,a ,,def5ce ,,( ,,poetry ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,by ,p]cy ,bys%e ,%elley ,,on ,,love ,,on ,,life ,,9 ,a ,,future ,,/ate ,,on ,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,( ,,dea? ,,speculations ,,on ,,metaphysics ,,speculations ,,on ,,morals ,,on ,,! ,,lit]ature1 ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,! ,,mann]s ,,( ,,! ,,a!nians ,,on ,,! ,,symposium1 ,,or ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,banquet ,,( ,,plato ,a ,,def5ce ,,( ,,poetry ,,on ,,love ,:at is love8 ,ask him :o lives1 :at is life8 ask him :o adores1 :at is ,god8 ,i "k n ! int]nal con/itution ( o!r m51 nor ev5 ?9e1 :om ,i n[ address4 ,i see t 9 "s ext]nal attributes !y resemble me1 b :51 misl$ by t appe>ance1 ,i h ?\ght to appeal to some?+ 9 common1 & unbur!n my inmo/ s\l to !m1 ,i h f\nd my language misund]/ood1 l "o 9 a di/ant & savage l&4 ,! m opportunities !y h af=d$ me = exp]i5ce1 ! wid] has appe>$ ! int]val betwe5 u1 & to a great] di/ance h ! po9ts ( sympa?y be5 )drawn4 ,) a _s ill fitt$ to su/a9 su* pro(1 trembl+ & feeble ?r\gh its t5d]ness1 ,i h ev]y:]e s\ght sympa?y & h f\nd only repulse & disappo9tm5t4 ,?\ dem&e/ :at is love8 ,x is t p[]ful attraction t[>ds all t we conceive1 or fe>1 or hope beyond ourselves1 :5 we f9d )9 our own ?\ghts ! *asm ( an insuffici5t void1 & seek to awak5 9 all ?+s t are1 a community ) :at we exp]i5ce )9 ourselves4 ,if we reason1 we w\ld be und]/ood2 if we imag9e1 we w\ld t ! airy *ildr5 ( our bra9 7 born anew )9 ano!r's2 if we feel1 we w\ld t ano!r's n]ves %\ld vibrate to our own1 t ! beams ( _! eyes %\ld k9dle at once & mix & melt into our own1 t lips ( motionless ice %\ld n reply to lips quiv]+ & burn+ ) ! he>t's be/ blood4 ,?is is ,love4 ,?is is ! bond & ! sanction :i* connects n only man ) man1 b ) ev]y?+ :i* exi/s4 ,we are born into ! _w1 & !re is some?+ )9 u :i*1 f ! in/ant t we live1 m & m ?ir/s aft] its lik5ess4 ,x is probably 9 correspond5ce ) ?is law t ! infant dra9s milk f ! bosom ( its "m2 ?is prop5sity develops itself ) ! developm5t ( our nature4 ,we dimly see )9 our intellectual nature a m9iature z x 7 ( our entire self1 yet depriv$ ( all t we condemn or despise1 ! ideal prototype ( ev]y?+ excell5t or lovely t we are capable ( conceiv+ z belong+ to ! nature ( man4 ,n only ! portrait ( our ext]nal be+1 b an assemblage ( ! m9ute/ p>ticles ( :i* our nature is compos$2,footnote3 ,^! words are ineffectual & metaphorical4 ,mo/ words are s--,no help6 a mirror ^: surface reflects only ! =ms ( purity & brightness2 a s\l )9 our s\l t describes a circle ar\nd its prop] p>adise1 :i* pa91 & sorr[1 & evil d>e n ov]leap4 ,to ?is we eag]ly ref] all s5sations1 ?ir/+ t !y %\ld resemble or correspond ) x4 ,! discov]y ( its antitype2 ! meet+ ) an und]/&+ capable ( cle>ly e/imat+ our own2 an imag9ation :i* %\ld ent] into & seize ^u ! subtle & delicate peculi>ities :i* we h delight$ to *]i% & unfold 9 secret2 ) a frame ^: n]ves1 l ! *ords ( two exquisite lyres1 /rung to ! accompanim5t ( "o delightful voice1 vibrate ) ! vibrations ( our own2 & ( a comb9ation ( all ^! 9 su* proportion z ! type )9 dem&s2 ?is is ! invisible & unatta9able po9t to :i* ,love t5ds2 & to atta9 :i*1 x urges =? ! p[]s ( man to arre/ ! fa9te/ %ad[ ( t1 )\t ! possession ( :i* !re is no re/ nor respite to ! he>t ov] :i* x rules4 ,h5ce 9 solitude1 or 9 t des]t$ /ate :5 we are surr\nd$ by human be+s1 & yet !y sympa?ize n ) u1 we love ! fl[]s1 ! grass1 & ! wat]s1 & ! sky4 ,9 ! motion ( ! v leaves ( spr+1 9 ! blue air1 !re is !n f\nd a secret correspond5ce ) our he>t4 ,!re is eloqu5ce 9 ! tongueless w9d1 & a melody 9 ! fl[+ brooks & ! ru/l+ ( ! re$s beside !m1 :i* by _! inconceivable relation to some?+ )9 ! s\l1 awak5 ! spirits to a dance ( brea?less rapture1 & br+ te>s ( my/]i\s t5d]ness to ! eyes1 l ! en?usiasm ( patriotic success1 or ! voice ( "o belov$ s++ to y alone4 ,/]ne says t1 if he 7 9 a des]t1 he w\ld love "s cypress4 ,s soon z ?is want or p[] is dead1 man becomes ! liv+ sepul*re ( himself1 & :at yet survives is ! m]e husk ( :at once he 04 #ahae2 publ4 #ahdj ,,on ,,life ,life & ! _w1 or :atev] we call t :i* we are & feel1 is an a/oni%+ ?+4 ,! mi/ ( famili>ity obscures f u ! wond] ( our be+4 ,we are /ruck ) admiration at "s ( its transi5t modifications1 b x is itself ! great miracle4 ,:at are *anges ( empires1 ! wreck ( dyna/ies1 ) ! op9ions :i* support$ !m2 :at is ! bir? & ! ext9ction ( religi\s & ( political sy/ems to life8 ,:at are ! revolutions ( ! globe :i* we inhabit1 & ! op]ations ( ! elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$1 comp>$ ) life8 ,:at is ! univ]se ( />s1 & suns1 ( :i* ?is inhabit$ e>? is "o1 & _! motions1 & _! de/9y1 comp>$ ) life8 ,life1 ! great miracle1 we admire n1 because x is s miracul\s4 ,x is well t we are ?us %ield$ by ! famili>ity ( :at is at once s c]ta9 & s unfa?omable1 f an a/oni%m5t :i* w\ld o!rwise absorb & ov]awe ! functions ( t :i* is its object4 ,if any arti/1 ,i d n say _h execut$1 b _h m]ely conceiv$ 9 8 m9d ! sy/em ( ! sun1 & ! />s1 & planets1 !y n exi/+1 & _h pa9t$ to u 9 words1 or ^u canvas1 ! spectacle n[ af=d$ by ! nightly cope ( heav51 & illu/rat$ x by ! wisdom ( a/ronomy1 great w\ld be our admiration4 ,or _h he imag9$ ! sc5]y ( ?is e>?1 ! m\nta9s1 ! seas1 & ! riv]s2 ! grass1 & ! fl[]s1 & ! v>iety ( ! =ms & masses ( ! leaves ( ! woods1 & ! col\rs :i* att5d ! sett+ & ! ris+ sun1 & ! hues ( ! atmosph]e1 turbid or s]5e1 ^! ?+s n be=e exi/+1 truly we %\ld h be5 a/oni%$1 & x w\ld n h be5 a va9 boa/ to h said ( su* a man1 ',non m]ita nome di creatore1 se non ,iddio ed il ,poeta4' ,b n[ ^! ?+s are look$ on ) little wond]1 & to be consci\s ( !m ) int5se delight is e/eem$ to be ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( a ref9$ & extraord9>y p]son4 ,! multitude ( m5 c>e n = !m4 ,x is ?us ) ,life--t :i* includes all4 ,:at is life8 ,?\ghts & feel+s arise1 ) or )\t our w1 & we employ words to express !m4 ,we are born1 & our bir? is unrememb]$1 & our infancy rememb]$ b 9 fragm5ts2 we live on1 & 9 liv+ we lose ! appreh5sion ( life4 ,h[ va9 is x to ?9k t words c p5etrate ! my/]y ( our be+6 ,rightly us$ !y may make evid5t our ignorance to ourselves1 & ?is is mu*4 ,= :at are we8 ,:5ce d we come8 & :i!r d we g8 ,is bir? ! comm5cem5t1 is dea? ! conclusion ( our be+8 ,:at is bir? & dea?8 ,! mo/ ref9$ ab/ractions ( logic conduct to a view ( life1 :i*1 ?\gh />tl+ to ! appreh5sion1 is1 9 fact1 t :i* ! habitual s5se ( its repeat$ comb9ations has ext+ui%$ 9 u4 ,x /rips1 z x 71 ! pa9t$ curta9 f ?is sc5e ( ?+s4 ,i confess t ,i am "o ( ^? :o are unable to refuse my ass5t to ! conclusions ( ^? philosoph]s :o ass]t t no?+ exi/s b z x is p]ceiv$4 ,x is a decision aga9/ :i* all our p]suasions /ruggle1 & we mu/ be long convict$ be=e we c be conv9c$ t ! solid univ]se ( ext]nal ?+s is 'su* /uff z dreams are made (4' ,! %ock+ absurdities ( ! popul> philosophy ( m9d & matt]1 its fatal consequ5ces 9 morals1 & _! viol5t dogmatism conc]n+ ! s\rce ( all ?+s1 _h e>ly conduct$ me to mat]ialism4 ,?is mat]ialism is a s$uc+ sy/em to "y & sup]ficial m9ds4 ,x all[s its disciples to talk1 & disp5ses !m f ?9k+4 ,b ,i 0 discont5t$ ) su* a view ( ?+s z x af=d$2 man is a be+ ( high aspirations1 'look+ bo? be=e & aft]1' ^: '?\ghts w&] ?r\gh et]nity1' disclaim+ alliance ) transi5ce & decay2 incapable ( imag9+ to himself annihilation2 exi/+ b 9 ! future & ! pa/2 be+1 n :at he is1 b :at he has be5 & %all be4 ,:atev] may be 8 true & f9al de/9ation1 !re is a _s )9 him at enmity ) no?+ness & dissolution4 ,?is is ! "* ( all life & be+4 ,ea* is at once ! c5tre & ! circumf]5ce2 ! po9t to :i* all ?+s are ref]r$1 & ! l9e 9 :i* all ?+s are conta9$4 ,su* contemplations z ^!1 mat]ialism & ! popul> philosophy ( m9d & matt] alike =bid2 !y are only consi/5t ) ! intellectual sy/em4 ,x is absurd to ent] into a long recapitulation ( argum5ts suffici5tly famili> to ^? inquir+ m9ds1 :om alone a writ] on ab/ruse subjects c be conceiv$ to address4 ,p]haps ! mo/ cle> & vigor\s /atem5t ( ! intellectual sy/em is to be f\nd 9 ,sir ,william ,drummond's ,academical ,que/ions4 ,aft] su* an exposition1 x w\ld be idle to translate into o!r words :at c\ld only lose its en]gy & fitness by ! *ange4 ,exam9$ po9t by po9t1 & ^w by ^w1 ! mo/ discrim9at+ intellects h be5 able to disc]n no tra9 ( ?\ghts 9 ! process ( reason+1 :i* does n conduct inevitably to ! conclusion :i* has be5 /at$4 ,:at foll[s f ! admission8 ,x e/abli%es no new tru?1 x gives u no additional insight into our hidd5 nature1 nei!r its action nor itself4 ,philosophy1 impati5t z x may be to build1 has mu* "w yet rema9+1 z pione] = ! ov]gr[? ( ages4 ,x makes "o /ep t[>ds ?is object2 x de/roys error1 & ! roots ( error4 ,x leaves1 :at x is too (t5 ! duty ( ! re=m] 9 political & e?ical que/ions to leave1 a vacancy4 ,x r$uces ! m9d to t fre$om 9 :i* x w\ld h act$1 b = ! misuse ( words & signs1 ! in/rum5ts ( its own creation4 ,by signs1 ,i w\ld be und]/ood 9 a wide s5se1 includ+ :at is prop]ly meant by t t]m1 & :at ,i peculi>ly mean4 ,9 ?is latt] s5se1 almo/ all famili> objects are signs1 /&+1 n = !mselves1 b = o!rs1 9 _! capacity ( sugge/+ "o ?\ght :i* %all lead to a tra9 ( ?\ghts4 ,our :ole life is ?us an education ( error4 ,let u recollect our s5sations z *ildr54 ,:at a di/9ct & int5se appreh5sion _h we ( ! _w & ( ourselves6 ,_m ( ! circum/ances ( social life 7 !n important to u :i* are n[ no long] s4 ,b t is n ! po9t ( comp>ison on :i* ,i mean to insi/4 ,we less habitually di/+ui%$ all t we saw & felt1 f ourselves4 ,!y seem$ z x 7 to con/itute "o mass4 ,!re are "s p]sons :o1 9 ?is respect1 are always *ildr54 ,^? :o are subject to ! /ate call$ rev]ie1 feel z if _! nature 7 dissolv$ into ! surr\nd+ univ]se1 or z if ! surr\nd+ univ]se 7 absorb$ into _! be+4 ,!y are consci\s ( no di/9ction4 ,& ^! are /ates :i* prec$e1 or accompany1 or foll[ an unusually int5se & vivid appreh5sion ( life4 ,z m5 gr[ up ?is p[] commonly decays1 & !y become me*anical & habitual ag5ts4 ,?us feel+s & !n reason+s are ! comb9$ result ( a multitude ( entangl$ ?\ghts1 & ( a s]ies ( :at are call$ impressions1 plant$ by reit]ation4 ,! view ( life pres5t$ by ! mo/ ref9$ d$uctions ( ! intellectual philosophy1 is t ( unity4 ,no?+ exi/s b z x is p]ceiv$4 ,! diff]5ce is m]ely nom9al betwe5 ^? two classes ( ?\ght1 :i* are vulg>ly di/+ui%$ by ! names ( ideas & ( ext]nal objects4 ,pursu+ ! same ?read ( reason+1 ! exi/5ce ( di/9ct individual m9ds1 simil> to t :i* is employ$ 9 n[ que/ion+ its own nature1 is likewise f\nd to be a delusion4 ,! words ,i1 ,,y1 ,,!y1 are n signs ( any actual diff]5ce subsi/+ betwe5 ! assemblage ( ?\ghts ?us indicat$1 b are m]ely m>ks employ$ to d5ote ! diff]5t modifications ( ! "o m9d4 ,let x n be suppos$ t ?is doctr9e conducts to ! mon/r\s presumption t ,i1 ! p]son :o n[ write & ?9k1 am t "o m9d4 ,i am b a portion ( x4 ,! words ,i1 & ,,y1 & ,,!y1 are grammatical devices inv5t$ simply = arrangem5t1 & totally devoid ( ! int5se & exclusive s5se usually atta*$ to !m4 ,x is difficult to f9d t]ms adequate to express s subtle a conception z t to :i* ! ,intellectual ,philosophy has conduct$ u4 ,we are on t v]ge :]e words ab&on u1 & :at wond] if we gr[ dizzy to look d[n ! d>k abyss ( h[ little we "k4 ,! relations ( ,,?+s rema9 un*ang$1 by :atev] sy/em4 ,by ! ^w ,,?+s is to be und]/ood any object ( ?\ght1 t is any ?\ght ^u :i* any o!r ?\ght is employ$1 ) an appreh5sion ( di/9ction4 ,! relations ( ^! rema9 un*ang$2 & su* is ! mat]ial ( our k4 ,:at is ! cause ( life8 t is1 h[ 0 x produc$1 or :at ag5cies di/9ct f life h act$ or act ^u life8 ,all record$ g5]ations ( mank9d h we>i$ly busi$ !mselves 9 inv5t+ answ]s to ?is "q2 & ! result has be51--,religion4 ,yet1 t ! basis ( all ?+s _c be1 z ! popul> philosophy alleges1 m9d1 is suffici5tly evid5t4 ,m9d1 z f> z we h any exp]i5ce ( its prop]ties1 & beyond t exp]i5ce h[ va9 is argum5t6 _c create1 x c only p]ceive4 ,x is said also to be ! cause4 ,b cause is only a ^w express+ a c]ta9 /ate ( ! human m9d ) reg>d to ! mann] 9 :i* two ?\ghts are appreh5d$ to be relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,if any "o desires to "k h[ unsatisfactorily ! popul> philosophy employs itself ^u ?is great "q1 !y ne$ only imp>tially reflect ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ?\ghts develop !mselves 9 _! m9ds4 ,x is inf9itely improbable t ! cause ( m9d1 t is1 ( exi/5ce1 is simil> to m9d4 #ahae2 publ4 #ahdj ,,on ,a ,,future ,,/ate ,x has be5 ! p]suasion ( an imm5se majority ( human be+s 9 all ages & nations t we cont9ue to live aft] dea?1--t app>5t t]m9ation ( all ! functions ( s5sitive & intellectual exi/5ce4 ,nor has mank9d be5 cont5t$ ) suppos+ t species ( exi/5ce :i* "s philosoph]s h ass]t$2 namely1 ! resolution ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! me*anism ( a liv+ be+ into its elem5ts1 & ! impossibility ( ! m9ute/ p>ticle ( ^! su/a9+ ! smalle/ dim9ution4 ,!y h clung to ! idea t s5sibility & ?\ght1 :i* !y h di/+ui%$ f ! objects ( x1 "u ! sev]al names ( _s & matt]1 is1 9 its own nature1 less susceptible ( division & decay1 & t1 :5 ! body is resolv$ into its elem5ts1 ! pr9ciple :i* animat$ x w rema9 p]petual & un*ang$4 ,"s philosoph]s-& ^? to :om we are indebt$ = ! mo/ /up5d\s discov]ies 9 physical sci5ce1 suppose1 on ! o!r h&1 t intellig5ce is ! m]e result ( c]ta9 comb9ations among ! p>ticles ( its objects2 & ^? among !m :o believe t we live aft] dea?1 recur to ! int]position ( a sup]natural p[]1 :i* %all ov]come ! t5d5cy inh]5t 9 all mat]ial comb9ations1 to dissipate & be absorb$ into o!r =ms4 ,let u trace ! reason+s :i* 9 "o & ! o!r h conduct$ to ^! two op9ions1 & endeav\r to discov] :at we ought to ?9k on a "q ( su* mom5t\s int]e/4 ,let u analyse ! ideas & feel+s :i* con/itute ! cont5d+ beliefs1 & wat*fully e/abli% a discrim9ation betwe5 words & ?\ghts4 ,let u br+ ! "q to ! te/ ( exp]i5ce & fact2 & ask ourselves1 consid]+ our nature 9 its entire ext5t1 :at light we d]ive f a su/a9$ & compreh5sive view ( its compon5t p>ts1 :i* may enable1 u to ass]t1 ) c]ta9ty1 t we d or d n live aft] dea?4 ,! exam9ation ( ?is subject requires t x %\ld be /ript ( all ^? accessory topics :i* adh]e to x 9 ! common op9ion ( m54 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 & a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 are totally =eign to ! subject4 ,if x be prov$ t ! _w is rul$ by a ,div9e ,p[]1 no inf]5ce necess>ily c be drawn f t circum/ance 9 fav\r ( a future /ate4 ,x has be5 ass]t$1 inde$1 t z goodness & ju/ice are to be numb]$ among ! attributes ( ! ,deity1 ,he w und\bt$ly comp5sate ! virtu\s :o suff] dur+ life1 & t ,he w make e s5sitive be+ :o does n des]ve puni%m5t1 happy = ev]4 ,b ?is view ( ! subject1 :i* x w\ld be t$i\s z well z sup]flu\s to develop & expose1 satisfies no p]son1 & cuts ! knot :i* we n[ seek to untie4 ,moreov]1 %\ld x be prov$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! my/]i\s pr9ciple :i* regulates ! proce$+s ( ! univ]se1 is nei!r intellig5t nor s5sitive1 yet x is n an inconsi/5cy to suppose at ! same "t1 t ! animat+ p[] survives ! body :i* x has animat$1 by laws z indep5d5t ( any sup]natural ag5t z ^? ?r\gh :i* x fir/ became unit$ ) x4 ,nor1 if a future /ate be cle>ly prov$1 does x foll[ t x w be a /ate ( puni%m5t or rew>d4 ,by ! ^w dea?1 we express t condition 9 :i* natures resembl+ ourselves app>5tly cease to be t :i* !y 74 ,we no long] he> !m speak1 nor see !m move4 ,if !y h s5sations & appreh5sions1 we no long] p>ticipate 9 !m4 ,we "k no m ?an t ^? ext]nal organs1 & all t f9e texture ( mat]ial frame1 )\t :i* we h no exp]i5ce t life or ?\ght c subsi/1 are dissolv$ & scatt]$ abroad4 ,! body is plac$ "u ! e>?1 & aft] a c]ta9 p]iod !re rema9s no ve/ige ev5 ( its =m4 ,?is is t contemplation ( inexhau/ible melan*oly1 ^: %ad[ eclipses ! brightness ( ! _w4 ,! common obs]v] is /ruck ) dejection at ! spectacle4 ,he cont5ds 9 va9 aga9/ ! p]suasion ( ! grave1 t ! dead inde$ cease to be4 ,! corpse at 8 feet is prophetic ( 8 own de/9y4 ,^? :o h prec$$ him1 & ^: voice 0 delightful to 8 e>2 ^: t\* met 8 l sweet & subtle fire2 ^: aspect spread a vision>y light ^u 8 pa?--^! he _c meet aga94 ,! organs ( s5se are de/roy$1 & ! intellectual op]ations dep5d5t on !m h p]i%$ ) _! s\rces4 ,h[ c a corpse see or feel8 its eyes are eat5 out1 & its he>t is black & )\t motion4 ,:at int]c\rse c two heaps ( putrid clay & crumbl+ bones hold toge!r8 ,:5 y c discov] :]e ! fre% col\rs ( ! fad$ fl[] abide1 or ! music ( ! brok5 lyre1 seek life among ! dead4 ,su* are ! anxi\s & fe>ful contemplations ( ! common obs]v]1 ?\gh ! popul> religion (t5 prev5ts him f confess+ !m ev5 to himself4 ,! natural philosoph]1 9 addition to ! s5sations common to all m5 inspir$ by ! ev5t ( dea?1 believes t he sees ) m c]ta9ty t x is att5d$ ) ! annihilation ( s5tim5t & ?\ght4 ,he obs]ves ! m5tal p[]s increase & fade ) ^? ( ! body1 & ev5 accommodate !mselves to ! mo/ transitory *anges ( our physical nature4 ,sleep susp5ds _m ( ! faculties ( ! vital & intellectual pr9ciple2 drunk5ness & disease w ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly d]ange !m4 ,madness or idiotcy may utt]ly ext+ui% ! mo/ excell5t & delicate ( ^? p[]s4 ,9 old age ! m9d gradually )]s2 & z x grew & 0 /r5g!n$ ) ! body1 s does x toge!r ) ! body s9k into decrepitude4 ,assur$ly ^! are conv9c+ evid5ces t s soon z ! organs ( ! body are subject$ to ! laws ( inanimate matt]1 s5sation1 & p]ception1 & appreh5sion1 are at an end4 ,x is probable t :at we call ?\ght is n an actual be+1 b no m ?an ! relation betwe5 c]ta9 p>ts ( t inf9itely v>i$ mass1 ( :i* ! re/ ( ! univ]se is compos$1 & :i* ceases to exi/ s soon z ^? p>ts *ange _! position ) reg>d to ea* o!r4 ,?us col\r1 & s\nd1 & ta/e1 & od\r exi/ only relatively4 ,b let ?\ght be consid]$ z "s peculi> sub/ance1 :i* p]meates1 & is ! cause (1 ! animation ( liv+ be+s4 ,:y %\ld t sub/ance be assum$ to be some?+ ess5tially di/9ct f all o!rs1 & exempt f subjection to ^? laws f :i* no o!r sub/ance is exempt8 ,x diff]s1 inde$1 f all o!r sub/ances1 z electricity1 & light1 & magnetism1 & ! con/itu5t p>ts ( air & e>?1 sev]ally diff] f all o!rs4 ,ea* ( ^! is subject to *ange & to decay1 & to conv]sion into o!r =ms4 ,yet ! diff]5ce betwe5 light & e>? is sc>cely great] ?an t :i* exi/s betwe5 life1 or ?\ght1 & fire4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two =m] 0 nev] alleg$ z an argum5t = ! et]nal p]man5ce ( ei!r1 9 t =m "u :i* !y fir/ might (f] !mselves to our notice4 ,:y %\ld ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two latt] sub/ances be an argum5t = ! prolongation ( ! exi/5ce ( "o & n ! o!r1 :5 ! exi/5ce ( bo? has arriv$ at _! app>5t t]m9ation8 ,to say t fire exi/s )\t manife/+ any ( ! prop]ties ( fire1 su* z light1 heat1 etc41 or t ! pr9ciple ( life exi/s )\t consci\sness1 or memory1 or desire1 or motive1 is to resign1 by an awkw>d di/ortion ( language1 ! affirmative ( ! dispute4 ,to say t ! pr9ciple ( life ,,may exi/ 9 di/ribution among v>i\s =ms1 is to ass]t :at _c be prov$ to be ei!r true or false1 b :i*1 7 x true1 annihilates all hope ( exi/5ce aft] dea?1 9 any s5se 9 :i* t ev5t c belong to ! hopes & fe>s ( m54 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! intellectual & vital pr9ciple diff]s 9 ! mo/ m>k$ & ess5tial mann] f all o!r kn[n sub/ances2 t !y h all "s resemblance betwe5 !mselves :i* x 9 no degree p>ticipates4 ,9 :at mann] c ?is concession be made an argum5t = its imp]i%ability8 ,all t we see or "k p]i%es & is *ang$4 ,life & ?\ght diff] inde$ f ev]y?+ else4 ,b t x survives t p]iod1 beyond :i* we h no exp]i5ce ( its exi/5ce1 su* di/9ction & dissimil>ity af=ds no %ad[ ( pro(1 & no?+ b our own desires c\ld h l$ u to conjecture or imag9e4 ,h we exi/$ be=e bir?8 ,x is difficult to conceive ! possibility ( ?is4 ,!re is1 9 ! g5]ative pr9ciple ( ea* animal & plant1 a p[] :i* conv]ts ! sub/ances by :i* x is surr\nd$ into a sub/ance homog5e\s ) itself4 ,t is1 ! relations betwe5 c]ta9 elem5t>y p>ticles ( matt] und]go a *ange1 & submit to new comb9ations4 ,= :5 we use ! words ,,pr9ciple1 ,,p[]1 ,,cause1 we mean to express no real be+1 b only to class "u ^? t]ms a c]ta9 s]ies ( co-exi/+ ph5om5a2 b let x be suppos$ t ?is pr9ciple is a c]ta9 sub/ance :i* escapes ! obs]vation ( ! *emi/ & anatomi/4 ,x c]ta9ly ,,may ,,be2 ?\gh x is suffici5tly unphilosophical to allege ! possibility ( an op9ion z a pro( ( its tru?4 ,does x see1 he>1 feel1 be=e its comb9ation ) ^? organs on :i* s5sation dep5ds8 ,does x reason1 imag9e1 appreh5d1 )\t ^? ideas :i* s5sation alone c communicate8 ,if we h n exi/$ be=e bir?2 if1 at ! p]iod :5 ! p>ts ( our nature on :i* ?\ght & life dep5d1 seem to be wov5 toge!r2 if !re are no reasons to suppose t we h exi/$ be=e t p]iod at :i* our exi/5ce app>5tly comm5ces1 !n !re are no gr\nds = supposition t we %all cont9ue to exi/ aft] our exi/5ce has app>5tly ceas$4 ,s f> z ?\ght is conc]n$1 ! same w take place ) reg>d to use1 individually consid]$1 aft] dea?1 z _h place be=e our bir?4 ,x is said t x1 is possible t we %\ld cont9ue to exi/ 9 "s mode totally inconceivable to u at pres5t4 ,?is is a mo/ unreasonable presumption4 ,x ca/s on ! adh]5ts ( annihilation ! bur!n ( prov+ ! negative ( a "q1 ! affirmative ( :i* is n support$ by a s+le argum5t1 & :i*1 by its v nature1 lies beyond ! exp]i5ce ( ! human und]/&+4 ,x is suffici5tly easy1 inde$1 to =m any proposition1 conc]n+ :i* we are ignorant1 j n s absurd z n to be contradictory 9 itself1 & defy refutation4 ,! possibility ( :atev] ent]s into ! wilde/ imag9ation to conceive is ?us triumphantly v9dicat$4 ,b x is en\gh t su* ass]tions %\ld be ei!r contradictory to ! kn[n laws ( nature1 or exce$ ! limits ( our exp]i5ce1 t _! fallacy or irrelevancy to our consid]ation %\ld be demon/rat$4 ,!y p]suade1 inde$1 only ^? :o desire to be p]suad$4 ,?is desire to be = ev] z we are2 ! reluctance to a viol5t & unexp]i5c$ *ange1 :i* is common to all ! animat$ & inanimate comb9ations ( ! univ]se1 is1 inde$1 ! secret p]suasion :i* has giv5 bir? to ! op9ions ( a future /ate4 #ahae2 publ4 #ahdj ,,on ,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,( ,,dea? ,a ,,fragm5t ,! fir/ law :i* x becomes a ,re=m] to propose & support1 at ! approa* ( a p]iod ( great political *ange1 is ! abolition ( ! puni%m5t ( dea?4 ,x is suffici5tly cle> t rev5ge1 retaliation1 atonem5t1 expiation1 are rules & motives1 s f> f des]v+ a place 9 any enlight5$ sy/em ( political life1 t !y are ! *ief s\rces ( a prodigi\s class ( mis]ies 9 ! dome/ic circles ( society4 ,x is cle> t h[ev] ! _s ( legislation may appe> to frame in/itutions ^u m philosophical maxims1 x has hi!rto1 9 ^? cases :i* are t]m$ crim9al1 done little m ?an palliate ! _s1 by gratify+ a portion ( x2 & af=d$ a compromise betwe5 t :i* is be/s--! inflict+ ( no evil ^u a s5sitive be+1 )\t a decisively b5eficial result 9 :i* he %\ld at lea/ p>ticipates--& t :i* is wor/2 t he %\ld be put to torture = ! amusem5t ( ^? :om he may h injur$1 or may seem to h injur$4 ,omitt+ ^! remot] consid]ations1 let u inquire :at1 ,,dea? is2 t puni%m5t :i* is appli$ z a measure ( transgressions ( indef9ite %ades ( di/9ction1 s soon z !y %all h pass$ t degree & col\r ( enormity1 ) :i* x is suppos$ no1 inf]ior infliction is comm5surate4 ,& fir/1 :e!r dea? is good or evil1 a puni%m5t or a rew>d1 or :e!r x be :olly indiff]5t1 no man c take ^u himself to ass]t4 ,t t )9 u :i* ?9ks & feels1 cont9ues to ?9k & feel aft] ! dissolution ( ! body1 has be5 ! almo/ univ]sal op9ion ( mank9d1 & ! accurate philosophy ( :at ,i may be p]mitt$ to t]m ! mod]n ,academy1 by %[+ ! prodigi\s dep? & ext5t ( our ignorance respect+ ! causes & nature ( s5sation1 r5d]s probable ! affirmative ( a proposition1 ! negative ( :i* x is s difficult to conceive1 & ! popul> argum5ts aga9/ :i*1 d]iv$ f :at is call$ ! atomic sy/em1 are prov$ to be applicable only to ! relation :i* "o object be>s to ano!r1 z appreh5d$ by ! m9d1 & n to exi/5ce itself1 or ! nature ( t ess5ce :i* is ! m$ium & receptacle ( objects4 ,! popul> sy/em ( religion sugge/s ! idea t ! m9d1 aft] dea?1 w be pa9fully or pleasurably affect$ accord+ to its det]m9ations dur+ life4 ,h[ev] ridicul\s & p]nici\s we mu/ admit ! vulg> accessories ( ?is cre$ to be1 !re is a c]ta9 analogy1 n :olly absurd1 betwe5 ! consequ5ces result+ to an individual dur+ life f ! virtu\s or vici\s1 prud5t or imprud5t1 conduct ( 8 ext]nal actions1 to ^? consequ5ces :i* are conjectur$ to ensue f ! discipl9e & ord] ( 8 int]nal ?\ghts1 z affect+ 8 condition 9 a future /ate4 ,!y omit1 inde$1 to calculate ^u ! accid5ts ( disease1 & temp]am5t1 & organization1 & circum/ance1 toge!r ) ! multitude ( indep5d5t ag5cies :i* affect ! op9ions1 ! conduct1 & ! happ9ess ( individuals1 & produce det]m9ations ( ! w1 & modify ! judgem5t1 s z to produce effects ! mo/ opposite 9 natures consid]ably simil>4 ,^! are ^? op]ations 9 ! ord] ( ! :ole ( nature1 t5d+1 we are prone to believe1 to "s def9ite mighty end1 to :i* ! ag5cies ( our peculi> nature are subord9ate2 nor is !re any reason to suppose1 t 9 a future /ate !y %\ld become sudd5ly exempt f t subord9ation4 ,! philosoph] is unable to det]m9e :e!r our exi/5ce 9 a previ\s /ate has affect$ our pres5t condition1 & ab/a9s f decid+ :e!r our pres5t condition w affect u 9 t :i* may be future4 ,t1 if we cont9ue to exi/1 ! mann] ( our exi/5ce w be su* z no inf]5ces nor conjectures1 af=d$ by a consid]ation ( our e>?ly exp]i5ce1 c elucidate1 is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,! op9ion t ! vital pr9ciple )9 u1 9 :atev] mode x may cont9ue to exi/1 mu/ lose t consci\sness ( def9ite & individual be+ :i* n[ *>act]izes x1 & become a unit 9 ! va/ sum ( action & ( ?\ght :i* disposes & animates ! univ]se1 & is call$ ,god1 seems to belong to t class ( op9ion :i* has be5 designat$ z indiff]5t4 ,to compel a p]son to "k all t c be kn[n by ! dead conc]n+ t :i* ! liv+ fe>1 hope1 or =get2 to plunge him into ! pleasure or pa9 :i* !re awaits him2 to puni% or rew>d him 9 a mann] & 9 a degree incalculable & incompreh5sible by u2 to disrobe him at once f all t int]texture ( good & evil ) :i* ,nature seems to h clo!d e =m ( individual exi/5ce1 is to inflict on him ! doom ( dea?4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( pa9 & t]ror usually accompany ! infliction ( dea?4 ,?is degree is inf9itely v>i$ by ! inf9ite v>iety 9 ! temp]am5t & op9ions ( ! suff]]s4 ,z a measure ( puni%m5t1 /rictly s consid]$1 & z an exhibition1 :i*1 by its kn[n effects on ! s5sibility ( ! suff]]1 is int5d$ to intimidate ! spectators f incurr+ a simil> liability1 x is s+ul>ly inadequate4 ,fir/ly1 ,p]sons ( en]getic "*1 9 :om1 z 9 m5 :o suff] = political crimes1 !re is a l>ge mixture ( ent]prise1 & =titude1 & dis9t]e/$ness1 & ! elem5ts1 ?\gh misguid$ & dis>rang$1 by :i* ! /r5g? & happ9ess ( a nation might h be5 cem5t$1 die 9 su* a mann]1 z to make dea? appe> n evil1 b good4 ,! dea? ( :at is call$ a traitor1 t is1 a p]son :o1 f :atev] motive1 w\ld aboli% ! gov]nm5t ( ! day1 is z (t5 a triumphant exhibition ( suff]+ virtue1 z ! w>n+ ( a culprit4 ,! multitude1 in/ead ( dep>t+ ) a panic-/rick5 approbation ( ! laws :i* exhibit$ su* a spectacle1 are inspir$ ) pity1 admiration & sympa?y2 & ! mo/ g5]\s among !m feel an emulation to be ! au?ors ( su* flatt]+ emotions1 z !y exp]i5ce /irr+ 9 _! bosoms4 ,impress$ by :at !y see & feel1 !y make no di/9ctive betwe5 ! motives :i* incit$ ! crim9als to ! action = :i* !y suff]1 or ! h]oic c\rage ) :i* !y turn$ into good t :i* _! judges aw>d$ to !m z evil or ! purpose itself ( ^? actions1 ?\gh t purpose may happ5 to be em95tly p]nici\s4 ,! laws 9 ?is case lose _! sympa?y1 :i* x ought to be _! *ief object to secure1 & 9 a p>ticipation ( :i* consi/s _! *ief /r5g? 9 ma9ta9+ ^? sanctions by :i* ! p>ts ( ! social union are b\nd toge!r1 s z to produce1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! ends = :i* x is in/itut$4 ,secondly1--,p]sons ( en]getic "*1 9 communities n modell$ ) philosophical skill to turn all ! en]gies :i* !y conta9 to ! purposes ( common good1 are prone also to fall into ! temptation ( und]tak+1 & are peculi>ly fitt$ = despis+ ! p]ils att5dant ^u consummat+1 ! mo/ enorm\s crimes4 ,murd]1 rapes1 ext5sive s*emes ( plund] are ! actions ( p]sons belong+ to ?is class2 & dea? is ! p5alty ( conviction4 ,b ! co>s5ess ( organization1 peculi> to m5 capable ( committ+ acts :olly selfi%1 is usually f\nd to be associat$ ) a proportionate ins5sibility to fe> or pa94 ,_! suff]+s communicate to ^? ( ! spectators1 :o may be liable to ! commission ( simil> crimes a s5se ( ! lightness ( t ev5t1 :5 closely exam9$ :i*1 at a di/ance1 z un$ucat$ p]sons are accu/om$ to d1 probably !y reg>d$ ) horror4 ,b a great majority ( ! spectators are s b\nd up 9 ! int]e/s & ! habits ( social union t no temptation w\ld be suffici5tly /rong to induce !m to a commission ( ! enormities to :i* ?is p5alty is assign$4 ,! m p[]ful1 & ! ri*] among !m1--& a num]\s class ( little tradesm5 are ri*] & m p[]ful ?an ^? :o are employ$ by !m1 & ! employ]1 9 g5]al1 be>s ?is relation to ! employ$1--reg>d _! own wrongs z1 9 "s degree1 av5g$1 & _! own rights secur$ by ?is puni%m5t1 inflict$ z ! p5alty ( :atev] crime4 ,9 cases ( murd] or mutilation1 ?is feel+ is almo/ univ]sal4 ,9 ^?1 !re=e1 :om ?is exhibition does n awak5 to ! sympa?y :i* ext5uates crime & discr$its ! law :i* re/ra9s x1 x produces feel+s m directly at w> ) ! g5u9e purposes ( political society4 ,x excites ^? emotions :i* x is ! *ief object ( civilization to ext+ui% = ev]1 & 9 ! ext9ction ( :i* alone !re c be any hope ( bett] in/itutions ?an ^? "u :i* m5 n[ misgov]n "o ano!r4 ,m5 feel t _! rev5ge is gratifi$1 & t _! security is e/abli%$ by ! ext9ction & ! suff]+s ( be+s1 9 mo/ respects resembl+ !mselves2 & _! daily occupations con/ra9+ !m to a precise =m 9 all _! ?\ghts1 !y come to connect insep>ably ! idea ( _! own advantage ) t ( ! dea? & torture ( o!rs4 ,x is manife/ t ! object ( sane polity is directly ! rev]se2 & t laws f\nd$ ^u reason1 %\ld accu/om ! gross vulg> to associate _! ideas ( security & ( int]e/ ) ! re=mation1 & ! /rict re/ra9t1 = t purpose alone1 ( ^? :o might invade x4 ,! passion ( rev5ge is orig9ally no?+ m ?an an habitual p]ception ( ! ideas ( ! suff]+s ( ! p]son :o inflicts an injury1 z connect$1 z !y are 9 a savage /ate1 or 9 su* portions ( society z are yet undiscipl9$ to civilization1 ) security t t injury w n be repeat$ 9 future4 ,?is feel+1 engraft$ ^u sup]/ition & confirm$ by habit1 at la/ loses sight ( ! only object = :i* x may be suppos$ to h be5 implant$1 & becomes a passion & a duty to be pursu$ & fulfill$1 ev5 to ! de/ruction ( ^? ends to :i* x orig9ally t5d$4 ,! o!r passions1 bo? good & evil4 ,av>ice1 ,remorse1 ,love1 ,patriotism1 pres5t a simil> appe>ance2 & to ?is pr9ciple ( ! m9d ov]-%oot+ ! m>k at :i* x aims1 we owe all t is em95tly base or excell5t 9 human nature2 9 provid+ = ! nutrim5t or ! ext9ction ( :i*1 consi/s ! true art ( ! legislator4 ,footnote3 ,! savage & ! illit]ate are b fa9tly aw>e ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! future & ! pa/2 !y make actions belong+ to p]iods s di/9ct1 ! subjects ( simil> feel+s2 !y live only 9 ! pres5t1 or 9 ! pa/1 z x is pres5t4 ,x is 9 ?is t ! philosoph] excels "o ( ! _m2 x is ?is :i* di/+ui%es ! doctr9e ( philosophic necessity f fatalism2 & t det]m9ation ( ! w1 by :i* x is ! active s\rce ( future ev5ts1 f t lib]ty or indiff]5ce1 to :i* ! ab/ract liability ( irrem$iable actions is atta*$1 accord+ to ! notions ( ! vulg>4 ,?is is ! s\rce ( ! errone\s excesses ( ,remorse & ,rev5ge2 ! "o ext5d+ itself ov] ! future1 & ! o!r ov] ! pa/2 prov9ces 9 :i* _! sugge/ions c only be ! s\rces ( evil4 ,! purpose ( a resolution to act m wisely & virtu\sly 9 future1 & ! s5se ( a necessity ( caution 9 repress+ an enemy1 are ! s\rces f :i* ! enorm\s sup]/itions impli$ 9 ! words cit$ h aris54 ,no?+ is m cle> ?an t ! infliction ( puni%m5t 9 g5]al1 9 a degree :i* ! re=mation & ! re/ra9t ( ^? :o transgress ! laws does n r5d] indisp5sable1 & none m ?an dea?1 confirms all ! inhuman & unsocial impulses ( m54 ,x is almo/ a prov]bial rem>k1 t ^? nations 9 :i* ! p5al code has be5 p>ticul>ly mild1 h be5 di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! r>ity ( crime4 ,b ! example is to be admitt$ to be equivocal4 ,a m decisive argum5t is af=d$ by a consid]ation ( ! univ]sal connexion ( f]ocity ( mann]s1 & a contempt ( social ties1 ) ! contempt ( human life4 ,gov]nm5ts :i* d]ive _! in/itutions f ! exi/5ce ( circum/ances ( b>b>ism & viol5ce1 ) "s r>e exceptions p]haps1 are bloody 9 proportion z !y are despotic1 & =m ! mann]s ( _! subjects to a sympa?y ) _! own _s4 ,! spectators :o feel no abhorr5ce at a public execution1 b r a self-applaud+ sup]iority1 & a s5se ( gratifi$ indignation1 are surely excit$ to ! mo/ inauspici\s emotions4 ,! fir/ reflection ( su* a "o is ! s5se ( 8 own int]nal & actual wor?1 z pref]able to t ( ! victim1 :om circum/ances h l$ to de/ruction4 ,! meane/ wret* is impress$ ) a s5se ( 8 own comp>ative m]it4 ,he is "o ( ^? on :om ! t[] ( ,siloam fell n--he is su* a "o z ,jesus ,*ri/ f\nd n 9 all ,sam>ia1 :o1 9 8 own s\l1 ?r[s ! fir/ /one at ! woman tak5 9 adult]y4 ,! popul> religion ( ! c\ntry takes its designation f t illu/ri\s p]son ^: beautiful s5tim5t ,i h quot$4 ,any "o :o has /ript f ! doctr9es ( ?is p]son ! veil ( famili>ity1 w p]ceive h[ adv]se _! _s is to feel+s ( ?is nature4 ,,speculations ,,on ,,metaphysics ,i--,,! ,,m9d ,x is an axiom 9 m5tal philosophy1 t we c ?9k ( no?+ :i* we h n p]ceiv$4 ,:5 ,i say t we c ?9k ( no?+1 ,i mean1 we c imag9e no?+1 we c reason ( no?+1 we c rememb] no?+1 we c =esee no?+4 ,! mo/ a/oni%+ comb9ations ( poetry1 ! subtle/ d$uctions ( logic & ma!matics1 are no o!r ?an comb9ations :i* ! intellect makes ( s5sations accord+ to its own laws4 ,a catalogue ( all ! ?\ghts ( ! m9d1 & ( all _! possible modifications1 is a cyclop$ic hi/ory ( ! univ]se4 ,b1 x w be object$1 ! inhabitants ( ! v>i\s planets ( ?is & o!r sol> sy/ems2 & ! exi/5ce ( a ,p[] be>+ ! same relation to all t we p]ceive & are1 z :at we call a cause does to :at we call effect1 7 nev] subjects ( s5sation1 & yet ! laws ( m9d almo/ univ]sally sugge/1 accord+ to ! v>i\s disposition ( ea*1 a conjecture1 a p]suasion1 or a conviction ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! reply is simple2 ^! ?\ghts are also to be includ$ 9 ! catalogue ( exi/5ce2 !y are modes 9 :i* ?\ghts are comb9$2 ! objection only adds =ce to ! conclusion1 t beyond ! limits ( p]ception & ?\ght no?+ c exi/4 ,?\ghts1 or ideas1 or notions1 call !m :at y w1 diff] f ea* o!r1 n 9 k9d1 b 9 =ce4 ,x has commonly be5 suppos$ t ^? di/9ct ?\ghts :i* affect a numb] ( p]sons1 at regul> int]vals1 dur+ ! passage ( a multitude ( o!r ?\ghts1 :i* are call$ ,,real or ,,ext]nal ,,objects1 are totally diff]5t 9 k9d f ^? :i* affect only a few p]sons1 & :i* recur at irregul> int]vals1 & are usually m obscure & indi/9ct1 su* z halluc9ations1 dreams1 & ! ideas ( madness4 ,no ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 any "o ( ^! ideas1 or any class ( !m1 is f\nd$ on a correct obs]vation ( ! nature ( ?+s1 b m]ely on a consid]ation ( :at ?\ghts are mo/ inv>iably subs]vi5t to ! security & happ9ess ( life2 & if no?+ m 7 express$ by ! di/9ction1 ! philosoph] might safely accommodate 8 language to t ( ! vulg>4 ,b !y pret5d to ass]t an ess5tial diff]5ce1 :i* has no f\ndation 9 tru?1 & :i* sugge/s a n>r[ & false conception ( univ]sal nature1 ! p>5t ( ! mo/ fatal errors 9 speculation4 ,a specific diff]5ce betwe5 e ?\ght ( ! m9d1 is1 inde$1 a necess>y consequ5ce ( t law by :i* x p]ceives div]sity & numb]2 b a g5]ic & ess5tial diff]5ce is :olly arbitr>y4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! agreem5t & simil>ity ( all ?\ghts1 is1 t !y are all ?\ghts2 ! pr9ciple ( _! disagreem5t consi/s 9 ! v>iety & irregul>ity ( ! occasions on :i* !y arise 9 ! m9d4 ,t 9 :i* !y agree1 to t 9 :i* !y diff]1 is z ev]y?+ to no?+4 ,important di/9ctions1 ( v>i\s degrees ( =ce1 inde$1 are to be e/abli%$ betwe5 !m1 if !y 71 z !y may be1 subjects ( e?ical & economical discussion2 b t is a "q altoge!r di/9ct4 ,by consid]+ all k z b\nd$ by p]ception1 ^: op]ations may be indef9itely comb9$1 we arrive at a conception ( ,nature inexpressibly m magnific5t1 simple & true1 ?an accords ) ! ord9>y sy/ems ( complicat$ & p>tial consid]ation4 ,nor does a contemplation ( ! univ]se1 9 ?is compreh5sive & syn!tical view1 exclude ! subtle/ analysis ( its modifications & p>ts4 ,a scale might be =m$1 graduat$ accord+ to ! degrees ( a comb9$ ratio ( int5sity1 duration1 connexion1 p]iods ( recurr5ce1 & utility1 :i* w\ld be ! /&>d1 accord+ to :i* all ideas might be measur$1 & an un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( nicely %ad[$ di/9ctions w\ld be obs]v$1 f ! fa9te/ impression on ! s5ses1 to ! mo/ di/9ct comb9ation ( ^? impressions2 f ! simple/ ( ^? comb9ations1 to t mass ( k :i*1 includ+ our own nature1 con/itutes :at we call ! univ]se4 ,we are intuitively consci\s ( our own exi/5ce1 & ( t connexion 9 ! tra9 ( our successive ideas1 :i* we t]m our id5tity4 ,we are consci\s also ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r m9ds2 b n intuitively4 ,our evid5ce1 ) respect to ! exi/5ce ( o!r m9ds1 is f\nd$ ^u a v complicat$ relation ( ideas1 :i* x is =eign to ! purpose ( ?is treatise to anatomize4 ,! basis ( ?is relation is1 und\bt$ly1 a p]iodical recurr5ce ( masses ( ideas1 :i* our volunt>y det]m9ations h1 9 "o peculi> direction1 no p[] to circumscribe or to arre/1 & aga9/ ! recurr5ce ( :i* !y c only imp]fectly provide4 ,! irresi/ible laws ( ?\ght con/ra9 u to believe t ! precise limits ( our actual ideas are n ! actual limits ( possible ideas2 ! law1 accord+ to :i* ^! d$uctions are drawn1 is call$ analogy2 & ?is is ! f\ndation ( all our inf]5ces1 f "o idea to ano!r1 inasmu* z !y resemble ea* o!r4 ,we see trees1 h\ses1 fields1 liv+ be+s 9 our own %ape1 & 9 %apes m or less analog\s to our own4 ,^! are p]petually *ang+ ! mode ( _! exi/5ce relatively to u4 ,to express ! v>ieties ( ^! modes1 we say1 ,,we ,,move1 ,,!y ,,move2 & z ?is motion is cont9ual1 ?\gh n uni=m1 we express our conception ( ! div]sities ( its c\rse by--,,x ,,has ,,be51 ,,x ,,is1 ,,x ,,%all ,,be4 ,^! div]sities are ev5ts or objects1 & are ess5tial1 consid]$ relatively to human id5tity1 = ! exi/5ce ( ! human m9d4 ,= if ! inequalities1 produc$ by :at has be5 t]m$ ! op]ations ( ! ext]nal univ]se1 7 levell$ by ! p]ception ( our be+1 unit+ & fill+ up _! int]/ices1 motion & m5suration1 & "t1 & space2 ! elem5ts ( ! human m9d be+ ?us ab/ract$1 s5sation & imag9ation cease4 ,m9d _c be consid]$ pure4 ,,ii--,,:at ,,metaphysics ,,are4 ,,errors ,,9 ,,! ,,usual ,,me?ods ,,( ,,consid]+ ,,!m ,we d n att5d suffici5tly to :at passes )9 ourselves4 ,we comb9e words1 comb9$ a ?\s& times be=e4 ,9 our m9ds we assume entire op9ions2 & 9 ! expression ( ^? op9ions1 entire phrases1 :5 we w\ld philosophize4 ,our :ole /yle ( expression & s5tim5t is infect$ ) ! trite/ plagi>isms4 ,our words are dead1 our ?\ghts are cold & borr[$4 ,let u contemplate facts2 let u1 9 ! great /udy ( ourselves1 resolutely compel ! m9d to a rigid consid]ation ( itself4 ,we are n cont5t ) conjecture1 & inductions1 & syllogisms1 9 sci5ces reg>d+ ext]nal objects4 ,z 9 ^!1 let u also1 9 consid]+ ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 sev]ely collect ^? facts :i* _c be disput$4 ,metaphysics w ?us possess ?is conspicu\s advantage ov] e o!r sci5ce1 t ea* /ud5t1 by att5tively ref]r+ to 8 own m9d1 may asc]ta9 ! au?orities ^u :i* any ass]tions reg>d+ x are support$4 ,!re c ?us be no deception1 we ourselves be+ ! deposit>ies ( ! evid5ce ( ! subject :i* we consid]4 ,metaphysics may be def9$ z an inquiry conc]n+ ^? ?+s belong+ to1 or connect$ )1 ! int]nal nature ( man4 ,x is said t m9d produces motion2 & x might z well h be5 said1 t motion produces m9d4 ,,iii--,,difficulty ,,( ,,analys+ ,,! ,,human ,,m9d ,if x 7 possible t a p]son %\ld give a fai?ful hi/ory ( 8 be+1 f ! e>lie/ epo*s ( 8 recollection1 a picture w\ld be pres5t$ su* z ! _w has nev] contemplat$ be=e4 ,a mirror w\ld be held up to all m5 9 :i* !y might behold _! own recollections1 &1 9 dim p]spective1 _! %ad[y hopes & fe>s1--all t !y d>e n1 or t1 d>+ & desir+1 !y c\ld n expose to ! op5 eyes ( day4 ,b ?\ght c ) difficulty visit ! intricate & w9d+ *amb]s :i* x inhabits4 ,x is l a riv] ^: rapid & p]petual /ream fl[s outw>ds2--l "o 9 dread :o spe$s ?r\gh ! recesses ( "s haunt$ pile1 & d>es n look beh9d4 ,! cav]ns ( ! m9d are obscure1 & %ad[y2 or p]vad$ ) a lu/re1 beautifully bright inde$1 b %9+ n beyond _! portals4 ,if x 7 possible to be :]e we h be51 vitally & inde$--if1 at ! mom5t ( our pres5ce !re1 we c\ld def9e ! results ( our exp]i5ce1--if ! passage f s5sation to reflection--f a /ate ( passive p]ception to volunt>y contemplation1 7 n s dizzy+ & s tumultu\s1 ?is attempt w\ld be less difficult4 ,,iv--,,h[ ,,! ,,analysis ,,%\ld ,,be ,,c>ri$ ,,on ,mo/ ( ! errors ( philosoph]s h aris5 f consid]+ ! human be+ 9 a po9t ( view too detail$ & circumscrib$ ,he is n a moral1 & an intellectual1--b also1 & pre-em95tly1 an imag9ative be+4 ,8 own m9d is 8 law2 8 own m9d is all ?+s to him4 ,if we w\ld arrive at any k :i* %\ld be s]viceable f ! practical conclusions to :i* x leads1 we ought to consid] ! m9d ( man & ! univ]se z ! great :ole on :i* to ex]cise our speculations4 ,"h1 above all1 v]bal disputes ought to be laid aside1 ?\gh ?is has long be5 _! *os5 field ( battle4 ,x imports little to inquire :e!r ?\ght be di/9ct f ! objects ( ?\ght4 ,! use ( ! words ,,ext]nal & ,,int]nal1 z appli$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is di/9ction1 has be5 ! symbol & ! s\rce ( mu* dispute4 ,?is is m]ely an affair ( words1 & z ! dispute des]ves1 to say1 t :5 speak+ ( ! objects ( ?\ght1 we inde$ only describe "o ( ! =ms ( ?\ght--or t1 speak+ ( ?\ght1 we only appreh5d "o ( ! op]ations ( ! univ]sal sy/em ( be+s4 ,v--,,catalogue ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,dreams1 ,,z ,,connect+ ,,sleep+ ,,& ,,wak+ #a4 ,let u reflect on our infancy1 & give z fai?fully z possible a relation ( ! ev5ts ( sleep4 ,& fir/ ,i am b\nd to pres5t a fai?ful picture ( my own peculi> nature relatively to sleep4 ,i d n d\bt t 7 e individual to imitate me1 x w\ld be f\nd t among _m circum/ances peculi> to _! individual nature1 a suffici5tly g5]al resemblance w\ld be f\nd to prove ! connexion exi/+ betwe5 ^? peculi>ities & ! mo/ univ]sal ph5om5a4 ,i %all employ caution1 inde$1 z to ! facts :i* ,i /ate1 t !y conta9 no?+ false or exagg]at$4 ,b !y conta9 no m ?an c]ta9 elucidations ( my own nature2 conc]n+ ! degree 9 :i* x resembles1 or diff]s f1 t ( o!rs1 ,i am by no means accurately aw>e4 ,x is suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to caution ! read] aga9/ draw+ g5]al inf]5ces f p>ticul> in/ances4 ,i omit ! g5]al in/ances ( delusion 9 fev] or delirium1 z well z m]e dreams consid]$ 9 !mselves4 ,a del9eation ( ?is subject1 h[ev] inexhau/ible & int]e/+1 is to be pass$ ov]4 ,:at is ! connexion ( sleep+ & ( wak+8 #b4 ,i di/9ctly rememb] dream+ ?ree sev]al times1 betwe5 int]vals ( two or m ye>s1 ! same precise dream4 ,x 0 n s mu* :at is ord9>ily call$ a dream2 ! s+le image1 unconnect$ ) all o!r images1 ( a y\? :o 0 educat$ at ! same s*ool ) myself1 pres5t$ itself 9 sleep4 ,ev5 n[1 aft] ! lapse ( _m ye>s1 ,i c nev] he> ! "n ( ?is y\?1 )\t ! ?ree places :]e ,i dream$ ( him pres5t+ !mselves di/9ctly to my m9d4 #c4 ,9 dreams1 images acquire associations peculi> to dream+2 s t ! idea ( a p>ticul> h\se1 :5 x recurs a second "t 9 dreams1 w h relation ) ! idea ( ! same h\se1 9 ! fir/ "t1 ( a nature entirely diff]5t f t :i* ! h\se excites1 :5 se5 or ?\ght ( 9 relation to wak+ ideas4 #d4 ,i h beheld sc5es1 ) ! intimate & unacc\ntable connexion ( :i* ) ! obscure p>ts ( my own nature1 ,i h be5 irresi/ibly impress$4 ,i h beheld a sc5e :i* has produc$ no unusual effect on my ?\ghts4 ,aft] ! lapse ( _m ye>s ,i h dream$ ( ?is sc5e4 ,x has hung on my memory1 x has haunt$ my ?\ghts1 at int]vals1 ) ! p]t9acity ( an object connect$ ) human affections4 ,i h visit$ ?is sc5e aga94 ,nei!r ! dream c\ld be dissociat$ f ! l&scape1 nor ! l&scape f ! dream1 nor feel+s1 su* z nei!r s+ly c\ld h awak5$1 f bo?4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable ev5t ( ?is nature1 :i* ev] occurr$ to me1 happ5$ five ye>s ago at ,ox=d4 ,i 0 walk+ ) a fri5d1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t city1 engag$ 9 e>ne/ & int]e/+ conv]sation4 ,we sudd5ly turn$ ! corn] ( a lane1 & ! view1 :i* its high banks & h$ges _h conceal$1 pres5t$ itself4 ,! view consi/$ ( a w9d-mill1 /&+ 9 "o among _m pla%y mead[s1 inclos$ ) /one walls2 ! irregul> & brok5 gr\nd1 betwe5 ! wall & ! road on :i* we /ood2 a long l[ hill beh9d ! w9dmill1 & a grey cov]+ ( uni=m cl\d spread ov] ! ev5+ sky4 ,x 0 t season :5 ! la/ leaf _h j fall5 f ! scant & /unt$ a%4 ,! sc5e surely 0 a common sc5e2 ! season & ! h\r little calculat$ to k9dle lawless ?\ght2 x 0 a tame un9t]e/+ assemblage ( objects1 su* z w\ld drive ! imag9ation = refuge 9 s]i\s & sob] talk1 to ! ev5+ fireside1 & ! dess]t ( w9t] fruits & w9e4 ,! effect :i* x produc$ on me 0 n su* z c\ld h be5 expect$4 ,i sudd5ly rememb]$ to h se5 t exact sc5e 9 "s dream ( long--4 ,footnote3 ,"h ,i 0 oblig$ to leave (f1 ov]come by ?rill+ horror4 #ahae2 publ4 #ahdj ,,speculations ,,on ,,morals ,i--,,plan ,,( ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,morals ,t great sci5ce :i* reg>ds nature & ! op]ations ( ! human m9d1 is popul>ly divid$ into ,morals & ,metaphysics4 ,! latt] relates to a j classification1 & ! assignm5t ( di/9ct names to its ideas2 ! =m] reg>ds simply ! det]m9ation ( t arrangem5t ( !m :i* produces ! greate/ & mo/ solid happ9ess4 ,x is admitt$ t a virtu\s or moral action1 is t action :i*1 :5 consid]$ 9 all its accessories & consequ5ces1 is fitt$ to produce ! highe/ pleasure to ! greate/ numb] ( s5sitive be+s4 ,! laws accord+ to :i* all pleasure1 s9ce x _c be equally felt by all s5sitive be+s1 ought to be di/ribut$ by a volunt>y ag5t1 are res]v$ = a sep>ate *apt]4 ,! design ( ?is little treatise is re/rict$ to ! developm5t ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( morals4 ,z f> z reg>ds t purpose1 metaphysical sci5ce w be treat$ m]ely s f> z a s\rce ( negative tru?2 :il/ morality w be consid]$ z a sci5ce1 respect+ :i* we c arrive at positive conclusions4 ,! misguid$ imag9ations ( m5 h r5d]$ ! asc]ta9+ ( :at ,,is ,,n ,,true1 ! pr9cipal direct s]vice :i* metaphysical sci5ce c be/[ ^u moral sci5ce4 ,moral sci5ce itself is ! doctr9e ( ! volunt>y actions ( man1 z a s5ti5t & social be+4 ,^! actions dep5d on ! ?\ghts 9 8 m9d4 ,b !re is a mass ( popul> op9ion1 f :i* ! mo/ enlight5$ p]sons are seldom :olly free1 into ! tru? or falsehood ( :i* x is incumb5t on u to inquire1 be=e we c arrive at any firm conclusions z to ! conduct :i* we ought to pursue 9 ! regulation ( our own m9ds1 or t[>ds our fell[ be+s2 or be=e we c asc]ta9 ! elem5t>y laws1 accord+ to :i* ^! ?\ghts1 f :i* ^! actions fl[1 are orig9ally comb9$4 ,! object ( ! =ms accord+ to :i* human society is adm9i/]$1 is ! happ9ess ( ! individuals compos+ ! communities :i* !y reg>d1 & ^! =ms are p]fect or imp]fect 9 proportion to ! degree 9 :i* !y promote ?is end4 ,?is object is n m]ely ! quantity ( happ9ess enjoy$ by individuals z s5sitive be+s1 b ! mode 9 :i* x %\ld be di/ribut$ among !m z social be+s4 ,x is n en\gh1 if su* a co9cid5ce c be conceiv$ z possible1 t "o p]son or class ( p]sons %\ld enjoy ! highe/ happ9ess1 :il/ ano!r is suff]+ a disproportionate degree ( mis]y4 ,x is necess>y t ! happ9ess produc$ by ! common ef=ts1 & pres]v$ by ! common c>e1 %\ld be di/ribut$ accord+ to ! j claims ( ea* individual2 if n1 al?\gh ! quantity produc$ %\ld be ! same1 ! end ( society w\ld rema9 unfulfill$4 ,! object is 9 a comp\nd proportion to ! quantity ( happ9ess produc$1 & ! correspond5ce ( ! mode 9 :i* x is di/ribut$1 to ! elem5t>y feel+s ( man z a social be+4 ,! disposition 9 an individual to promote ?is object is call$ virtue2 & ! two con/itu5t p>ts ( virtue1 b5evol5ce & ju/ice1 are correlative ) ^! two great portions ( ! only true object ( all volunt>y actions ( a human be+4 ,b5evol5ce is ! desire to be ! au?or ( good1 & ju/ice ! appreh5sion ( ! mann] 9 :i* good ought to be done4 ,ju/ice & b5evol5ce result f ! elem5t>y laws ( ! human m9d4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,virtue ,,sect4 #a4 ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,nature & ,objects ( ,virtue4--#b4 ,! ,orig9 & ,basis ( ,virtue1 z f\nd$ on ! ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,m9d4--#c4 ,! ,laws :i* fl[ f ! nature ( ,m9d regulat+ ! application ( ^? pr9ciples to human actions2--#d4 ,virtue1 a possible attribute ( man4 ,we exi/ 9 ! mid/ ( a multitude ( be+s l ourselves1 ^u ^: happ9ess mo/ ( our actions ex]t "s obvi\s & decisive influ5ce4 ,! regulation ( ?is influ5ce is ! object ( moral sci5ce4 ,we "k t we are susceptible ( receiv+ pa9ful or pleasurable impressions ( great] or less int5sity & duration4 ,t is call$ good :i* produces pleasure2 t is call$ evil :i* produces pa94 ,^! are g5]al names1 applicable to e class ( causes1 f :i* an ov]balance ( pa9 or pleasure may result4 ,b :5 a human be+ is ! active in/rum5t ( g5]at+ or diffus+ happ9ess1 ! pr9ciple ?r\gh :i* x is mo/ effectually in/rum5tal to t purpose1 is call$ virtue4 ,& b5evol5ce1 or ! desire to be ! au?or ( good1 unit$ ) ju/ice1 or an appreh5sion ( ! mann] 9 :i* t good is to be done1 con/itutes virtue4 ,b :]e=e %\ld a man be b5evol5t & j8 ,! imm$iate emotions ( 8 nature1 especially 9 its mo/ in>tificial /ate1 prompt him to inflict pa91 & to arrogate dom9ion4 ,he desires to heap sup]fluities to 8 own /ore1 al?\gh o!rs p]i% ) fam9e4 ,he is propell$ to gu>d aga9/ ! smalle/ invasion ( 8 own lib]ty1 ?\gh he r$uces o!rs to a condition ( ! mo/ pitiless s]vitude4 ,he is rev5geful1 pr\d & selfi%4 ,:]e=e %\ld he curb ^! prop5sities8 ,x is inquir$1 = :at reason a human be+ %\ld engage 9 procur+ ! happ9ess1 or refra9 f produc+ ! pa9 ( ano!r8 ,:5 a reason is requir$ to prove ! necessity ( adopt+ any sy/em ( conduct1 :at is x t ! objector dem&s8 ,he requires pro( ( t sy/em ( conduct be+ su* z w mo/ effectually promote ! happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,to demon/rate ?is1 is to r5d] a moral reason4 ,su* is ! object ( virtue4 ,a common sophism1 :i*1 l _m o!rs1 dep5ds on ! abuse ( a metaphorical expression to a lit]al purpose1 has produc$ mu* ( ! confusion :i* has involv$ ! !ory ( morals4 ,x is said t no p]son is b\nd to be j or k9d1 if1 on 8 neglect1 he %\ld fail to incur "s p5alty4 ,duty is obligation4 ,!re c be no obligation )\t an oblig]4 ,virtue is a law1 to :i* x is ! w ( ! lawgiv] t we %\ld con=m2 :i* w we %\ld 9 no mann] be b\nd to obey1 unless "s dreadful puni%m5t 7 atta*$ to disob$i5ce4 ,?is is ! philosophy ( slav]y & sup]/ition4 ,9 fact1 no p]son c be ,,b\nd or ,,oblig$1 )\t "s p[] prec$+ to b9d & oblige4 ,if ,i obs]ve a man b\nd h& & foot1 ,i "k t "s "o b\nd him4 ,b if ,i obs]ve him return+ self-satisfi$ f ! p]=mance ( "s action1 by :i* he has be5 ! will+ au?or ( ext5sive b5efit1 ,i d n inf] t ! anticipation ( helli% agonies1 or ! hope ( heav5ly rew>d1 has con/ra9$ him to su* an act4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,x rema9s to be /at$ 9 :at mann] ! s5sations :i* con/itute ! basis ( virtue orig9ate 9 ! human m9d2 :at are ! laws :i* x receives !re2 h[ f> ! pr9ciples ( m9d all[ x to be an attribute ( a human be+2 &1 la/ly1 :at is ! probability ( p]suad+ mank9d to adopt x z a univ]sal & sy/ematic motive ( conduct4 ,,b5evol5ce ,!re is a class ( emotions :i* we in/9ctively avoid4 ,a human be+1 su* z is man consid]$ 9 8 orig91 a *ild a mon? old1 has a v imp]fect consci\sness ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r natures resembl+ itself4 ,all ! en]gies ( its be+ are direct$ to ! ext9ction ( ! pa9s ) :i* x is p]petually assail$4 ,at l5g? x discov]s t x is surr\nd$ by natures susceptible ( s5sations simil> to its own4 ,x is v late be=e *ildr5 atta9 to ?is k4 ,if a *ild obs]ves1 )\t emotion1 its nurse or its "m suff]+ acute pa91 x is attributable r to ignorance ?an ins5sibility4 ,s soon z ! acc5ts & ge/ures1 significant ( pa91 are ref]r$ to ! feel+s :i* !y express1 !y awak5 9 ! m9d ( ! behold] a desire t !y %\ld cease4 ,pa9 is ?us appreh5d$ to be evil = its own sake1 )\t any o!r necess>y ref]5ce to ! m9d by :i* its exi/5ce is p]ceiv$1 ?an su* z is indisp5sable to its p]ception4 ,! t5d5cies ( our orig9al s5sations1 inde$1 all h = _! object ! pres]vation ( our individual be+4 ,b ^! are passive & unconsci\s4 ,9 proportion z ! m9d acquires an active p[]1 ! empire ( ^! t5d5cies becomes limit$4 ,?us an infant1 a savage1 & a solit>y bea/1 is selfi%1 because its m9d is incapable ( receiv+ an accurate intimation ( ! nature ( pa9 z exi/+ 9 be+s resembl+ itself4 ,! inhabitant ( a highly civiliz$ community w m acutely sympa?ize ) ! suff]+s & enjoym5ts ( o!rs1 ?an ! inhabitant ( a society ( a less degree ( civilization4 ,he :o %all h cultivat$ 8 intellectual p[]s by famili>ity ) ! highe/ specim5s ( poetry & philosophy1 w usually sympa?ize m ?an "o engag$ 9 ! less ref9$ functions ( manual lab\r4 ,e "o has exp]i5ce ( ! fact1 t to sympa?ize ) ! suff]+s ( ano!r1 is to enjoy a transitory oblivion ( 8 own4 ,! m9d ?us acquires1 by ex]cise1 a habit1 z x 71 ( p]ceiv+ & abhorr+ evil1 h[ev] remote f ! imm$iate sph]e ( s5sations ) :i* t individual m9d is conv]sant4 ,imag9ation or m9d employ$ 9 prophetically imag+ =? its objects1 is t faculty ( human nature on :i* e gradation ( its progress1 nay1 e1 ! m9ute/1 *ange1 dep5ds4 ,pa9 or pleasure1 if subtly analys$1 w be f\nd to consi/ entirely 9 prospect4 ,! only di/9ction betwe5 ! selfi% man & ! virtu\s man is1 t ! imag9ation ( ! =m] is conf9$ )9 a n>r[ limit1 :il/ t ( ! latt] embraces a compreh5sive circumf]5ce4 ,9 ?is s5se1 wisdom & virtue may be said to be insep>able1 & crit]ia ( ea* o!r4 ,selfi%ness is ! (fspr+ ( ignorance & mi/ake2 x is ! portion ( unreflect+ infancy1 & savage solitude1 or ( ^? :om toil or evil occupations h blunt$ or r5d]$ torpid2 dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce is ! product ( a cultivat$ imag9ation1 & has an intimate connexion ) all ! arts :i* add ornam5t1 or dignity1 or p[]1 or /ability to ! social /ate ( man4 ,virtue is ?us entirely a ref9em5t ( civiliz$ life2 a creation ( ! human m9d2 or1 r1 a comb9ation :i* x has made1 accord+ to elem5t>y rules conta9$ )9 itself1 ( ! feel+s sugge/$ by ! relations e/abli%$ betwe5 man & man4 ,all ! !ories :i* h ref9$ & exalt$ humanity1 or ^? :i* h be5 devis$ z alleviations ( its mi/akes & evils1 h be5 bas$ ^u ! elem5t>y emotions ( dis9t]e/$ness1 :i* we feel to con/itute ! maje/y ( our nature4 ,patriotism1 z x exi/$ 9 ! anci5t republics1 0 nev]1 z has be5 suppos$1 a calculation ( p]sonal advantages4 ,:5 ,mutius ,scaevola ?ru/ 8 h& into ! burn+ coals1 & ,regulus return$ to ,c>?age1 & ,epi*>is su/a9$ ! rack sil5tly1 9 ! torm5ts ( :i* %e knew t %e w\ld spe$ily p]i%1 r ?an betray ! conspirators to ! tyrant ,footnote3 ,tacitus42 ^! illu/ri\s p]sons c]ta9ly made a small e/imate ( _! private int]e/4 ,if x be said t !y s\ght po/hum\s fame2 in/ances are n want+ 9 hi/ory :i* prove t m5 h ev5 defi$ infamy = ! sake ( good4 ,b !re is a great error 9 ! _w ) respect to ! selfi%ness ( fame4 ,x is c]ta9ly possible t a p]son %\ld seek di/9ction z a m$ium ( p]sonal gratification4 ,b ! love ( fame is frequ5tly no m ?an a desire t ! feel+s ( o!rs %\ld confirm1 illu/rate1 & sympa?ize )1 our own4 ,9 ?is respect x is alli$ ) all t draws u out ( ourselves4 ,x is ! 'la/ infirmity ( noble m9ds'4 ,*ivalry 0 likewise f\nd$ on ! !ory ( self-sacrifice4 ,love possesses s extraord9>y a p[] ov] ! human he>t1 only because dis9t]e/$ness is unit$ ) ! natural prop5sities4 ,^! prop5sities !mselves are comp>atively impot5t 9 cases :]e ! imag9ation ( pleasure to be giv51 z well z to be receiv$1 does n ent] into ! acc\nt4 ,let x n be object$ t patriotism1 & *ivalry1 & s5tim5tal love1 h be5 ! f\nta9s ( enorm\s mis*ief4 ,!y are cit$ only to e/abli% ! proposition t1 accord+ to ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( m9d1 man is capable ( desir+ & pursu+ good = its own sake4 ,,ju/ice ,! b5evol5t prop5sities are ?us inh]5t 9 ! human m9d4 ,we are impell$ to seek ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,we exp]i5ce a satisfaction 9 be+ ! au?ors ( t happ9ess4 ,ev]y?+ t lives is op5 to impressions or pleasure & pa94 ,we are l$ by our b5evol5t prop5sities to reg>d e human be+ indiff]5tly ) :om we come 9 contact4 ,!y h pref]5ce only ) respect to ^? :o (f] !mselves mo/ obvi\sly to our notice4 ,human be+s are indiscrim9at+ & bl9d2 !y w avoid inflict+ pa91 ?\gh t pa9 %\ld be att5d$ ) ev5tual b5efit2 !y w seek to conf] pleasure )\t calculat+ ! mis*ief t may result4 ,!y b5efit "o at ! exp5se ( _m4 ,!re is a s5tim5t 9 ! human m9d t regulates b5evol5ce 9 its application z a pr9ciple ( action4 ,?is is ! s5se ( ju/ice4 ,ju/ice1 z well z b5evol5ce1 is an elem5t>y law ( human nature4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is pr9ciple t m5 are impell$ to di/ribute any means ( pleasure :i* b5evol5ce may sugge/ ! communication ( to o!rs1 9 equal portions among an equal numb] ( applicants4 ,if t5 m5 are %ipwreck$ on a des]t isl&1 !y di/ribute :atev] subsi/5ce may rema9 to !m1 into equal portions among !mselves4 ,if six ( !m conspire to deprive ! rema9+ f\r ( _! %>e1 _! conduct is t]m$ unju/4 ,! exi/5ce ( pa9 has be5 %[n to be a circum/ance :i* ! human m9d reg>ds ) dissatisfaction1 & ( :i* x desires ! cessation4 ,x is equally accord+ to its nature to desire t ! advantages to be enjoy$ by a limit$ numb] ( p]sons %\ld be enjoy$ equally by all4 ,?is proposition is support$ by ! evid5ce ( indisputable facts4 ,tell "s ung>bl$ tale ( a numb] ( p]sons be+ made ! victims ( ! enjoym5ts ( "o1 & he :o w\ld appeal 9 fav\r ( any sy/em :i* might produce su* an evil to ! prim>y emotions ( our nature1 w\ld h no?+ to reply4 ,let two p]sons1 equally /rang]s1 make application = "s b5efit 9 ! possession ( a ?ird to be/[1 & to :i* he feels t !y h an equal claim4 ,!y are bo? s5sitive be+s2 pleasure & pa9 affect !m alike4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,x is =eign to ! g5]al scope ( ?is little treatise to encumb] a simple argum5t by controv]t+ any ( ! trite objections ( habit or fanaticism4 ,b !re are two2 ! fir/1 ! basis ( all political mi/ake1 & ! second1 ! prolific cause & effect ( religi\s error1 :i* x seems useful to refute4 ,fir/1 x is inquir$1 ',:]e=e %\ld a man be b5evol5t & j8' ,! answ] has be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,if a man p]si/s to inquire :y he ought to promote ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 he dem&s a ma!matical or metaphysical reason = a moral action4 ,! absurdity ( ?is scepticism is m app>5t1 b n less real ?an ! exact+ a moral reason = a ma!matical or metaphysical fact4 ,if any p]son %\ld refuse to admit t all ! radii ( a circle are ( equal l5g?1 or t human actions are necess>ily det]m9$ by motives1 until x c\ld be prov$ t ^! radii & ^! actions uni=mly t5d$ to ! production ( ! greate/ g5]al good1 :o w\ld n wond] at ! unreasonable & caprici\s association ( 8 ideas8 ,! writ] ( a philosophical treatise may1 ,i imag9e1 at ?is advanc$ era ( human intellect1 be held excus$ f ent]+ into a controv]sy ) ^? reason]s1 if su* !re are1 :o w\ld claim an exemption f its decrees 9 fav\r ( any "o among ^? div]sifi$ sy/ems ( obscure op9ion respect+ morals1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( religions1 h 9 v>i\s ages & c\ntries prevail$ among mank9d4 ,besides t if1 z ^! reason]s h pret5d$1 et]nal torture or happ9ess w ensue z ! consequ5ce ( c]ta9 actions1 we %\ld be no ne>] ! possession ( a /&>d to det]m9e :at actions 7 "r & wrong1 ev5 if ?is pret5d$ revelation1 :i* is by no means ! case1 _h furni%$ u ) a complete catalogue ( !m4 ,! "* ( actions z virtu\s or vici\s w\ld by no means be det]m9$ alone by ! p]sonal advantage or disadvantage ( ea* moral ag5t individually consid]$4 ,inde$1 an action is (t5 virtu\s 9 proportion to ! greatness ( ! p]sonal calamity :i* ! au?or will+ly draws ^u himself by d>+ to p]=m x4 ,x is because an action produces an ov]balance ( pleasure or pa9 to ! greate/ numb] ( s5ti5t be+s1 & n m]ely because its consequ5ces are b5eficial or injuri\s to ! au?or ( t action1 t x is good or evil4 ,nay1 ?is latt] consid]ation has a t5d5cy to pollute ! purity ( virtue1 inasmu* z x consi/s 9 ! motive r ?an 9 ! consequ5ces ( an action4 ,a p]son :o %\ld lab\r = ! happ9ess ( mank9d le/ he %\ld be torm5t$ et]nally 9 ,hell1 w\ld1 ) ref]5ce to t motive1 possess z little claim to ! epi!t ( virtu\s1 z he :o %\ld torture1 imprison1 & burn !m alive1 a m usual & natural consequ5ce ( su* pr9ciples1 = ! sake ( ! enjoym5ts ( ,heav54 ,my neighb\r1 presum+ on 8 /r5g?1 may direct me to p]=m or to refra9 f a p>ticul> action2 indicat+ a c]ta9 arbitr>y p5alty 9 ! ev5t ( disob$i5ce )9 p[] to inflict4 ,my action1 if modifi$ by 8 m5aces1 c no degree p>ticipate 9 virtue4 ,he has af=d$ me no crit]ion z to :at is "r or wrong4 ,a k+1 or an assembly ( m51 may publi% a proclamation affix+ any p5alty to any p>ticul> action1 b t is n immoral because su* p5alty is affix$4 ,no?+ is m evid5t ?an t ! epi!t ( virtue is inapplicable to ! refra9+ f t action on acc\nt ( ! evil arbitr>ily atta*$ to x4 ,if ! action is 9 itself b5eficial1 virtue w\ld r consi/ 9 n refra9+ f x1 b 9 firmly defy+ ! p]sonal consequ5ces atta*$ to its p]=mance4 ,"s usurp] ( sup]natural en]gy might subdue ! :ole globe to 8 p[]2 he might possess new & unhe>d-( res\rces = endu+ 8 puni%m5ts ) ! mo/ t]rible attributes or pa94 ,! torm5ts ( 8 victims might be int5se 9 _! degree1 & protract$ to an inf9ite duration4 ,/ill ! 'w ( ! lawgiv]' w\ld af=d no sur] crit]ion z to :at actions 7 "r or wrong4 ,x w\ld only increase ! possible virtue ( ^? :o refuse to become ! in/rum5ts ( 8 tyranny4 ,,ii--,,moral ,,sci5ce ,,consi/s ,,9 ,,consid]+ ,,! ,,diff]5ce1 ,,n ,,! ,,resemblance1 ,,( ,,p]sons ,! int]nal influ5ce1 d]iv$ f ! con/itution ( ! m9d f :i* !y fl[1 produces t peculi> modification ( actions1 :i* makes !m intr9sically good or evil4 ,to atta9 an appreh5sion ( ! importance ( ?is di/9ction1 let u visit1 9 imag9ation1 ! proce$+s ( "s metropolis4 ,consid] ! multitude ( human be+s :o inhabit x1 & survey1 9 ?\ght1 ! actions ( ! sev]al classes into :i* !y are divid$4 ,_! obvi\s actions are app>5tly uni=m3 ! /ability ( human society seems to be ma9ta9$ suffici5tly by ! uni=mity ( ! conduct ( its memb]s1 bo? ) reg>d to !mselves1 & ) reg>d to o!rs4 ,! lab\r] arises at a c]ta9 h\r1 & applies himself to ! task enjo9$ him4 ,! function>ies ( gov]nm5t & law are regul>ly employ$ 9 _! (fices & c\rts4 ,! trad] holds a tra9 ( conduct f :i* he nev] deviates4 ,! m9i/]s ( religion employ an accu/om$ language1 & ma9ta9 a dec5t & equable reg>d4 ,! army is drawn =?1 ! motions ( e soldi] are su* z !y 7 expect$ to be2 ! g5]al comm&s1 & 8 words are e*o$ f troop to troop4 ,! dome/ic actions ( m5 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 undi/+ui%able "o f ! o!r1 at a sup]ficial glance4 ,! actions :i* are class$ "u ! g5]al appellation ( m>riage1 education1 fri5d%ip1 c41 are p]petually go+ on1 & to a sup]ficial glance1 are simil> "o to ! o!r4 ,b1 if we w\ld see ! tru? ( ?+s1 !y mu/ be /ripp$ ( ?is fallaci\s appe>ance ( uni=mity4 ,9 tru?1 no "o action has1 :5 consid]$ 9 its :ole ext5t1 any ess5tial resemblance ) any o!r4 ,ea* individual1 :o composes ! va/ multitude :i* we h be5 contemplat+1 has a peculi> frame ( m9d1 :i*1 :il/ ! features ( ! great mass ( 8 actions rema9 uni=m1 impresses ! m9ut] l9eam5ts ) its peculi> hues4 ,?us1 :il/ 8 life1 z a :ole1 is l ! lives ( o!r m51 9 detail1 x is mo/ unlike2 & ! m subdivid$ ! actions become2 t is1 ! m !y ent] into t class :i* h a vital influ5ce on ! happ9ess ( o!rs & 8 own1 s mu* ! m are !y di/9ct f ^? ( o!r m54 ,^? little1 nameless1 unrememb]$ acts ,( k9dness & ( love1 z well z ^? deadly outrages :i* are inflict$ by a look1 a ^w--or less--! v refra9+ f "s fa9t & mo/ evanesc5t expression ( c\nt5ance2 ^! fl[ f a pr(\nd] s\rce ?an ! s]ies ( our habitual conduct1 :i*1 x has be5 already said1 d]ives its orig9 f )\t4 ,^! are ! actions1 & su* z ^!1 :i* make human life :at x is1 & are ! f\nta9s ( all ! good & evil ) :i* its entire surface is s widely & imp>tially ov]spread2 & ?\gh !y are call$ m9ute1 !y are call$ s 9 compliance ) ! bl9dness ( ^? :o _c e/imate _! importance4 ,x is 9 ! due appreciat+ ! g5]al effects ( _! peculi>ities1 & 9 cultivat+ ! habit ( acquir+ decisive k respect+ ! t5d5cies aris+ out ( !m 9 p>ticul> cases1 t ! mo/ important "p ( moral sci5ce consi/s4 ,! deepe/ abyss ( ^! va/ & multitud9\s cav]ns1 x is necess>y t we %\ld visit4 ,?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 social & individual man4 ,n t ?is di/9ction is to be consid]$ def9ite1 or *>act]i/ic ( "o human be+ z comp>$ ) ano!r2 x d5otes r two classes ( ag5cy1 common 9 a degree to e human be+4 ,none is exempt1 inde$1 f t species ( influ5ce :i* affects1 z x 71 ! surface ( 8 be+1 & gives ! specific outl9e to 8 conduct4 ,almo/ all t is o/5sible submits to t legislature creat$ by ! g5]al repres5tation ( ! pa/ feel+s ( mank9d--imp]fect z x is f a v>iety ( causes1 z x exi/s 9 ! gov]nm5t1 ! religion1 & dome/ic habits4 ,^? :o d n nom9ally1 yet actually1 submit to ! same p[]4 ,! ext]nal features ( _! conduct1 inde$1 c no m escape x1 ?an ! cl\ds c escape f ! /ream ( ! w9d2 & 8 op9ion1 :i* he (t5 hopes he has dispassionately secur$ f all contagion ( prejudice & vulg>ity1 w\ld be f\nd1 on exam9ation1 to be ! inevitable excresc5ce ( ! v usages f :i* he vehem5tly diss5ts4 ,int]nally all is conduct$ o!rwise2 ! effici5cy1 ! ess5ce1 ! vitality ( actions1 d]ives its col\r f :at is no ways contribut$ to f any ext]nal s\rce4 ,l ! plant :i* :ile x d]ives ! accid5t ( its size & %ape f ! soil 9 :i* x spr+s1 & is cank]$1 or di/ort$1 or inflat$1 yet reta9s ^? qualities :i* ess5tially divide x f all o!rs2 s t hemlock cont9ues to be poison1 & ! violet does n cease to emit its od\r 9 :atev] soil x may gr[4 ,we consid] our own nature too sup]ficially4 ,we look on all t 9 ourselves ) :i* we c discov] a resemblance 9 o!rs2 & consid] ^? resemblances z ! mat]ials ( moral k4 ,x is 9 ! diff]5ces t x actually consi/s4 #ahae2 publ4 #ahdj ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,lit]ature1 ,,! ,,arts1 ,,& ,,! ,,mann]s ,,( ,,! ,,a!nians ,a ,,fragm5t ,! p]iod :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! bir? ( ,p]icles & ! dea? ( ,ari/otle1 is und\bt$ly1 :e!r consid]$ 9 itself1 or ) ref]5ce to ! effects :i* x has produc$ ^u ! subsequ5t de/9ies ( civiliz$ man1 ! mo/ memorable 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,:at 0 ! comb9ation ( moral & political circum/ances :i* produc$ s unp>allel$ a progress dur+ t p]iod 9 lit]ature & ! arts2--:y t progress1 s rapid & s su/a9$1 s soon receiv$ a *eck1 & became retrograde1--are problems left to ! wond] & conjecture ( po/]ity4 ,! wrecks & fragm5ts ( ^? subtle & pr(\nd m9ds1 l ! ru9s ( a f9e /atue1 obscurely sugge/ to u ! gr&eur & p]fection ( ! :ole4 ,_! v language--a type ( ! und]/&+s ( :i* x 0 ! creation & ! image--9 v>iety1 9 simplicity1 9 flexibility1 & 9 copi\sness1 excels e o!r language ( ! we/]n _w4 ,_! sculptures are su* z we1 9 our presumption1 assume to be ! models ( ideal tru? & beauty1 & to :i* no arti/ ( mod]n times c produce =ms 9 any degree comp>able4 ,_! pa9t+s1 accord+ to ,pl9y & ,pausanias1 7 full ( delicacy & h>mony2 & "s ev5 7 p[]fully pa!tic1 s z to awak51 l t5d] music or tragic poetry1 ! mo/ ov]:elm+ emotions4 ,we are accu/om$ to conceive ! pa9t]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 z ^? :o h br\ght _! art to ! highe/ p]fection1 probably because none ( ! anci5t pa9t+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,= all ! inv5tive arts ma9ta91 z x 71 a sympa!tic connexion betwe5 ea* o!r1 be+ no m ?an v>i\s expressions ( "o int]nal p[]1 modifi$ by diff]5t circum/ances1 ei!r ( an individual1 or ( society2 & ! pa9t+s ( t p]iod w\ld probably be> ! same relation z is confess$ly borne by ! sculptures to all succe$+ ones4 ,( _! music we "k little2 b ! effects :i* x is said to h produc$1 :e!r !y be attribut$ to ! skill ( ! compos]1 or ! s5sibility ( 8 audi5ce1 are f> m p[]ful ?an any :i* we exp]i5ce f ! music ( our own times2 & if1 inde$1 ! melody ( _! compositions 7 m t5d] & delicate1 & inspir+1 ?an ! melodies ( "s mod]n ,european nations1 _! sup]iority 9 ?is art mu/ h be5 some?+ wond]ful1 & :olly beyond conception4 ,_! poetry seems to ma9ta9 a v high1 ?\gh n s disproportionate a rank1 9 ! comp>ison4 ,p]haps ,%akespe>e1 f ! v>iety & compreh5sion ( 8 g5ius1 is to be consid]$1 on ! :ole1 z ! greate/ individual m9d1 ( :i* we h specim5s rema9+4 ,p]haps ,dante creat$ imag9ations ( great] lovel9ess & en]gy ?an any t are to be f\nd 9 ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,greece4 ,p]haps no?+ has be5 discov]$ 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! ,greek lyric poets equival5t to ! sublime & *ivalric s5sibility ( ,petr>*4--,b1 z a poet4 ,hom] mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to excel ,%akespe>e 9 ! tru?1 ! h>mony1 ! su/a9$ gr&eur1 ! satisfy+ complet5ess ( 8 images1 _! exact fitness to ! illu/ration1 & to t to :i* !y belong4 ,nor c\ld ,dante1 defici5t 9 conduct1 plan1 nature1 v>iety1 & temp]ance1 h be5 br\ght into comp>ison ) ^! m51 b = ^? =tunate isles lad5 ) gold5 fruit1 :i* alone c\ld tempt any "o to emb>k 9 ! mi/y ocean ( 8 d>k & extravagant fiction4 ,b1 omitt+ ! comp>ison ( individual m9ds1 :i* c af=d no g5]al inf]5ce1 h[ sup]ior 0 ! _s & sy/em ( _! poetry to t ( any o!r p]iod6 ,s t _h any o!r g5ius equal 9 o!r respects to ! greate/ t ev] enlight5$ ! _w1 aris5 9 t age1 he w\ld h be5 sup]ior to all1 f ?is circum/ance alone--t _h conceptions w\ld h assum$ a m h>moni\s & p]fect =m4 ,= x is wor?y ( obs]vation1 t :atev] ! poet ( t age produc$ is z h>moni\s & p]fect z possible4 ,9 a drama1 = in/ance1 7 ! composition ( a p]son ( inf]ior tal5t1 x 0 /ill homog5e\s & free f inequalities x 0 a :ole1 consi/5t ) itself4 ,! compositions ( great m9ds bore ?r\gh\t ! su/a9$ /amp ( _! greatness4 ,9 ! poetry ( succe$+ ages ! expectations are (t5 exalt$ on ,ic>ian w+s1 & fall1 too mu* disappo9t$ to give a memory & a "n to ! oblivi\s pool 9 :i* !y fell4 ,9 physical k ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us _h already--no d\bt assi/$ by ! lab\rs ( ^? ( _! pr$ecessor :om !y criticize--made advances wor?y ( ! maturity ( sci5ce4 ,! a/oni%+ inv5tion ( geometry1 t s]ies ( discov]ies :i* h enabl$ man to comm& ! elem5t & =esee future ev5ts1 be=e ! subjects ( 8 ignorant wond]1 & :i* h op5$ z x 7 ! doors ( ! my/]ies ( nature1 _h already be5 br\ght to great p]fection4 ,metaphysics1 ! sci5ce ( man's intimate nature1 & logic1 or ! gramm> & elem5t>y pr9ciples ( t sci5ce receiv$ f ! latt] philosoph]s ( ! ,p]iclean age a firm basis4 ,all our m exact philosophy is built ^u ! lab\rs ( ^! great m51 & _m ( ! words :i* we employ 9 metaphysical di/9ctions 7 inv5t$ by !m to give accuracy & sy/em to _! reason+s4 ,! sci5ce ( morals1 or ! volunt>y conduct ( m5 9 relation to !mselves or o!rs1 dates f ?is epo*4 ,h[ inexpressibly bold] & m pure 7 ! doctr9es ( ^? great m51 9 comp>ison ) ! timid maxims :i* prevail 9 ! writ+s ( ! mo/ e/eem$ mod]n morali/s6 ,!y 7 su* z ,phocion1 & ,epam9ondas1 & ,timoleon1 :o =m$ !mselves on _! influ5ce1 7 to ! wret*$ h]oes ( our own age4 ,_! political & religi\s in/itutions are m difficult to br+ into comp>ison ) ^? ( o!r times4 ,a summ>y idea may be =m$ ( ! wor? ( any political & religi\s sy/em1 by obs]v+ ! comp>ative degree ( happ9ess & ( intellect produc$ "u its influ5ce4 ,& :il/ _m in/itution & op9ions1 :i* 9 anci5t ,greece 7 ob/acles to ! improvem5t ( ! human race1 h be5 aboli%$ among mod]n nations1 h[ _m p]nici\s sup]/itions & new contrivances ( misrule1 & unhe>d-( complications ( public mis*ief1 h n be5 inv5t$ among !m by ! ev]-wat*ful _s ( av>ice & tyranny6 ,! mod]n nations ( ! civiliz$ _w owe ! progress :i* !y h made--z well 9 ^? physical sci5ces 9 :i* !y h already excell$ _! ma/]s1 z 9 ! moral & intellectual inquiries1 9 :i*1 ) all ! advantage ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! latt]1 x c sc>cely be said t !y h yet equall$ !m1--to :at is call$ ! revival ( le>n+2 t is1 ! /udy ( ! writ]s ( ! age :i* prec$$ & imm$iately foll[$ ! gov]nm5t ( ,p]icles1 or ( subsequ5t writ]s1 :o 71 s to speak1 ! riv]s fl[+ f ^? immortal f\nta9s4 ,& ?\gh !re seems to be a pr9ciple 9 ! mod]n _w1 :i*1 %\ld circum/ances analog\s to ^? :i* modell$ ! intellectual res\rces ( ! age to :i* we ref]1 into s h>moni\s a proportion1 aga9 arise1 w\ld arre/ & p]petuate !m1 & consign _! results to a m equal1 ext5sive1 & la/+ improvem5t ( ! condition ( man--?\gh ju/ice & ! true mean+ ( human society are1 if n m accurately1 m g5]ally und]/ood2 ?\gh p]haps m5 "k m1 & !re=e are m1 z a mass1 yet ?is pr9ciple has nev] be5 call$ into action1 & requires inde$ a univ]sal & an almo/ appall+ *ange 9 ! sy/em ( exi/+ ?+s4 ,! /udy ( mod]n hi/ory is ! /udy ( k+s1 f9anci]s1 /atesm51 & prie/s4 ,! hi/ory ( anci5t ,greece is ! /udy ( legislators1 philosoph]s1 & poets2 x is ! hi/ory ( m51 comp>$ ) ! hi/ory ( titles4 ,:at ! ,greeks 71 0 a reality1 n a promise4 ,& :at we are & hope to be1 is d]iv$1 z x 71 f ! influ5ce & inspiration ( ^! glori\s g5]ations4 ,:atev] t5ds to af=d a fur!r illu/ration ( ! mann]s & op9ions ( ^? to :om we owe s mu*1 & :o 7 p]haps1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ p]fect specim5s ( humanity ( :om we h au!ntic record1 7 inf9itely valuable4 ,let u see _! errors1 _! weaknesses1 _! daily actions1 _! famili> conv]sation1 & cat* ! tone ( _! society4 ,:5 we discov] h[ f> ! mo/ admirable community ev] fram$ 0 remov$ f t p]fection to :i* human society is impell$ by "s active p[] )9 ea* bosom to aspire1 h[ great ought to be our hopes1 h[ resolute our /ruggles6 ,= ! ,greeks ( ! ,p]iclean age 7 widely diff]5t f u4 ,x is to be lam5t$ t no mod]n writ] has hi!rto d>$ to %[ !m precisely z !y 74 ,b>!lemi _c be d5i$ ! praise ( indu/ry & sy/em2 b he nev] =gets t he is a ,*ri/ian & a ,fr5*man4 ,wiel&1 9 8 delightful novels1 makes inde$ a v tol]able ,pagan1 b *]i%es too _m political prejudices1 & refra9s f dim9i%+ ! int]e/ ( 8 romances by pa9t+ s5tim5ts 9 :i* no ,european ( mod]n times c possibly sympa?ize4 ,!re is no book :i* %[s ! ,greeks precisely z !y 72 !y seem all writt5 = *ildr5 ) ! caution t no practice or s5tim5t1 highly inconsi/5t ) our pres5t mann]s1 %\ld be m5tion$1 le/ ^? mann]s %\ld receive outrage & violation4 ,b !re are _m to :om ! ,greek language is inaccessible1 :o ought n to be exclud$ by ?is prud]y f possess+ an exact & compreh5sive conception ( ! hi/ory ( man2 = !re is no k conc]n+ :at man has be5 & may be1 f p>tak+ ( :i* a p]son c dep>t1 )\t becom+ 9 "s degree m philosophical1 tol]ant1 & j4 ,"o ( ! *ief di/9ctions betwe5 ! mann]s ( anci5t ,greece & mod]n ,europe1 consi/$ 9 ! regulations & ! s5tim5ts respect+ sexual int]c\rse4 ,:e!r ?is diff]5ce arises f "s imp]fect influ5ce ( ! doctr9es ( ,jesus1 :o alleges ! absolute & unconditional equality ( all human be+s1 or f ! in/itutions ( *ivalry1 or f a c]ta9 fundam5tal diff]5ce ( physical nature exi/+ 9 ! ,celts1 or f a comb9ation ( all or any ( ^! causes act+ on ea* o!r1 is a "q wor?y ( volum9\s inve/igation4 ,! fact is1 t ! mod]n ,europeans h 9 ?is circum/ance1 & 9 ! abolition ( slav]y1 made an improvem5t ! mo/ decisive 9 ! regulation ( human society2 & all ! virtue & ! wisdom ( ! ,p]iclean age arose "u o!r in/itutions1 9 spite ( ! dim9ution :i* p]sonal slav]y & ! inf]iority ( wom51 recogniz$ by law & op9ion1 mu/ h produc$ 9 ! delicacy1 ! /r5g?1 ! compreh5siv5ess1 & ! accuracy ( _! conceptions1 9 moral1 political1 & metaphysical sci5ce1 & p]haps 9 e o!r art & sci5ce4 ,! wom51 ?us degrad$1 became su* z x 0 expect$ !y w\ld become4 ,!y possess$1 except ) extraord9>y exceptions1 ! habits & ! qualities ( slaves4 ,!y 7 probably n extremely beautiful2 at lea/ !re 0 no su* disproportion 9 ! attractions ( ! ext]nal =m betwe5 ! female & male sex among ! ,greeks1 z exi/s among ! mod]n ,europeans4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly devoid ( t moral & intellectual lovel9ess ) :i* ! acquisition ( k & ! cultivation ( s5tim5t animates1 z ) ano!r life ( ov]p[]+ grace1 ! l9eam5ts & ! ge/ures ( e =m :i* !y inhabit4 ,_! eyes c\ld n h be5 deep & intricate f ! work+s ( ! m9d1 & c\ld h entangl$ no he>t 9 s\l-enwov5 labyr9?s4 ,let x n be imag9$ t because ! ,greeks 7 depriv$ ( its legitimate object1 !y 7 incapable ( s5tim5tal love2 & t ?is passion is ! m]e *ild ( *ivalry & ! lit]ature ( mod]n times4 ,?is object or its ar*etype = ev] exi/s 9 ! m9d1 :i* selects among ^? :o resemble x t :i* mo/ resembles x2 & in/9ctively fills up ! int]/ices ( ! imp]fect image1 9 ! same mann] z ! imag9ation m\lds & completes ! %apes 9 cl\ds1 or 9 ! fire1 into ! resemblances ( :atev] =m1 animal1 build+1 c41 happ5s to be pres5t to x4 ,man is 9 8 wilde/ /ate a social be+3 a c]ta9 degree ( civilization & ref9em5t ev] produces ! want ( sympa?ies /ill m intimate & complete2 & ! gratification ( ! s5ses is no long] all t is s\ght 9 sexual connexion4 ,x soon becomes a v small "p ( t pr(\nd & complicat$ s5tim5t1 :i* we call love1 :i* is r ! univ]sal ?ir/ = a communion n only ( ! s5ses1 b ( our :ole nature1 intellectual1 imag9ative & s5sitive1 & :i*1 :5 individualiz$1 becomes an imp]i\s necessity1 only to be satisfi$ by ! complete or p>tial1 actual or suppos$ fulfilm5t ( its claims4 ,?is want gr[s m p[]ful 9 proportion to ! developm5t :i* our nature receives f civilization1 = man nev] ceases to be a social be+4 ,! sexual impulse1 :i* is only "o1 & (t5 a small "p ( ^? claims1 s]ves1 f its obvi\s & ext]nal nature1 z a k9d ( type or expression ( ! re/1 a common basis1 an ackn[l$g$ & visible l9k4 ,/ill x is a claim :i* ev5 d]ives a /r5g? n its own f ! accessory circum/ances :i* surr\nd x1 & "o :i* our nature ?ir/s to satisfy4 ,to e/imate ?is1 obs]ve ! degree ( int5sity & durability ( ! love ( ! male t[>ds ! female 9 animals & savages & ackn[l$ge all ! duration & int5sity obs]vable 9 ! love ( civiliz$ be+s beyond t ( savages to be produc$ f o!r causes4 ,9 ! susceptibility ( ! ext]nal s5ses !re is probably no important diff]5ce4 ,among ! anci5t ,greeks ! male sex1 "o half ( ! human race1 receiv$ ! highe/ cultivation & ref9em5t3 :il/ ! o!r1 s f> z intellect is conc]n$1 7 educat$ z slaves & 7 rais$ b few degrees 9 all t relat$ to moral ( intellectual excell5ce above ! condition ( savages4 ,! gradations 9 ! society ( man pres5t u ) sl[ improvem5t 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,roman wom5 held a high] consid]ation 9 society1 & 7 e/eem$ almo/ z ! equal p>tn]s ) _! husb&s 9 ! regulation ( dome/ic economy & ! education ( _! *ildr54 ,! practices & cu/oms ( mod]n ,europe are ess5tially diff]5t f & incomp>ably less p]nici\s ?an ei!r1 h[ev] remote f :at an enlight5$ m9d _c fail to desire z ! future de/9y ( human be+s4 #ahah2 publ4 #ahdj ,,on ,,! ,,symposium1 ,,or ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,banquet ,,( ,,plato ,a ,,fragm5t ,! dialogue entitl$ ,! ,banquet 0 select$ by ! translator z ! mo/ beautiful & p]fect among all ! works ( ,plato4 ,footnote3 ,! ,republic1 ?\gh replete ) consid]able errors ( speculation1 is1 inde$1 ! greate/ repository ( important tru?s ( all ! works ( ,plato4 ,?is1 p]haps1 is because x is ! longe/4 ,he fir/1 & p]haps la/1 ma9ta9$ t a /ate ought to be gov]n$1 n by ! weal?ie/1 or ! mo/ ambiti\s1 or ! mo/ cunn+1 b by ! wise/2 ! me?od ( select+ su* rul]s1 & ! laws by :i* su* a selection is made1 mu/ correspond ) & arise out ( ! moral fre$om & ref9em5t ( ! p4 ,he despairs ( hav+ communicat$ to ! ,engli% language any portion ( ! surpass+ graces ( ! composition1 or hav+ done m ?an pres5t an imp]fect %ad[ ( ! language & ! s5tim5t ( ?is a/oni%+ production4 ,plato is em95tly ! greate/ among ! ,greek philosoph]s1 & f1 or1 r1 p]haps ?r\gh him1 8 ma/] ,socrates1 h proce$$ ^? emanations ( moral & metaphysical k1 on :i* a long s]ies & an incalculable v>iety ( popul> sup]/itions h %elt]$ _! absurdities f ! sl[ contempt ( mank9d4 ,plato exhibits ! r>e union ( close & subtle logic ) ! ,py?ian en?usiasm ( poetry1 melt$ by ! spl5d\r & h>mony ( 8 p]iods into "o irresi/ible /ream ( musical impressions1 :i* hurry ! p]suasions onw>d1 z 9 a brea?less c>e]4 ,8 language is t ( an immortal _s1 r ?an a man4 ,"l ,bacon is1 p]haps1 ! only writ]1 :o1 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 c be comp>$ ) him3 8 imitator1 ,cic]o1 s9ks 9 ! comp>ison into an ape mock+ ! ge/ures ( a man4 ,8 views into ! nature ( m9d & exi/5ce are (t5 obscure1 only because !y are pr(\nd2 & ?\gh 8 !ories respect+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 & ! elem5t>y laws ( moral action1 are n always correct1 yet !re is sc>cely any ( 8 treatises :i* d n1 h[ev] /a9$ by pu]ile sophisms1 conta9 ! mo/ rem>kable intuitions into all t c be ! subject ( ! human m9d4 ,8 excell5ce consi/s especially 9 intuition1 & x is ?is faculty :i* raises him f> above ,ari/otle1 ^: g5ius1 ?\gh vivid & v>i\s1 is obscure 9 comp>ison ) t ( ,plato4 ,! dialogue entitl$ ! ,banquet1 is call$ ^w 9 ,greek1 or a ,discussion ^u ,love1 & is suppos$ to h tak5 place at ! h\se ( ,aga?on1 at "o ( a s]ies ( fe/ivals giv5 by t poet1 on ! occasion ( 8 ga9+ ! prize ( trag$y at ! ,dionysiaca4 ,! acc\nt ( ! debate on ?is occasion is suppos$ to h be5 giv5 by ,apollodorus1 a pupil ( ,socrates1 _m ye>s aft] x _h tak5 place1 to a companion :o 0 curi\s to he> x4 ,?is ,apollodorus appe>s1 bo? f ! /yle 9 :i* he is repres5t$ 9 ?is piece1 z well z f a passage 9 ! ,pha$on1 to h be5 a p]son ( an impassion$ & en?usia/ic disposition2 to borr[ an image f ! ,italian pa9t]s1 he seems to h be5 ! ,/4 ,john ( ! ,socratic gr\p4 ,! drama 7= s ! lively di/9ction ( "* & ! v>i\s & well-wr\ght circum/ances ( ! /ory almo/ entitle x to be call$7 beg9s by ,socrates p]suad+ ,ari/odemus to sup at ,aga?on's1 un9vit$4 ,! :ole ( ?is introduction af=ds ! mo/ lively conception ( ref9$ ,a!nian mann]s4 #ahah2 publ4 #ahdj ,,unf9i%$ ,a ,,def5ce ,,( ,,poetry ,i ,accord+ to "o mode ( reg>d+ ^? two classes ( m5tal action1 :i* are call$ reason & imag9ation1 ! =m] may be consid]$ z m9d contemplat+ ! relations borne by "o ?\ght to ano!r1 h[ev] produc$2 & ! latt]1 z m9d act+ ^u ^? ?\ghts s z to col\r !m ) its own light1 & compos+ f !m1 z f elem5ts1 o!r ?\ghts1 ea* conta9+ )9 itself ! pr9ciple ( its own integrity4 ,! "o is ! ^w 9 ,greek1 or ! pr9ciple ( syn!sis1 & has = its objects ^? =ms :i* are common to univ]sal nature & exi/5ce itself2 ! o!r is ! ^w 9 ,greek1 or pr9ciple ( analysis1 & its action reg>ds ! relations ( ?+s1 simply z relations2 consid]+ ?\ghts1 n 9 _! integral unity1 b z ! algebraical repres5tations :i* conduct to c]ta9 g5]al results4 ,reason is ! enum]ation ( quantities already kn[n2 imag9ation is ! p]ception ( ! value ( ^? quantities1 bo? sep>ately & z a :ole4 ,reason respects ! diff]5ces1 & imag9ation ! similitudes ( ?+s4 ,reason is to ! imag9ation z ! in/rum5t to ! ag5t1 z ! body to ! _s1 z ! %ad[ to ! sub/ance4 ,poetry1 9 a g5]al s5se1 may be def9$ to be '! expression ( ! imag9ation'3 & poetry is connate ) ! orig9 ( man4 ,man is an in/rum5t ov] :i* a s]ies ( ext]nal & int]nal impressions are driv51 l ! alt]nations ( an ev]-*ang+ w9d ov] an ,aeolian lyre1 :i* move x by _! motion to ev]-*ang+ melody4 ,b !re is a pr9ciple )9 ! human be+1 & p]haps )9 all s5ti5t be+s1 :i* acts o!rwise ?an 9 ! lyre1 & produces n melody alone1 b h>mony1 by an int]nal adju/m5t ( ! s\nds or motions ?us excit$ to ! impressions :i* excite !m4 ,x is z if ! lyre c\ld accommodate its *ords to ! motions ( t :i* /rikes !m1 9 a det]m9$ proportion ( s\nd2 ev5 z ! musician c accommodate 8 voice to ! s\nd ( ! lyre4 ,a *ild at play by itself w express its delight by its voice & motions2 & e inflexion ( tone & e ge/ure w be> exact relation to a correspond+ antitype 9 ! pleasurable impressions :i* awak5$ x2 x w be ! reflect$ image ( t impression2 & z ! lyre trembles & s\nds aft] ! w9d has di$ away1 s ! *ild seeks1 by prolong+ 9 its voice & motions ! duration ( ! effect1 to prolong also a consci\sness ( ! cause4 ,9 relation to ! objects :i* delight a *ild1 ^! expressions are1 :at poetry is to high] objects4 ,! savage 7= ! savage is to ages :at ! *ild is to ye>s7 expresses ! emotions produc$ 9 him by surr\nd+ objects 9 a simil> mann]2 & language & ge/ure1 toge!r ) pla/ic or pictorial imitation1 become ! image ( ! comb9$ effect ( ^? objects1 & ( 8 appreh5sion ( !m4 ,man 9 society1 ) all 8 passions & 8 pleasures1 next becomes ! object ( ! passions & pleasures ( man2 an additional class ( emotions produces an augm5t$ treasure ( expressions2 & language1 ge/ure1 & ! imitative arts1 become at once ! repres5tation & ! m$ium1 ! p5cil & ! picture1 ! *isel & ! /atue1 ! *ord & ! h>mony4 ,! social sympa?ies1 or ^? laws f :i*1 z f its elem5ts1 society results1 beg9 to develop !mselves f ! mom5t t two human be+s coexi/2 ! future is conta9$ )9 ! pres5t1 z ! plant )9 ! se$2 & equality1 div]sity1 unity1 contra/1 mutual dep5d5ce1 become ! pr9ciples alone capable ( af=d+ ! motives accord+ to :i* ! w ( a social be+ is det]m9$ to action1 inasmu* z he is social2 & con/itute pleasure 9 s5sation1 virtue 9 s5tim5t1 beauty 9 art1 tru? 9 reason+1 & love 9 ! int]c\rse ( k9d4 ,h5ce m51 ev5 9 ! infancy ( society1 obs]ve a c]ta9 ord] 9 _! words & actions1 di/9ct f t ( ! objects & ! impressions repres5t$ by !m1 all expression be+ subject to ! laws ( t f :i* x proce$s4 ,b let u dismiss ^? m g5]al consid]ations :i* might involve an inquiry into ! pr9ciples ( society itself1 & re/rict our view to ! mann] 9 :i* ! imag9ation is express$ ^u its =ms4 ,9 ! y\? ( ! _w1 m5 dance & s+ & imitate natural objects1 obs]v+ 9 ^! actions1 z 9 all o!rs1 a c]ta9 rhy?m or ord]4 ,&1 al?\gh all m5 obs]ve a simil>1 !y obs]ve n ! same ord]1 9 ! motions ( ! dance1 9 ! melody ( ! song1 9 ! comb9ations ( language1 9 ! s]ies ( _! imitations ( natural objects4 ,= !re is a c]ta9 ord] or rhy?m belong+ to ea* ( ^! classes ( mimetic repres5tation1 f :i* ! he>] & ! spectator receive an int5s] & pur] pleasure ?an f any o!r3 ! s5se ( an approximation to ?is ord] has be5 call$ ta/e by mod]n writ]s4 ,e man 9 ! infancy ( art obs]ves an ord] :i* approximates m or less closely to t f :i* ?is highe/ delight results3 b ! div]sity is n suffici5tly m>k$1 z t its gradations %\ld be s5sible1 except 9 ^? in/ances :]e ! pr$om9ance ( ?is faculty ( approximation to ! beautiful 7= s we may be p]mitt$ to "n ! relation betwe5 ?is highe/ pleasure & its cause7 is v great4 ,^? 9 :om x exi/s 9 excess are poets1 9 ! mo/ univ]sal s5se ( ! ^w2 & ! pleasure result+ f ! mann] 9 :i* !y express ! influ5ce ( society or nature ^u _! own m9ds1 communicates itself to o!rs1 & ga!rs a sort or r$uplication f t community4 ,_! language is vitally metaphorical2 t is1 x m>ks ! be=e unappreh5d$ relations ( ?+s & p]petuates _! appreh5sion1 until ! words :i* repres5t !m become1 ?r\gh "t1 signs = portions or classes ( ?\ghts in/ead ( pictures ( integral ?\ghts2 & !n if no new poets %\ld arise to create afre% ! associations :i* h be5 ?us disorganiz$1 language w be dead to all ! nobl] purposes ( human int]c\rse4 ,^! similitudes or relations are f9ely said by ,"l ,bacon to be '! same foot/eps ( nature impress$ ^u ! v>i\s subjects ( ! _w'2 ,footnote3 ,de ,augm5t4 ,sci5t41 cap4 i1 lib4 iii4 & he consid]s ! faculty :i* p]ceives !m z ! /oreh\se ( axioms common to all k4 ,9 ! infancy ( society e au?or is necess>ily a poet1 because language itself is poetry2 & to be a poet is to appreh5d ! true & ! beautiful1 9 a ^w1 ! good :i* exi/s 9 ! relation1 subsi/+1 fir/ betwe5 exi/5ce & p]ception1 & secondly betwe5 p]ception & expression4 ,e orig9al language ne> to its s\rce is 9 itself ! *aos ( a cyclic poem3 ! copi\sness ( lexicography & ! di/9ctions ( gramm> are ! works ( a lat] age1 & are m]ely ! catalogue & ! =m ( ! creations ( poetry4 ,b poets1 or ^? :o imag9e & express ?is inde/ructible ord]1 are n only ! au?ors ( language & ( music1 ( ! dance1 & ar*itecture1 & /atu>y1 & pa9t+2 !y are ! in/itutors ( laws1 & ! f\nd]s ( civil society1 & ! inv5tors ( ! arts ( life1 & ! tea*]s1 :o draw into a c]ta9 prop9quity ) ! beautiful & ! true1 t p>tial appreh5sion ( ! ag5cies ( ! invisible _w :i* is call$ religion4 ,h5ce all orig9al religions are allegorical1 or susceptible ( allegory1 &1 l ,janus1 h a d\ble face ( false & true4 ,poets1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! age & nation 9 :i* !y appe>$1 7 call$1 9 ! e>li] epo*s ( ! _w1 legislators1 or prophets3 a poet ess5tially comprises & unites bo? ^! *>act]s4 ,= he n only beholds int5sely ! pres5t z x is1 & discov]s ^? laws accord+ to :i* pres5t ?+s ought to be ord]$1 b he beholds ! future 9 ! pres5t1 & 8 ?\ghts are ! g]ms ( ! fl[] & ! fruit ( late/ "t4 ,n t ,i ass]t poets to be prophets 9 ! gross s5se ( ! ^w1 or t !y c =etell ! =m z surely z !y =ekn[ ! _s ( ev5ts3 su* is ! pret5ce ( sup]/ition1 :i* w\ld make poetry an attribute ( prophecy1 r ?an prophecy an attribute ( poetry4 ,a poet p>ticipates 9 ! et]nal1 ! inf9ite1 & ! "o2 z f> z relates to 8 conceptions1 "t & place & numb] are n4 ,! grammatical =ms :i* express ! moods ( "t1 & ! diff]5ce ( p]sons1 & ! di/9ction ( place1 are conv]tible ) respect to ! highe/ poetry )\t injur+ x z poetry2 & ! *oruses ( ,aes*ylus1 & ! book ( ,job1 & ,dante's ,p>adise1 w\ld af=d1 m ?an any o!r writ+s1 examples ( ?is fact1 if ! limits ( ?is essay did n =bid citation4 ,! creations ( sculpture1 pa9t+1 & music1 are illu/rations /ill m decisive4 ,language1 col\r1 =m1 & religi\s & civil habits ( action1 are all ! in/rum5ts & mat]ials ( poetry2 !y may be call$ poetry by t figure ( spee* :i* consid]s ! effect z a synonym ( ! cause4 ,b poetry 9 a m re/rict$ s5se expresses ^? arrangem5ts ( language1 & especially metrical language1 :i* are creat$ by t imp]ial faculty2 ^: ?rone is curta9$ )9 ! invisible nature ( man4 ,& ?is spr+s f ! nature itself ( language1 :i* is a m direct repres5tation ( ! actions & passions ( our int]nal be+1 & is susceptible ( m v>i\s & delicate comb9ations1 ?an col\r1 =m1 or motion1 & is m pla/ic & ob$i5t to ! control ( t faculty ( :i* x is ! creation4 ,= language is arbitr>ily produc$ by ! imag9ation & has relation to ?\ghts alone2 b all o!r mat]ials1 in/rum5ts & conditions ( art1 h relations among ea* o!r1 :i* limit & int]pose betwe5 conception & expression ,! =m] is z a mirror :i* reflects1 ! latt] z a cl\d :i* enfeebles1 ! light ( :i* bo? are m$iums ( communication4 ,h5ce ! fame ( sculptors1 pa9t]s1 & musicians1 al?\gh ! intr9sic p[]s ( ! great ma/]s ( ^! arts may yield 9 no degree to t ( ^? :o h employ$ language z ! hi]oglyphic ( _! ?\ghts1 has nev] equall$ t ( poets 9 ! re/rict$ s5se ( ! t]m1 z two p]=m]s ( equal skill w produce unequal effects f a guit> & a h>p4 ,! fame ( legislators & f\nd]s ( religions1 s long z _! in/itutions la/1 alone seems to exce$ t ( poets 9 ! re/rict$ s5se2 b x c sc>cely be a "q1 :e!r1 if we d$uct ! celebrity :i* _! flatt]y ( ! gross op9ions ( ! vulg> usually conciliates1 toge!r ) t :i* belong$ to !m 9 _! high] "* ( poets1 any excess w rema94 ,we h ?us circumscrib$ ! ^w poetry )9 ! limits ( t art :i* is ! mo/ famili> & ! mo/ p]fect expression ( ! faculty itself4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to make ! circle /ill n>r[]1 & to det]m9e ! di/9ction betwe5 measur$ & unmeasur$ language2 = ! popul> division into prose & v]se is inadmissible 9 accurate philosophy4 ,s\nds z well z ?\ghts h relation bo? betwe5 ea* o!r & t[>ds t :i* !y repres5t1 & a p]ception ( ! ord] ( ^? relations has always be5 f\nd connect$ ) a p]ception ( ! ord] ( ! relations ( ?\ghts4 ,h5ce ! language ( poets has ev] affect$ a c]ta9 uni=m & h>moni\s recurr5ce ( s\nd1 )\t :i* x 7 n poetry1 & :i* is sc>cely less indisp5sable to ! communication ( its influ5ce1 ?an ! words !mselves1 )\t ref]5ce to t peculi> ord]4 ,h5ce ! vanity ( translation2 x 7 z wise to ca/ a violet into a crucible t y might discov] ! =mal pr9ciple ( its col\r & od\r1 z seek to transfuse f "o language into ano!r ! creations ( a poet4 ,! plant mu/ spr+ aga9 f its se$1 or x w be> no fl[]--& ?is is ! bur!n ( ! curse ( ,babel4 ,an obs]vation ( ! regul> mode ( ! recurr5ce ( h>mony 9 ! language ( poetical m9ds1 toge!r ) its relation to music1 produc$ metre1 or a c]ta9 sy/em ( traditional =ms ( h>mony & language4 ,yet x is by no means ess5tial t a poet %\ld accommodate 8 language to ?is traditional =m1 s t ! h>mony1 :i* is its _s1 be obs]v$4 ,! practice is inde$ conv5i5t & popul>1 & to be pref]r$1 especially 9 su* composition z includes mu* action3 b e great poet mu/ inevitably innovate ^u ! example ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! exact /ructure ( 8 peculi> v]sification4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 poets & prose writ]s is a vulg> error4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 philosoph]s & poets has be5 anticipat$4 ,plato 0 ess5tially a poet--! tru? & spl5d\r ( 8 imag]y1 & ! melody ( 8 language1 are ! mo/ int5se t x is possible to conceive4 ,he reject$ ! measure ( ! epic1 dramatic1 & lyrical =ms1 because he s\ght to k9dle a h>mony 9 ?\ghts dive/$ ( %ape & action1 & he =bore to inv5t any regul> plan ( rhy?m :i* w\ld include1 "u det]m9ate =ms1 ! v>i$ pauses ( 8 /yle4 ,cic]o s\ght to imitate ! cad5ce ( 8 p]iods1 b ) little success4 ,"l ,bacon 0 a poet4 ,footnote3 ,see ! ,filum ,labyr9?i1 & ! ,essay on ,dea? p>ticul>ly4 ,8 language has a sweet & maje/ic rhy?m1 :i* satisfies ! s5se1 no less ?an ! almo/ sup]human wisdom ( 8 philosophy satisfies ! intellect2 x is a /ra9 :i* di/5ds1 & !n bur/s ! circumf]5ce ( ! read]'s m9d1 & p\rs itself =? toge!r ) x into ! univ]sal elem5t ) :i* x has p]petual sympa?y4 ,all ! au?ors ( revolutions 9 op9ion are n only necess>ily poets z !y are inv5tors1 nor ev5 z _! words unveil ! p]man5t analogy ( ?+s by images :i* p>ticipate 9 ! life ( tru?2 b z _! p]iods are h>moni\s & rhy?mical1 & conta9 9 !mselves ! elem5ts ( v]se2 be+ ! e*o ( ! et]nal music4 ,nor are ^? supreme poets1 :o h employ$ traditional =ms ( rhy?m on acc\nt ( ! =m & action ( _! subjects1 less capable ( p]ceiv+ & tea*+ ! tru? ( ?+s1 ?an ^? :o h omitt$ t =m4 ,%akespe>e1 ,dante1 & ,milton 7to conf9e ourselves to mod]n writ]s7 are philosoph]s ( ! v l(tie/ p[]4 ,a poem is ! v image ( life express$ 9 its et]nal tru?4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 a /ory & a poem1 t a /ory is a catalogue ( deta*$ facts1 :i* h no o!r connexion ?an "t1 place1 circum/ance1 cause & effect2 ! o!r is ! creation ( actions accord+ to ! un*angeable =ms ( human nature1 z exi/+ 9 ! m9d ( ! ,creator1 :i* is itself ! image ( all o!r m9ds4 ,! "o is p>tial1 & applies only to a def9ite p]iod ( "t1 & a c]ta9 comb9ation ( ev5ts :i* c nev] aga9 recur2 ! o!r is univ]sal1 & conta9s )9 itself ! g]m ( a relation to :atev] motives or actions h place 9 ! possible v>ieties ( human nature4 ,"t1 :i* de/roys ! beauty & ! use ( ! /ory ( p>ticul> facts1 /ripp$ ( ! poetry :i* %\ld inve/ !m1 augm5ts t ( poetry1 & = ev] develops new & wond]ful applications ( ! et]nal tru? :i* x conta9s4 ,h5ce epitomes h be5 call$ ! mo?s ( j hi/ory2 !y eat out ! poetry ( x4 ,a /ory ( p>ticul> facts is z a mirror :i* obscures & di/orts t :i* %\ld be beautiful3 poetry is a mirror :i* makes beautiful t :i* is di/ort$4 ,! p>ts ( a composition may be poetical1 )\t ! composition z a :ole be+ a poem4 ,a s+le s5t5ce may be a consid]$ z a :ole1 ?\gh x may be f\nd 9 ! mid/ ( a s]ies ( unassimilat$ portions3 a s+le ^w ev5 may be a sp>k ( inext+ui%able ?\ght4 ,& ?us all ! great hi/orians1 ,h]odotus1 ,plut>*1 ,livy1 7 poets2 & al?\gh1 ! plan ( ^! writ]s1 especially t ( ,livy1 re/ra9$ !m2 f develop+ ?is faculty 9 its highe/ degree1 !y made copi\s & ample am5ds = _! subjection1 by fill+ all ! int]/ices ( _! subjects ) liv+ images4 ,hav+ det]m9$ :at is poetry1 & :o are poets1 let u proce$ to e/imate its effects ^u society4 ,poetry is ev] accompani$ ) pleasure3 all spirits on :i* x falls op5 !mselves to receive ! wisdom :i* is m+l$ ) its delight4 ,9 ! infancy ( ! _w1 nei!r poets !mselves nor _! auditors are fully aw>e ( ! excell5ce ( poetry3 = x acts 9 a div9e & unappreh5d$ mann]1 beyond & above consci\sness2 & x is res]v$ = future g5]ations to contemplate & measure ! mighty cause & effect 9 all ! /r5g? & spl5d\r ( _! union4 ,ev5 9 mod]n times1 no liv+ poet ev] arriv$ at ! fullness ( 8 fame2 ! jury :i* sits 9 judgem5t ^u a poet1 belong+ z he does to all "t1 mu/ be compos$ ( 8 pe]s3 x mu/ be impanell$ by ,"t f ! selecte/ ( ! wise ( _m g5]ations4 ,a poet is a night+ale1 :o sits 9 d>kness & s+s to *e] its own solitude ) sweet s\nds2 8 auditors are z m5 entranc$ by ! melody ( an unse5 musician1 :o feel t !y are mov$ & s(t5$1 yet "k n :5ce or :y4 ,! poems ( ,hom] & 8 contempor>ies 7 ! delight ( infant ,greece2 !y 7 ! elem5ts ( t social sy/em :i* is ! column ^u :i* all succe$+ civilization has repos$4 ,hom] embodi$ ! ideal p]fection ( 8 age 9 human "*2 nor c we d\bt t ^? :o read 8 v]ses 7 awak5$ to an ambition ( becom+ l to ,a*illes1 ,hector1 & ,ulysses ! tru? & beauty ( fri5d%ip1 patriotism1 & p]sev]+ devotion to an object1 7 unveil$ to ! dep?s 9 ^! immortal creations3 ! s5tim5ts ( ! auditors mu/ h be5 ref9$ & enl>g$ by a sympa?y ) su* great & lovely imp]sonations1 until f admir+ !y imitat$1 & f imitation !y id5tifi$ !mselves ) ! objects ( _! admiration4 ,nor let x be object$1 t ^! *>act]s are remote f moral p]fection1 & t !y c by no means be consid]$ z edify+ patt]ns = g5]al imitation4 ,e epo*1 "u names m or less speci\s1 has deifi$ its peculi> errors2 ,rev5ge is ! nak$ idol ( ! wor%ip ( a semi-b>b>\s age2 & ,self-deceit is ! veil$ image ( unkn[n evil1 be=e :i* luxury & satiety lie pro/rate4 ,b a poet consid]s ! vices ( 8 contempor>ies z a tempor>y dress 9 :i* 8 creations mu/ be array$1 & :i* cov] )\t conceal+ ! et]nal proportions ( _! beauty4 ,an epic or dramatic p]sonage is und]/ood to we> !m ar\nd 8 s\l1 z he may ! anci5t arm\r or ! mod]n uni=m ar\nd 8 body2 :il/ x is easy to conceive a dress m graceful ?an ei!r4 ,! beauty ( ! int]nal nature _c be s f> conceal$ by its accid5tal ve/ure1 b t ! _s ( its =m %all communicate itself to ! v disguise1 & indicate ! %ape x hides f ! mann] 9 :i* x is worn4 ,a maje/ic =m & graceful motions w express !mselves ?r\gh ! mo/ b>b>\s & ta/eless co/ume4 ,few poets ( ! highe/ class h *os5 to exhibit ! beauty ( _! conceptions 9 its nak$ tru? & spl5d\r2 & x is d\btful :e!r ! alloy ( co/ume1 habit1 c41 be n necess>y to temp] ?is planet>y music = mortal e>s4 ,! :ole objection1 h[ev]1 ( ! immorality ( poetry re/s ^u a misconception ( ! mann] 9 :i* poetry acts to produce ! moral improvem5t ( man4 ,e?ical sci5ce arranges ! elem5ts :i* poetry has creat$1 & prop\nds s*emes & proposes examples ( civil & dome/ic life3 nor is x = want ( admirable doctr9es t m5 hate1 & despise1 & c5sure1 & deceive1 & subjugate "o ano!r4 ,b poetry acts 9 ano!r & div9] mann]4 ,x awak5s & enl>ges ! m9d itself by r5d]+ x ! receptacle ( a ?\s& unappreh5d$ comb9ations ( ?\ght4 ,poetry lifts ! veil f ! hidd5 beauty ( ! _w1 & makes famili> objects be z if !y 7 n famili>2 x reproduces all t x repres5ts1 & ! imp]sonations clo!d 9 its ,elysian light /& !nce=w>d 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o h once contemplat$ !m z memorials ( t g5tle & exalt$ cont5t :i* ext5ds itself ov] all ?\ghts & actions ) :i* x coexi/s4 ,! great secret ( morals is love2 or a go+ out ( our own nature1 & an id5tification ( ourselves ) ! beautiful :i* exi/s 9 ?\ght1 action1 or p]son1 n our own4 ,a man1 to be greatly good1 mu/ imag9e int5sely & compreh5sively2 he mu/ put himself 9 ! place ( ano!r & ( _m o!rs2 ! pa9s & pleasures ( 8 species mu/ become 8 own4 ,! great in/rum5t ( moral good is ! imag9ation2 & poetry adm9i/]s to ! effect by act+ ^u ! cause4 ,poetry enl>ges ! circumf]5ce ( ! imag9ation by repl5i%+ x ) ?\ght ( ev] new delight1 :i* h ! p[] ( attract+ & assimilat+ to _! own nature all o!r ?\ghts1 & :i* =m new int]vals & int]/ices ^: void = ev] craves fre% food4 ,poetry /r5g!ns ! faculty :i* is ! organ ( ! moral nature ( man1 9 ! same mann] z ex]cise /r5g!ns a limb4 ,a poet !re=e w\ld d ill to embody 8 own conceptions ( "r & wrong1 :i* are usually ^? ( 8 place & "t1 9 8 poetical creations1 :i* p>ticipate 9 nei!r ,by ?is assumption ( ! inf]ior (fice ( int]pret+ ! effect 9 :i* p]haps aft] all he might acquit himself b imp]fectly1 he w\ld resign a glory 9 a p>ticipation 9 ! cause4 ,!re 0 little dang] t ,hom]1 or any ( ! et]nal poets %\ld h s f> misund]/ood !mselves z to h abdicat$ ?is ?rone ( _! wide/ dom9ion4 ,^? 9 :om ! poetical faculty1 ?\gh great1 is less int5se1 z ,euripides1 ,lucan1 ,tasso1 ,sp5s]1 h frequ5tly affect$ a moral aim1 & ! effect ( _! poetry is dim9i%$ 9 exact proportion to ! degree 9 :i* !y compel u to adv]t to ?is purpose4 ,hom] & ! cyclic poets 7 foll[$ at a c]ta9 int]val by ! dramatic & lyrical poets ( ,a!ns1 :o fl\ri%$ contemporane\sly ) all t is mo/ p]fect 9 ! k9dr$ expressions ( ! poetical faculty2 ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 music ! dance1 sculpture1 philosophy1 &1 we may add1 ! =ms ( civil life4 ,= al?\gh ! s*eme ( ,a!nian society 0 de=m$ by _m imp]fections :i* ! poetry exi/+ 9 *ivalry & ,*ri/ianity has eras$ f ! habits & in/itutions ( mod]n ,europe2 yet nev] at any o!r p]iod has s mu* en]gy1 beauty1 & virtue1 be5 develop$2 nev] 0 bl9d /r5g? & /ubborn =m s discipl9$ & r5d]$ subject to ! w ( man1 or t w less repugnant to ! dictates ( ! beautiful & ! true1 z dur+ ! c5tury :i* prec$$ ! dea? ( ,socrates4 ,( no o!r epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( our species h we records & fragm5ts /amp$ s visibly ) ! image ( ! div9ity 9 man4 ,b x is poetry alone1 9 =m1 9 action1 or 9 language1 :i* has r5d]$ ?is epo* memorable above all o!rs1 & ! /oreh\se ( examples to ev]la/+ "t4 ,= writt5 poetry exi/$ at t epo* simultane\sly ) ! o!r arts1 & x is an idle inquiry to dem& :i* gave & :i* receiv$ ! light1 :i* all1 z f a common focus1 h scatt]$ ov] ! d>ke/ p]iods ( succe$+ "t4 ,we "k no m ( cause & effect ?an a con/ant conjunction ( ev5ts3 poetry is ev] f\nd to coexi/ ) :atev] o!r arts contribute to ! happ9ess & p]fection ( man4 ,i appeal to :at has already be5 e/abli%$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! cause & ! effect4 ,x 0 at ! p]iod "h adv]t$ to1 t ! drama _h its bir?2 & h[ev] a succe$+ writ] may h equall$ or surpass$ ^? few great specim5s ( ! ,a!nian drama :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u1 x is indisputable t ! art itself nev] 0 und]/ood or practis$ accord+ to ! true philosophy ( x1 z at ,a!ns4 ,= ! ,a!nians employ$ language1 action1 music1 pa9t+1 ! dance1 & religi\s in/itutions1 to produce a common effect 9 ! repres5tation ( ! highe/ idealisms ( passion & ( p[]2 ea* division 9 ! art 0 made p]fect 9 its k9d by arti/s ( ! mo/ consummate skill1 & 0 discipl9$ into a beautiful proportion & unity "o t[>ds ! o!r4 ,on ! mod]n /age a few only ( ! elem5ts capable ( express+ ! image ( ! poet's conception are employ$ at once4 ,we h trag$y )\t music & danc+2 & music & danc+ )\t ! highe/ imp]sonations ( :i* !y are ! fit accompanim5t1 & bo? )\t religion & solemnity4 ,religi\s in/itution has inde$ be5 usually bani%$ f ! /age4 ,our sy/em ( dive/+ ! actor's face ( a mask1 on :i* ! _m expressions appropriat$ to 8 dramatic "* might be m\ld$ into "o p]man5t & un*ang+ expression1 is fav\rable only to a p>tial & inh>moni\s effect2 x is fit = no?+ b a monologue1 :]e all ! att5tion may be direct$ to "s great ma/] ( ideal mimicry4 ,! mod]n practice ( bl5d+ com$y ) trag$y1 ?\gh liable to great abuse 9 po9t ( practice1 is und\bt$ly an ext5sion ( ! dramatic circle2 b ! com$y %\ld be z 9 ,,k+ ,,le>1 univ]sal1 ideal1 & sublime4 ,x is p]haps ! int]v5tion ( ?is pr9ciple :i* det]m9es ! balance 9 fav\r ( ,,k+ ,,le> aga9/ ! ,,o$ipus ,,tyrannus or ! ,,agamemnon1 or1 if y w1 ! trilogies ) :i* !y are connect$2 unless ! int5se p[] ( ! *oral poetry1 especially t ( ! latt]1 %\ld be consid]$ z re/or+ ! equilibrium4 ,,k+ ,,le>1 if x c su/a9 ?is comp>ison1 may be judg$ to be ! mo/ p]fect specim5 ( ! dramatic art exi/+ 9 ! _w2 9 spite ( ! n>r[ conditions to :i* ! poet 0 subject$ by ! ignorance ( ! philosophy ( ! drama :i* has prevail$ 9 mod]n ,europe4 ,cald]on1 9 8 religi\s ,,autos1 has attempt$ to fulfil "s ( ! high conditions ( dramatic repres5tation neglect$ by ,%akespe>e2 su* z ! e/abli%+ a relation betwe5 ! drama & religion & ! accommodat+ !m to music & danc+2 b he omits ! obs]vation ( conditions /ill m important1 & m is lo/ ?an ga9$ by ! sub/itution ( ! rigidly-def9$ & ev]-repeat$ idealisms ( a di/ort$ sup]/ition = ! liv+ imp]sonations ( ! tru? ( human passion4 ,b ,i digress4--,! connexion ( sc5ic exhibitions ) ! improvem5t or corruption ( ! mann]s ( m51 has be5 univ]sally recogniz$3 9 o!r words1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( poetry 9 its mo/ p]fect & univ]sal =m1 has be5 f\nd to be connect$ ) good & evil 9 conduct or habit4 ,! corruption :i* has be5 imput$ to ! drama z an effect1 beg9s :5 ! poetry employ$ 9 its con/itution ends3 ,i appeal to ! hi/ory ( mann]s :e!r ! p]iods ( ! gr[? ( ! "o & ! decl9e ( ! o!r h n correspond$ ) an exactness equal to any example ( moral cause & effect4 ,! drama at ,a!ns1 or :]esoev] else x may h approa*$ to its p]fection1 ev] co-exi/$ ) ! moral & intellectual greatness ( ! age4 ,! trag$ies ( ! ,a!nian poets are z mirrors 9 :i* ! spectator beholds himself1 "u a ?9 disguise ( circum/ance1 /ript ( all b t ideal p]fection & en]gy :i* e "o feels to be ! int]nal type ( all t he loves1 admires1 & w\ld become4 ,! imag9ation is enl>g$ by a sympa?y ) pa9s & passions s mighty1 t !y di/5d 9 _! conception ! capacity ( t by :i* !y are conceiv$2 ! good affections are /r5g!n$ by pity1 indignation1 t]ror1 & sorr[2 & an exalt$ calm is prolong$ f ! satiety ( ?is high ex]cise ( !m into ! tumult ( famili> life3 ev5 crime is dis>m$ ( half its horror & all its contagion by be+ repres5t$ z ! fatal consequ5ce ( ! unfa?omable ag5cies ( nature2 error is ?us dive/$ ( its wilfulness2 m5 c no long] *]i% x z ! creation ( _! *oice4 ,9 a drama ( ! highe/ ord] !re is little food = c5sure or hatr$2 x tea*es r self-k & self-respect4 ,nei!r ! eye nor ! m9d c see itself1 unless reflect$ ^u t :i* x resembles4 ,! drama1 s long z x cont9ues to express poetry1 is z a prismatic & _m-sid$ mirror1 :i* collects ! brighte/ rays ( human nature & divides & reproduces !m f ! simplicity ( ^! elem5t>y =ms1 & t\*es !m ) maje/y & beauty1 & multiplies all t x reflects1 & end[s x ) ! p[] ( propagat+ its l :]ev] x may fall4 ,b 9 p]iods ( ! decay ( social life1 ! drama sympa?izes ) t decay4 ,trag$y becomes a cold imitation ( ! =m ( ! great ma/]pieces ( antiquity1 dive/$ ( all h>moni\s accompanim5t ( ! k9dr$ arts2 & (t5 ! v =m misund]/ood1 or a weak attempt to tea* c]ta9 doctr9es1 :i* ! writ] consid]s z moral tru?s2 & :i* are usually no m ?an speci\s flatt]ies ( "s gross vice or weakness1 ) :i* ! au?or1 9 common ) 8 auditors1 are infect$4 ,h5ce :at has be5 call$ ! classical & dome/ic drama4 ,addison's ,,cato is a specim5 ( ! "o2 & w\ld x 7 n sup]flu\s to cite examples ( ! o!r6 ,to su* purposes poetry _c be made subs]vi5t4 ,poetry is a sword ( lightn+1 ev] un%ea!d1 :i* consumes ! scabb>d t w\ld conta9 x4 ,& ?us we obs]ve t all dramatic writ+s ( ?is nature are unimag9ative 9 a s+ul> degree2 !y affect s5tim5t & passion1 :i*1 dive/$ ( imag9ation1 are o!r names = caprice & appetite4 ,! p]iod 9 our own hi/ory ( ! grosse/ degradation ( ! drama is ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii1 :5 all =ms 9 :i* poetry _h be5 accu/om$ to be express$ became hymns to ! triumph ( k+ly p[] ov] lib]ty & virtue4 ,milton /ood alone illum9at+ an age unwor?y ( him4 ,at su* p]iods ! calculat+ pr9ciple p]vades all ! =ms ( dramatic exhibition1 & poetry ceases to be express$ ^u !m4 ,com$y loses its ideal univ]sality3 wit succe$s to hum\r2 we laugh f self-complac5cy & triumph1 in/ead ( pleasure2 malignity1 s>casm1 & contempt1 succe$ to sympa!tic m]rim5t2 we h>dly laugh1 b we ,obsc5ity1 :i* is ev] blasphemy aga9/ ! div9e beauty 9 life1 becomes1 f ! v veil :i* x assumes1 m active if less disgu/+3 x is a mon/] = :i* ! corruption ( society = ev] br+s =? new food1 :i* x dev\rs 9 secret4 ,! drama be+ t =m "u :i* a great] numb] ( modes ( expression ( poetry are susceptible ( be+ comb9$ ?an any o!r1 ! connexion ( poetry & social good is m obs]vable 9 ! drama ?an 9 :atev] o!r =m4 ,& x is indisputable t ! highe/ p]fection ( human society has ev] correspond$ ) ! highe/ dramatic excell5ce2 & t ! corruption or ! ext9ction ( ! drama 9 a nation :]e x has once fl\ri%$1 is a m>k ( a corruption ( mann]s & an ext9ction ( ! en]gies :i* su/a9 ! s\l ( social life4 ,b1 z ,ma*iavelli says ( political in/itutions1 t life may be pres]v$ & r5ew$1 if m5 %\ld arise capable ( br++ back ! drama to its pr9ciples4 ,& ?is is true ) respect to poetry 9 its mo/ ext5d$ s5se3 all language1 in/itution & =m1 require n only to be produc$ b to be su/a9$3 ! (fice & "* ( a poet p>ticipates 9 ! div9e nature z reg>ds provid5ce1 no less ?an z reg>ds creation4 ,civil w>1 ! spoils ( ,asia1 & ! fatal pr$om9ance fir/ ( ! ,mac$onian1 & !n ( ! ,roman arms1 7 s _m symbols ( ! ext9ction or susp5sion ( ! creative faculty 9 ,greece4 ,! bucolic writ]s1 :o f\nd patronage "u ! lett]$ tyrants ( ,sicily & ,egypt1 7 ! late/ repres5tatives ( its mo/ glori\s reign4 ,_! poetry is int5sely melodi\s1 l ! od\r ( ! tub]ose1 x ov]comes & sick5s ! _s ) excess ( sweetness2 :il/ ! poetry ( ! prec$+ age 0 z a mead[-gale ( ,june1 :i* m+les ! fragrance all ! fl[]s ( ! field1 & adds a quick5+ & h>moniz+ _s ( its own1 :i* end[s ! s5se ) a p[] ( su/a9+ its extreme delight4 ,! bucolic & erotic delicacy 9 writt5 poetry is correlative ) t s(tness 9 /atu>y1 music & ! k9dr$ arts1 & ev5 9 mann]s & in/itutions1 :i* di/+ui%$ ! epo* to :i* ,i n[ ref]4 ,nor is x ! poetical faculty itself1 or any misapplication ( x1 to :i* ?is want ( h>mony is to be imput$4 ,an equal s5sibility to ! influ5ce ( ! s5ses & ! affections is to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,hom] & ,sophocles3 ! =m]1 especially1 has clo!d s5sual & pa!tic images ) irresi/ible attractions4 ,_! sup]iority ov] ^! succe$+ writ]s consi/s 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? ?\ghts :i* belong to ! inn] faculties ( our nature1 n 9 ! abs5ce ( ^? :i* are connect$ ) ! ext]nal3 _! incomp>able p]fection consi/s 9 a h>mony ( ! union ( all4 ,x is n :at ! erotic poets h1 b :at !y h n1 9 :i* _! imp]fection consi/s4 ,x is n inasmu* z !y 7 poets1 b inasmu* z !y 7 n poets1 t !y c be consid]$ ) any plausibility z connect$ ) ! corruption ( _! age4 ,_h t corruption avail$ s z to ext+ui% 9 !m ! s5sibility to pleasure1 passion1 & natural sc5]y1 :i* is imput$ to !m z an imp]fection1 ! la/ triumph ( evil w\ld h be5 a*iev$4 ,= ! end ( social corruption is to de/roy all s5sibility to pleasure2 &1 !re=e1 x is corruption4 ,x beg9s at ! imag9ation & ! intellect z at ! core1 & di/ributes itself !nce z a p>alys+ v5om1 ?r\gh ! affections into ! v appetites1 until all become a torpid mass 9 :i* h>dly s5se survives4 ,at ! approa* ( su* a p]iod1 poetry ev] addresses itself to ^? faculties :i* are ! la/ to be de/roy$1 & its voice is he>d1 l ! foot/eps ( ,a/raea1 dep>t+ f ! _w4 ,poetry ev] communicates all ! pleasure :i* m5 are capable ( receiv+3 x is ev] /ill ! light ( life2 ! s\rce ( :atev] ( beautiful or g5]\s or true c h place 9 an evil "t4 ,x w readily be confess$ t ^? among ! luxuri\s citiz5s ( ,syracuse & ,alex&ria1 :o 7 delight$ ) ! poems ( ,!ocritus1 7 less cold1 cruel1 & s5sual ?an ! remnant ( _! tribe4 ,b corruption mu/ utt]ly h de/roy$ ! fabric ( human society be=e poetry c ev] cease4 ,! sacr$ l9ks ( t *a9 h nev] be5 entirely disjo9$1 :i* desc5d+ ?r\gh ! m9ds ( _m m5 is atta*$ to ^? great m9ds1 :5ce z f a magnet ! invisible efflu5ce is s5t =?1 :i* at once connects1 animates1 & su/a9s ! life ( all4 ,x is ! faculty :i* conta9s )9 itself ! se$s at once ( its own & ( social r5ovation4 ,& let u n circumscribe ! effects ( ! bucolic & erotic poetry )9 ! limits ( ! s5sibility ( ^? to :om x 0 address$4 ,!y may h p]ceiv$ ! beauty ( ^? immortal compositions1 simply z fragm5ts & isolat$ portions3 ^? :o are m f9ely organiz$1 or born 9 a happi] age1 may recognize !m z episodes to t great poem1 :i* all poets1 l ! coop]at+ ?\ghts ( "o great m9d1 h built up s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,! same revolutions )9 a n>r[] sph]e _h place 9 anci5t ,rome2 b ! actions & =ms ( its social life nev] seem to h be5 p]fectly saturat$ ) ! poetical elem5t4 ,! ,romans appe> to h consid]$ ! ,greeks z ! selecte/ treasuries ( ! selecte/ =ms ( mann]s & ( nature1 & to h ab/a9$ f creat+ 9 measur$ language1 sculpture1 music1 or ar*itecture1 any?+ :i* might be> a p>ticul> relation to _! own condition1 :il/ x %\ld be> a g5]al "o to ! univ]sal con/itution ( ! _w4 ,b we judge f p>tial evid5ce1 & we judge p]haps p>tially ,ennius1 ,v>ro1 ,pacuvius1 & ,accius1 all great poets1 h be5 lo/4 ,lucretius is 9 ! highe/1 & ,virgil 9 a v high s5se1 a creator4 ,! *os5 delicacy ( expressions ( ! latt]1 are z a mi/ ( light :i* conceal f u ! int5se & exce$+ tru? ( 8 conceptions ( nature4 ,livy is in/9ct ) poetry4 ,yet ,horace1 ,catullus1 ,ovid1 & g5]ally ! o!r great writ]s ( ! ,virgilian age1 saw man & nature 9 ! mirror ( ,greece4 ,! in/itutions also1 & ! religion ( ,rome 7 less poetical ?an ^? ( ,greece1 z ! %ad[ is less vivid ?an ! sub/ance4 ,h5ce poetry 9 ,rome1 seem$ to foll[1 r ?an accompany1 ! p]fection ( political & dome/ic society4 ,! true poetry ( ,rome liv$ 9 its in/itutions2 = :atev] ( beautiful1 true1 & maje/ic1 !y conta9$1 c\ld h sprung only f ! faculty :i* creates ! ord] 9 :i* !y consi/4 ,! life ( ,camillus1 ! dea? ( ,regulus2 ! expectation ( ! s5ators1 9 _! godlike /ate1 ( ! victori\s ,gauls3 ! refusal ( ! republic to make peace ) ,hannibal1 aft] ! battle ( ,cannae1 7 n ! consequ5ces ( a ref9$ calculation ( ! probable p]sonal advantage to result f su* a rhy?m & ord] 9 ! %[s ( life1 to ^? :o 7 at once ! poets & ! actors ( ^! immortal dramas4 ,! imag9ation behold+ ! beauty ( ?is ord]1 creat$ x out ( itself accord+ to its own idea2 ! consequ5ce 0 empire1 & ! rew>d ev]liv+ fame4 ,^! ?+s are n ! less poetry quid c>5t vate sacro4 ,!y are ! episodes ( t cyclic poem writt5 by ,"t ^u ! memories ( m54 ,! ,pa/1 l an inspir$ rhapsodi/1 fills ! !atre ( ev]la/+ g5]ations ) _! h>mony4 ,at l5g? ! anci5t sy/em ( religion & mann]s _h fulfill$ ! circle ( its revolutions4 ,& ! _w w\ld h fall5 into utt] an>*y & d>kness1 b t !re 7 f\nd poets among ! au?ors ( ! ,*ri/ian & *ivalric sy/ems ( mann]s & religion1 :o creat$ =ms ( op9ion & action nev] be=e conceiv$2 :i*1 copi$ into ! imag9ations ( m51 become z g5]als to ! bewild]$ armies ( _! ?\ghts4 ,x is =eign to ! pres5t purpose to t\* ^u ! evil produc$ by ^! sy/ems3 except t we prote/1 on ! gr\nd ( ! pr9ciples already e/abli%$1 t no portion ( x c be attribut$ to ! poetry !y conta94 ,x is probable t ! poetry ( ,moses1 ,job1 ,david1 ,solomon1 & ,isaiah1 _h produc$ a great effect ^u ! m9d ( ,jesus & 8 disciples4 ,! scatt]$ fragm5ts pres]v$ to u by ! biograph]s ( ?is extraord9>y p]son1 are all in/9ct ) ! mo/ vivid poetry4 ,b 8 doctr9es seem to h be5 quickly di/ort$4 ,at a c]ta9 p]iod aft] ! preval5ce ( a sy/em ( op9ions f\nd$ ^u ^? promulgat$ by him1 ! ?ree =ms into :i* ,plato _h di/ribut$ ! faculties ( m9d und]w5t a sort ( apo!osis1 & became ! object ( ! wor%ip ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,"h x is to be confess$ t ',light seems to ?ick51' & ,! cr[ makes w+ to ! rooky wood1 ,good ?+s ( day beg9 to droop & dr[se1 ,& night's black ag5ts to _! preys d r\ze4 ,b m>k h[ beautiful an ord] has sprung f ! du/ & blood ( ?is fi]ce *aos6 h[ ! _w1 z f a resurrection1 balanc+ itself on ! gold5 w+s ( k & ( hope1 has reassum$ its yet unwe>i$ flight into ! heav5 ( "t4 ,li/5 to ! music1 unhe>d by outw>d e>s1 :i* is z a ceaseless & invisible w9d1 n\ri%+ its ev]la/+ c\rse ) /r5g? & swiftness4 ,! poetry 9 ! doctr9es ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! my?ology & in/itutions ( ! ,celtic conqu]ors ( ! ,roman empire1 outliv$ ! d>kness & ! convulsions connect$ ) _! gr[? & victory1 & bl5d$ !mselves 9 a new fabric ( mann]s & op9ion4 ,x is an error to impute ! ignorance ( ! d>k ages to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es or ! pr$om9ance ( ! ,celtic nations4 ,:atev] ( evil _! ag5cies may h conta9$ sprang f ! ext9ction ( ! poetical pr9ciple1 connect$ ) ! progress ( despotism & sup]/ition4 ,m51 f causes too intricate to be "h discuss$1 _h become ins5sible & selfi%3 _! own w _h become feeble1 & yet !y 7 its slaves1 & !nce ! slaves ( ! w ( o!rs3 lu/1 fe>1 av>ice1 cruelty1 & fraud1 *>act]iz$ a race among/ :om no "o 0 to be f\nd capable ( ,,creat+ 9 =m1 language1 or in/itution4 ,! moral anomalies ( su* a /ate ( society are n ju/ly to be *>g$ ^u any class ( ev5ts imm$iately connect$ ) !m1 & ^? ev5ts are mo/ entitl$ to our approbation :i* c\ld dissolve x mo/ exp$iti\sly4 ,x is un=tunate = ^? :o _c di/+ui% words f ?\ghts1 t _m ( ^! anomalies h be5 incorporat$ into our popul> religion4 ,x 0 n until ! elev5? c5tury t ! effects ( ! poetry ( ! ,*ri/ian & *ivalric sy/ems began to manife/ !mselves4 ,! pr9ciple ( equality _h be5 discov]$ & appli$ by ,plato 9 8 ,republic1 z ! !oretical rule ( ! mode 9 :i* ! mat]ials ( pleasure & ( p[]1 produc$ by ! common skill & lab\r ( human be+s1 ought to be di/ribut$ among !m4 ,! limitations ( ?is rule 7 ass]t$ by him to be det]m9$ only by ! s5sibility ( ea*1 or ! utility to result to all4 ,plato1 foll[+ ! doctr9es ( ,timaeus & ,py?agoras1 taught also a moral & intellectual sy/em ( doctr9e1 compreh5d+ at once ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future condition ( man4 ,jesus ,*ri/ divulg$ ! sacr$ & et]nal tru?s conta9$ 9 ^! views to mank9d1 & ,*ri/ianity1 9 its ab/ract purity1 became ! exot]ic expression ( ! esot]ic doctr9es ( ! poetry & wisdom ( antiquity4 ,! incorporation ( ! ,celtic nations ) ! exhau/$ population ( ! s\?1 impress$ ^u x ! figure ( ! poetry exi/+ 9 _! my?ology & in/itutions4 ,! result 0 a sum ( ! action & reaction ( all ! causes includ$ 9 x2 = x may be assum$ z a maxim t no nation or religion c sup]s$e any o!r )\t incorporat+ into itself a portion ( t :i* x sup]s$es4 ,! abolition ( p]sonal & dome/ic slav]y1 & ! emancipation ( wom5 f a great "p ( ! degrad+ re/ra9ts ( antiquity1 7 among ! consequ5ces ( ^! ev5ts4 ,! abolition ( p]sonal slav]y is ! basis ( ! highe/ political hope t x c ent] into ! m9d ( man to conceive4 ,! fre$om ( wom5 produc$ ! poetry ( sexual love4 ,love became a religion1 ! idols ( ^: wor%ip 7 ev] pres5t4 ,x 0 z if ! /atues ( ,apollo & ! ,muses _h be5 end[$ ) life & motion1 & _h walk$ =? among _! wor%ipp]s2 s t e>? became peopl$ by ! inhabitants ( a div9] _w4 ,! famili> appe>ance & proce$+s ( life became wond]ful & heav5ly1 & a p>adise 0 creat$ z out ( ! wrecks ( ,ed54 ,& z ?is creation itself is poetry1 s its creators 7 poets2 & language 0 ! in/rum5t ( _! art3 ',galeotto fu il libro1 e *i lo scrisse4' ,! ,prov5cal ,tr\veurs1 or inv5tors1 prec$$ ,petr>*1 ^: v]ses are z spells1 :i* unseal ! inmo/ en*ant$ f\nta9s ( ! delight :i* is 9 ! grief ( love4 ,x is impossible to feel !m )\t becom+ a portion ( t beauty :i* we contemplate3 x 7 sup]flu\s to expla9 h[ ! g5tl5ess & ! elevation ( m9d connect$ ) ^! sacr$ emotions c r5d] m5 m amiable1 m g5]\s & wise1 & lift !m out ( ! dull vap\rs ( ! little _w ( self4 ,dante und]/ood ! secret ?+s ( love ev5 m ?an ,petr>*4 ,8 ,vita ,nuova is an inexhau/ible f\nta9 ( purity ( s5tim5t & language3 x is ! idealiz$ hi/ory ( t p]iod1 & ^? int]vals ( 8 life :i* 7 d$icat$ to love4 ,8 apo!osis ( ,beatrice 9 ,p>adise1 & ! gradations ( 8 own love & h] lovel9ess1 by :i* z by /eps he feigns himself to h asc5d$ to ! ?rone ( ! ,supreme ,cause1 is ! mo/ glori\s imag9ation ( mod]n poetry4 ,! acute/ critics h ju/ly rev]s$ ! judgem5t ( ! vulg>1 & ! ord] ( ! great acts ( ! ',div9e ,drama'1 9 ! measure ( ! admiration :i* !y accord to ! ,hell1 ,purgatory1 & ,p>adise4 ,! latt] is a p]petual hymn ( ev]la/+ love4 ,love1 :i* f\nd a wor?y poet 9 ,plato alone ( all ! anci5ts1 has be5 celebrat$ by a *orus ( ! greate/ writ]s ( ! r5ovat$ _w2 & ! music has p5etrat$ ! cav]ns ( society1 & its e*oes /ill dr[n ! dissonance ( arms & sup]/ition4 ,at successive int]vals1 ,ario/o1 ,tasso1 ,%akespe>e1 ,sp5s]1 ,cald]on1 ,r\sseau1 & ! great writ]s ( our own age1 h celebrat$ ! dom9ion ( love1 plant+ z x 7 trophies 9 ! human m9d ( t sublime/ victory ov] s5suality & =ce4 ,! true relation borne to ea* o!r by ! sexes into :i* human k9d is di/ribut$1 has become less misund]/ood2 & if ! error :i* conf\nd$ div]sity ) inequality ( ! p[]s ( ! two sexes has be5 p>tially recogniz$ 9 ! op9ions & in/itutions ( mod]n ,europe1 we owe ?is great b5efit to ! wor%ip ( :i* *ivalry 0 ! law1 & poets ! prophets4 ,! poetry ( ,dante may be consid]$ z ! bridge ?r[n ov] ! /ream ( "t1 :i* unites ! mod]n & anci5t _w4 ,! di/ort$ notions ( invisible ?+s :i* ,dante & 8 rival ,milton h idealiz$1 are m]ely ! mask & ! mantle 9 :i* ^! great poets walk ?r\gh et]nity envelop$ & disguis$4 ,x is a difficult "q to det]m9e h[ f> !y 7 consci\s ( ! di/9ction :i* mu/ h subsi/$ 9 _! m9ds betwe5 _! own cre$s & t ( ! p4 ,dante at lea/ appe>s to wi% to m>k ! full ext5t ( x by plac+ ,riphaeus1 :om ,virgil calls ju/issimns unus1 9 ,p>adise1 & obs]v+ a mo/ h]etical caprice 9 8 di/ribution ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,& ,milton's poem conta9s )9 itself a philosophical refutation ( t sy/em1 ( :i* by a /range & natural anti!sis1 x has be5 a *ief popul> support4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! en]gy & magnific5ce ( ! "* ( ,satan z express$ 9 ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t he c\ld ev] h be5 int5d$ = ! popul> p]sonification ( evil4 ,implacable hate1 pati5t cunn+1 & a sleepless ref9em5t ( device to inflict ! extreme/ angui% on an enemy1 ^! ?+s are evil2 &1 al?\gh v5ial 9 a slave are n to be =giv5 9 a tyrant2 al?\gh r$eem$ by mu* t ennobles 8 defeat 9 "o subdu$1 are m>k$ by all t di%on\rs 8 conque/ 9 ! victor4 ,milton's ,devil z a moral be+ is z f> sup]ior to 8 ,god1 z "o :o p]sev]es 9 "s purpose :i* he has conceiv$ to be excell5t 9 spite ( adv]sity & torture1 is to "o :o 9 ! cold security ( und\bt$ triumph inflicts ! mo/ horrible rev5ge ^u 8 enemy1 n f any mi/ak5 notion ( induc+ him to rep5t ( a p]sev]ance 9 enmity1 b ) ! alleg$ design ( exasp]at+ him to des]ve new torm5ts4 ,milton has s f> violat$ ! popul> cre$ 7if ?is %all be judg$ to be a violation7 z to h alleg$ no sup]iority ( moral virtue to 8 ,god ov] 8 ,devil4 ,& ?is bold neglect ( a direct moral purpose is ! mo/ decisive pro( ( ! supremacy ( ,milton's g5ius4 ,he m+l$ z x 7 ! elem5ts ( human nature z col\rs ^u a s+le pallet1 & arrang$ !m 9 ! composition ( 8 great picture accord+ to ! laws ( epic tru?2 t is1 accord+ to ! laws ( t pr9ciple by :i* a s]ies ( actions ( ! ext]nal univ]se & ( intellig5t & e?ical be+s is calculat$ to excite ! sympa?y ( succe$+ g5]ations ( mank9d4 ,! ,div9a ,comm$ia & ,p>adise ,lo/ h conf]r$ ^u mod]n my?ology a sy/ematic =m2 & :5 *ange & "t %all h add$ "o m sup]/ition to ! mass ( ^? :i* h aris5 & decay$ ^u ! e>?1 comm5tators w be le>n$ly employ$ 9 elucidat+ ! religion ( ance/ral ,europe1 only n utt]ly =gott5 because x w h be5 /amp$ ) ! et]nity ( g5ius4 ,hom] 0 ! fir/ & ,dante ! second epic poet3 t is1 ! second poet1 ! s]ies ( ^: creations bore a def9$ & intelligible relation to ! k & s5tim5t & religion ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 & ( ! ages :i* foll[$ x3 develop+ itself 9 correspond5ce ) _! developm5t4 ,= ,lucretius _h lim$ ! w+s ( 8 swift _s 9 ! dregs ( ! s5sible _w2 & ,virgil1 ) a mode/y t ill became 8 g5ius1 _h affect$ ! fame ( an imitator1 ev5 :il/ he creat$ anew all t he copi$2 & none among ! flock ( mock-birds1 ?\gh _! notes 7 sweet1 ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,qu9tus ,calab]1 ,nonnus1 ,lucan1 ,/atius1 or ,claudian1 h s\ght ev5 to fulfil a s+le condition ( epic tru?4 ,milton 0 ! ?ird epic poet4 ,= if ! title ( epic 9 its highe/ s5se be refus$ to ! ,a5eid1 /ill less c x be conc$$ to ! ,orl&o ,furioso1 ! ,g]usalemme ,lib]ata1 ! ,lusiad1 or ! ,fairy ,que54 ,dante & ,milton 7 bo? deeply p5etrat$ ) ! anci5t religion ( ! civiliz$ _w2 & its _s exi/s 9 _! poetry probably 9 ! same proportion z its =ms surviv$ 9 ! unre=m$ wor%ip ( mod]n ,europe4 ,! "o prec$$ & ! o!r foll[$ ! ,re=mation at almo/ equal int]vals4 ,dante 0 ! fir/ religi\s re=m]1 & ,lu!r surpass$ him r 9 ! rud5ess & acrimony1 ?an 9 ! boldness ( 8 c5sures ( papal usurpation4 ,dante 0 ! fir/ awak5] ( entranc$ ,europe2 he creat$ a language1 9 itself music & p]suasion1 out ( a *aos ( inh>moni\s b>b>isms4 ,he 0 ! congregator ( ^? great spirits :o presid$ ov] ! resurrection ( le>n+2 ! ,lucif] ( t />ry flock :i* 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury %one =? f republican ,italy1 z f a heav51 into ! d>kness ( ! b5ight$ _w4 ,8 v words are in/9ct ) _s2 ea* is z a sp>k1 a burn+ atom ( inext+ui%able ?\ght2 & _m yet lie cov]$ 9 ! a%es ( _! bir?1 & pregnant ) a lightn+ :i* has yet f\nd no conductor4 ,all high poetry is inf9ite2 x is z ! fir/ acorn1 :i* conta9$ all oaks pot5tially4 ,veil aft] veil may be undrawn1 & ! inmo/ nak$ beauty ( ! mean+ nev] expos$4 ,a great poem is a f\nta9 = ev] ov]fl[+ ) ! wat]s ( wisdom & delight2 & aft] "o p]son & "o age has exhau/$ all its div9e efflu5ce :i* _! peculi> relations enable !m to %>e1 ano!r & yet ano!r succe$s1 & new relations are ev] develop$1 ! s\rce ( an un=ese5 & an unconceiv$ delight4 ,! age imm$iately succe$+ to t ( ,dante1 ,petr>*1 & ,boccaccio1 0 *>act]iz$ by a revival ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture4 ,*auc] caught ! sacr$ inspiration1 & ! sup]/ructure ( ,engli% lit]ature is bas$ ^u ! mat]ials ( ,italian inv5tion4 ,b let u n be betray$ f a def5ce into a critical hi/ory ( poetry & its influ5ce on society4 ,be x en\gh to h po9t$ out ! effects ( poets1 9 ! l>ge & true s5se ( ! ^w1 ^u _! own & all succe$+ times4 ,b poets h be5 *all5g$ to resign ! civic cr[n to reason]s & me*ani/s1 on ano!r plea4 ,x is admitt$ t ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation is mo/ delightful1 b x is alleg$ t t ( reason is m useful4 ,let u exam9e z ! gr\nds ( ?is di/9ction1 :at is "h meant by utility4 ,pleasure or good1 9 a g5]al s5se1 is t :i* ! consci\sness ( a s5sitive & intellig5t be+ seeks1 & 9 :i*1 :5 f\nd1 x acquiesces4 ,!re are two k9ds ( pleasure1 "o durable1 univ]sal & p]man5t2 ! o!r transitory & p>ticul>4 ,utility may ei!r express ! means ( produc+ ! =m] or ! latt]4 ,9 ! =m] s5se1 :atev] /r5g!ns & purifies ! affections1 enl>ges ! imag9ation1 & adds _s to s5se1 is useful4 ,b a n>r[] mean+ may be assign$ to ! ^w utility1 conf9+ x to express t :i* bani%es ! importunity ( ! wants ( our animal nature1 ! surr\nd+ m5 ) security ( life1 ! disp]s+ ! gross] delusions ( sup]/ition1 & ! conciliat+ su* a degree ( mutual =be>ance among m5 z may consi/ ) ! motives ( p]sonal advantage4 ,und\bt$ly ! promot]s ( utility1 9 ?is limit$ s5se1 h _! appo9t$ (fice 9 society4 ,!y foll[ ! foot/eps ( poets1 & copy ! sket*es ( _! creations into ! book ( common life4 ,!y make space1 & give "t4 ,_! ex]tions are ( ! highe/ value1 s long z !y conf9e _! adm9i/ration ( ! conc]ns ( ! inf]ior p[]s ( our nature )9 ! limits due to ! sup]ior ones4 ,b :il/ ! sceptic de/roys gross sup]/itions1 let him sp>e to deface1 z "s ( ! ,fr5* writ]s h defac$1 ! et]nal tru?s *>act]$ ^u ! imag9ations ( m54 ,:il/ ! me*ani/ abridges1 & ! political economi/ comb9es lab\r1 let !m bew>e t _! speculations1 = want ( correspond5ce ) ^? fir/ pr9ciples :i* belong to ! imag9ation1 d n t5d1 z !y h 9 mod]n ,engl&1 to exasp]ate at once ! extremes ( luxury & want4 ,!y h exemplifi$ ! say+1 ',to him t ha?1 m %all be giv52 & f him t ha? n1 ! little t he ha? %all be tak5 away4' ,! ri* h become ri*]1 & ! poor h become poor]2 & ! vessel ( ! /ate is driv5 betwe5 ! ,scylla & ,*>ybdis ( an>*y & despotism4 ,su* are ! effects :i* mu/ ev] fl[ f an unmitigat$ ex]cise ( ! calculat+ faculty4 ,x is difficult to def9e pleasure 9 its highe/ s5se2 ! def9ition involv+ a numb] ( app>5t p>adoxes4 ,=1 f an inexplicable defect ( h>mony 9 ! con/itution ( human nature1 ! pa9 ( ! inf]ior is frequ5tly connect$ ) ! pleasures ( ! sup]ior portions ( our be+4 ,sorr[1 t]ror1 angui%1 despair itself1 are (t5 ! *os5 expressions ( an approximation to ! highe/ good4 ,our sympa?y 9 tragic fiction dep5ds on ?is pr9ciple2 trag$y delights by af=d+ a %ad[ ( ! pleasure :i* exi/s 9 pa94 ,?is is ! s\rce also ( ! melan*oly :i* is insep>able f ! sweete/ melody4 ,! pleasure t is 9 sorr[ is sweet] ?an ! pleasure ( pleasure itself4 ,& h5ce ! say+1 ',x is bett] to g to ! h\se ( m\rn+1 ?an to ! h\se ( mir?4' ,n t ?is highe/ species ( pleasure is necess>ily l9k$ ) pa94 ,! delight ( love & fri5d%ip1 ! ec/asy ( ! admiration ( nature1 ! joy ( ! p]ception & /ill m ( ! creation ( poetry1 is (t5 :olly unalloy$4 ,! production & assurance ( pleasure 9 ?is highe/ s5se is true utility4 ,^? :o produce & pres]ve ?is pleasure are poets or poetical philosoph]s4 ,! ex]tions ( ,locke1 ,hume1 ,gibbon1 ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 ,footnote3 ,al?\gh ,r\sseau has be5 ?us class$1 he 0 ess5tially a poet4 ,! o!rs1 ev5 ,voltaire1 7 m]e reason]s4 & _! disciples1 9 fav\r ( oppress$ & delud$ humanity1 are entitl$ to ! gratitude ( mank9d4 ,yet x is easy to calculate ! degree ( moral & intellectual improvem5t :i* ! _w w\ld h exhibit$1 _h !y nev] liv$4 ,a little m nons5se w\ld h be5 talk$ = a c5tury or two2 & p]haps a few m m51 wom51 & *ildr51 burnt z h]etics4 ,we might n at ?is mom5t h be5 congratulat+ ea* o!r on ! abolition ( ! ,inquisition 9 ,spa94 ,b x exce$s all imag9ation to conceive :at w\ld h be5 ! moral condition ( ! _w if nei!r ,dante1 ,petr>*1 ,boccaccio1 ,*auc]1 ,%akespe>e1 ,cald]on1 ,"l ,bacon1 nor ,milton1 _h ev] exi/$2 if ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo _h nev] be5 born2 if ! ,hebrew poetry _h nev] be5 translat$2 if a revival ( ! /udy ( ,greek lit]ature _h nev] tak5 place2 if no monum5ts ( anci5t sculpture _h be5 h&$ d[n to u2 & if ! poetry ( ! religion ( ! anci5t _w _h be5 ext+ui%$ toge!r ) its belief4 ,! human m9d c\ld nev]1 except by ! int]v5tion ( ^! excitem5ts1 h be5 awak5$ to ! inv5tion ( ! gross] sci5ces1 & t application ( analytical reason+ to ! ab]rations ( society1 :i* x is n[ attempt$ to exalt ov] ! direct expression ( ! inv5tive & creative faculty itself4 ,we h m moral1 political & hi/orical wisdom1 ?an we "k h[ to r$uce into practice2 we h m sci5tific & economical k ?an c be accommodat$ to ! j di/ribution ( ! produce :i* x multiplies4 ,! poetry 9 ^! sy/ems ( ?\ght1 is conceal$ by ! accumulation ( facts & calculat+ processes4 ,!re is no want ( k respect+ :at is wise/ & be/ 9 morals1 gov]nm5t1 & political economy1 or at lea/1 :at is wis] & bett] ?an :at m5 n[ practise & endure4 ,b we let ',i ,,d>e ,,n wait ^u ,i ,,w\ld1 l ! poor cat 9 ! adage4' ,we want ! creative faculty to imag9e t :i* we "k2 we want ! g5]\s impulse to act t :i* we imag9e2 we want ! poetry ( life3 our calculations h outrun conception2 we h eat5 m ?an we c dige/4 ,! cultivation ( ^? sci5ces :i* h enl>g$ ! limits ( ! empire ( man ov] ! ext]nal _w1 has1 = want ( ! poetical faculty1 proportionally circumscrib$ ^? ( ! int]nal _w2 & man1 hav+ enslav$ ! elem5ts1 rema9s himself a slave4 ,to :at b a cultivation ( ! me*anical arts 9 a degree disproportion$ to ! pres5ce ( ! creative faculty1 :i* is ! basis ( all k1 is to be attribut$ ! abuse ( all inv5tion = abridg+ & comb9+ lab\r1 to ! exasp]ation ( ! inequality ( mank9d8 ,f :at o!r cause has x aris5 t ! discov]ies :i* %\ld h light5$1 h add$ a weight to ! curse impos$ on ,adam8 ,poetry1 & ! pr9ciple ( ,self1 ( :i* money is ! visible1 inc>nation1 are ! ,god & ,mammon ( ! _w4 ,! functions ( ! poetical faculty are two-fold2 by "o x creates new mat]ials ( k & p[] & pleasure2 by ! o!r x eng5d]s 9 ! m9d a desire to reproduce & arrange !m accord+ to a c]ta9 rhy?m & ord] :i* may be call$ ! beautiful & ! good4 ,! cultivation ( poetry is nev] m to be desir$ ?an at p]iods :51 f an excess ( ! selfi% & calculat+ pr9ciple1 ! accumulation ( ! mat]ials ( ext]nal life exce$ ! quantity ( ! p[] ( assimilat+ !m to ! int]nal laws ( human nature4 ,! body has !n become too unwieldy = t :i* animates x4 ,poetry is inde$ some?+ div9e4 ,x is at once ! c5tre & circumf]5ce ( k2 x is t :i* compreh5ds all sci5ce1 & t to :i* all sci5ce mu/ be ref]r$4 ,x is at ! same "t ! root & blossom ( all o!r sy/ems ( ?\ght2 x is t f :i* all spr+1 & t :i* adorns all2 & t :i*1 if blight$1 d5ies ! fruit & ! se$1 & )holds f ! b>r5 _w ! n\ri%m5t & ! succession ( ! scions ( ! tree ( life4 ,x is ! p]fect & consummate surface & bloom ( all ?+s2 x is z ! od\r & ! col\r ( ! rose to ! texture ( ! elem5ts :i* compose x1 z ! =m & spl5d\r ( unfad$ beauty to ! secrets ( anatomy & corruption4 ,:at 7 virtue1 love1 patriotism1 fri5d%ip--:at 7 ! sc5]y ( ?is beautiful univ]se :i* we inhabit2 :at 7 our consolations on ?is side ( ! grave--& :at 7 our aspirations beyond x1 if poetry did n asc5d to br+ light & fire f ^? et]nal regions :]e ! owl-w+$ faculty ( calculation d>e n ev] so>8 ,poetry is n l reason+1 a p[] to be ex]t$ accord+ to ! det]m9ation ( ! w4 ,a man _c say1 ',i w compose poetry4' ,! greate/ poet ev5 _c say x2 = ! m9d 9 creation is z a fad+ coal1 :i* "s invisible influ5ce1 l an incon/ant w9d1 awak5s to transitory brightness2 ?is p[] arises f )91 l ! col\r ( a fl[] :i* fades & *anges z x is develop$1 & ! consci\s portions ( our natures are unprophetic ei!r ( its approa* or its dep>ture4 ,c\ld ?is influ5ce be durable 9 its orig9al purity & =ce1 x is impossible to pr$ict ! greatness ( ! results2 b :5 composition beg9s1 inspiration is already on ! decl9e1 & ! mo/ glori\s poetry t has ev] be5 communicat$ to ! _w is probably a feeble %ad[ ( ! orig9al conceptions ( ! poet4 ,i appeal to ! greate/ poets ( ! pres5t day1 :e!r x is n an error to ass]t t ! f9e/ passages ( poetry are produc$ by lab\r & /udy4 ,! toil & ! delay recomm5d$ by critics1 c be ju/ly int]pret$ to mean no m ?an a c>eful obs]vation ( ! inspir$ mom5ts1 & an artificial connexion ( ! spaces betwe5 _! sugge/ions by ! int]texture ( conv5tional expressions2 a necessity only impos$ by ! limit$ness ( ! poetical faculty itself2 = ,milton conceiv$ ! ,p>adise ,lo/ z a :ole be=e he execut$ x 9 portions2 ,we h 8 own au?ority also = ! muse hav+ 'dictat$' to him ! 'unprem$itat$ song'4 ,& let ?is be an answ] to ^? :o w\ld allege ! fifty-six v>i\s read+s ( ! fir/ l9e ( ! ,orl&o ,furioso4 ,compositions s produc$ are to poetry :at mosaic is to pa9t+4 ,?is in/9ct & intuition ( ! poetical faculty1 is /ill m obs]vable 9 ! pla/ic & pictorial arts2 a great /atue or picture gr[s "u ! p[] ( ! arti/ z a *ild 9 ! "m's womb2 & ! v m9d :i* directs ! h&s 9 =mation is incapable ( acc\nt+ to itself = ! orig91 ! gradations1 or ! m$ia ( ! process4 ,poetry is ! record ( ! be/ & happie/ mom5ts ( ! happie/ & be/ m9ds4 ,we are aw>e ( evanesc5t visitations ( ?\ght & feel+ sometimes associat$ ) place or p]son1 sometimes reg>d+ our own m9d alone1 & always aris+ un=ese5 & dep>t+ unbidd51 b elevat+ & delightful beyond all expression2 s t ev5 9 ! desire & regret !y leave1 !re _c b be pleasure1 p>ticipat+ z x does 9 ! nature ( its object4 ,x is z x 7 ! int]p5etration ( a div9] nature ?r\gh our own2 b its foot/eps are l ^? ( a w9d ov] ! sea1 :i* ! com+ calm erases1 & ^: traces rema9 only1 z on ! wr9kl$ s& :i* paves x4 ,^! & correspond+ conditions ( be+ are exp]i5c$ pr9cipally by ^? ( ! mo/ delicate s5sibility & ! mo/ enl>g$ imag9ation2 & ! /ate ( m9d produc$ by !m is at w> ) e base desire4 ,! en?usiasm ( virtue1 love1 patriotism1 & fri5d%ip1 is ess5tially l9k$ ) su* emotions2 & :il/ !y la/1 self appe>s z :at x is1 an atom to a univ]se4 ,poets are n only subject to ^! exp]i5ces z spirits ( ! mo/ ref9$ organization1 b !y c col\r all t !y comb9e ) ! evanesc5t hues ( ?is e!real _w2 a ^w1 a trait 9 ! repres5tation ( a sc5e or a passion1 w t\* ! en*ant$ *ord1 & reanimate1 9 ^? :o h ev] exp]i5c$ ^! emotions1 ! sleep+1 ! cold1 ! buri$ image ( ! pa/4 ,poetry ?us makes immortal all t is be/ & mo/ beautiful 9 ! _w2 x arre/s ! vani%+ app>itions :i* haunt ! int]lunations ( life1 & veil+ !m1 or 9 language or 9 =m1 s5ds !m =? among mank9d1 be>+ sweet news ( k9dr$ joy to ^? ) :om _! si/]s abide--abide1 because !re is no portal ( expression f ! cav]ns ( ! _s :i* !y inhabit into ! univ]se ( ?+s4 ,poetry r$eems f decay ! visitations ( ! div9ity 9 man4 ,poetry turns all ?+s to lovel9ess2 x exalts ! beauty ( t :i* is mo/ beautiful1 & x adds beauty to t :i* is mo/ de=m$2 x m>ries exultation & horror1 grief & pleasure1 et]nity & *ange2 x subdues to union "u its light yoke1 all irreconcilable ?+s4 ,x transmutes all t x t\*es1 & e =m mov+ )9 ! radiance ( its pres5ce is *ang$ by wondr\s sympa?y to an inc>nation ( ! _s :i* x brea!s3 its secret al*emy turns to potable gold ! poison\s wat]s :i* fl[ f dea? ?r\gh life2 x /rips ! veil ( famili>ity f ! _w1 & lays b>e ! nak$ & sleep+ beauty1 :i* is ! _s ( its =ms4 ,all ?+s exi/ z !y are p]ceiv$2 at lea/ 9 relation to ! p]cipi5t4 ',! m9d is its own place1 & ( itself c make a heav5 ( hell1 a hell ( heav54' ,b poetry defeats ! curse :i* b9ds u to be subject$ to ! accid5t ( surr\nd+ impressions4 ,& :e!r x spreads its own figur$ curta91 or )draws life's d>k veil f be=e ! sc5e ( ?+s1 x equally creates = u a be+ )9 our be+4 ,x makes u ! inhabitants ( a _w to :i* ! famili> _w is a *aos4 ,x reproduces ! common univ]se ( :i* we are portions & p]cipi5ts1 & x purges f our inw>d sight ! film ( famili>ity :i* obscures f u ! wond] ( our be+4 ,x compels u to feel t :i* we p]ceive1 & to imag9e t :i* we "k4 ,x creates anew ! univ]se1 aft] x has be5 annihilat$ 9 our m9ds by ! recurr5ce ( impressions blunt$ by reit]ation4 ,x ju/ifies ! bold & true words ( ,tasso3 ,non m]ita nome di creatore1 se non ,iddio ed il ,poeta4 ,a poet1 z he is ! au?or to o!rs ( ! highe/ wisdom1 pleasure1 virtue & glory1 s he ought p]sonally to be ! happie/1 ! be/1 ! wise/1 & ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( m54 ,z to 8 glory1 let "t be *all5g$ to decl>e :e!r ! fame ( any o!r in/itutor ( human life be comp>able to t ( a poet4 ,t he is ! wise/1 ! happie/1 & ! be/1 inasmu* z he is a poet1 is equally incontrov]tible3 ! greate/ poets h be5 m5 ( ! mo/ spotless virtue1 ( ! mo/ consummate prud5ce1 &1 if we w\ld look into ! int]ior ( _! lives1 ! mo/ =tunate ( m53 & ! exceptions1 z !y reg>d ^? :o possess$ ! poetic faculty 9 a high yet inf]ior degree1 w be f\nd on consid]ation to conf9e r ?an de/roy ! rule4 ,let u = a mom5t /oop to ! arbitration ( popul> brea?1 & usurp+ & unit+ 9 our own p]sons ! incompatible *>act]s ( accus]1 witness1 judge1 & execution]1 let u decide )\t trial1 te/imony1 or =m1 t c]ta9 motives ( ^? :o are '!re sitt+ :]e we d>e n so>'1 are repreh5sible4 ,let u assume t ,hom] 0 a drunk>d1 t ,virgil 0 a flatt]]1 t ,horace 0 a c[>d1 t ,tasso a madman1 t ,"l ,bacon 0 a peculator1 t ,raphael 0 a lib]t9e1 t ,sp5s] 0 a poet laureate4 ,x is inconsi/5t ) ?is division ( our subject to cite liv+ poets1 b po/]ity has done ample ju/ice to ! great names n[ ref]r$ to4 ,_! errors h be5 weigh$ & f\nd to h be5 du/ 9 ! balance2 if _! s9s '7 z sc>let1 !y are n[ :ite z sn['2 !y h be5 wa%$ 9 ! blood ( ! m$iator & r$eem]1 ,"t4 ,obs]ve 9 :at a ludicr\s *aos ! imputation ( real or fictiti\s crime h be5 confus$ 9 ! contempor>y calumnies aga9/ poetry & poets2 consid] h[ little is1 z x appe>s--or appe>s1 z x is2 look to y\r own motives1 & judge n1 le/ ye be judg$4 ,poetry1 z has be5 said1 diff]s 9 ?is respect f logic1 t x is n subject to ! control ( ! active p[]s ( ! m9d1 & t its bir? & recurr5ce h no necess>y connexion ) ! consci\sness or w4 ,x is presumptu\s to det]m9e t ^! are ! necess>y conditions ( all m5tal causation1 :5 m5tal effects are exp]i5c$ unsusceptible ( be+ ref]r$ to !m4 ,! frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! poetical p[]1 x is obvi\s to suppose1 may produce 9 ! m9d a habit ( ord] & h>mony correlative ) its own nature & its effects ^u o!r m9ds4 ,b 9 ! int]vals ( inspiration1 & !y may be frequ5t )\t be+ durable1 a poet becomes a man1 & is ab&on$ to ! sudd5 reflux ( ! influ5ces "u :i* o!rs habitually live4 ,b z he is m delicately organiz$ ?an o!r m51 & s5sible to pa9 & pleasure1 bo? 8 own & t ( o!rs1 9 a degree unkn[n to !m1 he w avoid ! "o & pursue ! o!r ) an ard\r proportion$ to ?is diff]5ce4 ,& he r5d]s himself obnoxi\s to calumny1 :5 he neglects to obs]ve ! circum/ances "u :i* ^! objects ( univ]sal pursuit & flight h disguis$ !mselves 9 "o ano!r's g>m5ts4 ,b !re is no?+ necess>ily evil 9 ?is error1 & ?us cruelty1 envy1 rev5ge1 av>ice1 & ! passions purely evil1 h nev] =m$ any portion ( ! popul> imputations on ! lives ( poets4 ,i h ?\ght x mo/ fav\rable to ! cause ( tru? to set d[n ^! rem>ks accord+ to ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 sugge/$ to my m9d1 by a consid]ation ( ! subject itself1 in/ead ( obs]v+ ! =mality ( a polemical reply2 b if ! view :i* !y conta9 be j1 !y w be f\nd to involve a refutation ( ! argu]s aga9/ poetry1 s f> at lea/ z reg>ds ! fir/ division ( ! subject4 ,i c readily conjecture :at %\ld h mov$ ! gall ( "s le>n$ & intellig5t writ]s :o qu>rel ) c]ta9 v]sifi]s2 ,i confess myself1 l !m1 unwill+ to be /unn$1 by ! ,!seids ( ! ho>se ,codri ( ! day4 ,bavius & ,maevius und\bt$ly are1 z !y ev] 71 insuff]able p]sons4 ,b x belongs to a philosophical critic to di/+ui% r ?an conf\nd4 ,! fir/ "p ( ^! rem>ks has relat$ to poetry 9 its elem5ts & pr9ciples2 & x has be5 %[n1 z well z ! n>r[ limits assign$ !m w\ld p]mit1 t :at is call$ poetry1 9 a re/rict$ s5se1 has a common s\rce ) all o!r =ms ( ord] & ( beauty1 accord+ to :i* ! mat]ials ( human life are susceptible ( be+ arrang$1 & :i* is poetry 9 a univ]sal s5se4 ,! second "p w h = its object an application ( ^! pr9ciples to ! pres5t /ate ( ! cultivation ( poetry1 & a def5ce ( ! attempt to idealize ! mod]n =ms ( mann]s & op9ions1 & compel !m into a subord9ation to ! imag9ative & creative faculty4 ,= ! lit]ature ( ,engl&1 an en]getic developm5t ( :i* has ev] prec$$ or accompani$ a great & free developm5t ( ! national w1 has aris5 z x 7 f a new bir?4 ,9 spite ( ! l[-?\ght$ envy :i* w\ld und]value contempor>y m]it1 our own w be a memorable age 9 intellectual a*ievem5ts1 & we live among su* philosoph]s & poets z surpass beyond comp>ison any :o h appe>$ s9ce ! la/ national /ruggle = civil & religi\s lib]ty4 ,! mo/ unfail+ h]ald1 companion1 & foll[] ( ! awak5+ ( a great p to "w a b5eficial *ange 9 op9ion or in/itution1 is poetry4 ,at su* p]iods !re is an accumulation ( ! p[] ( communicat+ & receiv+ int5se & impassion$ conceptions respect+ man & nature4 ,! p]sons 9 :om ?is p[] resides may (t51 z f> z reg>ds _m portions ( _! nature1 h little app>5t correspond5ce ) t _s ( good ( :i* !y are ! m9i/]s4 ,b ev5 :il/ !y d5y & abjure1 !y are yet compell$ to s]ve1 ! p[] :i* is seat$ on ! ?rone ( _! own s\l4 ,x is impossible to read ! compositions ( ! mo/ celebrat$ writ]s ( ! pres5t day )\t be+ />tl$ ) ! electric life :i* burns )9 _! words4 ,!y measure ! circumf]5ce & s\nd ! dep?s ( human nature ) a compreh5sive & all-p5etrat+ _s1 & !y are !mselves p]haps ! mo/ s9c]ely a/oni%$ at its manife/ations2 = x is less _! _s ?an ! _s ( ! age4 ,poets are ! hi]ophants ( an unappreh5d$ inspiration2 ! mirrors ( ! gigantic %ad[s :i* futurity ca/s ^u ! pres5t2 ! words :i* express :at !y und]/& n2 ! trumpets :i* s+ to battle1 & feel n :at !y inspire2 ! influ5ce :i* is mov$ n1 b moves4 ,poets are ! unackn[l$g$ legislators ( ! _w4 ,,! ,,end