,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores & bold text by equal signs4 ,,symmes',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,conc5tric ,,sph]es2 ,,demon/rat+ ,,t ,,! ,,e>? ,,is ,,holl[1 ,,habitable ,,)91 ,,& ,,widely ,,op5 ,,ab\t ,,! ,,poles4 ,by a ,citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are m ?+s 9 ,heav5 & ,,e>?1 ,horatio1 ,?an are dreamt ( 9 y\r philosophy6 ,,%akspe>e4 ,if ?is man be errone\s1 :o appe>s to be s sangu9e & p]sev]+ 9 8 op9ions1 :at )holds u b our slo?1 our self-w1 & di/ru/ 9 ! "r cause1 t we d n give him g5tle meet+s & a g5tle dismission2 t we debate n & exam9e ! matt] ?or\ghly1 ) lib]al & frequ5t audi5ce2 if n = 8 sake1 yet = our own2 see+ t no man :o ha? ta/$ le>n+1 b w confess ! _m ways ( pr(it+ by ^?1 :o1 n cont5t ) /ale receipts1 are able to manage & set =? new positions to ! _w4 ,& 7 !y b z ! du/ & c9d]s ( our feet1 s long z 9 t notion1 !y may yet s]ve to poli% & bright5 ! armory ( tru?2 ev5 = t respect !y are n utt]ly to be ca/ away4 ,,milton4 ,,c9c9nati3 ,,pr9t$ ,,& ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,morgan1 ,,lodge ,,& ,,fi%]4 #ahbf4 ,,di/rict ,,( ,,ohio1 ,,to ,,wit4 ,,be ,,x ,,rememb]$1 t on ! f\r? day ( ,april1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & tw5ty six & 9 ! fiftie? ye> ( ! ,am]ican indep5d5ce1 ,,messrs4 ,,morgan1 ,,lodge ,,& ,,fi%]1 ( said ,di/rict1 ha? deposit$ 9 ?is (fice1 ! title ( a book1 ! "r :]e( !y claim z proprietors1 9 ! words & figures foll[+1 to wit3 ,symmes's !ory ( conc5tric sph]es2 demon/rat+ t ! e>? is holl[1 habitable )91 & widely op5 ab\t ! poles3 by a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ',!re are m ?+s 9 ,heav5 & ,e>? ,horatio1 ?an are dreamt ( 9 y\r philosophy' ,%akespe>e1 ',if ?is man be errone\s :o appe>s to be s sangu9e & p]sev]+ 9 8 op9ions1 :at )holds u b our slo?1 our self-w1 & di/ru/ 9 ! "r cause1 t we d n give him g5tle meet+s & a g5tle dismission2 t we debate n & exam9e ! matt] ?or\ghly1 ) lib]al & frequ5t audi5ce3 if n = 8 sake1 yet = our own2 see+ t no man :o has ta/$ le>n+ b w confess ! _m ways ( pr(it+ by ^?1 :o1 n cont5t ) /ale receipts1 are able to manage & set =? new positions to ! _w4 ,& 7 !y b z ! du/ & c9d]s ( our feet1 s long z 9 t notion1 !y may yet s]ve to poli% & bright5 ! armory ( tru?3 ev5 = t respect1 !y are n utt]ly to be ca/ away4' ,milton4 ,9 con=mity to ! act ( ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 entitl$ ,an act = ! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+ by secur+ ! copies ( ,maps1 ,*>ts & ,books to ! proprietors ( su* copies dur+ ! times !re9 m5tion$2 & also ( ! act entitl$ ,an act supplem5t>y to an act entitl$ an act = ! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+ by secur+ ! copies ( ,maps1 ,*>ts & ,books1 to ! au?ors & proprietors ( su* copies1 dur+ ! times !re9 m5tion$1 & ext5d+ ! b5efits !re( to ! arts ( design+1 engrav+ & et*+ hi/orical & o!r pr9ts4 ,atte/1 ,,william ,,key ,,bond1 ,,cl]k4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,! writ] ( ! foll[+ "w is said to be a resid5t ( ! ,miami c\ntry4 ,aft] read+ ,capta9 ,symmes's numb]s1 & he>+ "s ( 8 lectures1 he wrote ! "w1 x seems1 9 ! fir/ place )\t ! idea ( publication2 b aft]w>ds correct$ & enl>g$ x1 & left x ) a fri5d ( ,capta9 ,symmes = publication1 sometime 9 ! autumn ( ! ye> #ahbd4 ,! nett pr(its 7 !n1 z n[1 to be paid to ,capta9 ,symmes1 t[>ds enabl+ him to promote & e/abli% 8 pr9ciples3 b ow+ to ! abs5ce ( ! au?or1 & o!r circum/ances1 x has rema9$ unpubli%$ till n[4 ,! au?or has *os5 to pres5t ! "w anonym\sly2 & has obta9$ ! promise ( ,capta9 ,symmes to =be> criticis+ x 9 manuscript1res]v+ any rem>ks or corrections1 he may wi% to make1 = future publication4 ,"s errors ( ! press w d\btless be discov]$2 z 79 ! abs5ce ( bo? ,compil] & ,!ori/7 !re 0 no pro(-read] at h&1 suffici5tly v]s$ 9 ! ,new ,!ory1 at all times1 to detect !m4 ,,! ,,publi%]s4 ,c9c9nati1 ,april1 #ahbf4 ,to ! ,public4 ,! foll[+ little treatise1 0 writt5 9 ! autumn ( ! ye> eighte5 hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r2 :5 f ! urg5cy ( my common avocation1 & f a desire to rema9 incognito1 ! manuscript 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a fri5d ( ,capta9 ,symmes = publication4 ,z x 0 n my int5tion to seek a publi%]1 or make advances to facilitate its progress1 ,i left ! c\ntry = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 )\t pay+ any fur!r att5tion to ! subject4 ,v>i\s difficulties int]v5+1 delay$ ! publication1 until subsequ5t ev5ts1 h de/roy$ my *ief inducem5t2 :i* 01 t ^! speculations1 compil$ f a cursory exam9ation ( facts1 %\ld g =? z a h>b+]1 m]ely1 & n foll[ 9 ! wake1 ( public inve/igation4 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,m>*1 #ahbf4 ,preface4 ,! au?or ( ! foll[+ pages does n write because he is a le>n$ man2 he is consci\s ( ! rev]se2 & t 8 m]its give him no claim to t appellation2 nei!r does he make ?is attempt because he is well acqua9t$ ) ei!r ! new1 or ! old !ories ( ! e>?2 b1 f hav+ obs]v$ t ! ,!ory ( ,conc5tric ,sph]es has be5 be=e ! _w = six or sev5 ye>s1 )\t attract+ ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific1 except 9 a v few in/ances2few besides ! au?or himself hav+ come =w>d to advocate its correctness4 ,! newspap] scribbl]s1 :o h notic$ ! !ory at all1 h almo/ uni=mly appe>$ to consid] x z a fit subject on :i* to indulge _! wit1 ! sallies ( :i*1 clo!d 9 all ! hum\r & satire _! fancies c\ld sugge/1 h 9 "s degree _h a t5d5cy to ?r[ ar\nd x an air ( levity v unfav\rable to s]i\s inve/igation4 ,b to deal 9 s>casm is n always reason+2 & ! tru? is n to be asc]ta9$ by indulg+ 9 ridicule4 ,consid]ations ( ?is nature1 fir/ induc$ ! au?or to devote a %ort "t to ! task ( inve/igat+ a subject1 to :i* he _h paid b little att5tion1 & to give ! sev]al pap]s1 publi%$ by ,capta9 ,symmes1 a cursory exam9ation2 9 ! c\rse ( :i*1 he not$ su* ( ,symmes's pr9ciples & pro(s z attract$ 8 att5tion1 z !y occurr$2 & has s9ce presum$ to arrange !m 9 su* ord] z 8 own fancy sugge/$2 suppos+ t1 z !y _h /ruck =cibly on 8 m9d1 !y might p]haps attract ! att5tion ( "s o!r p]son1 ^: habits ( ?9k+ may be simil> to 8 own4 ,he has 9 a few in/ances ins]t$1 9 addition to ^? :i* he has se5 advanc$ by ,capta9 ,symmes1 su* reasons & pro(s 9 support ( ! !ory z occurr$ to him at ! "t4 ,h[ev]1 he has no claim to orig9ality2 z he has made a lib]al use ( ! publications ( ,capta9 ,symmes1 z well z ! rem>ks made on !m by o!rs1 :i* came 9 8 way4 ,! read] w n look = a complete analysis ( ! !ory 9 ?is %ort treatise2 x is n int5d$ z su* by ! au?or1 8 object be+ m]ely to attract ! att5tion ( ! le>n$1 :o are 9 ! habit ( indulg+ 9 m ab/ruse rese>*es into ! op]ation & effect ( natural causes2 & %\ld x be f\nd to m]it ! att5tion ( su*1 x is hop$ _! enquiries may be s direct$ z to accel]ate ! m>* ( sci5tific improvem5t1 enl>ge ! field ( philosophic speculation1 & op5 to ! _w new objects ( ambition & ent]prise4 ,%\ld he !re=e be =tunate en\gh to make any obs]vations1 or indulge 9 any reflections1 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ *apt]s1 t may m]it ! att5tion ( ! read]1 he hopes !y may 9 "s degree atone = ! _m defects :i* w d\btless be discov]$2 ) a s9c]e wi%1 t g5tlem5 ( lit]ature & sci5ce1 :o h made deep] rese>*es ?an he pret5ds to1 w h ! goodness to correct !m4 ,! au?or does n write = ,fame3 z anonym\s compil]s 7& x is ! au?or's wi% to be consid]$ 9 no o!r light7 c nev] expect _! true names to be inscrib$ on h] records3 nei!r d pecuni>y consid]ations influ5ce him1 z he expects to reap no pr(it f ! publication4 ,%\ld x attract public curiosity to su* a degree1 z to induce ! sale ( m copies ?an w be suffici5t to meet ! exp5se ( pr9t+1 x is ! au?or's desire1 & he does h]eby direct1 & fully au?orize ! publi%]s1 to pay ov] ! nett pr(its to ,capta9 ,symmes1 = ! purpose ( enabl+ him fur!r to prosecute 8 /udies2 & to aid him 9 ! accompli%m5t ( 8 designs4 ,:e!r ,capta9 ,symmes has hit ^u an important tru? 9 ! economy ( nature1 z respects ! organization ( matt]1 x is n = ! au?or to det]m9e2 to ! m sci5tific we mu/ look = a solution ( ! problem2 to !m x is submitt$4 ,! foll[+ pages are pres5t$ ) no o!r int5tion1 ?an z a h9t to elicit ! att5tion ( o!rs1 :o are qualifi$ to inve/igate1 & improve ! subject4 ,%\ld !y1 on exam9ation1 consid] ! matt] wor?y ( _! inve/igation1 x w d\btless receive ! att5tion :i* its importance s greatly dem&s4 ,if x be errone\s1 x is hop$ !y w detect1 & expose its fallacy to ! _w2 giv+ at ! same "t rational & satisfactory explanations ( ! _m facts1 & appe>ances :i* ,capta9 ,symmes adduces z pro(s ( 8 positions4 ,augu/1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahbd4 ,apology ,,to ,,capta9 ,,symmes4 ,,sir ,to y ,i w\ld apologize = ! lib]ties ,i h tak5 ) y\r ,!ory1 & y\r publications 9 relation to x1 :i* h made _! appe>ance 9 ! newspap]s ( ! day4 ,:5 ,i comm5c$ ?is compilation1 9 support ( y\r doctr9e ( ,conc5tric ,sph]es1 ,i _h no view to its publication4 ,i _h collect$ all ! pap]s on ! subject1 ^u :i* ,i c\ld lay my h&s1 ) ! int5tion ( inve/igat+ ! ,!ory = my own satisfaction3 b ! scatt]$ & irregul> ord] 9 :i* ,i f\nd !m1 & 9 :i* !y mu/ necess>ily appe> 9 deta*$ ,newspap] essays1 publi%$ at diff]5t & di/ant times1 induc$ me to attempt a me?odical arrangem5t1 = ! purpose ( facilitat+ my own enquiries4 ,:5 ,i _h complet$ ?is1 ! same reasons1 add$ to ! consid]ation1 t y h n only invit$1 b solicit$ ! inve/igation ( y\r !ory1 decl>+ x z free z air1 to e p]son1 to make su* use ( x z he may ?9k prop]1 influ5c$ me to conclude on publi%+ ! result ( my inve/igations4 ,hav+ come to ?is det]m9ation1 ,i h add$ a ,preface1 an ,introductory *apt]1 & a few ?+s 9 conclusion1 to make x look m l a ,book4 ,z ,i h n se5 all y\r publications 9 ! newspap]s1 if ,i h n fully und]/ood1 or if ,i h misrepres5t$ y\r !ory 9 any p>ticul>1 ,i assure y x has be5 done un9t5tionallyx has aris5 entirely f my want ( adequate in=mation2 & ,i hope y w1 9 ! _s ( c&\r & good nature1 p>don & correct any errors into :i* ,i may h fall54 ,_h an opportunity (f]$1 & c\ld ,i h done x ) propriety1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly h submitt$ ! manuscript to y\r revision1 previ\s to its publication4 ,h[ev]1 z ?is sket* is only int5d$ to elicit fur!r inve/igation1 & c only live until a =mal & sy/ematic treatise %all appe> f y\r p51 ,i hope y w p]mit x to pass z ! ,pione] to a m complete demon/ration ( y\r ,!ory ( ,conc5tric ,sph]es4 ,i ,,am ,,sir1 ,"o ( ! believ]s 9 t ,!ory1 ,,! ,,au?or4 #ahbd4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,conta9+ an introductory glance at "s ( ! diff]5t ,!ories & ,op9ions :i* h be5 embrac$ respect+ ! =mation ( ! ,e>?1 & ! reception :i* ^? ,!ories met ) f ! _w :5 fir/ promulgat$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,symmes's ,!ory2 compreh5d+ 8 description ( ! =m ( ! e>?1 & ( ! o!r orbs 9 ! ,univ]se2 8 pr9ciples ( gravity1 & ! po9ts :]e9 he diff]s f ! old or g5]ally receiv$ !ories4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,symmes's ,!ory support$ by argum5ts drawn f ! pr9ciples inh]5t 9 matt]1 & ! consequ5ces result+ f motion2 t5d+ to %[ t1 f necessity1 matt] mu/ =m itself into conc5tric circles or sph]es1 su* z ,symmes describes ! e>? to be compos$ (4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,argum5ts 9 support ( ,symmes's ,!ory1 drawn f ,cele/ial appe>ances4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,!ory ( ,conc5tric ,sph]es1 support$ by argum5ts drawn f ,t]re/rial facts2 su* z ! migration ( animals to & f ! arctic regions1 & f refraction1 & ! v>iation ( ! compass1 obs]v$ 9 high nor!rn latitudes4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,facts t5d+ to illu/rate & prove ! exi/5ce ( a mid-plane space1 situat$ betwe5 ! concave & convex surfaces ( ! sph]e4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,sev]al objections1 made to ! ,!ory ( ,conc5tric ,sph]es1 answ]$1 p>ticul>ly ! "o t x contrav5es religi\s op9ions2 demon/rat+ t ! e>?1 & ! o!r orbs ( ! univ]se1 are =m$ on ! be/ possible plan = ! ma9t5ance & support ( organic life4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,g5]al obs]vations on ! ,!ory ( ,conc5tric ,sph]es1 ) a few sugge/ions to ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to au?orize & fit out an ,exp$ition = ! discov]y ( ! ,int]ior ,regions2 or1 at lea/1 to explore ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,a few brief sugge/ions1 relative to ! description1 tonnage1 & numb] ( vessels1 necess>y to be equipp$ = a voyage ( discov]y to ! int]ior regions ( ! e>?2 ! numb] ( m5 necess>y to be employ$ on bo>d1 articles necess>y = ! outfit1 & ! probable exp5se att5d+ ! same2 also1 z to ! r\te mo/ prop] to be pursu$ to accompli% ! object ( ! exp$ition4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,a %ort ,biographical sket* ( ,capta9 ,symmes2 ) "s obs]vations on ! treatm5t :i* he has met ) 9 ! advancem5t ( 8 !ory4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,conc5tric ,,sph]es4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,conta9+ an introductory glance at "s ( ! diff]5t ,!ories & ,op9ions :i* h be5 advanc$ respect+ ! =mation ( ! ,e>?1 & ! reception :i* ^? ,!ories met ) f ! _w :5 fir/ promulgat$4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 t ^? :o h be5 e>ly taught to believe a c]ta9 set ( pr9ciples & doctr9es z true1 :e!r 9 philosophy1 religion1 or politics1 adh]e to !m ) ! utmo/ p]t9acity dur+ ! rema9d] ( _! lives4 ,any new !ory1 or pr9ciple1 is resi/$ ) peculi> en]gy2 &1 h[ev] inconsi/5t or untrue _! favorite sy/ems may be1 !y are dispos$ to make pr9ciples & facts b5d to !m2 & w\ld soon] call 9 "q ! g5]al & immutable laws ( nature1 ?an ! correctness ( _! own op9ions4 ,p]haps ?is p]t9aci\s adh]5ce to preval5t & receiv$ op9ions has ret>d$ ! progress ( philosophic improvem5t m ?an ! want ( bold1 orig9al1 & enquir+ g5ius4 ,9 =m] times ^? :o cultivat$ sci5ce1 or r ^? :o 7 call$ le>n$1 g5]ally bas$ _! philosophy on ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle2 :i*1 z !y _h be5 taught to rev]5ce !m f _! infancy1 _h become almo/ int]wov5 ) _! con/itutions4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh "t has unfold$ to u _! errors1 dur+ sev]al c5turies1 suspicion nev] h9t$ _! fallibility4 ,! doctr9e ( ! revolutions ( ! e>?1 & o!r planets2 ( gravitation1 magnetism1 & o!r prop]ties n[ kn[n to belong to matt]2 h ea* 9 _! turn met ) a /rong opposition f ! mo/ le>n$ m5 liv+ at ! "t ( _! discov]y4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is opposition1 9 all ages1 a few bold1 enquir+ m9ds h _h ! firmness to diss5t f ! e/abli%$ doctr9es ( ! s*oolm51 & to lay ! f\ndation ( new sy/ems1 ! correctness ( :i* subsequ5t improvem5ts 9 sci5ce h m or less demon/rat$ to ! _w4 ,al?\gh ne>ly six ?\s& ye>s h elaps$ s9ce man has be5 plac$ ^u ! e>?1 he yet kn[s b little ( its =mation4 ,not)/&+ all our ent]prise1 all our boa/$ acquirem5ts1 & discov]ies1 its true =m yet rema9s unc]ta92 & al?\gh admitt$ t x is n q eight ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 we /ill h nev] explor$ its ext5t4 ,a space ( ne>ly =ty degrees ( latitude rema9s z little kn[n to u1 z if x 7 a "p ( ! surface ( ,saturn1 or an orb revolv+ r\nd a /> ( ! eigh? magnitude4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! inhabitants ( ^? regions1 or :at k9d ( animate be+s exi/ 9 !m4 ,x 0 a prevail+ op9ion among ! anci5ts1 ! correctness ( :i* !y = ages nev] call$ 9 "q1 t ! temp]ate zones ( our globe 7 alone habitable4,! torrid zone !y imag9$ 0 compos$ ( no?+ b s&y des]ts1 scor*$ up by ! v]tical & insupportable beams ( a burn+ sun4 ,! frigid zones1 !y believ$ 7 begirt ) et]nal sn[s1 & ?ick ribb$ ice1 :i* r5d]$ !m inaccessible to man1 & incapable ( support+ animal or vegetable life4 ,h5ce none v5tur$ to approa* !m4 ,subsequ5t discov]ies h1 h[ev]1 taught u ! errors ( ! anci5ts4 ,we n[ "k t ! torrid zone teems ) organic life2 & possesses1 9 _m p>ts1 a population m d5se ?an ! temp]ate1 & is equally well adapt$ to its support3 nay1 we ev5 f9d ! temp]ature ( t region to be su* t x conta9s m\nta9s capp$ ) p]petual sn[s1 :i* ! beams ( a ,july sun d n dissolve4 ,x has also be5 asc]ta9$ t ! frigid zones are p>tially inhabit$3 b x seems t a c]ta9 timid dread1 p]haps 9 "p attributable to ! prejudices imbib$ f our ance/ors1 has prev5t$ our explor+ ! ext5t ( ^? regions4 ,h[ev]1 z f> z civiliz$ man has yet v5tur$ to p5etrate t[>ds ! poles1 we f9d t plants gr[1 fl[]s bloom1 & human be+s make a p]man5t resid5ce2 nay1 ev5 ! untutor$ savages :o reside !re tell u t o!r human be+s reside yet fur!r to ! nor?2 & animals are kn[n to migrate 9 t direction4 ,reason+ !n f analogy1 & f :at we "k1 we h no gr\nd to conclude t su* a va/ ext5t ( surface has be5 creat$ by an all-wise ,provid5ce = no o!r purpose1 ?an to be et]nally clo!d ) m\nta9s ( ice4 ,su* a conclusion comports n ) ! g5]al economy we d "k to exi/ ?r\gh\t 8 works4 ,we are con/ra9$ to ackn[l$ge1 not)/&+ our improvem5ts 9 sci5ce1 t1 comp>atively1 we "k b little ( ! economy ( nature4 ,)9 a few ye>s pa/1 almo/ an entire revolution has tak5 place 9 ! _w respect+ ! philosophy ( light & heata *ange :i* affects ! !ory bo? ( _! nature1 & ( _! causes3,!y are n[ believ$ to be two di/9ct ?+s1 & t ! sun communicates nei!r1 b m]ely gives activity1 9 "s mann] n yet kn[n1 to ! pr9ciples1 or matt]1 ( light & heat ) :i* our elem5ts ab\nd4 ,if ?is be ! case1 z ,i believe is n[ admitt$ by ! le>n$ _w1 we _c und]take to say1 t ! int5sity or ! abs5ce ( ei!r1 is necess>ily dep5dant alone on ! altitude ( ! sun1 "u any p>ticul> latitude2 or on our ne>ness to1 or remot5ess f1 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em3,= aught we "k1 bo? may be connect$ ) arrangem5ts t require b few ( ! sun's rays to make !m answ] ! purposes ( organic life4 ,= aught we c tell1 ! planet ,georgium ,sidus1 :i* rolls eighte5 hundr$ millions ( miles di/ant f ! orb ( day1 may1 nev]!less1 be fav\r$ ) z brilliant light1 & z g5ial w>m? z our little globe2 & = aught we "k ! int]ior ( ?is planet1 9 ! concavity ( ! sph]es1 "u ! equator1 may enjoy ! same light & heat t fructify & bless ! equatorial climes on ! convex surface4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( sev]al ?\s& ye>s ! anci5ts 7 ( op9ion t ! e>? 0 a p]fect plane1 at re/1 & support$ bel[ by an unkn[n some?+2 t x 0 b\nd$ on all sides by an impassable b>ri]1 & cov]$ ) ! blue canopy ( heav51 9 :i* ! sun1 moon1 & />s p]=m$ _! diurnal revolutions = ! sole use & s]vice ( a few frail mortals4 ,!y believ$ t ! sun1 e morn+ rose out ( ! ,ea/]n sea2 & 9 ! ev5+ plung$ into ! ,we/]n ocean2 t ! />s 7 light$ up 9 ! ev5+ by "s k9d deity1 & ext+ui%$ be=e ! appe>ance ( ! sun4 ,= ages none d\bt$ ! correctness ( su* a !ory4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 f an att5tive exam9ation ( ! regul> appe>ances & revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 "s ( ! ,babylonians adopt$ ! op9ion t ! e>? 0 sph]ical2 revolv+ at regul> p]iods r\nd ! sun1 z ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ?is !y 7 foll[$ by ,py?agoras & o!rs4 ,b ^? ef=ts ( g5ius1 = ! mo/ "p1 met no o!r rew>d ?an ! execrations ( ! exasp]at$ multitude4 ,su* innovations 7 deem$ an impi\s crime aga9/ ! gods1 & c\ld only be aton$ = by ! sacrifice ( _! lives4 ,9 ^? times ! p ( e nation1 l ! untutor$ ,indian ( our ,nor? ,we/]n wild]ness at ?is day1 consid]$ _! own c\ntry to be situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & !y1 ! mo/ fav\r$ p4 ,ev5 9 lat] times1 :5 ! sy/em ( ! ,babylonians1 & t ( ,py?agoras1 7 reviv$ by ,cop]nicus2 &1 :5 new discov]ies respect+ ! =m & revolutions ( ! e>?1 & o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se1 7 made by ,galileo1 n m ?an two hundr$ ye>s s9ce1 we f9d an ignorant & bigot$ _w al>m$ at su* op9ions4 ,we f9d ,galileo1 t incomp>able philosoph]1 cit$ be=e ! c\rt ( ,inquisition1 accus$ ( h]esy1 & ?r[n into prison4 ,! *>ge ( h]esy aga9/ him 0 support$ by alleg+ t he ma9ta9$ ! two foll[+ positions1 viz4 #a4 ,t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & immoveable by a local motion2 & #b4 ,t ! e>? is n ! c5tre ( ! _w1 nor immoveable1 b t x moves ) a diurnal motion4 ,^! positions he 0 n p]mitt$ to ma9ta9 or def5d1 b 0 ord]$ to r5\nce !m2 & 0 prohibit$ f v9dicat+ !m ei!r 9 conv]sation or writ+4 ,h[ev] /range & impi\s ^! doctr9es appe>$ at t "t1 subsequ5t ages h confirm$ _! correctness4 ,:5 ,columbus advanc$ ! !ory ( a we/]n cont95t1 he 0 ridicul$1 p]secut$1 & contemn$1 by ne>ly all ! lit]ati ( ,europe4 ,x 0 an idea :i* _h nev] be=e ent]$ _! m9ds4 ,b1 not)/&+ all _! opposition & ridicule1 ! correctness ( 8 vision>y !ory1 z !y 7 pleas$ to call x1 0 demon/rat$ by ! actual discov]y ( ?is va/ cont95t1 :i* is n[ su/a9+ millions ( ! v happie/ ( ! human race4 ,_m ( ! important discov]ies ( ! immortal ,newton1 at ! "t !y 7 fir/ promulgat$ to ! _w1 7 d5\nc$ z ! spl5did visions ( a madman2 b1 subsequ5t ages h done him ju/ice4 ,mu* z we may feel ourselves elat$ on acc\nt ( ! new lights :i* h s9ce be5 %$ ^u u1 by ! fur!r progress & developem5t ( sci5ce2 yet1 :5 ,i reflect on ! unk9d treatm5t :i* ,capta9 ,symmes & 8 new !ory h receiv$ 9 our own day1 ,i _c help fe>+ t we are /ill1 9 "s degree1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! same feel+s & prejudices :i* br\ght ! e>li] philosoph]s to ! torture1 & ! prison4 ,?is !ory diff]s mu* less f ! "o n[ commonly receiv$1 ?an ! doctr9es ( ^? philosoph]s diff]$ f ! prejudices ( ! multitude1 9 an age :5 e "o believ$ ! e>? to be z flat z a table2 &1 consequ5tly1 x is b a small innovation 9 comp>ison to :at ! !ory ( ,py?agoras & ,cop]nicus mu/ h appe>$ to be 9 _! day2 yet ,capta9 ,symmes has be5 con/antly1 & almo/ e :]e1 repres5t$ z a vision>y & dang]\s innovator1 & 8 alleg$ discov]y ridicul$ z ! silly dream ( a d]ang$ imag9ation4 ,b let u n turn our backs & give a deaf e> to him1 or to ! discov]ies ( any o!r man1 m]ely because !y are new1 & 9 contrav5tion ( our previ\sly receiv$ impressions4 ,true x is1 novelty is frequ5tly dang]\s & hurtful3 b on ! o!r h&1 x is (t5 necess>y & useful4 ,)\t x we %\ld /ill rema9 de/itute ( _m ( ! greate/ advantages we enjoy4 ,)\t ! advancem5t ( new pr9ciples1 & speculative ideas1 nei!r ourselves1 nor any o!r p1 c\ld ev] h em]g$ f a /ate ( savage b>b>ity4 ,)\t x1 :at purpose c\ld our reason s]ve1 :i*1 "u prop] regulations1 & by a gradual progress1 is capable ( contribut+ s l>gely to ! g5]al good ( society8 ,7 x my op9ion t ,symmes's ,!ory is "o ( ! wilde/ & mo/ ridicul\s t ev] ent]$ into ! bra9 ( man1 ,i w\ld n refuse to he> him2 nor by malevol5t or satirical disapprobation1 attempt to disc\rage him1 be=e ,i _h exam9$ & reflect$ ^u x4 ,by ! exam9ation ( _m speculative subjects1 ab\nd+ ) falsehood1 we are frequ5tly enabl$ to treasure up "s tru?s4 ,"s ( ! fir/ & mo/ important discov]ies 9 *emi/ry1 owe _! orig9 to ! midnight vigils ( ! al*ymi/s1 :o va9ly s\ght = ! philosoph]'s /one3 & _m valuable comb9ations 9 ! sci5ce ( me*anics h be5 discov]$ by ^? :o wa/$ ye>s 9 z va9 a pursuit1 aft] a p]petual motion4 ,i believe !re are b few !ories1 :i* d n conta9 mu* t is pr(itable4 ,! man :o has ! +5uity to advance new ones1 w be likely1 9 ! c\rse ( reason+ necess>y to support !m1 to say some?+ t is useful to be kn[n4 ,9 8 v rev]ies & w&]+s1 he w (t5 po9t out l&-m>ks1 :i* may be useful to ! future travell]4 ,:e!r !n is x bett] to cr\* "u ! tyranny ( prejudice1 or employ our ?\ghts & reason+ p[]s 9 ! se>* ( tru?1 ?\gh at ! risk ( deceiv+ ourselves1 z our pr$ecessors h done8 ,_h x n be5 = a prud5t boldness 9 advanc+ & def5d+ new doctr9es1 ! human m9d mu/ h rema9$ to ?is day1 ! sport ( all ! *im]as ( ! anci5ts4 ,! exact %ape & =mation ( ! e>? are admitt$ n to be well und]/ood4 ,! laws ( gravity1 & ! admeasurem5ts :i* h be5 made 9 diff]5t places on ! same m]idian1 h demon/rat$ to u1 t ! greate/ ma!maticians h mi/ak5 its real figure4 ,v>i\s !ories h at diff]5t times be5 publi%$ & refut$1 & o!rs sub/itut$ 9 _! /ead4 ,yet /ill a %ade ( d>kness & my/]y appe>s to hang ov] ! subject2 = _m pr9ciples1 attractions1 & app>5t v>iations f ! e/abli%$ laws believ$ to exi/ 9 ! economy ( nature1 h be5 discov]$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! pol> regions1 :i* rema9 unexpla9$ & unacc\nt$ =4 ,let u1 !re=e1 exam9e & inve/igate any !ory :i* proposes to expla9 !m4 ,let u n be s t5aci\s ( our own op9ions1 & h]$it>y prejudices1 z to /op at ! v po9t :]e e ?+ invites u to proce$4 ,let u r pu% our rese>*es aft] k to ! utmo/1 & ex]cise our reason1 & e means 9 our p[] t may t5d to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce & k4 ,9 ! pursuit1 let u n be ret>d$ by ! cry ( prejudice1 or ! s>ca/ic :isp]s ( ! n>r[ m9d$1 & selfi%4 ,let u1 !re=e give ,capta9 ,symmes a g5tle meet+1 & a c&id he>+1 9 ! foll[+ %ort *apt]s2 asc]ta9 :at 8 !ory is1 & on :at pr9ciples he supports x2 & !n adopt or reject x1 z our reason may dictate4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,symmes's ,!ory2 compreh5d+ 8 description ( ! =m ( ! e>?1 & ( ! o!r orbs 9 ! ,univ]se2 8 pr9ciples ( gravity1 & ! po9ts :]e9 he diff]s f ! old or g5]ally receiv$ !ories4 ,accord+ to ,symmes's ,!ory1 ! e>?1 z well z all ! cele/ial orbicul> bodies exi/+ 9 ! univ]se1 visible & invisible1 :i* p>take 9 any degree ( a planet>y nature1 f ! greate/ to ! smalle/1 f ! sun1 d[n to ! mo/ m9ute blaz+ meteor or fall+ />1 are all con/itut$ 9 a great] or less degree1 ( a collection ( sph]es1 m or less solid1 conc5tric ) ea* o!r1 & m or less op5 at _! poles2 ea* sph]e be+ sep>at$ f its adjo9+ compe]s by space replete ) a]ial fluids2 t e portion ( inf9ite space1 except :at is occupi$ by sph]es1 is fill$ ) an a]ial ela/ic fluid1 m subtile ?an common atmosph]ic air2 & con/itut$ ( innum]able small conc5tric sph]es1 too m9ute to be visible to ! organ ( sight assi/$ by ! mo/ p]fect microscope1 & s ela/ic t !y cont9ually press on ea* o!r1 & *ange _! relative situations z (t5 z ! position ( any piece ( matt] 9 space may *ange its position3 ?us caus+ a univ]sal pressure1 :i* is weak5$ by ! int]v5tion ( o!r bodies 9 proportion to ! subt5d$ angle ( di/ance & dim5sion2 necess>ily caus+ ! body to move t[>ds ! po9ts ( decreas$ pressure4 ,x is a s\nd pr9ciple ( philosophy1 t ! p>ticles ( ! common air ( our atmosph]e are ( a repellant quality1 & mutually repulse ea* o!r4 ,! :ole sy/em ( pneumatics goes to prove t air presses equally 9 all directions4 ,n a s+le exp]im5t 9 ?is bran* ( natural sci5ce c be p]=m$ t does n dep5d on su* a prop]ty4 ,?is be+ ! case1 if ! b\ndless ext5t ( ! univ]se1 beyond ! limits ( our atmosph]e1 be an entire vacuum1 :y %\ld ! atmosph]e be reta9$ 9 its pres5t circumscrib$ =m1 & n exp&1 by virtue ( its repellant quality1 f> beyond its kn[n height8 ,to prev5t ?is1 ,symmes believes univ]sal space to be fill$ ) an ela/ic fluid1 inconceivably r>e1 & uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t2 diff]+ f common air1 & f ! ela/ic fluids 7:i* also are kn[n to be repellant7 exi/+ 9 our atmosph]e4 ,?is t5d5cy is :at ,symmes believes %\ld be und]/ood by ! t]m gravity2 ! laws ( action gov]n+ :i* he holds to be true1 z def9$ by ,newton3 & he moreov] holds t ! application ( ! laws ( gravity1 z laid d[n by ,newton1 leads a reason+ m9d to ! belief ( conc5tric sph]es1 ) op5 poles1 z all planet>y bodies are 9 8 op9ion =m$4 ,9 reg>d to ! effects ( gravity1 he pret5ds n to diff] f ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion ( ! age2 b ! application ( !m1 z to ! inn] p>ts ( insulat$ bodies1 has enabl$ him to improve 9 a k ( ! =mation ( planets2 & f9ally l$ him to =m a correct idea ( :at con/itutes gravity4 ,! au?or ( ! new !ory ent]ta9s a belief t ! pr9ciples ( planet>y orbicul> =ms1 develop$ by him1 ext5d z well to ! molecules ( ! mo/ subtile fluids1 z to ! innum]able />s or suns ( ! univ]se1 & all _! planet>y tra9s3 he cont5ds t ?\gh he may n h discov]$ any new pr9ciples 9 physics1 yet t he has made int]e/+ advances 9 a k ( ! application ( :at 0 h]et(ore kn[n4 ,accord+ to him1 ! planet :i* has be5 designat$ ! ,e>?1 is compos$ ( at lea/ five holl[ conc5tric sph]es1 ) spaces betwe5 ea*1 an atmosph]e surr\nd+ ea*2 & habitable z well ^u ! concave z ! convex surface4 ,ea* ( ^! sph]es are widely op5 at _! poles4 ,! nor? pol> op5+ ( ! sph]e we inhabit1 is believ$ to be ab\t f\r ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 & ! s\!rn above six ?\s&4#a ,! planes ( ^! pol> op5+s are incl9$ to ! plane ( ! ecliptic at an angle ( ab\t tw5ty degrees2 s t ! real axis ( ! e>?1 be+ p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! equator1 w =m an angle ( twelve degrees ) a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! sph]e at "r angles ) ! plane ( ! pol> op5+s2 consequ5tly ! v]ge ( ! pol> op5+s mu/ approa* sev]al degrees ne>] to ! equator on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,! highe/ nor? po9t1 or :]e ! di/ance is greate/ f ! equator to ! v]ge ( ! op5+ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 w be f\nd ei!r 9 ! nor!rn sea1 ne> ! coa/ ( ,lapl&1 on a m]idian pass+ ?r\gh ,spitsb]g51 9 ab\t latitude sixty-eight degrees1 or some:at m ea/w>dly 9 ,lapl&2 & ! v]ge w\ld become app>5t1 to ! navigator proce$+ nor?1 9 ab\t latitude n9ety degrees4 ,! l[]mo/ po9t1 or ! place :]e ! di/ance is lea/ f ! equator to ! v]ge ( ! nor!rn pol> op5+1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,pacific ocean1 ab\t latitude fifty degrees1 ne> ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 on or ne> a m]idian runn+ ?r\gh ! m\? ( ,cook's riv]1 be+ 9 ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty degrees we/ longitude1 ! real v]ge be+ 9 ab\t latitude fifty degrees & becom+ app>5t to a p]son travell+ nor?w>d at "r angles ) ! magnetic equator1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t twelve hundr$ miles fur!r4 ,! v]ge v>ies progressively f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ po9t1 cross+ ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica betwe5 latitude fifty-two & fifty-f\r1 !nce across ! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 pass+ ?r\gh ,hudson's ,bay & ,gre5l&1 ne> cape ,f>ewell2 !nce by m\nt ,hecla to ! highe/ po9t2 !nce t5d+ gradually m to ! s\?1 across ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,asia1 at or ne> ! volcanoes ( ,kamts*atka1 & along ! ext+ui%$ volcanoes ( ! ,fox ,isl&s1 to ! l[]mo/ po9t aga91 ne> ! nor?we/ coa/4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! highe/ po9t1 or place :]e ! di/ance is greate/ f ! equator to ! v]ge ( ! pol> op5+1 w be f\nd 9 ! s\!rn ,pacific ocean1 9 ab\t latitude =ty-six degrees s\?1 & p]haps ab\t longitude "o hundr$ & ?irty degrees we/2 & ! l[]mo/ po9t1 or place :]e ! di/ance is lea/ f ! equator to ! v]ge ( ! op5+1 w be f\nd on a m]idian s\? or s\?-ea/ ( ! isl& ( ,madagasc>1 9 ab\t latitude ?irty-f\r degrees s\?1 & longitude ab\t fifty degrees ea/2 !nce pass+ ne> ! cape ( ,good ,hope1 across ! ,atlantic ocean1 & s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 ?r\gh a *a9 ( active volcanoes1 to ! highe/ po9t2 !nce be>+ regul>ly t[>d ! l[e/ po9t1 pass+ betwe5 ! two isl&s ( ,new-,zeal&1 or across ! mo/ s\!rly "o1 & ! nor!rnmo/ "p ( ,van ,dieman's l&1 to ! l[e/ po9t1 :i* is s\? or s\?-ea/ ( ,madagasc>2 ! app>5t v]ge be+ sev]al hundr$ miles beyond ! real v]ge4#b ,consequ5tly1 accord+ to ?is =mation ( ! sph]e1 ! degrees ( latitude1 on diff]5t m]idians1 w v>y accord+ to _! di/ance f ! pol> op5+s2 & ! magnetical equator1 :i* encircles ! sph]e1 p>allel to ! plane ( ! pol> op5+s1 w\ld cut ! real equator at an angle ( twelve degrees4 ,a p]son /&+ on ! highe/ "p ( ! app>5t v]ge w\ld appe> to be "u ! pol> />1 or ne>ly s1 & at ! n9etie? degree ( latitude4 ,! m]idians all conv]ge to ! highe/ po9t ( ! v]ge1 or ! n9etie? degree2 consequ5tly1 9 trac+ a m]idian ( longitude1 y w\ld pursue a direction at "r angles to ! equator1 until y arriv$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! real v]ge ( ! pol> op5+1 :5 ! m]idians w\ld *ange _! direction & turn along betwe5 ! real & app>5t v]ges t[>ds ! highe/ po9t1 until !y all t]m9at$ at ! n9etie? degree ( latitude2 ?is be+ ! direction a p]son w\ld travel 9 ord] to h 8 back to ! sun always at #ab o'clock1 ! "t ( 8 greate/ altitude4 ,al?\gh ! p>ticul> location ( ! places :]e ! v]ges ( ! pol> op5+s are believ$ to exi/1 may n h be5 asc]ta9$ ) absolute c]ta9ty1 yet !y are believ$ to be ne>ly correct2 _! localities hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ f appe>ances t exi/ 9 ^? regions2 su* z a belt or zone surr\nd+ ! globe :]e trees & o!r vegetation 7except moss7 d n gr[2 ! tides ( ! ocean fl[+ 9 diff]5t directions1 & appe>+ to meet2 ! exi/5ce ( volcanoes2 ! gr\nd swells 9 ! sea be+ m frequ5t2 ! ,aurora ,borealis appe>+ to ! s\?w>d2 & v>i\s o!r ph5om5a exi/+ 9 & ab\t ! same regions1 m>k ! relative position ( ! real v]ges4 ,! heat & cold ( ! diff]5t climates are gov]n$ by _! di/ance f ! v]ge ( ! pol> op5+1 & d n dep5d on _! ne>ness to or remot5ess f ! equator4 ,! natural climates are p>allel to ! planes ( ! pol> op5+s1 & cut ! p>allels ( latitude at an angle ( twelve degrees4 ,:5 ! sun is on ! tropic ( ,capricorn1 ! circle ( greate/ cold w\ld be ab\t tw5ty-?ree & a half degrees s\? ( ! app>5t v]ge1 & :5 ! sun is on ! tropic ( ,canc] ?is circle w\ld probably be j "u ! umbrage ( ! real v]ge3 h5ce x foll[s1 if ?is doctr9e be correct1 t ! climate ( =ty degrees nor? latitude on ! pla9s ( ,miss\ri1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 w be z cold 9 w9t]1 z ! latitude ( fifty or fifty-two degrees 9 ,europe2 & obs]vation has fully confirm$ su* to be ! fact4 ,! magnetic pr9ciple :i* gives pol>ity to ! ne$le1 is believ$ to be regulat$ by ! pol> op5+s1 & t ! ne$le always po9ts directly to ! op5+1 & ( c\rse p>allel to a l9e drawn p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! op5+4 ,& :5 ! app>5t v]ge %all be pass$1 ! ne$le w seem to turn ne>ly r\nd1 s z to po9t 9 an opposite direction2 hav+ ! contr>y end nor? on ! int]ior ( ! sph]e1 t 0 nor? on ! ext]ior1 ! same end be+ nor? on ! int]ior :i* 0 s\? on ! ext]ior4 ,h5ce1 :5 navigators arrive 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! app>5t v]ge1 ! v>iation ( ! ne$le becomes extreme2 & :5 ! v]ge is pass$1 ! v>iation is m or less rev]s$4 ,! m]idians run f ! highe/ nor!rn to ! highe/ s\!rn po9t on ! v]ges2 h5ce1 9 trac+ a m]idian1 or sail+ due nor?1 we w\ld pursue t l9e :i* w\ld conduct u directly f ! sun at 8 greate/ altitude2 & :5 we come to ! v]ge1 ! m]idian w\ld v>y1 & w9d along ! vic9ity ( ! edge ( ! real v]ge1 until x br\ght u to ! highe/ po9t ( ! app>5t v]ge4 ,! magnetic ne$le1 on arriv+ at ! v]ge w\ld appe> to cease to pursue ! same direction1 b w\ld 9 reality cont9ue to ma9ta9 x1 & lead directly into ! pol> op5+4 ,accord+ to ?is =mation ( ! sph]e1 a travell] or navigator might proce$ true nor? any :]e we/ ( ! highe/ po9t ( ! v]ge1 say on ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 until he come to ! v]ge4 ,! m]idian on :i* he 0 travell+ w\ld !n w9d along ! v]ge to ! "r1 until he arriv$ at ! n9etie? degree2 & by proce$+ s\?1 9 ! same direction1 he w\ld arrive at ! coa/ ( ,sib]ia1 )\t go+ f> into ! concavity ( ! sph]e1 & )\t kn[+ t he _h be5 )9 ! v]ge4 ,%\ld su* a j\rney be effect$1 x w\ld appe> to confirm ! old !ory ( ! =m ( ! e>?1 & put ! subject at re/2 al?\gh pursu+ ! ne$le might h direct$ ! travell] into ! int]ior1 & enabl$ him to discov] ^? f9e c\ntries :i* ,capta9 ,symmes alleges to exi/ !re4 ,ea* ( ! sph]es compos+ ! e>?1 z well z ^? con/itut+ ! o!r planets ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 is believ$ to be habitable bo? on ! inn] & out] surface2 & light$ & w>m$ accord+ to ^? g5]al laws :i* communicate light & heat to e "p ( ! univ]se4 ,! light may n1 inde$1 be s bright1 nor ! heat s int5se1 z is indicat$ 9 high nor!rn latitudes 7ab\t :]e ! v]ge is suppos$ to comm5ce7 by ! pal5ess ( ! sun1 & d>kness ( ! sky2 facts1 :i* v>i\s navigators :o h visit$ ^? regions confirm2 yet !y are no d\bt suffici5tly light$ & w>m$ to promote ! propagation & support ( animal & vegetable life4 ,! diff]5t sph]es con/itut+ our planet1 & ! o!r orbs 9 creation1 mo/ probably d n revolve on axes1 p>allel to ea* o!r1 nor p]=m _! revolutions 9 ! same p]iods ( "t2 z is indicat$ by ! spots on ! belts ( ,jupit]1 :i* move fa/] on "o belt ?an ano!r4 ,! atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! sph]e is probably m d5se on ! int]ior ?an ! ext]ior surface1 ! increas$ pressure ( :i* mu/ increase ! =ce ( gravity2 z ! p[] ( gravity mu/ increase 9 proportion z we approa* ne>] ! poles4,cl\ds =m$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! convexity ( ! sph]e1 probably float 9 ?r\gh ! pol> op5+s1 & visit ! int]ior1 9 ! =m ( ra9 & sn[4 ,& ! long cont9uation ( w9ds1 or regul> monsoons1 :i* occur 9 "s p>ts ( ! e>?1 may be suppli$ by w9ds suck$ into "o pol> op5+ & dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! o!r1 ?us p]=m+ ! circuit ( ! sph]e2 )\t :i* supposition1 x w\ld be difficult to acc\nt = ! long cont9u$ w9ds :i*1 at c]ta9 seasons1 are kn[n to bl[ con/antly = sev]al mon?s1 m or less obliquely to & f ! poles4 ,! disciples ( ,symmes believe t ea* sph]e has a cavity1 or mid-plane space ne> ! c5tre ( ! matt] compos+ x1 fill$ ) a v light1 subtile1 ela/ic sub/ance1 p>tak+ some:at1 p]haps1 ( ! nature ( hydrog5 gas2 :i* a]ial fluid is compos$ ( molecules greatly r>ifi$ 9 comp>ison ) ! gravity ( ! ext5d$ or expos$ surfaces ( ! sph]e4 ,?is mid-plane space t5ds to give ! sph]e a degree ( lightness & buoyancy4 ,besides ?is l>ge mid-plane space1 p]haps num]\s o!r int]/ices exi/ 9 ! sph]e ne>] ! surface1 & ( m limit$ ext5t4 ,! gas escap+ f ^! spaces is1 no d\bt1 ! cause ( e>?quakes2 & supply ! num]\s volcanoes4 ,?is gas becom+ r>ifi$ & escap+1 mu/ occasion mo/ ( ^? great revolutions & ph5om5a 9 nature1 :i* we "k to h occurr$ 9 ! geology ( ! e>?4 ,?is a]ial fluid ) :i* ! mid-plane spaces are fill$1 may possibly be adapt$ to ! support ( animal life2 & ! int]ior surfaces ( ! sph]es =m$ by !m1 may ab\nd ) animals1 ) organs only adapt$ to ! m$ium :i* !y are de/9$ to inhabit4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! unfa?omable ocean !re may be communications or passages f ! surface ( ! sph]e on ! out] side to ! surface ( ! inn]1 at lea/ all except ! great mid-plane space1 ?r\gh :i* liquid ap]tures1 light & heat may be communicat$1 p]haps1 to ! int]ior surface ( ! sph]e4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,national ,intellig5c] ( ,june #aj?1 #ahbd4 #b ,a tol]ably correct repres5tation ( ! sph]e might be made by tak+ a holl[ t]re/rial globe1 su* z are us$ 9 colleges1 & ins]t a saw at nor? latitude sixty-eight degrees 9 ,lapl&1 saw+ obliquely ?r\gh1 s z to come out at latitude fifty degrees 9 ! ,pacific ocean4 ,! ap]ture ?us produc$1 w %[ ! g5]al dim5sions & slope ( ! nor? pol> op5+4 ,& 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 comm5c+ ) ! saw at s\? latitude ?irty f\r degrees1 9 longitude betwe5 fifty & fifty-five degrees ea/1 9 ! ,indian ocean1 & saw+ obliquely ?r\gh1 9 ! same mann]1 s z to come out at s\? latitude =ty-six degrees1 & longitude "o hundr$ & ?irty degrees we/1 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific ocean1 y w repres5t ! appe>ance ( ! s\? pol> op5+2 & ! :ole w exhibit a g5]al repres5tation ( ! sph]e1 accord+ to ! new !ory4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,symmes's ,!ory support$ by argum5ts drawn f ! pr9ciples inh]5t 9 matt]1 & ! consequ5ces result+ f motion2 t5d+ to %[ t1 f necessity1 matt] mu/ =m itself into conc5tric circles or sph]es1 su* z ,symmes describes ! e>? to be compos$ (4 ,x is a pr9ciple laid d[n by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ! correctness ( :i* is g5]ally admitt$1 t matt] attracts matt] 9 proportion to its quantity & ! squ>es ( its di/ances inv]sely4 ,capta9 ,symmes cont5ds t gravity consi/s 9 a c]ta9 expansive quality 9 ! molecules :i* con/itute ! a]ial fluid call$ !r1 :i* fills univ]sal space1 & creates a pu%+1 in/ead ( a pull+ p[]4 ,h[ev]1 let ei!r be correct1 ,i conceive x _c mat]ially affect ! pr9ciples necess>y to con/itute conc5tric sph]es3 ei!r pr9ciple1 ,i appreh5d1 w\ld lead u ne>ly to ! same results4 ,:5 matt] 0 9 *aos1 or 9 a =m n solid1 promiscu\sly dissem9at$ ?r\gh univ]sal space1 suppose x !n %\ld at once receive ! impression ( ^? univ]sal laws by :i* x is gov]n$1 & see :at w\ld be ! consequ5ce4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,isaac ,newton's pr9ciples ( gravity1 ! p>ticle ( matt] t happ5$ to be ! l>ge/ w\ld attract ! small] 9 its neighb\rhood1 :i* w\ld increase ! p[] ( attraction 9 proportion to ! increase ( matt]1 until all 9 ! univ]se w\ld be collect$ into "o va/ body 9 ! c5tre ( space1 & !re rema9 motionless & at re/ =ev]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 we f9d n to be ! case2 = innum]able bodies ( matt]1 diff]+ 9 magnitude1 are kn[n to exi/ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 arrang$ at suitable di/ances f ea* o!r1 & p]=m+ c]ta9 revolutions 9 ob$i5ce to c]ta9 fix$ laws impress$ on !m4 ,n[ suppose all ! matt] 9 our globe to be an ext5d$ liquid mass1 ! p>ticles s dis5gag$ f ea* o!r1 z to take _! positions accord+ to ! e/abli%$ laws ( matt]1 & !n see :at w\ld be ! consequ5ces result+ f motion & gravity4 ,tak+ ! laws ( ,newton = our guide1 ! p>ticles ( matt] 9 ! c5tre w\ld be op]at$ on by ! p[] ( gravity equally on all sides & consequ5tly be /ation>y4 ,suppose !n a l9e /ruck ?r\gh ?is globe ( matt]1 s z to make a globe ( half ! diamet] ( ! :ole 9 ! c5tre1 x is pla9 t ! inn] globe w\ld n conta9 m ?an "o eigh? "p z mu* matt] z ! surr\nd+ "o2 h5ce x w\ld be attract$ t[>ds ! surface m ?an to ! c5tre1 7 x n = ! attraction ( ! matt] on ! opposite side ex]t+ an influ5ce ^u xb ?is be+ remov$ to s mu* great] di/ance1 w\ld n be m ?an an equipoise to ! o!r4 ,! diamet] ( our globe1 accord+ to ! be/ obs]vation1 is believ$ to be ab\t #gigj ,engli% miles1 & its circumf]5ce #be1jch3 consequ5tly1 if x 7 solid1 x w\ld conta9 #bfe1jgh1eei1fbb cubic miles ( matt]2 :ile a globe ( only half ! diamet]1 w\ld conta9 only #cc1acd1hai1ieb4c ,suppose our globe divid$ into p>ts ( "o squ>e mile on ! surface1 b\nd$ by /raight l9es conv]g+ to a po9t at ! c5tre1 z ! subjo9$ figure repres5ts3 ,illu/ration & !n suppose !re 7 no o!r p>ticles ( matt] 9 ! univ]se b ,a & ,b1 ,a conta9+ #a1cbh cubic miles ( matt]1 & ,b only #aff1 ,a w\ld attract ,b s z to make _! c5tre ( attraction at ,o1 :i* po9t w\ld become at once ! common c5tre3 b admitt+ ! :ole matt] ( ! globe to exi/1 ,a w\ld /ill ex]t its influ5ce on ,b1 b bo? w\ld be op]at$ ^u by ,t & ,s & ! surr\nd+ matt]1 all p]haps1 t5d+ to "o common c5tre4 ,h[ev]1 ,i imag9e t ! t5d+ to ! c5tre w\ld n be s great z is cont5d$ = by ! g5]ally receiv$ !ory1 :i* alleges t matt] at ! c5tre ( ! e>? is f\r times z h>d z hamm]$ iron4 ,! ,newtonian philosophy appe>s to contemplate a globe at re/1 & n 9 su* rapid motion z we "k ! e>? & o!r planet>y bodies to be 91 communicat+ to !m a c5trifugal =ce1 :i* t5ds to ?r[ matt] f ! c5tre4 ,! rot>y motion ( ea* planet is no d\bt regulat$ by ! quantity ( matt] x conta9s3 s t at its surface c5trifugal & c5tripetal =ces are equally balanc$! rot>y motion be+ adequate to communicate a =ce to c\nt]-balance ! =ce ( gravity4 ,newton asc]ta9$ by 8 inve/igations ( ! prop]ties & pr9ciples ( matt]1 ! e>? to be a globe flatt5$ at ! poles3 & ! ,fr5* philosoph]s aft]w>ds confirm$ ?is fact by measur+ a degree 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! equatorial & pol> diamet]s ( ! e>?1 & ( ! o!r planets :i* are also kn[n to be ( t %ape1 is ascrib$ by ^? philosoph]s :o attempt to acc\nt = su* a =mation1 to ! projectile =ce ( ! globe at ! equator occasion$ by its rot>y motion4 ,?is is admitt+ t ! matt] ( our globe 0 once 9 s s(t a /ate z to take its =m f motion2 = 7 ! e>? a compact solid body1 & f\r times z h>d z hamm]$ iron at ! c5tre1 7z ! ,newtonian sy/em alleges7 ?is rot>y motion r\nd an imag9>y axis c\ld nev] give to ! globe ! =m ( an oblate sph]oid1 z is asc]ta9$ to be ! fact2 because a h>d solid body mov+ 9 empty space1 c\ld n be suppos$ to yield into t %ape by any law ( action z yet unfold$ by sci5ce4 ,b 7 ! matt] ( ?is globe ?r[n into a confus$1 disorganiz$ /ate1 & !n put into a quick rot>y motion1 su* z x is kn[n to h1 x w\ld ?r[ (f f ! c5tre t[>ds ! surface1 fir/ ! heavie/1 & next ! light] sub/ances1 :i* is ! v ord] 9 :i* !y are f\nd to be arrang$1 9 ! composition ( ! e>?4 ,?is pr9ciple1 = x is simply ! pr9ciple ( projectile =ce1 w acc\nt = m\nta9s1 hills1 vallies1 pla9s2 & = ne>ly all ! inequalities on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,^! circum/ances dep5d on ! d5sity ( sub/ances compos+ ! e>?4 ,sub/ances ( ! greate/ specific gravity are susceptible ( ! greate/ projectile =ce2 & h5ce we f9d t m\nta9s are compos$ ( heavy masses ( rock1 m9]al sub/ances1 & heavy e>?s2 hills1 or ! next highe/ em95ces1 ( e>? ( ! next specific gravity2 & pla9s1 or level l&s1 ( light] sub/ances4 ,_h ! e>? orig9ally be5 compos$ ( "o uni=m sub/ance1 s&1 = example1 ( equal f95ess & weight1 ! :ole surface ( ! globe w\ld h pres5t$ "o uni=m level or unbrok5 pla94 ,b1 presum+ t x 0 orig9ally compos$ (1 at lea/1 e>?s ( diff]5t d5sities1 ! heavie/ masses w\ld be fir/ ?r[n out & raise _! heads above ! surface ( ! ocean3 ?us isl&s w\ld be =m$2 & clu/]s ( isl&s w\ld =m cont95ts1 re>+ _! l(ty heads into ! air2 &1 if ! sub/ances ( :i* !y 7 orig9ally compos$1 7 n z h>d z ! rocks :i* we n[ f9d on !m1 ! sun & *ang+ temp]ature ( ! climates1 might conv]t c]ta9 k9ds ( e>? into masses ( /one1 increas+ 9 specific gravity by petrifaction1 & o!r causes1 until ! t[]+ peaks ( ! ,alps & ,&es assum$ _! pres5t solid =m4 ,"o cont95t hav+ ?us em]g$1 ano!r w\ld naturally be produc$ simultane\sly on ! opposite side ( ! sph]e1 z an equipoise to ! fir/1 to keep equal ! e>?'s motion2 until all ! heavy sub/ances %\ld be ?r[n out & unit$ 9 a compact sph]e4 ,to an obs]v] ( ! e>? ! cru/ e :]e appe>s to indicate ! em]g5ce ( l& f wat]3 almo/ ! :ole surface ( ! solid cru/ is alluvial1 & by reason+ & reflect+1 we are l$ to ! conclusion1 t ! solid p>ts ( our globe are no?+ m ?an a cru/1 & =m$ into conc5tric sph]es1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( projectile =ce4 ,i w\ld ask1 :at pro(s h we1 t ! sph]e we inhabit is solid beyond ! degree ( ?ickness necess>y to pres]ve x f injury by its rapid motion r\nd ! sun1 by its diurnal motion r\nd its own axis1 & by its motion r\nd its common c5tre ( gravity ) ! moon8 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ ) ma!matical c]ta9ty1 t ! l>ge planet ,jupit]1 is m ?an #acjj times ! bulk ( ! e>?1 & ,saturn indep5d5t ( 8 d\ble r+1 is ab\t #ajjj times ! size4 ,if we apply to ^? prodigi\s bodies1 ! reason+ ( ,newton relative to pla/ic =ms mov+ v>i\sly1 !re is no j gr\nds = conclud+ t !y are solid sub/ances to _! c5tres4 ,if !y 71 _! va/ weight & remote position w\ld require mu* m attraction ?an probably ev5 ! sun c\ld furni%1 to keep !m )9 _! orbits4 ,! ackn[l$g$ & receiv$ laws ( gravity1 toge!r ) ! measurem5ts made on ! same m]idian1 9 diff]5t latitudes1 h demon/rat$ to u t ! greate/ ma!maticians h be5 mi/ak5 z to ! real figure ( ! e>?4 ,x is = s*oolm5 to make exact calculations1 respect+ ! =ce ( gravity1 & c5trifugal & c5tripetal =ces2 x is = !m to det]m9e ) ma!matical c]ta9ty :]e matt]1 left to its own laws1 w\ld settle2 = su* und]tak+s1 ,i ackn[l$ge my incompet5cy4 ,b ,i h long _h /rong d\bts1 :e!r ! laws ( gravity are well und]/ood2 or :e!r ! rules on :i* ^! calculations c\ld be accurately made1 are exactly kn[n4 ,h[ev]1 ,i take ! broad pr9ciples ( nature1 z pres5t$ to my view1 = my guide2 & draw my conclusions f :at ,i h se5 or :at is well kn[n to exi/4 ,obs]ve ! boy hurl+ a /one f a sl+2 he :irls x r\nd 8 head = a m9ute to acquire a c]ta9 degree ( c5trifugal =ce1 & al?\gh x is n :irl$ ) half ! velocity ! e>? revolves on its axis1 yet z soon z x is releas$ f conf9em5t1 not)/&+ ! :ole p[] ( ! e>? is op]at+ on x ) all ! =ce ( gravity1 ! c5trifugal =ce :i* ! /one acquir$ by ! :irl+ is suffici5t to c>ry x (f1 at a tang5t to ! circle describ$ by ! sl+1 = a v consid]able di/ance1 be=e ! gravity ( ! e>? & atmosph]ic ob/ruction c =ce x to ! gr\nd4 ,if y w take ! tr\ble to exam9e a me*anic gr9d+ cutl]y on a l>ge /one t is smoo? on ! sides & has a quick motion1 y may obs]ve t if a c]ta9 portion ( wat] be p\r$ on ! p]p5dicul> side :il/ ! /one is turn+1 x does n settle or =m itself into a body r\nd ! crank or axis2 nor does ! gravity ( ! e>? draw x f ! surface1 b =ms itself on ! side ( ! /one into some?+ resembl+ conc5tric circles1 "o )9 ano!r4 ,! surface ( ! e>?1 ,i appreh5d1 revolves ) mu* great] velocity ?an any gr9d/one2 & ! sub/ances compos+ ! sph]es are mu* firm] ?an wat]4 ,mo/ ( u1 ,i presume1 h se5 p]sons = amusem5t1 9 display+ feats ( dext]ity1 place a full glass ( w9e or wat] on a hoop1 & :irl x r\nd _! heads )\t spill+ "o drop4 ,! c5trifugal =ce x acquires by ! revolutions ov]comes ! p[] ( gravity1 al?\gh no?+ appe>s to support x b ! common atmosph]e4 ,ano!r exp]im5t1 produc+ a simil> effect1 might be made ) a cup fill$ ) f9e s&4 ,on ! surface ( ! s&1 describe a circle ne>ly 9 ! c5tre2 x w !n be app>5t1 on obs]v+ ! cup1 t ! s& )9 ! circle1 provid$ ! p>ticles attract "o ano!r z ! planets d1 is z mu* attract$ t[>ds "o v]ge ( ! cup z ! o!r2 ow+ to its be+ equally surr\nd$ by matt] or s&1 & !re=e x c be b v little1 if any1 gravitat$ c5trewise4 ,h5ce1 be+ 9 a degree susp5d$1 only a small horizontal rot>y motion is requir$ to :irl x t[>ds ! rim or sides ( ! cup into a circul> =m2 & h5ce x foll[s1 t ^? p>ticles ( s& ly+ equidi/ant f ! inn] side ( ! circle ( s& ?us =m$1 & ! out] side w\ld be 9 l mann] balanc$1 or support$1 by be+ equally gravitat$ 9 bo? directions4 ,a disposition w\ld ?us be produc$ to =m into conc5tric circles1 & x w\ld !re=e foll[1 t successive simil> dispositions to subdivision %\ld occur1 gradually less5+ 9 =ce & quantity4 ,?is pr9ciple appli$ to ! e>? or o!r planets1 w\ld cause !m to be =m$ into conc5tric sph]es2 & w\ld ?r[ ! matt] f ! axis1 z well at ! poles1 z at ! c5tre1 & !reby con/itute op5 poles4 ,ano!r simple exp]im5t might also be made1 to illu/rate t a disposition to conc5tric sph]es does exi/ 9 nature4 ,on a piece ( pap] sift a small quantity ( v f9e magnetic p>ticles1 su* z /eel or iron fil+s1 "u :i* hold a load/one2 & y w obs]ve t ! attractive p[] ( ! magnet w cause ! fil+s on ! pap] to arrange !mselves into v>i\s conc5tric circles1 ne>ly regul> & equidi/ant f ea* o!r4 ,f :at cause %\ld ?is take place1 r ?an t ! fil+s %\ld be accumulat$ into "o mass8 ,v>i\s h be5 ! conjectures relative to ! cause & orig9 ( ! meteoric /ones1 or fire balls1 :i* h be5 kn[n to fall to ! e>?1 9 all ages1 & 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,"s h imag9$ !m to be precipitat$ f a comet or "s ( ! planets2 o!rs t !y come f ! moon2 & ,capta9 ,symmes's op9ion1 ,i believe1 is t !y are =m$ isolat$ 9 space by spontane\s accumulations1 z by attract+ molecules ( matt] at fir/ 9 a fluid /ate1 :i* aft]w>ds solidifies by heat or motion4 ,b come f :5ce !y may1 !y are said to be con/itut$ ( a sub/ance unkn[n to our geologi/s2 & 9 sev]al in/ances ! fragm5ts h be5 asc]ta9$ to consi/ ( pieces1 "s ( :i* h concave & "s convex surfaces1 af=d+ a c]ta9 pro( t previ\s to _! desc5t1 !y _h be5 con/itut$ ( holl[ sph]es4 ,pr(essor ,silliman1 ( ,yale college1 has pres]v$ "s ( ! fragm5ts ( "o ( ^! fire balls2 & 9 8 valuable j\rnal1 has giv5 ! public an able description ( ! facts :i* occurr$1 :5 !y fell4 ,?is fire ball fell 9 ! /ate ( ,connecticut1 9 ! ye> #ahjg1 produc+ ?ree di/9ct reports1 l a cannon1 mak+ ?ree convulsive leaps or ?roes 9 its c\rse1 :i* 7 simultane\s no d\bt ) ! explosions1 becom+ less lum9\s aft] ea*1 & be+ q ext+ui%$ at ! ?ird4 ,?ree %[]s ( /ones fell to ! e>? 9 a l9e ) its c\rse2 ! second %[] fell five miles di/ant f ! fir/1 & ! la/ ?ree or f\r miles f ! second4 ,"s ( ! fragm5ts 7 f\nd to be concave1 o!rs convex1 & especially on ^? sides ( ! fragm5ts :i* 7 glaz$ ) sooty cru/$ surface1 z if vitrifi$4 ,^! ph5om5a are precisely su* z w\ld occur1 suppos+ ! fire ball to h be5 a small satellite1 or erratic planet1 at fir/ fluid1 :i* _h become s cond5s$ by ! increas$ action ( t]re/rial gravity1 occasion$ by its sudd5 approa*1 z to cause its fluid p>ts to *ry/alize & =m into1 at lea/1 ?ree conc5tric sph]es2 & ! lat5t heat & light set free by su* rapid cond5sation z to produce ! meteoric flame2 :i* 9 ?is case 0 almo/ equal 9 light to t ( ! sun at mid-day4 ,z soon z ! sph]es became suffici5tly solidifi$ to prev5t ! heat$ a]ial fluid1 conta9$ 9 ! mid-plane cavities ( ! sph]es1 f pass+ out ) fre$om1 :5 exp&$ by ! heat2 or let ! atmosph]ic air pass 91 9 case a cond5sation )9 af=d$ a vacuum2 ! solid cru/s ( ! sph]es w\ld be disruptur$ successively "o aft] ! o!r2 lose _! regul> rotation1 & fall 9 fragm5ts to ! e>?4 ,! fall ( ?is body is n a solit>y in/ance ( ! k9d3 o!rs h fall5 9 _m p>ts ( ! e>?1 att5d$ ) ph5om5a m or less ! same4 ,on ! #af? ( ,janu>y1 #ahah1 9 ,florida1 ne> ,mobile bay1 a fire ball bur/$ ) a consid]able report4 ,imm$iately be=e ! explosion1 x 0 obs]v$ to project a cone ( fire f ea* pole horizontally & at "r angles ) its c\rse4 ,its bur/+ l a bomb-%ell1 indicat$ t x mu/ h be5 holl[2 & ! two cones ( light :i* appe>$1 beside its tra91 %[$ t x 0 op5 at ! poles4 ,turn y\r att5tion to ! g5]al economy ( nature ?r\gh\t h] works1 & y w p]ceive 9 v>i\s & almo/ innum]able sub/ances t %e =ms holl[ cyl9d]s or sph]es 9 ! room ( solid ones4 ,enquire ( ! botani/1 & he w tell y t ! plants :i* spr+ up spontane\sly1 agreeable to ! e/abli%$ laws ( nature1 are holl[ cyl9d]s4 ,if a holl[ globe w\ld answ] ! ends ( support+ organic life z well z a solid "o:y n be holl[1 z well z a /alk ( :eat8 or by :at laws is ! /alk ( :eat gov]n$1 t x %\ld always gr[ holl[8 ,:at law 9 nature causes ! quills & fea!rs ( a bird to be holl[ cyl9d]s8 ,:y are !y n solid8 ,i presume x is = ?is pla9 reason1 t nature1 ?r\gh\t all h] works1 has wisely assign$ to e ?+ j matt] en\gh = /r5g? & usefulness2 & has 9 no case ov]bur!n$ x ) unnecess>y & cumbr\s weight4 ,enquire ( ! anatomi/1 & he w tell y t ! l>ge bones ( all animals are holl[1 & p>ticul>ly t ! bones ( birds are m ?an ord9>ily s3 ev5 ! m9ute/ hairs ( our heads are holl[4 ,g to ! m9]ali/1 & he w in=m y t ! /one call$ rolites1 & _m o!r m9]al bodies1 are compos$ ( holl[ conc5tric circles2 &1 t /rata ( diff]5t k9ds ab\nd 9 v>i\s m9]al sub/ances4 ,ev5 ! e>? itself is compos$1 z geologi/s tell u1 ( v>i\s /rata1 compos$ ( diff]5t sub/ances1 & v>y+ f "o degree ( d5sity to ano!r4 ,if e "p ( our globe be regulat$ accord+ to ! receiv$ laws ( gravity1 & ! relative d5sity ( matt]1 :y d we f9d almo/ all ov] ! _w1 light alluvial soil 9 ! vallies & pla9s2 & on ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 ! m heavy granite1 & "s ( ! heavie/ sub/ances t nature kn[s8 ,we c h>dly indulge ! ?\ght t all ?is is ! "w ( volcanic eruptions or "s dread ?roe ( nature4 ,h[ev]1 if we direct our att5tion alone to ^? g5]al laws :i* are kn[n1 & :i* are believ$ to gov]n matt]1 ,i appreh5d x w\ld be v difficult to acc\nt = ! creation ( worlds1 & ! admirable arrangem5t :i* subsi/s ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,to acc\nt = e ?+1 ei!r accord+ to ! old or new !ory1 w\ld be attempt+ too mu*4 ,x w\ld be plac+ ! ,deity 9 "s corn] ( ! univ]se an idle spectator1 :il/ matt] gov]n$ by its own laws1 0 =m+ itself into worlds & sy/ems2 ! b>e ?\ght ( :i* is irrev]5t4 ,is ! exi/5ce ( matt] ow+ to "s o!r fir/ cause1 or did matt] create itself1 & impress ^u itself ! laws :i* gov]n x8 ,su* an idea is absurd4 ,we might z well imag9e t matt] creat$ ,god1 z itself4 ,by attempt+ to trace e effect to "s natural cause1 is attempt+ to d m ?an we %all ev] be able to accompli%4 ,su* a c\rse ( reason+ mu/ lead u to ! conclusion t !re is no ,god1 or fir/ cause2 or1 at lea/1 to :at w\ld be ne>ly ! same ?+1 t !re is no ne$ ( "o4 ,b 9 reason+ ^u ?is subject1 ,i take x = grant$1 t !re is a ,god1 & t he is ! fir/ cause ( all ?+s1 ! creator ( all ! orbs 9 ! univ]se1 be !y ei!r solid globes or conc5tric sph]es2 & ,i hope su* is ! read]'s belief4 ,& ,i _c discov] 9 ?is any ?+ d]ogatory f ,8 inf9ite p[]1 wisdom1 or div9e economy1 9 ! =mation ( a holl[ _w & conc5tric sph]es1 any m ?an 9 t ( solid ones4 ,i %\ld r be ( op9ion1 t a con/ruction ( all ! orbs 9 creation1 on a plan correspond+ ) ,symmes's !ory1 w\ld display ! highe/ possible degree ( p]fection1 wisdom1 & goodness! mo/ p]fect sy/em ( creative economy&1 7z ,dr4 ,mit*ill expresses x7 a great sav+ ( /uff4 ,,footnote3 #c ,! solidity ( ! e>? is easily calculat$ by ! measure ( a m]idional degree2 b ! result w be diff]5t accord+ to ! measurem5t assum$1 z ! l5g? ( a degree diff]s 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,not)/&+ all ! admeasurem5ts t h hi!rto be5 made1 x has nev] be5 demon/rat$1 9 a satisfactory mann]1 t ! e>? is /rictly a sph]oid2 inde$1 f obs]vations made 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 x appe>s t its figure is by no means t ( a regul> sph]oid1 nor t ( any o!r kn[n regul> ma!matical figure2 & ! only c]ta9 conclusions t c be drawn f ! works ( ! sev]al g5tlem5 employ$ to measure ! e>? is1 t ! e>? is some?+ m flat at ! poles ?an at ! equator4 ,kei? on globes p4 #ef4 ,new-,york1 #ahaa4 ,accord+ to ,mott's translation ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 book #c1 page #bdc1 ! equatorial diamet] ( ! e>? is #gifd ,engli% miles1 & ! pol> diamet] #gibi1 = z #bcj3bbi33gifd3gibi miles1 ! pol> axis4 ,cass9i1 :o adopt$ ,pic>d's measure ( a degree1 makes ! diamet] ( ! e>? #gifg /atute miles2 o!rs h e/imat$ x at #giag1 & "s at #giaj miles4 ,b ! e/imate :i* is n[ e/eem$ mo/ correct1 ,i believe1 is1 t ! equatorial diamet] is #gigg ,engli% miles1 & ! pol> diamet] #gidj4 ,f ?is we may asc]ta9 ! solid cont5ts ( ! e>?4 ,! axis ( ! e>? !n assum$ to be #gidj & #gigg miles respectively1 ! area ( ! g5]at+ eclipse is 7#gidj #gigg #j1ghed7 #digdeagh1beb3 & its area multipli$ by two ?irds ( ! long] axis1 gives ! solidity equal to 7#digdeagh1beb #b_/c #gigg7 #bfdeddhegidd1acf cubic miles4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,argum5ts 9 support ( ,symmes's ,!ory1 drawn f cele/ial appe>ances4 ,t a disposition to holl[ cyl9d]s does exi/ 9 nature1 ,i ?9k1 mu/ be admitt$2 & t a simil> pr9ciple exi/s 9 ! planet>y sy/em1 at lea/ 9 "s degree1 appe>s to me z c]ta94 ,e p]son has se5 or he>d ( ,saturn & 8 r+s4 ,at c]ta9 p]iods ( "t ! appe>ance ( ?is planet1 view$ ?r\gh a good telescope1 repres5ts him to be surr\nd$ ) two lum9\s r+s or bodies ( matt]1 conc5tric ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! body ( ! planet4 ,^! r+s no :]e adh]e to ! body ( ! planet1 b are di/9ct & sep>ate1 "s consid]able di/ance f him1 & f ea* o!r1 leav+ a portion ( vacant space betwe5 ! planet & ! r+s1 ?r\gh :i* we see ! fix$ />s beyond4#d ,x is a fact1 ,i believe1 admitt$ by all1 & ( :i* we h positive ocul> demon/ration1 t ^! r+s are con/itut$ ( "s k9d ( matt]1 if n solid1 at lea/ to all appe>ance z mu* s z ! body ( ! planet4 ,_! ?ickness mu/ be v inconsid]able1 = :5 ! edge is turn$ to ! eye x is no long] visible1 except to ! p[]ful reflect+ telescope ( ,dr4 ,h]s*el4,?us ! r+s und]go phases accord+ to ! position ( ! planet 9 8 orbit1 :i* prove !m to be opaque1 l o!r bodies 9 ! planet>y sy/em1 & l !m %9+ by reflection4 ,i am n in=m$ :at is ! precise velocity ( ! rot>y motion ( ! r+s2 probably _! v>y+ aspect1 or "s o!r cause has prev5t$ a correct obs]vation f be+ made4 ,h[ev]1 ! planet itself revolves on its axis1 ) an a/oni%+ velocity2 & no d\bt ! r+s also1 ?\gh p]haps ) diff]5t degrees ( velocity4 ,! appe>ance ( ,saturn1 ,i conceive1 e/abli%es ! fact1 t ! pr9ciple ( conc5tric sph]es1 or holl[ planets1 does exi/1 at lea/ 9 "o in/ance1 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,& if ! fact be e/abli%$ t x exi/s 9 "o case1 is x n fair1 nay1 is x n almo/ a c]ta9 & necess>y consequ5ce1 t ! same laws ( matt] :i* =m$ "o planet into conc5tric sph]es1 mu/ =m all ! o!rs on a plan m or less ! same8 ,if we draw any conclusion1 or =m any op9ion at all1 respect+ ! =mation ( ! planets1 ^: inn] p>ts we _c see2 or if we =m any op9ion 9 relation to our own planet 9 p>ticul>1 ^: poles h nev] be5 explor$1 w\ld n reason+ f analogy br+ u to ! conclusion1 t all bodies ( matt] are =m$ simil> to t ( ,saturn1 unless we h positive pro( to ! contr>y8 ,b x is n 9 ,saturn alone t we f9d pro( ( ! pr9ciples cont5d$ = by ,capta9 ,symmes4 ,mo/1 if n all ( ! o!r planets1 belong+ to our sy/em1 ^: relative situation af=d u an opportunity ( obs]vation1 appe> to exhibit /rong pro(s t ! same pr9ciples prevail ?r\gh\t4 ,! planet ,m>s1 exhibits conc5tric circles r\nd "o or ! o!r ( 8 poles1 accord+ z ei!r is m or less 9 opposition to u4 ,^! circles appe> alt]nately light & d>k1 exactly z !y %\ld1 suppos+ ! planet to be con/itut$ ( conc5tric sph]es1 7su* z ,symmes believes ( ! e>?7 ! light be+ reflect$ f _! v]ges on :i* x falls2 & 9 :i* case ! vacant space betwe5 ! sph]es w\ld necess>ily appe> d>k4 ,sometimes he appe>s to u ) a s+le r+ at ea* pole4 ,at su* times 8 axis is at "r angles1 or ne>ly s1 ) a l9e drawn f ! e>? to 8 c5tre4 ,?is1 ,i conceive1 c be acc\nt$ = by ! great refraction1 occasion$ by ! increas$ d5sity ( 8 atmosph]e ar\nd ! poles1 :i* appe>s to ?r[ out ! fur!r sides ( ! v]ges s z to make !m appe> l r+s1 9 ! =m !y pres5t !mselves to our view4 ,t su* is ! natural appe>ance may be evid5c$ by tak+ a small wood5 sph]e ) op5 poles1 & imm]se x 9 a circul> glass vessel fill$ ) wat]2 :5 view$ horizontally ?r\gh ! side ( ! glass1 ) ! plane ( ! op5+s at a "r angle ) ! visual ray1 ! refraction occasion$ by ! wat]1 answ]+ to ! d5se atmosph]e ( ,m>s1 w app>5tly ?r[ out ! pol> op5+s1 & pres5t y ) a view1 simil> to ! appe>ance ( ,m>s1 :5 8 axis is at "r angles to u4 ,our next neighb\r1 ,v5us1 betwe5 u & ! sun1 7?\gh h] be+ betwe5 u & ! sun prev5ts u f hav+ s fav\rable an opportunity ( exam9+ h] poles1 z ^? ( ,m>s1 :o is our next neighb\r on ! side opposite ! sun7 pres5ts appe>ances at c]ta9 times1 :i* seem to lead to ! conclusion1 t %e also is con/itut$ ( conc5tric sph]es4 ,at times1 :5 ?is planet is ne>ly a cresc5t1 we are able to discov] a defici5t space ne> ! tip ( "o ( h] horns4 ,admitt+ ,v5us to be con/itut$ ( conc5tric sph]es ) op5 poles2 & suppos+ "o ( ! vacant spaces1 betwe5 two ( h] sph]es ab\t ! pol> op5+s1 to trav]se h] horn or cusp1 at ! place :]e ! d>k space occurs1x w\ld pres5t to u exactly su* an appe>ance z does actually occur4 ,at o!r times1 "o ( ! horns or cusps ( ,v5us is se5 to w9d inw>d z x 7 into ! body ( ! planets1 ext5d+ ab\t fifte5 degrees fur!r ?an ! o!r horn4 ,?is is an appe>ance :i* w\ld also be pres5t$1 if ,v5us is =m$ accord+ to ,symmes's !ory4 ,& aga91 suppos+ "o ( h] horns to t]m9ate ar\nd ! v]ge ( a pol> op5+1 9 su* way z to foll[ ! curve ( ! v]ge = "s di/ance1 7:i* is ( c\rse m curv$ ?an ! p]iph]y ( ! planet7 & ! same appe>ances1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld occur4 ,! axis ( ! planet n be+ at "r angles ) ! pol> op5+s1 9 its revolutions "o side ( ! v]ge w\ld be ?r[n mu* ne>] to u ?an ! o!r2 & ! diff]5t sph]es revolv+ on _! axes ) diff]5t velocities w\ld at diff]5t times exhibit to our view ! v]ge ( a diff]5t sph]e4#e ,! axis ( ! planet ,jupit] is always at "r angles ) a l9e drawn to ! e>?1 consequ5tly 8 poles are nev] pres5t$ to u2 b 8 belts1 :i* we c & d see1 seem to speak l\dly 9 fav\r ( a plurality ( sph]es4 ,! mo/ common appe>ance ( ,jupit] is1 t he is surr\nd$ by f\r belts2 two bright & two d>k1 alt]nate to ea* o!r4 ,b !y are v>iable1 pres5t+ diff]5t appe>ances2 at "s times sev5 or eight belts are discov]able1 at o!r times !y appe> int]rupt$ 9 _! l5g?1 & to increase & dim9i% alt]nately1 runn+ into ea* o!r1 & aga9 to sep>ate into a numb] ( belts ( a small] size4 ,if ,jupit] be a solid globe1 ,i w\ld enquire1 h[ is x possible to acc\nt = ^? v>i\s *anges 9 8 belts1 or ev5 = _! exi/5ce at all8 ,a/ronom]s1 ,i und]/&1 h h]et(ore consid]$ ! ph5om5a ( ,jupit]'s belts z altoge!r unacc\ntable4 ,if he be a simple pla9 globe1 ^? belts c\ld n exi/2 or if !y did1 !y mu/ =ev] rema9 uni=m1 & n *ange _! size & %ape1 or relative positions 9 respect to ea* o!r2 nei!r c\ld ! spots on "o belt rotate fa/] ?an ^? on ano!r4 ,b if we adopt ! doctr9e ( conc5tric sph]es1 & t ?is planet is compos$ ( a numb] ( !m1 we c acc\nt at once = all ! v>i\s appe>ances 9 a rational mann]4 ,! belts w\ld be produc$ by ! %ad[ ca/ on ! space betwe5 ! pol> op5+ ( "o sph]e & ! adjo9+ "o2 t is1 a portion ( ! sun%9e1 w\ld be reflect$ f ! v]ges ( ! sph]es on :i* x fell2 & ano!r portion w\ld appe> to be swall[$ by ! int]v5+ space4 ,& if refraction b5ds ! rays ( vision betwe5 & "u 8 sph]es1 z x b5ds a portion ( ! rays ( ! sun1 s z to produce ! app>5t belts ( comp>ative %ade1 !n a v complete solution ( ^? appe>ances1 h]et(ore consid]$ wond]ful1 w\ld be af=d$4 ,! v>iation :i* has be5 obs]v$ 9 _! numb]1 %ape1 & dim5sions1 c 9 no way be bett] acc\nt$ =1 ?an by conclud+ ! planet to be con/itut$ ( a numb] ( conc5tric sph]es1 ( diff]5t bread?s1 revolv+ on diff]5t axes1 & ) diff]5t velocities1 s z sometimes to pres5t to our view ! v]ge ( "o sph]e1 & sometimes t ( ano!r3 & ! rays ( ! sun fall+ on ! p>ts ( ! v]ges pres5t$ to u1 w\ld occasion ! div]sifi$ appe>ances :i* we discov]4 ,if "s sections ( bo? cru/s ( ! sph]es be =m$ ( wat] alone1 & become occasionally transp>5t1 x w af=d an additional reason = ! v>y+ ph5om5a att5dant on ^! appe>ances1 :i* may also be increas$ by alt]nate regions ( wat]1 ice1 dry l&1 & sn[4 ,mod]n a/ronom]s h long notic$ ! spots frequ5tly visible on ! sun4 ,!y are describ$ z hav+ ! appe>ance ( va/ holes1 or fractures1 9 8 out] surface or cru/1 ?r\gh :i* an inn] appe>s to be se54 ,?is1 also1 seems to fav\r ! doctr9e ( diff]5t sph]es4 ,not)/&+ ! sun revolves v sl[ly on 8 axis1 x is probable t 8 poles are op5 to a great] or less ext5t2 b we c nev] see into !m1 ow+ p]haps to ! e>?1 nev] be+ v f> f ! plane ( ! sun's equator1 8 be+ su* a va/ deal l>g] ?an ! e>?1 & ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ him s extremely lum9\s4 ,v little d\bt exi/s 9 my m9d1 t ! poles ( ! sun & ( ,jupit] w\ld appe> some:at l ^? ( ,m>s or ! r+s ( ,saturn1 7 x n t ! two =m] nev] pres5t _! axes1 9 any p]ceptible degree1 t[>ds u2 nei!r does our satellite1 ! moon1 ev] pres5t ei!r ( h] poles to u3 h5ce1 ?\gh ?is may be 9 "s degree op51 7not)/&+ h] sl[ rotation7 ow+ to h] axis always be+ ne>ly at "r angles ) a l9e drawn to ! e>?1 we are n able to see :e!r !y are op5 or n1m especially z h] atmosph]e is s light & r>e z n to produce mu* refraction4 ,! va/ r\nd deep cav]ns obs]vable on ! surface ( ! moon1 appe> z if !y might once h be5 pol> op5+s2 if s1 %e mu/ frequ5tly h *ang$ h] axis4 ,! spots ( light :i* h at diff]5t p]iods be5 discov]$ by a/ronom]s1 on ! surface ( ! moon1 ne> h] poles1 :5 %e 0 on ! face ( ! sun1 9 an eclipse ( t lum9>y1 are p]haps be/ acc\nt$ = by suppos+ ! sun to %9e 91 ei!r at "o ( h] pol> op5+s or ?r\gh a cavity on h] fur!r side1 & appe>+ to u ?r\gh "o ( h] annul> cavities1 on ?is side1 & ne> h] poles3 ,or ! sun be+ mu* l>g] ?an ! moon1 & ! axis ( ! moon a little v>i$ f "r angles ) ! e>?1 7or p]haps ! l[ side ( ! sph]e be+ next to ! e>?17 ! sun w\ld %9e ?r\gh an annul> cavity or op5 pole1 s z to appe> to u z a spot ( light on ! moon's disk4 ,! =ego+ enum]at$ a/ronomical ph5om5a are "s ( ! facts t5d+ to confirm & elucidate ,symmes's !ory4 ,!y all h be5 long kn[n to exi/2 yet ,i h nev] he>d !m acc\nt$ = to ! satisfaction ( my m9d4 ,inde$1 ,i believe "s ( !m nev] 0 attempt$ to be acc\nt$ = 9 any mann] :atev]4 ,i w\ld1 !re=e1 reque/ ! read]1 :o may deign to give ! subject a s]i\s ?\ght1 to reflect1 t if all ! cele/ial orbs are entire r\nd globes1 z ! old !ory consid]s !m to be1 on :at pr9ciples1 or 9 :at mann]1 c\ld !y pres5t ! v>i\s appe>ances :i* ,i h enum]at$8 ,:y %\ld ! horns ( ,v5us assume diff]5t %apes8 ,:at w\ld make ! appe>ance ( belts on ,jupit]8 ,or r+s & conc5tric circles at ! poles ( ,m>s8 ,&1 f9ally1 9 :at position c\ld a r\nd solid globe be plac$1 to exhibit ! r+s ( ,saturn1 revolv+ ) diff]5t velocities1 z x respects ea* o!r1 & spaces appe>+ betwe5 !m & ! body ( ! planet1 ?r\gh :i* />s1 millions ( miles beyond1 c be di/9ctly se58 ,^! are ph5om5a ,i %\ld l to he> expla9$4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( conc5tric sph]es1 !y c all be acc\nt$ = 9 a mo/ satisfactory mann]4 ,!y appe> p]fectly pla9 & intelligible4 ,:at 0 ?\ght to be involv$ 9 inexplicable my/]y1 & mid-night d>kness n[ p]fectly accords ) ! e/abli%$ laws ( nature1 & c be und]/ood by ! mo/ ord9>y capacity4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,physical ,_w1 p4 #db4;,adam's ,philosophy1 vol4 #d1 p4 #bjf2 ,philadelphia1 #ahjg4 #e ,dr4 ,h]s*el has obs]v$ a fa9t illum9ation 9 ! unlight$ "p ( ! planet ,v5us1 :i* he ascribes to "s phosphoric quality ( its atmosph]e4 ,editor's note to ,adams' ,philosophy1 vol4 #d1 p4 #bjd1 ,philadelphia1 #ahjg4 ,qu]e,might n su* an appe>ance be acc\nt$ = z rationally1 by suppos+ ! rays ( ! sun to %9e or be reflect$1 ?r\gh "o ( h] pol> op5+s1 & fall on ! v]ge ( ! sph]e at ! opposite pol> op5+8 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,!ory ( ,conc5tric ,sph]es1 support$ by argum5ts drawn f ,t]re/rial facts2 su* z ! migration ( animals to & f ! arctic regions1 & f refraction1 & ! v>iation ( ! compass1 obs]v$ 9 high nor!rn latitudes4 ,i w\ld n[ adv]t to a few ( ! kn[n t]re/rial facts1 :i* h a t5d5cy to support ! !ory advanc$ by ,capta9 ,symmes2 su* z ! migration ( animals1 includ+ bea/s1 birds1 & fi%es1 9 ! arctic regions2 & f refraction1 & ! v>iation ( ! compass obs]v$ 9 high nor!rn latitudes4 ,x is a fact well atte/$ by :al]s & fi%]s 9 ! nor!rn seas2 & "o t almo/ e au?or :o adv]ts to ! nor!rn fi%]ies confirms1 t innum]able & almo/ incr$ible numb]s ( :ales1 mack]el1 h]r+1 & o!r migratory fi%1 annually come d[n 9 ! spr+ season ( ! ye>1 f ! artic seas t[>ds ! equator4 ,"s au?ors describe ! %oals ( h]r+ alone1 to be equal 9 surface to ! isl& ( ,great ,brita94 ,besides ^!1 innum]able %oals ( o!r fi% also come d[n4 ,^! fi% :5 !y fir/ come f ! nor? 9 ! spr+1 are 9 _! be/ plight & fatte/ condition3 b z ! season advances1 & !y move on to ! s\?w>d1 !y become poor2 s mu* s1 t by ! "t !y get on ! coa/ ( ,france1 or ,spa91 z fi%]m5 say1 !y are sc>ce wor? cat*+4 ,! hi/ory ( ! migratory fi% af=ds /rong gr\nds to conclude1 t ! %oals :i* come f ! nor?1 are l sw>ms ( bees f ! "m hive1 nev] to return2 p>ticul>ly ! h]r+ & o!r small fi%4 ,!y are n kn[n to return 9 %oals3 & x is d\bt$ by "s writ]s on ! subject :e!r any ( !m ev] return nor? aga91 or :e!r !y are n entirely consum$ by m51 & by o!r fi%4 ,:al]s & o!r fi%]m5 :o g to ! nor?1 g5]ally prosecute _! bus9ess 9 ! seas betwe5 latitudes sixty & sev5ty degrees1 :]e :ales are mo/ abundant4 ,p9k]ton1 9 8 voyages1 /ates1 t ! ,dut*1 :o at diff]5t p]iods got deta9$ 9 ! ice1 & 7 compell$ to w9t] 9 high nor!rn latitudes1 c\ld f9d b few fi% to subsi/ on dur+ ! w9t]3 :i* proves t ! migrat+ fi% d n w9t] among/1 or on ?is side ( ! ice4,all ^! facts relative to fi%1 appe> to be well au!nticat$4 ,n[1 7 ! e>? a compact & solid sph]oid1 accord+ to ! old !ory2 & 7 ! seas froz5 ne>ly to ! bottom at ! poles1 z we w\ld be l$ to conclude1 :]e c\ld all ^? fi%1 t come d[n to u e spr+1 bre$8 or1 if !y ev5 all return$ 9 ! autumn1 & all ! nor? 7 a sea t did n freeze ev5 to ! poles1 x w\ld require a great /ret* ( cr$ulity to imag9e :]e !y c\ld obta9 food = ! w9t]2 or ev5 if _! s\rce ( food 7 inexhau/ible1 c\ld ! region ( ! pole af=d space suffici5t = _! heal?1 s z to migrate s\? 9 ! spr+8 ,if ! e>? be n holl[1 7or at lea/ greatly concave ab\t ! poles7 :]e c\ld all ^? fi% f9d room 9 w9t]8 ,b on ,symmes's plan1 admitt+ ! globe to be a holl[ sph]e1 & ! inn]1 or concave "p1 z habitable z )\t1 7at lea/ z habitable = fi%7 ! :ole matt] is at once expla9$4 ,:ales1 & v>i\s fi%1 delight 9 cold regions4 ,accord+ to ,symmes's ,!ory1 a zone at a %ort di/ance beyond ! real v]ge ( ! sph]e1 7:i* con/itutes ! colde/ "p1 or z he has ?\ght prop] to t]m x1 ! icy circle17 comm5c+ at ! highe/ po9t1 9 ab\t latitude sixty-eight degrees1 9 ! nor!rn sea1 ne> ,norway1 !nce gradually decl9+ to ab\t latitude fifty degrees 9 ! ,pacific ocean1 :i* is ! l[e/ po9t1 & !nce regul>ly r\nd aga9 to ! highe/ po9t4 ,a c]ta9 di/ance beyond ?is1 & %ort ( ! app>5t v]ge1 ?is zone1 or icy circle exi/s1 :i* is believ$ to be ! colde/ region ( ! e>?4 ,aft] pass+ ?is1 we w\ld advance into ! int]ior ( ! globe1 & into a mild] clime4 ,9 ! int]ior region1 x is cont5d$1 ^? imm5se %oals ( fi% are propagat$ & gr[1 :i* annually come out & af=d u su* an abundant supply3 nor does x appe> t ! int]ior p>ts ( ! sph]e are altoge!r =sak5 by ! fi% 9 summ]2 = %oals ( fat mack]el & h]r+ come d[n f ! nor? 9 autumn1 z well z 9 ! spr+4 ,! seal1 ano!r animal f\nd 9 cold regions1 is also said to migrate nor? twice ea* ye>2 go+ once beyond ! icy circle to produce _! "y2 & aga9 to complete _! gr[?1 always return+ rem>kably fatan evid5ce t !y f9d some?+ m ?an sn[ & ice to fe$ on 9 ! c\ntry to :i* !y migrate4 ,num]\s o!r facts ( importance1 relative to ! migration ( quadrup$s1 are well au!nticat$ by travell]s & o!rs3 p>ticul>ly t ( ! re9-de]4 ,9 ,rees's ,cyclop$ia1 "u ! head1 ,hudson's ,bay1 x is /at$1 t ! re9-de] are se5 9 ! spr+ season ( ! ye>1 ab\t ! mon? ( ,m>* or ,april1 com+ d[n f ! nor?1 9 droves ( eight or t5 ?\s&1 & t !y are kn[n to return nor?w>d 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 :5 ! sn[ becomes deep4 ,hudson's ,bay is situat$ betwe5 sixty & sixty-five degrees nor? latitude4 ,we are in=m$ by pr(essor ,adams ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 t on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,asia1 e autumn ! re9-de] />t nor?-ea/w>dly f ! riv] ,l5a1 & return aga9 9 ! spr+1 9 good condition3 ! m\? ( ! riv] ,l5a is 9 ab\t latitude sev5ty degrees nor?4 ,?is appe>s to me r a my/]y accord+ to ! old !ory ( ! e>?1 = :y %\ld ^? de] :5 ! cold comm5ces1 seek a cold] climate1 & a m /]ile c\ntry8 ,! inhospitable coa/ ( ,lib]ia & ,hudson's ,bay1 9 ! gloom ( a d>k w9t]1 ,i %\ld suppose1 w\ld be cold en\gh1 )\t _! seek+ to sp5d ! w9t] among no?+ b et]nal m\nta9s ( ice at ! pole2 :]e nature mu/ be rob$ 9 sn[s & cr[n$ ) /orms4 ,he>ne1 :o travell$ v high nor? & nor?we/ on ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 details v>i\s facts 9 8 j\rnal1 :i* /rongly corroborate ,symmes's position4 ,"s ( ! facts he attempts to expla9 agreeably to 8 own ideas1 & o!rs he consid]s inexplicable4 ,among a great collection ( facts1 he /ates1 t l>ge droves ( musk-ox5 ab\nd )9 ! arctic circle1 few ( :i* ev] come s f> s\? z ! ,hudsons-,bay factories4 ,he m5tions see+ 9 ! c\rse ( "o day1 sev]al h]ds ( ^? animals1 ( sev5ty or eighty 9 a h]d1 9 ab\t latitude sixty-eight degrees4 ,he /ates t ! pol> :ite be>s are v r>ely f\nd by any ( ! ,indians 9 w9t]2 & t _! w9t] retreats appe> to be unkn[n2#f t !y are sometimes se5 retir+ t[>ds ! sea on ! ice 9 autumn2 & appe> aga9 9 great numb]s 9 ! latt] end ( ,m>*1 br++ _! "y ) !m4 ,he>ne also /ates1 t ! :ite or arctic foxes are1 "s ye>s1 rem>kably pl5tiful2 & always come f ! nor?2 t _! numb]s almo/ exce$ cr$ibility2 t x is well kn[n none ( !m ev] migrate aga9 to ! nor?w>d2 & t naturali/s are at a loss to "k :]e !y orig9ate4#g ,he also m5tions t all k9ds ( game1 z well z fi%1 9 ^? high latitudes1 are at "s seasons excessively pl5tiful1 & at o!rs extremely sc>ce4 ,^! facts /rongly corroborate ! doctr9e ( a holl[ sph]e3 o!rwise1 :y %\ld ! re9-de]1 & o!r animals1 migrate nor? in/ead ( s\?2 z our ,buffalo on ! pla9s ( ,miss\ri d1 :5 press$ ) sn[ & cold wea!r8 ,in/9ct g5]ally leads animals to fruitful & productive1 r ?an unproductive1 regions2 :y !n proce$ nor? on ! approa* ( w9t]1 unless 9 expectation ( f9d+ a w>m] climate1 or1 at lea/1 a m mild & pl5tiful c\ntry1 beyond ! icy circle8 ,indep5d5t ( ! imm5se droves ( re9-de]1 great numb]s ( musk-ox51 :ite be>s1 & :ite foxes1 sp5d _! w9t]s t[>ds ! nor?2 :i* t5ds to e/abli% ! fact1 t a consid]able ext5t ( l& mu/ exi/ 9 t qu>t] ( ! e>?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld infr+e on ! space necess>y to accommodate ! va/ quantities ( fi% :i* appe> to be propagat$ 9 t region1 if ! old sy/em 7 true4 ,if we 7 to judge ( ! int]nal surface ( ! sph]e1 by its animal productions1admitt+ t ^? animals h]et(ore enum]at$1 are propagat$ !re1we %\ld conclude t ! int]nal region ( ! e>? is z mu* m fav\rable to ! support ( animal life1 z ! re9-de] is l>g] ?an our de]1 & ! :ite be> l>g] ?an our be>2 &1 consequ5tly1 we mu/ conclude t !re are m salubri\s climates & bett] c\ntries )91 ?an any we h yet discov]$ )\t4 ,he>ne also in=ms u t swans1 geese1 brants1 ducks1 & o!r wild wat]-f[l1 are s num]\s ab\t ,hudson's ,bay1 9 ! spr+ & summ]1 t ! company e season salt up va/ quantities ( !m1 sometimes sixty or sev5ty hogs-heads4#h ,he enum]ates t5 diff]5t species ( geese1 sev]al ( :i*1 7p>ticul>ly ! sn[ geese1 ! blue geese1 br5t geese1 & horn$ wavey17 lay _! eggs & raise _! "y 9 "s c\ntry unkn[n1 ev5 to ! ,indians2#i z _! eggs & "y are nev] se5 by !m1 nei!r h ! mo/ accurate obs]v]s be5 able to discov] :]e !y make _! w9t] resid5ce2 z x is well kn[n t !y d n migrate to ! s\?w>d2 b few ( !m ev] pass to ! s\?1 & "s ( ! species are said nev] to h be5 se5 s\? ( latitude fifty-n9e degrees4#aj ,mo/ ( ^? f[ls molt or %$ _! fea!rs 9 a peculi> mann]1 9 summ]1 & become ne>ly nak$4 ,h5ce x w\ld seem t !y mu/ bre$ 9 w9t] :ile abs5t1 = x is impossible t !y c\ld lay & sit :il/ molt+2 :]eas1 ! migratory geese & ducks ( ?is c\ntry are n kn[n to %$ _! fea!rs1 9 any great degree2 & are well kn[n to raise _! "y 9 ! summ]1 :il/ 9 ! nor?4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be inf]r$1 t _m ( ^? wat]-f[ls1 :i* ,he>ne describes1 raise _! "y beyond ! icy circle & )9 ! sph]e4 ,z _m ( ! t5 species ( geese he saw !re1 are unkn[n fur!r s\?1 x e/abli%es ! fact1 t !y d n come to ! s\? to w9t]4 ,9 ! pap]s ( ! ,hon\rable ,d4 ,b>r+ton1 & ,colonel ,beaufoy1 on ! possibility ( approa*+ ! nor? pole1 read be=e ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 !re is an ext5sive collection ( in/ances cit$1 :]e navigators h rea*$ high nor!rn latitudes2 f :i* x appe>s to be well au!nticat$1 t navigators h 9 num]\s in/ances rea*$ ! latitude ( eighty-two1 eighty-?ree1 & eighty-f\r degrees3#aa & "s are said to h sail$ z f> nor? z eighty-eight & eighty-n9e degrees4#ab ,x is almo/ uni=mly /at$1 t 9 ^? high latitudes1 ! sea is cle> ( ice1 or ne>ly s1 & ! wea!r mod]ate4#ac ,to cite ! v>i\s in/ances 9 :i* navigators h sail$ f> nor?1 w\ld be too t$i\s3#ad ! :ole book pr9cipally consi/s ( a s]ies ( facts1 :i* h a /rong be>+ on ! subject1 & to :i* ,i w\ld ref] ! read] :o feels dispos$ to inve/igate4 ,! :ole appe>s to /r5g!n ! op9ion1 t !re is a b>ri]1 or circle ( ice1 ab\t :]e ! :al]s g to fi%2 b1 :5 t is pass$1 we come to an op5 sea1 & a m temp]ate region4 ,! sea is /at$ to be op51 & always cle> ( ice1 ev5 9 ! middle ( w9t]1 on ! nor!rn "p ( ,spitzb]g51 :i* is situat$ 9 latitude eighty degrees nor?2 & ! fur!r nor? ! m cle> x is ( ice4#ae ,b1 at ! same season1 on ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,spitzb]g51 ! sea is b\nd up ) solid & compact ice4 ,if ! doctr9e be true1 t ! e>? is a solid sph]oid1 ! cold mu/ increase regul>ly z we approa* ! pole1 &1 consequ5tly1 vegetation inv>iably dim9i%3 ?is1 h[ev]1 is asc]ta9$ n to be ! fact4 ,nova-,zembla1 :i* is situat$ 9 nor? latitude sev5ty-six degrees1 produces no timb]1 nor ev5 a blade ( grass1#af consequ5tly1 all ! quadrup$s :i* frequ5t x1 are foxes & be>s2 bo? c>niv]\s animals4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 ab\t latitude sixty-five & sev5ty degrees1 nei!r timb] nor grass gr[s2#ag :ile on ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,spitzb]g51 !y h re9-de]1 :i* are (t5 exce$+ly fat2 & ,mr4 ,grey m5tions ?ree or f\r species ( plants :i* gr[ & fl[] !re1 dur+ ! summ]4#ah ,on any m]idian pass+ ?r\gh ,engl&1 x is asc]ta9$ to be m temp]ate at ! latitude ( eighty degrees nor?1 ?an at sev5ty-?ree degrees3#ai & bo? ,p9k]ton & ,b>r+ton in=m u1 t beyond ! latitude ( sev5ty-five degrees1 ! nor? w9ds are frequ5tly w>m 9 w9t]2#bj t 9 ! middle ( w9t] = sev]al weeks1 !re falls almo/ cont9u$ ra92 & t vegetables & animals are m abundant at ! latitude ( eighty degrees ?an at sev5ty-six degrees4 ,x has long be5 obs]v$ t ! climates v>y v consid]ably on ! same p>allels ( latitude4 ,new ,york1 :i* is situat$ 9 latitude #dj degrees1 is kn[n to be consid]ably cold] 9 ! w9t] ?an ,london1 :i* is situat$ 9 latitude fifty-five degrees2 & ! p>allel ( latitude =ty degrees on ! pla9s ( ,miss\ri is mu* cold] ?an ! city ( ,new-,york4 ,! climate at ,/4 ,pet]s1 on ! ,mississippi1 :i* is 9 latitude =ty-six degrees1 is said to be consid]ably cold] ?an ,quebec4#ba ,?is diff]5ce ( climate has1 by "s1 be5 attempt$ to be acc\nt$ =1 on ! pr9ciple t l& is cold] ?an wat]1 & t ! cold is occasion$ by ! l>ge portion ( l& 9 ! cont95t ( ,am]ica3 h[ev]1 ,i submit to ! consid]ation ( ! read]1 :e!r s great a diff]5ce c\ld arise f a cause ( ?is nature4 ,9 ! nor!rn sea1 betwe5 ,spitzb]g5 & ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 !re is a /rong curr5t1 :i* always comes f ! nor?1 & sets s\?w>dly4#bb ,x has be5 /at$ by "s1 t1 9 ! spr+ season ( ! ye>1 ! wat] ( ?is curr5t is w>m] & fre%] ?an ! surr\nd+ wat] ( ! sea4 ,v>i\s o!r curr5ts h1 at diff]5t times1 be5 obs]v$1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sea1 sett+ f ! nor?4 ,float+ s\?w>dly on ^! curr5ts1 h be5 se5 l>ge masses ( ice1 f fre% wat] riv]s1 ) wolves & be>s occasionally on !m4 ,new fall5 trees h also be5 se5 float+ f ! nor?2 & v>i\s k9ds ( timb]1 "s ( :i* ! species h hi!rto be5 unkn[n1 are frequ5tly f\nd lodg$ on ! nor!rn "p ( ! coa/ ( ,norway1 hav+ drift$ f "s region /ill f>!r nor?4 ,trees h also be5 f\nd float+ 9 ! ocean at latitude eighty degrees2 :5 no timb] is kn[n to gr[ nor? ( latitude sev5ty degrees4 ,also1 se$s unkn[n to our botani/s1 & ^? ( tropical plants h be5 f\nd drift$ on ! coa/ ( ,norway1 & p>ts adjac5t1 _m ( :i* 7 9 s fre% a /ate z to vegetate & gr[2#bc :5 x is well kn[n t no plant ( _! species comes to p]fection 9 any kn[n climate f> )\t ! tropics4 ,&1 :at makes ! matt] p>ticul>ly extraord9>y1 is1 t ^! ?+s appe> to be drift$ by curr5ts com+ f ! nor?2 :51 accord+ to ! old !ory1 we mu/ believe ! sea to be always froz5 at ! poles1 :i* w\ld r5d] x difficult1 if n impossible1 to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! curr5ts at all4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & 9 ,europe1 ! ,aurora ,borealis is always se5 to ! nor?3 ,b _m ( ^? travell]s & navigators1 :o p5etrat$ to high nor!rn latitudes1 obs]v$ ! ,aurora ,borealis 9 ! s\?1 & nev] 9 ! nor?4 ,! region 9 :i* x is believ$ to exi/1 is suppos$ to be ab\t ! place :]e ! v]ge comm5ces1 & ab\t fifty or sixty miles above ! plane ( ! e>?'s surface2 & t ! travell]s :o discov]$ ^! appe>ances s\? ( !m1 7 at t "t beyond ! v]ge4 ,! ,indians discov]$ by ,capta9 ,ross1 on ! coa/ ( ,baff9's bay1 9 ! summ] ( #ahah1 9 latitude sev5ty-five degrees fifty-five m9utes nor?1 :5 int]rogat$ f :5ce !y came1 po9t$ to ! nor?1 :]e1 accord+ to _! acc\nt1 !re 7 pl5ty ( p2#bd t x 0 a w>m] c\ntry2 & t !re 0 mu* wat] !re4 ,& :5 ,capta9 ,ross in=m$ !m t he came f ! contr>y direction1 po9t+ to ! s\?1 !y repli$1 t c\ld n be1 because !re 0 no?+ b ice 9 t direction3#be ,consequ5tly ^! p mu/ live 9 a c\ntry n compos$ ( ice2 = x appe>s !y deem su* an "o un9habitable4 ,h5ce we mu/ inf]1 if ! relation giv5 by ,capta9 ,ross be correct1 t1 nor? ( :]e !y !n 71 ! climate becomes m mild1 & is habitable2 a *ange1 ! cause ( :i* is n easily acc\nt$ = on ! old philosophic pr9ciples4 ,9 high nor!rn latitudes1 ow+ to refraction1 or "s o!r peculi> circum/ance1 :i* hi!rto has n1 to my k1 be5 attempt$ to be acc\nt$ =1 ! ext5t ( vision appe>s to be greatly increas$2 s t objects1 mu* fur!r ?an ! ord9>y di/ance1 are di/9ctly se52 frequ5tly appe>+ elevat$ above ! sea1 or _! real situation2 & _! image sometimes pictur$ 9 ! sky4 ,! real objects1 !mselves1 are sometimes se5 ) ! nak$ eye "o hundr$ & =ty or "o hundr$ & fifty miles1#bf & sometimes at ! a/oni%+ di/ance ( two hundr$ miles4 ,^! facts are well atte/$ by ,capta9 ,ross & o!r navigators4 ,h[ ?is c be acc\nt$ =1 on ! =mation ma9ta9$ by ! old !ory1 ,i _c conjecture4 ,i believe x is admitt$ t ! deck ( a vessel at sea1 any :]e betwe5 ! equator & latitude fifty or sixty degrees1 _c be discov]$1 ev5 by ! be/ telescope1 at a great] di/ance ?an twelve or fifte5 miles4#bg ,nay1 7 !re no end to vision1 & c\ld ! eye p5etrate two hundr$ miles ?r\gh our atmosph]e ) suffici5t cle>ness1 x w\ld require an obs]v] to be elevat$ ab\t five miles1 be=e he c\ld discov] an object on ! surface ( ! e>? two hundr$ miles di/ant4 ,b1 on ! edge ( ! v]ge ( ! pol> op5+1 if ! atmosph]e 7 cle>1 & ! p[] ( vision /rong en\gh1 an obs]v] might discov] objects situat$ on ! v]ge at any po9t all r\nd ! sph]e2 z !y w\ld be on an exact plane ) ! obs]v]4 ,& on ! contr>y1 travell+ across ! v]ge f ! convexity to ! concavity ( ! sph]e1 a v few miles make objects disappe>4 ,all nor!rn navigators & travell]s agree1 t high nor? ! sun becomes less bright1 & ! sky d>k]1 ?an 9 m s\!rn latitudes4 ,is n ?is ow+ to ! rays ( ! sun be+ refract$ r\nd ! v]ge ( ! pol> op5+8 ,ano!r circum/ance1 obs]v$ by navigators1 :o h visit$ high latitudes is1 t ! latitude & longitude1 z f\nd by cele/ial obs]vation1 frequ5tly diff] v mat]ially1 sometimes z mu* z "o half1 f t giv5 by ! log-l9e4#bh ,x has also be5 obs]v$ t ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] is less fluctuat+ 9 nor!rn regions1 ?an x is fur!r s\?4 ,^? appe>ances obs]v$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :i* are t]m$ ,magellanic cl\ds1 by navigators1 h n1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 acc\nt$ =4 ,!y are ?ree 9 numb]1 ( an irregul> %ape1 & obs]v$ by night 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 & ! s\?-ea/ p>ts ( ! ,pacific oceans1 7rev]s$ f ,new-,holl& & ,new-,zeal&17 b nev] visible 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,indian ocean3 _! col\r is l t ( f> di/ant m\nta9s1 on :i* ! sun is %9+4 ,9 ! "o sea !y appe> due s\?1 & 9 ! o!r to ! left4 ,!y are /ation>y1 appe>+ p]petually fix$ at a c]ta9 height1 & 9 a p>ticul> situation1 z view$ f any giv5 place4 ,! />s & ! heav5s1 9 _! diurnal revolutions1 sweep by !m1 & !y rema9 ! same4 ,to ! navigator1 :o proce$s to ! ea/ or we/1 !y appe> to be m or less to ! "r or left ( ! m]idian1 9 proportion z he *anges 8 longitude2 & z he sails s\?1 !y increase 9 height1 until !y rea* ! z5i?1 & f9ally become nor?1 :5 se5 by an obs]v] s\? ( ! /raits ( ,magellan1 :i* is 9 latitude fifty-two degrees s\?4 ,capta9 ,symmes acc\nts = ! appe>ance ( ^! cl\ds by ! great refractive p[] ( ! atmosph]e ab\t ! pol> op5+s2 caus+ ! opposite side ( ! v]ge to appe> pictur$ 9 ! sky1 z navigators in=m u objects d sometimes appe>1 9 ! arctic regions2 & 9 ! mann] ,scoresby's %ip appe>$ 9 ! sky1 ) e p>ticul> ab\t h] s accurately repres5t$1 z to be at once id5tifi$ by ! obs]v]s1 ?\gh ! vessel1 at t "t1 0 at su* a di/ance z to r5d] x r incr$ible h[ %e c\ld be se5 at all4 ,z pro( ( ?is position1 ,capta9 ,symmes alleges1 t ! relative position1 %ape1 & proportions ( ^! cl\ds1 agree 9 _! g5]al outl9es ) ! s\!rn "p ( ,new-,zeal&1 ! s\!a/ "p ( ,new-,holl&1 & ! :ole ( ,van-,dieman's l&1 :i* are situat$ on1 & ne> to ! v]ge ( ! sph]e1 opposite to :]e ! cl\ds are visible4 ,^! cl\ds are only se5 9 ! night :5 ! atmosph]e is cle>1 at :i* "t ! sun is %9+ on ! isl&s 9 "q4 ,h5ce x is alleg$1 t f ^! facts1 _! relative appe>ance is d$ucible4 ,z we are nev] s5sible t ! rays ( light are refract$ by ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* !y pass be=e !y rea* our visual organs2 we frequ5tly imag9e objects to be situat$ :]e !y really are n2 & su* is believ$ to be ! case z respects ,van-,dieman's & ! circumjac5t l&1 z be=e describ$4 ,frankl91 9 8 j\rney f> nor?1 on ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 discov]$ a cl\d1 :i* appe>$ to rema9 always 9 ! same position1 & :i* ! ,indians in=m$ him 0 p]man5t4 ,n hav+ ! book at h&1 ,i _c n[ adv]t p>ticul>ly to :at he says on ! subject3 b1 f memory only1 recollect t he /ates some?+ to t effect4 ,if su* an appe>ance exi/ !re1 may x n be acc\nt$ = 9 ! same mann] z ! ,magellanic cl\ds8 ,navigators1 :o h sail$ f> nor?1 admit ! v>iation ( ! ne$le to be excessive4 ,capta9 ,ross f\nd x 9 ,baff9's ,bay1 to be z mu* z "o hundr$ & t5 degrees2 & ,p>ry1 dur+ 8 voyage 9 #ahbb1 f\nd x s *ang$1 t ! ne$le po9t$ )9 ab\t f\rte5 degrees ( s\?4 ,all1 ,i believe1 concur1 t ?is is a ph5om5on :i* univ]sally occurs 9 high nor!rn latitudes2 b x has hi!rto rema9$ unexpla9$4 ,i believe1 accord+ to ! old !ory1 ! ne$le is imag9$ to be attract$ by some?+ at or ne> ! pole3 7 ?is supposition correct1 ! ne$le w\ld uni=mly ma9ta9 its pol>ity on proce$+ nor?1 on any giv5 m]idian1 until y arriv$ at ! v pole itself4 ,! possibility ( a mov+ magnetic cause is difficult1 if n impossible1 to be reconcil$ ) a solid globe2 yet t ! magnetic ne$le does v>y on ! same m]idian1 & to a mo/ extraord9>y degree1 9 high nor!rn latitudes1 is confirm$ beyond all d\bt4 ,:y n !n urge ! v>iabl5ess ( ! magnetic cause aga9/ ! possibility ( a solid globe8 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( holl[ sph]es1 ?is :ole my/]y1 ( ! v>iation ( ! compass1 c be satisfactorily expla9$4 ,! magnetic ne$le1 x is believ$1 reg>ds ! c5tre ( ! pol> op5+1 & n ! pole or axis ( ! e>?4 ,x w be recollect$1 t ! axis ( ! e>?1 be+ at an angle ( twelve or fifte5 degrees f ! plane ( ! pol> op5+s1 causes "o "p ( ! v]ge to ext5d f>!r nor? ?an ! o!r1 ! highe/ "p ( :i* is ne>ly on a m]idian runn+ ?r\gh ,spitzb]g51 9 ab\t latitude sixty-eight degrees1 & ! l[]mo/ side 9 ab\t ! fiftie? degree4 ,n[ 9 proce$+ nor? on ! fir/ m]idian1 runn+ ne> ,spitzb]g51 !re ought to be no v>iation ( ! ne$le until y arrive at ! app>5t v]ge1 :5 ! ne$le w\ld cease to trav]se2 & by proce$+ onw>ds1 w\ld turn & po9t s\?4 ,%\ld y proce$ nor?1 on a m]idian we/ ( ?is1 :5 y approa*$ ! app>5t v]ge1 ! ne$le w\ld seem to turn we/1 b 9 reality1 x w\ld be ! m]idian turn+ to ! "r along ! v]ge to its highe/ or mo/ nor!rly po9t2 ! ne$le keep+ at a "r angle ) ! v]ge4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 pursu+ a c\rse nor?1 on a m]idian ea/ ( ,spitzb]g51 on y\r approa* to ! app>5t v]ge1 ! ne$le w\ld /ill direct its c\rse at a "r angle into ! pol> op5+1 7gov]n$1 mo/ probably1 by "s pr9ciple ( electricity1 or o!r prop]ty conta9$ 9 matt]1 & kept 9 "o position1 subject to ! %ape ( ! e>?1 :i* may n ev5 yet be exactly kn[n17 ! m]idian w\ld "h w9d to ! left1 & conduct y to ! highe/ po9t ( ! app>5t v]ge1 nor? ( ,spitzb]g54 ,h5ce ! v>iation ( ! ne$le w\ld be ea/ 9 ,asia1 & we/ 9 ,am]ica1 :i* ,i am told is ! fact4 ,f an exam9ation ( ! v>iation ( ! compass1 z asc]ta9$ 9 diff]5t degrees ( latitude & longitude1 x increases z y proce$ nor?1 & we/2 :i* w\ld be exactly ! case 9 accordance ) ! !ory ( conc5tric sph]es4#bi ,admitt+ ! e>? to be a solid globe1 & ! cause ( magnetism to be "s attractive p[] at ! pole1 h[ c\ld ! ne$le v>y diff]5tly on ! same m]idian1 9 diff]5t latitudes1 at ! same p]iod ( "t1 or v>y at ! same place1 at diff]5t p]iods ( "t8 ,b1 admit ! doctr9e cont5d$ =1 by ! advocates ( conc5tric sph]es1 & x c be satisfactorily expla9$4 ,! obs]vations ( mod]n a/ronom]s1 h asc]ta9$1 t ! poles1 or axis ( ! e>?1 are n always direct$ to ! same fix$ />2 &1 ( consequ5ce1 t ! axis does n always rema9 p>allel to itself4 ,?is v>iation is discov]$ to be ab\t fifty-"o m9utes annually2 :i* w\ld make a degree 9 ab\t sev5ty-"o ye>s3 h5ce ! ne$le always po9t+ to ! pol> op5+1 w\ld v>y 9 ab\t t proportion1 at ! same place1 9 ! same p]iod ( "t4#cj ,,footnotes3 #f ,he>ne's ,j\rnal1 pp4 #ceg1 #cfh4 #g ,he>ne's ,j\rnal1 pp4 #cfd1 #cfe4 #h ,he>ne's ,j\rnal1 p4 #ddb4 #i ,he>ne's ,j\rnal1 p4 #ddb1 #ddc1 #ddd1 #dde1 #ddf4 #aj ,ibid1 p4 #dde4 #aa ,b>r+ton & ,beaufoy1 pp4 #ba1 #ea4 #ab ,ibid1 pp4 #be1 #fa4 #ac ,ibid1 pp #be1 #cb1 #cg1 #fa4 #ad ,f ! ,national ,intellig5c] ( ,sept4 #cj1 #ahbd4 ,,pol> ,,seas4,! fact t !re are op5 seas r\nd bo? ! e>?'s poles1 has receiv$ /rong corroboration )9 ! la/ few mon?s4 ,we h n[ a lett] on our table f a naval (fic] at ,dron!im1 :o notices ! fact t ,capta9 ,sab9e _h good wea!r1 & rea*$ eighty degrees & ?irty-"o m9utes nor? latitude1 )\t ob/ruction f ! ice2 s t ! exp$ition might easily h proce$$ f>!r _h its object s requir$4 ,we h also _h ! pleasure to meet rec5tly ) a ,briti% (fic] :o1 ) two vessels "u 8 comm&1 la/ season p5etrat$ to sev5ty-f\r degrees tw5ty-five m9utes s\? latitude1 9 ! ant>ctic circle1 :i* is ab\t ?ree degrees beyond ,cook's utmo/ limit4 ,!re he f\nd ! sea p]fectly cle> ( ice1 & might h prosecut$ 8 voyage t[>ds ! pole1 if o!r consid]ations _h p]mitt$4 ,!re 0 no field ice 9 sight t[>ds ! s\?2 & ! wat] 0 inhabit$ by _m f9n$ & hump-back$ :ales2 ! longitude 0 betwe5 ! s\? ,%etl& ,isl&s1 lately discov]$1 & ,s&wi* l&3 ?is proves ! =m] to be an ,ar*ipelago 7z 0 suppos$7 & n a cont95t4 ,! voyage is rem>kable z be+ ! utmo/ s\? ^u record2 & we hope to be fav\r$ ) o!r p>ticul>s ( x4 ,at pres5t we h only to add1 t ! v>iation ( ! ne$le 0 extraord9>y1 & ! m important z !y c\ld n readily be expla9$ by ! philosophical pr9ciples at pres5t ma9ta9$ on ! subject4 ,lit]>y ,gazette4 #ae ,b>r+ton & ,beaufoy1 p4 #gd4 #af ,pur*as1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dgi4 #ag ,he>ne's ,j\rnal1 p4 #g4 #ah ,b>r+ton & ,beaufoy1 p4 #cf4;,dr4 ,bir*'s hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society1 vol4 et seq4 #ai ,b>4 p4 #aja4 #bj ,b>r+ton & ,beaufoy1 pp4 #be1 #abd4 #ba ,at ! m\? ( ,/4 ,pet]'s riv]1 9 w9t]1 x is z mu* cold] ?an at ,sacket's ,h>b\r1 z ,sacket's ,h>b\r is cold] ?an ,mobile1 al?\gh ,/4 ,pet]'s is we/ & ,mobile s\? ( ,sacket's ,h>b\r1 at ne>ly equal di/ances4 #bb ,b>r+ton & ,beaufoy1 p4 #gd4,ross' ,voyage1 vol4 #a1 p4 #eb1 ,london1 #ahai4 #bc ,d>w9's ,botanic ,g>d54 #bd ,ross' ,voyage1 v4 #a1 p4 #age4 #be ,ross' ,voyage1 v4 #a1 p4 #aaj4 #bf ,ross' ,voyages1 v4 #a1 pp4 #ga1 #ace1 #aii1 #bjf4 #bg ,mack5zie /ates1 t sometimes ! l& looms1 s t !re may be a great deception 9 ! di/ances4,mack5zie's ,voyage1 p4 #aa1 ,new-,york1 #ahjb4 #bh ,ross' ,voyage1 v4 #b1 p4 #d1 ,london1 #ahai4 #bi ,ross' ,voyage1 v4 #b1 p4 #aai4 #cj ,physical ,_w1 p4 #gb4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,facts t5d+ to illu/rate & prove ! exi/5ce ( a mid-plane-space1 situat$ betwe5 ! concave & convex surfaces ( ! sph]e4 ,accord+ to ,symmes's ,!ory1 ea* sph]e has an int]m$iate cavity1 or mid-plane-space1 ( consid]able ext5t1 situat$ betwe5 ! convex & concave surfaces ( ! sph]e1 fill$ ) a v light & ela/ic fluid1 r>ifi$ 9 proportion to ! gravity1 or cond5s+ p[] ( ! expos$ surfaces ( ! respective sph]es3 & also1 v>i\s o!r less cavities or spaces betwe5 ! l>g] or pr9cipal "o1 & ! out] & inn] surfaces ( ! sph]es1 ea* fill$ ) a simil> fluid or gas1 mo/ probably p>tak+ mu* ( ! nature ( hydrog54 ,?is fluid is light] ?an t 9 :i* ! sph]e floats2 & has a t5d5cy to poise x 9 univ]sal space4 ,! sph]es1 9 _m p>ts ( ! unfa?omable ocean1 is believ$ to be wat] q ?r\gh f ! concave or convex surfaces to ! great mid-plane-space1 & probably ! e>?y or solid matt] ( ! sph]e1 may 9 _m places ext5d q ?r\gh f "o surface to ! o!r1 t5d+1 l ribs or braces1 to support ! sph]e 9 its prop] =m4 ,su* a =mation ( sph]es appe>s to be support$ by v>i\s facts & ph5om5a2 among/ ! mo/ prom95t ( :i* are ,volcanoes & ,e>?quakes4 ,_m volcanic m\nta9s bur/ out & burn = ages1 dis*>g+ f ! b[els ( ! e>? imm5se quantities ( lava1 pumice1 & v>i\s sub/ances ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,"s ( ^! m\nta9s h be5 burn+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 at lea/ z f> back z ! records ( hi/ory h be5 made kn[n to u4 ,_h ! e>?1 at its =mation1 be5 a solid globe1 f\r times z h>d z hamm]$ iron at ! c5tre1 & gradually less5+ 9 d5sity t[>ds ! surface1 we mu/ admit t x w\ld /ill be solid matt]4 ,gov]n+ ourselves by ^! pr9ciples1 h[ c we imag9e t su* imm5se cav]ns1 fill$ ) combu/ible matt]1 z w\ld be necess>y to supply ^? volcanoes f "t immemorial1 c\ld h exi/$8 ,h[ev]1 t !y d exi/ is c]ta91 :i* ,i ?9k is 9 no way m easily acc\nt$ =1 ?an on ! plan ( a mid-plane-space1 or ( spaces1 fill$ ) a c]ta9 hydrog5\s gas1 :i* be+ mu* light] ?an atmosph]ic air1 if !re %\ld be any small ap]ture or crevice ext5d+ f ! surface to ! space b5ea?1 ! gravity ( ! out] "p ( ! sph]e press+ on x w\ld occasion a portion ( ?is gas to escape ?r\gh ! ap]ture2 & z x comes 9 contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e w\ld take fire & occasion ^? trem5d\s explosions :i* we "k d sometimes take place & cause ^? m\nta9s to burn = ye>s1 until ! cavity :i* suppli$ ! volcanic matt]1 becomes exhau/$2 or until "s %ock or convulsion consequ5t on ! burn+1 may h loos5$ rocks or e>? ( ! d5s] "p ( ! sph]e1 :i* fall+ into ! ap]ture1 *oke x up4 ,h5ce ! gas ceas+ to escape1 ! volcano w\ld cease to burn1 until "s %ock or accid5t %\ld aga9 op5 ! ap]ture4 ,! ela/ic fluid1 ) :i* ! mid-plane cavities are fill$1 be+ =c$ out into ! common atmosph]e1 ! great] degree ( gravity w\ld cond5se & set free its lat5t heat or caloric1 & be resolv$ into its orig9al base1 some:at z coal-gas1 out ( ! tube ( a gas-light app>atus1 yields up its lat5t heat by cond5sation4 ,h5ce /eam burns :5 mix$ ) coal-gas4 ,if ! e>? be a solid globe1 ,i am at a loss to acc\nt = ! pr9ciples on :i* e>?quakes occur4 ,long be=e ,i he>d ( ,symmes's !ory1 or p]haps be=e x _h an exi/5ce 9 ! m9d ( man1 :5 read+ acc\nts ( e>?quakes1 x appe>$ to me altoge!r unacc\ntable1 t su* viol5t concussions c\ld take place 9 "o "p ( ! _w1 & n be felt ?r\gh\t ! globe4 ,x appe>s altoge!r inconsi/5t1 t "o "p ( a solid piece ( matt]1 w\ld be %ak5 s viol5tly1 )\t affect+ ! :ole mass4 ,we are in=m$ by au!ntic hi/ory1 t :ole isl&s1 & va/ sections ( c\ntry1 h be5 sunk by e>?quakes1 & nev] m he>d (4 ,on ! o!r h&1 isl&s :i* are n[ inhabit$1 & productive1 h be5 rais$1 app>5tly1 f ! bottom ( ! unfa?omable ocean4 ,h[ su* ?+s occur1 ,i am unable to div9e4 ,if ! globe be solid1 on :at pr9ciple c\ld a l>ge portion ( its surface1 :i* is said to be light] ?an ! p>ts b5ea?1 s9k into a d5se m$ium8 ,h[ c\ld a heavy mass1 ly+ a ?\s& fa?oms deep at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 rise1 & be sudd5ly elevat$ above ! surface ( ! wat]1 :5 all bel[ is s compact1 & gov]n$ by an opposite & immutable t5d5cy8 ,x appe>s to be a solecism 9 nature4 ,! writ] _h once an opportunity ( witness+ "s ( ! effects ( e>?quakes4 ,x 0 8 =tune to be on ! ,mississippi riv] 9 ! ye> #ahab1 at ! "t :5 t c\ntry 0 s viol5tly convuls$ ) an e>?quake4 ,he saw & he>d innum]able explosions1 z ?\gh a l>ge quantity ( air _h be5 conf9$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 &1 seek+ v5t1 ru%$ out ) a trem5d\s s\nd2 =c+ up consid]able quantities ( s& ?r\gh ! ap]tures1 9 _m in/ances mix$ ) black muddy wat]1 & a sub/ance resembl+ /one coal1 or c>bonat$ wood1 :i* emitt$ a /rong bitum9\s od\r1 :5 expos$ to fire4 ,at "o place ! riv] 0 /opp$ 9 its c\rse a %ort "t3 ! wat] rose to a consid]able height above its common level2 &1 on ! we/ side ( ! *annel ( ! riv]1 !re 0 a c\nt]-curr5t = a few m9utes ( an a/oni%+ velocity4 ,s great 0 its =ce1 t = "s di/ance ! cotton wood & will[s on ! m>g9 ( ! riv]1 7 ei!r pro/rat$ or b5t up ! /ream2 & _! bran*es look$ z if !y _h be5 dragg$ a long way on ! gr\nd4 ,! wat]s ( ! riv] soon subsid$1 & fl[$ 9 _! natural direction4 ,s trem5d\s 7 ^? explosions1 t :5 happ5+ "u l>ge trees1 ! t5acity ( _! texture yield$ at once to _! =ce2 & ! l>ge/ 9 ! =e/ 7 split & fractur$ f root to top4 ,dur+ ^! convulsions1 ! gr\nd on :i* ! t[n ( ,new-,madrid is situat$1 toge!r ) ! c\ntry = sev]al miles r\nd1 sunk ab\t five feet bel[ its =m] elevation2 9 :i* situation x has rema9$4 ,eight ye>s aft]w>ds ! writ] 0 aga9 on ! same spot4 ,! desolate aspect1 :i* ! c\ntry pres5t$ at ! "t he witness$ ^? sc5es1 0 measurably oblit]at$3 b ! banks ( ! riv] 7 /ill 9 _! sunk5 situation4 ,h[ c\ld all ^? viol5t convulsions take place at ?is po9t1 & n be felt at ,new-,orleans1 along ! sea coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & o!r places8 ,:5ce came ?is wat] & air1 :i* issu$ f ^? ap]tures 9 ! e>?8 ,& :y did ! riv] = a few m9utes fl[ 9 a contr>y direction1 & !n resume its natural c\rse8 ,if ! e>? be a compact & solid globe1 ,i c acc\nt = none ( ^! ?+s2 b admitt+ ! =mation ( ! sph]e to be su* z ,i cont5d =1 !y are all resolv$ into ! mo/ simple pr9ciples2 & :at w\ld o!rwise be imp5etrable my/]y1 is made z pla9 z noon-day4 ,if ! sph]e be =m$ z ,i allege1 ^? concussions 7 d\btless occasion$ by ! gas or fluid 9 ! mid-plane or "s int]m$iate space1 ne> ! surface1 :i*1 by be+ sudd5ly r>ifi$1 w\ld make x exp&1 & cause ! upp] "p ( ! sph]e to be sudd5ly elevat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,little ,prairie2 & h5ce ! wat]s ( ! riv]1 pursu+ ! laws ( gravity1 w\ld fl[ 9 a contr>y direction4 ,?is sudd5 expansion1 & elevation ( ! surface1 w\ld cause ap]tures1 ?r\gh :i* ! r>e gas w\ld escape1 & ! surface w\ld !n settle d[n aga91 n only to its =m] level1 b1 z a consid]able portion ( ?is gas _h escap$1 ! rema9+ "p w\ld occupy less space2 h5ce ! surface ( ! c\ntry1 ar\nd ,new-,madrid1 w\ld be bel[ its =m] situation4#ca ,! fluid1 or gas1 :i* fills ! mid-plane & int]m$iate cavities1 is mo/ probably ! same1 or p>tak+ ( ! same nature1 7?\gh p]haps 9 a pur] /ate17 ) t :i* oozes out ( fissures 9 ! e>?1 at ! bottom ( deep m9es1 call$ by *emi/s1 hydro-c>bonate2 :i* be+ highly inflammable1 takes fire f ! lamps us$ by workm51 & explodes ) su* viol5ce z to de/roy bo? m5 & horses employ$ 9 ! m9e4 ,?is is a frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! deep coal m9es ( ,engl&2 & great numb]s annually h lo/ _! lives 9 ?is way1 be=e ! introduction ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy's lamp4 ,i am also in=m$1 f good au?ority1 t ! m9]s1 9 "s ( ! deep coal m9es 9 ,engl&1 once felt1 or he>d an e>?quake1 :i* happ5$ 9 ,italy1 :il/ ^? on ! surface ( ! gr\nd _h no k ( x4 ,?is w\ld be ! case1 if ! int]m$iate cavity1 :i* caus$ ! e>?quake1 ext5d$ 9 t direction1 & ne> ! bottom ( ! m9e2 z x is presum$ ! r>e gas ) :i* ^? spaces are fill$1 is bett] adapt$ to ! conveyance ( s\nd1 or vibratory motion1 ?an ! m solid p>ts ( ! sph]e1 or ev5 ! atmosph]e ar\nd u4 ,on ! supposition t ! globe is solid1 & ! matt] compos+ x at re/1 z respects itself1 on :at pr9ciple c boil+ & hot spr+s be acc\nt$ =2 "s ( :i* issue out sev]al ?\s&s ( miles di/ant f :]e any volcano or subt]ranean fire is kn[n to exi/2 p>ticul>ly z to ^? on ! wat]s ( ,r$ riv]1 9 ! /ate ( ,l\isiana1 :i* are suffici5tly hot to cook meat 9 a few m9utes4 ,ph5om5a :i* occur 9 v>i\s lakes 9 ,europe1 may be adv]t$ to 9 support ( ?is !ory4 ,! wat]s ( lake ,zir*nitz]1 9 ! ,dut*y ( ,c>niola1 9 ,g]many1 fl[ (f1 & leave ! bas9 empty2 & aga9 fill x1 9 an extraord9>y & impetu\s mann]2 br++ up ) its wat]s fi% & ev5 sometimes wild wat] f[l4#cb ,9 ! same c\ntry1 !re is a subt]ranean lake1 9 ! ,grotto ,podspets*io1 ( consid]able ext5t2 ! :ole ( ?is va/ body ( wat]1 at c]ta9 times1 w disappe> 9 a few m9utes1 & leave ! bas9 dry2 & aft] a few weeks1 x aga9 sudd5ly returns1 ) a frightful noise4 ,! lake ( ,g5eva1 & "s o!rs 9 ,switz]l&1 at c]ta9 times rise & fall sev]al feet )\t any cause1 :i* has z yet be5 satisfactorily expla9$2 & "s writ]s in=m u1 t ^? lakes1 p>ticul>ly ,g5eva1 s5d =?1 at times1 a grumbl+ noise4 ,9 ! ,saian m\nta9s1 ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,y5isei1 is a lake1 call$ ,b\lamy-,k\l1 :i*1 at ! approa* ( w9t]1 emits /range s\nds1 some:at simil> to ^? :i* prec$e ! eruption ( a volcano1 & :i* are comp>$ by ! neighb\r+ inhabitants to h[l+4 ,! inhabitants on ! bord]s ( ,baikal1 also /ate1 t !y h (t5 he>d dreadful & t]rific h[l+s proce$ f t lake4#cc ,! lake1 ,agnano1 9 ,italy1 sometimes1 especially :5 ! wat]s are high1 appe>s to boil at its bord]s4 ,?is ebullition is suppos$ to be occasion$ by "s gase\s fluids1 dis*>g$ into ! bottom1 :i* trav]se ! wat]s ( ! lake4#cd ,^! v>i\s ph5om5a1 :i* _c be easily acc\nt$ =1 might be be/ expla9$ p]haps1 on ! pr9ciples ( mid-plane-spaces4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! nor?1 ?ick /rata ( ice are f\nd1 "u a ?ick soil2 & on ice-b]gs1 float+ 9 ! ocean1 h be5 discov]$ masses ( e>?1 ( granite1 & ( o!r rocks4#ce ,on ! %ores ( ,gre5l& ! ebb tide fl[s t[>ds ! coa/1 app>5tly z ?\gh x passes "u ! l&1 & ! flood tide rec$es f ! %ore2 & 9 ^? regions ! sea is almo/ univ]sally f\nd deep] z y approa* ! %ore4#cf ,:5 ! :ales become sc>ce1 exp]i5ce has taught ! :al]s to seek = !m ne> ! %ore1 z if at c]ta9 seasons !y retir$ to x1 & !n disappe>$4 ,capta9 ,symmes imag9es t ! sea ext5ds q ?r\gh ! sph]es1 ab\t ,gre5l&1 & t ! :ales sudd5ly migrate ei!r to ! mid-plane-space1 or to ! seas on ! opposite side2 :i* he alleges to be ! case ) sev]al o!r species ( fi%1 z well z seals2 all ( :i*1 he supposes1 bre$ 9 ! mid-plane-space4 ,! reasons t induce him to adopt ?is conclusion are v>i\s2 su* z1 t fi% h be5 ?r[n up by ! eruption ( a volcano 9 ,s\? ,am]ica#cg;h]r+ appe>+ 9 su* imm5se numb]s at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>! :ales seem+ to pass "u ,gre5l&two seals hav+ be5 once caught 9 ,lake ,ont>io1 :i* is said to be unfa?omable1 al?\gh ?is lake is _m degrees s\? ( :]e ! seals h ev] be=e be5 kn[n to come& ! v>i\s species ( fi% 9 our nor!rn lakes :i* appe> & disappe> at c]ta9 p]iods4 ,t ! ext]ior seas 9 "s places communicate ) ! int]ior seas1 is r5d]$ probable by v>i\s o!r circumces2 su* z curr5ts runn+ cont9ually into ! ,m$it]ranean1 & no visible outlet to ! wat] ?us cont9ually fl[+ 94 ,x is sc>cely probable t evaporation c\ld c>ry (f all ! wat] suppli$ by ! /raits ( ,gibralt>! :ite sea be+ m salt at ! head ?an at ! foot! tides be+ high] 9 ! ,baltic ?an ! ,m$it]ranean:ite foxes hav+ be5 =c$ up by ! wat]s ( ! sea 7z ,symmes und]takes to prove7 9 ! nor!rn regions! peculi>ities ( ! trem5d\s :irlpool on ! coa/ ( ,norway1 call$ ! ,maal/room1 :i* sucks 91 & dis*>ges ! wat]s ( ! sea ) great viol5ce& ^? obs]vable 9 ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 :i* are said to be unfa?omable4 ,,footnotes3 #ca ,,e>?quakes4,m4 ,biot1 aft] detail+ ! ph5om5a ( ! e>?quake1 on ! #bb;d ( ,febru>y1 #ahbb1 concludes an int]e/+ pap] ) ^! obs]vations3 ,9 ! infancy ( ,*emi/ry & ,natural ,philosophy1 x 0 imag9$ t e>?quakes might be easily expla9$2 9 proportion z ^! sci5ces h become m correct & m pr(\nd1 ?is confid5ce has decreas$4 ,b by a prop5sity1 = :i* ! "* ( ! human m9d suffici5tly acc\nts1 all ! new physical ag5ts :i* h be5 successively discov]$1 su* z electricity1 magnetism1 ! inflammation ( gases1 ! decomposition & recomposition ( wat]1 h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 !ories z ! causes ( ! great ph5om5a ( nature4 ,n[ all ^! conjectures seem to be insuffici5t to expla9 convulsions s ext5sive1 produc$ at ! same "t ov] su* l>ge portions ( ! e>?1 z ^? :i* take place dur+ e>?quakes4 ,! mo/ probable op9ion1 ! only "o :i* seems to u to reconcile1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 ! en]gy1 ! ext5t ( ^! ph5om5a1 & (t5 _! frightful correspond5ce 9 ! mo/ di/ant c\ntries ( ! globe1 w\ld be to suppose1 con=mably to _m o!r physical indications1 t ! solid surface on :i* we live is b ( inconsid]able ?ickness 9 comp>ison ) ! semi-diamet] ( ! t]re/rial globe2 is 9 "s measure only a rec5t %ell1 cov]+ a liquid nucleus1 p]haps /ill 9 a /ate ( ignition1 9 :i* great *emical or physical ph5om5a op]at+ at int]vals cause ^? agitations :i* are transmitt$ to u4 ,! c\ntries :]e ! sup]ficial cru/ is less ?ick or less /rong1 or m rec5tly or m imp]fectly consolidat$1 w\ld agreeably to ?is hypo!sis1 be ^? ! mo/ liable to be convuls$ & brok5 by ! viol5ce ( ^! int]nal explosions4 ,n[ if we comp>e toge!r ! exp]im5ts on ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum1 :i* h be5 made = "s ye>s pa/ ) great accuracy1 f ! nor? ( ,scotl& to ! s\? ( ,spa91 we readily p]ceive t ! int5sity ( gravitation decreases on ?is space1 z we g f ! ,pole t[>ds ! ,equator1 m rapidly ?an x ought to d ^u an ellipsoid1 ! conc5tric & simil> /rata ( :i* %\ld h equal d5sities at equal dep?s2 & ! deviation is especially s5sible ab\t ! middle ( ,france1 :]e too !re has be5 obs]v$ a /rik+ irregul>ity 9 ! l5g? ( ! degrees ( ! e>?4 ,?is local decrease ( gravity 9 ^! c\ntries %\ld seem to indicate1 ) "s probability1 t ! /rata ne> ! surface mu/ be less d5se !re ?an else:]e1 & p]haps h 9 _! int]ior imm5se cavities4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! num]\s volcanos ( :i* ^! /rata %[ ! traces1 & expla9 :y !y are ev5 n[1 at int]vals1 ! focus ( subt]rane\s convulsions4 #cb ,cook's ,geography1 v4 #b1 p4 #bej;,also ,rees' ,cyclop$ia1 article ,lake4 #cc ,rees' ,cyclop$ia1 article ,lake ,g5eva4 #cd ,rees' ,cyclop$ia1 article ,lake4 #ce ,ross' ,voyage1 v4 #a1 p4 #bbe4 #cf ,ibid1 v4 #a1 p4 #add4 #cg ,humboldt4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,sev]al objections1 made to ! ,!ory ( ,conc5tric ,sph]es1 answ]$1 p>ticul>ly ! "o t x contrav5es religi\s op9ions2 demon/rat+ t ! e>?1 & ! o!r orbs ( ! univ]se1 are =m$ on ! be/ possible plan = ! ma9t5ance & support ( organic life4 ,"s ( ! mo/ prom95t objections :i* ,i h he>d advanc$ aga9/ ! !ory ( conc5tric sph]es are ! foll[+3 #a/4 ,t if ! e>? be n a solid globe1 b a holl[ conc5tric sph]e1 ! quantity ( matt] be+ dim9i%$1 ! attraction ( gravitation mu/ be less5$ s mu* t all moveable bodies re/+ on ! e>? w\ld be ?r[n (f by c5trifugal =ce1 9 ! l9e ( a tang5t f ! surface ( ! sph]e4 #b;d4 ,t accord+ to ! e/abli%$ laws ( gravity1 a holl[ sph]e c\ld n exi/ 9 nature3 t matt] w\ld be gravitat$ to ! c5tre1 & p>ticul>ly ab\t ! pol> op5+s1 s z to make x collapse4 #c;d4 ,t if ! orbs 7 holl[ sph]es1 ! mutual influ5ce ( ! planets on ea* o!r w\ld be s f> de/roy$1 t !y w\ld cease to revolve 9 regul> orbits4 #d?4 ,t ! int]ior ( ! sph]e c nev] receive ! light & heat ( ! sun2 is involv$ 9 p]petual d>kness1 & m suit$ to ! infliction ( puni%m5t on p]v]se & rebelli\s spirits1 ?an = ! resid5ce ( be+s1 fitt$ & design$ = ! pursuit & enjoym5t ( happ9ess4 #e?4 ,& f9ally1 ! adh]5ts ( ! new !ory h be5 *>g$ ) a!ism1 deism1 & su* l epi!ts1 z ?\gh !y int5d$ to ov]turn ! works ( ,god1 & ?w>t ! laws ( nature4 #a/4 ,z to ! fir/ objection1 ,i w\ld enquire1 has x yet be5 asc]ta9$ ) ma!matical c]ta9ty1 9 :at exact proportion "o p>ticle ( matt] attracts ano!r8 ,& may !re n be "s law ( nature ) :i* we are n yet well acqua9t$8 ,all ! exp]im5ts1 hi!rto made on ! attractive p[] ( gravity1 7 made on ! pr9ciple1 & "u ! belief1 t ! e>? is a solid globe2 & consequ5tly ! d$uctions 7 drawn accord+ly4 ,suppose ! attraction ( gravitation1 inh]5t 9 matt]1 to be s mu* increas$1 t a holl[ sph]e w\ld possess ! same attractive p[]1 z if x 7 a solid globe1 w\ld n all ! results & consequ5ces be exactly ! same8 ,?is be+ ! case1& ,i "k no reason :y we %\ld conclude diff]5tly1! :ole =ce ( ! objection appe>s to fall to ! gr\nd4 ,accord+ to ,newton's pr9ciple ( gravity1 ! matt] ( ! sph]e w\ld attract all p>ticles ( matt] plac$ on ! surface1 z well ^u ! concave z convex1 9 ne>ly equal proportions2 & ! c5trifugal =ce1 :i*1 on ! out] side ( ! sph]e1 t5ds to ?r[ bodies (f1 on ! concave side1 w\ld h an opposite effect4 ,h5ce1 a p]son /&+1 or trees gr[+1 on ! int]ior surface1 w\ld be 9 no m dang] ( be+ precipitat$ to ! next sph]e1 betwe5 !m & ! c5tre1 ?an ^? on ! out] "p ( ! sph]e1 :5 !y %\ld be turn$ 7:at is famili>ly call$7 d[n4 ,! exp]im5ts made on ! d5sity ( ! globe1 by obs]vations ) ! plum-l9e1 at ! foot ( a m\nta91 are v +5i\s2 b !y mu/ be subject to great unc]ta9ty4 ,! true deviation ( ! plum-l9e1 ! exact quantity ( matt] 9 ! m\nta91 or1 inde$1 ! quantity ( matt] betwe5 ! plummet & ! c5tre ( gravity1 are po9ts difficult1 if n impossible1 to be asc]ta9$ ) ma!matical precision4 ,if ! attraction ( ! sun is j suffici5t to keep ! e>? 9 its orbit1 :at c give ! t5d5cy to reta9 ,jupit] & ,saturn 9 !irs1 ea* ( :i*1 if solid1 conta9s su* a va/ quantity m ?an ! e>?1 & remov$ to s great a di/ance f ! sun1 t 8 influ5ce ^u ei!r mu/ be greatly less5$ by bo?8 #b;d4 ,z to ! objections t a holl[ sph]e ( ! dim5sion ( ! e>? _c exi/ 9 nature1 ,i c discov] no s\nd reason to w>rant su* a conclusion4 ,_m holl[ cyl9d]s & sph]ical figures1 we "k d exi/ on ! surface ( ! e>?2 & not)/&+ _! own gravity1 :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ex]t on ea* o!r1 z well z ! gravity ( ! e>?1 !y reta9 _! %ape & position2 & _h ! matt] 9 ! e>? orig9ally be5 ?r[n by a c5trifugal =ce into ! =m ( a holl[ sph]e1 or _h ! fir/ creat+ p[] orig9ally giv5 x t %ape1,i c discov] no good reason = a *ange2 nei!r %\ld ,i ent]ta9 any appreh5sions ( ! p>ticles ( matt] coalesc+ at ! c5tre4 #c;d4 ,! =ce ( ?is objection ,i _c appreciate2 = if all ! planet>y orbs 9 ! univ]se are compos$ ( holl[ conc5tric sph]es1 !y mu/ ex]t ! same relative influ5ce on ea* o!r1 :i* !y w\ld if !y 7 solid orbs1 z !y w\ld ea* conta9 ! same proportion ( matt] z respects ea* o!r4 ,h5ce no good reason appe>s :y a sy/em ( holl[ conc5tric sph]es might n d j z well1 & p]=m _! revolutions ) ! same regul>ity1 z a sy/em ( solid ones4 #d?4 ,?is great & al>m+ objection comes next3t we are ab\t plac+ a _w 9 et]nal d>kness1 cut (f f all ! com=ts & pleasures ( ref9$ life1 = ! enjoym5t ( :i* we are s em95tly qualifi$4 ,let u exam9e ! =ce ( ?is objection2 & if we _c %[ t ! int]ior is1 at lea/ 9 "s degree1 illum9at$1 we mu/ !n conclude t x is a v dre>y abode1 & unfitt$ = ! resid5ce ( be+s s fond ( light z we pr(ess to be4 ,accord+ to ! new !ory1 ! nor!rn pol> op5+ is ab\t f\r ?\s& "o hundr$ & fifty miles 9 diamet]1 & ! axis ( ! e>? is at an angle ( ab\t twelve degrees ) ! axis ( ! plane ( ! pol> op5+2 consequ5tly1 z ! sph]e revolves on its axis1 "o side ( ! v]ge ( ! pol> op5+ w ext5d consid]ably fur!r nor? ?an ! o!r4 ,! v]ge ( ! nor? pol> op5+ on ! l[ side1 is laid d[n at ab\t fifty degrees ( latitude1 & ! v]ge ( ! high side at ab\t sixty-eight degrees4 ,n[1 suppos+ ! sun to be exactly ( ! same diamet] z ! e>?1 & plac$ directly ov] ! equator1 :5 ! l[ side ( ! v]ge 0 turn$ t[>ds ! sun1 ! direct rays f 8 nor!rn limb1 indep5d5t ( refraction1 w\ld pass ! edge ( ! l[] "p ( ! v]ge1 & fall on ! inn] "p ( ! sph]e1 on ! concave "p ( ! high side opposite1 z f> z eighte5 degrees1 or upw>ds4 ,:5 ! sun w\ld be on ! tropic ( ,canc]1 9 ,june1 he mu/ !n ?r[ ! rays f 8 c5tre tw5ty-?ree & a half degrees fur!r )9 ! sph]e1 or )9 tw5ty-six & a half degrees ( ! equator2 b ! diamet] ( ! sun be+ s mu* great] ?an ! e>?1 ! rays f 8 nor!rn limb1 w\ld fall ab\t ?irty-?ree m9utes fur!r )9 ! sph]e1 & leave n q tw5ty-six degrees betwe5 t & ! equator to be exclud$ f 8 direct rays4 ,?is relates to ! nor!rn pol> op5+2 z to t ( ! s\?1 :i* is believ$ to be mu* l>g]1 we w make a few rem>ks4 ,! l[] side ( ! s\? pol> op5+1 is laid 9 ab\t latitude ?irty-f\r degrees1 & ! high] side1 9 ab\t latitude =ty-six degrees4 ,7 ! sun ( ! same diamet] ) ! e>?1 z above premis$1 & plac$ on ! equator1 8 direct rays w\ld be ?r[n into ! s\? pol> op5+ :5 ! l[ side 0 t[>ds him1 ab\t twelve degrees1 or to )9 ?irty-f\r degrees ( ! equator1 & :5 on ! tropic ( ,capricorn1 9 ,decemb]1 tw5ty-?ree & a half degrees fur!r1 t is1 ! inn] "p ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e ( ! sph]e1 on ! high side1 w\ld be light$ ?irty-five & a half degrees )9 ! v]ge2 & ! direct rays ( ! sun w\ld %9e )9 t5 & a half degrees ( ! inn] c5tre ( ! sph]e or equator4 ,^! obs]vations1 y w obs]ve1 are made 9 ! mo/ unfav\rable po9t ( view4 ,x is well kn[n1 t ! diamet] ( ! sun1 is va/ly great] ?an t ( ! e>?2 consequ5tly1 8 rays w\ld pass into ! pol> op5+ s mu* fur!r1 9 proportion z ! angle ( 8 diamet]1 & t ( ! e>?1 diff]1 :i* w\ld be ab\t ?irty-?ree m9utes fur!r1 br++ 8 direct rays 9 ! s\?1 )9 less ?an t5 degrees ( ! equator2 & ?is w\ld be ! case z ! sph]e revolv$ on its axis1 once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:5 ! sph]e turn$1 ) its high side t[>ds ! sun1 x w\ld be night1 or twilight1 & :5 ! l[ side 0 next ! sun1 x w\ld be day2 at all ev5ts1 ! direct rays ( ! sun w\ld fall on a space ( ab\t ?irty-six & a half degrees 9 bread?2 ! reflection f :i* w\ld light ! :ole ( ! rema9+ portion ( ! inn] "p ( ! sph]e1 to a great] degree1 ?an any moon-light ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,b !re is ano!r circum/ance :i* t5ds to ?r[ ! rays ( ! sun mu* fur!r into ! concave ?an we h yet got !m2 t is1 ! refractive p[] ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t ! rays ( light are v mu* refract$ :5 pass+ out ( a r>e into a d5s] m$ium2 & ab\t ! poles ( ! e>? x is believ$1 7& ?is belief is confirm$ by navigators7 t refraction increases v consid]ably1 ow+ to ! great d5sity ( ! atmosph]e4 ,we h good reason !n to believe t refraction ?r[s ! rays ( ! sun sev]al degrees fur!r )9 ! sph]e4 ,b let u take ! kn[n refraction ( ! horizontal ray1 at or ne> ! equator 7say "o half ( a degree7 x w\ld ?r[ ! rays ( light s mu* fur!r into ! concave1 & n leave q ?irty-sev5 degrees 9 ! c5tre ( ! sph]e depriv$ ( ! sun's rays4 ,! motion ( ! e>? causes ! app>5t motion ( ! sun to be ab\t fifte5 degrees 9 an h\r1 z ! diurnal revolution ( ! e>? causes ! sun to move app>5tly ?r\gh ?ree hundr$ & sixty degrees 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,n[ x is a well kn[n fact to all t ! sun gives u light suffici5t to be call$ day-light1 = ab\t an h\r aft] he desc5ds bel[ ! horizon2 consequ5tly he mu/ af=d u light :5 he is fifte5 degrees obscur$ f our view4 ,accord+ly1 ! sun1 ?\gh he might n be visible1 w\ld illum9ate ! concave "p ( ! sph]e fifte5 degrees fur!r ?an 8 direct rays fall1 :i* r$uces ! space 9 ! int]ior ( ! sph]e to ! bread? ( n q sev5 degrees :i* w\ld /ill rema9 unlight$4 ,b ?is is mak+ calculations on ! mo/ unfavorable premises possible4 ,consid]+ ! =m ( ! e>?1 & ! p[] ( refraction1 ,i h no d\bt b ! direct rays ( ! sun w\ld fall on e "p ( ! inn] sph]e4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h proce$$ on su* premises z1 ,i conclude1 ! mo/ sceptical mu/ admit4 ,light1 we "k1 is reflect$ f solid bodies on :i* x falls1 & also f ! atmosph]e3 ! rays ( ! sun1 !n1 :i* w\ld pass ! l[] "p ( ! v]ge & fall on ! opposite concave surface1 w\ld be reflect$ back 9 all directions1 & mo/ probably light ! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ! sph]e suffici5t = ! ord9>y purposes ( life4 ,by way ( fur!r illu/ration1 suppose a p]p5dicul> wall 7 rais$ on a pla91 "o mile high1 does any p]son believe t !re w\ld be no light on ! side ( ! wall opposite to ! sun2 al?\gh 8 rays w\ld h to =m an angle ( "o hundr$ & =ty1 or "o hundr$ & fifty degrees1 to rea* ! e>? on t side ( ! wall8 ,no axiom is m evid5t ?an t ! rays ( light are communicat$ to o!r places ?an ^? on :i* ! rays ( ! sun fall directly2 = example1 we all "k t a close room1 h[ev] l>ge1 ) a nor? w9d[1 w be suffici5tly light$ by refraction & reflection f ! atmosph]e1 provid$ !re is no ob/ruction opposite ! w9d[1 al?\gh ! rays ( ! sun w\ld h to =m an angle ( "o hundr$ & fifty degrees to ent] x1 & :y might n ! :ole int]ior ( ! sph]e be light$ 9 ! same mann]1 ev5 suppos+ ! rays ( ! sun %\ld nev] ent] directly4 ,! nor? pol> op5+ be+ ab\t f\r ?\s& "o hundr$ & fifty miles 9 diamet]1 & ! s\!rn six ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & fifty1 ) ! :ole =ce ( ! direct rays ( ! sun fall+ on & pass+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e at ei!r pol> op5+1 x w\ld n require refraction1 or reflection1 to make an angle ( n9ety degrees to light ! :ole ( ! int]ior concave2 & c]ta9ly ! pol> op5+s are suffici5tly l>ge = ! purpose1 :5 we comp>e a common w9d[ ) ! dim5sions ( an ord9>y siz$ room4 ,x is believ$1 by ! adh]5ts ( ! new !ory1 t ! atmosph]e1 )9 ! concave1 & ab\t ! pol> op5+s1 is mu* d5s] ?an our atmosph]e2 :i* appe>s inevitably to be ! case1 z ! c5trifugal =ce on ! convex has ! t5d5cy to ?r[ ! atmosph]e f ! surface1 & on ! concave to =ce x f ! c5tre ( motion1 & ne>] to ! surface4 ,?is admitt$1 ! rays ( ! sun pass+ out ( a r>e m$ium into a d5s]1 w\ld be refract$ mu* fur!r into ! sph]e2 & ! sun-%9e on ! surface ( "o sph]e w\ld be reflect$ obliquely1 accord+ to ! angle ( incid5ce1 to ! next sph]e1 & 9 ?is mann] might be ext5d$ ev5 beyond ! c5tre ( ! concave4 ,x is also believ$1 t ne> ! v]ges ( ! pol> op5+s1 & p]haps 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! unfa?omable ocean1 ! sph]es are wat] q ?r\gh1 7at lea/ all except ! mid-plane-spaces1 or cavities7 :i* be+ ! case1 light w\ld probably be transmitt$ betwe5 ! sph]es4 ,! app>5t elevation ( cele/ial bodies above _! true altitude1 is greate/ :5 ! body is on ! horizon1 :i* is asc]ta9$ to be a little m ?an half a degree2 h5ce1 9 our climate1 ! sun appe>s ?ree m9utes soon]1 & sets ?ree m9utes lat] ?an is really ! case1 :i* increases ! l5g? ( our day six m9utes1 by refraction4 ,?is gradually increases 9 proce$+ f ! equator to ! frigid zones2 & at ! poles1 7 ! e>? entire1 ! day %\ld become ?irty-six h\rs long]1 by refraction alone1 ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4#ch ,x 0 d\btless ow+ to "s peculi> refractive p[] 9 ! nor!rn regions1 t caus$ ! ,dut*1 :o w9t]$ on ,nova-,zembla1 7:i* is 9 latitude betwe5 sev5ty & sev5ty-eight degrees17 on ! approa* ( summ]1 to see ! sun ab\t two weeks soon] ?an he %\ld h appe>$ 9 t latitude1 accord+ to a/ronomical calculation4#ci ,?is t5ds to %[ t !re is m refraction 9 ! nor!rn regions ?an is obs]vable 9 ! s\?4#dj ,f an att5tive exam9ation ( ^! consid]ations1 ,i am induc$ to conclude1 t ! int]ior ( ! sph]e may be z well light$ z ! ext]ior2 or at all ev5ts1 if n fav\r$ ) s great a degree ( light at all times1 x has a m regul> & con/ant supply4 ,b1 admitt+ e ?+ on ?is subject t ! oppon5ts ( ! !ory c sugge/1 ,i /ill discov] no sub/antial reason :y ! e>? may n be a holl[ sph]e4 ,i c see no sub/antial reason :y ! inhabitants ( t portion ( ! e>?1 7if any exi/ !re7 %\ld be furni%$ ) z great a degree ( light1 & z int5se a heat1 z we h ^u ! convex "p ( ! sph]e4 ,mu/ x ( necessity foll[1 t x _c be inhabit$1 or if inhabit$1 t ! be+s :o p its surface1 are less happy ?an we8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,is x n well kn[n to u1 t e grade & species ( animals1 "u e v>iety ( circum/ance1 :e!r inhabit+ ! air1 ! e>?1 or ! wat]1 are fitt$ by an all-wise ,provid5ce to _! sev]al conditions1 & m$iums1 9 :i* !y reside8 ,z well might we conclude1 t ! imm5se planet ,jupit]1 situat$ s f> f ! sun z he is1 c be no?+ b a d>k1 cold1 & b>r5 wa/e1 unfitt$ = ! resid5ce ( intellig5t be+s4 ,x is asc]ta9$ by calculation1 t ! light & heat :i* ,jupit] receives f ! sun1 is only ! "o tw5ty-sev5? "p ( :at ! e>? receives4#da ,! light & heat :i* ,saturn receives f ! sun is e/imat$ at only ! "o hundr$? "p ( t ( ! e>?2#db & ! planet ,georgium ,sidus1 revolv+ su* an imm5se di/ance fur!r f ! sun1 ?an ei!r ( !m1 mu/ enjoy /ill less light & heat2 accord+ to :i*1 we w\ld conclude1 7if we adopt ! belief1 t ! degree ( light & heat1 to :i* we are accu/om$1 is necess>y = ! support ( life17 t ^? va/ planets are n fitt$ by ! ,god ( nature = ! resid5ce ( intellig5t be+s2 h[ev]1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t bo? light & heat are communicat$ to !m1 9 "s way n well kn[n to u1 suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,! true pr9ciples ( light & heat1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are g5]at$ & transmitt$1 are n p]haps yet well und]/ood & def9$4#dc #e?4 ,o!rs1 :5 ! new !ory is m5tion$1 cry ,a!i/1 ,dei/1 blasphemy6 z if its advocates propos$ to make a new _w1 & support x )\t ! int]v5tion ( ,div9e ,provid5ce3 su* oppon5ts sc>cely des]ve an answ]4 ,x is believ$ by all1 t ! e>?1 ! sun1 ! moon & />s1 are ! "w ( an ,almighty p[]4 ,:e!r solid globes or holl[ sph]es1 !y equally owe _! exi/5ce to ! great fir/ cause1 t spoke matt] into exi/5ce1 t arrang$ x 9 :atev] =m & ord] inf9ite wisdom dictat$2 & t /ill supports & gov]ns ! :ole by univ]sal & unv>y+ laws4 ,b x is z well kn[n1 t ! ,almighty ,dispos]1 int]poses no miracles = ! accompli%m5t ( 8 designs1 b makes use ( means t are uni=m 9 _! application1 to effect ! int5d$ purpose2 h5ce ,geologi/s1 ,philosoph]s1 & ,a/ronom]s1 attempt to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( all matt]1 & = ! =mation ( planets1 accord+ to :at is believ$ to be ! e/abli%$ laws ( matt]4 ,9 s do+1 we d n disp>age ! wisdom ( ! ,creator1 nor controv]t ! tru? ( t div9e record1 :i* ,provid5ce1 9 8 goodness1 has giv5 u = our rule ( life4 ,true x is1 ! sacr$ scriptures give u v little in=mation relative to ! /ructure & =mation ( ! e>? & ! o!r planets4 ,!y 7 n int5d$ to tea* mank9d ,geology1 ,geography1 or ,a/ronomy2 yet :]e ass]tions are cle>ly & di/9ctly made respect+ ^! ?+s1 we h reason to believe !m lit]ally correct3 z = in/ance1 :5 ! ,psalmi/ in=ms u1 t ,god hung ! e>? ^u no?+2 t ,he balanc$ x 9 empty space1 we are to look = correspond+ facts2 ?\gh x 0 at v>iance ) ! op9ion ( ! _w at t "t1 mod]n a/ronomy n[ tea*es t su* is ! fact4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 we meet ) ass]tions1 su* z t ! f\nta9s ( ! great deep 7 brok5 up1 7 1 *apt] #a1 v]se #b1dd7 we mu/ ackn[l$ge _! correctness2 & ,i ?9k x w be admitt$1 t !y are at lea/ z mu* 9 fav\r ( ?is new !ory z ! old4 ,! skilful & att5tive obs]v] ( nature1 :e!r exam9+ ! mo/ m9ute or ! mo/ sublime1 w discov] t inf9ite wisdom1 judgm5t1 & +5uity1 equally prevail ?r\gh\t4 ,! pr9cipal aims ( ! great au?or ( all ?+s1 appe> to h be5 animation1 div]sity1 & usefulness2 ! air we brea!1 ! wat] we dr9k1 ! vegetables on :i* we fe$2 inde$ e leaf & plant ( ! =e/ & fieldall teem ) animal life4 ,:y !n %\ld we believe1 or ev5 presume to ?9k1 t ! ,almighty ,fiat1 :i* spoke matt] into exi/5ce1 = ! support & ma9t5ance ( liv+ creatures1 innum]able1 & endless 9 ! v>iety ( _! organization1 _! col\rs1 _! passions1 & _! pursuits:y1 ,i say1 %\ld we !n presume1 t ! omnifick ^w w\ld create ev5 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( any ( ! imm5se1 ! innum]able orbs 9 ! univ]se1 ( in]t or useless matt]1 devoid ( activity & design8 ,?is e>?1 :5 comp>$ ) ! magnitude & numb] ( o!r planets we "k1 is b z a po9t2 yet we c h>dly conceive1 small z %e appe>s by comp>ison1 t %e 0 only design$ to h animate life on h] surface1 & all ! re/ to rema9 useless6 ,su* an idea seems unwor?y ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 ^: ess5ce is all p]fection4 ,c we = a mom5t suppose1 t ! int]ior p>ts ( ! e>?1 h receiv$ less att5tion f ! ,creator1 ?an ! objects :i* are "u our imm$iate inspection8 ,on ! contr>y1 may x n be m rationally inf]r$1 t1 = ! object ( m widely dissem9at+ animation1 sph]es are =m$ )9 sph]es1 conc5tric ) ea* o!r1 ea* revolv+ on its own axis1 & ?us multiply+ ! habitable sup]fices8 ,great & sublime z our conceptions ( ! ,deity mu/ be1 :5 we contemplate ! e>? & its inhabitantsif we turn our att5tion to ! sol> sy/em1 our _w dw9dles into a little insignificant ball4 ,yet if we ca/ our eyes /ill beyond1 & contemplate ! eighty millions ( fix$ />s1 :i* a good telescope br+s to our view1 ea* ! c5tre ( a mighty sy/em ( revolv+ worlds2 & !n reflect t all ?is is only "o little d>k corn] ( creation1 we are lo/ 9 ! magnitude ( ! contemplation4 ,b :5 we come to consid] ea* ( ^! fix$ />s1 ) _! planets1 & !y ) _! satellites1 all consi/+ ( conc5tric sph]es1 revolv+ )9 ea* o!r1 9 due ord]1 & adapt$ to ! support & com=ts ( life1 = c\ntless millions ( be+s2 we are /ruck ) t5-fold a/oni%m5t & admiration1 & b[ ) rev]5tial awe1 be=e ,him :o sits at ! head ( ! univ]se1 & gov]ns ! :ole by unv>y+ laws4 ,x w\ld seem to me1 t 9 contemplat+ ?is new ord] ( creation1 ! imag9ation mu/ break ?r\gh & so> beyond its old b\nd>ies4 ,x w\ld seem t on embrac+ ?is doctr9e1 ! _s mu/ exp& ) increas$ devotion1 & be entirely absorb$ 9 ! inf9ite wisdom & p[] ( ,him1 :o 0 compet5t to devise1 & able to execute1 su* a beautiful arrangem5t ( matt]4 ,,footnotes3 #ch ,physical ,_w1 p4 #aje4 #ci ,b>r+ton & ,beaufoy1 p4 #ajf1 & ,pur*as1 v4 #c1 pp4 #dii1 #ejj4 #dj ,! late ,george ,adams1 9 8 ,philosophy1 treat+ ( refraction1 /ates1 t at ! horizon1 9 ?is climate1 7,engl&7 x is f\nd to be ab\t ?irty-?ree m9utes4 ,9 climates ne> ! equator1 :]e ! air is pure1 ! refraction is less2 & 9 ! cold] climates1 ne>] ! pole1 x increases exce$+ly1 & is a happy provision = l5g!n+ ! appe>ance ( ! light at ^? regions s remote f ! sun4 ,gass5dees relates1 t "s ,holl&]s1 :o w9t]$ 9 ,nova-,zembla1 9 latitude sev5ty-five degrees1 7 agreeably surpris$ ) a sight ( ! sun sev5te5 days be=e !y expect$ him 9 ! horizon4 ,?is diff]5ce 0 ow+ to ! refraction ( ! atmosph]e 9 t latitude4,adams' ,philosophy1 v4 #d1 p4 #aab1 ,philadelphia1 #ahjg4 #da ,kei? on ,globes1 p4 #add4 #db ,ibid1 p4 #adi4 #dc ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 9 8 ,pr9cipia1 "u prop4 #af1 book #c1 lays d[n ! foll[+ proposition1 viz3 t ! heat ( ! sun is z ! d5sity ( 8 rays1 t is reciprocally z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances f ! sun4 ,f ?is pr9ciple1 x has be5 assum$ by "s ( our mod]n a/ronom]s1 t b few ( ! planets c be inhabit$1 z if ! effect ( light & heat are reciprocally proportionate to ! squ>es ( ! di/ances f ! c5tre ( _! propagation2 & if y divide ! squ>e ( ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun1 ! quoti5t w %[1 t ! light & heat1 :i* ,m]cury receives1 are ab\t sev5 times great]1 mak+ x m ?an twice z hot z boil+ wat]4 ,! light & heat communicat$ to ,saturn1 be+ only ! "o hundr$? "p ( t ( ! e>?1 ! diff]5ce is m ?an sev5 times z great z t betwe5 our summ] heat & r$ hot iron1 if ! light & heat ( ! sun are only 9 proportion to ! d5sity ( 8 rays4 ,su* extremes ( heat & cold1 we w\ld naturally conclude mu/ totally preclude all mat]ial be+1 if 9 ! lea/ degree resembl+ ^? we are acqua9t$ )2 nor c\ld any ( ! vegetable _w1 kn[n to u1 g]m9ate 9 ei!r extreme2 nay1 ev5 ! matt] ( our globe w\ld sc>cely )/& x1 our oceans w\ld be dissipat$ 9 vap\r1 on ,m]cury1 & froz5 to ! bottom on ,saturn4 ,consid]ations l ^! mu/ induce u to conclude1 t light & heat _c be communicat$ exactly on ! plan laid d[n by ,newton1 viz3 t ! heat ( ! sun is simply z ! d5sity ( 8 rays3 = ?\gh ! sun's rays may be ! s9e qua non1 )\t :i* no light or heat w\ld be communicat$1 yet ! quantum ( heat may dep5d on ! d5sity & co-op]ation ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x passes1 or ^u "s o!r circum/ance n kn[n to u1 & p]haps impossible = u to "k4 #dd ,i am indebt$ to an excell5t ,hebrew s*ol> = ! foll[+3 ,,note4 ,! words ,!oo & ,beoo1 7,g5esis1 *apt] #a1 v]se #b17 :i* has be5 r5d]$ by ! translators ( our bible1 ,)\t =m & void1 might p]haps1 ) equal propriety1 h be5 translat$ )\t =m & holl[4 #a4 ,!oo1 ! root1 agreeably to ! ,hebrew gramm>1 is f\nd z a n\n or ,! or ,!e1 &1 is r5d]$ confusion1 loose1 unconnect$1 )\t =m1 ord]1 or ! l2 & s well und]/ood4 #b4 ,be-oo1 ! root1 is1 accord+ to ! same rule1 f\nd 9 ,be1 7,be?hey7 holl[2 x occurs n only 9 ?is =m b #a4 ,z a n\n ,beoo,holl[1 empty1 hav+ no?+ 9 x b air1 fill$ only vacuo a]e1 ) empty air1 z ,lucan calls x1 ,lib4 #e1 l9e #id4 #b4 ,z a n\n fem3 9 reg3 1 ,bet1 ,be?o91 ! app>5t holl[1 or pupil ( ! eye1 c4 ,comp4 ,beba?1 "u1 ,beb4 #c4 ,z a n\n fem3 ,!be 9 ,reg3 ,!be?1 an ark1 a holl[ vessel1 "u #b;d head ( ,beb4 occurs n z a v]b 9 kab1 b #a4 ,z a p>ticipial n\n1 or p>ticiple 9 ,nip? ,neboob1 holl[1 made holl[1 c4 #b4 ,x is appli$ spiritually1 holl[1 empty1 va94 #c4 ,to ! sight1 or pupil ( ! eye2 t "p ( ! eye :i* appe>s holl[1 & admits ! light4 ,see ,p>khur/'s ,hebrew ,lexicon4 ,_h ! le>n$ translators ( our bible possess$ a k ( ! !ory ( conc5tric sph]es1 x is probable !y w\ld h giv5 ! ,engli% read] ! mo/ correct mean+ ( ! words1 )\t =m & holl[1 or %apeless & holl[4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,g5]al obs]vations on ! ,!ory ( ,conc5tric ,sph]es1 ) a few sugge/ions to ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to au?orize & fit out an ,exp$ition = ! discov]y ( ! ,int]ior ,regions2 or1 at lea/1 to explore ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica4 ,( ! _m v>i\s & conflict+ !ories :i* h be5 advanc$1 relative to ! =m1 /ructure1 & motion ( ! e>?1 ! !ory ( ,conc5tric ,sph]es des]ves to rank z "o ( ! mo/ important3 =1 %\ld x h]eaft] be f\nd correct1 ! advantages result+ to ! civiliz$ & le>n$ _w1 mu/ cause x to /& pre-em95t among ! improvem5ts 9 philosophy4 ,! habitable sup]fices ( our sph]e w\ld n only be ne>ly d\bl$2 b ! diff]5t sph]es ( :i* our e>? is probably con/itut$1 might increase ! habitable surface t5-fold4 ,t su* may be ! con/ruction ( ! e>?1 e law ( matt] ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 seems to admit1 at lea/ ( ! possibility2 ! diff]5t appe>ances ( ! o!r planets r5d] x probable2 & ! v>i\s concurr+ t]re/rial facts exi/+ 9 ! arctic regions1 to my m9d1 r5d] su* a conclusion almo/ c]ta94 ,& fur!r1 t matt] & space are nev] uselessly wa/$1 is an axiom1 n only ( s\nd philosophy1 b ( natural religion1 & ( common s5se4 ,_m ( ! !ories :i* h be5 advanc$ respect+ ! e>?1 are vague & unc]ta91 & w rema9 s =ev]2 be+ pr$icat$ on d$uctions drawn f c]ta9 premises t c nev] be e/abli%$ ) c]ta9ty2 consequ5tly !y mu/ re/ :olly on ! /r5g? ( ! argum5ts drawn f ! premises1 z !y are n susceptible ( be+ demon/rat$ by exp]im5t4 ,n s ) ! !ory ( conc5tric sph]es4 ,its correctness admits ( ocul> demon/ration4 ,! int]ior ( ! sph]e is decl>$ accessible1 & ! :ole ext5t capable ( be+ accurately explor$2 !reby e/abli%+ ! !ory1 or disprov+ & putt+ x at re/ =ev]4 ,! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,halley1 9 ! ye> #afib1 9 8 attempt to acc\nt = ! *ange ( ! v>iation ( ! magnetic ne$le1 advanc$ a novel hypo!sis1 z respects ! int]nal /ructure ( ! e>?4 ,he supposes t !re is an int]ior globe1 sep>at$ f ! ext]nal sph]e by a fluid m$ium2 or t !re may be sev]al int]nal sph]es1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by atmosph]es1 & t ! concave ar*es may 9 sev]al places %9e ) a sub/ance simil> to t :i* inve/s ! body ( ! sun1 produc+ light & heat = ! accommodation ( ^? int]nal regions :i* he alleges may possibly be inhabit$ by animate be+s4#de ,h[ev]1 he sugge/s no idea ( ,pol> ,op5+s1 nor ( any communication f ! out] surface to ^? int]ior regions2 consequ5tly _! exi/5ce mu/ h rema9$ =ev] a matt] ( m]e conjecture4 ,we f9d t ,dr4 ,halley1 9 ! wisdom ( 8 philosophy1 believ$ ^? int]nal regions to be light$1 ?\gh situat$ _m ?\s& fa?oms b5ea? ! surface1 & )\t any ap]ture to communicate light f )\t4 ,:y n1 !n1 believe t ! int]ior ( ! sph]es1 accord+ to ,symmes's !ory1 may be light$1 :5 he lays d[n su* va/ op5+s at ei!r pole = t purpose8 ,eul] 0 also an advocate = ! !ory ( ,dr4 ,halley4 ,he believ$1 ) him1 t ! e>? is holl[1 ) a ball1 or nucleus1 includ$ 9 ! c5tre2 he1 h[ev]1 diff]$ f ,halley z to ! nature ( ! nucleus4 ,halley believ$ x to be con/itut$ ( ! same mat]ials ( ! ext]ior cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,eul] believ$ x to be a lum9\s body =m$ ( mat]ials simil> to ! sun1 & adapt$ to ! purpose ( illum9at+ & w>m+ ! int]ior surface ( ! cru/1 :i* he suppos$ might be inhabit$ equally ) ! ext]ior surface4 ,he fanci$ t ?is lum9\s ball _h no rot>y motion1 & t ! out] %ell revolv$ ar\nd x4 ,h[ev]1 nei!r he nor ,dr4 ,halley left any op5+ by :i* ! int]nal regions c\ld be explor$2 _! exi/5ce 0 !re=e left to re/ on vague hypo!sis4#df ,^! diff]5t !ories1 h[ev] extravagant !y may appe> to u1 7 believ$ & support$ by ^? m51 :om we mu/ ackn[l$ge 7 among ! mo/ le>n$ ( ! age 9 :i* !y liv$2 & among ! ma!maticians 9 ,europe !y h yet "s w>m support]s4 ,:y n !n give ,symmes's !ory ( op5 poles1 & conc5tric sph]es1 a s]i\s inve/igation1 ! correctness ( :i* is s mu* m probable1 & ! demon/ration ( its tru? or falsehood s mu* m practicable8 ,at all ev5ts a voyage to ! pol> regions1 ) an eye to ! accompli%m5t ( ,symmes's purpose1 might be productive ( incalculable advantages to ! cause ( sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,) respect to a/ronomy & geography1 x w\ld af=d _m new lights1 & p]haps discov] & e/abli% _m new pr9ciples1 n ?\ght ( at ?is day4 ,k is p[]1 & s f> z an individual acquires a k ( lit]ature & sci5ce1 above 8 contempor>ies1 s f> does he possess a p[] & influ5ce ov] ^? among :om he resides4 ,s does a nation1 :5 %e becomes *>act]iz$ = ! acquisition ( k 9 ! sci5ces & ! arts4 ,^? nations :i* h made great & important advances 9 ! improvem5t ( sci5ce1 or 9 new discov]ies1 h acquir$ a pre-em95ce ( "* & /&+1 among o!r nations ( ! _w4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 hav+ assum$ a respectable /ation among ! nations1 is fa/ advanc+ 9 weal? & p[]4 ,h] t]ritories are /ret*$ ov] a va/ ext5t ( c\ntry2 & h] population is increas+ ) a rapidity unprec$5t$4 ,we are already look$ up to1 by o!r nations1 z a p ( v consid]able importance2 & z hav+ made a successful exp]im5t 9 politics & gov]nm5t1 :i* politicians _h be=e consid]$ impracticable4 ,ought we n !n1 z a nation1 7pay+ "s att5tion to ! progress ( sci5ce & k17 to hold out inducem5ts = ! progressive improvem5ts1 & useful discov]ies ( our own citiz5s8 ,:ile ! ,engli%1 ! ,russians1 & ! ,fr5*1 are mak+ great ex]tions = ! purpose ( discov]y1 & ! advancem5t ( sci5ce2 w ,am]ica rema9 idle & inactive8 ,w %e adopt ! unwise policy t individual ent]prise ought to be let alone8 ,o!r nations act diff]5tly2 & !y h long be5 direct+ _! rese>*es t[>ds ! acquisition ( a m p]fect k ( our globe3 & su* ex]tions h always be5 consid]$ z ! mo/ glori\s actions on record 9 ! annals ( _! hi/ory4 ,by s do+1 !y h n only be5 amply rew>d$ !mselves1 b h b5efit$ ! _w at l>ge1 by ! acquisition ( important in=mation respect+ ! be=e unkn[n p>ts ( x1 & by ! improvem5t ( sci5ce4 ,w ,am]ica !n sit by inactive & cont5t$1 :ile %e is surr\nd$ ) pl5ty1 & enjoy+ a situation mo/ enviable 9 ! c>e] ( nations8 ,let u r enc\rage ?an %ackle ! g5ius & ent]pris+ _s ( our own citiz5s2 & n act l an av>ici\s mis]1 :o directs all 8 ?\ghts to ! calculation ( doll>s & c5ts4 ,_h ?is let alone policy1 be5 pursu$ by ! nations t h s5t out %ips ( discov]y1 :at w\ld h be5 ! situation ( ! _w at ! pres5t day8 ,b\nds w\ld h be5 set to ! great field ( philosophy1 & ! arts & sci5ces mu/ h fl\ri%$ only )9 a circumscrib$ sph]e4 ,9 va9 might ! revolv+ planets h =c$ ^u ! m9ds ( mank9d _! beautiful ord]1 motions & attractions2! ext5sive cont95t ( ,am]ica1 mu/ yet h rema9$ a gloomy wild]ness2 & ! wild fl[]s h bloom$ ^u h] f]tile pla9s1 only to be cru%$ by ! foot ( ! unlett]$ savage4 ,if we take a retrospective view ( ! _w1 = "s c5turies back1 we %all f9d ! k ( ! mo/ sci5tific nations1 b\nd$ by a circumf]5ce ( two or ?ree ?\s& miles4 ,at l5g? a few ent]pris+ individuals1 aid$ by _! gov]nm5ts1 made ext5sive discov]ies3,a ,columbus discov]$ ! va/ cont95t ( ,am]ica2 & subsequ5t navigators discov]$ ! ext5sive c\ntries ( ,new-,holl&1 ,new-,zeal&1 & num]\s isl&s 9 ! ,pacific ocean & ,s\? sea4 ,all ( ^! n[ disclose to u1 t :at 0 =m]ly believ$ to con/itute ! :ole habitable _w1 is b a spot1 "o little corn]1 9 ! p>ts kn[n at ?is day4 ,ev5 yet1 a va/ portion ( our globe rema9s unexplor$4 ,:y !n %\ld we contribute no?+ t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ! gr& pursuit ( nations8 ,we1 :o are de/9$1 ,i hope1 "o day to /& z ! fir/ nation "u ! sun,:y %\ld we fold our arms & sit inactive1 :ile t little spot ,great ,brita91 is mak+ su* ef=ts to explore ^? regions8 ,x w\ld n be an unwise policy1 = ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t to fo/] & enc\rage su* noble work+s ( g5ius4 ,x c 9 no way be inconsi/5t ) ! pres5t policy ( our gov]nm5t1 t an exp$ition %\ld be fitt$ out to explore ! pol> regions2 b1 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld bespeak a _s ( lib]ality1 & a desire to promote sci5tific ent]prize4 ,x is nei!r aga9/ ! con/itution nor laws ( our c\ntry2 we are n[ at peace ) ! _w2 taxes are comp>atively trifl+2 ! situation ( our c\ntry at pres5t af=ds a mo/ fav\rable opportunity = ! accompli%m5t ( ! und]tak+4 ,x is "o ( su* importance too1 z w ju/ify ! use ( money & m52 :ile ! hon\r ( ! discov]y ( a ,new ,_w w\ld be its rew>d4 ,i appreh5d t we only lack confid5ce 9 our own abilities1 to p]fect & expla9 _m ?+s n dream$ ( by ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,we are incl9$ r to und]value our own ef=ts2 &1 l our =m] op9ions on manufactur+ subjects1 ?9k we c nev] appe> to advantage1 unless dress$ 9 a coat ( =eign manufacture4 ,x appe>s to sav\r ( ! doctr9e1 t no new op9ion or proposition c m]it att5tion1 or be adopt$1 unless x come f a ,european s\rce4 ,_h ! proposition ( conc5tric sph]es1 or a holl[ globe1 be5 made by an ,engli% or ,fr5* philosoph]1 in/ead ( a native ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i v mu* "q1 :e!r s l>ge a %>e ( ridicule w\ld h be5 atta*$ to its au?or & adh]5ts4 ,x may be repli$1 t ! idea ( a _w )9 a _w1 is absurd4 ,b1 :o c ass]t ) confid5ce1 t ?is idea is1 9 reality1 no?+ m ?an ! imag9ation ( a fev]i% bra98 ,h[ is x %[n t su* a =m does n exi/8 ,are !re n z /rong reasons = believ+ t ! e>? is con/itut$ ( conc5tric sph]es1 z ! c\rt ( ,spa91 or any man 9 ,europe1 _h to believe t !re 0 an undiscov]$ cont95t8 ,has n ,capta9 ,symmes !oretically prov5 8 ass]tions ( conc5tric sph]es & op5 poles1 & embodi$ a catalogue ( facts1 num]\s & plausible1 9 support ( 8 op9ions8 ,& :o has confut$ 8 ass]tions8 ,i d>e to say1 t none c be f\nd1 :o c fully disprove !m1 & acc\nt = ! facts :i* he adduces z ! pro(s ( 8 !ory4 ,is !re n ! same reason to believe1 t ! e>? is holl[1 z !re is to place implicit confid5ce 9 ! op9ion1 t ! planets are inhabit$8 ,& yet ! "o has be5 ridicul$ z ! wild speculations ( a madman1 :ile ! o!r receives cr$it among ! mo/ enlight5$4 ,if x c be %[n t ,symmes's ,!ory is probable1 or has ! lea/ plausibility atta*$ to x1nay1 t x is ev5 possible1:y n af=d him ! means ( te/+ its correctness8 ,! b>e possibility ( su* a discov]y1 ought to be a suffici5t /imulus to call =? ! patronage ( any gov]nm5t4 ,& %\ld ! !ory prove correct1 & ! adv5ture succe$1 w\ld x n immortalize our nation8 ,! fame ( ,symmes1 & 8 native c\ntry1 w\ld only expire ) "t6 ,b1 ev5 %\ld ! exp$ition fail 9 ! ma9 object1 !re w\ld /ill be nei!r loss nor disgrace4 ,if ! int]ior _w h no exi/5ce b 9 ,capta9 ,symmes's imag9ation1 w\ld x be a matt] wor?y ( no consid]ation to explore ! nor!rn p>ts ( our own hemisph]e8 ,9 ! attempt1 we might discov] some?+ ( great importance9 *as+ a phantom1 we might hit on a reality9 se>*+ = ! unkn[able1 discov] :at has hi!rto be5 unkn[n2 "s new isl&s2 "s undiscov]$ sea2 "s nor?-we/ by we/ passage1 or inlet2 "s new ph5om5on ( nature2 "s hi!rto unkn[n inhabitants ( ! pol> regions2 nay1 ev5 ! pole itself4 ,& w\ld x be a matt] ( no consequ5ce1 t a citiz5 ( our own c\ntry %\ld fir/ /& on ! axis1 & plant ! />s & /ripes ( our own c\ntry b5ea? ! pol> />8 ,& %\ld ?is be effect$1 w n ! glory & hon\r our nation w\ld acquire !reby1 be wor? ! exp5diture8 ,no "o1 ,i hope1 w say t x w\ld n be wor? x all1 t5 times told4 ,b 9 case ?is %\ld fail1 w\ld x be a matt] ( no consequ5ce1 to explore ! nor!rn p>ts ( our own cont95t1 & fill up ! blank on ! map ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e8 ,?is1 9 my humble op9ion1 is f> f be+ impracticable4 ,a /eam vessel might run f ! m\? ( ! ,oregon riv]1 & proce$ along ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica ?r\gh ,behr+'s ,/raits1 r\nd to ! ,atlantic2 or1 if imp$$ by ice1 a p>ty might pursue _! j\rney on foot1 ) sl$ges1 on ! ice1 & along ! coa/ q r\nd to ,hudson's ,bay4 ,! accompli%m5t ( ?is1 ,i deem no *im]a4 ,! writ] ( ?is1 = "o1 7& he has no d\bt ,capta9 ,symmes1 & a suffici5t numb] ( o!rs7 w\ld volunte] to accompli% ! ent]prise4 ,& %\ld su* an exp$ition be au?oriz$ & fitt$ out by ! gov]nm5t1 re/ assur$1 if !y did n p5etrate ! int]ior ( our sph]e1 or plant ! ,am]ican /&>d b5ea? ! great ,nor!rn ,be>1 !y w\ld at lea/ furni% a correct map ( ! coa/ ( ,am]ica1 f ! m\? ( ,oregon r\nd to =t ,*ur*ill2or make ! sn[s ( ! nor? _! w9d+ %eets4 ,)9 a few ye>s1 sev]al exp$itions h be5 fitt$ out = ! purpose ( discov]y1 by diff]5t nations 9 ,europe1 & p>ticul>ly by ! ,engli%4 ,ross1 & ,p>ry h visit$ ! arctic regions2 & ,p>ry n[ is out on 8 ?ird voyage1 z ?\gh !re 7 "s hidd5 my/]y !re1 :i* ! ,engli% gov]nm5t is anxi\s to develope4 ,x is n likely t !y w\ld h fitt$-out1 & dispat*$ f\r successive exp$itions1 m]ely to view ,ice-b]gs & ,esquimaux ,indians4 ,z = ! discov]y ( a nor?-we/ passage to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 x _c be _! sole object1 z ! cont95t ( ,am]ica has be5 explor$ by l& to sev5ty-two degrees ( nor? latitude2 &1 accord+ to ! old !ory1 beyond t latitude ! seas are s incumb]$ ) ice z to r5d] _! navigation extremely difficult1 if n impracticable2 f :i*1 ,i am induc$ to believe1 t !y h discov]$ some?+ 9 ^? regions :i* indicates a /ate ( ?+s diff]5t f t h]et(ore believ$ to exi/4 ,"u ! protection ( ! ,russian gov]nm5t1 ,kotzebue1 & ,b>on ,wrangle1 h be5 engag$ 9 simil> ent]prizes1 & al?\gh ^! diff]5t attempts h af=d$ consid]able light on ! subject1 yet !y are r calculat$ to awak5 ?an satisfy curiosity4 ,_m ( ! facts1 h[ev]1 :i* are urg$ z pro( ( ! !ory ( conc5tric sph]es1 h be5 confirm$ or corroborat$ by ! p]sonal obs]vations ( ^? skilful navigators4 ,b s long z !y lack confid5ce 9 ! !ory1 x c sc>cely be expect$ !y w make ! discov]y2 ! w9d+ m]idians :i* !y w pursue1 :5 int5d+ to proce$ /raight =w>d1 w keep !m bewild]$ among ! ice1 along ! circle ( ! v]ge1 or f9ally br+ !m out t[>ds ! ext]ior surface ( ! sph]e1 no wis] ?an :5 !y set out4 ,z yet1 we are m indebt$ to o!r nations1 ?an our own1 = a k ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica4 ,a k ( ! nor?-we/ coa/ is int]e/+ to ! civiliz$ _w at l>ge2 b to none m s1 ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ,i humbly ?9k1 t ! honor & int]e/ ( ?is conf$]at$ ,republic1 are m deeply involv$ 9 ?is subject ( mak+ discov]ies 9 ! nor!rn seas1 ?an any o!r nation's c be4 ,%\ld a voyage ( discov]y be und]tak5 by our gov]nm5t1 x is hop$ t ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica w1 at lea/1 be exam9$4 ,! und]tak+ w\ld n only r$\nd to ! fame ( our c\ntry1 & to t ( ! individual entru/$ ) ! ent]prise1 b mu/ be productive ( imm5se advantage to our comm]ce & national prosp]ity2 & c>ry our /> spangl$ bann] among a p ) :om ! civiliz$ _w1 z yet1 h _h no int]c\rse4 ,! prosecution ( su* an ent]prise w\ld be att5d$ ) no v consid]able dem&s on ! treasury2 ! employm5t ( "o or two ( our %ips ( w>1 n[ 9 commission1 = ! object1 w\ld cause little additional exp5se4 ,b1 ev5 admitt+ t a few ?\s&s1 or ev5 hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 w\ld be necess>y2 ( :at importance is x1 :5 weigh$ aga9/ ! magnitude ( ! object to be accompli%$8 ,c\ld our public vessels be bett] employ$1 ?an 9 survey+ our nor?-we/ coa/1 & 9 discov]y8 ,our naval (fic]s w\ld rejoice on see+ op5$ to _! view a new pa? to fame1 indep5d5t ( ! acquisition to _! nautical exp]i5ce4 ,_m ( our brave & skilful navigators w\ld be pr\d ( an appo9tm5t 9 su* an ent]prise2 _m naturali/s & m5 ( sci5ce1 w\ld *e]fully1 at _! own exp5se1 if necess>y1 accompany su* an exp$ition4 ,& al?\gh we may n expect su* an ent]prise to be accompli%$ to ! full ext5t ( ,capta9 ,symmes's anticipations1 & ^? :o believe 9 8 doctr9es2 yet1 z ,am]icans1 we _c b wi% t ! !ory1 :i* has be5 fir/ advanc$ by a fell[-citiz51 %\ld be c\nt5anc$ by our own gov]nm5t1 & te/$ by ! citiz5s ( our own c\ntry4 ,,footnotes3 #de ,! application :i* ! ,dr4 makes ( ?is /ructure ( ! e>? is ?is3 t ! concave sides ( ! sph]es are made up ( magnetic matt]2 t !y revolve ab\t _! diurnal axes 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 t ! out] sph]e moves ei!r a little fa/] or a little sl[] ?an ! int]nal ball2 t ! magnetic pole1 bo? ( ! ext]nal %ell & includ$ globe1 are di/ant f ! poles ( rotation2 & t ! v>iation arises f a *ange ( ! relative di/ances ( ! ext]nal & int]nal poles 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5ce ( _! revolutions4 ,see life ( ,dr4 ,halley4 ,9 ,rees' ,cyclop$ia1 "u ! article 'r+1' is ! foll[+ s5t5ce2 by :i* x appe>s t ,kepl] fir/ sugge/$ ! e>? to be compos$ ( conc5tric cru/s4 ,kepl]1 9 8 ,epitom4 ,a/ron4 ,cop]n4 7z aft] him ,dr4 ,halley1 9 8 enquiry into ! causes ( ! v>iation ( ! ne$le1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,no4 #aie47 supposes our e>? may be compos$ ( sev]al cru/s or %ells1 "o )9 ano!r1 & conc5tric to ea* o!r4 ,if ?is be ! case1 x is possible ! r+ ( ,saturn may be ! fragm5t or rema9+ ru9 ( 8 =m] ext]ior %ell1 ! re/ ( :i* is brok5 or fall5 d[n ^u ! body ( ! planet4 #df ,maclaur91 9 8 f\rte5? *apt] ( ! second volume on ,fluxions1 inve/igates ! !ory ( ,dr4 ,halley at consid]able l5g?2 & 9 conclusion1 appe>s to consid] ! exi/5ce ( a holl[ globe z v possible4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,a few brief sugge/ions1 relative to ! description1 tonnage1 & numb] ( vessels1 necess>y to be equipp$ = a voyage ( discov]y to ! int]ior regions ( ! e>?2 ! numb] ( m5 necess>y to be employ$ on bo>d1 articles necess>y = ! outfit1 & ! probable exp5se att5d+ ! same2 also1 z to ! r\te mo/ prop] to be pursu$ to accompli% ! object ( ! exp$ition4 ,capta9 ,symmes1 9 8 fir/ circul>1 publi%$ at ,/4 ,l\is1 on ! #aj? day ( ,april1 #ahah1 asks an outfit ( "o hundr$ brave companions1 well equipp$1 to set out f ,sib]ia 9 autumn1 ) re9-de] & sleighs1 to pass ov] ! ice ( ! froz5 sea4 ,on be+ furni%$ ) an outfit ( ?is description1 he engages to explore ! concave regions1 & discov] a w>m1 or at lea/ a temp]ate c\ntry1 ( f]tile soil1 well /ock$ ) animals & vegetables1 if n m51 on rea*+ ab\t sixty-n9e miles beyond latitude eighty-two degrees4 ,! r\te1 int5d$ to be pursu$ by ,capta9 ,symmes1 appe>s to be t ( ! re9-de]1 & ! "t ( sett+ out1 ! same season ( ! ye>1 9 :i* 7accord+ to ,pr(essor ,adams7 ! re9-de] migrate f t coa/ nor?4 ,9 ?is r\te x w\ld be necess>y to cross ! v]ge1 or region ( mo/ int5se cold1 ) ! greate/ possible exp$ition1 s z to rea* an inn] temp]ate climate1 9 ! %orte/ "t4 ,! concave regions c\ld be p>tially explor$ dur+ ! w9t]2 & ! p>ty return 9 ! spr+1 & at ! same "t ( ! re9-de]1 to ! m\? ( ! riv] ,l5a4 ,! ,russians h be5 mak+ consid]able ex]tions to explore ! nor!rn regions4 ,b>on ,wrangle made an attempt ( ?is k9d1 9 ! ye> #ahba4 ,& a second attempt 0 made 9 ! ye> #ahbb1 by travell+ ) sl$ges1 drawn by dogs4#dg ,b1 probably ow+ to ! p>ty n hav+ fai? 9 ! w9d+ m]idians ab\t ! v]ge ( ! pol> op5+1 or be+ unacqua9t$ ) _! direction accord+ to ! !ory ( conc5tric sph]es1 !y 7 bewild]$1 & kept travell+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! v]ge1 ! region ( greate/ cold1 in/ead ( proce$+ 9 a direct c\rse t[>ds ! pole1 until !y 7 f9ally oblig$ to return )\t accompli%+ ! object ( ! exp$ition4 ,at ! pres5t "t 7,augu/1 #ahbd7 an exp$ition is fitt+ out 9 ,russia at great exp5se1 "u ! auspices ( t di/+ui%$ patron ( sci5ce1 ,c\nt ,romanz(f1 = ! purpose ( mak+ discov]ies 9 ! nor!rn regions1 ) ! int5tion ( explor+ ov] l&1 or on ! ice1 z f> z x may be f\nd practicable4 ,! celebrat$ ,admiral ,kruz5/]n1 is to ex]cise a g5]al sup]9t5dance ov] ! exp$ition1 :ile ! imm$iate comm& is to be conf]r$ on "s di/+ui%$ ,russian (fic]4 ,! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be a m suitable place1 = an explor+ p>ty to set out f1 ?an ! coa/ ( ,sib]ia4 ,a company ( m51 well arm$1 c\ld travel ov] l&1 & draw _! provisions & baggage on h& sl$ges1 on ! sn[ or ice1 z ,he>ne did dur+ 8 j\rney1 ) light canoes = ! purpose ( cross+ riv]s & lakes1 %\ld su* be f\nd to ob/ruct _! progress4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! p>ty w\ld soon cross ! v]ge1 or b>r5 gr\nds1 z ,he>ne calls x1 & arrive 9 t c\ntry ( abundant game1 ( :i* ! ,indians in=m$ him4 ,he>ne1 accord+ to 8 j\rnal1 rea*$ ne>ly ! sev5ty-second degree ( nor? latitude1 & 8 g5]al c\rse is laid d[n z be+ nor?-we/w>dly1 f ,=t ,*ur*ill to ! m\? ( ,copp]-,m9e riv]1 :i* he says disembogues itself into ! ,nor!rn sea1 fl[+ 9 a nor!rly direction4 ,me-lo-no-bee1 ! ,indian *ief1 :o s]v$ z ,he>ne's guide f ,hudson's ,bay1 po9t$ out ! m\? ( ,copp]-,m9e riv]1 z be+ 9 a nor?-ea/w>dly direction f ,=t ,*ur*ill1 & fl[+ 9 an ea/w>dly c\rse4 ,subsequ5t discov]ies h1 ,i believe1 det]m9$ ,me-lo-no-bee to be correct 9 ?is p>ticul>1 z t riv] has be5 asc]ta9$ to empty into ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic nor? ( ,repulse ,bay1 sev]al hundr$ miles di/ant f :]e ,he>ne lays x d[n on 8 map4 ,x is s laid d[n 9 ! map accompany+ ,ross' voyage ( discov]y4 ,h[ ,he>ne c\ld be s mu* mi/ak5 9 ! c\rse he travell$1 z to lay x d[n at ne>ly a "r angle f its true c\rse1 is r unacc\ntable3 he mu/ h be5 deceiv$ by ! w9d+ m]idians ( ! v]ge1 :i* turn$ him to ! "r2 :5 to h pass$ directly into ! concave1 he ought1 on arriv+ at a c]ta9 po9t1 to h proce$$ we/ ( nor?1 !n we/1 & f9ally s\?-we/1 :i* w\ld probably h conduct$ him to t c\ntry1 :i* ! ,indian repres5t$ z be+ f> to ! we/1 or s\?-we/1 & s w>m t !re 0 nev] any fro/4 ,9 ?is direction1 an explor+ p>ty ought mo/ probably to travel1 fir/ nor? until !y come to ! v]ge2 :]e 7if !y are on ! cont95t ( ,am]ica7 ! m]idians beg9 to w9d to ! "r1 !n gradually1 z !y advanc$1 incl9e to ! we/1 !n true we/1 !n s\? ( we/1 & f9ally1 :5 entirely beyond ! app>5t v]ge1 to ! s\?-we/1 if n due s\?4 ,9 cross+ ! v]ge1 ! cold w\ld no d\bt be consid]able3 b cold 9 ^? regions1 z measur$ by ! !rmomet]1 appe>s to u mu* great] ?an ! feel+s ( ^? expos$ to t temp]ature indicate4 ,h5ce x 01 no d\bt1 t ,p>ry's crew c\ld hunt 9 w9t]1 :5 ! m$ium 0 bel[ z]o4 ,& ! ,russians set out on _! exp$ition ov] ! ice 9 #ahba1 :5 ! cold 0 ?irty-two degrees ,reaumur2 & ?is too acc\nts = ,he>ne's sleep+ 9 ! sn[1 )\t fire1 by only digg+ a hole1 & ly+ !re91 ) 8 sl$ge turn$ up to w9dw>d4 ,x does n appe> t he compla9$ ( excessive cold2 ?\gh he travell$ ne>ly all w9t]4 ,he _h also sev]al ,indian wom5 9 company4 ,! regions ?r\gh :i* he pass$1 z well z t 9 :i* ,ross & ,p>ry 71 are alleg$ to be ! colde/ ( ! e>?2 & t ^? m5 exp]i5c$ z great a degree ( cold z w\ld be 9 pass+ ! v]ge into ! concave regions4 ,b ,i am ( op9ion t ! mo/ practicable1 ! mo/ exp$iti\s1 & ! be/ mode ( explor+ ! int]ior regions w\ld be by sea1 & by way ( ! s\? pol> op5+1 cross+ ! v]ge at ! l[ side1 9 ! ,indian ocean1 :]e x is presum$ ! sea is always op51 & ne>ly free f ice4 ,b1 z we are resid5ts ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! ne>ness ( ! nor? pol> op5+ to u1 & ! m imm$iate advantages :i* w\ld result to u f an int]c\rse ) ! c\ntries )9 ! concave to ! nor?1 w\ld seem to po9t out t z ! mo/ prop] direction to be pursu$2 ?\gh ! difficulties to be enc\nt]$ 9 pass+ ! v]ge ( ! nor? pol> op5+1 w\ld d\btless be mu* great] ?an ^? ( ! s\?1 ! cold mu* sev]]1 & ! ice m compact & difficult to pass4 ,h[ev]1 not)/&+ all ^! difficulties1 ! object1 ,i ?9k1 might be safely accompli%$ by sail+1 ei!r ea/ ( ,spitzb]g51 or betwe5 ,spitzb]g5 & ,gre5l&2 :]e1 writ]s1 9 :om confid5ce may be plac$1 in=m u1 t ! sea is op5 all w9t]4 ,! greate/ difficulty to be appreh5d$1 w\ld be ! accumulation ( drift+ ice 9 ! summ] season2 b 9 ! w9t]1 t difficulty1 p]haps1 w\ld n be pres5t$ z 9 ! fall or comm5cem5t ( w9t]1 ! ice w\ld atta* itself to "o %ore or ! o!r1 & become p]man5t4 ,! ,russians :o w9t]$ on ,spitzb]g51 say t ! sea 0 op5 dur+ ! :ole w9t]1 q across ! nor? end ( ! isl&4 ,sev]al sailors :o 7 once left on an isl& ne> ,spitsb]g51 liv$ !re sev]al ye>s2 ?\gh de/itute ( almo/ e necess>y ( life1 !y 7 n only able to support ! cold ( ! w9t]s1 b ev5 to supply !mselves ) provisions1 & light1 9 ^? dre>y regions4 ,!y f9ally return$ 9 heal? & safety to _! native c\ntry & fri5ds4 ,?is isl& is probably z cold z any spot t is kn[n to our sph]e4 ,a vessel1 almo/ at any "t 9 summ]1 c\ld sail to1 & rema9 at ,spitzb]g51 7hav+ ! necess>y conv5i5ces on bo>d to make ! crew com=table7 = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,!y c\ld lie all w9t] at ! nor? "p ( ! isl&1 & aft] be+ !re long en\gh to become acqua9t$ ) ! nature & *anges 9 ! sea to ! nor? ( !m1 !y c\ld take "s favorable opportunity1 & rea* ! pole1 7if ! e>? be a globe7 or ! int]ior concave regions4 ,! di/ance f ! nor? ( ,spitzb]g5 to ! pole is only six hundr$ geographical miles4 ,ano!r favorable direction = mak+ ! discov]y is1 by ,bh]+'s /raits on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica3 ,& an additional advantage :i* is pres5t$ by ?is direction1 is1 t if ! vessels %\ld be ob/ruct$ by1 or froz5 9 ! ice1 ! p>ty c\ld proce$ by l& on ! %ore ( ,am]ica1 7:i* is suppos$ to communicate ) ! concave regions17 a p>ty rema9+ ) ! vessels till ! o!rs return$4 ,9 case an exp$ition ( discov]y %\ld be fitt$ out = ! purpose ( mak+ ! attempt1 by ei!r r\te1 ! safety ( ! p>ty w\ld require t two vessels %\ld be equipp$ ) r m ?an an ord9>y numb] ( m51 & ) a d\ble numb] ( boats at lea/2 "s s light & portable z to be easily c>ri$ by m5 ov] ice1 or necks ( l&1 %\ld x become necess>y4 ,vessels propell$ by /eam w\ld be pref]able to any o!r1 z !y c\ld m easily avoid ! float+ ice 9 pass+ ! v]ge2 z1 also asc5d rapid riv]s 9 ! int]ior1 %\ld su* be discov]$1 & x be f\nd necess>y to asc5d !m4 ,! vessels %\ld be equipp$ ) ma/s1 sails1 & e "p ( rigg+ necess>y = sail+2 ) a balla/ ( coal1 :i* %\ld n be us$1 or any o!r fuel = /eam purposes1 until !y come )9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ice1 ?r\gh :i*1 by pursu+ a prop] c\rse1 x is believ$1 !y w\ld 9 a few days pass1 & arrive at a m temp]ate climate1 & a c\ntry :]e !y w\ld be abundantly suppli$ ) bo? wood & provisions4 ,p]haps x w\ld be advisable to take on bo>d a small boat1 ) a proportionate /eam-eng9e1 = ! purpose ( runn+ up %all[ riv]s1 or along coa/s1 to make m m9ute obs]vations4 ,b ! mo/ important matt] ( all to be obs]v$1 & t on :i* ! success ( ! exp$ition mu/ dep5d1 w\ld be a prop] obs]vance ( ! pr9ciples ( ! !ory1 & a due att5tion to ! w9d+ m]idians1 & curvatures ( ! p>allels ( latitude1 :5 ! v]ge %all be cross$2 & :i* w require ! p>ty to be cont9ually v>y+ _! c\rse z !y proce$ =w>d 9 accordance ) ! place at :i* ! attempt %all be made4 ,! exp5se ( an exp$ition ( ?is k9d1 w\ld n be v great2 at lea/ n consid]able :5 comp>$ ) ! magnitude ( ! object to be accompli%$1 ?\gh ,i h n made1 nor d ,i consid] myself adequate to make m9ute e/imates on ! subject4 ,b ,i %\ld conclude t a sum ( "o or two hundr$ ?\s& doll>s w\ld be amply suffici5t to defray all exp5ses att5d+ su* an exp$ition4 ,%\ld an attempt be made by way ( ! s\? pol> op5+1 ) vessels fitt$ out z = a :al+ voyage1 ! exp5se w\ld probably n be ! "o fif? "p ( t sum4 ,& 7 an exp$ition und]tak5 ov] l&1 f "s po/ high nor? on ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 ! exp5se mu/ be /ill less4 ,,footnote3 #dg ,f a ,london pap]1 "u ! head ( ,,russian ,,discov]ies4,9 ! ye> #ahbj1 a j\rney ( discov]y1 by l&1 0 ord]$ by ! gov]nm5t1 to explore ! extreme nor? & nor?-ea/ ( ,asia4,lieut5ants ,wrangle & ,anj\1 ( ! navy1 7 *os5 = ?is exp$ition4 ,aft] hav+ made ! necess>y prep>ations1 !y dep>t$ f ,neukolyma1 9 ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ,sib]ia1 on ! #ai? ( ,feb4 #ahba1 9 sl$ges drawn by dogs1 :5 ! cold 0 ?irty-two degrees ,reaumur1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! position ( ,s*ehalad%oi-,noss1 :i* capta9 ,burney conjectur$ might be an i/hmus1 jo9+ ,asia ) ! cont95t ( ,am]ica4 ,! travell]s succe$$ 9 det]m9+ ! :ole coa/ a/ronomically1 go+ !mselves entirely r\nd ! coa/1 & proce$+ a day's j\rney f>!r to ! we/2 ?us conv9c+ !mselves t ,asia & ,am]ica are n unit$ !re by an i/hmus4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,m>*1 ! exp$ition return$ to ,neukolyma4 ,on ! #bb;d ( ,m>*1 ,mr4 ,wrangle und]took ano!r j\rney1 likewise on sl$ges drawn by dogs1 ) t5 companions1 9 ! direction to ! ,nor? ,pole1 9 ord] to look = ! great cont95t :i* is suppos$ to exi/ !re4 ,! pr9cipal ob/acle !y met )1 0 ?9 ice1 :i* be+ brok5 to pieces by cont9u$ /orms1 0 pil$ up 9 m\nta9s1 & r5d]$ f>!r progress impossible4 ,at a be> hunt1 :i* ! company und]took1 !y obs]v$ a sudd5 bur/+ ( ! ice1 accompani$ ) a dreadful noise resembl+ ?und]4 ,on _! j\rney back1 :i* ! travell]s 7 oblig$ to make )\t accompli%+ _! object1 !y survey$ ! be> isl&s1 & aft] an abs5ce ( ?irty-eight days1 arriv$ safely at ,neukolyma on ! #bh? ,april1 :]e !y are to rema9 = ! ye> #ahbb1 & !n to cont9ue _! rese>*es4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,a %ort ,biographical sket* ( ,capta9 ,symmes2 ) "s obs]vations on ! treatm5t :i* he has met ) 9 ! advancem5t ( 8 ,!ory4 ,john ,cleves ,symmes1 ! au?or ( ! ,!ory ( ,conc5tric ,sph]es1 is ! son ( ,timo?y ,symmes1 ( ! /ate ( ,new-,j]sey1 ^: fa!r's "n 0 also ,timo?y1 & :o 0 ! son ( ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,symmes1 ( ,brad=d1 :o graduat$ at ,h>v>d college1 9 #afih4 ,mr4 ,elliot1 publi%] ( ! ,new-,engl& ,biographical ,diction>y1 at ,bo/on1 9 ! ye> #ahji1 makes hon\rable m5tion ( 8 "n4 ,timo?y ,symmes1 ! gr&fa!r ( ! subject ( ?is sket*1 _h b two sons2 ! "o1 ,john ,cleves ,symmes1 well kn[n z ! fa!r & f\nd] ( ! fir/ settlem5ts 9 ! ,miami c\ntry2 & ! o!r1 ,timo?y1 ! fa!r ( our ,!ori/1 & f :om ! pres5t family ( ,symmes1 9 ! ,miami c\ntry1 are desc5d$4 ,capta9 ,symmes is n[ ab\t =ty-six ye>s ( age4 ,he is ( middle /ature1 & tol]ably proportion$2 ) sc>cely any ?+ 9 8 ext]ior to *>act]ize ! secret op]ations ( 8 m9d1 except an ab/raction1 :i*1 f att5tive inspection1 is f\nd seat$ on a slightly contract$ br[2 & ! glances ( a bright blue eye1 t (t5 seems fix$ on some?+ beyond imm$iate surr\nd+ objects4 ,8 head is r\nd1 & 8 face r small & oval4 ,8 voice is some:at nasal1 & he speaks hesitat+ly & ) app>5t lab\r4 ,8 mann]s are pla91 & rem>kable = native simplicity4 ,he is a native ( ! /ate ( ,new-,j]sey4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( 8 life1 he receiv$1 :at 0 !n consid]$1 a common ,engli% education1 :i* 9 aft] life he improv$ by hav+ access to tol]ably well select$ libr>ies2 & be+ endu$1 by nature1 ) an insatiable desire = k ( all k9ds1 he ?us _h1 dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 life1 ample opportunities to indulge x4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjb1 & at ! age ( ab\t tw5ty-two ye>s1 ,mr4 ,symmes ent]$ ! army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! (fice ( ensign2 f :i* he aft]w>ds rose to t ( capta94 ,he cont9u$ 9 s]vice until aft] ! close ( ! late w> ) ,great-,brita94 ,:ile atta*$ to ! army he 0 univ]sally e/eem$ a brave soldi]1 & a zeal\s & fai?ful (fic]4 ,he 0 9 ! memorable battle ( ,bridgewat]2 & 0 s5ior ,capta9 9 ! regim5t to :i* he belong$4 ,! company "u 8 imm$iate comm&1 t day1 dis*>g$ sev5ty r\nds ( c>tridges1 & repell$ ?ree desp]ate *>ges ( ! bayonet4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 ! sortie f ,=t ,erie1 ,capta9 ,symmes1 ) 8 comm&1 captur$ ! enemy's batt]y numb] two2 & ) 8 own h& spik$ ! cannon x conta9$3 yet1 ow+ to ! want ( correct in=mation1 or f "s o!r cause1 ! hon\r & ! rew>d ( ?is a*ievem5t1 7 alike be/[$ ^u o!rs4 ,&1 x is a fact n less to be regrett$1 t ! (ficial report ( ! battle ( ,bridgewat]1 has repres5t$ ! regim5t1 to :i* ,capta9 ,symmes 0 atta*$1 z almo/ ! only "o t retreat$ at ,lunday's lane2 :51 9 tru?1 x 0 ne>ly ! only "o :i* uni=mly ma9ta9$ ! positions x 0 ord]$ to ma9ta91 ?r\gh\t ! action4 ,capta9 ,symmes1 has s9ce1 h[ev]1 sub/antiat$ ! correctness ( its conduct1 by obta9+ ! necess>y ackn[l$gm5ts2 "s ( ! p>ticul>s ( :i* 7 communicat$ to ! ,hi/orical ,society ( ,new-,york1 & publi%$1 9 ! newspap]s ( ! day4 ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t1 has also be5 confirm$ to me1 by a respectable ,(fic]1 :o 0 9 ! action1 & witness$ ! occurr5ce4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ab\t ?ree ye>s1 imm$iately aft] ! close ( ! w>1 & aft] ,capta9 ,symmes _h left ! army1 he 0 engag$ 9 ! difficult & labori\s task ( furni%+ supplies to ! troops /ation$ on ! upp] ,mississippi4 ,h[ he succe$$ 9 ?is bus9ess ,i am n in=m$2 b1 ,i conclude f 8 pres5t circum/ances1 t he c\ld n h realiz$ any v consid]able pecuni>y advantage f ! ent]prise4 ,s9ce t "t he has resid$ at ,newport1 ,k5tucky2 devot+1 almo/ exclusively1 ! :ole ( 8 "t & att5tion to ! inve/igation & p]fection ( 8 fav\rite ,!ory ( ,conc5tric ,sph]es4 ,9 a %ort circul>1 dat$ at ,/4 ,l\is1 9 #ahah1 ,capta9 ,symmes fir/ promulgat$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 !ory to ! _w4 ,he address$ a copy to e le>n$ in/itution1 & to e consid]able t[n & village1 z well z di/+ui%$ individuals1 ( :i* he c\ld ga9 any intellig5ce1 ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to sev]al le>n$ societies 9 ,europe4 ,! reception ?is circul> met )1 0 t ( ridicule2 x be+ look$ ^u z ! production ( a di/emp]$ imag9ation1 or ! rav+s ( p>tial insanity4 ,inde$1 x became a fruitful s\rce ( je/ & levity1 to publi%]s ( ! public pr9ts ( ! day g5]ally1 all ov] ! ,union4 ,! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,p>is1 be=e :i* x 0 laid by ,c\nt ,volney1 decid$ t x 0 unwor?y ( _! consid]ation2 & ! editor ( ! ,london ,morn+ ,*ronicle1 c\ld n be induc$ to cr$it ! /atem5ts ( respectable m51 :o decl>$ t ,symmes 0 n a madman4 ,b 9 ?is1 8 fate is n peculi>4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! _w has taught u1 t ! au?ors ( new doctr9es1 h mo/ly %>$ a simil> lot4 ,an excell5t contempor>y writ] has rem>k$1 t1 ! fate ( _m projectors h be5 s melan*oly1 t x requires1 at ?is day1 ! d>+ _s1 & ! en?usiasm :i* are naturally alli$ to g5ius1 9 any man to ann\nce himself z ! inv5tor ( any ?+ new & extraord9>y4 ,! pati5ce & p]sev]ance ( a ,galileo1 & ! adv5tur\s _s ( a ,fulton1 are necess>y to him :o w\ld b5efit 8 species by ! results ( orig9al plans & =ms1 or t ( new comb9ations ( old & tri$ ones4 ,h5ce we _c b respect & admire ! man1 :o1 reg>dless ( ! h>d fate ( s _m :o h trod be=e him1 9 ! ?orny pa? ( improvem5t1 /ill has ! =titude & philosophy ( m9d to sp5d ye>s 9 toil & /udyto lab\r by day ) p]sev]+ indu/ry& trim ! midnight lamp ) ! vigilance ascrib$ to ! anci5t ve/als1 9 br++ to p]fection an idea1 f :i* he hopes to reap fame & b5efit to himself1 & to reflect cr$it1 at ! same "t1 on ! g5ius ( 8 c\ntry4 ,capta9 ,symmes publi%$ two o!r numb]s at ,/4 ,l\is1 9 ! ye> #ahah2 ! "o w5t to prove1 by geometrical pr9ciples1 t matt] mu/ necess>ily =m itself into conc5tric sph]es1 & ! o!r treat$ ( geological pr9ciples4 ,8 two next numb]s1 m>k$ f\r & five1 7! "o treat+ ( ! orig9al =mation ( ! ,allegh5y m\nta9s1 & ! o!r claim+ ! discov]y ( op5 poles17 ,i h nev] _h an opportunity ( see+4 ,8 six? numb] appe>$1 dat$ at ,c9c9nati1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahai1 :i* conta9s a numb] ( items & pr9ciples t he proposes treat+ ( 9 subsequ5t numb]s4 ,8 sev5? numb]1 entitl$ ,arctic ,memoir1 is dat$ at ,c9c9nati1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahai2 & ano!r numb]1 entitl$ ,light betwe5 ! ,sph]es1 dat$ at ,c9c9nati1 9 ,augu/1 #ahai1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,national ,intellig5c]4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t1 num]\s pieces f ! p5 ( ,capta9 ,symmes h appe>$ 9 diff]5t newspap]s2 b ! mo/ prom95t & gr& doctr9es1 on :i* 8 !ory is bas$1 are conta9$ 9 ! pap]s above enum]at$4 ,indep5d5t ( 8 writt5 publications1 he has deliv]$ a numb] ( lectures on ! !ory1fir/ at ,c9c9nati1 9 #ahbj1 & aft]w>ds at ,lex+ton & ,frank=t1 9 ,k5tucky1 & at ,hamilton & ,zanesville1 9 ! /ate ( ,ohio4 ,sev]al ( ^! lectures ,i _h ! pleasure ( he>+2 & ! respectable numb] ( auditors1 & ! pr(\nd /illness t reign$1 ev9c$ 9 ! /ronge/ mann] ! int]e/ felt by all pres5t 9 ! subject4 ,9 addition to ! v>i\s facts & ph5om5a1 to :i* he adv]ts 9 support ( 8 positions1 he del9eates 9 8 lectures1 ^u a wood5 sph]e1 con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciples ( 8 !ory1 ! cause ( ! w9d+ m]idians1 ! icy hoop or v]ge1 & ! c\rse :i* ought to be pursu$ to rea* ! int]ior regions1 ) ! confid5ce ( ma!matical c]ta9ty4 ,capta9 ,symmes's want ( a classical education1 & philosophic atta9m5ts1 p]haps1 unfits him = ! (fice ( a lectur]4 ,b1 8 argum5ts be+ pres5t$ 9 confus$ array1 & clo!d 9 homely phraseology1 c furni% no objection to ! s\ndness ( 8 doctr9es4 ,! imp]fection ( 8 /yle1 & ! inelegance ( 8 mann]1 may be deplor$2 b1 c]ta9ly1 con/itute no pro( ( ! inadequacy ( 8 reason+1 or ! absurdity ( 8 d$uctions4 ,!re is sc>cely a s+le individual1 ) :om ,i h conv]s$1 :o does n confess t1 if ! facts :i* he adduces1 & ! argum5ts he uses1 7 h&l$ by an able orator1 !y w\ld produce a p[]ful effect4 ,9 %ort1 ^? :o att5d to 8 lectures1 )\t reg>d+ 8 peculi>ities ( /yle & mann]2 :o reflect alone on _! sub/antial p>ts1 )\t reg>d+ ! want ( eloqu5ce 9 ! lectur]2 :o presume to ?9k = !mselves1 & are able to compreh5d ! nak$ facts1 & unadorn$ argum5ts1 :i* he advances1 w n fail to discov] 9 !m _m p>ticul>s well wor?y ( _! consid]ation2 & _m argum5ts calculat$ to /agg] _! fai? 9 pre-conceiv$ op9ions4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbb1 ,capta9 ,symmes petition$ ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sett+ =?1 9 ! fir/ place1 8 belief ( ! exi/5ce ( a habitable & accessible concave to ?is globe2 8 desire to emb>k on a voyage ( discov]y to "o or o!r ( ! pol> regions2 8 belief 9 ! great pr(it & hon\r 8 c\ntry w\ld d]ive f su* discov]y2& pray$ t ,congress w\ld equip & fit out = ! exp$ition1 two vessels ( two hundr$ & fifty1 or ?ree hundr$1 tons bur!n2 & grant su* o!r aid z gov]nm5t might deem necess>y to promote ! object4 ,?is petition 0 pres5t$ 9 ! ,s5ate by ,col4 ,ri*>d ,m4 ,john/on1 a memb] f ,k5tucky1 on ! #g? day ( ,m>*1 #ahbb2 :51 7a motion to ref] x to ! committee ( ,=eign ,relations hav+ fail$17 aft] a few rem>ks x 0 laid on ! table4,ayes1 #be4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahbc1 he =w>d$ simil> petitions to bo? h\ses ( ,congress1 :i* met ) a simil> fate4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahbd1 he petition$ ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! /ate ( ,ohio1 pray+ t body to pass a resolution approbatory ( 8 !ory2 & to recomm5d him to ,congress = an outfit suitable to ! ent]prise4 ,?is memorial 0 pres5t$ by ,micajah ,t4 ,williams2 &1 on motion1 ! fur!r consid]ation !re( 0 indef9itely po/pon$4#dh ,t ,capta9 ,symmes is a highm9d$1 honorable man1 is atte/$ by all :o "k him4 ,he has devis$ a !ory :]eby to acc\nt = v>i\s s+ul> & int]e/+ ph5om5a2 & m satisfactorily to expla9 a great v>iety ( ackn[l$g$ facts4 ,he argues f ! effect to ! cause1 9 _m ( 8 positions1 ) great p]spicuity4 ,& ! circum/ance t few ( ! le>n$ h yet attempt$ to %[ t 8 pr9ciples are f\nd$ 9 absurdity1 %\ld at lea/ entitle him to ! respect1 & 8 !ory to ! att5tion1 ( e c&id man4 ,not)/&+ he has be5 buffet$ by ! ridicule & s>casm ( an oppos+ _w = sev5 ye>s1 "u great pecuni>y emb>rassm5ts2 he /ill lab\rs ) un%ak5 fai?1 & unbrok5 p]sev]ance2 ) a will+ness at any "t to te/ ! tru? ( 8 speculations amid ! icy m\nta9s ( ! pol> seas4 ,already has he pass$ ! m]idian ( life2 & %\ld he be call$ f "t1 )\t e/abli%+ 8 !ory by actual discov]y2 ! sci5ce he has embodi$1 & ! facts he has collect$ & arrang$ 9 support ( x1 toge!r ) 8 undeviat+ & indefatigable indu/ry1 9 ! face ( ,! _w's dread laugh1 :i* sc>ce ,! firm philosoph] c scorn1 w be> a te/imonial to 8 tal5ts & wor?1 t ! be/ ( 8 species w ev] delight to ackn[l$ge4 ,& ?\gh he may n h acc\nt$ = e p>ticul>1 or br\ght =w>d e argum5t t might possibly be advanc$ 9 support ( 8 positions2 he has1 nev]!less1 collect$ a great] numb] ( peculi>ly int]e/+ facts1 & embodi$ a /rong] phalanx ( pro(1 ?an c\ld well h be5 expect$ on a subject s new1 & 9 ! h&s ( ! orig9al discov]]4 ,if1 h]eaft]1 x %\ld be asc]ta9$ t ,symmes's ,!ory ( ! ,e>? is true1 imp>tial po/]ity w n )hold ! hon\r & fame due to ! "n ( ! discov]]4 ,x is hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! pres5t age w n s f> =feit to po/]ity ! high "* x n[ su/a9s 9 sci5tific discov]y1 z to rema9 deaf to 8 solicitations2 b1 t ! citiz5s ( our own c\ntry 9 p>ticul>1 if n ! :ole _w1 w unite 9 te/+ ! tru? ( 8 pr9ciples2 & 9 do+ ju/ice to ! m]its ( ?is extraord9>y man4 ,,f9is4 ,,footnote3 #dh ,j\rnal ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ,ohio2 session ( #ahbc1 '#bdp4 #bbd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,punctuation has be5 /&>diz$4 ,"s alt]nate spell+s h be5 reta9$4 ,pg4 iv3 faciliate *ang$ to facilitate 7to facilitate its progress74 ,pg4 #ci3 ob$idi5ce *ang$ to ob$i5ce 79 ob$i5ce to c]ta9 fix$ laws74 ,pg4 #da1 #dd1 #gj1 #gi3 sph]iod *ang$ to sph]oid 7is /rictly a sph]oid7 7t ( a regul> sph]oid7 7! =m ( an oblate sph]oid7 7a compact & solid sph]oid7 7! e>? is a solid sph]oid74 ,pg4 #eg1 #acj3 occul> *ang$ to ocul> 7positive ocul> demon/ration7 7admits ( ocul> demon/ration74 ,pg4 #fb3 sometimes *ang$ to "s times 7at "s times sev5 or eight belts74 ,pg4 #gc3 appea *ang$ to appe> 7& appe> aga9 9 great numb]s74 ,miss+ ^w ( ins]t$ 79 ! latt] end ( ,m>*74 ,pg4 #gf3 7footnote7 ,h]ne's *ang$ to ,he>ne's 7,he>ne's ,j\rnal74 ,pg4 #hc3 7footnote7 ,ross's *ang$ to ,ross' 7,ross' ,voyage74 ,pg4 #ii3 ,praire *ang$ to ,prairie 79 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,little ,prairie74 ,pg4 #ajg3 ma9ta9ance *ang$ to ma9t5ance 7! ma9t5ance & support ( organic life74 ,pg4 #aji3 plumet *ang$ to plummet 7betwe5 ! plummet & ! c5tre ( gravity74 ,pg4 #abc3 ,geogrophy *ang$ to ,geography 7to tea* mank9d ,geology1 ,geography1 or ,a/ronomy74 ,pg4 #acd3 cotempor>ies *ang$ to contempor>ies 7above 8 contempor>ies74 ,pg4 #aea3 app>ant *ang$ to app>5t 7beyond ! app>5t v]ge74 ,pg4 #aei3 catridges *ang$ to c>tridges 7dis*>g$ sev5ty r\nds ( c>tridges74 ,pg4 #afa3 ,gallileo *ang$ to ,galileo 7pati5ce & p]sev]ance ( a ,galileo74 cotempor>y *ang$ to contempor>y 7contempor>y writ] has rem>k$74 ,pg4 #aff3 buffett$ *ang$ to buffet$ 7has be5 buffet$ by ! ridicule74