing to do so4 ,from this repository they appear ultimately to have returned to the hands of ,m4 ,wetter's printer4 ,m4 ,bernard1 passing through ,mentz in #ahej1 asked ,m4 ,wetter for a sight of them1 and was conducted to the printing office for that purpose1 when it was discovered that they had been stolen2 whereupon ,m4 ,bernard remarks1 prophetically1 8,peuttre un jour quelque naf ,allemand1 les trouvant parmi les reliques du voleur1 nous les donnera pour les caractres de ,gutenberg4 ,voil comment s'tablissent trop souvent les traditions40 ,this prediction1 with the one exception of the nationality of the victim1 was literally fulfilled when an ,english clergyman1 some years afterwards1 discovered these identical types in the shop of a curiosity-dealer at ,mayence1 and purchased them as apparently veritable relics of the infancy of printing4 ,after being offered to the authorities at the ,british ,museum and declined1 they were presented in #ahfi to the ,bodleian ,library at ,oxford1 where they remain to this day1 treasured in a box1 and accompanied by a learned memorandum setting forth the circumstances of their discovery1 and citing the testimony of ,roccha and other writers as to the existence and use of perforated types by the early printers4 ,the lines 7which we have inspected7 remain threaded and locked in forme exactly as they appear in ,wetter's specimen4 ,it is due to the present authorities of the ,bodleian to say that they preserve these precious 8relics10 without prejudice1 as curiosities merely1 with no insistence on their historic pretensions4 #ab ,van der ,linde1 ,haarlem ,legend4 ,lond41 p4 #gb4 #ac ,skeen1 in his ,early ,typography1 ,colombo1 #ahgb1 takes up the challenge thrown down by ,dr4 ,van der ,linde on the strength of ,ensched's opinion1 and shows a specimen of three letters cut in boxwood1 pica size1 one of which he exhibits again at the close of the book after #a1ejj impressions4 ,but the value of ,skeen's arguments and experiments is destroyed when he sums up with this absurd dictum3 8,three letters are as good as #c1jjj or #cj1jjj or #cjj1jjj to demonstrate the fact that words are and can be1 and that therefore pages and whole books may be 7and therefore also that they may have been7 printed from such separable wooden types40--,p4 #dbd4 #ad ,annales ,hirsaugienses1 ii1 p4 #dba3 8,post hc inventis successerunt subtiliora1 inveneruntque modum fundendi formas omnium ,latini ,alphabeti literarum quas ipsi matrices nominabant2 ex quibus rursum neos sive stanneos characteres fundebant1 ad omnem pressuram sufficientes1 quos prius manibus sculpebant40 ,trithemius' statement1 as every student of typographical history is aware1 has been made to fit every theory that has been propounded1 but it is doubtful whether any other writer has stretched it quite as severely as ,meerman in the above rendering of these few ,latin lines4 #ae ,origines ,typographic1 ,gerardo ,meerman auctore4 ,hag ,com41 #agfe4 ,append41 p4 #dg4 #af ,the constant recurrence in more modern typographical history of the expression 8to cut matrices10 meaning of course to cut the punches necessary to form the matrices1 bears out the same conclusion4 #ag ,origine et ,dbuts de l',imprimerie en ,europe4 ,paris1 #ahec1 #hvo1 i1 #ch4 #ah ,life and ,typography of ,william ,caxton4 ,london1 #ahfa-c1 #b vols1 #dto1 ii1 xxiv4 #ai ,the ,invention of ,printing4 ,new ,york1 #ahgf4 #hvo4 #bj ,origine de l',imprimerie1 i1 #dj4 #ba ,mr4 ,blades points out that there are no overhanging letters in the specimen4 ,the necessity for such letters would be1 we imagine1 entirely obviated by the numerous combinations with which the type of the printers of the school abounded4 ,the body is almost always large enough to carry ascending and descending sorts1 and in width1 a sort which would naturally overhang1 is invariably covered by its following letter cast on the same piece4 #bb ,it is well known that until comparatively recently the large 8proscription letters0 of our foundries1 from three-line pica and upwards1 were cast in sand4 ,the practice died out at the close of last century4 #bc ,an ,enquiry ,concerning the ,invention of ,printing4 ,london1 #ahfc1 #dto1 p4 #bfe4 #bd ,in a recent paper1 read by the late ,mr4 ,bradshaw of ,cambridge1 before the ,library ,association1 he points out a curious shrinkage both as to face and body in the re-casting of the types of the ,mentz ,psalter1 necessary to complete the printing of that work4 ,the shrinking properties of clay and plaster are well known1 and1 assuming the new type to have been cast in moulds of one of these substances formed upon a set of the original types1 the uniform contraction of body and face might be accounted for4 ,if1 on the other hand1 we hold that the types of this grand work were the product of the finished school of typographers1 the probability is that the new matrices 7of the face of the letter only7 were formed in clay1 as suggested at p4 #ae1 and that the adjustable mould was either purposely or inadvertently shifted in body to accommodate the new casting4 #be ,in connection with the suggested primitive modes of casting1 the patent of ,james ,thomson in #ahca 7see ,chap4 iv1 post71 for casting by a very similar method1 is interesting4 #bf ,origine de l',imprimerie4 ,paris1 #ahaj1 #b vols41 #hvo1 i1 #ig4 #bg ,origine de l',imprimerie1 i1 #ii1 etc4 ,the following are the citations3--8,escriture en molle10 used in the letters of naturalisation to the first ,paris printers1 #adgd4 8,escrits en moule10 applied to two ,hor in vellum1 bought by the ,duke of ,orleans1 #adif4 8,mettre en molle10 applied to the printing of ,savonarola's sermons1 #adih4 8,tant en parchemin que en papier1 la main et en molle10 applied to the books in a library1 #adih4 8,mettre en molle10 applied to the printing of a book by ,marchand1 #adii4 8,en molle et la main10 applied to printed books and manuscripts in the ,duke of ,bourbon's library1 #aebc4 8,pices officielles moules par ordre de l',assemble40 ,procs verbaux des ,etats ,gnraux1 #aeic4 #bh ,coster ,legend1 p4 #f4 #bi ,ibid41 p4 viii4 #cj ,a calculation given in the ,magazin ,encyclopdique of #ahjf1 i1 #bii1 shows that from such matrices #abj to #aej letters can be cast before they are rendered useless1 and from #ej to #fj letters before any marked deterioration is apparent in the fine strokes of the types4 #ca ,several writers account for the alleged perforated wooden and metal types reputed to have been used by the first printers1 and described by ,specklin1 ,pater1 ,roccha and others1 by supposing that they were model types used for forming matrices1 and threaded together for safety and convenience of storage4 #cb ,works of the late ,dr4 ,benjamin ,franklin1 consisting of his ,life1 written by himself1 in #b vols4 ,london1 #agic1 #hvo1 i1 #adc4 ,it is a very singular fact that in a later corrected edition of the same work1 edited by ,john ,bigelow1 and published in ,philadelphia in #ahge1 the passage above quoted reads as follows3 8,i contrived a mould1 made use of the letters we had as puncheons1 struck the matrices in lead1 and thus supplied in a pretty tolerable way all deficiencies40 ,whichever reading be correct1 the illustration is apt1 as proving the possibility of producing type from matrices either of clay or lead in a makeshift mould4 #cc ,origine de l',imprimerie1 i1 #add4 #cd ,from this method of forming the matrices 7says a note to the ,ensched specimen7 has arisen the name ,chalcographia1 which ,bergellanus1 among others1 applies to printing4 #ce ,printer's ,grammar4 ,lond41 #agee1 p4 #aj4 #cf ,it has been suggested by some that wood could be struck into lead or pewter2 but the possibility of producing a successful matrix in this manner is1 we consider1 out of the question4 ,in #ahaf ,robert ,clayton proposed to cast types in metal out of wooden matrices punched in wood with a cross grain1 which has been previously slightly charred or baked4 #cg ,in the specimen of 8,ancienne ,typographie0 of the ,imprimerie ,royale of ,paris1 #ahai1 several of the old oriental founts are thus noted3 8les poinons sont en cuivre40 #ch ,in the #bnd edition of ,isaiah ,thomas' ,history of ,printing in ,america1 ,albany1 #ahgd1 i1 #bhh1 an anecdote is given of ,peter ,miller1 the ,german who printed at ,ephrata in the ,united ,states in #agdi1 which we think is suggestive of the possible expedients of the first printers with regard to the mould4 ,during the time that a certain work of ,miller was in the press1 says ,francis ,bailey1 a former apprentice of ,miller's1 8particular sorts of the fonts of type on which it was printed ran short4 ,to overcome this difficulty1 one of the workmen constructed a mold that could be moved so as to suit the body of any type not smaller than brevier nor larger than double-pica4 ,the mold consisted of four quadrangular pieces of brass1 two of them with mortices to shift to a suitable body1 and secured by screws4 ,the best type they could select from the sort wanted was then placed in the mold1 and after a slight corrosion of the surface of the letter with aquafortis to prevent soldering or adhesion1 a leaden matrix was cast on the face of the type1 from which1 after a slight stroke of a hammer on the type in the matrix1 we cast the letters which were wanted4 ,types thus cast answer tolerably well4 ,i have often adopted a method somewhat like this to obtain sorts which were short2 but instead of four pieces of brass1 made use of an even and accurate composing-stick1 and one piece of iron or copper having an even surface on the sides2 and instead of a leaden matrix1 have substituted one of clay1 especially for letters with a bold face40 ,de ,vinne describes an old mould preserved among the relics in ,bruce's foundry at ,new ,york1 composed 7with the matrix7 of four pieces1 and adjustable both as to body and thickness4 ,bernard also mentions a similar mould in use in #ahec4 #ci ,a curious instance of this occurs in the battered text of the ,de ,laudibus ,mari1 shown at p4 #bd1 where the rubricator has added his red dashes to capital letters at the beginning1 middle and end of a palpably illegible passage4 #dj ,notizie storiche sopra la ,stamperia di ,ripoli4 ,firenze1 #agha1 p4 #di4 ,prezzi de' generi riguardanti la ,getteria 7letter foundry74 s4 d4 ,acciaio 7steel7 liv4 #b #h #j la lib4 7 #i #j per lb47 ,metallo 7type-metal87 #j #aa #j 7 #b #j #c_/d 7 ,ottone 7brass7 #j #ab #j 7 #b #c 7 ,rame 7copper7 #j #f #h 7 #a #c 7 ,stagno 7tin7 #j #h #j 7 #a #f 7 ,piombo 7lead7 #j #b #d 7 #j #e #a_/d 7 ,filo di ferro 7iron wire7 #j #h #j 7 #a #f 7 #da ,it would be more correct to say the discovery of the properties of antimony1 which were first described by ,basil ,valentin about the end of the #aeth century1 in a treatise entitled ,currus triumphalis ,antimonii4 #db ,printing was practised at ,lyons in #adgc1 three years only later than at ,paris4 ,from the year #adgf the art extended rapidly in the city4 ,panzer mentions some #bej works printed here during the #aeth century by nearly forty printers1 among whom was ,badius ,ascensius4 ,the earlier ,lyons printers are supposed to have had their type from ,basle1 and their city shortly became a dept for the supply of type to the printers of ,southern ,france and ,spain4 #dc ,histoire de l',invention de l',imprimerie par les ,monuments4 ,paris1 #ahdj1 fol41 p4 #ab4 #dd ,lettres d'un ,bibliographe4 ,paris1 #ahge1 #hvo1 ,ser4 iv1 letter #af4 #de ,begins 8,incipit ,liber de ,laudibus ac ,festis ,gloriose ,virginis ,matris ,marie alias ,marionale ,dictus per ,doctores eximeos editus et compilatus02 at end1 8,explicit ,petrus ,damasceni de laudibus gloriose ,virginis ,marie40 ,the book is mentioned in ,hain1 #eiah4 ,the drawn-up type occurs on the top of folio b #d verso4 #df ,it will be understood that in each case the outline of the types being merely a depressed edge in the original1 the black outline of the facsimiles represents shadow only1 and not1 as might appear at first glance1 inked surface4 ,m4 ,madden's facsimile is apparently drawn4 ,in the photograph facsimile of the 8,de laudibus0 type1 the distribution of black represents the distribution of shadow caused by the somewhat uneven or tilted indentation of the side of the type in the paper4 #dg ,such projections or 8drags0 in the mould are not unknown in modern typefounding1 where they are purposely inserted so as to leave the newly cast type1 on the opening of the mould1 always adhering to one particular side4 #dh ,life of ,caxton1 i1 #ci4 ,later on 7p #eb71 ,mr4 ,blades points out1 as an argument against the supposed typographical connection between ,caxton and ,zel of ,cologne1 that the latter1 from an early period1 printed two pages at a time4 #di ,haarlem ,legend1 p4 xxiii4 #ej ,mr4 ,skeen 7,early ,typography1 p4 #bii7 speaks of #cjj matrices as constituting a complete fount2 he appears accidentally1 in calculating for two pages instead of one1 to have assumed that a double number of matrices would be requisite for the double quantity of type4 #ea ,origin and ,progress of ,writing4 ,london1 #ahjc4 #dto4 ,chapter ix4 #eb ,the cost-book of the ,ripoli press contains several entries pointing to an early trade in type and matrices4 ,in #adgg the directors paid ten florins of gold to one ,john of ,mentz1 for a set of ,roman matrices4 ,at another time they paid #aaj livres for two founts of ,roman and one of ,gothic3 and further1 purchased of the goldsmith1 ,banco of ,florence1 #ajj little initials1 three large initials1 three copper vignettes1 and the copper for an entire set of ,greek matrices4 #ec 8,natio quque suum poterit reperire caragma ,secum nempe stilo prminet omnigeno40 #ed ,unterweisung der ,messung4 ,nuremberg1 #aebe4 ,fo4 #ee ,champfleury4 ,paris1 #aebi4 #hvo4 #ef ,orthographia ,practica4 ,caragoa1 #aedh4 #dto4 #eg ,both ,testo and ,glosilla subsequently became the names of ,spanish type-bodies1 the former being approximately equivalent to our ,great ,primer1 and the latter to our ,minion4 #eh ,dissertation upon ,english ,typographical ,founders and ,founderies4 ,london1 #aggh4 #hvo4 #ei ,see post1 chap4 v4 #fj ,see post1 chap4 v4 #fa ,hansard's ,typographia4 ,london1 #ahbe1 #hvo1 p4 #chh4 #fb ,see post1 chap4 xxi4 #fc ,in several of the ,german specimens thus examined1 not only do the bodies of one founder differ widely from those of others1 but the variations of each body in the same foundry are often extraordinary4 ,faulman1 in his ,geschichte der ,buchdruckerkunst1 ,vienna1 #ahhb1 #hvo1 p4 #dhh1 has a table1 professing to give the actual equivalents of each body to a fraction2 but we conceive that1 in the absence of a fixed national standard1 such an attempt is futile4 #fd ,two-line ,english1 ,mores points out1 was originally a primitive1 and not a derivative body1 corresponding to the old ,german ,prima4 #fe ,henry ,,viii1 in #aede1 allowed his subjects to use an ,english ,form of ,public ,prayer1 and ordered one to be printed for their use1 entitled ,the ,primer4 ,it contained1 besides prayers1 several psalms1 lessons and anthems4 ,primers of the ,english ,church before the ,reformation were printed as early as #adij in ,paris1 and in ,england in #aecg4 #ff ,we have nowhere met with the suggestion that ,primer may be connected with the ,latin 8premere10 a word familiar in typography1 and naturalized with us in the old word 8imprimery40 ,great ,primer might thus merely mean the large print letter4 #fg ,the religious origin of the names of types is in harmony with the occurrence in typographical phraseology of such words as chapel1 devil1 justify1 hell 7the waste type-pot71 friars and monks 7white and black blotches caused by uneven inking71 etc4 #fh ,ulric ,hahn's ,st4 ,augustini ,de ,civitate ,dei1 ,rome1 #adgd1 is printed in a letter almost exactly this body4 ,others derive the name from the great edition of ,st4 ,augustine printed by ,amerbach at ,basle in #aejf4 #fi 8,liber presens1 directorium sacerdotum1 quem pica ,sarum vulgo vocitat clerus10 etc41 is the commencement of a work printed by ,pynson in #adig4 #gj ,both the ,cicero of ,fust and ,schoeffer at ,mentz1 #adff1 and of ,hahn at ,rome1 #adfi1 were in type of about this size4 #ga ,this ,prymer of ,salysbury use1 is set out a long1 wout ony serchyng1 etc4 ,paris1 #aecb4 #afmo4 ,many editions were printed in ,england and abroad4 #gb ,fournier 7ii1 #add7 shows a specimen of the lettre de ,somme with exactly a ,bourgeois face4 #gc ,the first of the family of ,paris printers of this name1 mentioned by ,de la ,caille1 flourished in #afae4 #gd ,the ,german ,brevier1 corresponding to our ,small ,pica1 is of more frequent occurrence in these works4 #ge ,de ,germani ,miraculo4 ,lipsi1 #agaj1 #dto1 p4 #cg4 #gf ,the ,lactantius1 published the same year1 and usually claimed as the first book printed in ,italy1 appears1 according to a note of ,m4 ,madden's 7,lettres d'un ,bibliographe1 iv1 #bha71 not to have been completed for a month after the ,cicero de ,oratore4 #gg 8,il 7,jenson7 forma un caractre compos des capitales latines1 qui servirent de majuscules2 les minuscules furent prises d'autres lettres latines1 ainsi que des espagnoles1 lombardes1 saxones1 franoises ou carolines40 7,man4 ,typ41 ii1 #bfa47 #gh ,m4 ,philippe1 in his ,origine de l',imprimerie ,paris1 ,paris1 #ahhe1 #dto1 p4 #bai1 mentions two books printed in this fount1 which contain ,,ms4 notes of having been purchased in the years #adfd and #adfg respectively4 #gi ,lettres d'un ,bibliographe1 iv1 #fj4 #hj ,for a full account and analysis of ,jenson's ,roman and other type1 the reader is referred to ,sardini's ,storia ,critica di ,nic4 ,jenson4 ,lucca1 #agif-h1 #c parts1 fol4 #ha ,annales de l',imprimerie des ,alde4 ,paris1 #ahjc-ab1 #c vols41 #hvo4 #hb ,sardini 7iii1 #hb7 cites an interesting document wherein ,zarot1 in forming a typographical partnership with certain citizens of ,milan1 covenants to provide 8tutte le ,lettere ,latine1 e ,greche1 antique1 e moderne40 ,bernard points out that 8antique0 undoubtedly means ,roman type1 the traditional character of the ,italians1 while 8moderne0 applies to the ,gothic1 which was at that time coming into vogue as a novelty among ,italian printers4 #hc ,renouard and others claim that these famous characters were cut by the ,french artists ,garamond and ,sanlecques4 ,this legend is1 however1 disposed of by ,mr4 ,willems1 in his work1 ,les ,elzevier4 ,brussels1 #ahhj1 #hvo4 #hd ,pynson was the first to introduce diphthongs into the typographical alphabet4 #he ,garamond's ,roman was cut for ,francis ,i4 ,the ,roman character was an object of considerable royal interest in ,france during its career4 ,in #afid1 on the re-organisation of the press at the ,louvre under ,louis ,,xiv1 arbitrary alterations were made in the recognised form of several of the 8lower-case0 letters1 to distinguish the 8,romain du ,roi0 from all others1 and protect it from imitations4 ,the deformity of the letters thus tampered with was their best protection4 #hf ,amongst which should be named ,vautrollier's edition of ,beza's ,new ,testament in #aegd1 which1 both in point of type and workmanship1 is an admirable piece of typography4 ,the small italic is specially beautiful4 ,renouard says this type was cut by ,garamond of ,paris4 #hg ,history of the ,art of ,printing4 ,edinburgh1 #agac4 #hvo4 #hh ,the ,horace1 printed in #afbg1 may be mentioned as one of the most interesting of these little typographical curiosities4 ,the type is exactly the modern pearl body4 ,the text is #b #e_/f inches in depth1 and #a #a_/b inch wide4 #hi ,the ,holy ,bible1 containing the ,old and ,new ,testaments4 ,london1 printed by ,john ,field1 #afec1 #cbmo4 ,the inexperience of ,english compositors and correctors in dealing with this minute type is illustrated by the fact that ,field's ,pearl ,bibles are crowded with errors1 one edition1 so it is said1 containing #f1jjj faults4 #ij ,in one of the ,bagford ,,mss4 7,harl4 #eiae7 appear1 with the title 8,mr4 ,ogilby's ,letters10 the drawings and proofs of this alphabet in capital and lower-case4 #ia ,see ,specimen ,no4 #ba1 post4 #ib ,tradition has asserted that ,hogarth designed ,baskerville's types4 #ic ,in recent years a ,french typographer1 ,m4 ,motteroz1 has attempted to combine the excellences of the ,elzevir and modern ,roman1 with a view to arrive at an ideally legible type4 ,the experiment is curious but disappointing4 ,for though the new 8typographie0 of ,m4 ,motteroz justifies its claim to legibility1 the combination of two wholly unsympathetic forms of letter destroys almost completely the beauty of each4 #id ,specimen ,bibliorum ,editionis ,hebr4 ,gr4 ,lat4 7folio sheet72 no date4 #ie ,bibliographical ,decameron1 ii1 #cha-b4 #if ,origine de l',imprimerie de ,paris1 ,paris1 #afid1 #dto1 p4 #aaj4 ,chevillier gives a curious instance of this tendency of the old printers to contract their words4 ,the example is taken from ,la ,logique d',okam1 #adhh1 fol41 a work in which there scarcely occurs a single word not abbreviated4 8,sic hic fa sm qd ad simpr a 99producibile a ,deo g a sir hic a g a 99producibile a ,do10-which means3 8,sicut hic est fallacia secundum quid ad simpliciter2 ,a est producibile a ,deo2 ergo ,a est4 ,et similiter hic4 ,a non est2 ergo ,a non est producibile a ,deo40 #ig ,sir ,a4 ,panizzi1 in his tract1 ,chi era ,francesco da ,bologna 8 ,london1 #aheh1 #afmo1 shows that this artist was the same as the great ,italian painter1 ,francesco ,francia4 #ih ,the ,german practice of inserting proper names and quotations1 occurring in a ,german book1 in ,roman type1 probably suggested a similar use of the ,italic in books printed in the ,roman letter4 #ii ,this reform1 which was an incident in the general typographical revolution at the close of last century1 is usually credited to ,john ,bell1 who discarded the long in his ,british ,theatre1 about #agia4 ,long before ,bell's time1 however1 in #agdi1 ,ames had done the same thing in his ,typographical ,antiquities1 and was noted as an eccentric in consequence4 ,hansard notes the retention of the long in books printed at the ,oxford ,university press as late as #ahbd4 #ajj ,the suggestion that ,lettres de ,forme may have meant merely letters commonly used in print 7adopting the early printers' use of the word forma as type71 appears to be somewhat far-fetched4 ,the term1 though apparently distinctly typographical1 was used both by ,tory and ,ycair to denote a class of letter which the former denominated ,canon1 or cut according to rule1 as opposed to the more fanciful lettres btardes4 #aja ,petrarch expressed a strong aversion to the character2 but some ,italian and ,french printers adopted it1 to the exclusion of the ,roman1 and1 like ,nicholas ,prevost in #aebe1 boasted of it as the type 8most beautiful and most becoming for polite literature40 ,gothic printing began in ,italy about #adge and in ,france in #adgc4 #ajb ,see specimen ,no4 #ae1 post4 #ajc ,see specimen ,no4 #di1 post4 #ajd ,bibliographical ,decameron1 ii1 #djg4 #aje ,the first part of this work is without date or printer's name2 but the types are those of the #adfb ,bible4 ,the ,secunda ,secund was printed by ,schoeffer at ,mentz in #adfg1 in the types of the ,rationale4 #ajf ,see specimens ,nos4 #e and #f1 ante1 and #ah;,a1 post4 #ajg ,see specimen ,no4 #bg1 post4 #ajh ,see specimen ,no4 #eb1 post4 #aji ,see specimen ,no4 #gc1 post4 #aaj ,see specimen ,no4 #ea1 post4 #aaa ,thus1 appears ,ocaaaaaaa4 #aab ,lascaris caused to be printed at ,florence1 in #adid1 an ,anthologia ,grca1 and several other works wholly in ,greek capitals1 8litteris majusculis40 ,in the preface to the ,anthologia he vindicates his use of these characters1 which he says he has designed after the genuine models of antiquity to be found in the inscriptions on medals1 marbles1 etc4 #aac ,robert ,estienne was not the first to hold this title1 ,conrad ,nobar1 his predecessor1 having enjoyed it from #aech-dj4 ,in some of his early impressions before #aedc1 ,estienne used occasionally ,greek types1 apparently the same as those of ,badius4 #aad ,the ,imprimerie ,royale at the ,louvre1 of which the present ,imprimerie ,nationale is the direct successor1 was not founded till #afdj1 by ,louis ,,xiii4 ,francis ,i granted the letters patent in #aech1 whereby ,nobar and his successors received the title of ,royal ,printers1 but did not create a royal printing establishment4 #aae ,renouard states that the last of the ,greek founts of the ,aldine press was without doubt designed from ,garamond's models4 #aaf ,gresswell mentions an ,alphabetum ,grcum1 published in #aedc1 as a preliminary specimen4 #aag ,the history of these famous types1 the matrices of which for some years lay in pawn at ,geneva1 whence they were released at a cost of #c1jjj livres in #afai1 may be read in ,m4 ,bernard's ,les ,estienne et les types grecs de ,franois ,ier4 ,paris1 #ahef4 #hvo4 #aah ,greek printing did not become common in ,spain till a later period4 ,a book printed at ,oriola in #afjc contains an apology for the want of ,greek types4 #aai ,see specimen ,no4 #bh1 post4 #abj ,see specimen ,no4 #bi1 post4 #aba ,see specimen ,no4 #fi1 post4 #abb ,see specimen ,no4 #ga1 post4 #abc ,de ,hebraic typographi origine4 ,parma1 #aggf4 #dto4 #abd ,les ,incunables ,orientaux4 ,paris1 #ahhc4 #hvo4 #abe ,recherches 4 4 sur la ,vie et les ,editions de ,thierry ,martens4 ,alost1 #ahde4 #hvo4 #abf ,see specimens ,nos4 #cd and #ce1 post4 #abg ,see specimen ,no4 #dg1 post4 #abh ,the ,english were in negotiation for the founts when ,vitr received his orders to purchase4 #abi ,see ,calendar ,state ,papers1 #afcg-h1 p4 #bde4 ,raphlengius died in #aeig4 ,among ,laud's ,,mss4 at the ,bodleian is a printed work by ,bedwell1 entitled ,the ,arabian ,trudgman1 ,london1 #afae1 #dto1 but no ,arabic type is used in it4 ,an attempt to buy the ,oriental matrices of ,erpenius for ,cambridge1 in #afbf1 was forestalled by the ,elzevirs1 who secured them for their own press4 #acj ,see specimen ,no #cg1 post4 #aca ,see specimen ,no4 #fa1 post4 #acb ,parr's ,life and ,letters of ,usher4 ,london1 #afhf1 fol41 p4 #dhh4 #acc ,see specimen ,no4 #ch1 post4 #acd ,see specimen ,no4 #da1 post4 #ace ,see specimen ,no4 #fc1 post4 #acf ,see specimen ,no4 #ci1 post4 #acg ,see specimen ,no4 #ff1 post4 #ach ,see specimen ,no4 #dj1 post4 #aci ,see specimen ,no4 #cf1 post4 #adj ,see specimen ,no4 #fb1 post4 #ada ,see specimen ,no4 #db1 post4 #adb ,see specimen ,no4 #gh1 post4 #adc ,james's foundry also had a set of punches in ,long ,primer1 but these appear never to have been struck4 #add ,see specimen ,no4 #fd1 post4 #ade ,see specimen ,no4 #fe1 post4 #adf ,see facsimile ,no4 #bj1 post4 #adg ,see specimen ,no4 #dh1 post4 #adh ,see specimen ,no4 #de1 post4 #adi ,music engraved on wood was used as late as #ahde1 in ,oakley's ,laudes ,diurn4 #aej ,see specimen ,no4 #ed1 post4 #aea ,essai sur l',education des ,aveugles4 ,dedi au ,roi4 ,paris4 ,imprim par les ,enfants ,aveugles4 #aghf4 #dto4 ,the work is printed in the large script letter of the press1 but not in relief4 ,appended are specimens of circulars1 addresses1 etc41 printed in ordinary type1 for the use of the public4 #aeb ,a curious collection of these may be seen in the ,quincuplex ,psalterium1 printed by ,henri ,estienne ,i1 at ,paris1 in #aeac4 #aec ,the ,life and ,typography of ,william ,caxton1 ,england's first ,printer4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfa-c4 #dto4 #aed ,mr4 ,figgins1 apparently misled by the irregularities in form consequent on the touching-up of ,type ,no4 #b1 concluded that the whole of the types in which this book was printed were cut separately by hand4 #aee ,the ,general ,history of ,printing4 ,london1 #agcb1 #dto1 p4 #cdc4 #aef ,among the rubbish of ,james's foundry1 ,mores1 who evidently credited the legend1 states that he discovered some of the punches from which the two-line ,great ,primer matrices had been struck4 8,they are10 he observed1 8truly vetustate formque et squalore venerabiles1 and we would not give a lower-case letter in exchange for all the leaden cups of ,haerlem0 7,dissertation1 p4 #gf74 ,hansard1 in #ahbe1 appears also to have believed in the survival of ,de ,worde's punches1 the form of which he professed to recognise among the ,black-letter shown in ,caslon's specimen-book of #aghe4 #aeg ,the first ,roman1 or 7as it was sometimes called7 ,white-letter1 noticed by ,herbert in any of ,de ,worde's books was in the ,whitintoni de heteroclytis nominbus1 #aebc4 #aeh ,roberti ,wakefeldi 4 4 4 oratio de laudibus et utilitate trium linguarum ,arabice1 ,chaldaic et ,hebraice atque idiomatibus ,hebraicis qu in utroque testamento inveniuntur4 ,londini apud ,winandum de ,vorde 7#aebd74 #dto4 #aei ,this is probably the first appearance of ,italic type in ,england4 #afj ,pynson was not the first ,english printer who 8put out0 his work to foreign typographers4 ,caxton1 in #adhg1 employed ,w4 ,maynyal of ,paris to print a ,sarum ,missal for him2 and one book1 at least1 is known to have been printed for ,de ,worde by a ,parisian printer4 #afa ,oratio in ,pace nuperrim1 etc4 ,impressa ,londini1 ,anno ,verbi incarnati ,,mdxviii per ,richardum ,pynson1 ,regium ,impressorem4 #dto4 #afb ,thom ,linacri de emendat structur ,latini sermonis4 ,londini1 apud ,richardum ,pinsonum4 #aebd4 #dto4 #afc i4e41 8,greeting to the ,reader3 ,of thy candour1 reader1 excuse it if any of the letters in the ,greek quotations are lacking either in accents1 breathings or proper marks4 ,the printer was not sufficiently furnished with them1 since ,greek types have been but lately cast by him2 nor had he the supply prepared necessary for the completion of this work40 #afd ,redman1 who began to print about #aebe1 in ,pynson's old house1 is supposed to have succeeded to the types of his predecessor4 ,his edition of ,littleton's ,tenures 7no date7 shows the ,roman letter in ,long ,primer body4 #afe ,d4 ,joannis ,chrysostomi homili du1 nunc primum in lucem dit 7,greek and ,latin7 a ,joanne ,cheko4 ,londini #aedc4 #dto4 #aff lfredi ,regis ,res ,gest 7without imprint or date71 fol4 ,the work was bound up and published with ,walsingham's ,historia ,brevis1 printed by ,binneman1 and his ,ypodigma ,neustri1 printed by ,day1 both in #aegd4 ,the text of the lfredi1 though in ,saxon characters1 is in the ,latin language4 #afg i4e41 8,and inasmuch as ,day1 the printer1 is the first 7and1 indeed1 as far as ,i know1 the only one7 who has cut these letters in metal2 what things have been written in ,saxon characters will be easily published in the same type40 #afh ,astle1 in his ,history of ,writing1 p4 #bbd1 remarks3 8,day's ,saxon types far excel in neatness and beauty any which have since been made1 not excepting the neat types cast for ,f4 ,junius at ,dort1 which were given to the ,university of ,oxford40 #afi ,parker1 who1 according to ,strype 7,life of ,parker1 ,london1 #agaa1 fol41 p4 #bgh71 extended his patronage to ,binneman as well as to ,day1 and at whose expense the ,historia was published1 may possibly have claimed the disposal of founts specially cut for his own use1 and in this manner secured for ,binneman founts cast from ,day's matrices4 ,binneman is described as a diligent printer1 who applied through ,parker for the privilege of printing certain ,latin authors1 accompanying his petition by a small specimen of his typography1 8which the ,archbishop sent to the ,secretary to see the order of his print4 ,the ,archbishop said he thought he might do this amply enough1 and better cheap than they might be brought from beyond the seas1 standing the paper and goodness of his print4 ,adding1 that it were not amiss to set our own countrymen on work1 so they would be diligent1 and take good characters40 #agj ,timperley1 ,encyclopdia1 p4 #cha4 #aga ,life of ,parker1 pp4 #chb1 #eda4 #agb ,typographical ,antiquities1 i1 #fef4 #agc ,fidelis servi1 subdito infideli ,responsio4 ,lond4 #aegc4 #dto4 #agd ,de ,visibili ,romanarchia4 ,londini1 apud ,j4 ,dayum4 #aegb4 #dto4 #age ,de ,antiquitate ,britannic ,ecclesi4 ,londini in dibus ,johannis ,daij4 #aegb4 ,fol4 #agf ,an illustration of this maybe seen in ,vautrollier's ,latin ,testaments1 where both ,roman and ,italic are exquisitely cut founts1 but not being of uniform gauge1 mix badly in the same line4 #agg ,introduction of the ,art of ,printing into ,scotland4 ,by ,r4 ,dickson4 ,aberdeen1 #ahhe4 #hvo4 ,appendix4 #agh ,eygentliche ,beschreibung aller ,stnde und 4 4 4 ,handwerker4 ,frankfurt1 #aefh4 #dto4 ,der ,schrifftgiesser4 #agi ,harleian ,,ms4 #eiae1 ,no4 #bja4 ,the cut is undated4 ,the following sentence from ,mr4 ,t4 ,c4 ,hansard's ,treatises on ,printing and ,typefounding1 ,edinburgh1 #ahda1 #hvo1 p4 #bbc1 may possibly refer to the same device4 8,this evidence0 7of the process employed by the early letter-founders7 8is afforded us by the device of ,badius ,ascensius1 an eminent printer of ,paris and ,lyon1 in the beginning of the sixteenth century1 and also by that of an ,english printer1 ,anthony ,scoloker of ,ippeswych1 who modified and adopted the device of ,ascensius1 as indeed did many other printers of various countries4 ,this curious design exhibits in one apartment the various processes of printing1 the foreground presenting a press in full work1 the background on the left the cases and the compositor1 and on the right the foundery2 the matrix and other appliances bearing a precise resemblance to those at present in use40 ,if the above be a description of the block here shown 7in which case ,mr4 ,hansard has confused the matrix with the mould71 we are able to fix the date approximately at #aedh1 in which year ,scoloker printed at ,ipswich4 #ahj ,a description of this interesting establishment will be found in ,m4 ,de ,george's ,la ,maison ,plantin ,anvers4 #bnd ed4 ,brussels1 #ahgh1 #hvo4 #aha ,the legend of the silver types has been a favourite one in the romance of typography4 ,giucciardini states that ,aldus ,manutius used them2 and ,hulsemann describes the ,bible printed by ,robert ,estienne in #aeeg as 8typis argenteis san elegantissimis40 ,the same extravagance was attributed to ,plantin4 ,possibly the famous productions of these great artists impressed their readers with the notion that their beautiful and luxurious typography was the result of rare and costly material2 and1 ignoring the fact that silver type would not endure the press1 they credited them with the absurdity of casting their letters in that costly material4 ,it is difficult to believe that any practical printer1 however magnificent1 would make even his matrices of silver1 when copper would be equally good and more durable4 ,didot was said1 as late as #ahbj1 to have cast his new ,script from steel matrices inlaid with silver4 ,the use of the term 8silver0 as a figurative mode of describing beautiful typography is not uncommon4 ,sir ,henry ,savile's ,greek types1 says ,bagford1 8on account of their beauty were called the ,silver types40 ,field's ,pearl ,bible in #afec has been spoken of as printed in silver types4 ,smith1 in #agee1 referred to the fiction1 still credited1 that 8the ,dutch print with silver types40 ,on the other hand1 we have the distinct mention in the inventory of ,john ,baskett's printing-office at ,oxford1 in #agbj1 of 8a sett of ,silver ,initiall ,letters10 which we can hardly believe to be a purely poetic description1 and probably referred to the coating of the face of the letter with a silver wash4 ,it should be stated here that ,ratdolt1 the ,venetian printer1 in #adhb was reported to have printed one work in types of gold6 #ahb ,among the itinerant punch-cutters of ,plantin's day was the famous ,french artist ,le ,b who came to ,antwerp to strike the punches for the ,antwerp ,polyglot4 #ahc ,mechanick ,exercises1 or the ,doctrine of ,handy-,works applied to the ,art of ,printing4 ,the ,second ,volume4 ,london1 #afhc4 #dto4 #ahd ,the index-letters following each part refer to ,moxon's illustration of a mould in the ,mechanick ,exercises1 a reduced copy of which is placed by the artist of the ,universal ,magazine1 #agej1 at the foot of his ,view of the ,interior of ,caslon's ,foundry1 of which we give a facsimile in the frontispiece4 #ahe ,iron does not appear to have continued much longer as a staple ingredient of ,english type-metal4 ,there was1 however1 no rule as to the composition of the alloy4 ,the ,french type-metal at the beginning of the eighteenth century was notoriously bad1 and drove many printers to ,frankfort for their types1 where they used a very hard composition of steel1 iron1 copper1 brass1 tin and lead4 #ahf ,see post1 chapter ix4 #ahg ,see post1 chapter x4 #ahh ,psalmanazar1 in referring to ,samuel ,palmer's projected second part to his ,history of ,printing1 which should describe all the branches of the trade1 says that this project1 8though but then as it were in embryo1 met with such early and strenuous opposition from the respective bodies of letter-founders1 printers and bookbinders1 under an ill-grounded apprehension that the discovery of the mystery of those arts1 especially the two first1 would render them cheap and contemptible 4 4 4 that he was forced to set it aside0 7,timperley1 p4 #fdg74 #ahi ,typographi ,excellentia4 ,carmen notis ,gallicis illustratum ,c4 ,l4 ,thiboust1 ,fusore-,typographo-,bibliopl4 ,paris1 #agah4 #hvo4 #aij 8,,liquator4 8,ecce ,liquator adest2 en crebris ignibus ardet ,ejus materies2 prbet ,cochleare1 ,catillum ,et ,formas queis mixto ex re fideliter omnes ,conflat ,litterulas2 ,hic paret sponte ,peritis1 ,sive ,latina velint conscribere1 ,grcve dicta2 ,sive suam exoptent ,hebr dicere mentem ,lingu1 seu cupiant ,germanica verba referre1 ,cunctas ille su fabricabitur arte figuras4 ,cernis qu fiat cum dexteritate character ,singulus ,archetypo1 quod format splendida signa1 ,cum mollis fuerit solers industria scalpri4 ,illum opus est fusi digito resecare metalli ,quod superest1 ,ferulisque ,typos componere lves1 ,ut queat exquans illos ,runcina parare4 ,sed solet esse gravis nimiis ardoribus stus40 #aia ,fonderie en caractres de l',imprimerie4 #d pp41 and #d pp4 of plates4 ,fol4 ,no date4 #aib ,smith 7,printers' ,grammar1 p4 #h7 blames the ,french founders of his day for the shallow cut of their punches1 which being naturally reproduced in the types1 was the cause of much bad printing4 ,some sorts1 he said1 as late as #agee1 only stood in relief to the thickness of an ordinary sheet of paper4 ,he contrasts ,english punch-cutting favourably with ,french in this particular4 #aic ,manuel ,typographique1 utile aux gens de lettres4 #b tom4 ,paris1 #agfd-f4 #hvo4 #aid ,patents for ,inventions4--,abridgments of ,specifications relating to ,printing 7#afag to #aheg74 ,london1 #ahei4 #hvo4 #aie ,this misguided reformer lived at ,banbury1 where1 in #ahjd1 he printed an edition of ,rasselas1 #hvo1 in his 8improved0 types4 ,the result is more curious than beautiful1 and the public remained loyal still to the alphabets of ,aldus1 ,elzevir1 ,caslon1 ,baskerville1 and ,bodoni4 ,nevertheless1 ,rusher's edition of ,rasselas1 8printed with patent types in a manner never before attempted10 will always claim a place among typographical curiosities4 #aif ,this is apparently the first suggestion in ,england of the 8hand-pump10 which was subsequently adopted by all the founders1 and formed1 in combination with the lever-mould1 the intermediate stage between hand and machine casting4 #aig ,the origin of type-nicks is doubtful4 ,some have considered them to have resulted from a modification of the old alleged system of perforation1 and to have been intended as a receptacle for the wire or string used to bind the lines together4 ,the types of the first printers were certainly without them1 and as late as #aedj ,french moulds had none4 ,a nick forms part of ,moxon's moulds in #afhc4 ,in ,french founding the nick is at the back of the type1 while in ,england it is always on the front4 ,in ,fournier's day the ,lyonnaise types were an exception to the general ,french rule1 and had the nick on the front1 as also did the types of ,germany1 ,holland and ,flanders4 ,some of the old founts procured abroad by ,english founders were struck in the copper inverted1 so that when cast in ,english moulds they have always had the nick at the back4 #aih ,the lever mould was first used in ,america about #ahjj4 #aii ,clayton issued a pamphlet printed from plates produced by this process4 #bjj ,it was calculated that #ge1jjj types could be produced by two men in an hour4 #bja ,see post1 chap4 xxi4 ,prior to ,pouche's introduction of this system of casting into ,england1 ,hansard informs us1 ,henry ,caslon made trial of it1 but it was not found eligible to pursue it4 #bjb ,the type-casting machine1 of which this is the first patented attempt in ,england1 was not generally adopted till after the ,international ,exhibition of #ahea1 at which the hand-mould alone was shown4 ,the model generally adopted was the machine patented in ,america in #ahch1 by ,david ,bruce1 which ,alexander ,wilson introduced in this country about #ahec4 ,previous to ,david ,bruce's machine1 a machine invented by ,edwin ,starr had been introduced at ,boston in #ahbf1 and tried for five years4 #bjc ,the reader is referred to the concise summary given under the title 8,parliamentary ,papers10 in ,bigmore and ,wyman's ,bibliography of ,printing1 also to the ,abridgments of ,specifications relating to ,printing1 #afag to #aheg1 published by the ,commissioners of ,patents in #ahei1 and for more minute particulars to ,mr4 ,arber's ,transcript of the ,registers of the ,stationers' ,company1 and the ,calendars of ,domestic ,state ,papers4 #bjd ,notwithstanding this flattering announcement1 we find that five years later ,grafton and ,whitchurch1 who held the ,king's ,bible patent1 received the royal permission to print the revised edition of ,matthews's ,bible in ,paris1 8because at that time there were in ,france better printers and paper than could be had here in ,england40 ,the project1 as history records1 was cut short by the ,inquisition2 but the presses1 types1 and workmen were with great difficulty brought over from ,paris to ,london1 where the ,bible was finished in #aeci4 #bje ,a brotherhood of ,stationers1 consisting of 8writers of text letter10 8lymners of bokes10 and subsequently admitting printers to its fellowship1 had existed since #adjc4 ,the term ,stationer1 at the time of the incorporation1 included booksellers1 printers1 bookbinders1 publishers1 type-founders1 makers of writing-tables1 and other trades1 amongst which were 8joiners and chandlers40 #bjf ,arber's ,transcripts1 ii1 #gec-fi4 #bjg ,this unruly printer troubled the ,company's peace for eleven years1 and demonstrated1 by his persistent defiance of their authority1 the insufficiency of their powers to execute the control they nominally possessed4 ,john ,wolfe1 the ,city printer1 distinguished himself in a similar way4 #bjh ,arber's ,transcripts1 ii1 #bb4 #bji ,a commission appointed to inquire into the disputes at that time agitating the ,company1 gave as one of its chief reasons why the monopolies should be sustained1 that if anyone were to print any book he chose1 this inconvenience would follow1 viz41 8want of provisions of good letters10 in other words1 the quality both of type and printing would degenerate4 #baj ,arber's ,transcripts1 i1 #aad1 #add4 #baa ,a return of presses and printers made in the same year to the ,master and ,wardens of the ,company after the publication of the decree1 shows that this provision had reduced the number to twenty-five printers1 with fifty-three presses4 ,a list of these is given in ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,rivington's ,records of the ,company of ,stationers 7,london1 #ahhc1 #hvo71 p4 #bh4 #bab ,the provisions of this decree were commended in ,the ,london ,printer his ,lamentation1 published in #affj1 and reprinted in the third volume of the ,harleian ,miscellany4 ,the writer contrasts it favourably with subsequent decrees4 #bac ,arber's ,transcripts1 ii1 #haf4 #bad ,a licensed stationer might1 with the leave of the ,company1 employ an unlicensed stationer to reprint a work of his own1 on payment of a fine4 7,ibid41 ii1 #ai47 #bae ,in ,france1 as early as #aeci1 typefounding had been legally recognised as a distinct trade4 ,the edict of #aeci contains the following clause1 applying the provisions and penalties of the decree to typefounders3 8,et pour ce que le mtier des fondeurs de lettres est connexe l'art de l'imprimeur1 et que les fondeurs ne se disent imprimeurs1 ne les imprimeurs ne se disent fondeurs1 lesdicts articles et ordonnances auront lieu 4 4 4 aux compagnons et apprentifs fondeurs1 ainsi qu'en compagnons et apprentifs imprimeurs1 lesquels oultre les choses dessus dictes seront tenus d'achever la fonte des lettres par eux commence et les rendre bonnes et valables40 ,the whole decree is in curious contrast with the ,acts regulating ,english printing and founding4 ,the ,french 8compagnons0 are forbidden to band together for military1 festive1 or religious purposes1 to carry arms1 to beat and neglect their apprentices1 to leave any work incomplete1 to use any printer's marks but their own2 and so great is the fatherly solicitude of the ,crown for the honour of the press1 that printers are made amenable to law for typographical errors in their books4 7,lacroix1 ,histoire de l',imprimerie4 ,paris1 #hvo1 pp4 #abd-h47 #baf ,in #afce the journeymen printers presented a petition to the ,stationers' ,company respecting certain abuses which they desired to have reformed4 ,the report of the referees appointed to inquire into the matter1 with their recommendations1 is still preserved4 ,amongst other things is a provision against standing formes2 also that no books printed in ,nonpareil should exceed #e1jjj copies1 in ,brevier #c1jjj 7except the privileged books72 and further1 that compositors should keep their cases clean1 and dispose of 8all wooden letters1 and two-line letters1 and keep their letter whole while work is doing1 and after bind it up in good order40 ,the ,company approved of the report1 and ordered it to be entered on the books4 7,calendar of ,state ,papers1 ,domestic1 #afce4 ,london1 #hvo1 #ahfe1 p4 #dhd47 #bag ,a ,decree of ,starre-,chamber1 concerning ,printing4 ,made the eleventh day of ,july last past1 #afcg4 ,london1 #afcg1 #dto4 ,the 8,london ,printer10 previously quoted1 writing in #affj1 styles this decree 8the best and most exquisite form and constitution for the good government and regulation of the press that ever was pronounced1 or can reasonably be contrived to keep it in due order and regular exercise40 ,it was the lapse of its authority in #afdj which led to the abuses over which he lamented4 #bah ,this famous speech has been reprinted by ,mr4 ,arber among his ,english ,reprints1 together with a verbatim copy of the decrees which evoked it4 ,london1 #ahfh1 #abmo4 #bai ,that is1 the ,master and ,wardens are obliged to find employment for all honest journeymen out of work1 the master-printers and founders being bound to give work to anyone thus brought to them4 ,masters requiring additional hands can compel the services of any journeyman out of work1 who can only refuse the summons at his peril4 #bbj ,in a rare tract entitled ,an ,exact ,narrative of the ,tryal and ,condemnation of ,john ,twyn1 for ,printing and ,dispersing of a ,treasonable ,book1 etc4 7,london1 #affd1 #dto71 several curious particulars are given as to the operation and enforcement of this ,act as regards printers4 ,but although a bookseller and bookbinder were arraigned at the same time1 no reference was made to the founder of the types1 who was apparently not held responsible for a share in the offence4 ,in the evidence given by ,l',estrange1 however1 as to ,dover1 one of the prisoners1 we have a curious glimpse of the technical duties devolving on the ,surveyor of the ,imprimery and ,printing ,presses under this ,act4 ,he states1 8,i was at his 7,dover's7 house to compare a ,flower which ,i found in the ,panther 7a dangerous ,pamphlet71 that flower1 that is1 the very same border1 ,i found in his house1 the same mixture of ,letter1 great and small in the same ,case2 and ,i took a ,copy off the ,press40 ,the sentence passed upon the unfortunate ,john ,twyn gives a vivid idea of the amenities of a printer at that period3 8,that you be led back to the place from whence you came1 and from thence to be drawn upon an ,hurdle to the place of ,execution1 and there you shall be hanged by the ,neck1 and being alive shall be cut down1 and your privy ,members shall be cut off1 your ,entrails shall be taken out of your body1 and you living1 the same to be burnt before your eyes3 your head to be cut off1 your body to be divided into four quarters1 and your head and quarters to be disposed of at the pleasure of the ,king's ,majesty4 ,and the ,lord have mercy upon your soul40 #bba ,printers were ordered to enter into a bond of #cjj to the ,crown not to misconduct themselves1 but no bond appears to have been exacted by this ,act from letter-founders4 #bbb ,the ,act of #affb was a probationary ,act for two years4 ,in #affd it was continued till the end of the next session1 and again until the end of the session following2 and in #afff again until the end of the first session of the next ,parliament4 ,in #afhe it was revived for seven years1 at the end of which1 in #afib1 it was continued for one year more1 after which it dropped4 ,according to this account1 it must have been dormant at any rate between #afgi and #afhe4 #bbc ,in #agbd1 according to the list presented by ,samuel ,negus to ,lord ,townsend1 the number of printers in ,london had increased to seventy-five1 and in the provinces to twenty-eight4 ,there were also at that time eighteen newspapers4 #bbd ,a ,proposal for ,restraining the great ,licentiousness of the ,press throughout ,great ,britain1 etc4 ,no date4 #bbe ,an ,act for the more effectual ,suppression of ,societies established for ,seditious and ,treasonable ,purposes2 and for better preventing ,treasonable and ,seditious ,practices4 #ab ,july1 #agii4 #bbf 8,,vi4 ,,form of ,notice to the ,clerk of the ,peace that any person carries on the ,business of a ,letter ,founder1 or ,maker or ,seller of ,types for ,printing1 or of ,printing ,presses4--,to the ,clerk of the ,peace for 7as the case may be7 or his ,deputy4--,i1 ,a4 ,b41 of -------- do hereby declare1 ,that ,i intend to carry on the ,business of a ,letter ,founder1 or ,maker or ,seller of ,types for ,printing1 or of ,printing ,presses 7as the case may be71 at -------- and ,i hereby require this ,notice to be entered in pursuance of an ,act passed in the #cith ,year of the ,reign of ,his ,majesty1 ,king ,george the ,third40 #bbg 8,,vii4 ,,form of ,certificate that the above ,notice has been given4--,i1 ,g4 ,h41 ,clerk 7or ,deputy ,clerk7 of the ,peace for -------- do hereby certify that ,a4 ,b4 of -------- hath delivered to me a ,notice in ,writing1 appearing to be signed by him1 and attested by ,e4 ,f4 as a ,witness to his signing the same1 that he intends to carry on the ,business of a ,letter ,founder1 or ,maker or ,seller of ,types for ,printing or of ,printing ,presses1 at -------- and which ,notice he has required to be entered in pursuance of an ,act of the #cith ,year of ,his ,majesty1 ,king ,george the ,third40 #bbh ,the clauses relating to printers and typefounders were repealed by the #cb and #cc ,vict41 cap4 #bd3 ,an ,act to ,repeal certain enactments relating to ,newspapers1 ,pamphlets1 and other ,publications1 and to ,printers1 ,type-founders1 and ,reading ,rooms4 #ab ,july1 #ahfi4 #bbi 8,now register'd--now ticketed we move1 ,our slightest works the double label prove40 7,mc,creery1 ,the ,press1 p4 #be47 #bcj 4 4 4 4 4 8,o ,veneti1 ,que fuerat vobis ars primum nota ,latini1 ,est eadem nobis ipsa reperta premens40 #bca ,in the following observations on the first ,oxford types we are mainly indebted1 in common with all students of the subject1 to the careful researches and notes of the late ,mr4 ,henry ,bradshaw of ,cambridge4 #bcb ,bagford attributes this general cessation of printing in ,oxford1 ,cambridge1 ,york1 ,tavistock1 ,st4 ,albans1 ,canterbury and ,worcester to ,cardinal ,wolsey's interference while legate4 #bcc ,s4 ,joannis ,chrysostomi opera ,grce1 octo voluminibus4 ,eton1 in ,collegio ,regali1 ,excudebat ,joannes ,norton1 in ,grcis c4 ,regius ,typographus4 #afaj-ac4 ,fol4 #bcd ,sir ,henry ,savile 7who is not to be confounded with his kinsman and namesake1 ,long ,harry ,savile1 ,camden's friend7 was formerly ,greek tutor to ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,in #aehe he was made ,warden of ,merton1 and in #aeif became ,provost of ,eton ,college1 where he died in #afba1 tat4 #gb4 #bce ,anecdotes of ,literature and ,scarce ,books4 ,london1 #ahjg-ab4 #f vols41 #hvo1 v1 #aaa1 #abb4 #bcf ,the passage referred to is the following vague reply to an inquiry addressed by ,sir ,henry ,savile to ,casaubon3 8,de characteribus ,stephanicis longa historia1 long ambages4 ,itaque melius ista coram40 #bcg ,dupont1 ,histoire de l',imprimerie4 ,paris1 #ahed4 #b vols41 #hvo1 i1 #dhh4 #bch ,diary and ,correspondence4 ,london1 #ahej-b4 #d vols4 #hvo1 iii1 #cjj4 #bci ,printing was introduced into ,cambridge in #aeba1 when ,john ,siberch printed ,bullock's ,oratio and seven other works4 ,he styled himself the first printer in ,greek in ,england1 although none of his works were wholly printed in that language4 ,the fount used for the quotations in the ,galeni de ,temperamentis was probably procured from abroad4 ,the residence of ,erasmus at ,cambridge lent undoubted impetus to the art1 which progressed actively while the ,oxford press was idle4 ,the first ,university printers1 three in number1 were appointed in #aecd1 by virtue of a charter granted by ,henry ,,viii1 in terms considerably more liberal than those first granted to ,oxford4 ,at no period of its career has the ,cambridge press boasted of a type-foundry4 ,in #afbf ,archbishop ,usher made an effort to procure from ,leyden1 for the use of the press1 matrices of ,syriac1 ,arabic1 ,ethiopic and ,samaritan letters1 which1 had he been successful1 might have formed the nucleus of a foundry4 ,unfortunately1 the ,archbishop was forestalled by the ,elzevirs1 who secured the matrices for their own press 7,parr's ,life of ,usher4 ,london1 #afhf1 fol41 p4 #cdb-c74 ,the ,university made an effort in #agjj to enrich their press by the purchase of a fount of the famous ,paris ,greek types of ,francis ,i1 known as the ,king's ,greek4 ,but as the ,french ,academy insisted1 as a condition of the purchase1 that all works printed in these characters should bear the imprint 8characteribus ,grcis e ,typographeo regio ,parisiensi10 the ,cambridge ,syndics1 unable to accede to the terms1 withdrew from the negotiations 7,gresswell's ,early ,parisian ,greek ,press4 ,oxford1 #ahcc1 i1 #daa2 and ,de ,guignes' ,typographie ,orientale et ,grecque de l',imprimerie ,royale4 ,paris1 #aghg1 p4 #he74 #bdj ,novum ,testamentum4 ,cantabrigi4 ,apud ,tho4 ,buck4 #afcb4 #hvo4 #bda ,anecdotes1 i1 #aai4 ,elsewhere 7v1 #aaa7 ,beloe asserts that the type thus used was the ,greek of ,sir ,henry ,savile4 ,although the same size1 and in many points closely resembling this letter1 it differs from it materially in other respects4 ,this may possibly be accounted for on the supposition that some of the ,savile characters having been lost1 they had been replaced either by new matrices1 or by the addition of letters from some other fount4 ,buck discarded many of the cumbrous abbreviations used in the ,chrysostom1 greatly to the advantage of his text 7see #dth ,report ,historical ,,mss4 ,commission1 p4 #dfd74 #bdb ,rushworth's ,collections1 ii1 #gd4 #bdc ,works of ,laud4 ,oxford1 #ahdg-fj4 #g vols41 #hvo1 v1 #hj4 #bdd ,the ,holy ,bible1 containing the ,old ,testament and the ,new1 etc4 ,printed at ,london by ,robert ,barker 4 4 4 and by the ,assignes of ,john ,bill4 ,anno #afca4 #hvo4 #bde ,bagford and others erroneously mention the fine as #c1jjj4 #bdf ,clementis ad ,corinthios ,epistola prior4 #dto4 ,oxonii1 #afcc4 #bdg ,augustin ,linsdell4 #bdh ,wilkins 7,d47 ,concilia1 iv1 #dhe4 #bdi ,according to documents in the ,record ,office1 the fine was entered ,feb4 #ah1 #afc #c_/d1 8,fined for errors in printing the ,bible1 ,barker #bjj1 ,lucas #ajj40 ,it was allowed to stand over from time to time1 8to see whether they would set up their press for the printing of ,greek40 ,on ,june #bc1 #afce1 it was ordered that all ,bibles now in ,stationers' ,hall which had been erroneously printed should be redelivered to them 8with charge to see all the gross faults amended before they vent the same40 #bej ,catena ,grcorum ,patrum in ,beatum ,job 4 4 4 oper et studio ,patricii ,junii1 ,bibliothecarii ,regii1 etc4 ,londini1 ex ,typographio ,regio4 #afcg4 ,fol4 ,in his dedication to the ,archbishop1 ,young thus refers to the care taken by ,laud in the purchase of the type3 8,quod quidem si e fronte acceperis 4 4 4 qu ,britanniam denique characterum eleganti in omni linguarum genere locupletas1 ac vicinis gentibus1 non minus pulchr1 quam polit et accurat veterum scriptorum editione1 invidendam reddis1 etc40 #bea ,the matrices of this fount1 as will be seen hereafter1 passed into ,grover's foundry1 and were sold at the dispersion of ,james's foundry in #aghb4 #beb ,state ,papers1 ,domestic1 #afcg-h4 ,no4 #ge4 #bec ,probably from the ,elzevirs1 who in #afbf 7as noticed p4 #ff1 note7 had succeeded in outbidding the representatives of ,cambridge ,university for the ,oriental press and matrices of ,erpenius4 #bed ,thomas ,smith at a later date referred to the same gift3--8,circa id temporis 4 4 4 ,d4 ,guilielmus ,laudus 4 4 4 postquam ingentem ,codicum omne genus manu exaratorum molem pecuniis largissime effusis1 ubi ubi merx ista literaria erat reperienda1 conquisivisset1 elegantissimos typos1 omnium fer linguarum1 qu hodie obtinent1 efformari procuravit0 7,vit1 quorundam ,virorum 4 4 4 ,patricii ,junii1 ,london1 #agjg1 #dto41 p4 #bg74 #bee ,works of ,laud1 v4 #afh4 #bef ,ibid41 v1 #bcf4 #beg ,latham's ,oxford ,bibles and ,printing in ,oxford4 #ahgj1 p4 #df4 #beh ,the ,university supplied a press and type to ,king ,charles ,i during the ,civil ,war 7,gutch1 ,collectanea ,curiosa4 ,oxford1 #agha4 #b vols41 #hvo41 i1 #bha74 #bei ,lemoine1 ,typographical ,antiquities4 ,london1 #agig4 #hvo1 p4 #hg4 ,the office of ,archi-typographus had been instituted by ,laud1 about #afcg4 #bfj ,he it was on whom ,tom ,brown wrote his famous epigram3 8,i do not love thee1 ,doctor ,fell1 ,the reason why1 ,i cannot tell2 ,but this alone ,i know full well1 ,i do not love thee1 ,doctor ,fell40 #bfa ,bagford 7,harl4 ,,ms4 #eija1 fo4 #hi7 mentions that ,dr4 ,fell encouraged the fitting-up of a paper mill at ,wolvercote1 by ,mr4 ,george ,edwards1 8who was a cutter in wood of the great letters1 and engraved many other things made use of in the printing of books1 and had a talent in maps1 although done with his left hand40 ,of this mill1 ,hearne wrote in #agbh1 8,some of the best paper made in ,england is made at ,wolvercote ,mill0 7,reliq41 ii1 #he1 ed4 #ahfi74 #bfb ,this list1 which was appended to the specimen of #afie1 doubtless includes a few items acquired by the ,press since ,dr4 ,fell's death4 7,harl4 ,,mss4 #eija1 #eibi47 #bfc ,the ,coptic fount included in his gift is said to have been cut1 not only at his expense1 but under his personal supervision1 from a character 7,mores states7 delineated by ,mr4 ,wheeler1 rector of ,st4 ,ebbe's1 in ,oxford4 #bfd ,harl4 ,,ms4 #eija1 fol4 #he4 #bfe ,gutch1 ,collect41 i1 #bga4 #bff ,athen ,oxonienses4 ,london1 #afia-b4 #b vols41 fol41 ii1 #fjd4 ,wood1 in speaking of ,mill's ,greek ,testament1 begun in #afha1 says that the first sheets were begun at his ,lordship's cost1 8at his ,lordship's printing house1 near the ,theater0 7,fasti ,oxon41 #crd ed41 ii1 #cha74 ,this was probably the hired house occupied by the ,university press prior to its removal to the ,theatre1 concerning the site of which ,hearne remarks 7,reliq41 i1 #bed71 8,one part of the wall1 being a sort of bastion1 is now to be seen1 just as we enter into the ,theater-yard1 at the west corner of the north side of the ,schools1 viz41 where the late printing-house of ,bp4 ,fell stood40 ,moxon1 in #afhc1 recognised the ,bishop's 8ardent affections to promote ,typographie0 in ,england1 by dedicating to him the second volume of his ,mechanick ,exercises1 the first practical work on printing written by an ,englishman4 #bfg ,a copy of this letter may be seen in the preface to ,hickes' ,thesaurus1 #agje1 p4 xliii4 #bfh ,the ,gothic and ,runic punches1 and the punches and matrices of the ,saxon1 formed part of the interesting exhibit of the ,oxford ,university ,press at the ,caxton ,exhibition in #ahgg4 #bfi ,nichols1 ,literary ,anecdotes1 iv1 #adg4 #bgj ,the ,oxford ,ethiopic types appear to have gone astray1 if not at this period1 shortly afterwards2 for ,dr4 ,mawer1 writing to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury in #agei respecting his proposed ,supplement to ,walton's ,polyglot1 says that the use of the ,university types had been offered him 7in #agdc7 for printing a specimen of his work1 8but10 he adds1 8an obstruction was here thrown in my way by reason of the ,ethiopic types being most of them lost1 and incapable of printing half a page40 7,todd's ,life of ,walton1 ,london1 #ahba1 i1 #ccb47 #bga ,nichols1 ,lit4 ,anec41 iv41 #adf4 ,one of the first works printed in the recovered types was ,king ,alfred's ,saxon version of ,boethius' ,consolationis ,philosophi ,libri4 ,oxford1 #afih1 #hvo4 ,it was edited by ,mr4 ,christopher ,rawlinson1 from a transcript by ,francis ,junius among the ,,mss4 at ,oxford4 ,opposite the title is a head of ,junius by ,burghers1 from a sketch by ,van ,dyck1 in the ,picture ,gallery4 #bgb ,a4 ,j4 ,butler1 ,ancient ,coptic ,churches of ,egypt4 ,oxford1 #ahhd4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ii1 #beg4 #bgc ,these additions duly appeared in the second ,oxford specimen of #afie1 from which the inventory at p4 #adh is quoted4 #bgd ,there is an amusing account of a visit to the ,university ,press in #afhb in ,mrs4 ,d',anvers' ,academia3 or the ,humours of the ,university of ,oxford1 in ,burlesque verse 7#afia71 pp4 #be-bg4 #bge ,harl4 ,,ms4 #eija1 fo4 #d4 ,the ,specimen is given in #eibi4 #bgf ,oratio ,dominica1 1 nimirum1 plus centum ,linguis1 ,versionibus1 aut ,characteribus reddita et expressa4 ,londini1 #agjj1 #dto4 #gf pp4 ,the editor was ,b4 ,m7otte74 ,typogr4 ,lond4 #bgg ,this circumstance is thus frankly noted in the preface3 8,porr1 ne ,characterum alienorum copi me jactitare videar1 scias velim1 schedas duas1 ,linguas ,hebraicam1 et cteras usque ad ,slavonicam complexas1 in ,typographo instructissimo inclyt ,academi ,oxoniensis excusas esse1 cui faustissima quque comprecator quisquis est qui patriam amat1 et bonam mentem colit40 #bgh ,these include the ,malabaric1 ,brahman1 ,chinese1 ,georgian1 ,sclavonic 7,hieronymian71 ,syriac 7,estrangelo71 and ,armenian4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon versions are from type1 as is also the ,irish1 which is ,moxon's fount cut for ,boyle4 #bgi ,a second edition appeared in #agac4 ,in #agae a similar work was published by ,chamberlayne in ,amsterdam1 entitled ,oratio ,dominica in diversas omnium fere gentium linguas versa et propriis cujusque lingu characteribus expressa4 ,amstelodami #agae4 #dto1 with dissertations by ,dr4 ,wilkins and others4 ,this production is superior in general appearance to the ,english book1 but the ,oriental and other foreign characters being almost entirely copperplate1 its typographical value is decidedly inferior4 #bhj ,the ,bible-side height is slightly above the ordinary ,english height4 ,the ,learned-side height is about the same as the ,french height4 ,ancient jealousies between the two rival 8,sides0 have much to answer for in the growth of this anomaly4 ,happily1 the difference of 8height0 is now the only difference between the ,bible and the ,learned ,presses4 #bha ,writing in #agad1 ,bagford boasted that the ,sheldonian ,theatre1 ,plantin's ,office at ,antwerp1 the ,king's ,office in ,paris1 the ,king of ,spain's ,printing ,house1 7,plantin's ,office at ,leyden--since ,elzevir's--is a sorry shed71 ,janson's in ,amsterdam1 and that of the ,jews in the same city1 were not to compare with the ,oxford ,house 7,harl4 ,,ms4 #eija74 ,the imprint1 ,e ,theatro ,sheldoniano1 was continued on ,oxford books till #agdc4 #bhb ,linguarum ,vett4 ,septentrionalium ,thesaurus ,grammatico-,criticus et ,archologicus4 ,oxon4 #agjc-e4 ,fol41 #c vols4 #bhc ,this learned lady1 mistress of eight languages besides her own1 was the daughter of ,ralph ,elstob1 a ,newcastle merchant1 and was born in #afhc4 ,besides making the ,english translation which accompanies her brother's ,latin version of the ,homily on ,st4 ,gregory's ,day1 she transcribed and translated many ,saxon works at an early age4 8,miss ,elstob10 says ,rowe ,mores1 8was a northern lady of ancient family and a genteel fortune4 ,but she pursued too much the drug called learning1 and in that pursuit failed of being careful of an one thing necessary4 ,in her latter years she was tutoress in the family of the ,duke of ,portland1 where we have visited her in her sleeping-room at ,bulstrode1 surrounded with books and dirtiness1 the usual appendages of folk of learning4 ,but if any one desires to see her as she was when she was the favourite of ,dr4 ,hudson and the ,oxonians1 they may view her pourtraiture in the initial ,g of the ,english-,saxon ,homily on the ,birthday of ,st4 ,gregory0 7,dissertation1 p4 #bi74 ,miss ,elstob died in #agef1 and was buried at ,st4 ,margaret's1 ,westminster4 #bhd ,it is interesting to note that among the money contributors on this occasion 7a list of whom is preserved in ,nichols' ,anecdotes of ,bowyer1 pp4 #dif-g71 ,robert ,andrews and ,thomas ,james1 the letter-founders1 appear as donors of five guineas each1 and ,thomas ,grover of two guineas4 #bhe ,humphrey ,wanley1 son of ,nathaniel ,wanley1 was secretary to the ,society for ,promoting ,christian ,knowledge1 and afterwards librarian to the ,earl of ,oxford4 ,he was an adept in the ,saxon antiquities and calligraphy1 and was an important contributor to ,hickes' ,thesaurus1 for which work he compiled the historical and critical catalogue of ,saxon and other ,,mss4 ,he died in #agbf1 aged fifty-four4 ,much of his correspondence is preserved among the ,harleian ,,mss4 #bhf ,nichols' ,anecdotes of ,william ,bowyer4 ,london1 #aghb1 #dto41 p4 #dih4 #bhg ,the ,rudiments of ,grammar for the ,english ,saxon ,tongue4 ,london1 #agae4 #dto4 ,a specimen of the letter is given in chapter ix1 post4 #bhh 8,this type ,miss ,elstob used in her ,grammar1 and in her ,grammar only4 ,in her capital undertaking1 the publication of the ,saxon ,homilies1 begun and left unfinished1 whether because the type was thought unsightly to politer eyes1 or whether because the ,university of ,oxford had cast a new letter that she might print the work with them1 or whether 7as she expresses herself in a letter to her uncle1 ,dr4 ,elstob71 because #8women are allowed the privilege of appearing in a richer garb and finer ornaments than men1' she used a ,saxon of the modern garb4 ,but not one of these reasons is of any weight with an antiquary1 who will always prefer the natural face to #8richer garb and finer ornaments4' ,and on his side is reason uncontrovertible40 7,rowe ,mores1 ,dissert41 p4 #bi47 #bhi i4e41 ,william ,caslon4 #bij ,nichols' ,anecdotes of ,bowyer1 p4 #cai4 ,literary ,anecdotes1 ii1 #cfa1 etc4 #bia ,dissertation1 p4 #bh4 #bib ,a few of the punches and matrices were shown in the ,caxton ,exhibition of #ahgg4 #bic ,the ,great ,charter and ,charter of the ,forest4 ,oxford1 at the ,clarendon ,press1 #agei1 #dto4 ,this fine work is printed in ,caslon's ,great ,primer ,roman4 ,the copperplate initials and vignettes are very fine1 the former containing views of several of the different colleges and public buildings at ,oxford4 #bid ,novum ,testamentum1 juxta exemplar ,millianum4 ,typis ,joannis ,baskerville4 ,oxonii e ,typographeo ,clarendoniano #agfc4 ,sumptibus ,academi1 #dto #hvo4 7,see also post1 chap4 xiii74 ,the ,baskerville ,greek punches1 matrices and types still preserved at ,oxford1 are supposed to be the only relics in this country of the famous ,birmingham foundry4 #bie ,though dated #agfh on the title1 this specimen appears not to have been completed for two years1 as it bears the date ,sept4 #bi1 #aggj1 on the last page1 and includes specimens of purchases made in that year4 #bif ,dissertation1 p4 #de4 ,these strictures we cannot but regard as somewhat hypercritical4 ,it was no uncommon thing to cast a small face of letter on a body larger than its own2 and in the case of ,hebrew and other ,orientals1 where detached points were cast to work over the letter1 it was by no means unusual at that time1 and till a later period1 to designate the latter by the name of the body which it and the point in combination collectively formed4 ,with regard to the gradual lapse of obsolete and superannuated founts from the specimen1 ,mr4 ,mores' antiquarian zeal appears to have blinded him to the fact that the ,oxford press may have issued their specimens as an advertisement of their present resources1 rather than as an historical collection of their typographical curiosities4 #big ,harl4 ,miscell41 ,lond41 #agde1 #dto1 iii1 #bgg4 ,the full title and description of this curious tract is as follows3--8,the ,london ,printer1 his ,lamentation2 or the ,press oppressed1 or over-pressed4 ,september #affj4 ,quarto1 containing #h pages4 ,in this sheet of ,paper is contained1 first1 a short account of ,printing in general1 as its ,usefulness1 where and by whom invented2 and then a ,declaration of its ,esteem and ,promotion in ,england by the several ,kings and ,queens since its first ,arrival in this ,nation2 together with the ,methods taken by the ,crown for its better ,regulation and ,government till the year #afdj2 when1 says the ,author1 this ,trade1 ,art and ,mystery was prostituted to every vile ,purpose both in ,church and ,state2 where he bitterly inveighs against ,christopher ,barker1 ,john ,bill1 ,thomas ,newcomb1 ,john ,field and ,henry ,hills as ,interlopers1 and1 under the ,king's ,patent1 were the only instruments of inflaming the ,people against the ,king and his ,friends1 etc40 #bih ,mores makes a serious mistake in calling this founder ,arthur ,nicholas4 #bii ,in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue of ,early ,english ,books to #afdj1 the name of ,john ,grismand appears as publisher of twenty-four books between #aeig and #afcf4 ,it is probable that the earlier of these1 at any rate1 were issued by the father of our founder4 ,the name of one ,thomas ,wright also occurs as a publisher in #afaj4 #cjj ,harl4 ,,ms4 #eiaj1 pt4 i1 p4 #adh4 #cja ,moxon1 in his account of the ,customs of the ,chapel 7,mechanick ,exercises1 ii1 #cfc71 gives a full description of this yearly ,feast1 which1 he says1 8is made by ,four ,stewards1 viz41 two ,masters and two ,journey-men2 which ,stewards1 with the ,collection of half a ,crown apiece of every ,guest1 defray the ,charges of the whole ,feast40 ,the ,list of ,stewards1 above referred to1 contains1 among others1 the names of nearly all the seventeenth century letter-founders4 ,seventy feasts were held between #afba and #afha1 the first few probably being half-yearly4 ,three or four ,stewards officiated at each4 ,the names of the founders occurring in the list are as follows1 the figures appended to each indicating the number of the feast at which each served his stewardship1 with the approximate date3 7#bd7 ,thomas ,wright 7#afce74 7#bf7 ,arthur ,nichols 7#afcg74 7#ca7 ,alexander ,fifield 7#afdb74 7#db7 ,nicholas ,nichols 7#afec74 7#fa7 ,james ,grover 7#afgb74 7#fc7 ,thomas ,grover 7#afgd74 7#fd7 ,joseph ,leigh 7,lee87 7#afge74 7#ff7 ,godfrey ,head 7#afgg74 7#fg7 ,thos4 ,goring 7#afgh74 7#fi7 ,robert ,andrews 7#afhj74 #cjb ,arber's ,transcripts1 iii1 #cfc-h4 #cjc ,calendar of ,state ,papers1 ,domestic1 #afdi1 pp4 #cfb1 #ebc4 ,among the entries of admission to ,merchant ,taylors' ,school occurs3 8,johannes ,grismond1 filius unicus ,johannes ,grismond1 ,typographi1 natus ,londini1 in parci de ,giles1 ,cripplegate1 ,aprilis #a1 #afdg3 an4 agens #h4 ,admissus est ,aprilis #c1 #afed40 #cjd ,domestic1 #afcg-h4 ,vol4 #cgf1 ,nos4 #ac and #ad4 #cje ,the list of matrices is given on p4 #agc1 post4 #cjf ,dissertation1 p4 #dj4 #cjg ,the first project of a ,polyglot ,bible is due to ,aldus ,manutius1 who1 probably between #adih and #aeja1 issued a specimen-page containing the first fifteen verses of ,genesis1 in collateral columns of ,hebrew1 ,greek and ,latin4 ,the typographical execution is admirable4 ,a facsimile is shown in ,renouard's ,annales de l',imprimerie des ,aldes1 #bnd and #crd editions4 #cjh ,it was begun in #aejb2 completed in #aeag1 but not published till #aebb4 #cji ,in addition to the four great ,bibles1 the following polyglot versions had also appeared before #afeg3 #aeaf4 ,psalter in ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 ,chaldee1 ,greek and ,latin1 published by ,porrus at ,genoa4 #aeah4 ,psalter in ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,latin and ,ethiopic1 published by ,potken at ,cologne4 #aedf4 ,pentateuch in ,hebrew1 ,chaldee1 ,persian and ,arabic1 published at ,constantinople 7but all in ,hebrew type74 #aedg4 ,pentateuch in ,hebrew1 ,spanish and modern ,greek1 published at ,constantinople4 #aehf4 ,bible in ,hebrew1 ,greek and ,latin 7two versions71 published at ,heidelberg4 #aeif4 ,bible in ,greek1 ,latin and ,german1 published by ,wolder at ,hamburg4 #aeii4 ,bible 7portions7 in ,hebrew1 ,chaldee1 ,greek1 ,latin1 ,german1 ,sclavonic1 etc41 published by ,hutterus at ,nuremberg4 #caj ,these ,proposals were printed by ,r4 ,norton for ,timothy ,garthwaite at the lesser ,north ,gate of ,st4 ,paul's ,church1 ,london1 #afeb4 #caa ,it is described by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,j4 ,todd in his ,memoirs of the ,life and ,writings of the ,right ,rev4 ,brian ,walton1 ,d4,d4 ,london1 #b vols41 #hvo1 #ahba4 ,mr4 ,todd's work contains much valuable information respecting the ,polyglot4 #cab ,among the ,,mss4 in ,sydney ,college is a letter written by ,abraham ,wheelock to the ,vice-,chancellor of ,cambridge1 dated ,jan4 #e1 #afeb1 in which1 referring to the specimen1 he says3 8,when the sheete1 here sent1 was printed off1 ,i corrected at least #hj errata in it4 ,it as yet serves to show what letters ,mr4 ,flesher1 an eminent printer1 my friend and printer of my booke1 hath0 7,todd's ,memoirs1 i1 #ef74 ,james ,flesher1 son 787 of ,miles ,flesher 7one of the twelve ,star ,chamber printers named in the ,act of #afcg71 entered into a bond of #cjj to the ,stationers' ,company in #afdi1 and held the office of ,city printer in #afeg4 ,his name occurs in the list of the ,brotherly ,meeting of ,printers as ,steward at the #dbnd ,feast4 ,in #affd he served1 together with ,roycroft1 on the jury at the trial of ,john ,twyn2 see ante1 p4 #acb4 #cac ,walton's ,polyglot is supposed to be the second book printed by subscription in ,england4 ,in #afag1 ,minsheu's ,dictionary in ,eleven ,languages was published by subscription1 the names of those who took a copy of the work being printed4 ,minsheu's venture1 however1 turned out a failure4 ,in ,dr4 ,walton's case this mode of publication was1 owing to the energy of the promoter and the number of his friends1 successful4 ,the subscription was #aj per copy1 or #ej for six copies4 ,the estimated cost of the first volume was #a1ejj1 and of succeeding volumes #a1bjj each4 ,towards this1 #i1jjj was subscribed four months before the first volume was put to press4 #cad ,parr's ,life and ,letters of ,usher4 ,lond41 #afhf1 fol41 p4 #eij4 ,dr4 ,walton received the ,protector's permission to import the paper for his work1 duty free4 #cae ,origine de l',imprimerie de ,paris4 ,paris1 #afid1 #dto1 p4 #ei4 #caf ,discours ,historique sur les principales editions des ,bibles ,polyglottes4 ,paris1 #agac1 #abmo1 p4 #bji4 #cag ,this useful little tract was reprinted with improvements in the following year1 entitled3 8,introductio ad lectionem linguarum ,orientalium1 ,hebraic1 ,chaldaic1 ,samaritan1 ,syriac1 ,arabic1 ,persic1 thiopic1 ,armen1 ,copt 4 4 4 in usum tyronum 4 4 4 prcipu eorum qui sumptus ad ,biblia ,polyglotta 7jam sub prelo7 imprimenda contulerunt4 ,londini4 ,imprimebat ,tho4 ,roycroft1 #afee4 #ahmo40 ,republished at ,deventer in #afeh4 ,the ,armenian and ,coptic alphabets were cut in wood1 and reappeared in the ,prolegomena of the ,polyglot4 #cah 8,the latter part10 says ,bowyer1 8is much more incorrectly printed than the former1 probably owing to the editor's absence from the press1 or to his being over-fatigued by the work4 ,the ,hebrew text suffered much in several places by the rapidity of the publication40 #cai ,rev4 ,mr4 ,twells1 author of ,life of ,dr4 ,pocock4 #cbj ,biblia ,sacra ,polyglotta1 complectentia ,textus ,originales1 ,hebraicum cum ,pentateucho ,samaritano1 ,chaldaicum1 ,grcum2 ,versionumque antiquarum1 ,samaritan ,grc ,,lxx ,interpr4 ,chaldaic1 ,syriac1 ,arabic1 thiopic1 ,persic1 ,vulg4 ,lat4 ,quicquid comparari poterat4 ,cum ,textuum et ,versionum ,orientalium ,translationibus ,latinis 4 4 4 ,omnia eo ordine disposita1 ut ,textus cum ,versionibus uno intuitu conferri possint4 ,cum ,apparatu1 etc4 etc4 4 4 4 ,edidit ,brianus ,waltonus1 ,s4,t4,d4 ,londini4 ,imprimebat ,thomas ,roycroft1 #afeg4 #f vols41 fol4 #cba ,one of the compositors employed on the work was ,ichabod ,dawks 7grandfather to ,wm4 ,bowyer71 of whose son and his curious script type1 see ,the ,tatler1 ,no4 #agh1 etc4 #cbb ,see ante1 p4 #ih4 #cbc ,in some cases a few of the matrices have undergone renovation in the hands of their successive owners4 #cbd 8,the thiopic of the ,congregation10 i4e41 of the ,propaganda at ,rome1 8is not to be compared with ours4 ,and ,ludolphus1 whose abode was at ,gotha1 sent his ,lexicon to be published at ,london1 where it was printed by ,mr4 ,roycroft upon the type of the ,english ,polyglot0 7,mores1 p4 #ab74 #cbe 8,the elegant face of the ,samaritan is justly attributed by ,cellarius to the ,english1 for it was first used in our ,polyglot4 ,it differs widely from the type used by ,scaliger in his ,emend4 ,temp41 and by ,leusden at the end of his ,schol ,syriac1 and from another used in an encomiastic of ,abr4 ,ecchelensis upon ,f4 ,kircher1 which type belonged to the ,congregation at ,rome2 and which was afterwards more neatly cut by ,voskens0 7ibid41 p4 #ac74 #cbf ,in his 8loyal0 dedication1 ,walton asserts that from the outset he had intended to dedicate the work to ,charles ,,ii1 and that ,cromwell's patronage of the work had been offered only as the price of a public compliment for himself 7,todd1 i1 #hb et seq474 #cbg 8,the first view of this dedication10 he says1 8will prove it to have been printed with different and inferior types1 the hasty produce of a courteous after thought0 7,introd4 ,classics1 i1 #bg74 #cbh 8,thomas ,roycroft died ,august #aj1 #afgg4 ,in #afge he was master of the ,stationers' ,company1 and in #afgg he gave to them two silver mugs1 weight #bg ozs4 #c dwts4 ,in the rear of the altar at ,st4 ,bartholemew's the ,great is this epitaph3--#8,m4,s4 ,hic juxta situs est ,thomas ,roycroft1 armiger1 linguis ,orientalibus ,typographus ,regius1 placidissimis moribus et antiqu probitate ac fide memorandus1 quorum grati optimi civis famam jure merito adeptus est4 ,militi civic ,vicetribunus4 ,nec minus apud exteros notus ob libros elegantissimis suis typis editos1 inter quos sanctissimum illud ,bibliorum ,polyglottorum1 opus quam maxime eminet4 ,obiit die #aj ,augusti1 ann4 ,reparat ,sal4 ,,mdclxxvii1 postquam ,,lvi tatis su annum implevisset4 ,parenti optim merito1 ,samuel ,roycroft1 filius unicus1 hoc monumentum pie posuit4' 0 #cbi ,lexicon ,heptaglotton1 ,hebraicum1 ,chaldaicum1 ,syriacum1 ,samaritanum1 thiopicum1 ,arabicum1 conjunctim2 et ,persicum separatim1 etc41 etc4 ,authore ,edmundo ,castello1 ,s4,t4,d41 etc4 ,londini1 ,imprimebat ,thomas ,roycroft1 ,l4,l4 ,orientalium ,typographus ,regius1 #affi4 ,two vols41 fol4 #ccj ,state ,papers1 ,domestic1 #affe4 ,vol4 #adb1 ,no4 #agd4 #cca ,state ,papers1 ,domestic1 #affg4 ,ent4 ,book #bc1 p4 #ccg4 #ccb ,in the ,list of ,stewards of the ,brotherly ,meeting of printers referred to p4 #aff1 ,nicholas ,nicholls' name occurs with ,james ,flesher's as a ,steward at the #dbnd ,feast4 #ccc ,dissertation1 p4 #df4 #ccd ,see ante1 p4 #adh4 #cce ,nicholas ,nicholls' tiny specimen1 printed four years earlier1 exhibited only a few lines specially cut1 and dedicated privately to the ,king4 #ccf ,in #afgg he published ,geometrical ,operations1 ,london1 #dto1 translated by himself from ,dutch into ,english4 #ccg ,regul ,trium ,ordinum ,literarum ,typographicarum2 or the ,rules of the ,three ,orders of ,print ,letters1 viz43 the ,roman1 ,italick1 ,english1--,capitals and ,small2 showing how they are compounded of ,geometrick ,figures and mostly made by ,rule and ,compass4 ,useful for ,writing ,masters1 ,painters1 ,carvers1 ,masons and others that are ,lovers of ,curiosity2 by ,joseph ,moxon1 ,hydrographer to the ,king's ,most ,excellent ,majesty4 ,london4 ,printed for ,joseph ,moxon on ,ludgate ,hill at the ,sign of ,atlas4 #afgf4 #dto4 7,dedicated to ,sir ,christopher ,wren47 #cch ,the theory of the proportion of letters had been dealt with by several foreign authors in the sixteenth century4 ,in #aeji ,fra ,luca ,pacioli's book1 entitled ,de ,divin ,proportione1 was printed at ,venice1 containing woodcut illustrations of the various letters of the alphabet4 ,in #aebe ,albert ,drer published in ,nuremberg his ,unterweisung der ,messung mit dem ,zirkel und ,richtscheit1 reducing all letters to a combination of circles and straight lines4 ,in #aebi ,geofroy ,tory's ,champfleury appeared at ,paris1 an extraordinary treatise1 deriving every letter of the ,latin alphabet from the goddess ,,io1 of the letters of whose name every other letter is formed2 and proportioning each to the human body and countenance in their various poses and aspects4 ,fantastic as his work was1 it is credited with having revolutionised the form of the ,roman letter in ,france4 ,like ,moxon1 ,tory sub-divided the square of each letter into a number of minute squares1 in which he constructed his model letters4 ,a somewhat similar work was published at ,saragossa1 in ,spain1 in #aedh1 by ,ycair1 entitled ,orthographia ,practica1 containing specimens of alphabets1 and intended1 like all of the above-named works1 more for the use of the caligrapher and sculptor than for the printer4 #cci ,mechanick ,exercises1 or the ,doctrine of ,handy-,works4 ,began ,jan4 #a1 #afgg4 ,and intended to be ,monthly continued4 ,by ,joseph ,moxon1 ,hydrographer to the ,king's ,most ,excellent ,majesty4 ,london4 ,printed for ,joseph ,moxon on ,ludgate ,hill at the ,sign of the ,atlas4 ,two vols41 #dto4 ,vol4 ,i 7#ad numbers74 ,the ,smiths1 the ,joyners1 the ,carpenters1 and the ,turner's ,trades4 #afgg-hj4 ,vol4 ,,ii 7#bd numbers74 ,applied to the ,art of ,printing1 #afhc-f4 7,dedicated to ,dr4 ,fell1 ,bishop of ,oxford47 #cdj ,mores says that before ,moxon's time letter-cutters worked by eye and hand only1 and practised their art by guess-work 7,dissert41 p4 #dc74 #cda ,see chap4 iv4 #cdb ,or rather a hair space1 of which seven go to the body2 so that one such space divided by six would give a #dbnd part6 #cdc ,see ante1 p4 #aji4 #cdd ,of the eighteen letters of the alphabet1 the b1 c1 h1 l1 m1 n1 o1 s1 u1 are in ,roman1 the a and e in ,italic4 #cde ,a copy of this rare broadside is in the ,library of ,corpus ,christi ,college1 ,cambridge4 #cdf ,the full title of this rare little tract1 consisting of eight leaves only1 is translated as follows3--,aibidil ,gaoidheilge ,caiticiosma1 etc4 7,the ,irish ,alphabet and ,catechism1 precept or instruction of a ,christian1 together with certain articles of a ,christian faith which are proper for everyone to adopt who would be submissive to the ordinance of ,god and the ,queen of this ,kingdom4 ,translated from ,latin and ,english into ,irish by ,john ,o',kearney 4 4 ,printed in the town of the ,ford of ,hurdles1 7,dublin71 at the cost of ,master ,john ,ussher1 ,alderman1 at the head of the ,bridge1 the #bjth of ,june #aega1 with the privilege of the great ,queen4 #aega47 #hvo4 #cdg ,tiomna ,nuadh1 etc4 7,the ,new ,testament of our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ1 faithfully translated from the ,greek into the ,irish by ,william ,o',donnell47 ,son ,francke3 a m,baile ath ,cliath 7,dublin71 #afjb4 ,fol4 ,this work was printed in the house of ,sir ,william ,ussher1 ,clerk of the ,council4 #cdh ,leabhar na nurnaightheadh gcomhchoidchiond agus mheinisdraldachda na ,sacrameinteadh1 etc4 7,translated from the ,english by ,w4 ,daniel1 ,archbishop of ,tuam71 a dtigh ,shon ,francke1 alias ,franckton1 a ,mbaile ath ,cliath 7,dublin71 #afjh4 ,fol4 ,not published till #afji4 ,in his dedication1 ,daniel says that1 8having translated the book1 ,i followed it to the presse with jealousy and daiely attendance1 to see it perfected2 payned as a woman in travell desirous to be delivered40 #cdi ,a ,b ,c1 or the ,institution of a ,christian4 ,printed by the ,company of ,stationers4 ,dublin1 #afca4 #hvo4 #cej ,the ,catechism1 with the ,six points of ,w4 ,perkins1 translated into ,irish by ,godfrey ,daniel4 ,dublin1 #afeb4 #hvo4 #cea 8,the publication of everything valuable in this language by the fathers of ,donegal was unfortunately prevented by the troubles of the time of ,charles ,i1 by ,cromwell's usurpation4 ,these fathers had procured a fount for this purpose1 which1 when forced to fly1 they carried with them to ,louvain1 where some fragments of this fount are yet to be found0 7,theoph4 ,o',flanagan on the ,ancient ,language of ,ireland4 ,transac4 of the ,gaelic ,soc4 #hvo1 ,dublin1 #ahjh1 p4 #bab74 ,others stated that the fount had been removed to ,douay1 and there used to print several ,catholic tracts4 ,no ,irish work whatever is known to have been printed at ,douay4 ,respecting the various foreign ,irish founts1 the reader is referred to the account given in chapter ii1 p4 #ge4 #ceb ,life of ,william ,bedell1 ,d4,d41 by ,h4 ,j4 ,monck ,mason4 ,lond41 #hvo1 #ahdc1 p4 #bhg4 #cec ,in addition to the ,a ,b ,c and ,catechism1 already referred to as published by ,bedell in #afca1 some of his biographers record that he had printed a later edition about #afda1 and at the same time the following tracts in ,irish1 viz43 ,some forms of prayer1 a selection of passages from ,scripture1 the first three of ,chrysostom's ,homilies on the rich man and ,lazarus1 and some sermons by ,leo4 ,copies of these have not been seen4 #ced ,most of the copies were stated to have been bought up1 like the type1 by ,roman ecclesiastics4 #cee ,of this work a copy has not yet been seen4 #cef ,tiomna ,nuadh4 7,the ,new ,testament of our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ1 faithfully translated from the ,greek into the ,irish by ,william ,o',donnell74 ,london4 ,robert ,everingham4 #afha4 #dto4 #ceg 8,mr4 ,everingham and ,mr4 ,whiteledge10 says ,dunton 7,life1 p4 #cca71 8were two partners in the trade2 ,i employ'd 'em very much1 and look'd upon 'em to be honest and thriving men4 ,had they confin'd 'emselves a little sooner to ,household ,love1 they might possibly have kept upon their own ,bottom2 however1 so it happen'd1 that they lov'd themselves into ,two ,journey-men ,printers again40 ,everingham was the printer1 in #afhj1 of a ,weekly ,advertisement of ,books for some ,london publishers4 #ceh ,writing to ,dr4 ,marsh of ,dublin1 ,jan4 #agth1 #afha-b1 ,boyle refers to a projected ,irish ,grammar1 and offers the use of his type4 8,i am glad that so useful a designe as that of frameing a compendious ,irish ,grammar has been conceived by one that is so able to execute it well2 but ,i presume you will want letters for many of the ,irish words2 in which case you may please to consider what use may be made of those ,i have already1 that may be consistent with the printing of the ,old ,testament in the language they relate to2 for all the designe ,i had in having them cut off was1 that they might be in a readiness to print useful bookes in ,irish1 whether there or here0 7,mason's ,life of ,bedell1 p4 #cja74 #cei ,leabhuir na ,seintiomna1 etc4 7,the ,books of the ,old ,testament translated into ,irish by ,dr4 ,william ,bedell1 late ,bishop of ,kilmore4 ,london47 #afhe4 #dto4 #cfj ,an ,biobla ,naomhtha4 7,w4 ,bedell's and ,w4 ,o',donnell's ,irish ,bible1 revised1 and printed at ,london by ,r4 ,everingham47 #afij4 #hvo4 #cfa ,mason's ,life of ,bedell1 p4 #cje4 #cfb ,the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 ,irish and ,english1 with the ,elements of the ,irish ,language1 by ,john ,richardson4 ,london1 #agab4 #hvo4 #cfc ,practical ,sermons4 ,london1 #agaa4 #cfd ,dissertation1 p4 #cc4 ,it is worthy of note that at the date when ,mores wrote an almost universal cessation in ,irish printing was taking place at home and abroad4 ,at ,louvain no work had appeared since #affc1 at ,rome since #agjg1 or at ,paris 7with the exception of the specimen in ,fournier's ,manuale ,typographique1 #agfd71 since #agdb4 ,in the few ,irish works issued at home during this period 7with the notable exception of ,miss ,brooke's ,reliques of ,irish ,poetry1 printed by ,bonham of ,dublin in #aghi1 in a new fount1 apparently privately cut7 the ,irish character is generally rendered in copperplate1 or in ,roman type4 ,it was not till ,marcel published his ,alphabet ,irlandais1 at ,paris in #ahjd1 and ,neilson his ,irish ,grammar1 at ,dublin in #ahjh1 that a revival of ,irish typography took place1 both abroad and at home4 #cfe ,an ,essay towards a ,real ,character and a ,philosophical ,language1 by ,john ,wilkins1 ,d4,d41 ,dean of ,ripon4 ,london1 printed 4 4 4 for the ,royal ,society4 #affh4 ,fol4 #cff ,dissertation1 p4 #dc4 ,mores mentions a ,james ,moxon who in #afgg lived near ,charing ,cross1 and sold ,joseph ,moxon's books at his house 7p4 #dd74 #cfg ,joseph ,leigh 7sic7 served at the sixty-fourth ,feast 7i4e41 about #afge71 and ,thos4 ,goring at the sixty-seventh 7#afgh74 ,in the same ,list occurs the name of ,john ,goring1 probably a relative of ,thomas ,goring1 at the forty-sixth ,feast 7#afeg74 #cfh ,his name occurs in the list of ,masters and ,workmen ,printers1 as having served as ,steward at the sixty-ninth ,feast 7#afhj74 #cfi ,mores' ,dissert41 p4 #ac4 #cgj ,see ante1 p4 #aeg4 #cga ,the names of both occur among the stewards who had served office at the annual ,brotherly ,meetings of ,masters and ,workmen ,printers2 ,james ,grover at the sixty-first ,feast 7#afgb71 and ,thomas ,grover at the sixty-third 7#afgd74 #cgb ,see ante1 p4 #if4 #cgc ,see ante1 p4 #ij4 #cgd ,see ante1 p4 #add4 #cge 8,the ,arabic 7of the ,polyglot7 is ,great ,primer1 in our 7i4e41 ,james's7 foundery2 and it came from ,mr4 ,grover0 7,mores' ,dissert41 p4 #ac2 and again1 p4 #fc74 ,mores1 however1 only mentions an imperfect set of ,double ,pica matrices in the summary of this foundry1 whereas ,andrews possessed a complete fount of ,great ,primer4 ,a few odd punches of the ,polyglot ,arabic are still in existence4 #cgf ,mores' ,dissert41 p4 #df4 #cgg ,ibid41 p4 #fg4 #cgh ,this distinguished ambassador belonged to an honourable family1 of whom by no means the least worthy member was ,miss ,elizabeth ,rowe1 who in #aghe married ,henry ,caslon1 and subsequently--first with her mother-in-law1 and afterwards by her own exertions--ably conducted the affairs of the ,chiswell ,street foundry4 ,see post1 chap4 xi4 #cgi ,see ante1 p4 #add4 #chj ,gent4 ,magaz41 vol4 #ef1 p4 #dig4 ,nichols' ,lit4 ,anec41 ix1 #i4 #cha ,proposuit quidem ,d4 ,junius multis antehac annis ,,ms4 hoc typis evulgare1 cujus etiam specimen impressum vidi2 sed consilium illius1 multis viris doctis merito improbatum1 ejus progressum retardavit2 dum multa pro arbitrio ex ,,ms4 detruncaret et mutaret1 idque cm nulla premebat necessitas1 prout ex ,catalogo satis magno vocabulorum per pauca ,geneseos capita1 qu ipse mutaverat et expunxerat 7quem mihi ostendit ,typographus7 constat 7,proleg41 sec4 ix1 #cd74 #chb ,vit quorundam eruditissimorum et illustrium ,virorum4--,patricii ,junii4 ,lond41 #agjg4 #dto4 8,utcunque futuri operis specimen1 quod jam pr oculis meis habeo1 primum nimirum caput libri ,geneseos1 una cum doctissimis ,scholiis1 edere placuit4 ,omnes illud certamen arripiunt1 avidisque oculis legunt perleguntque1 ac optim spe de promiss editione1 quam cum maximo et vix continendo affectu exspectant efflagitantque1 concept1 quasi moram pertsi1 ,orbem ,christianum hoc eximio thesauro1 quod dudum fuisset locupletandus1 nimium diu hactenus caruisse amic queruntur0 7p4 #cb74 #chc ,parr's ,life of ,usher1 #afhf1 p4 #fba4 ,usher to ,boate1 ,june #afea3 8 4 4 4 the ,alexandrian copy 7in the ,library of ,st4 ,james7 which he intendeth shortly to make publick1 ,mr4 ,selden and myself every day pressing him to the work40 #chd ,wood1 ,athen4 ,ox41 #afia1 i1 #gif2 also ,edwards1 ,libraries and ,founders of ,libraries1 ,lond41 #ahfe1 #hvo1 p4 #afh4 #che ,lansd4 ,,mss41 ,no4 #bca1 fo4 #afi4 #chf ,see post1 chap4 xvi4 #chg ,the matrices of all these curious founts have survived to the present day1 and1 indeed1 lie before us as we write4 ,they bear strong evidence of having been justified and finished by the same hand4 #chh ,from this assertion we except1 of course1 the letter of the first printers1 which1 if not imitating the actual handwriting of one particular scribe1 was a copy of the conventional book-writing hand of the period4 ,some of the earliest scripts1 italics and cursives are also reputed to have been modelled on the handwriting of some famous caligrapher or artist4 ,one of the first instances of printing with facsimile types was the copy of the famous ,medicean ,virgil1 produced at ,florence in #agda4 ,the types are for the most part ordinary ,roman capital letters with a certain number of 8discrepants0 or peculiar characters4 ,the title of this fine work is3--,p4 ,vergili,i ,maronis ,codex ,antiquissimus 4 4 qui nunc ,florenti in ,bibliotheca ,mediceo-,laurentiana adservatur4 ,bono publico ,typis descriptus ,anno ,,mdccxli4 ,florenti4 ,typis ,mannianis4 #hvo4 #chi ,this is possibly the printer respecting whom ,nichols 7,illust4 ,lit41 viii1 #dfd7 notes that on ,nov4 #bj1 #agcb1 ,john ,mears1 bookseller1 was taken into custody for publishing a ,philosophical ,dissertation on ,death 4 4 4 ,meares succeeded to the business of ,richard ,nutt1 and printed the ,historical ,register4 ,among the ,bagford ,collections 7,harl4 ,,ms4 ,no4 #eiae7 is a ,specimen by ,h4 ,meere1 printer1 at the ,black ,fryar1 in ,blackfriars1 ,london4 ,no date4 #cij ,richard ,nutt1 printer in the ,savoy1 died ,march #aa1 #aghj1 aged #hj years4 #cia ,grover contributed #b #bs4 in #agab towards defraying the loss incurred by the elder ,bowyer on the occasion of the fire at his printing-house4 #cib ,his name occurs in the ,list of ,masters and ,workmen ,printers in #afha2 see ante1 p4 #aff4 #cic ,see ante1 p4 #adi4 #cid ,cotton's ,typographical ,gazetteer4 ,second ,series1 #ahff1 p4 #ag4 #cie ,vol4 ii1 p4 #abj4 #cif ,some of the matrices are without sides1 which were probably supplied by a peculiar adaptation of the mould4 #cig ,bagford 7writing in #agad7 states that ,walpergen 8was succeeded by his son1 who has long since been succeeded by ,mr4 ,andrews40 ,if this be the case1 the ,peter ,walpergen whose death occurred in #agad was probably the son1 of whom nothing is known as distinguished from his father4 #cih ,we are indebted to the kindness of ,mr4 ,f4 ,madan1 of the ,bodleian ,library1 for our transcript4 #cii ,the ,holy ,bible1 containing the ,old ,testament and the ,new1 etc4 ,oxford1 ,printed by ,john ,baskett1 ,printer to the ,king's ,most ,excellent ,majesty1 for ,great ,britain2 and to the ,university1 #agag1 #agaf4 #b vols41 folio4 ,the running title of ,luke xx reads1 8,the parable of the vinegar40 #djj ,this1 in all probability1 was the fount used for printing the 8,vinegar0 ,bible4 #dja ,the contents of this very interesting document were communicated to the ,athenum of ,september #e1 #ahhe1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,round1 in whose possession the original is4 #djb ,timperley's ,songs of the ,press4 ,london1 #ahcc1 #hvo1 p4 #he4 #djc ,nichols' note on the ,james family 7,anecdotes of ,mr4 ,bowyer1 pp4 #ehe1 #fji7 is at variance with the account given by ,rowe ,mores4 ,according to the former1 ,thomas1 ,john and ,george ,james were all brothers1 and sons of the notorious half-crazy ,elianor ,james1 whose husband1 ,thomas ,james1 the printer1 was a large benefactor to ,sion ,college1 and died in #agaa4 ,on this point1 however1 ,mores1 whose relations with the family gave him special opportunities for information1 may be considered as more correct in representing ,thomas and ,john as sons of the ,rev4 ,john ,james4 ,george ,james1 the son of ,thomas and ,elianor1 was ,city ,printer in #agbd4 ,his office was in ,little ,britain1 where he wrote and printed the ,post ,boy4 ,he was ,common ,councilman for the ,ward of ,aldersgate ,without1 and died in #agce4 ,his greatgrandfather1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,james1 ,dean of ,wells1 was the first ,keeper of ,bodley's ,library at ,oxford in #afje4 ,portraits of this ,dr4 ,thomas ,james1 and of ,thomas and ,elianor1 the parents of ,george ,james1 are preserved in ,sion ,college1 as is also a portrait of ,elizabeth1 their daughter1 who married ,jacob ,ilive1 the printer1 and who was herself a benefactor to the ,college4 ,nichols mentions another member of the family1 one ,harris ,james1 who1 he says1 was originally a letter-founder1 and 8formerly of ,covent ,garden ,theatre1 where he represented fops and footmen40 #djd ,dissertation1 p4 #ea1 et seq4 #dje ,rabbi ,joseph ,athias1 son of ,tobias ,athias1 who printed a ,spanish ,bible for the use of the ,jews1 was a printer1 publisher and typefounder in ,amsterdam4 ,he succeeded to the ,elzevir foundry as improved and added to by ,van ,dijk4 ,in #affb-c he issued an edition of the ,old ,testament printed in ,hebrew type1 specially cut by ,van ,dijk1 for the accuracy and beauty of which he received great renown2 and in #affg1 when a new edition of the ,bible was published1 the ,government of the ,united ,provinces signified their satisfaction by presenting him with a gold medal and a massive gold chain4 ,he is said to have printed a great number of ,english ,bibles4 ,van ,dijk1 whose models were so warmly applauded by ,moxon1 was a letter-cutter only1 and worked for various foundries4 ,his founder was ,john ,bus1 who cast in ,athias' house1 as the title of the following specimen-sheet1 issued about #agjj1 indicates3--,proeven van ,letteren die gesneden zijn door ,wylen ,christoffel van ,dijck1 welke gegoten werden by ,jan ,bus1 ten huyse van ,sr4 ,joseph ,athias woonst in de ,swanenburg ,street1 tot ,amsterdam4 ,demy broadside 7showing five ,titlings1 sixteen ,roman and ,italic1 eight ,black and two ,music74 ,after passing through several hands1 ,athias' foundry was purchased by ,john ,ensched of ,haerlem in #agfg1 in whose family it still remains4 #djf ,this should be ,dirk ,voskens of ,amsterdam1 who bought the foundry of ,bleau in #afgg1 and was the first ,dutch founder who kept types for the ,oriental and recondite languages4 ,like ,athias and others1 he was a founder only1 his punches and matrices being cut and sunk by ,rolij4 ,the foundry descended to his great-grandson1 and was ultimately put up to auction in #aghj1 and purchased by the brothers ,ploos ,van ,amstel1 and subsequently became absorbed by the ,ensched foundry4 #djg ,rolij seems to be ,rowe ,mores' way of spelling ,rolu1 of whose types the following specimen-sheet exists3--,proeven van ,letteren dewelcke gegooten worden by ,mr4 ,johannes ,rolu1 ,letter-,snyder woonende tot ,amsterdam in de laetste ,lelydwars-streat1 c4 #agaj 7probably the specimen referred to by ,james further on74 #djh ,voskens4 #dji 8,the matter was first composed in the usual way1 then the form was affused with some sort of gypsum1 which after it was indurated1 became a complication of matrices for casting the whole page in a single piece0 7,mores1 p4 #ei74 ,as early as the year #agje a ,dutchman1 named ,j4 ,van der ,mey1 had1 with the assistance of ,johann ,muller1 a ,german clergyman1 devised a method of soldering together the bottoms of common types imposed in a forme1 so as to form solid blocks of each page4 ,by this method1 two ,bibles1 a ,greek ,testament and a ,syriac ,testament with ,lexicon were produced1 the plates of all of which1 except the last named1 were preserved in #ahja4 ,see ,t4 ,hodgson's ,essay on the ,origin and ,progress of ,stereotype ,printing1 ,newcastle1 #ahbj1 #hvo4 #daj 8,being called into our company10 says ,ged1 in his ,narrative1 8he bragged much of his great skill and knowledge in all the parts of mechanism1 and particularly vaunted1 that he1 and hundreds besides himself1 could make plates to as great perfection as ,i could3 which occasioned some heat in our conversation40 #daa ,hansard 7,typog4 p4 #hbc71 shows an impression of two pages of a ,prayer ,book1 from plates which had escaped 8,caslon's cormorant crucible40 #dab ,c4 ,crispi ,sallustii ,belli ,catilinarii et ,jugurthini ,histori4 ,edinburgi2 ,guilielmus ,ged1 ,aurifaber ,edinensis1 non typis mobilibus1 ut vulgo fieri solet1 sed tabellis seu laminis fusis1 excudebat4 #agci1 #hvo 7reprinted #agdd74 ,according to the account given by ,ged's daughter in the narrative above referred to1 the ,sallust was completed in #agcf4 ,no copy of that date is1 however1 known4 ,some of the plates of the work are still in existence4 #dac ,the story may be read in detail in ,biographical ,memoirs of ,william ,ged1 including a particular account of his progress in the art of ,block printing4 ,london1 #agha1 #hvo4 ,fenner died insolvent about the year #agce4 ,james ,ged1 after working for some time with his father1 engaged in the rebellion of #agde1 and narrowly escaped execution4 ,he ultimately went to ,jamaica1 a year before his father's death4 #dad ,despite ,mores' prophecy that ,ged's invention1 even if at first successful1 would soon have sunk under its own burden1 the method was successfully revived1 or rather re-invented1 about the year #agha by ,dr4 ,tilloch of ,edinburgh1 in conjunction with ,mr4 ,foulis1 printer to the ,university of ,glasgow1 at whose press were printed a stereotype edition of ,xenophon's ,anabasis in #aghc1 and several chap-books4 ,messrs4 ,tilloch and ,foulis did not persevere with their venture1 which was about the year #ahjj successfully revived and perfected by ,mr4 ,wilson1 a ,london printer1 aided by ,earl ,stanhope4 ,in ,france1 ,firmin ,didot1 in #agie1 attempted a method similar to that of ,van de ,mey in #agje2 but abandoning this1 succeeded in #agih in producing good stereo plates by a system of polytypage1 as described ante1 p4 #ac4 ,the reader is referred to ,hodgson's ,essay for specimens and particulars of the successive efforts to perfect the stereotype process at home and abroad4 #dae ,mores contradicts himself as to this date1 giving it as #agch in one place1 and #agcf in another4 ,as1 however1 he is particular to mention that ,john ,james1 in #agcf1 after his father's death1 commenced his specimen of the foundry1 the earlier date may be assumed to be correct4 #daf ,timperley1 who quotes this document 7,encycl4 p4 #fee71 gives no particulars as to the letter in which it is printed4 #dag ,see ante1 p4 #bjf4 #dah ,see ante1 p4 #bje4 #dai ,the ,oxford ,university foundry must1 of course1 be included as a fourth foundry existing at this time1 but does not rank as a trading establishment4 ,cottrell's foundry was also started in #ageg1 but it is doubtful whether he had yet finished cutting his punches4 ,smith1 in ,the ,printer's ,grammar1 #agee1 in comparing the standard bodies in use at that time in ,england1 names ,caslon and ,james as the only ,english founders4 #dbj ,smith's ,printer's ,grammar1 #agee1 in referring to the use of flowers in typography1 makes mention of 8the considerable augmentation which ,mr4 ,caslon has made here in flowers1 and in which ,mr4 ,james likewise has so far proceeded that we may soon expect a specimen of them0 7p4 #acg74 #dba ,nichols1 ,illust4 ,lit41 viii1 #dej4 #dbb ,edward ,rowe ,mores was born about the year #agbi1 at ,tunstall in ,kent1 of which place his father was rector4 ,he was educated at ,merchant ,taylors' ,school and ,queen's ,college1 ,oxford1 and being originally intended for holy orders1 took his ,m4,a4 degree4 ,he did not1 however1 enter the ,church1 but devoted himself to literary and antiquarian pursuits4 ,besides his ,dissertation upon ,english ,typographical ,founders1 he spent some time in correcting ,ames1 and in other investigations into the early history of printing4 ,on one occasion1 as he himself narrates1 he assisted ,ilive in correcting the ,hebrew proofs of ,calasio's ,concordance for the press4 ,his latter life was marred by habits of negligence and intemperance1 which hastened his death in #aggh at ,low ,leyton4 ,his valuable library of books and ,,mss4 was sold by auction by ,paterson in ,august #aggi1 on which occasion the eighty copies of the ,dissertation1 being the entire impression1 were bought up by ,mr4 ,nichols and given to the public with a short ,appendix4 #dbc ,a ,dissertation upon ,english ,typographical ,founders and ,founderies1 by ,edward ,rowe ,mores1 ,a4,m4 and ,a4,s4,s4 7,london7 #aggh4 #hvo 7only #hj copies printed74 #dbd ,consisting of eight founts of ,hebrew1 four of ,samaritan1 three of ,arabic1 four of ,greek1 five of ,roman or ,italic1 three of ,saxon1 one of ,anglo-,norman1 and four of ,black4 #dbe 8,such as those which being uniques cannot be perfected without new punches1 and if they were made complete1 it would be no more than oleum et operam1 etc41 because they are either out of use or the times afford better1 as the ,antique ,hebrew 7spec4 #g72 ,leusden's ,samaritan 7spec4 #bg72 #b-line ,great ,primer ,hebrew 7spec4 #ch72 the ,runic1 ,gothic1 and some other recondites1 the matrices for which are incomplete or useless4 ,but of the founts which are in daily use the imperfects will continue1 as they mutually aid and help out one another4 ,for the same reason also will continue those which have been cast aside 7not by their owner7 under the name of waste40 #dbf ,in another place ,mr4 ,mores states that the 8waste and pye0 of the foundry contained upwards of #f1jjj matrices4 #dbg ,this is the old ,black from ,grover's foundry2 see ante1 p4 #aii4 #dbh ,this sly allusion leaves little doubt as to the light in which ,mr4 ,mores viewed the ,coster legend so industriously defended by such writers of his own day as ,meerman1 ,bowyer and ,nichols4 #dbi 8,excusatos nos habeant eruditi quibus obvenerit typorum ,jamesianorum specimen accuratis perlustrare oculis1 quod minus quam expetendum esset1 in linguis prsertim reconditoribus1 elimatum prodeat2 in animo erat de dedisse emendatissimum et si sat se fecisse existiment opifices1 si1 posthabitis preli1 ceterisque maculis1 ostendatur literarum facies--lim non defuit labor1--at cessante ,fusore cessavit ,fornax et defuerunt fusi ad emaculandum typi40--,preface to the ,specimen4 #dcj i4e41 ,p4 ,polyglot1 ,a4 ,andrews1 ,g4 ,grover1 ,r4 ,rolij1 ,n4 ,nicholls1 ,s4,a4 ,sylvester ,andrews1 ,anon4 8,anonymous40 ,of founts marked 991 punches or matrices still exist4 #dca ,two sets of ,small ,pica and two sets of ,pearl not shown in ,specimen1 were also sold4 ,a ,canon1 #b-line ,great ,primer1 three ,great ,primers1 an ,english1 ,pica1 and ,bourgeois1 had been lost4 #dcb ,it is to be borne in mind that ,andrews' foundry included that of ,moxon1 from whom many of his oldest founts doubtless came4 #dcc ,a ,great ,primer1 ,pica1 ,small ,pica and ,long ,primer had been lost1 but the ,long ,primer punches remained4 #dcd ,a #b-line ,english1 ,double ,pica and ,pica had been lost4 #dce ,there were also1 not in ,specimen1 a #b-line ,great ,primer1 ,double ,pica1 ,pica1 two ,small ,picas and a set of #b-line ,nonpareil ,capitals4 ,a ,paragon1 ,bourgeois and two sets of ,nonpareil had been lost4 #dcf ,this was the fount used in the ,catena on ,job1 #afcg4 #dcg 8,remarkably beautifully cut and justified40 #dch ,a ,double ,pica1 ,pica and ,long ,primer had been lost4 #dci ,a #b-line ,english had been lost4 #ddj ,also a ,double ,pica not in specimen4 #dda i4e41 ,black--of which the following sets1 not in ,specimen1 were also sold3--,double ,pica1 two ,great ,primers1 two ,english1 four ,small ,picas1 ,long ,primer1 three ,breviers and ,nonpareil4 ,a #b-line ,great ,primer1 ,double ,pica1 ,long ,primer and ,bourgeois had been lost4 #ddb ,of these1 one was a #d-line1 to which belonged a set of 8leaden0 lower-case matrices4 #ddc ,there is more difficulty in tracing these to their original sources than in the case of the matrices1 as not only are the numbers not given1 but the bodies named may very likely vary from the actual bodies to which the matrices were justified4 #ddd ,see p4 #aia4 ,though the matrices of this fount do not appear in the ,catalogue1 they were evidently in ,james's foundry1 as they are mentioned in the list drawn up by ,james in #agfg1 and are not specified among the matrices lost4 ,they were acquired at the sale of ,dr4 ,fry1 and may possibly have been included with the ,saxons1 or with the imperfect lots4 #dde ,lit4 ,anec41 iii1 #dch4 #ddf ,see our facsimiles from the ,specimen at pages #bjj and #bjd1 ante4 #ddg ,in #agjc1 in the ,convocation of ,clergy in the ,lower ,house1 a complaint was exhibited against the printers of the ,bible for the careless and defective way in which it was printed by the patentees4 ,the editions specially complained of were those printed by ,hayes1 of ,cambridge1 in #afgg and #afgh1 and an edition in folio printed in ,london in #agja4 ,the printers continued1 however1 to print the ,bible carelessly1 with a defective type1 on bad paper2 and when printed1 to sell copies at an exorbitant price4 #ddh ,the following sketch of ,william ,caslon is mainly taken1 and in parts quoted1 from the interesting particulars of his career preserved in ,nichols' ,anecdotes of ,bowyer and the larger work into which that was subsequently expanded4 ,the elder ,bowyer's intimate connection with ,caslon's first ventures in letter-founding give ,nichols' work a special authority in the matter4 ,at the same time there exists a certain confusion in the earlier part of the narrative which it is difficult completely to harmonise4 #ddi ,john ,watts1 a printer of first-rate eminence1 for some time partner with ,jacob ,tonson ,,ii in ,covent ,garden4 ,it was in ,watts' printing office in ,great ,queen ,street1 ,lincoln's ,inn1 that ,benjamin ,franklin worked as journeyman in #agbe4 ,watts died in #agfc1 aged #he4 #dej ,william ,bowyer1 the elder1 regarded as one of the foremost printers of his time1 was born in #affc4 ,in #afii he had his office in ,dogwell ,court1 ,whitefriars4 ,his premises were burnt in #agac1 and in the conflagration he lost all his types and presses4 ,by the liberality of his fellow-printers1 however1 this loss 7estimated at over #e1jjj7 was partly made good1 and he was enabled to start again and rise once more to a foremost place in his profession4 ,for all particulars respecting ,mr4 ,bowyer and his learned son1 see ,nichols' ,anecdotes of ,william ,bowyer1 ,london1 #aghb1 #dto1 and ,literary ,anecdotes of the #ahth ,century1 ,london #ahab-ae1 #i vols41 #hvo1 a work the foundation of which is a bibliography of the productions of this celebrated press4 ,see also ante1 p4 #aeg4 #dea ,james ,bettenham1 husband of the elder ,bowyer's step-daughter1 was born #afhc4 ,he printed in ,st4 ,john's ,lane1 and attained to considerable eminence as a printer1 although after sixty years' labour he left behind him only #djj4 8,he died10 says ,rowe ,mores1 8in #aggd1 fer centenarius sanque mentis et memori40 #deb ,anecdotes of ,bowyer1 p4 #ehe4 #dec ,a tradition in the ,caslon family that ,william ,caslon began his career as a letter-founder in #agaf1 induced the late ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,caslon to adopt this as the date of the establishment of the ,foundry4 ,in the absence1 however1 of any testimony in support of the statement1 and in the face of the clear announcement by ,caslon himself that his ,foundry was begun in the year #agbj1 there seems to be no ground for attaching any importance to the use of this earlier date4 #ded ,this ,society1 which was established in #afih1 had already displayed considerable activity in the introduction of printing into the distant fields of its missionary effort4 ,in #agaa it sent out to the missionaries of ,tranquebar1 on the ,coromandel ,coast1 a printing press furnished with ,portuguese types1 paper1 etc41 which1 after an adventurous voyage1 in which the vessel was plundered by the ,french of all her other cargo1 reached its destination and enabled the missionaries to commence the printing of a ,tamulic ,new ,testament1 of which the ,gospels appeared in #agad1 with the imprint 8,tranquebari in littore ,coromandelino1 typis ,malabaricis impressit ,g4 ,adler1 #agad40 ,it is related that the publication of the remainder of the work was delayed from a scarcity of paper1 their types being very large2 till at length the expedient was adopted of casting a new fount of letter from the leaden covers of some ,cheshire cheeses1 which had been sent out to the missionaries by the ,society4 ,the attempt succeeded1 and with these new and smaller types the remainder of the ,testament was printed1 the whole being published together in #agai4 7,cotton1 ,typographical ,gazetteer1 #bnd edit41 p4 #bhi47 #dee ,liber ,psalmorum 4 4 una cum decem ,prceptis 4 4 et ,oratione ,dominic 4 4 ,arabic2 sumptibus ,societatis de ,propagand ,cognitione ,christi apud ,exteros4 ,london1 #agbe4 #hvo4 #def ,novum ,testamentum1 ,arabic4 ,londini4 ,sumptibus ,societatis de ,propagand ,cognitione ,christi apud ,exteros4 #agbg4 #dto4 #deg 8,this circumstance10 says ,nichols 7,anec4 ,bowyer1 p4 #cag7 8has lately been verified by the ,american1 ,dr4 ,franklin1 who was at that time a journeyman under ,mr4 ,watts1 the first printer that employed ,mr4 ,caslon40 #deh ,dibdin1 in repeating this anecdote1 uses rather stronger language4 8,caslon10 he says1 8after giving 7,i would hope7 that wretched pilferer and driveller ,samuel ,palmer 7whose ,history of ,printing is only fit for chincampane paper7 half a dozen good canings for his dishonesty1 betook himself to ,mr4 ,bowyer40 7,bibl4 ,decam4 ,,ii41 #cgi47 #dei ,joannis ,seldeni ,jurisconsulti ,opera ,omnia1 tam edita quam inedita4 ,in tribus voluminibus4 ,colligit ac recensuit 4 4 4 ,david ,wilkins1 ,s4,t4,p4 4 4 4 ,londini1 ,typis ,guil4 ,bowyer4 #agbf4 ,fol4 7,begun in #agbb47 #dfj ,dr4 ,david ,wilkins1 ,f4,s4,a41 was ,keeper of the ,lambeth ,library under ,archbishop ,wake1 and drew up a ,catalogue of all the ,,mss4 and books there in his time4 ,besides editing the ,selden and the ,coptic ,testament and ,pentateuch1 he published some important works in ,anglo-,saxon ,literature1 and edited the learned ,prolegomena to ,chamberlayne's ,oratio ,dominica in #agae4 ,he died in #agdj4 ,rowe ,mores considers that in his ,coptic studies ,dr4 ,wilkins was indebted to ,kircher1 the ,jesuit1 whose ,prodromus ,coptus1 published in ,rome in #afcf1 the ,doctor had severely handled4 #dfa ,quinque ,libri ,moysis ,prophet in ,lingu gypti4 ,ex ,m4,s4,s4 4 4 4 descripsit ac ,latine vertit ,dav4 ,wilkins4 ,londini #agca4 #dto4 ,only #bjj copies were printed4 #dfb ,see ante1 p4 #adg4 ,nichols1 writing about #ahac1 mentioned that the ,coptic fount1 having escaped the conflagration of his printing office in #ahjh1 was still in his possession4 #dfc ,typographia1 p4 #cdi4 #dfd ,see ante1 p4 #bje4 #dfe ,see ante1 p4 #bah4 #dff ,anec4 ,bowyer1 p4 #ecg4 #dfg ,see ante1 p4 #bae4 #dfh ,psalmorum ,liber4 7,heb4 et ,lat47 in ,versiculos metrice divisus1 etc4 ,londini #agcf4 #b vols41 #hvo4 #dfi ,moses ,choronensis ,histori ,armeniac ,libri iii4 ,armeniac ediderunt1 ,latin verterunt notisq3 illustr4 ,guil4 et ,geo4 ,whistoni4 ,london1 #agcf4 #dto4 #dgj ,de ,lingu ,etruri4 ,j4 ,swinton4 ,oxon41 #agch4 #dga ,this fount may be seen also in ,nichols' ,appendix to ,rowe ,mores' ,dissertation1 p4 #if1 and in ,ames' ,typographical ,antiquities1 #ast edit41 p4 #ega4 #dgb ,if these were the matrices which ,mores1 in his summary of the ,polyglot ,foundry 7p4 #agb1 ante71 described as ,great ,primer1 it is difficult--unless they were duplicates--to determine through whose foundry they passed into ,caslon's hands4 ,andrews had a ,great ,primer1 and ,grover a ,double ,pica and ,pica2 but all these came to ,james1 in whose foundry they remained when ,mores wrote in #aggh4 #dgc ,cyclopdia1 or an ,universal ,dictionary of the ,arts and ,sciences1 etc41 by ,e4 ,chambers1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,london1 #agch4 #b vols41 fol4 7,caslon's ,specimen faces the article 8,letter407 ,the first edition of this valuable work--the first repertory of general knowledge published in ,britain--appeared in #agbh4 ,it subsequently formed the basis of ,rees' ,encyclopdia4 #dgd ,see ante1 p4 #bjf4 #dge ,rowe ,mores' account of the ,caslon foundry in #aggh1 wherein he attributes several of the founts which originally appeared in the #agcd ,specimen to ,mitchell1 might suggest at first sight that ,caslon had acquired ,mitchell's foundry prior to #agci4 ,mores is1 however1 particular to give the exact date of the purchase1 #bfth ,july #agci4 ,it seems more probable that1 finding the bodies in ,caslon's ,specimen corresponding generally with the description of the matrices he was known to have bought from ,mitchell1 he concluded hastily that the founts shown were ,mitchell's1 whereas a reference to the ,specimen would have proved that ,caslon preferred his own original faces1 in most cases1 to those he had bought4 ,see also our notes1 post1 pp4 #bdg1 #bdh4 #dgf ,anec4 ,bowyer1 p4 #cag4 #dgg ,anec4 ,bowyer1 p4 #ehf4 #dgh 8,les caractres de ,caslon ont t gravs1 pour la plus grande partie1 par ,caslon fils1 avec beaucoup d'adresse et de propret4 ,les epreuves qui on out t publies en #agdi contiennent beaucoup de sortes diffrentes de caractres0 7,man4 ,typog41 ,,ii1 xxxviii74 #dgi ,typographical ,antiquities4 ,london1 #agdi1 #dto1 p4 #ega4 ,the names of ,william ,caslon1 sen41 and ,william ,caslon1 jun41 letter-founders1 figure among the subscribers to the work2 and the plate of facsimiles of ,caxton's types is dedicated 8to ,mr4 ,wm4 ,caslon1 a good promoter of this work1 and as suitable to the principal ,letter ,founder40 #dhj ,an ,essay on the ,original1 ,use1 and ,excellency of the ,noble ,art and ,mystery of ,printing4 ,london1 #ageb4 #hvo4 ,the work is of little interest apart from the references to the ,caslons1 and a curious poem at the end4 #dha ,see post1 chap4 xiii4 #dhb ,the ,universal ,magazine of ,knowledge and ,pleasure4 ,london4 ,vol4 vi4 ,june #agej1 p4 #bgd4 #dhc ,see post1 chap4 xvi4 #dhd ,a copy of this ,specimen1 dated #agfc1 evidently an advance copy1 is in the library of the ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 the gift of ,isaiah ,thomas1 the printer1 and is1 as far as is known1 the only copy in existence bearing this date4 ,copies of the #agfd ,specimen occur in #hvo and #dto4 #dhe ,forty-four new founts appear in all1 viz43 #b ,titlings1 #ae ,romans1 #d ,greeks1 #i ,hebrews1 #a ,ethiopic1 #a ,etruscan1 #b ,saxons1 #h ,blacks1 and #b ,music1 while the ,flowers now number #fc varieties4 #dhf 8 #8,this ,new ,foundery was begun in the year #agbj and finished #agfc4' ,so we are told by a note at the end of their ,specimen published in #agfd1 although the same note tells us that though it was finished1 yet it was not finished1 #8but would 7with ,god's leave7 be carried on1 etc4' ,amen60 7,dissert41 p4 #hj47 #dhg ,among the relics of the ,caslon ,foundry is a copy of the #agfd specimen book presented by ,mr4 ,caslon to his friend ,phil4 ,thicknesse the poet4 ,at the end of the book appears ,mr4 ,thicknesse's letter of thanks to the donor1 execrably printed by the poet himself1 in type given him by ,mr4 ,caslon4 #dhh ,this ,concert ,room remains at ,chiswell ,street in pretty much its old form1 and is now the repository of the interesting collection of portraits and relics1 still preserved1 of this venerable ,foundry4 #dhi ,a ,general ,history of the ,science and ,practice of ,music4 ,london4 #aggf4 #dto4 ,vol4 v1 #abg4 #dij ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,lyttelton writes to ,ames1 ,april #be1 #agdd1 8,some unforeseen business prevents ,dr4 ,pococke and myself dining with ,mr4 ,caslon to-morrow4 ,i give you this notice that you may defer your visit till some day next week1 when we will endeavour to meet there40--,nichol's ,illustrations of ,literature1 iv1 #bca4 #dia ,copies of which he continued to circulate1 erasing with pen and ink the words 8and ,son0 from the title-page and advertisement4 #dib ,a ,concise ,history of the ,origin and ,progress of ,printing1 etc4 ,london1 #aggj4 #hvo4 ,reprinted in the following year with the title3--,the ,history of the ,art of ,printing1 in two ,parts1 etc41 ,j4 ,p4 ,luckombe1 ,m4,t4,a4 ,london1 #agga4 #hvo4 #dic ,dissertation1 p4 #ha4 #did ,mores calls this 8excavated0 or 8,hutter's leading-string0 ,hebrew4 ,a specimen may be seen in ,the ,scholars ,instructor4 ,an ,hebrew ,grammar of ,israel ,lyons1 ,cambridge1 #agce1 #hvo4 ,the open ,hebrew is here used to distinguish the servile from the radical letters4 ,lyons in his preface deprecates ,hutter's method of printing the entire ,bible in this character1 thereby keeping the learners 8too long in leading-strings0 7see also ante1 p4 #fc74 #die ,mores omits a ,small ,pica ,hebrew1 which is the same as the ,brevier shown in the sheet of #agcd4 #dif ,these founts are not ,head's or ,mitchell's1 as ,mores states1 but were cut by ,caslon ,i1 and shown on the #agcd sheet4 #dig ,the ,pica ,greek shown on the #agcd sheet was discarded in favour of this fount4 #dih 8,but10 adds ,mores1 8,mr4 ,caslon is cutting a ,patagonian which will lick up all these diminutives as the ox licketh up the grass of the field40 #dii 8,supported by arches40 ,doubtless cast in sand4 #ejj ,these were not cut1 as ,mores states1 by ,caslon ,,ii1 but by ,caslon ,i1 and appeared on the sheet of #agcd1 when ,caslon ,,ii was but #ad years of age4 #eja 8,these10 says ,mores1 8are one and the same4 ,the ,acts of ,parliament are printed in them1 therefore we call them as ,dr4 ,ducarel and the ,act call them1 #8the common legible hand and character4' 0 #ejb ,mores omits here the ,pica ,black1 cut by ,caslon ,i1 and shown on the sheet of #agcd4 #ejc ,not ,cartledge1 as erroneously given by ,nichols4 ,this lady was the only child of ,mr4 ,cartlitch1 an eminent refiner in ,foster ,lane1 ,cheapside1 and was born ,may #ca1 #agcj4 #ejd ,with the addition of the ,long ,primer ,syriac cut for ,oxford ,university1 the 8learned0 founts in the #aghe ,specimen are precisely the same as those which appeared in the book of #agfd4 #eje ,the address is a literary curiosity3 8,the acknowledged excellence of this ,foundry1 with its rapid success1 as well as its unexampled ,productions having gained universal ,ecomiums on its ingenious ,improver and ,perfecter 7whose uncommon ,genius transferred the ,letter ,foundry ,business from ,,holland to ,,england1 which1 for above ,sixty years1 has received1 for its beauty and ,symmetry1 the unbounded praises of the ,literati1 and the liberal encouragement of all the ,master ,printers and ,booksellers1 not only in this ,country but of all ,,europe and ,,america7 has excited the ,jealousy of the ,envious and the ,desires of the enterprising1 to become ,partakers of the ,reward due to the ,descendants of the ,improver of this most useful and important ,art4 8,they endeavour1 by every method to withdraw1 from this ,foundry1 that which they silently acknowledge is its indisputable ,right3 ,which is conspicuous by their very ,address to the ,public1 wherein they promise 7in ,order to induce ,attention and ,encouragement7 that they will use their utmost ,endeavours to ,,imitate the ,productions of this ,foundry2 which assertion1 on inspection1 will be found impracticable1 as the ,imperfections cannot correspond in size4 8,the ,proprietor of this ,foundry1 ever desirous of retaining the decisive ,superiority in his ,favour1 and full of the sincerest ,gratitude for the distinguished ,honour1 by every ,work of ,reputation being printed from the elegant ,types of the ,chiswell ,street ,manufactory1 hopes1 by every ,improvement1 to retain and merit a ,continuance of their established ,approbation1 which1 in all ,quarters of the ,globe1 has given it so acknowledged an ,ascendency over that of his ,opponents40 ,the address prefixed to the #aghe ,specimen ,book of the ,worship ,street ,foundry had evidently been the inspiration of this tirade1 which in turn evoked a spirited reply from the ,frys in the following year4 ,see post1 chap4 xv4 #ejf ,the sheets appear 7along with some of ,fry ,son's and ,wilson's7 in ,chambers' ,cyclopdia--incorporated in one ,alphabet by ,abraham ,rees1 ,london1 #aghd-hf4 #d vols4 folio4 #ejg ,these are sometimes 7as in the case of the ,british ,museum copy7 bound up with the #aghe #hvo specimen book as folding plates4 #ejh ,see ante1 p4 #bjj4 ,hansard observes that besides ,queen ,elizabeth's ,ambassador1 the same family had produced ,sir ,henry ,rowe1 a ,lord ,mayor of ,london2 and ,owen ,rowe1 the ,regicide4 #eji ,this celebrated typographer was born at ,saluzzo1 in the ,sardinian ,states1 in #agdj4 ,at an early age he visited ,rome1 and obtained a situation in the printing office of the ,propaganda1 where he gained great credit for his printing4 ,in #agfh he settled at ,parma1 where he published many famous works1 and established a ,european reputation4 ,his ,homer in #c vols4 folio1 published in #ahjh1 is his most famous work4 ,he never visited ,england1 although one or two works were printed by him in our language1 viz41 ,lord ,orford's ,castle of ,otranto1 #agia1 #hvo1 ,gray's ,poems1 #agic1 #dto1 ,thomson's ,seasons1 #agid1 folio and quarto4 ,he died in #ahac1 and his widow finished and published in #ahah the ,manuale ,tipografico1 #b vols41 royal #dto1 a most sumptuous work1 containing upwards of #bej exquisite specimens of type and ornaments4 ,a monument was erected to him in ,saluzzo in #ahgb4 ,of ,bodoni's office at ,parma the following interesting particulars are preserved in ,dr4 ,smith's ,tour on the ,continent1 #bnd edit41 vol4 iii3 8,a very great curiosity in its way1 is the ,parma printing-office1 carried on under the direction of ,m4 ,bodoni1 who has brought that art to a degree of perfection hardly known before him4 ,nothing could exceed his civility in showing us numbers of the beautiful productions of his press1 of which he gave us some specimens1 as well as the operations of casting and finishing the letters4 ,the materials of his type are antimony and lead1 as in other places1 but he showed us some of steel4 ,he has sets of all the known alphabets1 with diphthongs1 accents1 and other peculiarities in the greatest perfection4 ,his ,greek types are peculiarly beautiful1 though of a different kind of beauty from those of old ,stephens1 and perhaps less free and flowing in their forms40 #eaj ,typographia1 p4 #ceb4 #eaa #b-line ,gt4 ,primer--#ahjc ,great ,primer--,may1 #ahjb ,english #a--;,august1 #ahjb ,english #b--;,april1 #ahje ,pica #b and #c--,march1 #ahje ,small ,pica #a1 #b1 and #c--;,july1 #ahjd ,long ,primer #a1 #b1 and #c--;,july1 #ahjd4 ,bourgeois #a and #b--;,july1 #ahjb ,brevier #a and #b--,may1 #ahje ,minion--,may1 #ahje ,nonpareil #a1 #b--,october1 #ahjc4 #eab ,the ,printers' ,grammar1 etc41 by ,c4 ,stower1 ,printer4 ,london1 #ahjh4 #hvo4 ,the following note is prefixed to the specimen3 8,a #d-line ,pica1 ,canon and ,double ,pica of a bold and elegant shape1 were not quite ready to introduce with these specimens40 #eac ,savage1 in his ,hints on ,decorative ,printing1 ,london1 #ahbb1 #dto1 chapter ii1 shows specimens of ,mrs4 ,caslon's ,roman letter contrasted with the old models of the ,foundry on the one hand1 and its more recent developments on the other4 #ead 8,chiswell ,street1 ,january #ai1 #ahad4 ,henry ,caslon respectfully informs his friends and the printers in general1 that the term of his partnership with the executors of the late ,mr4 ,nathaniel ,catherwood having expired1 he has entered into a new engagement with ,mr4 ,john ,james ,catherwood1 brother to his late partner1 and that the firm is now carried on under the firm of ,henry ,caslon and ,j4 ,j4 ,catherwood4 ,he embraces this opportunity of expressing his grateful sense of the distinguished patronage the ,foundry has received1 and the kind encouragement he has individually experienced from his friends in the printing business1 since the death of his mother and late partner40 #eae ,typograpia1 p4 #cec4 #eaf ,see post1 chap4 xvii4 #eag ,see post1 chap4 xxi1 s4v4 ,bessemer4 ,in the ,directory at the end of ,johnson's ,typographia1 #ahbd 7ii1 #feb71 a ,catherwood is mentioned among the ,letter ,founders1 ,charles' ,sq41 ,hoxton4 #eah ,cut by ,william ,martin4 #eai ,this beautiful little fount was cut for ,pickering's ,greek ,testament #ahbf1 and for clearness and minuteness eclipses both the ,sedan ,greek1 and that of ,blean of ,amsterdam4 ,it was also used in the ,homer of #ahca4 ,dibdin 7,introd4 to the ,classics1 #ahbg1 i1 #aff7 shows a specimen of the type4 #ebj ,cut for ,dr4 ,c4 ,wilkins1 ,oriental ,librarian to the ,east ,india ,company4 #eba ,the ,diary of ,lady ,willoughby1 as relates to her ,domestic ,history in the ,reign of ,king ,charles ,i4 ,london1 #ahdd4 #dto4 #ebb ,particulars of a most valuable property for ,investment called the ,caslon ,letter ,foundry2 also a most extensive ,modern ,foundry on which has been expended upwards of #ej1jjj1 which will be sold by auction by ,w4 ,lewis and ,son 4 4 4 on ,wednesday1 ,dec4 #af1 #ahdf1 at #aa for #ab precisely 7unless previously disposed of by private contract74 ,in the list of matrices catalogued1 the cutters' names are added1 those of ,hughes1 ,bessemer1 and ,boileau being among the most frequent4 #ebc ,the ,history of the ,art of ,printing1 containing an ,account of its ,invention and ,progress in ,europe1 with the names of the famous ,printers1 the places of their birth and the works printed by them1 and a ,preface by the ,publisher to the ,printers in ,scotland4 ,edinburgh1 printed by ,james ,watson4 ,sold at his shop opposite the ,lucken ,booths1 and at the shops of ,david ,scot in the ,parliament ,close1 and ,george ,stewart a little above the ,cross1 #agac1 #abmo4 ,watson's preface is stated to have been written by ,john ,spotswood1 ,advocate4 ,the historical portion is a condensed translation of ,de la ,caille's ,histoire de l',imprimerie1 published at ,paris in #afhi4 #ebd ,specimen of ,types in the ,printing ,house of ,james ,watson4 #agac4 #dh pp41 of which #bf are devoted to ,dutch 8,bloomers0 or ,initials1 and the remainder to ,romans and ,italics from ,french ,canon to ,nonpareil1 with a fount of ,greek1 one of ,black1 and a few signs1 etc4 #ebe ,see ante1 p4 #bah4 #ebf ,typographia1 p4 #cfb4 #ebg ,ireland1 during a portion of the eighteenth century appears to have been well supplied with type from native sources4 ,of the fortunes of ,wilson's branch foundry here alluded to1 we have no further record1 unless we are to connect the following statement with the enterprise of the ,scotch typographers3--,boulter ,grierson in #agfd petitioned the ,lord ,lieutenant for a renewal of the ,patent granted to his distinguished father ,george ,grierson by ,george ,,ii in #agca1 for ,king's printer in ,ireland4 ,among other reasons in support of his prayer1 he states3 8,that the art of making types for printing was unknown in ,ireland until very lately1 when your petitioner's father encouraged it by laying out about ,one ,thousand pounds in that article alone1 in order to establish that art in the said kingdom1 and there are now as good types made here as any imported1 by which means there is a great saving to the public1 and great part of the money that would be otherwise sent to foreign country's is left in this kingdom40 7,we are indebted to the kindness of a lady descendent of ,george ,grierson for this interesting extract47 ,according to a note of ,lemoine which we quote at p4 #bfdn1 ,dublin printers in #agig were getting their types either from ,wilson of ,glasgow1 or from ,london4 ,it is therefore probable that1 whether ,george ,grierson's enterprise may have consisted in the encouragement of ,wilson's foundry or in the establishment of another foundry of his own1 the art did not long hold its ground in ,ireland1 and was discontinued in the latter half of the century1 only to be once revived1 and that for a short period only1 by ,dr4 ,wilson's grandsons in #ahdj4 ,see p4 #bfe4 #ebh ,for an account of ,baine's subsequent career as a type-founder1 see post1 chap4 xix4 #ebi ,these eminent printers1 the most elegant typographers of which ,scotland can boast1 produced in their day some of the finest editions ever printed4 ,robert was originally a barber1 but began as a printer in #agdj4 ,in #agdc he was appointed printer to ,glasgow ,university1 one of his first productions being an edition of ,demetrius ,phalereus in that year4 ,in #agdd he brought out his famous 8immaculate0 edition of ,horace in #abmo at ,glasgow4 ,shortly afterwards his brother ,andrew1 who had been a teacher of ,french at the ,university1 joined him1 and the two together1 by great industry and excellent artistic taste1 produced a large number of beautifully printed works1 some of which will rank with the finest achievements of ,bodoni1 or ,barbou1 or even the ,elzevirs4 ,their classics1 both ,greek and ,latin1 were as remarkable for their exactness as for their beauty1 and it is recorded that the brothers1 following the example of some of the old masters1 were in the habit of publicly exhibiting their proof sheets and offering a reward for the detection of any error4 ,andrew ,foulis died in #agge1 and ,robert in the following year4 ,the business was carried on under the old name of ,r4 ,a4 ,foulis for some years by ,andrew ,foulis1 son of ,robert4 ,this printer it was who was associated with ,tilloch in his patent for stereotype in #aghd4 ,he died in #ahbi in great poverty4 #ecj ,homeri ,opera1 ,grce 7ex edit4 ,sam4 ,clarke74 ,glasgu2 in dibus ,academicis excudebant ,robertus et ,andreas ,foulis1 ,academii ,typographi #agef-h1 #d vols41 fol4 ,this work is one of the most splendid editions of ,homer ever printed4 ,each sheet was corrected six times before being finally worked4 ,flaxman's illustrations were designed for the work4 #eca ,after stating that it was the ambition of the publishers of this work to rival the finest productions of the ,stephani of ,paris1 the preface continues 7p4 viii73--8,omnes quidem tres regios ,stephanorum characteres grcos expresserat jam apud nos1 atque imitatione accuratissim reprsentaverat ,alexander ,wilson1 ,a4,m41 egregius ille ,typorum artifex1 quem et hoc nomine adscripserat sibi ,alma ,mater4 ,in his autem grandioris form characteribus ,stephanianis id unum desiderari quodammodo videbatur1 scilicet1 si res ita ferre posset1 ut1 salv tamen ilia solid magnitudinis specie qu delectantur omnes1 existeret una simul eleganti quiddam1 magis atque venustatis4 ,rogatus est igitur ille artifex1 ut1 in hoc assequendo solertiam suam1 qu quidem pollet maxim1 strenue exercet4 ,quod et lubenter aggresus est1 et ad votum usque videtur consecutus vir ad varias ingenuas artes augendas natus40 #ecb ,poems of ,mr4 ,gray4 ,glasgow1 printed by ,robert and ,andrew ,foulis1 ,printers to the ,university4 #agfh4 #dto4 ,this edition was published simultaneously with ,dodsley's first collected edition of ,gray's ,poems1 in ,london2 and far exceeded it in beauty of typography and execution4 ,writing to ,beattie in #agfh1 ,gray says1 8,i rejoice to be in the hands of ,mr4 ,foulis 7the famous printer of ,glasgow7 who has the laudable ambition of excelling the ,etiennes and the ,elzevirs as well in literature as in the proper art of his profession40 #ecc 8,this is the first work in the ,roman character which they 7,a4 and ,r4 ,foulis7 have printed with so large a type1 and they are obliged to ,,doctor ,,wilson for preparing so expeditiously1 and with so much attention1 characters of so beautiful a form40 #ecd ,a ,view of the ,various ,editions of the ,greek and ,roman ,classics4 ,london1 #agge4 #abmo4 ,improved editions in #aggh1 #aghb1 and #agij4 #ece ,renouard1 speaking of the twenty volume edition of ,cicero printed by the ,foulis in #agdi1 prefers its type to that of the ,elzevirs4 ,catalogue de la ,bibliothque d'un ,amateur4 ,paris1 #ahai4 #d vols4 #hvo4 ii1 #ge4 #ecf ,hansard states that the ,long ,primer ,greek matrices of the foundry were 8from the type cast in which the ,elzevirs printed some of their editions0--7,typographia1 #djd74 #ecg ,in a later specimen is shown a 8,new ,small ,pica ,italic0 cut for the ,king's printer in ,edinburgh1 #ahjg4 #ech ,lemoine1 ,typographical ,antiquities1 #agig1 says1 8,ireland1 by its connection with ,london and ,scotland1 produces some very neat printing2 ,wilson's types are much approved of at ,dublin4 ,alderman ,george ,faulkner may be considered as the first printer in ,ireland in his time2 but it must be remembered his letter was all cast in ,london40 p4 #ii4 #eci ,this fount 7according to ,savage1 ,dict4 of ,printing1 p4 #cbj7 was cut after the classical and elegant type of ,athias1 for ,mr4 ,jno4 ,wertheimer1 of ,leman ,street1 and was used in printing the ,rev4 ,d4 ,a4 ,de ,sola's edition of the ,prayers of the ,sphardim4 #edj 8,in conformity10 says the preface1 8with ancient immemorial usage1 we have in ,part ,i displayed our ,founts in the ,roman ,garb--the venerable ,quousque tandem--but lest it should be supposed we had adopted the flowing drapery of ,rome for the purpose of shading or concealing defects1 we have in ,part ,,ii shown off our founts in a dress entirely ,english40 ,mr4 ,figgins was the first to introduce this practice in his ,specimens4 #eda ,the following extract from the preface to the #ahcd ,specimen1 announces the removal3 8,we had the honour some time ago of announcing the removing of the ,glasgow ,letter ,foundry to ,london1 and we beg leave to inform you that we have now carried our intentions into execution1 and are prepared to receive your commands in our establishment in ,great ,new ,street1 ,gough ,square1 ,london4 ,the operative department will be conducted by ,mr4 ,john ,sinclair1 whose integrity of conduct and thorough knowledge of his profession we now reward by making him a partner in our business40 ,london1 ,aug4 #a1 #ahcd4 ,the ,london ,foundry was carried on under the old name of ,alex4 ,wilson ,sons1 or occasionally ,wilsons and ,sinclair2 the ,edinbro' branch1 and that subsequently started in ,dublin1 being styled ,a4 ,p4 ,wilson4 #edb ,see post1 chap4 xxi4 #edc ,there still exists1 in ,mr4 ,timmins' collection of ,baskerville relics1 a slate tablet beautifully engraved with the words 8,grave ,stones cut in any of the ,hands by ,john ,baskervill1 ,writing ,master10 in which the admirable models of ,roman and ,italic for which he afterwards became famous are clearly prefigured4 #edd 8,his carriage10 says ,nichols1 8each panel of which was a distinct picture1 might be considered the pattern-card of his trade1 and was drawn by a beautiful pair of cream-coloured horses0 7,lit4 ,anec41 iii1 #dea74 #ede ,he appears to have continued his original business to the end of his days4 ,writing in #agfj1 ,mr4 ,derrick1 in a letter to the ,earl of ,cork1 dated ,july that year1 after describing ,baskerville's printing achievements1 adds3 8,this ingenious artist carries on a great trade in the ,japan way1 in which he showed me several useful articles1 such as candlesticks1 stands1 salvers1 waiters1 bread-baskets1 tea-boards1 etc41 elegantly designed and highly finished40 ,the name of ,baskerville had previously been associated with typography1 as we find in the lists of the ,stationers' ,company a ,gabriel ,baskerville1 who took up his freedom in #afbb1 and a ,john ,baskerville1 who took up his freedom in #afci4 #edf ,dibdin 7,intr4 to ,classics1 ii1 #eee7 says #hjj4 #edg 8,towards the end of #agib died ,mr4 ,john ,handy1 the artist who cut the punches for ,baskerville's types1 and for twelve years was employed in a similar way at the ,birmingham ,typefoundry of ,mr4 ,swinney40 7,gent4 ,mag41 #agic1 p4 #ia47 #edh 8,john ,baskerville proposes1 by the advice and assistance of several learned men1 to print from the ,cambridge ,edition1 corrected with all possible care1 an elegant edition of ,virgil4 ,the work will be printed in quarto1 on a very fine writing ,royal paper1 and with the above letter4 ,the price of the ,volume in sheets will be one guinea1 no part of which will be required till the ,book is delivered4 ,it will be put to press as soon as the number of subscribers shall amount to five hundred1 whose names will be prefixt to the work4 ,all persons who are inclined to encourage the undertaking1 are desired to send their names to ,john ,baskerville in ,birmingham1 who will give specimens of the work to all who are desirous of seeing them4 ,subscriptions are also taken in1 and specimens delivered by ,messieurs ,r4 and ,j4 ,dodsley1 ,booksellers in ,pall ,mall1 ,london40 #edi ,of the two copies in the possession of ,mr4 ,s4 ,timmins1 one is printed on very fine banknote paper1 and the other1 more heavily1 on a coarse brown4 #eej ,publii ,virgilii ,maronis ,bucolica1 ,georgica1 et neis4 ,birminghami ,typis ,johannis ,baskerville4 #ageg4 #dto4 ,as ,baskerville reprinted this work in #agga with the old date #ageg on the title-page1 it is necessary to note that1 in the genuine edition1 among other peculiarities1 the #ajth and #aath ,books of the neid are headed 8,liber ,decimus4 neidos01 and 8,liber ,undecimus4 neidos01 whereas in the re-impression they appear1 uniform with the other titles1 8neidos ,liber ,decimus40 8neidos ,liber ,undecimus40 ,a ,virgil was printed in #hvo1 in #agff4 #eea 8,i have always considered this beautiful production as one of the most finished specimens of typography0 7,dibdin1 ,introduction to the ,classics1 #bnd ed4 ,,ii1 #cce74 #eeb 8,my neighbour ,baskerville at the close of this month 7,march #ageg7 publishes his fine edition of ,virgil2 it will for type and paper be a perfect curiosity0 7,shenstone's ,letters and ,works1 #agia1 ,letter #hh74 #eec ,other type was used for this work4 #eed ,lit4 ,anec41 ii1 #daa4 #eee 8 04 ,novum ,testamentum juxta exemplar ,millianum4 ,typis ,joannis ,baskerville4 ,oxonii e ,typographeo ,clarendoniano4 #agfc4 ,sumptibus ,academi1 #dto and #hvo4 #eef ,some of the ,punches were exhibited by the ,university ,press at the ,caxton ,exhibition in #ahgg4 ,since then1 thanks to the energy of the present ,controller1 ,mr4 ,horace ,hart1 to whom we are indebted for the above extracts and specimens1 the matrices of the fount have come to light as well as the punches and matrices of the two-line letters and figures belonging to it4 ,these were exhibited at the ,british ,association ,meeting at ,birmingham in ,august #ahhf1 being catalogued as follows3 8,,punchions of the ,great ,primer ,greek--a large proportion of the fount1 but not the whole4 8,,matrices of the same4 8,,punchions of the ,two-line ,great ,primer1 with ,initial ,letters4 ,complete4 8,,matrices of the same1 also complete4 8,,punchions of one set of ,figures1 supplied with the above4 8,,matrices of the same40 ,still more recently1 ,mr4 ,horace ,hart has been fortunate enough to discover part of the actual type in its original cases4 ,it is interesting to note that these types1 which are of rather a soft metal1 are cast to the ,oxford ,learned-,side 8height-to-paper40 #eeg ,paradise ,lost1 etc41 ,paradise ,regain'd1 etc4 ,birmingham1 #ageh4 #b vols41 #dto4 ,the work was also published in the same year in #hvo1 and again in #dto in #agei4 ,the #dto edition of #ageh appears to be overlooked by some bibliographers1 ,hansard1 among others1 who refers in the extract here given to the reprint of #agei4 #eeh ,typographia1 p4 #caj4 ,it is worthy of note that the very high gloss on the paper which characterised most of ,baskerville's later works1 is not always observable either in the ,virgil of #ageg1 or the ,milton of #ageh4 #eei ,catalogue de la ,bibliothque d'um ,amateur1 i1 #caj4 ,after noticing the folio specimen following1 he says3 8,un autre essai de ,baskerville1 sur une plus petite feuille1 contient seulment quatre caractres romains et deux en italique 4 4 4 ,outre cette preuve de grand essai1 j'ai l'un et l'autre runis la fin de son ,virgile in #d40 ,the only example we have met with is that bound up with ,lord ,spencer's beautiful copy of the ,virgil in the ,althorp ,library4 #efj ,writing to ,mr4 ,r4 ,richardson of ,durham on ,oct4 #bi1 #ageh1 ,dr4 ,bedford says3 8,by ,baskerville's specimen of his types1 you will perceive how much the elegance of them is owing to his paper1 which he makes himself1 as well as the types and ink also2 and ,i was informed whenever they came to be used by common pressmen and with common materials they will lose of their beauty considerably4 ,hence1 perhaps1 this specimen may become very curious 7when he is no more1 and the types cannot be set off in the same perfection71 and a great piece of vert40 7,nichols1 ,illust4 ,lit41 i1 #hac74 #efa ,amongst which should be particularly singled out the ,horace in #abmo printed in #agfb1 which ,dr4 ,harwood describes as 8the most beautiful little book1 both in regard to type and paper1 ,i ever beheld40 #efb ,the ,press1 a poem4 ,published as a ,specimen of ,typography by ,john ,mc,creery4 ,liverpool1 #ahjc1 #dto4 p4 #ai4 #efc ,an interesting notice of ,lord ,orford's famous private press at ,strawberry ,hill1 with a ,catalogue of the--many of them--finely printed works that issued from it1 is given in ,lemoine's ,typographical ,antiquities1 p4 #ia4 #efd ,the original of this important letter1 with the specimen attached1 is in ,mr4 ,timmins's possession4 #efe ,the ,holy ,bible1 containing the ,old ,testament and the ,new1 translated out of the ,original ,tongues1 and with the former translations diligently compared and revised4 ,by ,his ,majesty's special command4 ,appointed to be read in ,churches4 ,cambridge3 printed by ,john ,baskerville1 ,printer to the ,university4 #agfc4 ,cum ,privilegio4 ,fol4 ,the prospectus of this work1 with a specimen of the type1 appeared in #agfj4 ,the folio ,bible1 printed at ,birmingham in #aggb1 is a much inferior performance4 #eff ,the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 ,cambridge1 #agfj1 roy4 #hvo1 7with long lines72 #agfj1 roy4 #hvo1 7in double columns72 #agfa1 roy4 #hvo2 #agfb1 roy4 #hvo 7with long lines73 #agfb1 #abmo4 #efg ,he appears always to have kept a large number of hot plates of copper always ready1 between which1 as soon as printed1 just as they were discharged from the tympan1 the sheets were inserted4 ,the moisture was thus expelled1 the ink set1 and the smooth1 glossy surface put on all simultaneously4 ,however well the method may have answered at the time1 the discoloration of his books still preserved in the ,british ,museum and elsewhere1 shows that the brilliance thus imparted was most tawdry and ephemeral4 #efh 8,les caractres sont gravs avec beaucoup de hardiesse1 les italiques sont les meilleures qu'il y ait dans toutes les ,fonderies d',angleterre1 mais les romains sont un peu trop larges40 4 4 ,and of his editions he adds1 8,quoiqu'elles fatiguent un peu la vue1 on ne peut disconvenir que ce ne soit la plus belle chose qu'on ait encore vue en ce genre40 7,man4 ,typ41 ii1 xxxix47 #efi 8,mr4 ,baskerville 4 4 4 made some attempts at letter-cutting1 but desisted1 with good reason4 ,the ,greek cut by him or his for the ,university of ,oxford is execrable4 ,indeed1 he can hardly claim a place amongst letter-cutters4 ,his typographical excellence lay more in trim1 glossy paper to dim the sight40 7,dissert41 p4 #hf47 #egj ,the ,life of ,benjamin ,franklin1 written by himself1 etc4 7,bigelow's edition74 ,philadelphia1 #ahge1 i1 #dac4 ,nichols1 in error1 gives the date of this letter as #agfd4 #ega ,the apparatus was first offered1 it is said1 to the ,french ,ambassador in ,london for #h1jjj4 ,subsequently ,baskerville wrote1 on ,sept4 #g1 #agfg3 8,suppose we reduce the price to #f1jjj4 4 4 4 ,let the reason of my parting with it be the death of my son and intended successor1 and having acquired a moderate fortune1 ,i wish to consult my ease in the afternoon of life40 #egb ,the following works were printed by ,martin between #agff and #agfi1 viz41 ,christians' ,useful ,companion1 #agff1 #hvo2 ,somerville's ,chace1 #agfg1 #hvo2 ,shakespeare1 #i vols41 #agfh1 #abmo2 ,bible with cuts1 #agfi1 #dto2 and editions of the ,lady's ,preceptor4 #egc ,letter dated #ba ,sept4 #aggc4 8,you speak of enlarging your ,foundery0 7,works1 viii1 #hh74 #egd ,the remaining copies of ,baskerville's impressions1 were1 after his death purchased for #a1ajj by ,w4 ,smart1 bookseller1 of ,worcester1 and publisher of the ,worcester ,guide4 #ege ,hutton1 ,history of ,birmingham1 #ahce1 p4 #aig4 #egf ,biographical ,history of ,england1 ii1 #cfb4 #egg 8,stranger1 beneath this cone1 in unconsecrated ground1 a friend to the liberties of mankind directed his body to be inurn'd4 ,may the example contribute to emancipate thy mind from the idle fears of ,superstition1 and the wicked arts of ,priesthood40 ,touching this epitaph ,archdeacon ,nares has the following note3--8,i heard ,john ,wilkes1 after praising ,baskerville1 add1 8,but he was a terrible infidel2 he used to shock me60 #egh 8,on ,friday last1 ,mr4 ,baskerville1 of this town1 was married to ,mrs4 ,eaves1 widow of the late ,richard ,eaves1 ,esq41 deceased0 7,birmingham ,register1 ,june #g1 #agfe74 ,mrs4 ,baskerville d4 #aghh4 ,two works exist1 printed at ,birmingham1 with the imprint1 ,sarah ,baskerville4 #egi ,in #aggf1 ,chapman used ,baskerville's type for ,dr4 ,w4 ,sherlock's ,discourses concerning ,death4 #hvo4 #ehj ,this preference was so marked1 that about this time the proprietors of ,fry and ,pine's foundry1 who had begun with an avowed imitation of the ,baskerville models1 were constrained to admit their mistake1 and discard that fashion for new founts cut on the model of ,caslon4 #eha ,as early as #agge1 ,dr4 ,harwood1 in the preface to his ,view of the ,editions of the ,classics1 had pleaded urgently for the purchase of ,baskerville's types1 and ,wilson's famous ,greek1 as the nucleus of a ,royal ,typography in ,england4 #ehb ,lit4 ,anec41 iii1 #dfj4 #ehc ,proposals for ,printing by ,subscription a ,complete ,edition of the ,works of ,voltaire1 printed with the ,types of ,baskerville for the ,literary and ,typographical ,society1 #aghb1 #ab pp4 #hvo1 with #b pp4 specimens of the type4 ,the ,french proposal appears to have been put forward in #aghj4 #ehd ,beaumarchais and ,his ,times4 ,translated by ,h4 ,s4 ,edwards4 ,london1 #ahef4 #d vols4 #hvo 7iii1 chap4 #bd74 #ehe uvres ,compltes de ,voltaire4 ,de l',imprimerie de la ,socit litteraire et typographique1 7,kehl7 #aghd-aghi4 #gj vols4 in #hvo2 and #ib vols4 in #abmo4 #ehf ,renouard mentions having seen at ,paris a broadside specimen of all the ,baskerville types transported to ,beaumarchais' establishment3 8,ce sont les mmes types10 he adds1 8mais quelle diffrence dans leur emploi60 7,catalogue1 i1 #caj74 #ehg ,la ,virtu ,sconosciuta ,dialogo1 #aghf1 #hvo4 ,del ,principe e delle ,lettere1 #agie1 #hvo4 ,l',etruria ,vendicata ,poema1 #ahjj1 #hvo4 ,della ,tirannide1 #ahji1 #hvo4 #ehh ,the ,treatyse of ,fysshynge wyth an ,angle4 ,attributed to ,dame ,juliana ,berners1 reprinted from the ,book of ,st4 ,albans4 ,london2 printed with the types of ,john ,baskerville for ,william ,pickering4 7,thos4 ,white1 imp47 #ahbg4 #hvo4 #ehi ,a statement that they were acquired at the beginning of the century for the printing offices of the ,imperial ,academy of ,sciences at ,st4 ,petersburg1 appears1 after careful inquiry1 to rest on no further foundation than rumour4 #eij ,see frontispiece4 ,cottrell is the figure marked #d4 #eia ,see ante1 p4 #aeh4 #eib ,dissertation1 p4 #hb4 #eic ,a ,specimen of a ,new ,printing ,type1 in ,imitation of the ,law-,hand4 ,designed by ,william ,richardson1 of ,castle ,yard1 ,holborn4 ,london1 n4 d4 ,broadside4 #eid ,the ,double ,pica ,script sheet occasionally bound in with this specimen1 is evidently an interpolation of a later date1 as it neither has the border round1 nor does it conform to the measure or gauge of theother sheets4 ,it was not finished in #aggh when ,mores wrote4 ,see ,dissert41 p4 #hc4 #eie ,manuel ,typographique1 ii1 xxxviii4 ,this whole notice is so exceedingly incorrect as to call for mention here4 8,l',angleterre a peu de ,fonderies1 mais elles sont bien fournies en toutes sortes de caractres3 les principales sont celles de ,thomas ,cottrell ,oxfort2 de ,jacques ,watson ,edimbourg1 de ,guillaume ,caslon ,fils ,londres1 et de ,jean ,baskerville ,birmingham06 ,it would almost appear as if1 having before him the names of ,cottrell1 ,oxford1 ,james1 ,wilson of ,glasgow1 ,caslon of ,london1 and ,baskerville of ,birmingham1 the then existing foundries in this kingdom1 ,fournier had taxed his ingenuity to make four foundries out of six and had succeeded1 altering ,wilson's name to that of his long defunct fellow citizen1 ,queen ,anne's printer1 in the process4 ,this feat has1 however1 been eclipsed in his notice of the ,voskens' foundry at ,amsterdam1 which1 after the death of ,dirk ,voskens1 passed to his widow and sons4 8,cette ,fonderie0 ,fournier informs us1 8a passe sa veuve et au ,sieur ,zonen06 #eif ,mores 7,dissert41 p4 #hc71 says he was the first to produce letters of this size4 #eig ,lit4 ,anec41 ii1 #ceh4 #eih 8,r4 ,thorne1 ,letter-,founder1 takes the ,liberty of informing the ,trade in general that he has begun business upon his own account1 and intends serving them at the following old-established prices3 here follows price list4 ,he respectfully informs those gentlemen that choose to favour him with their orders1 that they may depend upon the best workmanship and materials4 ,barbican1 ,july #a1 #agid40 #eii ,it appears to have been no uncommon practice in the trade to make use of a predecessor's book1 corrected on the title-page in pen and ink4 ,our copy of ,cottrell's specimen is thus altered to the name of a broker2 and the specimens of the ,type ,street ,foundry are many of them similarly corrected to adapt them for the frequently changing style of that firm4 #fjj ,in a note1 he says1 8,r4 ,t4 informs those gentlemen to whom he is at present unknown1 that the ,types of the ,barbican ,foundry are cast to the usual ,height and ,body2 and that great care has been taken to have the ,counterpart deeply cut1 by which means they will wear much longer than any hitherto in use40 #fja ,pica1 which in #agih had been #as4 per lb41 is raised to #as4 #b #a_/b;d41 and ,nonpareil is advanced from #es4 to #es4 #f;d4 ,the other sizes are in similar proportion4 #fjb 8,sir1--,having published a ,specimen of ,improved ,printing ,types1 ,i have taken the liberty of sending you a ,copy1 which ,i hope you will approve of2 and be assured that every possible exertion shall be used in completing those orders you may favor me with4 8,barbican1 #ahjc4 8,i remain1 your obedient ,servant1 ,,robert ,,thorne40 #fjc ,see ante1 p4 #aag4 #fjd ,see post1 chap4 xxi4 #fje ,in the ,directory at the end of ,stower's ,printers' ,grammar1 #ahjh1 ,thorne's name is given without address4 #fjf ,particulars of the ,lease and ,valuable ,plant of the ,type ,foundry of ,mr4 ,robert ,thorne1 deceased1 situate in ,fann's ,street1 ,aldersgate ,street1444444444which will be ,sold by ,auction by ,mr4 ,w4 ,davies1 at ,garraway's ,coffee ,house1 on ,wednesday1 the #bast of ,june1 #ahbj1 at ,twelve o'clock1 in ,one ,lot4 ,besides the lease1 plant1 and fixtures1 the ,catalogue comprised #caf lots of matrices and about #cdj moulds4 ,the matrices were as follows3 ,roman and ,italic4 #e-line 7#c71 #d-line 7#c71 ,canon 7#d71 #b-line ,double ,pica 7#c71 #b-line ,great ,primer 7#d71 #b-line ,english 7#d71 #b-line ,pica 7#a71 ,double ,pica 7#d71 ,great ,primer 7#d71 ,english 7#e71 ,pica 7#f71 ,small ,pica 7#c71 ,long ,primer 7#f71 ,bourgeois 7#c71 ,brevier 7#e71 ,minion 7#a71 ,nonpareil ,roman 7#b71 ,pearl 7#a7 ,black 7plain or open74 #e-line 7#e71 #d-line 7#b71 ,canon 7#b71 #b-line ,great ,primer 7#e71 #b-line ,english 7#b71 ,double ,pica 7#b71 ,great ,primer 7#b71 ,english 7#a71 ,pica 7#a71 ,small ,pica 7#a71 ,long ,primer 7#b71 ,bourgeois 7#a74 ,shaded4 #e-line to ,brevier 7#ba74 ,flowers4 ,all bodies 7#ae74 ,ornamented4 ,canon to #b-line ,bourgeois 7#f74 ,egyptian4 #b-line ,great ,primerto ,brevier 7#f74 ,script4 #b-line ,pica1 ,double ,pica1 ,great ,primer4 ,engrossing4 #b-line ,english4 ,german4 ,english4 ,two-line ,letters1 ,signs1 etc41 etc4 ,sanspareil ,founts4 #ad-line to #d-line 7#bd74 #fjg ,he had a brother 787 a printer1 in ,wood ,street1 ,cheapside4 #fjh ,it is curious to note that the matter of not a few of ,thorowgood's early specimens has reference to the lucky numbers 8always found in great variety in the ,grand ,state ,lotteries40 ,such gratuitous advertisements are no doubt so many grateful acknowledgments of his own obligations to a time-honoured institution4 #fji ,the address to the printers1 prefixed to this specimen1 is as follows3 8,i cannot omit the opportunity offered in presenting my first specimen to your notice1 to return my most sincere thanks to the profession for that portion of their patronage which ,i have received since my succession to ,mr4 ,thorne4 ,although some difficulties presented themselves in redeeming the pledge ,i made of renovating my small founts and casting them of metal more durable than those in common use1 yet ,i flatter myself that those friends who relied on my professions will bear ample testimony that they have not been disappointed1 and that the superior facilities of manufacturing types possessed by myself in common with the other founders of the metropolis has been used to their advantage10 etc4 #faj ,this famous foundry1 which still exists1 was established by ,bernard ,christopher ,breitkopf in #agai4 ,his son1 ,johann ,gottlieb ,immanuel ,breitkopf1 was the inventor 7simultaneously with ,haas of ,basle7 of the art of map printing with movable types1 and is claimed also as the inventor of movable music types about #agdh4 ,many eminent punch cutters were employed on the founts of this foundry1 which was in #ahjj one of the largest in ,germany4 ,the first specimen appeared in #agci4 #faa ,hugh ,owen4 ,two ,centuries of ,ceramic ,art in ,bristol1 #ahgc1 #hvo4 #fab ,of these books we have one before us--,a ,collection of ,hymns adapted for ,public ,worship4 ,bristol1 7#agfi71 #abmo1 in the ,long ,primer of the foundry1 showing1 besides1 several varieties of title-letters and flowers4 #fac ,catalogue1 i1 #caj1 8,grande feuille colle sur une toile ou batiste fine40 #fad ,rowe ,mores1 after quoting the above1 adds drily3 8,their letter is neat4 ,we do #8set aside the influence of custom1' and call it the law of fools1 but we must recommend to the consideration of the proprietors the difference between scalping and counterpunching40 7,dissertation1 p4 #hd47 #fae 8,the ,inventors1 sensible of the great utility of their ,discovery1 have mentioned it to several of the ,trade1 who have made very considerable offers to encourage the laying open the ,secret3 ,but as their desire is1 that every ,printer in the ,kingdom might be benefited by it they propose to make the ,discovery as universal as possible1 by making an honourable and generous present of it to the whole trade3 ,to many of whom they are under some ,obligations for the kind encouragement of their new ,foundery4 ,and as that is an object they desire here to recommend1 they would further propose1 7as they have nearly compleated all their founts1 and can serve the ,trade on as good ,terms as any in the ,kingdom1 and with ,types they will warrant to wear as long7 that every ,printer who shall give them an order for ,ten ,pounds worth of ,type or more 7,five ,pounds of which to be paid on ordering and the ,remainder on the ,delivery7 shall be made acquainted with the above improvements4 ,so that the whole ,advantage proposed is the selling some ,founts of ,letter which every ,printer does or will want4 ,and as they expect that the ,trade in general will approve of their ,plan1 they beg that the ,encouragers of it would send their orders with all convenient ,speed to the above ,foundery2 7as they intend as soon as they have got a sufficient ,number to lay open the whole7 which they hope will not be less universal than the desire of being made ,partakers of so interesting a ,discovery3 for it merits nothing less than the most cordial ,encouragement of every ,printer in ,europe1 though here so freely offered4 ,and it will appear when laid open to be of such ,service as nothing like it has been discovered in ,printing for some ,centuries4 4 4 4 ,the whole expence of altering the present presses to the above ,improvement will be but about forty shillings40 ,a notice of this invention1 as well as of a patent type-case designed by the same partners1 is found in the ,abridgments of ,specifications for ,printing1 #afag-aheg1 ,london1 #ahei4 #hvo1 p4 #hh4 #faf ,history and ,art of ,printing1 p4 #bdd4 #fag ,after commending ,caslon and ,jackson1 he says3 8,as to the productions of other ,founderies we shall be silent1 and leave them to sound forth their own good qualifications1 which by an examiner are not found to exist0 7p4 #bcj74 #fah ,the ,holy ,bible1 containing the ,old and ,new ,testament1 with ,notes ,explanatory1 ,critical and ,practical1 selected from the ,works of several ,eminent ,divines4 ,london1 ,i4 ,moore and ,co41 ,letter ,founders and ,printers in ,queen ,street1 near ,upper ,moorfields4 #aggd4 ,folio4 ,the ,same1 in #e vols41 #hvo3--,vols4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #aggd2 ,vol4 #d1 #aggf2 ,vol4 #e 7,apocrypha7 #agge4 #fai ,a ,commentary on the ,holy ,bible1 containing the ,whole ,sacred ,text of the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 with ,notes1 etc4 ,bristol1 ,printed and ,sold by ,william ,pine4 #aggd1 #abmo4 #fbj ,the ,holy ,bible1 containing the ,old and ,new ,testament1 with ,notes ,explanatory1 ,critical and ,practical1 selected from the ,works of several ,eminent ,authors4 ,london4 ,printed and ,sold by ,j4 ,fry and ,co41 ,letter ,founders and ,printers in ,queen ,street1 near ,upper ,moorfields4 #aggg4 ,folio4 ,the ,same1 #d vols41 #aggg4 #hvo4 #fba ,amongst other works printed by him there is preserved a tract1 entitled ,an ,answer to a ,narrative of ,facts 4 4 4 lately published by ,mr4 ,henry ,burgum as far as relates to the ,character of ,wm4 ,pine4 ,bristol4 ,printed in the year #agge4 #hvo4 ,this is a letter of rejoinder addressed by ,pine to ,burgum1 repelling charges relating to the publication of an offensive pamphlet4 ,pine also printed several works for the ,wesleys4 #fbb ,see p4 #bbf et seq4 #fbc ,the pedigree of the matrices is indicated1 as far as can be ascertained1 by the initials 7see our note #b at p4 #bbg72 but in several cases1 particularly in the case of the ,blacks1 the origin is considerably more remote than the foundry named4 ,the error of inferring anything as to their origin from the names of famous old printers appearing on the drawers in which they were stored at ,james's foundry has already been pointed out--see ante1 p4 #bcj4 ,several of these founts ,dr4 ,fry appears to have received in a defective state1 necessitating in some cases a complete re-justifying of the matrices1 and in others the cutting of a considerable number of punches1 and casting on bodies which did not always agree with those named in the sale ,catalogue4 ,this circumstance will account for many of the apparent discrepancies between the original founts and the renovated founts as they appear in the ,type ,street specimens4 #fbd 8,it affords them0--the proprietors--8great ,satisfaction to observe that the original ,shape of their ,roman and ,italic ,letters continues to meet the ,approbation of the ,curious1 both in and out of the ,printing ,trade3 nevertheless1 to remove an ,objection which the difference in ,shape1 from the letters commonly used here1 raised in some1 whereby their ,introduction into several ,capital ,offices have been prevented2 they have cut entire new sets of ,punches1 both ,roman and ,italic2 and they flatter themselves they have executed the ,founts1 as far as they are done1 in an elegant and masterly ,manner1 which in this ,specimen are distinguished by the title ,,new1 and which will mix with and be totally unknown from the most approved ,founts made by the late ingenious ,artist1 ,william ,caslon40 ,for ,caslon's acknowledgment of this compliment1 see ante1 p4 #bdi4 #fbe 8,however desirous the proprietor of another ,foundery may be to persuade the public into an idea of a superiority in his own favour1 owing to ,rapid improvements for upwards of ,sixty years1 a little time may1 perhaps1 suffice to convince impartial and unbiassed ,judges that the very elegant ,types of the ,,worship ,,street ,,manufactory1 though they cannot indeed boast of their existence longer than about ,twenty years 6 will yet rank as high in ,beauty1 ,symmetry1 and intrinsic ,merit as any other whatever1 and ensure equal approbation from the ,literati not only in this ,country but in every quarter of the ,globe40 #fbf ,for a short time following ,mr4 ,fry's death his widow is said to have been associated with her sons in the conduct of the letter-foundry4 ,mrs4 ,fry lived at ,great ,marlow1 and afterwards in ,charterhouse ,square1 ,london1 where she died1 ,oct4 #bb1 #ahjc1 aged #hc4 #fbg ,the ,printer's ,grammar4 ,london1 printed by ,l4 ,wayland4 #aghg4 #hvo4 #fbh ,we have the following volume very beautifully printed3--,c4 ,plinii ,ccilii ,secundi ,epistolarum ,libri x4 ,sumptibus editoris excudebant ,m4 ,ritchie et ,j4 ,samuells4 ,londini1 #agij4 #hvo4 ,at end3--,typis ,edmundi ,fry4 #fbi ,this excellent artist was a ,scotchman1 and printed in ,bartholomew ,close in #aghe4 ,he was one of the first who started in emulation of ,baskerville as a fine printer2 his series of ,mr4 ,homer's ,classics 7,sallust1 #aghi2 ,pliny1 #agij2 ,tacitus1 #agij2 ,q4 ,curtius2 ,csar1 #agij2 ,livy1 #agid7 established his reputation4 ,his quarto ,bible and the ,memoirs of the ,count de ,grammont are also celebrated4 ,he printed on ,whatman's paper with admirable ink and most careful press-work1 and is stated to have produced most of his books by his own personal and manual labour4 #fcj ,from this press the following elegantly printed volume was issued in #aghh3--,the ,beauties of the ,poets1 being a ,collection of ,moral and ,sacred ,poetry1 etc41 compiled by the late ,rev4 ,thomas ,janes of ,bristol4 ,london1 printed at the ,cicero ,press by and for ,henry ,fry1 ,no4 #e ,worship ,street1 ,upper ,moorfields4 #aghh4 #hvo4 ,at one time ,henry ,fry appears to have had a partner named ,couchman4 #fca ,a ,new ,guide to the ,english ,tongue in five parts by ,thomas ,dilworth 4 4 4 ,schoolmaster in ,wapping4 ,stereotype ,edition4 ,london4 ,andrew ,wilson1 ,camden ,town4 #hvo4 ,contains portraits1 tail piece and #ab fable cuts4 #fcb ,pantographia2 containing accurate copies of all the known ,alphabets in the ,world1 together with an ,english explanation of the peculiar ,force or ,power of each ,letter2 to which are added specimens of all well authenticated ,oral ,languages2 forming a comprehensive ,digest of ,phonology4 ,by ,edmund ,fry1 ,letter ,founder1 ,type ,street1 ,london1 #agii4 ,roy4 #hvo4 ,a few copies were printed on vellum1 one of which is in the ,cambridge ,university ,library4 #fcc ,the ,printer's ,grammar or ,introduction to the ,art of ,printing3 containing a concise ,history of the ,art1 etc41 by ,c4 ,stower1 ,printer4 ,london4 ,printed by the ,editor4 #ahjh1 #hvo4 ,the same work also shows extracts and specimens from ,pantographia4 #fcd ,hazard was also the designer of a pair of cases1 a plan of which is shown by ,stower1 p4 #dfc4 #fce ,the ,rev4 ,samuel ,lee1 ,b4,d41 ,regius ,professor of ,hebrew at ,cambridge1 was a constant visitor at ,type ,street1 and personally directed the cutting of many of the founts4 #fcf ,dr4 ,fry's system was virtually that first introduced by ,mr4 ,alston1 of ,glasgow1 to which reference is made ante1 p4 #gh1 where details are also given as to the other principal systems of type for the ,blind4 ,a 8lower-case0 was subsequently added to ,dr4 ,fry's fount by his successors1 and in this form the type was largely used by the various ,type ,schools following ,mr4 ,alston's method4 ,full particulars of this award1 with specimens1 maybe seen in ,vol4 ,i of the ,transactions of the ,royal ,scottish ,society of ,arts4 #fcg ,hansard mentions a ,two-line ,english ,engrossing1 two sizes of ,music1 and the matrices of ,dr4 ,wilkins' ,philosophical ,character2 none of which1 however1 formed part of this ,foundry4 #fch ,of the supposed antiquity of this interesting fount an account has already been given at pages #bjj-e1 ante4 ,by a curious confusion of names and dates1 ,dr4 ,fry1 in his specimens stated that 8this character was cut by ,wynkyn de ,worde1 in exact imitation of the ,codex ,alexandrinus in the ,british ,museum0 6 ,this absurd anachronism--the more extraordinary as emanating from an antiquary of ,dr4 ,fry's standing--appears to have arisen from the fact that at the sale of ,james' ,foundry the matrices lay in a drawer which bore the name1 8,de ,worde40 ,this circumstance misled ,paterson1 the auctioneer1 into advertising the fount as the genuine handiwork of ,de ,worde1 a printer who lived a century before the ,codex was brought into this country4 ,the further coincidence that ,dr4 ,woide of the ,british ,museum was1 at the time of the sale1 engaged in producing an edition of the ,codex1 with facsimile types prepared by ,jackson the founder1 doubtless added--by the similarity of the names ,de ,worde and ,dr4 ,woide--to the confusion4 ,after its purchase1 the fount first appeared in ,joseph ,fry and ,sons' ,specimen of #aghf1 without note4 ,but1 in the subsequent specimens of the ,foundry1 bearing his own name1 ,dr4 ,fry introduced the fiction1 which remained unchallenged for a quarter of a century4 #fci ,in addition to which ,dr4 ,fry possessed1 in an imperfect condition 7many of the characters having been recut71 the ,great ,primer ,arabic of ,walton's ,polyglot4 ,according to ,hansard he also had a set of matrices1 ,english body1 from the first punches cut by ,william ,caslon2 but this seems to be an error4 #fdj ,used in ,bagster's ,polyglot4 ,the same fount was cast on ,long ,primer with movable points4 ,hansard is in error in stating that ,dr4 ,fry cut a ,nonpareil ,syriac4 #fda ,an error still less explicable than that of the ,alexandrian ,greek1 but which not only ,dr4 ,fry's successors1 but ,hansard himself has copied4 ,the following seems to be the 8good authority0 on which the assertion is based4 ,in #ahai1 ,mr4 ,bulmer1 the eminent printer1 printed for the ,roxburghe ,club1 ,mr4 ,hibbert's transcript of the ,,ms4 fragment of the translation of ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 made by ,caxton about #adhj1 and preserved in the library of ,pepys at ,magdalen ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,the body of the work was set in the ,english ,black bought by ,dr4 ,fry at ,james' ,sale--but in two places a smaller size of type was required to print passages omitted in ,caxton's translation1 but supplied by the ,editor in the original ,french of ,colard ,mansion's edition4 ,for these passages the ,pica ,black was selected1 and as the ,french text contained several accents and contractions1 these had to be specially cut4 ,this task ,dr4 ,fry performed1 and understanding that the letter was to be used for printing a work of ,caxton's1 he appears1 without further enquiry1 to have assumed that the work in question was a fac-simile reprint1 and that his old matrices had been discovered to bear the impress of the veritable character used by that famous man4 ,had he seen the book in question he would have discovered that not only was it a transcript from a ,,ms4 of which no printed copy had ever been known to exist1 but that the very passages in which the boasted type was used1 were passages which did not even appear in a work of ,caxton at all4 ,the matrices are very old4 ,they were in ,andrews' foundry about #agjj1 and in all probability came there from ,holland1 as they closely resemble the other old ,dutch ,blacks in ,james' ,foundry4 #fdb ,in the ,small ,pica1 ,no4 #b1 was printed ,the ,two ,first ,books of the ,pentateuch1 or ,books of ,moses1 as a preparation for learners to read the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,the types cut by ,mr4 ,edmund ,fry1 ,letter ,founder to ,his ,majesty1 from ,original ,irish ,manuscripts1 under the care and direction of ,t4 ,connellan 7#bnd ,edit47 ,printed at the ,apollo ,press1 ,london1 ,j4 ,johnson1 ,brook ,street1 ,holborn1 #ahai4 #abmo4 #fdc ,whatever singularity ,m4 ,didot may have indulged in in the first strikes from his famous punches for his own use1 the matrices now in the possession of ,dr4 ,fry's successors are of most unmistakeable copper throughout4 ,and it does not appear that more than one set of the strikes was needed to meet all the demands made upon this complicated letter by the printers of the day4 #fdd ,gentleman's ,magazine1 ,may1 #ahcf4 #fde ,nichols' ,lit4 ,anec41 ii1 #ceh-i2 and ,gentleman's ,magazine1 #agib1 p4 #ic4 #fdf ,dissert41 p4 #hc4 #fdg ,probably as a rubber1 in which occupation he is represented as engaged in the ,view of the ,caslon ,foundry given in the ,universal ,magazine for ,june #agej 7see frontispiece74 #fdh ,dissertation1 p4 #hc4 #fdi ,mr4 ,halhed thus refers to this circumstance in the introduction to his ,bengal ,grammar 7see post73 8,that the ,bengal letter is very difficult to be imitated in steel will readily be allowed by every person who shall examine the intricacies of the strokes1 the unequal length and size of the characters1 and the variety of their positions and combinations4 ,it was no easy task to procure a writer accurate enough to prepare an alphabet of a similar and proportionate body throughout1 with that symmetrical exactness which is necessary to the regularity and neatness of a fount4 ,mr4 ,bolts 7who is supposed to be well versed in this language7 attempted to fabricate a set of types for it with the assistance of the ablest artists in ,london4 ,but1 as he has egregiously failed in executing even the easiest part1 or primary alphabet1 of which he has published a specimen1 there is no reason to suppose that his project when completed would have advanced beyond the usual state of imperfection to which new inventions are constantly exposed40 #fej ,this distinguished scholar and self-made typographer was born in the year #agea4 ,he entered the ,east ,india ,company's ,civil ,service1 where he devoted himself not only to the study of the ,oriental languages1 but to the actual production of the types necessary to extend the study of those languages among his fellow-countrymen1 with extraordinary skill and perseverance4 ,he succeeded in cutting the punches and casting the types for ,halhed's ,grammar of the ,bengal ,language1 published at ,hoogly in ,bengal in #aggh1 #dto4 ,in his preface to that work1 ,mr4 ,halhed1 after referring to ,mr4 ,bolts' failure1 in the passage quoted in the preceding note1 thus describes the undertaking3--8,the advice and even solicitation of the ,governor-,general prevailed upon ,mr4 ,wilkins1 a gentleman who has been some years in the ,india ,company's ,civil ,service in ,bengal1 to undertake a set of ,bengal ,types4 ,he did1 and his success has exceeded every expectation4 ,in a country so remote from all connection with ,european artists1 he has been obliged to charge himself with all the various occupations of the ,metallurgist1 the ,engraver1 the ,founder1 and the ,printer4 ,to the merit of invention he was compelled to add the application of personal labour4 ,with a rapidity unknown in ,europe1 he surmounted all the obstacles which necessarily clog the first rudiments of a difficult art1 as well as the disadvantages of solitary experiment2 and has thus singly1 on the first effort1 exhibited his work in a state of perfection which in every part of the world has appeared to require the united improvements of different projectors and the gradual polish of successive ages40 ,mr4 ,wilkins persevered in his noble undertaking of rendering the ,oriental languages available to the ,english scholar through the medium of typography4 ,with this view he compiled from the most celebrated native ,grammars and ,commentaries a work entirely new to ,england on the ,structure of the ,sanskrita tongue4 ,of the difficulties and discouragements attendant on the execution of this self-imposed task he thus speaks in his ,preface3--8,at the commencement of the year in #agie1 residing in the country and having much leisure1 ,i began to arrange my materials and prepare them for publication4 ,i cut letters in steel1 made matrices and moulds1 and cast from them a fount of types of the ,deva ,nagari character1 all with my own hands2 and1 with the assistance of such mechanics as a country village could afford1 ,i very speedily prepared all the other implements of printing in my own dwelling-house2 for by the second of ,may of the same year ,i had taken proofs of #af pages1 differing but little from those now exhibited in the first two sheets4 ,till two o'clock on that day everything had succeeded to my expectations2 when alas6 the premises were discovered to be in flames1 which1 spreading too rapidly to be extinguished1 the whole building was presently burned to the ground4 ,in the midst of this misfortune1 ,i happily saved all my books and manuscripts1 and the greatest part of the punches and matrices2 but the types themselves having been thrown out and scattered on the lawn1 were either lost or rendered useless40 ,about ten years afterwards the ,directors of the ,east ,india ,company encouraged ,dr4 ,wilkins1 then ,librarian to the ,company1 to resume his labours and cast new types1 as the study of the ,sanskrita had become an important object in their new ,college at ,hertford4 ,dr4 ,wilkins complied1 and the ,grammar of the ,sanskrita ,language1 ,london1 #ahjh1 #dto1 duly appeared from ,bulmer's ,press1 and was allowed to be a monument at once of beautiful typography and erudite industry4 ,dr41 subsequently ,sir ,charles1 ,wilkins died ,may #acth1 #ahcf1 at the advanced age of #he4 ,specimens of his ,bengali and ,sanskrit may be seen in ,johnson's ,typographia1 ii1 #chi-id4 #fea ,a ,vocabulary1 ,persian1 ,arabic1 and ,english1 containing such words as have been adopted from the two former of these languages1 and incorporated into the ,hindvi2 together with some hundreds of compound verbs formed from ,persian or ,arabic nouns and in universal use4 ,being the seventh part of the new ,hindvi ,grammar and ,dictionary4 ,london1 #aghe4 #dto4 #feb ,the ,domesday letter of ,cottrell and ,jackson may be seen in juxtaposition in ,fry's ,pantographia1 #agii1 pp4 #ej and #cad2 also in ,stower's ,printer's ,grammar1 #ahjh1 p4 #bec4 ,jackson's also appears in ,johnson's ,typographia 7ii1 p4 #bdh71 from which work our account is chiefly taken4 #fec ,domesday ,book seu ,liber ,censualis ,willelmi primi ,regis ,angli inter ,archivos ,regni in ,domo capitulari ,westmonasterii asservatus4 ,jubente ,rege ,augustissimo ,georgio ,tertio prelo mandatus4 ,londini4 ,typis ,j4 ,nichols4 #b vols4 ,folio4 #aghc4 #fed ,domesday ,book ,illustrated4 ,london4 #aghh4 #hvo4 #fee ,dr4 ,woide was appointed ,assistant ,librarian at the ,british ,museum in #aghb4 #fef ,see ante1 p4 #bjj-e4 #feg ,a specimen of this letter may be seen in ,dr4 ,fry's specimens1 also in his ,pantagraphia1 p4 #abf4 #feh ,gough1 writing in the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 vol4 lvi1 p4 #dig1 says3--8,it was reserved1 therefore1 for the industry and application of ,dr4 ,woide 4 4 4 to rescue this valuable ,,ms4 from the fate which befel a ,,ms4 of the ,septuagint in the ,cottonian ,library of equal antiquity1 type1 and1 value1 of which a very few fragments escaped the fire in #agcc1 by adopting the facsimile mode of reproduction1 which1 from the great expense attending it1 has unfortunately been adopted in so few instances40 ,the facsimile of the ,laudian ,codex1 comprising the ,acts of the ,apostles1 published by ,hearne at ,oxford in #agae1 had been the only previous successful attempt of this kind in ,england4 ,hearne's facsimile1 however1 was engraved1 and not from type4 ,a list of the most important subsequent facsimile reproductions from ,codices of the ,holy ,text is given in ,horne's ,introduction 7edit4 #ahgb71 iv1 pp4 #fhb-c4 #fei ,novum ,testamentum ,grcum ,codice ,,ms4 ,alexandrino qui ,londini in ,bibliothec ,musei ,britannici asservatur1 descriptum a ,carolo ,godofredo ,woide 4 4 4 ,musei ,britannici ,bibliothecaria ,londini4 ,ex prelo ,jeannis ,nichols4 ,typis ,jacksonianis1 #aghf4 ,folio4 #ffj ,psalterium ,grcum ,codice ,,ms4 ,alexandrino qui ,londini in ,bibliothec ,musei ,britannici asservatur ,typis ad similitudinem ipsius ,codicis ,scriptur fideliter descriptum4 ,cur et labore ,h4 ,h4 ,baber4 ,londini1 #ahab4 ,folio4 #ffa ,vetus ,testamentum ,grcum ,codice ,,ms4 ,alexandrino qui ,londini in ,bibliothec ,musei ,britannici asservatur1 ,typis ad similitudinem ipsius ,codicis ,scriptur fideliter descriptum4 ,cur et labore ,h4 ,h4 ,baber1 ,londini1 #ahaf-ba4 #d vols41 ,folio4 ,mr4 ,baber1 the better to preserve the identity of the original in his fac-similes1 introduced a considerable number of fresh types as well as numerous woodcuts4 #ffb ,codex ,theodori ,bez ,cantabrigiensis1 ,evangelia et ,acta ,apostolorum complectens1 quadratis literis1 ,grco-,latinus4 ,academia auspicante summ qua fide potuit1 adumbravit1 expressit1 edidit1 codicis historiam prfixit1 notasque adjecit ,t4 ,kipling4 ,cantabrigi prelo ,academico1 impensis ,academi1 #agic4 #b vols41 ,folio4 #ffc ,gent4 ,mag41 #agic1 p4 #gcc4 #ffd ,mores' ,dissert41 ,appendix1 p4 #ih4 #ffe ,prosodia ,rationalis1 an ,essay towards establishing the ,melody and ,measure of ,speech by ,symbols4 ,london1 #aggi4 #dto4 #fff ,an ,essay towards ,establishing the ,melody and ,measure of ,speech1 to be expressed and perpetuated by peculiar ,symbols4 ,london1 #agge4 #dto4 #ffg ,the ,holy ,bible1 embellished with ,engravings from ,pictures and ,designs by the most eminent ,artists4 ,london3 printed for ,thomas ,macklin by ,thomas ,bensley1 #ahjj4 #g vols4 ,folio4 #ffh ,see p4 #ccf1 post4 ,jackson's fount is used to the end of ,numbers4 #ffi ,lit4 ,anec41 ii1 #cfj4 #fgj ,the ,history of ,england from the ,invasion of ,julius ,csar to the ,revolution in #afhh4 ,by ,david ,hume4 ,london3 printed by ,t4 ,bensley1 for ,robert ,bowyer1 #ahjf4 #aj vols4 ,folio4 #fga ,gent4 ,mag41 #agib1 p4 #aff4 #fgb ,john ,william ,pasham1 originally of ,bury ,st4 ,edmund's1 where he published the ,bury ,flying ,weekly ,journal4 ,he removed to ,blackfriars in ,london1 where1 in #aggf1 he published a beautiful pocket edition of the ,bible in #bdmo1 which obtained the title of the ,immaculate ,bible1 on account of the rarity of its errors4 ,it had foot-notes1 which could be cut off in the binding if required4 ,of this ,bible1 ,lemoine says 8it is spoiled by being dried in a kiln1 which has entirely changed the colour of the paper2 besides1 the colour of the print is uneven1 one side being darker than the other40 ,this ,bible is said to have been printed in a house on ,finchley ,common4 ,mr4 ,pasham died ,dec4 #aghc4 #fgc ,see ante1 p4 #bej4 #fgd ,the prefatory note to this specimen runs as follows3--8,sir1 ,having completed my new ,specimen1 ,i take the opportunity of sending you a copy1 and flatter myself it will meet with your approbation4 ,i shall be happy to receive your future orders1 and you may be assured of every possible attention being paid to the execution of those you may favour me with4 ,i remain1 your obedient humble servant1 ,william ,caslon4 ,salisbury ,square1 ,jan4 #a1 #agih40 #fge ,he made an offer in #ahag to travel on commission for the founders generally1 but his services in this direction were not made use of4 #fgf ,the ,circular announcing this improvement is dated ,salisbury ,square1 ,jan4 #a1 #ahaj4 ,the new types are offered at #as4 #aj;d4 per lb41 and1 as an encouragement to buyers1 #as4 per lb4 is offered for old metal4 #fgg ,see ante1 p4 #abj4 ,this appears to have been intended as an improvement on the invention of ,nicholson1 who was the first 7in #agij7 to suggest the casting of types wedge-shaped1 for fixing on cylinders4 7p4 #aai47 #fgh ,considerable prominence is naturally given to the large letters 8cast in moulds and matrices0 by the new 8,sanspareil0 method4 #fgi ,see ante1 p4 #bha4 #fhj ,george ,nicol was born in #agda1 and was for many years bookseller to ,king ,george ,,iii4 ,he married a niece of the first ,alderman ,boydell in #aghg4 ,the idea of the ,boydell ,shakespeare originated with him4 ,he was a prominent member of the literary clubs of his day1 and a personal friend of the ,duke of ,roxburghe4 ,he died in #ahbi1 aged #hh4 #fha ,a history of this celebrated ,press would almost involve a history of fine printing in the first quarter of the present century4 ,dibdin1 in the second volume of his ,bibliographical ,decameron1 has given a list of its most famous impressions4 ,bulmer was a personal friend of ,thomas ,bewick1 the engraver1 many of whose blocks were cut for his books4 ,he spared no pains to render the typography of his press the most correct and beautiful ,england had hitherto known4 ,he retired in #ahai1 leaving ,mr4 ,wm4 ,nicol1 only son of his friend ,george ,nicol1 to carry on the business4 ,mr4 ,bulmer died ,sept4 #i1 #ahcj1 in his #gdth year1 greatly honoured and respected4 #fhb ,the ,dramatic ,works of ,william ,shakespeare4 ,revised by ,g4 ,steevens4 ,london3 #agib-ahjb4 #ah parts in #i vols4 ,atlas folio4 ,with #ajj engravings4 #fhc ,bibl4 ,decam41 ii1 #chd4 #fhd ,the ,poetical ,works of ,john ,milton1 with a life of the ,author by ,william ,hayley4 ,london3 #agid-g4 #c vols4 ,folio4 #fhe ,see ante1 p4 #bea4 #fhf ,bibl4 ,decam41 ii1 #chd4 #fhg ,poems by ,goldsmith and ,parnell4 ,london3 #agie4 #dto4 ,this work was illustrated with woodcuts by ,bewick4 ,it is said that ,george ,,iii ordered his bookseller to procure the blocks of the engravings for his inspection1 that he might convince himself they were wood and not copper4 #fhh ,typographia1 p4 #caa4 #fhi ,nichols1 ,illust4 ,lit41 viii1 #dhe4 #fij ,musus4 ,the ,loves of ,hero and ,leander4 7,greek and ,english47 ,london4 ,printed by ,w4 ,bulmer ,co4 ,typis ,gulielmi ,martin4 #agig4 #dto4 ,this work was privately printed by ,mr4 ,bulmer for ,mr4 ,grosvenor ,bedford1 the translator4 #fia ,the ,press3 a ,poem4 ,published as a ,specimen of ,typography by ,john ,mc,creery4 ,liverpool3 printed by ,j4 ,mc,creery4 ,houghton ,street1 #ahjc4 #dto4 #fib ,typographical ,antiquities1 c41 greatly enlarged1 with copious notes1 by ,t4 ,f4 ,dibdin1 ,london3 #ahaj-ab-af-ai4 #d vols4 #dto4 ,the work was not completed4 ,the first volume was not printed at the ,shakespeare ,press4 #fic ,bibliotheca ,spenceriana2 or1 a ,descriptive ,catalogue of ,books printed in the ,,xv ,century1 and of many valuable ,first ,editions in the ,library of ,george ,john1 ,earl ,spencer4 ,london3 #ahad-ae4 #d vols4 #hvo4 #fid ,the ,bibliographical ,decameron2 or1 ,ten ,days' ,pleasant ,discourse upon ,illuminated ,manuscripts1 and ,subjects connected with early ,engraving1 ,typography and ,bibliography4 ,london1 #ahag4 #c vols1 #hvo4 #fie ,amongst which were the early publications of the ,roxburghe ,club1 instituted by ,earl ,spencer1 in #ahab1 for the republication of rare books or unpublished ,,mss4 ,m4 ,renouard censures ,bulmer for the use of worn type in the ,edition of ,ben ,jonson's ,works1 #ahaf4 #i vols4 #hvo4 8,l'habile ,m4 ,bulmer aurait d jeter la fonte les caractres uss dont il a fait usage pour cette volumineuse dition1 et les libraires entrepreneurs n'auroient pas d lui en permettre l'emploi40 #fif ,illust4 ,lit41 viii1 #dhe4 #fig ,an early specimen of ,thorowgood's shows a ,black1 the matrices of which1 it is stated1 8were purchased by ,messrs4 ,fry ,steele at the breaking up of the ,cleveland ,row ,foundry40 ,as1 however1 ,messrs4 ,fry ,steele's partnership terminated about #ahjh1 we consider the whole statement doubtful4 #fih ,lit4 ,anec41 ii1 #cfa4 #fii ,hansard4 ,typographia1 #cei4 #gjj ,see ante1 p4 #cbc4 #gja ,the ,seasons4 ,by ,james ,thomson4 ,illustrated with ,engravings by ,f4 ,bartolozzi1 ,r4,a41 and ,p4 ,w4 ,tomkins1 ,historical ,engraver to their ,majesties1 from original pictures painted for the work by ,w4 ,hamilton1 ,r4,a4 ,london3 ,printed for ,p4 ,w4 ,tomkins1 ,new ,bond ,street4 ,the letter press by ,t4 ,bensley4 ,the ,types by ,v4 ,figgins4 #agii4 ,folio4 #gjb ,typographia1 p4 #cfj4 #gjc ,paradise ,lost1 by ,john ,milton1 with ,notes and ,life of the ,author4 4 4 4 ,by ,samuel ,johnson1 ,,ll4,d4 ,engravings by ,heath1 c4 ,london3 ,printed for ,j4 ,parsons1 #agif4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #gjd ,sir ,william ,ouseley was born in #agga1 and accompanied his brother ,sir ,gore ,ouseley1 the ambassador to ,persia1 to that country as secretary4 ,he published ,persian ,miscellanies in #agie1 and ,oriental ,collections in #agig-ahjj4 ,in the advertisement at the close of the #ast volume of the latter work1 he states1 8,i have employed a few leisure hours in superintending the execution of a new ,persian ,type1 which will1 ,i trust1 exhibit as faithful a representation of the true ,taleek character as can be effected by any imitative powers of the ,typographick ,art40 ,of this new fount he shows a single line as specimen1 which1 however1 if cut by ,mr4 ,figgins1 is not the ,paragon ,persian which subsequently appeared in his specimen books4 ,nor did it appear1 as promised1 in the ,oriental ,collections of #agih1 the quotations in which continued to be printed in ,arabic characters4 #gje ,the ,persian ,moonshee1 by ,francis ,gladwin1 ,esquire4 ,calcutta4 ,london1 reprinted #ahja4 #dto4 #gjf ,this important enquiry was the result of an address of the ,house of ,commons to the ,king1 in #ahjj1 setting forth the necessity of a better provision for the arrangement1 preservation and use of the various ,public ,records scattered among the numerous offices of the kingdom4 ,the ,commission thereupon appointed were empowered to take all necessary measures to 8methodize1 regulate and digest the records1 etc401 preserved in all ,public ,offices and repositories1 and 8to superintend the printing of such calendars and indexes and original records and papers0 as it should be deemed desirable to print4 ,with this large task before them1 the ,commissioners went actively to work1 and in #ahjj and #ahjf published their first ,reports4 ,the following important publication1 issued under the ,direction of the ,commission1 was commenced in #ahjj3--,reports from the ,commissioners appointed to execute the measures recommended by a ,select ,committee of the ,house of ,commons respecting the ,public ,records of the ,kingdom1 etc41 ,london1 #ahjj-ai1 #b vols41 folio4 ,the appendix forming the second volume contains facsimiles of all the ,charters 7including ,magna ,charta7 and ,inrollments from ,stephen to ,william and ,mary1 with the ,seals inserted in the several works printed under the ,commission4 ,the list of the subsequent publications of the ,commission is very extensive1 and includes verbatim copies1 with all abbreviations and contractions1 of the most important documents in the kingdom4 #gjg ,the first important work in connection with the ,scotch ,record ,commission was ,inquisitionum ad ,capellam ,domini ,regis retornatarum qu in publicis ,archivis ,scoti adhuc servantur ,abbrevatio cum ,indicibus1 ,edinburgh1 #ahaa-af1 #c vols41 folio1 and a ,supplement4 #gjh ,these types perished in the fire of ,mr4 ,nichols' printing office in #ahjh1 see ante1 p4 #cba4 #gji ,lit4 ,anec41 ii1 #cfa4 #gaj ,biblia ,sacra ,polyglotta1 ,textus ,archetypos1 ,versionesque prcipuas ab ,ecclesi ,antiquits receptas complectentia4 ,london3 #ahag-bh4 #e parts1 #dto1 #d vols41 #hvo4 ,this ,bible comprises the original ,hebrew text of the ,old ,testament1 the ,samaritan ,pentateuch1 the ,septuagint ,greek version of the ,old ,testament1 the ,vulgate ,latin and the ,authorised ,english version of the entire ,bible1 the original ,greek of the ,new ,testament1 and the venerable ,peschito or ,syriac version of it4 ,this ,polyglot was republished with the addition of ,spanish1 ,french1 ,italian1 and ,german versions in #ahca1 with learned prolegomena by ,dr4 ,samuel ,lee4 #gaa ,see ante1 p4 #cjh4 #gab ,novum ,testamentum ,syriace denuo recognitum atque ad fidem ,codicum ,,mss4 emendatum4 ,impressit ,r4 ,watts4 ,london #ahaf1 #dto4 ,dr4 ,buchanan was born in #agff and went to ,india in #agif1 where his researches led to the discovery1 among other things1 of some interesting ,hebrew ,manuscripts of portions of the ,bible1 on goat skins and tablets of brass4 ,he died in the year #ahae4 ,the ,syriac ,testament was corrected by him as far as the ,acts1 and completed by ,dr4 ,lee1 ,arabic ,professor at ,cambridge4 ,see ante1 p4 #fh4 #gac ,typographia1 p4 #cfj4 #gad ,the matrices of the ,long ,primer and ,brevier cut for the ,scotch ,record ,commission were given up to the ,government4 #gae ,hansard omits the ,double ,pica ,greek cut for ,oxford ,university1 the matrices of which were retained by ,mr4 ,figgins4 ,a specimen appears in the book of #ahbc4 #gaf ,the fount for ,bagster's ,polyglot4 #gag ,the punches1 matrices and moulds of this fount were deposited in the ,east ,india ,company's ,library4 #gah ,it would be an omission not to mention here ,mr4 ,vincent ,figgins ,,ii's interesting reprint of the #bnd ,edition of ,caxton's ,game of the ,chesse1 ,london1 #ahee1 sm4 folio4 ,mr4 ,figgins cut a fount of type after the original1 8which0 he remarks1 8is a mixture of black-letter and the character called secretary10 the black predominating4 ,the 8,caxton ,black0 so produced has been the only attempt made to approach a facsimile of ,caxton's letter by means of type4 ,in his remarks1 ,mr4 ,figgins gives his reasons for concluding1 from the variety in the form of the letters1 that they were not cast from a matrix but cut separately by hand4 ,this theory ,mr4 ,blades1 in his 8,life of ,caxton10 disproves1 pointing out that the ,type ,no4 #b99 used in the second edition of ,caxton's work is really an old fount originally cast from matrices1 and1 when worn1 trimmed up by hand to form the punches for a new fount--a circumstance amply sufficient to account for the irregularities observed4 ,these irregularities are1 of course1 sufficient to prevent the absolute possibility of anything like an exact facsimile by means of type4 ,it is1 however1 interesting to note that ,john ,whittaker's famous restorations of ,caxtonian and other early printed works1 were to a certain extent accomplished by means of typography4 ,mr4 ,dibdin1 in his ,bibliographical ,decameron 7ii1 #dae71 describes the operation as follows3--8,he has caused to be engraved or cut four founts of ,caxton's letter4 ,these are cut in the manner of binders' tools for lettering1 and each letter is separately charged with ink1 and separately impressed on the paper4 ,some of ,caxton's types are so riotous and unruly that ,mr4 ,whittaker found it impossible to carry on his design without having at least twenty of such irregular letters engraved4 ,the process of executing the text with such tools shall be related in ,mr4 ,whittaker's own words3--#8,a tracing being taken with the greatest precision from the original leaf1 on white tracing paper1 it is then laid on the leaf 7first prepared to match the book it is intended for7 with a piece of blacked paper between the two4 ,then by a point passing round the sides of each letter1 a true impression is given from the black paper on the leaf beneath4 ,the types are next stamped on singly1 being charged with old printing ink prepared in colour exactly to match each distinct book4 ,the type being then set on the marks made by tracing1 in all the rude manner and at the same unequal distances observable in the original1 they will bear the strictest scrutiny and comparison with their prototype2 it being impossible to make a facsimile of ,caxton's printing in any other way1 as his letters are generally set up irregularly and at unequal distances1 leaning various ways1' 0 etc4 #gai ,see ante1 p4 #bda4 #gbj ,printers' ,grammar1 p4 #ca4 #gba ,see ante1 p4 #bab1 n4 #gbb ,mr4 ,ilive the elder is named in ,samuel ,negus's list of ,printers1 published by ,bowyer in #agbd1 as one of those 8said to be high flyers04 ,he was a benefactor to ,zion ,college1 and printed the classical catalogue of their library from the letter ,p4 #gbc ,marius de ,calasio4 ,concordanti ,bibliorum ,hebr4 et ,lat4 edente ,guil4 ,romaine1 #d vols41 ,lond4 #agdg1 folio4 #gbd ,anecdotes of ,bowyer1 p4 #acj4 #gbe 8,emboldened by his first adventure1 he determined to become the public teacher of infidelity4 ,for this purpose he hired the use of ,carpenters' ,hall1 where for some time he delivered his ,orations1 which consisted chiefly of scraps from ,tindal and other similar writers0 7,chalmers' ,biog4 ,dict41 xix1 #bbh74 #gbf ,the ,book of ,jasher4 ,with ,testimonies and ,notes explanatory of the ,text4 ,to which is prefixed various ,readings4 ,translated into ,english from the ,hebrew1 by ,alcuin of ,britain1 who went a ,pilgrimage into the ,holy ,land1 etc4 ,printed in the year #agea4 #dto4 ,the fraud was immediately detected and exposed4 ,the work was reprinted1 without acknowledgment and with some variations1 at ,bristol in #ahbi1 by a ,rev4 ,c4 ,r4 ,bond4 ,both editions are now rare4 #gbg ,dissert41 p4 #fe4 #gbh ,these are enumerated in ,gough's ,british ,topography1 i1 #fcg4 #gbi ,british ,topography1 i1 #eig4 #gcj ,see ante1 p4 #bfj4 #gca ,a ,specimen of the ,printing ,types and ,flowers belonging to ,john ,reid1 ,printer1 ,bailie ,fyfe's ,close1 ,edinburgh1 etc4 ,edinburgh1 #agfh4 #hvo4 ,all the other founts shown are either ,wilson's or ,caslon's4 #gcb ,history of ,printing in ,america4 #bnd ,edit4 ,albany1 #ahgd4 i1 #ca4 #gcc ,the first attempt to introduce type-founding in ,america had been made by ,mitchelson1 a ,scotchman1 in #agfh1 and failed4 ,in #agfi1 ,abel ,buel1 of ,connecticut1 succeeded in casting several founts of ,long ,primer4 ,christopher ,sower1 in #aggb1 brought over a foundry from ,germany to ,germantown in ,pennsylvania4 ,john ,bay also founded in the same town about #aggd4 ,benj4 ,franklin and his grandson ,bache brought over a foundry from ,france in #agge to ,philadelphia1 which1 however1 had ceased its operations when ,baine and his grandson1 some ten years later1 established their foundry in the same city4 #gcd ,see ,abridgments of ,specifications relating to ,printing1 p4 #hg4 ,see also ante1 p4 #gh4 #gce ,typog4 ,antiq41 p4 #ha4 ,this appears to be the person whom ,gough1 in his list of departed worthies of the eighteenth century1 includes among the letter founders1 as 8,jurisson1 d4 #agia04 7,gent4 ,magaz41 lxxiii1 part i1 p4 #afa47 #gcf ,see ante1 p4 #bfi4 #gcg 8,british ,foundry4 ,s4 ,c4 ,stephenson respectfully submit the present edition of their ,specimen to the public with the hope that they shall continue to experience the flattering encouragement hitherto received1 and for which they beg to return their most sincere thanks4 8,to those of the ,trade who have not hitherto used the ,types of the ,british ,foundry1 it may be necessary to observe1 that they are composed of the very best ,metal1 and that they are justified to paper and body agreeable to the usual standard4 8,as the ,establishment of this ,foundry comprises eminent engravers on wood and brass1 orders in either of these branches will be executed in the best stile of the ,art4 ,february1 #agig40 ,a first part of the specimen appears to have been issued in #agif1 and the whole book in #agig4 #gch ,bibliography of ,printing1 ii1 #db4 #gci ,typog41 p4 #cff4 #gdj ,ibid41 p4 #cfa4 #gda ,a specimen of this type 8the smallest ever manufactured in this country10 was exhibited1 and contains the whole of ,gray's ,elegy in #cb verses1 in #b columns1 measuring #c #c_/d inches each in depth4 #gdb ,dictionary for the ,pocket2 ,french and ,english2 ,english and ,french1 c41 by ,john ,bellows1 ,gloucester1 from type cast specially for the work by ,miller and ,richard1 ,type founders to the ,queen1 ,edinburgh4 #ahgc4 #bdmo4 #gdc ,sheffield1 #crd edit41 #ahda1 #abmo4 ,a similar proposal1 only with ,nonpareil as the standard1 was made about #ahbd by ,james ,fergusson1 whose scheme is quoted in extenso by ,hansard in his ,typographia1 p4 #chh4 #gdd ,the ,printer's ,assistant1 containing a ,sketch of the ,history of ,printing1 etc4 ,london1 #ahaj4 #abmo4 #gde ,typog41 p4 #chb4 #gdf ,see ante1 p4 #bec-d2 also ,johnson's ,typographia1 ii1 #feb4 #gdg ,mr4 ,branston was an engraver1 and resided at ,beaufort ,buildings1 ,strand1 in #ahbd4 ,he attempted a new system of printing music1 by striking the punches deeper than usual in the plate1 so that when a stereo cast was taken from it1 the notes appeared sufficiently in relief to be printed at a type press4 #gdh ,see ante1 p4 #aba4 ,m4 ,didot's invention had been previously tried by ,henry ,caslon1 but unsuccessfully4 #gdi ,this appears to be an anachronism4 ,there was no association of ,type ,founders between #ahbj and #ahcj4 #gej ,hansard1 ,typog41 p4 #cfa4 #gea ,johnson1 in #ahbd1 gives a list of nine founders 7including ,pouche71 at that time trading in ,london4 7,typog41 ii1 #feb47 ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,original spelling and grammar have generally been retained1 with some exceptions noted below4 ,original printed page numbers are shown like this3 #eb4 ,original small caps are now uppercase4 ,italics look like this4 ,the transcriber produced the cover image and hereby assigns it to the public domain4 ,original page images are available from archive4org -- search for 8historyofoldengl#jjreed04 ,single superscripted letters are shown like this3 8,mc,creery04 ,superscripted groups of letters 7e4g4 8er07 are shown like this3 8,ier04 ,footnotes have been renumbered #a-gea and converted to ,,endnotes4 ,anchors and labels for endnotes are shown as numbers within square brackets1 e4g4 8#gea04 ,however1 there are two exceptions3 on page #bef1 8#aa0 and 8#b0 do not reference footnotes or endnotes1 but are shown as originally printed4 ,ditto marks have generally been eliminated1 using text replication when necessary4 ,large curly brackets 8 0 used as graphic devices to combine information over two or more lines have been removed from the text everywhere4 ,example3 in the table on page #ce1 first column1 #ith and #ajth rows1 there was a two-row bracket 80 suggesting that 8#i40 applies to both rows4 ,herein1 8#i40 was simply duplicated to indicate that fact4 ,the row headed by 8#ag4 ,pearl0 contains in the second column1 in the original printed book1 two rows containing 8,parisienne or ,sedan40 and 8,perle401 enclosed in two-row brackets 8 04 ,herein1 table-cell borders have been drawn to suggest this combination4 ,page xi1 ,,contents4 ,chapter #c page reference was changed to #hc1 from #ac4 ,page #cbn4 8fromer0 to 8former04 ,page #ce4 8,grobe0 to 8,groe01 in two places in the table4 ,page #ch4 8,geeek0 to 8,greek04 ,page #di4 ,the left double quotation mark in #8observed in #ahbe1 8have left' has no closing mark4 ,several other puzzling usages of quotation marks elsewhere have also been retained4 ,page #ean4 ,the proofreading code 899pro0 is used herein to represent a symbol originally printed as a latin small p with a hook1 used as an abbreviation for pro4 ,page #eb4 ,the proofreading code 899,q0 on this page represents the stylized ,q originally printed4 ,page #ach4 ,the proofreading code 899,q0 on this page represents two glyphs1 a ,gothic ,q1 and the same glyph turned about #ij clockwise4 ,page #aef4 ,the illustration has been changed from number #da to #ca1 to agree with the ,list of ,illustrations4 ,page #aei4 ,the proofreading code 899,,at0 on this page represents a glyph that appears to be a ligature of ,t and ,a4 ,page #aijn4 ,the phrase or here 7,mason's was changed to or here0 7,mason's1 by inserting the missing right double quotation mark4 ,page #bjen4 ,the phrase 8,p4 ,vergili,i ,maronis ,codex0 is retained as printed4 ,page #bgdn4 ,a matching right double quotation mark was inserted after #8 '4 ,page #cbj4 ,changed 8emploeyd0 to 8employed04 ,page #cfi ,,index4 ,the use of punctuation1 particularly semicolons1 colons1 and the #c-;em dashes that function as ditto marks1 seems often inconsistent or strange4 ,it is generally retained herein as printed4 ,the organization and structure of the original index is retained as well4