,,froebel ,,z ,a ,,pione] ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,psy*ology ,,froebel ,,z ,a ,,pione] ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,psy*ology ,,by ,e4 ,r4 ,,murray ,au?or ( 8,a ,/ory ( ,infant ,s*ools & ,k9d]g>t5s0 8,?r\gh ! battle1 ?r\gh defeat1 mov+ yet & nev] /opp+4 ,pione]s6 ,o ,pione]s60 ,,baltimore ,md4 ,,w>wick ,,york1 ,,inc4 #aiad 7,all rights res]v$7 ,,preface ,"s day ,froebel w come to 8 own1 & ! c>efulness ( 8 obs]vation1 ! dep? ( 8 ?\ght1 ! tru? ( 8 !ories1 & ! success ( 8 actual exp]im5ts 9 education w all be ackn[l$g$4 ,!re are few s*ools n[adays s mod]n z ! %ort-liv$ ,keilhau1 ) its _s ( fre$om & indep5d5ce & its 8,areopagus0 9 :i* ! boys !mselves judg$ grave misdemean\rs :ile ! ma/]s settl$ small] matt]s alone4 ,!re are few s*ools n[ :i* h su* an all-r\nd curriculum1 includ+1 z x did1 ! "m tongue z well z classics & mod]n languages2 anci5t & mod]n hi/ory2 ,nature /udy & ,nature rambles2 s*ool j\rneys1 la/+ = two or ?ree weeks & ext5d+ z f> z ,switz]l& = ! old] lads1 :ile ! y\ng] boys visit$ ,g]man t[ns & 7 made acqua9t$ ) peasant life2 def9ite in/ruction 9 field-"w1 9 build+ & c>p5try1 etc42 religi\s tea*+ 9 :i* ,midd5dorf endeav\r$ 8to %[ ! m]its ( ! religions ( all nations02 physical tra9+ ) ! out-(-doors wre/l+ gr\nd & %oot+ /& & gymnasium 8= e sp>e mom5t ( ! w9t]10 & organiz$ games2 & dramatic tea*+ :]e 8classic dramas0 & o!r plays 7 p]=m$1 & = :i* ! boys built ! /age & pa9t$ ! sc5es4 ,!re 0 ev5 co-education1 8flirtation be+ unkn[n10 because all _h _! heads s full ( m important matt]s1 b :]e free int]c\rse ( boy & girl 8s(t5$ ! mann]s ( ! "y ,g]man savages40 ,! purpose ( ?is book is to %[ t all ^! ?+s1 besides ! ,k9d]g>t5 & ! excell5t plan = ! ,helba ,in/itute1 did n come into be+ by *ance1 b 7 ! outcome ( ! deep reflection ( a man :o comb9$ ! sci5tific ) ! philosophic temp]am5t2 & :o1 because 8 ideal z a tea*] 0 8,education by ,developm5t10 _h made a special /udy ( ! in/9ctive t5d5cies1 & ! requirem5ts ( diff]5t /ages ( *ild developm5t1 z ,i h tri$ to prove 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi & ,,vii4 ,i %\ld l to expla9 "o or two po9ts1 fir/1 t ?\gh = all quotations ,i h ref]r$ to ! mo/ commonly us$ translations ( ,froebel's writ+s1 yet ,i h frequ5tly giv5 my own r5d]+ :5 ! o!r seem$ inadequate2 secondly1 t ,i h endeav\r$ to give ! context z (t5 z possible1 & h also giv5 ! actual ,g]man words1 t ,i might n be accus$ ( read+ 9 mod]n ideas :i* are n really 9 ! text2 &1 la/ly1 t ,i h purposely repeat$ quotations r ?an give my read]s ! tr\ble ( turn+ back to ano!r page4 ,9 conclusion may ,i take ?is opportunity ( pay+ grateful ?anks fir/ to ,miss ,alice ,words & to ,miss ,k4 ,m4 ,cl>ke1 )\t ^: k9d enc\ragem5t ,i %\ld nev] h complet$ my task1 & also to ,pr(essor ,alex&] = sev]al helpful sugge/ions1 & to ,miss ,ida ,sa*s = fri5dly help4 ,e4 ,r4 ,,murray4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,froebel',s ,,anticipation ,,( ,,mod]n ,,psy*ology #a ,,ii4 ,,froebel',s ,,analysis ,,( ,,m9d #ab ,,iii4 ,,w ,,& ,,its ,,e>ly ,,manife/ations #bb ,,iv4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,consci\sness #cf ,v4 ,,h[ ,,consci\sness ,,is ,,diff]5tiat$4--,,! ,,place ,,( ,,action ,,9 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,p]ception ,,& ,,( ,,feel+ #dg ,,vi4 ,,in/9ct ,,& ,,in/9cts #ff ,,vii4 ,,play ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,"w #abb ,,viii4 ,,froebel',s ,,play-,,mat]ial ,,& ,,its ,,orig9al ,,purpose #adh ,,ix4 ,,weak ,,po9ts ,,consid]$ #afh ,x4 ,,"s ,,criticisms ,,answ]$ #aij ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,activity0 #bac ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,plays ,,not$ ,,by ,,froebel ,,) ,,! ,,enum]ation ,,giv5 ,,by ,,groos #bai ,,index #bbe ,,explanation ,,( ,,ref]5ces ,to ! ,works ( ,froebel quot$ 9 ! text ,e ,,education ,,( ,,man4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,w4 ,n4 ,,hailmann4 ,m ,,mutt] ,u4 ,,kose ,,li$]4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,f4 ,,& ,e4 ,,"l4 ,p ,,p$agogics ,,( ,,! ,,k9d]g>t54 ,,translat$ ,,by ,,joseph9e ,,j>vis4 ,l ,,lett]s4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,,emilie ,,mi*aelis ,a ,,autobiography4 ,,& ,h4 ,,keatley ,,moore1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,,mus4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,froebel',s ,,anticipation ,,( ,,mod]n ,,psy*ology 8,a great man condemns ! _w to ! task ( expla9+ him40 ,! purpose ( ?is little book is to %[ t ,froebel's educational !ories 7 bas$ on psy*ological views ( a type mu* m mod]n ?an is at all g5]ally und]/ood4 ,x is frequ5tly /at$ t ,froebel's psy*ology is conspicu\s by its abs5ce1 b 9 a some:at close /udy ( ,froebel's writ+s ,i h be5 aga9 & aga9 surpris$ to f9d h[ mu* ,froebel seems to h anticipat$ mod]n psy*ology4 ,a probable reason = ! ov]look+ ( s mu* s\nd psy*ological tru? is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t mu* ( x is obscur$ by details :i* seem to u trivial1 b :i* ,froebel meant z applications ( ! !ories he 0 endeav\r+ to make cle> to m9ds n only innoc5t (1 b incapable (1 psy*ology4 ,mo/ educationi/s h read 8,! ,education ( ,man10 b few outside ! ,k9d]g>t5 _w are likely to h be/[$ mu* ?\ght on ,froebel's lat] writ+s4 ,x is 9 ^!1 h[ev]1 t we see ,froebel wat*+ ) e>ne/ att5tion t e>lie/ m5tal developm5t :i* is n[ reg>d$ z a di/9ct *apt] 9 m5tal sci5ce1 b :i* 0 !n l>gely if n entirely ignor$4 ,) ! same _s ( inquiry & ! same field = inve/igation--= *ildr5 act$ & ?\ght !n z !y act & ?9k n[--x is only natural t ,froebel %\ld h made at lea/ "s ( ! same discov]ies z ! g5etic psy*ologi/ ( to-day4 ,x w\ld be unfair at any date to expect a complete psy*ology f a writ] ^: subject is n m5tal sci5ce1 b education4 ,mi/akes1 too1 "o mu/ expect1 & ^! are n to be ignor$4#a ,/ill !re rema9s a solid am\nt ( psy*ological discov]y = :i* ,froebel has _h z yet b little cr$it4 ,inde$1 j z 8 disciples h be5 incl9$1 l all disciples1 to ?9k t _! ma/] has said ! la/ ^w on 8 own subject1 s h oppon5ts ( ,froebelian doctr9es1 irritat$ p]haps by ^! pret5sions1 made direct attacks on some:at insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,9 a lat] *apt]1 an attempt has be5 made to deal ) :at seems unf\nd$ 9 su* attacks4#b ,! major "p ( ! book1 h[ev]1 is int5d$ to %[ ! correctness ( ,froebel's views on po9ts n[ reg>d$ z ( fundam5tal importance1 & g5]ally recogniz$ z mod]n !ories4 ,= ?is purpose passages f ,froebel's writ+s are "h comp>$ ) simil> passages f su* und\bt$ au?orities z ,dr4 ,james ,w>d1 ,pr(essor ,/\t1 ,pr(essor ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,macd\gall1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,irv+ ,k+1 & o!rs4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld be not$ t ,froebel 0 fully aw>e ( ! necessity = a psy*ological basis = 8 educational !ories4 ,writ+ 9 #ahda1 he says3 8,i am firmly conv9c$ t all ! ph5om5a ( ! *ild _w1 ^? :i* delight u1 z well z ^? :i* grieve u1 dep5d ^u fix$ laws z def9ite z ^? ( ! cosmos1 ! planet>y sy/em & ! op]ations ( ,nature2 x is !re=e possible to discov] !m & exam9e !m4 ,:5 once we "k & h assimilat$ ^! laws1 we %all be able p[]fully to c\nt]act any retrograde & faulty t5d5cies 9 *ildr51 & to enc\rage1 at ! same "t1 all t is good & virtu\s40--,l41 p4 #ia4 ,nor 0 ,froebel 9 any d\bt z to h[ ^! laws are to be discov]$1 & 8 ord] ( inve/igation is v simil> to t prescrib$ by ,pr(essor ,/\t4 ,! latt]1 ?\gh reg>d+ g5etic psy*ology z 8! mo/ important & mo/ int]e/+10 consid]s t x %\ld be prec$$ by3--#a1 ,a g5]al analysis ( consci\sness1 analytic & l>gely introspective2 #b1 ,an inve/igation ( ! laws ( m5tal process1 8analytic also1 inasmu* z we endeav\r to asc]ta9 ! g5]al laws ( m5tal process by analysis ( ! fully develop$ m9d40 ,froebel1 too1 reg>ds ! analytic z a necess>y prep>ation = ! g5etic1 & says t p>5ts & tea*]s1 :o wi% to supply ! ne$s ( ! *ild at diff]5t /ages ( developm5t3 8are to consid] life fir/ly ?r\gh look+ into !mselves1 into ! c\rse ( _! own developm5t1 its ph5om5a & its claims--?r\gh ! retrospection 7,rckblick7 ( ! e>lie/ possible ye>s ( _! own lives1 & also ! introspection 7,e9blick7 ( _! pres5t lives1 t _! own exp]i5ce may furni% a key to ! problem ( ! *ild's condition 7d5 ,zu/& des ,k9des 9 si* zu ls574 ,secondly1 by ! deepe/ possible se>* into ! life ( ! *ild1 & into :at he mu/ necess>ily require accord+ to 8 pres5t /age ( developm5t40--,p41 p4 #afh4 ,pr(essor ,/\t adds lat] t an?ropology & philology may ultimately yield results z important z ^? yield$ by physiology4 ,froebel c\ld h no idea ( ! physiological p>allel to m5tal process1 b he did n omit ! an?ropological inquiry1 = 9 ano!r passage he enl>ges 8 fir/ po9t1 decl>+ t3 8,x is ess5tial = p>5ts & tea*]s1 = ! sake ( _! *ildr51 & t _! educational ef=ts may meet ) a ri* rew>d1 n only to recall z f> z possible ! fir/ ph5om5a1 ! c\rse & conditions ( ! developm5t ( _! own lives1 b t !y %\ld comp>e ?is ) ! ph5om5a1 ! c\rse & conditions ( ! developm5t ( ! _w1 & ( life 9 g5]al 9 ,nature & ,hi/ory1 & s by degrees raise !mselves to a k ( ! g5]al z well z ( ! p>ticul> laws ( life developm5t1 t ! guidance ( ! *ild may f9d 9 ^! laws a high] & /rong]--_! true f\ndation1 z well z _! sure/ det]m9ation40--,p41 p4 #ff4 ,ev5 8 detractors g5]ally all[ t ,froebel _h a wond]ful insight into *ild-nature1 b ?is is too (t5 spok5 ( z if x 7 due to "s specializ$ faculty ( intuition1 n kn[n to psy*ology4 ,froebel's k ( *ild-nature came to him precisely z x comes to ! psy*ologi/ ( ! pres5t day1 ?r\gh pati5t obs]vation ( ! do+s ( little *ildr51 & ?\ghtful int]pretation ( _! possible mean+4 ,x is true t he drew 8 conclusions f too n>r[ a field1 b ( ?is he 0 well aw>e4 ,9 a lett] to a c\s9 ?ank+ h] = ! 8comp>ative acc\nt ( ! v>i\s manife/ations ( *ildr510 :i* %e _h s5t him1 he compla9s1 & ?is1 be x rememb]$1 9 #ahdj1 t 8x is a subject to :i* "o c r>ely get ev5 cultivat$ p>5ts to pay att5tion10 & he adds3 8,i w\ld beg ( y to collect z _m obs]vations = me z y c1 bo? ?+s :i* y y\rself h obs]v$1 & also rem>ks made by y\r ,rob]t & ! o!r *ildr5 :5 at play4 ,if y h ! "t = ?is1 pray d x = ! fur!rance ( ! cause2 o!r fri5ds are at "w = me 9 ! same way40--,l41 p4 #fg4 ,9 ano!r lett] to ?is c\s9 he says3 8,x w\ld delight me greatly if y c\ld confide to me :at y rememb] ( y\r feel+s1 p]ceptions1 & ideas z a "m greet+ ! new-born life ( h] infant1 & y\r obs]vations ( ! fir/ movem5ts ( its limbs & ! beg9n+ ( ! developm5t ( its s5ses40--,l41 p4 #aaj4 ,to ano!r fri5d he writes3 8,9 ! int]e/s ( ! *ildr5 ,i h /ill ano!r reque/ to make--t y w\ld record 9 writ+ ! mo/ important facts ab\t ea* sep>ate *ild4 ,x seems to me mo/ necess>y = ! compreh5sion1 & = ! true treatm5t ( *ild-nature1 t su* obs]vations %\ld be made public f "t to "t1 9 ord] t *ildr5 may become bett] & bett] und]/ood 9 _! manife/ations1 & may !re=e be m rightly treat$1 & t true c>e & obs]vation ( unsophi/icat$ *ildhood may ev] increase40--,l41 p4 #hi4 ,froebel made ^! reque/s1 z he made 8 own obs]vations1 z ! result ( ! conviction ) :i* he decl>es himself 8?or\ghly p5etrat$10 8t ! movem5ts ( ! "y & delicate m9d ( ! *ild1 al?\gh z yet s small z to be almo/ unnoticeable1 are ( ! mo/ ess5tial consequ5ce to 8 future life40--,p41 p4 #ec4 8,:y d we obs]ve ! *ild less ?an ! g]m ( a plant8 ,is x to be suppos$ t 9 ! *ild1 ! capacity to become a complete human be+ is conta9$ less ?an 9 ! acorn is conta9$ ! capacity to become a /rong1 vigor\s & complete oak80--,p41 p4 #fb4 8,we _c pass ov] unm5tion$ ! fact1 ess5tial = ! :ole life ( ! *ild1 = ! :ole c\rse ( 8 developm5t1 t ph5om5a & impressions :i* seem to u insignificant1 & :i* we g5]ally leave unnotic$1 h = ! *ild1 & especially = 8 inn] _w1 mo/ important results1 s9ce ! *ild develops m ?r\gh :at seems to u small & imp]ceptible1 ?an ?r\gh :at appe>s to u l>ge & /rik+ ''' h5ce--:olly contr>y to prevail+ op9ion--n[h]e is consid]ation ( t :i* is small & insignificant ( m importance ?an 9 ! nurs]y40--,p41 p4 #abe4 ,pr(essor ,dewey1 "o ( ! few important educational writ]s :o d ju/ice to ,froebel z a pione]1 gives z a g5]al summ>y ( 8 educational pr9ciples3 8#a4 ,t ! prim>y bus9ess ( s*ool is to tra9 *ildr5 9 co-op]ative & mutually helpful liv+2 to fo/] 9 !m ! consci\sness ( mutual int]dep5d5ce1 & to help !m practically 9 mak+ ! adju/m5ts t w c>ry ?is _s into ov]t de$s4 8#b4 ,t ! prim>y root ( all educative activity is 9 ! in/9ctive1 impulsive attitudes & activities ( ! *ild1 & n 9 ! pres5tation & application ( ext]nal mat]ial1 :e!r ?r\gh ! ideas ( o!rs or ?r\gh ! s5ses2 & t1 accord+ly1 numb]less spontane\s activities ( *ildr51 plays1 games1 mimic ef=ts1 ev5 ! app>5tly mean+less motions ( infants--exhibitions previ\sly ignor$ z trivial1 futile1 or ev5 condemn$ z positively evil--are capable ( educational use1 nay1 are ! f\ndation-/ones ( educational ef=t4 8#c4 ,t ^! individual t5d5cies & activities are organiz$ & direct$ ?r\gh ! uses made ( !m 9 keep+ up ! co-op]ative liv+ already spok5 (2 tak+ advantage ( !m to reproduce on ! *ild's plane ! typical do+s & occupations ( ! l>g] matur] society into :i* he is f9ally to g =?2 & t x is ?r\gh production & creative use t valuable k is secur$ & cl9*$40#c ,s little1 h[ev]1 are ^! pr9ciples und]/ood z ,froebel's1 t 9 ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y = ,july1 #aijj1 a pap] 0 publi%$ on 8,! ,recon/ruction ( ! ,k9d]g>t510 :]e9 x 0 ma9ta9$ t ! basis ( recon/ruction mu/ be ! *ild's natural in/9cts4 ,! writ]1 ,mr4 ,eby1 _h app>5tly no idea t ! ,k9d]g>t5 0 orig9ally bas$ on ?is v f\ndation4 ,he evid5tly did n "k t ,froebel has giv51 9 8 8,education ( ,man10 a v fair acc\nt ( ^! in/9cts1 omitt+ no?+ ( great importance1 & po9t+1 at lea/1 to a bett] pr9ciple ( classification ?an t adopt$ by ,mr4 ,eby4#d ,x is1 h[ev]1 only fair to ,froebel to m5tion t he himself reg>d$ 8 own acc\nt z f> f be+ comm5surate ) ! importance ( ! subject1 = ! ye> foll[+ t ( ! publication ( 8,! ,education ( ,man0 he writes3 8,s9ce ^! spontane\s activities ( *ildr5 h n yet be5 ?or\ghly ?\ght out f a high po9t ( view1 & h n yet be5 reg>d$ f :at ,i might almo/ call _! cosmical & an?ropological side1 we may f day to day expect "s philosoph] to write a compreh5sive book ab\t !m40--,a41 p4 #gf4 ,! problems ,froebel endeav\r$ to solve are precisely ^? :i* are absorb+ ! g5etic psy*ologi/ ( ! pres5t day1 z /at$1 = example1 9 ,mr4 ,irv+ ,k+'s 8,psy*ology ( ,*ild ,developm5t10 viz43 8to exam9e ! v>i\s =ms ( ! *ild's activity1 to get "s insight into ! nature ( ! *ild himself0--8to get at ! mean+ ( *ild-life 9 t]ms ( itself40 ,e read] ( 8,! ,education ( ,man0 w rememb] h[ ,froebel uses 8 own boyi% rem9isc5ces to help o!rs to und]/& *ildi% actions (t5 utt]ly misund]/ood4 ,9 8 pap] on 8,movem5t ,plays0 he writes3 8,9 t nurture ( *ildhood :i* is int5d$ to assi/ developm5t1 x is by no means suffici5t to supply play-mat]ial 9 proportion m]ely to ! /age ( developm5t already outw>dly manife/4 ,x is at ! same "t ( ! utmo/ importance to trace out ! inn] process ( developm5t & to satisfy its dem&s4''' ,9 ! nurture1 developm5t1 & education ( ! *ild1 & especially 9 ! attempt to employ him1 8 own nature1 8 own life & en]gy mu/ be ! ma9 consid]ation4 ,! k ( isolat$ & ext]nal ph5om5a may occasionally be a guide-po/ po9t+ our direction1 b x c nev] be a pa? lead+ to ! specific aim ( *ild culture & education2 = ! condition ( education is none o!r ?an compreh5sion ( ! :ole nature & ess5ce ( humanity z manife/$ 9 ! *ild40--,p41 p4 #bci4 ,j z ,mr4 ,irv+ ,k+1 writ+ 9 #aijd1 says t we mu/ take z our />t+-po9t ! *ild's bodily activities1 s did ,froebel too decl>e1 t3 8,! pres5t "t makes ^u ! educator ! :olly indisp5sable requirem5t--to compreh5d ! e>lie/ activity1 ! fir/ action ( ! *ild40--,p41 p4 #af4 ,to ?is fir/ action1 ,froebel devotes a :ole pap]1 8,das er/e ,k9de/hun10 ! op5+ s5t5ce ( :i* conta9s ! words3 8,z ! new-born *ild1 l a ripe gra9 ( corn1 be>s life )9 itself :i* w be develop$ progressively & spontane\sly1 ?\gh 9 close connection ) life 9 g5]al1 s activity & action are ! fir/ manife/ations ( awak5+ *ild-life40--,p41 p4 #bc4 ,writ+ 9 #ahdg1 ,froebel says t 8decision1 zeal1 & p]sev]ance0 mu/ be br\ght to be> ^u 8 plan1 9 ord] t3 87a7 ,m c>eful obs]vation ( ! *ild1 8 relation%ips & 8 l9e ( developm5t1 may become g5]al among/ u2 & !reby 87b7 ,a bett] gr\nd$ insight be obta9$ into ! *ild's be+1 m5tal & physical1 & ! g5]al collective conditions ( 8 life4''' ,deep] insight w be ga9$ into ! mean+ & importance ( ! *ild's actions & outw>d manife/ations40--,l41 p4 #bdh4 ,?is quotation is important z %[+ t ,froebel 0 delib]ately look+ = 8a l9e ( developm5t10 t he might bett] und]/& 8! *ild's be+1 m5tal & physical40 ,consid]+ t ,froebel wrote betwe5 #ahbf & #ahej1 ! important po9ts on :i* he may be said to h successfully anticipat$ mod]n psy*ology are1 8 recognition t ! m9d is :at he calls 8a tri-unity0 ( action1 feel+1 & ?\ght2 8 treatm5t ( e>ly m5tal activity & 8 def9ition ( w2 8 conception ( ! e>lie/ consci\sness z an undiff]5tiat$ :ole2 8 recognition ( ! importance ( action n only 9 ! realm ( p]ception1 b also 9 t ( feel+2 & 8 surpris+ly complete acc\nt ( in/9ct4 ,su* anticipations are due to ! fact t ! idea ( developm5t !n new to ! sci5tific _w possess$ 8 v s\l4 8,humanity1 :i* lives only 9 its cont9u\s developm5t & cultivation1 seems to u dead & /ation>y1 some?+ to be modell$ ov] aga9 & aga9 9 accordance ) its pres5t type4 ,we are ignorant ( our own nature & ! nature ( humanity4'''0--,e41 p4 #adf4 8,god nei!r +rafts nor inoculates4 ,he develops ! mo/ trivial & imp]fect ?+s 9 cont9u\sly asc5d+ s]ies & 9 accordance ) et]nal self-gr\nd$ & self-develop+ laws4 ,& ,god-lik5ess is & ought to be man's highe/ aim 9 ?\ght & de$40--,e41 p4 #cbh4 ,ju/ice has already be5 done to ,froebel's philosophy by ,dr4 ,john ,angus ,mac,vannel1 :o says 9 8 clos+ p>agraph3 8,froebel's sy/em has t unmi/akable m>k ( greatness ab\t x t makes x wor? our fai?ful ef=t to und]/& x1 & turn its conclusions to our advantage4''' ,8 philosophy ( education tak5 z a :ole seems1 p]haps1 ! mo/ satisfactory we h yet _h4 ,"o _c b believe1 h[ev]1 t ! c&id read] w at times f9d conclusions 9 8 writ+s su/a9$ by reason+s1 t are inadequately develop$ & important que/ions by no means satisfactorily answ]$4''' ,on ! o!r h& we mu/ n =get t x is insight1 r ?an exactitude1 t is ! life ( a philosophy2 h]e9 lies ! secret ( ,froebel's la/+ influ5ce & p[]40#e ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,froebel',s ,,analysis ,,( ,,m9d ,x is probably due to ! emphasis :i* ,froebel laid ^u ! c>eful obs]vation & equally c>eful int]pretation ( ! v e>lie/ manife/ations ( m5tal activity1 t 8 views z to m5tal analysis approa* s closely to m mod]n ideas4 ,8 psy*ology _c possibly be dismiss$ z 8faculty psy*ology0 9 :i* ! m9d ( a *ild is reg>d$ z a small] & weak] replica ( ! m9d ( an adult4 ,! old] psy*ologies1 ,pr(essor ,/\t po9ts out1 are bas$ *iefly1 if n entirely1 on introspection alone1 :ile ,froebel1 z we h already se51 dem&$ close obs]vation ( *ildr5 9 g5]al1 & ( 8ea* sep>ate *ild10 z well z consid]ation ( m5tal developm5t 9 ! race1 9 addition to introspection4 ,?is 8too exclusive reliance ^u introspection0 to :i* ,pr(essor ,/\t ref]s z 8! fundam5tal error0 ( ! faculty psy*ology1 caus$ ! old] writ]s to inf] t j z a *ild is possess$ ( legs1 arms & h&s1 small] & weak]1 b o!rwise app>5tly ! same z ^? ( an adult1 ev5 s did he possess m5tal 8faculties10 su* z memory & imag9ation1 :i*1 l ! little legs & arms1 only requir$ ex]cise 9 ord] to gr[ /rong4 8,x nev] occurr$ to !m10 writes ,pr(essor ,/\t1 8t ! p[]s ( und]/&+1 will+1 imag9+1 etc41 in/ead ( exi/+ at ! outset1 might h aris5 z ! result ( a long s]ies ( *anges1 ea* ( :i* pav$ ! way = ! next40 ,x did m ?an 8occur0 to ,froebel1 x 0 a c>d9al po9t ) him4 ,pr(essor ,/\t po9ts out t ! idea ( developm5t is ess5tial to m5tal sci5ce1 & ,froebel 0 a biologi/ actually /udy+ developm5t1 be=e he became a psy*ologi/4 ,he came to ! /udy ( m9d prep>$ to f9d j su* a s]ies ( *anges4#f ,9 speak+ ( evolution 9 g5]al1 he says3 8,ea* successive /age ( developm5t does n exclude ! prec$+1 b takes x up into itself1 ennobl$1 uplift$1 p]fect$40--,p41 p4 #aih4 ,he speaks (3 8! ma/] ?\ght1 ! fundam5tal idea ( our "t1 t is1 ! education & developm5t ( mank9d40--,l41 p4 #adi4 ,& 9 8 8,education ( ,man10 9 a long & eloqu5t passage on ! ne$ = cont9uity ( tra9+ f ! t9ie/ ( beg9n+s1 he says3 8,x is highly p]nici\s & ev5 de/ructive to consid] ! /ages ( human developm5t z di/9ct1 & n z life %[s !m1 cont9u\s 9 !mselves1 9 unbrok5 transitions40--,e41 p4 #bg4 ,! analysis ( m9d :i* ,froebel recognizes1 is ! /ill commonly accept$ 8tri-p>tite10 b he nev] fails to ref] to ?is z a unity or a tri-unity4 ,inde$1 8 con/ant h>p+ ^u ?is /r+ becomes almo/ we>isome1 9 spite ( ! +5uity ) :i* he cont9ually v>ies 8 t]ms4 8,! e>ly ph5om5on ( *ild-life1 ( human exi/5ce 9 *ildhood1 is an activity1 "o ) feel+ & p]ception 7,wahrnehm5740--,p41 p4 #bc4 8,t ! nature ( man %[s itself e>ly 9 ! life ( ! *ild1 z feel+1 act+ & repres5t+1 ?9k+ & p]ceiv+1 & t 9 ?is tri-unity is includ$ ! :ole ( 8 life utt]ance & activity1 we h said repeat$ly1 & x lies op5 = any "o to notice40--,p41 p4 #abb4 ,disguis$ z ,love1 ,life1 & ,light1 ?is tr9ity is made ! connection ( man1 on ! "o side ) ,nature1 on ! o!r side ) ,god4 ,god--:o is ,life1 ,love1 & ,light1 ! ,all--%[s ,himself 9 ,nature1 9 ! univ]se z life 7en]gy71 9 humanity z love1 & 9 wisdom or 9 ! _s z light4 ,en]gy or life man %>es ) ,nature2 by love he is unit$ ) humanity2 & by light or wisdom he is at "o ) ,god4 ,= 8 8gift plays0 ,froebel claims t !y 8take hold ( ! *ild 9 ! tri-unity ( 8 nature03 8,z n[ ea* ( ! s+le plays sep>ately consid]$ takes hold ( ! *ild e>ly1 9 ! tri-unity ( 8 nature1 z do+1 feel+1 & ?9k+1 s yet m d ! employm5ts z a :ole40--,p41 p4 #ef4 ,& a =cible passage runs3 8,only if ! *ild is treat$ ?r\gh fo/]+ 8 in/9ct = activity 9 ! tri-unity ( 8 nature1 z liv+1 lov+1 & p]ceiv+1 9 ! unity ( 8 life1 only ?us c he develop z t :i* he is1 ! manifold & organiz$1 b 9 himself s+le1 :ole40--,p41 p4 #ab4 ,?is developm5t ( ! ?reefold yet s+le nature con/itutes ! 8h>moni\s developm5t10 reit]at$ ad nauseam & )\t explanation1 9 ,k9d]g>t5 text-books4 ,x is also ! key to mu* t seems to u useless detail z to ! toys & games ( e>ly *ildhood4 ,! "m is told t3 8,x is ( ! highe/ importance = ! nurse to consid] ! e>lie/ & slighte/ traces ( ! organization 7,gli$]ung7 )9 itself ( ! *ild's m9d z bodily1 emotional & intellectual1 t 9 8 developm5t f m]e exi/5ce to p]ception & ?\ght1 none ( ^! directions ( 8 nature %\ld be fo/]$ at ! exp5se ( ! o!r ''' ! real f\ndation1 ! />t+-po9t ( human developm5t is ! he>t & ! emotions1 b cultivation ( action & ?\ght 7die ,ausbildung zur ,t und zum ,d5k57 mu/ g side by side ) x1 con/antly & insep>ably3 & ?\ght mu/ =m itself into action1 & action resolve & cle> itself into ?\ght2 b bo? h _! roots 9 ! emotional nature40#g--,p41 p4 #db4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! foll[+ quotation f a lett] writt5 9 #ahea t[>ds ! close ( ,froebel's life might almo/ be tak5 f a text-book ( ! pres5t day3 8,we f9d also ?ree attitudes1 sph]es ( "w1 & regions ( m9d 9 man3 87#a7 ! region ( ! s\l1 ! he>t1 ,feel+2 87#b7 ! region ( ! m9d1 ! head1 ,intellect2 87#c7 ! region ( ! active life1 ! putt+ =? to actual de$1 ,w4 8,z m5tal attitudes ^! ?ree divisions seem ! wid] ap>t ! m we contemplate !m2 z sph]es ( "w & regions ( m9d !y seem q sep>ate & p]fect opposites4 ,b ! highe/ & mo/ absolute opposition is t :i* mo/ ne$s1 & necessitates reconciliation2 complete opposites condition _! unit+ l9k4 ,! ne$ = ! unit+ l9k appe>s 9 almo/ e circum/ance ( life4''' ,to satisfy t ne$ is ! mo/ imp]ative ne$ n[ set be=e ! human race1 ''' y w realize t ! /r5g!n+ ( "* :i* we all agree to be a necessity ( ! age1 is to be ga9$ n only by /imulat+ & elevat+ ! s\l & ! emotions1 b by rais+ ! :ole m9d1 by tra9+ ! intellect & ! w4''' ,!n ! he>t w\ld ackn[l$ge & e/eem ! intellectual p[]1 j z ! intellect already recognizes feel+ z t :i* gives true w>m? to our lives2 & life z a :ole w\ld make manife/ ! s\l :i* quick5s exi/5ce1 & gives x a mean+1 z well z ! intellect :i* gives x precision & culture4 ,intellect1 feel+ & w w\ld !n unite1 a _m-sid$ p[]1 to build up & con/itute our life4 ,9 ! room ( ! un/able "* :i* mu/ result f ! m]e cultivation ( ! "o dep>tm5t ( emotion2 9 ! room ( ! d\bt1 or1 ,i might say empty negation1 :i* too (t5 proce$s f ! m]e cultivation ( ! intellect2 9 ! room ( ! mat]ialism1 animalism1 & s5suality :i* mu/ come f ! m]e att5tion to ! body1 & physical side ( our nature2 we %\ld !n h ! h>moni\s developm5t ( e side ( our nature alike1 we %\ld !n be able to build up a life :i* w\ld be ev]y:]e 9 t\* ) ,god1 ) physical nature1 ) humanity at l>ge40--,l41 p4 #cjj4 ,9 8 article 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,dr4 ,w>d says1 t 9 tak+ up ! "q ( :at we exactly mean by ?9k+1 8we are really pass+ "o ( ! h>de/ & fa/e/ l9es ( ! old psy*ology--t betwe5 s5se & und]/&+4 ,s long z x 0 ! fa%ion to assume a multiplicity ( faculties ! ne$ 0 less felt = a cle> exposition ( _! connection4 ,a man _h s5ses & intellect mu* z he _h eyes & e>s2 ! het]og5eity 9 ! "o case 0 no m puzzl+ ?an 9 ! o!r40 ,9 ?is connection x c aga9 be %[n t ,froebel 0 9 advance ( ! old psy*ologi/s4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! two games 9 ! ,"m-,play book deal+ ) s5se-tra9+--two out ( =ty-n9e1 ! rema9d] deal+ *iefly ) action--he makes x v cle> t he draws no h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 s5se & und]/&+4 ,he tells ! "m t ,nature speaks to ! *ild ?r\gh ! s5ses1 :i* act z gateways to ! _w )91 b t light comes f ! m9d3 8,dur* die ,s9ne1 s*lies/ si* auf des ,inn]n ,?or ,do* d] ,gei/ i/'s d] dies zieht ans ,li*t h]vor40 ,& :5 he says t ! baby 9 ! cradle %\ld n be left unoccupi$ if x wakes1 he uses a pron\n 9 ! s+ul> 9 ref]r+ to 8! activity ( s5se & m9d40 ,he sugge/s hang+ a cage conta9+ a lively bird 9 ! *ild's l9e ( vision & adds3 8,?is attracts ! activity ( ! *ild's s5ses & m9d & gives x n\ri%m5t 9 _m ways40#h--;,e41 p4 #di4 ,! faculty psy*ology & ! =mal discipl9e !ory t came f x1 says ,pr(essor ,horne1 did n admit ! possibility ( tra9+ "o faculty1 e4g4 p]ception1 by tra9+ ano!r1 e4g4 reason1 8x 0 n ! m9d t 0 tra9$1 b its faculties40 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( ! m]e/ infant t ,froebel uses su* expressions z 8! awak5+ p[] ( ?\ght10 8! t5d]e/ gr[? ( m9d10 & tells ! "m t he 8%[s trace ( ?\ght1 & c draw conclusions40 ,! ball is giv5 to ! baby to help him 8to f9d himself 9 ! mid/ ( 8 p]ceptive1 op]ative1 & 8 comp>+ 7?9k+7 activity40#i--,p41 p4 #ee4 ,long ye>s be=e ?is he _h writt5 ( ! tea*+ ( draw+1 8?is in/ruction addresses itself to ! s5ses1 & ?r\gh !m to ! p[] ( ?\ght40--,e41 p4 #bid4 8,he :o does n p]ceive traces ( ! future developm5t ( ! *ild1 :o does n fo/] ^! ) self-consci\sness & wisdom1 :5 !y lie hidd5 9 ! dep?s & 9 ! night1 w n see !m cle>ly1 w n n\ri% !m suitably1 at lea/1 n suffici5tly1 :5 !y lie op5 be=e him40--,p41 p4 #eh4 ,in/ead ( ready-made faculties ,froebel recognizes possibilities1 conditions1 :i* w rema9 possibilities if ! necess>y /imulus is n =?com+1 = 9 not+ h[ ! "m talks to h] infant1 ?\gh %e is oblig$ to confess t !re c be no und]/&+ ( h] words1 he says ! "m's in/9ctive action is "r3 8= t :i* w "o day develop1 & :i* mu/ orig9ate1 beg9s & mu/ beg9 :5 z yet no?+ exi/s b ! conditions1 ! possibility40--,p41 p4 #dj4 ,else:]e he asks3 8,is x to be suppos$ t 9 ! *ild ! capacity = becom+ a complete human be+ is conta9$ less ?an 9 ! acorn is conta9$ ! capacity to become a /rong1 vigor\s & complete oak80--,p41 p4 #fb4 ,& he speaks ( h[ ! "m appeals to ! infant z 8und]/&+1 p]ceptive & capable1 = :]e !re is n ! g]m ( some?+1 t some?+ c nev] be call$ =? & appe>40--,p41 p4 #ca4 ,x is true t 9 ! same passage 9 :i* he speaks ( 8! t5d]e/ gr[? ( m9d10 he does speak ( m5tal p[]s 7,gei/eskrfte71 z inde$ e "o does1 b a few l9es above he has spok5 ( 8! cultivation ( ! m5tal p[] ( ! *ild 9 diff]5t directions40#aj ,besides1 ! m5tal p[]s to :i* he "h alludes1 & :i* are to be awak5$ & fo/]$ 9 ! infant1 are ! p[]s 8to comp>e1 to inf]1 to judge1 to ?9k40--,p41 p4 #eg4 ,"h1 too1 ,froebel gives a description ( :at he means by memory1 & x is cle>ly n a sep>ate faculty consid]$ ap>t f ano!r faculty1 viz4 imag9ation3 8,! plays c>ri$ on ) ! ball awak5 & ex]cise ! p[] ( ! *ild's m9d to place aga9 be=e himself m5tally a vani%$ object1 to see x m5tally ev5 :5 ! out] p]ception is gone2 ^! games awak5 & practise ! p[] ( re-pres5t+1 ( rememb]+1 ( hold+ fa/ 9 remembrance an object =m]ly pres5t1 ( aga9 ?9k+ ( x2 t is1 !y fo/] ! memory40--,p41 p4 #eg4 ,s ev5 ! infant is to ?9k1 & ! progress is well describ$ 9 ! ,"m ,plays z 8f exp]i5ce ( a ?+1 jo9$ ) ?\ght ab\t x1 up to pure ?\ght40--,m41 p4 #aba4 ,9 a lecture#aa giv5 _m ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,w>d s\ght to drive home to tea*]s ! futility ( ?is h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 s5se tra9+ & tra9+ to ?9k4 ,& !re are "s int]e/+ p>allels betwe5 ,dr4 ,w>d's metaphors "h & ,froebel's writ+ 9 8,! ,education ( ,man40 ,dr4 ,w>d said3 8,tra9+ ( ! s5ses1 z x is n v happily call$1 is1 if x is any?+1 s mu* intellectual ex]cise4''' ,& no?+ c be m absurd ?an to suppose x is n necess>y4''' ,by a judici\s tra9+ 9 obs]vation y beg9 to make a *ild ?9k :5 x is five ye>s old4''' ,if a *ild is to ?9k to any purpose1 he mu/ ?9k z he goes on2 z soon z ! mat]ial he has ga!r$ beg9s to oppress him he mu/ ?9k x into %ape1 or x w t5d to smo!r intellectual life at its dawn1 z a bee is dr[n$ 9 its own honey1 = want ( cells 9 :i* to /ore x40 ,x is 9 describ+ h[ ! little *ild collects pebbles1 twigs1 leaves1 etc41 t ,froebel writes3 8,! *ild loves all ?+s t ent] 8 small horizon & ext5d 8 little _w4 ,to him ! lea/ ?+ is a new discov]y2 b x mu/ n come dead into ! little _w1 nor lie dead !re91 le/ x obscure ! small horizon & cru% ! little _w4''' ,x is ! long+ = int]pretation t urges ! *ild to appeal to u ''' ! int5se desire = ?is t urges him to br+ 8 treasures to u & lay !m 9 our laps40--,e41 p4 #gc4 ,! help we are told to give at fir/ is m]ely to supply ! *ild ) a "n1 = 8?r\gh ! "n ! =m is reta9$ 9 memory & def9$ 9 ?\ght40 ,lat] ! "m is told to provide 8enc\ragem5t & help1 t ! *ild may weave into a :ole :at he has f\nd scatt]$ & p>t$40 ,z a type ( ! help consid]$ necess>y we h3 8#8,"m1 are ! pigeons & h5s birds1 = ! pigeons live 9 pigeon-h\ses & ! *ick5s don't fly8' #8,h !y no fea!rs1 *ild2 h !y no w+s8 ,hav5't !y two legs l all birds8' #8,are ! bees & butt]flies & beetles birds1 too3 = !y h w+s & fly mu* high]4'''' #8,look1 !y h no fea!rs1 !y build no ne/s4'0--,m41 p4 #ef4 ,9 ano!r passage ,froebel calls x n only advisable b necess>y t ! p>5ts1 )\t be+ p$antic or ov]-anxi\s1 %\ld connect ! *ild's do+s ) language1 because ?is 8increases k1 & awak5s t judgm5t & reflection 7die ,ur!ilskraft und das ,na*d5k571 to :i* man1 left to ,nature1 does n atta9 suffici5tly e>ly40--,e41 p4 #gi4 ,giv+ names1 & help+ 9 classification is surely a suffici5t p>allel to ,dr4 ,w>d's 8?9k+ ! mat]ial into %ape10 & j z ! latt] says t by su* tra9+ y c 8make a *ild ?9k0 :5 x is five ye>s old1 s ,froebel 9 8 *apt] on 8,man 9 ,e>lie/ ,*ildhood0 makes 8 ideal fa!r 8sum up 8 rule ( conduct 9 a few words10 decl>+ t3 8,to lead *ildr5 e>ly to ?9k1 ?is ,i consid] ! fir/ & =emo/ object ( *ild-tra9+40--,e41 p4 #hg4 ,froebel's !ories1 !n1 _c be dismiss$ z bas$ on 8faculty psy*ology10 s9ce x seems cle> t :]ev] he f\nd !m 8 views on m5tal analysis 7 v simil> to ^? n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,x is m rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t he %\ld h mod]n views ab\t ,conation & ,w4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,w ,,& ,,its ,,e>ly ,,manife/ations ,x is op5 to d\bt :e!r any mod]n psy*ologi/ has yet giv5 a bett] def9ition ( fully develop$ ,w ?an t giv5 by ,froebel eighty-sev5 ye>s ago3 8,w is ! m5tal activity ( man ev] consci\sly proce$+ f a def9ite po9t1 9 a def9ite direction1 to a def9ite consci\s end & aim1 9 h>mony ) ! :ole nature ( humanity40--,e41 p4 #if4 ,) ?is def9ition comp>e :at ,pr(essor ,/\t has to say3 8,9 its mo/ complex developm5ts1 m5tal activity takes ! =m ( self-consci\s & delib]ate volition1 9 :i* ! />t+-po9t is ! idea ( an end to be atta9$1 & ! desire to atta9 x2 & ! goal is ! realization ( ?is end1 by ! production ( a long s]ies ( *anges 9 ! ext]nal _w ''' x belongs to ! ess5ce ( w1 n m]ely to be direct$ t[>ds an end1 b to ideally anticipate ?is & consci\sly aim at x40#ab ,betwe5 ^! two def9itions ! diff]5ce is 9 ! omission 9 ,froebel's def9ition ( any m5tion ( desire1 & ?is is suppli$ a little lat]1 :51 hav+ /at$ t 8by s*ool "h is meant nei!r ! s*oolroom1 nor s*ool-keep+1 b ! consci\s communication ( k = a def9ite purpose1 & 9 def9ite connection10 he ends up )3 8,by ?is k1 in/ruction & ! s*ool are to lead man f desire to w1 f activity ( w to firmness ( w1 & ?us cont9ually advanc+1 to ! atta9m5t ( 8 de/9y1 ( 8 e>?ly p]fection40--,e41 p4 #aci4 ,n[ ,pr(essor ,/\t's :ole psy*ology is f\nd$ on 8 conception ( m5tal activity4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 second volume he says3 8,! read] is already famili> ) my g5]al doctr9e4 ,x has p]vad$ ! :ole treatm5t ( psy*ological topics 9 ?is "w4 ,! aim ( ! pres5t *apt] is to pres5t x 9 a m sy/ematic =m1 & to gu>d x aga9/ objections4 ,our />t+-po9t lies 9 ! conception ( m5tal activity z ! direction ( m5tal process t[>ds an end40 ,x is di/9ctly significant1 !re=e1 to f9d h[ closely ,froebel's ideas on ! subject resemble ,pr(essor ,/\t's conception ( m5tal activity4 8,consci\s process10 writes ,pr(essor ,/\t1 8is 9 e mom5t direct$ t[>ds an end1 :e!r ?is end be di/9ctly or vaguely recogniz$ by ! consci\s subject1 or n recogniz$ at all40 ,froebel writes3 8,9 all activity1 9 e de$ ( man1 ev5 z a *ild1 yes ! v smalle/1 an aim is express$1 a ref]5ce to some?+1 to ! fur!r+ or repres5t+ ( some?+2 ''' ?us ! *ild /rives1 ev5 if unconsci\sly1 to make 8 inn] life objective1 & ?r\gh t p]ceptible1 t s he may become consci\s ( x40--,p41 pp4 #bcg-bdj4 ,! same idea1 t consci\s process is direct$ to an end1 ?\gh !re may be no consci\sness ( t end1 is giv5 9 ano!r passage1 :]e ,froebel is speak+ ( ! ne$ = satisfy+ a *ild's normal desire = play?+s4 8,v (t5 ! *ild seeks = some?+1 nev]!less he himself does n "k at all :at he seeks2 at ano!r "t he puts some?+ away f him & aga9 kn[s n :y40--,p41 p4 #afh4 ,( ! e>lie/ m5tal activity ,pr(essor ,/\t writes3 8,9 its e>lie/ & simple/ =m1 m5tal activity consi/s 9 ^? simple reactions :i* )\t be+ det]m9$ by any def9ite idea ( an end to be realiz$1 t5d on ! :ole to ! ma9t5ance ( imm$iate pleasure & ! avoidance ( imm$iate pa940 ,! movem5ts ( ! organism at ?is e>lie/ /age 8seem prim>ily adapt$ to ! cons]vation & fur!rance ( vital process 9 g5]al40#ac ,froebel speaks ( ! *ild's ef=ts3 8to put f> f him t :i* is oppos$ to ! ne$s ( 8 life & yet w\ld break 9 ^u x40--,p41 p4 #afg4 ,he tells ! "m t1 9 ! fir/ /ages at lea/1 ! re/lessness & te>s ( ! infant w w>n h] ( ! pres5ce ( any?+ 9 8 surr\nd+s hurtful to 8 developm5t1 :ile 8 laught] & movem5ts ( pleasure w %[ 8:at accord+ to ! feel+ ( ! *ild is suit$ to ! undi/urb$ developm5t ( 8 life z an immature human be+40 ,mr4 ,/\t goes on to say t su* simple reactions are adapt$ 8second>ily & by way ( necess>y coroll>y to ! cons]vation & fur!rance ( consci\s life40 ,he tells u t3 8,! prim>y crav+ ) :i* ! education ( ! s5ses beg9s1 s f> z x does n involve su* practical ne$s z t ( food1 may be describ$ z a g5]al crav+ = /imulation or excitem5t ''' ?is conation be+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance 9 ! highe/ degree indet]m9ate40 ,froebel1 :o speaks ( ! nurse 8soo?+ ! re/less *ild vaguely /riv+ = def9ite & satisfactory outw>d activity10 tells u t3 8if 8 bodily ne$s are satisfi$ & he feels himself well & /rong1 ! fir/ spontane\s employm5t ( ! *ild is spontane\s tak+ 9 7selb/?tiges ,aufnehm57 ( ! out] _w40--,p41 p4 #bi4 ,he writes to ,madame ,s*midt1 ! c\s9 = ^: assi/ance he has begg$ 9 obs]v+ *ildr53 8,?is spontane\s activity ( limb & vividness ( s5sation natural to infancy1 & ,i may say insep>able f x1 mu/ also be c>efully /udi$40--,l41 p4 #aaj4 ,&1 9 ! ,"m ,songs1 he says3 8,y c see h[ 8 bodily activity1 ! movem5t & use ( 8 limbs1 l ! activity ( 8 s5ses1 all turn t[>ds "o po9t3 ,life mu/ be grasp$1 exp]i5c$ & p]ceiv$ ''' he wants to appropriate ! out] & to re-embody x ''' 8 susceptibility = all t gives & takes up life w /rike y z some?+ t elevates 8 life 9 e way2 ev5 z "y plants & animals are susceptible to ! fa9te/ work+s ( light & w>m?1 or ! impressions ( _! environm5t1 h[ev] delicate4 ,moreov]1 ?is receptivity is mo/ closely relat$ to great g5]al excitability & s5sibility 7,erregb>keit1 ,reizb>keit740--,m41 pp4 #aai-aba4 ,froebel's views z to ! nature bo? ( e>ly & ( lat] m5tal activity !n be> a /rong resemblance to ! mod]n view z /at$ by ,pr(essor ,/\t4#ad ,9 se>*+ ,froebel's writ+s to f9d :at he has to say ab\t ! /ages ly+ betwe5 e>ly m5tal activity & fully develop$ w1 betwe5 :at he calls 8natural activity ( ! w1 & true g5u9e firmness ( w10 x soon becomes cle> t x is impossible to sep>ate :at is said ab\t w developm5t1 f :at is said ab\t intellectual developm5t4#ae ,?is is a natural consequ5ce ( ,froebel's con/ant insi/5ce on ! unity ( consci\sness1 & x is ! position ( mod]n psy*ology1 :e!r writt5 f ! analytic or ! g5etic po9t ( view4 ,mr4 ,irv+ ,k+ writes3 8,! functional po9t ( view emphasizes fir/ ( all ! intimate int]-relation ( all =ms ( m5tal activity & ! impossibility ( describ+ any "o aspect ( consci\sness except ) ref]5ce to consci\sness z a :ole40 ,pr(essor ,/\t1 9 8 8,analytic ,psy*ology10 has a section entitl$ 8,conation & ,cognition develop$ co-incid5tally10#af :ile ,froebel says3 8,?\ght mu/ =m itself 9 action1 & action resolve & cle> itself 9 ?\ght40--,p41 p4 #db4 ,froebel speaks ( 8 project$ in/itution at ,helba z 8fundam5tal10 8inasmu* z 9 tra9+ & in/ruction x w re/ on ! f\ndation f :i* proce$ all g5u9e k & all g5u9e practical atta9m5ts2 x w re/ on life itself & on creative ef=ts1 on ! union & int]dep5d5ce ( do+ & ?9k+1 repres5tation & k1 art & sci5ce4 ,! in/itution w base its "w on ! pupil's p]sonal ef=ts 9 "w & expression1 mak+ ^!1 aga91 ! f\ndation ( all g5u9e k & culture4 ,jo9$ ) ?\ghtfulness1 ^! ef=ts become a direct m$ium ( culture40--,e41 p4 #ch4 ,pr(essor ,/\t's acc\nt ( h[ ! unconsci\s m5tal activity ( e>ly *ildhood becomes trans=m$ into ! def9ite & consci\s activity ( fully develop$ w is1 /at$ briefly1 some?+ to ?is effect4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( conation to seek its own satisfaction1 & ?is is only possible z ! conation becomes def9ite4 8,bl9d crav+ gives place to op5-ey$ desire10 z ! orig9al conation t5ds to def9e itself4 ,s 8! gradual acquisition ( k ?r\gh exp]i5ce is b ano!r expression = ! process :]eby ! orig9ally bl9d crav+ becomes m di/9ct & m diff]5tiat$40 ,! gr\p+ ( cognitions is n produc$ by ! consci\s ne$s3 8,x is ! way 9 :i* ! conation itself gr[s & develops40 ,= ?is acc\nt we c f9d a wond]fully exact p>allel 9 "o ( ,froebel's less well-kn[n pap]s1 t on 8,movem5t ,plays40 8,all out] activity ( ! *ild has its ultimate & di/9ctive f\ndation 9 8 inmo/ nature & life4 ,! deepe/ crav+ ( ?is inn] activity is to behold itself mirror$ 9 "s outw>d object4 ,9 & ?r\gh su* repres5tation1 ! *ild himself grasps & p]ceives ! nature1 direction & aim ( 8 own activity1 & le>ns also fur!r to regulate & det]m9e 8 life1 t is 8 activity1 accord+ to ^! outw>d ph5om5a40--,p41 p4 #bch4 ,?is crav+ = outw>d repres5tation1 by satisfaction ( :i* ! *ild ga9s k ( ! ends ( 8 activity1 is an exact equival5t ( ,/\t's bl9d crav+ :i* gives place to op5-ey$ desire z x t5ds to def9e itself4 ,froebel's conclusion1 t only z ?is unconsci\s or bl9d crav+ = action is satisfi$ does ! *ild become 8consci\s ( ! nature1 direction & ends ( 8 own activity10 is b ano!r way ( /at+ ,pr(essor ,/\t's conclusion1 t ! gr\p+ ( cognitions1 :i* is ! gradual acquirem5t ( k ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 is 8! way 9 :i* ! conation itself gr[s & develops40 ,s1 cognition & conation are develop$ simultane\sly1 or1 to repeat ,froebel's own phrase1 8,?\ght =ms itself 9 action1 & action resolves & cle>s itself 9 ?\ght40 ,pr(essor ,/\t goes on to say t 9 ?is def9+ process "o conation spr+s out ( ano!r1 :]eby z "o conation is satisfi$ & s comes to an end1 ano!r becomes 9 its turn ! end ( activity4 ,he takes z illu/ration ! *ild le>n+ to walk1 say+1 8,! m5tal attitude ( ! *ild le>n+ to walk is "o ( consci\s endeav\r4 ,:5 he has become habituat$ to ! act1 he p]=ms x )\t att5d+ to 8 movem5ts1 8 m9d be+ fix$ on ! atta9m5t ( o!r ends40 ,froebel proce$s 9 ! same way1 us+ ! v same example4 ,he has already said t at fir/ ! *ild3 8c>es = ! use ( 8 body1 8 s5ses & limbs1 m]ely = ! sake ( _! use & practice1 b n = ! sake ( ! results ( ?is use4 ,he is :olly indiff]5t to ?is2 or1 r1 he has z yet no idea :atev] ( ?is40--,p41 p4 #dh4 ,n[1 9 ! pap] on movem5t1 he goes on3 8,ea* sure & indep5d5t movem5t gives ! *ild pleasure1 because ( ! feel+ ( p[] :i* x ar\ses 9 him4 ,ev5 simple walk+ produces ?is effect1 = x gives ! *ild a ?reefold feel+1 a ?reefold consci\sness3 ,fir/1 ! consci\sness t he moves himself2 secondly1 t he moves himself f "o place to ano!r2 ?ird1 t ?r\gh ?is movem5t he atta9s or rea*es some?+4''' ,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t 8 fir/ walk+ gives ! *ild pleasure z an expression ( 8 p[]4 ,to ?is pleasure1 h[ev]1 are soon add$ ! two joy-br++ p]ceptions ( com+ to some?+1 & ( be+ able to atta9 some?+4 ,^! sev]al p]ceptions %\ld all be fo/]$ at ! same "t ''' he %\ld get 8 limbs1 & inde$ 8 :ole body1 into 8 own p[]4 ,he %\ld le>n to use 8 bodily /r5g? & ! activity ( 8 limbs = def9ite purposes4''' ,! ef=t to rea* a p>ticul> object may h its s\rce 9 ! *ild's desire to hold himself firm & upright by x1 b we also obs]ve t x gives him pleasure to be actually ne> ! object1 to t\* x1 to feel x1 to grasp x1 & p]haps also--:i* is a new phase ( activity--to be able to move x4 ,h5ce we see t ! *ild :5 he has rea*$ ! desir$ object1 hops up & d[n be=e x1 & beats on x ) 8 little arms & h&s1 9 ord]1 z x 71 to assure himself ( ! reality ( ! object & to notice its qualities4 ,x is well1 :ile ! *ild is mak+ ^! exp]im5ts1 to "n ! object & its p>ts4 ,! object ( giv+ ^! names is n prim>ily ! developm5t ( ! *ild's p[] ( spee*1 b to assi/ 8 compreh5sion ( ! object1 its p>ts & its prop]ties1 by def9+ 8 s5se-impressions40--,p41 p4 #bda4 ,ano!r passage runs3 8,! pres5t ef=t ( mank9d is an endeav\r aft] fre] self-developm5t4''' ,!re=e ! m or less cle> aim ( ! individual is to atta9 to cle>ness ab\t himself & ab\t life1 to compreh5sion & "r use ( life1 to bo? insight & accompli%m5t4''' ,!re=e ! educator mu/ und]/& ! e>lie/ activity & enc\rage ! impulse to self-culture1 ?r\gh indep5d5t do+1 obs]v+ & exp]im5t+40--,p41 p4 #af4 ,to say t a conation t5ds to def9e itself is only to say t unconsci\s ends t5d to be replac$ by consci\s ends1 & we h se5 t bo? ,froebel & ,pr(essor ,/\t give unconsci\sness or consci\sness ( ! end1 z ! diff]5ce betwe5 e>li] & lat] =ms ( m5tal activity4 ,pr(essor ,/\t's conclusion is t 8ap>t f ! p]petual g]m9ation ( "o conation out ( ano!r1 ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! m5tal life ( human be+s w\ld be inexplicable40 ,n[1 to be consci\s ( "o's ends or aims is1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 to be self-consci\s1 s ! transition f e>li] to lat] =ms ( m5tal activity is practically ! developm5t ( self-consci\sness4 ,x is int]e/+1 !re=e1 to see t j z ,pr(essor ,/\t gives z 8 explanation ( human life1 ! p]petual g]m9ation ( "o conation out ( ano!r1 s ,froebel gives z 8 explanation1 8 mean+ ( life1 ! gradual developm5t ( self-consci\sness4 ,self-consci\sness1 involv+ true volition1 or self-det]m9ation1 is to ,froebel 8! end ( man1 = :i* he fir/ 0 plann$40 ,x is1 z he con/antly put x1 man's 8de/9ation40 8,to become cle>ly consci\s ( all ! conditions & relations 9 :i* & by means ( :i* man exi/s makes man fir/ become man 9 consci\sness & 9 action40--,p41 p4 #ab4 8,= man is de/9$ = consci\sness1 = fre$om1 = self-det]m9ation40--,e41 p4 #acf4 8,self-consci\sness belongs to ! nature ( man1 is "o ) x2 to become consci\s ( itself is ! fir/ task 9 ! life ( ! *ild z a human be+1 z x is ! task ( 8 :ole life40--,p41 p4 #dj4 8,:o among/ u10 exclaims ,pr(essor ,royce1 8conceives himself 9 8 uniqu5ess except z ! remote goal ( "s ideal process ( com+ to himself & ( awak5+ to ! tru? ab\t 8 own life8 ,only an inf9ite process c %[ me :o ,i am40#ag ,froebel nev] loses sight ( ?is4 ,9 8 ,autobiography he tells h[ he began 8unwill+ly0 to write some?+ 9 ! album ( a fri5d :o 0 ! own] ( a beautiful f>m1 & he concludes3 8,!n my ?\ghts grew cle> & ,i cont9u$1 #8,?\ give/ man bread2 let my aim be to give man himself4'0 ,t he v]ily believ$ t ! gradual developm5t ( self-consci\sness is ! fir/ task 9 ! life ( ! *ild is abundantly evid5t4 ,9 ! v beg9n+ ( 8 ,"m ,songs he tells ! "m to give h] *ild some?+ to pu% aga9/1 8to br+ ! *ild to self-k z soon z possible10 & at ! end he says1 8,:5 a *ild or human be+ has f\nd himself & has firm hold ov] himself1 he is ready to walk joyfully ?r\gh life40 ,9 8,! ,fir/ ,action ( a ,*ild10 ,froebel writes3 8,! nature ( man1 z man1 is t he is self-consci\s1 & ?is is /amp$ ) di/9ctness en\gh to be obs]v$ 9 ! q peculi> "* ( *ildi% activity1#ah 9 8 impulse to busy himself self-actively1 spontane\sly3 an impulse :i* awak5s simultane\sly ) m9d1 & :i* is 9 h>mony ) feel+ & p]ception4 ,if ?is t5d5cy to spontane\s activity is fo/]$1 man's triune nature--en]gy1 emotion & intellect--is satisfi$40--,p41 p4 #ba4 ,a realization ( :at ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge calls 8! univ]sal /ruggle = self-manife/ation & corporeal realization1 :i* plays s l>ge a "p 9 all activity10 und]lies all t ,froebel has to say ( ! progress f unconsci\s activity to self-consci\s volition4 ,8 view ( ! ,univ]se is exactly t t5tatively sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,lodge1 viz4 t some?+ ak9 to ?is univ]sal /ruggle 8is exhibit$ 9 a region beyond & above :at is ord9>ily conceiv$ ( z #8,nature4' ,! process ( evolution c be reg>d$ z ! gradual unfold+ ( ! ,div9e ,?\ght or ,logos1 ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 by ! action ( ,_s ^u matt]40 ,?is takes u out ( ! region ( psy*ology1 b ,froebel's subject 0 n psy*ology1 p] se1 b *ild developm5t1 z a "p ( ! :ole plan ( evolution1 man be+ ! mo/ highly develop$ ( creatures4 ,! :ole univ]se is an expression ( ! ,div9e1 b man alone c become consci\s ( 8 orig94 8,all ?+s are de/9$ to reveal ,god 9 _! ext]nal & transi5t be+4''' ,x is ! special de/9y ( man1 z an intellig5t & rational be+ to become consci\s ( 8 div9e ess5ce & to r5d] ?is active1 to reveal x 9 8 life1 ) self-det]m9ation & fre$om40--,e41 p4 #b4 8,made 9 ! image ( ,god10 meant to ,froebel self-consci\s & self-det]m9$4 ,! relation ( man to ,god is express$ by ,froebel z ! relation ( ! ?\ght to ! ?9k] 8c\ld ! ?\ght b become consci\s ( itself40 ,9 a lett] ( #ahdc1 he says3 8,at ! basis ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 lies an idea :i* s]ves alike = all ! int]/ell> spaces1 = all sy/ems ( ! sun2 ! fulfilm5t ( ! div9e w & ! manife/ation ( ! same4 ,9 ord] to become su* a manife/ation ( ! div9e1 man has fir/ to atta9 ! basis ( self-consci\sness2 to :i* end s]ves ! e>ly culture ( ! _s ( humanity 9 ! _w ( *ildhood40--,l41 p4 #acc4 ,9 a pap] entitl$ 8,a ,second ,review ( ! ,plays10 :i* really deals *iefly ) evolution1 we read3 8,we mu/ see cle>ly ! conditions ( developm5t 9 ,nature & !n employ !m 9 life4 ,?us only c we raise man ^u 8 own plane1 t is1 ! spiritual plane1 at lea/ to su* a degree ( p]fection z is %[n on _! plane by ! types ( ,nature4 8,man--! all-survey+--mu/ develop himself by gradual gr[? ( consci\sness1 mu/ raise himself ev5tually to cle> consci\sness ( ! f\ndation1 conditions & goal ( 8 life40--,p41 p4 #aih4 ,x 0 z cle> to ,froebel z to ,pr(essor ,lloyd ,morgan t ! l[] animals are kept f rea*+ self-consci\sness by ! def9it5ess ( _! in/9cts1#ai b to ,froebel z to ,br[n+ 89 complet$ ,man beg9s anew a t5d5cy to ,god40 ,l ,br[n+ aga91 ,froebel f9ds t man has 8some:at to ca/ (f1 some:at to become10 he1 too1 8f9ds ,progress man's di/9ctive m>k alone1 n ,god's1 & n ! bea/s'2 ,god is1 !y are1 man p>tly is1 & :olly hopes to be40 8,man 9 8 fir/ p]iod ( life on e>? is to be reg>d$ :ile a *ild 9 ?ree sep>ate relations1 :i* are unit$ 9 !mselves4 87a7 ,z a *ild ( ,nature1 t is accord+ to 8 e>?ly & natural conditions & connections1 & 9 ?is relation b\nd1 *a9$1 unconsci\s1 subject to impulses 7als e9 gebund5es1 gefesseltes1 unbewus/es1 d5 ,trieb5 unt]worf5es74 87b7 ,z a *ild ( ,god1 & 9 ?is relation z a free be+1 de/9$ to self-consci\sness4 87c7 ,z a *ild ( ,humanity1 & 9 ?is relation1 z a be+ /ruggl+ f bondage t[>d fre$om1 t[>d consci\sness40--,p41 p4 #aa4 ,& ! beg9n+ ( all he f9ds 9 8,! ,fir/ ,action ( ! ,*ild40 ,9 ! pap] to :i* he gives ?is title ,froebel writes3 8,helplessness & p]sonal w1 a m9d ( "o's own1 soon become !re=e ! turn+-po9ts ( *ild-life1 ! fulcrum ( :i* is free spontane\s activity1 self-employm5t40--,p41 p4 #bg4 ,x is because ,froebel believes ?is1 t we he> s mu* ( creative activity4 ,consci\sness1 :i* ,m]$i? calls 8! great result ( mortal suff]+10 is ! outcome ( all ! unconsci\s /riv+4 8,! *ild1 al?\gh unconsci\sly1 /rives to make 8 life outw>dly objective1 & ?us p]ceptible & s to become consci\s ( x40--,p41 p4 #bdj4 8,man only comes to ! p[] ( self-exam9ation & self-k 9 any relation :atev] ) ! greate/ difficulty1 & mu/ fir/ le>n to /udy himself ''' 9 ! mirror ( ,nature & ( all creation40--,l41 p4 #eg4 8,! *ild mu/ p]ceive & grasp 8 own life 9 an objective manife/ation be=e he c p]ceive & grasp x 9 himself4 ,su* mirror+ ( ! inn] life1 su* mak+ ( ! inn] life objective1 is ess5tial1 = ?r\gh x1 ! *ild comes to self-consci\sness & le>ns to ord]1 det]m9e & ma/] himself40--,p41 p4 #bch4 ,froebel realizes !n1 t true volition is ! outcome ( unconsci\s /riv+1 t x c only come ?r\gh action1 &1 :at is mo/ important1 ?r\gh action :i* is ! outcome ( feel+1 8wor?y 8 ef=t40 ,s1 :ile /at+ t ! =mation ( 8a pure1 /rong & endur+ w0 is ! ma9 object ( education1 he takes c>e to po9t out t unless ! boy is all[$ to c>ry out 9 action 8t :i* is )910 ideas :i* h appeal$ to him1 & :i* he has already made 8 own1 t ma9 object w n be easily atta9able4 8,to raise activity ( w to firmness ( w1 & s to ar\se1 & =m a pure1 /rong & endur+ w1 = ! repres5tation ( a *>act]i/ic humanity1 is ! *ief aim1 ! ma9 object ( ! s*ool4''' ,! />t+-po9t ( all m5tal activity 9 ! boy %\ld be en]getic & heal?y1 ! direction %\ld be simple & def9ite1 ! aim c]ta9 & consci\s1 & wor?y ( 8 ef=t4 ,!re=e to raise ! natural activity ( ! w to true g5u9e firmness ( w1 all ! boy's activities %\ld h ref]5ce to ! developm5t & accompli%m5t ( :at is )9 him4 ,activity ( w proce$s f activity ( ! feel+s1 & firmness ( w f firmness ( ! feel+s1 & :]e ! fir/ is lack+1 ! second w be difficult ( atta9m5t40--,e41 p4 #if4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,consci\sness ,x is 9 ! emphasis he lays ^u ! m5tal activity ( ! *ild f ! v fir/1 t ,froebel approa*es s closely to ! position ( ! mod]n psy*ologi/1 & 9 8 acc\nt ( ! e>lie/ consci\sness he di/9ctly resembles ,pr(essors ,w>d & ,/\t4 ,only to 8"s ( our mo/ di/+ui%$ mod]n psy*ologi/s0 does ,pr(essor ,/\t attribute a /rong disposition to recognize 9 ! elem5t>y processes ( p]ception & association1 ! rudim5t>y pres5ce ( ^! m5tal op]ations :i* 9 _! high] =m we call reason+ & con/ructive imag9ation4 ,n[ ,froebel writes3 8,"o c recognize & wat*1 ev5 9 ! fir/ /ages ( *ildhood1 ?\gh only 9 _! slighte/ traces & t5d]e/ g]ms1 all ! m5tal activities :i* c]ta9ly d n /& out prom95tly till lat] life4 ,say n1 ye p>5ts1 ,h[ c su* t5d5cies lie already 9 ! life ( ! *ild /ill s unconsci\s & s helpless8 ,if !y did n lie 9 x !y c\ld nev] be develop$ f x ''' = :]e !re is n ! g]m ( some?+1 ?is some?+ w nev] be call$ =? & appe>4''' ,z man is a be+ int5d$ = increas+ self-consci\sness1 s %all he also become an inf]r+ & judg+ be+ 7s*liess5des und ur!il5des74 ,man has also a q *>act]i/ic p[] ( imag9ation1 &--:at mu/ nev] be =gott51 b cont9ually kept be=e ! eyes z important & guid+--! new-born *ild n only w become man1 b ! man ) all 8 qualities1 & ) ! unity ( 8 be+1 already appe>s & inde$ is 9 ! *ild40--,p41 pp4 #cj-di4 ,psy*ologi/s 9 g5]al1 says ,pr(essor ,/\t1 %[ a t5d5cy1 :i* he reg>ds z errone\s1 8to ignore ! con/ructive aspect ( e>ly m5tal process1 to recognize m5tal productiv5ess only 9 complete & advanc$ /ages ( m5tal developm5t40 ,b ,froebel1 9 speak+ ( ! "m's play ) a m]e infant1 :5 ! col\r$ ball may pres5t 8! p]ception ( an object z su*10 mo/ di/9ctly /ates t ! *ild's 8fir/ impressions1 z x 7 ! fir/ cognitions10 come to him 9 ^! e>ly plays by means ( 8 own activity1 an activity ( body emphatically1 z we %all see pres5tly1 b an activity also ( m9d1 ( p]ception1 8dur* ,wahrnehm5 ''' dur* dunkles ,auffass5 ''' dur* ,selb/-?tigkeit40#bj ,froebel uses su* expressions z 8! spontane\s reception0 & ev5 8! critical reception ( ! out] _w10 j z ,dr4 ,w>d1 9 refus+ to recognize an int]nal s5se1 says 8! new facts ''' are due to our m5tal activity1 & n to a special mode ( :at has be5 call$ our s5sitivity40 ,! active1 r ?an ! passive attitude1 /rikes ,froebel s =cibly t he calls ! two modes ( consci\sness1 ! receiv+ (1 & react+ ^u impressions1 a 8d\ble expression40 8,! fir/ volunt>y ne$s ( ! *ild1 if its bodily ne$s are satisfi$ & x feels well & /rong1 are obs]vation ( its surr\nd+s1 spontane\s reception ( ! out] _w 7selb/?tiges ,aufnehm5 d] ,auss5welt7 & play1 :i* is spontane\s expression1 or act+ out ( :at is )94 ,?is d\ble expression 7,diese ,doppeluss]ung7 ( tak+ 9 & express+ outw>dly is necess>ily gr\nd$ 9 its nature1 z 9 human nature 9 g5]al2 s9ce ! *ild's fir/ e>?ly de/9y is to atta9 by critical reception 7dur* prf5de ,aufnahme7 ( ! out] _w into itself1 by manifold inw>d impressions & outw>d expressions ( its inn] _w1 & by critical comp>ison ( bo?1 to ! recognition ( _! unity4'''0--,p41 p4 #bi4 ,pr(essor ,/\t attributes ?is ignor+ by c]ta9 psy*ologi/s ( ! con/ructive aspect ( e>ly m5tal process to a false view ( ! nature bo? ( association & ( con/ruction1 ! fundam5tal fallacy ( ! associationi/s ly+ 9 _! disposition to expla9 ! nature & exi/5ce ( a :ole by ref]5ce to ! nature & exi/5ce ( ! p>ts :i* are conta9$ 9 x1 s t 8! p>ts mu/ be suppos$ to pre-exi/ be=e !y are comb9$1 & to pre-exi/ 9 su* a way t !y ne$ only to be 9 "s mann] ext]nally br\ght toge!r or associat$ 9 ord] to con/itute ! :ole :i* conta9s !m40 ,9 l mann] ,dr4 ,w>d accuses psy*ologi/s ( hav+ 8usually repres5t$ m5tal advance z consi/+ fundam5tally 9 ! comb9ation & recomb9ation ( v>i\s elem5t>y units1 ! s-call$ s5sations & primitive movem5ts1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 a species ( m5tal *emi/ry40 ,t ,froebel seems to h avoid$ ! error ?us po9t$ out by ^? two psy*ologi/s1 is surpris+ en\gh1 b x is ev5 m surpris+ to f9d t ?is is probably due to ! fact t 8 conception ( ! e>lie/ possible consci\sness is v mu* l !irs4 ,9 reject+ 8! atomi/ic view10 ,pr(essor ,w>d ma9ta9s t 8! fur!r we g back1 ! ne>] we approa* to a total pres5tation1 hav+ ! "* ( "o g5]al cont9uum 9 :i* diff]5ces are lat5t40 ,froebel's acc\nt1 z giv5 9 8,! ,education ( ,man10 is v simil>3 8,al?\gh 9 itself made up ( ! same objects & ( ! same organization1 ! ext]nal _w comes to ! *ild at fir/1 out ( its void1 z x 71 9 mi/y1 =mless indi/9ctness1 9 *aotic confusion1 ev5 ! *ild & ! out] _w m]ge into "o ano!r40--,e41 p4 #dj4 ,?is description rem9ds u ( ,pr(essor ,james' picturesque expression1 8big1 bloom+1 buzz+ confusion10 :i* is s (t5 quot$1 b :i* does n really convey s true a picture z ,dr4 ,w>d's acc\nt1 = :]e !re is no di/9ction !re c surely be no confusion4 ,b a few pages fur!r on we f9d ,froebel describ+ ! infant consci\sness be=e spee* beg9s1 z 8/ill an unorganiz$1 undiff]5tiat$ unity0 7no* e9e ungegli$]te mannigfaltigkeitslose ,e9heit74 ,?is is id5tical ) ! expression us$ by ,pr(essor ,/\t1 :o1 9 speak+ ( ! /age to :i* he gives ! "n 8implicit appreh5sion10 ! appreh5sion ( an unanalys$ :ole1 uses ! phrase 8di/9ctionless unity40 ,froebel talks ( ! *ild feel+ himself a :ole & 8s also1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 seek+ to grasp a :ole1 nev] m]ely a "p z su*40 ,& j z ,dr4 ,w>d claims = psy*ology z well z = biology 8:at may be call$ a pr9ciple ( progressive diff]5tiation or specialization10 s ,froebel writes3 8,! *ild m9d develops accord+ to ! law :i* gov]ns _w developm5t1 viz43 t ( progression f ! unlimit$ to ! limit$1 f ! g5]al to ! special1 f ! :ole to ! "p40--,p41 p4 #agj4 ,9 ?is1 ( c\rse1 lies ! reason = ,froebel's correct appreh5sion ( ! infant m9d1 he 0 biologi/ fir/1 & 8 m9d 0 full ( ! idea ( developm5t4 8,at ! same "t !re beg9s 9 ! *ild1 z 9 ! se$-corn1 a developm5t t[>ds complexity40--,p41 p4 #agb4 8,:e!r we are look+ at a se$ or an egg1 :e!r we are wat*+ feel+ or ?\ght1 :at is def9ite proce$s ev]y:]e f :at is indef9ite & ?is is ! way 9 :i* y\r *ild's life is sure to %[ itself40--,m41 p4 #aba4 ,pr(essor ,w>d goes on to discuss :at is impli$ 9 ?is process ( diff]5tiation or m5tal gr[?1 say+ t if analogies are to be tak5 f ! physical _w at all1 ! gr[? ( a se$ or embryo1 w furni% f> bett] illu/rations ( ! unfold+ ( ! cont5ts ( consci\sness ?an ! build+ up ( molecules4 ,x 0 ! endeav\r1 & qua9t en\gh x seems to u1 to translate ?is psy*ological tru? into educational practice1 t l$ ,froebel to lay s mu* /ress on ! fact t ! e>lie/ ( 8 s-call$ 8,gifts0 are indivisible :oles3 8,let u place ourselves at ! nurs]y table1 & try to p]ceive :at ! *ild is impell$ to d 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 self-employm5t4 ,let u sit ourselves z unnotic$ z possible consid]+ h[ ! *ild1 aft] he has exam9$ ! self-conta9$ tangible object 9 its =m & col\r1 has mov$ x "h & !re & prov$ its solidity1 h[ he !n tries to divide x1 at lea/ to *ange its =m4''' ,?us aft] p]ception ( ! :ole1 ! *ild desires to see x sep>at$ into p>ts4''' ,let u /op at ?is significant ph5om5on & try to disc]n ?r\gh x :at play?+ foll[+ on ! self-conta9$ ball1 h>d & s(t1 & ! solid h>d cube1 we %\ld = inn] reason & )\t arbitr>9ess give to ! *ild40--,p41 p4 #aag4 ,!n come directions z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! toy is to be pres5t$3 89 ord] to give ! *ild ! impression ( ! :ole 7d5 ,e9drck des ,ganz574 ,f ?is z ! fir/ fundam5tal p]ception 7d] er/5 ,grundans*auung7 ev]y?+ proce$s & mu/ proce$40#ba ,/>t+ f ! conception ( an undiff]5tiat$ totality or objective cont9uum1 ,dr4 ,w>d says1 8,( ! v beg9n+s ( ?is cont9uum we c say no?+1 absolute beg9n+s are beyond ! pale ( sci5ce4 ,actual pres5tation consi/s 9 ?is cont9uum be+ diff]5tiat$2 e diff]5tiation con/itutes a new pres5tation4 ,h5ce ! common-place ( psy*ologi/s3 #8,we are only consci\s z we are consci\s ( *ange4'0 ''' ,z to absolute beg9n+s1 ,froebel too writes t ^! are pa/ f9d+ out1 b he does s 9 ord] to call ! "m's att5tion to ! importance ( ! v e>lie/ /eps3 8,d n say1 ,x is mu* too e>ly4''' ,too e>ly8 ,d y "k :51 :]e & h[ y\r *ild's intellectual developm5t beg9s8 ,c y tell :5 & :]e is ! b\nd>y ( exi/5ce t has n yet begun1 & ( its actual beg9n+1 & h[ ?is b\nd>y manife/s itself80--,m41 p4 #aed4 ,com+ n[ to :at ,froebel has to say z to h[ 8 8unorganiz$ unity0 becomes diff]5tiat$1 we %all n f9d t 8 brief acc\nt diff]s 9 any really fundam5tal way f t ( ,pr(essor ,w>d4 ,"s ( 8 expressions h a v mod]n s\nd1 su* z3 8h[ ! out] _w beg9s to divide & analyse itself02 h[ 8out ( ! indef9ite outside & ar\nd ! *ild comes ! def9ite02 or aga9 h[ ! *ild ga9s 8! ?ree great p]ceptions ( object1 space & "t1 :i* at fir/ 7 "o collective p]ception40 78,die drei gross5 ,wahrnehmung5 von ,geg5/&1 ,raum und ,zeit2 wel*e anfangs 9 e9] ,gesammtwahrnehmung 9 dem ,k9de ruht5407--,p41 p4 #cg4 ,comm5t+ ^u ! phrase 8,we are only consci\s z we are consci\s ( *ange10 ,dr4 ,w>d rem>ks t ! ^w *ange does n suffici5tly expla9 :at happ5s 9 diff]5tiation1 = ?is implies t ! increas$ complexity is due to ! p]si/5ce ( =m] *anges2 su* p]si/5ce be+ ess5tial to ! v idea ( gr[? or developm5t4''' ,at ! same "t he is c>eful to po9t out t nei!r 9 8ret5tiv5ess0 nor 9 assimilation is !re 8any confront+ ( ! old ) ! new10 any 8active comp>ison40 ,)\t *ange ( impression consci\sness w\ld be a blank1 b 8a diff]5ce betwe5 pres5tations is n at all ! same z ! pres5tation ( t diff]5ce4 ,! =m] mu/ prec$e ! latt]2 ! latt]1 :i* requires active comp>ison1 ne$ n foll[ ''' we mu/ recognize objects be=e we c comp>e !m40 ,froebel says t3 8,all ! developm5t ( ! *ild has its f\ndation 9 almo/ imp]ceptible atta9m5ts & p]ceptions ''' ! fir/ p]ceptions1 9 ! beg9n+ almo/ imp]ceptible & evanesc5t1 are fix$1 increas$ & cl>ifi$ by innum]able repetitions1 & by *ange40--,p41 p4 #ch4 ,froebel1 too1 goes back to ?is v e>lie/ /age1 ! /age :5 a baby 8beg9s to notice40 ,he says t ?is indication ( an intellect 7,seel5aeuss]ung7 beg9s :5 ! *ild is a few weeks old1 & is occasion$ at fir/ by ! movem5t1 t is *ange 9 position1 ( a bright object1 89 & by means ( ! motion ! *ild fir/ p]ceives ! object40--,p41 p4 #fd4 ,9 ano!r passage ,froebel speaks ( *ange z 8a dim conception ( sequ5ce1 & ?us ( dim comp>ison40 8,^! fir/ impressions come to ! *ild by means ( p]ception & see+1 & by means ( com+1 /ay+ & vani%+ 7( ! ball72 by means ( *ange1 ?us also1 9 a c]ta9 po9t ( view by means ( e>ly dim conceptions ( sequ5ce1 ( f\ndation & result1 ( cause & effect1 & ?us ( dim comp>ison40--,p41 p4 #fe4 ,a *ange or diff]5ce :i* does n imply active comp>ison1 & a *ange or sequ5ce :i* does imply dim comp>ison are n v f> ap>t1 & ,froebel makes 8 mean+ cle>] /ill by us+ ! words 8unconsci\sly comp>+0 7unbewus/ v]glei*5d74 8,by ?is play 8 att5tion is call$ to ! precise %ape ( ! cube2 & he w look at x %>ply1 unconsci\sly comp>+ x ) ! h&1 to :i* 8 eyes 7 fir/ attract$40--,p41 p4 #hd4 ,nor does ,froebel omit to notice ! necess>y close connection ( ! new ) ! old1 :i* ,dr4 ,w>d emphasizes4 8,! *ild v (t5 seeks = some?+ )\t at all kn[+ :at he seeks2 9 l mann] he repels some?+ )\t at all kn[+ :y4 ,yet ! *ild does n = ?is reason turn away accid5tally1 nei!r does he seek ! accid5tal4 ,g5]ally x is ! new = :i* ! *ild seeks1 b n a novelty :i* has no connection ) :at has hi!rto be51 = t1 %\ld x appe>1 w\ld ob/ruct developm5t4 ,he seeks ! new :i* has develop$ f ! old1 l a bud f a bran*4 ,he seeks a new unexpect$ turn1 a new unexpect$ use ( a ?+1 new unexpect$ prop]ties1 new & yet unconsci\sly anticipat$ developm5t1 a new unexpect$ connection ) 8 life4''' ,! *ild inde$ seeks = ! new t is outside ( himself1 b n on acc\nt ( its ext]nality4 ,really he is seek+ ! new ( :i* he feels premonitions 9 himself1 9 8 own developm5t4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 he does n yet "k ?is1 & s _c give an acc\nt ( x1 ! *ild seeks especially = *ange1 9 ord] to ga9 a means ( gr[+ up )9 himself1 & ( gr[+ =? outw>dly f himself4 8,above all1 !re=e1 x is ! old )9 ! *ild :i* cl>ifies1 unfolds & transmutes itself1 ?us develop+ t :i* is new4 ,! :ole process takes place accord+ to a def9ite law re/+ 9 ! *ild himself1 9 8 life1 9 life z su*40--,p41 p4 #afh4 ,we h se5 t ,froebel draws no h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 s5sation & ?\ght4 ,on m ?an "o occasion1 he does ref] to some?+ less def9ite ?an a p]ception1 9 "o passage us+ ! ^w 8,e9drck10 & 9 ano!r ! t]m 8,vor5twickelung10 translat$ by ,miss ,j>vis z 8prelim9>y impression10 ( :i* he says x is 8to be rais$ lat]1 at ! "r "t1 by look & by ^w1 to a cle> p]ception40--,p41 p4 #hf4 ,9 8,! ,education ( ,man10 ,froebel's e>li] "w1 he deals ) ! function ( language1 8! ^w10 9 diff]5tiat+ 8! mi/y =mless d>kness10 ! no?+1 ! mi/4 8,at an e>ly p]iod !re come1 too1 on ! "p ( ! p>5ts1 correspond+ words :i* at fir/ sep>ate ! *ild f ! out] _w1 b aft]w>ds re-unite !m4 ,) ! help ( ^! words1 ^! objects pres5t !mselves1 at fir/ s+ly & r>ely1 b lat] 9 v>i\s comb9ations & m frequ5tly 9 _! self-conta9$ def9ite individuality4 ,at la/ man--! *ild--beholds himself z a def9ite individual object1 :olly di/9ct f all o!rs40--,e41 p4 #dj4 ,! function ( ! "n1 z call+ att5tion to ! ?+1 seem$ to ,froebel ( s mu* consequ5ce1 t he says1 8! "n creates ! ?+ = ! *ild40 ,x is 9 connection ) ! developm5t ( spee* 9 ! /age j foll[+ on infancy t he says3 8,up to ?is /age1 ! inn] be+ ( man is /ill an unorganiz$ undiff]5tiat$ unity4 ,) language1 organization sets 940 8,?is p]iod is pre-em95tly ! p]iod ( ! developm5t ( ! faculty ( spee*4 ,!re=e x 0 indisp5sable t :atev] ! *ild did %\ld be cle>ly & def9itely designat$ by ! ^w4 ,e object1 e ?+1 became su*1 z x 7 only ?r\gh ! ^w2 be=e x _h be5 nam$1 al?\gh ! *ild might h seem$ to see x ) ! out] eyes1 x _h no exi/5ce = him4 ,! "n1 z x 71 creat$ ! ?+ = ! *ild4--,e41 p4 #ij4 8,! object ( giv+ names is n prim>ily ! developm5t ( ! *ild's p[] ( spee*1 b to assi/ 8 compreh5sion ( ! object1 its p>ts & prop]ties1 by def9+ 8 s5se-impressions40--,p41 p4 #bdb4 ,pr(essor ,/\t also speaks ( ! casual nam+ ( ! object1 by ^? ar\nd ! *ild z 8a means ( fix+ ! att5tion ( ! *ild on ! object :5 x w\ld o!rwise pass unnotic$10 & he gu>ds aga9/ ! misconception t ! "n at ! outset is a "n = ! *ild4 ,he calls x 8m]ely a special s\nd associat$ ) a special p]cept 9 a q casual & indef9ite way40 ,froebel1 too1 is c>eful :5 he says3 8,a def9ite tone is to be connect$ ) a def9ite p]ception1 & ! tone :5 he>d aga9 may recall ! p]ception40 ,?\gh ,froebel has little to say ab\t ! sep>ate s5ses1 & :at little he has is wor?less1 yet on ! o!r h& he has a great deal to say1 especially 9 8 lat] writ+s1 ab\t ! *ild's bodily activity1 & ! exp]i5ces & p]ceptions 7,erfahrung-,wahrnehm57 he ga9s f x4 ,inde$ he makes s mu* ( ?is1 & x is s ess5tially a mod]n way ( ?9k+ t x has be5 giv5 a *apt] to itself4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,h[ ,,consci\sness ,,is ,,diff]5tiat$4--,,! ,,place ,,( ,,action ,,9 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,p]ception ,,& ,,( ,,feel+ ,once objects h begun to em]ge1 diff]5tiat$ out ( ! =mless indi/9ctness1 comes :at ,froebel calls ! 8suck+-9 /age10 :]e ! *ild 8makes ! ext]nal int]nal40 ,"h1 m ?an any:]e p]haps1 ,froebel %[s 8 g5ius1 8 orig9ality z a /ud5t ( *ild psy*ology1 9 t he p]ceiv$ t ?is m5tal suck+-9 is n m]ely a matt] ( s5se organs1 b t x is also a muscul> p]=mance4 ,:o1 be=e ,froebel1 und]/ood ! importance ( motor activity f ! v e>lie/ days1 z a means ( ga9+ ideas1 or realiz$ z we n[ beg9 to d1 t ?is is ! true explanation ( ! 8endless imitation :i* is ! *ild's vocation08 ,9 speak+ ( ! 8new-born *ild10 x is activity or action :i* is aga9 & aga9 repeat$ & emphasiz$ z ! out/&+ *>act]i/ic1 8an activity & action devot$ to work+ ) & prevail+ ov] ! out]40 8,z re/ appe>s to be ! e>lie/ requirem5t ( ! bodily life1 s movem5t soon appe>s z ! dem& ( ! s\l life40--,p41 p4 #fc4 ,! baby's 8feeble /r5g?0 is to be drawn into ! game1 :]e possible1 8p>ticul>ly t he may exp]i5ce & p]ceive1 directly ?r\gh & 9 8 own activity0 7dur* und 9 ,eig5?tigkeit unmittelb> selb/ erfahre und wahrnehme74--,p41 p4 #gh4 ,x is 8?r\gh spontane\s activity1 z well z ?r\gh ! "m's in/9ctive k ( 8 ne$s0 t ! *ild ga9s 8! fir/ impressions ( ! s\l1 z x 71 ! fir/ cognitions40 ,out ( =ty-n9e ,"m ,songs1 two only deal specifically ) ! s5ses1 ?\gh all deal ) action1 & ,froebel takes c>e to po9t out ! close connection ( s5se & movem5t4 8,limbs & s5ses seem to h v diff]5t prov9ces ( activity1 & s !y h2 yet s deep-seat$ is _! l9k$ int]*ange t nei!r ( !m fails to react on ! o!r4 ,& no ,games = ! limbs h pres5t$ !mselves to u1 n ev5 ! #8,kick+ ,song' :i* h n also made dem&s ^u ! s5se ( sight40--,m41 p4 #afh4 8,! use ( ! body & ( ! limbs is develop$ simultane\sly & 9 ! same proportion z ! use ( ! s5ses1 ! ord] be+ det]m9$ by _! own nature & ! prop]ties ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,out] objects are ne>1 or mov+ away1 or fix$ at a di/ance1 & ei!r invite re/1 seizure & hold+ fa/1 or invite him :o w\ld br+ !m ne>] to move t[>ds !m40--,e41 p4 #dg4 ,froebel's acc\nt ( ! significance ( ! ceaseless activity ( ! "y *ild anticipates to a c]ta9 ext5t t ( ,mr4 ,irv+ ,k+1 :o1 9 8 mo/ int]e/+ 8,psy*ology ( ,*ild ,developm5t10 deals expressly ) 8! functional relation ( consci\sness to activity40 ,b ! views ( ,pr(essor ,/\t z express$ 9 8 8,analytic ,psy*ology10 & ) :i* ,froebel's writ+ has already be5 comp>$1 & ^? ( ,mr4 ,irv+ ,k+ d n appe> to cla% 9 any way4 ,mr4 ,k+ beg9s by discuss+ ! 8sort ( consci\sness0 a "y *ild mu/ h1 & concludes t x mu/ f ! v fir/ be a unifi$ consci\sness1 h[ev] vague1 any discret5ess be+ on ! "p ( ! object4 ,he also /ates t ! consci\sness ( a human be+ mu/ diff] f t ( ! animal ent]+ life ) _m 8ready-made complexes ( adju/m5t10 because 8,consci\sness is relat$ n to activity1 b to ! gr[? ( activity40 ,we h j se5 t ,froebel too insi/s on a unifi$ consci\sness1 t he too says t 8! ext]nal _w10 ?\gh compos$ always ( ! same v>iety ( objects1 8comes to ! *ild z #8an undiff]5tiat$ unity4'0 ,froebel is also q s\nd z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m5tal possibilities ( ! animal 8^: in/9cts1 z !y are call$1 are at bir? s def9ite & /rong10 & t ( ! *ild 8born 9 ! extreme condition ( helplessness10 by :om 8ev]y?+ ext]nal is to be ov]come40#bb ,reflex & in/9ctive acts :i* ! *ild br+s into ! _w ) him1 says ,mr4 ,k+1 are unconsci\s1 z are reflex & habitual activities to ! adult1 b 8! *eck+ ( a movem5t mu/ make ! *ild m def9itely consci\s ( x ''' x is no long] m]e movem5t1 b movem5t-/opp$-by-some?+4 ,z soon z movem5t /&s out1 z soon z ! consci\sness ( x is int]wov5 ) some?+ t is n movem5t1 we h ! basis = indef9ite advance40 ,froebel says ! same ?+ 9 ! fir/ ( ! ,"m ,songs1 :]e he takes z ! po9t ( dep>ture = all future tra9+ ?is movem5t-/opp$-by-some?+1 to :i* ,mr4 ,k+ ref]s z ! e>lie/ beg9n+ ( consci\sness4 ,! "m is told t :5 h] baby 8/rikes out ) 8 small arms1 z he kicks ) 8 feet10 x is a *all5ge1 to :i* %e in/9ctively responds by giv+ him h] h& or h] *e/1 8aga9/ :i* he tramples ) alt]nate feet & s measures & increases 8 /r5g?40 ,s1 he rea*es 8t fir/ consci\sness ( self1 :i* is born ( physical opposition to & connection ) ! ext]nal _w40--,p41 p4 #aga4 ,e "o kn[s t ,froebel laid mu* /ress on ! necessity = :at is usually call$ 8expression10 :i* he call$ ,d>/ellung--(t5 translat$ 8repres5tation40 ,"o ( 8 reasons = ?is emphasis is1 h[ev]1 by no means always und]/ood1 viz4 t x 8induces cle> p]ception40 ,x is 9 discuss+ & criticiz+ ,pr(essor ,baldw9's description ( imitation z a circul> process1 t ,mr4 ,irv+ ,k+ br+s out two po9ts ( view f :i* we may reg>d imitation1 t ( ! obs]v] & t ( ! s-call$ imitator4 ,imitation1 he says1 is a t]m = ! obs]v] only1 & n a t]m = psy*ology at all4 ,baldw9 says t 8real or p]si/5t imitation is ! reaction t w reproduce ! /imulat+ impression & s t5d to p]petuate itself40 ,b z ,mr4 ,k+ %[s 9 ! case ( ! *ild :o imitates 8 "m's pok+ ( ! fire1 8! response ( ! *ild to ! copy does n re9/ate ! orig9al /imulus4''' ,:at ! *ild gets is n a reproduc$ /imulus1 b a new exp]i5ce40 ,9 8,! ,education ( ,man10 writt5 ye>s be=e 8 :ole att5tion 0 giv5 to ! "y *ild1 ,froebel _h emphasiz$ ! necessity = 8repres5tation0 :i* 8induces & implies cle> p]ception40 8,= :at man tries to repres5t or d1 t he beg9s to und]/&40--,e41 p4 #gf4 ,z we h se5 t ,froebel sets be=e himself ! self-same task :i* ,mr4 ,k+ /ates z ! bus9ess ( ! g5etic psy*ologi/1 s x %\ld be no surprise t he gives virtually ! same answ] to ! "q3 ,:at d ! imitative activities mean to ! *ild8 ,mr4 ,k+'s answ] is t ! *ild's emphasis is n on ! copy+ ( a c]ta9 act1 b on ! atta9m5t ( a c]ta9 exp]i5ce t comes ?r\gh ! copy+ or imitat+4 8,! *ild10 he says1 8is seldom or nev] imitat+ f 8 own po9t ( view1 b is always try+ to sort out "s ( 8 own ill-organiz$ exp]i5ces40 ,froebel's words are3 8,! *ild1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 /rives to make 8 inn] life outw>dly objective & ?us p]ceptible1 & s to become consci\s ( x1 to see x mirror$ 9 ! outw>d ph5om5a4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! *ild tries to d himself :atev] he sees done40--,p41 p4 #bdj4 8,if y\r *ild is to und]/& any action1 y mu/ let him c>ry x out himself1 deeply root$ 9 ?is fact is 8 prompt & delight$ imitation ( :atev] he f9ds ar\nd him40--,m41 p4 #af4 8,?\ght mu/ =m itself 9 action1 & action resolve & cle> itself 9 ?\ght40--,p41 p4 #db4 ,e /imulus1 says ,mr4 ,k+1 is a sugge/ion to activity1 & x is int]e/+ to notice h[ two m9ds work+ on ! same l9es1 ?\gh sep>at$ n only by ye>s b by diff]5ce ( language1 c fall into almo/ ! same phrases4 ,mr4 ,k+ unconsci\sly uses almo/ ,froebel's v words :5 he writes3 8,! sight ( ! object t5ds to set ! activity free40 ,froebel writes3 8,z ! ball /irs1 moves1 goes1 runs & rolls1 ! *ild :o is play+ ) x beg9s to feel ! desire to d likewise4''' ,! smalle/ *ild moves joyfully1 spr+s gaily1 hops up & d[n or beats ) 8 arms :5 he sees a mov+ object4 ,?is is n m]ely delight 9 ! movem5t ( ! object be=e him1 b x is ! work+ ( ! inn] activity wak5$ 9 him by ! sight ( out] activity4 ,?r\gh su* vision ! inn] life has be5 fre$40--,p41 p4 #bci4 ,we h se5 t accord+ to ,froebel ! e>lie/ consci\sness is a k9d ( self-consci\sness4 ,mr4 ,irv+ ,k+ says t ! v beg9n+ ( consci\sness is 8movem5t-/opp$-by-some?+10 & ,froebel says t :5 ! baby kicks out or tramples ) 8 feet & ! "m responds by giv+ him h] h& or *e/ to pu% aga9/1 ! *ild rea*es t 8fir/ consci\sness ( self :i* is born ( physical opposition to & connection ) ! ext]nal _w40 ,"h aga9 we come to a po9t 9 :i* ,froebel's insight %[s well 9 comp>ison ) a typical mod]n g5etic psy*ologi/4 8,_m writ]s10 says ,mr4 ,irv+ ,k+1 8h tri$ to select out c]ta9 k9ds ( activity z peculi>ly connect$ ) ! developm5t ( ! infant's s5se ( self40 ,prey]1 = in/ance1 connects ?is developm5t specially ) pa9ful s5sations2 ,baldw91 ) exp]i5ce associat$ ) p1 z contra/$ ) exp]i5ce ( ?+s4 ,8 own conclusion is t 8x seems m correct to say t all ! *ild's activities are factors ( v ne>ly equal importance = develop+ ! s5se ( self1 z di/9ct f ?+s & o!r p10 & x is ?is view t we f9d 9 ,froebel's writ+s4 ,ev5 9 8,! ,education ( ,man0 we f9d3 8,if man1 9 accordance ) 8 de/9y1 is truly & ?or\ghly to "k ea* ?+ ( ! surr\nd+ _w2 if ) ! aid ( ea* ?+ he is truly & ?or\ghly to "k himself4'''0--,e41 p4 #ib4 ,& among 8 lat] writ+s1 9 connection ) ! *ild's play ) bricks ,froebel says3 8,true & e>ly k ( ,nature & ( ! out] _w & especially cle> self-k come to ! *ild by ?is e>ly dismemb]+ & recon/ruction & p]ception ( real ?+s1 ?\gh n z yet1 by any means1 ?r\gh v]bal designation ( ! v>i\s productions ( *ildi% activity40--,p41 p4 #abc4 8,self-consci\sness10 says ,mr4 ,k+1 8is ess5tially a relative & v>iable t]m = all ( u4 ,x /&s = a process ( def9ition1 t1 /rictly speak+1 proce$s till maturity1 or ev5 lat]40 ,& ,froebel1 writ+ ab\t h[1 ?r\gh ! "m's play ) a ball1 a *ild may ga9 8 e>lie/ p]ceptions ( object1 space & "t1 says t by ! com+ & go+ ( ! ball1 etc41 8!re goes =? to ! *ild ! object1 recogniz$ z su* by ! m9d & s held fa/1 ! consci\sness ( ! object1 & s consci\sness itself awak5s 9 ! *ild40 ,& )\t a pause he goes on3 8,self-consci\sness belongs to ! nature ( man1 & is "o ) x4 ,to become consci\s ( itself is ! fir/ task 9 ! life ( ! *ild1 z x is ! task ( ! :ole life ( man4 ,t ?is task may be accompli%$ ! *ild is1 ev5 f 8 fir/ appe>ance1 surr\nd$ by a def9ite place & by objects3 by ! air bl[+ ar\nd all liv+ creatures1 z well z by ! ar\s+1 human1 spiritual language ( words4''' ,?us x is ) ! atta9m5t ( man to consci\sness & ! spee* requir$ & condition$ by t atta9m5t to consci\sness40--,p41 p4 #ci4 ,x is r int]e/+ to notice t 9 h] translation ( ?is passage 9 :i* ,froebel decl>es t self-consci\sness comes to a *ild z a result ( all 8 surr\nd+s1 ,miss ,j>vis omits ! ^w 8self40 ,%e beg9s h] p>agraph ) 8,bewus/se910 in/ead ( 8,selb/bewus/se90 z x /&s 9 ! orig9al4 ,to quote ,mr4 ,k+1 8,x is g5]ally held t ^! are two di/9ct attitudes1 t consci\sness may exi/ )\t an accompany+ consci\sness ( ! self z sep>ate f ! objects1 activities & p]sons ( ! re/ ( ! _w40 ,probably ?is 0 ,miss ,j>vis's own view1 & %e left out ! ^w 8self0 z hav+ no place or mean+ 9 ! context4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n mean+less to ,froebel himself4 ,mr4 ,k+ cont9ues3 8,! really important po9t is n to be able to put ! f+] d[n on "s "o ?+ t proves a develop$ self-consci\sness1 b to be able to %[ at e po9t t ! process ( def9ition is a function ( ! gr[+ complexity ( ! *ild's activities40 ,&1 9 8,! ,fir/ ,action ( a ,*ild0 ,froebel writes3 8,! nature ( man z a be+ int5d$ = self-consci\sness1 %[s itself 9 ! q di/9ctive nature ( ! *ild's activity1 ev5 at ! end ( ! s-call$ ?ree mon?s' slumb]1 9 ! totality ( ! fir/ *ildi% action4 ,?is _c be bett] compreh5d$ ?an by ! expression #8to busy himself' 7si* bes*ftig57 9 ! impulse ( ! *ild--an impulse awak5+ simultane\sly ) 8 inn] life--an impulse 9 close union ) feel+ & p]ception1 to be active = ! increas+ developm5t ( 8 life3 9 ?is lies ! nature ( man z a be+ int5d$ to gr[ t[>ds & ultimately to become self-consci\s40--,p41 p4 #bb4 ,speak+ ( 8 second play?+1 int5d$ = a *ild six mon?s old1 he says3 8,& s 8 play1 & ?r\gh 8 play1 8 surr\nd+s--f9ally ,nature & ,univ]se--may become a mirror ( himself & ( 8 life4 ,b ?is _c be too e>ly facilitat$1 t ! *ild at once1 f ! fir/ beg9n+ ( 8 self-develop+ feel+ ( life1 may gr[ up 9 ex*ange & comp>ison ) ,nature & life1 & z he impresses 8 life 9 =m1 & z =m on ?+s outside1 s he may aga9 p]ceive 8 life !re940--,p41 p4 #ie4 ,froebel 0 b\nd to wat* = e>ly developm5ts ( self-consci\sness1 because 8 :ole philosophy & p$agogy are bas$ on 8 firm belief t :ile ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se is an expression ( ! ,div9e1 man alone is 8de/9$0 to express ! ,god )9 8) self-det]m9ation40 ,s1 ( ! little *ild1 he writes3 8,because ! *ild himself beg9s to repres5t 8 inn] be+ outw>dly1 he imputes ! same activity to all ab\t him1 to ! pebble & *ip ( wood1 to ! plant1 ! fl[]1 & ! animal4 ,& ?us !re is develop$ 9 ! *ild at ?is /age 8 own life1 8 life ) p>5ts & family1 & p>ticul>ly 8 life 9 & ) ,nature1 z if ?is held life l t :i* he feels )9 himself40--,e41 p4 #ed4 ,z ! *ild gr[s old]1 ! "m1 ,froebel cont9ues1 tries to tea* him to feel ! complexity ( 8 own body1 8,give me y\r arm10 8,:]e is y\r h&80 %e says1 & %e 8playfully leads him to a k ( ! memb]s :i* he _c see10 & ! passage ends3 8,! aim ( all ?is is to lead ! *ild to self-consci\sness1 to reflection ab\t himself 9 ! approa*+ p]iod ( boyhood4 ,?us1 a boy t5 ye>s old1 simil>ly guid$ by in/9ct1 believ+ himself unobs]v$1 soliloquiz$3 #8,i am n my arm1 nor my e>2 all my limbs & organs ,i c sep>ate f myself1 & ,i /ill rema9 myself2 ,i wond] :at ,i am2 :o & :at is ?is :i* ,i call myself8'0--,e41 p4 #ef4 ,nor does ,froebel =get ! idea ( ! self z ! boy gr[s old]4 ,once ! activities ( runn+1 jump+1 etc41 are famili>1 ! boy's play takes on a new complexion4 ,8 games are n[ 8trials ( /r5g?10 or 8displays ( /r5g?40 8,! boy tries to see himself 9 8 companions1 to feel himself 9 !m1 to weigh & measure himself by !m1 to "k & f9d himself by _! aid40--,e41 p4 #aad4 8,! life ( ! boy has1 inde$1 no o!r purpose b t ( ! out] repres5tation ( 8 self3 8 life is 9 tru? b an ext]nal repres5tation ( 8 inn] be+1 ( 8 p[]1 p>ticul>ly ?r\gh pla/ic mat]ial4 ,9 ! =ms he fa%ions1 he does n see out] =ms :i* he is to take 9 & und]/&2 he sees 9 !m ! expression ( 8 _s1 ( ! activities ( 8 own m9d40--,e41 p4 #bgi4 ,surely x is ano!r t\* ( g5ius t makes ,froebel spr+ to ! nasc5t idea ( self z ! reason = ! *ild's crav+ = tales ( all k9ds4 8,k ( a ?+ c nev] be atta9$ by comp>+ x ) itself4 ,!re=e ! boy _c atta9 any k ( ! nature & mean+ ( 8 own life1 by comp>+ x ) itself ''' ev]ybody kn[s t comp>isons ) some:at remote objects are m effective ?an ^? ) v ne> objects4 ,only ! /udy ( ! life ( o!rs c furni% su* po9ts ( comp>ison ) ! life he has himself exp]i5c$4''' ,x is ! inn]mo/ desire & ne$ ( a vigor\s boy to und]/& 8 own life4''' ,?is is ! *ief reason :y boys are s fond ( /ories1 leg5ds & tales4''' ,! /ory conc]ns o!r m51 o!r circum/ances1 o!r times & places1 yet ! he>] seeks 8 own image1 he beholds x1 & no "o kn[s t he sees x40--,e41 p4 #cje4 ,z ,froebel %[s s mu* insight into ! p>am\nt importance ( action 9 ! developm5t ( self-consci\sness1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t he recognizes also its special importance 9 ! developm5t ( feel+4 ,x is probably to ! late ,pr(essor ,james & 8 sp>kl+ p>adoxes t ! educational _w owes its grasp ( ! importance ( expression 9 connection ) feel+2 we feel because we act1 we are told1 we d n run away because we are afraid1 b we are afraid because we h run away4 ,b all ,froebelians _h already le>nt ! tru? at ! bottom ( ?is f ,froebel's ,"m ,songs4 ,:5 he wrote 8 e>lie/ & greate/ book1 8,! ,education ( ,man10 ,froebel 0 already f> en\gh advanc$ to po9t out ! necessity = at lea/ v]bal expression ( feel+4 ,he !n advocat$ giv+ to "y boys simple pray]s or words by :i* !y c express *ildi% gratitude = c>e & protection1 s t ^! feel+s may be reta9$ & deep5$4 8,x is natural t religi\s feel+s & ?\ghts %\ld spr+ up4''' ,9 ! beg9n+ ^! s5tim5ts & feel+s w only manife/ !mselves z an effect1 a fullness )\t ^w or =m1 )\t any adequate expression ( :at !y are1 m]ely z some?+ t uplifts our be+ & fills ! s\l4 ,at ?is juncture1 x is mo/ b5eficial1 /r5g!n+1 & uplift+ = ! boy to receive words--a language = ^! s5tim5ts & feel+s--s t !y may n be /ifl$ 9 !mselves1 vani% = lack ( expression40--,e41 p4 #bdf4 ,! same rem>k is made 9 connection ) ! tea*+ ( poems & songs4 ,:5 feel+ is ar\s$ by ! contemplation ( ,nature1 x mu/ be express$4 ,:5 ,spr+ br+s 8gladness10 & ,autumn 8long+ & hope10 & :5 ,w9t] awak5s 8c\rage & vig\r10 !n3 8,man1 too1 w\ld express ! ?\ghts & feel+s t are awak5$ 9 him & = :i* he _c f9d words1 & ^! %\ld be giv5 him4''' ! ?\ghtful tea*] c easily int]pret ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( ! boys1 z well z ! phases ( ,nature1 9 liv+ fitt+ words4''' ,9 g5]al1 all t 0 said conc]n+ ! appropriation ( religi\s expressions is true "h40--,e41 p4 #bfg4 ,froebel _h also not$ ev5 ?us e>ly h[ 8! natural "m0 f ! v beg9n+ cultivates feel+ ?r\gh expression1 ?r\gh ge/ure or action4 8,"m love seeks to awak5 & to int]pret ! feel+ ( community betwe5 ! *ild & ! fa!r1 bro!r & si/]1 :5 %e says1 #8,de> ,daddy6' z %e c>ess+ly passes ! *ild's h& ov] ! fa!r's *eek4 #8,love daddy1 love little si/]1' etc40--,e41 p4 #fi4 ,9 ! ,"m's ,songs1 writt5 mu* lat] & aft] ,froebel _h made c>eful obs]vation ( "y *ildr51 he is m emphatic1 & 8 ideas ( expression are bo? wid] & m def9ite4 ,9 8,! ,education ( ,man0 he _h said t lit]ature ex]cises & te/s judgm5t & feel+s1 & he _h add$ t ?is %\ld be foll[$ up by "s con/ructive action4 ,b n[ he kn[s t feel+ :5 /irr$ ought to express itself 9 actual s]vice1 j z ,james sugge/s 8speak+ g5ially to "o's gr&mo!r1 or giv+ up "o's seat 9 a horse c>1 if no?+ m h]oic (f]s40 ,! "m is told t at fir/ %e %\ld help h] little "o to und]/& h] c>e ( him & 8 dep5d5ce on h] by 8! look+-glass ( out] life10 by lett+ him1 = in/ance1 wat* ! h5 c>+ = h] *ick5s1 & ! p>5t birds fe$+ & brood+ ov] _! "y 9 ! ne/4 ,9 ! rhym$ motto ( 8,! ,ne/0 %e is told3 8,already ! baby likes to see pictures %[+ ! lov+ c>e ( a "m4 ,let him d s (t51 t 8 life exp]i5ce may become cle> to him40 ,b ! long] explanation has an important addition3 8,! way lies ?r\gh our imag9ative1 t5d] & emotional obs]vation ( ,nature & ( man's life1 & ?r\gh ! *ild's affectionately tak+ _! mo/ intimate mean+ into ! life ( 8 own he>t1 & express+ by repres5tation :at he ?us takes 940--,m41 p4 #adi4 ,s1 z ! *ild beg9s to realize :at he owes1 comes ! next little play1 8,! ,fl[] ,basket10 ! key-note ( :i* is giv5 9 its motto3 8,try to let ! *ild give outw>d =m to :at /irs 8 feel+s1 = ! love ev5 ( a *ild dies away if n c>efully fo/]$40--,m41 p4 #ch4 ,& ! baby makes ( 8 t9y h&s a basket = fl[]s :]e) to celebrate ! fa!r's bir?day 9 or?odox ,g]man fa%ion4 ,9 ,froebel's own phrase1 ! 8inn] mean+0 ( ! little f+] play ) its picture1 is 8to *]i% ?\ghtfully ! bond1 :i* is invisible1 yet :i* c be felt1 :]eby ! life ( humanity is b\nd toge!r1 ! fir/ opportunity = :i* is af=d$ by ! life ( ! *ild & ! family40 ,:at is important "h is t ,froebel has po9t$ out ! way 9 :i* ?is bond c be /r5g!n$1 t is by expression1 by giv+ 8outw>d =m to :at /irs feel+40 ,?is idea ( s]vice z expression ( feel+ comes into ,froebel's description ( ! ideal *ild1 8m]ry1 happy1 /rong & busy10 :5 ! "m3 8,kiss$ ^u 8 br[ h] bless+1 ,!n1 8 love = h] express+1 ,(f he />ts 8 "m s]v+ ,all he c d1 %e's des]v+40--,m41 p4 #aia4 ,aga91 9 connection ) *ildi% productions1 ! little baskets1 napk9 r+s1 etc41 t !y h made1 ,froebel wrote3 8,! use made ( ^! little productions is v important to ! civiliz+ & n\ri%+ ( ! *ild's be+ & m9d1 = ,i consid] ! fact t _m *ildr5 receive s mu* & c give h>dly any?+ to be "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial causes ( ! frequ5t retrogression ( *ildi% love & s5sibility40 ,froebel always emphasizes ! ess5tial importance ( family bonds 9 ! developm5t ( feel+1 & he n only in/ructs ! "m to see to x t ! *ild recognizes ! family circle1 b he tells h] t he w realize 8 8k9%ip0 by s]vice done = ! family4 8,family1 family1 y are m ?an ,s*ool or ,*ur* ''' )\t y :at are ,alt> & ,*ur*4'''0--,m41 p4 #aei4 8,t _m ?+s are 9 a :ole ,soon dawns ^u a *ildi% s\l4 ,!n let ! "m tea* him c>efully ,to "k ! circle ( ! family40--,m41 p4 #df4 8,duties are n burd5s1 duty fulfill$ leads to light1 ?is is :y e heal?y *ild likes & enjoys do+ duties1 provid$ !y speak to him cle>ly & simply1 above all inexorably4''' ,see h[ happy a *ild is feel+ he has done 8 small duties4 ,he already feels 8 k9%ip ) y !reby4 ,*]i% ?is feel+1 & x w be salvation & bless+ to him40--,m41 p4 #agd4 ,z ! feel+ ( ! adult is call$ out by ! helplessness ( a *ild1 s1 too3 8! *ild's sympa?y is r\s$ by ! "y creatures' necessities m ?an by any?+ else1 & among ^! *iefly by _! nak$ness & s(tness3 #8''' ,"m1 ! poor little birds are s lonely1 ,i am s sorry = ! poor little ?+s4'0--,m41 p4 #aej4 ,& 9 ?is connection too comes ! w>n+ t feel+ mu/ n be all[$ to evaporate )\t action3 8,if y\r *ild's to love & *]i% ,life t ne$s him day by day1 ,give him ?+s to t5d t p]i% ,if he ev] /ops away40--,m41 p4 #hd4 ,! *ild is 8to feel )9 himself ,nature's close int]dep5d5ce03 8,:5ev] opportunity occurs1 make ?is inn] dep5d5ce ( life cle>1 visible1 impressive1 tangible & p]ceptible to y\r *ild1 ev5 ?\gh x be 9 only a few ( ! ess5tial l9ks ( ?is great *a91 until y come to ! la/ r+ t holds all ! re/1 ,god's ,fa!r-love = all4 ,! bak] _c bake if ! mill] br+s him no fl\r1 ! mill] c gr9d no fl\r if ! f>m] br+s him no corn1 ! field c yield no crop if ,nature does n "w t[>ds x 9 h>mony1 & ,nature c\ld n "w 9 h>mony if ,god _h n plac$ 9 h] p[] & mat]ial1 & if ,8 love did n guide ev]y?+ to its fulfilm5t40--,m41 p4 #adh4 ,& aga91 z always1 foll[s ! ne$ = expression ( "s k9d4 ,! *ildr5 are n to be di/urb$ :ile !y 8say grace0 ov] _! doll's fea/4 8,x is no draw+ d[n ( ! sacr$ into out] life2 no1 ?is is ! g]m :i* gives ! outside actions ( life ! inn] mean+ & high] consecration1 :i* life s mu* ne$s4 ,= h[ is y\r *ild to cultivate innoc5tly 9 himself a lively feel+ = :at is holy1 if y w n grant t x takes =m = him ev5 9 8 innoc5t games40--,m41 p4 #adh4 ,x may be z well be=e leav+ ! subject to notice "h "o or two o!r po9ts 9 connection ) feel+ t are t\*$ ^u by ,froebel4 ,?\gh1 z we h se5#bc1 ! feel+ side is always kept 9 close/ connection ) ^? ( k & action1 yet ! fundam5tal importance ( ! emotional side is /at$ q di/9ctly4 ,! *ild is 8liv+1 lov+ & p]ceiv+10 or 8creat+1 feel+ & ?9k+10 /ill3 8,! cultivation ( boyhood re/s :olly on t ( *ildhood2 !re=e activity & firmness ( ! w re/ ^u activity & firmness ( ! feel+s & ( ! he>t4 ,:]e ! latt] are lack+1 ! =m] w sc>cely be atta9able40--,e41 p4 #ig4 ,?is is put m /rongly 9 connection ) ! *ild's imitation ( ! music ( ! bell note1 ! 8bim-baum0 or 8d+-dong0 sung by ! "m1 :ile %e sw+s ! ball to & fro1 :i* accord+ to ,froebel 8s]ves ! emotional side40 8,! *ildr5 ?us e>ly & def9itely po9t out t ! c5tre1 ! real f\ndation1 ! />t+-po9t ( human developm5t is ! he>t & ! emotions1 b ! tra9+ to action & ?\ght1 ! corporeal & m5tal1 goes on con/antly & insep>ably by ! side ( x2 & ?\ght mu/ =m itself into action1 & action resolve & cle> itself 9 ?\ght2 b bo? h _! roots 9 ! emotional nature40--,p41 p4 #db4 ,ano!r po9t ,froebel makes 9 ?is connection1 is t feel+ alone c awak5 feel+1 & t ^? :o compla9 ( want ( feel+ 9 _! *ildr5 h probably !mselves to blame4 ,want ( good feel+ & ! preval5ce among boys ( egotism1 unfri5dl9ess1 etc41 is expla9$ z3 8cle>ly due n m]ely to ! failure ( ar\s+ at an e>ly p]iod1 & ( subsequ5tly cultivat+ 9 ! *ild a feel+ ( common sympa?y1 b also to ! e>ly annihilation ( ?is feel+ betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr540--,e41 p4 #abb4 ,! eld]s mu/ %[ sympa?y ) ! *ild's ?\ghts & feel+s1 !y mu/ n re/ cont5t ) c>+ = 8 bodily welf>e4 ,if ! *ild fails to f9d sympa?y1 = example 9 connection ) 8 int]e/ 9 ,nature1 if he 8fails to f9d ! same feel+s among adults :o suppress 8 g]m9at+ inn] life0 !n1 says ,froebel3 8a d\ble effect foll[s1 loss ( respect = ! eld] & a recoil ( ! orig9al anticipation40--,e41 p4 #afd4 8,mo!rs & ,fa!rs1 is x n almo/ incr$ible h[ e>ly ! *ild appe>s to di/+ui% inn] intellectual & lov+ gifts f out] bodily ones1 or1 r1 to be consci\s ( ! he>t & m9d ( ! giv] to feel ! giv+ _s8 ,:o does n see ?is 9 ! effect ( a fri5dly glance1 ( a sympa?iz+ly spok5 ^w1 ( a t5d] c>e :i* (t5 af=ds little m ?an sympa?y & companion%ip8''' ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! m]e love = ! outw>d p]son1 ! m]e bodily c>e1 does n satisfy him2 inde$1 ! nobl] ! *ild is 9 8 nature ! less does he cl+ to ! giv+ p]son4 ,?r\gh ?is consid]ation we h f\nd & recogniz$ :at we s\ght1 namely1 t ! respect & love--yea1 ! rev]5ce--( *ildr5 & y\? are ga9$ & secur$ to p>5ts 9 proportion to :at ! latt] are do+ = ! education ( ! m5tal life ( ! *ildr54''' ,if ! lively appreciation ( :at has be5 done to cultivate 8 inn] _w fill ! s\l ( a *ild1 !n w true love & gratitude t[>ds p>5ts1 respect & v5]ation = age1 g]m9ate 9 ! m9d ( a *ild40--,p41 p4 #aaa4 ,we h spok5 9 ?is *apt] ( :at is popul>ly call$ ! in/9ct ( imitation1 & we h se5 t ,froebel makes mu* ( :at he calls ! in/9ct or impulse ( activity 7,?tigkeit/rieb71 or ! in/9ct = employm5t 7,bes*ftigung/rieb74 ,x may be well n[ to consid] :at1 consid]+ ! ideas ( 8 day & g5]ation1 ,froebel c\ld f9d to say on a subject s important z ! in/9ctive activities ( human be+s & ( o!r animals1 conc]n+ :i* s mu* has n[ be5 writt5 & :i*1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,dewey1 ,froebel reg>d$ & rightly reg>d$ z ! f\ndation-/ones ( educational me?od4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,in/9ct ,,& ,,in/9cts 8,! old] writ+s on ,in/9ct are ineffectual wa/es ( words10 writes ,pr(essor ,james1 8because _! au?ors nev] came d[n to ?is simple & def9ite idea 7t ! n]v\s sy/em is to a great ext5t a pre-organiz$ bundle ( reactions71 b smo!r$ ev]y?+ 9 vague wond] at ! clairvoyant & prophetic p[] ( animals--s sup]ior to any?+ 9 ,man40#bd ,froebel 0 c]ta9ly n 9 a position to "k mu* ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 b :at he wrote ab\t in/9ct _c be class$ ) ^! old] writ+s4 ,= ev5 )\t mod]n k1 he waxes indignant ov] ! op9ions ( ^? :o creat$ ,james' 8ineffectual wa/es ( words40 ,f> f all[+ t in/9ct 9 ! l[] animals is sup]ior to any?+ 9 man1 ,froebel ma9ta9s t ! v weakness1 indef9it5ess ( man's in/9cts or impulses 7,triebe7 is a sign ( 8 sup]iority4 8,not)/&+ ! e>ly manife/ation 9 ! human infant ( ! impulse to employm5t 7,bes*ftigung/riebe71 mu* has be5 said f an entirely wrong po9t ( view ab\t man's helplessness at bir?1 & 8 sl[ developm5t to indep5d5ce1 :i* necessitates = s long a p]iod ! c>e & help ( ! "m4 ,x has ev5 be5 said1 t1 9 ?is respect1 man's position is beh9d & bel[ t ( o!r animals4 ,b t v po9t1 :i* has be5 cit$ z evid5ce ( man's imp]fection1 is a pro( ( 8 wor?4 ,= we recognize ?r\gh ?is helplessness1 t man is call$ to ev] high] self-consci\sness40--,p41 p4 #bd4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be po9t$ out t ,froebel does n make ! opposite mi/ake ( suppos+ t man has no in/9cts4 ,s9ce he approa*$ psy*ology f ! biological side1 s f> z x c\ld be kn[n to him1 ,froebel 0 b\nd to h fai? 9 in/9ct1 9 race-habit1 9 t5d5cies :i*1 because !y h be5 ( use to ! race1 are b$d$ 9 ! nature ( ea* individual4 ,x is to ,froebel's lat] writ+s & especially to ! little pap]1 on 8,! ,fir/ ,action ( a ,*ild10 t we mu/ turn to see h[ wond]fully correct are 8 views on ! :ole "q ( in/9ct4 ,x may be bett] to give fir/ ! position ( mod]n writ]s on ! subject by quot+ f ! la/ *apt] ( ,pr(essor ,lloyd ,morgan's 8,habit & ,in/9ct10 a cle> & concise passage %[+ t ! contr>y s*ools ( ?\ght repres5t$ on ! "o h& by ! ,d>w9 & ,romanes & on ! o!r by ,pr(essors ,james & ,wundt1 c aft] all be resolv$ into a matt] ( def9ition4 8,if1 !n1 ! "q be ask$1 :e!r man has a l>ge or a small end[m5t ( in/9ct1 ! answ] w dep5d ^u ! precise def9ition ( #8in/9ct4' ,if we take cong5ital def9it5ess z *>act]i/ic ( in/9ct1 we %all agree ) ,d>w91 t #8! fewness & ! comp>ative simplicity ( ! in/9cts ( ! high] animals are rem>kable z comp>$ ) ^? ( l[] animals2' & ) ,romanes t #8in/9ct plays a l>g] "p 9 ! psy*ology ( _m animals ?an x does 9 ! psy*ology ( man4' ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a broad] def9ition ( in/9ct be accept$1 s z to include :at is innate1 9 ! s5se be=e def9$1 we %all agree ) ,pr(essor ,wundt t human life is #8p]meat$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) in/9ctive action1 det]m9$ 9 "p1 h[ev]1 by intellig5ce & volition2' & %all n pr(\ndly disagree ) ,pr(essor ,wm4 ,james1 :o says t man possesses all ! impulses t !y 7! l[] animals7 h & a great _m m besides40 ,9 ,mr4 ,mc,dougall's important contribution to ! discussion ( human in/9ct1 he says t ! view :i* is rapidly ga9+ gr\nd is t ! gradual evolution ( intellig5ce 8did n supplant & lead to ! atrophy ( ! in/9cts1 b controll$ & modifi$ _! op]ation40 ,z ,mr4 ,mc,dougall goes on to /ate 8 belief 8t ! recognition ( ! full scope & function ( ! human in/9cts w appe> to ^? t come aft] u z ! mo/ important advance made by psy*ology 9 our "t10 x is important to ! purpose ( ?is book1 to make cle> to :at ext5t ,froebel's views on ! subject approa* ^? ( mod]n writ]s4 ,mr4 ,mc,dougall makes a v cle> di/9ction betwe5 specific t5d5cies to :i* he limits ! ^w in/9ct1 & non-specific or g5]al t5d5cies4 ,naturally ,froebel did n rea* ?is /&po9t1 b he does seem to h ?\ght out 8 t]m9ology4 ,he felt /rongly z to ! use ( words ( =eign orig91 & g5]ally uses 8,trieb10 8,leb5/rieb10 8,drang0 or 8,leb5sdrang10 :]e we might use in/9ct4 ,b he does occasionally use 8in/9ct10 notably 9 a passage quot$ bel[ 8^: impulses1 p[]s & abilities1 ^: in/9cts z !y are call$0 7dess5 ,leb5/riebe ,krfte und ,anlag51 dess5 ,in/9cte wie man es n5nt71 :]e he seems to be feel+ ab\t = ! "r expression4 ,o!r words 9 con/ant use are 8,neigung10 8,/reb50 & 8,ri*tung10 probably be/ translat$ by 8t5d5cy40 ,x c be argu$1 h[ev]1 t to ! ^w ,trieb ,froebel does seem to h atta*$ a m def9ite mean+1 & 8 use ( ?is ^w is c]ta9ly limit$4 ,pr(essor ,james' acc\nt ( in/9ct beg9s ) ! /atem5t t 8,e in/9ct is an impulse10 a driv+ to action1 b ! use ( ! words 8,trieb0 & 8,drang0 makes su* a pron\ncem5t unnecess>y to a ,g]man writ]1 & if ?is root idea is n impli$ by ! n\n1 x g5]ally1 9 ,froebel's writ+s1 makes its appe>ance 9 ! v]b4 ,?us we frequ5tly read ( 8a long+ :i* drives ! *ild to10 etc4 7die ,sehnsu*t die das ,k9d treibt74 ,! m]e/ glance ?r\gh ,froebel's writ+s is en\gh to %[ 8 belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( in/9ct 9 ! human be+4 ,8 ref]5ces to x are con/ant4 ,x is an impulse 7,trieb7 8:i* ! *ild did n give himself1 :i* came )\t 8 w1 9 lat] life ev5 aga9/ 8 w10 b :i* 8urges to action0 7drngt ihn dazu74 ,x is a =ce s /rong1 t x 8holds captive m9d & body40 ,! *ild is describ$ z 8driv5 by impulse0 7des von ,leb5sdrang getrieb55 ,k9des74 ,! boy aga9 is 8held captive by h>mless1 ev5 praisewor?y1 impulses0 7sog> lob5sw]t5 ,triebe71 or 8gives himself up entirely to ! impulses ( 8 inn] life0 7dem ,treib5d5 inn]n ,leb574 ,9 8 e>li] "w1 8,! ,education ( ,man10 ,froebel is fir/ conc]n$ ) urg+ t ! "y human be+1 8a product ( ,nature10 has in/9cts q z tru/wor?y z ^? ( any o!r "y animal1 & ! foll[+ eloqu5t passage is v well kn[n3 8,! undi/urb$ work+ ( ! ,div9e ,unity is necess>ily good1 & ?is implies t ! "y human be+1 /ill z x 7 9 ! process ( creation1 w\ld seek z a product ( ,nature1 ?\gh /ill unconsci\sly1 yet decid$ly & surely t :i* is 9 itself be/3 &1 moreov]1 9 a =m :olly adapt$ to 8 condition1 disposition1 p[]s & means4 ,?us ! duckl+ ha/5s to ! pond1 :ile ! "y *ick5 scrat*es ! gr\nd1 & ! "y swall[ cat*es 8 food ^u ! w+ & sc>cely ev] t\*es ! gr\nd4 ,we grant space & "t to "y plants & animals because we "k t 9 accordance ) ! laws t live 9 !m !y w develop prop]ly & gr[ well4 ,arbitr>y int]f]5ce ) _! gr[? is avoid$ because x is kn[n t ?is w\ld di/urb _! developm5t2 b ! "y human be+ is look$ ^u z a piece ( wax1 a lump ( clay1 :i* man c m\ld into :at he pleases4''' ,?us1 ,o p>5ts1 c\ld y\r *ildr51 on :om y =ce 9 t5d] ye>s =ms & aims aga9/ _! nature1 ?us c\ld y\r *ildr5 too unfold 9 beauty & develop 9 h>mony40--,e41 p4 #g4 ,x is true t to ,froebel evolution is 8! work+ ( ,div9e ,unity40 ,b !re seems to be no special reason :y ?is %\ld invalidate :at ,froebel has to say1 any m ?an ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge %\ld be disqualifi$ z a sci5ti/1 because he has produc$ a book 9 :i* he writes3 8,developm5t means unfold+ lat5t possibilities ''' gr[? & developm5t are 9 accordance ) ! law ( ! univ]se ''' ! law ( ! univ]se & ! w ( ,god are "h reg>d$ z 9 "s sort synonym\s t]ms40 ,?is is exactly ,froebel's position2 he writes t 8,nature & man h _! orig9 9 "o & ! same et]nal ,be+1 & _! developm5t takes place 9 accordance ) ! same laws1 only at diff]5t /ages40--,e41 p4 #afa4 ,t ,froebel n only recogniz$ ! pres5ce ( in/9ct 9 human be+s1 b t he also saw1 z ,pr(essor ,wundt puts x1 t ?is is 8det]m9$ 9 p>ts by intellig5ce & volition10 he /ates v pla9ly3 8,natural in/9ct & good example w d mu*1 b "h1 z 9 all human conc]ns1 "o mu/ proce$ by ext5sion ( k1 & by c>eful scrut9y1 or bo? ! "o & ! o!r may mislead or be misdirect$4 ,exp]i5ce cries al\d to u1 to w>n u ( ?is dang]4 ,assur$ly man ought n to neglect 8 natural in/9cts1 /ill less ab&on !m1 b he mu/ ennoble !m ?r\gh 8 intellig5ce1 purify !m ?r\gh 8 reason40--,l41 p4 #bbb4 8,9 ! progress ( developm5t ?ree /ages diff]5tiate !mselves & fall ap>t2 & ^! /ages are se5 bo? 9 individual m51 & 9 ! race z a :ole4 ,!y are3 7#a7 ,unconsci\sness1 ! m]ely in/9ctive /age2 7#b7 ,vague ,feel+1 ! t5d5cy upw>ds t[>ds consci\sness2 & 7#c7 ,relatively cle> ,consci\s ,intellig5ce4 ,ev]y?+ t is acquir$ by a great unity1 say by a family1 a community1 a nation1 mu/ 9 its beg9n+s be acquir$ by ! s+le memb]s ( t unity2 & fur!r x w take !m 9 "o ( ! ?ree grades ( developm5t1 ei!r t ( m]e unconsci\sness1 or ( vague feel+1 or 9 ! ?ird & highe/ grade1 t ( consci\s intellig5ce1 s f> z x has be5 ma9ta9$ by mank9d up to ! pres5t "t40--7,lett] to ,madame ,d4 ,lutk5s1 dat$ ,m>*1 #ahea47 ,x is 9 8,! ,fir/ ,action ( a ,*ild0 t we f9d ,froebel contra/+ ! in/9cts ( ! l[] animals ) ^? ( man4 ,"h curi\sly en\gh1 ,froebel1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,/\t1 is almo/ m correct ?an ,pr(essor ,lloyd ,morgan himself1 ^: /atem5t 8t animals d n p]ceive relations0 ,pr(essor ,/\t reg>ds z mislead+4 ,8 correction is1 8unless an artificial re/riction is put on ! mean+ ( ! t]m relation1 ?is /atem5t w\ld imply t animals _c p]ceive ! position ( objects 9 space or _! motion4''' ,h5ce we %\ld say1 n t ! p]ception ( relation is defici5t 9 animals1 b only t def9ite p]ception ( relations is defici5t :i* dep5ds on comp>ison40 ,n[ x is ?is v po9t ( comp>ison :i* ,froebel takes z ! ess5tial intellectual diff]5ce betwe5 ! animal indep5d5t f bir? ?anks to fully develop$ in/9ct1 & ! *ild helpless & app>5tly inf]ior at fir/1 yet de/9$ = progress 8self-active & free40 ,he writes3 8,! animal ^: life impulses1 p[]s & abilities1 ^: in/9cts z !y are call$ 7dess5 ,leb5/riebe1 ,krfte und ,anlag51 dess5 ,in/9cte wie man es n5nt7 are at once s def9ite & /rong1 t 9 natural conditions x nev] fails1 inde$ _c fail to ov]come e h9drance )9 its life's rea*1 ! animal j on ?is acc\nt c nev] arrive at a k ( its p[]s1 its qualities1 its nature ''' = x lacks all po9ts ( comp>ison4 ,x lacks all po9ts ( comp>ison1 :i*1 9 ! case ( man proce$ f ! fact t ! weake/ output ( /r5g? meets ) ob/acles :i* increase z ! /r5g? increases1 & :i* w only ) difficulty be conqu]$ or ov]come & annihilat$4 8,x is q diff]5t 9 ! life ( man1 9 ! beg9n+ ( :i* practically no?+ c be accompli%$ )\t help f )\t4 ,no?+ especially c be accompli%$ ?r\gh a prepond]ance ( inn] p[] su*1 = example1 z ! newly hat*$ duckl+ %[s on ! wat]4 ,?us ev]y?+ ext]nal mu/1 by ,man1 ) 8 prepond]ance ( helplessness1 be ov]come z an ob/acle solely ?r\gh inn] advanc+1 & out] /r5g!n+ & increas+ ( p[] ?r\gh free activity ( ! w40--,p41 p4 #be4 ,) ?is passage f 8,! ,fir/ ,action ( a ,*ild0 we c comp>e ! foll[+ f ,/\t's 8,analytic ,psy*ology03 8,! peculi> feature 9 ! life ( animals :i* prev5ts progressive developm5t is ! exi/5ce ( in/9cts :i* d = !m :at ! human be+ mu/ d = himself4 ,_! inh]it$ organization is su*1 t !y p]=m ! movem5ts adapt$ to supply _! ne$s on ! m]e occurr5ce ( an appropriate ext]nal /imulus4''' ,9 man1 a bl9d crav+ has to grope its way f d>kness into light 9 ord] to become effective2 9 ! animal ! means ( satisfaction are provid$ ready made by ,nature at ! outset40 ,aft] hav+ /at$ t 8,e in/9ct is an impulse10 ,pr(essor ,james goes on to say t in/9ct dep5ds ^u ! biological fact t ! n]v\s sy/em is 8a pre-organiz$ bundle ( re-actions10 & t :5 impulses block "o ano!r1 an animal ) _m impulses1 & ^: m9d is elevat$ en\gh to discrim9ate1 8loses ! in/9ctive demean\r & appe>s to live a life ( hesitation & *oice1 an intellectual life40 ,not)/&+ ! v obvi\s fact t ,froebel c\ld "k b little ( ! n]v\s sy/em & its re-actions1 x is /ill q evid5t t 8 obs]vation _h l$ him to a cle> recognition ( ! e>li] /age1 :5 8hesitation & *oice0 are impossible4 ,! *ild1 he says1 8acts 9 ob$i5ce to an in/9ct :i* holds captive m9d & body10 he is 8incr$ibly %ort-sight$ 9 8 ob$i5ce to in/9ct40 ,t he also recogniz$ ! beg9n+ ( hesitation & *oice is %[n 9 8 def5ce ( ! *ild :o 89 spite ( ab&onm5t to mom5t>y impulse10 may h 8an int5se inn] desire = goodness10 :i*1 8if x c\ld be appreciat$ 9 "t10 w\ld make ( him a good man 7,e41 p4 #abe72 & also 9 8 plea = ! e>ly awak5+ & tra9+ 8( judgm5t & ( t reflection :i* avoids s _m blund]s & :i*1 9 a natural way 7i4e4 )\t tra9+71 does n come to man suffici5tly e>ly40--,e41 p4 #gi4 8,ano!r s\rce ( boyi% faults is 9 ! precipitation1 want ( caution1 indiscretion1 9 a ^w ! ?\ghtlessness1 ! act+ accord+ to an impulse q blameless1 ev5 praisewor?y1 :i* holds captive all activity ( m9d & body1 b ^: consequ5ces h n z yet ent]$ into 8 exp]i5ce1 inde$ x has n yet ent]$ into 8 m9d to def9e ! consequ5ces40--,e41 p4 #abb4 ,froebel gives f real life a few well-*os5 examples ( :at ! boy s 8incr$ibly %ort-sight$ 9 8 ob$i5ce to impulse0 may d2 tell+ h[ "o delib]ately aims a /one at a w9d[ 8) e>ne/ ef=t to hit x1 yet )\t ev5 say+ to himself t if x does s1 ! w9d[ mu/ be brok510 & h[ he 8/&s root$ to ! spot0 :5 ?is happ5s4 ,ano!r1 a 8v good-he>t$ boy1 :o de>ly lov$ & took c>e ( pigeons1 aim$ at 8 neighb\r's pigeon on ! ro(1 )\t consid]+ t if ! bullet hit x ! dove mu/ fall40 ,no wond] t he urges ! e>ly awak5+ ( t reflection 7,na*d5k57 :i* w\ld avoid s mu*1 & 9 ?is connection x mu/ be rememb]$ too t ,froebel emphasiz$ ! indef9it5ess ( human in/9ct :i* makes comp>ison possible4 ,x is also wor? rem>k+ t ,froebel knew t x is only by not+ consequ5ces ( actual de$s t reflection comes1 & ?is he %[s 9 "o ( 8 qua9t p>allels betwe5 8! hi/ory ( creation & ! developm5t ( all ?+s40 8,simil>ly 9 ea* *ild !re is repeat$ ! de$ :i* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( moral & human emancipation1 ( ! dawn ( reason--ess5tially ! same de$ t m>k$ ! dawn ( reason 9 ! race z a :ole40--,e41 p4 #da4 ,x mu/ h be5 a some:at unor?odox view 9 #ahbf1 b "s pages fur!r on ,froebel speaks ev5 m boldly ( 8! fall or--s9ce ! result is ! same--! asc5t ( ! m9d ( man f simple emotional developm5t into ! developm5t ( ext]nally analytic & critical reason40--,e41 p4 #aic4 ,pr(essor ,james goes on to /ate two o!r pr9ciples :i* make = non-uni=mity ( in/9ct4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is t in/9cts are inhibit$ by habits1 & ! second t in/9cts are transitory4 ,! physiological fact ( 8pla/icity0 9 :i* ^! pr9ciples are gr\nd$1 0 ( c\rse q out ( ,froebel's k54 ,nev]!less1 ! pr9ciples !mselves d n escape 8 %rewd obs]vation4 ,mr4 ,mc,dougall po9ts out t ev5 acquir$ habits ( ?\ght & action1 s important z spr+s ( action 9 ! develop$ human m9d1 are 9 a s5se d]iv$ f & second>y to in/9cts4 ,he goes on to say t 89 ! abs5ce ( in/9cts no habits c\ld be =m$10 s x is int]e/+ to f9d ,froebel argu+ t ! ph5om5a ( habit is a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( :at 9 ! infant he calls ! impulse to activity or to self-employm5t4 8,! helplessness ( ! new-born human be+ 9 reg>d to all out] ?+s is ! opposite ( 8 future ability--s9ce life is a :ole--to help himself ?r\gh ! enhanc+ ( 8 w-p[]4''' ,helplessness & p]sonal w1 !re=e1 become ! two po9ts betwe5 :i* ! *ild's life turns1 & ! fulcrum is free activity4 ,h]e9 lies = ! educator a key to ph5om5a ( *ild-life :i* seem to contradict ea* o!r4 ,= out ( ! impulse to activity 7,?tigkeit/riebe7 & to free self-employm5t1 or r out ( ! unit$ ?ree--helplessness1 p]sonal w1 & self-employm5t--soon proce$ cu/om & habit1 (t5 indol5ce & too facile yield+4 8,consid]ation ( cu/om1 & ( ! spontane\s acquir+ ( habit 9 ! *ild1 especially 9 reg>d to :at causes x1 & to its effect ^u ! *ild1 is j z important = ! educator1 z is ! consid]ation & guidance ( 8 in/9ct ( activity4 ,?is v ph5om5on t ! *ild s e>ly accu/oms & inures himself to some?+1 ?is e>ly ph5om5on ( *ild life1 ! gr[+ toge!r & becom+ "o1 z x 71 ) 8 surr\nd+s1 is a pro( ( ! exi/5ce & inn] work+1 ev5 ?us e>ly1 ( ! impulse = activity or employm5t1 ev5 :]e ! *ild appe>s outw>dly inactive & passive3 9 t ! *ild accommodates himself to out] surr\nd+s1 relations & requirem5ts 9 ord] to provide m scope = 8 inn] activity40--,p41 p4 #bg4 ,?is pro( may n be q s cle> to o!rs z x 0 to ,froebel1 b at lea/ ! passage %[s ! close connection 9 8 m9d betwe5 in/9ct--! impulse t[>ds activity & employm5t--& habit1 & t he _h not$ ! int]action betwe5 ! two4 ,!re are _m ref]5ces to ! transitory nature ( at lea/ *ildi% impulses4 8,:at delight a *ild takes 9 notic+ :at is smoo?1 woolly1 hairy1 sp>kl+1 r\nd1 etc4''' ,b if y d n *]i% ?is & d n set x go+ 9 ! "r way1 x becomes a lo/ ?+2 x gr[s ru/y1 & loses its p[] z a magnet loses its p[] :5 x is n suffici5tly us$4 ,p[] t is n at once us$1 ef=t t does n at once meet ! "r object--p]i%es40--,m41 p4 #aha4 8,n[1 at la/1 we w\ld fa9 give ano!r direction to ! en]gies1 desires & in/9cts 7,krfte1 ,neigung5 und ,triebe7 ( ! *ild gr[+ into boyhood2 b x is too late4 ,= ! deep mean+ ( *ild-life pass+ into boyhood we n only fail$ to appreciate1 b we misjudg$ x2 we n only fail$ to nurse x1 b we misdirect$ & cru%$ x40--,e41 p4 #ge4 8,see p>5ts1 ! fir/ impulse to activity1 ! fir/ con/ructive impulse 7,bildung/rieb7 comes f man accord+ to ! nature ( ! work+ ( 8 m9d1 unconsci\sly1 unrecogniz$1 )\t 8 w1 z man c inde$ p]ceive 9 himself 9 lat] life4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is inn] summons to activity 7diese inn]e ,auf=d]ung zur ,?tigkeit7 meets ) out] h9drance1 especially su* a "o z ! w ( ! p>5ts1 :i* _c be set aside1 ! p[] is at once weak5$ 9 itself1 & ) _m repetitions ( ?is weak5+1 falls into inaction40--,e41 p4 #ajj4 8,! neglect ( inn] p[] causes ! inn] p[] itself to vani%40--,e41 p4 #acc4 8,x is true !re are few su* *ildr52 b !re w\ld be m1 7 we n ignorantly blunt+ s _m t5d5cies 9 our *ildr51 or />v+ !m into inanition40--,e41 p4 #bbj4 ,writ+ ( ! orig9 ( boyi% faults ,froebel says3 8,:5 we look = ! s\rces ( ^! %ortcom+s ''' we f9d a d\ble reason1 fir/1 complete neglect ( ! developm5t ( c]ta9 sides ( human life1 secondly e>ly misdirection1 e>ly unnatural /ages 9 developm5t1 & di/ortion1 ?r\gh arbitr>y int]f]5ce ) human p[]s1 qualities & t5d5cies good 9 _! s\rce4''' ,!re=e at ! bottom ( e %ortcom+ 9 man1 lies a cru%$1 fru/rat$ quality or t5d5cy1 suppress$1 misund]/ood or misguid$40--,e41 pp4 #aai-aba4 ,:5 we come to ! enum]ation ( ! v>i\s human in/9cts we f9d t ,froebel c h>dly be said to h omitt$ any t are important f an educational po9t ( view1 except p]haps ! in/9ct ( fe>1 & to ?is he w\ld be lo? to appeal4#be ,moreov]1 x c be %[n t 8 explanation ( c]ta9 t5d5cies sugge/s a bett] basis ( classification ?an is suppli$ by c]ta9 rec5t writ]s1 :o might be expect$ to surpass him ) ease4 ,be=e ! publication ( ,mr4 ,mc,dougall's 8,social ,psy*ology10 !re 7 b few attempts at any classification ( in/9cts )9 at lea/ ! rea* ( ,engli% read]s4 ,9 ,july1 #aijj1 !re appe>$ an article 9 8,! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y0 9 :i* ,mr4 ,eby propos$ to recon/ruct ! ,k9d]g>t5 on ! basis ( natural in/9ct4 ,! writ] _h app>5tly no dawn+ idea t ?is 0 ! orig9al basis#bf ( ! in/itution he proposes to re=m1 b ,froebel's acc\nt ( ,in/9ct %[s 9 c]ta9 ways a cle>] und]/&+ ( ! subject ?an does 8 own4 ,mr4 ,eby's tabulation 03 ,i4 ,language--) ge/ure & expression4 ,,ii4 ,curiosity1 or ,in/9ct = ,k4 ,,iii4 ,play ,in/9ct4 7a7 ,motor ,plays4 7b7 ,hunt+ & ,w&]+4 7c7 ,imitative4 7d7 ,con/ructive4 7e7 ,agricultural4 7f7 ,improvis$4 ,,iv4 ,arti/ic & ,ae/hetic ,in/9cts4 ,v4 ,social ,in/9ct4 ,,vi4 ,in/9ct ( ,acquisition & ,own]%ip4 ,,vii4 ,numb] ,in/9ct4 ,,viii4 ,int]e/ 9 ,/ories4 ,ano!r classification1 well kn[n at lea/ to tea*]s1 is t giv5 by ,mr4 ,kirkpatrick 9 8 8,fundam5tals ( ,*ild ,/udy40#bg ,8 li/ comprises3 ,i4 ,individual or ,self-pres]v+ ,in/9cts4 7,fe$+1 ,fe> & ,fight+47 ,,ii4 ,p>5tal ,in/9cts4 ,,iii4 ,social or ,gr\p ,in/9cts4 7,greg>i\sness1 ,sympa?y1 ,love ( ,approbation1 ,altruism47 ,,iv4 ,adaptive ,in/9cts4 7,imitation1 ,play1 ,curiosity47 ,v4 ,regulative4 7,moral1 ,religi\s47 ,,vi4 ,resultant & ,miscellane\s4 7,includ+ su* t5d5cies z ^? ( collect+ & con/ruct+1 & ! t5d5cy to adornm5t1 ) ! /hetic pleasure ( contemplat+ beautiful objects47 ,int]e/+1 helpful & sugge/ive z ^! li/s are1 !y bo? s]ve z examples ( ! difficulty1 if n impossibility1 ( any h>d-&-fa/ l9es ( classification4 ,= example1 regulative in/9cts1 :i* ,mr4 ,kirkpatrick divides into moral & religi\s1 mu/ be d]iv$ f social in/9cts2 greg>i\s in/9cts _c be satisfactorily sep>at$ f in/9cts ( self-pres]vation1 & surely all in/9cts mu/ be adaptive4 ,froebel's acc\nt ( ! in/9cts ( a *ild 9 "s ways resembles t ( ,mr4 ,mc,dougall1 & x is c]ta9ly 9 "s po9ts m enlight5+ ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,"u ! head+ ( ,inve/igation1 ,froebel br+s bo? ! ,numb] ,in/9ct1 & ! ,int]e/ 9 ,/ories1 to :i* ,mr4 ,eby gives a position z fundam5tal z t ( ! ,social ,in/9ct4 ,! con/ructive in/9ct :i* ,mr4 ,kirkpatrick br+s "u 8,resultant & ,miscellane\s10 has a v special place 9 ,froebel's acc\nt1 z be+ "o way ( imitat+1 t is ano!r mode ( inve/igat+ ! surr\nd+s1 & also :at is equally important1 a way by :i* ! *ild ga9s a k ( 8 own p[]1 rea*es ,self-,consci\sness4 ,x is because ( ! emphasis ,froebel cont9ually lays ^u ! develop+ self-consci\sness t 8 views some:at t5d to resemble ^? ( ,mr4 ,mc,dougall1 ?\gh x w\ld be absurd to attempt to draw any p>allel4 ,= ,froebel1 ?\gh he 9 no way m9imizes ! importance ( ,imitation1 & al?\gh x is z ! apo/le ( ,play t he is mo/ widely kn[n1 yet1 l ,mr4 ,mc,dougall1 he nev] speaks ei!r ( an ,in/9ct ( ,play nor ( ,imitation1 t is1 he nev] uses = ^! 8 special ^w ,trieb2 nor has he any ,in/9ct = ,religion4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 too1 ,froebel1 ) 8 con/ant insi/5ce on ! ?reefold aspect ( m9d1 p>tly =e/alls ,mr4 ,mc,dougall's view t 8in/9ctive action is ! outcome ( a di/9ctly m5tal process1 "o :i* is incapable ( be+ describ$ 9 purely me*anical t]ms1 ''' & "o :i*1 l e o!r m5tal process1 has & c only be fully describ$ 9 t]ms ( ! ?ree aspects ( all m5tal process1 ! cognitive1 ! affective1 & ! conative aspects40 ,x is 9 connection ) ! v e>lie/ activity t ,froebel writes3 8,! fir/ ph5om5on ( awak5+ *ild-life is activity4 ,x is an inn] activity1 %[+ itself by consid]ation ( & work+ ) :at is out]1 by ov]com+ h9drances & subdu+ ! out]4 ,! nature ( man z gr[+ t[>ds1 & de/9$ to rea* self-consci\sness1 is %[n 9 ! q peculi> "* ( *ildi% activity ev5 z e>ly z :5 ! infant awakes f its s-call$ ?ree mon?s' slumb]4 ,x is %[n 9 ! *ild's impulse to busy himself 79 dem ,triebe si* zu bes*ftig57 9 ! in/9ct1 "o ) feel+ & p]ception1 to be active = ! progressive developm5t ( 8 own life4 8,we are repeat$ly impress$ ) ! conviction t ev]y?+ t is to be done = ! specifically human developm5t ( ! *ild mu/ be connect$ ) ! fo/]+ ( ?is in/9ct to employ himself4 ,= ?is in/9ct corresponds to man's triune activity ( do+1 feel+ & ?9k+4 ,x corresponds to ! ess5tial nature ( humanity1 :i* is to h p[] & und]/&+1 to become ev] m & m self-consci\s & self-det]m9+40--,p41 p4 #bd4 ,9 ! la/ s5t5ce ( ?is passage1 :i* ref]s to ! m]e/ infant1 & :i* imm$iately prec$es ,froebel's comp>ison ( human in/9cts ) ^? ( ! l[] animals1 are indicat$ ! l9es on :i* we may say ,froebel classifi$ ?\gh he nev] did s =mally4 ,he deals only ) ! 8purely0 or 8specifically0 human1 z he nev] tires ( reit]at+1 s t fundam5tal animal in/9cts1 self-pres]v+ & race-pres]v+1 su* z fe$+ & ! sexual impulse1 are little notic$1 & only 9 connection ) ! necessity = self-control4 ,b1 z ) ,mr4 ,mc,dougall mu* is made to dep5d on self-feel+1 s ) ,froebel /ill m does ev]y?+ c5tre r\nd t self-consci\sness :i* to him is ( ! v nature ( man1 & :i* is made possible by ! undef9$ or undevelop$ "* ( human in/9ct4 ,! in/9cts & impulses not$ by ,froebel1 all1 be x cle>ly und]/ood1 9 ! s]vice ( ! gr[+ self-consci\sness1 & self-det]m9ation are3 ! in/9ct to indep5d5t activity 7d] ,trieb zur ,frei- und ,selb/-?tigkeit71 ! in/9ct to inve/igation 7,=s*ung/rieb71 ) :i* ,froebel deals v ?or\ghly & by :i* he expla9s a great deal1 ! impulse ( acquisition1 ! in/9ct ( con/ruction or =mation 7,bildung/rieb ,ge/altung/rieb71 ! social in/9ct & ! mat]nal in/9ct4 ,froebel himself nev] tabulates1 yet 8 app>5tly c>eful use ( ! ^w ,trieb1 tak5 along ) 8 conv9c+ explanations ( v>i\s t5d5cies 7,ri*tung51 ,neigung51 ,/reb57 seems to %[ t 9 relation to in/9ct !re 7 9 8 m9d two pairs ( ideas1 s closely relat$ z to be insep>able1 viz43 7a7 ,inve/igation & ,control ( ,surr\nd+s1 & 7b7 ,consci\sness ( ,self & ,self-,det]m9ation4 ,x is impossible to become consci\s ( "o's self except by becom+ consci\s ( a _w ( objects4#bh ,x is equally impossible to become self-det]m9+ )\t ga9+ control ov] ^! objects1 ov] ! surr\nd+s4 ,9 ord] to control ! surr\nd+s1 "o mu/ fir/ inve/igate !m1 & ?is inve/igation br+s ) x self-consci\sness1 k ( "o's own p[]s & consequ5t self-det]m9ation4 ,all ?is seems fully 9 accordance ) :at has be5 already /at$ z to ! close connection betwe5 volitional & intellectual developm5t4 ,! two ma9 l9es on :i* in/9ctive action mu/ run1 if x is to be1 z x mu/ be1 adaptive1 are giv5 9 ,froebel's words1 8to h p[] & und]/&+40 ,to adapt ourselves to our surr\nd+s we mu/ fir/ "k !m1 & secondly1 h p[] ov] !m4 ,ev5 ?is sep>ation into fir/ly & secondly is m a matt] ( words ?an ( reality4 ,no "o knew m cle>ly or emphasiz$ m /rongly ?an ,froebel t action1 by :i* alone we ga9 p[]1 is also ! *ild's royal road to k4 ,?is he /ates v pla9ly 9 ! 8,plan0 :i* he drew up = ! s*ool at ,helba1 :i* un=tunately nev] came into exi/5ce4 8,! in/itution w be fundam5tal inasmu* z 9 tra9+ & in/ruction x w re/ on ! f\ndation f :i* proce$ all g5u9e k & all g5u9e practical atta9m5ts2 x w re/ on life itself & on creative ef=t1 on ! union & int]dep5d5ce ( do+ & ?9k+1 repres5tation & k1 art & sci5ce4 ,! in/itution w base its "w on ! pupil's p]sonal ef=ts 9 "w & expression1 mak+ ^!1 aga91 ! f\ndation ( all g5u9e k & culture4 ,jo9$ ) ?\ghtfulness ^! ef=ts become a direct m$ium ( culture2 jo9$ ) reason+1 !y become a direct means ( in/ruction & ?us make ( "w a true subject ( in/ruction40--,e41 p4 #ch4 ,k ( 8 surr\nd+s is h[ev] n ! only k t ! *ild ga9s ?r\gh action2 ?is is 8 only way ( ga9+ k ( himself1 ( 8 p[] & ( 8 weakness4 ,x is ?r\gh outw>d activity t1 z ,froebel says1 he 8comes to self-consci\sness & le>ns to ord]1 det]m9e & ma/] himself10 & x is 9 connection ) ! e>lie/ ,impulse to ,activity t ,froebel writes3 8,! pres5t ef=t ( mank9d is an ef=t aft] fre] self-developm5t1 fre] self-=mation1 fre] det]m9+ ( "o's own de/9y4''' ,!re=e ! m or less cle> aim ( ! individual is ,consci\sness1 ! atta9+ ( cle>ness ab\t himself & ab\t life 9 its unity z well z 9 its ?\s& ramifications1 to atta9 to compreh5sion & "r use ( life4''' ,t ?is highe/ aim may be accompli%$1 ! pres5t "t lays ^u ! educator ! indisp5sable obligation--to und]/& ! e>lie/ activity1 ! fir/ action ( ! *ild1 ! impulse 7,trieb7 to spontane\s activity1 :i* appe>s s e>ly2 to fo/] ! impulse 7,trieb7 = self-culture & self-in/ruction1 ?r\gh indep5d5t do+1 obs]v+ & exp]im5t+40--,p41 p4 #ae4 8,! fir/ spontane\s employm5ts ( ! *ild are notic+ 8 environm5t1 & play1 t is1 indep5d5t outw>d action1 liv+ outside himself4''' ,! deepe/ f\ndation ( all ! ph5om5a1 ( ! e>lie/ activity ( ! *ild is ?is2 t he mu/ ex]cise ! dim anticipation ( consci\s life1 & consequ5tly mu/ ex]cise p[]1 te/ & ?us comp>e p[]1 ex]cise indep5d5ce1 te/ & ?us comp>e ! degree ( indep5d5ce40--,p41 pp4 #bi-ca4 8,all out] activity ( ! *ild has its di/9ctive & ultimate gr\nd 9 8 inmo/ nature & life4 ,! deepe/ crav+ ( ?is inn] life1 ?is inn] activity1 is to behold itself mirror$ 9 "s ext]nal object4 ,9 & ?r\gh su* reflection ! *ild le>ns to "k 8 own activity1 its ess5ce1 direction & aim1 & le>ns also to ord] & det]m9e 8 activity 9 correspond5ce ) ! out] ph5om5a4 ,su* mirror+ ( ! inn] life1 su* mak+ ( ! inn] life objective is ess5tial1 = ?r\gh x ! *ild comes to self-consci\sness1 & le>ns to ord]1 det]m9e & ma/] himself4 ,! *ild mu/ p]ceive & grasp 8 own life 9 an objective manife/ation be=e he c p]ceive & grasp x 9 himself40--,p41 p4 #bch4 ,x may seem v presumptu\s to v5ture to discuss "h ! classification ( in/9cts adopt$ by ,mr4 ,mc,dougall1 yet !re are 9 x a few po9ts :i* w\ld n h appeal$ to ,froebel1 & x is conceivable t ,mr4 ,mc,dougall might make alt]ations 9 a future edition & atta* ev5 m importance to positive self-feel+ z ,froebel w\ld und\bt$ly h done4 ,x is impossible to imag9e ,froebel hav+ any deal+s ) an ,in/9ct ( ,self-,abasem5t1 ?\gh ! ,in/9ct ( ,self-,ass]tion is 9 full accordance ) 8 ideas4 ,& :ile x is h>d to see ! biological utility ( an ,in/9ct ( ,self-,abasem5t1 x does seem z if ! fru/ration ( ! ,in/9ct ( ,self-,ass]tion might be made to cov] all t is br\ght "u its opposite4 ,x is difficult1 too1 to imag9e ,froebel all[+ an ,in/9ct ( ,pugnacity1 & ,mr4 ,mc,dougall all[s t ?is presupposes ! o!r in/9cts1 & t x _c /rictly be br\ght "u 8 own def9ition ( in/9ct4 ,he all[s1 too1 t ?is in/9ct is 8lack+ 9 ! con/itution ( ! females ( "s species10 & x seems impossible n to notice ! diff]5ce betwe5 little boys & girls 9 ?is respect4 ,surely x puts too mu* to ! cr$it ( m]e pugnacity to say3 8,a man devoid ( ! pugnaci\s in/9ct w\ld n only be incapable ( ang]1 b w\ld lack ?is great s\rce ( res]ve en]gy1 :i* is call$ into play 9 mo/ ( u by any difficulty 9 our pa?40#bi ,! ,in/9ct ( ,self-,ass]tion1 if x is wor? any?+1 ought to be suffici5t n only to produce ang]1#cj b also to call up res]ve en]gy to deal ) difficulties4 ,c]ta9ly ,froebel w\ld h said s4 ,no d\bt x is because ( h] weak] physique t ! woman has n ! pugnacity ( ! man1 b ,froebel too wrote ma9ly ( ! boy1 & he puts boyi% tussl+ & fight+ d[n to ! in/9ctive desire to measure & to increase p[] & ?is c easily be mat*$ on ! female side1 ?\gh ! p[] measur$ may n be t ( muscle4 8,at ?is age ! heal?y boy br\ght up simply & naturally nev] evades an ob/acle1 a difficulty2 nay he seeks x & ov]comes x4 #8,let x lie1' ! vigor\s y\ng/] exclaims to 8 fa!r1 :o is ab\t to roll a piece ( wood out ( ! boy's way--#8let x lie1 ,i c get ov] x4' ,) difficulty1 inde$1 ! boy gets ov] x ! fir/ "t2 b he has accompli%$ ! feat by 8 own /r5g?4 ,/r5g? & c\rage h gr[n 9 him4 ,he returns1 gets ov] ! ob/acle a second "t1 & soon he le>ns to cle> x easily4''' ,! mo/ difficult ?+ seems easy1 ! mo/ d>+ ?+ seems )\t dang] to him1 = 8 prompt+ comes f ! inn]mo/1 f 8 he>t & w40--,e41 p4 #ajb4 8,_m ( ! plays & occupations ( boys at ?is age are pr$om9antly m]e practice & trials ( /r5g?1 & _m aim simply at display ( /r5g?4''' ,! boy tries to see himself 9 8 companions1 to feel himself 9 !m1 to weigh & measure himself by !m1 to "k & f9d himself ) _! help40--,e41 pp4 #aab-aad4 ,9 pass+1 x may be sugge/$ t x h>dly seems wor? :ile to po/ulate an ,in/9ct ( ,repulsion ) ! impulses or actions ( reject+ evil-ta/+ sub/ances f ! m\? & ( %r9k+ f objects :i* are slimy or slipp]y4 ,surely ! rejection ( unsuitable food might be a comp\nd reflex action t5d+ to ! pres]vation ( heal?2 :ile %r9k+ f slimy objects1 & ev5 f ! t\* ( fur1 might h _h _! uses 9 ! case ( *ildr5 left 9 caves1 & might be drawn "u ! in/9ct ( fe>4 ,!re does n seem to be any?+ to :i* ,mr4 ,mc,dougall w\ld take exception 9 :at ,froebel has to say ab\t ,play or ab\t ,imitation4 ,z to play1 ,froebel mu/ be reg>d$ z a pione] 9 ! attempt to expla9 a subject all important to educators1 & by 8 explanation c]ta9 k9ds1 & notably imitative play f9d an appropriate place "u 8 in/9ct ( inve/igation 7,=s*ung/rieb74 8,! means ( %ad[+ =? to ! *ild 8 own nature & t ( ! cosmos are 8 play & play?+s40--,p41 p4 #bja4 ,z ! ^w ,inve/igation c]ta9ly implies activity1 x may be p]missible to wond] :y ,mr4 ,mc,dougall has n made use ( ! t]ms 8,! ,in/9ct ( ,inve/igation & ! ,emotion ( ,curiosity10 ! m s t he himself has cle>ly a /rong incl9ation to use ! ^w curiosity to express emotion4#ca ,imitation1 z we h se51#cb is1 accord+ to ,froebel1 action :i* r5d]s a *ild consci\s ( :at is ar\nd him1 consci\s ( 8 inn] life ( p]ceptions1 ideas & feel+s1 consci\s ( 8 own p[]4 ,froebel also po9ts out t imitation1 z well z habit1 is ! outcome ( a m fundam5tal impulse to activity4 8,x is j z important to notice ! habits ( a *ild1 especially ) reg>d to cause & effect1 z x is to notice & to fo/] its impulse to activity4''' ,z n[ habit spr+s f free & spontane\s activity1 s too does imitation1 & x is no less important = ! fo/]+ ( *ild-life to keep 9 view ?is orig9 ( imitation1 ?an x is to keep 9 view ! ph5om5a ( habit1 cu/om & indep5d5t activity4 ,= we see ! :ole inn] life ( ! *ild manife/ itself z a tri-unity 9 ! ?reefold ph5om5on ( spontane\s activity1 habit & imitation4 ,^! ?ree ph5om5a are closely unit$ 9 e>ly *ildhood1 & give u mo/ important discov]ies conc]n+ *ild-life1 z to f\ndation & result & sure/ guides = ! e>ly correct treatm5t ( ! *ild40--,p41 p4 #bg4 ,mr4 ,mc,dougall notes 8at lea/ ?ree di/9ct classes0 ( imitative actions4 ,! fir/ class consi/s ( expressive actions1 second>y to ! sympa!tic induction ( ! emotions !y express1 z :5 a *ild responds to a smile ) a smile1 & "h we rememb] h[ ,froebel notes ! *ild's fir/ smile to 8 "m z ! e>lie/ sign ( :at he calls 8! feel+ ( community40 ,! ?ird class is ! delib]ate & volunt>y imitation ( an admir$ p]son1 :i* does n conc]n u "h4 ,! second class are 8simple ideo-motor actions evok$ by ! visual pres5tation ( a movem5t10 & z a p>allel to ?is we h ,froebel's 8work+ ( ! inn] activity wak5$ by ! sight ( out] activity40 8,! smalle/ *ild moves joyfully1 spr+s gaily1 hops up & d[n1 or beats ) 8 arms :5 he sees a mov+ object4 ,?is is c]ta9ly n m]ely delight 9 ! movem5t ( ! object be=e him1 b x is ! work+ ( inn] activity wak5$ 9 him by ! sight ( out] activity4 ,?r\gh su* vision ! inn] life has be5 fre$4'''0--,p41 pp4 #bci-dj4 ,a po9t to :i* exception may well be tak5 is t 9 ! infant ,froebel notes :at he seems to reg>d z a fundam5tal t5d5cy1 ! impulse or in/9ct ( activity1 or z he frequ5tly puts x1 ! impulse to busy oneself1 :i*1 h[ev]1 soon diff]5tiates into two m specific t5d5cies1 viz4 ! impulse to inve/igate & ! con/ructive impulse4 8,:at =m]ly ! *ild did only = ! sake ( activity1 ! boy n[ does = ! sake ( ! result or product ( 8 activity4 ,! *ild's impulse to activity 7,?tigkeit/rieb7 has 9 ! boy become a con/ructive1 a =mative impulse 7,bildungs-,ge/altung/riebe71 9 :i* ! :ole out] life ( ! boy f9ds at ?is /age its outlet40--,e41 p4 #ii4 ,x may be wor? m5tion+ t ,groos w\ld l to assume a 8univ]sal impulse to activity10 & ?\gh he 8c only hold fa/ to ! primal ne$ = activity10 yet accord+ to him ,ribot approa*es ?is assumption4--78,! ,play ( ,man10 p4 #c74 ,ev5 9 ! infant1 h[ev]1 ?is in/9ct or impulse to activity is devot$ to 8p5etrat+ :at is out]10 & ! ,k9d]g>t51 meant = *ildr5 f ?ree to six1 is int5d$ to fo/] ! ?ree in/9cts1 activity1 inve/igation & con/ruction1 z well z to cultivate ! social in/9ct by plac+ a little *ild among 8 equals4 ,froebel describes x 9 8 plan z3 8,an ,in/itution = fo/]+ ( family life & = %ap+ ! life ( ! nation & human life g5]ally1 ?r\gh cultivat+ ! human in/9cts ( activity1 ( inve/igation 7,=s*ung/rieb71 & ( con/ruction 9 ! *ild1 z a memb] ( ! family1 ( ! nation1 & ( humanity4'''0--,p41 p4 #f4 ,z reg>ds ! *ild1 ! ^w ,trieb1 :i* is exactly equal to impulse1 seems to be appli$ only 9 "o o!r direction1 to :at we w\ld call ! social in/9ct1 & "h aga9 ,froebel %[s 8 recognition ( ! vagu5ess & indef9it5ess ( e>ly consci\sness4 ,z he attributes to ! infant ! "o impulse to activity :i* diff]5tiates lat] into ,inve/igation & ,con/ruction1 s 9 ! infant he recognizes a 8feel+ ( community0 7,gesammtgefhl71 b says t x diff]5tiates lat] into some?+ m def9ite4#cc 8,! developm5t ( man con/itutes an unbrok5 :ole1 /eadily & cont9u\sly progress+1 gradually asc5d+4 ,! feel+ ( community 7,geme+efhl7 awak5$ 9 ! infant1 develops 9 ! *ild into impulse1 incl9ation 7entwickelt si* 9 dem ,k9de d] ,trieb1 die ,neigung740--,e41 p4 #ie4 ,"u ! important ,in/9ct ( ,inve/igation1 or ! ,in/9ct = ,self-,in/ruction1 ,froebel includes a great deal4 ,_m diff]5t activities until rec5tly some:at c>elessly talk$ ( collectively z 8play10 ,froebel has sep>at$ & expla9$ z ! *ild's way ( inve/igat+ 8 surr\nd+s4 ,ev5 8! e>lie/ activity & fir/ action ( ! *ild10 ,froebel says1 %[s 8! in/9ct to self-tea*+ & self-in/ruction40 ,imitative action or imitative play is always ref]r$ to z action :i* helps t[>ds und]/&+ ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,9 ! 8,"m ,songs0 we read3 8,y\r *ild w c]ta9ly und]/& all ! bett] if y make him take a "p--?\gh x be only by imitation--9 :at gr[n-up p are do+ 9 _! anxiety to ma9ta9 life4'''0--,m41 p4 #ada4 8,i h already said t ?is little game arose because p felt t a *ild's love ( activity1 & 8 /riv+ to get ! use ( 8 limbs1 ought to be c>ri$ on 9 su* a way z to lift him at once into ! complexity ( ! life :i* surr\nds him4''' ,pray d n di/urb !m 9 _! +5i\s *>m+ play 7say+ grace ov] ! dolls' fea/71 b r avoid notic+ x if y _c id5tify y\rself ) its *>m4''' ,= h[ is y\r *ild to cultivate 9 himself ! feel+ ( :at is holy1 if y w n grant t x takes =m = him 9 all its purity 9 8 innoc5t games40--,m41 p4 #adh4 8,:at man tries to repres5t he beg9s to und]/&40--,e41 p4 #gf4 ,repres5tation1 h[ev]1 may be c>ri$ out 9 _m ways1 by ! use ( mat]ial1 z well z by bodily action s t ! con/ructive in/9ct also subs]ves t ( inve/igation4 8,to grasp a ?+ ?r\gh life & action is mu* m develop+1 cultivat+ & /r5g!n+ ?an m]ely to receive x ?r\gh ! v]bal communication ( ideas4 ,simil>ly1 repres5tation ( a ?+ by mat]ial means1 9 life & action1 unit$ ) ?\ght & spee*1 is m develop+ ?an m]ely v]bal repres5tation ( ideas40--,e41 p4 #bgi4 8,! *ild mu/ p]ceive & grasp 8 own life 9 an objective manife/ation be=e he c p]ceive & grasp x 9 himself4 ,?is law ( developm5t1 prescrib$ by ,nature & by ! ess5tial "* ( ! *ild1 mu/ always be respect$ & obey$ by ! true educator4 ,its recognition is ! aim ( my gifts & games appreh5d$ relatively to ! educator40--,p41 p4 #ch4 ,"h ,froebel has pla9ly /at$ ! ma9 object ( 8 specially select$ play-mat]ial4 ,! ord9>y p>5t n be+ 8! man advanc$ 9 insight10 :o 8makes cle> to himself ! purpose ( play?+s10 ,froebel (t5 saw *ildr5 suppli$ ) exp5sive b unsuitable toys1 toys :i* w\ld n br+ ! *ild any ne>] 8 de/9ation1 8to h p[] & und]/&+1 to become ev] m & m self-consci\s & self-det]m9+40 8,"h1 !n1 we meet z a great imp]fection 9 ord9>y play?+s1 a di/urb+ elem5t :i* slumb]s l a vip] "u roses1 viz4 t x is too complex1 too mu* f9i%$4 ,! *ild c beg9 no new ?+ ) x1 _c produce en\gh v>iety by x2 8 p[] ( creative imag9ation1 8 p[] ( giv+ outw>d =m to 8 own idea is ?us actually dead5$4 ,:5 we provide *ildr5 ) too f9i%$ play?+s1 we deprive !m ( ! inc5tive to p]ceive ! p>ticul> 9 ! g5]al 7,p41 p4 #abb74''' ,:at pres5ts are mo/ priz$ by ! *ild8 ,^? :i* af=d him a means ( unfold+ 8 inn] life mo/ freely & ( %ap+ x 9 v>i\s directions40--,p41 p4 #adb4 8,! man1 advanc$ 9 insight1 %\ld be z cle> z possible 9 8 own m9d ab\t all ?is be=e he introduces 8 *ild into ! out] _w4 ,ev5 :5 he gives ! *ild a play?+1 he mu/ make cle> to himself its purpose1 & ! purpose ( play?+s & occupation mat]ial 9 g5]al4 ,?is purpose is1 to aid ! *ild freely to express :at is 9 him & to br+ ! ph5om5a ( ! out] _w ne>] to him40--,p41 p4 #aga4 8,to realize 8 aims1 man1 & m p>ticul>ly ! *ild1 requires mat]ial1 if x be only a bit ( wood or a pebble ) :i* he makes some?+ or :i* he makes into some?+4 ,9 ord] to lead ! *ild to ! h&l+ ( mat]ial1 we gave him ! s(t ball1 ! wood5 sph]e & cube1 etc41 discuss$ 9 ! *apt]s on ! ,k9d]g>t5 ,gifts4 ,ea* ( ^! gifts incites ! *ild to free spontane\s activity1 to indep5d5t movem5t40#cd--,p41 p4 #bcg4 ,z ! *ild gr[s old] 8 con/ructions advance1 b /ill !y connect !mselves ) inve/igat+3 8,"h he makes a little g>d5 "u ! h$ge2 !re he repres5ts ! c\rse ( ! riv] 9 8 furr[ & 9 8 dit*2 !re he /udies ! effects ( ! fall or pressure ( wat] ^u 8 little wat]-:eel40--,e41 p4 #aje4 ,inve/igat+ naturally leads to explor+1 8ext]nal objects invite him :o w\ld br+ !m ne>] to move t[>d !m10 & s ! *ild once he is able to /& beg9s to travel3 8,:5 ! *ild makes 8 fir/ attempts at walk+ he frequ5tly tries to g to "s p>ticul> object4 ,?is ef=t may h its s\rce 9 ! *ild's desire to hold himself firm & upright by x1 b we also obs]ve t x gives him pleasure to be ne> ! object1 to t\* x1 to feel x1 & p]haps also--a new phase ( activity--to be able to move x4 ,h5ce we see ! *ild hops up & d[n be=e x & beats on x ) 8 little h&s1 9 ord] to assure himself ( ! reality ( ! object1 & to notice its qualities4''' ,ea* new ph5om5on is a discov]y 9 ! *ild's small & yet ri* _w--e4g4 "o c g r\nd ! *air1 "o c /& be=e1 beh9d1 beside x1 b "o _c g beh9d ! b5* or ! wall4 ,he likes to *ange 8 relation%ip to diff]5t objects1 & ?r\gh ^! *anges he seeks self-recognition & self-compreh5sion1 z well z recognition ( ! diff]5t objects :i* surr\nd him1 & recognition ( 8 environm5t z a :ole4 ,ea* little walk is a t\r ( discov]y2 ea* object is an ,am]ica--a new _w1 :i* he ei!r goes ar\nd to see if x be an isl&1 or ^: coa/ he foll[s to discov] if x be a cont95t40--,p41 p4 #bdc4 ,! boy has lo/ none ( ?is t5d5cy to explore1 b he goes fur!r afield1 & x is wor? not+ t because ! boy has a di/9ct purpose 9 view 8 explor+ is di/9ctly call$ "w4 8,if activity br\ght joy to ! *ild1 "w n[ gives delight to ! boy4 ,h5ce ! d>+ & v5turesome feats ( boyhood2 ! explorations ( caves & rav9es2 ! climb+ ( trees & m\nta9s2 ! se>*+ ( heights & dep?s2 ! roam+ ?r\gh fields & =e/s4''' ,to climb a new tree means to ! boy ! discov]y ( a new _w4''' ,n less significant ( developm5t is ! boy's incl9ation 7,neigung7 to desc5d into caves & rav9es1 to ramble 9 ! %ady grove & d>k =e/40--,e41 pp4 #ajb-e4 ,ev5 ! baby %[s trace ( ! collect+ or acquir+ in/9ct1 b to ,froebel ?is /ill falls "u ! head ( inve/igation4 ,! *ild :o has j le>n$ to walk is3 8attract$ by ! bright r\nd smoo? pebble1 by ! qua9t brilliant leaf1 by ! smoo? piece ( wood1 & he tries to get hold ( ^! ) ! help ( ! newly acquir$ use ( 8 limbs4 ,look at ! *ild t c sc>cely keep himself erect & t c walk only ) ! greate/ c>e--he sees a twig1 a bit ( /raw2 pa9fully he secures x4''' ,see ! *ild labori\sly /oop+ & sl[ly go+ =w>d "u ! eaves4 ,! =ce ( ! ra9 has wa%$ out ( ! s& small1 smoo?1 bright pebbles1 & ! ev]-obs]v+ *ild ga!rs !m40--,e41 p4 #gb4 ,! boy1 /ill only f six to eight ye>s old1 keeps up ! collect+ habit ) m me?od & ) a wid] range1 & he dem&s assi/ance4 8,n less full ( significance1 nor less develop+1 is ! boy's incl9ation to desc5d into caves & rav9es1 to ramble 9 ! %ady grove & 9 ! d>k =e/4 ,x is ! ef=t 7,/reb57 to seek & f9d ! new1 to see & discov] ! hidd51 ! desire to br+ to light & to appropriate t :i* lies conceal$ 9 d>kness & %ad[4 8,f ^! rambles ! boy returns ) ri* treasures ( unkn[n /ones & plants1 ( animals--worms1 beetles1 spid]s & liz>ds1 t dwell 9 d>kness & concealm5t4 #8,:at is ?is8 ,:at is its "n8' etc41 are ! que/ions to be answ]$2 & e new ^w enri*es 8 _w & ?r[s light ^u 8 surr\nd+s4 ,bew>e ( greet+ him ) ! exclamation1 #8,fie1 ?r[ t d[n1 t is horrid6' or #8,drop t1 x w bite y6' ,if ! *ild obeys1 he drops & ?r[s away a consid]able portion ( 8 p[]40--,e41 p4 #ajd4 ,?is quotation br+s u to ano!r mode ( inve/igation1 t ( ask+ que/ions1 :i* ,froebel 0 n likely to miss4 8,! *ild1 y\r *ild1 ye fa!rs1 foll[s y :]ev] y g4 ,d n h>%ly repel him4 ,%[ no impati5ce ab\t 8 ev]-recurr+ que/ions4 ,e h>%ly repell+ ^w cru%es a bud ( 8 tree ( life4''' ,"q ^u "q comes f ! lips ( ! boy ?ir/+ = k--,h[8 ,:y8 ,:58 ,:at =8 & e satisfactory answ] op5s to him a new _w40--,e41 p4 #hf4 ,pr(essor ,o',%ea has an int]e/+ section on :at he calls 8,! ,s5se ( ,location10 :i* he says is 8at ! bottom ( "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important ph5om5a ( adju/m5t--! que/ion+ activity40 ,s x may be wor? :ile to notice t ,froebel1 :om ! ,pr(essor has dismiss$ ) "o slight+ ref]5ce1 has be5 be=eh& ) him "h1 & has dealt ) ?is same e>ly beg9n+ 9 "o ( 8 e>lie/ ,"m ,songs1 viz4 8,x's all ,gone10 :]e he says to ! "m3 8,h[ c ! *ild und]/& t any?+ is 8all gone10 yet he mu/ see s5se 9 x or he w n be satisfi$4 ,:at he saw j n[ is !re no long]1 :at 0 above is bel[1 :at 0 !re has vani%$40--,m41 p4 #ah4 ,que/ion+ implies language1 b ,froebel has no language in/9ct4 ,he does1 h[ev]1 call spee* imm$iate 7unmittelb>71 usually translat$ 8innate10 & he does say t because o!rs talk to him1 ! *ild's capacity = spee* w develop ( necessity & w break =? spontane\sly4 ,x is 9 connection ) ! *ild's e>lie/ inve/igations t ,froebel br+s 9 ! le>n+ to speak4 ,9 8,! ,education ( ,man10 he notes h[ ! "y *ild br+s all 8 discov]ies1 88 treasures10 to ! "m's lap1 & %e is w>n$ to give ! "r k9d ( help & at ! "r "t4 8,x is ! long+ = int]pretation t urges ! *ild to appeal to u1 x is ! int5se desire = ?is t urges him to br+ 8 treasures to u & to lay !m 9 our laps4 ,! *ild loves all ?+s t ent] 8 small horizon & ext5d 8 little _w4 ,to him ! lea/ ?+ is a new discov]y2 b x mu/ n come dead into ! little _w1 nor lie dead !re9 le/ x obscure ! small horizon & cru% ! little _w40--,e41 p4 #gc4 ,all ! help ! "m ne$ give at fir/ is to supply names1 s9ce z ,froebel says1 8! "n1 z x 71 creates ! ?+ = ! *ild40 ,lat] %e mu/ help him to comp>e & classify4 8,h[ little is ne$$ f ^? ar\nd ! *ild to aid him 9 ?is t5d5cy 7to seek = k74 ,x is only necess>y to "n1 to put into words :at ! *ild does1 sees & f9ds40--,e41 p4 #ge4 8,x is z well :ile ! *ild is mak+ ^! fir/ exp]im5ts 7at walk+ ab\t ! room7 to "n ! objects--e4g4 ,!re is ! *air1 ! table1 etc4''' ,! object ( giv+ ^! names is n prim>ily ! developm5t ( ! *ild's p[] ( spee*1 b to assi/ 8 compreh5sion ( ! object1 its p>ts & its prop]ties by def9+ 8 s5se-impressions4 ,by a ri* /ore ( su* exp]i5ces ! capacity = spee* develops ( necessity1 & spee* breaks =? ( itself1 z x 71 ?r\gh height5$ m5tal self-activity 9 accordance ) ! nature ( m9d40--,p41 p4 #bdb4 ,expression1 ( c\rse1 ( :i* spee* is b "o =m1 is to ,froebel all-important4 8,spee*10 he says1 is 8requir$ & condition$ by ! atta9m5t to consci\sness10 & z self-consci\sness is ! *>act]i/ic ( humanity1 s spee* is 8! fir/ manife/ation ( mank9d40 ,9 8 8,autobiography0 ,froebel writes3 8,mank9d z a :ole1 z "o great unity1 _h n[ become my quick5+ ?\ght4 ,i kept ?is conception cont9ually be=e my m9d4 ,i s\ght aft] pro(s ( x 9 my little _w )9 & 9 ! great _w )\t me2 ,i desir$ by _m a /ruggle to w9 x1 & !n to set x wor?ily =?4 ,& ?us ,i 0 l$ back to ! fir/ appe>ance ( man ^u our e>?1 & to ! fir/ manife/ation ( mank9d1 8 spee*40--,a41 p4 #hd4 ,9 talk+ ( ! "m's play ) an infant he says t %e accompanies e action ) words1 8ev5 if oblig$ to confess t !re c be no und]/&+ ( ! spok5 ^w10 z 8! g5]al s5se ( he>+ is n yet develop$1 /ill less ! special s5se ( he>+ words40 ,froebel says %e is "r3 8= t :i* w "o day develop & :i* mu/ orig9ate1 beg9s & mu/ beg9 :5 !re is z yet only ! conditions1 ! possibility !re(4 ,?us x is ) ! atta9m5t ( ! human be+ to consci\sness1 & ! spee* requir$ & condition$ by consci\sness40--,p41 p4 #dj4 ,words1 says ,froebel1 fir/ sep>ate ! *ild f ! _w outside him4 8,up to ?is /age 7! beg9n+ ( spee*71 ! inn] be+ ( man is /ill an unmemb]$1 undiff]5tiat$ unity4 ,) language1 ! expression & repres5tation ( ! int]nal beg92 ) language1 organization1 or a diff]5tiation ) ref]5ce to ends & means sets 940--,e41 p4 #ej4 ,bo? 9 ! e>li] 8,education ( ,man10 & 9 8 lat] writ+s ,froebel uses ! /rong expression t 8! ^w creates ! ?+0 = ! *ild1 & 9 "o passage he adds t by language ! idea is def9$ & reta9$4 8,?is p]iod is pre-em95tly ! p]iod ( ! developm5t ( spee*4 ,!re=e 9 all ! *ild did1 x 0 indisp5sable t :at he did %\ld be cle>ly designat$ by words4 ,e object1 e ?+ became su*1 z x 71 only ?r\gh ! ^w2 be=e x _h be5 nam$ al?\gh ! *ild might h seem$ to see x ) ! out] eyes1 x _h no exi/5ce = ! *ild4 ,! "n1 z x 71 creat$ ! ?+ = ! *ild2 h5ce ! "n & ! ?+ seem$ to be "o40--,e41 p4 #ij4 8,?r\gh h] little rhymes ! "m w make cle> to ! little "o :at he has done1 & s 8 accid5tal productions w become a po9t ( dep>ture = 8 self-developm5t4 ,^w & =m are opposite & yet relat$4 ,h5ce ! ^w %\ld accompany ! =m z its %ad[4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 giv+ a =m a "n really creates ! =m itself4 ,?r\gh ! "n1 moreov]1 ! =m is reta9$ 9 memory & def9$ 9 ?\ght40--,p41 p4 #aib4 ,( v e>ly spee* ,froebel says t x %[s3 8! peculi>ity & requirem5t ( ! human m9d to r5d] itself intelligible to cl>ify itself by communication ) o!rs40--,p41 p4 #ef4 ,hav+ inve/igat$ 8 surr\nd+s1 ne> or f>1 & collect$ :at seems to him attractive1 ! *ild1 :e!r old] or y\ng]1 arranges 8 treasures 9 "s way1 & ?is arrangem5t implies "s comp>ison4 8,l ?+s mu/ be rang$ toge!r & ?+s unlike mu/ be sep>at$10 says ,froebel ( ! *ild 8sc>ce able to walk10 :o has collect$ 8! small1 smoo?1 pebbles wa%$ out ( ! s& by ! ra940 ,?is 8arrang+ objects ( ea* k9d s+ly 9 a r[0 is at fir/ no d\bt only a recognition ( ! l & unlike1 b ,froebel notes t x is also "o way 9 :i* ! *ild may arrive at 8! capacity = c\nt+0 by :i* 8 sph]e ( k is aga9 ext5d$4 8,! k ( ! relations ( quantity adds mu* to a *ild's life4''' ,at fir/ he places toge!r simil> objects4''' ,:o has n _h frequ5t opportunity to obs]ve h[ ! *ild arranges ! objects ( ea* k9d s+ly 9 a r[4 ,let ! "m supply ! quick5+ ^w1 say+ ,apple1 apple1 apple1 etc4 ,all apples4 ,pe>1 pe>1 pe>1 etc4 ,all pe>s4''' ,"o pe>1 ano!r apple1 ano!r apple4''' ,in/ead ( ! indef9ite ^w 8ano!r0 ! "m subsequ5tly uses ! num]als1 c\nt+ toge!r ) ! *ild1 ?us3 ,"o apple1 two apples1 ?ree apples1 etc40--,e41 p4 #hj4 ,to _m *ildr51 h[ev]1 c\nt+ may come ?r\gh ef=ts to draw4 ,i h se5 a *ild ( f\r-&-a-half1 9 draw+ a man1 make a l9e = ! arm1 !n lay d[n h] p5cil to c\nt h] own f+]s & !n draw five l9es = ! man's h&4 ,froebel says3 8,! repres5tation ( objects by draw+1 & ! exact p]ception condition$ & requir$ by ! repres5tation1 soon leads ! *ild quickly to recognize ! con/antly repeat$ association ( c]ta9 numb]s ( diff]5t objects--e4g4 two eyes & two arms1 five f+]s1 etc4 ,?us ! draw+ ( ! object leads to ! discov]y ( numb]4''' ,by ! developm5t ( ! capacity = c\nt+1 ! *ild's sph]e ( k1 8 _w1 is aga9 ext5d$4''' ,he 0 unable to det]m9e relative quantities1 b n[ he kn[s t he has two l>ge & ?ree small pebbles1 f\r :ite & five yell[ fl[]s10 etc4--,e41 p4 #hj4 ,yet ano!r mode ( ,inve/igation is t ( ,exp]im5t+2 e normal *ild is :at ,froebel calls 8a self-tea*+ sci5ti/40 8,! mat]ial mu/ be kn[n n only by its "n1 b by its qualities & uses4''' ,= ?is reason ! *ild exam9es ! object on all sides2 = ?is reason he te>s & breaks x2 = ?is reason he puts x 9 8 m\? & bites x4 ,we reprove ! *ild = 8 naught9ess & fooli%ness2 & yet he is wis] ?an we :o reprove him4 ,an in/9ct :i* ! *ild did n give himself1 ! in/9ct :i* rightly und]/ood & rightly guid$ w\ld lead him to "k ,god 9 8 works1 drives him to ?is40--,e41 p4 #gc4 ,x may well be ?r\gh 8 ceaseless exp]im5t+ t ! little *ild beg9s to draw1 ga9s :at ! late ,mr4 ,eb5ez] ,cooke call$ 8a language ( l9e10 or z ,froebel puts x1 notices 8l9e> ph5om5a1 :i* direct 8 att5tion to ! l9e> prop]ties ( surr\nd+ objects40 8,a *ild has f\nd a pebble1 a fragm5t ( lime or *alk4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e by exp]im5t its prop]ties1 he has rubb$ x on a bo>d ne> by1 & has discov]$ its prop]ty ( imp>t+ col\r4 ,see h[ he delights 9 ! newly discov]$ prop]ty1 h[ busily he makes use ( x6 ''' b soon he beg9s to f9d pleasure 9 ! w9d+1 /raight1 curv$1 & o!r =ms t appe>4 ,^! l9e> ph5om5a direct 8 att5tion to ! l9e> prop]ties ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,n[ ! head becomes a circle1 & n[ ! circul> l9e repres5ts ! head1 ! elliptical curve connect$ ) x repres5ts ! body2 arms & legs appe> z /raight or brok5 l9es1 & ^! aga9 repres5t arms & legs2 ! f+]s he sees z /raight l9es meet+ 9 a common po9t1 & l9es s connect$ are1 = ! busy *ild1 aga9 h&s & f+]s2 ! eyes he sees z dots1 & ^! aga9 repres5t eyes2 & ?us a new _w op5s )9 & )\t4 ,= :at man tries to repres5t1 t he beg9s to und]/&40--,e41 p4 #ge4 ,i h wat*$ a *ild g ?r\gh ! process ( discov]+ 8l9e> ph5om5a10 j z ,froebel describes x1 no d\bt f 8 own obs]vation4 ,a boy ( ?ree1 hav+ fold$ a piece ( pap] = ! ro( ( a h\se1 0 col\r+ x1 by rubb+ on r$ *alk1 :5 he call$ out1 8,oh6 ,i'm mak+ l9es40 ,! o!r *ildr5 w5t on rubb+1 b ,phil made 8l9es0 till ! ro( 0 f9i%$4 ,b ,froebel does n leave unnotic$ ! fact t ! v e>lie/ 8draw+0 is an outgr[? ( ! muscul> action to :i* 8 in/9ct ( activity is urg$ by ! /imulus ( contact4 8,w\ld y "k h[ to lead ! *ild 9 ?is matt]8 ,wat* him1 he w tea* y :at to d4 ,see6 he is trac+ ! table by pass+ 8 f+]s along its edges & outl9es z f> z he c rea*1 he is sket*+ ! object on itself4 ,?is is ! fir/ & ! safe/ /ep by :i* he becomes aw>e ( ! outl9es & =ms ( objects4 ,9 ?is way he sket*es & s /udies ! *air1 ! b5*1 ! w9d[4 ,b soon he advances4 ,he draws l9es across ! f\r-corn]$ bit ( bo>d1 across ! leaf ( ! table1 or ! seat ( ! *air1 9 ! dim anticipation t s he c reta9 ! =ms & relations ( ! surfaces4 ,n[1 already he draws ! =m dim9i%$4 8,see6 !re ! *ild has drawn table1 *air & b5* on a leaf ( ! table4 ,d y n see h[ he spontane\sly tra9$ himself = ?is8 ,objects :i* he c\ld move1 :i* 7 9 sight1 he laid on ! bo>d1 & drew _! =m on ! plane surface1 foll[+ ! b\nd>ies ( ! objects ) 8 h&s4 ,soon scissors & boxes1 & lat] leaves & twigs1 ev5 8 own h& & ! %ad[s ( objects w ?us be copi$4 8,mu* is develop$ 9 ! *ild by ?is action1 m ?an x is possible to express--a cle> compreh5sion ( =m1 ! possibility ( repres5t+ ! =m sep>ate f ! object1 ! possibility ( reta9+ ! =m z su*1 & ! /r5g!n+ & fitt+ ( h& & arm = ! free repres5tation ( =m40--,e41 p4 #gg4 ,"h1 p]haps1 is ! "r place to introduce :at ,froebel _h to say ab\t ! arti/ic t5d5cies ( *ildr51 s9ce ,art1 to him1 is always expression4 8,absolutely no?+ c appe>1 no?+ visible & s5sible c come =?1 t does n hold )9 itself ! liv+ _s2 t does n be> ^u its surface ! impr9t ( ! liv+ _s ( ! be+ by :om x has be5 produc$1 & to :om x owes its exi/5ce4 ,& ?is is true ( ! "w ( e human be+--f ! highe/ arti/ to ! meane/ lab\r]--z well z ( ! works ( ,god1 :i* are ,nature1 ! creation1 & all creat$ ?+s40--,e41 p4 #aec4 ,s1 :5 ,froebel comes to speak ( art z a subject ( ! s*ool curriculum he says3 8,"h1 art w be consid]$ only z ! pure repres5tation ( ! inn] ''' diff]5tiat$ accord+ to ! mat]ial x uses1 :e!r motion1 z su*1 audible 9 s\nd1 or visible 9 l9es1 surfaces & col\rs1 or massive02 & he adds3 8,we notic$ t ev5 at an e>li] /age *ildr5 h ! desire to draw1 b ! desire also to express ideas by modell+ & col\r+ is frequ5tly f\nd at ?is e>li] /age ( *ildhood1 c]ta9ly at ! v beg9n+ ( ! /age ( boyhood 7f six ye>s old74 ,?is proves t art & appreciation ( art con/itute a g5]al capacity or tal5t ( man1 & %\ld be c>$ = e>ly1 at late/ 9 boyhood4 8,?is does n imply t ! boy is to devote himself *iefly to art1 & is to become an arti/2 b t he %\ld be enabl$ to und]/& & appreciate true works ( art4 ,at ! same "t1 a true education w gu>d him f ! error ( claim+ to be an arti/ unless !re is 9 him ! true arti/ic call+40--,e41 p4 #bbg4 ,9 connection ) ! "m's in/9ctive rhy?mic croon+ & d&l+ ( ! infant1 ,froebel says3 8,?us ! g5u9e natural "m cauti\sly foll[s 9 all directions ! sl[ly develop+ all-sid$ life ( ! *ild4 ,o!rs suppose him to be empty4''' ,?us ^? means ( cultivation t lead s simply & naturally to ! developm5t ( rhy?m are lo/4''' ,nev]!less an e>ly developm5t ( rhy?mic movem5t w\ld prove mo/ :olesome4''' ,ev5 v small *ildr51 9 mom5ts ( quiet1 & p>ticul>ly :5 go+ to sleep1 w hum little /ra9s ( songs !y h he>d2 & ?is %\ld be he$$ & develop$ z ! fir/ g]m ( future gr[? 9 melody & song4 ,und\bt$ly ?is w\ld soon lead 9 *ildr5 to a spontaneity su* z is %[n by *ildr5 9 ! use ( spee*40--,e41 p4 #ga4 ,9 ! 8,"m ,songs10 too1 ,froebel writes3 8,h5ce x is s v important to r\se at lea/ ! g]ms ( all ?is 7! p]ceiv+ ( h>mony 9 s\nd & =m & col\r7 e>ly 9 a human be+4 ,if !y d n develop & take %ape z indep5d5t =mations 9 life1 !y at lea/ tea* h[ to und]/& & recognize ^? ( o!r p4 ,?is is life-ga9 en\gh4 ,x makes a p]son's life ri*]--ri*] by ! lives ( o!rs4 ,& h[ c\ld our e>?ly life be long en\gh to =m our be+ ) equal p]fection on all sides4 ,we c only d x by kn[+ & respectfully recogniz+ 9 ! mirror ( ! lives ( o!rs :at we %\ld l to c>ry out ourselves4 ,& ?is is z x %\ld be1 = x is by means ( k1 reg>d = & respectful recognition ( o!rs1 t ! :ole ( humanity ought to repres5t ! :ole ( a ,god-l h>moni\s human be+40--,m41 p4 #afb4 ,9 :at he says ( ! ,int]e/ 9 ,/ories1 ,froebel aga9 seems to %[ deep] insight ?an ei!r ,mr4 ,eby or ,pr(essor ,kirkpatrick4 ,mr4 ,mc,dougall does n t\* ^u ! subject4 ,x is /ill ! outcome ( ! *ild's in/9ctive desire to und]/& himself & 8 surr\nd+s4 ,froebel says v truly t he c only und]/& o!rs 9 proportion z he und]/&s himself1 & c only le>n to und]/& himself1 8 own life1 by comp>+ x ) t ( o!rs4 ,! desire = /ories is 8a /riv+1 a long+1 a dem& ( ! m9d0 7e9 ,/reb51 e9e ,sehnsu*t1 e9e ,=d]ung des ,gem!s74 ,= ! little "o1 ! simple/ /ory ( ! "m bird fe$+ h] "y ones is a help to ! und]/&+ ( 8 own life1 makes 8 own life objective2 ! "m's 8effective /ory w hold up a look+-glass to ! *ild1 especially if x be told at ! "r "t40 ,= ! boy ! /ory does ! same & also answ]s to 8 in/9ctive dem& n only to und]/& ! pres5t1 b ! pa/3 8,x is ! inn]mo/ desire & ne$ ( a vigor\s1 g5u9e boy to und]/& 8 own life1 to get a k ( its nature1 its orig9 & outcome4 ,only ! /udy ( ! life ( o!rs c furni% su* po9ts ( comp>ison ) ! life he himself has exp]i5c$4 ,9 ^! ! boy1 end[$ ) an active life ( 8 own1 c view ! latt] z 9 a mirror & le>n to appreciate its value4 ,?is is ! *ief reason :y boys are s fond ( /ories1 leg5ds & tales2 ! m s :5 ^! are told z hav+ actually occurr$ at "s "t1 or z ly+ )9 ! rea* ( probability1 = :i*1 h[ev]1 !re are sc>cely any limits = a boy40--,e41 p4 #cje4 8,! exi/5ce ( ! pres5t tea*es him ! exi/5ce ( ! pa/4 ,t1 :i* 0 be=e he 01 he w\ld "k2 he w\ld "k ! reason1 ! pa/ cause ( :at n[ is4 ,:o fails to rememb] ! ke5 desire t fill$ 8 he>t :5 he beheld old walls1 & t[]s1 ru9s1 monum5ts & columns on hill & ! roadside--to he> o!rs give acc\nts ( ^! ?+s1 _! times & causes ''' ?us is develop$ ! desire & crav+ = tales1 leg5ds1 = all k9ds ( /ories1 & lat] = hi/orical acc\nts40--,e41 p4 #aae4 ,ev5 ! fairy /ory seems to h f\nd its legitimate place "u ! same head+1 ! in/9ct = inve/igation4 ,froebel sees t x cov]s = ! little *ild ! gr\nd occupi$ by my? 9 ! primitive consci\sness4 ,x expla9s ! o!rwise inexplicable4 8,ev5 ! pres5t 9 :i* ! boy lives /ill conta9s mu* t at ?is p]iod ( developm5t he _c int]pret1 & yet w\ld l to int]pret2 mu* t seems to him dumb1 & :i* he w\ld fa9 h speak2 ''' & ?us !re is develop$ 9 him ! int5se desire = fables & fairy tales :i* imp>t language & reason to spee*less ?+s--! "o )91 ! o!r beyond ! limits ( human relations4 ,surely all mu/ h notic$ ?is if !y h giv5 m ?an sup]ficial att5tion to ! life ( boys at ?is age4 ,simil>ly1 !y mu/ h notic$ t if ! boy's desire is n gratifi$ by ^? ar\nd him1 he w spontane\sly hit ^u ! inv5tion & pres5tation ( fairy tales1 & ei!r "w !m out 9 8 own m9d or ent]ta9 8 companions ) !m4 ,^! fairy tales & /ories w !n v cle>ly reveal to ! obs]v] :at is go+ on 9 ! inn]mo/ m9d ( ! boy1 ?\gh d\btless ! latt] may n himself be consci\s ( x40--,e41 p4 #aaf4 8,! *ild1 l ! man1 w\ld l to le>n ! significance ( :at happ5s ar\nd him4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( ! ,greek *oruses1 especially 9 trag$y4 ,?is1 too1 is ! f\ndation ( v _m productions 9 ! realms ( leg5ds & fairy tales1 & is inde$ ! cause ( _m ph5om5a 9 actual hi/ory4 ,?is is ! result ( ! deeply-root$ consci\sness1 ! deeply slumb]+ premonition ( be+ surr\nd$ by t :i* is high] & m consci\s ?an ourselves40--,p41 p4 #adf4 ,! outcome ( ! in/9ct ( con/ruction1 :i* is also s closely connect$ ) ! in/9ct ( inve/igation1 is t 8s5se ( p[]0 :i* is self-consci\sness4 ,)\t ?is !re c be no self-det]m9ation1 b1 says ,froebel1 8! s5se ( p[] mu/ prec$e its cultivation40 ,) ?is gr[+ p]sonality1 too1 ,froebel connects :at is call$ ! in/9ct ( ,acquisition1 :i* beg9s :5 ! little *ild 8pa9fully secures 8 bit ( /raw10 & ! boy ( six to eight %[s 8! t5d5cy to appropriate :at he f9ds 9 ! d>kness ( cave & =e/40 8,! same t5d5cy t urges ! boy to seek k on ! m\nta9 & 9 ! valley1 attracts & holds him to ! pla94 ,"h he makes a g>d51 !re he repres5ts ! c\rse ( ! riv]1 & /udies ! effect ( ! pres5ce ( wat] ''' "h he has damm$ up ! wat] to =m a pool4''' ,he is p>ticul>ly fond ( busy+ himself ) cle> runn+ wat] & ) pla/ic mat]ials4 ,9 ^! ! boy :o seeks self-k beholds 8 s\l z 9 a mirror4 ,^! employm5ts are to him an elem5t ( 8 life1 = n[1 because ( a previ\sly acquir$ s5se ( p[] he seeks to control & ma/] new mat]ial4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ submit to 8 con/ructive in/9ct2 !re 9 t heap ( e>? he digs a cell> & on x he places a g>d5 & a b5*4 ,bo>ds1 bran*es & poles mu/ be made into a hut1 ! deep1 fre% sn[ mu/ be roll$ up to =m ! walls & ramp>ts ( a =t1 & ! r\gh /ones on ! hill are heap$ toge!r to =m a ca/le4''' ,& ?us ea* "o soon =ms = himself 8 own _w2 = ! feel+ ( 8 own p[] requires & conditions also ! possession ( 8 own space & 8 own mat]ial belong+ exclusively to him4 ,:e!r 8 k+dom1 8 prov9ce1 8 e/ate1 z x 71 be a corn] ( ! y>d1 or ( ! h\se1 or :e!r x be ! space ( a box1 ! human be+ mu/ h at ?is /age an ext]nal po9t to :i* he ref]s all 8 activities1 & ?is is be/ *os5 & provid$ by himself40--,e41 p4 #ajf4 ,& "h1 j :5 he is emphasiz+ ! fa/ develop+ consci\sness ( self1 ) its dem& = its own space & its own mat]ial1 ,froebel br+s out ! /r5g? ( ! social in/9ct 9 boyhood4 ,x is "h t he po9ts out t ?is ef=t to con/ruct has a unit+1 n a sep>at+1 t5d5cy4 ,cont9u\s ) ! la/ quotation comes3 8,:5 ! space to be fill$ is ext5sive1 :5 ! prov9ce to be rul$ is l>ge1 :5 ! :ole to be repres5t$ is compos$ ( _m p>ts1 !n bro!rly union ( ^? :o are ( "o m9d is display$4 ,& :5 ^? :o are ( "o m9d meet & put _! he>ts into ! same ef=t1 !n ei!r ! "w already begun is ext5d$ or begun aga9 z a jo9t production40--,e41 p4 #ajg4 ,froebel describes su* jo9t "w fir/ 9 ! ,keilhau s*oolroom--8 own phrase is 8education room0--:]e ! y\ng] boys are us+ build+ blocks1 s&1 sawdu/1 & moss1 :i* !y h br\ght 9 f ! =e/ ar\nd & !n among ! old] boys4 8,d[n yond] by ! brook1 h[ busy are ! old] boys ) _! "w6 ,!y h made canals ) locks1 bridges & seaports1 dams & mills1 ea* undi/urb$ by ! o!rs4 ,b n[ ! wat] is to be us$ to c>ry %ips f "o level to ano!r1 & n[1 at e /age1 ea* boy ass]ts 8 own rights :ile recogniz+ ! rights ( o!rs4 ,h[ c !y settle _! difficulties8 ,only by mak+ agreem5ts1 & s1 l ,/ates1 !y b9d !mselves by /rict treaties40--,e41 p4 #aaa4 ,( games ( physical movem5t1 runn+1 wre/l+1 etc41 ,froebel writes3 8,x is ! s5se ( p[]1 ! s5se ( its increase1 bo? z an individual & z a memb] ( a gr\p1 t fills ! boy ) joy1 9 ^! games4''' ,! boy tries to see himself 9 8 companions1 to weigh & measure himself by !m1 to f9d & "k himself by _! help4 ,?us ! games directly influ5ce & educate ! boy = life1 !y awake & cultivate _m civic & moral virtues4 ,e t[n %\ld h its common playgr\nd = ! boys4 ,glori\s w\ld be ! results f ?is = ! entire community4 ,= at ?is /age ( developm5t games :5ev] possible are held 9 common1 ?us develop+ ! s5se ( community & ! laws & requirem5ts ( a community40--,e41 p4 #aac4 ,froebel _h /udi$ boys to "s purpose1 & he tells u n1 h[ev]1 to expect too mu* 9 ! way ( social virtues4 ,ju/ice1 self-control1 hone/y1 c\rage & 8sev]e criticism ( pleasant indol5ce0 may be expect$1 b mutual =be>ance & consid]ation = ^? :o are weak] or less famili> ) ! game1 ?\gh n entirely lack+1 are ref]r$ to z 8! m delicate blossoms0 ( ! playgr\nd4 ,x is "h t he says ) wise mod]ation1 8,! feel+ ( p[] mu/ prec$e its cultivation40 ,! social in/9ct does n sudd5ly spr+ into exi/5ce 9 boyhood4 ,x has its roots 9 :at ,froebel calls ! ,feel+ ( ,community :i* unites ! *ild fir/ ) ! "m1 !n ) fa!r1 bro!rs & si/]s4 8,we _c d5y t !re is at pres5t among *ildr5 & boys little g5tl5ess1 mutual =be>ance ''' inde$1 !re is mu* egotism1 unfri5dl9ess & r\ghness4 ,?is is cle>ly due n only to ! abs5ce ( e>ly cultivation ( ! feel+ ( community1 b ?is sympa?y betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 is too (t5 di/urb$1 yes ev5 annihilat$40--,e41 p4 #aai4 ,! sympa?y ( ! little *ild ought to be tra9$ & is tra9$ by ! wise "m always ?r\gh action4 8,"m love seeks to awak5 & to int]pret ! feel+ ( community1 :i* is s important1 betwe5 ! *ild & ! fa!r1 bro!r & si/]1 say+ :ile %e draws ! *ild's little h& c>ess+ly across ! face ( ! fa!r or ( ! little si/]1 #8,love ! de> fa!r--! little si/]4'0--,e41 p4 #fi4 ,9 ! ,f+] ,play call$ 8,! ,ne/10 ,froebel tells ! "m3 8,! way lies ?r\gh our imag9ative1 t5d] & emotional obs]vation ( ,nature & ( man's life1 ?r\gh ! *ild's tak+ _! mean+ into 8 own he>t & express+ by repres5tation :at he ?us takes 94''' ,! *ild's sympa?y is r\s$ by ! "y creatures' necessities m ?an by any?+1 & *iefly by _! nak$ness & s(tness40--,m41 p4 #adi4 ,& ! action :i* fo/]s ! gr[? ( sympa?y is n to be m]ely repres5tative2 ,! ,g>d5 ,song has ?is motto3 8,if y\r *ild's to love & *]i% ,life t ne$s him day-by-day1 ,give him ?+s to t5d t p]i% ,if he ev] /ays away40--,m41 p4 #hd4 ,x is because 8! desire = unity is ! basis ( all true human developm5t0 t ! *ild is to be enc\rag$ to help 9 ! "w he sees go+ on ar\nd him4 8,family1 family--let u say x op5ly & pla9ly--y are m ?an ,s*ool & ,*ur*1 & !re=e m ?an all else t necessity may h call$ into be+ = ! protection ( "r & prop]ty ''' )\t y1 :at are ,alt> & ,*ur*8''' ,!re=e1 ,"m1 9 ! little f+] game1 tea* y\r *ild "s notion ( ! nature ( a :ole1 especially ( a family-:ole40--,m41 p4 #aei4 8,we h n yet t\*$ nor ev5 consid]$ an important side ( *ild-life1 ! side ( association ) fa!r & "m 9 _! dome/ic duties1 9 ! duties ( _! call+4''' 7,e41 p4 #hd74 ,d n let ! urg5cy ( y\r bus9ess tempt y to say1 #8,g away1 y only h9d] me4' ''' ,aft] a ?ird rebuff ( ?is k9d sc>cely any *ild w aga9 propose to help & %>e ! "w40--,e41 p4 #ii4 ,x is an ess5tial "p ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 to consid] ! *ild z a memb] ( ! human family4 ,x is describ$ 9 "o place z3 8,an e/abli%m5t = tra9+ q "y *ildr51 9 _! fir/ /age ( intellectual developm5t1 :]e _! tra9+ & in/ruction %all be bas$ ^u _! own free action or spontaneity1 act+ "u prop] rules ''' su* rules z are 9 fact discov]$ by ! actual obs]vation ( *ildr5 :5 associat$ 9 companies4 7,l41 p4 #bea74''' ,practice 9 comb9$ games = _m *ildr51 :i* w tra9 ! *ild1 by 8 v nature eag] = companion%ip1 9 ! habit ( association ) comrades1 t is1 9 good fell[%ip & all t ?is implies40--,l41 p4 #beb4 ,among 8 ,gr\p ,in/9cts ,mr4 ,kirkpatrick m5tions ! ,love ( ,approbation1 & ?is receives special att5tion f ,froebel at a surpris+ly e>ly /age4 ,x is 9 ! 8,"m ,songs10 9 connection ) 8 adaptation ( an old ,g]man nurs]y rhyme ab\t knights :o come to visit 8a good *ild10 t ,froebel tells ! "m t3 8,a new life /age has begun1 & y1 de> ,"m1 mu/ use y\r be/ & mo/ wat*ful c>e1 :5 fir/ ! *ild li/5s to a /rang]40 ,9 ! same connection he writes3 8,! *ild mu/ be r\s$ to good by incl9ation1 love & respect1 ?r\gh ! op9ion ( o!rs ar\nd him1 & all ?is mu/ be /r5g!n$ & develop$4''' ,:51 !re=e1 ,"m1 obs]vation z to ! judgm5t ( o!rs awakes 9 y\r *ild--:51 sep>at+ himself & on ! wat* he br+s himself be=e ! judgm5t ( o!rs1 !n y really h a d\ble task to p]=m4'''0--,m41 p4 #aij4 ,! ,love ( ,approbation _c be sep>at$ f :at ,mr4 ,kirkpatrick calls ! ,regulative1 i4e4 ! ,moral & ,religi\s ,in/9cts1 = x is bo? social & regulative1 & 9 ! social in/9cts ,froebel sees ! f\ndation ( ! religi\s in/9cts or t5d5cies1 to :i* we %all come pres5tly4 ,b he also notes a 8s5se ( ord]10 z ,mr4 ,sully does 9 8 delightful 8,/udies ( ,*ildhood10 & ?is he traces back to v e>ly beg9n+s1 connect+ x ) ! t5d5cy t[>ds rhy?m4 8,t disord] & r\gh wilfulness may nev] ent] ! games1 x is a good plan :]ev] x is possible to accompany ea* *ange 9 ! play by rhyme & song2 s t ! lat5t s5se ( rhy?m & song1 & above all ! s5se ( ord] 9 ! human be+ & *ild1 may be ar\s$ & /r5g!n$ to an impulse = social coop]ation40--,p41 p4 #bfg4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ,"m ,plays1 8,tic-tac10 deals ) rhy?mic movem5t1 & 9 8,! ,education ( ,man0 ,froebel takes ! beg9n+ ( 8consci\s control0 /ill fur!r back4 ,8 ideal "m fo/]s 8all-sid$ life10 t is1 %e fo/]s ! cognitive1 emotional & conative1 ! fir/ by call+ ! *ild's att5tion to 8 own body & 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s1 & ! second by 8seek+ to awak5 & to int]pret ! feel+ ( community betwe5 ! *ild & ! fa!r1 bro!r & si/]10 & ,froebel goes on3 8,9 addition to ! s5se ( community z su*1 ! g]m ( s mu* glori\s developm5t1 ! "m's love seeks also ?r\gh movem5ts to lead ! *ild to feel 8 own inn] life4 ,by regul> rhy?mic movem5ts--& ?is is ( special importance--%e br+s ?is life )9 ! *ild's consci\s control :5 %e d&les him up & d[n on h] h& or arm 9 rhy?mic movem5ts & to rhy?mic s\nds4 ,?us ! g5u9e natural "m cauti\sly foll[s 9 all directions ! sl[ly develop+ all-sid$ life 9 ! *ild1 /r5g!n+ & ar\s+ to ev] great] activity1 & develop+ ! all-sid$ life )94 ,o!rs suppose ! *ild to be empty & wi% to inoculate him ) life1 & ?us make him z empty z !y ?9k him to be40--,e41 p4 #fi4 ,x is surpris+ to f9d t ,froebel1 writ+ s e>ly1 has no?+ at all resembl+ any special 8moral faculty40 ,8 ref]5ces to 8,consci5ce0 are decid$ly int]e/+1 ?\gh giv5 9 qua9t connection ) games & rhymes = m]e babes4 ,he asks :y ! 8,:]e's ,baby80 game gives su* delight1 & %[s 8 psy*ological insight 9 ! answ] he f9ds1 viz4 t x is ! feel+ or recognition ( self1 ( p]sonality1 :i* gives su* joy4 8,:y1 n[1 is my *ild s happy ov] ! hid+ game8 ,x is ! feel+ ( ,p]sonality :i* already s delights ! *ild1 x is ! feel+ ( recognition ( 8 own self40#ce ,! game :i* foll[s ?is repeats ! hid+ exp]i5ce1 b ?is "t ) ! cry ( 8cuckoo10 f "s "o unse51 & ?is is lik5$ to ! consci5ce call1 :i* is describ$ z 8consci\sness ( union 9 sep>ation & ( sep>at5ess1 t is p]sonality1 9 union40--,m41 p4 #ih4 8,9 #8,:]e's ,baby ,be58' p>t+ & union seem m sep>ate1 z ?\gh 9 ord] t ea* may become m & m cle>ly consci\s ( itself2 9 #8,cuckoo1' p>t+ & union are1 z x 71 jo9$4 ,x is p>t+ 9 union & union 9 p>t+ t makes #8,cuckoo' su* a peculi> game & s delightful to a *ild4 ,b consci\sness ( union 9 sep>ation1 & ( sep>at5ess--t is p]sonality--9 union1 is also ! ess5ce1 ! deep f\ndation ( consci5ce40--,m41 p4 #aig4 ,mr4 ,kirkpatrick's second ,regulative in/9ct or t5d5cy is t ( ,religion1 b ,froebel aga91 l ,mr4 ,mc,dougall1 f9ds t ,religion has its roots 9 an in/9ct 8n specifically religi\s10#cf viz4 9 ! ,social ,in/9ct4 ,he says ?is 9 8,! ,education ( ,man0 9 ! pla9e/ ( t]ms4 8,?is feel+ ( ,community fir/ unit+ ! *ild ) fa!r1 "m1 bro!rs & si/]s1 & re/+ on a high] spiritual unity1 to :i* lat] on is add$ ! discov]y t fa!r1 "m1 bro!rs & si/]s1 human be+s 9 g5]al1 feel & "k !mselves to be 9 community & unity ) a high] pr9ciple--) humanity1 ) ,god--?is is ! v fir/ g]m1 ! v fir/ beg9n+ ( all true religi\s _s1 ( all g5u9e ye>n+ = unh9d]$ unification ) ! ,et]nal1 ) ,god40--,e41 p4 #be4 ,x seems q 9 accordance ) ?is t ,froebel %\ld write t he likes bett] ! ,g]man ^w ,gott-e9igkeit--union ) ,god--?an ! =eign ^w religion2 & also t he %\ld speak ( 8develop+ ! s5se ( k9%ip ) man 9 e *ild1 & ! s5se ( k9%ip ) ,god 9 e man40 ,s1 9 8 8,"m ,songs10 he tells ! "m to give h] *ild duties to p]=m1 t s he may 8feel 8 k9%ip0 ) h]3 8,e age1 ev5 ! age ( *ildhood1 has some?+ to *]i% t is pla91 & f do+ s no exemption c be procur$2 x has !re=e its duties4 ,happy is x = a *ild if he be l$ to deal ) !m adequately1 & = ! pres5t unconsci\sly4 ,duties are n burd5s4''' ,fulfilm5t ( duty /r5g!ns body & m9d1 & ! consci\sness ( duty done gives indep5d5ce2 ev5 a *ild feels ?is4 ,see1 ,"m1 h[ happy y\r *ild is 9 feel+ he has done 8 small duties4 ,he already feels 8 k9%ip ) y !reby40--,m41 p4 #agd4 ,!re is nev] a sep>ation betwe5 ,morality & ,religion3 8,religion )\t indu/ry1 )\t "w1 is liable to be lo/ 9 empty dreams1 wor?less visions1 idle fancies4 ,simil>ly1 "w or indu/ry )\t religion degrades man into a bea/ ( burd51 a ma*9e4 ,"w & religion mu/ be simultane\s2 = ,god1 ! ,et]nal has be5 creat+ f all et]nity4''' ,:]e religion1 indu/ry & self-control1 ! truly undivid$ tr9ity rule1 !re inde$ is heav5 ^u e>?40--,e41 p4 #ce4 ,!re is only "o o!r in/9ct m5tion$ by ,froebel1 & t is ! p>5tal1 or1 r1 ! mat]nal in/9ct4 ,he is eag] t ?is %\ld be recogniz$ z an in/9ct1 b he is equally eag] t1 l o!r human in/9cts1 its action %\ld be det]m9$ by intellig5ce4 ,9 describ+ ! 8,plan0 = 8 ,k9d]g>t51 ,froebel pleads = m c>eful obs]vation ( ! *ild & 8 relation%ips1 & says t 8!reby03 8,deep] insight w be ga9$ into ! mean+ & importance ( ! *ild's actions & outw>d manife/ations & also into ! way ( deal+ ) *ildr5 :i* has be5 evolv$ naturally by ! "m l$ by h] pure mat]nal in/9ct40--,l41 p4 #bdh4 ,z to ! e>ly beg9n+s ( ! in/9ct 9 ! little girl we c f9d j a few ref]5ces1 suffici5t to %[ t x did n pass unnotic$1 & x seems "h legitimate to say t 8! girl anticipates h] de/9y10 z ,froebel does 9 speak+ ( doll-play1 ?\gh c]ta9ly ?is does n cov] all su* play3 8,! joy ( ! *ild 9 its doll has a f> deep] human f\ndation ?an is g5]ally suppos$--a f\ndation by no means re/+ m]ely 9 ! ext]nal resemblance ''' ! girl anticipates h] de/9y--to fo/] ,nature & life40--,p41 p4 #ic4 ,! boy's de/9y is 8to p5etrate & rule ,nature10 s 9 ! 8,"m ,songs0 ,froebel describes h[ ! boy is 8c[]+ t no sign ( life 9 ! *ick5 family may escape him1 :ile ! girl />ts up1 all h] c>e ( ?+s /irr$1 9 ord] to beckon or call ! h5 or cock n to =get _! *ick5s40--,m41 p4 #adc4 ,9 all 8 writ+s1 ,froebel ref]s to h[ mu* he has le>n$ f mo!rs3 8,x 0 9 wat*+ y\r clev] "m-do+s t ,i le>nt40 ,b1 z he says ( himself1 x 0 8a necess>y "p ( me to be irresi/ibly driv5 to se>* out ! ultimate or prim>y cause ( e fact ( life10 & s he writes3 8,! natural "m does all ?is in/9ctively )\t in/ruction or direction2 b ?is is n en\gh3 x is ne$ful t %e %\ld d x consci\sly1 z a consci\s be+ act+ ^u ano!r :i* is gr[+ into consci\sness1 & consci\sly t5d+ t[>d ! cont9u\s developm5t ( ! human be+40--,e41 p4 #fd4 8,mo!rly & womanly in/9ct does mu* ( its own accord2 b x (t5 makes mi/akes40--,l41 p4 #fc4 8,wom5's "w 9 education mu/ be bas$ n ^u natural in/9ct1 s (t5 p]v]t$ or misund]/ood1 b ^u intellig5t k4''' ,"s mo!rs level ! taunt at me t ,i1 a man1 und]/&+ no?+ ( a "m's in/9ct1 %\ld d>e to presume to in/ruct mo!rs 9 _! deal+s ) _! own *ildr54''' ,h[ c\ld su* a ?\ght ent] my head z to attempt any?+ aga9/ ! c\rse ( ,nature8 ,my :ole /r5g? is ex]t$ on ! contr>y1 to ! "w ( gett+ ! natural in/9ct & its t5d5cies m rightly und]/ood1 & m ackn[l$g$2 s t wom5 may foll[ its lead+s z truly z possible aid$ by ! high] light ( intellig5t compreh5sion1 & yet at ! same "t 9 all fre$om1 & ) complete individuality40--,l41 p4 #bei4 ,s1 9 :at he says ( ?is la/ in/9ct1 ,froebel is fai?ful to :at he has said ( all human in/9cts4 8,man %all assur$ly n neglect 8 natural in/9cts1 /ill less ab&on !m1 b he mu/ ennoble !m ?r\gh 8 intellig5ce & purify !m ?r\gh 8 reason40 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,play ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,"w ,to write ev5 a small book on ,froebel )\t directly t\*+ on ! subject ( play w\ld be impossible1 ?\gh 9 deal+ ) in/9cts & ! c>ry+ out ( natural activities we h necess>ily consid]$ mu* t comes "u ?is head+4 ,on ! educative value ( play1 ,froebel is recogniz$ly orig9al1 & 8 views h influ5c$ & are influ5c+ s*ools = "y *ildr5 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be difficult to %[ t mod]n writ]s on play1 9 spite ( ! sci5tific ?or\ghness ( _! inve/igations1 classifications & t]m9ology1 h made mu* advance ^u ,froebel's !ories4 ,r d !y t5d to %[ h[ rem>kable 0 8 insight1 & h[ surpris+ly well gr\nd$ 8 !ories4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 has yet be5 said z to ! relation ( play to "w1 no direct def9ition has yet be5 giv51 nor has any ref]5ce be5 made to ! n[ famili> !ories ( play4 ,9 ,froebel's day1 ^!1 z cle>ly =mulat$ !ories1 7 non-exi/5t4 ,8 "w 0 t ( a pione]1 & 8 !ory might h be5 call$ t ( 8,prep>ation ?r\gh ,recapitulation40 ,he w\ld1 h[ev]1 h all[$ t play is sometimes1 ?\gh n always1 recreative1 & he makes cle> ! necessity = :at he calls 8heal?y vital en]gy0 7gesund5 ,leb5smu!71 b he w\ld nev] h call$ ?is m]e 8surplus en]gy10 because he ?\ght x 0 n m ?an 0 requir$3 8,! g5u9e s*oolboy %\ld be full ( life & _s1 /rong 9 body & m9d4''' ,w\ld t1 9 judg+ ! p[] ( *ildr5 & boys1 we might nev] =get ! words ( "o ( our greate/ ,g]man writ]s3 t !re is a great] advance f ! infant to ! speak+ *ild ?an !re is f ! s*oolboy to a ,newton6 ,n[1 if ! advance is great]1 ! p[]1 too1 mu/ be great]2 ?is we %\ld consid]40--,e41 p4 #acd4 ,eb]s1 ! ,egyptologi/1 tells u t :5 he 0 a boy at ,keilhau full provision 0 made = ?is ab\nd+ en]gy4 ,we read ( walks long & %ort1 ( botaniz+ & geologiz+ rambles1 ( climb+ trees & cliffs = birds' eggs1 ( :i* only "o might be tak5 f a ne/4 ,we he> ( ,indian games out ( ,f5imore ,coop]'s ,lea!r/ock+ ,tales1 ( classic & o!r dramas on w9t] ev5+s1 & ( ,hom]ic battles1 :i* ,froebel1 he says1 w\ld h call$ 8signs ( creative imag9ation & individual life40 ,!re 0 swimm+ & skat+ & coa/+ & 8! spaci\s wre/l+ gr\nd ) ! %oot+ /& & ! gymnasium = e sp>e mom5t ( ! w9t]02 & a piece ( gr\nd 8assign$ to ea* pupil1 :]e he c\ld wield spade & pickaxe1 roll /ones1 s[ & reap40 ,b ! great game 0 ! ,b]gwa*t1 :]e ! boys1 divid$ into f\r p>ties t all might be active1 actually con/ruct$1 & !n attack$ & def5d$ /one =tresses4 8,h[ quickly10 says ,eb]s1 8we le>n$ to use ! plummet1 to take levels1 hew ! /one & wield ! axe40 ,! weapons 7 blunt$ /akes4 ,x 0 =bidd5 to t\* ! head1 b x 0 a po9t ( hon\r among ! boys to yield z prison] if t\*$ by ! pole1 8& :at self-d5ial x requir$60 ,^! combats 7 held on f9e ,saturday ev5+s1 & :5 all 0 ov] 8! wom510 probably ! girls ( ! s*ool community1 _h light$ fires & made supp] ready1 & ! lads slept 9 _! =tresses :ile two s5t9els m>*$ up & d[n1 reliev$ e half-h\r4 ,on ! ,sunday foll[+ ! boys 7 n requir$ to g to *ur*1 8:]e we %\ld m]ely h gone to sleep40 ,x has frequ5tly be5 br\ght z an accusation aga9/ ,froebel t he makes no cle> cut di/9ction betwe5 "w & play1 & t is true1 b :o n[adays does8 ,common s5se w\ld probably jo9 h&s ) ! philosoph] 9 say+ t ! feel+ ( fre$om is ! *ief di/9ction ( play z oppos$ to "w1 & ?is is ! def9ition q di/9ctly giv5 by ,froebel4 ,! def9ition is giv5 9 8 detail$ enum]ation ( 8! v>i\s directions ( an active life ( in/ruction & education10 & aft] m5tion+ religi\s tra9+1 cultivation ( ! body z ! means ( express+ m9d1 ! /udy ( ,nature1 etc41 etc41 he comes to3 8,play1 t is1 spontane\s repres5tation & ex]cise ( e k9d40--,e41 p4 #bcf4 ,ano!r def9ition giv5 9 8,! ,fir/ ,action ( a ,*ild0 is3 8,play1 :i* is indep5d5t outw>d expression ( :at is )940--,p41 p4 #bi4 ,x is because x is spontane\s t ,froebel calls play1 dur+ ! p]iod ( e>lie/ *ildhood1 :5 ! *ild is ga9+ control ( language1 8! highe/ phase ( human developm5t at ?is /age40 8,play & speak+ =m ! elem5t 9 :i* ! *ild lives at ?is "t4''' ,play is ! highe/ /age ( *ild-developm5t1 ( human developm5t at ?is /age1 because x is spontane\s 7frei?tige7 repres5tation ( ! inn]1 repres5tation ( ! inn] out ( ! ne$ & desire ( ! inn] itself4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! v ^w ,play40--,e41 p4 #cd4 ,= mod]n views on play we turn to ! exhau/ive /udy made by ,k>l ,groos 9 8 two volumes1 8,! ,play ( ,animals10 & 8,! ,play ( ,man40 ,"h we f9d ! writ] tak+ 8! conception ( impulse life z a />t+-po9t10 & rea*+ ! conclusion 8t among high] animals c]ta9 in/9cts are pres5t :i*1 especially 9 y\?1 b also 9 maturity1 produce activity t is )\t s]i\s int5t1 & s give rise to ! v>i\s ph5om5a :i* we include 9 ! ^w #8play4'0 ,9 ?is play1 ,groos goes on1 8opportunity is giv5 to ! animal ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( inborn dispositions1 to /r5g!n & increase 8 inh]itance 9 ! acquisition ( adaptations to 8 complicat$ environm5t1 an a*ievem5t :i* w\ld be unatta9able by m]e me*anical in/9ct alone40 ,9 ! treatm5t ( human play he consid]s 8an analog\s position is t5able10 b1 = ! ^w in/9ct1 ) its p>ticul> reactions1 he mu/ sub/itute 8natural or h]$it>y impulse40 ,we h already se5 t ?\gh ,froebel recogniz$ ! exi/5ce & importance ( human in/9ct1 /ill he di/+ui%$ betwe5 x & ! 8def9ite & /rong in/9cts0 :i* belong to ! animals l[] ?an man4 ,we h se5 t he reg>d$ ! play ( *ildhood z 8spontane\s self-in/ruction0 bas$ on ! in/9cts ( inve/igation & ( con/ruction or repres5tation1 action be+ reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal means ( inve/igat+1 z well z ( ga9+ control ov] ! surr\nd+s & ov] ! self4 ,we h notic$1 too1 t ,groos feels incl9$ to assume a univ]sal 8impulse to activity10 & po9ts out t ,ribot approa*es su* an assumption1 ?\gh = himself he c only v5ture to 8hold fa/ to ! fact ( ! primal ne$ = activity40 ,froebel does1 z we h se51 attribute to ! infant ! "o in/9ct ( activity1 :i* 9 "o place he calls 8! natural long+ = "s mode ( activity inh]5t 9 all *ildr510 & ?is he says becomes diff]5tiat$ at a lat] p]iod4 ,! special place giv5 by ,groos to imitation z 8! l9k betwe5 in/9ctive & intellig5t conduct0 is also notewor?y4 ,= we h se5 t ,froebel reg>ds imitation 9 precisely ! same light1 nev] call+ x an in/9ct1 b say+ t x is ! outcome ( spontane\s activity1 & t x leads on to und]/&+4 8,= :at man tries to repres5t or d he beg9s to und]/&40--,e41 p4 #gf4 8,z n[1 habit 9 ! *ild proce$s f spontane\s & indep5d5t activity1 s also does imitation2 ''' ! :ole inn] life ( ! *ild %[s itself z a tri-unity 9 ! ?ree-fold ph5om5on ( spontane\s activity1 habit & imitation40--,p41 p4 #bh4 ,x is impossible to make pla9 h[ ,froebel reg>d$ play1 until x is kn[n h[ he reg>d$ "w1 "w1 too1 n only = a *ild b = a human be+4 ,:at he desir$ = all 0 "w :i* produces joy2 he calls x 8a debas+ illusion t man works1 produces1 creates1 only 9 ord] to pres]ve 8 body1 only to secure food1 clo?+ & %elt]40 ,man1 he says1 works 8prim>ily & 9 tru? t 8 real ess5ce may assume outw>d =m10 & "o ( 8 say+s is t 8! true _s ( life is ! g5u9e _s ( play40 ,9 an ideal /ate ( affairs1 no human be+ w\ld be condemn$ to entirely me*anical "w4 ,"w 8wor?y ( ! nature ( man0 is to ,froebel "w :i* 9 "s way expresses ! man2 me*anical "w is dismiss$ z 8degrad+ man into a bea/ ( burd5 or a ma*9e40 ,x is because man is ( ,god t he mu/ "w1 mu/ produce4 8,ne>] we hold ( ,god :o gives1 ?an ( 8 tribes :o take1 ,i mu/ believe10 is ,froebel's ?\ght 9 ,br[n+'s words3 8,ea* ?\ght ( ,god is a "w1 an act1 a result4''' ,god creat$ man 9 ,8 own image4 ,!re=e man mu/ create & "w l ,god4 ,man's _s mu/ hov] ov] ! un=m$ & move x t figure & =m may come =?4 ,?is is ! high] mean+1 ! deep significance1 ! great purpose ( "w & indu/ry1 ( work+1 &1 z x is truly significantly call$1 ( creat+4 ,we become l ,god by dilig5ce & indu/ry1 by "w & action1 :i* are accompani$ by ! cle> p]ception or ev5 ! lea/ anticipation t !reby we repres5t ! inn] by ! out]2 t we give body to _s & =m to ?\ght1 make visible ! invisible1 give an outw>d transi5t exi/5ce to ! et]nal t lives 9 ! _s4''' ,e>ly "w1 guid$ 9 accordance ) its inn] mean+1 confirms & elevates religion4 ,religion )\t "w is apt to become empty dream+40--,e41 p4 #cj4 8,! boy is to take up 8 future "w :i* n[ has become 8 call+1 n indol5tly 9 sull5 gloom1 b *e]fully & joy\sly1 tru/+ ,god1 himself & ,nature1 rejoic+ 9 ! manifold prosp]ity ( 8 "w4''' ,nor w ! fa!r say t 8 son mu/ take up 8 own bus9ess ''' he w see t e bus9ess may be ennobl$ & made wor?y ( man40--,e41 p4 #bcc4 ,x is too *eap a jibe to ?r[ at ,froebel & 8 educational !ories t he makes little di/9ction betwe5 "w & play4 ,x ought nev] to come f any "o :o has made ev5 a slight /udy ( psy*ology4 ,! /+ is meant to lie 9 ! sugge/ion t play is trifl+ & easy & t x requires no ex]tion1 :ile "w is s]i\s & dem&s conc5trat$ ef=t1 b ?is view w n be> any consid]ation4 ,e "o kn[s t ! play ev5 ( an adult1 :]e ! diff]5tiation betwe5 "w & play ought to be m possible1 is (t5 mo/ exhau/+1 ei!r to body or to m9d4 ,z to ! play ( *ildhood1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n passages 9 8,! ,education ( ,man0 is ! "o 9 :i* ,froebel prote/s t3 8,play at ?is "t is n trivial1 x is highly s]i\s & ( deep significance40--,e41 p4 #ee4 ,x is 9 ?is passage1 too1 t he speaks ( ! *ild 8:olly absorb$ 9 play10 :o aft] 8play+ endur+ly ev5 to ! po9t ( fatigue0 has fall5 asleep 8:ile s absorb$10 & calls ?is 8! mo/ beautiful expression ( *ild-life at ?is /age40 ,x is ,froebel's glory t z e>ly z #ahbf he _h appli$ ! !ory ( developm5t to education &1 rightly or wrongly1 he believ$ t if we c\ld b supply to our s*ool *ildr5 mat]ial suit$ to _! ne$s accord+ to _! /age ( developm5t1 !y w\ld respond ) ! same eag]ness t ! y\ng] *ild %[s 9 :at we call 8 play1 b :at ,froebel call$ 8 8self-culture & self-education40 ,he /ates ?is view q di/9ctly3 8,we h consid]$ ! object & aim ( human life 9 g5]al4''' ,x n[ rema9s to %[ 9 :at sequ5ce & connection ! life impulses ( ! boy develop at ?is /age1 h[ & 9 :at ord] & =m1 ! s*ool %\ld "w 9 ord] to satisfy human in/9cts 9 g5]al1 & especially ! in/9cts ( ! boy at ?is /age ( s*ool-life4 8,f a consid]ation ( ! means ( in/ruction & mann] ( tea*+ !reby condition$1 :i* necess>ily co9cide ) ! /riv+ ( man t[>d developm5t1 :at is necess>y = ! k ( numb]1 ( space1 ( =m1 ( ex]cises 9 spee*1 ( writ+ & ( read+ comes out cle>ly & def9itely40--,e41 p4 #bbi4 ,! view t 8! mat]ial ( in/ruction & ! mann] ( tea*+0 are necess>ily condition$ by ! *ild's /age ( developm5t is a view t has rapidly ga9$ gr\nd4 ,froebel did 8 be/ to apply x1 & x _h a p>tial application 9 ! 8culture epo*s0 !ory ( ! ,h]b>tians4 ,x has receiv$ a /rong] impetus into :at seems at pres5t a mu* tru] direction1 f ! exp]im5tal "w c>ri$ out at ,*icago1 "u ! auspices ( ,pr(essor ,dewey4 ,froebel ma9ta9$ t x 0 a condition ( satisfactory "w 9 e subject4 ,= example1 9 connection ) ! tea*+ ( writ+ he says3 8,"h1 z 9 all in/ruction1 we %\ld />t f a def9ite ne$ ( ! boy1 a ne$1 :i* mu/1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 h be5 previ\sly develop$1 if he is to be taught ) pr(it & success4 ,?is is ! s\rce ( a multitude ( imp]fections 9 our s*ools1 t we tea* )\t hav+ awak5$ any ne$ = x1 nay ev5 aft] hav+ repress$ :at ne$ 0 already !re6 ,h[ c in/ruction & ! s*ool prosp]80--,e41 p4 #bbc4 ,froebel speaks 9 ! same way ( "w 9 col\rs1 say+ 8*ildr5 feel ! ne$ ( a k ( col\rs40 ,( poetry 9 g5]al1 includ+ religi\s v]ses & pray]s1 he says 8^! mu/ be giv5 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! developm5t ( ! *ild's m9d1 & mu/ give expression to :at is already !re40 ,return+ n[ to ! subject ( play z su*1 we f9d t ,groos reta9s z 8g5]al psy*ological crit]ia ( play10 b two 8( ! elem5ts popul>ly reg>d$ z ess5tial--namely1 its pleasurabl5ess1 & ! actual sev]ance f life's s]i\s aims40 ,( ^! he says3 8,bo? are includ$ 9 activity p]=m$ = its own sake40 ,x is 9 connection ) v "y *ildr5 t ,froebel speaks ( activity = its own sake1 & "h he does n diff]5tiate betwe5 "w & play4 ,he is true to 8 !ory t 9 all ?+s capable ( developm5t1 8:at is def9ite proce$s ev]y:]e f :at is indef9ite40 ,s he says t3 8,play is at fir/ j natural life40--,e41 p4 #ed4 ,he ma9ta9s t3 8,! activity ( ! s5ses & limbs is ! fir/ g]m or bud1 & play1 build+ & %ap+ 7,ge/alt57 ! fir/ t5d] blossoms ( ! =mative in/9ct1 & t ?is is ! po9t ( "t1 at :i* man is to be prep>$ = future indu/ry1 dilig5ce1 & productive activity40--,e41 p4 #cd4 ,b1 9 ! case ( ! boy a little old]1 ?\gh /ill only sev5 or eight1 ,froebel does di/9ctly diff]5tiate1 giv+ ! def9ition ( play already quot$1 8spontane\s expression & practice ( e k9d10 & say+ ( "w1 t3 8,boys ( ?is age %\ld h def9ite dome/ic occupations1 inde$ !y c\ld be actually in/ruct$ by me*anics & f>m]s z has already be5 done by _m a fa!r ) active natural insight4 ,boys ( a some:at advanc$ age %\ld be (t5 plac$ 9 a position to accompli% some?+ ) _! own h&s & _! own judgm5t ''' %\ld devote daily at lea/ "o or two h\rs to an occupation ) outw>d results ''' aft] su* a refre%+ "w ba?1 ,i _c bett] designate x1 ! m9d goes ) new life to its intellectual employm5ts40--,e41 p4 #bcf4 ,( ! infant1 ,froebel writes3 8,at ?is /age ( developm5t ! man-to-be 7dem ers*i555 w]d5d5 ,m5s*57 uses 8 body1 8 s5ses1 8 limbs1 entirely = t use1 practice & ex]cise1 n at all = its results1 to :i* he is q indiff]5t1 or1 to speak m correctly1 ( :i* he has z yet no idea4 ,out ( ?is comes :at beg9s at ?is /age1 ! *ild's play ) 8 limbs2 ) 8 h&s1 f+]s1 lips1 tongue & feet1 & also ) ! movem5ts ( 8 eyes & ( 8 face40--,e41 p4 #dh4 ,( ! old] *ild ,froebel v di/9ctly insi/s t he wants m ?an ! activity1 t he wants outw>d result4 ,b ! result ( :i* he speaks is "o :i* ,groos himself w\ld n disall[4 ,x is only ! outw>d product ( ! impulse :i* has be5 gratifi$1 a result :i* is pres5t to ! m9d ( ! old] *ild1 :ile to ! infant no su* consci\sness is possible4 8,:at at an e>li] /age ( *ildhood 0 action = ! sake ( ! activity1 is n[1 9 ! boy1 activity = ! sake ( ! visible result2 ! *ild's in/9ct ( activity has develop$ into an in/9ct = %ap+ or giv+ =m1 & h]e9 lies ! solution ( ! :ole out] life or out] manife/ation ( boy life at ?is /age40--,e41 p4 #ii4 ,inquir+ into ! k9d ( pleasure d]iv$ f play1 ,groos f9ds t x re/s prim>ily on ! satisfaction ( inborn impulses1 :i* press = dis*>ge1 & he gives ?ree special 8inborn necessities :i* gr\nd our pleasure 9 play--namely1 ! ex]cise ( att5tion1 ! dem& to be an effici5t cause1 & imag9ation40 ,z to att5tion1 he sugge/s t x l5ds a mean+ to ! vague idea ( a g5]al ne$ = activity1 speak+ ( 8! pitiable condition ( bor$om0 if opportunity is )held4 ,froebel1 ( c\rse1 has mu* to say ab\t ! in/9ct ( activity1 or1 z he usually calls x 9 8,! ,fir/ ,action ( a ,*ild10 ! in/9ct ( employm5t 7,bes*ftigung/rieb71 :i* is noticeable 8ev5 :5 ! s-call$ ?ree mon?s' slumb] has j end$40 ,he1 too1 frequ5tly ref]s to 8! ennui & p]nici\s lack ( occupation10 to ! 8mis*iev\s idl5ess :i* results f our n satisfy+ or misdirect+ ! natural long+ = activity inh]5t 9 all *ildr540 ,x is because ,froebel's ?\ghts always run on consci\s revelation ( ! self )9 z ! explanation ( human life1 t he makes s mu* ( 8! *ild's in/9ct to employ itself0 7,triebe des ,k9des1 si* zu bes*ftig574 ,?is also expla9s h[ s mu* t he says corresponds ) :at ,groos br+s =w>d ) reg>d to 8! joy 9 be+ a cause10 & its modifications4 ,^! modifications are 7a7 pleasure 9 ! m]e possession ( p[]1 7b7 emulation1 :5 a model is copi$1 & 7c7 9 ! case ( imitative competition !re is pleasure 9 surpass+ o!rs z well z ! enjoym5t ( success result+ f t pleasure ( ov]com+ difficulties :i* comes "u ! combative in/9ct4 ,froebel is w>n+ p>5ts t !y mu/ provide = _! *ildr5 opportunity = ! ex]cise ( ! impulse to =mative activity by lett+ !m help1 ev5 if _! help is really a h9drance1 & he says3 8,if 8 e>li] activity 0 only imitation ( :at he saw ar\nd him1 n[ x is %>+ 9 ! bus9ess ( ! h\se1 lift+1 pull+1 c>ry+1 digg+1 & wood-splitt+4 ,9 ev]y?+ ! boy w ex]cise1 measure & comp>e 8 /r5g? t 8 body may gr[ /rong]1 t 8 p[] may increase1 & t he may "k its measure4''' ,at ?is age ! heal?y boy1 br\ght up simply & naturally1 nev] avoids a difficulty1 nev] goes r\nd a h9drance3 no1 he seeks x out & ov]comes x4 #8,let x lie1' calls ! vigor\s y\ng/] to ! fa!r1 :o (f]s to remove an ob/acle2 #8,let x lie3 ,i c get ov] x4' ''' ,z activity gave pleasure to ! *ild1 s "w gives pleasure to ! boy4 ,h5ce ! d>+ feats ( boyhood4''' ,easy is ! mo/ difficult1 )\t p]il ! mo/ adv5tur\s1 = ! impulse comes f ! inn]mo/ nature1 f 8 he>t & w40--,e41 p4 #aja4 8,b x is n only ! impulse to use & to measure 8 p[] t urges ! boy to roam & to climb--x is ! ne$ to wid5 8 m5tal horizon4''' ,! same desire holds him to ! pla9 ''' he occupies himself ) wat] & ) pla/ic mat]ials4 ,= he seeks n[ because ( ! feel+ ( p[] ov] mat]ial already ga9$ to ma/] ^!4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ s]ve 8 impulse t[>ds con/ruction4''' ,& s ea* =ms = himself 8 own _w1 = ! feel+ ( 8 own p[] dem&s 8 own space & 8 own mat]ial4'''0--,e41 pp4 #ajb-ajg4 8,b all ! plays & occupations ( boys d n by any means aim at repres5t+ objects & ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 _m pure ex]cise ( /r5g? & measur+ ( /r5g? pr$om9ate1 & _m h no fur!r aim ?an ! display ( /r5g?4 ,yet ! play ( ?is age has always its peculi> *>act]i/ic1 namely1 z dur+ ! p]iod ( *ildhood1 ! aim ( play consi/$ simply 9 activity z su*1 s n[ its aim is always a def9ite consci\s purpose1 :i* *>act]i/ic develops m & m z ! boys increase 9 age4 ,?is is obs]vable ev5 ) all games ( bodily movem5t1 ( runn+1 box+1 wre/l+1 ) ball-games1 goal1 hunt+1 & w> games1 etc40 8,x is ! s5se ( sure & reliable p[]1 ! s5se ( its increase bo? z an individual & z a memb] ( ! gr\p t fills ! boy ) all-p]vad+ jubilant joy dur+ ^! games40--,e41 p4 #aac4 ,x is evid5tly difficult ev5 = practis$ ?9k]s to grasp ! importance ( :at we s glibly call play 9 ! case ( ! "y *ild4 ,mr4 ,kirkpatrick1 = in/ance1 fully recognizes its importance 9 reg>d to *ildr5 some:at old]1 & he makes a sugge/ive di/9ction betwe5 play & amusem5t1 call+ play active1 :ile amusem5t is passive4 ,o!rs1 he says1 "w = our amusem5t4 ,b :5 he speaks ( ! infant1 he slips into ! mi/ake ( say+ t ! infant1 ev5 ?\gh active1 8amuses0 itself4 ,to ! ord9>y obs]v] ! :ole life ( a "y *ild is play1 b x w\ld be z correct to say t x is all "w4 ,pr(essor ,/\t1 true to :at he calls ! t5d5cy ( ! mod]ns to see 9 ! little *ild :at is writ l>ge 9 ! adult1 all[s 8purely intellectual curiosity0 on ! "p ( ! infant4 ,we h no "r to call an infant passive & !re=e amus$ ev5 :5 ! "m %akes ! rattle = 8 edification4 ,he may be /riv+ h>d to accommodate 8 organs ( sight1 he may be recall+ previ\s s\nds simil> & dissimil>1 he may be wat*+ & comp>+ diff]5t movem5ts & diff]5t positions4 ,he has s mu* to le>n 8) ! _w s new & all10 &1 to judge f 8 s]i\sness1 x is at times a mo/ mom5t\s inquiry4 ,! baby to :om ! activity ( ?r[+ is new1 & :o sp5ds full tw5ty m9utes 9 ?r[+ a tram ticket on ! floor ( ! c>--:i* ! pati5t "m re/ores ea* "t--?r[+1 too1 ) su* =ce & evid5t purpose1 _c prop]ly be said to be play+4 ,nor c ! infant :o />es ) su* conc5tration at ! light$ lamp & :o1 :5 ! "m moves out ( ! direct range ( ! light1 /rives ) all its feeble /r5g? to readju/ its position to t entranc+ brightness4 ,( ! v "y *ild1 ,froebel writes3 8,! fir/ volunt>y employm5ts ( ! *ild are obs]vation ( its surr\nd+s1 spontane\s tak+ 9 ( ! out] _w1 & play1 :i* is indep5d5t outw>d expression ''' x is evid5t !re=e h[ important is ! tra9+ ''' & also ! k9d ( volunt>y playful occupation ( ! *ild4''' ,= z ! life ( man is cont9u\s "o c recognize ev5 9 ! fir/ baby life1 ?\gh only 9 ! slighte/ traces & mo/ delicate g]ms1 all ! m5tal activities :i* 9 lat] life become pr$om9ant40--,p41 p4 #bi4 ,:5 ,groos rea*es ! p$agogical /&po9t1 he says3 8,we h repeat$ly f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( ?is inquiry t ev5 ! mo/ s]i\s "w may include a c]ta9 playfulness1 especially :5 enjoym5t ( be+ a cause & ( conque/ are prom95t4 ,betwe5 flippant trifl+1 & consci5ti\s /udy !re is a wide *asm :i* no?+ c bridge1 b n all play is su* trifl+4 ,:o w\ld =bid ! tea*]'s mak+ ! ef=t to induce 9 8 pupils a psy*ological condition l t ( ! adult work]1 :o is n oppress$ by ! %all & mu/ 9 ! pursuit ( 8 call+1 because ! v ex]tion ( 8 physical & m5tal p[]s 9 "w1 involv+ all 8 capabilities1 fills 8 s\l ) joy8 ,s9ce play ?us approa*es "w1 :5 pleasure 9 ! activity z su*1 z well z its practical aim1 becomes a motive p[] 7z 9 ! gymna/ic games ( adults71 s may "w become l play1 :5 its real aim is sup]s$$ by enjoym5t ( ! activity itself4 ,& x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ?is is ! highe/ & noble/ =m ( "w40#cg ,x is beyond dispute t ?is is ! k9d ( "w t ,froebel desir$ = all humanity1 s x is n surpris+ if he drew no h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 "w & ! 8play0 :i* he insi/s 8is n trivial10 & :i* he urges p>5ts to protect & guide4 ,( play at ! /age ( boyhood he writes3 8,joy is ! s\l ( e activity at ?is p]iod40--,e41 p4 #cjd4 ,& 9 ref]5ce to ! "r k9d ( in/ruction he says3 8,! union ( s*ool & life is ! fir/ & indisp5sable requirem5t ''' if m5 are ev] to free !mselves f ! oppressive burd5 & empt9ess ( m]ely extrane\sly communicat$ k1 heap$ up 9 memory1 if !y w\ld ev] rise to ! joy & vig\r ( a k ( ! real nature ( ?+s1 to a liv+ k ( ?+s4''' ,mank9d is meant to enjoy a degree ( k & insight1 ( en]gy & effici5cy1 ( :i* at pres5t we h no conception2 = :o has measur$ ! limits ( ,god-born mank9d6 ,! boy is to take up 8 "w :i* has n[ become 8 call+1 n indol5tly 9 sull5 gloom1 b *e]fully & joy\sly40--,e41 pp4 #bcj-bcc4 ,"o di/9ct l9e ( division is t drawn by ,groos :5 he says t ) "y animals & probably ) *ildr5 8_! fir/ manife/ation ( :at is aft]w>ds exp]im5tation1 fight+ & imitative play1 etc41 is r>ely consci\s1 & !re=e we _c ass]t ) assurance t x is pleasurable40#ch ,9 ?is case he says ! biological b n ! psy*ological g]m ( play is pres5t4 ,froebel nev] lo/ sight ( ! psy*ological po9t ( view 9 s f> z 8 desire always 0 to see :at ! action meant to ! actor1 :at ! *ild's play meant to ! *ild1 & also 9 t he desir$ all ! activity to be joy\s1 to be p]=m$ = its own sake4 ,b x 0 really ! biological view t he endeav\r$ to rea* & to set =?4 ,com+ n[ to ! ,!ories ( ,play1 x seems cle> t1 if he _h ev] he>d ( !m1 ,froebel w\ld h endeav\r$ to comb9e ^? ( ,recapitulation & ,prep>ation4 ,he /ates q pla9ly t ^! are n incompatible1 recogniz+ t 9 any "w or play1 by :i* ! *ild retraces pa/ /ages ( human developm5t1 he ga9s :at is mo/ necess>y = 8 own future life1 control ov] 8 surr\nd+s z well z ov] himself1 some?+ aft] ! mann] 9 :i* ^! h be5 ga9$ by ! race4 8,! obs]vation ( ! developm5t ( individual man & its comp>ison ) ! g5]al developm5t ( ! human race %[ pla9ly t1 9 ! developm5t ( ! inn] life ( ! individual man1 ! hi/ory ( ! m5tal developm5t ( ! race is repeat$1 & t ! race 9 its totality may be view$ z "o human be+1 9 :om !re w be f\nd ! necess>y /eps 9 ! developm5t ( individual man40--,e41 p4 #afj4 8,inde$ ea* successive g5]ation & ea* successive individual human be+1 inasmu* z he w\ld und]/& ! pa/ & pres5t1 mu/ pass ?r\gh all prec$+ phases ( human developm5t & culture1 & ?is %\ld n be done 9 ! way ( dead imitation1 or m]e copy+1 b 9 ! way ( spontane\s self-activity40--,e41 p4 #ah4 8,man %\ld1 at lea/ m5tally1 repeat ! a*ievem5ts ( mank9d1 t !y may n be to him empty dead masses1 t 8 judgm5t ( !m may n be ext]nal & spiritless2 he %\ld m5tally g ov] ! ways ( mank9d1 t he may le>n to und]/& !m4 ,h[ev] x may be said ( ?is gr[+ activity ( boyhood1 :i* by _s & law are de/9$ = a consci\s aim1 #8,my son does n require ?is4' ,p]haps y are "r1 ,i d n "k1 b y d "k t y\r sons ne$ en]gy1 judgm5t1 p]sev]ance1 prud5ce1 etc41 & t ^! ?+s are indisp5sable to !m2 & all ^! ?+s !y are sure to get 9 ! c\rse indicat$4'''0--,e41 p4 #bhb4 ,x is (t5 said t traditional games are m]e survivals1 deg5]ate imitations ( anci5t cu/oms1 & !re=e n wor? enc\rag+4 ,b *ildr5 are n b\nd by tradition1 & ,froebel is probably "r :5 he says3 8,x is my firm conviction t :5ev] y f9d any?+ t gives *ildr5 la/+ly & ev] fre%ly a joy belong+ to a true pure life--any?+ :]e innoc5ce & mir? pr$om9ate--y h f\nd some?+ :i* has at ! bottom ( x a high] & m important mean+ = a *ild's life40--,m41 p4 #agb4 ,we _c always tell :y *ildr5 enjoy ! game1 or :at !y ga9 f x4 ,su* games are at lea/ ! e>lie/ & simple/ introduction to 8! rules ( ! game10 & !y conta9 ! elem5ts ( *oos+ sides & ( :isp]$ secrets4 ,^! ?+s may seem small to ! ord9>y onlook]1 b n to ! real obs]v]1 :o sees ! am\nt ( self-control requir$ by a *ild ( f\r or five1 t he may n proclaim ! secret al\d1 ! difficulty he has 9 :isp]+1 & ! importance to him ( ! *oice betwe5 oranges & lemons or :atev] x may be4 ,!re are c]ta9ly "s :i* mo/ ?9k+ p]sons1 ,froebelian or o!rwise1 w\ld wi% to disc\rage4 ,z ,froebel himself said ( "s t he f\nd 9 use3 8,i ?\ght "s 7 too empty & silly & "s said a great deal t ,i w\ld n will+ly h said to *ildr54 ,yet ! c\nt+ games !mselves seem$ to me important 9 _m ways1 z ,i hope w appe> f comp>+ ! way ,i h dealt ) !m1 & above all1 z ! mottoes are meant to po9t out4 ,i ev5 wi%$ to keep ! s\nd ( ! well-kn[n popul> words1 at lea/ 9 ! op5+ words4'''0--,m41 p4 #aeg4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,froebel w\ld h _h no deal+s ) ei!r "w or play :i* w\ld int]f]e ) progressive developm5t1 he want$ recapitulation because he reg>d$ t 8great necess>y highway0 z ! road to sure progress4 8,only if 9 ea* p>ticul> we tread aga9 ! great necess>y highway ( humanity z a :ole1 does ! great & vigor\s e>ly life ( humanity come back to u 9 & ?r\gh ! *ildr540--,e41 p4 #bbb4 8,education mu/ be mu* m tol]at+#ci & foll[+ ?an pr$et]m9+ & prescrib+1 = by ! full application ( ! latt] me?od ( in/ruction we %\ld entirely lose ! *>act]i/ic1 ! sure & /eady progressive developm5t ( mank9d40--,e41 p4 #aj4 ,"s educators :o h made mu* ( ! 8culture epo*s0 might h avoid$ mi/akes & exagg]ations if !y _h tak5 to he>t ,froebel's repeat$ w>n+ t ! *ild has 8liv+ relations0 n only ) ! pa/1 b ) ! future1 besides be+ at ! same "t ! *ild ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 8,p>5ts %\ld view _! *ild 9 8 necess>y connection1 9 8 obvi\s & liv+ relations to ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future developm5t ( humanity1 9 ord] to br+ ! education ( ! *ild into h>mony ) ! pa/1 pres5t & future requirem5ts ( ! developm5t ( humanity & ( ! race4''' ,man1 humanity 9 man1 z an ext]nal manife/ation1 %\ld !re=e be look$ ^u n z p]fectly develop$1 n z fix$ & /ation>y1 b z /eadily & progressively gr[+1 9 a /ate ( ev]-liv+ developm5t1 ev] asc5d+ f "o /age ( culture to ano!r t[>d its aim1 :i* p>takes ( ! inf9ite & et]nal4 8,x is unspeakably p]nici\s to look ^u ! developm5t ( humanity z /ation>y & complet$ & to see 9 its pres5t phases only repetitions & great] g5]alizations ( itself4 ,= ! *ild1 z well z e successive g5]ation1 becomes !reby exclusively imitative1 an ext]nal dead copy--a ca/1 z x 71 ( ! prec$+1 & n a liv+ ideal ( ! /age :i* x has atta9$ 9 human developm5t consid]$ z a :ole1 to s]ve future g5]ations 9 all "t to come40--,e41 p4 #ag4 ,und]ly+ all t ,froebel has to say ( play1 is ! idea t x is a prep>ation = future life activities4 ,?is is impli$ ev5 9 ! def9ition giv5 ( ! play ( ! *ild ( ?ree ye>s old1 viz4 t x is 8spontane\s self-in/ruction02 x is mo/ evid5t 9 ! passage3 8,play1 build+ & modell+ are ! fir/ t5d] blossoms1 & ?is is ! p]iod :5 man is to be prep>$ = future indu/ry1 dilig5ce & productive activity40--,e41 p4 #cd4 8,! :ole lat] life ( man has its s\rce 9 ! p]iod ( *ildhood1 be ?is lat] life bright or gloomy1 g5tle or viol5t1 indu/ri\s or lazy1 ri* or poor 9 action1 pass$ 9 dull /upor or 9 ke5 creativ5ess1 9 /upid wond] or 9 intellig5t insight1 productive or de/ructive40--,e41 p4 #ee4 ,( 8 lat] in/itution1 ! ,k9d]g>t51 ,froebel says3 8,! great end & aim ( ! :ole und]tak+ is ! ,education ( ,man f its e>lie/ beg9n+1 by means ( action1 feel+1 & ?\ght1 9 accordance ) 8 own inw>d be+ & outw>d relations1 ''' ?is to be atta9$ by ! "r c>e ( *ild-life1 ! enc\ragem5t ( *ildi% activities40--,l41 p4 #afd4 8,= ! object is tw(old3 ,fir/ly ! realization 9 z cle> & p]fect a mann] z possible1 ( ! fundam5tal conception ( a mode ( education bas$ ^u ! e>ly & complete tra9+ ( human life1 & satisfy+ ! ne$s ( *ildr5 by a g5u9e enc\ragem5t ( _! spontane\s activity ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a normal in/itution :i* we h symbolically nam$ a ,k9d]g>t540--,l41 p4 #aff4 ,ab\t ! play ( boyhood ,froebel says3 8,play to ! boy is a mirror ( ! combat ( life await+ him 9 ! future3 !re=e1 9 ord] to /r5g!n himself = ! combat1 ! human be+ bo? 9 e>ly & lat] boyhood seeks out ob/acles1 difficulty & combat 9 8 play4''' ,_m ( 8 actions h an inn] significance4''' ,h[ :olesome x w\ld be if p>5ts & *ild1 = _! pres5t & future1 if p>5ts believ$ 9 ?is1 if !y w\ld obs]ve ! life ( _! *ildr5 9 ?is respect1 :at a new liv+ bond w\ld unite p>5ts & *ild1 :at a new ?read ( life w\ld be drawn betwe5 _! pres5t & _! future life60--,e41 p4 #aah4 ,( 8 own ,keilhau boys he writes3 8,"o ?+ is c]ta91 ^! plays are ! outcome ( ! _s ( boyhood4 ,& ! boys :o play$ ?us 7 good s*ol>s1 intellig5t1 & will+ to le>n1 see+ & express+ cle>ly1 dilig5t & full ( zeal4 ,"s are n[ capable "y m5 ) well tra9$ heads & he>ts1 quick 9 exp$i5ts & dext]\s 9 action2 "s are capable1 cle>-sight$ m51 & o!rs w become s40--,e41 p4 #aaa4 ,9 ,am]ica at lea/ ! au?orities are beg9n+ to realize ! tru? ( ,froebel's words z to ! importance ( playgr\nds1 & actual exp]im5t has %[n t he 0 "r 9 say+ t 8ev5 ! plays %\ld be "u "r guidance10 n = purposes ( repression1 b = ! enc\ragem5t ( real play :i* 8mu/ necess>ily break =? 9 joy f )940 8,ju/ice1 mod]ation1 self-control1 tru?fulness1 loyalty1 bro!rly feel+ & aga91 /rict imp>tiality--:o1 :5 he approa*es a gr\p ( boys engag$ 9 su* games1 c\ld fail to cat* ! fragrance ( ^! delici\s blossom+s ( ! he>t & m9d & ( a firm w2 n to m5tion ! beautiful1 ?\gh p]haps less fragrant1 blossoms ( c\rage1 p]sev]ance1 resolution1 prud5ce1 toge!r ) ! sev]e elim9ation ( indol5t indulg5ce8 ,fl[]s ( /ill m delicate fragrance bloom ''' =be>ance1 consid]ation1 sympa?y & enc\ragem5t = ! weak]1 y\ng] & m delicate2 fairness to ^? :o are z yet unfamili> ) ! game4 8,w\ld t all :o1 9 ! education ( boys1 b>ely tol]ate playgr\nds might consid] ^! ?+s6 ,!re are1 inde$1 _m h>% words & _m rude de$s1 b ! s5se ( p[] mu/ ne$s prec$e its cultivation4 ,ke51 cle> & p5etrat+ are ! boy's eyes2 ke5 & decid$ !re=e1 ev5 h>% & sev]e is 8 judgm5t ( ^? :o are 8 equals1 or :o claim equality ) him 9 judgm5t & p[]4 8,e place %\ld h its own common playgr\nd = ! boys4 ,glori\s results w\ld come f ?is = ! entire community4 ,= at ?is p]iod1 games1 :5ev] x is feasible1 are common1 & ?us develop ! feel+ & desire = community & ! laws & requirem5ts ( community4 8,! boy tries to see himself 9 8 companions1 to feel himself 9 !m1 to weigh & measure himself by !m1 to "k & f9d himself ) _! help4 ,?us ! games directly influ5ce & educate ! boy = life1 awak5 & cultivate _m civil & moral virtues40--,e41 p4 #aac4 ,x 0 9 wat*+ boys "o day--8boys10 he says1 8( ! "r age = ^! plays1 b ^: life is n awak5$1 or has be5 dull$1 & :o n[ idly l\nge ar\nd1 gett+ 9 _! own way1 z x 70--t a fri5d said to him1 8,i d n und]/& h[ ^! boys _c play1 h[ _m plays we _h at _! age60 ,& x is "h t ,froebel gives 8 v]sion ( ! 8surplus en]gy0 !ory :5 he writes3 8,9 e case ! plays ( ?is age are or %\ld be pure manife/ations ( /r5g? & vitality1 !y are ! product ( fullness ( life1 & ( pleasure 9 life4 ,!y presuppose actual vig\r ( life1 bo? inn] & out]4 ,:]e ^! are lack+1 !re _c be true play1 :i*1 be>+ life 9 itself1 awak5s1 n\ri%es & height5s life4''' ,?is %[s cle>ly t ev5 ! plays at ?is age %\ld be "u guidance#dj1 & ! boy made ready = !m1 i4e4 8 life1 8 exp]i5ce bo? 9 s*ool & out ( x1 mu/ be made s ri* t x mu/ necess>ily break =? 9 joy f )91 l ! blossom f ! swell+ bud4 ,joy is ! s\l ( e activity ( boyhood at ?is p]iod40--,e41 p4 #cjc4 ,x is "h1 too1 9 ! section entitl$1 8,play or ,spontane\s ,expression & ,practice ( ,e ,k9d0 t ,froebel beg9s a g5]al classification ( boy's play3 8,! plays1 or spontane\s occupations1 ( ?is age are ( ?ree k9ds1 !y are ei!r 7a7 imitations ( life1 or 7b7 spontane\s applications ( :at has be5 le>n$1 or !y are 7c7 p]fectly spontane\s expression ) all k9ds ( mat]ial4 ,^! la/ are ei!r gov]n$ by ! mat]ial1 or by ! ?\ght & feel+ ( ! human be+4''' ,!y may be & are ei!r ,physical plays1 ex]cis+ /r5g? & dext]ity1 or else m]e buoyancy ( life2 or ,s5se plays ex]cis+ ! he>+1 e4g4 9 hid+ games1 etc41 or ! sight1 z 9 %oot+ plays or col\r plays1 etc42 or ,intellectual plays1 games ( reflection & judgm5t1 e4g4 draughts1 etc4 ,z su* !y are already arrang$1 b ! true aim & _s ( ! play is r>ely und]/ood & ! games are seldom manag$ accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! boy40--,e41 p4 #cjd4 ,?is g5]al classification is v mu* ! same z t ( ,groos1 :o divides ,play fir/ into two ma9 classes1 viz4 ,playful ,exp]im5tation & ,playful ,ex]cise ( ! ,second or ,socionomic ,ord]4 ,"u ! fir/ head+ come ,i4 ,playful ,activity ( ! ,s5sory ,app>atus2 ,,ii4 ,playful ,use ( ! ,motor ,app>atus2 & ,,iii4 ,playful ,ex]cise ( ! ,high] ,m5tal ,p[]s4 ,! fir/ two correspond to ,froebel's ,s5se ,plays & ,physical ,plays1 & ! ?ird to 8 ,intellectual ,plays4 ,"u ! second head+1 ,groos br+s ,fight+ ,plays1 :i* z we h se5 ,froebel attributes to ! unconsci\s desire to measure & increase /r5g?2 ,imitative ,play1 :i* to ,froebel is ! *ild's way ( le>n+ by action2 ,love ,plays ( :i* ,froebel takes no notice at all1 & ,social ,play4 ,"u ?is comes :at has be5 giv5 z to ! importance ( ,playgr\nds1 & mu* ( :at ,froebel wrote z to ! ,k9d]g>t5 ,games4 ,= in/ance1 z "p ( ! "w ( ! /ud5ts 9 8 ,tra9+ ,c\rse comes3 8,! acquisition ( little games arrang$ to ex]cise ! limbs & s5ses ( ! *ild4''' ,! acquisition ( o!r games arrang$ to suit special ends & suit$ to v>i$ grades ( developm5t4''' ,practice 9 comb9$ games = _m *ildr51 & p>ticul>ly action games1 :i* w1 f ! fir/1 tra9 ! *ild 7by 8 v nature eag] = companion%ip7 9 ! habit ( association ) comrades1 t is1 9 good fell[%ip & all t ?is implies4''' ,to games = individual *ildr5 succe$ games = ! :ole ,k9d]g>t5 toge!r4 ,! *ild 9 ^! associat$ games alt]nately appe>s fir/ z tak+ "s individual or sep>ate "p1 & !n z m]ely "o ( sev]al closely knit & equally important memb]s ( a great] :ole1 s t he becomes famili> ) bo? ! /rongly oppos$ elem5ts ( 8 life2 namely ! individual det]m9+ & direct+ side1 & ! g5]al ord]$ & subord9at$ side40--,l41 p4 #bec4 ,games ( ?is k9d h be5 mu* misus$1 especially by be+ giv5 a rigidity ( =m :i*1 ,froebel wrote3 8,w\ld q de/roy t fre% m]ry life :i* %\ld animate ! games ''' ! games w\ld cease to be games & lose _! full educational p[]4 ,! ma9 ?\ght mu/ be held fa/2 b ! precise =m & /yle 9 :i* ! games are play$ mu/ be ! outcome ( ! mom5t4 ,! fre] & m spontane\s ! arrangem5t1 ! m excell5t is ! effect ( ! game40--,l41 p4 #he4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( plays & games not$ by ,froebel is q surpris+4 ,( ! long li/ giv5 by ,groos !re are few inde$ :i* he does n m5tion4#da ,! plays = old] *ildr5 are giv5 9 8,! ,education ( ,man10 b o!r games enc\rag$ at ,keilhau are to be f\nd 9 ! acc\nts giv5 by ,eb]s4 ,ev5 9 8 e>li] "w ,froebel %[s h[ closely he _h be5 obs]v+ ! play ( little *ildr51 b ?is he work$ out lat] 9 8 ,"m ,songs1 9 ! pap]s on 8 v>i\s 8,gifts10 & 9 t on ,movem5t ,play4 ,^! lat] books 7 writt5 & ! play mat]ial 0 plann$ because ,froebel saw t ! *ildr5 :o d n play are ^? 89 :om life has n awak5$ or has be5 dull$10 j because 8! true aim & ! _s ( play is r>ely und]/ood & ! games are seldom manag$ accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! boy40 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,froebel',s ,,play-,,mat]ial ,,& ,,its ,,orig9al ,,purpose ,to "o :o believ$1 z ,froebel did1 t 8! means by :i* ! *ild ga9s 8 fir/ ideas ( 8 own nature & life & ! nature & life ( ! cosmos1 are 8 play & play?+s10 ^! play?+s c\ld n be indiff]5t4 8,x has be5 /at$ z a fundam5tal tru? t ! plays & occupations ( *ildr5 %\ld by no means be treat$ z (f]+ m]ely means = pass+1 we might say = consum+1 "t1 h5ce z m]e out] activity1 b r t by means ( su* plays & employm5ts ! *ild's inn]mo/ nature mu/ be satisfi$40--,p41 p4 #ajh4 ,froebel 0 speak+ ( 8 own ,play-mat]ial--kn[n by ! "n ( 8,froebel's ,gifts0 because he ?\ght !m ! mo/ suitable gifts = little *ildr5--:5 he wrote3 8,to realize 8 aims1 man1 & m p>ticul>ly ! *ild1 requires mat]ial1 ?\gh x be only a bit ( wood or a pebble ) :i* he makes some?+ or :i* he makes into some?+40--,p41 p4 #bce4 ,& al?\gh 8 op9ion ( ! importance ( t p>ticul> s]ies ( play?+s1 :i* he *ose f among ^? he saw 9 g5]al use1 may h be5 exagg]at$1 /ill !re is a good deal ( s\nd psy*ology 9 :at he says ab\t !m4 ,9 speak+ ( imitative action & con/ruction1 we h already t\*$ ^u :at 7 p]haps ! mo/ important ideas und]ly+ ?is s]ies4#db 8,:at pres5ts are mo/ priz$ by ! *ild8 ,^? :i* af=d him a means ( unfold+ 8 inn] life mo/ freely & ( %ap+ x 9 v>i\s directions40--,p41 p4 #adb4 ,b ,froebel also writes ( 8 ,gifts t 8!y w cov] ! :ole gr\nd ( tra9+ 9 s5se p]ception10 & he has manag$ to ?9k out a v fair numb] ( ! po9ts :i* ,dr4 ,w>d1 9 8 ,analysis ( ,p]ception1 notes z important4 ,"o ( ,froebel's frequ5t ,reviews ( 8 play-mat]ial beg9s3 8,h[ has ! *ild develop$ up to ?is po9t8 ,h[ has ! _w1 ! objects & ?+s ar\nd him develop$8 ,h[ has ! *ild develop$ himself especially ?r\gh ! toys--! means ( play & employm5t--:i* h ?us f> be5 giv5 him8 ,! bright5+ light 9 ! *ild's m9d illum9ates ! objects ar\nd him4 ,9 proportion z ! inn] light increases1 ! nature ( ext]nal objects gr[s cle> to him ''' ! law ( developm5t is t ( progress f ! unlimit$ to ! limit$1 f ! :ole to ! "p1 f an undiff]5tiat$ to a memb]$ totality ''' ! out] _w comes to meet ! inn] _w1 x does n h9d]1 b helps ! inn] _w4 8,! man advanc$ 9 insight %\ld be cle> ab\t all ?is be=e he introduces 8 *ild to ! out] _w4 ,ev5 :5 he gives 8 *ild a play?+ he mu/ make cle> to himself its purpose1 & ! purpose ( play?+s & occupation mat]ial 9 g5]al4 ,?is purpose is to aid ! *ild freely to express :at lies )9 him--to br+ ! ph5om5a ( ! out] _w ne>] to him1 & ?us to s]ve z m$iator betwe5 ! m9d & ! _w40--,p41 pp4 #afi-aga4 ,!n ,froebel expla9s 9 s _m words ! really psy*ological aim or mean+ ( 8 sequ5ce ( 8,gifts10 s well kn[n by "n--& ev5 bett] kn[n 9 mo/ un-psy*ological practice--b little und]/ood 9 _! real & orig9al significance1 z a means ( p]ception1 ! e>li] ones at lea/1 = *ildr5 mu* bel[ ev5 ,k9d]g>t5 age4 8,recogniz+ ! m$iatorial "* ( play & play?+s1 we %all no long] be indiff]5t ei!r to ! *oice1 ! succession1 or ! organic connection ( ! toys we give *ildr54 ,9 ^! ,i (f] !m1 ,i %all consid] z c>efully z possible1 h[ ! *ild may 9 us+ !m develop 8 nature freely & yet 9 accordance ) law 7laws ( m9d71 & h[ ?r\gh su* use he may also le>n to appreh5d ext]nal ?+s correctly & to employ !m ju/ly4 ,z ! *ild's fir/ consci\sness ( self 0 born ( physical opposition to & connection ) ! ext]nal _w1 s ?r\gh play ) ! ball1 ! ext]nal _w itself began to rise out ( *aos & to assume def9it5ess4 ,9 recogniz+ ! ball ! *ild mov$ f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1 f ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>1 f m]e ext]nality 7comp>e ,pr(4 ,w>d's #8m]e ?+ /uff'7 to a self-includ$ space-fill+ object4 ,9 ! ball1 especially ?r\gh movem5t1 ?r\gh ! opposition ( re/ & motion1 ?r\gh dep>t+ & return+1 ! object came =? out ( g5]al space z a special space-fill+ object1 z a body3 j z ! *ild by means ( 8 life 7activity7 also p]ceives himself1 8 bodily frame1 z a space-fill+ object1 z a body4 ,! *ild has ?us obta9$ two important t]ms ( comp>ison = 8 fir/ intellectual developm5t2 body & body1 object & object4''' ,at ! same "t !re beg9s 9 ! *ild1 z 9 a se$-corn1 a developm5t advanc+ t[>ds manifoldness4 ,= ?is reason he %\ld receive a correspond+ se$-corn 9 ! object :i* he fir/ deta*es z object f ! ext]nal *aos4 ,su* object %\ld1 l himself1 include an indef9ite manifoldness1 & be susceptible ( a progressive developm5t4 ,su* an object is ! ball 7,gift ,i740--,p41 p4 #aga4 ,! v fir/ 8intimation ( an intellect10 ,froebel writes1 is :5 ! *ild is se5 to 8keep 8 gaze fix$ ^u ! motion ( a bright object4 ,?is beg9s a few weeks aft] bir?40 ,! ball is to be giv5 to ! baby 8:5 ! />t+-po9t ( recognition & k 7,erk5n5s und ,erk5ntniss71 viz4 p]ceiv+1 notic+1 ?9k+ 7das ,gewahrw]d51 das ,bem]k5 und ,bea*t57 becomes p]ceptible03 :5 ! *ild 8c freely move its little arms & h&s1 :5 x c p]ceive & di/+ui% tones1 & c turn its att5tion & gaze 9 ! direction f :i* ^! tones come40 ,9 8 analysis ( ,p]ception1 ,dr4 ,w>d di/+ui%es 7i7 ,assimilation or ,recognition1 7ii7 ,localization or ,spatial ,fixation1 & 7iii7 ,objective ,ref]5ce1 or ,intuition ( ,?+s4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/1 ,assimilation1 has already be5 tak5 up 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 & we h se5 t1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,w>d1 x involves ,ret5tion & ,diff]5tiation1 ?\gh 9 itself !re is no active comp>ison1 & we h se5 t ,froebel also spoke ( ! e>lie/ impressions z 8almo/ imp]ceptible1 b fix$ by repetition & by *ange10#dc & ( a 8p]ception ( sequ5ce0 involv+ 8dim0 or 8unconsci\s comp>ison40 ,( ! second process ,dr4 ,w>d writes3 8,to treat ( ! localization ( impressions is really to give an acc\nt ( ! /eps by :i* ! psy*ological individual comes to a k ( space10 & he goes on to say t psy*ologi/s may h be5 too apt to exam9e 8! conception ( space & n our concrete space p]ceptions40 ,n[ ,froebel did consid] concrete space p]ception1 & ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>e4 ,t he saw its importance is cle> f ! fact t 9 discuss+ 8 8means ( employm5t0 he says3 8,!y w cov] ! :ole gr\nd ( tra9+ 9 s5se p]ception b w beg9 ) ! obs]vation ( space & ! k t comes f t1 s9ce ! *ild fir/ feels & f9ds himself 9 space & f9ds o!rs occupy+ space ar\nd him4 ,!y are to g on by developm5t ( limbs & s5ses & by means ( language to und]/& ,nature 9 all directions1 s t f9ally man :o at fir/ c\ld f9d himself only 9 space & by means ( space1 may le>n to "k himself z an exi/5t1 feel+1 ?9k+1 intellig5t1 rational be+1 & z su* to try to live40--,p41 p4 #ai4 ,& al?\gh ,froebel may n fully h realiz$ t1 z ,dr4 ,w>d puts x3 8,! infant's e>lie/ lessons 9 spatial p]ception are 9 explor+ 8 limbs10 /ill we d f9d him writ+ f ,blank5burg1 9 a lett] accompany+ ! fir/ sket* ( 8 ,nurs]y ,songs3 8,i soon felt t "s important connect+ l9k 0 imp]atively requir$ to prep>e ! newly awak5+ life ( a *ild = its lat] activity ) ! ball4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! ball itself t ,i discov]$ ?is l9k3 9 g5]al t]ms x may be describ$ z ! fir/ developm5t ( muscul> movem5t & s5sation specially di/+ui%+ infancy4 ,! l9k betwe5 ! infant1 /ill an undivid$ self-suffici5t :ole ( peaceful life1 & ! ball1 :i* is some?+ ext]nal giv5 to him to play )1 lies 9 ! *ild's own limbs1 ! *ild's own s5ses2 & ! fir/ toys & occupations ( ! *ild come f himself2 he plays ) 8 own limbs1 & uses !m z ! mat]ial = repres5t+ 8 ideas4 ,?is spontane\s activity ( limb & vividness ( s5sation natural to infancy mu/ also be /udi$2 = a consid]able degree ( cultivation ( ^! p[]s is already necess>y 9 ! use ( ! ball1 etc4''' ,to help ! *ild to use 8 own body1 8 limbs & s5sations1 & to assi/ mo!rs to a consci\sness ( _! duties ''' ,i h c>efully pres]v$ sev]al little songs & games & s5d ?is collection to y = y\r sev]e criticism40#dd--,l41 p4 #ajh4 ,hav+ said t 8! *ild fir/ p]ceives himself1 8 corporeal frame1 z a space-fill+ object1 z a body1 by means ( 8 life10 or 8 activity1 ! fir/ two ( ?is collection naturally deal ) l>ge body movem5ts4 ,9 ! "o ! "m alt]nately l[]s & raises ! infant1 8lett+ him really feel a slight %ock10 & 9 ! o!r ! baby tramples ) 8 feet1 & %e is told to supply ! object ( resi/ance4 ,?is resi/ance1 z we h se51 gives him 8! dim consci\sness ( self1 :i* comes out ( physical opposition to1 & connection )1 ! out] _w10 :i* ,dr4 ,w>d speaks ( "u ! head ( ,localization ( ,impressions4 ,dr4 ,w>d writes t 8! di/9ction betwe5 8 own & =eign bodies beg9s :5 ! *ild feels ! diff]5ce betwe5 a s]ies ( movem5ts accompani$ by passive t\*es1 & "o )\t passive t\*es10 b ,froebel goes no fur!r ?an not+ :at comes ?r\gh 8resi/ance40 ,! ball1 h[ev]1 z we h j se51 is to be us$ s z to assi/ ! *ild's compreh5sion ( 8a self-includ$ space-fill+ object10 & ?r\gh play ) ! ball he is to ga9 ! 8?ree great p]ceptions ( object1 space & "t40 ,9 ! ,intuition ( ?+s1 ,dr4 ,w>d di/+ui%es five po9ts 8conc]n+ :i* psy*ology may be expect$ to give an acc\nt3 7a7 ! reality2 7b7 solidity or occupation ( space2 7c7 p]man5ce1 or1 r1 cont9uity 9 "t2 7d7 unity & complexity2 & 7e7 sub/antiality & ! connection ( its attributes & p[]s40 7a7 ,reality he disposes ( z 8n /rictly an item by itself1 b a *>act]i/ic ( all ! items t foll[40 ,( 7b71 ,solidity or ,imp5etrability1 he writes t 8"h our feel+s ( ef=t come specially into play4 ,!y are n entirely abs5t 9 ^? movem5ts ( exploration by :i* we atta9 a k ( space2 b x is :5 ^! movem5ts are def9itely realiz$1 or are only possible by increas$ ef=t1 t we rea* ! full mean+ ( body z t :i* occupies space40 ,dr4 ,w>d goes on to add z 89 ! highe/ degree ess5tial10 t muscul> ef=t %\ld meet ) some?+ :i* seems to be 8mak+ an ef=t ! c\nt]p>t ( our own40 ,besides tell+ ! "m to give ! requir$ def9ite resi/ance1 by oppos+ h] h& or *e/ to ! little trampl+ feet1 ,froebel gives a 8new play1 a new p]ception ( ! object10 :5 he tells ! "m t 8z soon z ! *ild is suffici5tly develop$ to p]ceive ! ball z a ?+ sep>ate f himself10 %e %\ld tie a /r+ to x & pull g5tly4 8,! *ild w hold ! ball fa/1 ! arm w rise z y lift ! ball1 & z y loos5 ! /r+ ! h& & arm w s9k back f _! own weight2 ! feel+ ( ! utt]ance ( =ce1 z well z ! alt]nation ( ! movem5t1 w delight ! *ild4 ,f ?is1 h[ev]1 soon spr+s a q new play1 t is also some?+ new to ! *ild1 :51 ?r\gh a suitable draw+ & lift+1 ! ball escapes f ! *ild's h& & !n quietly moves freely be=e him z an individual object4 ,?r\gh ?is play is develop$ 9 ! *ild a new feel+1 ! new p]ception ( ! object z a some?+ n[ clasp$1 grasp$ & h&l$1 & n[ z a freely active opposite some?+40--,p41 p4 #cf4 ,unity & ,complexity1 8! rema9+ factors 9 ! psy*ological con/itution ( ?+s10 says ,dr4 ,w>d1 8might be describ$ 9 g5]al t]ms z ! "t-relations ( _! oppon5ts4'''0 ,& ,froebel1 go+ /raight on f 8! opposite some?+10 comes 9 l mann] to "t-relations4 8,"o may say ) deep conviction t ev5 ?is simple activity is inexpressibly important = ! *ild1 = :i* reason x is to be repeat$ z a play ) ! *ild z (t5 z possible4 ,:at ! little "o has up to ?is "t directly felt s (t5 by ! t\* ( ! "m's brea/--union & sep>ation--x n[ p]ceives outw>dly 9 an object :i* c be grasp$ & clasp$4 ,?us ! repetition ( ?is play confirms1 /r5g!ns1 & cle>s 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild a feel+ & p]ception deeply gr\nd$ 91 & important to ! :ole life ( man--! feel+ & p]ception ( on5ess & individuality1 & ( disjunction & sep>at5ess2 also ( pres5t & pa/ possession4''' ,! idea ( return or recurr5ce soon develops to ! *ild's p]ception1 f ! pres5ce & abs5ce2 t ( reunion f ! s+l5ess & sep>at5ess2 ( future repossession f pres5t & pa/ possession1 & s ! idea ( be+1 hav+ & becom+1 are ! dim p]ceptions :i* fir/ dawn on ! *ild4 8,f ^! p]ceptions !re at once develop 9 ! *ild's m9d ! ?ree great p]ceptions ( object1 space & "t1 :i* 7 at fir/ "o collective p]ception4 ,f ! p]ceptions ( be+1 hav+ & becom+ 9 respect to space & object1 & 9 connection ) !m1 !re soon develop also ! new p]ceptions ( pres5t1 pa/ & future 9 respect to "t4 ,inde$1 ^! n9efold p]ceptions :i* op5 to ! *ild ! portals ( a new objective life1 unfold !mselves mo/ cle>ly by means ( 8 con/ant play ) ! "o s+le ball40--,p41 p4 #cf4 ,dr4 ,w>d gives z ! fir/ /ep 89 ! psy*ological con/itution ( di/9ct ?+s0--z oppos$ to :at he calls 8m]e ?+/uff0--8! simultane\s projection into ! same occupi$ space ( ! sev]al impressions1 :i* we ?us come to reg>d z ! qualities ( ! body fill+ x40 ,froebel writes3 8,we gave1 !re=e1 to ! "m ! brightly col\r$ s(t ball to make a unity ( t\* & p]ception ?r\gh sight1 = ?r\gh ! brightness x makes itself kn[n to sight1 & ?r\gh w>m? 7s(tness87 to t\*1 z an objective ph5om5a1 a ?+ 9 itself40--,p41 p4 #fe4 ,to rea* unity & complexity1 says ,w>d1 8x is ess5tial t objects %\ld recur1 & recur z !y h previ\sly recurr$1 if k is ev] to beg940 ,! con/itu5t impressions mu/ also 8be aga9 & aga9 repeat$ 9 l ord] to prompt anew ! same gr\p+10 & ! con/ancy ( "o gr\p mu/ pres5t itself 8along ) *anges 9 o!r gr\ps1 & 9 ! g5]al field4''' ,x is only :]e a gr\p1 z a :ole1 has be5 f\nd to *ange its position relatively to o!r gr\ps1 &--ap>t f causal *anges--to be indep5d5t ( *anges ( position among !m1 t su* complexes c become di/9ct unities & yield a _w ( ?+s40 ,froebel writes ( "o ( 8 e>ly plays3 8,x is really important = ! human be+1 especially z a *ild1 t ! ess5tial p]ceptions ( ?+s %\ld be repeat$ frequ5tly "u diff]5t =ms1 & if possible 9 a p>ticul> ord]1 s t ! *ild may easily le>n to di/+ui% ! ess5tial f ! uness5tial & accid5tal1 & ! abid+ f ! *ang+4 ,unnotic$ & unrecogniz$ ?\gh ! ph5om5a are to ! *ild1 yet ! impression ( !m w be c]ta9 & firm1 & ?is s mu* ! m :5 ! repetition has be5 precise & cle>40--,p41 p4 #hh4 ,lat]1 speak+ ( a *ild's e>lie/ attempts at walk+1 he says3 8,! smalle/ *ild :o beg9s to ex]cise ! p[] ( walk+1 loves to g f place to place--i4e4 he likes to turn ab\t & to *ange ! relation%ips 9 :i* he /&s to diff]5t objects1 & 9 :i* !y /& to him4 ,?r\gh ^! *anges he seeks self-recognition & self-compreh5sion1 z well z recognition ( ! diff]5t objects :i* surr\nd him1 & recognition ( 8 environm5t z a :ole40--,p41 p4 #bdc4 ,dr4 ,w>d requires /ill m & says t 8! unity ( a ?+0 c>ries u ov] to temporal cont9uity1 & ?is he attributes to 8! cont9u\s pres5tation ( su* a gr\p z ! bodily self1 :i* makes u inf] cont9uity ( exi/5ce1 = pres5tations :i* h be5 pres5t$1 remov$ & re-pres5t$40 ,we h se5 already t ,froebel says ! *ild p]ceives ! ball 8?r\gh dep>t+ & return+1 z a space-fill+ object1 z a body1 j z he p]ceives himself1 8 corporeal frame1 z a space-fill+ object1 z a body40 ,& !re is also a qua9t1 b int]e/+ ref]5ce to some?+ ( ?is k9d 9 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,nurs]y ,songs call$ 8,all ,gone10 :]e ! "m is di/9ctly told t %e mu/ help h] *ild to realize cont9uity ?r\gh *ange4 8,h[ c ! *ild und]/& :at y mean :5 y say #8,x's all gone1 ,baby'8 ,he w n be cont5t$ unless y put mean+ into x4 ,:at he saw j n[ he sees no long]1 :at 0 above is bel[1 :at 0 !re is j n[ vani%$4 ,:]e1 !n1 has x gone80 ,& ! baby is suppos$ to be quiet$ by ! "m's playful tale ( ! pres5t :]eab\ts ( 8 bread & milk1 a ,g]man v]sion ( ! homely 8,d[n r$ lane40 ,pr(essor ,w>d's la/ po9t 9 ! intuition ( ?+s is 8sub/antiality40 8,:at is x10 he says1 8t has ?us a beg9n+ & cont9ues indef9itely80 ,! answ] is t 8( all ! con/itu5ts ( ?+s only "o is univ]sally pres5t1 t ( physical solidity1 :i* pres5ts itself accord+ to circum/ances1 z imp5etrability1 resi/ance or weight4''' ,9 o!r words1 t :i* occupies space is ! sub/antial2 ! o!r real con/itu5ts are b its prop]ties or attributes1 ! m>ks or manife/ations :i* lead u to expect its pres5ce40 ,froebel1 aga91 sums up ! ideas he int5ds ! *ild to ga9 f play ) ! ball3 8,! ball %[s cont5ts1 mass1 matt]1 space1 =m1 size & figure2 x be>s )9 itself an indep5d5t p[] 7ela/icity7 & h5ce x has re/ & movem5t1 & consequ5tly /ability & spontaneity2 x (f]s ev5 col\r1 & at lea/ calls =? s\nd2 x is inde$ heavy--t is1 x is attract$--& ?us %>es 9 ! g5]al prop]ty ( all bodies4''' ,!re=e1 x places man1 on 8 entrance into ! _w1 furni%$ ) activity ( limbs & s5ses1 9 ! mid/ ( all ph5om5a & p]ceptions ( ,nature & ( all life ''' to place man ?r\gh a skilful education 9 ! und]/&+ ( ,nature & life1 & to ma9ta9 him 9 x ) consci\sness & circumspection _c be done too e>ly40--,p41 p4 #ec4 ,! s(t ball ( ! fir/ gift is suppos$ to be giv5 to ! *ild :5 he is ?ree or ev5 two mon?s old1 b :5 he rea*es six or eight mon?s1 he is suppos$ to be ready = some?+ :i* 8makes itself kn[n especially ?r\gh noise1 s\nd1 tone1 z x 7 ?r\gh spee*40 ,! second gift !re=e consi/s ( a wood5 sph]e & a cube1 :i* are int5d$ n only to please ! *ild by ! noise !y make1 b to s]ve z mat]ial = comp>ison4 ,! "m is told to roll ! sph]e & !n1 9 ord] to make ?is opposit5ess betwe5 sph]e & cube p]ceptible to ! *ild1 to place ! cube /eadily be=e him & pres5tly to take "o ( 8 little h&s1 pu%+ g5tly at fir/1 b 8f9ally ov]com+ ! gravity ( ! cube & pu%+ x away ) ! *ild's h& & f+]s ''' draw+ ! *ild's /r5g?1 al?\gh yet s feeble1 into ! play1 t 8 limbs may be tra9$1 8 /r5g? increas$1 & t he may exp]i5ce & p]ceive mu* ?r\gh 8 own activity40--,p41 p4 #gg4 ,by ev5 ^! few repres5tations ! "m c pres5t to h] *ild3 8,! quiet1 firm sure-/&+ on a relatively l>g] surface2 ! fill+ ( space by ea* object2 heav9ess :i* is express$ by pressure2 ! f9al ov]com+ ( heav9ess 7gravity72 & ! possibility ( mov+ away ! body by ! use ( a proportionately great] /r5g?4 ,! p]ception ( all ^! & _m o!r facts1 %[+ !mselves m]ely z *ang+ ph5om5a 9 (t-recurr+ repetition1 w give pleasure ev5 to ! *ild :o is sc>cely half a ye>1 or at lea/ n a :ole ye> old1 especially :5 ! play is plac$ 9 intimate connection ) ! *ild's life1 & ) 8 impulse to activity40--,p41 p4 #gh4 ,_m plays are sugge/$1 all to be accompani$ by song or rhyme1 only1 says ,froebel1 8"o mu/ n g on 9 opposition to ! wi% ( ! *ild1 b always foll[ 8 requirem5ts & ne$s & 8 own expressions ( life & activity40 ,x is 9 ?is connection t ,froebel notices h[ e>ly a *ild beg9s to note cause4 8,ev5 ! *ild ^: capacity = spee* is z yet undevelop$ w rem>k ! cause ( ! fall ( ! cube1 at lea/ exp]i5ce has %[n u t *ildr5 ( ?is age drew away ! hold+ support1 &1 z ! cube !n fell ov]1 turn$ t[>d _! "m ) face & body z 9 joy\s triumph40--,p41 p4 #hj4 ,! sph]e & cube are also to be comp>$ z to %ape3 8,?r\gh all t has be5 done hi!rto1 ! *ild's att5tion has be5 pr$om9antly call$ to ! object1 z fill+ space1 & act+1 b only incid5tally to ! object z be+ ! id5tical "o2 nor yet to ! figure & %ape1 nor to ! memb]s & p>ts4 ,b att5tion to ! =m & figure ( ! object c also be utiliz$ = ! *ild 9 play40--,p41 p4 #hc4 ,s ! "m is direct$ to hide ! cube 9 h] h& & %[ x aga9--s t ! *ild w wat* = its reappe>ance4 8,by ?is play ! *ild is n only aga9 made to notice t ! cube fills space1 b 8 att5tion is also call$ to its precise =m2 & he w look at x %>ply1 unconsci\sly comp>+ x ) ! h& to :i* 8 eyes 7 fir/ attract$40--,p41 p4 #hd4 8,ea* object speaks con/antly to man by its qualities & attributes1 & /ill m to ! *ild1 ?\gh 9 mute spee*4''' ,x is ess5tial = ! intellectual developm5t ( man t ! surr\nd+s %\ld speak to him by _! qualities & attributes40--,p41 p4 #ie4 ,froebel's 8,gift ,,iii0 is a little box conta9+ eight-in* cubes = build+ purposes1 & aft] ! *ild has cle>ly ga9$ ! idea ( 8out] object0 ,froebel says3 8,let u fir/ ( all ha/5 to place ourselves toge!r 9 ! *ildr5's play corn]1 & !re seek to discov] :at attracts ! *ild1 or1 r1 9 :at direction he himself turns 8 att5tion1 :at he w\ld l to d & :at he ne$s = ! purpose4 ,let u take our place !re z quietly & z unnotic$ z possible1 obs]v+ h[ ! *ild1 betwe5 ! ages ( "o & ?ree ye>s1 aft] he has cle>ly ga9$ ! idea ( 8out] object10 has contemplat$ ! =m & col\r ( ! self-conta9$ body :i* he c h&le1 has mov$ x "h & !re 9 8 h&s1 & exp]im5t$ ^u its solidity1 n[ tries to pull x ap>t1 or at lea/ to alt] its =m 9 ord] to discov] new prop]ties 9 x1 & to f9d out new ways ( us+ x4 ,if ! little "o succe$s 9 8 attempt to sep>ate ! object1 we see t he !n tries to put ! p>ts toge!r1 to =m ! :ole :i* he _h at fir/1 or to arrange !m 9 a new :ole4 ,we see t he w unwe>i$ly & quietly repeat ?is = a long "t4 8,let u l+] ov] ?is significant ph5om5on & seek to recognize ?r\gh x :at we h to furni% to ! *ild f inn] gr\nds & )\t arbitr>9ess4 ,?is is3 some?+ firm :i* c be easily pull$ ap>t by ! *ild's /r5g?1 & j z easily put toge!r40--,p41 p4 #aag4 ,! "t :5 ! *ild wants ?is some?+ to arrange is giv5 z any "t 8betwe5 ! ages ( "o & ?ree40 ,x is ! "t :5 88 greate/ delight consi/s 9 ! quick alt]nation ( build+ up & te>+ d[n40--,p41 p4 #ajf4 ,at fir/ ! little "o w be satisfi$ ) arrang+ & re>rang+ ! cubes1 pil+ !m "o ^u ano!r1 8plac+ "o be=e1 beh9d1 beside ano!r40 ,soon1 h[ev]1 he w try to make some?+ def9ite1 & 8! intellig5t nurse int]prets ! dim idea & sees :e!r a some?+1 a table1 a *air1 etc41 c be p]ceiv$ 9 :at is repres5t$40 ,!n ! some?+ mu/ h a purpose1 s ! *air is grannie's *air1 ! table is ready = ! s\p1 & s on4 ,!re is no?+ "h :i* is n q a usual proce$+4 ,froebel's peculi>ity ( treatm5t comes f 8 desire to give ! blocks to ! *ild z a :ole :i* he c take to pieces4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! traditional proce$+1 p]haps /ill kept up 9 old-fa%ion$ k9d]g>t5s1 :5 ! *ildr5 fir/ slip ! lid out a little way1 !n rev]se ! boxes1 pull out ! lid & lift x (f ! box4 ,! directions are ,froebel's own1 & are giv53 89 ord] to furni% to ! *ild at once cle>ly & def9itely1 ! impression ( ! :ole1 ( ! self-conta9$2 f ?is p]ception1 z ! fir/ fundam5tal p]ception 7,grundans*auung7 all proce$s & mu/ proce$40--,p41 p4 #abc4 ,x is cle> t ?is mean+ is q lo/ :5 ! same proce$+ is =c$ on old] *ildr51 :o are q accu/om$ to pull d[n & build up4 ,froebel emphasizes ! fact t ! pieces are ( ! same cubical =m z ! :ole ?us pres5t$1 & adds3 8,?us fundam5tal p]ceptions1 :ole & "p1 =m1 & size1 are made cle> by comp>ison & contra/1 z well z deeply impress$ by repetition40--,p41 p4 #aai4 ,x is 9 speak+ ( ?is simple/ ( toys t ,froebel ent]s a /rong prote/ aga9/ ! complex & useless toys :i* af=d no scope = *ildi% activity4 8,"h1 !n1 we meet a v great imp]fection & inadequat5ess--inde$ 9 ref]5ce to ! inn] developm5t ( ! *ild an ob/ruct+ elem5t 9 t :i* is n[ s frequ5tly provid$ z a play?+ = *ildr52 an elem5t :i* slumb]s l a vip] "u roses--x is1 9 a ^w1 ! already too complex & ornate1 too-f9i%$ play?+4 ,! *ild c beg9 no new ?+ ) x1 _c produce en\gh v>iety by means ( x2 8 p[] ( creative imag9ation1 8 p[] ( giv+ =m to 8 own idea1 are ?us actually dead5$4 ,= :5 we provide *ildr5 ) too f9i%$ play?+s we at ! same "t deprive !m ( ! inc5tive to p]ceive ! p>ticul> 9 ! g5]al1 & ( tak+ ! means to f9d x4''' ,:at pres5ts are ! mo/ priz$ by ! *ild z well z by mank9d 9 g5]al8 ,^? :i* af=d him a means ( unfold+ 8 inn] life mo/ purely & ( %ap+ x 9 a v>i$ mann]1 giv+ x free/ activity & pres5t+ x cle>ly40--,p41 p4 #abb4 ,?is quotation sets =? q pla9ly ! ma9 idea und]ly+ all ! v>i$ toys or play-mat]ial kn[n z ! 8,gifts & ,occupations0 ( ! ,k9d]g>t54 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,hailmann & o!r writ]s1 ! gifts are mat]ial by :i* ! *ild c ga9 ideas1 & ! occupations furni% mat]ial = ga9+ skill4 ,b ,mr4 ,hailmann all[s t ?is di/9ction1 :i* to him seems important1 0 nev] =mulat$ by ,froebel4 ,froebel's psy*ological k1 9 fact1 0 9 advance ( t ( 8 int]pret]s4 ,he knew t x 0 by action1 by manipulation ( mat]ial1 t ! *ild ga9s 8 ideas & t ! cle> di/9ction betwe5 gift & occupation :i* to ,mr4 ,hailmann is 8v important0 is on ! contr>y actually non-exi/5t4 ,gifts ,,iii to ,,vi are boxes ( build+ blocks1 int5d$ to pres5t sequ5ce 9 difficulty ( manipulation1 & also increas+ v>iety ( =m4 ,because ( ! /ress he laid on self-expression1 ,froebel ?\ght v highly ( ! educational possibilities ( a box ( bricks4 ,9 8,! ,education ( ,man0 he writes3 8,look into ?is education room ( eight boys1 sev5 to t5 ye>s old4 ,on ! l>ge table /&s a *e/ ( build+ blocks1 9 ! =m ( bricks1 ea* side ab\t "o-six? ( ! size ( actual bricks1 ! f9e/ & mo/ v>iable mat]ial t c be (f]$ a boy = purposes ( repres5tation4 ,s& or sawdu/1 too1 h f\nd _! way into ! room1 & f9e gre5 moss has be5 br\ght 9 abundantly f ! la/ walk 9 ! beautiful p9e =e/4 ,x is free "t1 & ea* "o has begun 8 own "w4 ,!re 9 a corn] /&s a *apel ''' !re a build+ :i* repres5ts a ca/le4'''0--,e41 p4 #ajh4 ,aft] ! bricks come ! col\r$ tablets ( ,gift ,,vii1 :i* *ildr5 f f\r & upw>ds1 if left free1 (t5 highly appreciat$ z mat]ial = mak+ patt]ns2 & ! ,/icks or spl9ts ( v>i\s l5g?s ( ,gift ,,viii1 ) :i* !y us$ to lay outl9es ( famili> objects4 ,engli% *ildr5 (t5 use burnt mat*es = ?is1 sometimes !y d ! same ?+ ) 8"m's p9-box10 & a *ild q innoc5t ( ,k9d]g>t5 ideas has be5 se5 to appropriate ! v>i\s nails ( a tool-box to ! same purpose4 ,along ) ! /icks ,froebel suppli$ r+s ( metal or pap]2 ! little ,engli% *ild :o us$ ! nails took small curta9 r+s = ! petals ( h] fl[] & screw nails = its /alk4 ,9 ,gift ,,ix ! *ild is pres5t$ ) v small articles = /r++ or arrang+--beads1 col\r$ beans1 pebbles1 etc4 ,a *ild's pleasure 9 ?is mat]ial & 9 ! /icks & r+s probably %[s t he is ready to practise movem5ts ( ! ?umbs & =ef+]s4 ,froebel said t ! use ( ^! /icks call$ ! *ild's att5tion to 8l9e> ph5om5a10 & ,i h already m5tion$ t _m ye>s ago1 :5 we 7 /ill us+ ,froebel's play-mat]ial1 ,i he>d a *ild call out1 8,oh1 ,i'm mak+ l9es60 j aft] he _h be5 us+ ! /icks4 ,! o!r *ildr5 cont5t$ly w5t on rubb+ ) ! crayons2 b ?is "y discov]] cont9u$ to make labori\s l9es1 always f left to "r1 till ! "w 0 complet$ to 8 satisfaction4 ,! rema9+ 8,gifts0 include col\r$ pap] to fold & cut ei!r to produce su* objects z boats1 boxes1 purses1 *airs1 etc41 or to =m patt]ns1 or to weave toge!r = ! well-kn[n pap] mat2 draw+ & pap] mat]ials2 modell+ clay & s&1 & s on4 ,! weakness ( ! s]ies is ! semi-psy*ological semi-ma!matical arrangem5t1 :i* has be5 dealt ) 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,:at ,froebel meant to d 0 to pick out f among ! mat]ial he saw giv5 to *ildr51 or appropriat$ by !m1 ^? ?+s :i* seem$ to him be/ adapt$ to call out ! activities ( *ildr5 at v>i\s ages or /ages1 9 accordance ) 8 idea t 8! man advanc$ 9 insight %\ld make cle> to himself ! purpose ( play?+s1 viz4 to help ! *ild to express himself1 & to br+ ! ph5om5a ( ! out] _w ne>] to him40 ,surprise has (t5 be5 express$ t ,froebel did n include su* toys z dolls 9 8 s]ies4 ,"o reason is t he did n live long en\gh1 = he does speak ( doll-play & says t lat] ! "t w come 8:5 we %all speak ( ! doll & ! hobby-horse z ! plays ( ! awak5+ life ( ! girl & ( ! boy40 ,9 8 brief ref]5ce he does speak ( ! *ild's own nature becom+ objective ?r\gh ! doll-play1 & he adds t by su* play %e 8anticipates & feels h] de/9y40 ,he notes1 too1 ) int]e/ t3 8,little girls make _! fav\rite dolls ( ! heavy bootjack or l piece ( wood4 ,i 0 in=m$ by a "m t a heavy s&bag :i* %e accid5tally f\nd became h] mo/ *]i%$ doll1 because x _h 9 x ! weight ( an actual *ild1 & s %e gave h]self up to ! illusion & imag9$ h]self to be c>ry+ a real *ild40 ,und\bt$ly ,froebel 0 "r 9 dem&+ simple toys & 9 *>act]iz+ ! 8too complex toy0 z a 8vip] "u ! roses10 & also 9 dem&+ t toys %\ld be c>efully consid]$ & *os5 s z to meet ! ne$s ( ! *ild's develop+ m9d4 ,b ! plays & ! toys ( a develop+ *ild _c be def9itely prescrib$1 & e simil> attempt is likely to fail1 z ,froebel's has done4 ,9 8 *oice1 ,froebel 0 bias$ by ! great idea :i* obsess$ him1 ! idea ( developm5t4 ,l all human be+s1 he _h ! defects ( 8 virtues1 & x is to ^! defects t we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,weak ,,po9ts ,,consid]$ ,an hone/ attempt to %[ :at cr$it is due to ,froebel1 = ! rem>kable anticipations ( mod]n !ories on :i* he bas$ 8 p$agogy1 seems to involve ! opposite process ( inquir+ :e!r or n any ( 8 practices c be %[n to h an uns\nd basis4 ,! mod]n boys' s*ool1 ) a few1 & a v few exceptions1 does n ev5 approa* ! s*ool at ,keilhau z a place ( real education1 z any "o may see :o reads ! acc\nt giv5 ( x by ,georg ,eb]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mod]n ,k9d]g>t5 is probably 9 _m ways an advance ^u ! orig9al attempts4 ,_m practices ( :i* ,froebel approv$ are n[ disc>d$1 "s no d\bt because ( progress 9 physiological discov]y2 we "k n[ t a *ild is n fitt$ z reg>ds n]v\s developm5t & muscul> control to deal ) f9e prick+ or draw+ 9 *equ]s4 ,b a bett] k ( physiology does n acc\nt = all ! *anges t h tak5 place4 ,important z !y und\bt$ly 7 9 ,froebel's eyes1 ! mod]n ,k9d]g>t5] is incl9$ to smile ov] h] pr$ecessors' 8wor%ip ( ! #8,gifts'02 &1 ?\gh we are agre$ z to ! importance ( games1 ! mod]n tea*] *ooses f a wide1 p]haps too wide a range1 & no long] reposes bl9d fai? 9 c]ta9 circle-games ) _! suppos$ 8symbolic0 virtue4 ,to "s1 ! ^w symbolic w at once sugge/ ,froebel's weake/ po9t1 o!rs w res5t any su* idea1 = symbolism appeals /rongly to "o & repels ano!r4 ,= ,froebel himself1 und\bt$ly ! :ole _w 0 symbolic1 9 s f> z he reg>d$ ! univ]se z "o expression ( ! ,div9e4 ,to him1 z to ,br[n+3 8,! e>? has spee* ( ,god's writ d[n1 no matt] if ,9 cursive script or hi]oglyph40 ,b ?is has n affect$ 8 educational practice to ! ext5t g5]ally suppos$4 ,at ! same "t x does seem z if "o1 if n two1 psy*ological errors lie at ! root ( c]ta9 practices :i* ! mod]n ,froebelian has disc>d$4 ,x w\ld be mo/ unfair to ,froebel n to emphasize :at is (t5 ov]look$1 viz4 t ! 8,gifts0 7 important 9 8 eyes solely because he believ$ t 9 !m he 0 pres5t+ toys1 or 8play-mat]ial10 exactly suit$ to ! succe$+ /ages ( ! *ild's developm5t1 bodily & m5tal4 8,! new gift10 he says1 8corresponds bo? to ! *ild's increas+ con/ructive ability1 & to 8 gr[+ capacity to compreh5d ! ext]nal _w40 ,& he writes3 8,b su* a c\rse ( tra9+ & occupations = *ildr5 answ]+ to ! laws ( developm5t & ! laws ( life1 dem&$ a ?or\ghly expressive m$ium 9 ! %ape ( mat]ials = ^! occupations & games = ! *ild3 !re=e to meet ?is po9t ,i h arrang$ a s]ies ( play mat]ials "u ! title (3 #8,a complete s]ies ( gifts = play4'0--,p41 p4 #bej4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t ,froebel did n commit ! mi/ake ( inv5t+ new toys4 ,:at he attempt$ to d 0 :at we are all attempt+ n[1 viz4 to use :at natural in/9ct has already select$1 z a basis = consci\s educational "w4 ,balls & build+ blocks1 col\r$ tablets & pap]s1 s& & clay1 are all spontane\sly appropriat$ by normal *ildr54 ,ev5 ^! mat]ials :i* seem to u un*ildlike are n s 9 diff]5t surr\nd+s4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,black ,=e/1 "o may wat* *ildr5 play+ ) long sliv]s ( wood exactly l ,froebel's la?s1 & ^! !y take f ! cut logs :i* are be+ haul$ up = w9t] /orage4 ,aga91 x is only fair to po9t out t ,froebel's foll[]s h appropriat$ mat]ial :i* he sugge/$ z suit$ to *ildr5 ag$ f ?ree mon?s to five or six ye>s1 & h us$ !m ) *ildr5 f f\r or five to six or sev5 & ev5 old]4#de ,tea*]s h also f\nd x conv5i5t to disreg>d ,froebel's frequ5t w>n+s n to int]f]e1 to let ! *ild 8bang & p\nd0 :5 he wants to1 to let him 8play quietly & ?\ghtfully by himself z long z he w10 to give him 8! greate/ possible fre$om ( expression40 ,9 "s1 at lea/1 ( ! orig9al text-books on ,k9d]g>t5 practice1 writt5 by ,froebel's e>ly disciples1 ?is advice is totally disreg>d$1 & we f9d prescrib$ ! mo/ =mal ( object lessons1 deal+ ) ! prop]ties ( ! ball 9 set que/ions & answ]s2 only at ! end comes 8,if !re is "t1 ! *ildr5 may be all[$ to roll ! ball40 ,/ill1 :5 all due all[ance is made1 !re rema9s ! fact t ,froebel attribut$ f> too mu* importance to ! s]ies ( toys he arrang$1 & 9 addition to ?is he mu/ be held 9 l>ge measure responsible = ! extraord9>y am\nt ( ma!matical p]ceptions ( :i* "y *ildr5 h be5 consid]$ capable1 & b5ea? :i* _m gleams ( intellig5ce may h be5 ext+ui%$4 ,! psy*ological error :i* seems to und]lie bo? ^! mi/akes 9 p$agogy seems to h be5 t ( mak+ too mu* ( ! out] factor 9 ! process ( p]ception4 ,froebel 0 q "r & q mod]n 9 refus+ to draw any h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 s5se p]ception & ?9k+1 9 say+ t ! *ild moves 8f p]ception ( a ?+1 jo9$ ) ?\ght ab\t x1 up to pure ?\ght40 ,b he mu/ h fail$ someh[1 suffici5tly to grasp ! fact t all t is pres5t to s5se is n necess>ily p]ceiv$1 t p]ception dep5ds n m]ely ^u :at is pres5t$1 b ^u previ\s m9d cont5t4 ,! ^w 8app]ception10 ?\gh app>5tly some:at fall5 into disfav\r ( late1 has c]ta9ly be5 ( s]vice 9 emphasiz+ ?is po9t4 ,:at seems /range is t 9 ! v book1 9 :i* we f9d ! !ory disreg>d$ 9 practice1 we f9d ,froebel /at+ ! !ory itself 9 ! pla9e/ ( t]ms3 8,! prop]ties & nature ( ! out] _w unfold !mselves 9 exact proportion to ! capacities ( ! *ild40--,p41 p4 #abj4 8,! *ild creates 8 own _w = himself2 x is at once ! expression ( 8 inw>d realization ( ! ext]nal _w & its surr\nd+s1 & also ! outw>d repres5tation ( 8 int]nal m5tal _w1 ! _w ( 8 own subjectivity40--,l41 p4 #ada4 8,above all1 x is ! old )9 ! new1 :i* cl>ifies1 unfolds & transmutes itself1 ?us develop+ :at is new4''' ,we mu/ n require ( ! *ild any?+ n condition$ by 8 previ\s a*ievem5ts40--,p41 p4 #afi4 ,no "o1 surely1 c ma9ta9 t ^! words are c>ri$ into effect 9 e4g43 8,c\ld =ms ( k 7ma!matical =ms7 be1 = a *ild ( "o to ?ree1 play =ms1 & ?us =ms produc$ by spontane\s activity8 ,well1 :y n8 ,arrange ! eight "p-cubes toge!r1 & say1 #8,"o :ole4' ,b divide x imm$iately & say1 #8,two halves4'''' ,or1 comp>+ & connect+ & describ+ by song at ! same "t t ! objects are manipulat$3 #8,look "h & see6 ,"o :ole two halves4 ,"o half two f\r?s1 two halves f\r f\r?s4 ,"o :ole f\r f\r?s4 ,f\r f\r?s eight eigh?s4 ,eight eigh?s "o :ole4'0--,p41 p4 #ach4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no 8old )9 ! *ild0 ( "o to ?ree1 :i* c condition ?is a*ievem5t1 nor is !re any spontaneity4 ,= ! *ild a little old] we h3 8,! h9ts t are "h giv5 suffice to %[ t ! k =ms are adapt$ to *ildr5 ( ?ree & f\r ye>s ( age1 & t !y incite plays :i* are bo? spontane\s & n\ri%+ to he>t & intellect4''' ,^! few indications = ! use ( ^! =ms mu/ suffice2 !y already %[ suffici5tly cle>ly t ! obs]vation & compreh5sion ( !m are p]fectly suit$ to ! active1 intellectual & emotional sides ( *ildr5 ?ree & f\r ye>s ( age1 & to actual free play :i* /r5g!ns intellect & feel+40--,p41 p4 #ahe4 ,n[ ! 8h9ts0 ref] to mak+ cle> to ! *ild1 always 9 ju/ice1 be x rememb]$1 9 ! concrete1 8z p]ceptible facts only10 su* po9ts z 8simil>ity ( size ) dissimil>ity ( %ape & position1 9 su* words z3 8,twice z long & half z wide1 ,half z long & twice z wide1 ,! same size are we two40 ,c]ta9ly *ildr5 diff] v mu*1 & "s h a special aptitude = ma!matical relations1 b to mo/ *ildr5 "u five ^! words w\ld convey no?+4 ,half may h a mean+1 ?\gh at t age & = "s "t aft] we he> ( 8a fair half0 & 8qu>t]0 is g5]ally us$ z a "n = any fraction recogniz$ z n a half1 ev5 if x %\ld be great]4 ,su* words z f\r? & eigh? c h no mean+ = a *ild :o %[s no consci\sness ( diff]5ce :5 %[n six1 sev5 or eight objects4 ,at ! age ( ?ree1 an av]age *ild recognizes ?ree objects1 b :5 a f\r? is add$1 he proce$s to c\nt "o by "o1 he does n recognize ?ree plus "o4 ,aga91 we mu/ repeat t ,froebel nev] int5d$ any ma!matical ideas to be =c$ ^u unwill+ *ildr54 ,he con/antly tells ! "m n to =ce1 & he frequ5tly speaks ( ! *ild's 8accid5tal productions :i* w become a po9t ( dep>ture = 8 self-developm5t10 ?r\gh ! explanatory rhymes1 to be sung by ! "m 9 ord] to call ! *ild's att5tion to ! results ( 8 own action4 ,x is true1 too1 t x is 9 connection ) ?is k9d ( "w1 or play1 t ,froebel writes ( 8! k-acquir+ side ( ! game1 :i* is ! quickly tir+ side40 ,b ! fact rema9s t ei!r ,froebel made a miscalculation z to :at ma!matical ideas are )9 ! grasp ( *ildr5 ( t5d] age1 or else he attribut$ too mu* consequ5ce to :at is outside4 ,x is inde$ q possible to pres5t to a *ild ( any age1 by means ( ! cubes ( 8 ,fif? ,gift1 sev]al p>ticul> in/ances ( ! ,!orem ( ,py?agoras1 z ,froebel sugge/s4 ,b ?\gh ! con/ruction is pres5t to ! s5se ( bo? *ild & adult1 ! c>e] ( ! *ild ( five or six1 :o p]ceives or app]ceives ! relation%ip ( ! squ>es s pres5t$1 may be wat*$ ) int]e/4 ,he is likely to di/+ui% himself 9 ma!matical rese>*1 %\ld he live long en\gh4 ,froebel ought to h kn[n1 inde$ he did "k1 = he taught x to o!rs1 t ! *ild does n 8quickly tire0 ( acquir+ k suit$ to 8 /age ( developm5t by me?ods equally suitable4 ,f ! h\ses & railway tra9s1 ( :i* at ?is /age !y seem nev] to tire1 *ildr5 probably ga9 z mu* k z ,nature means !m to absorb by su* means4 ,9 ,froebel's own h&s1 ) 8 real & sympa!tic und]/&+ ( ! ne$ = fre$om ( action1 probably no h>m 0 done1 b x is easy to see h[ ! ord9>y tea*] w\ld grasp at ! possibility ( produc+ ma!matical prodigies ?r\gh :at 0 suppos$ to be play4 ,! same error seems to %[ itself 9 v>i\s ways1 e4g41 9 "s ( ! reasons ,froebel gives = *oos+ 8 ,fir/ ,gift1 ?\gh !re is no fault to be f\nd ) ! *oice4 ,he 0 "r 9 say+ t ! *ild fir/ takes 9 a :ole1 n a v>iety ( elem5ts1 to be comb9$ lat]4 ,because ( ?is fact1 ! ord9>y coral & bells1 ) all its complexity1 is j z mu* a :ole to ! infant z ! wooll5 ball4 ,b ,froebel does seem to h ?\ght t he mu/ make ! 8out] objects10 or toys f :i* ! *ild is to ga9 8 e>lie/ ideas1 z simple z ^! ideas1 & ?is c]ta9ly implies a wrong view ( p]ception4 ,! same objection might be tak5 to ,froebel's directions z to h[ ! ,?ird ,gift--an #h-;in* cube1 cut once 9 ea* direction--is to be pres5t$2 h[ 9 ord] 8to furni% to ! *ild cle>ly & def9itely ! impression ( ! :ole1 ( ! self-conta9$1 f :i* fundam5tal p]ception ev]y?+ mu/ proce$10 ! box is to be rev]s$1 ! lid slipp$ out & ! box is to be lift$ 8t ! play ?+ may appe> z a cube closely unit$40 ,b 9 ?is case ,froebel is 8pres5t+0 ! fir/ divid$ unit1 8some?+ :i* may be tak5 to pieces1 arrang$ & re-arrang$ & f9ally re-con/ruct$10 = x is 8by ?is dismemb]+ & re-con/ruct+1 & p]ception ( real objects t true k & especially self-k comes to ! *ild40 ,a second psy*ological error1 or at lea/ an inconsi/5cy1 seems to lie at ! root ( c]ta9 practical directions ,froebel gives ) reg>d to ! use ( 8 toys4 ,9 spite ( 8 it]ation & re-it]ation t ! *ild's m9d is a unity1 t ?\gh sep>ation is 8p]mitt$ = ! ?9k+ m9d10 !re is none 9 reality1 yet 9 8 anxiety = ! due fo/]+ ( ! :ole1 ( ! 8do+1 feel+ & ?9k+0 8 h>moni\s developm5t1 9 actual practice he has an attempt$ sep>ation :i* has _h bad results4 ,a ,k9d]g>t5 practice1 n[ discont9u$1 0 to make ! *ildr5 build1 ei!r on diff]5t occasions1 or dur+ diff]5t p>ts ( "o lesson1 :at ,froebel call$ 7a7 ,life-=ms or ,objects 7,leb5s od] ,sa*=m571 i4e4 h\ses1 *ur*es1 etc42 7b7 ,beauty or ,picture =ms 7,s*nheits od] ,bild=m571 i4e4 symmetrical designs2 & 7c7 ,k or ,in/ruction =ms 7,erk5ntniss od] ,l]n=m571 i4e4 squ>es1 triangles1 etc4 ,?\gh ?is classification is bas$ on ! famili> & important 8kn[+1 will+ & feel+10 yet x is pla9 t a *ild may exp]i5ce q z mu* emotion1 probably m1 9 build+ a h\se z 9 mak+ a /> patt]n1 & t ! active side is involv$ 9 e k9d ( con/ruction4 ,froebel draws a p>allel1 legitimate to a c]ta9 ext5t1 betwe5 intellect1 feel+ & w on ! "o h&1 & tru?1 beauty & usefulness on ! o!r4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we c quote him aga9/ himself2 8,sep>ation is only p]mitt$ = ! ?9k+ m9d40 ,! useful ought to be beautiful1 !re is beauty 9 all tru?1 & ! /hetic revelation ( ! _w is ! _w 9 ord]4 ,beauty deg5]ates into m]e ornam5t & artificiality1 :5 sep>at$ f life & use4 8,ma!matics10 z ,froebel wrote himself1 8is nei!r =eign to life1 nor d$uc$ f life2 x is ! expression ( life z su*3 its nature may be /udi$ 9 life1 & life may be /udi$ ) its help4''' ,ma!matics %\ld be /udi$ m physically & dynamically z ! outcome ( nature & en]gy40--,e41 p4 #bjf-g4 ,! result ( ?is sugge/$ sep>ation has 9 pa/ times be5 disa/r\s4 ,fail+ to recognize t a "y *ild is ( necessity ex]cis+ 8 intellectual p[] 9 con/ruct+ 8 ca/le or bridge ( blocks1 & fail+ /ill m to realize t ornam5t is f> f synonym\s ) beauty1 tea*]s h we>i$ & /upefi$ *ildr5 ) ma!matical =ms = :i* !y 7 n ready1 & h =c$ ^u !m symmetrical designs :5 _! s\ls hung]$ = 8puff] tra9s40#df ,x is easy to %[ t :at ,froebel want$ 0 only due att5tion to :at we n[ call ! affective & conative z well z to ! intellectual4 ,f ! v fir/ he insi/s on ?is1 & ju/ly1 ?\gh 8 way ( do+ x may seem to u qua9t4 ,ab\t ! *ild's imitation ( ! clock he writes3 8,z soon z ! *ild's fir/ capacity = spee* is some:at develop$1 we notice h[ he tries1 9 & by ! movem5t1 to li/5 to ! tone & to imitate x ) ! tone ( 8 own voice4 ,tic tac1 we he> him say1 imitat+ ! movem5t ( ! p5dulum2 pim paum 7d+ dong87 he says :5 ! s\nd is m notic$4''' ,s we mu/ obs]ve t ev5 :5 he fir/ beg9s to speak ! *ild expresses & reta9s ! physical "p ( ! movem5t by tic tac1 b by pim paum he p]ceives ! movem5t m1 if "o may say s1 f ! feel+ 9 ! m9d1 & if ,i may be all[$ s to express myself1 by ! #8"h & !re' :i* comes lat]1 ! *ild cat*es hold 7fe/halt57 ( ! movem5t m z a ?+ ( comp>ison1 ( recognition1 & 9 8 dawn+ ?\ght1 m intellectually4''' ,x is mo/ important t ! "m %\ld obs]ve ! fir/ & slighte/ traces ( ! articulation 7,gli$]ung7 ( ! *ild z an active1 emotional & intellectual be+1 & wat* x 9 8 developm5t f exi/5ce to exp]i5ce & ?\ght1 s t 9 8 developm5t no side ( 8 nature %\ld be cultivat$ at ! co/ ( ! o!rs1 nor %\ld any be repress$ or neglect$ = ! sake ( ! o!rs4 ,x seems important1 & we believe t all :o quietly obs]ve ! *ild h rem>k$1 or w yet rem>k1 t f ! fir/ ! *ild expresses ! sw++ movem5t 9 a s++ tone1 9 a tone :i* approa*es song & s s]ves ! emotional nature4 ,?us e>ly is x %[n t ! real f\ndation1 ! />t+-po9t = ! education ( humanity & s ( ! *ild1 is ! he>t & ! emotions 7das ,gem? u4 die ,gem?li*e71 b t tra9+ to action & ?\ght 7zur ,t u4 zum ,d5k571 ! physical & ! intellectual goes ) x side by side con/antly & insep>ably4 ,?\ght =ms itself 9 action1 & action cle>s itself 9 ?\ght1 b bo? mu/ h _! roots 9 ! emotions40--,p41 p4 #da4 ,two fur!r reasons may be giv5 = ,froebel's belief 9 8 select$ s]ies ( toys3 7a7 8 delight 9 ! !ory ( developm5t1 & 7b7 8 eag]ness to br+ ! *ild z soon z possible to t consci\sness ( self :i* diff]5tiates man f ! l[] animals4 ,e sign ( unity ( plan )9 ! univ]se gave ,froebel real joy1 & he traces developm5t f ! simple to ! complex1 f ! undiff]5tiat$ to ! diff]5tiat$1 n only 9 plant & animal life1 b also 9 ! inorganic4 ,mu* ( :at he says on cry/als may be fanciful1 b mu* is beautiful & sugge/ive4 8,*emical comb9ation0 is to him 8! life ( ! inorganic _w10 & he writes3 8,we h 9 ?is a new confirmation ( ! law ( developm5t 9 cry/als1 ! pass+ f special-sid$ness to all-sid$ness1 f imp]fection to p]fection z ! law ( all developm5t 9 nature4 ,man1 !n1 appe>s z ! mo/ p]fect e>?ly be+1 9 :om all t is corporeal appe>s 9 highe/ equilibrium & 9 :om ! primordial =ce is fully spiritualiz$1 s t man feels1 und]/&s1 & kn[s 8 own p[]4 ,b :ile man ext]nally & corporeally has atta9$ equilibrium & symmetry ( =m1 !re heave & surge 9 him1 view$ z a spiritual be+1 appetites1 desires & passions4 8,z 9 ! _w ( cry/als we notic$ ! heav+ & surg+ ( simple en]gy1 & 9 ! vegetable & animal worlds1 ! heav+ & surg+ ( liv+ =ces1 s "h ! heav+ & surg+ ( spiritual =ces4 ,!re=e man ) ref]5ce to spiritual developm5t has return$ to a fir/ /age z cry/als are 9 a fir/ /age ) ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( life4''' ,= ?is reason ! boy %\ld at an e>ly p]iod be taught to see ,nature 9 all h] div]sity z a unit1 z a great liv+ :ole1 z a ?\ght ( ,god4 ,! integrity ( ,nature1 z a cont9ually self-develop+ :ole mu/ be %[n him at an e>ly p]iod40--,e41 p4 #aih4 ,al?\gh ?is p>ticul> passage 0 writt5 9 connection ) ,nature ,/udy = old] boys1 yet x is f ?\ghts su* z ^! t ,froebel seems to h tak5 an idea t man-9-infancy ought to meet1 if x may be s express$1 matt]-9-infancy4 ,?\gh ev]y?+ 9 ! surr\nd+s 0 to help to br+ ab\t self-consci\sness1 8! air bl[+ ab\t all liv+ creatures1 z well z ! ar\s+ spiritual language ( words10 yet t def9ite ?+-9-itself1 :i* is to help ! *ild to an e>ly dim consci\sness ( self is to be 8! c\nt]p>t ( himself10 a simple undiff]5tiat$ :ole 8susceptible ( a progressive developm5t40 ,& n[ we mu/ come to ! "q ( ,froebel's 8,symbolism10 a ?orny subject1 because "o into :i* ! p]sonal equation ent]s l>gely4 ,"s writ]s1 notably ,miss ,susan ,bl[1 au?or ( 8,symbolic ,education10 reg>d ?is symbolism z all-important1 ,froebel's glory r ?an 8 weakness4 ,o!rs consid] t x appeals to adults alone & t :]e x is suppos$ to affect *ildr5 x t5ds t[>ds artificiality & s5tim5tality4 ,9 s f> z ?is is true1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z a weak po9t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n an easy task to settle :at ideas are cov]$ by ! t]m 8,froebel's symbolism40 ,! diction>y mean+ = symbol is 8a visible sign or repres5tation ( an idea2 any?+ :i* sugge/s an idea1 z by resemblance or conv5tion2 an emblem2 a repres5tation2 a type2 a figure2 z ! lion is ! symbol ( c\rage & ! lamb ( meekness or pati5ce40 ,x c]ta9ly passes my compreh5sion h[ any?+ c symbolize an idea n yet acquir$1 h[ev] mu* x may help 9 call+ up ideas already m or less cle>ly ga9$4 ,! cr[n may symbolize p[] to an adult1 b n to ! *ild1 :o :5 told t ,/eph5 & ,matilda f\ght = ! cr[n1 innoc5tly inquir$3 8,c\ldn't !y h _h ano!r "o made80 ,! ,union ,jack may symbolize ,briti% nationality or ,briti% fre$om1 or ev5 ,briti% ,j+oism to adults :o already possess ^! ideas1 b n to a little *ild4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any k9d ( celebration appeals to *ildr51 z to m primitive p1 & to be all[$ to m>* r\nd ! playgr\nd on ,empire ,day c>ry+ a flag ar\ses a joy\s emotion1 :i* w lat] be int]wov5 ) patriotic ideas ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,x is decid$ly op5 to "q :e!r z reg>ds ! *ild ,froebel himself int5d$ mu* m ?an ?is1 :atev] 8 foll[]s may h done4 ,pr(essor ,?orndyke gives u to und]/& t ,froebel says a *ild plays ) a ball because x symbolizes 8inf9ite developm5t & absolute limitation40 ,n[ x is true t ,froebel wrote 9 8 8,aphorisms0--quot$ 9 a footnote to ,hailmann's 8,education ( ,man0--8,! sph]ical is ! symbol ( div]sity 9 unity & ( unity 9 div]sity4''' ,x is inf9ite developm5t & absolute limitation40 ,b ! 8,aphorisms0 7 n writt5 = *ildr51 & ,hailmann quotes ! passage 9 speak+ ( ,froebel's philosophical doctr9es z to ! ultimate nature ( =ce & matt]6 ,to ,froebel1 ,_s is ev]y:]e /riv+ = utt]ance4 ,! ,univ]se--! ,manifold--is ! revelation ( "o great m9d1 & ev]y?+ 9 ,nature1 8?\gh s\ndless x be to ! e>1 a message c give emblematic 7s9nbildli*7 b cle>40 ,c]ta9ly1 he w\ld h ! boy /udy ,nature1 8! writ+ & book ( ,god10 b x is n to ! boy t he says3 8,! works speak1 by ! =m ! ,_s manife/s itself4 ,by t :i* has be5 produc$ & creat$1 ! nature & _s ( ! produc] & creator make !mselves kn[n4 ,! _w mu/ !re=e necess>ily manife/ ! nature ( its orig9al cause--! _s ( its ,creator40 ,= ,froebel z = ,goe!1 ! ,"t ,_s 8weaves = ,god ! g>m5t we see ,him by40 ,he calls 8! temporal an expression ( ! et]nal1 ! mat]ial a manife/ation ( ! spiritual40 ,he speaks ( 8! ,p[] :i* reveals itself by unit+ all ?+s1 9 ,nature 9 ! ,univ]se z weight1 9 human life z ,love10 & x pleases him to put into ! h& ( ! boy--9 t picture ( a family gr\p by :i* he typifies ,humanity--a ball hang+ by a /r+1 & ?is he calls an emblem or symbol 7,s9nbild74 ,!re is no?+ 9 all ?is ) :i* any "o ne$ qu>rel4 ,froebel 0 assur$ly an ideali/1 b 9 ^! days t is no long] a t]m ( reproa*4 ,no "o1 to :om x does n appeal1 ne$ use ! sugge/ion1 b to ^? ( u :o believe t "r guidance ( a *ild's delight 9 fairy tales is "o way ( develop+ 8 s5se ( rev]5ce1 !re is no?+ s v f> fet*$ ev5 9 ,froebel's way ( try+ to br+ to ! *ild's consci\sness1 ! _s /riv+ = utt]ance n only 9 e beautiful =m1 b 9 ev]y?+ beautiful z he does 9 8,! ,smell ,song40 ,( fairy tales ,froebel says3 8,! *ild1 l ! man1 w\ld l to "k ! mean+ ( :at happ5s ar\nd him4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( ! ,greek *oruses1 especially 9 trag$ies4 ,?is1 too1 is ! f\ndation ( _m leg5ds & fairy tales1 & x is ! result ( ! deeply-root$ consci\sness ( be+ surr\nd$ by t :i* is high] & m consci\s ?an ourselves40--,p41 p4 #adg4 ,s1 :5 ! *ild delights 9 ! sc5t ( ! fl[]1 ,froebel says to ! "m3 8,let y\r *ild f9d 9 all ?+s a m9d1 a /ruggle = be+4 ,col\r =m & spicy smell all =?tell ! ,"o rul+ h& :i* call$ all into exi/5ce40 ,b all %e is told to pass on to ! *ild is only ! ?\ght t an angel has put ! sc5t !re & is say+3 8,! little "o does n see me1 b )\t me !re w\ld be no fragrance40 ,al?\gh 9 "o s5se ! educator ( "y *ildr5 ne$ h no deal+s at all ) 8symbolism10 yet 9 ano!r1 a walk+-/ick does1 = ! boy :o be/rides x1 symbolize1 a horse1 z a piece ( wood may symbolize = 8 little si/] ! infant :om %e may nurse & c>ess1 ) :at ,froebel calls 8! dim & transf]r$ p]ception ( inn] life40 ,"h ,froebel seems q "r1 z :5 9 speak+ ( a *ild's visit to a toy%op he says1 8a true *ild is cont5t ) v little ( ! out]1 he is satisfi$ by a doll or c>t1 a :i/le or a %eep1 provid$ only t 9 or ?r\gh x he c f9d 8 own _w & repres5t x 9 actual de$s40--,m41 p4 #aii4 ,x may be said1 too1 t !re is symbolism 9 *ildr5's draw+s1 ! animal or object is symboliz$ by t :i* to ! *ild is ! mo/ out/&+ *>act]i/ic4 ,"o small boy drew a camel ) a rid] s small t "s "o prote/$ he c\ld n see ov] ! hump1 s ! arti/ promptly drew a second rid] 9 front4 ,be+ ask$ if he c\ld draw an elephant1 he ass5t$ *e]fully & add$ a trunk to 8 camel4 ,by ! addition ( claws ! elephant became a cat1 b at t po9t he paus$1 rem>k+1 8,x's n v l a cat1 x's m l a bird10 & a pair ( w+s complet$ ! trans=mations4 ,9 l mann] by help ( a walk+ /ick a *ild becomes 8 own fa!r1 & a pair ( spectacles trans=ms him into 8 gr&mo!r4 ,b 9 all su* cases ! *ild is deal+ ) ideas he has already grasp$4 ,to say t circle or r+ games help a *ild to ga9 an idea ( unity--,r+ a ,r+ ( ,roses may give ! fir/ dim idea ( corporate unity--is a v diff]5t ?+ f say+ t a circle is to ! *ild a symbol ( unity4 ,?is is ! k9d ( ?+1 h[ev]1 t ,froebel is suppos$ to h said1 b aft] c>eful inve/igation "o is surpris$ to f9d h[ little !re is1 & to :at ext5t ,froebel's disciples & translators seem to h read 9 _! own int]pretations4 ,= in/ance1 9 se>*+ = passages ab\t symbolism1 we f9d 9 ! ,engli% translation ( ! pap] on ,movem5t ,plays1 a passage /at+ t ! 8,snail ,game0 =ms a frequ5t conclusion to a 8games0 p]iod1 because x yields ! =m ( ! circle1 8:i* is symbolic ( :ol5ess40 ,on comp>+ ?is ) ! orig9al1 h[ev]1 we f9d t ?is phrase is an addition ( ! translator's4 ,no d\bt %e consid]$ x explanatory1 b all t ,froebel himself says is t ! game is suitable 8because x f9ally unites all ! play]s 9 a lively & completely f9i%$ :ole40 ,to practical tea*]s1 :o "k ! difficulty ( gett+ a numb] ( *ildr5 to settle d[n aft] a game1 ?is may be> a v diff]5t mean+4 ,x seems to me t ,froebel's translators h be5 altoge!r too fond ( ! ^w 8symbolic40 ,! ,g]man words usually translat$ 8symbol0 & 8symbolic0 are 8,s9nbild0 & 8,vorbild10 ) _! respective adjectives4 ,aft] consid]+ innum]able passages 9 :i* ^! words occur x seems pla9 t ,froebel's mean+ w\ld (t5 h be5 bett] express$ by 8typical10 or by 8significant10 & sometimes by 8metaphorical40 ,= in/ance1 x is q legitimate to say ( su* p]ceptions z ,froebel int5d$ a *ild to ga9 f 8 second 8,gift0--resi/ance1 weight1 h>dness & s(tness1 noise1 etc4--t ! ball & cube give1 & are only int5d$ to give1 8normal1 fundam5tal & typical p]ceptions0 7nur die normal51 begrnd5d5 und vorbildli*5 ,ans*auung571 & ,froebel goes on to say t ! same p]ceptions mu/ come f _m o!r objects4 ,!re is no?+ symbolic "h1 & !re is no reason = us+ ?is ^w4 ,t 9 _m passages significant w\ld be a mu* m correct translation ?an symbolic is abundantly evid5t4 ,froebel 0 conv9c$1 & mo/ p w n[ agree ) him1 t !re is real mean+ or significance 9 ^? activities1 :i* are common to *ildr5 ( all c\ntries1 & ?is mean+ he endeav\rs to discov]4 ,small blame to him if1 ?\gh wond]fully correct on ! :ole1 he sometimes hits ^u a wrong mean+1 9 :i* case we are apt to fall back ^u t conv5i5t scapegoat1 8 symbolism4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s he ?anks 8 c\s9 = describ+ to him h[ %e _h wat*$ a t9y *ild 8:o quietly let 8 eye travel f ! ball hang+ at ! end ( its cord1 up to ! h& :i* held x10 & he adds3 8,i am conv9c$1 & ,i wi% t all tea*]s1 & especially all mo!rs1 %>$ 9 ! conviction1 t ! v e>lie/ ph5om5a ( *ild-life are full ( symbolic mean+1 t is to say1 !y indicate ! high]1 ! intellectual life 9 ! *ild & 8 individual peculi>ities at ! same "t4 ,our duty is to se>* 9 ev]y?+ = its ultimate basis1 its po9t ( orig91 its well-spr+2 & to make cle> ! connection betwe5 ! outw>d manife/ation & its inw>d cause40--,l41 p4 #aja4 ,:at ,froebel d$uc$ f ! incid5t 0 t ! *ild looks n only at ! appe>ance ( ! sw++ ball1 b = ! cause ( ! sw++ ph5om5on1 ! support+1 mov+ h&4 ,s x is pla9 t = 8full ( symbolism0 we %\ld "h read 8full ( significance40 ,or1 aga91 9 8 excell5t sket* ( e>ly boyhood1 ) its desire to %>e ! "w ( ! fa!r1 its desire to explore1 to collect1 to con/ruct1 etc41 ,froebel concludes3 8,?us x is c]ta9 t v _m ( ! boy's actions h an inn]1 an intellectual importance1 t !y indicate 8 m5tal t5d5cies & are !re=e symbolical40--,e41 p4 #aah4 ,"h1 aga91 significant w\ld be a bett] ,engli% translation ?an symbolical4 ,aga91 9 accordance ) 8 belief 9 in/9ct1 ,froebel decl>es t x is 8 8firm conviction t :]ev] we f9d any?+ t gives *ildr5 ev] fre%ly a joy belong+ to real life !re is at ! bottom ( x some?+ important = a *ild's life40 ,:5 he sees t *ildr5 (t5 enjoy go+ to *ur* & jo9+ 9 ! s++ at an age :5 ! words c h no mean+1 he says3 8,all ! spontane\s activity ( *ild-life is symbolical 7,s9nbildli*740 ,b !re is n a ^w ( any?+ t is ord9>ily call$ 8symbolical0 9 :at foll[s1 s f> z ! *ild is conc]n$4 ,! little "o is suppos$ to h 8rea*$ a new life-/age10 viz4 8! dim anticipation t he is n alone 9 life1 b "o amid mank9d40 ,consequ5tly he is attract$ by 8assembly life40 ,! mo/ ard5t believ] 9 symbolism c make little ( ! v practical answ]s ! "m is told to give to ! *ild's que/ions4 ,he is to be answ]$ 8out ( ! range ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 feel+s & ideas1 8 own intellectual developm5t & necessities40 ,he is to be told t :5 he is old en\gh to g to *ur*1 he w n only l to he> ! organ1 b w f9d out 8:y fl[]s bloom & birdies s+ & :y we /ill rememb] ,*ri/mas ,day40 ,!re is ano!r *ild 9 ! ,"m ,songs1 :o wants to visit ! moon1 & drags 8 "m t[>ds ! ladd] t he may climb up4 ,accord+ to ! translator ,froebel says he wants to po9t out 8! high] symbolical mean+40 ,b :at he says is t "o rem>k presses itself ^u him1 h[ 8we ought to cultivate intellig5tly ! *ild's obs]vation ( & pleasure 9 ! moon1 & 9 ! night sky1 & n let ?is s9k into ! =mlessness & empt9ess ( m]e wond]40 ,= example1 x is1 he says1 q z easy to tell a *ild t ! moon is a beautiful bright swimm+ ball1 z to say x is a man2 or t ! />s are sp>kl+ suns :i* look small because !y are f> away1 z to call !m 8gold5 p9s10 & he adds 8,tru? nev] injures1 b error always does40 ,!re are c]ta9ly "s in/ances 9 :i* ,froebel f\nd = ! t5d5cies & actions ( *ildr51 a mean+ t does n comm5d itself to common s5se1 b z a rule he only 8v5tures to sugge/0 r ?an insi/s1 & 8 practical application is g5]ally unobjectionable4 ,we ass5t will+ly1 :5 ,froebel tells u t rhy?mic movem5t1 passive z well z active1 is ! e>lie/ beg9n+ ( all ord]$ activity4 ,b we smile :51 9 acc\nt+ = ! *ildi% int]e/ 9 clocks1 aft] all[+ = ! my/]y1 he goes on3 8,let me hold ! op9ion t a deeply slumb]+ notion ( ! importance ( "t lies at ! bottom ( ! pleasure *ildr5 take 9 play+ ) a clock40--,m41 p4 #aci4 ,z he truly & navely rem>ks1 8?is op9ion ( m9e hurts1 z an op9ion1 nei!r ! *ild nor any "o else10 & ! application may1 ev5 9 ?is in/ance1 be useful z he says x is1 viz4 t we %\ld use ?is pleasure to in/il ! beg9n+s ( punctuality or law & ord]4 ,z an op9ion x is n wor?y ( ,froebel's insight1 & we c only say t in/ances ( ?is k9d are really negligible1 ?\gh "s h be5 unnecess>ily emphasiz$ by c]ta9 ,froebelians to :om !y appeal4 ,!re are1 x is true1 a few in/ances :i* des]ve ! /rictures :i* h be5 heap$ up some:at ra%ly4 ,x is only put z a "q1 b ,froebel does say ( *ildr5's pleasure 9 circle games1 8,may n _! delight spr+ f ! long+ & ef=ts to get an all-r\nd1 or all-sid$1 grasp ( an object80 ,z to metaphor1 ,froebel delights 9 ?is2 8 b5t ( m9d is to take pleasure 9 all analogies1 & he sugge/s t ! "m %\ld make m use ( ! metaphors impli$ 9 ord9>y language4 ,= example1 he speaks ( 8! transf]r$ moral mean+ ( su* words & phrases z #8/raight & /raight=w>d1' & ( #8walk+ 9 crook$ pa?s4'0 ,9 us+ little f+] plays to give a *ild control ov] 8 h&s1 ! "m is told to ?9k h[ important = lat] life is 8! "r h&l+ ( ?+s1 9 ! actual z well z 9 ! figurative s5se40 ,! wise "m is repres5t$ z *]i%+ ! *ild's love ( light & brightness1 say+1 8,nev] %r9k away f light02 & :ile %e %[s ! picture %e says1 8,"h is a boy :o has brok5 ! w9d[ & n[ he mu/ g a long way to fet* ! glazi] unless he c cont5t himself ) a d>k bo>d t w keep out ! de> bright light4 ,y mu/ n he$lessly /op ,light's ent]+ y\r he>t & m9d1 = if y d1 y w h to buy x back by tr\ble & loss ( "t le/ he>t & m9d become d>k4 ,op5 y\r door & little w9d[ to ! light40 ,?us %e makes ! *ild 8see inn] ?+s ?r\gh ! out]10 & uses 8 pleasure 9 light to make him hate de$s ( d>kness4 ,b !re is no h>m 9 all ?is1 ! words are us$ z a cl]gyman uses ! half-doz5 words ( 8 text1 z a g]m ( ?\ght :i* he cultivates1 z a f+]-po/ po9t+ ! way 9 :i* our m9ds may travel4 ,& ,froebel1 l ! cl]gyman1 sometimes travels f> f ! bran*+ ( ! roads4 ,froebel's curi\s attempts at etymology ought p]haps to be m5tion$ z a weak po9t1 ?\gh !y really d n affect 8 !ories1 psy*ological or educational1 "o way or ano!r4 ,! ball1 z ! *ild's fir/ object ?r\gh :i* he ga9s 8 fir/ p]ceptions ( solidity1 weight1 mass1 etc41 is describ$ z on t acc\nt 8an image ( ! univ]se0 7d] ,b--all i/ d] ,bild des ,alles74 ,! ?\ght is wor? hav+1 ! pseudo-etymology does n mu* matt]4 ,to sum up1 !n1 !re is my/icism 9 ,froebel's writ+s z address$ to ! adult1 & ) ?is no "o has any "r to qu>rel ev5 if x %\ld n appeal to him or h] p]sonally4 ,b an undue prepond]ance has be5 giv5 to ?is side ( ,froebel by ^? to :om x appeals1 or s x seems to me4 ,x does n appeal to me1 nor c ,i p]ceive t x affects to any appreciable ext5t ! educational !ories bas$ on ! psy*ological gr\nds s c>efully consid]$ by ,froebel4 ,to writ]s l ,miss ,bl[1 ! au?or ( 8,symbolic ,education10 su* a /atem5t w\ld no d\bt seem outrage\s4 ,) intellectual p possess$ ( ,miss ,bl['s philosophic insight1 *ildr5 may be safe f artificiality & s5tim5tality4 ,b ! av]age tea*] is incapable ( philosophy1 & :5 ! uncultur$ m9d is suppli$ ) food x _c dige/1 t m9d is />v$4 ,! tea*] :o glibly uses phrases :i* %e does n und]/& has rea*$ a /ate ( m9d immeasurably bel[ pla9 ignorance1 = x is de/ructive ( hone/ ?\ght & common s5se4#dg ,! ma9 bus9ess ( ! ,froebelian is to =w>d ! cause to :i* ,froebel devot$ 8 life 8to br+ ab\t a m g5]al use ( progressive developm5t 9 ! culture & education ( *ildr54 ,we mu/ ?r[ ov]bo>d ev]y?+ t hamp]s action & set be=e ourselves1 z 9 8 day ,froebel tells u he attempt$ to d1 ! def9ite task ( 8f\nd+ anew ! practical me?ods ( actual tea*+ s z to br+ !m into satisfactory relation ) ! ne$s ( our life ( to-day40 ,,*apt] ,x ,,"s ,,criticisms ,,answ]$ ,pr(essor ,adams ends ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 delightfully witty 8,h]b>tian ,psy*ology0 ) a *all5ge to all educational ?9k]s to come out ( _! caves & def5d _! idols4 ,?r\gh\t ! book1 !re is _m a side-?ru/ at ,froebel1 all ( a m or less disp>ag+ nature1 9 spite ( ! humor\s tw9kle :i* has a fairly p]man5t abode 9 ! eye ( ! writ]4 ,"s ( ! accusations are tol]ably sweep+1 = example1 t ,froebelianism 8z a psy*ology is simply non-exi/5t02 t ,froebel has fail$ to correlate !ory & practice2 t al?\gh 9 8,! ,education ( ,man0 8we h beautiful1 if obscurely express$1 tru?s ab\t education10 yet ! ,k9d]g>t5 _c be evolv$ f x1 9 fact 8betwe5 ! two !re is a great gulf fix$1 a gulf t ,froebel has n bridg$40 ,b ! ma9 cont5tion is t ,froebel disapproves 9 !ory ( any int]f]5ce ) ! natural c\rse ( developm5t4 ,! ,froebelian tea*] is ?us1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,adams1 r$uc$ to ! position ( a 8humble "u-g>d5]0 :o m]ely wat*es ) int]e/ & admiration1 & education becomes 8a g5]al p>alysis40 ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas1 ^: objections to ,froebel1 or at lea/ to ,froebelianism#dh1 z he und]/&s x1 are well kn[n1 bases ^! on ! gr\nd t because he 0 a pre-,d>w9ian evolutioni/1 ,froebel 0 b\nd to ov]rate ! importance ( ! innate z a factor 9 developm5t1 & to und]value ! o!r factor ( environm5t4 ,pr(essor ,o',%ea disposes ( ,froebel 9 "o s5t5ce & 9 mu* ! same way1 z an advocate ( :at he calls 8! doctr9e ( ,unfoldm5t10 :]e 8ev]y?+ is inn] & self-relat+10 z oppos$ to ! conception ga9$ f ,biology1 :i* 8implies t ! bus9ess ( a human be+ is to get prop]ly relat$ to ! _w--religi\s1 social & physical--( :i* he is an integral "p40 ,if ,froebel really believ$ t developm5t is entirely f )91 z /at$ by ,pr(essor ,o',%ea1 or if he fail$ to realize ! importance ( ! surr\nd+s1 z ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas expresses x1 he w\ld naturally disapprove ( any int]f]5ce1 z ,pr(essor ,adams says he does4 ,! ,froebelian1 be+ ?us r$uc$ to passive wat*+1 ! m]e provision ( a ,k9d]g>t5 w\ld be an int]f]5ce ) ! surr\nd+s & a contradiction 9 practice ( ! !ory ( non-int]f]5ce4 ,if non-int]f]5ce is really ! !ory prop\nd$ 9 8,! ,education ( ,man10 !re c]ta9ly is a gulf betwe5 x & ! ,k9d]g>t51 a gulf x w\ld be difficult to bridge4 ,b ,froebelians are n prep>$ to admit ! premises ( any ( ^! critics4 ,x seems to _m ( u t ^! & all simil> criticisms are due to misund]/&+4 ,?is is sometimes cle>ly due to c>eless read+1 & consequ5t want ( att5tion to ! context1 b ev5 :]e ?is is n ! case1 misund]/&+s occur4 ,few1 ( late ye>s1 h made any real /udy ( ,froebel's writ+s z a :ole1 su* z is necess>y to get at 8 real mean+1 :i* is (t5 obscur$ by prolixities & repetitions1 & sometimes hidd5 among app>5t trivialities4 ,pr(essor ,o',%ea1 = example1 does n seem to be aw>e to :at ext5t ,froebel1 l himself1 d]iv$ 8 educational aim & pr9ciples f biology4 ,he has probably nev] realiz$ ! deep int]e/ tak5 by ,froebel 9 ! !n all-absorb+ "q ( natural developm5t4 ,cle>ly he has no idea t ,froebel has giv5 expression to a conception ( education1 practically id5tical ) t giv5 above :i* he himself draws f biology1#di & sets 9 contra/ ) ! "o he unju/ly attributes to ,froebel4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] t ,froebel laid mu* /ress on :at is innate4 ,9 8 g5]ation1 he tells u ! *ild 0 look$ ^u 8z a piece ( wax1 or lump ( clay1 :i* man c m\ld into :at he pleases40 ,because ,froebel 0 a /ud5t ( biology he knew bett]4 ,he knew1 z we h se51 t human be+s h in/9cts1 innate t5d5cies or dispositions diff]+ f ^? ( ! l[] animals *iefly 9 _! indef9it5ess4 ,we are n s afraid ( ! ^w 8innate0 n[adays1 :5 bo? innate ideas & innate faculties are safely buri$1 & t ,froebel _h no deal+s ) ^! has be5 amply %[n4 ,b t ?is /ress on innate t5d5cies implies t ! *ild is to unfold f )91 ! educator /&+ by passive#ej1 or t ,froebel imag9$ t ! develop+ process c\ld g on ) little or no ref]5ce to ! environm5t1 is q ano!r matt]4 ,few ( ,froebel's critics h tak5 ! tr\ble to look up ! orig9al ,g]man be=e pron\nc+ condemnation1 & ?is expla9s "p ( ! inju/ice t has be5 done to him4 ,! passage ^u :i* mu*1 p]haps mo/1 ( ! adv]se criticism is bas$ is ! "o 9 :i* ,froebel applies to education ! t]m 8leid5d10 translat$ 8passive0 9 bo? ! ,engli%1 or1 r1 ,am]ican editions ( 8,! ,education ( ,man40 ,! translation ( 8leid5d0 z 8passive0 is n a happy "o4 ,moreov]1 ! translators h endeav\r$ to help ! read] by divid+ ! text into numb]$ sections1 a proce$+ :i* ?\gh (t5 helpful1 sometimes t5ds to break ! cont9uity ( ,froebel's ?\ght4 ,?is effect is height5$ 9 ,hailmann's translation by ! int]polat$ notes1 h[ev] valuable z "s ( ^! are 9 !mselves4 ,?is passage1 h[ev]1 op5s ) 8!re=e10 & ^? :o take exception to x ought to h consid]$ ! prec$+ argum5t4 ,fair criticism looks back to see :y & "u :at circum/ances education is to be 8passive or foll[+10 z oppos$ to 8dictat+ & limit+40 ,9 ! fir/ place1 absolutely passive education is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,froebel beg9s by /at+ t3 8,education consi/s 9 lead+ man z a ?9k+1 intellig5t be+1 gr[+ into self-consci\sness1 to a pure1 consci\s & free repres5tation ( ! law ( 8 be+1 & 9 tea*+ him ways & means !reto40 ,he def9es ! ,!ory ( ,education z 8! sy/em ( directions d]iv$ f ! k & /udy ( t law to guide human be+s 9 ! appreh5sion ( _! life-"w02 & ! ,practice ( ,education z 8! self-active application ( ?is k 9 ! direct developm5t & cultivation ( rational be+s t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( _! de/9y40 ,to g on f ?is to say1 on ! next page b "o1 t ! educator is to d no?+1 to /& aside & be truly passive1 w\ld be absurd4 ,t our ^w 8passive0 is n ! equival5t ( ,froebel's ^w 8leid5d10 is easily prov$1 = 9 ano!r passage :]e ,froebel does mean 8passive0 he c\ples 8leid5d0 ) 8inactive10 & puts passive 9 a bracket beside x4 ,! passage runs3 8wo das ,k9d uss]li* als un?tig1 leid5d 7passiv7 ers*e9t40 ,9 ! passage "u discussion 8passiv0 does n appe> at all1 & 8leid5d0 is c\pl$1 n ) 8inactive10 b ) 8foll[+10 & is contra/$ ) 8dictat+1 limit+ & int]f]+40#ea ,a few l9es fur!r we read h[ ! g>d5] may ev5 de/roy ! v9e 8if he fail 9 8 "w passively & att5tively to foll[ ! nature ( ! plant40 ,he _c surely 8"w0 & be inactively passive at ! same "t4 ,a m correct translation ( 8leid5d0 "h w\ld p]haps be 8tol]ant0 or 8suff]+0 9 its old s5se ( 8p]mitt+10 8be>+ )10 or hav+ pati5ce )4 ,z to imm$iate context1 ,froebel has j /at$ t education ought 8to lift man to a k ( himself & mank9d1 to a k ( ,god & ,nature1 & to ! pure & consecrat$ life condition$ !reby40 8,b10 he goes on1 8education mu/ be f\nd$ on :at is ess5tial or inn]mo/1 & ?\gh ! real nature ( ?+s c only be kn[n by out] manife/ations1 yet x behoves ! educator to be v c>eful h[ he judges1 = ! *ild t appe>s good outw>dly1 is (t5 n really good1 i4e4 does n w ! good f 8 own det]m9ation1 or f love1 respect = or recognition ( x10 :ile 8! outw>dly r\gh self-will$ *ild (t5 has )9 him a vigor\s /ruggle to d :at seems to him "r40 ,judg+ f out] manife/ations furni%es con/ant occasion = false judgm5ts conc]n+ ! motives ( *ildr51 = endless misund]/&+ betwe5 p>5t & *ild1 & = unreasonable dem&s made ^u *ildr54 ,& "h comes ! =ce ( ! conjunction3 8,!re=e10 says ,froebel1 8education1 in/ruction & tra9+ 9 _! fundam5tal pr9ciples mu/ necess>ily be tol]ant1 foll[+1 n dictat+1 n limit+ or def9+1 n int]f]+40 ,:at is x1 !n1 t ,froebel is tell+ u to foll[ almo/ passively1 int]f]+1 9 our ignorance1 z little z possible8 ,simply ! natural ord] ( developm5t1 ! natural in/9cts ( *ildhood1 :i* 9 ?is v passage he is argu+ are z tru/wor?y z ^? ( o!r "y animals4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e1 man c only control ,nature by foll[+1 by obey+ h] laws4 8,z ! duckl+ ha/5s to ! pond & ! *ick5 scrat*es ! gr\nd1 s w ! human be+1 /ill "y1 /ill1 z x 71 9 ! process ( creation1 ?\gh z unconsci\sly z any ,nature product1 yet def9itely & surely desire :at is be/ = him4 ,we give plants & animals "t & space & fre$om to develop1 b ! "y human be+ is to man a piece ( wax1 a lump ( clay1 f :i* he c m\ld :at he w4 ,o man1 :o roame/ ?r\gh g>d5 & field1 ?r\gh mead[ & grove1 :y do/ ?\ close ?y m9d to ! sil5t tea*+ ( ,nature80--,e41 p4 #h4 ,surely we h "h a plea to 8suff] 7leid57 little *ildr510 to be> ) ! little "o1 /ill1 z ,froebel describes him1 8/ill1 z x 71 9 ! process ( creation10 nay1 m1 a plea = ! actual recognition & fo/]+ ( ^! in/9ctive t5d5cies :i* ,pr(essor ,dewey calls 8! f\ndation-/ones ( educational me?od10 r ?an a recomm5dation to 8gratify e y\?ful impulse10 or to /& aside altoge!r4 ,= ! context1 ! :ole1 is n yet complete4 ,froebel goes on to say t if we are c]ta9 ( any t5d5cy to unheal?y developm5t we are to int]f]e ) full sev]ity 7s tritt g]adezube/imm5de1 =d]nde ,erziehungsweise 9 ihr] ganz5 ,/r5ge e974 ,& n[ comes a s5t5ce app>5tly q ov]look$ by ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas1 :o blames ,froebel = und]e/imat+ ! environm5t4 ,9 ! mean-"t1 until we are sure t our int]f]5ce is ju/ifiable1 8no?+ is left = u to d b to br+ ! *ild into relations & surr\nd+s 9 all respects adapt$ to him40#eb--;,e41 p4 #aa4 ,9 _m o!r passages ,froebel %[s pla9ly t he _h no ?\ght ( ! 8gratify+ ( e y\?ful impulse0 9 ! s5se ( individual caprice4 ,9 8 plea = monet>y help to e/abli% ,k9d]g>t5s & tra9+ e/abli%m5ts connect$ ) !m1 he compla9s t 9 exi/+ in/itutions *ildr5 are ei!r 8repress$ & _! en]gies crippl$1 or else we are confront$ ) ! wild & uncontrollable "* :i* results :5 *ildr5 are unc>$ = & are left altoge!r to _! own impulses40--,l41 p4 #aei4 8,life has no room = wilfulness & :ims10 he says 9 8 ,"m ,songs2 8,boyhood is ! age ( ,discipl9e0 he /ates 9 8,! ,education ( ,man40 ,b1 z he himself sums up ?is discussion3 8,all true education is d\ble-sid$1 prescrib+ & foll[+1 active & passive1 positive yet giv+ scope1 firm & yield+4''' ,betwe5 educator & pupil %\ld rule invisibly a ?ird some?+ to :i* bo? are equally subject4 ,! ?ird some?+ is ! "r1 ! be/ ''' ! *ild1 ! pupil has a v ke5 appreh5sion :e!r :at fa!r or tea*] reque/s is p]sonal & arbitr>y or ! expression ( g5]al law & necessity40--,e41 p4 #ad4 ,! pro( ( :e!r or n ! educator has succe$$ 9 rightly adju/+ ! claims ( fre$om & au?ority1 ,froebel expresses 9 words recall+ ,kant's1 8,:5 ! #8,?\ ,%alt' ( ! ,law becomes ! #8,i w' ( ! do]1 !n we are free40 8,9 good education1 9 g5u9e in/ruction1 9 true tea*+1 necessity mu/ & w call =? fre$om1 law w call =? self-det]m9ation1 & out] compulsion inn] free-w4 8,:]e necessity produces bondage1 :]e law br+s fraud & crime1 & out] compulsion causes slav]y1 !re e effect ( education is de/roy$4 ,!re oppression de/roys & debases1 sev]ity & h>%ness br+ ob/9acy & deceit1 & ! burd5 is m ?an c be borne40--,e41 p4 #ad4 ,to emphasize ! fact t ,froebel did realize ! importance ( environm5t1 & to anticipate ! criticism t ?is %ort5$ r5d]+ is an int]pretation 9 ! light ( mod]n educational !ories1 ( ,froebel's some:at cumbr\s phrases1 we c turn to a passage 9 8 lat] writ+1 "p ( :i* has be5 quot$ else:]e3 8,?r\gh ! *ild's ef=ts to repel t :i* is contr>y to ! ne$s ( 8 life1 indignation & discont5t are awak5$2 & on ! o!r h&1 f ! fact t 8 normal desires are ungratifi$1 !y become inord9ate & mis*iev\s4 ,h[ may p>5ts avoid ^! evil results8 ,mo/ satisfactorily ?r\gh a ?reefold yet s+le glance at life4 ,let !m look into !mselves1 & _! own c\rse ( developm5t & its requirem5ts1 let !m recall _! own e>lie/ ye>s1 !n lat] /ages ( developm5t1 & look deeply into _! pres5t life4 ,next1 let !m look equally deeply into ! life ( ! *ild & :at he mu/ require = 8 pres5t /age ( developm5t4 ,hav+ scrut9iz$ :at ! *ild ne$s1 let !m scrut9ize 8 environm5t1 & fir/ obs]ve :at x (f]s & does n (f] = ! fulfilm5t ( su* requirem5ts4 ,let !m utilize all (f]$ possibilities ( meet+ normal ne$s2 & :5 su* ne$s _c be met1 let !m recognize ?is fact1 & %[ ! *ild pla9ly ! impossibility ( _! fulfilm5t4 ,f9ally1 let !m cle>ly recognize :atev] 9 ! *ild's environm5t t5ds to awak5 antagonism & discont5t1 remove x if x be removable1 & admit its defect if x be n removable40#ec--,p41 p4 #afg4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 true t ,froebel 0 pre-,d>w9ian 9 "t1 b x is equally true t he 0 po/-,d>w9ian 9 _m ( 8 beliefs4 ,to f9d out :e!r or n 8 educational doctr9es are really bas$ on false or explod$ !ories ( developm5t1 z ! ,criticism ( ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas implies1 we mu/ ga!r toge!r f ,froebel's v>i\s writ+s1 8 mo/ important ref]5ces to ! subject4 ,! key-note to 8 int]e/ 9 x lies probably 9 ! ye>n+ = unity & union 9 all relations1 :i* 0 a "p ( 8 individuality4 ,?is may h dat$ back to ! "t :51 a puzzl$ little mortal ( eight or n9e ye>s old1 he 0 mo/ unwisely all[$ to he> 8 fa!r exhort+ & rebuk+ 8 p>i%ion]s4 ,x seem$ to ! boy t mo/ ( ! tr\ble arose f ! fact t human be+s1 & human be+s alone1 s f> z he knew1 7 divid$ into two sexes1 & he felt t he w\ld h arrang$ matt]s diff]5tly4 ,com=t came to him :5 8 old] bro!r1 by %[+ him ! male & female fl[] ( ! hazel1 gave him "s idea ( a great law ( ,nature4 ,/range com=t1 too1 x seems1 = a boy n yet t5 ye>s old6 ,! late ,mr4 ,eb5ez] ,cooke po9t$ out long ago#ed t ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas _h n only ov]%ot ! m>k 9 say+ t 8,d>w9 transf]r$ ! cause ( developm5t f )9 to )\t10 b t he _h himself fail$ to draw any di/9ction betwe5 ! facts ( developm5t1 z se5 9 ! individual1 & ! !ory ( ! orig9 or developm5t ( species1 :i* we associate ) ! names ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace4 ,mr4 ,cooke po9t$ to ,froebel's connection ) ,bat*1 ! f\nd] ( a ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 ( :i* ,goe! 0 a memb]1 z %[+ t he 0 9 direct t\* ) ^? :o 7 work+ out ! !ory ( developm5t ( ! individual4 ,froebel himself ref]s to ?is ,natural ,hi/ory ,society 9 8 ,autobiography1 say+ t 8/ud5ts10 ( :om he 0 "o1 8:o _h %[n liv+ int]e/ & done active "w 9 ,natural ,sci5ce10 7 invit$ to become memb]s1 & t ?is awoke )9 him 8a ye>n+ t[>ds high] sci5tific k40 ,at ?is "t ,froebel 0 b a y\? ( sev5te51 ) no idea t education 0 to be 8 life "w4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 he meets a private tutor1 8a "y man q out ( ! common1 ) actively inquir+ m9d10 :o 0 8especially fond ( mak+ compreh5sive s*emes ( education40 ,! ye> aft] ?is we f9d him read+ :at he c ( an?ropology & hi/ory1 & say+ ( 8 read+3 8,x taught me ( man 9 8 broad hi/orical relations & set be=e me ! g5]al life ( my k9d z "o great :ole40 ,"o ye> m1 & :ile he is look+ = a situation ) an ar*itect--9 spite ( uneasy commun+ ) himself z to h[ ar*itecture 0 to be us$ 8= ! culture & ennoblem5t ( mank9d0--,grn] claps him on ! %\ld] ) 8,give up ar*itecture1 x is n y\r vocation at all6 ,become a tea*]40 ,x is p]haps because ,froebel pass$ ?us f int]e/ 9 biology to int]e/ 9 education t at ?is "t he gives to 8 own "q1 ,:at is ! purpose ( education8--almo/ ! id5tical answ] t ,pr(essor ,o',%ea puts into ! m\? ( 8 biologi/#ee1 & :i* he sets 9 opposition to ,froebel's suppos$ op9ions3 8,9 answ]+ ! "q1 ,:at is ! purpose ( education8 ,i reli$ at t "t on ! foll[+ obs]vations3 ,man lives 9 a _w ( objects1 :i* influ5ce him & :i* he desires to influ5ce2 !re=e he ought to "k ^! objects 9 _! nature1 9 _! conditions & 9 _! relations ) ea* o!r & ) mank9d4''' ,i s\ght1 to ! ext5t ( su* p[]s z ,i consci\sly possess$ at t "t1 to make cle> to myself ! mean+ ( all ?+s ?r\gh man1 8 relations ) himself1 & ) ! ext]nal _w ''' x seem$ to me t ev]y?+ :i* %\ld or c\ld be requir$ = human education mu/ be necess>ily condition$ & giv51 by virtue ( ! v nature ( ! necess>y c\rse ( 8 developm5t1 9 man's own be+ & 9 ! relations amid/ :i* he is set4 ,a man1 x seem$ to me1 w\ld be well educat$ :5 he _h be5 tra9$ to c>e = ^! relation%ips & to ackn[l$ge !m1 to ma/] !m & to survey !m40--,a41 p4 #fi4 ,9 ! v beg9n+1 !n1 ( 8 educational c>e]1 ,froebel emphasiz$ r ?an ov]look$ 8! relation%ips amid/ :i* man is set10 b he 0 to le>n m yet ab\t developm5t4 ,six ye>s lat] he is back at a univ]sity1 & 8j at ?is "t10 he says1 8^? great discov]ies ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% philosoph]s became g5]ally kn[n ?r\gh :i* ! great manifold ext]nal _w 0 se5 to =m a compreh5sive out] _w40 ,! ,engli% writ] may h be5 ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,! ,fr5* writ] 0 no d\bt ,lam>ck1 to :om belongs 8! immortal glory ( hav+ = ! fir/ "t work$ out ! !ory ( ,desc5t z an indep5d5t sci5tific !ory ( ! fir/ ord] & z ! philosophical f\ndation ( ! :ole sci5ce ( ,biology40 ,f "s su* s\rce1 at any rate1 ,froebel mu/ h ga9$ 8! key-note ( developm5t10 viz41 t x is always f ! undiff]5tiat$ to ! diff]5tiat$4 ,we h already se5 t he appli$ ?is to m5tal developm5t & s ga9$ 8 mod]n conception ( ! e>lie/ infant consci\sness1 8an undiff]5tiat$ unorganiz$ unity40 ,9 8,! ,education ( ,man0 he speaks ( 8! all-p]vad+ law ( ,nature accord+ to :i* ! g5]al gives rise to ! p>ticul>10--,e41 p4 #afg4 & 9 ! ,"m ,songs he says3 8,:e!r we are look+ at a se$ or an egg1 :e!r we are wat*+ feel+ or ?\ght1 :at is def9ite proce$s ev]y:]e f :at is indef9ite40--,m41 p4 #aba4 ,or1 aga93 8,9 ! *ild z 9 ! gra9 ( se$1 !re beg9s a developm5t proce$+ t[>ds complexity40--,p41 p4 #agb4 ,su* quotations fully exon]ate ,froebel f belief 9 any 8pre-=mation0 !ory1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 z inde$ ,mr4 ,cooke made abundantly pla94 ,x is 9 "o ( 8 lat] pap]s#ef t ,froebel g5]alizes & /ates v pla9ly h[ ev]y?+ is develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( its environm5t4 8,tak+ ,nature z our guide1 let u endeav\r to f9d ! ess5tial nature ( mat]ial objects & ! conditions "u :i* ?is develops1 = ! process ( developm5t %[s ! ess5ce ( ! develop+ object4 8,fir/ly1 ea* ?+ & ea* object manife/+ exi/5ce & life1 develops itself 9 accordance ) ! highe/ & simple/1 ! g5]al laws ( life4 ,?us ev]y?+ manife/s ^! laws & _! primeval cause4 8,secondly1 ea* ?+ & ea* object 9 ,nature develops itself accord+ to its own individuality & ! laws ( its be+4 8,?irdly1 ev]y?+ 9 ,nature develops itself "u ! collective influ5ce ( all ?+s4 ,if any object seems to be )drawn f ?is collective influ5ce1 su* )drawal is only m$iate4''' 8,9 ,nature1 & 9 ev]y?+1 all ?+s develop z memb]s ( ! _w-:ole1 ! univ]sal life1 z memb]s ( a :ole1 ea* p]fect 9 its k9d1 because ea*1 :ile /&+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! collective influ5ce /ream+ upw>ds & inw>ds--nay1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 z ! receiv]1 yield+ itself to ?is influ5ce--yet also acts 7z assimilative & =mative7 & develops itself1 fai?ful to ! indwell+ laws ( life univ]sal & p>ticul>4 ,we mu/ see cle>ly ! conditions ( p]fect developm5t 9 ,nature1 & !n employ !m 9 human life4 ,?us only c we help man to atta91 ^u ! plane ( human developm5t--:i* means spiritual developm5t--a degree ( p]fection correspond+ to t :i* ! =ms & types ( ,nature %[ ^u ! plane ( physical developm5t40--,p41 p4 #aif4 ,:5 *ild developm5t is 9 "q1 f> f m9imis+1 z he is suppos$ to d1 ! importance ( environm5t1 p>5ts & tea*]s are told3 8,we mu/ hold fa/ = consid]ation 9 life ?is fact1 t 9 ! spontane\s occupation & play+ ( ! *ild1 n ! g]m only1 b ! gr[+ po9t ( 8 life also1 is =m$ 9 union ) 8 surr\nd+s1 & "u _! sil5t unrem>k$ influ5ce 7im ,v]e9e mit d] ,umgebung und unt] d]5 /ill5 unbem]kt5 ,e9wirkung740--,p41 p4 #ajh4 ,or1 aga93 8,z ! new-born *ild1 l a ripe gra9 ( se$ dropp$ f ! "m plant has life 9 itself1 & z x spontane\sly develops life 9 progressive connection ) ! common life :ole2 s activity & action are ! fir/ ph5om5a ( 8 awak5+ life4 ,?is activity be>s ! impress ( :at is inn]mo/1 x is an inn] activity ^: purpose is manife/ation ( ! inn] ?r\gh ! out]1 &1 z lead+ up to ?is1 devot$ to consid]ation ( & work+ ) ! out] to p5etrat+ ! out] & ov]com+ h9drances z su*40--,p41 p4 #bc4 ,?is acc\nt surely makes pla91 t :atev] ,froebel may h believ$ ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( species1 he 9 no way believ$ t developm5t 9 g5]al 0 a "o-sid$ process1 9 :i* ! environm5t w5t = no?+4 ,9 8 8,criticism10 ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas rem>k$3 8,:oev] divorc$ 8 educational sy/em f 8 philosophy1 w\ld h seem$ to ,froebel to h tak5 all =ce & mean+ out ( 8 "w40 ,?is is mo/ true1 & x approa*es absurdity to attribute s limit$ a view to a man imbu$ z ,froebel 0 ) ! philosophical doctr9e ( ! reconciliation ( ! opposites4#eg ,t all developm5t 0 ! result ( a h>mony betwe5 opposites 0 "o ( 8 c>d9al doctr9es4 8,we are liv+ 9 an age10 he writes1 8:5 we are consci\sly "u a law ( developm5t act+ by ! reconciliation ( opposites40 ,mr4 ,hailmann gives a long footnote :]e ,froebel is quot$ z comp>+ 8 idea ( ! law ( connection or unification ) ! ideas ( ,fi*te & ,hegel1 & say+3 8,x is bo? ( ^!1 & yet has no?+ 9 common ) ei!r ( !m2 x is ! law :i* ! contemplation ( ,nature has taught me4''' ,& :]e d we f9d absolute contra/s t h n some:]e & someh[ a connection8 ,9 action & reaction ! contra/s t we see ev]y:]e give rise to ! motions 9 ! univ]se z !y d 9 ! smalle/ organism4 ,?is implies = all developm5t a /ruggle :i* h[ev] soon] or lat] w f9d its adju/m5t2 & ?is adju/m5t is ! connection ( contra/s40--,e41 p4 #db4 ,:at ,froebel knew ( ,hegel's philosophy 0 probably ga9$ f discussions among 8 fri5ds1 = 9 ! he>+ ( ,madame von ,m>5holz1 he said1 8,i d n "k h[ ,hegel =mulates & applies ?is law1 = ,i h _h no "t = ! /udy ( 8 sy/em10 & he w5t on to say ( 8! philosophical sy/ems ( o!rs0 t 8mo/ ( !m belong to a !ory ( ! _w t is pass+ away1 ^: "o-sid$ness becomes m app>5t e day0 7,rem9isc5ces1 #bbe74 ,eb]s1 too1 speaks ( ,froebel's ideas z oppos$ to ^? ( ,hegel4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas all[s t ,froebel's casual ref]5ces to ! developm5t ( species are 8surpris+ly mod]n40 ,no or?odox views z to ! exact date ( ! creation ( ! _w keep him f accept+ ! newly discov]$ te/imony ( ! rocks z to 8! rema9s ( p]i%$ ages40 ,ard5t z 8 religi\s convictions 71 !y _h a philosophic wid? unusual inde$ 9 8 day4 ,! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 is to him a p>able1 repeat$ 89 ! exp]i5ce ( e *ild f ! "t ( 8 appe>ance on e>? to ! "t :5 he consci\sly 7by ! help ( names7 beholds himself 9 beautiful ,nature spread out be=e him40 ,9 ea* *ild he sees 8repeat$ at a lat] p]iod1 ! de$ :i* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( moral & human emancipation1 ( ! dawn ( reason40 ,he ref]s calmly to 8! fall1 or1 s9ce ! result is ! same1 ! asc5t ( ! m9d ( man1 f simple1 uni=m1 emotional developm5t1 into ! developm5t ( ext]nally analytic & critical reason40--,e41 p4 #aid4 ,n ,/anley ,hall himself insi/s m t ! developm5t ( ! individual %all foll[ ! developm5t ( ! race1 & ?is 9 #ahbf1 two ye>s be=e ,ba]1 & f\r ye>s be=e ,comte1 to :om ,h]b]t ,sp5c] attribut$ ! doctr9e4 8,humanity10 he says1 8lives only 9 its cont9u\s developm5t40 8,ea* successive g5]ation & ea* successive individual human be+1 inasmu* z he w\ld und]/& ! pa/ & pres5t1 mu/ pass ?r\gh all prec$+ phases ( human developm5t & culture1 & ?is %\ld n be done 9 ! way ( dead imitation or m]e copy+1 b 9 ! way ( liv+ spontane\s self-activity40--,e41 p4 #ah4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no gr\nd = assum+ t ,froebel held any su* pre-,d>w9ian views z a special creation ( ea* species1 = !re is no po9t on :i* he insi/s m emphatically ?an t 9 ,nature developm5t is cont9u\sly progressive4 8,9 ,god's _w1 j because x is ,god's _w1 by ,him creat$1 "o ?+ con/ant is express$ to :i* we give ! "n ( unbrok5 progression ( developm5t 9 all & ?r\gh all40#eh--,m41 p4 #aed4 8,god nei!r +rafts nor inoculates1 ,he develops ! mo/ trivial & imp]fect ?+s 9 cont9u\sly asc5d+ s]ies & 9 accordance ) et]nal self-gr\nd$ & self-develop+ laws40--,e41 p4 #cbh4 ,mr4 ,w9* makes m]ry ov] ,froebel's s5t5ce3 8,z ,man & ,nature h "o orig91 !y mu/ be subject to ! same laws10 & rem>ks t 8?is conception is almo/ completely giv5 up4''' ,our view n[ r is "o 9 :i* ,god & ,nature are at /rife1 9 :i* ! e?ical int]e/ ov]comes ,nature4'''0 ,b ,froebel is f> ahead ( ?is4 ,! great law to him is ! ,law ( ,developm5t to :i* ,man & ,nature1 :i* includes ,man1 are subject4 ,! e?ical int]e/ is n1 z ,mr4 ,w9* intimates1 some?+ transc5d+ ,nature1 b is itself evolv$4 ,morality1 ,froebel di/9ctly tells u1 is 8root$0 9 ,in/9ct1 & 8human developm5t means spiritual developm5t40 ,pr(essor ,o',%ea says ( ! doctr9e ( ,unfoldm5t :i* he attributes to ,froebel t x 8reg>ds man on 8 spiritual side z an entity set ap>t f ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se40#ei ,froebel1 h[ev]1 writes3 8,difficult1 v difficult1 w\ld x be to def9e :]e ! purely physical ends & ! purely intellectual beg9s4 ,x is precisely on acc\nt ( ?is close weld+ or fl[+ into "o ano!r ( ! ,physical & ,psy*ical1 ! bodily & m5tal1 ! mat]ial & spiritual1 ! vital 7des ,vital57 & intellectual1 in/9ct & morality2 x is because ( ?is root+ ( ! high] 9 ! l[] t ! tra9+ & ennobl+ ( ! s5ses1 su* z smell & ta/e1 are s important40--,m41 p4 #ahc4 8,tra9+ & ennobl+10 ^! words br+ u back to ! educational doctr9es ,froebel bas$ ^u :at he knew ( developm5t1 physical & m5tal1 f :atev] s\rce he may h ga9$ 8 in=mation4 8,f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,d>w9ian recon/ruction ( ! moral sci5ces10 says ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas1 8x 0 absurd1 :ile speak+ ( #8environm5t1' to ignore ! fact t ! delib]ate c>e & contrivance ( ! p>5t mu/ =m a l>ge "p ( ! environm5t ( ! *ild40 ,und\bt$ly4 ,b x 0 because ,froebel exalt$ 8! delib]ate c>e & contrivance ( ! p>5t0 t he wrote 8,! ,education ( ,man10 to tell 8 g5]ation h[ be/ to c>e & contrive4 ,x 0 because he realiz$ t ?is delib]ate c>e & contrivance mu/ beg9 f ! v fir/ t he wrote 8 ,"m ,songs4 ,he tells ! "m "h t 8if %e is wise1 9 all %e does a noble mean+ lies02 t %e mu/ 8d no?+ aimlessly or %e'll create a *ild %e _c educate40 ,he tells h] t x is 8by wat*+ :at makes ! *ild's eyes bright1 t %e w "k h[ be/ to give delight10 & t %e mu/ 8seek to /r5g!n p[] & m9d 9 all ?+s40 ,9 v tru? ! ,k9d]g>t5 itself1 ) all its imp]fections1 is no?+ m nor less ?an an attempt to supply t v environm5t :i* its f\nd] is suppos$ to und]value--an attempt to fo/]1 by provid+ suitable conditions1 ^? innate t5d5cies or natural activities1 to :i* ,froebel atta*$ inf9ite importance4 ,?is is :y ! discov]y ( ! "n ,k9d]g>t5 gave ,froebel ! pleasure express$ 9 8 cry1 8,eureka1 ,i h x6 ,k9d]g>t5 %all be its "n40 ,! orig9al designation conta9$ ! actual words 8?r\gh ! culture ( ! in/9ct = activity1 inquiry & creation1 inh]5t 9 man10 b ?is orig9al title spreads ov] sev]al l9es ( pr9t4 8,g>d50 to ,froebel expresses j :at he want$1 8,z 9 a g>d5 "u ,god's fav\r1 & by ! c>e ( a skill$1 intellig5t g>d5]1 gr[+ plants are cultivat$ 9 accordance ) ,nature's laws1 s "h1 9 our *ild-g>d51 %all ! noble/ ( all gr[+ ?+s1 m5 7t is1 *ildr51 ! g]ms & %oots ( humanity71 be cultivat$ 9 accordance ) ! laws ( _! own be+1 ( ,god & ( ,nature40--,l41 p4 #afa4 ,?is is :y he urges on 8 pupil1 ,ida ,seele1 to reta9 ! "n 9 spite ( ! prejudices x ar\s$4 ,x is to h] t he writes3 8,is !re really su* importance und]ly+ ! m]e "n ( a sy/em8--"s "o might ask4 ,yes1 !re is3 ''' ,x is true t any "o c>efully wat*+ y\r tea*+ w\ld obs]ve a new _s ''' y w\ld /rike him z p]sonally capable1 nay1 z extremely capable1 b y w\ld fail to /rike him z prie/ess ( ! idea1 & ( ! /ruggle t[>ds ! realization ( ! idea--education by developm5t--! de/9$ means ( rais+ ! :ole human race4 ,=1 aft] all1 :at d we mean by #8,k9d]g>t5'8''' ,no man c acquire fre% k beyond ! measure :i* 8 own m5tal /r5g? & /age ( developm5t fits him to receive4 ,b little *ildr5 h no developm5t at all4''' ,infant s*ools are no?+ b a contradiction ( *ild nature4 ,little *ildr5 ought n to be s*ool$ & taught1 !y m]ely ne$ to be develop$4 ,x is ! press+ ne$ ( our age1 & only ! idea ( a g>d5 c s]ve to %[ u symbolically ! prop] treatm5t ( *ildr54 ,?is idea lies 9 ! v "n ( a ,k9d]g>t54 ''' ,h[ mu* bett] _h y be5 able to call y\r "w by its prop] "n1 & to make evid5t by t expression1 ! real nature ( ! new _s y h introduc$40--,l41 p4 #bij4 ,!re is no gulf betwe5 ! ,k9d]g>t51 & 8,! ,education ( ,man10 ) its appeal to educators to foll[ in/ead ( int]f]+ ) ,nature's me?ods1 to fo/] in/ead ( repress+ ! 8in/9cts ( activity & ( con/ruction10 to fo/] play1 :i* ?\gh 8m]ely natural life10 yet holds 8! se$ leaves ( all lat] life40 ,froebel's g>d5] is 8skill$ & intellig5t10 & a skill$ g>d5] is suppos$ to h sci5tific k ( 8 plants1 ( ! conditions ( soil1 exposure1 etc41 be/ suit$ to !m4 ,pr(essor ,adams says t 8to call a *ild a plant does n advance matt]s mu*1 & x c]ta9ly does n acc\nt = ! use ( ! cubes1 sph]es & su* l40 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x does mo/ c]ta9ly if ^! cubes & sph]es are ! "r food mat]ial = ! *ild's m9d1 z ,froebel at any rate believ$4 ,all ! employm5ts ( ! ,k9d]g>t51 all ! v>i$ mat]ials1 ! s& & clay1 ! p5cil & pa9t bru%1 ! build+ blocks1 c>dbo>d1 sawdu/1 moss1 nut-%ells1 etc41 = con/ructive or 8repres5tative0 play are def9itely m5tion$ & def9itely comm5d$ 9 8,! ,education ( ,man40 ,!y are comm5d$ because !y are ! employm5ts & ! mat]ial :i* *ildr5 ev]y:]e f9d = !mselves2 because ,froebel _h suffici5t k ( biology to "k t in/9ctive action mu/ someh[ b5efit ! individual & ! race2 & also because he _h psy*ological insight en\gh to see t by su* activities *ildr5 ga9 n m]ely skill1 b cle> ideas & 8firmness ( w40 ,pr(essor ,adams writes3 8,n ,philosophy1 b common s5se1 exp]i5ce & lov+ obs]vation1 h l$ ,froebel & 8 foll[]s to adopt c]ta9 app>atus & c]ta9 me?ods1 :i* are excell5t 9 !mselves1 & :i* 9 capable h&s produce admirable results4 ,= ?is he des]ves all ! hon\r t has be5 heap$ ^u him--b he has n expla9$ ,john40 ,true en\gh1 ,froebel has n expla9$1 at lea/1 he has n entirely expla9$ t *>m+ ,john1 ! ,pr(essor's own creation & type ( all our *ildr54 ,:o has8 ,/ill1 by 8 ef=ts z a pione] 9 g5etic psy*ology--! result ( 8 belief t 8only by ! /udy ( developm5t 9 ourselves & o!rs1 c we le>n to und]/& ! *ild0--& by ! two sket*es s full ( insight into *ild-life & into boy life1 :i* he has giv5 u 9 8,! ,education ( ,man10 surely ,froebel has done at lea/ 8 %>e ev5 9 expla9+ ,john4 ,no d\bt he le>nt mu* f 8lov+ obs]vation40 ,nor does he und]value x1 b1 9 8 case1 ! obs]vation 0 induc$ by ! ,philosophy1 z well z by ! love4 ,=1 z he tells u1 8x is a necess>y "p ( me to be irresi/ibly driv5 to se>* out ! ultimate cause ( e fact 9 life1 to discov] its roots40 ,he le>n$ mu* f wat*+ bo? mo!rs & *ildr51 b he says3 8,:at natural "m wit & human common s5se left to !mselves1 h be5 do+ by *ance & piece-meal1 ought n[ to be br\ght =w>d by a ?\ghtful m9d1 its f\ndation1 connections & deep] mean+ recogniz$1 t x may be improv$ ^u by clev] & k9dly ?\ght40--,m41 p4 #adg4 ,an education :i* 8foll[s0 ne$s %[n by ! *ild1 :i* 8foll[s0 ! laws ( developm5t1 physical & m5tal1 z f> z ^! c be discov]$ f hi/ory1 f introspection1 & f obs]vation ( *ildr5 9 g5]al & ( 8ea* individual *ild10 t is ! 8pati5tly foll[+0 education :i* ,froebel puts be=e u z an ideal4 8,=10 he says3 8,by ! full application ( ! latt] me?od ( education1 ! prescrib+ & int]f]+1 we %\ld :olly lose ! sure1 /eady & progressive developm5t ( mank9d1 :i* is ! ultimate aim & object ( all education40--,e41 p4 #aj4 ,,note4--,! =ego+ *apt] 0 writt5 "s ye>s ago1 b 9 #aiab !re appe>$ a fre% criticism ( ,froebel & 8 "w 9 _m ways m adequate ?an c]ta9 o!rs4 ,x appe>$ z an ,introduction to a new translation ( 8,! ,education ( ,man0 & ( "s ( ,froebel's less] writ+s1 by ,dr4 ,flet*] & ,pr(essor ,welton4 ,9 ?is introduction1 important po9ts are grant$1 = example1 t ,froebel _h 8grasp$ ! vital pr9ciple t all true developm5t1 & consequ5tly all true education1 is a self-direct$ process--t purpose is ! key-note ( human culture & advance4 ,x 0 ! emphasis :i* he laid ^u ?is :i* makes ,froebel "o ( ! pr9ces ( education & gives him an endur+ place 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght40 ,or aga91 t ,froebel's tea*+ is 8n ! negation ( all human con/ra9t10 b t he sees cle>ly t 8con/ra9t is necess>y to tra9 ! w to resi/ impulse & foll[ purpose02 t ) ,froebel 8,discipl9e mu/ direct in/9ctive impulse1 n simply oppose & ?w>t x40 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! writ]s ( ! book d n seem to h grasp$ ! idea ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 z an ,in/itution :i* _h ?is v end 9 view1 & ! second "p ( ! book :i* is call$ 8,! ,k9d]g>t510 nev] m5tions its ess5tial features4 ,s we h ! famili> /atem5t t betwe5 ! ,k9d]g>t5 & 8,! ,education ( ,man0 a gulf is fix$1 a /atem5t :i* has be5 already discuss$4 ,& we are also told t ,froebel attracts u 8by 8 v vagu5ess40 ,b ,keilhau & ,helba & ! real ,k9d]g>t5 are none ( !m vague4 ,t ,froebel attribut$ too mu* importance to 8 ,gifts & occupations mo/ ( u w readily all[1 b t ! =ms ( expression set =? 9 ! ,helba plan are to be reg>d$ z m]ely additions to ! ,gifts is impossible see+ t ! plan = ,helba is dat$ #ahbi4 ,besides1 all su* "w _h already be5 v mu* 9 evid5ce at ,keilhau 7,see p4 v1 ,preface71 & ! ,gifts & ,occupations 7 an attempt to provide 9 a simil> mann] = *ildr5 v mu* y\ng]1 & z mat]ials are only su* z *ildr5 f9d = !mselves4 ,we claim t ,froebel himself is ! be/ int]pret] ( 8 own inv5tion1 ! ,k9d]g>t51 & we are cont5t to abide by 8 own def9ition ( x3 ,an ,in/itution = ! cultivation ( ! life ( mank9d ?r\gh fo/]+ ! impulse to activity1 inve/igation & con/ruction 9 ! *ild2 an in/itution = ! self-in/ruction1 = self-education ( mank9d ?r\gh play1 t is creative self-activity & spontane\s self-in/ruction4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,on ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,^w 8,,activity0 ,pr(essor ,/\t is p>ticul>ly def9ite 9 8 use ( ! ^w 8activity10 & z he agrees ) ,mr4 ,bradley1 f :om he quotes 8t ! curr5t use ( ! ^w activity 9 ! lit]ature ( philosophy is a sc&al10 x may be well to inquire "h :e!r ,froebel us$ ! ^w loosely or ) "s degree ( def9it5ess4 ,pr(essor ,/\t consid]s ! ^w 8activity0 specially appropriate to cases 89 :i* ! return ( a causal process ^u itself is especially prom95t or important40 ,he quotes f ,mr4 ,bradley aga9 t 8,activity seems to be self-caus$ *ange4 ,a transition t beg9s )1 & comes out ( ! ?+ itself is ! process :]e we feel t x is active40 8,?us10 ,mr4 ,/\t comm5ts1 8! life & gr[? ( organisms are specially appropriate examples ( activity2 = su* processes are 9 a l>ge measure imman5t or self-det]m9+40 ,! fir/ po9t t sugge/s itself is t 9 ! majority ( cases1 ,froebel may p]haps be said to h avoid$ ! difficulty by 8 con/ant ref]5ce n only to activity b to 8self-activity10 a ^w associat$ ) ! "n ( ,froebel closely z 8 v %ad[4 ,9 ! second place1 we d f9d ,froebel v m>k$ly ref]r+ to ! self-det]m9+ activity ( organisms1 9 a passage :]e he is try+ to %[ t all in/ruction %\ld />t f ! *ild's own desire & p[] ( w4 ,he says t ! "m--gr\nd+ h] in/ruction 9 h] *ild's desire to write to ! abs5t fa!r--acts l ! sun1 8^: w>m? awak5s 9 e gra9 ( se$1 life1 impulse1 p[]1 self-activity1 self-det]m9ation0 7die ,triebe1 die ,kraft1 die ,selb/?tigkeit und ,selb/be/immung74#fj ,x is ,froebel's peculi>ity t he br+s 8 philosophical conceptions into ! v]ie/ details1 & s ev5 9 speak+ ( h[ ! "m may make a ball repres5t a spr++ kitt51 etc41 & say+ t to ! *ild ! ball is 8! unit+ object10 yet1 he says1 consid]+ ! plays z proce$+ f ! *ild 7vom ,k9de aus71 8all activity1 ?\gh m$iat$ 7v]mittelt7 by ! ball1 proce$s def9itely f ! *ild1 & ?\gh go+ ?r\gh ! ball1 ref]s back aga9 to ! *ild1 :o is himself a unit40 ,!re is a p>ticul> passage :i* sugge/s t !re exi/$ a special def9ite idea 9 ,froebel's m9d 9 reg>d to ! ^w 8activity10 & x is "o :i* pres5ts a difficulty to an ord9>y & unphilosophical m9d1 ?\gh a possible light is ?r[n ^u x by ,mr4 ,bradley's def9ition4 ,9 ?is passage activity 7,?tigkeit7 is v di/9ctly giv5 z some?+ high] ?an impulse 7,triebe74 ,! work+ ( ! primeval ,cause1 8! unit+10 is call$1 ,froebel says1 8accord+ to ! diff]5t /ages 9 developm5t1 ,=ce1 ,impulse1 ,life1 ,life-impulse1 ,activity0 7,wirk51 ,trieb1 ,leb51 ,leb5/rieb1 ,?tigkeit74 ,?is plac+ ( activity s high 9 ! scale is at lea/ no accid5t1 & consci\s self-det]m9ation is con/antly attribut$ to man z 8! mo/ p]fect e>?ly be+10 & to man alone4 ,mr4 ,/\t proce$s to exam9e ! conception ( self-det]m9+ process1 ) special ref]5ce to *anges )9 ! sph]e ( an individual consci\sness1 tak+ z ! mo/ conv5i5t po9t ( dep>ture1 su* illu/rative analogies z come f ! physical _w1 & beg9n+ ) ! simple/ =m ( self-det]m9ation1 ! law ( in]tia4#fa 8,consci\s life10 he says1 8is always 9 "s degree self-su/a9+1 ?is inde$ is an indisp5sable "p ( ! connotation ( all su* words z activity1 endeav\r1 conation1 ef=t1 /riv+1 w1 att5tion4 ,all su* t]ms imply t ! process to :i* !y ref]1 t5ds by its intr9sic nature 9 a c]ta9 direction1 or t[>d a c]ta9 end40 ,n[ ! ^w 8endeav\r0 or 8ef=t0 7,/reb57 is a ^w ,froebel con/antly uses 9 speak+ ( a *ild's activity1 & he does m ?an m]ely 8imply0 t ?is process 8t5ds 9 a c]ta9 direction1 or t[>d a c]ta9 end0 :5 he affirms t 8,9 e activity1 9 e de$ ( man1 & ( ! smalle/ *ild1 an aim is express$40 ,pr(essor ,/\t goes on to say t 9 consci\s /ates we c always di/+ui% betwe5 det]m9ation f )9 & f )\t1 & 8x is a po9t ( vital significance t ?is di/9ction co9cides ) t betwe5 m5tal activity & m5tal passivity40#fb ,) m5tal passivity ,froebel has b few deal+s1 if inde$ he has any4 ,!re is "o passage 9 :i* he uses ! ^w passive 7passiv72 ?is1 h[ev]1 m]ely /ates t ! *ild1 9 accommodat+ himself to 8 surr\nd+s1 may outw>dly appe> inactive or passive1 b only 9 ord] to h m scope = 8 inn] activity 7wo es uss]li* als un?tig1 leid5d passiv ers*e9t ''' um s se9] inn]n ,?tigkeit mehr ,spielraum zu v]s*aff574 ,f :at he does say !re is little d\bt b t ,froebel w\ld will+ly h subscrib$ to ,pr(essor ,/\t's dictum1 8t to be m5tally active is id5tical ) be+ m5tally alive or awake1#fc ?\gh 9 degree ! activity may %ade (f gradually f t 8involv+ a s5se ( /ra91 to t ( almo/ passivity40 ,b j z ,pr(essor ,/\t rejects ! idea ( purely passive consci\sness1 s1 too1 does he reject 8pure0 m5tal activity4 8,x is impossible to f9d any bit ( m5tal process :i* is det]m9$ purely f )940#fd''' 8,at ! same "t x is equally true t no *ange )9 is entirely det]m9$ f )\t40#fe ,mr4 ,/\t does n say t pure activity--a purely self-det]m9$ process--_c exi/1 = 8we %\ld1 by p>ity ( reason+1 be b\nd to reject ! second law ( motion40#ff 8,b x re/s10 he says1 8) ! advocates ( pure activity1 if !re are su*1 to adduce a case ( x1 & until su* a case is br\ght =w>d we mu/ assume t !re is none4''' ,no portion ( matt] c be1 ev5 = a mom5t1 outside ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( o!r portions40 ,we h se5 t ,mr4 ,o',%ea practically accuses ,froebel ( be+ an 8advocate ( pure activity10#fg nor is he ! only "o ( ,froebel's critics :o does s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be consid]$ an accid5t t ,froebel %\ld 9 "o passage put 8consci\s self-det]m9ation0 at ! highe/ po9t ( life developm5t1 & 9 ano!r passage give ?is place to 8activity0 :i* ,mr4 ,bradley & ,mr4 ,/\t tell u is to be reg>d$ z self-det]m9$1 is x also an accid5t t 9 ! v same passage ,froebel %\ld /ate t 8ev]y?+ 9 ,nature develops & =ms itself "u ! total collective influ5ce ( all o!r ?+s08 ,if ^! correspond5ces are n accid5tal1 !n x mu/ be all[$ 9 ! fir/ place t ,froebel atta*$ a fairly def9ite mean+ to ! ^w 8activity10 includ+ self-det]m9ation 9 its connotation2 & 9 ! second place t ! gr\nds on :i* he is *>g$ ) be+ a believ] 9 8pure activity0 are v insuffici5t4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,/\t says t ev5 if x is all[able 8z an illu/rative hypo!sis0 to reg>d ! physical univ]se z an int]nally complete sy/em1#fh x is cle> t 8! /ream ( individual consci\sness is no su* self-conta9$ unit10 b 8! m]e/ fragm5t ( univ]sal reality1 z its correlat$ bra9 process is ! m]e/ fragm5t ( ! mat]ial _w#fi02 is ?is any?+ b a /atem5t ( t unity1 on :i* ,froebel insi/s 9 season & out ( season--:i* appe>s on almo/ e page ( 8 writ+s1 s t ! ^w has become ! v]ie/ 8cant0 ( ! half-tra9$ ,k9d]g>t5 tea*]#gj4 ,! philosophic conception ( unity1 ! belief t !re is no sep>ation 9 ei!r _w1 physical or psy*ical1 or betwe5 ei!r _w1 0 always pres5t to ,froebel's m9d4 8,9 ,nature10 he writes1 8e ph5om5on has its suffici5t f\ndation & its necess>y consequ5ce40 ,b z e philosoph] w\ld say1 s ,froebel said1 8,sep>ation is p]mitt$ = ! obs]v+1 ?9k+ & comp>+ intellect1 & ! outw>dly repres5t+ life1 & is inde$ requir$ by x1 b mu/ by no means on t acc\nt be p]mitt$ to appe> 9 ! m9d :i* is int5d$ to grasp & con/antly to reta9 9 its orig9al inn] union1 t :i* is outw>dly app>5tly sep>at$ by ! ?9k+ intellect1 ! reason & ! life40#ga ,s ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g1 writ+ z a pr(ess$ sci5ti/1 says1 8,sci5ce is to me1 n a mass ( disconnect$ in=mation1 ''' b ! c]ta9ty t no?+ c exi/ outside ! gigantic me*anism ( causes & effects1 b ,sci5ce is n & _c be1 & ought nev] to try to be1 an expression ( ultimate reality40#gb ,x w\ld nev] h dawn$ on ,froebel1 nor w\ld x h appeal$ to him1 to sep>ate 8 philosophy f 8 sci5ce1 b !re is no m contradiction 9 ,froebel's 8self-activity0 :i* is influ5c$ f )\t1 ?an !re is 9 ,pr(essor ,/\t :5 he speaks ( self-det]m9ation z includ$ 9 ! connotation ( 8activity10 & adds t until a case ( 8pure activity0 is br\ght =w>d1 we mu/ assume t !re is none4 ,( all 8 8means ( play10 ,froebel says3 8,9 ord]1 !re=e1 on ! "o h& to introduce ! *ild to ! h&l+ ( 8 play mat]ial1 we gave him ! ball1 ''' b ea* ( ^! means ( play summons ! *ild 9 return to self-activity1 to free self-activity2 to movem5t1 to free indep5d5t movem5t0 7zur ,selb/htigkeit1 zur frei5 ,selb/htigkeit2 zur ,bewegung1 zur frei51 inabhngig5 ,bewegung74#gc ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,plays ,,not$ ,,by ,,froebel ,,) ,,! ,,enum]ation ,,giv5 ,,by ,,groos ,mu* t is giv5 9 ,groos' m elaborate classification c also be f\nd 9 ,froebel's sugge/ions1 p>ticul>ly :]e y\ng] *ildr5 are conc]n$4 ,= plays com+ "u ! head+ ( ,playful ,activity ( ! ,s5sory ,app>atus1 ,froebel has a p>allel = e k9d except t ( ,temp]ature1 & = ?is ,groos has n himself f\nd any?+ t c fairly be call$ play4 ,= ,s5sations ( ,contact !re is ! ,kick+ ,play1 & ,ta/e & ,smell are also repres5t$ 9 ! ,"m ,play book4 ,= ,he>+ play we h ! wood5 ball1 8a play?+ = ! *ild liable to produce noise by its movem5t10 z well z ! ,tic-tac & ,f+] ,piano plays1 & = receptive play1 ! "m is told to speak1 rhy?mically if possible1 or to s+ ) e play4 ,= ,s5sations ( ,brightness we h 8,"m y want to fo/] ?is delight 9 all ?+s t are sp>kl+ cle> & bright0 ( ! 8,fi% 9 ! ,brook10 z well z 8,! ,lightbird10 :i* ,froebel has 8f\nd ov] & ov] aga9 9 all grades ( ! culture t makes up social life 9 village & 9 t[n40 ,s5sations ( col\r are well provid$ =4 ,9 8,! ,two ,w9d[s0 we h3 8,see ! beautiful col\r$ circles & rays1 j l ra9b[ & dew-drops1 see h[ beautifully ! col\rs play ?r\gh ea* o!r40 ,col\r is a feature 9 ,gift ,i1 9 beadwork1 9 ! tablets1 9 pap] fold+1 cutt+ & plait+1 & besides ^! !re are crayons & pa9ts1 & frequ5t ref]5ce is made to ! *ild's pleasure 9 ! col\r ( fl[]s4 ,froebel also makes mu* play dep5d on p]ception ( =m3 8,att5tion to ! =m & figure ( ! object c also be utiliz$ = ! *ild 9 play10 or1 aga91 8,e>ly 9 life ! *ild delights 9 r\nd & v>i$ pebbles1 he seeks & collects !m1 he takes pleasure 9 ! /raight edg$ & "r angl$40 ,he has f\nd 8,! ,t>get0 play v widely spread1 8pla9ly because x conta9s1 z ,i see x1 ! fir/ trace ( an endeav\r to make a *ild notice position & =m40 ,= p]ception ( movem5t1 to :i* ,froebel w\ld h add$ p]ception ( *ange ( position1 !re are _m plays ) ! ball z well z 8,tic-tac10 8,! ,*ild & ! ,pigeons10 8,! ,lightbird10 8,! ,fi% 9 ! ,brook10 etc4 ,groos' next class is ,play ) ! ,motor ,app>atus & "u ?is comes fir/ ,playful movem5t ( ! ,bodily ,organs4 ,"h we h ,froebel say+3 8,! fir/ toys & occupations ( ! *ild come f himself3 he plays ) 8 own limbs40--,l41 p4 #ajh4 8,! *ild at ?is /age beg9s to play ) 8 limbs--8 h&s1 8 f+]s1 8 lips1 8 tongue1 8 feet1 z well z ) ! expression ( 8 eyes & face40--,e41 p4 #dh4 ,"u playful locomotion1 ,groos actually quotes ,froebel's description ( ! *ild le>n+ to walk1 & we h also m>*+1 runn+1 & rac+ games2 8! l>ge majority10 says ,froebel1 8,i h creat$ simply by wat*+ ! *ildr5 at play4''' ,?us ,i h prep>$ a limp+-game because ,i see my boys always limp+ & hopp+40 ,next comes ,playful ,movem5t ( ,=eign ,bodies1 & "u ?is head+ ,groos gives 8,hu/l+ ?+s ab\t1 pu%+1 pull+1 %ak+1 seiz+ & pu%+ away1 dabbl+ 9 wat]1 h&l+ s& & clay1 kite-fly+1 & capture ( insects40 ,( ^! ,froebel m5tions pu%+ ( c>riages1 kite-fly+1 hobby-horse rid+2 he makes mu* ( play ) wat]1 s& & clay1 & he speaks ( ! cat*+ ( insects1 etc41 desir+ t x %\ld be wisely *eck$ by direct+ ! activity into o!r *annels4 ,z to ,de/ructive or ,analytic ,movem5t ,play1 ,froebel notes t3 8,! *ild wi%es to "k all ! prop]ties ( ! ?+1 = ?is reason he exam9es x on all sides2 = ?is reason he te>s & breaks x2 = ?is reason he puts x 9 8 m\? & bites x40--,e41 p4 #gc4 8,! cruel treatm5t ( insects & o!r animals orig9ates 9 ! little boy's desire to obta9 an insight into ! life ( ! animal40--,e41 p4 #afd4 ,( ,con/ructive or ,syn!tic ,movem5t ,play1 s mu* has be5 said already1 t x is n necess>y to dwell on x4 ,froebel1 9 fact1 gives a f> m inclusive acc\nt ( ?is ?an ,groos himself1 n omitt+ 8 8simple/ =m10 viz4 m\ld+ new =ms ) s&1 etc41 nor ! collect+ & arrang+ 9 r[s :i* to ,groos & to ,froebel is a m primitive =m ( con/ruction4 ,( ,ex]cise ( ,endurance1 too1 we h spok51 9 quot+ passages :]e ,froebel %[s ! boyi% desire to measure & to increase /r5g?4 ,?r[+ & ,cat*+ ,plays h _! place 9 ! 8,appr5tice & ,ma/] ,workman0 game4 ,! important ?ird class1 ! ,playful ,use ( ! ,high] ,m5tal ,p[]s1 includes accord+ to ,groos a good deal t he has dealt ) "u o!r heads1 e4g4 ,memory ,play includes 7a7 ,recognition & 7b7 ,reflective ,memory4 ,"u ! =m] comes t pleasure 9 recognition ( =m :i* has already be5 dealt )1 ! pleasure giv5 by pictures1 (t51 says ,groos1 great] ?an is giv5 by ! reality4 ,froebel1 too1 says t if ! fa!r makes a sket*1 8?is man ( l9es1 ?is horse ( l9es1 w give ! *ild m joy ?an an actual man1 an actual horse w d40--,e41 p4 #gg4 ,froebel1 too1 notes ! pleasure x w give a *ild to "n fl[]s ?r\gh recognition ( a =m3 8,spurr$ l a rid]1 circl$ l a snail1 umbrellas1 :eels1 he'll f9d ! names40--,m41 p4 #aha4 ,!re is also ! recognition ( animal & o!r noises1 z 9 ,froebel's ,y>d ,gate4 ,rote le>n+ z a play ,froebel h>dly m5tions4 ,z to ! two gr\ps :i* ,groos br+s "u ! head+ ( ,imag9ation1 viz4 8,illusion ei!r playful or s]i\s10 & 8! volunt>y or involunt>y trans=mation ( our m5tal cont5t10 ^! receive full recognition4 ,froebel notes h[ ! /ick becomes a horse or ! knott$ h&k]*ief ! baby1 z well z ! play ( li/5+ to & inv5t+ /ories4 ,"u ! head ( ,att5tion comes su* games z ,hide & ,seek1 because ( ! alt]nate /ress & relaxation1 & ,froebel not$ be=e ,d>w9 did ! pleasure ( ! baby 9 ,bo-peep4 ,groos also br+s curiosity "u ?is head+1 & we h se5 t ,froebel deals fully ) su* play z ! outcome ( ! in/9ct ( inve/igation1 or ! in/9ct = self-tea*+4 ,froebel w\ld c]ta9ly n draw ! l9e :]e ,groos does1 :5 he says 8! true *>act]i/ics ( play are 9 inv]se ratio to ! int5sity ( ! desire = k10 & if ?is rule 7 /rictly adh]$ to1 a good deal ( :at ,groos does call play might h to come out4 ,! plays :i* fall "u ! head ( ,reason h two be>+s1 says ,groos1 fir/ causality1 & second inh]5ce4 ,!re are v>i\s ref]5ces to ! 8joy ( be+ a cause0 f ! *ild 8^: capacity = spee* is z yet undevelop$10 b :o draws away ! support & z ! cube falls 8turns to 8 "m 9 joy\s triumph10 up to ! pride ( ,keilhau boys1 :o 8might n h accompli%$ _! =tresses )\t ! sapp]10 b 8:o believ$ t if ca/ on a des]t isl&1 ea* c\ld build a hut ( 8 own40 ,froebel also br+s 9 intellectual games su* z draughts1 & he notes h[ *ildr5 w inv5t _! own words & _! own alphabets 9 play4 ,( ! mak+ & solv+ ( riddles ,i ?9k ,froebel nev] speaks4 ,z to :at ,groos says ( ,exp]im5tation ) ! feel+s1 ! p>allels 9 ,froebel are surprise plays su* z ,hide & ,seek1 adv5ture & hunt+ games :]e !re may be play ) fe>1 & ! leg5ds & /ories4 ,"u ! ,impulse ( ! ,second or ,socionomic ord]1 come ! ,fight+ ,plays1 ,love ,play1 ,imitative ,play1 & ,social ,play4 ,( ,love ,play1 ,froebel has none1 b ! hunt+ & fight+ 7 all[$ abundant scope at ,keilhau4 ,( ,imitative ,play !re is mu* t c be cit$ f ! playful imitation ( simple movem5ts & s\nds 9 ! ,"m ,songs & ! ,k9d]g>t5 ,games1 to ! 8classic dramas0 ( ! ,keilhau boys4 ,pla/ic & con/ructive play1 too1 goes f ! simple/ s& play1 ?r\gh ! ,k9d]g>t5 h&work1 n only up to ! =tress mak+1 b also to ! 8boxes ) locks & h+es1 s neatly f9i%$1 v5e]$1 & poli%$ t _m a tra9$ cab9et-mak]'s appr5tice c\ld h done no bett]10 :i* 7 made at ,keilhau4 ,( ! ,social ,plays ,groos says ) feel+ t1 h[ev] advisable1 x is wellnigh impossible to make a di/9ct class4 ,he />ts1 h[ev]1 ) ! 8ne$ ( bodily association or ! h]d+ in/9ct40 ,he br+s 9 ! *ild's eag] desire to be ) 8 fell[s1 & ! importance 9 adult life ( fe/ivals1 religi\s or o!rwise4 ,he m5tions ! *ild's volunt>y submission to a lead]1 & speaks ( play z in/rum5tal 9 tea*+ *ildr5 submission to law4 ,we h notic$ ,froebel speak+ ( ! 8comb9$ games1 :i* w tra9 ! *ild1 by 8 v nature eag] = companion%ip1 9 ! habit ( association ) comrades1 9 good fell[%ip & all t ?is implies40 ,he also wants ! *ild to take alt]nately "s special "p 9 ! game & to be m]ely "o ( ! cr[d3 8,ea* *ild %\ld h a *ance to lead1 = x is especially develop+ to a *ild to recognize himself z indep5d5t z well z a memb] ( ! :ole40 ,among ! old] boys1 ! ,b]gwa*ts = in/ance 7 c>efully organiz$ "u sep>ate lead]s & ! capta9 ( ! fir/ b& 0 director ( ! :ole4 ,froebel1 too1 made mu* ( fe/ivals at ,keilhau1 & ?is has always be5 a recogniz$ feature ( ! ,k9d]g>t54 ,enjoym5t ( ! comic nev]1 ,i ?9k1 makes its appe>ance at all4 ,froebel _h _m gifts1 b ! sav+ s5se ( hum\r does n appe> to h be5 among !m4 ,,footnotes #a ,see ,*apt] ,,ix4 #b ,see ,*apt] ,x4 #c 8,froebel's ,educational ,pr9ciples10 ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,record1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #e1 or 8,! ,dewey ,s*ool10 publi%$ by ! ,froebel ,society4 #d ,see ,*apt] ,,vi1 p4 #gi4 #e ,! ,philosophy & ,psy*ology ( ! ,k9d]g>t54--8,tea*]s' ,college ,record10 ,nov41 #aijc4 #f ,x is true t ,froebel 0 pre-,d>w9ian1 b see p4 #aih4 #g ,all ?is is said 9 connection ) ! infant's play ) a wooll5 ball1 ) qua9t sugge/ions t ! s++ tone accompany+ ! sw++ l a ball affects ! feel+s1 :ile ! recognition ( a *ange ( position is a ?+ ( 8dawn+ ?\ght10 & t by tic-tac ! movem5t is express$4 ,see p4 #agf4 #h ,dies fesselt die ,s9n5- und ,gei/e/htigkeit des ,k9des und gibt ihm mehrseitige ,nahrung4 #i ,9 d] ,mitte se9] wahrnehm5d5 7empf9d5d57 se9] wirk5d5 und s*aff5d51 se9] v]glei*5d5 7d5k5d57 ,?tigkeit4 #aj ,die ,ausbildung d] v]s*i$55 ,ri*tung5 d] ,gei/eskraft des ,k9des4 #aa 8,j\rnal ( ,education40 ,repr9t$ 9 8,*ild ,life10 ,janu>y1 #aija4 #ab 8,analytic ,psy*ology10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aeb et seq4 #ac 8,analytic ,psy*ology10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aec4 #ad ,x is true t ,pr(essor ,/\t compla9s ( ! loose way 9 :i* ! ^w 8activity0 has be5 us$1 & t he is c>eful to def9e 8 own mean+1 b ,froebel too is c>eful4 ,see ,app5dix ,i4 #ae ,see also p4 #hb4 #af 8,analytic ,psy*ology10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hb4 #ag 8,! ,conception ( ,immortality10 p4 #eh4 #ah ,froebel is comp>+ ! *ild ) o!r "y animals1 & some:at scornfully ref]s to ^? :o1 8not)/&+ ! e>ly manife/ation ( ! in/9ct to employ himself10 reg>d ! human infant z inf]ior to ! "y ( o!r animals4 #ai ,see *apt] on ,in/9ct4 #bj 8,9 dem er/5 ,s9n5spiele1 komm5 also dem ,k9de dur* ,wahrnehm5 u4 ,s*au51 dur* ,komm51 ,bleib5 u4 ,s*w9d51 dur* ,we*sel1 also au* 9 gewiss] ,h9si*t dur* frhes dunkles auffass5 ''' somit von dunkl] ,v]glei*ung1 die er/5 ,e9drcke d] ,seele1 glei*sam die er/5 ,erk5ntnisse zuglei* dur* ,selb/-?tigkeit1 wie dur* die se9 ,leb5 und dess5 ,=d]ung5 9 si* trag5de ,mutt]liebe40--,p41 p4 #ff4 #ba ,x does n1 h[ev]1 foll[ t ?is out] object1 or ?is mann] ( pres5t+ x1 is s important z ,froebel suppos$2 see ,*apt] ,,ix4 #bb ,see p4 #ff4 #bc ,see ,*apt] ,,ii4 #bd 8,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hhd4 #be ,froebel is too (t5 ignorantly accus$ ( be+ 8s(t10 b x is a mi/ake to ?9k t he leaves fe> out ( c\nt4 ,:at he insi/s on is1 t rightly us$ au?ority %\ld produce self-control1 n s]vility4 #bf ,see p4 #ij4 #bg ,macmillan1 #aijf4 #bh ,p4 #ec4 #bi 8,social ,psy*ology10 p4 #fa4 #cj ,mr4 ,mc,dougall all[s 7p4 #fj7 t 9 ! case ( an unprovok$ bl[1 ! impulse1 ! ?w>t+ ( :i* provokes ang]1 is ! impulse ( self-ass]tion4 #ca ,= example1 on p4 #df1 8,h5ce language provides special names = su* modes ( affective exp]i5ce1 names su* z ang]1 fe>1 curiosity02 & on p4 #id1 9 connection ) ! sympa!tic induction ( emotion1 we h1 8,lat] /ill1 fe>1 curiosity1 &1 ,i ?9k1 ang] are communicat$ readily f "o *ild to ano!r02 & !re are o!r examples4 #cb ,p4 #ea4 #cc ,?is is all t c be said1 = ! passage seems incomplete2 aft] 8entwickelt ''' d] ,trieb die ,neigung10 comes only 8sie fhr5 zur ,gem?s- und ,h]z5sbildung2 und aus ihr geht 9 dem ,knab5 ,gei/es- und ,will5/htigkeit h]vor40 #cd ,= a full] acc\nt ( ^! 8,gifts10 see ,*ap4 ,,viii41 p4 #adh4 #ce ,9 ! well-kn[n translation by ,f4 & ,e4 ,"l3 8,y wond] :y a game at hide-&-seek ,br+s a glad flu% ( joy to baby's *eek8 ,! s5se ( 8 own p]sonality ,is caus+ all ?is joy t y c see ,:5 p call him1 say1 #8,:]e's ,baby be58' ,he feels t x is he1 himself1 !y mean40 #cf 8,social ,psy*ology10 p4 #hi4 #cg 8,! ,play ( ,man10 p4 #djj4 #ch 8,! ,play ( ,man10 p4 #chb4 #ci ,see p4 #aid4 #dj ,9 ano!r place ,froebel does say t1 8,only on condition t ! g5u9e _s ( play--i4e4 ! true _s ( life--lives 9 ! tea*]1 c he call x =? 9 ! *ild40 #da ,see ,app5dix ,,ii4 #db ,see pp4 #ic1 #id4 #dc ,see p4 #dc4 #dd ,froebel goes on to say3 8,i believe1 t aft] progress+ ?r\gh ! va/ orbit ( almo/ two g5]ations 7he 0 ne>ly fifty-n9e7 ,i h be5 c>ri$ r\nd to ! po9t ( comm5cem5t1 to ! f\nta9 head ( ! education ( mank9d1 b ) ! significant addition ( a full consci\sness ( my task40 #de ,! mat]ial c ( c\rse be us$ at any age provid$ x conveys suitable ideas 9 a suitable mann]4 ,"s ( x is ev5 n[ f\nd useful 9 help+ s5ior classes to realize problems 9 area & 9 volume4 #df ,_m ye>s ago1 a "y tea*] came to me = help4 ,%e _h be5 told to give h] class numb] lessons1 = a :ole t]m1 f ,gift ,,iii1 :i* consi/s ( eight little cubes1 & ! *ildr5 _h long s9ce grasp$ #d #d1 #f #b1 #e #c1 & #h - #d1 #h - #b1 etc4 ,i sugge/$ t %e %\ld leave ! numb] out & let ! *ildr5 play ) ! blocks4 8,oh6 ,i mayn't d t10 0 ! answ]1 8!y h build+ ) ,gift ,,iv40 #dg ,a really pa!tic /ory has be5 told me ( an e>ne/ tea*] 9 f> ,au/ralia1 ^: educational opportunities _h be5 v limit$1 b ^: desire = k 0 mo/ s9c]e4 ,%e _h be5 li/5+ )\t compreh5sion to "s glib us] ( phrases1 & 0 bewail+ h] ignorance to an enlight5$ tea*] :o knew !re _h be5 little ( real value1 & :o said ) a laugh 8,nev] m9d1 ,miss ----1 x is only a case ( #8,m9d & ,matt] glide swift into ! vortex ( imm5sity4'0 ,& ! li/5] said1 8,oh please1 w\ld y say t sl[ly1 & ,i'll write x d[n40 #dh ,^! objections 7 embodi$ 9 a pap] entitl$ 8,a ,criticism ( ,froebelian ,p$agogy10 :i* ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas read at a ,conf]5ce ( ! ,froebel ,society 9 ,janu>y #aija1 & :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,conf]5ce ,supplem5t = ,*ild ,life1 ,july #aija4 #di ,see p4 #bjj4 #ej ,few critics are likely to g s f> z ,mr4 ,w9*1 :o gave z a ,froebelian conception 8t ! true de/9y ( man is to be obta9$ by gratify+ e y\?ful impulse40 ,b1 ,mr4 ,w9* is p]haps n to be tak5 s]i\sly1 = 9 ! same pap] he took "o s5t5ce out ( a passage on ! importance ( cont9uity ext5d+ ov] f\r pages1 & says ( x1 8,?is j]ky discont9uity 767 has n ! slighte/ support 9 biological sci5ce1 & nev] _h40 7,see ,memor&um writt5 = ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas 9 8,problems ( ,education407 #ea ,de%alb soll5 ,erziehung1 ,unt]ri*t und ,lehre ursprngli* und 9 ihr5 er/5 ,grundzg5 no?w5dig leid5d1 na*geh5d 7nur beht5d s*tz5d71 ni*t vors*reib5d1 be/imm5d1 e+reif5d se94 #eb ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas said3 8,! educational task = u is n to f9d out h[ completely we c /& aside1 b h[ f> we c s influ5ce ! environm5t ( ! *ild1 z to cause ^? t5d5cies 9 x :i* we ?9k be/1 to become p]man5t40 #ec ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas said3 8,f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,d>w9ian recon/ruction ( ! moral sci5ces1 x 0 absurd1 :ile speak+ ( #8environm5t1' to ignore ! fact t ! delib]ate c>e & contrivance ( ! p>5t mu/ =m a l>ge "p ( ! environm5t ( ! *ild40 ,! passage quot$ %[s t ,froebel 0 guilty ( no su* absurdity4 #ed 8,is ,developm5t f ,)980 8,*ild ,life10 ,octob]1 #aijd1 & ,janu>y1 #aije4 #ee ,see p4 #aib4 #ef 8,second ,review ( ,plays3 ,a ,fragm5t10 b "p ( ?is has be5 omitt$ 9 ! ,engli% translation4 #eg ,^? :o desire a full & s*ol>ly acc\nt ( ,froebel's philosophy are ref]r$ to t giv5 by ,pr(essor ,angus ,mac,vannel1 ,ph4,d41 8,tea*]s' ,college ,record10 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #e4 ,! ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york4 #eh ,9 ,gottes ,welt1 eb5 weil es die ,welt ,gottes1 dur* ,gott ,geword5es i/1 spri*t si* e9 ,/etiges1 das heis/ ungetr5nt ,=tgeh5des d] ,entwickelung 9 ,allem und dur* ,alles aus4 #ei ,see ,app5dix1 p4 #baf4 #fj 8,das ,p$agogik des ,k9d]g>t5s10 p4 #cbi4 #fa ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 ! m]e fact t a p>ticle is mov+ ) a c]ta9 velocity 9 a c]ta9 direction1 is 9 itself a reason :y x %\ld cont9ue to move ) ! same velocity 9 ! same direction4''' ,n[1 9 s f> z cont9uance ( *ange 9 a c]ta9 direction is traceable to ! pre-exi/5ce ( *ange 9 t direction1 ?is :ole process may be reg>d$ z be+ 9 a p]fectly intelligible s5se1 self-det]m9+ 78,analytic ,psy*ology10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #adf74 #fb 8,analytic ,psy*ology10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #adg4 #fc 8,analytic ,psy*ology10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #afh4 #fd 8,analytic ,psy*ology10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aee4 #fe 8,analytic ,psy*ology10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aef4 #ff 8,analytic ,psy*ology10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aef4 #fg ,p4 #aia4 #fh ,& s to reg>d 8ea* successive mom5t ( ! _w-process z issu+ out ( ! prec$+ by purely imman5t casuality40 #fi 8,analytic ,psy*ology10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aef4 #gj 8,unity & ,froebel are synonym\s t]ms10 is "o 8h[l]0 f a /ud5t's exam9ation pap]4 #ga ,ed4 by ,developm5t1 p4 #bab4 #gb 8,! ,et]nal ,life10 p4 #ad4 #gc 8,das ,k9d]g>t5wes510 p4 #ccj4 ,,index ,a ,acquisition1 ,in/9ct (1 #if1 #aji ,activity1 ,spontane\s1 #acb ,diff]5tiation1 #ij ,e>lie/ ,activity1 #a1 #i1 #cd1 #abf ,consci\sness & ,self-,consci\sness1 ,developm5t (1 #dh1 #ha1 #hd1 #he ,nature ( ,fir/ ,volunt>y ,employm5ts1 #ace ,expression1 see t title ,f\ndation ( ,education1 #f1 #hd1 #adb1 #baj ,fundam5tal ,t5d5cy1 #dg1 #he1 #hh1 #ij ,mean+ (1 9 ,froebel's ,writ+s1 #bac et seq4 ,self-det]m9ation includ$ 9 connotation1 #bag ,univ]sal ,impulse1 #ij1 #abf ,adams1 ,pr(41 quot$1 #aij1 #baj ,amusem5t1 ,di/9ction f ,play1 #acd ,analysis ( ,m9d ,obs]vation & ,introspection1 #ab ,ord] ( ,inve/igation ( ,laws ( ,m5tal ,process1 #c1 #d ,s5se & ,und]/&+1 ,insep>ability1 #ag1 #bj ,tri-une ,"*1 #ac ,animal ,in/9cts1 #gb ,anticipations ( ,mod]n ,psy*ology1 #b et seq4--,summ>y1 #aj ,an?ropological ,aspect ( ,psy*ological ,inquiry1 #d1 #h1 #bjf ,approbation1 ,love (1 #aad1 #aae ,arrangem5t & ,comp>ison1 #aja1 #aff ,arti/ic ,t5d5cies ( ,*ildr51 #aje ,associationi/s1 ,fallacy (1 #ch 8,atomi/ic ,view10 #ch1 #ci ,attacks on ,froebel1 #b1 #aij-a ,b ,ba] ref]r$ to1 #bjf ,baldw91 ,pr(41 quot$1 #ej1 #eb ,ball-,play--,ideas to be ga9$1 etc41 #dj1 #aej1 #aea1 #aee1 #aef1 #aei ,bat*1 ,froebel's connection )1 #aii ,biological ,/udies1 ,influ5ce on ,froebel's ,views1 connection ) /ress laid on ,developm5t1 etc41 #ac1 #dj1 #fg1 #ach1 #aib1 #aii1 #baj ,bl[1 ,miss ,susan--,froebel's ,symbolism1 #agi1 #ahi ,bradley1 ,mr41 quot$1 #bac ,c ,cause1 ,e>ly ,notice (1 #afj ,*ange--,use 9 fix+ ,impressions1 #dc1 #aeb ,collect+ or ,acquir+ ,in/9ct1 #if1 #aji ,col\r1 ,s5se (1 #afe1 #aff ,community1 ,feel+ (1 ref] to ,social ,in/9ct ,comte ref]r$ to1 #bjf ,conation1 ref] to ,w ,connection or ,unification1 ,law (1 #bjd ,consci5ce1 ref]5ces to1 #aaf1 #aag ,consci\sness ,developm5t by ,action1 #dh --,movem5t /opp$ by ,some?+1 #di1 #eb ,e>lie/ ,consci\sness ,absolute ,beg9n+s--,beyond ! pale ( ,sci5ce1 #da ,indef9it5ess1 #ci1 #di1 #ia--,undiff]5tiat$1 unorganiz$ ,unity1 #ia1 #bja ,process ( ,diff]5tiation1 #dj1 #db1 #dg ,reason+ & ,con/ructive ,imag9ation1 #cf1 #ch ,unity (1 #bf ,see also title ,self-,consci\sness ,con/ruction1 ,in/9ct (1 #ij 8,s5se ( ,p[]10 i4e41 ,self-,consci\sness result+1 #aji1 #acc ,subs]v+ ,in/9ct ( ,inve/igation1 #ib1 #id ,cont9u\s ,developm5t1 see ,developm5t ,cooke1 ,mr4 ,eb5ez]1 quot$1 #ajb1 #aii1 #bjb ,c\nt+1 ,developm5t ( ,capacity =1 #aja1 #ajb ,criticisms ( ,froebel1 #b1 #aij 8,culture ,epo*s0 ,!ory1 #abi ,d ,d>w91 ref]5ces to1 #fg1 #bja ,developm5t--,froebel's ,!ory ( ,cont9u\s ,developm5t1 #aj1 #abh1 #adj1 #agh1 #agi1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bji ,biological ,/udies1 ,connection )1 #ac ,developm5t f )91 #acf1 #aib1 #aie1 #aif 8,h>moni\s ,developm5t10 #ad-af ,individual developm5t (1 foll[+ t ( ! ,race1 #bjf ,law (--,unlimit$ to ,limit$1 ,:ole to ,"p1 ,indef9ite to ,def9ite1 #dj1 #acj1 #aej1 #aea1 #aee1 #bja1 #bjb ,possibilities & ,conditions 9 place ( ,faculties1 #ah-bj ,reconciliation ( ,opposites1 ,result (1 #bjd ,self-direct$ ,process1 #bab note ,?ree ,/ages1 #ga ,developm5t ( ,species1 ,mod]nness ( ,froebel's ,view1 #bje ,dewey1 ,pr(4 ,exp]im5tal ,"w at ,*icago1 #abi ,summ>y ( ,froebel's ,educational ,pr9ciples1 #f ,discipl9e ,adju/+ ,claims ( ,fre$om & ,au?ority1 #aig ,direction ( ,impulse1 n ,opposition1 #bab note ,non-,int]f]5ce ,!ory1 #aij1 #aia1 #aib note1 #aic-e ,doll-,play1 #afg ,draw+ ,c\nt+ ,capacity1 ,means ( develop+1 #aja ,orig9 ( ,e>lie/ ,draw+1 #ajc ,process ( discov]+ 8,l9e> ,ph5om5a10 #ajc1 #aff ,duties z a means ( realiz+ ,k9%ip1 #fa1 #aad1 #aah ,e ,eb]s--,acc\nt ( ,life at ,keilhau1 #abc1 #adg1 #afh ,eby1 ,mr41 quot$1 #g1 #gi ,emotion1 see ,feel+ ,employm5t1 ,in/9ct (1 ref] to ,activity ,environm5t1 ,alleg$ ,neglect by ,froebel1 #aij1 #aif --,reply to ,critics1 #aig1 #aii1 #bjj-d1 #bjh1 #baj ,evolution--,froebel's ,po/-,d>w9ianism1 #aih1 #bje ,exp]im5t+--,mode ( ,inve/igation1 #ajb ,explor+ ,t5d5cy1 #id-e ,expression ,art z1 #aje ,feel+1 ,importance 9 ,developm5t (1 #eg-fb ,ne$ =1 #ej1 #ii1 #acc ,play1 ,def9ition (1 #abd1 #abe ,und]/&+1 ,means (1 #ib ,f ,faculty ,psy*ology1 ,criticism (1 #ac1 #ag et seq4 ,fairy ,tales1 #ajh1 #ahb ,family ,bonds1 #fa1 #aac ,fe>1 ,froebel's attitude t[>ds1 #gh & note ,feel+1 ,developm5t (1 etc41 #acj ,action1 ,importance (1 #eg-fb ,family ,bonds & ,s]vice = ! 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8,feel+ ( ,community10 #ia1 #aaj-ab ,e>ly ,tra9+ ess5tial1 #fc-d1 #aab ,games1 ,education 91 #aaa-ab1 #add1 #adf ,religi\s ,in/9cts1 ,f\ndation (1 #aae1 #aag ,spee*1 ref] to ,language ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 quot$1 #bjf ,sph]e & ,cube 7,gift ,,ii7--,mat]ial = ,comp>ison1 #da1 #aei1 #afa ,spontane\s ,activity1 see ,activity ,/ories1 ,int]e/ 91 #eg1 #ajg ,/\t1 ,pr(41 quot$1 #c1 #d1 #ab1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #dh1 #gc1 #ace1 #bac1 #bae1 #baf ,summ>y ( ,froebel's ,educational ,pr9ciples1 #f 8,surplus ,en]gy0 ,!ory1 #abc1 #add ,symbolism--,froebel's alleg$ excessive & f>-fet*$ ,symbolism1 #afi1 #agi-hb ,exagg]ation by disciples & translators1 #ahc-f1 #ahh ,in/ances--,practical application usually h>mless1 #ahf-g ,t ,tales1 ,crav+ =1 #eg1 #ajg ,?orndyke1 ,pr(41 quot$1 #ahj ,"t-,relations1 #aee ,toys1 ref] to titles ,gifts & ,play-,mat]ial ,tri-une ,nature ( ,man1 #aj1 #cb1 #cd1 #hi1 #aaf1 #abf ,u ,unfoldm5t1 ,doctr9e (1 see ,developm5t ,unification or ,connection1 ,law (1 #bjd-e ,unity & ,complexity1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aeh ,froebel's ye>n+ = ,unity1 #aii1 #bag ,w ,wallas1 ,mr4 ,graham--,criticisms ( ,froebel1 #aij1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii1 #bja1 #bjh ,w>d1 ,dr41 quot$1 #ag1 #bj1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #adi1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aeh ,welton1 ,pr(41 quot$1 #bab note ,w ,def9itions 7,froebel & ,/\t71 #bb ,developm5t ,action & ,feel+1 ,developm5t ?r\gh1 #ce ,b\nd up ) ,intellectual ,developm5t1 #bf1 #bg ,p>allel ,acc\nts 7,froebel & ,/\t71 #bg1 #bh ,self-,consci\sness involv+ true volition1 #cj ,w9*1 ,mr4--,criticism ( ,froebel1 #aib note1 #bjg ,wom5's ,"w 9 ,education--,intellig5t k ne$$ 9 addition to natural ,in/9ct1 #abj1 #baa ,"w ,condition ( be/ "w1 #abg1 #abh ,play1 ,relation to1 see title ,play ,religion & ,"w1 #aah1 #aai ,wundt1 ,pr(41 quot$1 #fh ,,george ,,philip ,,son1 ,,ltd41 ,,london