,illustration3 ,,how ,,women ,,may ,,earn ,a ,,living ,,cassell ,,comp,y ,,lim,d4 ,,london1 ,,paris ,,new ,,york ,published by ,cassell ,company1 ,limited4 ,,new ,,and ,,enlarged ,,edition4 #a1jhh pages1 royal #hvo1 price #bas4 ,the ,family ,physician4 ,a ,manual of ,domestic ,medicine4 ,by ,eminent ,physicians and ,surgeons of the principal ,london ,hospitals4 ,the volume issued under the appropriate title of ',the ,family ,physician1' is one which is likely to be of great and permanent use4444 ,it teaches its readers not only how to cure certain diseases according to general rules1 but1 what is much more important1 how to avoid them4 ,the book is distinguished throughout by excellent sense and very clear writing4--,saturday ,review4 ,,new ,,and ,,revised ,,edition4 ,complete in ,four ,vols41 cloth1 #fs4 each4 ,cassell's ,household ,guide to ,every ,department of ,practical ,life4 ,being a ,complete ,encyclopdia of ,domestic and ,social ,economy4 ,with ,illustrations on nearly every page1 and ,,coloured ,,plates4 ,a book for every household1 and its possessors may dispense with many others on a smaller scale1 because it is1 as the title says1 ,a ,,complete ,,encyclop,,dia ,,of ,,domestic ,,and ,,social ,,economy4--,the ,queen4 ,,cheap ,,edition4 #a1bhj pages1 royal #hvo1 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,cassell's ,dictionary of ,cookery4 ,the ,largest1 ,cheapest1 and best ,cookery ,book ever published4 ,illustrated throughout4 ,containing about ,,nine ,,thousand ,,recipes4 ',cassell's ,dictionary of ,cookery' is one of the most thorough and comprehensive works of the kind4 ,to expatiate on its abundant contents would demand pages rather than paragraphs4--,the ,times4 ,,cheap ,,edition4 #a1bhj pages1 royal #hvo1 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,cassell's ,domestic ,dictionary4 ,an ,encyclopdia for the ,household1 furnishing information on several thousand subjects relating to the ,wants of ,every-day ,life4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,as a manual of ready reference for all household purposes this work has no rival4--,the ,queen4 ,,cheap ,,edition1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,what ,girls ,can ,do4 ,a ,book for ,mothers and ,daughters4 ,by ,,phillis ,,browne1 ,author of ,a ,year's ,cookery1 c4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth gilt4 ,miss ,browne gives many practical hints on all kinds of work1 whether they be undertaken for duty1 necessity1 or pleasure4 ,girls who are forced to earn their livelihood1 are ambitious of making themselves useful1 or only desire not to be idle1 may all consult with advantage these pages1 which have the great merit of being within the compass of all to profit by4--,the ,times4 ,,cheap ,,edition1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,year's ,cookery4 ,the only book of its kind4 ,giving ,dishes for ,breakfast1 ,luncheon1 and ,dinner for ,every ,day in the ,year1 with ,practical ,instructions for their ,preparation4 ,by ,,phillis ,,browne4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth gilt4 ,a ,,year',s ,,cookery1 by ,phillis ,browne1 with bills of fare for every day in the year1 with directions for cooking1 for marketing1 and for making arrangements for the next day1 makes up an invaluable present for young housekeepers4--,athenum4 ,cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,choice ,dishes at ,small ,cost4 ,by ,a4 ,g4 ,,payne1 ,author of ,common-sense ,cookery1 c4 ,a most invaluable contribution to the housekeeper's library4--,court ,journal4 ,an admirable little cookery-book1 not overlooking economy1 but putting excellence and quality above everything4 ,for its size it is the best work of the kind we have seen4--,daily ,chronicle4 ,,cheap ,,edition1 stiff paper cover1 #as4 #f;d42 cloth1 #bs4 ,a ,handbook of ,nursing for the ,home and for the ,hospital4 ,by ,,catherine ,j4 ,,wood1 ,lady ,superintendent of the ,hospital for ,sick ,children1 ,great ,ormond ,street4 ,the book is one of unusual excellence2 and we strongly recommend it to all who wish to be1 and1 indeed1 to those who already are1 thoroughly trained and educated nurses4--,medical ,times4 ,this is a book which every mother of a family ought to have1 as well as every nurse under training4--,guardian4 ,cassell ,company1 ,limited1 ,ludgate ,hill1 ,london4 ,,how ,,women ,,may ,,earn ,a ,,living4 ,,by ,,mercy ,,grogan4 ,,what ,,is ,,that ,,which ,i ,,should ,,turn ,,to1 ,,lighting ,,upon ,,days ,,like ,,these8 ,locksley ,hall4 ,revised ,edition4 ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limited3 ,,london1 ,,paris ,,new ,,york4 ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved4 #ahhc4 ,,preface4 ,the aim of the compiler of this work has simply been to point out and give information respecting some of the ways by which women may earn a living in the present day1 especial regard being had to the wants of the immense number of ladies who have to depend upon their own exertions for their support4 ,it is confidently believed that the information given will be found substantially correct1 as in most cases it has been overlooked and corrected by the different authorities from whom it was derived4 ,of course1 in a book of this size it would be manifestly impossible1 even if it were desirable1 to describe all the different occupations which in various ranks of life are open to women4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,,page ,society for the ,employment of ,women #ac ,tapestry #ad ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,education4 ,teachers' ,training ,syndicate #af ,training ,college for ,governesses #af ,home and ,colonial ,school ,society #ba ,west-,central ,collegiate ,school #ba ,girton ,college #ba ,newnham ,hall #bc ,lady ,margaret ,hall #be ,somerville ,hall #bf ,froebel ,examination #bg ,kindergarten ,classes4 #bh ,kindergarten ,training ,college1 ,tavistock ,place #bi ,kindergarten ,training ,college1 ,stockwell ,road #cj ,education by ,correspondence #ca ,calendar for ,governesses #cb ,list of ,endowed ,schools #cc ,girls' ,public ,day ,school ,company #ce ,elementary ,schools #dj ,list of ,training ,colleges #dd ,governesses' ,benevolent ,institution #df ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,artistic ,,employment4 ,schools of ,art #dg ,royal ,academy of ,arts #ej ,designers #ea ,wood ,carving #eb ,wood ,engraving #ee ,painting on ,china #eh ,painting on ,leather #fj ,mosaic #fj ,painting on ,glass #fa ,decorative ,work #fa ,house ,decoration #fb ,plan ,tracing #fc ,photography #fd ,art ,needlework #fe ,painting on ,silk and ,cards #fg ,medical ,drawings #fg ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,medical ,,work4 ,school of ,medicine for ,women #fh ,chemists #gj ,dispensers #ga ,hospital ,nurses #gb ,nightingale ,fund #gf ,westminster ,training ,school #hj ,,chapter ,v4 ,,clerkships4 ,bookkeeping ,classes #hb ,shorthand ,writing #he ,kelly's ,directories #hf ,junior ,army and ,navy ,stores #hf ,prudential ,life ,assurance #hf ,coupon ,sorters #hg ,law ,copyists #hh ,telegraphy #hi ,post ,office ,clerks #ij ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,miscellaneous4 ,assistants in ,shops #ia ,school of ,cookery #ie ,music #ii ,national ,training ,school #ajj ,royal ,academy of ,music #aja ,london ,academy of ,music #ajb ,printing #ajc ,school of ,technical ,needlework and ,dressmaking #ajd ,plain ,needlework #aje ,business ,training #ajf ,city ,work-rooms #ajf ,school ,board ,visitors #ajg ,minor ,food ,productions #ajg ,machine ,knitters #aji ,hairdressing #aji ,m4 ,eugene ,rimmel's #aaj ,stationery ,work #aaj ,superintendents in ,laundries #aaj ,artificial ,flower ,making #aaa ,feather ,making #aaa ,jewellery #aab ,jewel ,case ,makers #aab ,gold and ,silver ,burnishers #aab ,dentistry #aac ,map ,mounting #aac ,concertina ,makers #aac ,addresses #aad ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,emigration4 ,government ,grant of ,land #aae ,free ,passages #aae ,female ,middle ,class ,emigration ,society #aaf ,women's ,emigration ,society #aah ,australian ,newspapers #aad ,cost of ,passage #aad ,,how ,,women ,,may ,,earn ,a ,,living4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,one of the most pressing social problems of the day is how the immense number of women--greatly outnumbering the men--in ,england at the present time are to be supported4 ,the obvious answer is1 that they must be taught and encouraged to support themselves4 ,this little book is written in the hope of directing their attention to some suitable and remunerative employments that are not universally known1 and it is also hoped it may prove useful to parents who are anxious to arm their daughters for the battle of life with a weapon no one can take from them4 ,when land is gone1 and money spent1 ,then learning is most excellent4 ,and a thorough knowledge of some remunerative employment would do more to make them independent of the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune than the possession of any amount of money1 especially in these days of bank failures and general depression of trade4 ,the great difficulty ladies usually find in securing congenial and sufficiently well-paid employment arises from the pressing necessity they are generally under of earning money at once1 which prevents them giving the necessary time to learn whatever calling they may wish to adopt4 ,i have endeavoured to ascertain as exactly as possible the time required to learn all the occupations ,i mention1 as well as the cost of tuition1 and1 in most cases1 ,i subjoin the rules1 or give extracts from the prospectuses of the different schools and classes where ladies may receive the necessary instruction1 thinking it may help many to decide upon what they are most fitted for1 and what they can best afford to undertake4 ,i have also collected as much information as ,i could for those whose circumstances make it essential that they should at once receive remuneration for their work2 but ,i must remind them that generally what is worth having is worth waiting and working for1 and they must not expect to be as well paid as their more fortunate sisters1 who are able to give time and money to learn a business thoroughly4 ,the superficiality of girls' education is very much against them when it becomes a question of how they are to earn their living4 ,if they were taught even one thing thoroughly they would probably be able to turn it to account2 or at least they would have acquired the habit of learning accurately1 which is all important1 and one which1 ,i am sorry to say1 most women are sadly deficient in4 ,industry1 determination1 accuracy1 and perseverance1 would1 ,i am certain1 be quite sufficient to overcome almost all the difficulties women at present find in supporting themselves4 ,for those who do not possess or who will not earnestly endeavour to acquire these qualities1 ,i fear this book will be of little service4 ,i have had to listen to bitter complaints of the careless way in which ladies execute work that is entrusted to them1 of their want of punctuality and business habits1 and their ineradicable conviction that they are conferring a favour upon their employers by working for them at all4 ,all this sort of thing naturally makes large employers of female labour reluctant to try ladies1 if they can get sufficient work-girls1 who1 whatever their faults may be1 are at least free from the affectation and conceit of some of their superiors in the social scale4 ,why do not ladies make up their minds to remove this reproach from their class by giving a good day's work for a good day's wage8 ,i heartily wish all women would decide once and for ever to give up the notion that it is humiliating or degrading to work for payment2 to my mind the only shame in the matter is in the cases where full value is not given for the money received1 when of course it becomes more or less an affair of charity4 ,it is a great pity that girls are brought up to think that the only way in which they can dispose of themselves that will give satisfaction to their friends is to get married1 and if from various causes they fail to achieve this end they will be looked upon more or less as social failures4 ,although ,i am perfectly willing to admit that a happy marriage is the best fate that can befall a woman1 surely an unhappy one is one of the worst2 and how many of these would be prevented if women only had something else to do and think about1 some other means of advancing themselves in life6 ,i wish parents could be induced to treat their daughters more in the way they treat their sons--that is to say1 when they leave school have them thoroughly trained for some profession2 it would be much better for them1 and many of the difficulties of the woman question would disappear1 as the untrained women of middle age who have suddenly to depend upon their own exertions are those for whom it is almost impossible to provide any suitable occupation1 especially if they object or are unfit to become hospital nurses1 and have not sufficient capacity for arithmetic to learn book-keeping4 ,i must refer any of my readers who want personal advice as to their qualifications for different occupations to the ,society for ,promoting the ,employment of ,women1 #bb1 ,berners ,street1 ,oxford ,street1 ,w4 ,miss ,king1 the ,secretary1 or ,miss ,lewin1 the ,under ,secretary1 are both able and willing to give advice and reliable information2 no fee of any kind is charged4 ,this excellent society has been in existence twenty years2 during the whole time a free register has been kept1 by means of which many hundreds of women have obtained situations or temporary employment4 ,visits from applicants average about ten daily1 and the office has been a centre for the collecting and diffusion of information on all subjects bearing on the employment of women2 while many whose names are never entered on the register are put in the way of procuring training or employment1 and are warned against persons who1 by alluring promises of easy ladylike employment1 tempt the unwary to spend their slender means in lessons that are worthless4 ,with an income which1 from all sources1 including subscriptions and donations for special purposes1 has only averaged #cai #gs4 #f;d4 per annum1 it has trained yearly on an average1 thirty young women1 obtained regular employment for sixty-three1 and occasional employment for one hundred and forty-two4 ,i must take this opportunity of acknowledging the great kindness ,i have met with during my search for information while compiling the book4 ,with one exception1 ,i have everywhere been treated with the greatest courtesy2 all my questions have been most fully answered1 and every facility given me for obtaining all the particulars ,i could possibly desire4 ,i find that1 after common sense and business habits1 the qualification most likely to be useful to a woman is a good knowledge of drawing2 so ,i advise any one who has any taste in that direction to sedulously cultivate it4 ,i am much interested in a scheme for starting a ,school of ,tapestry1 where ladies could be apprenticed1 and after they had acquired the art1 work regularly1 as they do at the ,royal ,school of ,art ,needlework4 ,there is nothing in the nature of the work to prevent women doing it1 although it is an occupation that has long been monopolised by men4 ,the necessary apprenticeship would be at least two years4 ,a scheme has lately been set on foot for organising classes for teaching girls who are anxious to obtain engagements in superior houses of business1 the regular routine of office work1 book-keeping1 c4 ,inquiries may be addressed to ,miss ,franks1 #bc1 ,mortimer ,street4 ,i wish ,i could convince women of a truth they seem singularly slow in comprehending--that is1 that if they are to compete with men on anything like equal terms1 they must1 at the very least1 give the same time to learn their business that men find necessary4 ,there is always a demand for really skilled labour1 and this skill is worth almost any present sacrifice to obtain2 besides its pecuniary advantages1 the knowledge that one can do something really well 7not in an amateur fashion7 confers a most gratifying sense of power and independence4 ,i do not agree with those people who think it a hardship for women to have to work for their living2 on the contrary1 ,i believe if an average of happiness could be ascertained1 it would be found the toilers had a far larger share than the idlers1 and when trouble and disappointment come1 as come they will1 they must remember that-- ,their fate is the common fate of all2 ,into each life some rain must fall1 ,some days must be dark and dreary4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,education4 ,after having made inquiries about a great variety of female occupations1 ,i have come to the conclusion that teaching is still the most suitable1 and1 under certain circumstances1 the most remunerative1 employment open to women4 ,but an ordinary education no longer qualifies a woman for the position of governess in any educational establishment2 if she wishes to be tolerably certain of securing an engagement it is necessary that she should be certificated1 or1 still better1 have completed her education at ,girton1 ,newnham1 or one of the new halls opened at ,oxford1 and it is most desirable that she should pass the new examination of teachers instituted by the ,teachers' ,training ,syndicate of ,cambridge4 ,,training ,,for ,,middle ,,and ,,higher ,,class ,,teaching4 ,the ,training ,college for ,teachers in ,middle and ,higher ,schools for girls 7temporary address1 ,skinner ,street1 ,bishopsgate ,street7 trains ladies who have completed their school education as teachers in middle and higher schools for girls for this examination4 ,the ,council have obtained as a ,practising ,school1 the ,bishopsgate ,middle ,class ,girls' ,school4 ,there are two divisions in the college4 ,the course is of one year for students entering the upper division1 and two years for the lower division4 ,the following are the rules of this ,institution3-- ,the college year is divided into three terms1 each of about thirteen weeks1 beginning respectively in the middle of ,september and ,january1 and the beginning of ,may4 ,the hours of attendance are from #aj a4m4 to #d p4m4 on every day but ,saturday4 ,fees1 #h per term1 payable in advance4 ,no residence is provided for the students1 but the principal will be prepared to recommend homes to those students who require them4 ,students must be above the age of seventeen for the lower division1 and eighteen for the higher division1 at the time of admission1 and must pass an entrance examination1 unless they have previously passed some examination accepted in place of the entrance examination4 ,the examinations accepted by the ,council in the place of the entrance examination for the upper division are those which the ,university of ,cambridge requires from candidates for the teachers' examination4 ,for further particulars respecting scholarships 7of which there are several71 c41 apply to the ,principal at the ,college4 ,the ,teachers' ,training ,syndicate of ,cambridge issue the following scheme3-- ,i4 ,an ,examination in the ,theory1 ,history1 and ,practice of ,teaching will be held at ,cambridge1 and at other places if so determined by the ,syndicate1 in ,june1 for persons who have completed the age of twenty before ,june #ast1 and certificates will be awarded to those who have passed the examination satisfactorily4 ,,ii4 ,no candidate can be admitted to the examination unless he or she has either--7#a47 ,graduated in some university of the ,united ,kingdom2 or 7#b47 satisfied the examiners in ,parts ,i4 and ,,ii4 of the ,previous ,examination2 or 7#c47 obtained a certificate in one of the ,higher ,local ,examinations of the ,universities of ,oxford or ,cambridge2 or 7#d47 obtained the certificates of the ,oxford and ,cambridge ,schools ,examination ,board in the subjects accepted by the ,university as equivalent to ,parts ,i4 and ,,ii4 of the ,previous ,examination2 or 7#e47 satisfied the examiners in one of the ,senior ,local ,examinations of the ,universities of ,oxford1 ,cambridge1 or ,durham1 in ,english1 and at least one language1 ancient or modern1 and in ,euclid and ,algebra2 or 7#f47 passed the examination for matriculation at the ,university of ,london4 ,,iii4 ,the subjects for examination will be-- 7#a47 ,the theory of education4 7a47 ,the scientific basis of the art of education2 characteristics of childhood and youth2 order of development and laws of growth1 and operation of mental faculties2 natural order of the acquisition of knowledge2 development of the will2 formation of habits and of character2 sympathy and its effects4 7b47 ,elements of the art of education2 training of the senses1 the memory1 the imagination1 and taste1 the powers of judging and reasoning2 training of the desires and of the will2 discipline and authority2 emulation1 its use and abuse2 rewards and punishments4 7#b47 ,the general history of education in ,europe since the revival of learning4 ,a general knowledge will be required of systems of education which have actually existed1 of the work of eminent teachers1 and of the theories of writers on education up to the present time4 7#c47 ,the practice of education4 ,this subject will consist of two parts3-- 7a47 ,method2 that is1 the order and correlation of studies1 oral teaching and exposition1 the right use of text-books and note-books1 the art of examining and questioning1 and the best methods of teaching the various subjects which are included in the curriculum of an ordinary school4 7b47 ,school management4 ,the structure1 furniture1 and fitting of school-rooms1 books and apparatus1 visible and tangible illustrations1 classification1 distribution of time1 registration of attendance and progress1 hygiene1 with special reference to the material arrangements of the school1 and the conditions of healthful study4 ,one paper will be set on each of these subjects1 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,a fourth paper will be set containing a small number of questions of an advanced character on each of the three subjects4 ,a fee of #b #ajs4 shall be paid to the ,syndicate by each candidate4 ,,iv4 ,the ,syndicate will further award certificates of practical efficiency in teaching to candidates who have already obtained a certificate of theoretical efficiency and have been engaged in school-work for a year in some school or schools to be approved of by the ,syndicate4 ,the basis for the certificate of practical efficiency will be3-- 7#a47 ,examination of the class taught by the candidate2 7#b47 ,an inspection of the class while being taught2 7#c47 ,questions put to the teacher in private after the inspection2 7#d47 ,a report made by the head masters or mistresses2 7#e47 ,the ,syndicate will also be ready to inspect1 in the course of the summer1 any college established for the training of teachers other than elementary1 and to award certificates of theoretical knowledge to such candidates as may deserve them4 ,they will also award certificates of practical efficiency if they are satisfied with the training in practical work received by the candidates4 ,i understand that the ,senate of the ,university of ,london have also at present under consideration a scheme for the examination of teachers4 ,the ,home and ,colonial ,school ,society1 ,gray's ,inn ,road1 ,king's ,cross1 ,london1 also gives instruction in the art of teaching4 ,their terms to resident students between the ages of #ae and #cj are from #de to #ej per annum2 to day students #ae per annum1 #h for six months4 ,teachers are also trained and prepared for the ,cambridge ,teachers ,examination at the ,west-,central ,collegiate ,school1 #bi1 ,queen's ,square1 ,bloomsbury1 for a year2 the fee is #e #es41 but in the case of any one who could be really useful in teaching in the school no charge would be made4 ,girton ,college1 ,cambridge4--,the course for the ordinary degree certificate occupies about three years1 half of each year being spent in college4 ,for honours the time allowed is somewhat longer4 ,the academical year is divided into three terms1 the charge for board1 lodging1 and instruction is #ce per term1 paid in advance4 ,this sum covers the whole of the college charges4 ,candidates for admission are required to pass an entrance examination1 unless they have previously passed one of the examinations approved by the college authorities1 and to furnish a satisfactory certificate of character4 ,for students intending to read for the ordinary degree certificate1 ,october is the best time for entering4 ,candidates for honours may with advantage enter in ,april1 thus gaining an additional term4 ,except in special cases students are not received under the age of eighteen4 ,entrance examinations are held in ,london in ,march and ,june2 a fee of #a is charged4 ,there are several scholarships attached to the college1 of which full particulars can be obtained1 together with forms of entry1 and copies of the programme and of former entrance examinations1 on application to the ,secretary1 ,miss ,kensington1 #bb1 ,gloucester ,place1 ,hyde ,park1 ,london1 ,w4 ,the committee wish it to be understood that although residence for three years is necessary for obtaining a certificate1 students can be received for shorter periods4 ,arrangements are made for holding examinations of the students of the college1 and certifying proficiency4 ,a certificate called a degree certificate is conferred upon any student whose proficiency has been certified to the satisfaction of the college1 according to the standard of any examinations qualifying for the ,b4,a4 degree of the ,university of ,cambridge1 if such student has fulfilled1 so far as in the judgment of the college was practicable1 all the conditions imposed for the time being by the university on candidates for degrees4 ,a certificate called a college certificate will be conferred upon any student who shall have passed1 to the satisfaction of the college1 examinations similar in subjects and standard to those qualifying for the ,b4,a4 degree of the ,university of ,cambridge1 the following deviations being permitted3 ,the substitution of ,french and ,english1 or ,german and ,english1 for ,latin or for ,greek2 the substitution of ,english1 ,french1 and ,german for both ,latin and ,greek2 the omission1 in case of objection1 of the theological part of the examination4 ,newnham ,hall4--,no student is admitted under the age of eighteen4 ,students are required to give references satisfactory to the principal1 and no student is permitted to come into residence without the approval of the principal4 ,the principal may require any student to withdraw who in her opinion is not profiting by the course of study at ,cambridge4 ,the charges for board and lodging and tuition are #be guineas a term1 and #aes4 a year is charged for the use of the gymnasium4 ,unless under special circumstances1 students who intend to pass the ,cambridge ,higher ,local ,examination will be required to pass in ,english history1 ,english literature1 and arithmetic1 before coming into residence4 ,those who have taken honours in the ,cambridge ,senior ,local ,examination will be exempt from this rule4 ,the academic year1 from ,october to ,june1 is divided into three terms1 corresponding to the terms of the ,cambridge ,university4 ,the public lectures of thirty of the university professors are now open to women1 and the permission to attend the lectures of the professors of natural science include the privilege of gaining access to some of the natural science museums and laboratories4 ,ladies can be received as out-students of the ,college2 they must either be women living with their parents at ,cambridge1 or bon fide students over thirty years of age1 or otherwise in exceptional circumstances4 ,the tuition fee for out-students is #f guineas a term4 ,students of limited means1 especially those preparing for the profession of teaching1 may avail themselves of the help granted from a loan fund towards the payment of their fees for lectures and the purchase of books4 ,those who need this assistance should apply to ,mrs4 ,bateson1 ,secretary of the ,association for ,promoting the ,higher ,education of ,women1 ,st4 ,john's ,lodge1 ,cambridge4 ,they must give some testimony respecting their intellectual qualifications4 ,a certain number of exhibitions of #e guineas a term are awarded by the principal to students needing assistance1 regard being had to intellectual qualifications1 and a written statement of circumstances being required4 ,these exhibitions are tenable with scholarships1 of which there are a considerable number4 ,the principal's name and address is ,miss ,a4 ,j4 ,clough1 ,newnham ,hall1 ,cambridge4 ,the students from ,girton and ,newnham who have wished to become governesses have hitherto had no difficulty whatever in obtaining engagements with good salaries4 ,lady ,margaret ,hall1 ,oxford4--,the object of the founders of this hall has been to procure for those desirous of availing themselves of the ,association for ,promoting the ,higher ,education of ,women in ,oxford the protection and training of an academical house on the principles of the ,church of ,england1 but with provision for the liberty of members of other religious bodies4 ,the charges of the hall will at first amount to #be per term1 or #ge per annum1 for each student1 exclusive of expenses strictly personal4 ,there are no entrance fees1 but the expenses of the term will be paid in advance4 ,the committee hope that as the hall grows they may be able to reduce this charge4 ,sisters1 or other ladies willing to share the same room1 will be allowed a reduction of charge4 ,provision will be made in certain cases1 by exhibitions or otherwise1 for students whose resources are insufficient for the expenses of the course4 ,the terms will correspond generally with those of the university4 ,the fees for instruction will be paid to the ,general ,association1 and are not included in the charges of the hall4 ,they will probably be about #ae per annum4 ,each student will have a room to herself1 fitted up to serve as sitting-room and bed-room4 ,there will also be a common sitting-room1 and meals will be in common in the dining-room4 ,names for entrance must be sent to the lady principal1 ,miss ,wordsworth1 ,riseholme1 ,lincoln4 ,students are required to give references satisfactory to the lady principal4 ,in the case of those who have been in any other place of education1 a letter of recommendation from its authorities will be required4 ,those applying for admission must satisfy the lady principal as to their character and attainments4 ,students will not be allowed to reside for less than an academical year without special leave4 ,somerville ,hall1 ,oxford4--,an association having been formed in ,oxford for promoting the higher education of women1 this hall is established for the reception of students coming from a distance to attend the lectures of the association4 ,care will be taken in the conduct of it that members of different religious denominations are placed on the same footing4 ,the life of the students will be modelled on that of an ,english family4 ,no student will be admitted under the age of seventeen4 ,the ordinary charges for board and lodging will be #bj guineas per term1 paid in advance1 or #fj guineas for the whole year of three terms2 the terms corresponding generally to those of university residence4 ,the fees for instruction will probably be about #ae guineas a year4 ,particulars concerning exhibitions and scholarships may be learnt on application to the principal1 ,miss ,m4 ,shaw ,lefevre1 whose ,london address is #da1 ,seymour ,street1 ,w41 or to either of the ,secretaries--the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,harcourt1 ,cowley ,grange1 ,oxford2 or ,mrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,ward1 #e1 ,bradmore ,road1 ,oxford4 ,,kindergarten ,,teachers4 ,the demand for trained ,kindergarten teachers is at present considerably in excess of the supply2 the average salary is #hj a year4 ,these are the rules of examination published by the ,froebel ,society for the ,promotion of the ,kindergarten ,system3-- ,examinations of students of the ,kindergarten system are held in ,london1 conducted by examiners appointed by the committee of the ,froebel ,society4 ,those students who satisfy the examiners will receive first or second class certificates of their qualification to become ,kindergarten teachers4 ,no candidate will be admitted to examination under the age of eighteen4 ,the whole examination need not be passed in one year4 ,a candidate may present herself for any number of the groups1 or for all2 and when all have been passed the candidate will receive a first or second class certificate4 ,all candidates will be expected to produce a certificate of having passed some recognised public examination in ,english subjects1 as--,oxford or ,cambridge ,senior ,local1 ,higher ,local2 ,society of ,arts2 ,first and ,second ,class1 ,college of ,preceptors2 ,government ,elementary ,teachers2 c4 ,in special cases the production of a certificate may be excused1 provided the committee are satisfied that a candidate has received a good general education4 ,this will not apply to the younger candidates4 ,the fee for the whole examination will be #a2 for each group1 if taken separately1 #cs4 ,the fees will be returned if through unavoidable circumstances the candidate cannot present herself for examination4 ,candidates will be expected to produce evidence that they have not had less than six months' practice in class teaching of young children1 and to satisfy the examiners of their ability to organise a ,kindergarten4 ,names of candidates must be sent to ,mrs4 ,e4 ,berry1 hon4 secretary to the ,froebel ,society1 #bg1 ,upper ,bedford ,place4 ,kindergarten ,training ,college1 #ca1 ,tavistock ,place4--,the college is founded to provide a central place of training for ,kindergarten teachers who intend to qualify for the ,froebel ,society's certificates4 ,the college is open to all students above seventeen years of age1 who are otherwise qualified to enter for the ,froebel ,society's examination4 ,the course of instruction for regular students includes all the subjects laid down from time to time in the syllabus of the ,froebel ,society's examination1 and is divided into a first and second year's course4 ,students must at the end of their first year take such portions of the ,froebel ,society's examinations as shall hereafter be indicated by the ,council4 ,at the close of the second year students will be expected to pass the examination for the full certificate4 ,all regular students are required to attend the lectures and practical work of the college throughout their first year of study4 ,during the second year1 attendance at the college in the morning is not obligatory for students who have qualified as assistant teachers1 provided that the principal be satisfied that they have practice in teaching under the direction of some persons approved by the council of the college4 ,therefore1 all lectures and lessons connected with the second year's course1 other than lessons in the ,kindergarten1 are given in the afternoon or evening4 ,afternoon or evening lessons and lectures are open to students not being regular students of the college1 on certain conditions hereafter to be specified1 and at a special charge per course4 ,a ,kindergarten is attached to the college4 ,the college year is divided into three terms1 each of about thirteen weeks4 ,the hours of attendance are from #i4cj ,a4,m4 to #d4cj ,p4,m42 and on ,saturdays from #i4cj ,a4,m4 to #ab4cj ,p4,m4 ,fees #bj per year1 or #g per term1 payable in advance4 ,no residence is provided for students1 but the ,council are prepared to recommend homes in the neighbourhood of the college4 ,there is also a ,kindergarten ,college and ,practising ,school at #ba1 ,stockwell ,road1 ,london1 belonging to the ,british and ,foreign ,school ,society4 ,the course of instruction extends over two years1 and the fees are #aj #ajs4 a year1 with some trifling extras4 ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,alfred ,bourne1 ,b4,a4 ,the ,home and ,colonial ,school ,society1 ,gray's ,inn ,road1 ,london1 also has a ,kindergarten ,class for private governesses1 school-mistresses1 and pupil teachers4 ,they hold examinations and grant certificates to those who prove their efficiency4 ,education by ,correspondence4--,for the special benefit of ladies living in the country who may wish to prepare for the public examinations1 arrangements have been made by several of the lecturers at ,cambridge for giving instruction by correspondence in some of the subjects of study selected by the ,university of ,cambridge for the examination of women4 ,information on this point will be given by ,mrs4 ,peile1 ,trumpington1 ,cambridge4 ,correspondence classes have also been organised by ,miss ,shaw1 ,poyle ,orchard1 ,burnham1 ,maidenhead1 to whom application for admission must be made4 ,the classes are conducted by ladies1 who are authorised to receive as pupils those whom the ,cambridge lecturers are unable to accept4 ,should they find that the number of these fall short of the number they are able to instruct1 they will receive others1 whether in direct preparation for the examination or not4 ,the instruction is given by means of3-- ,i4 ,papers of questions set from time to time1 and the answers looked over and returned with comments4 ,,ii4 ,solutions of difficulties and general directions as to books4 ,,iii4 ,short essays or rsums written by the pupils1 and sent for correction to the teachers2 or1 in the language-classes1 passages set for translation4 ,the papers will1 if possible1 be returned to the students not later than a week from their reception1 and another set of questions sent at the same time4 ,the fee is #c #cs4 the course for each subject1 paid in advance4 ,the course extends over the three ,cambridge terms--i4e41 from ,october #adth to the end of ,may4 ,for an account of other educational advantages open to women ,i refer my readers to the ,list of ,colleges1 ,schools1 ,lectures1 c41 published by the ,women's ,education ,union2 and the ,educational ,year ,book1 published by ,cassell ,company1 ,limited4 ,a great boon to ladies anxious to qualify themselves for governesses1 and who have not the necessary means1 is the ,teachers' ,education ,loan ,society1 which advances school fees upon certain conditions to persons over sixteen desirous of improving their education for purposes of self-maintenance as teachers4 ,apply for regulations by letter to the ,hon4 ,secretary1 ,miss ,ewart1 #c1 ,morpeth ,terrace1 ,victoria ,street1 ,london1 ,s4,w41 before ,february1 ,may1 and ,november in each year1 for the three terms of ,easter1 ,michaelmas1 and ,lent following4 ,,salaries ,,of ,,mistresses4 ,the ,rugby ,council for ,promoting the ,education of ,women has instituted a calendar1 giving the names and addresses of ladies who have passed the university examinations1 and who desire educational work of any kind2 it also contains full particulars respecting all the university examinations4 ,many ladies whose names are entered in this calendar have succeeded in obtaining good situations through it1 with salaries varying from #ej to #aej a year4 ,a fee of #bs4 #f;d4 is charged1 in addition to an entrance fee of #bs4 #f;d4 to ladies on each situation obtained through the calendar2 its price is #as4 ,communications may be addressed to ,mrs4 ,kitchener1 ,school ,house1 ,newcastle1 ,staffordshire4 ,miss ,buss1 of the ,north ,london ,collegiate ,school1 has published a list of girls' schools1 with special regard to salaries of head mistresses 7as recommended by the ,endowed ,schools ,commission71 which ,i quote to show what good incomes are attainable in the profession of teaching4 ,applications for engagements as assistant mistresses should in all cases be made first to the head mistress of the school4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,head ,mistresses' ,emoluments4 ---------------------------------------- ,name of school4 ,fixed ,capitation ,minimum ,maximum ,salary4 ,fee4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,ambleside1 ,westmoreland #ge #a to #c #ace #bee ,bedford1 ,town ,school #ajj #ajs4 to #c #bjj #gjj ,bedford1 ,high ,school not fixed not fixed ,bow #ge #aes4 to #bbe ,bradford1 ,york #abj ,bristol1 ,red ,maids not fixed not fixed ,bristol1 ,whitson's 7two schools7 #ej not fixed ,bristol1 ,colston's ,school #ej #aes4 to #a #ajs4 #bjj #cej ,brentwood1 ,essex #ej #a to #b #aej #bej ,burlington1 ,westminster #gj #ajs4 to #a #ajs4 ,burton-on-,trent #ej #aes4 to #afc ,cambridge1 ,cambridge not fixed not fixed ,camden ,school1 ,london #ge #aes4 to #a #cge #dge ,clerkenwell 7,brewers' ,company71 ,london #ajj #a to #djj ,dolgelly1 ,wales #gj #ajs4 to #a #ajs4 #aaj #aij ,exeter1 ,maynard's ,girls' ,schools #ajj #c to #f #djj #gjj ,exeter1 ,episcopal ,middle not fixed1 not ,school #ej less than one-third tuition fees ,great ,crosby1 ,lancaster #abj #b to #d #cbj #ebj ,greycoat1 ,westminster #hj #ajs4 to #a #ajs4 #bcj #ecj ,greys ,thurrock1 ,essex #ej #a to #abe ,hatcham1 ,surrey #ajj #a to #b #cjj #ejj ,hoxton #ge #ajs4 to #a #ajs4 #bbe #ebe ,ilminster ,high ,school1 ,somerset #ajj #c to #djj ,ilminster ,town ,school #ej #a to #acj ,keighley1 ,yorkshire #hj #a to #b ,kingston1 ,surrey #ge #aes4 to #ahg #ajs4 ,loughborough1 ,burton ,upper ,school #ajj #a #ajs4 to #c #bej #djj ,march1 ,cambridgeshire #ge #a to #ace ,newcastle-under-,lyme #ge #a to #age ,newport #fj #a to #abj ,north ,london ,collegiate ,school #ajj #b to #c #ijj #acjj ,reading1 ,kendrick ,schools not fixed not fixed ,roan ,schools1 ,greenwich #ajj #a to #b #djj #gjj ,stamford1 ,browne's ,middle ,school #ajj #b to #d #cjj #ejj ,st4 ,clement ,danes1 ,london #ajj #a to #c #bej #eej ,st4 ,helens1 ,lancaster #ajj #b to #d ,st4 ,giles1 ,cripplegate1 ,london #ajj #ajs4 to #a #ajs4 #bbe #dge ,st4 ,martin's in the ,fields1 ,london #hj #ajs4 to #a #ajs4 #aee #cje ,st4 ,paul's1 ,london #bjj #c to #f #aajj #bjjj ,taunton1 ,somerset #dj #a to ,thetford #ge #a to #c #aae #aie ,thornton near ,bradford1 ,yorkshire #dj #aes4 to #gg #ajs4 ,totnes1 ,devon #ej #a #ajs4 to #agj ,uffculme not fixed not fixed ,wakefield1 ,yorks4 #ajj #a #ajs4 to #c #bej #djj ,wallingford1 ,berkshire #ge #aes4 to #aab #ajs4 ,warwick1 ,warwickshire #ajj #aes4 to #afj ,west ,ham 7,sarah ,bonnell7 ,essex #fj #a to #b #bfj #dfj ,westminster1 ,london #ajj #a to #b #bbj #cdj ,wyggeston1 ,leicester #ajj #a to #c #cjj #gjj ,the ,girls' ,public ,day ,school ,company1 in connection with the ,women's ,education ,union1 pay their teachers good salaries4 ,the schools of the ,company at present in operation are the following3-- ,bath ,high ,school1 #e1 ,portland ,place1 ,bath4 ,blackheath ,high ,school1 ,wemyss ,road1 ,blackheath1 ,s4,e4 ,brighton ,high ,school1 ,the ,temple1 ,montpelier ,road1 ,brighton4 ,bromley ,high ,school1 ,fern ,bank1 ,elmfield ,road1 ,bromley1 ,kent4 ,clapham ,high ,school1 ,the ,lawn1 ,clapham ,common1 ,s4,w4 ,clapham ,middle ,school1 ,clarence ,house1 ,clapham ,common4 ,croydon ,high ,school1 ,wellesley ,road1 ,croydon4 ,dulwich ,high ,school1 ,thurlow ,park ,road1 ,west ,dulwich1 ,s4,e4 ,gateshead ,high ,school1 ,windmill ,hill1 ,gateshead-on-,tyne4 ,hackney ,high ,school1 #bgc and #bge1 ,mare ,street1 ,hackney1 ,e4 ,highbury and ,islington ,high ,school1 #f and #g1 ,canonbury ,place1 ,n4 ,ipswich ,high ,school1 ,northgate ,street1 ,ipswich4 ,kensington ,high ,school1 #aeb and #aed1 ,cromwell ,road1 ,s4,w4 ,liverpool ,high ,school1 ,prince's ,park1 ,liverpool ,maida ,vale ,high ,school1 ,warrington ,crescent1 ,w4 ,newton ,abbot ,high ,school1 ,dovercourt1 ,forde ,park1 ,newton ,abbot4 ,norwich ,high ,school1 ,theatre ,street1 ,norwich4 ,nottingham ,high ,school1 ,arboretum ,street1 ,nottingham4 ,notting ,hill and ,bayswater ,high ,school1 ,norland ,square1 ,notting ,hill1 ,w4 ,oxford ,high ,school1 ,st4 ,giles's ,road ,east1 ,oxford4 ,portsmouth ,high ,school1 ,osborne ,road1 ,southsea4 ,sheffield ,high ,school1 ,surrey ,street1 ,sheffield4 ,south ,hampstead ,high ,school1 ,maresfield ,gardens1 ,fitzjohn's ,avenue1 ,n4,w4 ,tunbridge ,wells ,high ,school1 ,fair ,lawn1 ,mount ,sion1 ,tunbridge ,wells4 ,weymouth ,high ,school1 #c1 ,greenhill1 ,weymouth4 ,wimbledon ,high ,school1 ,wimbledon ,hill1 ,wimbledon4 ,york ,high ,school1 ,fishergate ,house1 ,york4 ,ladies desirous of becoming head mistresses must send in their applications to the ,secretary of the ,company1 #ba1 ,queen ,anne's ,gate1 ,s4,w4 ,every application must be in writing1 and be accompanied by original testimonials 7which will be returned74 ,candidates1 whose age must be stated1 should have had experience in school management1 and must produce testimony to their power of organisation1 and ability to maintain firm but kindly discipline1 as well as to their attainments and capacity as teachers of classes4 ,subject to bye-laws1 regulations of the ,council1 and to an annual examination and inspection of the school by independent examiners1 each head mistress will have the management of the studies and discipline of the school1 and will be consulted in the selection and appointment of all assistant teachers1 whose emoluments will be settled by the ,council4 ,the emoluments of the head mistress will consist in each case of a fixed stipend of #bej per annum1 together with a capitation fee of #a #ajs4 for every pupil in the school above the number of #ajj up to #bjj1 and of #b for every pupil above the number of #bjj up to #cjj4 ,there will be no residences attached to the schools2 the head mistresses will not be allowed to take boarders or instruct private pupils except with the express permission of the ,council1 and the school year will be divided into three terms1 each about thirteen weeks in length1 and the engagement of each head mistress will be entered into subject to its being terminable either by the ,council or by her at the end of a term and after the expiration of one term's previous notice4 ,it is particularly requested that candidates abstain from canvassing members of the ,council1 either directly or indirectly4 ,ladies desirous of becoming teachers in the schools of the ,company1 are requested to observe the following regulations3-- ,all appointments of assistant teachers are made by the ,council1 usually on the recommendation of the ,committee of ,education4 ,candidates and their testimonials are in the first instance referred to the head mistress of the school concerned1 who examines the testimonials and makes inquiry as to the qualifications when necessary at personal interviews4 ,the head mistress then lays the several testimonials before the ,education ,committee1 with a report upon them4 ,the ,education ,committee make such further inquiries and hold such interviews with any of the candidates as they may deem fit1 and then submit candidates for the approval of the ,council4 ,the ,council pay second-class railway fare for those candidates with whom a personal interview is desired4 ,all appointments of assistant teachers are made on probation for the first two terms1 that is to say are terminable by the head mistress at the end of the first or second term without reference to the ,council1 and without more than a month's notice4 ,when the ,council have approved an appointment after the probationary period1 an assistant teacher is required to sign an agreement with the ,council1 and is removable by the ,council after notice of at least two months1 expiring at the end of a school term4 ,the same notice is required from an assistant teacher4 ,at the end of the probationary period assistant teachers are placed on the permanent staff at a rate of salary depending upon their work and qualifications4 ,these salaries begin at amounts varying from #gj to #ace per annum1 and rise annually for four years by increments varying from #g to #ae4 ,junior teachers and paid student teachers are not included in the above4 ,board and residence are not provided by the ,council4 ,the qualifications required vary with each special case4 ,a knowledge of ,english grammar and literature1 arithmetic1 and one or more languages besides ,english1 together with some experience in teaching1 are usual requisites4 ,ability to assist in the instruction in drawing is also desirable4 ,music is always taught by special teachers4 ,it is a great recommendation if candidates have passed in the ,higher ,oxford or ,cambridge ,examinations1 the ,london ,university ,examinations1 or other examinations of the like kind4 ,all applications should be made by letter1 stating age1 qualifications1 and experience1 and accompanied by copies of testimonials 7not originals74 ,these documents should be addressed to the head mistress of the particular school1 at the school2 or if not for any special school may be marked ,application for ,assistant ,teachership1 and directed to the ,secretary of the ,company1 #aab1 ,brompton ,road1 ,london1 who will send them to any head mistress needing an assistant4 ,applications to teach special subjects1 such as music1 harmony1 class-singing and pianoforte1 drawing1 higher ,latin1 ,french1 or ,german1 mathematics1 any branch of natural science1 drill1 c41 should be made in the same manner4 ,inquiries as to vacancies are best made of the various head mistresses early in the months of ,april1 ,july1 and ,december2 they may also be addressed to the ,secretary of the ,company4 ,,elementary ,,schools4 ,teachers in the elementary schools receive good salaries1 have short hours of work1 and are comparatively in an independent position2 but ,i have no doubt many ladies would find the class of children they would be required to teach a great trial to them1 as the habits and ideas of children of the lower classes would1 in all probability1 prove a considerable shock to the sensibilities of ladies who came in contact with them for the first time4 ,the elementary schools employ an immense number of teachers4 ,in the schools under the ,school ,board alone #b1ejj certificated female teachers are employed1 besides a large number of pupil-teachers4 ,the teachers under the ,school ,board all receive good salaries1 but as the whole scheme of payment is now under revision1 it is impossible to give exact figures4 ,pupil-teachers begin at #ds4 a week4 ,there are seven weeks' holiday in the year2 the hours of work are from #i to #ab1 and #b till #d4cj4 ,the head mistress is expected to give an hour's extra instruction to the pupil-teachers4 ,these are the regulations for admission of teachers to all public elementary schools--that is to say1 all schools in receipt of a grant from the ,education ,department1 including ,national1 ,british1 ,wesleyan1 ,roman ,catholic1 and ,board ,schools4 ,the recognised classes of teachers are3 ,certificated teachers1 pupil teachers1 and assistant teachers4 ,teachers in order to obtain certificates must be examined1 and must undergo probation by actual service in school4 ,the examination for certificates is open to3--7a47 ,students who have resided for at least one year in training colleges under inspection2 or 7b47 candidates who are upwards of twenty-one years of age4 7#a47 ,completed an engagement as pupil-teacher satisfactorily2 or 7#b47 obtained a favourable report from an inspector2 or 7#c47 served as assistants for at least six months in schools under certificated teachers4 ,candidates who at the time of the examination are not teachers of schools to which annual grants are or may be made1 must be recommended by the authorities of their college1 or by the managers of the school in which they last served4 ,candidates for certificates1 after successfully passing their examination1 must1 as teachers continuously engaged in the same schools1 obtain two favourable reports from an inspector1 with an interval of one year between them2 and if the first of these reports be not preceded by service of three months 7at the least7 since the examination a third report1 at an interval of one year after the second report1 is issued2 if the second 7or third7 report is favourable a certificate is issued4 ,teachers under probation must satisfy the conditions which require that schools be kept by certificated teachers4 ,pupil-teachers must be not less than fourteen years 7completed7 at the date of their engagement4 ,they are required to pass an easy examination1 and produce certificates of health and character4 ,at the close of their engagement pupil-teachers are perfectly free in the choice of employment4 ,if they wish to continue in the work of education they may become assistants in elementary schools2 or may be examined for admission into a training college2 or may be provisionally certificated for immediate service in charge of small schools4 ,assistant ,teachers4--,pupil-teachers who have completed their engagements with credit1 and passed their examinations satisfactorily1 and candidates not having been pupil-teachers who have passed with success the examination for entrance into a training college1 may serve as assistants in schools1 in place of pupil-teachers1 without being required to be annually examined4 ,,training ,,colleges4 ,an examination for ,queen's ,scholarships is annually held at each college in summer1 and at special local centres1 commencing at #aj ,a4,m4 on the first ,wednesday after ,july #bnd4 ,the candidates are selected and admitted to the examination by the authorities of each college on their own responsibility1 subject to no other conditions on the part of the ,education ,department than that the candidates3-- 7a47 ,intend bon fide to adopt and follow the profession of a teacher in elementary schools4 7b47 ,if pupil-teachers have successfully completed their engagement1 or will do so before the following examination for admission4 7c47 ,not having been pupil-teachers1 will be more than eighteen years of age on ,january #ast next following the date of examination4 ,the successful candidates are arranged in three classes in order of merit4 ,a place in the third class qualifies for employment as an assistant teacher1 but not for admission into a training college or for a provisional certificate4 ,the authorities of each college settle their own terms for admission4 ,candidates are required to pass a medical examination4 ,the following is a list of training colleges for mistresses4 ,it must be stated that the entrance fee entitles the student to board1 lodging1 washing1 and medical attendance for two years1 except during the holidays3-- ,name of ,college4 ,entrance ,fee4 ,bishop's ,stortford #e4 ,brighton #h4 ,bristol #h4 ,cheltenham #aj1 first class2 #ab1 second4 ,chichester 7,bishop ,otter's7 #bj per annum1 quarterly1 in advance4 ,darlington 7,british7 #ae #aes4 ,derby #e or #aj4 ,durham #aj4 ,gray's ,inn ,rd4 7,home ,colonial7 #aj4 ,homerton 7,evangelical7 #ae #aes4 ,lincoln ,none at present4 ,liverpool 7,r4 ,c47 #e4 ,norwich #c1 first class2 #e1 second4 ,oxford #aj or #bj4 ,ripon #aj4 ,salisbury #e1 first class2 #g1 second4 ,southlands1 ,battersea 7,wesleyan7 #h4 ,stockwell 7,british7 #aj #ajs4 ,tottenham #aj4 ,truro #e4 ,wandsworth 7,r4 ,c47 #b #ajs4 ,warrington #f4 ,whitelands #ab or #ae4 ,all these colleges1 with the exceptions specified1 are conducted on ,church of ,england principles4 ,,governesses ,,in ,,private ,,families4 ,after having said so much about the necessity of training1 examinations1 c41 ,i think it only fair to make some mention of governesses in private families for the younger children1 under fourteen4 ,many parents are wise enough to prefer for these posts a thoroughly conscientious lady1 even if she is not accomplished1 to one who has any number of certificates1 unless she combines with them a due sense of the importance of her task4 ,ladies whose circumstances induce them to seek a situation in some one else's house should1 above all things1 avoid undue sensitiveness1 and the habit of attributing unkind motives 7which probably never exist7 to every little incident which may occur4 ,of course a governess's life is not likely to be the happiest one could imagine1 but ,i think it is usually her own fault if it is not a contented and useful one1 and perhaps this is as much as it is wise for any of us to expect4 ,the best place for governesses of this class to apply to for situations is the ,governesses' ,benevolent ,institution1 #dg1 ,harley ,street1 where no fee is charged4 ,any governess on procuring and leaving two satisfactory letters from respectable parties1 written in the first person1 signed1 sealed1 and addressed to the ,board1 may enter her name1 and such other particulars as she may wish to state1 in the books of registration1 kept for that purpose4 ,there is also a book to register applications for governesses4 ,the ,board of ,management abstain from all interference between the parties1 and the entries must be made by parties themselves1 ladies in the country acting by a friend4 ,no letter or testimonial can under any circumstances be returned nor taken from the office4 ,it is necessary that all letters be written in the first person4 ,office hours from #ab to #e4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,artistic ,,employments4 ,schools of ,art4--,a knowledge of drawing is required in so many of the employments open to women that ,i think it advisable to give some information as to how it can best be acquired4 ,in connection with the ,national ,art ,training ,school at ,south ,kensington1 ,metropolitan ,district ,schools of ,art are established at the following places3-- #a4 ,the ,female ,school of ,art1 #dc1 ,queen ,square1 ,bloomsbury4 #b4 ,blackheath1 ,lee1 and ,lewisham 7,bennett ,park74 #c4 ,blackheath ,hill1 #ac1 ,lansdowne ,place4 #d4 ,chelsea1 ,onslow ,college4 #f4 ,chiswick1 ,bath ,road1 ,bedford ,park4 #f4 ,holloway 7,camden ,school74 #g4 ,hornsey4 #h4 ,islington1 ,barnsbury ,hall4 #i4 ,lambeth1 ,miller's ,lane1 ,upper ,kennington ,lane4 #aj4 ,north ,london1 ,sandringham ,road1 ,kingsland4 #aa4 ,st4 ,martin's-in-the-,fields1 ,castle ,street1 ,long ,acre4 #ab4 ,st4 ,thomas ,charterhouse1 ,goswell ,road4 #ac4 ,stoke ,newington4 #ad4 ,stratford1 ,maryland ,point4 #ae4 ,west ,london1 #aee1 ,great ,titchfield ,street4 #af4 ,westminster1 ,royal ,architectural ,museum4 ,i give the rules of the ,south ,kensington ,school2 the others differ slightly1 but further particulars can always be obtained by application to the head masters2 as a rule the expense of studying at the local schools is less than at ,south ,kensington1 but the same system of instruction is pursued4 ,the second grade certificate1 so often mentioned in these pages1 is by no means difficult to obtain4 ,as will be seen by the rules1 it is necessary to pass the examination for it before joining the art classes4 ,there is a large number of free studentships2 for particulars of these application must be made to the ,secretary1 ,science and ,art ,department1 ,s4,w4 ,the ,south ,kensington rules are as follows3-- ,i4 ,the courses of instruction pursued in the school have for their object the systematic training of teachers1 male and female1 in the practice of ,art1 and in the knowledge of its scientific principles1 with a view to qualifying them as teachers of ,schools of ,art competent to develop the application of art to the common uses of life1 and to the requirements of trade and manufactures4 ,the instruction comprehends the following subjects3--,freehand1 architectural1 and mechanical drawing2 practical geometry and perspective2 painting in oil1 tempera1 and water colours2 modelling1 moulding1 and casting4 ,the classes for drawing1 painting1 and modelling1 include architectural and other ornament1 flowers1 objects of still life1 c41 the figure from the antique and the life1 and the study of anatomy as applicable to art4 ,,ii4 ,these courses of instruction are open to the public on payment of fees4 ,these are as follows3-- ,fees for ,classes studying five whole days1 including evenings3-- #e for five months1 and an entrance fee of #ajs4 ,evening ,classes4 ,male ,school1 #b per term4 ,female ,school1 #a per term1 three evenings a week4 ,the classes for male and female students meet separately4 ,governesses in private schools or families may attend the day classes for not more than three months1 on payment of #a per month1 without payment of the entrance fee4 ,,iii4 ,no students can be admitted to these classes until they have passed an examination in freehand drawing of the second grade4 ,examinations of candidates for admission will be held weekly at the commencement of each term1 and at frequent intervals throughout the year4 ,these examinations are held at the school on ,tuesdays at #aj4cj ,a4,m4 and #f4de ,p4,m4 ,candidates should bring their own lead pencils and indiarubber4 ,unsuccessful candidates cannot be re-examined until after a month's interval4 ,the examination fee is #bs4 #f;d4 for day students1 and #f;d4 for evening students1 to be paid at the time of examination4 ,,iv4 ,the annual session consists of two terms1 each lasting five months1 and commencing on the #ast of ,march and the #ast of ,october1 and ending on the last day of ,july and the last day of ,february respectively4 ,one week at ,christmas and one week at ,easter or ,whitsuntide are also vacations4 ,the school is open every week-day except ,saturday4 ,hours of study are--day1 #i to #c4cj2 evening1 #g to #i4 ,evening classes for females on ,tuesdays1 ,thursdays1 and ,fridays4 ,classes for modelling have been lately formed at the ,lambeth ,technical ,school of ,art1 #abb1 ,kennington ,park ,road4 ,practice in modelling from drapery1 the antique1 and the human figure nude and draped4 ,on ,monday1 ,wednesday1 and ,thursday evenings1 from #g to #i4cj4 ,fee1 #es4 per month4 ,modelling from casts of ornaments3--,the practice will be adapted to the technical wants of the individual students4 ,this class meets on ,tuesday and ,thursday evenings1 from #f4cj to #i4 ,fee1 #bs4 #f;d4 per month4 ,there is an annual examination for prizes in all schools of art1 and a national competition4 ,royal ,academy4--,free instruction is given for a period of seven years at the ,royal ,academy of ,arts1 ,burlington ,house1 to any one who shows sufficient talent4 ,applicants for admission must have attained a certain proficiency1 and must deliver specimens of their work1 with a printed form duly filled in1 at the ,academy on or before the #bhth of ,june1 or the #bhth of ,december1 to be submitted to the ,council4 ,this form can be obtained from the ,registrar through the written request of a member1 or some artist or person of known respectability4 ,the hours of work are from #aj to #c4 ,students are required to provide their own materials4 ,designers4--,there is a great demand for skilful and original designers1 but only for really clever ones1 as so much of the ordinary work is done by pupils4 ,mr4 ,sparkes1 the head master of the ,south ,kensington ,school of ,art1 tells me any one with natural taste and invention can be trained thoroughly in designing1 including a knowledge of the human figure1 in two years1 if willing to work hard2 after that time it would be necessary to give some months to become acquainted with the possibilities of the material to be designed for1 such as glass1 table-linen1 cretonnes1 dress materials1 wall papers1 c4 ,after a few months' study1 ,i should advise pupils to ask their head master's candid opinion as to their chances of success1 as he would be better able to tell them than any one else4 ,many of the large manufacturers employ designers permanently1 at salaries not lower than #ajj a year1 and in many cases the work can be done at home4 ,the authorities at ,south ,kensington have frequent applications for designers1 and recommend the most deserving amongst the students4 ,before offering designs to manufacturers it is advisable to ascertain what style they require1 as sometimes a prejudice is created by unsuitable work being offered1 which is never overcome4 ,many of the large upholsterers employ girls to design furniture4 ,it requires a good knowledge of drawing1 including perspective1 but not so much talent as other kinds of designing4 ,the salaries vary from #bes4 to #cjs4 a week4 ,at the ,lambeth ,technical ,school of ,art1 #abd1 ,kennington ,park ,road1 classes for the study of design meet on ,tuesday1 ,wednesday1 and ,friday evenings4 ,the course is adapted for the use of all students engaged in the practice of ornamental art1 and is specially designed for the use of those occupied in pottery painting and surface decoration4 ,the fee is #bs4 #f;d4 per month1 except to those students who have already joined the ,art ,school1 who will pay #f;d4 additional fee4 ,wood ,carving4--,a school of art for wood carving has recently been established at the ,albert ,hall1 ,south ,kensington1 where ladies can receive the thorough training which is essential to their success in this branch of art labour4 ,three years is the least time in which a fair knowledge of the art can be acquired by capable and industrious students1 but at the end of the first year those who are clever may earn as much as ten or twelve shillings a week2 when proficient1 their earnings would probably be from #b to #c weekly1 though in cases of exceptional talent1 no doubt1 considerably more might be occasionally earned4 ,there are very few highly skilled wood carvers in ,england1 so there would be no difficulty in disposing of really good artistic work4 ,the best plan for those unable to obtain permanent employment is to make small articles1 such as blotting-books1 photograph frames1 glove-boxes1 paper-knives1 c41 take them to the large fancy shops1 and offer them for sale4 ,upholsterers and picture-frame makers give regular employment to many2 and when that can be obtained it is doubtless more satisfactory than anything else4 ,the rules of the school at the ,albert ,hall are as follows3-- ,both day and evening classes are held in the school4 ,the day classes are held from #aj to #a and #b to #e on five days a week1 and from #aj to #a on ,saturdays4 ,the evening classes are held from #g to #i on four evenings a week1 viz41 ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,thursday1 and ,friday4 ,the fees for day students are #b a month1 or #e a quarter4 ,the fees for evening students are #aes4 a month1 or #b a quarter4 ,there are at present twelve free studentships1 viz41 six in the day and six in the evening classes4 ,candidates must have passed the second grade art examination of the ,science and ,art ,department in freehand drawing at least4 ,those who have some knowledge of wood carving1 or have passed in the other subjects of the second grade art certificate1 or in drawing from the antique and the figure1 architectural drawing1 or designing and modelling1 will be preferred4 ,applications for these studentships should be addressed to the ,secretary1 at the school4 ,all students are required to provide their own tools1 and work done in the schools by free students cannot be taken away4 ,students paying their own fees may take away work executed by themselves on their own materials1 but all work on materials provided by the school remains the property of the school4 ,students who have been in the school not less than twelve months may1 on the recommendation of the instructor1 receive such payment for their work as the ,committee may determine4 ,the tools students are required to provide themselves with1 during the whole time they attend the school1 cost about #b1 but for #aes4 they can procure enough to carry them over the first few months4 ,the free studentships are for periods of six months1 and are renewed to promising students4 ,a taste for designing1 and a considerable knowledge of drawing1 are so desirable that ,i cannot conscientiously recommend any one without them to adopt wood carving as her profession1 for although a certain degree of mechanical excellence might be obtained1 it would not be sufficient to ensure a livelihood4 ,mr4 ,donaldson1 a member of the firm of ,messrs4 ,gillow and ,co41 ,oxford ,street1 takes a very great interest in the school1 and kindly allows me to say that he intends to do all in his power to give employment to ladies competent to undertake it2 but1 of course1 as the work required by his firm is of a superior kind1 those anxious to obtain it must study until they can produce excellent work4 ,wood ,engraving4--,to learn the art of wood-engraving thoroughly a long apprenticeship is absolutely necessary4 ,all authorities agree in saying that students must not expect to earn anything at all for the first three years2 after that time they may probably earn #a a week1 but should still continue their course of study for two years at least4 ,there is not the slightest reason why women should not rival men in this branch of art1 if they will give the necessary time to acquire it4 ,the work can very frequently be done at home1 which is usually considered an advantage2 but in that case ladies must make up their minds to work as steadily and for as many hours a day as they would under the eyes of a master2 for certainly only those who could be depended upon for punctuality would be likely to obtain remunerative work4 ,at the expiration of the five years1 when the pupil may be expected to have become a skilled engraver1 her earnings would be from #a #ajs4 to #d or more a week1 according to her industry and ability4 ,the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,institute has established a technical class of wood engraving at #abb and #abd1 ,kennington ,park ,road1 under the care of ,mr4 ,c4 ,roberts4 ,the hours of practice are from #aj to #d1 and from #f to #h in the evening1 daily1 except ,saturday2 and all students are expected to attend regularly and punctually4 ,on ,tuesday and ,friday evenings the work of the class will be examined4 ,at all other times students will be responsible to an assistant teacher1 or senior student1 who will be always present4 ,all members of the class must have taken the second grade certificate of the ,science and ,art ,department1 or must be prepared to do so4 ,four scholarships1 each consisting of a free studentship for one year1 will be awarded annually after the first year's practice4 ,these may be renewed in the following year on proof of industry and progress1 and on the recommendation of the master4 ,the fee will be #c #cs4 a year1 payable by half-yearly sums of #a #aas4 #f;d4 in advance4 ,no student can be admitted for a shorter period than one year4 ,the vacations are six weeks in the summer two weeks at ,christmas1 and two at ,easter or at ,whitsuntide4 ,the cost of the tools each student is required to provide herself with is #bbs4 ,for those students who at the expiration of two or three years are sufficiently advanced in their practice to be able to execute work for publication1 ,mr4 ,roberts has1 with the co-operation of the ,society for the ,employment of ,women1 established a work-room in connection with his own offices at ,lonsdale ,chambers1 ,chancery ,lane4 ,at this work-room all those advanced students that ,mr4 ,roberts is able to accommodate and employ will continue to have his supervision1 and receive work1 and be advanced according to their ability4 ,mr4 ,paterson1 an engraver1 who has been a most successful teacher for fourteen years in both ,edinburgh and ,london1 holds a class for ladies every ,monday and ,thursday1 from #b to #c o'clock1 at #c1 ,east ,temple ,chambers1 ,whitefriars ,street4 ,no pupil will be received for less than two quarters4 ,as his is a private class1 he of course cannot compete in price with the one under the patronage of the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,institute4 ,his terms are3-- ,engraving #b #b #j per quarter4 ,drawing on wood #b #b #j ,both1 inclusive #c #c #j ,a small charge is also made for the wood used by the pupil2 it never exceeds #gs4 #f;d4 a quarter4 ,the cost of the tools is #bas41 but they are highly finished and ready for use4 ,many of ,mr4 ,paterson's pupils are now earning considerable incomes4 ,a knowledge of drawing1 though very desirable1 is not essential1 especially as in all probability no one who was entirely devoid of the artistic faculty would care to attempt to become an engraver1 as it is doubtless a long and arduous task1 though the success which may be attained would1 when it came1 be1 ,i think1 a full recompense for all the time and trouble that had been expended4 ,china ,painting4--,painting on china has been considerably overdone of late years1 and now only really good work can be at all certain of finding a market4 ,the best way for amateurs to dispose of their work is to send it to ,messrs4 ,howell and ,james's annual exhibition1 as they allow each exhibitor to send three small or two large pieces of work1 and last season #c1jjj worth of ladies' paintings on china were sold4 ,each piece of work should be marked the price at which it is to be disposed of1 a commission of #ae per cent4 being charged on the published price of all works sold1 to defray the expenses of advertisement and exhibition4 ,only strictly original works are eligible for prizes1 but adaptation and copies are not inadmissible for exhibition if approved by the judges1 to whom all works are submitted4 ,all works must be sent in by the end of ,march4 ,before taking lessons in painting on china1 it is essential that ladies should have a good knowledge of drawing4 ,with that1 a few months' lessons will make them proficient china painters2 without it1 they will never do anything worth buying4 ,classes for pottery painting are held at ,messrs4 ,howell and ,james's1 ,regent ,street1 every day excepting ,saturdays4 ,terms3--,the course of ten lessons of two hours each1 #c #cs42 six lessons1 #b2 three lessons1 #a #as4 ,messrs4 ,doulton and ,co41 ,lambeth1 employ about #abj ladies permanently in painting on china4 ,the work is paid by the piece1 so the amount earned depends on the workers4 ,a class for pottery painting is formed on ,tuesday and ,friday at the ,lambeth ,school of ,art1 ,miller's ,lane1 ,upper ,kennington ,lane2 fee1 #ajs4 #f;d4 per month4 ,i believe this class was formed at ,messrs4 ,doulton's request principally to prepare ladies to execute their work1 as they found teaching ladies who had no previous knowledge of the art took up too much of their time4 ,the head master of the ,lambeth ,school of ,art told me he thought it useless for ladies to join the class who had not a considerable knowledge of drawing1 such1 for instance1 as they might acquire by two years' study at some school of art4 ,painting on ,leather4--,this branch of decorative art is well suited to women1 but there is but a small demand for it4 ,some of the large upholsterers are willing to employ ladies1 but they must have a good knowledge of drawing1 and be willing to give two years to learn the technicalities of the art1 and to gain experience of the different styles1 especially ,spanish and ,italian1 at the ,south ,kensington ,museum and other places4 ,at the expiration of that time wages would begin at from #fs4 to #a a week1 according to ability2 and the probable eventual earnings would be from #b to #c weekly4 ,mosaic4--,women have frequently been employed in manufacturing mosaic2 but it is so little used in ,england that at present ,i can hear of no place where they would be likely to obtain work4 ,but when the decoration of ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral in mosaic is commenced--if it is entrusted to an ,english firm1 as ,i sincerely hope it will be--there will be employment for hundreds of women for some years4 ,the usual pay mosaic workers obtain if they have no knowledge of drawing is about #dj a year2 if they can undertake the more difficult parts1 such as the human figure1 their salaries are proportionately higher4 ,the mere technical knowledge is easily acquired in a month4 ,painting on ,glass4--,it is a great pity ladies are not more extensively employed in painting on glass4 ,messrs4 ,powell and ,co41 of the ,whitefriars ,glass ,works ,company1 ,whitefriars ,street1 employ a few4 ,these ladies work in a separate room1 six hours a day1 and four on ,saturdays2 these are obviously very short hours1 and ,mr4 ,powell has no objection to increase them if he finds the ladies he employs are willing2 of course their work is paid by time4 ,he intends to increase his staff of lady workers as occasion arises4 ,only a very slight knowledge of drawing is required for the lower branches of this art1 and it is necessary to give perhaps three months1 certainly not more1 to acquire it4 ,the average earnings are from #fj to #gj a year2 any one capable of copying figures and painting them on glass would obtain a higher salary1 probably #ajj a year4 ,decorative ,work4--,messrs4 ,simpson and ,co4 employ a large number of ladies in various kinds of decorative work1 such as painting tiles1 glass1 decorating enamelled iron1 c41 at salaries beginning at #dj a year1 and rising according to the value of their services4 ,the hours of work are from #i to #f1 with the usual interval of an hour4 ,a good knowledge of drawing is required1 such as might be obtained by two years' hard work at a ,school of ,art1 and it is desirable that the human figure should have been carefully studied2 but ,messrs4 ,simpson and ,co4 prefer that the ladies who come to them should be without any special knowledge of the work they will be employed in1 as they would rather impart it themselves4 ,miss ,collingridge1 #i1 ,beaumont ,street1 ,portland ,place1 ,n4,w41 undertakes all kinds of art decorative work1 and receives pupils2 the hours of study are from #i4cj to #d o'clock4 ,many of her pupils have been very successful in obtaining engagements as designers1 china painters1 c41 and two are now employed in drawing for costumiers4 ,to obtain constant work at the conclusion of a course of study1 ,miss ,collingridge thinks versatile invention and refined feeling essential1 as is also business capacity4 ,the ,misses ,rhoda and ,agnes ,garrett were in business as house decorators1 cabinet-makers1 and designers of all the details of household furniture and upholstery1 at #b1 ,gower ,street 7corner of ,bedford ,square71 ,london1 and ,i understand they were very successful4 ,they attributed their success entirely to the thorough training they went through1 and their strict attention to business4 ,miss ,rhoda ,garrett has unfortunately lately died1 but ,miss ,agnes ,garrett still carries on the business4 ,miss ,garrett takes pupils or apprentices for a not shorter time than three years1 at a premium of #cjj4 ,the hours of work are from #aj to #d4 ,after the apprenticeship industrious ladies of ordinary intelligence would be prepared to start in business on their own account1 but for this capital is of course required4 ,if two sisters or friends went through the course of study together1 and into partnership afterwards1 as the ,misses ,garrett did1 they would be much more likely to succeed than one would alone4 ,plan ,tracing4--,it has been thought that women might very well be employed in tracing the plans of builders1 architects1 and engineers1 and an office for the purpose has been established1 through the agency of the ,society for the ,employment of ,women1 at #h1 ,great ,queen ,street1 ,s4,w4 ,it is going on very satisfactorily2 several ladies are employed2 they give three months to learn the work1 and after that time their pay commences at threepence an hour1 rising to sixpence2 they work seven hours a day4 ,ladies who wish to learn the work1 without desiring employment1 can be received on payment of a premium of #aj2 but it is requested that all inquiries should be addressed to ,miss ,king1 ,secretary to the ,society for the ,employment of ,women1 #bb1 ,berners ,street1 ,oxford ,street4 ,i think many of the large firms might be induced to employ women permanently in copying their plans1 if personal application were made to them and specimens of work taken4 ,the great requisites for success in this work are neatness and accuracy2 the merely technical knowledge is easily acquired4 ,although they do not actually teach plan-tracing at the schools of art1 their architectural classes would be found to give most of the necessary information1 sufficient to enable a careful student to apply for work with the full consciousness of being able to do it4 ,photography4--,the following particulars respecting the employment of ladies in photography have been kindly given me by ,mr4 ,elliott1 of the firm of ,elliott and ,fry1 photographers1 ,baker ,street1 ,london4 ,he requested me to warn ladies against wasting their time in learning to tint photographs1 as the fashion for these has almost entirely died out1 and he has innumerable applications from ladies anxious to tint them4 ,a considerable number of women are employed by the trade in spotting photographs2 their wages usually begin at #fs4 a week1 rising1 when they have learnt their business1 which can easily be done in two months1 to #aes4 or #a4 ,the hours of work are from #i to #e4 ,many are employed in mounting photographs on cards2 it is work that requires great neatness and accuracy2 the pay varies from #a to #a #es4 a week4 ,re-touching negatives is the most difficult and consequently the best-paid branch of photography open to women2 it requires some knowledge of drawing1 and1 ,mr4 ,elliott says1 considerable common sense2 a few lessons in the technicalities should be taken from some re-toucher before applying for work1 a month would be quite long enough to acquire them1 and the fee would probably be small4 ,a re-toucher willing to give the necessary instruction could usually be heard of at the leading photographers'4 ,the salaries vary from #cjs4 to #c a week4 ,art ,needlework4--,the ,royal ,school of ,art ,needlework in the ,exhibition ,road1 ,south ,kensington1 is by far the best of all the work societies1 and the only one where ladies who are once admitted can be certain of constant employment2 so it is the only one of which ,i shall give a description4 ,these are the rules3-- ,i4 ,application for admission as qualified workers for the school must be made to the ,manager by the applicants in person1 and they must give two references to prove their position4 ,,ii4 ,applicants must fulfil the following requirements3-- 7a47 ,they must be gentlewomen by birth and education4 7b47 ,they must be able and willing when employed to devote seven hours a day to work at the school4 ,,iii4 ,every applicant is required to go through a course of instruction1 for which #e is charged4 ,,iv4 ,the course of instruction consists of nine lessons in art needlework1 of five hours each4 ,if after the first two lessons1 in the opinion of the teacher1 the applicant is not likely to be successful as a needle worker1 she will be recommended to retire1 and on so retiring the #e will be returned to her4 ,v4 ,the school enters into no engagement to give employment to any lady4 ,this last rule is practically not carried out1 as ladies are never allowed to take the preliminary lessons unless there are vacancies for qualified workers4 ,it is difficult to give the probable earnings1 as all work is paid by the piece2 but ,i have been able to gather that the average earnings are from #bjs4 to #cjs4 a week4 ,this sum is practically only exceeded by very quick and clever workers4 ,during the holidays given by the school1 ladies are allowed to take work home1 so their incomes are only limited by their own industry1 or perhaps ,i should say lack of it4 ,about #abj ladies are employed1 and ,i understand there are a considerable number of candidates for each vacancy as it occurs4 ,painting on ,silk and ,cards4--,all the paintings on silk1 satin1 or cards1 for fans1 valentines1 scent packets1 and ,christmas cards1 sold by ,mr4 ,rimmel1 #cf1 ,strand1 and at his various branch establishments1 are executed by ladies and gentlemen at their own homes4 ,the paintings must be of a superior character1 and not mere repetitions1 as anything original is sure to sell4 ,some of the ladies who paint regularly for him earn as much as #c or #d a week4 ,i have no doubt many other firms employ ladies in the same way4 ,medical ,drawings4--,doctors frequently require careful drawings of different diseases1 and ladies who are good draughtsmen are usually employed to make them4 ,application should be made at the different hospitals1 and specimen drawings taken4 ,it would be good practice to make copies of the drawings of diseases to be found in medical works4 ,i understand ladies are now making as much as #b to #c a week in this way4 ,of course the demand is somewhat fluctuating4 ,tapestry ,painting consists of painting with specially-prepared liquid colours on a woven textile fabric4 ,messrs4 ,howell and ,james sell all the necessary materials1 and classes for instruction are held at their ,art ,studio1 #e1 ,regent ,street4 ,terms3--,the course of ten lessons of two hours each1 #e2 the course of six lessons of two hours each1 #c #cs4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,medicine ,,as ,a ,,profession ,,for ,,women ,ladies wishing to enter the medical profession can receive the necessary instruction at the ,london ,school of ,medicine for ,women1 #cj1 ,henrietta ,street1 ,brunswick ,square4 ,it is desirable that they should have private means1 as1 unless they go to ,india1 where there is a considerable opening for medical women1 it would probably be some time before their practice would be sufficiently remunerative4 ,ladies desiring to prepare for the medical profession must pass one of the examinations in ,arts recognised by the ,general ,medical ,council1 such an examination being compulsory before registration as a medical student4 ,among these examinations are3-- ,i4 ,the ,oxford and ,cambridge ,local ,examinations1 ,senior and ,junior4 ,,ii4 ,the ,senior ,local ,examinations for ,honorary ,certificates1 and the ordinary ,local ,examination of the ,university of ,edinburgh4 ,,iii4 ,the ,local ,examination for ,honours ,certificates of the ,university of ,st4 ,andrews4 ,,iv4 ,the ,examination in ,arts of the ,society of ,apothecaries in ,london4 ,v4 ,the examinations for a first-class certificate of the ,royal ,college of ,preceptors4 ,,vi4 ,the ,local ,examinations of the ,queen's ,university in ,ireland4 ,,vii4 ,the ,matriculation ,examination of the ,university of ,london4 ,certificates must in all cases include ,english literature1 ,latin1 arithmetic1 algebra1 geometry1 and also one of the following optional subjects3-- ,greek1 ,french1 ,german1 or natural philosophy4 ,four years is considered the necessary time of study to obtain a license to practise from the ,king's and ,queen's ,college of ,physicians in ,ireland2 and the expense1 including examiners' fees1 hospital practice1 books1 and instruments1 is slightly under #bjj4 ,this1 of course1 does not include board and lodging4 ,an ,m4,d4 degree from the ,university of ,london is more difficult to obtain1 and necessitates additional study of a year1 or possibly more4 ,there are at present thirty-six pupils in the school4 ,no one is admitted under the age of eighteen4 ,an entrance scholarship of the value of #cj is competed for annually in ,september4 ,all persons requiring further information on subjects connected with the medical education of women1 with the residence of students in the neighbourhood of the school1 or respecting scholarships1 are invited to apply to ,mrs4 ,thorne1 hon4 secretary1 #cj1 ,henrietta ,street1 ,brunswick ,square1 ,london4 ,pharmaceutical ,chemists4--,as the ,pharmaceutical ,society has now thrown its examinations open to women1 there is nothing to prevent them from setting up in business as chemists4 ,it is an occupation peculiarly adapted to women1 and returns a better interest on invested capital than most other trades4 ,a preliminary examination in ,latin1 ,arithmetic1 and ,english1 has to be passed1 unless the candidate can produce a certificate of having passed the ,local ,examinations of the ,universities of ,oxford1 ,cambridge1 ,durham1 or ,edinburgh1 the ,examination of the ,college of ,preceptors1 or those of any legally constituted examining body previously approved by the ,council1 provided ,latin and arithmetic be included in the subjects4 ,before going up for the other examinations each candidate must produce a certified declaration that for three years she has been registered and employed as an apprentice or student1 or has otherwise for three years been practically engaged in the translation and dispensing of prescriptions4 ,the cost of passing the three examinations necessary to become a pharmaceutical chemist1 including tuition1 examiner's fees1 books1 chemicals1 apparatus1 c41 is from #hj to #ajj1 and the time required for study after the apprenticeship would be from a year to eighteen months4 ,miss ,isabella ,s4 ,clarke1 a pharmaceutical chemist1 in ,spring ,street1 ,paddington1 is willing to take outdoor apprentices for three years at a premium of #ajj4 ,the capital required to start in business with a reasonable prospect of success is from #ejj to #a1jjj2 the nearer it is to #a1jjj the better4 ,the stores have done much to injure chemists' business by selling patent medicines1 hair-washes1 soap1 scents1 c41 at much lower prices than private traders can afford to adopt4 ,dispensers4--,i understand that many doctors who prepare their own medicines are willing to employ ladies to dispense them1 at salaries ranging from #cj to #ej4 ,the necessary knowledge can be acquired at the ,new ,hospital for ,women1 ,marylebone ,road1 where they are willing to take girls and teach them dispensing for six months for a premium of #e4 ,it is necessary that candidates should have a slight knowledge of ,latin1 and an intimate acquaintance with arithmetic1 especially fractions2 and desirable that they should be of studious habits1 as they are expected to read various books recommended them by the authorities4 ,employment can also occasionally be obtained at hospitals1 especially by ladies who can undertake bookkeeping as well as dispensing4 ,hospital ,nurses4--,hospital nursing affords certain employment to capable women1 and1 although the salaries are low1 it must be remembered that liberal board1 comfortable bed-rooms1 and washing1 are always included4 ,trained nurses' salaries usually commence at #bj1 rising1 according to experience and responsibilities1 to #cj4 ,chief nurses of wards1 usually called ward sisters1 obtain in the chief ,london hospitals from #ce to #ej4 ,matrons and lady superintendents of nursing receive from #ej to #ajj4 ,nearly all the ,london hospitals train nurses4 ,i give the rules of the ,nightingale ,fund and of the ,westminster ,training ,school1 as ,i believe these will be found fair specimens of the rest4 ,at ,st4 ,thomas's two classes of probationers are received4 ,the rules for special probationers are as follows3-- ,the committee of the ,nightingale ,fund have made arrangements for the admission to their school at ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital of a limited number of gentlewomen who may desire to qualify themselves in the practice of hospital nursing1 with the express object of entering upon this profession permanently1 by eventually filling superior situations in public hospitals and infirmaries4 ,these probationers will be required to pay towards the cost of maintenance during their year of training the sum of #cj1 and to give an undertaking to continue in the work for three years after leaving the school2 but1 upon payment of a higher sum of #eb1 to cover the cost of maintenance and also partly of instruction1 c41 the undertaking will be limited to one year after leaving the school4 ,occasional vacancies occur for the admission of gentlewomen free of expense1 together with1 in some cases1 a small salary during the year of training4 ,these advantages will be strictly limited to those whose circumstances require such aid4 ,candidates desirous of receiving this course of training should apply to ,mrs4 ,wardroper1 the ,matron1 at ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital1 subject to whose selection they will be received into the hospital as probationers4 ,the age considered desirable for these probationers is from twenty-seven to thirty-seven1 single or widows2 a certificate of age and other information will be required4 ,should opportunities occur for affording instruction in some of the duties of supervision1 they will be expected to remain for that purpose for a further period of two or three months1 but in that case no further payment will be required4 ,payment will be required by two equal instalments in advance1 viz41 half on admittance1 and half at the end of six months4 ,no part of the paid instalment will be returned in the event of the probationer leaving from any cause4 ,the probationers will receive instruction from the medical instructor and the hospital sisters1 and will serve as assistant nurses in the wards of the hospital4 ,the names of the probationers will be entered in a register1 in which a record will be kept of their qualifications4 ,at the end of a year those whom the ,committee find to have passed satisfactorily through the course of instruction and training will be entered in the register as certified nurses4 ,on completion of their training they must be prepared to take employment on the nursing staff of some public hospital or infirmary wherever offered to them by the ,committee1 and to continue in similar employment for a period of three years at least1 this period being limited to one year in the case only of those who have paid at the higher rate4 ,as a step to superior situations1 they will be expected1 if required1 to accept an engagement as nurse 7day or night71 at the usual salary1 for the whole or a portion of the first year after leaving the training school4 ,engagements1 whether as nurse or in a superior situation1 will from time to time1 during the above period1 be made through the ,committee with the managers of the institution1 by whom the certified probationer is to be employed4 ,her salary will be paid to her by such managers1 but it is expected that she will not terminate any engagement without due notice to the ,committee4 ,withdrawal from the service may be allowed upon special grounds--family circumstances or otherwise--to be approved by the ,committee4 ,probationers will not be expected to go out of ,great ,britain unless at their own request4 ,the ,committee desire1 in every case where a staff of nurses is engaged from the ,nightingale ,fund1 to place at the head of them a superintendent1 who has been also trained in the same school4 ,applications have been numerous for trained nurses to fill superior situations1 such as matron1 superintendent1 assistants to those officers1 and ward sister or chief nurse1 while there has hitherto been a want of qualified candidates4 ,the ,committee therefore anticipate no difficulty in being able to offer suitable appointments to their certified probationers4 ,they will1 in recommending for employment1 consult the inclination of every probationer--so far as a due regard to the special circumstances of each case enable them to do4 ,every probationer will be required1 at the end of one month from the date of entry into the hospital1 to sign a written engagement1 agreeing to abide by these regulations4 ,these are the rules for the ordinary training of hospital nurses3-- ,the ,committee of the ,nightingale ,fund have made arrangements with the authorities of ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital for giving a year's training to women desirous of working as hospital nurses4 ,women desirous of receiving this course of training should apply to ,mrs4 ,wardroper1 the matron at ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital1 subject to whose selection they will be received into the hospital as probationers4 ,the age considered desirable for probationers is from twenty-five to thirty-five single or widows2 a certificate of age and other information will be required4 ,they will receive1 during the year of training1 payment in money and clothing to the value of #af1 on the following footing1 thus3--,clothing1 costing about #d2 payment at the end of the first quarter1 #b2 at the end of the second quarter1 #b #ajs42 at the end of the third quarter1 #b #ajs42 at the end of the fourth quarter1 #h2 and a further gratuity of #b if recommended for employment4 ,should the term of residence be extended beyond the year1 payment will be made at the end of the fifth quarter of #d4 ,at the close of a year their training will usually be considered complete1 and during the three years succeeding the completion of their training they will be required to enter into service as hospital nurses1 in such situations as may from time to time be offered to them by the ,committee4 ,the names of the probationers will be entered in a register1 in which a record will be kept of their conduct and qualifications4 ,this will be submitted at the end of every month to the ,committee of the ,nightingale ,fund4 ,at the end of a year1 those whom the ,committee find to have passed satisfactorily through the course of instruction and training1 will be entered in the register as certified nurses1 and will be recommended for employment accordingly4 ,the ,committee have hitherto readily found employment for their certified nurses in some public hospital or infirmary1 at salaries usually commencing at #bj1 with board 7including tea and sugar7 and washing4 ,many have1 after some years' service1 obtained superior appointments4 ,engagements are not to be made except through the ,committee1 and no engagement is to be put an end to without a quarter's previous notice to the ,committee4 ,the ,committee will allow a yearly gratuity of #b to all their certified nurses1 to be paid at the end of every complete year of service1 succeeding the term of training1 up to the third year1 inclusive1 providing that evidence be given at the end of each year that the nurse has served the whole time satisfactorily4 ,no gratuity will be paid if the ,committee have reason to suppose that the nurse intends to discontinue her employment4 ,at the expiration of one month from the date of entry1 every probationer will be required to write a letter to the following effect3-- ,to the ,chairman of the ,committee of the ,nightingale ,fund4 ,,sir1--,having now become practically acquainted with the duties required of a hospital nurse1 ,i am satisfied that ,i shall be able and willing1 on the completion of my year's training1 to enter into service in a public hospital or infirmary1 and ,i engage1 in accordance with the annexed regulations of the ,nightingale ,fund--in return for the advantages bestowed upon me--to continue in such service for the space of at least three years1 in whatever situations the ,committee shall think suitable to my abilities1 it being my intention from henceforth to devote myself to hospital employment4 ,i further agree not to enter into any engagements except through the ,committee1 and not to leave any situation without giving due notice to the ,committee4 ,i am1 ,sir1 c41 c4 ,the following regulations are common to both classes of probationers3-- ,the term of the probationers' training is a complete year4 ,probationers will be received on the distinct understanding that they will remain for the required term2 they may1 however1 be allowed to withdraw upon grounds to be approved by the ,committee4 ,they will be subject to be discharged at any time by the matron in case of misconduct1 or should she consider them inefficient or negligent of their duties4 ,the probationers will be under the authority of the matron of the hospital1 and will be subject to the rules of the hospital4 ,they will be lodged in the hospital in the ,nightingale ,home1 which adjoins the matron's house2 each will have a separate bed-room1 and they will be supplied at the cost of the ,nightingale ,fund with board1 including tea and sugar1 and a weekly allowance of #as4 #f;d4 for washing2 and with a certain quantity of outer clothing of a uniform character1 which they will always be required to wear when in the hospital4 ,the usual times of admission are the quarter days4 ,candidates must be seen by ,mrs4 ,wardroper1 at ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital1 ,albert ,embankment1 ,westminster ,bridge1 ,london1 between #aj and #ab ,a4,m4 only1 on ,tuesday or ,friday4 ,these regulations may be obtained by writing to ,h4 ,bonham-,carter1 ,esq41 ,secretary to the ,nightingale ,fund1 #ia1 ,gloucester ,terrace1 ,hyde ,park4 ,the regulations of the ,training ,school for ,nurses in connection with ,westminster ,hospital are very similar1 but ,i think it better to give them in detail4 ,the ,committee of the ,westminster ,school for ,nurses has made arrangements for training their probationers in a practical way in the wards of the above hospital4 ,those young women who are desirous to be so trained should apply 7personally1 if possible1 or else by letter7 to the lady superintendent of the ,training ,school1 #h1 ,broad ,sanctuary1 ,westminster4 ,it is desirable that the ages of candidates should be between twenty-five and thirty-five4 ,testimonials of health and character1 according to forms supplied by the lady superintendent1 will be required2 and when satisfactory1 and as vacancies occur1 the applicants will be received as probationers4 ,probationers will be under the direction and authority of the lady superintendent and the rules of the training school2 and whilst at work in the hospital they must obey and recognise all the standing rules of that institution4 ,probationers will be supplied with board1 lodging1 and washing4 ,if retained1 the wages in the first year of a probationer will be #af1 of which a portion may be retained till the completion of her year of probation1 as guarantee of her good behaviour1 and subject to forfeiture in case of misconduct4 ,probationers will be required to conform to any regulations in regard to uniformity in outer clothing1 and if supplied with materials for the same by the school1 the cost 7not exceeding #d #ds47 will be retained from their wages4 ,it is expected that at the end of a year probationers will be fitted to be nurses1 and their engagement will require them to serve two years more in hospital or private nursing1 with an increase of #b for each year--that is1 #ah for the second1 and #bj for the third4 ,at the expiration of one month from the date of entry every probationer will be required1 in such form as may be in use1 to engage herself to continue in the service for at least two years longer than her probation1 after which her time will be her own4 ,in the event of her not continuing after the first month no wages will be paid4 ,the names of the probationers will be entered on a register1 in which a record will be kept of their conduct and qualifications4 ,at the end of every quarter the record will be submitted to the ,committee of ,management4 ,the probationers will be subject to be discharged at any time by the lady superintendent in case of misconduct1 or should she think them inefficient or negligent in their duties4 ,the nurse1 or probationer1 must not only be able to read written instructions1 and to write1 but have had a good ,english education4 ,the probationer or nurse is to keep her own room neat1 clean1 and in order1 in the home1 as well as to assist in the needlework there if required to do so4 ,the duties of the nurses will be to attend both the rich and the poor1 either in hospitals or private houses4 ,the lady superintendent tells me that nearly half the ladies who come to her leave at the expiration of the trial month1 having discovered that they are unsuited to the life1 although ,i believe it is not particularly trying4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,clerks4 ,bookkeepers4--,there is a very considerable demand for female clerks and bookkeepers4 ,the necessary knowledge is easily acquired by any industrious person with punctual and orderly habits4 ,an adult bookkeeping class is held at #bb1 ,berners ,street1 ,oxford ,street1 the office of the ,society for the ,employment of ,women4 ,on entering the class a student is required to bring recommendations from two householders1 who will be responsible for her thorough steadiness and respectability4 ,if1 as is often the case1 the student has lately left school1 a letter from the mistress1 or her latest school report1 is required1 and those only are admitted to the class who can write clearly and neatly1 spell correctly1 and work accurately the first four rules of arithmetic simple and compound4 ,a course of lessons generally extends over four or five months2 during that time students are not only taught the principles of book-keeping by single and double entry1 but every effort is made to inspire them with a high sense of responsibility1 and to make them punctual1 orderly1 and earnest1 in the discharge of their duties4 ,no student is allowed to go up for examination unless her conduct in the class has been satisfactory1 and unless she has shown a desire to do her work conscientiously4 ,bookkeepers who have gained certificates almost invariably retain their situations with credit4 ,it is often difficult to obtain a first situation1 for practical experience is generally required1 but in this the certificate is a great help1 as it forms a good introduction1 and is a guarantee of efficiency and respectability4 ,when she has once made a fair start1 a certificated bookkeeper is seldom unemployed4 ,the class meets on the evenings of ,monday and ,thursday1 at #f4cj4 ,the fee is sixpence weekly4 ,a bookkeeping class is also held at the ,college for ,working ,women1 #g1 ,fitzroy ,street1 ,fitzroy ,square4 ,the fee is #as4 #c;d4 each term2 there are four terms in the year1 consisting of #ce lessons1 from #h to #i4cj ,p4,m4 ,new pupils are only admitted on the first class night of the ,michaelmas and ,easter terms4 ,students can be examined by the ,society of ,arts1 and obtain the certificates of the ,society free of expense4 ,the membership fee is a shilling a term extra4 ,public classes1 besides those ,i have mentioned1 are held at the ,college for ,men and ,women1 ,queen ,square1 ,bloomsbury2 at the ,quebec ,institute1 ,baker ,street2 and at the ,birkbeck ,institute1 ,chancery ,lane4 ,clerks must be prepared to accept low salaries for their first engagements1 perhaps #ajs4 a week2 but after they have gained experience1 they will be able to secure from #aes4 to #cjs4 a week4 ,telephone4--,the ,united ,telephone ,company1 #cf1 ,coleman ,street1 ,moorgate ,street1 employ about a hundred young ladies1 chiefly the daughters of professional men who have received few educational advantages1 and no special technical instruction4 ,the requirements being small the salary is in proportion1 commencing at #aas4 weekly1 and rising slowly to #afs4 ,candidates must be between the ages of #af and #bj4 ,those whose parents are in trade are not eligible4 ,shorthand ,writing4--,the power of writing in shorthand is a very valuable acquisition1 especially to bookkeepers who also act as correspondents1 as it frequently enables them to obtain larger salaries than they could expect without it1 and there is an increasing demand for female shorthand clerks4 ,translators also occasionally employ them to write from dictation1 and sometimes it happens they can get work as reporters4 ,miss ,pritchard1 of #hc1 ,edgeware ,road1 is highly recommended as a teacher4 ,she says it requires nine months to learn1 and perhaps from six to twelve months' practice afterwards1 to become a proficient writer1 so much depends upon the individual ability4 ,she herself began to earn money by it at the end of the first nine months4 ,her charge for tuition is a guinea for thirteen lessons1 one every week4 ,she can usually arrange to give the lessons1 if desirable1 in the evening1 so that they need not interfere with any daily employment in which her pupils may be engaged4 ,the rate of pay shorthand writers expect to receive is twopence a folio 7#gb words74 ,of course for this they have to make a fair copy of their work in ordinary writing4 ,the ,metropolitan ,school of ,shorthand in ,chancery ,lane undertakes to ensure proficiency for a certain fixed charge4 ,i understand that the sum of #e is the maximum amount4 ,post ,office ,directories4--,messrs4 ,kelly and ,co41 of #ea1 ,great ,queen ,street1 ,lincoln's ,inn1 employ a considerable number of female clerks to assist in compiling their ,post ,office directories2 they will take girls from the age of fourteen1 and the only necessary qualifications are reading and perfectly legible writing4 ,the pay commences at #hs4 a week1 and increases #bs4 a week every year until it reaches a pound4 ,the hours are from half-past nine until half-past five1 excepting on ,saturdays1 when they leave off working at four o'clock4 ,an hour is allowed for dinner1 which must be eaten on the premises4 ,the duties are decidedly easy1 and the hours light4 ,applications for employment must be made by letter1 but vacancies seldom occur4 ,junior ,army and ,navy ,stores4--,these recently-established stores employ ladies as clerks2 the preference is given to daughters of military or naval officers4 ,the necessary qualifications are a thorough knowledge of arithmetic1 a slight acquaintance with book-keeping1 and good legible writing4 ,the hours are from nine to six1 with an hour's interval for dinner4 ,the salaries commence at #dj a year4 ,prudential ,life ,assurance4--,one hundred and sixty ladies are employed by this ,company at their offices1 ,holborn ,bars2 only daughters of professional men are eligible1 and they require no special qualifications beyond an ordinary ,english education4 ,the hours of work are from a quarter to ten to five o'clock2 on ,saturdays until two4 ,the comfort of the lady clerks has been studied to a very great extent1 an excellent library and piano are provided for their use1 and a refreshment room1 where they can obtain luncheon 7for which an hour is allowed7 at a moderate price4 ,the flat roof has been converted into terraces1 where they may take exercise during their luncheon hour1 and they have a separate entrance and staircase to that used by the male clerks4 ,they are paid #cb the first year1 #db the second1 and #eb the third2 after that time their salaries increase according to the value of their services4 ,the duties principally consist of copying and writing letters from notes4 ,coupon ,sorters4--,messrs4 ,rothschild1 ,st4 ,swithin's ,lane1 and ,messrs4 ,baring1 ,bishopsgate ,street ,within1 employ a small number of women in sorting coupons2 the only necessary qualifications are an ordinary ,english education and good references4 ,at ,messrs4 ,baring's the hours of work are from ten to five4 ,the junior clerks receive #aes4 a week1 and the seniors' salaries average #a to #bes42 they are engaged by the week4 ,i believe that ,messrs4 ,rothschild's rules are very similar4 ,law ,copyists4--,many women are now employed in law copying2 they are apprenticed for six months1 sometimes paying a small premium of #b or #c guineas1 but in some cases they are only required to give their time4 ,after six months they begin to earn a few shillings a week1 which may increase1 according to efficiency1 to #bes4 ,their salary is regular1 and does not depend 7as it does in the case of men7 on their employers having work or not4 ,the hours are from nine to seven1 excepting on ,saturdays1 when they leave a little earlier4 ,the following firms employ women1 but only the first three will teach3--,mr4 ,hardy1 ,castle ,street1 ,holborn2 ,mrs4 ,le ,fuel1 ,brownlow ,street1 ,holborn2 ,mr4 ,f4 ,watkins1 ,dyer's ,buildings1 ,holborn2 ,messrs4 ,hooper and ,sons1 ,ludgate ,hill2 ,messrs4 ,hadley1 ,castle ,street1 ,holborn4 ,law clerks also occasionally employ women as copyists1 and ,i think efficient writers might frequently obtain private employment from solicitors1 especially if they had any acquaintance with them1 or they could take specimens of their work to strangers1 and boldly ask for a trial4 ,employers like girls to begin to learn soon after leaving school2 they will take them as young as fifteen4 ,telegraphy4--,the following is an exact copy of the rules for telegraph clerks4 ,applications for admission to the ,telegraph ,office must be made to the ,postmaster-,general1 as all nominations are made by him4 ,the subjects for test examination are3-- 7#a47 ,writing from dictation4 7#b47 ,writing with a pencil1 or style4 7#c47 ,arithmetic 7easy sums in the first four rules74 ,limits of age1 not under fourteen or above eighteen4 ,successful candidates have to attend the ,post ,office ,telegraph ,school to undergo a course of instruction in telegraphy1 for which instruction no charge is made1 but they do not receive any pay while at the school4 ,the course of instruction usually extends over a period of three months1 but if at any period of their tuition1 or during their probationary employment at a telegraph office1 it becomes evident they display no aptitude for the duties of a telegraphist1 their nomination or probationary appointment will be cancelled4 ,the scale of pay for women is #hs4 per week1 on receiving a certificate from the school1 and commencing the period of probation2 rising to #abs4 on being certified to be fully capable of transmitting public messages2 and rising to #ads4 on being certified as being capable of taking charge of a telegraph instrument2 afterwards1 as vacancies occur1 #ads4 per week1 increasing by #as4 per week to #ags4 per week1 with a prospect of rising to #cjs4 per week4 ,hours of attendance for female clerks1 eight hours a day1 between the hours of #h ,a4,m4 and #h ,p4,m4 ,post ,office ,clerks4--,a considerable number of ladies are employed in the ,receiver and ,accountant ,general's ,office2 it is1 ,i believe1 more generally known as the ,post ,office ,clearing ,house4 ,an entrance examination has to be passed in the following subjects of competitive examination1 conducted by the ,civil ,service ,commissioners3-- 7#a47 ,handwriting and orthography4 7#b47 ,english grammar and composition4 7#c47 ,arithmetic 7including vulgar and decimal fractions74 7#d47 ,geography4 ,candidates under seventeen or above twenty years of age are ineligible4 ,salary4 #bnd ,class1 #dj1 rising by #g #ajs4 yearly to #ge4 #ast ,class1 #hj #g #ajs4 #ajj4 ,principal ,clerks1 #aaj #aj #aej4 ,the hours of attendance are from #aj to #d4 ,hitherto women have been employed as returners and counterwomen in the ,general ,post ,office1 ,london1 but no fresh appointments have been made for some time1 and it does not appear likely that there will be any more4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,miscellaneous4 ,assistants in ,shops4--,i do not think it is generally known how valid the claim of the girls employed by the large linendrapers is to the much-disputed title of young lady4 ,at all the houses where ,i have inquired1 ,i find that a large proportion of the girls are daughters of professional men1 the fathers of the remainder being for the most part farmers and clerks2 they are all fairly well educated1 possess good manners1 and if their conduct is not above reproach they are immediately dismissed4 ,i give particulars of five representative houses4 ,i think the rules of others of the same class will be found very similar4 ,all the particulars have been furnished me by members of the firms1 and in many cases ,i have also made inquiries of the young ladies who are employed4 ,their universal opinion is that they are much better off than they would be if they were governesses2 in fact1 many of them have been governesses1 and have given it up from the difficulty of obtaining comfortable engagements4 ,their evenings are entirely at their own disposal1 and they are allowed to go away from ,saturday until ,sunday night or ,monday morning1 if their employers know where they are going4 ,at very nearly all the shops ,i mention the girls are allowed to sit down excepting when they are engaged in serving4 ,the good feeling existing between employers and employed seems to be very general4 ,i heard no complaints from either side2 the heads of the firms all seemed to think they could not do too much for the comfort of their employs1 and they on their side seemed fully sensible of the kindness with which they are treated4 ,their sitting and bed rooms are all spacious and airy1 and their food1 which on two occasions ,i had opportunities of inspecting1 plentiful and good4 ,all the firms employ large numbers of women who do not live in the house1 but ,i shall not give any particulars respecting them1 as they are of quite a different class to those ,i am writing for4 ,messrs4 ,howell and ,james1 ,regent ,street1 employ twenty-five ladies in their establishment1 who live in the house4 ,when their contemplated alterations and improvements are made1 each young lady will have a separate bed-room2 they have very pleasant sitting-rooms1 and a library and piano are provided for their use4 ,the hours of work are from #i to #f1 ,saturdays until two1 and they all have a fortnight or three weeks' holiday in the summer4 ,the salaries vary from #bj to #bjj a year4 ,apprentices are received for three years2 they live in the house1 and pay a premium of #dj4 ,improvers are also taken4 ,all applicants must have good references and manners1 and be well educated4 ,messrs4 ,lewis and ,allenby1 ,regent ,street1 employ seventy ladies in the house1 twenty-four in the show-rooms1 and the rest in the workrooms4 ,they take neither apprentices nor improvers1 and all the young ladies who apply to them must previously have received a thorough training4 ,hours of work are from #h4cj until #f4cj1 ,saturdays until #b4 ,they have three weeks' holiday after the ,london season4 ,their house has lately been rebuilt1 and the rooms are everything that can be desired2 two young ladies usually share a bed-room4 ,a piano1 and house library1 besides a subscription to ,mudie's1 are provided for the use of the young people4 ,the salaries range from #be to #bjj per annum4 ,a doctor calls every day to see any one who may be ill1 and anything he orders is immediately provided at the expense of the firm4 ,messrs4 ,marshall and ,snelgrove1 ,oxford ,street and ,vere ,street1 employ seventy ladies in their show-rooms4 ,the hours of work are from #h4cj until #f4cj in the winter1 or #g in the summer2 ,saturdays until #b4 ,sixteen days' holidays are allowed after the season4 ,no apprentices are received1 and the salaries vary from #bj to #aej a year4 ,about ninety or a hundred girls are also employed in their work-rooms1 at salaries of from #ae to #ajj a year4 ,messrs4 ,venables1 ,high ,street1 ,whitechapel1 a very old-established firm1 employ twenty-five in the house1 at salaries of from #bj to #bjj per annum4 ,the hours of work are from #i till #g in winter1 until #g4cj or #h in summer1 ,saturdays until #c o'clock4 ,a fortnight's holiday is given every year4 ,apprentices are taken for two or three years at a small premium1 which is usually returned as a bonus for good conduct4 ,there is a bagatelle and a billiard table1 a piano1 and a library of #b1jjj volumes1 for the use of the employs4 ,not more than four girls are ever expected to share the same room4 ,messrs4 ,spencer1 ,turner1 and ,boldero1 ,lisson ,grove1 employ seventy ladies4 ,the working hours are from #h4cj until #g1 and they have a fortnight or three weeks' holiday in the year4 ,the salaries are from #e to #ajj a year4 ,apprentices are received for two years without a premium1 and their friends are only required to provide them with clothes4 ,in one large room five young ladies sleep1 but as a rule there are not more than three or four in a room4 ,only the young ladies in the show-rooms are allowed to sit down2 it would interfere too much with business if those behind the counters were provided with seats4 ,i asked two of them if they found the continual standing affect their health2 they said girls for the first month found it very trying1 but after that they become used to it1 and1 excepting in very hot weather1 did not mind it at all4 ,cases of serious illness are very rare in all the establishments ,i have visited4 ,at the last two shops ,i have mentioned the class of customers is very different from the others2 but1 with that exception1 ,i believe the young ladies employed are equally comfortable4 ,teachers of ,cookery4--,at the ,national ,training ,school for ,cookery in the ,exhibition ,road1 ,south ,kensington1 ladies are taught to be efficient teachers of cookery1 and1 as a rule1 do not find it difficult to obtain engagements4 ,the ,school ,board employs a considerable number1 and pays them at the rate of #fj a year4 ,teachers of cookery can now pass through a full course of twenty weeks' training in cookery and practice in teaching at the ,national ,training ,school for ,cookery1 ,south ,kensington4 ,the fee is #bj4 ,teachers of plain cookery only can now pass through a course lasting ten weeks2 the fee is #h #hs4 ,students in training are expected to attend evening classes1 held by staff teachers1 once a week4 ,a student in training for a teacher first passes as a pupil through the ,scullery and ,demonstration ,classes4 ,this takes 7working every day except ,saturday7 one month1 from #aj ,a4,m4 to #d ,p4,m41 with an interval from #ab to #b for rest and luncheon4 ,at the end of the month her note-books are to be examined and corrected4 ,she then spends one month learning in the ,plain ,cookery ,practice ,kitchen1 and a fortnight in teaching there what she has already learnt4 ,she next goes into the ,high ,class ,practice ,kitchen1 and spends one month in learning and a fortnight in teaching4 ,the last month is devoted to practice in demonstrating1 first a fortnight in private1 and lastly a fortnight in public1 for which the lady superintendent has drawn up careful and strict rules2 they are hung up close to where the student stands1 to give her demonstration4 ,during her course of training the student can1 if she likes1 dine with the other pupils for #as41 or1 if that is beyond her means1 she is allowed to purchase any little dish that has been cooked as a lesson1 at a nominal charge4 ,the staff teachers receive #ge per annum and their dinner at the school while employed in ,london4 ,when sent to reside out of ,london they receive a further sum of #bjs4 a week for board and lodging1 and all their travelling expenses2 one months' notice on either side to terminate the engagement4 ,when the staff teachers are all employed a few extra teachers are taken on as improvers at #a a week1 as this fits them to fill good appointments in the provinces when they offer4 ,these engagements are terminable by a week's notice on either side4 ,the work of a teacher on the staff varies somewhat according to the nature of her appointment--i4e41 if employed in the school itself she will have to be in her kitchen by #i4cj ,a4,m4 to see that her kitchen-maid has everything in proper order for the pupils to begin work at #aj ,a4,m4 ,the lessons end at #d ,p4,m4 ,the teacher would1 in most cases1 be able to leave the school at #e ,p4,m4 ,if a staff teacher is sent to the provinces1 the hours of work in that case depend greatly upon the local committee who for the time being employ her1 but the number of hours of work are limited to twenty-four in the week1 to be distributed by arrangement with the local committee and the teacher4 ,if nominated for training1 the candidate must not be under eighteen nor exceed thirty-five years of age4 ,she will be admitted either by payment of fees or by subscriber's nomination4 ,she must be sufficiently educated to be able to perform the duties of an instructor after the special training4 ,the diplomas of teachers are of two classes4 ,students1 according to the class of diploma they have obtained1 will be recommended to the public desirous to employ teachers1 preference being given to teachers in the highest class4 ,the conditions of admission are3-- 7a7 ,that the student agrees to obey all the rules of the school laid down by the ,executive ,committee4 7b7 ,that for any infraction of the rules the student may be discharged at a day's notice1 without having a claim of any kind upon the school4 7c7 ,that if after training the student proves competent 7of which the ,committee are sole judges71 and her services be required1 she will be prepared to accept an engagement on the staff of the school1 at a salary ranging from #a to #b weekly2 but it is to be clearly understood that the ,committee are not responsible for finding any paid employment for the student while in the school1 or afterwards1 the employment of teachers certified by the school resting wholly with the public4 ,teachers1 while on the staff1 and employed in the school1 are not free to take any engagement without leave from the ,committee1 given in writing4 ,teachers holding diplomas not on the staff are free to make any engagement for teaching they may think fit1 and may refer to the lady superintendent1 who will give additional information as to their qualifications when required to do so4 ,any subscriber to the school of #a #as4 has a right to a vote1 and twenty votes admit a candidate to a full course of training1 so that to become a subscriber is an excellent opportunity to be charitable1 and oblige1 possibly1 a friend at the same time4 ,i think if1 in addition to teaching cookery1 ladies were able also to lecture on the elements of physiology and the laws of health1 they would more readily find engagements1 and be able to command better salaries4 ,unfortunately1 at present there is no place where they can be examined as to their capabilities1 and receive certificates1 which would be most desirable4 ,they can1 however1 acquire the necessary information by reading and attending some of the excellent courses of lectures on the subject that are frequently held in ,london2 they are generally advertised in the daily papers4 ,music4--,no lady should take up music as a profession unless she has sufficient talent to justify her in expecting to be a first-rate teacher and performer4 ,the profession is overstocked to a most painful extent already with second-rate teachers1 and1 speaking roughly1 ,i should say there are very nearly as many people anxious to teach music as there are people to be taught4 ,in the one branch of class-singing1 ,i believe there is a large demand for good lady teachers1 as they are most difficult to obtain1 and any really competent persons may be sure of obtaining engagements at good salaries4 ,for any one with exceptional talent a thorough training is the great thing to be desired1 and this can be obtained at the ,royal ,college of ,music1 ,kensington ,gore1 where a free musical education1 in all its branches1 is given for five years1 to any one who can obtain a scholarship4 ,many of these are open to public competition1 without any limit of age4 ,the school does not provide board or lodging1 though ,i believe some of the scholarships carry with them exhibitions for maintenance4 ,the year is divided into three terms1 and there are twelve weeks of vacation4 ,students1 when competent1 are allowed to give lessons or perform in public during their spare time4 ,no engagements are guaranteed at the end of the course of study2 but the authorities do all in their power to secure them4 ,for further information respecting the scholarships1 c41 application should be made to the registrar at the school4 ,royal ,academy of ,music1 ,tenterden ,street1 ,hanover ,square4--,at this ,academy1 also1 pupils are thoroughly trained in music4 ,students are admitted at the commencement of each term and half-term4 ,candidates for admission must attend for examination1 bringing music they can perform1 at eleven o'clock on the ,saturday before each term or half-term1 with a recommendation from a subscriber1 a member1 an associate1 or an honorary member4 ,the fee for examination is #a #as41 which is returned on the admission of the candidate4 ,candidates residing at a distance from ,london may be primarily examined by any one of the local examiners1 from whom they may obtain information and advice respecting the ,academy4 ,one or more local examiners 7whose services are honorary7 are appointed in every principal town of the kingdom4 ,the year is divided into three terms1 and there are thirteen weeks of vacation4 ,the annual fee for the entire course of study is #cj guineas1 or #aj guineas per term1 with an entrance fee of #e guineas4 ,the course of instruction includes two weekly lessons in a principal study1 one in harmony1 one in a second study1 when deemed desirable1 one in elocution for singers1 and the advantages of the sight-singing class and violin quartet class1 and the orchestral and choral practices4 ,all payments must be made in advance4 ,on leaving the ,academy students may undergo an examination4 ,should the examination prove satisfactory they will receive a certificate1 and in special cases the additional distinction of being made an associate of the institution4 ,there are a great many free scholarships attached to this institution2 inquiries about them should be directed to the secretary at the ,academy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,london ,academy of ,music1 ,st4 ,george's ,hall1 ,langham ,place1 ,regent ,street1 is designed for vocal and instrumental students1 amateur and professional1 desirous of receiving a complete musical education in this country from the best ,london professors on the moderate fees of the ,continental institutions4 ,students can select either harmony1 pianoforte playing1 singing1 or any other branch of the art1 as their principal study1 and receive individual instruction in that branch from one of the principal professors2 they will in addition receive instruction in two other branches4 ,the year is divided into three terms1 each term consisting of twelve weeks' instruction4 ,a lesson is given once a week in each branch of study1 students residing at a distance can receive all their lessons on one day4 ,the fee for each student is #e guineas per term4 ,this includes a whole course of instruction necessary for a complete musical education4 ,french1 ,german1 ,italian1 elocution1 and deportment1 are all extras4 ,the fee for each is #a #as4 per term4 ,a fee of #c #cs4 is charged for students desirous of attending the operatic class and the drawing and painting class4 ,all fees are required to be paid in advance4 ,candidates for admission as students must show that they possess sufficient ability to profit by the course of study1 and are required to attend at the ,academy before the commencement of the term at which they desire to be admitted in order to be examined by the principal4 ,the examination fee is #es4 ,there are several scholarships2 these entitle their holders to one year's free instruction1 or to two years' instruction by paying half fees each term4 ,further particulars can be obtained at the office1 ,st4 ,george's ,hall4 ,printing4--,a women's printing office has been established at #ba;,b1 ,great ,college ,street1 ,westminster1 where only female apprentices are taken4 ,in answer to my questions1 the girls said they liked the work much1 and found it very interesting2 it is necessary that they should read and spell well1 and have some knowledge of punctuation4 ,the apprenticeships are for three years1 and the premium is #b1 which is returned in wages1 as they commence after the first month1 at the rate of #bs4 #f;d4 per week1 rising to #ajs4 by the end of the three years2 after that time the amount earned depends upon the worker's industry and quickness2 the average earnings are from #a to #a #ajs4 a week4 ,the hours of work are from #i till #f4cj1 with an hour's interval for dinner2 all the workers1 including apprentices1 are paid extra for overtime4 ,several other printers employ women1 but when men are employed as well the women are not usually paid at the same rate1 and the premium in most cases is #e4 ,messrs4 ,bale1 of #hg and #hi1 ,great ,titchfield ,street1 have taken girl apprentices for many years1 and ,mr4 ,bowden1 of ,red ,lion ,street1 has done the same4 ,miss ,emily ,faithfull was the first to introduce printing as an occupation for women in ,england1 and has employed them for some time at her ,victoria ,press1 in ,praed ,street1 ,paddington4 ,dressmaking4--,a lady1 trading under the name of ,grace and ,co41 has recently started a business at ,albany ,house1 #bei1 ,vauxhall ,bridge ,road1 ,s4,w41 with the following avowed objects3-- ,i4 ,to provide work for ladies who do not desire charity4 ,,ii4 ,to afford ladies the means of thoroughly qualifying themselves in cutting1 fitting1 and making-up dresses of every description ,,iii4 ,to give employment to those who have become qualified in work-rooms1 in their own homes1 and in the houses of those willing to treat them as ladies4 ,,iv4 ,to aid those who may be considered competent in opening branch establishments4 ,v4 ,to assist those who are qualified and desirous of emigrating in finding suitable colonial engagements4 ,workers will be required to give satisfactory references4 ,they must be good needlewomen1 and forward a sample1 which will not be returned4 ,the object of this undertaking is to provide remunerative employment for those requiring it2 so all those employed are expected to conform heartily to the rules which are essential to success in business4 ,one of the partners can always be found at ,albany ,house1 and will be pleased to see any one interested in the work4 ,plain ,needlework4--,classes for ladies are held at #g1 ,fitzroy ,street1 ,fitzroy ,square ,each course consists of ten lessons in plain needlework and cutting out in alternate lessons1 according to the ,german method of teaching in schools4 ,tickets for one course1 #a #as42 to ladies who take more than one course a reduction of #es4 will be made for each additional course4 ,tickets are not transferable4 ,each lesson lasts an hour and a half4 ,ladies anxious to start in business for themselves1 or to obtain situations as overlookers of workers in wholesale houses1 are frequently at a loss to know where they can obtain the necessary knowledge4 ,the firm of ,hamilton and ,co41 co-operative shirtmakers1 #bg1 ,mortimer ,street1 ,london1 is willing to take young ladies to train in business habits and a knowledge of what is expected from forewomen of workers1 for a year1 at a premium of #e1 to be returned in instalments after the first six months4 ,the knowledge of what work really is1 and the punctual habits that might be acquired in that time1 would prove very valuable to any one wishing to engage in business on their own account4 ,at many of the large ,city warehouses ladies could1 if they liked1 be employed in the work-rooms as machinists1 plain-needleworkers1 feather-dressers1 and to make up artificial flowers and lace goods4 ,in the last-mentioned occupations their taste would be a great advantage4 ,the only objection to ladies being employed is the class of girls they would have to associate with2 but of course they need have no acquaintance with them outside the work-room4 ,the work is usually paid for by the piece1 and the earnings of tolerably quick workers are from #ads4 to #ahs4 a week4 ,the hours of work are from #i to #g1 with an hour's interval for dinner1 half an hour for tea1 and a quarter of an hour for luncheon4 ,the plain needlework can in many cases1 if the worker likes1 be done at home4 ,apprenticeships are necessary for some kinds of the work required1 but no premium is charged1 the girl is only expected to give her time for a few months4 ,this may be difficult at first1 but in the end it is always an advantage2 the skilled workers can always be tolerably certain of getting employment4 ,school ,board ,visitors4--,a few ladies are employed by the ,school ,board to go to the children's homes and to make inquiries as to the cause of their absence from school2 they are paid from #fj to #ge a year4 ,the duties are frequently very unpleasant indeed1 as their visits are considered an intrusion1 and are often deeply resented by the parents2 but as no special qualifications are required1 ,i dare say many ladies would be glad to obtain the situations4 ,application should be made to the ,secretary1 ,school ,board ,office1 ,victoria ,embankment1 ,london4 ,minor ,food ,productions4--,a ,ladies' ,association has been recently formed for the promotion of horticulture and of minor food production4 ,they are anxious to establish a college for ladies where theoretic and practical instruction would be given1 and scientific training in horticulture and arboriculture1 poultry-raising1 dairy work1 bee-keeping1 etc4 ,to carry out this plan a freehold farm is necessary1 together with sufficient funds to secure a well-organised system of instruction4 ,it is believed by the promoters of this scheme that country life may be made healthy1 interesting1 and profitable1 by a wise application of intelligence and capital2 and that by so doing many openings to beneficial and healthy occupations may be found for women of the higher and lower classes1 both at home and in the colonies4 ,many millions of money are annually paid by ,great ,britain to foreign countries for various articles of food1 a large part of which could be equally well raised at home1 if the best methods of their production were more widely known and acted upon4 ,this association is still quite in its infancy1 but a committee has been formed to act as a means of communication between ladies desiring instruction in the various branches of minor food production and ladies and gentlemen competent to give the necessary teaching4 ,letters addressed to the ,honorary ,secretaries1 ,miss ,thorn or ,miss ,may ,thorn1 ,southover ,grange1 ,lewes1 ,sussex1 will receive attention4 ,i believe these ladies have already tested the scheme themselves1 and found poultry and pig keeping decidedly remunerative4 ,machine ,knitters4--,a great many girls are employed in working knitting-machines4 ,they have to give a short time to learn how to manage the machine1 and then their earnings are from #ajs4 to #aes4 a week4 ,the hours of work are generally eight a day1 but these vary with the season4 ,this trade is not overstocked4 ,hairdressing4--,this is a very suitable occupation for women1 and it is a great pity they are not more extensively employed4 ,messrs4 ,truefitt and ,douglas are still the only two large firms where girls are employed in dressing ladies' hair4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,truefitt1 #ac1 ,old ,bond ,street1 tells me he always trains the young women in his own workshops1 and that a moderately apt girl is ready to take her turn in the hair-dressing saloon in six or nine months4 ,their average earnings are from #cbs4 to #ces4 weekly4 ,hours of work are from #i4cj ,a4,m4 to #f4cj ,p4,m4 ,mr4 ,douglas's 7also of ,bond ,street7 rules are almost the same4 ,the last set of girls ,mr4 ,truefitt trained were ladies1 and he found the intelligence they brought to bear on their profession and the difference in their address to ladies much appreciated4 ,perfumery4--,mr4 ,eugene ,rimmel1 #if1 ,strand1 employs #fj young women in making-up valentines1 scent-packets1 c41 and in gumming labels on to bottles1 packing violet powder1 bottles of scent1 and in various other ways4 ,their wages begin at #hs4 a week and rise to #bas4 ,the work is quite light and easy4 ,the hours are from #h to #a1 and #b to #g4cj4 ,the young ladies he employs to serve in his shops have rather higher salaries4 ,they begin at #ajs4 a week1 and rise to #b4 ,stationery ,work4--,most of the wholesale stationers employ large numbers of women4 ,the firm that kindly furnished me with the following particulars employs #ajj4 ,they go as apprentices for two years1 paying a premium of a guinea1 and they receive in wages1 for the first six months1 #as4 a week2 during the second1 #bs4 #f;d42 the third1 #es42 during the fourth1 and last six months1 #gs4 #f;d4 a week4 ,after that time their wages vary from #ajs4 to #aes4 a week4 ,they are employed in book folding and sewing1 stamping paper1 and in various other ways4 ,the hours of work are from #h4cj to #g2 ,saturdays until #a4cj4 ,an hour is allowed them for dinner1 and two short intervals of from a quarter of an hour to twenty minutes for luncheon and tea4 ,superintendents in ,laundries4--,it is desired to employ ladies as superintendents of laundries4 ,the work is not at all disagreeable1 as1 of course1 they are not expected to do any of the washing2 only they must have a thorough knowledge of how it should be done1 including the proper amount of soap1 starch1 c41 to use4 ,the salaries are about #hj a year1 as well as board and lodging4 ,application should be made to some of the large laundry companies4 ,artificial ,flower ,making4--,large numbers of women are employed in this trade4 ,they should begin very young1 immediately they leave school1 and it is a great advantage to them if their fingers happen to be pointed4 ,a large ,west ,end firm where ,i made inquiries employs #fj or #gj women4 ,the hours of work are from #i till #h1 with an hour and a half's interval for refreshment2 on ,saturdays they cease working at #b4 ,the wages vary from #ads4 to #bbs4 a week4 ,to learn the business it is usual to give a few months2 no premium is expected4 ,the large ,city houses1 ,i believe1 pay by the piece4 ,making common flowers is very unhealthy work4 ,feather ,making4--,girls are not generally apprenticed to this trade1 but begin to learn it when they are very young4 ,their wages commence at #bs4 or #bs4 #f;d4 a week1 rising eventually to #aes4 or #a4 ,the hours of work are from #i to #g1 out of which time half an hour is allowed for dinner1 and half an hour for tea4 ,jewellery4--,women are employed in most manufacturing jewellers' as polishers4 ,they are apprenticed for two years without a premium1 but during that time they receive no wages4 ,afterwards they are paid from #e;d4 to #h;d4 an hour1 according to their skill4 ,the hours of work are usually nine a day1 from #h4cj to #a1 and from #b to #f4cj4 ,jewel ,case ,makers4--,the apprenticeship for lining jewel cases is generally four years without premium4 ,the first year the girls receive no salary2 the second1 #cs4 a week2 the third1 #es42 and the fourth year1 #hs4 weekly4 ,the average wages after that time are from #ahs4 to #cjs4 a week1 and work is very regular and certain1 although the trade is small4 ,for covering cases the apprenticeship is three years4 ,wages begin after the first six months1 at #cs41 rising until during the last six months of their time they receive #hs4 a week4 ,their earnings afterwards are from #ads4 to #bbs4 a week4 ,the hours of work are from #h4cj till #h4 ,saturdays until #d4 ,gold and ,silver ,burnishing4--,girls are apprenticed to this trade generally for three years1 sometimes paying a small premium1 sometimes none at all4 ,they give their services for the first year1 and are generally paid #cs4 or #ds4 a week the second2 and from #hs4 to #ajs4 the third4 ,after that time their wages are from #ads4 to #ahs4 a week1 but a really good burnisher1 if she could get sufficient gilt-work to do1 would make as much as #bes4 a week4 ,the hours of work are from #i till #h2 an hour allowed for dinner1 and half an hour for tea4 ,they are expected to provide their own tools at a cost of from #c to #e1 but these will last a life-time1 and improve by using4 ,dentistry4--,manufacturing dentists employ girls in making false teeth4 ,the wages are generally from #aes4 to #ahs4 a week4 ,an apprenticeship of from #ah months to two years is necessary1 and the premium greatly depends upon the position of the dentist4 ,some are glad to teach girls simply for their services4 ,map ,mounting4--,mounting maps is tolerably easy work1 and requires no special knowledge1 only great care and neatness4 ,employment can be obtained from map-shops1 and the wages are usually about #aes4 a week4 ,concertina ,makers4--,manufacturers of concertinas employ girls at about #bes4 a week wages4 ,an apprenticeship of a year is necessary4 ,the premium is #aj #ajs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,addresses of manufacturers of all the things ,i have mentioned will be found in the ,post ,office ,directory4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,emigration4 ,ladies who have never received any special training1 and have neither time nor means to procure it1 would probably do wisely to emigrate--that is to say1 if they are domesticated and willing to be generally useful4 ,in the colonies competition for situations is not nearly so great as in ,england1 and consequently governesses1 companions1 mothers' helps1 and housekeepers1 are more valued1 and usually treated quite as members of the family4 ,i give particulars of two of the ,emigration ,societies4 ,they gave me most encouraging accounts of the ladies who had emigrated under their auspices1 and told me they thought any one1 with ordinary good sense1 and willing to work1 landing in ,australia or ,new ,zealand with a few pounds in her pocket1 would be sure to do well4 ,they both strongly advise ladies who have friends in any one of the colonies to choose that one to go to1 as private introductions are most valuable4 ,intending emigrants should acquire as thorough a knowledge of cookery1 all kinds of needlework 7including dressmaking71 ironing1 starching1 c41 as they possibly can1 it may prove very useful to them4 ,the ,government of ,south ,australia offers a free grant of land of the value of #bj1 to be selected by the recipient1 to any person over the age of twelve1 male or female1 paying their own passage direct to ,adelaide1 and residing in that colony two years4 ,the ,queensland ,government offers free passages to people describing themselves as domestic servants4 ,this does not necessitate their taking that position on their arrival1 but only means they must be willing to enter domestic service if they can get no better engagement4 ,the following is a quotation from their published rules3--,on arrival in the colony1 all passengers1 unless going out under special agreement1 will be at perfect liberty to engage themselves to any one willing to employ them1 and to make their own bargain for wages4 ,the ,queensland ,government ,emigration ,office is at #cb1 ,charing ,cross1 ,london1 ,s4,w41 where all information respecting free passages can be obtained4 ,,female ,,middle ,,class ,,emigration ,,society4 ,president3 ,earl of ,shaftesbury4 ,committee3 ,miss ,rye4 ,miss ,bonham-,carter4 ,miss ,newton4 ,miss ,f4 ,melliss4 ,mrs4 ,scott4 ,madame ,bodichon4 ,miss ,baron4 ,h4 ,green1 ,esq41 jun4 ,w4 ,gilbert1 ,esq4 ,bankers3 ,messrs4 ,coutts ,co1 #ei1 ,strand4 ,auditor3 ,rev4 ,fynes ,webber1 ,sub-,dean of ,st4 ,pauls4 ,hon4 ,secretary3 ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,lewin4 ,secretary3 ,mrs4 ,sunter4 ,office3--#b1 ,portugal ,street1 ,lincoln's ,inn1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,rules4 ,i4 ,the ,society confines its assistance entirely to educated women1 no applicants being accepted who are not sufficiently educated to undertake the duties of a nursery governess4 ,,ii4 ,every applicant is examined as far as possible with regard to her knowledge of cooking1 baking1 washing1 needlework1 and housework2 and is required to be willing to assist in these departments of labour should it be necessary4 ,,iii4 ,applicants are required to give the names and addresses of four persons as referees1 from whom the ,society may obtain information respecting the position1 character1 strength1 qualifications1 and general suitableness of the applicant for a colonial life2 two of these referees to be ladies with whom the applicant has held situations1 and two to be her personal friends4 ,the references are1 if possible1 taken up personally by the secretaries2 and the ,society hopes1 by establishing correspondents in the chief provincial towns1 to ensure in all cases a personal interview with the applicant1 if not with her referees4 ,,iv4 ,if the information obtained is satisfactory1 the applicant1 being accepted by the ,society1 receives all possible needful assistance4 ,should she be unable to pay the entire cost of cabin fittings and passage money1 the ,society advances the deficient amount1 a legal agreement to repay within two years and four months being signed by the emigrant1 and two respectable householders as securities4 ,should an approved applicant not require a loan1 she is equally entitled to the advantages of the ,society's care and protection4 ,v4 ,the ,society secures all passages and purchases cabin-fittings on behalf of the emigrants1 thus saving much trouble and time4 ,it is also enabled1 by the liberality of shipowners and outfitters1 to effect a considerable saving of expense4 ,the cost of passage and cabin-fittings is generally about #de first class1 #be second class4 ,the ,society has established regular correspondents at most of the colonial ports4 ,as soon as a lady leaves ,england1 notice of her departure is sent by the overland mail to the correspondent at the port to which she is bound4 ,her name1 together with copies of her testimonials1 are sent at the same time2 and1 as the notice is received six weeks before the emigrant arrives1 there is time to make preparations for her reception1 and even to seek for situations4 ,,vi4 ,the business of the ,society is transacted in the usual manner by a committee1 secretaries1 and treasurers4 ,the selection of emigrants rests with the secretaries1 but the names and testimonials of all persons sent out may be inspected by the committee4 ,cheques are signed by a treasurer and a secretary4 ,accounts are audited yearly4 ,interviews on ,tuesdays4 ,,women',s ,,emigration ,,society4 ,patron3 ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess ,louise1 ,marchioness of ,lorne4 ,council3 ,the ,duchess of ,marlborough4 ,the ,duchess of ,wellington4 ,constance1 ,marchioness of ,lothian4 ,the ,dowager ,lady ,lawrence4 ,the ,dowager ,lady ,rayleigh4 ,the ,lady ,wynford4 ,the ,lady ,elizabeth ,cust4 ,the ,lady ,adeliza ,manners4 ,the ,lady ,caroline ,tumor4 ,the ,lord ,brabazon4 ,the ,bishop of ,ballarat ,the ,bishop of ,brisbane4 ,the ,bishop of ,huron4 ,the ,bishop of ,north ,queensland4 ,the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,francis ,drummond4 ,the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,stonor4 ,lady ,henderson4 ,lady ,thompson4 ,the ,rt4 ,hon4 ,sir ,bartle ,frere1 ,bart41 ,g4,c4,b41 ,g4,c4,s4,i4 ,sir ,henry ,barkly1 ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,sir ,alexander ,galt1 ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,sir ,saul ,samuel1 ,k4,c4,m4,g4 ,the ,rev4 ,alex4 ,j4 ,ross1 ,d4,d4 ,mrs4 ,charles ,kingsley4 ,mrs4 ,townsend4 ,executive ,committee3 ,the ,lady ,jane ,taylor1 #af1 ,eaton ,place1 ,s4 ,w4 7,president74 ,the ,marchioness of ,salisbury1 ,arlington ,house1 ,arlington ,street4 ,the ,lady ,emily ,pepys1 #ge1 ,victoria ,street1 ,s4 ,w4 ,lady ,fox ,young1 #if1 ,cromwell ,road4 ,lady ,stuart ,hogg1 #ad1 ,southwell ,gardens1 ,s4 ,w4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,l4 ,blanchard1 #f1 ,adelphi ,terrace1 ,strand4 ,mrs4 ,george ,campbell1 #bb1 ,queen's ,gate ,gardens1 ,s4 ,w4 ,miss ,elliott1 #bi1 ,cornwall ,gardens1 ,s4 ,w4 ,miss ,hubbard1 ,leonards ,lee1 ,horsham4 ,miss ,anna ,swanwick1 #bc1 ,cumberland ,terrace1 ,n4 ,w4 ,the ,duke of ,manchester1 #a1 ,great ,stanhope ,street1 ,w4 ,lord ,william ,seymour1 #a1 ,chesham ,place4 ,gen4 ,sir ,r4 ,c4 ,h4 ,taylor1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,governor of ,sandhurst4 ,major ,c4 ,c4 ,fitzroy1 #d1 ,cranley ,place1 ,s4 ,w4 ,james ,noel1 ,esq41 #h1 ,hanover ,square1 ,w4 ,bankers3 ,messrs4 ,ransom1 ,bouverie ,co41 #a1 ,pall ,mall ,east1 ,s4 ,w4 ,honorary ,solicitors3 ,messrs4 ,green ,hartcup1 #e1 ,verulam ,buildings1 ,gray's ,inn4 ,honorary ,treasurer3 ,arthur ,bradshaw1 ,esq41 ,new ,crofts1 ,hillingdon1 ,uxbridge4 ,lady ,secretary3 ,miss ,clune4 ,honorary ,secretary3 ,thomas ,tully1 ,esq4 ,office3 ,new ,buildings1 ,carteret ,st41 ,queen ,anne's ,gate1 ,london1 ,s4,w4 ,the object of the ,society is to promote1 by means of advice and material help1 the emigration to the colonies of respectable ,englishwomen of all classes4 ,the ,society inquires into the character1 health1 and prospects of success of each intending emigrant1 and watches over her during her transit from her home in ,england to her place of settlement1 taking precautions for her comfort and safety on her voyage1 and through its agents sheltering and protecting her on her arrival at her destination until she obtains suitable employment4 ,it obtains and distributes information as to all the ,british ,colonies1 their climate1 resources1 c41 c4 ,the ,society endeavours to find the necessary expenses1 by loan or gift1 for outfit and passage to women who are of good character but without means4 ,many educated or suitable women1 struggling unsuccessfully against the over-competition of the ,old ,country1 would be glad to emigrate if they were aware of the existence of a ,society able to afford them serviceable advice and assistance4 ,they cannot go through the ,government ,emigration agencies1 and are therefore thrown upon the funds of the ,society4 ,to those who are unable to pay for their passage and equipment1 the assistance of such a ,society is indispensable4 ,the steamers of the ,p4 and ,o4 ,company1 and of the ,orient ,line1 perform the passage to ,adelaide in about six weeks4 ,the sailing ships usually occupy about twelve weeks4 ,the rates of passage vary from #ae to #ge4 ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limited1 ,,belle ,,sauvage ,,works1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,garters ,,entirely ,,superseded by ,,hoven',s ,,improved ,,patent ,,stocking ,,suspender4 ,illustration3 ,suspender ,,state ,,size ,,of ,,waist ,,for ,,band4 ,ask your ,draper for ,,hoven',s ,,patent4 ,it allows free ,circulation of the ,blood4 ,it leaves no mark on the limbs as made by ,garters4 ,it holds the ,stockings tightly1 and ,,without ,a ,,wrinkle4 ,it ,,cannot ,,tear ,,the ,,stocking under any circumstances4 ,it ,,gives to any movement of the body4 ,it does not increase the size around the waist4 ,,reduced ,,prices4 7,post ,free1 in ,box47 ,lady's shaped ,band 7to ,button71 ,white1 ,pink1 ,blue1 or ,cardinal1 #bs41 #bs4 #i;d41 with ,silk ,elastics1 #cs4 #i;d42 straight ,band 7to ,buckle71 ,white1 #as4 #f;d41 #bs4 #f;d41 with ,silk ,elastics1 #cs4 #f;d42 without ,band1 with ,loop for ,button1 #as4 #f;d41 ,silk1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,bands above #cj-;ins41 extra1 thus3--#ca to #cc-;in41 #c;d42 #cd to #cf-;in41 #f;d4 ,child's1 with ,band 7to ,button71 ,white1 #as4 #c;d41 ,white or ,colours1 #as4 #f;d41 with ,silk ,elastics1 #bs4 #f;d2 without ,band1 #as41 ,silk1 #as4 #i;d4 ,gentleman's ,stocking ,suspender1 with ,band ,buckle1 #cs4 ,above #cf-;ins4 #f;d4 extra4 ,sock ,suspender 7fitting below the knee71 ,cotton1 #as4 #c;d41 ,silk1 #bs4 ,any infringement of this ,patent 7,no4 #abhj_/gi7 will be dealt with ,legally4 ,,alfred ,,breese1 ,sole ,manufacturer1 #cd1 ,brewer ,street1 ,regent ,street1 ,london1 ,w4 #f ,employment for ,english ,ladies4 ,the ,art of ,dress ,cutting ,taught in a ,few ,lessons by the ,scientific ,system of ,square ,measurement4 ,what one of the oldest-established ,court ,dressmakers of ,london says of the ,scientific ,system of ,dress ,cutting4 ,to the ,,scientific ,,dress ,,cutting ,,association1 #bgb1 ,regent ,circus1 ,london1 ,w4 ,,dear ,,sirs1--,since learning your ,scientific ,system of ,dress ,cutting1 ,i can truly say it is unlike any other method ,i have ever known1 being easily learned1 and so reliable1 the instructions being printed upon the ,system1 and always before the eye of the cutter4 ,when measures are taken correctly1 there is no difficulty in obtaining a perfect fit the first time4 ,i have cut by your ,system various garments for numerous ,ladies1 and have thus far never failed to produce a perfect fit2 among which ,i have recently cut a garment for a lady living in a provincial city 7without even seeing her7 from measures taken by herself according to your instructions1 and ,i have since received a letter from her saying that it is the most perfect fit she has ever had4 ,therefore ,i have no hesitation in pronouncing your ,system perfect in every respect1 and ,i am now prepared to cut and make garments by your ,system for any ,ladies who may visit my ,establishment4 ,wishing you every success in your business1 ,believe me1 dear ,sirs1 very truly yours1 ,,jane ,,davis4 #id1 ,regent ,street1 ,london1 ,w4 ,,instructions ,,given at the ,,office1 from #i4cj a4m4 till #f p4m4 ,,agents ,,wanted in every ,town to ,sell our ,systems4 ,for particulars send for ,circular1 or call at the ,office of the ,scientific ,dress ,cutting ,association1 #bgb1 ,regent ,circus1 ,london1 ,w4 #h ,,to ,,the ,,fair ,,sex4 ,,ladies' ,,hair ,,combings1 forwarded by post1 thoroughly ,disentangled by ,new ,process1 and made up for #bs4 per oz4 ,returned in ,three ,days4 ,,faded ,,ornamental ,,hair ,,restored ,t4 ,s4 ,,brown 7,specialist for ,invisible ,coverings for ,temporary ,baldness or ,thin ,partings71 #c1 ,,leece ,,st41 top of ,,bold ,,st41 ,,liverpool4 ,,silks for ,,knitting and ,,embroidery4 ,illustration3 ,,trade ,,mark ,,adams ,co ,,filoselle1 #d;d4 per skein1 #cs4 #i;d4 per dozen4 ,,knitting ,,silks1 from #as4 #f;d4 per skein or ball4 ,,miss ,,turner',s ,,art ,,needlework ,,dep,,ts1 #ajj1 ,george ,st41 ,portman ,square1 ,w41 ,,and #ai #bj1 ,cromwell ,place1 ,south ,kensington1 ,s4,w4 ,,third ,,and ,,cheap ,,edition4 ,price #as4 ,how ,women may ,earn a ,living4 ,by ,,mercy ,,grogan4 ,in a lucid and concise manner are embodied a large number of suggestions in which ladies who have to depend upon their own exertions for their support could be helped4--,daily ,telegraph4 ,cassell ,company1 ,limited1 ,ludgate ,hill1 ,london4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 cloth1 #fs4 ,the ,ladies' ,physician4 ,a ,guide for ,women to the ,treatment of their ,ailments4 ,by a ,london ,physician4 ,the statements are accurate1 the opinions sound and the advice judicious4--,medical ,times4 ,cassell ,company1 ,limited1 ,ludgate ,hill1 ,london4 ,stiff covers1 #as42 cloth1 #as4 #f;d4 ,etiquette of ,good ,society4 ,a book which has reached its thirty-second thousand may fairly be considered a recognised authority4 ,for popular and general use1 ',etiquette of ,good ,society' is well adapted1 seeing that few topics connected with ordinary etiquette and social customs are omitted4 ,it covers the whole of our lives in all their varying phases1 and is as pleasantly written as it is instructive4--,the ,queen4 ,cassell ,company1 ,limited1 ,ludgate ,hill1 ,london4 ,the ,metropolitan ,school of ,shorthand1 #bg1 ,,chancery ,,lane4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,gunn1 ,principal4 ,established #ahgj4 ,the only ,school possessing a staff of ,reporters1 and enabled to give practical instruction and unlimited individual attention4 ,our results the highest in ,great ,britain4 ,read here ,society of ,arts' report of last examination1 also ,,pitman',s weekly returns4 #a1bjj completed ,pupils4 ,,note ,,address4 ,appointments obtained4 ,season ,tickets at reduced rates for daily attendance4 ,,testimonial4 #dg1 ,sharstead ,street1 ,kennington ,park1 ,july #bh1 #ahhc4 ,,dear ,,sir1--,i have much pleasure in saying that ,i think the instruction given at your ,school of ,shorthand very good indeed4 ,after a brief attendance ,i was enabled to obtain ,,pitman',s certificate1 and1 by going through your ,reporting ,system1 can write about #ajj words per minute4 ,yours truly1 ,,edith ,e4 ,,perkins4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,gunn1 ,esq4 ,,instruction ,,by ,,correspondence4 ,the ,preparatory ,school for the ,civil ,service1 ,matriculation1 c4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,richards1 ,b4 ,a41 and ,masters4 ,private ,tuition daily1 until #i p4m4 ,separate ,departments for ,lady ,clerks1 ,youths for ,business1 and ,postal ,instruction4 ,write--,a4 ,d4 ,,batten1 ,secretary1 #bg1 ,chancery ,lane4 ,lady ,clerks4--,,post ,,office ,,tuition1 exclusively devoted to the ,preparation of ,candidates1 by a ,lady4--,private ,instruction ,daily1 #aj to #i4 ,write--,,the ,,secretary1 ,preparatory ,school for the ,civil ,service1 #bg1 ,chancery ,lane4 ,,instruction ,,by ,,correspondence4 ,the ,eureka ,stocking ,clasp4 ,,this ,simple ,arrangement entirely supersedes any other system of retaining the ,stocking in position1 giving free circulation1 with simplicity of arrangement4 ,the same size fit any lady1 and they are exceedingly pretty in design4 ,price #bs4 per pair1 or #ajs4 #f;d4 for ,six pairs4 ,post free from ,,the ,,odourless ,,waterproof ,,company 7,,late ,,almond71 #i #aj1 ,little ,britain1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 #aes4 per ,week by ,easy ,work at ,home4 ,this amount can be earned by procuring a ,,knitting ,,machine1 which is supplied by payment of #a deposit1 and #ds4 per ,week1 which sums go towards purchase of the ,machine4 ,regular ,work supplied by the ,company4 ,apply to ,,patent ,,automatic ,,knitting ,,machine ,,company1 ,,limited1 #dag1 ,oxford ,street1 ,london1 ,w4 ,the ,rational ,dress ,exhibition4 ,messrs4 ,,heath1 of #ajg1 ,oxford ,street1 have a very sensible improvement in the shape of a soft-brimmed hat4 ,every one knows the painful sensation experienced from the pressure of the usual stiff-brimmed felt1 or silk hat2 this is quite obviated in the hat manufactured by ,messrs4 ,,heath4 ,the same firm also exhibit felt hats with a weather-proof but sightly trimming1 the hat being ventilated by small apertures under the trimming1 instead of at the top of the hat1 as usual--,vide ,the ,queen1 ,may #bfth1 #ahhc4 ,residents in the ,country can ensure a comfortably fitting ,hat being forwarded by writing for ,,henry ,,heath',s ,,patent ,,head-,,measuring ,,band1 for taking the form and ,size of the ,head4 ,the ,band is forwarded post free to country residents for ,,self-,,measurement1 ensuring a comfortably fitting ,hat4 ,illustration3,ladies' ,travelling ,hat4 ,ladies' ,travelling ,hat4 ,,best ,,soft ,,felt1 all ,colours1 trimmed rich silk1 weather-proof galloon--#ae_/- #ah_/f ,illustration3 ,fashionable ,silk ,hat4 ,fashionable ,silk ,hat4 ,,extra ,,quality 7,cash ,price7 #ag_/- ,,other ,,qualities--#ac_/f #aj_/f ,as exhibited at the ,rational ,dress ,exhibition4 ,,henry ,,heath1 ,only ,address1 #aje-ajg1 ,oxford ,street1 ,,over ,,against ,,newman ,,street1 ,w4 7,city ,end47 ,established in the ,reign of ,king ,george ,,iv4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes ,obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected4 ,all other variations in hyphenation spelling and punctuation remain unchanged4 ,the final two references in the table of contents referred to page #abd4 ,as this does not exist they have been changed to #aad which is the beginning of the relevant chapter4 ,italics are represented thus italic4