,,emile  ,by ,jean-,jacques ,r\sseau    
,translat$ by ,b>b>a ,foxley            
,au?or's ,preface  ,?is collection (    
scatt]$ ?\ghts & obs]vations has little 
ord] or cont9uity2 x 0 begun to give    
pleasure to a good "m :o ?9ks = h]self4 
,my fir/ idea 0 to write a tract a few  
pages long1 b ,i 0 c>ri$ away by my     
subject1 & be=e ,i knew :at ,i 0 do+ my 
tract _h become a k9d ( book1 too l>ge  
inde$ = ! matt] conta9$ 9 x1 b too small
 = ! subject ( :i* x treats4 ,= a long  
"t ,i hesitat$ :e!r to publi% x or n1 & 
,i h (t5 felt1 :5 at "w ^u x1 t x is "o 
?+ to publi% a few pamphlets & ano!r to 
write a book4 ,aft] va9 attempts to     
improve x1 ,i h decid$ t x is my duty to
 publi% x z x /&s4 ,i consid] t public  
att5tion requires to be direct$ to ?is  
subject1 & ev5 if my own ideas are      
mi/ak51 my "t w n h be5 wa/$ if ,i /ir  
up o!rs to =m "r ideas4 ,a solit>y :o   
ca/s 8 writ+s be=e ! public )\t any "o  
to adv]tise !m1 )\t any p>ty ready to   
def5d !m1 "o :o does n ev5 "k :at is    

?\ght & said ab\t ^? writ+s1 is at lea/ 
free f "o anxiety--if he is mi/ak51 no  
"o w take 8 errors = gospel4  ,i %all   
say v little ab\t ! value ( a good      
education1 nor %all ,i /op to prove t ! 
cu/om>y me?od ( education is bad2 ?is   
has be5 done aga9 & aga91 & ,i d n wi%  
to fill my book ) ?+s :i* ev]yone kn[s4 
,i w m]ely /ate t1 g z f> back z y w1 y 
w f9d a cont9ual outcry aga9/ ! e/abli%$
 me?od1 b no attempt to sugge/ a bett]4 
,! lit]ature & sci5ce ( our day t5d r to
 de/roy ?an to build up4 ,we f9d fault  
aft] ! mann] ( a ma/]2 to sugge/1 we mu/
 adopt ano!r /yle1 a /yle less 9        
accordance ) ! pride ( ! philosoph]4 ,9 
spite ( all ^? books1 ^: only aim1 s !y 
say1 is public utility1 ! mo/ useful (  
all arts1 ! art ( tra9+ m51 is /ill     
neglect$4 ,ev5 aft] ,locke's book 0     
writt5 ! subject rema9$ almo/ unt\*$1 & 
,i fe> t my book w leave x pretty mu* z 
x f\nd x4  ,we "k no?+ ( *ildhood2 & )  
our mi/ak5 notions ! fur!r we advance ! 
fur!r we g a/ray4 ,! wise/ writ]s devote

 !mselves to :at a man ought to "k1 )\t 
ask+ :at a *ild is capable ( le>n+4 ,!y 
are always look+ = ! man 9 ! *ild1 )\t  
consid]+ :at he is be=e he becomes a    
man4  ,x is to ?is /udy t ,i h *iefly   
devot$ myself1 s t if my me?od is       
fanciful & uns\nd1 my obs]vations may   
/ill be ( s]vice4 ,i may be greatly     
mi/ak5 z to :at ought to be done1 b ,i  
?9k ,i h cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! mat]ial :i* is
 to be work$ ^u4 ,beg9 ?us by mak+ a m  
c>eful /udy ( y\r s*ol>s1 = x is cle> t 
y "k no?+ ab\t !m2 yet if y read ?is    
book ) t end 9 view1 ,i ?9k y w f9d t x 
is n entirely useless4  ,) reg>d to :at 
w be call$ ! sy/ematic portion ( ! book1
 :i* is no?+ m ?an ! c\rse ( nature1 x  
is "h t ! read] w probably g wrong1 & no
 d\bt ,i %all be attack$ on ?is side1 & 
p]haps my critics may be "r4 ,y w tell  
me1 ,?is is n s mu* a treatise on       
education z ! visions ( a dream] ) reg>d
 to education4 ,:at c ,i d8 ,i h n      
writt5 ab\t o!r p's ideas ( education1 b
 ab\t my own4  ,my ?\ghts are n ^? (    

o!rs2 ?is reproa* has be5 br\ght aga9/  
me aga9 & aga94 ,b is x )9 my p[] to    
furni% myself ) o!r eyes1 or to adopt   
o!r ideas8 ,x is )9 my p[] to refuse to 
be w$d$ to my own op9ions & to refuse to
 ?9k myself wis] ?an o!rs4 ,i _c *ange  
my m9d2 ,i c di/ru/ myself4 ,?is is all 
,i c d1 & ?is ,i h done4 ,if ,i         
sometimes adopt a confid5t tone1 x is n 
to impress ! read]1 x is to make my     
mean+ pla9 to him4 ,:y %\ld ,i pr(ess to
 sugge/ z d\btful t :i* is n a matt] (  
d\bt to myself8 ,i say j :at ,i ?9k4    
,:5 ,i freely express my op9ion1 ,i h s 
little idea ( claim+ au?ority t ,i      
always give my reasons1 s t y may weigh 
& judge !m = y\rselves2 b ?\gh ,i w\ld n
 ob/9ately def5d my ideas1 ,i ?9k x my  
duty to put !m =w>d2 = ! pr9ciples )    
reg>d to :i* ,i diff] f o!r writ]s are n
 matt]s ( indiff]5ce2 we mu/ "k :e!r !y 
are true or false1 = on !m dep5ds !     
happ9ess or ! mis]y ( mank9d4 ,p are    
always tell+ me to make ,,practicable   
sugge/ions4 ,y might z well tell me to  

sugge/ :at p are do+ already1 or at lea/
 to sugge/ improvem5ts :i* may be       
incorporat$ ) ! wrong me?ods at pres5t 9
 use4 ,!re are matt]s ) reg>d to :i* su*
 a sugge/ion is f> m *im]ical ?an my    
own1 = 9 su* a connection ! good is     
corrupt$ & ! bad is none ! bett] = x4 ,i
 w\ld r foll[ exactly ! e/abli%$ me?od  
?an adopt a bett] me?od by halves4 ,!re 
w\ld be few] contradictions 9 ! man2 he 
_c aim at "o & ! same "t at two diff]5t 
objects4 ,fa!rs & mo!rs1 :at y desire t 
y c d4 ,may ,i c\nt on y\r goodwill8    
,!re are two ?+s to be consid]$ ) reg>d 
to any s*eme4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,is x    
good 9 itself ,9 ! second1 ,c x be      
easily put into practice8  ,) reg>d to !
 fir/ ( ^! x is en\gh t ! s*eme %\ld be 
intelligible & feasible 9 itself1 t :at 
is good 9 x %\ld be adapt$ to ! nature (
 ?+s1 9 ?is case1 = example1 t ! propos$
 me?od ( education %\ld be suitable to  
man & adapt$ to ! human he>t4  ,! second
 consid]ation dep5ds ^u c]ta9 giv5      
conditions 9 p>ticul> cases2 ^!         

conditions are accid5tal & !re=e        
v>iable2 !y may v>y indef9itely4 ,?us "o
 k9d ( education w\ld be possible 9     
,switz]l& & n 9 ,france2 ano!r w\ld be  
adapt$ to ! middle classes b n to !     
nobility4 ,! s*eme c be c>ri$ out1 ) m  
or less success1 accord+ to a multitude 
( circum/ances1 & its results c only be 
det]m9$ by its special application to "o
 c\ntry or ano!r1 to ?is class or t4 ,n[
 all ^! p>ticul> applications are n     
ess5tial to my subject1 & !y =m no "p ( 
my s*eme4 ,x is en\gh = me t1 :]ev] m5  
are born into ! _w1 my sugge/ions )     
reg>d to !m may be c>ri$ out1 & :5 y h  
made !m :at ,i w\ld h !m be1 y h done   
:at is be/ = !m & be/ = o!r p4 ,if ,i   
fail to fulfil ?is promise1 no d\bt ,i  
am to blame2 b if ,i fulfil my promise1 
x is y\r own fault if y ask any?+ m (   
me1 = ,i h promis$ y no?+ m4     ,,book 
,i  ,god makes all ?+s good2 man m$dles 
) !m & !y become evil4 ,he =ces "o soil 
to yield ! products ( ano!r1 "o tree to 
be> ano!r's fruit4 ,he confuses &       

conf\nds "t1 place1 & natural           
conditions4 ,he mutilates 8 dog1 8      
horse1 & 8 slave4  ,he de/roys & defaces
 all ?+s2 he loves all t is de=m$ &     
mon/r\s2 he w h no?+ z nature made x1 n 
ev5 man himself1 :o mu/ le>n 8 paces l a
 saddle-horse1 & be %ap$ to 8 ma/]'s    
ta/e l ! trees 9 8 g>d54 ,yet ?+s w\ld  
be worse )\t ?is education1 & mank9d _c 
be made by halves4 ,"u exi/+ conditions 
a man left to himself f bir? w\ld be m (
 a mon/] ?an ! re/4 ,prejudice1         
au?ority1 necessity1 example1 all !     
social conditions into :i* we are       
plung$1 w\ld /ifle nature 9 him & put   
no?+ 9 h] place4  ,%e w\ld be l a sapl+ 
*ance s[n 9 ! mid/ ( ! highway1 b5t hi!r
 & ?i!r & soon cru%$ by ! pass]s-by4    
,t5d]1 anxi\s "m1 ,footnote3 ,! e>lie/  
education is mo/ important & x und\bt$ly
 is woman's "w4 ,if ! au?or ( nature _h 
meant to assign x to m5 he w\ld h giv5  
!m milk to fe$ ! *ild4 ,address y\r     
treatises on education to ! wom51 = n   
only are !y able to wat* ov] x m closely

 ?an m51 n only is _! influ5ce always   
pr$om9ant 9 education1 its success      
conc]ns !m m ne>ly1 = mo/ wid[s are at !
 m]cy ( _! *ildr51 :o %[ !m v pla9ly    
:e!r _! education 0 good or bad4 ,!     
laws1 always m conc]n$ ab\t prop]ty ?an 
ab\t p1 s9ce _! object is n virtue b    
peace1 ! laws give too little au?ority  
to ! "m4 ,yet h] position is m c]ta9 ?an
 t ( ! fa!r1 h] duties are m try+2 ! "r 
ord]+ ( ! family dep5ds m ^u h]1 & %e is
 usually fond] ( h] *ildr54 ,!re are    
occasions :5 a son may be excus$ = lack 
( respect = 8 fa!r1 b if a *ild c\ld be 
s unnatural z to fail 9 respect = ! "m  
:o bore him & nurs$ him at h] brea/1 :o 
= s _m ye>s devot$ h]self to 8 c>e1 su* 
a mon/r\s wret* %\ld be smo!r$ at once z
 unwor?y to live4 ,y say mo!rs spoil _! 
*ildr51 & no d\bt t is wrong1 b x is    
worse to deprave !m z y d4  ,! "m wants 
h] *ild to be happy n[4 ,%e is "r1 & if 
h] me?od is wrong1 %e mu/ be taught a   
bett]4 ,ambition1 av>ice1 tyranny1 !    
mi/ak5 =esight ( fa!rs1 _! neglect1 _!  

h>%ness1 are a hundr$fold m h>mful to ! 
*ild ?an ! bl9d affection ( ! "m4       
,moreov]1 ,i mu/ expla9 :at ,i mean by a
 "m & t explanation foll[s4 ,i appeal to
 y4 ,y c remove ?is "y tree f ! highway 
& %ield x f ! cru%+ =ce ( social        
conv5tions4 ,t5d & wat] x ere x dies4   
,"o day its fruit w rew>d y\r c>e4 ,f ! 
outset raise a wall r\nd y\r *ild's s\l2
 ano!r may sket* ! plan1 y alone %\ld   
c>ry x into execution4  ,plants are     
fa%ion$ by cultivation1 man by          
education4 ,if a man 7 born tall &      
/rong1 8 size & /r5g? w\ld be ( no good 
to him till he _h le>nt to use !m2 !y   
w\ld ev5 h>m him by prev5t+ o!rs f com+ 
to 8 aid2 ,footnote3 ,l !m 9 ext]nals1 b
 )\t spee* & )\t ! ideas :i* are        
express$ by spee*1 he w\ld be unable to 
make 8 wants kn[n1 :ile !re w\ld be no?+
 9 8 appe>ance to sugge/ t he ne$$ _!   
help4 left to himself he w\ld die ( want
 be=e he knew 8 ne$s4 ,we lam5t !       
helplessness ( infancy2 we fail to      
p]ceive t ! race w\ld h p]i%$ _h n man  

begun by be+ a *ild4  ,we are born weak1
 we ne$ /r5g?2 helpless1 we ne$ aid2    
fooli%1 we ne$ reason4 ,all t we lack at
 bir?1 all t we ne$ :5 we come to man's 
e/ate1 is ! gift ( education4  ,?is     
education comes to u f nature1 f m51 or 
f ?+s4 ,! inn] gr[? ( our organs &      
faculties is ! education ( nature1 ! use
 we le>n to make ( ?is gr[? is !        
education ( m51 :at we ga9 by our       
exp]i5ce ( our surr\nd+s is ! education 
( ?+s4  ,?us we are ea* taught by ?ree  
ma/]s4 ,if _! tea*+ conflicts1 ! s*ol>  
is ill-educat$ & w nev] be at peace )   
himself2 if _! tea*+ agrees1 he goes    
/raight to 8 goal1 he lives at peace )  
himself1 he is well-educat$4  ,n[ ( ^!  
?ree factors 9 education nature is :olly
 beyond our control1 ?+s are only p>tly 
9 our p[]2 ! education ( m5 is ! only "o
 controll$ by u2 & ev5 "h our p[] is    
l>gely illusory1 = :o c hope to direct e
 ^w & de$ ( all ) :om ! *ild has to d4  
,view$ z an art1 ! success ( education  
is almo/ impossible1 s9ce ! ess5tial    

conditions ( success are beyond our     
control4 ,our ef=ts may br+ u )9 sight (
 ! goal1 b =tune mu/ fav\r u if we are  
to rea* x4  ,:at is ?is goal8 ,z we h j 
%[n1 x is ! goal ( nature4 ,s9ce all    
?ree modes ( education mu/ "w toge!r1 ! 
two t we c control mu/ foll[ ! lead ( t 
:i* is beyond our control4 ,p]haps ?is  
^w ,nature has too vague a mean+4 ,let u
 try to def9e x4  ,nature1 we are told1 
is m]ely habit4 ,:at does t mean8 ,are  
!re n habits =m$ "u compulsion1 habits  
:i* nev] /ifle nature8 ,su*1 = example1 
are ! habits ( plants tra9$             
horizontally4 ,! plant keeps its        
artificial %ape1 b ! sap has n *ang$ its
 c\rse1 & any new gr[? ! plant may make 
w be v]tical4 ,x is ! same ) a man's    
disposition2 :ile ! conditions rema9 !  
same1 habits1 ev5 ! lea/ natural ( !m1  
hold good2 b *ange ! conditions1 habits 
vani%1 nature reass]ts h]self4          
,education itself is b habit1 = are !re 
n p :o =get or lose _! education & o!rs 
:o keep x8  ,:5ce comes ?is diff]5ce8   

,if ! t]m nature is to be re/rict$ to   
habits con=mable to nature we ne$ say no
 m4  ,we are born s5sitive & f our bir? 
onw>ds we are affect$ 9 v>i\s ways by   
our environm5t4 ,z soon z we become     
consci\s ( our s5sations we t5d to seek 
or %un ! ?+s t cause !m1 at fir/ because
 !y are pleasant or unpleasant1 !n      
because !y suit u or n1 & at la/ because
 ( judgm5ts =m$ by means ( ! ideas (    
happ9ess & goodness :i* reason gives u4 
,^! t5d5cies ga9 /r5g? & p]man5ce ) !   
gr[? ( reason1 b h9d]$ by our habits !y 
are m or less w>p$ by our prejudices4   
,be=e ?is *ange !y are :at ,i call      
,nature )9 u4  ,ev]y?+ %\ld !re=e be    
br\ght into h>mony ) ^! natural         
t5d5cies1 & t might well be if our ?ree 
modes ( education m]ely diff]$ f "o     
ano!r2 b :at c be done :5 !y conflict1  
:5 in/ead ( tra9+ man = himself y try to
 tra9 him = o!rs8 ,h>mony becomes       
impossible4 ,=c$ to combat ei!r nature  
or society1 y mu/ make y\r *oice betwe5 
! man & ! citiz51 y _c tra9 bo?4  ,!    

small] social gr\p1 firmly unit$ 9      
itself & dwell+ ap>t f o!rs1 t5ds to    
)draw itself f ! l>g] society4 ,e       
patriot hates =eign]s2 !y are only m51 &
 no?+ to him4,footnote3 ,?us ! w>s (    
republics are m cruel ?an ^? ( mon>*ies4
 ,b if ! w>s ( k+s are less cruel1 _!   
peace is t]rible2 bett] be _! foe ?an _!
 subject4 ,?is defect is inevitable1 b (
 little importance4 ,! great ?+ is to be
 k9d to our neighb\rs4 ,among /rang]s ! 
,sp>tan 0 selfi%1 grasp+1 & unju/1 b    
unselfi%ness1 ju/ice1 & h>mony rul$ 8   
home life4 ,di/ru/ ^? cosmopolitans :o  
se>* out remote duties 9 _! books &     
neglect ^? t lie ne>e/4 ,su* philosoph]s
 w love ! ,t>t>s to avoid lov+ _!       
neighb\r4  ,! natural man lives =       
himself2 he is ! unit1 ! :ole1 dep5d5t  
only on himself & on 8 l4 ,! citiz5 is b
 ! num]ator ( a fraction1 ^: value      
dep5ds on its d5om9ator2 8 value dep5ds 
^u ! :ole1 t is1 on ! community4 ,good  
social in/itutions are ^? be/ fitt$ to  
make a man unnatural1 to ex*ange 8      

indep5d5ce = dep5d5ce1 to m]ge ! unit 9 
! gr\p1 s t he no long] reg>ds himself z
 "o1 b z a "p ( ! :ole1 & is only       
consci\s ( ! common life4 ,a citiz5 (   
,rome 0 nei!r ,caius nor ,lucius1 he 0 a
 ,roman2 he ev] lov$ 8 c\ntry bett] ?an 
8 life4 ,! captive ,regulus pr(ess$     
himself a ,c>?ag9ian2 z a =eign] he     
refus$ to take 8 seat 9 ! ,s5ate except 
at 8 ma/]'s bidd+4 ,he scorn$ ! attempt 
to save 8 life4 ,he _h 8 w1 & return$ 9 
triumph to a cruel dea?4 ,!re is no     
great lik5ess betwe5 ,regulus & ! m5 (  
our own day4  ,! ,sp>tan ,p$>etes       
pres5t$ himself = admission to ! c\ncil 
( ! ,?ree ,hundr$ & 0 reject$2 he w5t   
away rejoic+ t !re 7 ?ree hundr$        
,sp>tans bett] ?an himself4 ,i suppose  
he 0 9 e>ne/2 !re is no reason to d\bt  
x4 ,t 0 a citiz54  ,a ,sp>tan "m _h five
 sons ) ! army4 ,a ,helot arriv$2       
trembl+ %e ask$ 8 news4 ,y\r five sons  
are sla94 ,vile slave1 0 t :at ,i ask$  
!e8 ,we h won ! victory4 ,%e ha/5$ to ! 
temple to r5d] ?anks to ! gods4 ,t 0 a  

citiz54  ,he :o w\ld pres]ve ! supremacy
 ( natural feel+s 9 social life kn[s n  
:at he asks4 ,ev] at w> ) himself1      
hesitat+ betwe5 8 wi%es & 8 duties1 he w
 be nei!r a man nor a citiz54 ,he w be (
 no use to himself nor to o!rs4 ,he w be
 a man ( our day1 a ,fr5*man1 an        
,engli%man1 "o ( ! great middle class4  
,to be some?+1 to be himself1 & always  
at "o ) himself1 a man mu/ act z he     
speaks1 mu/ "k :at c\rse he ought to    
take1 & mu/ foll[ t c\rse ) vig\r &     
p]si/5ce4 ,:5 ,i meet ?is miracle x w be
 "t en\gh to decide :e!r he is a man or 
a citiz51 or h[ he contrives to be bo?4 
,two conflict+ types ( educational      
sy/ems spr+ f ^! conflict+ aims4 ,"o is 
public & common to _m1 ! o!r private &  
dome/ic4  ,if y wi% to "k :at is meant  
by public education1 read ,plato's      
,republic4 ,^? :o m]ely judge books by  
_! titles take ?is = a treatise on      
politics1 b x is ! f9e/ treatise on     
education ev] writt54  ,9 popul>        
e/imation ! ,platonic ,in/itute /&s =   

all t is fanciful & unreal4 ,= my own "p
 ,i %\ld h ?\ght ! sy/em ( ,lycurgus f> 
m impracticable _h he m]ely committ$ x  
to writ+4 ,plato only s\ght to purge    
man's he>t2 ,lycurgus turn$ x f its     
natural c\rse4  ,! public in/itute does 
n & _c exi/1 = !re is nei!r c\ntry nor  
patriot4 ,! v words %\ld be /ruck out ( 
our language4 ,! reason does n conc]n u 
at pres5t1 s t ?\gh ,i "k x ,i refra9 f 
/at+ x4  ,i d n consid] our ridicul\s   
colleges ,footnote3 ,!re are tea*]s de> 
to me 9 _m s*ools & especially 9 !      
,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 m5 = :om ,i h a     
great respect1 m5 :om ,i believe to be q
 capable ( in/ruct+ "y p1 if !y 7 n     
compell$ to foll[ ! e/abli%$ cu/om4 ,i  
exhort "o ( !m to publi% ! s*eme ( re=m 
:i* he has ?\ght out4 ,p]haps p w\ld at 
l5g? seek to cure ! evil if !y realis$ t
 !re 0 a rem$y4 z public in/itutes1 nor 
d ,i include "u ?is head a fa%ionable   
education1 = ?is education fac+ two ways
 at once a*ieves no?+4 ,x is only fit to
 turn out hypocrites1 always pr(ess+ to 

live = o!rs1 :ile ?9k+ ( !mselves alone4
 ,^! pr(essions1 h[ev]1 deceive no "o1 =
 e "o has 8 %>e 9 !m2 !y are s mu* lab\r
 wa/$4  ,our inn] conflicts are caus$ by
 ^! contradictions4 ,drawn ?is way by   
nature & t way by man1 compell$ to yield
 to bo? =ces1 we make a compromise &    
rea* nei!r goal4 ,we g ?r\gh life1      
/ruggl+ & hesitat+1 & die be=e we h f\nd
 peace1 useless alike to ourselves & to 
o!rs4  ,!re rema9s ! education ( ! home 
or ( nature2 b h[ w a man live ) o!rs if
 he is educat$ = himself alone8 ,if !   
tw(old aims c\ld be resolv$ into "o by  
remov+ ! man's self-contradictions1 "o  
great ob/acle to 8 happ9ess w\ld be     
gone4  ,to judge ( ?is y mu/ see ! man  
full-gr[n2 y mu/ h not$ 8 incl9ations1  
wat*$ 8 progress1 foll[$ 8 /eps2 9 a ^w 
y mu/ really "k a natural man4 ,:5 y h  
read ?is "w1 ,i ?9k y w h made "s       
progress 9 ?is inquiry4  ,:at mu/ be    
done to tra9 ?is exceptional man6 ,we c 
d mu*1 b ! *ief ?+ is to prev5t any?+   
be+ done4 ,to sail aga9/ ! w9d we m]ely 

foll[ "o tack & ano!r2 to keep our      
position 9 a /ormy sea we mu/ ca/ an*or4
 ,bew>e1 "y pilot1 le/ y\r boat slip its
 cable or drag its an*or be=e y "k x4   
,9 ! social ord] :]e ea* has 8 own place
 a man mu/ be educat$ = x4 ,if su* a "o 
leave 8 own /ation he is fit = no?+     
else4 ,8 education is only useful :5    
fate agrees ) 8 p>5ts' *oice2 if n1     
education h>ms ! s*ol>1 if only by !    
prejudices x has creat$4 ,9 ,egypt1 :]e 
! son 0 compell$ to adopt 8 fa!r's      
call+1 education _h at lea/ a settl$    
aim2 :]e social grades rema9 fix$1 b !  
m5 :o =m !m are con/antly *ang+1 no "o  
kn[s :e!r he is n h>m+ 8 son by educat+ 
him = 8 own class4  ,9 ! natural ord] m5
 are all equal & _! common call+ is t ( 
manhood1 s t a well-educat$ man _c fail 
to d well 9 t call+ & ^? relat$ to x4 ,x
 matt]s little to me :e!r my pupil is   
int5d$ = ! army1 ! *ur*1 or ! law4      
,be=e 8 p>5ts *ose a call+ = him nature 
call$ him to be a man4 ,life is ! trade 
,i w\ld tea* him4 ,:5 he leaves me1 ,i  

grant y1 he w be nei!r a magi/rate1 a   
soldi]1 nor a prie/2 he w be a man4 ,all
 t becomes a man he w le>n z quickly z  
ano!r4 ,9 va9 w fate *ange 8 /ation1 he 
w always be 9 8 "r place4 ,occupavi te1 
=tuna1 atque cepi2 omnes-que aditus tuos
 int]clusi1 ut ad me aspir>e non posses4
 ,! real object ( our /udy is man & 8   
environm5t4 ,to my m9d ^? ( u :o c be/  
endure ! good & evil ( life are ! be/   
educat$2 h5ce x foll[s t true education 
consi/s less 9 precept ?an 9 practice4  
,we beg9 to le>n :5 we beg9 to live2 our
 education beg9s ) ourselves1 our fir/  
tea*] is our nurse4 ,! anci5ts us$ ! ^w 
,education 9 a diff]5t s5se1 x meant    
,nurture4 ,educit ob/etrix1 says ,v>ro4 
,educat nutrix1 in/ituit pa$agogus1     
docet magi/]4 ,?us1 education1          
discipl9e1 & in/ruction are ?ree ?+s z  
diff]5t 9 _! purpose z ! dame1 ! u%]1 & 
! tea*]4 ,b ^! di/9ctions are           
undesirable & ! *ild %\ld only foll[ "o 
guide4  ,we mu/ !re=e look at ! g5]al r 
?an ! p>ticul>1 & consid] our s*ol> z   

man 9 ! ab/ract1 man expos$ to all !    
*anges & *ances ( mortal life4 ,if m5 7 
born atta*$ to ! soil ( our c\ntry1 if  
"o season la/$ all ! ye> r\nd1 if e     
man's =tune 7 s firmly grasp$ t he c\ld 
nev] lose x1 !n ! e/abli%$ me?od (      
education w\ld h c]ta9 advantages2 !    
*ild br\ght up to 8 own call+ w\ld nev] 
leave x1 he c\ld nev] h to face !       
difficulties ( any o!r condition4 ,b :5 
we consid] ! fleet+ nature ( human      
affairs1 ! re/less & uneasy _s ( our    
times1 :5 e g5]ation ov]turns ! "w ( its
 pr$ecessor1 c we conceive a m s5seless 
plan ?an to educate a *ild z if he w\ld 
nev] leave 8 room1 z if he w\ld always h
 8 s]vants ab\t him8 ,if ! wret*$       
creature takes a s+le /ep up or d[n he  
is lo/4 ,?is is n tea*+ him to be> pa92 
x is tra9+ him to feel x4  ,p ?9k only (
 pres]v+ _! *ild's life2 ?is is n en\gh1
 he mu/ be taught to pres]ve 8 own life 
:5 he is a man1 to be> ! buffets (      
=tune1 to brave weal? & pov]ty1 to live 
at ne$ among ! sn[s ( ,icel& or on !    

scor*+ rocks ( ,malta4 ,9 va9 y gu>d    
aga9/ dea?2 he mu/ ne$s die2 & ev5 if y 
d n kill him ) y\r precautions1 !y are  
mi/ak54 ,tea* him to live r ?an to avoid
 dea?3 life is n brea?1 b action1 ! use 
( our s5ses1 our m9d1 our faculties1 e  
"p ( ourselves :i* makes u consci\s (   
our be+4 ,life consi/s less 9 l5g? (    
days ?an 9 ! ke5 s5se ( liv+4 ,a man    
maybe buri$ at a hundr$ & may nev] h    
liv$ at all4 ,he w\ld h f>$ bett] _h he 
di$ "y4  ,our wisdom is slavi%          
prejudice1 our cu/oms consi/ 9 control1 
con/ra9t1 compulsion4 ,civilis$ man is  
born & dies a slave4 ,! infant is b\nd  
up 9 swaddl+ clo!s1 ! corpse is nail$   
d[n 9 8 c(f94 ,all 8 life long man is   
imprison$ by our in/itutions4  ,i am    
told t _m midwives pr(ess to improve !  
%ape ( ! infant's head by rubb+1 & !y   
are all[$ to d x4 ,our heads are n good 
en\gh z ,god made !m1 !y mu/ be m\ld$   
outside by ! nurse & inside by !        
philosoph]4 ,! ,c>ibs are bett] (f ?an  
we are4 ,! *ild has h>dly left ! "m's   

womb1 x has h>dly begun to move & /ret* 
its limbs1 :5 x is depriv$ ( its fre$om4
 ,x is wrapp$ 9 swaddl+ b&s1 laid d[n ) 
its head fix$1 its legs /ret*$ out1 &   
its arms by its sides2 x is w\nd r\nd ) 
l95 & b&ages ( all sorts s t x _c move4 
,x is =tunate if x has room to brea!1 & 
x is laid on its side s t wat] :i* %\ld 
fl[ f its m\? c escape1 = x is n free to
 turn its head on "o side = ?is purpose4
  ,! new-born *ild requires to /ir &    
/ret* 8 limbs to free !m f ! /iffness   
result+ f be+ curl$ up s long4 ,8 limbs 
are /ret*$ inde$1 b he is n all[$ to    
move !m4 ,ev5 ! head is conf9$ by a cap4
 ,"o w\ld ?9k !y 7 afraid ! *ild %\ld   
look z if x 7 alive4  ,?us ! int]nal    
impulses :i* %\ld lead to gr[? f9d an   
insurm\ntable ob/acle 9 ! way ( !       
necess>y movem5ts4 ,! *ild exhau/s 8    
/r5g? 9 va9 /ruggles1 or he ga9s /r5g? v
 sl[ly4 ,he 0 fre] & less con/ra9$ 9 !  
womb2 he has ga9$ no?+ by bir?4  ,!     
inaction1 ! con/ra9t to :i* ! *ild's    
limbs are subject$ c only *eck !        

circulation ( ! blood & hum\rs2 x c only
 h9d] ! *ild's gr[? 9 size & /r5g?1 &   
injure its con/itution4 ,:]e ^! absurd  
precautions are abs5t1 all ! m5 are     
tall1 /rong1 & well-made4 ,:]e *ildr5   
are swaddl$1 ! c\ntry sw>ms ) !         
hump-back$1 ! lame1 ! b[-legg$1 !       
rickety1 & e k9d ( de=mity4 ,9 our fe>  
le/ ! body %\ld become de=m$ by free    
movem5t1 we ha/5 to de=m x by putt+ x 9 
a press4 ,we make our *ildr5 helpless   
le/ !y %\ld hurt !mselves4  ,is n su* a 
cruel bondage c]ta9 to affect bo? heal? 
& temp]8 ,_! fir/ feel+ is "o ( pa9 &   
suff]+2 !y f9d e necess>y movem5t       
hamp]$2 m mis]able ?an a galley slave1 9
 va9 !y /ruggle1 !y become angry1 !y    
cry4 ,_! fir/ words y say are te>s4 ,t  
is s4 ,f bir? y are always *eck+ !m1 y\r
 fir/ gifts are fett]s1 y\r fir/        
treatm5t1 torture4 ,_! voice alone is   
free2 :y %\ld !y n raise x 9 compla9t8  
,!y cry because y are hurt+ !m2 if y 7  
swaddl$ y w\ld cry l\d] /ill4  ,:at is !
 orig9 ( ?is s5seless & unnatural cu/om8

 ,s9ce mo!rs h despis$ _! fir/ duty &   
refus$ to nurse _! own *ildr51 !y h _h  
to be entru/$ to hir$ nurses4 ,f9d+     
!mselves ! mo!rs ( a /rang]'s *ildr51   
)\t ! ties ( nature1 !y h m]ely tri$ to 
save !mselves tr\ble4 ,a *ild unswaddl$ 
w\ld ne$ con/ant wat*+2 well swaddl$ x  
is ca/ into a corn] & its cries are     
unhe$$4 ,s long z ! nurse's neglig5ce   
escapes notice1 s long z ! nursl+ does n
 break its arms or legs1 :at matt] if x 
dies or becomes a weakl+ = life4 ,its   
limbs are kept safe at ! exp5se ( its   
body1 & if any?+ goes wrong x is n !    
nurse's fault4  ,^! g5tle mo!rs1 hav+   
got rid ( _! babies1 devote !mselves    
gaily to ! pleasures ( ! t[n4 ,d !y "k  
h[ _! *ildr5 are be+ treat$ 9 !         
villages8 ,if ! nurse is at all busy1 ! 
*ild is hung up on a nail l a bundle (  
clo!s & is left crucifi$ :ile ! nurse   
goes leisurely ab\t h] bus9ess4 ,*ildr5 
h be5 f\nd 9 ?is position purple 9 !    
face1 _! tightly b&ag$ *e/ =bade !      
circulation ( ! blood1 & x w5t to !     

head2 s ! suff]] 0 consid]$ v quiet     
because he _h n /r5g? to cry4 ,h[ long a
 *ild might survive "u su* conditions ,i
 d n "k1 b x c\ld n be long4 ,t1 ,i     
fancy1 is "o ( ! *ief advantages (      
swaddl+ clo!s4  ,x is ma9ta9$ t         
unswaddl$ infants w\ld assume faulty    
positions & make movem5ts :i* might     
injure ! prop] developm5t ( _! limbs4 ,t
 is "o ( ! empty argum5ts ( our false   
wisdom :i* has nev] be5 confirm$ by     
exp]i5ce4 ,out ( all ! cr[ds ( *ildr5 :o
 gr[ up ) ! full use ( _! limbs among   
nations wis] ?an ourselves1 y nev] f9d  
"o :o hurts himself or maims himself2 _!
 movem5ts are too feeble to be dang]\s1 
& :5 !y assume an injuri\s position1 pa9
 w>ns !m to *ange x4  ,we h n yet decid$
 to swaddle our kitt5s & puppies2 are !y
 any ! worse = ?is neglect8 ,*ildr5 are 
heavi]1 ,i admit1 b !y are also weak]4  
,!y c sc>cely move1 h[ c\ld !y hurt     
!mselves6 ,if y lay !m on _! backs1 !y w
 lie !re till !y die1 l ! turtle1 unable
 to turn itself ov]4 ,n cont5t ) hav+   

ceas$ to suckle _! *ildr51 wom5 no long]
 wi% to d x2 ) ! natural result mo!rhood
 becomes a burd52 means are f\nd to     
avoid x4 ,!y w de/roy _! "w to beg9 x   
ov] aga91 & !y ?us turn to ! injury ( ! 
race ! *>m :i* 0 giv5 !m = its increase4
 ,?is practice1 ) o!r causes (          
depopulation1 =bodes ! com+ fate (      
,europe4 ,h] arts & sci5ces1 h]         
philosophy & morals1 w %ortly r$uce h]  
to a des]t4 ,%e w be ! home ( wild      
bea/s1 & h] inhabitants w h>dly h *ang$ 
= ! worse4  ,i h sometimes wat*$ !      
tricks ( "y wives :o pret5d t !y wi% to 
nurse _! own *ildr54 ,!y take c>e to be 
dissuad$ f ?is :im4 ,!y contrive t      
husb&s1 doctors1 & especially mo!rs %\ld
 int]v5e4 ,if a husb& %\ld let 8 wife   
nurse h] own baby x w\ld be ! ru9 ( him2
 !y w\ld make him out a murd]] :o want$ 
to be rid ( h]4 ,a prud5t husb& mu/     
sacrifice pat]nal affection to dome/ic  
peace4 ,=tunately = y !re are wom5 9 !  
c\ntry di/ricts m cont95t ?an y\r wives4
 ,y are /ill m =tunate if ! "t ?us ga9$ 

is n int5d$ = ano!r ?an y\rself4  ,!re c
 be no d\bt ab\t a wife's duty1 b1      
consid]+ ! contempt 9 :i* x is held1 x  
is d\btful :e!r x is n j z good = ! *ild
 to be suckl$ by a /rang]4 ,?is is a "q 
= ! doctors to settle1 & 9 my op9ion !y 
h settl$ x accord+ to ! wom5's wi%es1   
,footnote3 ,! league betwe5 ! wom5 & !  
doctors has always /ruck me z "o ( !    
odde/ ?+s 9 ,p>is4 ,! doctors'          
reputation dep5ds on ! wom51 & by means 
( ! doctors ! wom5 get _! own way4 ,x is
 easy to see :at qualifications a doctor
 requires 9 ,p>is if he is to become    
celebrat$4 & = my own "p ,i ?9k x is    
bett] t ! *ild %\ld suck ! brea/ ( a    
heal?y nurse r ?an ( a pett$ "m1 if he  
has any fur!r evil to fe> f h] :o has   
giv5 him bir?4  ,ought ! "q1 h[ev]1 to  
be consid]$ only f ! physiological po9t 
( view8 ,does n ! *ild ne$ a "m's c>e z 
mu* z h] milk8 ,o!r wom51 or ev5 o!r    
animals1 may give him ! milk %e d5ies   
him1 b !re is no sub/itute = a "m's     
love4  ,! woman :o nurses ano!r's *ild 9

 place ( h] own is a bad "m2 h[ c %e be 
a good nurse8 ,%e may become "o 9 "t2   
use w ov]come nature1 b ! *ild may p]i% 
a hundr$ times be=e 8 nurse has develop$
 a "m's affection = him4  ,& ?is        
affection :5 develop$ has its drawbacks1
 :i* %\ld make any feel+ woman afraid to
 put h] *ild out to nurse4 ,is %e prep>$
 to divide h] "m's rights1 or r to      
abdicate !m 9 fav\r ( a /rang]2 to see  
h] *ild lov+ ano!r m ?an h]self2 to feel
 t ! affection he reta9s = 8 own "m is a
 fav\r1 :ile 8 love = 8 fo/]-"m is a    
duty2 = is n "s affection due :]e !re   
has be5 a "m's c>e8  ,to remove ?is     
difficulty1 *ildr5 are taught to look   
d[n on _! nurses1 to treat !m z m]e     
s]vants4 ,:5 _! task is complet$ ! *ild 
is )drawn or ! nurse is dismiss$4 ,h]   
visits to h] fo/]-*ild are disc\rag$ by 
a cold reception4 ,aft] a few ye>s !    
*ild nev] sees h] aga94 ,! "m expects to
 take h] place1 & to repair by h]       
cruelty ! results ( h] own neglect4  ,b 
%e is greatly mi/ak52 %e is mak+ an     

ungrateful fo/]-*ild1 n an affectionate 
son2 %e is tea*+ him +ratitude1 & %e is 
prep>+ him to despise at a lat] day ! "m
 :o bore him1 z he n[ despises 8 nurse4 
,h[ emphatically w\ld ,i speak if x 7 n 
s hopeless to keep /ruggl+ 9 va9 on     
behalf ( a real re=m4 ,m dep5ds on ?is  
?an y realise4 ,w\ld y re/ore all m5 to 
_! primal duties1 beg9 ) ! mo!rs2 !     
results w surprise y4 ,e evil foll[s 9 !
 tra9 ( ?is fir/ s92 ! :ole moral ord]  
is di/urb$1 nature is qu5*$ 9 e brea/1 !
 home becomes gloomy1 ! spectacle ( a "y
 family no long] /irs ! husb&'s love & !
 /rang]'s rev]5ce4 ,! "m ^: *ildr5 are  
out ( sight w9s scanty e/eem2 !re is no 
home life1 ! ties ( nature are n /r5g!n$
 by ^? ( habit2 fa!rs1 mo!rs1 *ildr51   
bro!rs1 & si/]s cease to exi/4 ,!y are  
almo/ /rang]s2 h[ %\ld !y love "o ano!r8
 ,ea* ?9ks ( himself fir/4 ,:5 ! home is
 a gloomy solitude pleasure w be s\ght  
else:]e4  ,b :5 mo!rs deign to nurse _! 
own *ildr51 !n w be a re=m 9 morals2    
natural feel+ w revive 9 e he>t2 !re w  

be no lack ( citiz5s = ! /ate2 ?is fir/ 
/ep by itself w re/ore mutual affection4
 ,! *>ms ( home are ! be/ antidote to   
vice4 ,! noisy play ( *ildr51 :i* we    
?\ght s try+1 becomes a delight2 "m &   
fa!r rely m on ea* o!r & gr[ de>] to "o 
ano!r2 ! m>riage tie is /r5g!n$4 ,9 !   
*e]ful home life ! "m f9ds h] sweete/   
duties & ! fa!r 8 pleasante/ recreation4
 ,?us ! cure ( ?is "o evil w\ld "w a    
wide-spread re=mation2 nature w\ld rega9
 h] rights4 ,:5 wom5 become good mo!rs1 
m5 w be good husb&s & fa!rs4  ,my words 
are va96 ,:5 we are sick ( worldly      
pleasures we d n return to ! pleasures (
 ! home4 ,wom5 h ceas$ to be mo!rs1 !y d
 n & w n return to _! duty4 ,c\ld !y d x
 if !y w\ld8 ,! contr>y cu/om is firmly 
e/abli%$2 ea* w\ld h to ov]come !       
opposition ( h] neighb\rs1 leagu$ toge!r
 aga9/ ! example :i* "s h nev] giv5 &   
o!rs d n desire to foll[4  ,yet !re are 
/ill a few "y wom5 ( good natural       
disposition :o refuse to be ! slaves (  
fa%ion & rebel aga9/ ! clam\r ( o!r     

wom51 :o fulfil ! sweet task impos$ on  
!m by nature4  ,w\ld t ! rew>d 9 /ore = 
!m might draw o!rs to foll[ _! example4 
,my conclusion is bas$ ^u pla9 reason1 &
 ^u facts ,i h nev] se5 disput$2 & ,i   
v5ture to promise ^! wor?y mo!rs ! firm 
& /eadfa/ affection ( _! husb&s & !     
truly filial love ( _! *ildr5 & !       
respect ( all ! _w4 ,*ild-bir? w be easy
 & w leave no ill-results1 _! heal? w be
 /rong & vigor\s1 & !y w see _! daught]s
 foll[ _! example1 & f9d t example quot$
 z a patt]n to o!rs4  ,no "m1 no *ild2  
_! duties are reciprocal1 & :5 ill done 
by ! "o !y w be neglect$ by ! o!r4 ,!   
*ild %\ld love 8 "m be=e he kn[s :at he 
owes h]4 ,if ! voice ( in/9ct is n      
/r5g!n$ by habit x soon dies1 ! he>t is 
/ill-born4 ,f ! outset we h /ray$ f !   
pa? ( nature4  ,!re is ano!r by-way :i* 
may tempt our feet f ! pa? ( nature4 ,! 
"m may lavi% excessive c>e on h] *ild   
in/ead ( neglect+ him2 %e may make an   
idol ( him2 %e may develop & increase 8 
weakness to prev5t him feel+ x2 %e w>ds 

(f e pa9ful exp]i5ce 9 ! hope ( )draw+  
him f ! p[] ( nature1 & fails to realise
 t = e trifl+ ill f :i* %e pres]ves him 
! future holds 9 /ore _m accid5ts &     
dang]s1 & t x is a cruel k9dness to     
prolong ! *ild's weakness :5 ! gr[n man 
mu/ be> fatigue4  ,!tis1 s ! /ory goes1 
plung$ h] son 9 ! wat]s ( ,/yx to make  
him invuln]able4 ,! tru? ( ?is allegory 
is app>5t4 ,! cruel mo!rs ,i speak ( d  
o!rwise2 !y plunge _! *ildr5 into       
s(tness1 & !y are prep>+ suff]+ = !m1 !y
 op5 ! way to e k9d ( ill1 :i* _! *ildr5
 w n fail to exp]i5ce aft] !y gr[ up4   
,fix y\r eyes on nature1 foll[ ! pa?    
trac$ by h]4 ,%e keeps *ildr5 at "w1 %e 
h>d5s !m by all k9ds ( difficulties1 %e 
soon tea*es !m ! mean+ ( pa9 & grief4   
,!y cut _! tee? & are fev]i%1 %>p colics
 br+ on convulsions1 !y are *ok$ by fits
 ( c\gh+ & torm5t$ by worms1 evil hum\rs
 corrupt ! blood1 g]ms ( v>i\s k9ds     
f]m5t 9 x1 caus+ dang]\s eruptions4     
,sickness & dang] play ! *ief "p 9      
infancy4 ,"o half ( ! *ildr5 :o are born

 die be=e _! eigh? ye>4 ,! *ild :o has  
ov]come h>d%ips has ga9$ /r5g?1 & z soon
 z he c use 8 life he holds x m         
securely4  ,?is is nature's law2 :y     
contradict x8 ,d y n see t 9 y\r ef=ts  
to improve ^u h] h&iwork y are de/roy+  
x2 h] c>es are wa/$8 ,to d f )\t :at %e 
does )9 is accord+ to y to increase !   
dang] tw(old4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! way 
to av]t x2 exp]i5ce %[s t *ildr5        
delicately nurtur$ are m likely to die4 
,provid$ we d n ov]do x1 !re is less    
risk 9 us+ _! /r5g? ?an 9 sp>+ x4       
,accu/om !m !re=e to ! h>d%ips !y w h to
 face2 tra9 !m to endure extremes (     
temp]ature1 climate1 & condition1 hung]1
 ?ir/1 & we>9ess4 ,dip !m 9 ! wat]s (   
,/yx4 ,be=e bodily habits become fix$ y 
may tea* :at habits y w )\t any risk1 b 
once habits are e/abli%$ any *ange is   
fraught ) p]il4 ,a *ild w be> *anges :i*
 a man _c be>1 ! muscles ( ! "o are s(t 
& flexible1 !y take :atev] direction y  
give !m )\t any ef=t2 ! muscles ( ! gr[n
 man are h>d] & !y only *ange _!        

accu/om$ mode ( action :5 subject$ to   
viol5ce4 ,s we c make a *ild /rong )\t  
risk+ 8 life or heal?1 & ev5 if !re 7 "s
 risk1 x %\ld n be tak5 into            
consid]ation4 ,s9ce human life is full (
 dang]s1 c we d bett] ?an face !m at a  
"t :5 !y c d ! lea/ h>m8  ,a *ild's wor?
 increases ) 8 ye>s4 ,to 8 p]sonal value
 mu/ be add$ ! co/ ( ! c>e be/[$ ^u him4
 ,= himself !re is n only loss ( life1 b
 ! consci\sness ( dea?4 ,we mu/ !re=e   
?9k mo/ ( 8 future 9 our ef=ts = 8      
pres]vation4 ,he mu/ be protect$ aga9/ !
 ills ( y\? be=e he rea*es !m3 = if !   
value ( life increases until ! *ild     
rea*es an age :5 he c be useful1 :at    
madness to sp>e "s suff]+ 9 infancy only
 to multiply 8 pa9 :5 he rea*es ! age ( 
reason4 ,is t :at our ma/] tea*es u8    
,man is born to suff]2 pa9 is ! means ( 
8 pres]vation4 ,8 *ildhood is happy1    
kn[+ only pa9 ( body4 ,^! bodily suff]+s
 are mu* less cruel1 mu* less pa9ful1   
?an o!r =ms ( suff]+1 & !y r>ely lead to
 self-de/ruction4 ,x is n ! tw+es ( g\t 

:i* make a man kill himself1 x is m5tal 
suff]+ t leads to despair4 ,we pity !   
suff]+s ( *ildhood2 we %\ld pity        
ourselves2 our wor/ sorr[s are ( our own
 mak+4  ,! new-born infant cries1 8 e>ly
 days are sp5t 9 cry+4 ,he is alt]nately
 pett$ & %ak5 by way ( soo?+ him2       
sometimes he is ?reat5$1 sometimes      
beat51 to keep him quiet4 ,we d :at he  
wants or we make him d :at we want1 we  
submit to 8 :ims or subject him to our  
own4 ,!re is no middle c\rse2 he mu/    
rule or obey4 ,?us 8 e>lie/ ideas are ^?
 ( ! tyrant or ! slave4 ,he comm&s be=e 
he c speak1 he obeys be=e he c act1 &   
sometimes he is puni%$ = faults be=e he 
is aw>e ( !m1 or r be=e !y are committ$4
 ,?us e>ly are ! se$s ( evil passions   
s[n 9 8 "y he>t4 ,at a lat] day ^! are  
attribut$ to nature1 & :5 we h tak5 pa9s
 to make him bad we lam5t 8 badness4  ,9
 ?is way ! *ild passes six or sev5 ye>s 
9 ! h&s ( wom51 ! victim ( 8 own        
caprices or !irs1 & aft] !y h taught him
 all sorts ( ?+s1 :5 !y h burd5$ 8      

memory ) words he _c und]/&1 or ?+s :i* 
are ( no use to him1 :5 nature has be5  
/ifl$ by ! passions !y h implant$ 9 him1
 ?is %am article is s5t to a tutor4 ,!  
tutor completes ! developm5t ( ! g]ms ( 
artificiality :i* he f9ds already well  
gr[n1 he tea*es him ev]y?+ except self-k
 & self-control1 ! arts ( life &        
happ9ess4 ,:5 at l5g? ?is infant slave &
 tyrant1 cramm$ ) k b empty ( s5se1     
feeble alike 9 m9d & body1 is flung ^u !
 _w1 & 8 helplessness1 8 pride1 & 8 o!r 
vices are display$1 we beg9 to lam5t !  
wret*$ness & p]v]sity ( mank9d4 ,we are 
wrong2 ?is is ! creature ( our fantasy2 
! natural man is ca/ 9 ano!r m\ld4      
,w\ld y keep him z nature made him8     
,wat* ov] him f 8 bir?4 ,take possession
 ( him z soon z he comes into ! _w &    
keep him till he is a man2 y w nev]     
succe$ o!rwise4 ,! real nurse is ! "m & 
! real tea*] is ! fa!r4 ,let !m agree 9 
! ord]+ ( _! duties z well z 9 _! me?od1
 let ! *ild pass f "o to ! o!r4 ,he w be
 bett] educat$ by a s5sible ?\gh        

ignorant fa!r ?an by ! clev]e/ ma/] 9 ! 
_w4 ,= zeal w atone = lack ( k1 r ?an k 
= lack ( zeal4 ,b ! duties ( public &   
private bus9ess6 ,duty inde$6 ,does a   
fa!r's duty come la/4 ,footnote3 ,:5 we 
read 9 ,plut>* t ,cato ! ,c5sor1 :o rul$
 ,rome ) su* glory1 br\ght up 8 own sons
 f ! cradle1 & s c>efully t he left     
ev]y?+ to be pres5t :5 _! nurse1 t is to
 say _! "m1 ba!d !m2 :5 we read 9       
,suetonius t ,augu/us1 ! ma/] ( ! _w :i*
 he _h conqu]$ & :i* he himself gov]n$1 
himself taught 8 gr&sons to write1 to   
swim1 to und]/& ! beg9n+s ( sci5ce1 & t 
he always _h !m ) him1 we _c help smil+ 
at ! little p ( ^? days :o amus$        
!mselves ) su* follies1 & :o 7 too      
ignorant1 no d\bt1 to att5d to ! great  
affairs ( ! great p ( our own "t4 ,x is 
n surpris+ t ! man ^: wife despises !   
duty ( suckl+ h] *ild %\ld despise its  
education4 ,!re is no m *>m+ picture ?an
 t ( family life2 b :5 "o feature is    
want+ ! :ole is m>r$4 ,if ! "m is too   
delicate to nurse h] *ild1 ! fa!r w be  

too busy to tea* him4 ,_! *ildr51       
scatt]$ ab\t 9 s*ools1 conv5ts1 &       
colleges1 w f9d ! home ( _! affections  
else:]e1 or r !y w =m ! habit ( c>+ =   
no?+4  ,bro!rs & si/]s w sc>cely "k ea* 
o!r2 :5 !y are toge!r 9 company !y w    
behave z /rang]s4 ,:5 !re is no         
confid5ce betwe5 relations1 :5 ! family 
society ceases to give sav\r to life1   
its place is soon usurp$ by vice4 ,is   
!re any man s /upid t he _c see h[ all  
?is hangs toge!r8  ,a fa!r has done b a 
?ird ( 8 task :5 he begets *ildr5 &     
provides a liv+ = !m4 ,he owes m5 to    
humanity1 citiz5s to ! /ate4 ,a man :o c
 pay ?is ?reefold debt & neglect to d s 
is guilty1 m guilty1 p]haps1 if he pays 
x 9 "p ?an :5 he neglects x entirely4   
,he has no "r to be a fa!r if he _c     
fulfil a fa!r's duties4 ,pov]ty1        
pressure ( bus9ess1 mi/ak5 social       
prejudices1 none ( ^! c excuse a man f 8
 duty1 :i* is to support & educate 8 own
 *ildr54 ,if a man ( any natural feel+  
neglects ^! sacr$ duties he w rep5t x ) 

bitt] te>s & w nev] be com=t$4  ,b :at  
does ?is ri* man d1 ?is fa!r ( a family1
 compell$1 s he says1 to neglect 8      
*ildr58 ,he pays ano!r man to p]=m ^?   
duties :i* are 8 alone4 ,m]c5>y man6 d y
 expect to pur*ase a second fa!r = y\r  
*ild8 ,d n deceive y\rself2 x is n ev5 a
 ma/] y h hir$ = him1 x is a flunkey1 :o
 w soon tra9 su* ano!r z himself4  ,!re 
is mu* discussion z to ! *>act]i/ics ( a
 good tutor4  ,my fir/ requirem5t1 & x  
implies a good _m m1 is t he %\ld n take
 up 8 task = rew>d4 ,!re are call+s s   
great t !y _c be und]tak5 = money )\t   
%[+ our unfitness = !m2 su* call+s are  
^? ( ! soldi] & ! tea*]4  ,b :o mu/ tra9
 my *ild8 ,i h j told y1 y %\ld d x     
y\rself4 ,i _c4 ,y _c6 ,!n f9d a fri5d4 
,i see no o!r c\rse4  ,a tutor6 ,:at a  
noble s\l6 ,inde$ = ! tra9+ ( a man "o  
mu/ ei!r be a fa!r or m ?an man4 ,x is  
?is duty y w\ld calmly h& ov] to a      
hirel+6  ,! m y ?9k ( x ! h>d] y w f9d  
x4 ,! tutor mu/ h be5 tra9$ = 8 pupil1 8
 s]vants mu/ h be5 tra9$ = _! ma/]1 s t 

all :o come ne> him may h receiv$ !     
impression :i* is to be transmitt$ to   
him4 ,we mu/ pass f education to        
education1 ,i "k n h[ f>4 ,h[ c a *ild  
be well educat$ by "o :o has n be5 well 
educat$ himself6  ,c su* a "o be f\nd8  
,i "k n4 ,9 ?is age ( degradation :o    
kn[s ! height ( virtue to :i* man's s\l 
may atta98 ,b let u assume t ?is prodigy
 has be5 discov]$4 ,we %all le>n :at he 
%\ld be f ! consid]ation ( 8 duties4 ,i 
fancy ! fa!r :o realises ! value ( a    
good tutor w contrive to d )\t "o1 = x w
 be h>d] to f9d "o ?an to become su* a  
tutor himself2 he ne$ se>* no fur!r1    
nature h]self hav+ done half ! "w4  ,"s 
"o ^: rank alone is kn[n to me sugge/$ t
 ,i %\ld educate 8 son4 ,he did me a    
great hon\r1 no d\bt1 b f> f regrett+ my
 refusal1 he ought to congratulate      
himself on my prud5ce4 ,_h ! (f] be5    
accept$1 & _h ,i be5 mi/ak5 9 my me?od1 
!re w\ld h be5 an education ru9$2 _h ,i 
succe$$1 ?+s w\ld h be5 worse--8 son    
w\ld h r5\nc$ 8 title & refus$ to be a  

pr9ce4  ,i feel too deeply ! importance 
( a tutor's duties & my own unfitness1  
ev] to accept su* a po/1 :oev] (f]$ x1 &
 ev5 ! claims ( fri5d%ip w\ld be only an
 additional motive = my refusal4 ,few1  
,i ?9k1 w be tempt$ to make me su* an   
(f] :5 !y h read ?is book1 & ,i beg any 
"o :o w\ld d s to sp>e 8 pa9s4 ,i h _h  
en\gh exp]i5ce ( ! task to conv9ce      
myself ( my own unfitness1 & my         
circum/ances w\ld make x impossible1 ev5
 if my tal5ts 7 su* z to fit me = x4 ,i 
h ?\ght x my duty to make ?is public    
decl>ation to ^? :o app>5tly refuse to d
 me ! hon\r ( believ+ 9 ! s9c]ity ( my  
det]m9ation4 ,if ,i am unable to        
und]take ! m useful task1 ,i w at lea/  
v5ture to attempt ! easi] "o2 ,i w foll[
 ! example ( my pr$ecessors & take up1 n
 ! task1 b my p52 & in/ead ( do+ ! "r ?+
 ,i w try to say x4  ,i "k t 9 su* an   
und]tak+ ! au?or1 :o ranges at w among  
!oretical sy/ems1 utt]s _m f9e precepts 
impossible to practise1 & ev5 :5 he says
 :at is practicable x rema9s undone =   

want ( details & examples z to its      
application4  ,i h !re=e decid$ to take 
an imag9>y pupil1 to assume on my own "p
 ! age1 heal?1 k1 & tal5ts requir$ = !  
"w ( 8 education1 to guide him f bir? to
 manhood1 :5 he ne$s no guide b himself4
 ,?is me?od seems to me useful = an     
au?or :o fe>s le/ he may /ray f !       
practical to ! vision>y2 = z soon z he  
dep>ts f common practice he has only to 
try 8 me?od on 8 pupil2 he w soon "k1 or
 ! read] w "k = him1 :e!r he is foll[+ !
 developm5t ( ! *ild & ! natural gr[? ( 
! human he>t4  ,?is is :at ,i h tri$ to 
d4 ,le/ my book %\ld be unduly bulky1 ,i
 h be5 cont5t to /ate ^? pr9ciples !    
tru? ( :i* is self-evid5t4 ,b z to !    
rules :i* call = pro(1 ,i h appli$ !m to
 ,emile or to o!rs1 & ,i h %[n1 9 v     
great detail1 h[ my !ories may be put   
into practice4 ,su* at lea/ is my plan2 
! read] mu/ decide :e!r ,i h succe$$4   
,at fir/ ,i h said little ab\t ,emile1 =
 my e>lie/ maxims ( education1 ?\gh v   
diff]5t f ^? g5]ally accept$1 are s pla9

 t x is h>d = a man ( s5se to refuse to 
accept !m1 b z ,i advance1 my s*ol>1    
educat$ aft] ano!r fa%ion ?an y\rs1 is  
no long] an ord9>y *ild1 he ne$s a      
special sy/em4 ,!n he appe>s ^u ! sc5e m
 frequ5tly1 & t[>ds ! end ,i nev] lose  
sight ( him = a mom5t1 until1 :atev] he 
may say1 he ne$s me no long]4  ,i pass  
ov] ! qualities requir$ 9 a good tutor2 
,i take !m = grant$1 & assume t ,i am   
end[$ ) !m4 ,z y read ?is book y w see  
h[ g5]\s ,i h be5 to myself4  ,i w only 
rem>k t1 contr>y to ! receiv$ op9ion1 a 
*ild's tutor %\ld be "y1 z "y inde$ z a 
man may well be :o is also wise4 ,7 x   
possible1 he %\ld become a *ild himself1
 t he may be ! companion ( 8 pupil & w9 
8 confid5ce by %>+ 8 games4 ,*ildhood & 
age h too little 9 common = ! =mation ( 
a really firm affection4 ,*ildr5        
sometimes flatt] old m52 !y nev] love   
!m4  ,p seek a tutor :o has already     
educat$ "o pupil4 ,?is is too mu*2 "o   
man c only educate "o pupil2 if two 7   
ess5tial to success1 :at "r w\ld he h to

 und]take ! fir/8 ,) m exp]i5ce y may "k
 bett] :at to d1 b y are less capable ( 
do+ x2 once ?is task has be5 well done1 
y w "k too mu* ( its difficulties to    
attempt x a second "t--if ill done1 !   
fir/ attempt augurs badly = ! second4   
,x is "o ?+ to foll[ a "y man ab\t = f\r
 ye>s1 ano!r to be 8 guide =            
five-&-tw5ty4 ,y f9d a tutor = y\r son  
:5 he is already =m$2 ,i want "o = him  
be=e he is born4 ,y\r man may *ange 8   
pupil e five ye>s2 m9e w nev] h b "o    
pupil4 ,y di/+ui% betwe5 ! tea*] & !    
tutor4 ,ano!r piece ( folly6 ,d y make  
any di/9ction betwe5 ! pupil & ! s*ol>8 
,!re is only "o sci5ce = *ildr5 to      
le>n--! duties ( man4 ,?is sci5ce is "o1
 &1 :atev] ,x5ophon may say ( !         
education ( ! ,p]sians1 x is            
indivisible4 ,besides1 ,i pref] to call 
! man :o has ?is k ma/] r ?an tea*]1    
s9ce x is a "q ( guidance r ?an         
in/ruction4 ,he mu/ n give precepts1 he 
mu/ let ! s*ol> f9d !m out = himself4   
,if ! ma/] is to be s c>efully *os51 he 

may well *oose 8 pupil1 above all :5 he 
proposes to set a patt]n = o!rs4 ,?is   
*oice _c dep5d on ! *ild's g5ius or "*1 
z ,i adopt him be=e he is born1 & !y are
 only kn[n :5 my task is f9i%$4 ,if ,i  
_h my *oice ,i w\ld take a *ild ( ord9>y
 m9d1 su* z ,i assume 9 my pupil4 ,x is 
ord9>y p :o h to be educat$1 & _!       
education alone c s]ve z a patt]n = !   
education ( _! fell[s4 ,! o!rs f9d _!   
way alone4  ,! bir?place is n a matt] ( 
indiff]5ce 9 ! education ( man2 x is    
only 9 temp]ate climes t he comes to 8  
full gr[?4 ,! disadvantages ( extremes  
are easily se54 ,a man is n plant$ 9 "o 
place l a tree1 to /ay !re ! re/ ( 8    
life1 & to pass f "o extreme to ano!r y 
mu/ travel twice z f> z he :o />ts      
half-way4  ,if ! inhabitant ( a temp]ate
 climate passes 9 turn ?r\gh bo?        
extremes 8 advantage is pla91 = al?\gh  
he may be *ang$ z mu* z he :o goes f "o 
extreme to ! o!r1 he only removes       
half-way f 8 natural condition4 ,a      
,fr5*man c live 9 ,new ,gu9ea or 9      

,lapl&1 b a negro _c live 9 ,tornea nor 
a ,samoy$ 9 ,b594 ,x seems also z if !  
bra9 7 less p]fectly organis$ 9 ! two   
extremes4 ,nei!r ! negroes nor ! ,laps  
are z wise z ,europeans4 ,s if ,i want  
my pupil to be a citiz5 ( ! _w ,i w     
*oose him 9 ! temp]ate zone1 9 ,france =
 example1 r ?an else:]e4  ,9 ! nor? )   
its b>r5 soil m5 dev\r mu* food1 9 !    
f]tile s\? !y eat little4 ,?is produces 
ano!r diff]5ce3 ! "o is indu/ri\s1 ! o!r
 contemplative4 ,society %[s u1 9 "o & !
 same spot1 a simil> diff]5ce betwe5 ri*
 & poor4 ,! "o dwells 9 a f]tile l&1 !  
o!r 9 a b>r5 l&4  ,! poor man has no ne$
 ( education4 ,! education ( 8 own      
/ation 9 life is =c$ ^u him1 he c h no  
o!r2 ! education receiv$ by ! ri* man f 
8 own /ation is lea/ fitt$ = himself & =
 society4 ,moreov]1 a natural education 
%\ld fit a man = any position4 ,n[ x is 
m unreasonable to tra9 a poor man =     
weal? ?an a ri* man = pov]ty1 = 9       
proportion to _! numb]s m ri* m5 are    
ru9$ & few] poor m5 become ri*4 ,let u  

*oose our s*ol> among ! ri*2 we %all at 
lea/ h made ano!r man2 ! poor may come  
to manhood )\t our help4  ,= ! same     
reason ,i %\ld n be sorry if ,emile came
 ( a good family4 ,he w be ano!r victim 
snat*$ f prejudice4  ,emile is an       
orphan4 ,no matt] :e!r he has fa!r or   
"m1 hav+ und]tak5 _! duties ,i am inve/$
 ) _! rights4 ,he mu/ hon\r 8 p>5ts1 b  
he mu/ obey me4 ,t is my fir/ & only    
condition4  ,i mu/ add t !re is j "o o!r
 po9t aris+ out ( ?is2 we mu/ nev] be   
sep>at$ except by mutual cons5t4 ,?is   
clause is ess5tial1 & ,i w\ld h tutor & 
s*ol> s insep>able t !y %\ld reg>d _!   
fate z "o4 ,if once !y p]ceive ! "t ( _!
 sep>ation draw+ ne>1 ! "t :i* mu/ make 
!m /rang]s to "o ano!r1 !y become       
/rang]s !n & !re2 ea* makes 8 own little
 _w1 & bo? ( !m be+ busy 9 ?\ght ) ! "t 
:5 !y w no long] be toge!r1 !y rema9    
toge!r aga9/ _! w4 ,! disciple reg>ds 8 
ma/] z ! badge & sc\rge ( *ildhood1 !   
ma/] reg>ds 8 s*ol> z a heavy burd5 :i* 
he longs to be rid (4 ,bo? are look+    

=w>d to ! "t :5 !y w "p1 & z !re is nev]
 any real affection betwe5 !m1 !re w be 
scant vigilance on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r  
scant ob$i5ce4  ,b :5 !y consid] !y mu/ 
always live toge!r1 !y mu/ ne$s love "o 
ano!r1 & 9 ?is way !y really le>n to    
love "o ano!r4 ,! pupil is n a%am$ to   
foll[ z a *ild ! fri5d :o w be ) him 9  
manhood2 ! tutor takes an int]e/ 9 !    
ef=ts ^: fruits he w enjoy1 & ! virtues 
he is cultivat+ 9 8 pupil =m a /ore laid
 up = 8 old age4  ,?is agreem5t made    
be=eh& assumes a normal bir?1 a /rong1  
well-made1 heal?y *ild4 ,a fa!r has no  
*oice1 & %\ld h no pref]5ce )9 ! limits 
( ! family ,god has giv5 him2 all 8     
*ildr5 are 8 alike1 ! same c>e &        
affection is due to all4 ,crippl$ or    
well-made1 weak or /rong1 ea* ( !m is a 
tru/ = :i* he is responsible to ! ,giv]1
 & nature is a p>ty to ! m>riage        
contract along ) husb& & wife4  ,b if y 
und]take a duty n impos$ ^u y by nature1
 y mu/ secure be=eh& ! means = its      
fulfilm5t1 unless y w\ld und]take duties

 y _c fulfil4 ,if y take ! c>e ( a      
sickly1 unheal?y *ild1 y are a sick     
nurse1 n a tutor4 ,to pres]ve a useless 
life y are wa/+ ! "t :i* %\ld be sp5t 9 
increas+ its value1 y risk ! sight ( a  
despair+ "m reproa*+ y = ! dea? ( h]    
*ild1 :o ought to h di$ long ago4  ,i   
w\ld n und]take ! c>e ( a feeble1 sickly
 *ild1 %\ld he live to f\r score ye>s4  
,i want no pupil :o is useless alike to 
himself & o!rs1 "o ^: sole bus9ess is to
 keep himself alive1 "o ^: body is      
always a h9drance to ! tra9+ ( 8 m9d4   
,if ,i va9ly lavi% my c>e ^u him1 :at c 
,i d b d\ble ! loss to society by robb+ 
x ( two m51 in/ead ( "o8 ,let ano!r t5d 
?is weakl+ = me2 ,i am q will+1 ,i      
approve 8 *>ity1 b ,i myself h no gift =
 su* a task2 ,i c\ld nev] tea* ! art (  
liv+ to "o :o ne$s all 8 /r5g? to keep  
himself alive4  ,! body mu/ be /rong    
en\gh to obey ! m9d2 a good s]vant mu/  
be /rong4 ,i "k t intemp]ance /imulates 
! passions2 9 c\rse ( "t x also de/roys 
! body2 fa/+ & p5ance (t5 produce ! same

 results 9 an opposite way4 ,! weak] !  
body1 ! m imp]i\s its dem&s2 ! /rong] x 
is1 ! bett] x obeys4 ,all s5sual        
passions f9d _! home 9 effem9ate bodies2
 ! less satisfaction !y c get ! ke5] _! 
/+4  ,a feeble body makes a feeble m9d4 
,h5ce ! influ5ce ( physic1 an art :i*   
does m h>m to man ?an all ! evils x     
pr(esses to cure4 ,i d n "k :at !       
doctors cure u (1 b ,i "k ?is3 !y infect
 u ) v deadly diseases1 c[>dice1        
timidity1 cr$ulity1 ! fe> ( dea?4 ,:at  
matt] if !y make ! dead walk1 we h no   
ne$ ( corpses2 !y fail to give u m51 & x
 is m5 we ne$4  ,m$ic9e is all ! fa%ion 
9 ^! days1 & v naturally4 ,x is !       
amusem5t ( ! idle & unemploy$1 :o d n "k
 :at to d ) _! "t1 & s sp5d x 9 tak+ c>e
 ( !mselves4 ,if by ill-luck !y _h      
happ5$ to be born immortal1 !y w\ld h   
be5 ! mo/ mis]able ( m52 a life !y c\ld 
n lose w\ld be ( no value to !m4 ,su* m5
 mu/ h doctors to ?reat5 & flatt] !m1 to
 give !m ! only pleasure !y c enjoy1 !  
pleasure ( n be+ dead4  ,i w say no m at

 pres5t z to ! uselessness ( m$ic9e4 ,my
 aim is to consid] its be>+s on morals4 
,/ill ,i _c refra9 f say+ t m5 employ ! 
same sophism ab\t m$ic9e z !y d ab\t !  
se>* = tru?4 ,!y assume t ! pati5t is   
cur$ & t ! seek] aft] tru? f9ds x4 ,!y  
fail to see t aga9/ "o life sav$ by !   
doctors y mu/ set a hundr$ sla91 & aga9/
 ! value ( "o tru? discov]$ ! errors :i*
 creep 9 ) x4 ,! sci5ce :i* in/ructs & !
 m$ic9e :i* heals are no d\bt excell5t1 
b ! sci5ce :i* misleads u & ! m$ic9e :i*
 kills u are evil4 ,tea* u to "k !m     
ap>t4 ,t is ! real difficulty4 ,if we 7 
cont5t to be ignorant ( tru? we %\ld n  
be ! dupes ( falsehood2 if we did n want
 to be cur$ 9 spite ( nature1 we %\ld n 
be kill$ by ! doctors4 ,we %\ld d well  
to /e] cle> ( bo?1 & we %\ld evid5tly be
 ! ga9]s4 ,i d n d5y t m$ic9e is useful 
to "s m52 ,i ass]t t x is fatal to      
mank9d4  ,y w tell me1 z usual1 t !     
doctors are to blame1 t m$ic9e h]self is
 infallible4 ,well & good1 !n give u !  
m$ic9e )\t ! doctor1 = :5 we h bo?1 !   

blund]s ( ! arti/ are a hundr$fold      
great] ?an our hopes f ! art4 ,?is ly+  
art1 inv5t$ r = ! ills ( ! m9d ?an ( !  
body1 is useless to bo? alike2 x does   
less to cure u ( our diseases ?an to    
fill u ) al>m4 ,x does less to w>d (f   
dea? ?an to make u dread its approa*4 ,x
 exhau/s life r ?an prolongs x2 %\ld x  
ev5 prolong life x w\ld only be to !    
prejudice ( ! race1 s9ce x makes u set  
its precautions be=e society & our fe>s 
be=e our duties4 ,x is ! k ( dang] t    
makes u afraid4 ,if we ?\ght ourselves  
invuln]able we %\ld "k no fe>4 ,! poet  
arm$ ,a*illes aga9/ dang] & s robb$ him 
( ! m]it ( c\rage2 on su* t]ms any man  
w\ld be an ,a*illes4  ,w\ld y f9d a     
really brave man8 ,seek him :]e !re are 
no doctors1 :]e ! results ( disease are 
unkn[n1 & :]e dea? is little ?\ght (4   
,by nature a man be>s pa9 bravely & dies
 9 peace4 ,x is ! doctors ) _! rules1 ! 
philosoph]s ) _! precepts1 ! prie/s ) _!
 exhortations1 :o debase ! he>t & make u
 afraid to die4  ,give me a pupil :o has

 no ne$ ( ^!1 or ,i w h no?+ to d ) him4
 ,no "o else %all spoil my "w1 ,i w     
educate him myself or n at all4 ,t wise 
man1 ,locke1 :o _h devot$ "p ( 8 life to
 ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 advises u to give no  
drugs to ! *ild1 :e!r z a precaution1 or
 on acc\nt ( slight ailm5ts4 ,i w g     
f>!r1 & w decl>e t1 z ,i nev] call 9 a  
doctor = myself1 ,i w nev] s5d = "o =   
,emile1 unless 8 life is cle>ly 9 dang]1
 :5 ! doctor c b kill him4  ,i "k !     
doctor w make capital out ( my delay4   
,if ! *ild dies1 he 0 call$ 9 too late2 
if he recov]s1 x is 8 do+4 ,s be x2 let 
! doctor boa/1 b d n call him 9 except 9
 extremity4  ,z ! *ild does n "k h[ to  
be cur$1 he kn[s h[ to be ill4  ,! "o   
art takes ! place ( ! o!r & is (t5 m    
successful2 x is ! art ( nature4 ,:5 a  
bea/ is ill1 x keeps quiet & suff]s 9   
sil5ce2 b we see few] sickly animals ?an
 sick m54 ,h[ _m m5 h be5 sla9 by       
impati5ce1 fe>1 anxiety1 & above all by 
m$ic9e1 m5 :om disease w\ld h sp>$1 & "t
 alone h cur$4 ,i %all be told t        

animals1 :o live accord+ to nature1 are 
less liable to disease ?an ourselves4   
,well1 t way ( liv+ is j :at ,i mean to 
tea* my pupil2 he %\ld pr(it by x 9 !   
same way4  ,hygi5e is ! only useful "p (
 m$ic9e1 & hygi5e is r a virtue ?an a   
sci5ce4 ,temp]ance & indu/ry are man's  
true rem$ies2 "w %>p5s 8 appetite &     
temp]ance tea*es him to control x4  ,to 
le>n :at sy/em is mo/ b5eficial y h only
 to /udy ^? races rem>kable = heal?1    
/r5g?1 & l5g? ( days4 ,if common        
obs]vation %[s u t m$ic9e nei!r         
increases heal? nor prolongs life1 x    
foll[s t ?is useless art is worse ?an   
useless1 s9ce x wa/es "t1 m51 & ?+s on  
:at is pure loss4  ,n only mu/ we d$uct 
! "t sp5t1 n 9 us+ life1 b pres]v+ x1 b 
if ?is "t is sp5t 9 torm5t+ ourselves x 
is worse ?an wa/$1 x is s mu* to ! bad1 
& to reckon fairly a correspond+ %>e mu/
 be d$uct$ f :at rema9s to u4 ,a man :o 
lives t5 ye>s = himself & o!rs )\t !    
help ( doctors lives m = himself & o!rs 
?an "o :o sp5ds ?irty ye>s z _! victim4 

,i h tri$ bo?1 s ,i ?9k ,i h a bett] "r 
?an mo/ to draw my own conclusions4  ,= 
^! reasons ,i decl9e to take any b a    
/rong & heal?y pupil1 & ^! are my       
pr9ciples = keep+ him 9 heal?4 ,i w n   
/op to prove at l5g? ! value ( manual   
lab\r & bodily ex]cise = /r5g!n+ ! heal?
 & con/itution2 no "o d5ies x4 ,ne>ly   
all ! in/ances ( long life are to be    
f\nd among ! m5 :o h tak5 mo/ ex]cise1  
:o h endur$ fatigue & lab\r4 ,footnote3 
,i _c help quot+ ! foll[+ passage f an  
,engli% newspap]1 z x ?r[s mu* light on 
my op9ions3 ,a c]ta9 ,patrick ,o',neil1 
born 9 #afdg1 has j m>ri$ 8 sev5? wife 9
 #agfj4 ,9 ! sev5te5? ye> ( ,*>les ,,ii4
 he s]v$ 9 ! dragoons & 9 o!r regim5ts  
up to #agdj1 :5 he took 8 dis*>ge4 ,he  
s]v$ 9 all ! campaigns ( ,william ,,iii4
  & ,m>lbor\gh4 ,?is man has nev] drunk 
any?+ b small be]2 he has always liv$ on
 vegetables1 & has nev] eat5 meat except
 on few occasions :5 he made a fea/ = 8 
relations4 ,he has always be5 accu/om$  
to rise ) ! sun & g to b$ at sunset     

unless prev5t$ by 8 milit>y duties4 ,he 
is n[ 9 8 #acj? ye>2 he is heal?y1 8    
he>+ is good1 & he walks ) ! help ( a   
/ick4 ,9 spite ( 8 great age he is nev] 
idle1 & e ,sunday he goes to 8 p>i% *ur*
 accompani$ by 8 *ildr51 gr&*ildr51 &   
great gr&*ildr54 ,nei!r w ,i ent] into  
details z to ! c>e ,i %all take = ?is   
alone4 ,x w be cle> t x =ms su* an      
ess5tial "p ( my practice t x is en\gh  
to get hold ( ! idea )\t fur!r          
explanation4  ,:5 our life beg9s our    
ne$s beg9 too4 ,! new-born infant mu/ h 
a nurse4 ,if 8 "m w d h] duty1 s mu* !  
bett]2 h] in/ructions w be giv5 h] 9    
writ+1 b ?is advantage has its          
drawbacks1 x removes ! tutor f 8 *>ge4  
,b x is to be hop$ t ! *ild's own       
int]e/s1 & h] respect = ! p]son to :om  
%e is ab\t to confide s preci\s a       
treasure1 w induce ! "m to foll[ !      
ma/]'s wi%es1 & :atev] %e does y may be 
sure %e w d bett] ?an ano!r4 ,if we mu/ 
h a /range nurse1 make a good *oice to  
beg9 )4  ,x is "o ( ! mis=tunes ( ! ri* 

to be *eat$ on all sides2 :at wond] !y  
?9k ill ( mank9d6 ,x is ri*es t corrupt 
m51 & ! ri* are rightly ! fir/ to feel !
 defects ( ! only tool !y "k4 ,ev]y?+ is
 ill-done = !m1 except :at !y d         
!mselves1 & !y d next to no?+4 ,:5 a    
nurse mu/ be select$ ! *oice is left to 
! doctor4 ,:at happ5s8 ,! be/ nurse is !
 "o :o (f]s ! highe/ bribe4 ,i %all n   
consult ! doctor ab\t ,emile's nurse1 ,i
 %all take c>e to *oose h] myself4 ,i   
may n argue ab\t x s elegantly z !      
surgeon1 b ,i %all be m reliable1 ,i    
%all be less deceiv$ by my zeal ?an !   
doctor by 8 gre$4  ,!re is no my/]y ab\t
 ?is *oice2 its rules are well kn[n1 b  
,i ?9k we ought probably to pay m       
att5tion to ! age ( ! milk z well z its 
quality4 ,! fir/ milk is wat]y1 x mu/ be
 almo/ an ap]i5t1 to purge ! rema9s ( ! 
meconium curdl$ 9 ! b[els ( ! new-born  
*ild4 ,little by little ! milk ?ick5s & 
supplies m solid food z ! *ild is able  
to dige/ x4 ,x is surely n )\t cause t  
nature *anges ! milk 9 ! female ( e     

species accord+ to ! age ( ! (fspr+4    
,?us a new-born *ild requires a nurse :o
 has rec5tly become "m4 ,!re is1 ,i "k1 
a difficulty "h1 b z soon z we leave !  
pa? ( nature !re are difficulties 9 !   
way ( all well-do+4 ,! wrong c\rse is ! 
only "r "o "u ! circum/ances1 s we take 
x4  ,! nurse mu/ be heal?y alike 9      
disposition & 9 body4 ,! viol5ce ( !    
passions z well z ! hum\rs may spoil h] 
milk4 ,moreov]1 to consid] ! body only  
is to keep only half our aim 9 view4 ,! 
milk may be good & ! nurse bad2 a good  
"* is z necess>y z a good con/itution4  
,if y *oose a vici\s p]son1 ,i d n say  
h] fo/]-*ild w acquire h] vices1 b he w 
suff] = !m4 ,ought %e n to be/[ on him  
day by day1 along ) h] milk1 a c>e :i*  
calls = zeal1 pati5ce1 g5tl5ess1 &      
cleanl9ess4 ,if %e is intemp]ate & gre$y
 h] milk w soon be spoilt2 if %e is     
c>eless & ha/y :at w become ( a poor    
little wret* left to h] m]cy1 & unable  
ei!r to protect himself or to compla94  
,! wick$ are nev] good = any?+4  ,!     

*oice is all ! m important because h]   
fo/]-*ild %\ld h no o!r gu>dian1 j z he 
%\ld h no tea*] b 8 tutor4 ,?is 0 !     
cu/om ( ! anci5ts1 :o talk$ less b act$ 
m wisely ?an we4 ,! nurse nev] left h]  
fo/]-daught]2 ?is is :y ! nurse is !    
confidante 9 mo/ ( _! plays4 ,a *ild :o 
passes ?r\gh _m h&s 9 turn1 c nev] be   
well br\ght up4  ,at e *ange he makes a 
secret comp>ison1 :i* cont9ually t5ds to
 less5 8 respect = ^? :o control him1 & 
) x _! au?ority ov] him4 ,if once he    
?9ks !re are gr[n-up p ) no m s5se ?an  
*ildr5 ! au?ority ( age is de/roy$ & 8  
education is ru9$4 ,a *ild %\ld "k no   
bett]s b its fa!r & "m1 or fail+ !m its 
fo/]-"m & its tutor1 & ev5 ?is is "o too
 _m1 b ?is division is inevitable1 & !  
be/ t c be done 9 ! way ( rem$y is t !  
man & woman :o control him %all be s    
well agre$ ) reg>d to him t !y seem l   
"o4  ,! nurse mu/ live r m com=tably1 %e
 mu/ h r m sub/antial food1 b h] :ole   
way ( liv+ mu/ n be alt]$1 = a sudd5    
*ange1 ev5 a *ange = ! bett]1 is dang]\s

 to heal?1 & s9ce h] usual way ( life   
has made h] heal?y & /rong1 :y *ange x8 
,c\ntry wom5 eat less meat & m          
vegetables ?an t[ns-wom51 & ?is         
veget>ian diet seems fav\rable r ?an    
o!rwise to !mselves & _! *ildr54 ,:5 !y 
take nursl+s f ! upp] classes !y eat    
meat & bro? ) ! idea t !y w =m bett]    
*yle & supply m milk4 ,i d n hold ) ?is 
at all1 & exp]i5ce is on my side1 = we d
 n f9d *ildr5 f$ 9 ?is way less liable  
to colic & worms4  ,t ne$ n surprise u1 
= decay+ animal matt] sw>ms ) worms1 b  
?is is n ! case ) vegetable matt]4      
,footnote3 ,wom5 eat bread1 vegetables1 
& dairy produce2 female dogs & cats d ! 
same2 ! %e-wolves eat grass4 ,?is       
supplies vegetable juices to _! milk4   
,!re are /ill ^? species :i* are unable 
to eat any?+ b fle%1 if su* !re are1 :i*
 ,i v mu* d\bt4 ,milk1 al?\gh           
manufactur$ 9 ! body ( an animal1 is a  
vegetable sub/ance2 ?is is %[n by       
analysis2 x readily turns acid1 & f> f  
%[+ traces ( any volatile alkali l      

animal matt]1 x gives a neutral salt l  
plants4  ,! milk ( h]bivor\s creatures  
is sweet] & m :olesome ?an ! milk ( !   
c>nivor\s2 =m$ ( a sub/ance simil> to   
its own1 x keeps its goodness & becomes 
less liable to putrifaction4 ,if        
quantity is consid]$1 x is well kn[n t  
f>9ace\s foods produce m blood ?an meat1
 s !y ought to yield m milk4 ,if a *ild 
7 n wean$ too soon1 & if x 7 f$ on      
veget>ian food1 & its fo/]-"m 7 a       
veget>ian1 ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be tr\bl$ )
 worms4  ,milk d]iv$ f vegetable foods  
may p]haps be m liable to g s\r1 b ,i am
 f> f consid]+ s\r milk an un:olesome   
food2 :ole nations h no o!r food & are  
none ! worse1 & all ! array ( absorb5ts 
seems to me m]e humbug4 ,!re are        
con/itutions :i* d n ?rive on milk1 o!rs
 c take x )\t absorb5ts4 ,p are afraid (
 ! milk sep>at+ or curdl+2 t is absurd1 
= we "k t milk always curdles 9 ! /oma*4
 ,?is is h[ x becomes suffici5tly solid 
to n\ri% *ildr5 & "y animals2 if x did n
 curdle x w\ld m]ely pass away )\t fe$+ 

!m4 ,footnote3 ,al?\gh ! juices :i*     
n\ri% u are liquid1 !y mu/ be extract$ f
 solids4 ,a h>d-work+ man :o ate no?+ b 
s\p w\ld soon wa/e away4 ,he w\ld be f> 
bett] f$ on milk1 j because x curdles4  
,9 va9 y dilute milk & use absorb5ts2   
:oev] swall[s milk dige/s *eese1 ?is    
rule is )\t exception2 r5net is made f a
 calf's /oma*4  ,in/ead ( *ang+ !       
nurse's usual diet1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be    
en\gh to give food 9 l>g] quantities &  
bett] ( its k9d4 ,x is n ! nature ( !   
food t makes a vegetable diet           
indige/ible1 b ! flav\r+ t makes x      
un:olesome4 ,re=m y\r cook]y1 use nei!r 
butt] nor oil = fry+4 ,butt]1 salt1 &   
milk %\ld nev] be cook$4 ,let y\r       
vegetables be cook$ 9 wat] & only       
season$ :5 !y come to table4 ,!         
vegetable diet1 f> f di/urb+ ! nurse1 w 
give h] a pl5tiful supply ( milk4       
,footnote3 ,^? :o wi% to /udy a full    
acc\nt ( ! advantages & disadvantages ( 
! ,py?agorean regime1 may consult !     
works ( ,dr4 ,coc*i & 8 oppon5t ,dr4    

,bian*i on ?is important subject4 ,if a 
vegetable diet is be/ = ! *ild1 h[ c    
meat food be be/ = 8 nurse8 ,! ?+s are  
contradictory4  ,fre% air affects       
*ildr5's con/itutions1 p>ticul>ly 9 e>ly
 ye>s4 ,x ent]s e pore ( a s(t & t5d]   
sk91 x has a p[]ful effect on _! "y     
bodies4 ,its effects c nev] be de/roy$4 
,s ,i %\ld n agree ) ^? :o take a c\ntry
 woman f h] village & %ut h] up 9 "o    
room 9 a t[n & h] nursl+ ) h]4 ,i w\ld r
 s5d him to brea! ! fre% air ( ! c\ntry 
?an ! f\l air ( ! t[n4 ,he w take 8 new 
"m's position1 w live 9 h] cottage1 :]e 
8 tutor w foll[ him4 ,! read] w be> 9   
m9d t ?is tutor is n a paid s]vant1 b ! 
fa!r's fri5d4 ,b if ?is fri5d _c be     
f\nd1 if ?is transf] is n easy1 if none 
( my advice c be foll[$1 y w say to me1 
,:at %all ,i d in/ead8 ,i h told y      
already--,d :at y are do+2 no advice is 
ne$$ !re4  ,m5 are n made to be cr[d$   
toge!r 9 ant-hills1 b scatt]$ ov] ! e>? 
to till x4 ,! m !y are mass$ toge!r1 ! m
 corrupt !y become4 ,disease & vice are 

! sure results ( ov]-cr[d$ cities4 ,(   
all creatures man is lea/ fitt$ to live 
9 h]ds4 ,huddl$ toge!r l %eep1 m5 w\ld v
 soon die4 ,man's brea? is fatal to 8   
fell[s4 ,?is is lit]ally z well z       
figuratively true4  ,m5 are dev\r$ by   
our t[ns4 ,9 a few g5]ations ! race dies
 out or becomes deg5]ate2 x ne$s r5ewal1
 & x is always r5ew$ f ! c\ntry4 ,s5d   
y\r *ildr5 to r5ew !mselves1 s to speak1
 s5d !m to rega9 9 ! op5 fields ! /r5g? 
lo/ 9 ! f\l air ( our cr[d$ cities4     
,wom5 hurry home t _! *ildr5 may be born
 9 ! t[n2 !y ought to d j ! opposite1   
especially ^? :o mean to nurse _! own   
*ildr54  ,!y w\ld lose less ?an !y ?9k1 
& 9 m natural surr\nd+s ! pleasures     
associat$ by nature ) mat]nal duties    
w\ld soon de/roy ! ta/e = o!r delights4 
,! new-born infant is fir/ ba!d 9 w>m   
wat] to :i* a little w9e is usually     
add$4 ,i ?9k ! w9e might be disp5s$ )4  
,z nature does n produce f]m5t$ liquors1
 x is n likely t !y are ( mu* value to  
h] creatures4  ,9 ! same way x is       

unnecess>y to take ! precaution ( heat+ 
! wat]2 9 fact among _m races ! new-born
 infants are ba!d ) no m ado 9 riv]s or 
9 ! sea4 ,our *ildr51 made t5d] be=e    
bir? by ! s(tness ( _! p>5ts1 come into 
! _w ) a con/itution already enfeebl$1  
:i* _c be at once expos$ to all ! trials
 requir$ to re/ore x to heal?4 ,little  
by little !y mu/ be re/or$ to _! natural
 vig\r4 ,beg9 !n by foll[+ ?is cu/om1 & 
leave x (f gradually4 ,wa% y\r *ildr5   
(t51 _! dirty ways %[ ! ne$ ( ?is4 ,if  
!y are only wip$ _! sk9 is injur$2 b z  
!y gr[ /rong] gradually r$uce ! heat ( !
 wat]1 till at la/ y ba! !m w9t] & summ]
 9 cold1 ev5 9 ice-cold wat]4 ,to avoid 
risk ?is *ange mu/ be sl[1 gradual1 &   
imp]ceptible1 s y may use ! !rmomet] =  
exact measurem5ts4  ,?is habit ( ! ba?1 
once e/abli%$1 %\ld nev] be brok5 (f1 x 
mu/ be kept up all ?r\gh life4 ,i value 
x n only on gr\nds ( cleanl9ess & pres5t
 heal?1 b also z a :olesome means ( mak+
 ! muscles supple1 & accu/om+ !m to be> 
)\t risk or ef=t extremes ( heat & cold4

 ,z he gets old] ,i w\ld h ! *ild tra9$ 
to ba! occasionally 9 hot wat] ( e      
be>able degree1 & (t5 9 e degree ( cold 
wat]4 ,n[ wat] be+ a d5s] fluid t\*es u 
at m po9ts ?an air1 s t1 hav+ le>nt to  
be> all ! v>iations ( temp]ature 9 wat]1
 we %all sc>cely feel ?is ( ! air4      
,footnote3 ,*ildr5 9 t[ns are /ifl$ by  
be+ kept indoors & too mu* wrapp$ up4   
,^? :o control !m h /ill to le>n t fre% 
air1 f> f do+ !m h>m1 w make !m /rong1  
:ile hot air w make !m weak1 w give rise
 to fev]s1 & w ev5tually kill !m4  ,:5 !
 *ild draws its fir/ brea? d n conf9e x 
9 tight wrapp+s4 ,no cap1 no b&ages1 nor
 swaddl+ clo!s4 ,loose & fl[+ flannel   
wrapp]s1 :i* leave its limbs free & are 
n too heavy to *eck 8 movem5ts1 n too   
w>m to prev5t 8 feel+ ! air4 ,footnote3 
,i say cradle us+ ! common ^w = want ( a
 bett]1 ?\gh ,i am conv9c$ t x is nev]  
necess>y & (t5 h>mful to rock *ildr5 9 !
 cradle4 ,put him 9 a big cradle1 well  
padd$1 :]e he c move easily & safely4 ,z
 he beg9s to gr[ /rong]1 let him crawl  

ab\t ! room2 let him develop & /ret* 8  
t9y limbs2 y w see him ga9 /r5g? f day  
to day4 ,comp>e him ) a well swaddl$    
*ild ( ! same age & y w be surpris$ at  
_! diff]5t rates ( progress4 ,footnote3 
,! anci5t ,p]uvians wrapp$ _! *ildr5 9  
loose swaddl+ b&s1 leav+ ! arms q free4 
,lat] !y plac$ !m unswaddl$ 9 a hole 9 !
 gr\nd1 l9$ ) clo?s1 s t ! l[] "p ( !   
body 0 9 ! hole1 & _! arms 7 free & !y  
c\ld move ! head & b5d ! body at w )\t  
fall+ or hurt+ !mselves4 ,:5 !y began to
 walk !y 7 entic$ to come to ! brea/4 ,!
 little negroes are (t5 9 a position mu*
 m difficult = suck+4 ,!y cl+ to ! "m's 
hip1 & cl+ s tightly t ! "m's arm is (t5
 n ne$$ to support !m4 ,!y clasp ! brea/
 ) _! h& & cont9ue suck+ :ile _! "m goes
 on ) h] ord9>y "w4 ,^! *ildr5 beg9 to  
walk at two mon?s1 or r to crawl4 ,lat] 
on !y c run on all f\rs almo/ z well z  
on _! feet4--,buffon4 ,m4 ,buffon might 
also h quot$ ! example ( ,engl&1 :]e !  
s5seless & b>b>\s swaddl+ clo!s h become
 almo/ obsolete4 ,cf4 ,la ,longue       

,voyage de ,siam1 ,le ,beau ,voyage de  
,canada1 etc4  ,y mu/ expect great      
opposition f ! nurses1 :o f9d a half    
/rangl$ baby ne$s mu* less wat*+4       
,besides 8 dirtyness is m p]ceptible 9  
an op5 g>m5t2 he mu/ be att5d$ to m     
frequ5tly4 ,inde$1 cu/om is an          
unansw]able argum5t 9 "s l&s & among all
 classes ( p4  ,d n argue ) ! nurses2   
give y\r ord]s1 see !m c>ri$ out1 & sp>e
 no pa9s to make ! att5tion y prescribe 
easy 9 practice4 ,:y n take y\r %>e 9 x8
 ,) ord9>y nursl+s1 :]e ! body alone is 
?\ght (1 no?+ matt]s s long z ! *ild    
lives & does n actually die1 b ) u1 :5  
education beg9s ) life1 ! new-born *ild 
is already a disciple1 n ( 8 tutor1 b ( 
nature4 ,! tutor m]ely /udies "u ?is    
ma/]1 & sees t 8 ord]s are n evad$4 ,he 
wat*es ov] ! infant1 he obs]ves x1 he   
looks = ! fir/ feeble glimm]+ (         
intellig5ce1 z ! ,moslem looks = ! mom5t
 ( ! moon's ris+ 9 h] fir/ qu>t]4  ,we  
are born capable ( le>n+1 b kn[+ no?+1  
p]ceiv+ no?+4 ,! m9d1 b\nd up )9        

imp]fect & half gr[n organs1 is n ev5   
aw>e ( its own exi/5ce4 ,! movem5ts &   
cries ( ! new-born *ild are purely      
reflex1 )\t k or w4  ,suppose a *ild    
born ) ! size & /r5g? ( manhood1 ent]+  
^u life full gr[n l ,pallas f ! bra9 (  
,jupit]2 su* a *ild-man w\ld be a p]fect
 idiot1 an automaton1 a /atue )\t motion
 & almo/ )\t feel+2 he w\ld see & he>   
no?+1 he w\ld recognise no "o1 he c\ld n
 turn 8 eyes t[>ds :at he want$ to see2 
n only w\ld he p]ceive no ext]nal       
object1 he w\ld n ev5 be aw>e ( s5sation
 ?r\gh ! sev]al s5se-organs4 ,8 eye w\ld
 n p]ceive col\r1 8 e> s\nds1 8 body    
w\ld be unaw>e ( contact ) neighb\r+    
bodies1 he w\ld n ev5 "k he _h a body1  
:at 8 h&s h&l$ w\ld be 9 8 bra9 alone2  
all 8 s5sations w\ld be unit$ 9 "o      
place1 !y w\ld exi/ only 9 ! common     
s5sorium1 he w\ld h only "o idea1 t (   
self1 to :i* he w\ld ref] all 8         
s5sations2 & ?is idea1 or r ?is feel+1  
w\ld be ! only ?+ 9 :i* he excell$ an   
ord9>y *ild4  ,?is man1 full gr[n at    

bir?1 w\ld also be unable to /& on 8    
feet1 he w\ld ne$ a long "t to le>n h[  
to keep 8 balance2 p]haps he w\ld n ev5 
be able to try to d x1 & y w\ld see !   
big /rong body left 9 "o place l a /one1
 or creep+ & crawl+ l a "y puppy4  ,he  
w\ld feel ! discom=t ( bodily ne$s )\t  
kn[+ :at 0 ! matt] & )\t kn[+ h[ to     
provide = ^! ne$s4 ,!re is no imm$iate  
connection betwe5 ! muscles ( ! /oma* & 
^? ( ! arms & legs to make him take a   
/ep t[>ds food1 or /ret* a h& to seize  
x1 ev5 7 he surr\nd$ ) x2 & z 8 body    
w\ld be full gr[n & 8 limbs well        
develop$ he w\ld be )\t ! p]petual      
re/lessness & movem5t ( *ildhood1 s t he
 might die ( hung] )\t /irr+ to seek    
food4 ,h[ev] little y may h ?\ght ab\t !
 ord] & developm5t ( our k1 y _c d5y t  
su* a "o w\ld be 9 ! /ate ( almo/       
primitive ignorance & /upidity natural  
to man be=e he has le>nt any?+ f        
exp]i5ce or f 8 fell[s4  ,we "k !n1 or  
we may "k1 ! po9t ( dep>ture f :i* we   
ea* />t t[>ds ! usual level ( und]/&+2 b

 :o kn[s ! o!r extreme8 ,ea* progresses 
m or less accord+ to 8 g5ius1 8 ta/e1 8 
ne$s1 8 tal5ts1 8 zeal1 & 8             
opportunities = us+ !m4 ,no philosoph]1 
s f> z ,i "k1 has d>$ to say to man1    
,?us f> %alt ?\ g & no fur!r4 ,we "k n  
:at nature all[s u to be1 none ( u has  
measur$ ! possible diff]5ce betwe5 man &
 man4 ,is !re a m9d s dead t ?is ?\ght  
has nev] k9dl$ x1 t has nev] said 9 8   
pride1 ,h[ mu* h ,i already done1 h[ mu*
 m may ,i a*ieve8  ,:y %\ld ,i lag beh9d
 my fell[s8  ,z ,i said be=e1 man's     
education beg9s at bir?2 be=e he c speak
 or und]/& he is le>n+4 ,exp]i5ce       
prec$es in/ruction2 :5 he recognises 8  
nurse he has le>nt mu*4 ,! k ( ! mo/    
ignorant man w\ld surprise u if we _h   
foll[$ 8 c\rse f bir? to ! pres5t "t4   
,if all human k 7 divid$ into two p>ts1 
"o common to all1 ! o!r peculi> to !    
le>n$1 ! latt] w\ld seem v small comp>$ 
) ! =m]4  ,b we sc>cely he$ ?is g5]al   
exp]i5ce1 because x is acquir$ be=e !   
age ( reason4 ,moreov]1 k only attracts 

att5tion by its r>ity1 z 9 algebraic    
equations common factors c\nt = no?+4   
,ev5 animals le>n mu*4 ,!y h s5ses & mu/
 le>n to use !m2 !y h ne$s1 !y mu/ le>n 
to satisfy !m2 !y mu/ le>n to eat1 walk1
 or fly4 ,quadrup$s :i* c /& on _! feet 
f ! fir/ _c walk = all t2 f _! fir/     
attempts x is cle> t !y lack confid5ce4 
,can>ies :o escape f _! cage are unable 
to fly1 hav+ nev] us$ _! w+s4 ,liv+ &   
feel+ creatures are always le>n+4 ,if   
plants c\ld walk !y w\ld ne$ s5ses & k1 
else _! species w\ld die out4 ,! *ild's 
fir/ m5tal exp]i5ces are purely         
affective1 he is only aw>e ( pleasure & 
pa92 x takes him a long "t to acquire ! 
def9ite s5sations :i* %[ him ?+s outside
 himself1 b be=e ^! ?+s pres5t & )draw  
!mselves1 s to speak1 f 8 sight1 tak+   
size & %ape = him1 ! recurr5ce (        
emotional exp]i5ces is beg9n+ to subject
 ! *ild to ! rule ( habit4 ,y see 8 eyes
 con/antly foll[ ! light1 & if ! light  
comes f ! side ! eyes turn t[>ds x1 s t 
"o mu/ be c>eful to turn 8 head t[>ds ! 

light le/ he %\ld squ9t4 ,he mu/ also be
 accu/om$ f ! fir/ to ! d>k1 or he w cry
 if he misses ! light4 ,food & sleep1   
too1 exactly measur$1 become necess>y at
 regul> int]vals1 & soon desire is no   
long] ! effect ( ne$1 b ( habit1 or r   
habit adds a fre% ne$ to ^? ( nature4 ,y
 mu/ be on y\r gu>d aga9/ ?is4  ,! only 
habit ! *ild %\ld be all[$ to contract  
is t ( hav+ no habits2 let him be c>ri$ 
on ei!r arm1 let him be accu/om$ to (f] 
ei!r h&1 to use "o or o!r indiff]5tly2  
let him n want to eat1 sleep1 or d any?+
 at fix$ h\rs1 nor be unable to be left 
alone by day or night4 ,prep>e ! way = 8
 control ( 8 lib]ty & ! use ( 8 /r5g? by
 leav+ 8 body its natural habit1 by mak+
 him capable ( la/+ self-control1 ( do+ 
all t he wills :5 8 w is =m$4  ,z soon z
 ! *ild beg9s to take notice1 :at is %[n
 him mu/ be c>efully *os54 ,! natural   
man is int]e/$ 9 all new ?+s4 ,he feels 
s feeble t he fe>s ! unkn[n3 ! habit (  
see+ fre% ?+s )\t ill effects de/roys   
?is fe>4 ,*ildr5 br\ght up 9 clean h\ses

 :]e !re are no spid]s are afraid (     
spid]s1 & ?is fe> (t5 la/s ?r\gh life4  
,i nev] saw peasants1 man1 woman1 or    
*ild1 afraid ( spid]s4  ,s9ce ! m]e     
*oice ( ?+s %[n him may make ! *ild     
timid or brave1 :y %\ld n 8 education   
beg9 be=e he c speak or und]/&8 ,i w\ld 
h him accu/om$ to see fre% ?+s1 ugly1   
repulsive1 & /range bea/s1 b little by  
little1 & f> (f till he is us$ to !m1 & 
till hav+ se5 o!rs h&le !m he h&les !m  
himself4 ,if 9 *ildhood he sees toads1  
snakes1 & crayfi%1 he w n be afraid (   
any animal :5 he is gr[n up4  ,^? :o are
 cont9ually see+ t]rible ?+s ?9k no?+ ( 
!m4  ,all *ildr5 are afraid ( masks4 ,i 
beg9 by %[+ ,emile a mask ) a pleasant  
face1 !n "s "o puts ?is mask be=e 8     
face2 ,i beg9 to laugh1 !y all laugh    
too1 & ! *ild ) !m4 ,by degrees ,i      
accu/om him to less pleas+ masks1 & at  
la/ hide\s ones4 ,if ,i h arrang$ my    
/ages skilfully1 f> f be+ afraid ( ! la/
 mask1 he w laugh at x z he did at !    
fir/4 ,aft] t ,i am n afraid ( p        

fright5+ him ) masks4  ,:5 ,hector bids 
f>ewell to ,&roma*e1 ! "y ,a/yanax1     
/>tl$ by ! nodd+ plumes on ! helmet1    
does n "k 8 fa!r2 he fl+s himself weep+ 
^u 8 nurse's bosom & w9s f 8 "m a smile 
m+l$ ) te>s4 ,:at mu/ be done to /ay ?is
 t]ror8 ,j :at ,hector did2 put ! helmet
 on ! gr\nd & c>ess ! *ild4 ,9 a calm]  
mom5t "o w\ld d m2 "o w\ld g up to !    
helmet1 play ) ! plumes1 let ! *ild feel
 !m2 at la/ ! nurse w\ld take ! helmet &
 place x laugh+ly on h] own head1 if    
inde$ a woman's h& d>e t\* ! arm\r (    
,hector4  ,if ,emile mu/ get us$ to !   
s\nd ( a gun1 ,i fir/ fire a pi/ol ) a  
small *>ge4 ,he is delight$ ) ?is sudd5 
fla%1 ?is sort ( lightn+2 ,i repeat !   
process ) m p[d]2 gradually ,i add a    
small *>ge )\t a wad1 !n a l>g]2 9 ! end
 ,i accu/om him to ! s\nd ( a gun1 to   
fireworks1 cannon1 & ! mo/ t]rible      
explosions4  ,i h obs]v$ t *ildr5 are   
r>ely afraid ( ?und] unless ! peals are 
really t]rible & actually hurt ! e>1    
o!rwise ?is fe> only comes to !m :5 !y  

"k t ?und] sometimes hurts or kills4 ,:5
 reason beg9s to cause fe>1 let u       
reassure !m4 ,by sl[ & c>eful /ages man 
& *ild le>n to fe> no?+4  ,9 ! dawn (   
life1 :5 memory & imag9ation h n begun  
to function1 ! *ild only att5ds to :at  
affects its s5ses4 ,8 s5se exp]i5ces are
 ! raw mat]ial ( ?\ght2 !y %\ld1 !re=e1 
be pres5t$ to him 9 fitt+ ord]1 s t     
memory may at a future "t pres5t !m 9 ! 
same ord] to 8 und]/&+2 b z he only     
att5ds to 8 s5sations x is en\gh1 at    
fir/1 to %[ him cle>ly ! connection     
betwe5 ^! s5sations & ! ?+s :i* cause   
!m4 ,he wants to t\* & h&le ev]y?+2 d n 
*eck ^! movem5ts :i* tea* him invaluable
 lessons4 ,?us he le>ns to p]ceive !    
heat1 cold1 h>dness1 s(tness1 weight1 or
 lightness ( bodies1 to judge _! size & 
%ape & all _! physical prop]ties1 by    
look+1 feel+1 ,footnote3 ,( all ! s5ses 
t ( smell is ! late/ to develop 9 *ildr5
 up to two or ?ree ye>s ( age !y appe>  
to be ins5sible ( pleasant or unpleasant
 od\rs2 9 ?is respect !y are z indiff]5t

 or r z ins5sible z _m animals4 li/5+1  
&1 above all1 by comp>+ sight & t\*1 by 
judg+ ) ! eye :at s5sation !y w\ld cause
 to 8 h&4  ,x is only by movem5t t we   
le>n ! diff]5ce betwe5 self & n self2 x 
is only by our own movem5ts t we ga9 !  
idea ( space4 ,! *ild has n ?is idea1 s 
he /ret*es out 8 h& to seize ! object )9
 8 rea* or t :i* is a hundr$ paces f    
him4 ,y take ?is z a sign ( tyranny1 an 
attempt to bid ! ?+ draw ne>1 or to bid 
y br+ x4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d1 x is m]ely t !  
object fir/ se5 9 8 bra91 !n be=e 8     
eyes1 n[ seems close to 8 arms1 & he has
 no idea ( space beyond 8 rea*4 ,be     
c>eful1 !re=e1 to take him ab\t1 to move
 him f place to place1 & to let him     
p]ceive ! *ange 9 8 surr\nd+s1 s z to   
tea* him to judge ( di/ances4  ,:5 he   
beg9s to p]ceive di/ances !n y mu/ *ange
 y\r plan1 & only c>ry him :5 y please1 
n :5 he pleases2 = z soon z he is no    
long] deceiv$ by 8 s5ses1 !re is ano!r  
motive = 8 ef=t4 ,?is *ange is rem>kable
 & calls = explanation4  ,! discom=t    

caus$ by real ne$s is %[n by signs1 :5 !
 help ( o!rs is requir$4 ,h5ce ! cries (
 *ildr52 !y (t5 cry2 x mu/ be s4 ,s9ce  
!y are only consci\s ( feel+s1 :5 ^?    
feel+s are pleasant !y enjoy !m 9       
sil5ce2 :5 !y are pa9ful !y say s 9 _!  
own way & dem& relief4 ,n[ :5 !y are    
awake !y c sc>cely be 9 a /ate (        
indiff]5ce1 ei!r !y are asleep or else  
!y are feel+ some?+4  ,all our languages
 are ! result ( art4 ,x has long be5 a  
subject ( inquiry :e!r !re ev] 0 a      
natural language common to all2 no d\bt 
!re is1 & x is ! language ( *ildr5 be=e 
!y beg9 to speak4 ,?is language is      
in>ticulate1 b x has tone1 /ress1 &     
mean+4 ,! use ( our own language has l$ 
u to neglect x s f> z to =get x         
altoge!r4 ,let u /udy *ildr5 & we %all  
soon le>n x afre% f !m4 ,nurses c tea* u
 ?is language2 !y und]/& all _! nursl+s 
say to !m1 !y answ] !m1 & keep up long  
conv]sations ) !m2 & ?\gh !y use words1 
^! words are q useless4 ,x is n ! he>+ (
 ! ^w1 b its accompany+ intonation t is 

und]/ood4  ,to ! language ( intonation  
is add$ ! no less =cible language (     
ge/ure4 ,! *ild uses1 n its weak h&s1 b 
its face4 ,! am\nt ( expression 9 ^!    
undevelop$ faces is extraord9>y2 _!     
features *ange f "o mom5t to ano!r )    
incr$ible spe$4 ,y see smiles1 desires1 
t]ror1 come & g l lightn+2 e "t ! face  
seems diff]5t4 ,! muscles ( ! face are  
und\bt$ly m mobile ?an our own4 ,on !   
o!r h& ! eyes are almo/ expressionless4 
,su* mu/ be ! sort ( signs !y use at an 
age :5 _! only ne$s are ^? ( ! body4    
,grimaces are ! sign ( s5sation1 !      
glance expresses s5tim5t4  ,z man's fir/
 /ate is "o ( want & weakness1 8 fir/   
s\nds are cries & te>s4 ,! *ild feels 8 
ne$s & _c satisfy !m1 he begs = help by 
8 cries4 ,is he hungry or ?ir/y8 !re are
 te>s2 is he too cold or too hot8 m     
te>s2 he ne$s movem5t & is kept quiet1 m
 te>s2 he wants to sleep & is di/urb$1  
he weeps4 ,! less com=table he is1 ! m  
he dem&s *ange4 ,he has only "o language
 because he has1 s to say1 only "o k9d (

 discom=t4 ,9 ! imp]fect /ate ( 8 s5se  
organs he does n di/+ui% _! sev]al      
impressions2 all ills produce "o feel+ (
 sorr[4  ,^! te>s1 :i* y ?9k s little   
wor?y ( y\r att5tion1 give rise to !    
fir/ relation betwe5 man & 8 environm5t2
 "h is =g$ ! fir/ l9k 9 ! long *a9 (    
social ord]4  ,:5 ! *ild cries he is    
uneasy1 he feels "s ne$ :i* he _c       
satisfy2 y wat* him1 seek ?is ne$1 f9d  
x1 & satisfy x4 ,if y c nei!r f9d x nor 
satisfy x1 ! te>s cont9ue & become      
tiresome4 ,! *ild is pett$ to quiet him1
 he is rock$ or sung to sleep2 if he is 
ob/9ate1 ! nurse becomes impati5t &     
?reat5s him2 cruel nurses sometimes     
/rike him4 ,:at /range lessons = him at 
8 fir/ entrance into life6  ,i %all nev]
 =get see+ "o ( ^! tr\blesome cry+      
*ildr5 ?us beat5 by 8 nurse4 ,he 0 sil5t
 at once4 ,i ?\ght he 0 fright5$1 & said
 to myself1 ,?is w be a s]vile be+ f :om
 no?+ c be got b by h>%ness4 ,i 0 wrong1
 ! poor wret* 0 *ok+ ) rage1 he c\ld n  
brea!1 he 0 black 9 ! face4 ,a mom5t    

lat] !re 7 bitt] cries1 e sign ( ! ang]1
 rage1 & despair ( ?is age 0 9 8 tones4 
,i ?\ght he w\ld die4 ,_h ,i d\bt$ !    
innate s5se ( ju/ice & inju/ice 9 man's 
he>t1 ?is "o in/ance w\ld h conv9c$ me4 
,i am sure t a drop ( boil+ liquid fall+
 by *ance on t *ild's h& w\ld h hurt him
 less ?an t bl[1 slight 9 itself1 b     
cle>ly giv5 ) ! int5tion ( hurt+ him4   
,?is t5d5cy to ang]1 vexation1 & rage   
ne$s great c>e4 ,bo]haave ?9ks t mo/ ( !
 diseases ( *ildr5 are ( ! nature (     
convulsions1 because ! head be+ l>g] 9  
proportion & ! n]v\s sy/em m ext5sive   
?an 9 adults1 !y are m liable to n]v\s  
irritation4 ,take ! greate/ c>e to      
remove f !m any s]vants :o tease1 annoy1
 or vex !m4 ,!y are a hundr$fold m      
dang]\s & m fatal ?an fre% air & *ang+  
seasons4 ,:5 *ildr5 only exp]i5ce       
resi/ance 9 ?+s & nev] 9 ! w ( man1 !y d
 n become rebelli\s or passionate1 & _! 
heal? is bett]4 ,?is is "o reason :y !  
*ildr5 ( ! poor1 :o are fre] & m        
indep5d5t1 are g5]ally less frail &     

weakly1 m vigor\s ?an ^? :o are suppos$ 
to be bett] br\ght up by be+ con/antly  
?w>t$2 b y mu/ always rememb] t x is "o 
?+ to refra9 f ?w>t+ !m1 b q ano!r to   
obey !m4 ,! *ild's fir/ te>s are pray]s1
 bew>e le/ !y become comm&s2 he beg9s by
 ask+ = aid1 he ends by dem&+ s]vice4   
,?us f 8 own weakness1 ! s\rce ( 8 fir/ 
consci\sness ( dep5d5ce1 spr+s ! lat]   
idea ( rule & tyranny2 b z ?is idea is  
ar\s$ r by 8 ne$s ?an by our s]vices1 we
 beg9 to see moral results ^: causes are
 n 9 nature2 ?us we see h[ important x  
is1 ev5 at ! e>lie/ age1 to disc]n !    
secret mean+ ( ! ge/ure or cry4  ,:5 !  
*ild tries to seize some?+ )\t speak+1  
he ?9ks he c rea* ! object1 = he does n 
rightly judge its di/ance2 :5 he cries &
 /ret*es out 8 h&s he no long] misjudges
 ! di/ance1 he bids ! object approa*1 or
 ord]s y to br+ x to him4 ,9 ! fir/ case
 br+ x to him sl[ly2 9 ! second d n ev5 
seem to he> 8 cries4 ,! m he cries !    
less y %\ld he$ him4 ,he mu/ le>n 9 good
 "t n to give comm&s to m51 = he is n _!

 ma/]1 nor to ?+s1 = !y _c he> him4     
,?us :5 ! *ild wants some?+ y mean to   
give him1 x is bett] to c>ry him to x r 
?an to br+ ! ?+ to him4  ,f ?is he w    
draw a conclusion suit$ to 8 age1 & !re 
is no o!r way ( sugge/+ x to him4  ,!   
,abbe ,sa9t-,pi]re calls m5 big *ildr52 
"o might also call *ildr5 little m54 ,^!
 /atem5ts are true1 b !y require        
explanation4 ,b :5 ,hobbes calls ! wick$
 a /rong *ild1 8 /atem5t is contradict$ 
by facts4 ,all wick$ness comes f        
weakness4 ,! *ild is only naughty       
because he is weak2 make him /rong & he 
w be good2 if we c\ld d ev]y?+ we %\ld  
nev] d wrong4 ,( all ! attributes ( !   
,almighty1 goodness is t :i* x w\ld be  
h>de/ to dissociate f our conception (  
,him4 ,all nations :o h ackn[l$g$ a good
 & an evil p[]1 h always reg>d$ ! evil z
 inf]ior to ! good2 o!rwise _! op9ion   
w\ld h be5 absurd4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! cre$ 
( ! ,savoy>d cl]gyman lat] on 9 ?is     
book4  ,reason alone tea*es u to "k good
 & evil4 ,!re=e consci5ce1 :i* makes u  

love ! "o & hate ! o!r1 ?\gh x is       
indep5d5t ( reason1 _c develop )\t x4   
,be=e ! age ( reason we d good or ill   
)\t kn[+ x1 & !re is no morality 9 our  
actions1 al?\gh !re is sometimes 9 our  
feel+ ) reg>d to o!r p's actions 9      
relation to ourselves4 ,a *ild wants to 
ov]turn ev]y?+ he sees4 ,he breaks &    
sma%es ev]y?+ he c rea*2 he seizes a    
bird z he seizes a /one1 & /rangles x   
)\t kn[+ :at he is ab\t4  ,:y s8 ,9 !   
fir/ place philosophy w acc\nt = ?is by 
inbr$ s91 man's pride1 love ( p[]1      
selfi%ness1 spite2 p]haps x w say 9     
addition to ?is t ! *ild's consci\sness 
( 8 own weakness makes him eag] to use 8
 /r5g?1 to conv9ce himself ( x4 ,b wat* 
t brok5 d[n old man r$uc$ 9 ! d[nw>d    
c\rse ( life to ! weakness ( a *ild2 n  
only is he quiet & peaceful1 he w\ld h  
all ab\t him quiet & peaceful too2 !    
lea/ *ange di/urbs & tr\bles him1 he    
w\ld l to see univ]sal calm4 ,h[ is x   
possible t simil> feebl5ess & simil>    
passions %\ld produce su* diff]5t       

effects 9 age & 9 infancy1 if ! orig9al 
cause 7 n diff]5t8 ,& :]e c we f9d ?is  
diff]5ce 9 cause except 9 ! bodily      
condition ( ! two4 ,! active pr9ciple1  
common to bo?1 is gr[+ 9 "o case &      
decl9+ 9 ! o!r2 x is be+ =m$ 9 ! "o &   
de/roy$ 9 ! o!r2 "o is mov+ t[>ds life1 
! o!r t[>ds dea?4 ,! fail+ activity ( ! 
old man is c5tr$ 9 8 he>t1 ! *ild's     
ov]fl[+ activity spreads abroad4 ,he    
feels1 if we may say s1 /rong en\gh to  
give life to all ab\t him4 ,to make or  
to de/roy1 x is all "o to him2 *ange is 
:at he seeks1 & all *ange involves      
action4 ,if he seems to enjoy de/ructive
 activity x is only t x takes "t to make
 ?+s & v little "t to break !m1 s t ! "w
 ( de/ruction accords bett] ) 8         
eag]ness4  ,:ile ! ,au?or ( nature has  
giv5 *ildr5 ?is activity1 ,he takes c>e 
t x %all d little h>m by giv+ !m small  
p[] to use x4 ,b z soon z !y c ?9k ( p z
 tools to be us$1 !y use !m to c>ry out 
_! wi%es & to supplem5t _! own weakness4
 ,?is is h[ !y become tiresome1 ma/]ful1

 imp]i\s1 naughty1 & unmanageable2 a    
developm5t :i* does n spr+ f a natural  
love ( p[]1 b "o :i* has be5 taught !m1 
= x does n ne$ mu* exp]i5ce to realise  
h[ pleasant x is to set o!rs to "w & to 
move ! _w by a ^w4  ,z ! *ild gr[s x    
ga9s /r5g? & becomes less re/less &     
unquiet & m indep5d5t4 ,s\l & body      
become bett] balanc$ & nature no long]  
asks = m movem5t ?an is requir$ =       
self-pres]vation4 ,b ! love ( p[] does n
 die ) ! ne$ t ar\s$ x2 p[] ar\ses &    
flatt]s self-love1 & habit /r5g!ns x2   
?us caprice foll[s ^u ne$1 & ! fir/ se$s
 ( prejudice & ob/9acy are s[n4  ,,fir/ 
,,maxim4--,f> f be+ too /rong1 *ildr5   
are n /rong en\gh = all ! claims (      
nature4 ,give !m full use ( su* /r5g? z 
!y h2 !y w n abuse x4  ,,second         
,,maxim4--,help !m & supply ! exp]i5ce &
 /r5g? !y lack :5ev] ! ne$ is ( ! body4 
,,?ird ,,maxim4--,9 ! help y give !m    
conf9e y\rself to :at is really ne$ful1 
)\t grant+ any?+ to caprice or unreason2
 = !y w n be torm5t$ by caprice if y d n

 call x into exi/5ce1 see+ x is no "p ( 
nature4  ,,f\r? ,,maxim--,/udy c>efully 
_! spee* & ge/ures1 s t at an age :5 !y 
are incapable ( deceit y may discrim9ate
 betwe5 ^? desires :i* come f nature &  
^? :i* spr+ f p]v]sity4  ,! _s ( ^!     
rules is to give *ildr5 m real lib]ty & 
less p[]1 to let !m d m = !mselves &    
dem& less ( o!rs2 s t by tea*+ !m f !   
fir/ to conf9e _! wi%es )9 ! limits ( _!
 p[]s !y w sc>cely feel ! want ( :atev] 
is n 9 _! p[]4  ,?is is ano!r v         
important reason = leav+ *ildr5's limbs 
& bodies p]fectly free1 only tak+ c>e t 
!y d n fall1 & keep+ any?+ t might hurt 
!m out ( _! way4  ,! *ild ^: body & arms
 are free w c]ta9ly cry mu* less ?an a  
*ild ti$ up 9 swaddl+ clo!s4 ,he :o kn[s
 only bodily ne$s1 only cries :5 9 pa92 
& ?is is a great advantage1 = !n we "k  
exactly :5 he ne$s help1 & if possible  
we %\ld n delay our help = an in/ant4 ,b
 if y _c relieve 8 pa91 /ay :]e y are & 
d n flatt] him by way ( soo?+ him2 y\r  
c>esses w n cure 8 colic1 b he w rememb]

 :at he mu/ d to w9 !m2 & if he once    
f9ds out h[ to ga9 y\r att5tion at w1 he
 is y\r ma/]2 ! :ole education is       
spoilt4  ,_! movem5ts be+ less con/ra9$1
 *ildr5 w cry less2 less we>i$ ) _!     
te>s1 p w n take s mu* tr\ble to *eck   
!m4 ,) few] ?reats & promises1 !y w be  
less timid & less ob/9ate1 & w rema9 m  
ne>ly 9 _! natural /ate4 ,ruptures are  
produc$ less by lett+ *ildr5 cry ?an by 
! means tak5 to /op !m1 & my evid5ce =  
?is is ! fact t ! mo/ neglect$ *ildr5   
are less liable to !m ?an o!rs4 ,i am v 
f> f wi%+ t !y %\ld be neglect$2 on !   
contr>y1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance t _! 
wants %\ld be anticipat$1 s t !y ne$ n  
proclaim _! wants by cry+4 ,b nei!r w\ld
 ,i h unwise c>e be/[$ on !m4 ,:y %\ld  
!y ?9k x wrong to cry :5 !y f9d !y c get
 s mu* by x8 ,:5 !y h le>n$ ! value ( _!
 sil5ce !y take good c>e n to wa/e x4 ,9
 ! end !y w s exagg]ate its importance t
 no "o w be able to pay its price2 !n   
worn out ) cry+ !y become exhau/$1 & are
 at l5g? sil5t4  ,prolong$ cry+ on ! "p 

( a *ild nei!r swaddl$ nor out ( heal?1 
a *ild :o lacks no?+1 is m]ely ! result 
( habit or ob/9acy4 ,su* te>s are no    
long] ! "w ( nature1 b ! "w ( ! *ild's  
nurse1 :o c\ld n resi/ its importunity &
 s has increas$ x1 )\t consid]+ t :ile  
%e quiets ! *ild to-day %e is tea*+ him 
to cry l\d] to-morr[4  ,moreov]1 :5     
caprice or ob/9acy is ! cause ( _! te>s1
 !re is a sure way ( /opp+ !m by        
di/ract+ _! att5tion by "s pleasant or  
conspicu\s object :i* makes !m =get t !y
 want to cry4 ,mo/ nurses excel 9 ?is   
art1 & rightly us$ x is v useful2 b x is
 ( ! utmo/ importance t ! *ild %\ld n   
p]ceive t y mean to di/ract 8 att5tion1 
& t he %\ld be amus$ )\t suspect+ y are 
?9k+ ab\t him2 n[ ?is is :at mo/ nurses 
_c d4  ,mo/ *ildr5 are wean$ too soon4  
,! "t to wean !m is :5 !y cut _! tee?4  
,?is g5]ally causes pa9 & suff]+4 ,at   
?is "t ! *ild in/9ctively c>ries ev]y?+ 
he gets hold ( to 8 m\? to *ew x4 ,to   
help =w>d ?is process he is giv5 z a    
play?+ "s h>d object su* z ivory or a   

wolf's too?4 ,i ?9k ?is is a mi/ake4    
,h>d bodies appli$ to ! gums d n s(t5   
!m2 f> f x1 !y make ! process ( cutt+ ! 
tee? m difficult & pa9ful4 ,let u always
 take in/9ct z our guide2 we nev] see   
puppies practis+ _! budd+ tee? on       
pebbles1 iron1 or bones1 b on wood1     
lea!r1 rags1 s(t mat]ials :i* yield to  
_! jaws1 & on :i* ! too? leaves its m>k4
  ,we c d no?+ simply1 n ev5 = our      
*ildr54 ,toys ( silv]1 gold1 coral1 cut 
cry/al1 rattles ( e price & k9d2 :at va9
 & useless appliances4 ,away ) !m all6  
,let u h no corals or rattles2 a small  
bran* ( a tree ) its leaves & fruit1 a  
/ick ( liquorice :i* he may suck & *ew1 
w amuse him z well z ^! spl5did trifles1
 & !y w h ?is advantage at lea/1 he w n 
be br\ght up to luxury f 8 bir?4  ,x is 
admitt$ t pap is n a v :olesome food4   
,boil$ milk & uncook$ fl\r cause gravel 
& d n suit ! /oma*4 ,9 pap ! fl\r is    
less ?or\ghly cook$ ?an 9 bread & x has 
n f]m5t$4 ,i ?9k bread & milk or        
rice-cream are bett]4 ,if y w h pap1 !  

fl\r %\ld be lightly cook$ be=eh&4 ,9 my
 own c\ntry !y make a v pleasant &      
:olesome s\p f fl\r ?us heat$4          
,meat-bro? or s\p is n a v suitable food
 & %\ld be us$ z little z possible4 ,!  
*ild mu/ fir/ get us$ to *ew+ 8 food2   
?is is ! "r way to br+ ! tee? ?r\gh1 &  
:5 ! *ild beg9s to swall[1 ! saliva mix$
 ) ! food helps dige/ion4  ,i w\ld h !m 
fir/ *ew dri$ fruit or cru/s4 ,i %\ld   
give !m z play?+s little bits ( dry     
bread or biscuits1 l ! ,pi$mont bread1  
kn[n 9 ! c\ntry z grisses4 ,by d9t (    
s(t5+ ?is bread 9 ! m\? "s ( x is       
ev5tually swall[$ ! tee? come ?r\gh (   
!mselves1 & ! *ild is wean$ almo/       
imp]ceptibly4 ,peasants h usually v good
 dige/ions1 & !y are wean$ ) no m ado4  
,f ! v fir/ *ildr5 he> spok5 language2  
we speak to !m be=e !y c und]/& or ev5  
imitate spok5 s\nds4 ,! vocal organs are
 /ill /iff1 & only gradually l5d        
!mselves to ! reproduction ( ! s\nds    
he>d2 x is ev5 d\btful :e!r ^! s\nds are
 he>d di/9ctly z we he> !m4 ,! nurse may

 amuse ! *ild ) songs & ) v m]ry & v>i$ 
intonation1 b ,i object to h] bewild]+ !
 *ild ) a multitude ( va9 words ( :i* x 
und]/&s no?+ b h] tone ( voice4 ,i w\ld 
h ! fir/ words he he>s few 9 numb]1     
di/9ctly & (t5 repeat$1 :ile ! words    
!mselves %\ld be relat$ to ?+s :i* c    
fir/ be %[n to ! *ild4 ,t fatal facility
 9 ! use ( words we d n und]/& beg9s    
e>li] ?an we ?9k4 ,9 ! s*oolroom ! s*ol>
 li/5s to ! v]biage ( 8 ma/] z he li/5$ 
9 ! cradle to ! babble ( 8 nurse4 ,i ?9k
 x w\ld be a v useful education to leave
 him 9 ignorance ( bo?4  ,all sorts (   
ideas cr[d 9 ^u u :5 we try to consid] !
 developm5t ( spee* & ! *ild's fir/     
words4 ,:atev] we d !y all le>n to talk 
9 ! same way1 & all philosophical       
speculations are utt]ly useless4  ,to   
beg9 )1 !y h1 s to say1 a gramm> ( _!   
own1 ^: rules & syntax are m g5]al ?an  
our own2 if y att5d c>efully y w be     
surpris$ to f9d h[ exactly !y foll[     
c]ta9 analogies1 v mu* mi/ak5 if y l1 b 
v regul>2 ^! =ms are only objectionable 

because ( _! h>%ness or because !y are n
 recognis$ by cu/om4 ,i h j he>d a *ild 
sev]ely scold$ by 8 fa!r = say+1 ,mon   
p]e1 irai-je-t-y8 ,n[ we see t ?is *ild 
0 foll[+ ! analogy m closely ?an our    
gramm>ians1 = z !y say to him1 ,vas-y1  
:y %\ld he n say1 ,irai-je-t-y8 ,notice 
too ! skilful way 9 :i* he avoids !     
hiatus 9 irai-je-y or y-irai-je8 ,is x !
 poor *ild's fault t we h s unskilfully 
depriv$ ! phrase ( ?is det]m9ative adv]b
 y1 because we did n "k :at to d ) x8 ,x
 is an intol]able piece ( p$antry & mo/ 
sup]flu\s att5tion to detail to make a  
po9t ( correct+ all *ildr5's little s9s 
aga9/ ! cu/om>y expression1 = !y always 
cure !mselves ) "t4 ,always speak       
correctly be=e !m1 let !m nev] be s     
happy ) any "o z ) y1 & be sure t _!    
spee* w be imp]ceptibly modell$ ^u y\rs 
)\t any correction on y\r "p4  ,b a mu* 
great] evil1 & "o f> less easy to gu>d  
aga9/1 is t !y are urg$ to speak too    
mu*1 z if p 7 afraid !y w\ld n le>n to  
talk ( !mselves4 ,?is indiscreet zeal   

produces an effect directly opposite to 
:at is meant4 ,!y speak lat] & m        
confus$ly2 ! extreme att5tion paid to   
ev]y?+ !y say makes x unnecess>y = !m to
 speak di/9ctly1 & z !y w sc>cely op5 _!
 m\?s1 _m ( !m contract a vici\s        
pronunciation & a confus$ spee*1 :i* la/
 all _! life & make !m almo/            
un9telligible4  ,i h liv$ mu* among     
peasants1 & ,i nev] knew "o ( !m lisp1  
man or woman1 boy or girl4 ,:y is ?is8  
,are _! spee* organs diff]5tly made f   
our own8 ,no1 b !y are diff]5tly us$4   
,!re is a hillock fac+ my w9d[ on :i* ! 
*ildr5 ( ! place assemble = _! games4   
,al?\gh !y are f> en\gh away1 ,i c      
di/+ui% p]fectly :at !y say1 & (t5 get  
good notes = ?is book4 ,e day my e>     
deceives me z to _! age4 ,i he> ! voices
 ( *ildr5 ( t52 ,i look & see ! height &
 features ( *ildr5 ( ?ree or f\r4 ,?is  
exp]i5ce is n conf9$ to me2 ! t[nspeople
 :o come to see me1 & :om ,i consult on 
?is po9t1 all fall into ! same mi/ake4  
,?is results f ! fact t1 up to five or  

six1 *ildr5 9 t[n1 br\ght up 9 a room & 
"u ! c>e ( a nurs]y gov]ness1 d n ne$ to
 speak above a :isp] to make !mselves   
he>d4 ,z soon z _! lips move p take pa9s
 to make out :at !y mean2 !y are taught 
words :i* !y repeat inaccurately1 & by  
pay+ great att5tion to !m ! p :o are    
always ) !m r guess :at !y meant to say 
?an :at !y said4  ,x is q a diff]5t     
matt] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,a peasant woman is n 
always ) h] *ild2 he is oblig$ to le>n  
to say v cle>ly & l\dly :at he wants1 if
 he is to make himself und]/ood4 ,*ildr5
 scatt]$ ab\t ! fields at a di/ance f _!
 fa!rs1 mo!rs & o!r *ildr51 ga9 practice
 9 mak+ !mselves he>d at a di/ance1 & 9 
adapt+ ! l\dness ( ! voice to ! di/ance 
:i* sep>ates !m f ^? to :om !y want to  
speak4 ,?is is ! real way to le>n       
pronunciation1 n by /amm]+ out a few    
v[els into ! e> ( an att5tive gov]ness4 
,s :5 y "q a peasant *ild1 he may be too
 %y to answ]1 b :at he says he says     
di/9ctly1 :ile ! nurse mu/ s]ve z       
int]pret] = ! t[n *ild2 )\t h] "o c     

und]/& no?+ ( :at he is mutt]+ betwe5 8 
tee?4 ,footnote3 ,!re are exceptions to 
?is2 & (t5 ^? *ildr5 :o at fir/ are mo/ 
difficult to he>1 become ! noisie/ :5 !y
 beg9 to raise _! voices4 ,b if ,i 7 to 
ent] into all ^! details ,i %\ld nev]   
make an end2 e s5sible read] ought to   
see t defect & excess1 caus$ by ! same  
abuse1 are bo? correct$ by my me?od4 ,i 
reg>d ! two maxims z insep>able--always 
en\gh--nev] too mu*4 ,:5 ! fir/ is well 
e/abli%$1 ! latt] necess>ily foll[s on  
x4  ,z !y gr[ old]1 ! boys are suppos$  
to be cur$ ( ?is fault at college1 !    
girls 9 ! conv5t s*ools2 & inde$ bo?    
usually speak m cle>ly ?an *ildr5 br\ght
 up entirely at home4 ,b !y are prev5t$ 
f acquir+ z cle> a pronunciation z !    
peasants 9 ?is way--!y are requir$ to   
le>n all sorts ( ?+s by he>t1 & to      
repeat al\d :at !y h le>nt2 = :5 !y are 
/udy+ !y get into ! way ( gabbl+ &      
pron\nc+ c>elessly & ill2 x is /ill     
worse :5 !y repeat _! lessons2 !y _c f9d
 ! "r words1 !y drag out _! syllables4  

,?is is only possible :5 ! memory       
hesitates1 ! tongue does n /amm] (      
itself4 ,?us !y acquire or cont9ue      
habits ( bad pronunciation4 ,lat] on y w
 see t ,emile does n acquire su* habits 
or at lea/ n f ?is cause4  ,i grant y   
un$ucat$ p & villag]s (t5 fall into !   
opposite extreme4 ,!y almo/ always speak
 too l\d2 _! pronunciation is too exact1
 & leads to r\gh & co>se articulation2  
_! acc5t is too pron\nc$1 !y *oose _!   
expressions badly1 etc4  ,b1 to beg9 )1 
?is extreme /rikes me z mu* less dang]\s
 ?an ! o!r1 = ! fir/ law ( spee* is to  
make oneself und]/ood1 & ! *ief fault is
 to fail to be und]/ood4 ,to pride      
ourselves on hav+ no acc5t is to pride  
ourselves on ridd+ our phrases ( /r5g? &
 elegance4 ,emphasis is ! s\l ( spee*1 x
 gives x its feel+ & tru?4 ,emphasis    
deceives less ?an words2 p]haps t is :y 
well-educat$ p are s afraid ( x4 ,f !   
cu/om ( say+ ev]y?+ 9 ! same tone has   
aris5 t ( pok+ fun at p )\t _! kn[+ x4  
,:5 emphasis is proscrib$1 its place is 

tak5 by all sorts ( ridicul\s1 affect$1 
& ephem]al pronunciations1 su* z "o     
obs]ves especially among ! "y p ab\t    
c\rt4 ,x is ?is affectation ( spee* &   
mann] :i* makes ,fr5*m5 disagreeable &  
repulsive to o!r nations on fir/        
acqua9tance4 ,emphasis is f\nd1 n 9 _!  
spee*1 b 9 _! be>+4 ,t is n ! way to    
make !mselves attractive4  ,all ^!      
little faults ( spee*1 :i* y are s      
afraid ! *ildr5 w acquire1 are m]e      
trifles2 !y may be prev5t$ or correct$ )
 ! greate/ ease1 b ! faults :i* are     
taught !m :5 y make !m speak 9 a l[1    
indi/9ct1 & timid voice1 :5 y are always
 criticis+ _! tone & f9d+ fault ) _!    
words1 are nev] cur$4 ,a man :o has only
 le>nt to speak 9 society ( f9e ladies  
c\ld n make himself he>d at ! head ( 8  
troops1 & w\ld make little impression on
 ! rabble 9 a riot4 ,fir/ tea* ! *ild to
 speak to m52 he w be able to speak to !
 wom5 :5 requir$4  ,br\ght up 9 all !   
ru/ic simplicity ( ! c\ntry1 y\r *ildr5 
w ga9 a m sonor\s voice2 !y w n acquire 

! hesitat+ /amm] ( t[n *ildr51 nei!r w  
!y acquire ! expressions nor ! tone ( ! 
villag]s1 or if !y d !y w easily lose   
!m2 _! ma/] be+ ) !m f _! e>lie/ ye>s1 &
 m & m 9 _! society ! old] !y gr[1 w be 
able to prev5t or efface by speak+      
correctly himself ! impression ( !      
peasants' talk4 ,emile w speak ! pure/  
,fr5* ,i "k1 b he w speak x m di/9ctly &
 ) a bett] articulation ?an myself4  ,! 
*ild :o is try+ to speak %\ld he> no?+ b
 words he c und]/&1 nor %\ld he say     
words he _c articulate2 8 ef=ts lead him
 to repeat ! same syllable z if he 7    
practis+ its cle> pronunciation4 ,:5 he 
beg9s to /amm]1 d n try to und]/& him4  
,to expect to be always li/5$ to is a =m
 ( tyranny :i* is n good = ! *ild4 ,see 
c>efully to 8 real ne$s1 & let him try  
to make y und]/& ! re/4  ,/ill less %\ld
 y hurry him into spee*2 he w le>n to   
talk :5 he feels ! want ( x4  ,x has    
inde$ be5 rem>k$ t ^? :o beg9 to speak v
 late nev] speak s di/9ctly z o!rs2 b x 
is n because !y talk$ late t !y are     

hesitat+2 on ! contr>y1 !y began to talk
 late because !y hesitate2 if n1 :y did 
!y beg9 to talk s late8 ,h !y less ne$ (
 spee*1 h !y be5 less urg$ to x8 ,on !  
contr>y1 ! anxiety ar\s$ ) ! fir/       
suspicion ( ?is backw>dness leads p to  
tease !m mu* m to beg9 to talk ?an ^? :o
 articulat$ e>li]2 & ?is mi/ak5 zeal may
 d mu* to make _! spee* confus$1 :5 )   
less ha/e !y might h _h "t to br+ x to  
great] p]fection4  ,*ildr5 :o are =c$ to
 speak too soon h no "t to le>n ei!r to 
pron\nce correctly or to und]/& :at !y  
are made to say2 :ile left to !mselves  
!y fir/ practise ! easie/ syllables1 &  
!n1 add+ to !m little by little "s mean+
 :i* _! ge/ures expla91 !y tea* y _! own
 words be=e !y le>n y\rs4 ,by ?is means 
!y d n acquire y\r words till !y h      
und]/ood !m4 ,be+ 9 no hurry to use !m1 
!y beg9 by c>efully obs]v+ ! s5se 9 :i* 
y use !m1 & :5 !y are sure ( !m !y adopt
 !m4  ,! wor/ evil result+ f ! precoci\s
 use ( spee* by "y *ildr5 is t we n only
 fail to und]/& ! fir/ words !y use1 we 

misund]/& !m )\t kn[+ x2 s t :ile !y    
seem to answ] u correctly1 !y fail to   
und]/& u & we !m4  ,?is is ! mo/ frequ5t
 cause ( our surprise at *ildr5's say+s2
 we attribute to !m ideas :i* !y did n  
atta* to _! words4 ,?is lack ( att5tion 
on our "p to ! real mean+ :i* words h = 
*ildr5 seems to me ! cause ( _! e>lie/  
misconceptions2 & ^! misconceptions1 ev5
 :5 correct$1 col\r _! :ole c\rse (     
?\ght = ! re/ ( _! life4 ,i %all h      
sev]al opportunities ( illu/rat+ ^! by  
examples lat] on4  ,let ! *ild's        
vocabul>y1 !re=e1 be limit$2 x is v     
undesirable t he %\ld h m words ?an     
ideas1 t he %\ld be able to say m ?an he
 ?9ks4 ,"o ( ! reasons :y peasants are  
g5]ally %rewd] ?an t[nsfolk is1 ,i ?9k1 
t _! vocabul>y is small]4 ,!y h few     
ideas1 b ^? few are ?or\ghly grasp$4  ,!
 infant is progress+ 9 sev]al ways at   
once2 he is le>n+ to talk1 eat1 & walk  
ab\t ! same "t4 ,?is is really ! fir/   
phase ( 8 life4 ,up till n[1 he 0 little
 m ?an he 0 be=e bir?2 he _h nei!r feel+

 nor ?\ght1 he 0 b>ely capable (        
s5sation2 he 0 unconsci\s ( 8 own       
exi/5ce4  ,vivit1 et e/ vitae nescius   
ipse suae4--,ovid4     ,,book ,,ii  ,we 
h n[ rea*$ ! second phase ( life2       
infancy1 /rictly s-call$1 is ov]2 = !   
words infans & pu] are n synonym\s4  ,! 
latt] includes ! =m]1 :i* means lit]ally
 "o :o _c speak2 ?us ,val]ius speaks (  
pu]um infantem4 ,b ,i %all cont9ue to   
use ! ^w *ild 7,fr5* enfant7 accord+ to 
! cu/om ( our language till an age = :i*
 !re is ano!r t]m4  ,:5 *ildr5 beg9 to  
talk !y cry less4 ,?is progress is q    
natural2 "o language supplants ano!r4 ,z
 soon z !y c say ,x hurts me1 :y %\ld !y
 cry1 unless ! pa9 is too %>p = words8  
,if !y /ill cry1 ^? ab\t !m are to      
blame4 ,:5 once ,emile has said1 ,x     
hurts me1 x w take a v %>p pa9 to make  
him cry4  ,if ! *ild is delicate &      
s5sitive1 if by nature he beg9s to cry =
 no?+1 ,i let him cry 9 va9 & soon *eck 
8 te>s at _! s\rce4 ,s long z he cries  
,i w n g ne> him2 ,i come at once :5 he 

leaves (f cry+4 ,he w soon be quiet :5  
he wants to call me1 or r he w utt] a   
s+le cry4 ,*ildr5 le>n ! mean+ ( signs  
by _! effects2 !y h no o!r mean+ = !m4  
,h[ev] mu* a *ild hurts himself :5 he is
 alone1 he r>ely cries1 unless he       
expects to be he>d4  ,%\ld he fall or   
bump 8 head1 or make 8 nose ble$1 or cut
 8 f+]s1 ,i %all %[ no al>m1 nor %all ,i
 make any fuss ov] him2 ,i %all take no 
notice1 at any rate at fir/4 ,! h>m is  
done2 he mu/ be> x2 all my zeal c\ld    
only fright5 him m & make him m n]v\s4  
,inde$ x is n ! bl[ b ! fe> ( x :i*     
di/resses u :5 we are hurt4 ,i %all sp>e
 him ?is suff]+ at lea/1 = he w c]ta9ly 
reg>d ! injury z he sees me reg>d x2 if 
he f9ds t ,i ha/5 anxi\sly to him1 if ,i
 pity him or com=t him1 he w ?9k he is  
badly hurt4 ,if he f9ds ,i take no      
notice1 he w soon recov] himself1 & w   
?9k ! w\nd is heal$ :5 x ceases to hurt4
 ,?is is ! "t = 8 fir/ lesson 9 c\rage1 
& by be>+ slight ills )\t fe> we        
gradually le>n to be> great]4  ,i %all n

 take pa9s to prev5t ,emile hurt+       
himself2 f> f x1 ,i %\ld be vex$ if he  
nev] hurt himself1 if he grew up        
unacqua9t$ ) pa94 ,to be> pa9 is 8 fir/ 
& mo/ useful lesson4 ,x seems z if      
*ildr5 7 small & weak on purpose to tea*
 !m ^! valuable lessons )\t dang]4 ,!   
*ild has su* a little way to fall he w n
 break 8 leg2 if he knocks himself ) a  
/ick he w n break 8 arm2 if he seizes a 
%>p knife he w n grasp x tight en\gh to 
make a deep w\nd4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no     
*ild1 left to himself1 has ev] be5 kn[n 
to kill or maim itself1 or ev5 to d     
itself any s]i\s h>m1 unless x has be5  
fooli%ly left on a high place1 or alone 
ne> ! fire1 or )9 rea* ( dang]\s        
weapons4 ,:at is !re to be said = all ! 
p>aph]nalia ) :i* ! *ild is surr\nd$ to 
%ield him on e side s t he gr[s up at ! 
m]cy ( pa91 ) nei!r c\rage nor exp]i5ce1
 s t he ?9ks he is kill$ by a p9-prick &
 fa9ts at ! sight ( blood8  ,) our      
fooli% & p$antic me?ods we are always   
prev5t+ *ildr5 f le>n+ :at !y c\ld le>n 

mu* bett] by !mselves1 :ile we neglect  
:at we alone c tea* !m4 ,c any?+ be     
silli] ?an ! pa9s tak5 to tea* !m to    
walk1 z if !re 7 any "o :o 0 unable to  
walk :5 he gr[s up ?r\gh 8 nurse's      
neglect8 ,h[ _m we see walk+ badly all  
_! life because !y 7 ill taught8  ,emile
 %all h no head-pads1 no g-c>ts1 no     
lead+-/r+s2 or at lea/ z soon z he c put
 "o foot be=e ano!r he %all only be     
support$ along pavem5ts1 & he %all be   
tak5 quickly across !m4 ,footnote3 ,!re 
is no?+ s absurd & hesitat+ z ! gait (  
^? :o h be5 kept too long 9 lead+-/r+s  
:5 !y 7 little4 ,?is is "o ( !          
obs]vations :i* are consid]$ trivial    
because !y are true4 ,in/ead ( keep+ him
 mew$ up 9 a /uffy room1 take him out   
into a mead[ e day2 let him run ab\t1   
let him /ruggle & fall aga9 & aga91 !   
(t5] ! bett]2 he w le>n all ! soon] to  
pick himself up4  ,! delights ( lib]ty w
 make up = _m bruises4 ,my pupil w hurt 
himself (t5] ?an y\rs1 b he w always be 
m]ry2 y\r pupils may receive few]       

injuries1 b !y are always ?w>t$1        
con/ra9$1 & sad4 ,i d\bt :e!r !y are any
 bett] (f4  ,z _! /r5g? increases1      
*ildr5 h also less ne$ = te>s4 ,!y c d m
 = !mselves1 !y ne$ ! help ( o!rs less  
frequ5tly4 ,) /r5g? comes ! s5se to use 
x4 ,x is ) ?is second phase t ! real    
p]sonal life has its beg9n+2 x is !n t !
 *ild becomes consci\s ( himself4 ,dur+ 
e mom5t ( 8 life memory calls up ! feel+
 ( self2 he becomes really "o p]son1    
always ! same1 & !re=e capable ( joy or 
sorr[4 ,h5ce we mu/ beg9 to consid] him 
z a moral be+4  ,al?\gh we "k           
approximately ! limits ( human life &   
our *ances ( atta9+ ^? limits1 no?+ is m
 unc]ta9 ?an ! l5g? ( ! life ( any "o ( 
u4 ,v few rea* old age4 ,! *ief risks   
occur at ! beg9n+ ( life2 ! %ort] our   
pa/ life1 ! less we mu/ hope to live4 ,(
 all ! *ildr5 :o are born sc>cely "o    
half rea* adolesc5ce1 & x is v likely   
y\r pupil w n live to be a man4  ,:at is
 to be ?\ght1 !re=e1 ( t cruel education
 :i* sacrifices ! pres5t to an unc]ta9  

future1 t burd5s a *ild ) all sorts (   
re/rictions & beg9s by mak+ him         
mis]able1 9 ord] to prep>e him = "s     
f>-(f happ9ess :i* he may nev] enjoy8   
,ev5 if ,i consid]$ t education wise 9  
its aims1 h[ c\ld ,i view )\t           
indignation ^? poor wret*es subject$ to 
an intol]able slav]y & condemn$ l       
galley-slaves to endless toil1 ) no     
c]ta9ty t !y w ga9 any?+ by x8  ,! age (
 h>mless mir? is sp5t 9 te>s1 puni%m5ts1
 ?reats1 & slav]y4 ,y torm5t ! poor ?+ =
 8 good2 y fail to see t y are call+    
,dea? to snat* him f ^! gloomy          
surr\nd+s4 ,:o c say h[ _m *ildr5 fall  
victims to ! excessive c>e ( _! fa!rs & 
mo!rs8 ,!y are happy to escape f ?is    
cruelty2 ?is is all t !y ga9 f ! ills !y
 are =c$ to endure3 !y die )\t regrett+1
 hav+ kn[n no?+ ( life b its sorr[s4    
,m51 be k9d to y\r fell[-m52 ?is is y\r 
fir/ duty1 k9d to e age & /ation1 k9d to
 all t is n =eign to humanity4 ,:at     
wisdom c y f9d t is great] ?an k9dness8 
,love *ildhood1 indulge its sports1 its 

pleasures1 its delightful in/9cts4 ,:o  
has n sometimes regrett$ t age :5       
laught] 0 ev] on ! lips1 & :5 ! he>t 0  
ev] at peace8 ,:y rob ^! innoc5ts ( !   
joys :i* pass s quickly1 ( t preci\s    
gift :i* !y _c abuse8 ,:y fill )        
bitt]ness ! fleet+ days ( e>ly *ildhood1
 days :i* w no m return = !m ?an = y8   
,fa!rs1 c y tell :5 dea? w call y\r     
*ildr5 to him8 ,d n lay up sorr[ =      
y\rselves by robb+ !m ( ! %ort span :i* 
nature has allott$ to !m4 ,z soon z !y  
are aw>e ( ! joy ( life1 let !m rejoice 
9 x1 g t :5ev] ,god calls !m !y may n   
die )\t hav+ ta/$ ! joy ( life4  ,h[ p w
 cry out aga9/ me6 ,i he> f af> ! %\ts (
 t false wisdom :i* is ev] dragg+ u     
onw>ds1 c\nt+ ! pres5t z no?+1 & pursu+ 
)\t a pause a future :i* flies z we     
pursue1 t false wisdom :i* removes u f  
our place & nev] br+s u to any o!r4  ,n[
 is ! "t1 y say1 to correct 8 evil      
t5d5cies2 we mu/ increase suff]+ 9      
*ildhood1 :5 x is less ke5ly felt1 to   
less5 x 9 manhood4 ,b h[ d y "k t y c   

c>ry out all ^! f9e s*emes2 h[ d y "k t 
all ?is f9e tea*+ ) :i* y ov]:elm !     
feeble m9d ( ! *ild w n d him m h>m ?an 
good 9 ! future8 ,h[ d y "k t y c sp>e  
him any?+ by ! vexations y heap ^u him  
n[8 ,:y inflict on him m ills ?an befit 
8 pres5t condition unless y are q sure t
 ^! pres5t ills w save him future ill8  
,& :at pro( c y give me t ^? evil       
t5d5cies y pr(ess to cure are n ! result
 ( y\r fooli% precautions r ?an (       
nature8 ,:at a poor sort ( =esight1 to  
make a *ild wret*$ 9 ! pres5t ) ! m or  
less d\btful hope ( mak+ him happy at "s
 future day4 ,if su* blund]+ ?9k]s fail 
to di/+ui% betwe5 lib]ty & lic5ce1      
betwe5 a m]ry *ild & a spoilt d>l+1 let 
!m le>n to discrim9ate4  ,let u n =get  
:at befits our pres5t /ate 9 ! pursuit (
 va9 fancies4 ,mank9d has its place 9 ! 
sequ5ce ( ?+s2 *ildhood has its place 9 
! sequ5ce ( human life2 ! man mu/ be    
treat$ z a man & ! *ild z a *ild4 ,give 
ea* 8 place1 & keep him !re4 ,control   
human passions accord+ to man's nature2 

t is all we c d = 8 welf>e4 ,! re/      
dep5ds on ext]nal =ces1 :i* are beyond  
our control4  ,absolute good & evil are 
unkn[n to u4 ,9 ?is life !y are bl5d$   
toge!r2 we nev] enjoy any p]fectly pure 
feel+1 nor d we rema9 = m ?an a mom5t 9 
! same /ate4 ,! feel+s ( our m9ds1 l !  
*anges 9 our bodies1 are 9 a cont9ual   
flux4  ,good & ill are common to all1 b 
9 v>y+ proportions4 ,! happie/ is he :o 
suff]s lea/2 ! mo/ mis]able is he :o    
enjoys lea/4 ,ev] m sorr[ ?an joy--?is  
is ! lot ( all ( u4 ,man's happ9ess 9   
?is _w is b a negative /ate2 x mu/ be   
reckon$ by ! fewness ( 8 ills4  ,e feel+
 ( h>d%ip is insep>able f ! desire to   
escape f x2 e idea ( pleasure f ! desire
 to enjoy x4 ,all desire implies a want1
 & all wants are pa9ful2 h5ce our       
wret*$ness consi/s 9 ! disproportion    
betwe5 our desires & our p[]s4 ,a       
consci\s be+ ^: p[]s 7 equal to 8       
desires w\ld be p]fectly happy4  ,:at !n
 is human wisdom8 ,:]e is ! pa? ( true  
happ9ess8 ,! m]e limitation ( our       

desires is n en\gh1 = if !y 7 less ?an  
our p[]s1 "p ( our faculties w\ld be    
idle1 & we %\ld n enjoy our :ole be+2   
nei!r is ! m]e ext5sion ( our p[]s      
en\gh1 = if our desires 7 also increas$ 
we %\ld only be ! m mis]able4 ,true     
happ9ess consi/s 9 decreas+ ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 our desires & our p[]s1 9        
e/abli%+ a p]fect equilibrium betwe5 !  
p[] & ! w4 ,!n only1 :5 all its =ces are
 employ$1 w ! s\l be at re/ & man w f9d 
himself 9 8 true position4  ,9 ?is      
condition1 nature1 :o does ev]y?+ = !   
be/1 has plac$ him f ! fir/4 ,to beg9 )1
 %e gives him only su* desires z are    
necess>y = self-pres]vation & su* p[]s z
 are suffici5t = _! satisfaction4 ,all !
 re/ %e has /or$ 9 8 m9d z a sort (     
res]ve1 to be drawn ^u at ne$4 ,x is    
only 9 ?is primitive condition t we f9d 
! equilibrium betwe5 desire & p[]1 & !n 
alone man is n unhappy4 ,z soon z 8     
pot5tial p[]s ( m9d beg9 to function1   
imag9ation1 m p[]ful ?an all ! re/1     
awakes1 & prec$es all ! re/4 ,x is      

imag9ation :i* enl>ges ! b\nds (        
possibility = u1 :e!r = good or ill1 &  
!re=e /imulates & fe$s desires by ! hope
 ( satisfy+ !m4 ,b ! object :i* seem$ )9
 our grasp flies quick] ?an we c foll[2 
:5 we ?9k we h grasp$ x1 x trans=ms     
itself & is aga9 f> ahead ( u4 ,we no   
long] p]ceive ! c\ntry we h trav]s$1 &  
we ?9k no?+ ( x2 t :i* lies be=e u      
becomes va/] & /ret*es /ill be=e u4 ,?us
 we exhau/ our /r5g?1 yet nev] rea* our 
goal1 & ! ne>] we are to pleasure1 !    
fur!r we are f happ9ess4  ,on ! o!r h&1 
! m ne>ly a man's condition approximates
 to ?is /ate ( nature ! less diff]5ce is
 !re betwe5 8 desires & 8 p[]s1 &       
happ9ess is !re=e less remote4 ,lack+   
ev]y?+1 he is nev] less mis]able2 =     
mis]y consi/s1 n 9 ! lack ( ?+s1 b 9 !  
ne$s :i* !y inspire4  ,! _w ( reality   
has its b\nds1 ! _w ( imag9ation is     
b\ndless2 z we _c enl>ge ! "o1 let u    
re/rict ! o!r2 = all ! suff]+s :i*      
really make u mis]able arise f !        
diff]5ce betwe5 ! real & ! imag9>y4     

,heal?1 /r5g?1 & a good consci5ce       
except$1 all ! good ?+s ( life are a    
matt] ( op9ion2 except bodily suff]+ &  
remorse1 all our woes are imag9>y4 ,y w 
tell me ?is is a commonplace2 ,i admit  
x1 b its practical application is no    
commonplace1 & x is ) practice only t we
 are n[ conc]n$4  ,:at d y mean :5 y    
say1 ,man is weak8 ,! t]m weak implies a
 relation1 a relation ( ! creature to   
:om x is appli$4 ,an insect or a worm ^:
 /r5g? exce$s its ne$s is /rong2 an     
elephant1 a lion1 a conqu]or1 a h]o1 a  
god himself1 ^: ne$s exce$ 8 /r5g? is   
weak4 ,! rebelli\s angel :o f\ght aga9/ 
8 own nature 0 weak] ?an ! happy mortal 
:o is liv+ at peace accord+ to nature4  
,:5 man is cont5t to be himself he is   
/rong inde$2 :5 he /rives to be m ?an   
man he is weak inde$4 ,b d n imag9e t y 
c increase y\r /r5g? by increas+ y\r    
p[]s4 ,n s2 if y\r pride increases m    
rapidly y\r /r5g? is dim9i%$4 ,let u    
measure ! ext5t ( our sph]e & rema9 9   
its c5tre l ! spid] 9 its web2 we %all h

 /r5g? suffici5t = our ne$s1 we %all h  
no cause to lam5t our weakness1 = we    
%all nev] be aw>e ( x4  ,! o!r animals  
possess only su* p[]s z are requir$ =   
self-pres]vation2 man alone has m4 ,is x
 n v /range t ?is sup]fluity %\ld make  
him mis]able8 ,9 e l& a man's lab\r     
yields m ?an a b>e liv+4 ,if he 7 wise  
en\gh to disreg>d ?is surplus he w\ld   
always h en\gh1 = he w\ld nev] h too    
mu*4 ,great ne$s1 said ,favor91 spr+ f  
great weal?2 & (t5 ! be/ way ( gett+ :at
 we want is to get rid ( :at we h4 ,by  
/riv+ to increase our happ9ess we *ange 
x into wret*$ness4 ,if a man 7 cont5t to
 live1 he w\ld live happy2 & he w\ld    
!re=e be good1 = :at w\ld he h to ga9 by
 vice8  ,if we 7 immortal we %\ld all be
 mis]able2 no d\bt x is h>d to die1 b x 
is sweet to ?9k t we %all n live = ev]1 
& t a bett] life w put an end to !      
sorr[s ( ?is _w4  ,if we _h ! (f] (     
immortality "h bel[1 :o w\ld accept !   
sorr[ful gift8 ,footnote3 ,y und]/& ,i  
am speak+ ( ^? :o ?9k1 & n ( ! cr[d4    

,:at res\rces1 :at hopes1 :at           
consolation w\ld be left aga9/ !        
cruelties ( fate & man's inju/ice8 ,!   
ignorant man nev] looks be=e2 he kn[s   
little ( ! value ( life & does n fe> to 
lose x2 ! wise man sees ?+s ( great]    
wor? & pref]s !m to x4 ,half k & %am    
wisdom set u ?9k+ ab\t dea? & :at lies  
beyond x2 & !y ?us create ! wor/ ( our  
ills4 ,! wise man be>s life's ills all !
 bett] because he kn[s he mu/ die4 ,life
 w\ld be too de>ly b\ght did we n "k t  
soon] or lat] dea? w end x4  ,our moral 
ills are ! result ( prejudice1 crime    
alone except$1 & t dep5ds on ourselves2 
our bodily ills ei!r put an end to      
!mselves or to u4 ,"t or dea? w cure !m1
 b ! less we "k h[ to be> x1 ! great] is
 our pa91 & we suff] m 9 our ef=ts to   
cure our diseases ?an if we endur$ !m4  
,live accord+ to nature2 be pati5t1 get 
rid ( ! doctors2 y w n escape dea?1 b y 
w only die once1 :ile ! doctors make y  
die daily ?r\gh y\r diseas$ imag9ation2 
_! ly+ art1 in/ead ( prolong+ y\r days1 

robs y ( all delight 9 !m4 ,i am always 
ask+ :at real good ?is art has done to  
mank9d4 ,true1 ! doctors cure "s :o w\ld
 h di$1 b !y kill millions :o w\ld h    
liv$4 ,if y are wise y w decl9e to take 
"p 9 ?is lott]y :5 ! odds are s great   
aga9/ y4 ,suff]1 die1 or get bett]2 b   
:atev] y d1 live :ile y are alive4      
,human in/itutions are "o mass ( folly &
 contradiction4 ,z our life loses its   
value we set a high] price ^u x4 ,! old 
regret life m ?an ! "y2 !y d n want to  
lose all !y h sp5t 9 prep>+ = its       
enjoym5t4 ,at sixty x is cruel to die :5
 "o has n begun to live4 ,man is cr$it$ 
) a /rong desire = self-pres]vation1 &  
?is desire exi/s2 b we fail to p]ceive t
 ?is desire1 z felt by u1 is l>gely ! "w
 ( man4 ,9 a natural /ate man is only   
eag] to pres]ve 8 life :ile he has !    
means = its pres]vation2 :5             
self-pres]vation is no long] possible1  
he resigns himself to 8 fate & dies )\t 
va9 torm5ts4 ,nature tea*es u ! fir/ law
 ( resignation4 ,savages1 l wild bea/s1 

make v little /ruggle aga9/ dea?1 & meet
 x almo/ )\t a murmur4 ,:5 ?is natural  
law is ov]?r[n reason e/abli%es ano!r1 b
 few disc]n x1 & man's resignation is   
nev] s complete z nature's4  ,prud5ce6  
,prud5ce :i* is ev] bidd+ u look =w>d   
into ! future1 a future :i* 9 _m cases  
we %all nev] rea*2 "h is ! real s\rce ( 
all our tr\bles6 ,h[ mad x is = s       
%ort-liv$ a creature z man to look =w>d 
into a future to :i* he r>ely atta9s1   
:ile he neglects ! pres5t :i* is 88 ,?is
 madness is all ! m fatal s9ce x        
increases ) ye>s1 & ! old1 always timid1
 prud5t1 & mis]ly1 pref] to d )\t       
necess>ies to-day t !y may h luxuries at
 a hundr$4 ,?us we grasp ev]y?+1 we cl+ 
to ev]y?+2 we are anxi\s ab\t "t1 place1
 p1 ?+s1 all t is & w be2 we ourselves  
are b ! lea/ "p ( ourselves4 ,we spread 
ourselves1 s to speak1 ov] ! :ole _w1 & 
all ?is va/ expanse becomes s5sitive4   
,no wond] our woes increase :5 we may be
 w\nd$ on e side4 ,h[ _m pr9ces make    
!mselves mis]able = ! loss ( l&s !y nev]

 saw1 & h[ _m m]*ants lam5t 9 ,p>is ov] 
"s mis=tune 9 ! ,indies6  ,is x nature t
 c>ries m5 s f> f _! real selves8 ,is x 
h] w t ea* %\ld le>n 8 fate f o!rs & ev5
 be ! la/ to le>n x2 s t a man dies     
happy or mis]able be=e he kn[s :at he is
 ab\t4 ,!re is a heal?y1 *e]ful1 /rong1 
& vigor\s man2 x does me good to see    
him2 8 eyes tell ( cont5t & well-be+2 he
 is ! picture ( happ9ess4 ,a lett] comes
 by po/2 ! happy man glances at x1 x is 
address$ to him1 he op5s x & reads x4 ,9
 a mom5t he is *ang$1 he turns pale &   
falls into a swoon4 ,:5 he comes to     
himself he weeps1 lam5ts1 & groans1 he  
te>s 8 hair1 & 8 %rieks re-e*o ?r\gh !  
air4  ,y w\ld say he 0 9 convulsions4   
,fool1 :at h>m has ?is bit ( pap] done  
y8 ,:at limb has x torn away8 ,:at crime
 has x made y commit8 ,:at *ange has x  
wr\ght 9 y to r$uce y to ?is /ate (     
mis]y8  ,_h ! lett] misc>ri$1 _h "s     
k9dly h& ?r[n x into ! fire1 x /rikes me
 t ! fate ( ?is mortal1 at once happy & 
unhappy1 w\ld h (f]$ u a /range problem4

 ,8 mis=tunes1 y say1 7 real en\gh4     
,grant$2 b he did n feel !m4 ,:at ( t8  
,8 happ9ess 0 imag9>y4 ,i admit x2      
heal?1 weal?1 a cont5t$ _s1 are m]e     
dreams4 ,we no long] live 9 our own     
place1 we live outside x4 ,:at does x   
pr(it u to live 9 su* fe> ( dea?1 :5 all
 t makes life wor? liv+ is our own8     
,oh1 man6 live y\r own life & y w no    
long] be wret*$4 ,keep to y\r appo9t$   
place 9 ! ord] ( nature & no?+ c te> y f
 x4 ,d n kick aga9/ ! /]n law (         
necessity1 nor wa/e 9 va9 resi/ance !   
/r5g? be/[$ on y by heav51 n to prolong 
or ext5d y\r exi/5ce1 b to pres]ve x s  
f> & s long z heav5 pleases4 ,y\r fre$om
 & y\r p[] ext5d z f> & no fur!r ?an y\r
 natural /r5g?2 any?+ m is b slav]y1    
deceit1 & trick]y4 ,p[] itself is s]vile
 :5 x dep5ds ^u public op9ion2 = y are  
dep5d5t on ! prejudices ( o!rs :5 y rule
 !m by means ( ^? prejudices4 ,to lead  
!m z y w1 !y mu/ be l$ z !y w4 ,!y h    
only to *ange _! way ( ?9k+ & y are =c$ 
to *ange y\r c\rse ( action4 ,^? :o     

approa* y ne$ only contrive to sway !   
op9ions ( ^? y rule1 or ( ! fav\rite by 
:om y are rul$1 or ^? ( y\r own family  
or !irs4 ,_h y ! g5ius ( ,!mi/ocles1    
,footnote3 ,y see t little boy1 said    
,!mi/ocles to 8 fri5ds1 ! fate ( ,greece
 is 9 8 h&s1 = he rules 8 "m & 8 "m     
rules me1 ,i rule ! ,a!nians & !        
,a!nians rule ! ,greeks4 ,:at petty     
creatures we %\ld (t5 f9d controll+     
great empires if we trac$ ! c\rse ( p[] 
f ! pr9ce to ^? :o secretly put t p[] 9 
motion4 vizi]s1 c\rti]s1 prie/s1        
soldi]s1 s]vants1 babbl]s1 ! v *ildr5   
!mselves1 w\ld lead y l a *ild 9 ! mid/ 
( y\r legions4 ,:atev] y d1 y\r actual  
au?ority c nev] ext5d beyond y\r own    
p[]s4 ,z soon z y are oblig$ to see )   
ano!r's eyes y mu/ w :at he wills4 ,y   
say ) pride1 ,my p are my subjects4     
,grant$1 b :at are y8 ,! subject ( y\r  
m9i/]s4 ,& y\r m9i/]s1 :at are !y8 ,!   
subjects ( _! cl]ks1 _! mi/resses1 !    
s]vants ( _! s]vants4 ,grasp all1 usurp 
all1 & !n p\r out y\r silv] ) bo? h&s2  

set up y\r batt]ies1 raise ! gall[s & ! 
:eel2 make laws1 issue proclamations1   
multiply y\r spies1 y\r soldi]s1 y\r    
hangm51 y\r prisons1 & y\r *a9s4 ,poor  
little m51 :at good does x d y8 ,y w be 
no bett] s]v$1 y w be none ! less robb$ 
& deceiv$1 y w be no ne>] absolute p[]4 
,y w say cont9ually1 ,x is our w1 & y w 
cont9ually d ! w ( o!rs4  ,!re is only  
"o man :o gets 8 own way--he :o c get x 
s+le-h&$2 !re=e fre$om1 n p[]1 is !     
greate/ good4 ,t man is truly free :o   
desires :at he is able to p]=m1 & does  
:at he desires4 ,?is is my fundam5tal   
maxim4 ,apply x to *ildhood1 & all !    
rules ( education spr+ f x4  ,society   
has enfeebl$ man1 n m]ely by robb+ him (
 ! "r to 8 own /r5g?1 b /ill m by mak+ 8
 /r5g? insuffici5t = 8 ne$s4 ,?is is :y 
8 desires increase 9 proportion to 8    
weakness2 & ?is is :y ! *ild is weak]   
?an ! man4 ,if a man is /rong & a *ild  
is weak x is n because ! /r5g? ( ! "o is
 absolutely great] ?an ! /r5g? ( ! o!r1 
b because ! "o c naturally provide =    

himself & ! o!r _c4 ,?us ! man w h m    
desires & ! *ild m caprices1 a ^w :i*   
means1 ,i take x1 desires :i* are n true
 ne$s1 desires :i* c only be satisfi$ ) 
! help ( o!rs4  ,i h already giv5 !     
reason = ?is /ate ( weakness4 ,p>5tal   
affection is nature's provision aga9/ x2
 b p>5tal affection may be c>ri$ to     
excess1 x may be want+1 or x may be ill 
appli$4 ,p>5ts :o live "u our ord9>y    
social conditions br+ _! *ild into ^!   
conditions too soon4 ,by increas+ 8 ne$s
 !y d n relieve 8 weakness2 !y r        
increase x4 ,!y fur!r increase x by     
dem&+ ( him :at nature does n dem&1 by  
subject+ to _! w :at little /r5g? he has
 to fur!r 8 own wi%es1 by mak+ slaves ( 
!mselves or ( him in/ead ( recognis+ t  
mutual dep5d5ce :i* %\ld result f 8     
weakness or _! affection4  ,! wise man c
 keep 8 own place2 b ! *ild :o does n "k
 :at 8 place is1 is unable to keep x4   
,!re are a ?\s& ways out ( x1 & x is !  
bus9ess ( ^? :o h *>ge ( ! *ild to keep 
him 9 8 place1 & ?is is no easy task4   

,he %\ld be nei!r bea/ nor man1 b a     
*ild4 ,he mu/ feel 8 weakness1 b n suff]
 ?r\gh x2 he mu/ be dep5d5t1 b he mu/ n 
obey2 he mu/ ask1 n comm&4 ,he is only  
subject to o!rs because ( 8 ne$s1 &     
because !y see bett] ?an he :at he      
really ne$s1 :at may help or h9d] 8     
exi/5ce4 ,no "o1 n ev5 8 fa!r1 has ! "r 
to bid ! *ild d :at is ( no use to him4 
,:5 our natural t5d5cies h n be5 int]f]$
 ) by human prejudice & human           
in/itutions1 ! happ9ess alike ( *ildr5 &
 ( m5 consi/s 9 ! enjoym5t ( _! lib]ty4 
,b ! *ild's lib]ty is re/rict$ by 8 lack
 ( /r5g?4 ,he :o does z he likes is     
happy provid$ he is self-suffic+2 x is s
 ) ! man :o is liv+ 9 a /ate ( nature4  
,he :o does :at he likes is n happy if 8
 desires exce$ 8 /r5g?2 x is s ) a *ild 
9 l conditions4 ,ev5 9 a /ate ( nature  
*ildr5 only enjoy an imp]fect lib]ty1 l 
t enjoy$ by m5 9 social life4  ,ea* ( u1
 unable to disp5se ) ! help ( o!rs1     
becomes s f> weak & wret*$4 ,we 7 meant 
to be m51 laws & cu/oms ?ru/ u back into

 infancy4 ,! ri* & great1 ! v k+s       
!mselves are b *ildr52 !y see t we are  
ready to relieve _! mis]y2 ?is makes !m 
*ildi%ly va91 & !y are q pr\d ( ! c>e   
be/[$ on !m1 a c>e :i* !y w\ld nev] get 
if !y 7 gr[n m54  ,^! are weighty       
consid]ations1 & !y provide a solution =
 all ! conflict+ problems ( our social  
sy/em4 ,!re are two k9ds ( dep5d5ce3    
dep5d5ce on ?+s1 :i* is ! "w ( nature2 &
 dep5d5ce on m51 :i* is ! "w ( society4 
,dep5d5ce on ?+s1 be+ non-moral1 does no
 injury to lib]ty & begets no vices2    
dep5d5ce on m51 be+ out ( ord]1         
,footnote3 ,9 my ,,pr9ciples ,,(        
,,political ,,law x is prov$ t no       
private w c be ord]$ 9 ! social sy/em4  
gives rise to e k9d ( vice1 & ?r\gh ?is 
ma/] & slave become mutually deprav$4   
,if !re is any cure = ?is social evil1 x
 is to be f\nd 9 ! sub/itution ( law = !
 individual2 9 arm+ ! g5]al w ) a real  
/r5g? beyond ! p[] ( any individual w4  
,if ! laws ( nations1 l ! laws ( nature1
 c\ld nev] be brok5 by any human p[]1   

dep5d5ce on m5 w\ld become dep5d5ce on  
?+s2 all ! advantages ( a /ate ( nature 
w\ld be comb9$ ) all ! advantages (     
social life 9 ! commonweal?4 ,! lib]ty  
:i* pres]ves a man f vice w\ld be unit$ 
) ! morality :i* raises him to virtue4  
,keep ! *ild dep5d5t on ?+s only4 ,by   
?is c\rse ( education y w h foll[$ !    
ord] ( nature4 ,let 8 unreasonable wi%es
 meet ) physical ob/acles only1 or !    
puni%m5t :i* results f 8 own actions1   
lessons :i* w be recall$ :5 ! same      
circum/ances occur aga94 ,x is en\gh to 
prev5t him f wrong do+ )\t =bidd+ him to
 d wrong4 ,exp]i5ce or lack ( p[] %\ld  
take ! place ( law4 ,give him1 n :at he 
wants1 b :at he ne$s4 ,let !re be no "q 
( ob$i5ce = him or tyranny = y4 ,supply 
! /r5g? he lacks j s f> z is requir$ =  
fre$om1 n = p[]1 s t he may receive y\r 
s]vices ) a sort ( %ame1 & look =w>d to 
! "t :5 he may disp5se ) !m & may a*ieve
 ! hon\r ( self-help4  ,nature provides 
= ! *ild's gr[? 9 h] own fa%ion1 & ?is  
%\ld nev] be ?w>t$4 ,d n make him sit   

/ill :5 he wants to run ab\t1 nor run :5
 he wants to be quiet4 ,if we did n     
spoil our *ildr5's wills by our blund]s 
_! desires w\ld be free f caprice4 ,let 
!m run1 jump1 & %\t to _! he>t's cont5t4
 ,all _! own activities are in/9cts ( ! 
body = its gr[? 9 /r5g?2 b y %\ld reg>d 
) suspicion ^? wi%es :i* !y _c c>ry out 
= !mselves1 ^? :i* o!rs mu/ c>ry out =  
!m4 ,!n y mu/ di/+ui% c>efully betwe5   
natural & artificial ne$s1 betwe5 ! ne$s
 ( budd+ caprice & ! ne$s :i* spr+ f !  
ov]fl[+ life j describ$4  ,i h already  
told y :at y ought to d :5 a *ild cries 
= ?is ?+ or t4 ,i w only add t z soon z 
he has words to ask = :at he wants &    
accompanies 8 dem&s ) te>s1 ei!r to get 
8 own way quick] or to ov]-ride a       
refusal1 he %\ld nev] h 8 way4 ,if 8    
words 7 prompt$ by a real ne$ y %\ld    
recognise x & satisfy x at once2 b to   
yield to 8 te>s is to enc\rage him to   
cry1 to tea* him to d\bt y\r k9dness1 & 
to ?9k t y are influ5c$ m by 8          
importunity ?an y\r own good-w4 ,if he  

does n ?9k y k9d he w soon ?9k y unk9d2 
if he ?9ks y weak he w soon become      
ob/9ate2 :at y mean to give mu/ be giv5 
at once4 ,be *>y ( refus+1 b1 hav+      
refus$1 d n *ange y\r m9d4  ,above all1 
bew>e ( tea*+ ! *ild empty phrases (    
polit5ess1 :i* s]ve z spells to subdue  
^? ar\nd him to 8 w1 & to get him :at he
 wants at once4 ,! artificial education 
( ! ri* nev] fails to make !m politely  
imp]i\s1 by tea*+ !m ! words to use s t 
no "o w d>e to resi/ !m4 ,_! *ildr5 h   
nei!r ! tone nor ! mann] ( suppliants2  
!y are z haughty or ev5 m haughty 9 _!  
entreaties ?an 9 _! comm&s1 z ?\gh !y 7 
m c]ta9 to be obey$4 ,y see at once t   
,if y please means ,x pleases me1 & ,i  
beg means ,i comm&4 ,:at a f9e sort (   
polit5ess :i* only succe$s 9 *ang+ !    
mean+ ( words s t e ^w is a comm&6 ,= my
 own "p1 ,i w\ld r ,emile 7 rude ?an    
haughty1 t he %\ld say ,d ?is z a       
reque/1 r ?an ,please z a comm&4 ,:at   
conc]ns me is 8 mean+1 n 8 words4  ,!re 
is su* a ?+ z excessive sev]ity z well z

 excessive indulg5ce1 & bo? alike %\ld  
be avoid$4 ,if y let *ildr5 suff] y risk
 _! heal? & life2 y make !m mis]able n[2
 if y take too mu* pa9s to sp>e !m e k9d
 ( uneas9ess y are lay+ up mu* mis]y =  
!m 9 ! future2 y are mak+ !m delicate & 
ov]-s5sitive2 y are tak+ !m out ( _!    
place among m51 a place to :i* !y mu/   
soon] or lat] return1 9 spite ( all y\r 
pa9s4 ,y w say ,i am fall+ into ! same  
mi/ake z ^? bad fa!rs :om ,i blam$ =    
sacrific+ ! pres5t happ9ess ( _! *ildr5 
to a future :i* may nev] be !irs4  ,n s2
 = ! lib]ty ,i give my pupil makes up = 
! slight h>d%ips to :i* he is expos$4 ,i
 see little fell[s play+ 9 ! sn[1 /iff &
 blue ) cold1 sc>cely able to /ir a f+]4
 ,!y c\ld g & w>m !mselves if !y *ose1 b
 !y d n *oose2 if y =c$ !m to come 9 !y 
w\ld feel ! h>%ness ( con/ra9t a        
hundr$fold m ?an ! %>pness ( ! cold4    
,!n :at becomes ( y\r grievance8 ,%all  
,i make y\r *ild mis]able by expos+ him 
to h>d%ips :i* he is p]fectly ready to  
endure8 ,i secure 8 pres5t good by leav+

 him 8 fre$om1 & 8 future good by arm+  
him aga9/ ! evils he w h to be>4 ,if he 
_h 8 *oice1 w\ld he hesitate = a mom5t  
betwe5 y & me8  ,d y ?9k any man c f9d  
true happ9ess else:]e ?an 9 8 natural   
/ate2 & :5 y try to sp>e him all suff]+1
 are y n tak+ him out ( 8 natural /ate8 
,inde$ ,i ma9ta9 t to enjoy great       
happ9ess he mu/ exp]i5ce slight ills2   
su* is 8 nature4 ,too mu* bodily        
prosp]ity corrupts ! morals4 ,a man :o  
knew no?+ ( suff]+ w\ld be incapable (  
t5d]ness t[>ds 8 fell[-creatures &      
ignorant ( ! joys ( pity2 he w\ld be    
h>d-he>t$1 unsocial1 a v mon/] among m54
  ,d y "k ! sure/ way to make y\r *ild  
mis]able8 ,let him h ev]y?+ he wants2 = 
z 8 wants increase 9 proportion to !    
ease ) :i* !y are satisfi$1 y w be      
compell$1 soon] or lat]1 to refuse 8    
dem&s1 & ?is unlook$-= refusal w hurt   
him m ?an ! lack ( :at he wants4 ,he w  
want y\r /ick fir/1 !n y\r wat*1 ! bird 
t flies1 or ! /> t %9es above him4 ,he w
 want all he sets eyes on1 & unless y 7 

,god himself1 h[ c\ld y satisfy him8    
,man naturally consid]s all t he c get z
 8 own4 ,9 ?is s5se ,hobbes' !ory is    
true to a c]ta9 ext5t3 ,multiply bo? our
 wi%es & ! means ( satisfy+ !m1 & ea* w 
be ma/] ( all4 ,?us ! *ild1 :o has only 
to ask & h1 ?9ks himself ! ma/] ( !     
univ]se2 he consid]s all m5 z 8 slaves2 
& :5 y are at la/ compell$ to refuse1 he
 takes y\r refusal z an act ( rebellion1
 = he ?9ks he has only to comm&4 ,all ! 
reasons y give him1 :ile he is /ill too 
"y to reason1 are s _m pret5ces 9 8     
eyes2 !y seem to him only unk9dness2 !  
s5se ( inju/ice embitt]s 8 disposition2 
he hates e "o4  ,?\gh he has nev] felt  
grateful = k9dness1 he res5ts all       
opposition4  ,h[ %\ld ,i suppose t su* a
 *ild c ev] be happy8 ,he is ! slave (  
ang]1 a prey to ! fi]ce/ passions4      
,happy6 ,he is a tyrant1 at once ! base/
 ( slaves & ! mo/ wret*$ ( creatures4 ,i
 h kn[n *ildr5 br\ght up l ?is :o       
expect$ y to knock ! h\se d[n1 to give  
!m ! wea!r-cock on ! /eeple1 to /op a   

regim5t on ! m>* s t !y might li/5 to ! 
b&2 :5 !y c\ld n get _! way !y scream$ &
 cri$ & w\ld pay no att5tion to any "o4 
,9 va9 ev]ybody /rove to please !m2 z _!
 desires 7 /imulat$ by ! ease ) :i* !y  
got _! own way1 !y set _! he>ts on      
impossibilities1 & f\nd !mselves face to
 face ) opposition & difficulty1 pa9 &  
grief4 ,scold+1 sulk+1 or 9 a rage1 !y  
wept & cri$ all day4 ,7 !y really s     
greatly fav\r$8  ,weakness1 comb9$ )    
love ( p[]1 produces no?+ b folly &     
suff]+4 ,"o spoilt *ild beats ! table2  
ano!r :ips ! sea4 ,!y may beat & :ip    
long en\gh be=e !y f9d cont5tm5t4  ,if  
_! *ildhood is made wret*$ by ^! notions
 ( p[] & tyranny1 :at ( _! manhood1 :5  
_! relations ) _! fell[-m5 beg9 to gr[ &
 multiply8 ,!y are us$ to f9d ev]y?+    
give way to !m2 :at a pa9ful surprise to
 ent] society & meet ) opposition on e  
side1 to be cru%$ b5ea? ! weight ( a    
univ]se :i* !y expect$ to move at w4 ,_!
 insol5t mann]s1 _! *ildi% vanity1 only 
draw d[n ^u !m mortification1 scorn1 &  

mock]y2 !y swall[ insults l wat]2 %>p   
exp]i5ce soon tea*es !m t !y h realis$  
nei!r _! position nor _! /r5g?4 ,z !y _c
 d ev]y?+1 !y ?9k !y c d no?+4 ,!y are  
daunt$ by unexpect$ ob/acles1 degrad$ by
 ! scorn ( m52 !y become base1 c[>dly1 &
 deceitful1 & fall z f> bel[ _! true    
level z !y =m]ly so>$ above x4  ,let u  
come back to ! primitive law4 ,nature   
has made *ildr5 helpless & 9 ne$ (      
affection2 did %e make !m to be obey$ & 
fe>$8 ,has %e giv5 !m an impos+ mann]1 a
 /]n eye1 a l\d & ?reat5+ voice ) :i* to
 make !mselves fe>$8 ,i und]/& h[ ! ro>+
 ( ! lion /rikes t]ror into ! o!r bea/s1
 s t !y tremble :5 !y behold 8 t]rible  
mane1 b ( all unseemly1 hateful1 &      
ridicul\s sights1 0 !re ev] any?+ l a   
body ( /atesm5 9 _! robes ( (fice ) _!  
*ief at _! head b[+ d[n be=e a swaddl$  
babe1 address+ him 9 pomp\s phrases1    
:ile he cries & slav]s 9 reply8  ,if we 
consid] *ildhood itself1 is !re any?+ s 
weak & wret*$ z a *ild1 any?+ s utt]ly  
at ! m]cy ( ^? ab\t x1 s dep5d5t on _!  

pity1 _! c>e1 & _! affection8 ,does x n 
seem z if 8 g5tle face & t\*+ appe>ance 
7 int5d$ to int]e/ e "o on behalf ( 8   
weakness & to make !m eag] to help him8 
,& :at is !re m (f5sive1 m unsuitable1  
?an ! sight ( a sulky or imp]i\s *ild1  
:o comm&s ^? ab\t him1 & impud5tly      
assumes ! tones ( a ma/] t[>ds ^? )\t   
:om he w\ld p]i%8  ,on ! o!r h&1 d y n  
see h[ *ildr5 are fett]$ by ! weakness (
 infancy8 ,d y n see h[ cruel x is to   
increase ?is s]vitude by ob$i5ce to our 
caprices1 by depriv+ !m ( su* lib]ty z  
!y h8 a lib]ty :i* !y c sc>cely abuse1 a
 lib]ty ! loss ( :i* w d s little good  
to !m or u4 ,if !re is no?+ m ridicul\s 
?an a haughty *ild1 !re is no?+ t claims
 our pity l a timid *ild4 ,) ! age (    
reason ! *ild becomes ! slave ( !       
community2 !n :y =e/all ?is by slav]y 9 
! home8 ,let ?is brief h\r ( life be    
free f a yoke :i* nature has n laid ^u  
x2 leave ! *ild ! use ( 8 natural       
lib]ty1 :i*1 = a "t at lea/1 secures him
 f ! vices ( ! slave4 ,br+ me ^? h>%    

ma/]s1 & ^? fa!rs :o are ! slaves ( _!  
*ildr51 br+ !m bo? ) _! frivol\s        
objections1 & be=e !y boa/ ( _! own     
me?ods let !m = once le>n ! me?od (     
nature4  ,i return to practical matt]s4 
,i h already said y\r *ild mu/ n get :at
 he asks1 b :at he ne$s2 ,footnote3 ,we 
mu/ recognise t pa9 is (t5 necess>y1    
pleasure is sometimes ne$$4 ,s !re is   
only "o ( ! *ild's desires :i* %\ld nev]
 be compli$ )1 ! desire = p[]4 ,h5ce1   
:5ev] !y ask = any?+ we mu/ pay special 
att5tion to _! motive 9 ask+4 ,z f> z   
possible give !m ev]y?+ !y ask =1       
provid$ x c really give !m pleasure2    
refuse ev]y?+ !y dem& f m]e caprice or  
love ( p[]4 he mu/ nev] act f ob$i5ce1 b
 f necessity4  ,! v words ,,obey &      
,,comm& w be exclud$ f 8 vocabul>y1 /ill
 m ^? ( ,,duty & ,,obligation2 b ! words
 /r5g?1 necessity1 weakness1 & con/ra9t 
mu/ h a l>ge place 9 x4 ,be=e ! age (   
reason x is impossible to =m any idea ( 
moral be+s or social relations2 s avoid1
 z f> z may be1 ! use ( words :i*       

express ^! ideas1 le/ ! *ild at an e>ly 
age %\ld atta* wrong ideas to !m1 ideas 
:i* y _c or w n de/roy :5 he is old]4 ,!
 fir/ mi/ak5 idea he gets into 8 head is
 ! g]m ( error & vice2 x is ! fir/ /ep t
 ne$s wat*+4 ,act 9 su* a way t :ile he 
only notices ext]nal objects 8 ideas are
 conf9$ to s5sations2 let him only see !
 physical _w ar\nd him4 ,if n1 y may be 
sure t ei!r he w pay no he$ to y at all1
 or he w =m fanta/ic ideas ( ! moral _w 
( :i* y prate1 ideas :i* y w nev] efface
 z long z he lives4  ,reason ) *ildr5 0 
,locke's *ief maxim2 x is 9 ! height (  
fa%ion at pres5t1 & ,i h>dly ?9k x is   
ju/ifi$ by its results2 ^? *ildr5 :o h  
be5 con/antly reason$ ) /rike me z      
exce$+ly silly4 ,( all man's faculties1 
reason1 :i* is1 s to speak1 comp\nd$ (  
all ! re/1 is ! la/ & *oice/ gr[?1 & x  
is ?is y w\ld use = ! *ild's e>ly tra9+4
 ,to make a man reasonable is ! cop+    
/one ( a good education1 & yet y pr(ess 
to tra9 a *ild ?r\gh 8 reason6  ,y beg9 
at ! wrong end1 y make ! end ! means4   

,if *ildr5 und]/ood reason !y w\ld n ne$
 education1 b by talk+ to !m f _! e>lie/
 age 9 a language !y d n und]/& y       
accu/om !m to be satisfi$ ) words1 to "q
 all t is said to !m1 to ?9k !mselves z 
wise z _! tea*]s2 y tra9 !m to be       
argum5tative & rebelli\s2 & :atev] y ?9k
 y ga9 f motives ( reason1 y really ga9 
f gre$9ess1 fe>1 or vanity ) :i* y are  
oblig$ to re9=ce y\r reason+4  ,mo/ ( ! 
moral lessons :i* are & c be giv5 to    
*ildr5 may be r$uc$ to ?is =mula2 ,ma/]4
 ,y mu/ n d t4  ,*ild4 ,:y n8  ,ma/]4   
,because x is wrong4  ,*ild4 ,wrong6    
,:at is wrong8  ,ma/]4 ,:at is =bidd5 y4
  ,*ild4 ,:y is x wrong to d :at is     
=bidd58  ,ma/]4 ,y w be puni%$ =        
disob$i5ce4  ,*ild4 ,i w d x :5 no "o is
 look+4  ,ma/]4 ,we %all wat* y4  ,*ild4
 ,i w hide4  ,ma/]4 ,we %all ask y :at y
 7 do+4  ,*ild4 ,i %all tell a lie4     
,ma/]4 ,y mu/ n tell lies4  ,*ild4 ,:y  
mu/ n ,i tell lies8  ,ma/]4 ,because x  
is wrong1 etc4  ,t is ! inevitable      
circle4 ,g beyond x1 & ! *ild w n und]/&

 y4 ,:at sort ( use is !re 9 su* tea*+8 
,i %\ld greatly l to "k :at y w\ld      
sub/itute = ?is dialogue4 ,x w\ld h     
puzzl$ ,locke himself4 ,x is no "p ( a  
*ild's bus9ess to "k "r & wrong1 to     
p]ceive ! reason = a man's duties4      
,nature w\ld h !m *ildr5 be=e !y are m54
 ,if we try to inv]t ?is ord] we %all   
produce a =c$ fruit immature &          
flav\rless1 fruit :i* w be rott5 be=e x 
is ripe2 we %all h "y doctors & old     
*ildr54 ,*ildhood has its own ways (    
see+1 ?9k+1 & feel+2 no?+ is m fooli%   
?an to try & sub/itute our ways2 & ,i   
%\ld no m expect judgm5t 9 a t5-ye>-old 
*ild ?an ,i %\ld expect him to be five  
feet high4  ,inde$1 :at use w\ld reason 
be to him at t age8 ,x is ! curb (      
/r5g?1 & ! *ild does n ne$ ! curb4  ,:5 
y try to p]suade y\r s*ol>s ( ! duty (  
ob$i5ce1 y add to ?is s-call$ p]suasion 
compulsion & ?reats1 or /ill worse1     
flatt]y & bribes4 ,attract$ by          
selfi%ness or con/ra9$ by =ce1 !y pret5d
 to be conv9c$ by reason4 ,!y see z soon

 z y d t ob$i5ce is to _! advantage &   
disob$i5ce to _! disadvantage4 ,b z y   
only dem& disagreeable ?+s ( !m1 & z x  
is always disagreeable to d ano!r's w1  
!y hide !mselves s t !y may d z !y      
please1 p]suad$ t !y are do+ no wrong s 
long z !y are n f\nd out1 b ready1 if   
f\nd out1 to own !mselves 9 ! wrong =   
fe> ( worse evils4 ,! reason = duty is  
beyond _! age1 & !re is n a man 9 ! _w  
:o c\ld make !m really aw>e ( x2 b ! fe>
 ( puni%m5t1 ! hope ( =giv5ess1         
importunity1 ! difficulty ( answ]+1 wr+s
 f !m z _m confessions z y want2 & y ?9k
 y h conv9c$ !m :5 y h only we>i$ or    
fright5$ !m4  ,:at does x all come to8  
,9 ! fir/ place1 by impos+ on !m a duty 
:i* !y fail to recognise1 y make !m     
dis9cl9$ to submit to y\r tyranny1 & y  
turn away _! love2 y tea* !m deceit1    
falsehood1 & ly+ z a way to ga9 rew>ds  
or escape puni%m5t2 !n by accu/om+ !m to
 conceal a secret motive "u ! cloak ( an
 app>5t "o1 y y\rself put into _! h&s ! 
means ( deceiv+ y1 ( depriv+ y ( a k (  

_! real "*1 ( answ]+ y & o!rs ) empty   
words :5ev] !y h ! *ance4 ,laws1 y say1 
?\gh b9d+ on consci5ce1 ex]cise ! same  
con/ra9t ov] gr[n-up m54 ,t is s1 b :at 
are ^! m5 b *ildr5 spoilt by education8 
,?is is j :at y %\ld avoid4 ,use =ce )  
*ildr5 & reason+ ) m52 ?is is ! natural 
ord]2 ! wise man ne$s no laws4  ,treat  
y\r s*ol> accord+ to 8 age4 ,put him 9 8
 place f ! fir/1 & keep him 9 x1 s t he 
no long] tries to leave x4 ,!n be=e he  
kn[s :at goodness is1 he w be practis+  
its *ief lesson4 ,give him no ord]s at  
all1 absolutely none4 ,d n ev5 let him  
?9k t y claim any au?ority ov] him4 ,let
 him only "k t he is weak & y are /rong1
 t 8 condition & y\rs puts him at y\r   
m]cy2 let ?is be p]ceiv$1 le>n$1 & felt4
 ,let him e>ly f9d ^u 8 pr\d neck1 !    
heavy yoke :i* nature has impos$ ^u u1 !
 heavy yoke ( necessity1 "u :i* e f9ite 
be+ mu/ b[4 ,let him f9d ?is necessity 9
 ?+s1 n 9 ! caprices ,footnote3 ,y may  
be sure ! *ild w reg>d z caprice any w  
:i* opposes 8 own or any w :i* he does n

 und]/&4 ,n[ ! *ild does n und]/& any?+ 
:i* int]f]es ) 8 own fancies4 ( man2 let
 ! curb be =ce1 n au?ority4 ,if !re is  
some?+ he %\ld n d1 d n =bid him1 b     
prev5t him )\t explanation or reason+2  
:at y give him1 give x at 8 fir/ ^w )\t 
pray]s or entreaties1 above all )\t     
conditions4 ,give will+ly1 refuse       
unwill+ly1 b let y\r refusal be         
irrevocable2 let no entreaties move y2  
let y\r ,no1 once utt]$1 be a wall (    
brass1 aga9/ :i* ! *ild may exhau/ 8    
/r5g? "s five or six times1 b 9 ! end he
 w try no m to ov]?r[ x4  ,?us y w make 
him pati5t1 equable1 calm1 & resign$1   
ev5 :5 he does n get all he wants2 = x  
is 9 man's nature to be> pati5tly ) !   
nature ( ?+s1 b n ) ! ill-w ( ano!r4 ,a 
*ild nev] rebels aga9/1 ,!re is none    
left1 unless he ?9ks ! reply is false4  
,moreov]1 !re is no middle c\rse2 y mu/ 
ei!r make no dem&s on him at all1 or    
else y mu/ fa%ion him to p]fect ob$i5ce4
 ,! wor/ education ( all is to leave him
 hesitat+ betwe5 8 own w & y\rs1        

con/antly disput+ :e!r y or he is ma/]2 
,i w\ld r a hundr$ times t he 7 ma/]4   
,x is v /range t ev] s9ce p began to ?9k
 ab\t education !y %\ld h hit ^u no o!r 
way ( guid+ *ildr5 ?an emulation1       
jeal\sy1 envy1 vanity1 gre$9ess1 base   
c[>dice1 all ! mo/ dang]\s passions1    
passions ev] ready to f]m5t1 ev] prep>$ 
to corrupt ! s\l ev5 be=e ! body is     
full-gr[n4 ,) e piece ( precoci\s       
in/ruction :i* y try to =ce into _! m9ds
 y plant a vice 9 ! dep?s ( _! he>ts2   
fooli% tea*]s ?9k !y are do+ wond]s :5  
!y are mak+ _! s*ol>s wick$ 9 ord] to   
tea* !m :at goodness is1 & !n !y tell u 
s]i\sly1 ,su* is man4 ,yes1 su* is man1 
z y h made him4 ,e means has be5 tri$   
except "o1 ! v "o :i* might             
succe$--well-regulat$ lib]ty4 ,d n      
und]take to br+ up a *ild if y _c guide 
him m]ely by ! laws ( :at c or _c be4 ,!
 limits ( ! possible & ! impossible are 
alike unkn[n to him1 s !y c be ext5d$ or
 contract$ ar\nd him at y\r w4 ,)\t a   
murmur he is re/ra9$1 urg$ on1 held     

back1 by ! h&s ( necessity alone2 he is 
made adaptable & tea*able by ! m]e =ce (
 ?+s1 )\t any *ance = vice to spr+ up 9 
him2 = passions d n arise s long z !y h 
accompli%$ no?+4  ,give y\r s*ol> no    
v]bal lessons2 he %\ld be taught by     
exp]i5ce alone2 nev] puni% him1 = he    
does n "k :at x is to d wrong2 nev] make
 him say1 ,=give me1 = he does n "k h[  
to d y wrong4 ,:olly unmoral 9 8        
actions1 he c d no?+ morally wrong1 & he
 des]ves nei!r puni%m5t nor repro(4     
,already ,i see ! fright5$ read] comp>+ 
?is *ild ) ^? ( our "t2 he is mi/ak54 ,!
 p]petual re/ra9t impos$ ^u y\r s*ol>s  
/imulates _! activity2 ! m subdu$ !y are
 9 y\r pres5ce1 ! m boi/]\s !y are z    
soon z !y are out ( y\r sight4 ,!y mu/  
make am5ds to !mselves 9 "s way or o!r =
 ! h>% con/ra9t to :i* y subject !m4    
,two s*oolboys f ! t[n w d m damage 9 ! 
c\ntry ?an all ! *ildr5 ( ! village4    
,%ut up a "y g5tleman & a "y peasant 9 a
 room2 ! =m] w h upset & sma%$ ev]y?+   
be=e ! latt] has /irr$ f 8 place4 ,:y is

 t1 unless t ! "o ha/5s to misuse a     
mom5t's lic5ce1 :ile ! o!r1 always sure 
( fre$om1 does n use x ra%ly4 ,& yet !  
village *ildr51 (t5 flatt]$ or con/ra9$1
 are /ill v f> f ! /ate 9 :i* ,i w\ld h 
!m kept4  ,let u lay x d[n z an         
incontrov]tible rule t ! fir/ impulses (
 nature are always "r2 !re is no orig9al
 s9 9 ! human he>t1 ! h[ & :y ( !       
entrance ( e vice c be trac$4 ,! only   
natural passion is self-love or         
selfi%ness tak5 9 a wid] s5se4 ,?is     
selfi%ness is good 9 itself & 9 relation
 to ourselves2 & z ! *ild has no        
necess>y relations to o!r p he is       
naturally indiff]5t to !m2 8 self-love  
only becomes good or bad by ! use made (
 x & ! relations e/abli%$ by its means4 
,until ! "t is ripe = ! appe>ance (     
reason1 t guide ( selfi%ness1 ! ma9 ?+  
is t ! *ild %all d no?+ because y are   
wat*+ him or li/5+ to him2 9 a ^w1 no?+ 
because ( o!r p1 b only :at nature asks 
( him2 !n he w nev] d wrong4  ,i d n    
mean to say t he w nev] d any mis*ief1  

nev] hurt himself1 nev] break a co/ly   
ornam5t if y leave x )9 8 rea*4 ,he     
might d mu* damage )\t do+ wrong1 s9ce  
wrong-do+ dep5ds on ! h>mful int5tion   
:i* w nev] be 84 ,if once he meant to d 
h>m1 8 :ole education w\ld be ru9$2 he  
w\ld be almo/ hopelessly bad4  ,gre$    
consid]s "s ?+s wrong :i* are n wrong 9 
! eyes ( reason4 ,:5 y leave free scope 
to a *ild's he$lessness1 y mu/ put any?+
 he c\ld spoil out ( 8 way1 & leave no?+
 fragile or co/ly )9 8 rea*4 ,let ! room
 be furni%$ ) pla9 & solid furniture2 no
 mirrors1 *9a1 or useless ornam5ts4 ,my 
pupil ,emile1 :o is br\ght up 9 !       
c\ntry1 %all h a room j l a peasant's4  
,:y take su* pa9s to adorn x :5 he w be 
s little 9 x8 ,i am mi/ak51 h[ev]2 he w 
ornam5t x = himself1 & we %all soon see 
h[4  ,b if1 9 spite ( y\r precautions1 !
 *ild contrives to d "s damage1 if he   
breaks "s useful article1 d n puni% him 
= y\r c>elessness1 d n ev5 scold him2   
let him he> no ^w ( reproval1 d n ev5   
let him see t he has vex$ y2 behave j z 

if ! ?+ _h come to pieces ( itself2 y   
may consid] y h done great ?+s if y h   
manag$ to hold y\r tongue4  ,may ,i     
v5ture at ?is po9t to /ate ! greate/1 ! 
mo/ important1 ! mo/ useful rule (      
education8 ,x is3 ,d n save "t1 b lose  
x4 ,i hope t e-day read]s w excuse my   
p>adoxes2 y _c avoid p>adox if y ?9k =  
y\rself1 & :atev] y may say ,i w\ld r   
fall into p>adox ?an into prejudice4 ,! 
mo/ dang]\s p]iod 9 human life lies     
betwe5 bir? & ! age ( twelve4 ,x is ! "t
 :5 errors & vices spr+ up1 :ile z yet  
!re is no means to de/roy !m2 :5 ! means
 ( de/ruction are ready1 ! roots h gone 
too deep to be pull$ up4 ,if ! infant   
sprang at "o b\nd f its "m's brea/ to ! 
age ( reason1 ! pres5t type ( education 
w\ld be q suitable1 b its natural gr[?  
calls = q a diff]5t tra9+4 ,! m9d %\ld  
be left undi/urb$ till its faculties h  
develop$2 = :ile x is bl9d x _c see !   
tor* y (f] x1 nor c x foll[ ?r\gh ! va/ 
expanse ( ideas a pa? s fa9tly trac$ by 
reason t ! be/ eyes c sc>cely foll[ x4  

,!re=e ! education ( ! e>lie/ ye>s %\ld 
be m]ely negative4 ,x consi/s1 n 9 tea*+
 virtue or tru?1 b 9 pres]v+ ! he>t f   
vice & f ! _s ( error4 ,if only y c\ld  
let well alone1 & get o!rs to foll[ y\r 
example2 if y c\ld br+ y\r s*ol> to !   
age ( twelve /rong & heal?y1 b unable to
 tell 8 "r h& f 8 left1 ! eyes ( 8      
und]/&+ w\ld be op5 to reason z soon z y
 began to tea* him4 ,free f prejudices &
 free f habits1 !re w\ld be no?+ 9 him  
to c\nt]act ! effects ( y\r lab\rs4 ,9  
y\r h&s he w\ld soon become ! wise/ (   
m52 by do+ no?+ to beg9 )1 y w\ld end ) 
a prodigy ( education4  ,rev]se ! usual 
practice & y w almo/ always d "r4 ,fa!rs
 & tea*]s :o want to make ! *ild1 n a   
*ild b a man ( le>n+1 ?9k x nev] too    
soon to scold1 correct1 reprove1 ?reat51
 bribe1 tea*1 & reason4 ,d bett] ?an !y2
 be reasonable1 & d n reason ) y\r      
pupil1 m especially d n try to make him 
approve :at he dislikes2 = if reason is 
always connect$ ) disagreeable matt]s1 y
 make x di/a/eful to him1 y discr$it x  

at an e>ly age 9 a m9d n yet ready to   
und]/& x4 ,ex]cise 8 body1 8 limbs1 8   
s5ses1 8 /r5g?1 b keep 8 m9d idle z long
 z y c4 ,di/ru/ all op9ions :i* appe>   
be=e ! judgm5t to discrim9ate betwe5 !m4
 ,re/ra9 & w>d (f /range impressions2 & 
to prev5t ! bir? ( evil d n ha/5 to d   
well1 = goodness is only possible :5    
enlight5$ by reason4 ,reg>d all delays z
 s mu* "t ga9$2 y h a*iev$ mu*1 y       
approa* ! b\nd>y )\t loss4 ,leave       
*ildhood to rip5 9 y\r *ildr54 ,9 a ^w1 
bew>e ( giv+ any?+ !y ne$ to-day if x c 
be def]r$ )\t dang] to to-morr[4  ,!re  
is ano!r po9t to be consid]$ :i*        
confirms ! suitability ( ?is me?od3 x is
 ! *ild's individual b5t1 :i* mu/ be    
?or\ghly kn[n be=e we c *oose ! fitte/  
moral tra9+4 ,e m9d has its own =m1 9   
accordance ) :i* x mu/ be controll$2 & !
 success ( ! pa9s tak5 dep5ds l>gely on 
! fact t he is controll$ 9 ?is way & no 
o!r4  ,oh1 wise man1 take "t to obs]ve  
nature2 wat* y\r s*ol> well be=e y say a
 ^w to him2 fir/ leave ! g]m ( 8 "* free

 to %[ itself1 d n con/ra9 him 9 any?+1 
! bett] to see him z he really is4 ,d y 
?9k ?is "t ( lib]ty is wa/$8 ,on !      
contr>y1 y\r s*ol> w be ! bett] employ$1
 = ?is is ! way y y\rself w le>n n to   
lose a s+le mom5t :5 "t is ( m value4   
,if1 h[ev]1 y beg9 to act be=e y "k :at 
to d1 y act at r&om2 y may make mi/akes1
 & mu/ retrace y\r /eps2 y\r ha/e to    
rea* y\r goal w only take y fur!r f x4  
,d n imitate ! mis] :o loses mu* le/ he 
%\ld lose a little4 ,sacrifice a little 
"t 9 e>ly *ildhood1 & x w be repaid y ) 
usury :5 y\r s*ol> is old]4 ,! wise     
physician does n ha/ily give            
prescriptions at fir/ sight1 b he /udies
 ! con/itution ( ! sick man be=e he     
prescribes any?+2 ! treatm5t is begun   
lat]1 b ! pati5t is cur$1 :ile ! ha/y   
doctor kills him4  ,b :]e %all we f9d a 
place = our *ild s z to br+ him up z a  
s5seless be+1 an automaton8 ,%all we    
keep him 9 ! moon1 or on a des]t isl&8  
,%all we remove him f human society8 ,w 
he n always h ar\nd him ! sight & !     

patt]n ( ! passions ( o!r p8 ,w he nev] 
see *ildr5 ( 8 own age8  ,w he n see 8  
p>5ts1 8 neighb\rs1 8 nurse1 8 gov]ness1
 8 man-s]vant1 8 tutor himself1 :o aft] 
all w n be an angel8 ,"h we h a real &  
s]i\s objection4 ,b did ,i tell y t an  
education accord+ to nature w\ld be an  
easy task8 ,oh1 m56 is x my fault t y h 
made all good ?+s difficult8 ,i admit t 
,i am aw>e ( ^! difficulties2 p]haps !y 
are insup]able2 b nev]!less x is c]ta9 t
 we d to "s ext5t avoid !m by try+ to d 
s4 ,i am %[+ :at we %\ld try to atta91  
,i d n say we c atta9 x1 b ,i d say t   
:oev] comes ne>e/ to x is ne>e/ to      
success4  ,rememb] y mu/ be a man       
y\rself be=e y try to tra9 a man2 y     
y\rself mu/ set ! patt]n he %all copy4  
,:ile ! *ild is /ill unconsci\s !re is  
"t to prep>e 8 surr\nd+s1 s t no?+ %all 
/rike 8 eye b :at is fit = 8 sight4 ,ga9
 ! respect ( e "o1 beg9 to w9 _! he>ts1 
s t !y may try to please y4 ,y w n be   
ma/] ( ! *ild if y _c control e "o ab\t 
him2 & ?is au?ority w nev] suffice      

unless x re/s ^u respect = y\r goodness4
 ,!re is no "q ( squ&]+ "o's means &    
giv+ money "r & left2 ,i nev] knew money
 w9 love4 ,y mu/ nei!r be h>% nor       
nigg>dly1 nor mu/ y m]ely pity mis]y :5 
y c relieve x2 b 9 va9 w y op5 y\r purse
 if y d n op5 y\r he>t along ) x1 !     
he>ts ( o!rs w always be clos$ to y4 ,y 
mu/ give y\r own "t1 att5tion1          
affection1 y\r v self2 = :atev] y d1 p  
always p]ceive t y\r money is n y4 ,!re 
are pro(s ( k9dly int]e/ :i* produce m  
results & are really m useful ?an any   
gift2 h[ _m ( ! sick & wret*$ h m ne$ ( 
com=t ?an ( *>ity2 h[ _m ( ! oppress$   
ne$ protection r ?an money8 ,reconcile  
^? :o are at /rife1 prev5t lawsuits2    
incl9e *ildr5 to duty1 fa!rs to k9dness2
 promote happy m>riages2 prev5t         
annoyances2 freely use ! cr$it ( y\r    
pupil's p>5ts on behalf ( ! weak :o _c  
obta9 ju/ice1 ! weak :o are oppress$ by 
! /rong4 ,be j1 human1 k9dly4 ,d n give 
alms alone1 give *>ity2 works ( m]cy d m
 ?an money = ! relief ( suff]+2 love    

o!rs & !y w love y2 s]ve !m & !y w s]ve 
y2 be _! bro!r & !y w be y\r *ildr54    
,?is is "o reason :y ,i want to br+ up  
,emile 9 ! c\ntry1 f> f ^? mis]able     
lacqueys1 ! mo/ degrad$ ( m5 except _!  
ma/]s2 f> f ! vile morals ( ! t[n1 ^:   
gild$ surface makes !m s$uctive &       
contagi\s to *ildr52 :ile ! vices (     
peasants1 unadorn$ & 9 _! nak$          
grossness1 are m fitt$ to repel ?an to  
s$uce1 :5 !re is no motive = imitat+ !m4
  ,9 ! village a tutor w h mu* m control
 ov] ! ?+s he wi%es to %[ ! *ild2 8     
reputation1 8 words1 8 example1 w h a   
weight !y w\ld nev] h 9 ! t[n2 he is (  
use to e "o1 s e "o is eag] to oblige   
him1 to w9 8 e/eem1 to appeal be=e !    
disciple :at ! ma/] w\ld h him be2 if   
vice is n correct$1 public sc&al is at  
lea/ avoid$1 :i* is all t our pres5t    
purpose requires4  ,cease to blame o!rs 
= y\r own faults2 *ildr5 are corrupt$   
less by :at !y see ?an by y\r own tea*+4
 ,) y\r endless prea*+1 moralis+1 &     
p$antry1 = "o idea y give y\r s*ol>s1   

believ+ x to be good1 y give !m tw5ty m 
:i* are good = no?+2 y are full ( :at is
 go+ on 9 y\r own m9ds1 & y fail to see 
! effect y produce on !irs4 ,9 !        
cont9ual fl[ ( words ) :i* y ov]:elm !m1
 d y ?9k !re is none :i* !y get hold ( 9
 a wrong s5se8 ,d y suppose !y d n make 
_! own comm5ts on y\r long-w9d$         
explanations1 t !y d n f9d mat]ial = !  
con/ruction ( a sy/em !y c und]/&--"o   
:i* !y w use aga9/ y :5 !y get ! *ance8 
,li/5 to a little fell[ :o has j be5 "u 
in/ruction2 let him *att] freely1 ask   
que/ions1 & talk at 8 ease1 & y w be    
surpris$ to f9d ! /range =ms y\r        
argum5ts h assum$ 9 8 m9d2 he confuses  
ev]y?+1 & turns ev]y?+ topsy-turvy2 y   
are vex$ & griev$ by 8 un=ese5          
objections2 he r$uces y to be sil5t     
y\rself or to sil5ce him3 & :at c he ?9k
 ( sil5ce 9 "o :o is s fond ( talk+8 ,if
 ev] he ga9s ?is advantage & is aw>e (  
x1 f>ewell education2 f t mom5t all is  
lo/2 he is no long] try+ to le>n1 he is 
try+ to refute y4  ,zeal\s tea*]s1 be   

simple1 s5sible1 & retic5t2 be 9 no     
hurry to act unless to prev5t ! actions 
( o!rs4 ,aga9 & aga9 ,i say1 reject1 if 
x may be1 a good lesson = fe> ( giv+ a  
bad "o4 ,bew>e ( play+ ! tempt] 9 ?is   
_w1 :i* nature int5d$ z an e>?ly p>adise
 = m51 & d n attempt to give ! innoc5t  
*ild ! k ( good & evil2 s9ce y _c prev5t
 ! *ild le>n+ by :at he sees outside    
himself1 re/rict y\r own ef=ts to       
impress+ ^? examples on 8 m9d 9 ! =m be/
 suit$ = him4  ,! explosive passions    
produce a great effect ^u ! *ild :5 he  
sees !m2 _! outw>d expression is v m>k$2
 he is /ruck by ?is & 8 att5tion is     
arre/$4 ,ang] especially is s noisy 9   
its rage t x is impossible n to p]ceive 
x if y are )9 rea*4 ,y ne$ n ask y\rself
 :e!r ?is is an opportunity = a p$agogue
 to frame a f9e disquisition4 ,:at6 no  
f9e disquisition1 no?+1 n a ^w6 ,let !  
*ild come to y2 impress$ by :at he has  
se51 he w n fail to ask y que/ions4 ,!  
answ] is easy2 x is drawn f ! v ?+s :i* 
h appeal$ to 8 s5ses4 ,he sees a flu%$  

face1 fla%+ eyes1 a ?reat5+ ge/ure1 he  
he>s cries2 ev]y?+ %[s t ! body is ill  
at ease4 ,tell him pla9ly1 )\t          
affectation or my/]y1 ,?is poor man is  
ill1 he is 9 a fev]4 ,y may take !      
opportunity ( giv+ him 9 a few words "s 
idea ( disease & its effects2 = t too   
belongs to nature1 & is "o ( ! bonds (  
necessity :i* he mu/ recognise4 ,by     
means ( ?is idea1 :i* is n false 9      
itself1 may he n e>ly acquire a c]ta9   
av]sion to giv+ way to excessive        
passions1 :i* he reg>ds z diseases2 & d 
y n ?9k t su* a notion1 giv5 at ! "r    
mom5t1 w produce a m :olesome effect ?an
 ! mo/ t$i\s s]mon8  ,b consid] ! aft]  
effects ( ?is idea2 y h au?ority1 if ev]
 y f9d x necess>y1 to treat ! rebelli\s 
*ild z a sick *ild2 to keep him 9 8     
room1 9 b$ if ne$ be1 to diet him1 to   
make him afraid ( 8 gr[+ vices1 to make 
him hate & dread !m )\t ev] reg>d+ z a  
puni%m5t ! /rict measures y w p]haps h  
to use = 8 recov]y4 ,if x happ5s t y    
y\rself 9 a mom5t's heat dep>t f ! calm 

& self-control :i* y %\ld aim at1 d n   
try to conceal y\r fault1 b tell him    
frankly1 ) a g5tle reproa*1 ,my de>1 y h
 hurt me4  ,moreov]1 x is a matt] (     
great importance t no notice %\ld be    
tak5 9 8 pres5ce ( ! qua9t say+s :i*    
result f ! simplicity ( ! ideas 9 :i* he
 is br\ght up1 nor %\ld !y be quot$ 9 a 
way he c und]/&4 ,a fooli% laugh may    
de/roy six mon?s' "w & d irrep>able     
damage = life4 ,i _c repeat too (t5 t to
 control ! *ild "o mu/ (t5 control      
oneself4  ,i picture my little ,emile at
 ! height ( a dispute betwe5 two        
neighb\rs go+ up to ! fi]ce/ ( !m & say+
 9 a tone ( pity1 ,y are ill1 ,i am v   
sorry = y4 ,?is spee* w no d\bt h its   
effect on ! spectators & p]haps on !    
disputants4 ,)\t laught]1 scold+1 or    
praise ,i %\ld take him away1 will+ or  
no1 be=e he c\ld see ?is result1 or at  
lea/ be=e he c\ld ?9k ab\t x2 & ,i %\ld 
make ha/e to turn 8 ?\ghts to o!r ?+s1 s
 t he w\ld soon =get all ab\t x4  ,i d n
 propose to ent] into e detail1 b only  

to expla9 g5]al rules & to give         
illu/rations 9 cases ( difficulty4 ,i   
?9k x is impossible to tra9 a *ild up to
 ! age ( twelve 9 ! mid/ ( society1 )\t 
giv+ him "s idea ( ! relations betwe5 "o
 man & ano!r1 & ( ! morality ( human    
actions4 ,x is en\gh to delay !         
developm5t ( ^! ideas z long z possible1
 & :5 !y c no long] be avoid$ to limit  
!m to pres5t ne$s1 s t he may nei!r ?9k 
himself ma/] ( ev]y?+ nor d h>m to o!rs 
)\t kn[+ or c>+4 ,!re are calm & g5tle  
*>act]s :i* c be l$ a long way 9 _! fir/
 innoc5ce )\t any dang]2 b !re are also 
/ormy dispositions ^: passions develop  
e>ly2 y mu/ ha/5 to make m5 ( !m le/ y  
%\ld h to keep !m 9 *a9s4  ,our fir/    
duties are to ourselves2 our fir/ feel+s
 are c5tr$ on self2 all our in/9cts are 
at fir/ direct$ to our own pres]vation &
 our own welf>e4 ,?us ! fir/ notion (   
ju/ice spr+s n f :at we owe to o!rs1 b f
 :at is due to u4  ,"h is ano!r error 9 
popul> me?ods ( education4 ,if y talk to
 *ildr5 ( _! duties1 & n ( _! rights1 y 

are beg9n+ at ! wrong end1 & tell+ !m   
:at !y _c und]/&1 :at _c be ( any int]e/
 to !m4  ,if ,i _h to tra9 a *ild su* z 
,i h j describ$1 ,i %\ld say to myself1 
,a *ild nev] attacks p1 ,footnote3 ,a   
*ild %\ld nev] be all[$ to play )       
gr[n-up p z if !y 7 8 inf]iors1 nor ev5 
z if !y 7 only 8 equals4 ,if he v5tur$  
to /rike any "o 9 e>ne/1 7 x only !     
footman1 7 x ! hangman himself1 let !   
suff]] return 8 bl[s ) int]e/1 s t he w 
n want to d x aga94 ,i h se5 silly wom5 
incit+ *ildr5 to rebellion1 enc\rag+ !m 
to hit p1 all[+ !mselves to be beat51 & 
laugh+ at ! h>mless bl[s1 nev] ?9k+ t ^?
 bl[s 7 9 int5tion ! bl[s ( a murd]]1 & 
t ! *ild :o desires to beat p n[ w      
desire to kill !m :5 he is gr[n up4 only
 ?+s2 & he soon le>ns by exp]i5ce to    
respect ^? old] & /rong] ?an himself4   
,?+s1 h[ev]1 d n def5d !mselves4 ,!re=e 
! fir/ idea he ne$s is n t ( lib]ty b ( 
prop]ty1 & t he may get ?is idea he mu/ 
h some?+ ( 8 own4 ,x is useless to      
enum]ate 8 clo!s1 furniture1 & play?+s2 

al?\gh he uses ^! he kn[s n h[ or :y he 
has come by !m4 ,to tell him !y 7 giv5  
him is little bett]1 = giv+ implies     
hav+2 s "h is prop]ty be=e 8 own1 & x is
 ! pr9ciple ( prop]ty t y want to tea*  
him2 moreov]1 giv+ is a conv5tion1 & !  
*ild z yet has no idea ( conv5tions4 ,i 
hope my read] w note1 9 ?is & _m o!r    
cases1 h[ p ?9k !y h taught *ildr5      
?or\ghly1 :5 !y h only ?ru/ on !m words 
:i* h no intelligible mean+ to !m4      
,footnote3 ,?is is :y mo/ *ildr5 want to
 take back :at !y h giv51 & cry if !y _c
 get x4 ,!y d n d ?is :5 once !y "k :at 
a gift is2 only !y are m c>eful ab\t    
giv+ ?+s away4  ,we mu/ !re=e g back to 
! orig9 ( prop]ty1 = t is :]e ! fir/    
idea ( x mu/ beg94 ,! *ild1 liv+ 9 !    
c\ntry1 w h got "s idea ( field "w2 eyes
 & leisure suffice = t1 & he w h bo?4 ,9
 e age1 & especially 9 *ildhood1 we want
 to create1 to copy1 to produce1 to give
 all ! signs ( p[] & activity4 ,he w    
h>dly h se5 ! g>d5] at "w twice1 s[+1   
plant+1 & gr[+ vegetables1 be=e he w    

want to g>d5 himself4  ,accord+ to !    
pr9ciples ,i h already laid d[n1 ,i %all
 n ?w>t him2 on ! contr>y1 ,i %all      
approve ( 8 plan1 %>e 8 hobby1 & "w )   
him1 n = 8 pleasure b my own2 at lea/1 s
 he ?9ks2 ,i %all be 8 "u-g>d5]1 & dig !
 gr\nd = him till 8 arms are /rong en\gh
 to d x2 he w take possession ( x by    
plant+ a bean1 & ?is is surely a m sacr$
 possession1 & "o m wor?y ( respect1 ?an
 t ( ,nunes ,balboa1 :o took possession 
( ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ! "n ( ! ,k+ ( ,spa91  
by plant+ 8 bann] on ! coa/ ( ! ,s\!rn  
,sea4  ,we wat] ! beans e day1 we wat*  
!m com+ up ) ! greate/ delight4 ,day by 
day ,i increase ?is delight by say+1 ,^?
 belong to y4 ,to expla9 :at t ^w belong
 means1 ,i %[ him h[ he has giv5 8 "t1 8
 lab\r1 & 8 tr\ble1 8 v self to x2 t 9  
?is gr\nd !re is a "p ( himself :i* he c
 claim aga9/ all ! _w1 z he c\ld )draw 8
 arm f ! h& ( ano!r man :o want$ to keep
 x aga9/ 8 w4  ,"o f9e day he hurries up
 ) 8 wat]+-c 9 8 h&4 ,:at a sc5e ( woe6 
,alas6 all ! beans are pull$ up1 ! soil 

is dug ov]1 y c sc>cely f9d ! place4    
,oh6 :at has become ( my lab\r1 my "w1 !
 belov$ fruits ( my c>e & ef=t8 ,:o has 
/ol5 my prop]ty6 ,:o has tak5 my beans8 
,! "y he>t revolts2 ! fir/ feel+ (      
inju/ice br+s its sorr[ & bitt]ness2    
te>s come 9 torr5ts1 ! unhappy *ild     
fills ! air ) cries & groans1 ,i %>e 8  
sorr[ & ang]2 we look ar\nd u1 we make  
inquiries4 ,at la/ we discov] t ! g>d5] 
did x4 ,we s5d = him4  ,b we are greatly
 mi/ak54 ,! g>d5]1 he>+ our compla9t1   
beg9s to compla9 l\d] ?an we3  ,:at1    
g5tlem51 0 x y :o spoilt my "w6 ,i _h   
s[n "s ,maltese melons2 ! se$ 0 giv5 me 
z some?+ q out ( ! common1 & ,i meant to
 give y a treat :5 !y 7 ripe2 b y h     
plant$ y\r mis]able beans & de/roy$ my  
melons1 :i* 7 com+ up s nicely1 & ,i c  
nev] get any m4 ,y h behav$ v badly to  
me & y h depriv$ y\rselves ( ! pleasure 
( eat+ mo/ delici\s melons4  ,,jean     
,,jacques4 ,my poor ,rob]t1 y mu/ =give 
u4 ,y _h giv5 y\r lab\r & y\r pa9s to x4
 ,i see we 7 wrong to spoil y\r "w1 b we

 w s5d to ,malta = "s m se$ = y1 & we w 
nev] dig ! gr\nd aga9 )\t f9d+ out if "s
 "o else has be5 be=eh& ) u4  ,,rob]t4  
,well1 g5tlem51 y ne$ n tr\ble          
y\rselves1 = !re is no m wa/e gr\nd4 ,i 
dig :at my fa!r till$2 e "o does ! same1
 & all ! l& y see has be5 occupi$ "t out
 ( m9d4  ,,emile4 ,mr4 ,rob]t1 d p (t5  
lose ! se$ ( ,maltese melons8  ,,rob]t4 
,no inde$1 sir2 we d n (t5 f9d su* silly
 little g5tlem5 z y4 ,no "o m$dles ) 8  
neighb\r's g>d52 e "o respects o!r p's  
"w s t 8 own may be safe4  ,,emile4 ,b  
,i h n got a g>d54  ,,rob]t4 ,i don't   
c>e2 if y spoil m9e ,i won't let y walk 
9 x1 = y see ,i d n mean to lose my     
lab\r4  ,,jean ,,jacques4 ,c\ld n we    
sugge/ an arrangem5t ) ?is k9d ,rob]t8  
,let him give my "y fri5d & myself a    
corn] ( 8 g>d5 to cultivate1 on         
condition t he has half ! crop4         
,,rob]t4 ,y may h x free4 ,b rememb] ,i 
%all dig up y\r beans if y t\* my       
melons4  ,9 ?is attempt to %[ h[ a *ild 
may be taught c]ta9 primitive ideas we  

see h[ ! notion ( prop]ty goes back     
naturally to ! "r ( ! fir/ occupi] to ! 
results ( 8 "w4 ,t is pla9 & simple1 & q
 )9 ! *ild's grasp4 ,f t to ! rights (  
prop]ty & ex*ange !re is b a /ep1 aft]  
:i* y mu/ /op %ort4  ,y also see t an   
explanation :i* ,i c give 9 writ+ 9 a   
c\ple ( pages may take a ye> 9 practice1
 = 9 ! c\rse ( moral ideas we _c advance
 too sl[ly1 nor plant ea* /ep too       
firmly4 ,"y tea*]1 pray consid] ?is     
example1 & rememb] t y\r lessons %\ld   
always be 9 de$s r ?an words1 = *ildr5  
soon =get :at !y say or :at is said to  
!m1 b n :at !y h done nor :at has be5   
done to !m4  ,su* tea*+ %\ld be giv51 z 
,i h said1 soon] or lat]1 z ! s*ol>'s   
disposition1 g5tle or turbul5t1 requires
 x4 ,! way ( us+ x is unmi/akable2 b to 
omit no matt] ( importance 9 a difficult
 bus9ess let u take ano!r example4  ,y\r
 ill-temp]$ *ild de/roys ev]y?+ he      
t\*es4 ,d n vex y\rself2 put any?+ he c 
spoil out ( 8 rea*4 ,he breaks ! ?+s he 
is us+2 d n be 9 a hurry to give him m2 

let him feel ! want ( !m4 ,he breaks !  
w9d[s ( 8 room2 let ! w9d bl[ ^u him    
night & day1 & d n be afraid ( 8 cat*+  
cold2 x is bett] to cat* cold ?an to be 
reckless4 ,nev] compla9 ( ! inconv5i5ce 
he causes y1 b let him feel x fir/4 ,at 
la/ y w h ! w9d[s m5d$ )\t say+ any?+4  
,he breaks !m aga92 !n *ange y\r plan2  
tell him dryly & )\t ang]1 ,! w9d[s are 
m9e1 ,i took pa9s to h !m put 91 & ,i   
mean to keep !m safe4 ,!n y w %ut him up
 9 a d>k place )\t a w9d[4 ,at ?is      
unexpect$ proce$+ he cries & h[ls2 no "o
 he$s4 ,soon he gets tir$ & *anges 8    
tone2 he lam5ts & sighs2 a s]vant       
appe>s1 ! rebel begs to be let out4 ,)\t
 seek+ any excuse = refus+1 ! s]vant    
m]ely says1 ,i1 too1 h w9d[s to keep1 & 
goes away4 ,at la/1 :5 ! *ild has be5   
!re sev]al h\rs1 long en\gh to get v    
tir$ ( x1 long en\gh to make an         
impression on 8 memory1 "s "o sugge/s to
 him t he %\ld (f] to make t]ms ) y1 s t
 y may set him free & he w nev] break   
w9d[s aga94  ,t is j :at he wants4 ,he w

 s5d & ask y to come & see him2 y w     
come1 he w sugge/ 8 plan1 & y w agree to
 x at once1 say+1 ,t is a v good idea2 x
 w suit u bo?2 :y didn't y ?9k ( x      
soon]8 ,!n )\t ask+ = any affirmation or
 confirmation ( 8 promise1 y w embrace  
him joyfully & take him back at once to 
8 own room1 consid]+ ?is agreem5t z     
sacr$ z if he _h confirm$ x by a =mal   
oa?4 ,:at idea d y ?9k he w =m f ^!     
proce$+s1 z to ! fulfilm5t ( a promise &
 its usefulness8 ,if ,i am n greatly    
mi/ak51 !re is n a *ild ^u e>?1 unless  
he is utt]ly spoilt already1 :o c\ld    
resi/ ?is treatm5t1 or "o :o w\ld ev]   
dream ( break+ w9d[s aga9 on purpose4   
,foll[ out ! :ole tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,!      
naughty little fell[ h>dly ?\ght :5 he 0
 mak+ a hole = 8 beans t he 0 hew+ out a
 cell 9 :i* 8 own k w\ld soon imprison  
him4 ,footnote3 ,moreov] if ! duty (    
keep+ 8 ^w 7 n e/abli%$ 9 ! *ild's m9d  
by its own utility1 ! *ild's gr[+       
consci\sness w\ld soon impress x on him 
z a law ( consci5ce1 z an innate        

pr9ciple1 only requir+ suitable         
exp]i5ces = its developm5t4  ,?is fir/  
outl9e is n sket*$ by man1 x is engrav$ 
on ! he>t by ! au?or ( all ju/ice4 ,take
 away ! primitive law ( contract & !    
obligation impos$ by contract & !re is  
no?+ left ( human society b vanity &    
empty %[4 ,he :o only keeps 8 ^w because
 x is to 8 own pr(it is h>dly m pl$g$   
?an if he _h giv5 no promise at all4    
,?is pr9ciple is ( ! utmo/ importance1 &
 des]ves to be ?or\ghly /udi$1 = man is 
n[ beg9n+ to be at w> ) himself4  ,we   
are n[ 9 ! _w ( morals1 ! door to vice  
is op54 ,deceit & falsehood are born    
along ) conv5tions & duties4 ,z soon z  
we c d :at we ought n to d1 we try to   
hide :at we ought n to h done4 ,z soon z
 self-int]e/ makes u give a promise1 a  
great] int]e/ may make u break x2 x is  
m]ely a "q ( do+ x ) impunity2 we       
naturally take refuge 9 concealm5t &    
falsehood4 ,z we h n be5 able to prev5t 
vice1 we mu/ puni% x4 ,! sorr[s ( life  
beg9 ) its mi/akes4  ,i h already said  

en\gh to %[ t *ildr5 %\ld nev] receive  
puni%m5t m]ely z su*2 x %\ld always come
 z ! natural consequ5ce ( _! fault4 ,?us
 y w n exclaim aga9/ _! falsehood1 y w n
 exactly puni% !m = ly+1 b y w arrange t
 all ! ill effects ( ly+1 su* z n be+   
believ$ :5 we speak ! tru?1 or be+      
accus$ ( :at we h n done 9 spite ( our  
prote/s1 %all fall on _! heads :5 !y h  
told a lie4 ,b let u expla9 :at ly+     
means to ! *ild4  ,!re are two k9ds (   
lies2 "o conc]ns an accompli%$ fact1 !  
o!r conc]ns a future duty4 ,! fir/      
occurs :5 we falsely d5y or ass]t t we  
did or did n d some?+1 or1 to put x 9   
g5]al t]ms1 :5 we kn[+ly say :at is     
contr>y to facts4 ,! o!r occurs :5 we   
promise :at we d n mean to p]=m1 or1 9  
g5]al t]ms1 :5 we pr(ess an int5tion :i*
 we d n really mean to c>ry out4 ,^! two
 k9ds ( lie are sometimes f\nd 9        
comb9ation1 ,footnote3 ,?us ! guilty    
p]son1 accus$ ( "s evil de$1 def5ds     
himself by ass]t+ t he is a good man4 ,8
 /atem5t is false 9 itself & false 9 its

 application to ! matt] 9 h&4 b _!      
diff]5ces are my pres5t bus9ess4  ,he :o
 feels ! ne$ ( help f o!rs1 he :o is    
con/antly exp]i5c+ _! k9dness1 has no?+ 
to ga9 by deceiv+ !m2 x is pla9ly to 8  
advantage t !y %\ld see ?+s z !y are1   
le/ !y %\ld mi/ake 8 int]e/s4 ,x is     
!re=e pla9 t ly+ ) reg>d to actual facts
 is n natural to *ildr51 b ly+ is made  
necess>y by ! law ( ob$i5ce2 s9ce       
ob$i5ce is disagreeable1 *ildr5 disobey 
z f> z !y c 9 secret1 & ! pres5t good ( 
avoid+ puni%m5t or repro( outweighs !   
remot] good ( speak+ ! tru?4 ,"u a free 
& natural education :y %\ld y\r *ild    
lie8 ,:at has he to conceal f y8 ,y d n 
?w>t him1 y d n puni% him1 y dem& no?+ f
 him4 ,:y %\ld he n tell ev]y?+ to y z  
simply z to 8 little playmate8 ,he _c   
see any?+ m risky 9 ! "o c\rse ?an 9 !  
o!r4  ,! lie conc]n+ duty is ev5 less   
natural1 s9ce promises to d or refra9 f 
do+ are conv5tional agreem5ts :i* are   
outside ! /ate ( nature & detract f our 
lib]ty4 ,moreov]1 all promises made by  

*ildr5 are 9 !mselves void2 :5 !y pl$ge 
!mselves !y d n "k :at !y are do+1 = _! 
n>r[ vision _c look beyond ! pres5t4 ,a 
*ild c h>dly lie :5 he makes a promise2 
= he is only ?9k+ h[ he c get out ( !   
pres5t difficulty1 any means :i* has n  
an imm$iate result is ! same to him2 :5 
he promises = ! future he promises no?+1
 & 8 imag9ation is z yet incapable (    
project+ him into ! future :ile he lives
 9 ! pres5t4 ,if he c\ld escape a :ipp+ 
or get a packet ( sweets by promis+ to  
?r[ himself out ( ! w9d[ to-morr[1 he   
w\ld promise on ! spot4 ,?is is :y ! law
 disreg>ds all promises made by m9ors1 &
 :5 fa!rs & tea*]s are /rict] & dem& t  
promises %all be kept1 x is only :5 !   
promise ref]s to some?+ ! *ild ought to 
d ev5 if he _h made no promise4  ,! *ild
 _c lie :5 he makes a promise1 = he does
 n "k :at he is do+ :5 he makes 8       
promise4 ,! case is diff]5t :5 he breaks
 8 promise1 :i* is a sort (             
retrospective falsehood2 = he cle>ly    
rememb]s mak+ ! promise1 b he fails to  

see ! importance ( keep+ x4 ,unable to  
look into ! future1 he _c =esee !       
results ( ?+s1 & :5 he breaks 8 promises
 he does no?+ contr>y to 8 /age (       
reason+4  ,*ildr5's lies are !re=e      
entirely ! "w ( _! tea*]s1 & to tea* !m 
to speak ! tru? is no?+ less ?an to tea*
 !m ! art ( ly+4 ,9 y\r zeal to rule1   
control1 & tea* !m1 y nev] f9d suffici5t
 means at y\r disposal4 ,y wi% to ga9   
fre% influ5ce ov] _! m9ds by baseless   
maxims1 by unreasonable precepts2 & y   
w\ld r !y knew _! lessons & told lies1  
?an leave !m ignorant & tru?ful4  ,we1  
:o only give our s*ol>s lessons 9       
practice1 :o pref] to h !m good r ?an   
clev]1 nev] dem& ! tru? le/ !y %\ld     
conceal x1 & nev] claim any promise le/ 
!y %\ld be tempt$ to break x4 ,if "s    
mis*ief has be5 done 9 my abs5ce & ,i d 
n "k :o did x1 ,i %all take c>e n to    
accuse ,emile1 nor to say1 ,did y d x8  
,footnote3 ,no?+ c\ld be m indiscreet   
?an su* a "q1 especially if ! *ild is   
guilty4 ,!n if he ?9ks y "k :at he has  

done1 he w ?9k y are sett+ a trap = him1
 & ?is idea c only set him aga9/ y4 ,if 
he ?9ks y d n "k1 he w say to himself1  
,:y %\ld ,i make my fault kn[n8 ,& "h we
 h ! fir/ temptation to falsehood z !   
direct result ( y\r fooli% "q4 ,= 9 s   
do+ :at %\ld ,i d b tea* him to d5y x8  
,if 8 difficult temp]am5t compels me to 
make "s agreem5t ) him1 ,i w take good  
c>e t ! sugge/ion always comes f him1   
nev] f me2 t :5 he und]takes any?+ he   
has always a pres5t & effective int]e/ 9
 fulfill+ 8 promise1 & if he ev] fails  
?is lie w br+ d[n on him all !          
unpleasant consequ5ces :i* he sees aris+
 f ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 & n f 8 tutor's
 v5geance4 ,b f> f hav+ rec\rse to su*  
cruel measures1 ,i feel almo/ c]ta9 t   
,emile w n "k = _m ye>s :at x is to lie1
 & t :5 he does f9d out1 he w be a/oni%$
 & unable to und]/& :at c be ! use ( x4 
,x is q cle> t ! less ,i make 8 welf>e  
dep5d5t on ! w or ! op9ions ( o!rs1 !   
less is x to 8 int]e/ to lie4  ,:5 we   
are 9 no hurry to tea* !re is no hurry  

to dem&1 & we c take our "t1 s z to dem&
 no?+ except "u fitt+ conditions4 ,!n ! 
*ild is tra9+ himself1 9 s f> z he is n 
be+ spoilt4 ,b :5 a fool ( a tutor1 :o  
does n "k h[ to set ab\t 8 bus9ess1 is  
always mak+ 8 pupil promise fir/ ?is &  
!n t1 )\t discrim9ation1 *oice1 or      
proportion1 ! *ild is puzzl$ & ov]burd5$
 ) all ^! promises1 & neglects1 =gets or
 ev5 scorns !m1 & consid]+ !m z s _m    
empty phrases he makes a game ( mak+ &  
break+ promises4  ,w\ld y h him keep 8  
promise fai?fully1 be mod]ate 9 y\r     
claims ^u him4  ,! detail$ treatm5t ,i h
 j giv5 to ly+ may be appli$ 9 _m       
respects to all ! o!r duties impos$ ^u  
*ildr51 :]eby ^! duties are made n only 
hateful b impracticable4 ,= ! sake ( a  
%[ ( prea*+ virtue y make !m love e     
vice2 y in/il ^! vices by =bidd+ !m4    
,w\ld y h !m pi\s1 y take !m to *ur*    
till !y are sick ( x2 y tea* !m to      
gabble pray]s until !y long = ! happy "t
 :5 !y w n h to pray to ,god4 ,to tea*  
!m *>ity y make !m give alms z if y     

scorn$ to give y\rself4 ,x is n ! *ild1 
b ! ma/]1 :o %\ld give2 h[ev] mu* he    
loves 8 pupil he %\ld vie ) him = ?is   
hon\r2 he %\ld make him ?9k t he is too 
"y to des]ve x4 ,alms-giv+ is ! de$ ( a 
man :o c measure ! wor? ( 8 gift & !    
ne$s ( 8 fell[-m54  ,! *ild1 :o kn[s    
no?+ ( ^!1 c h no m]it 9 giv+2 he gives 
)\t *>ity1 )\t k9dness2 he is almo/     
a%am$ to give1 =1 to judge by y\r       
practice & 8 own1 he ?9ks x is only     
*ildr5 :o give1 & t !re is no ne$ =     
*>ity :5 we are gr[n up4  ,obs]ve t !   
only ?+s *ildr5 are set to give are ?+s 
( :i* !y d n "k ! value1 bits ( metal   
c>ri$ 9 _! pockets = :i* !y h no fur!r  
use4 ,a *ild w\ld r give a hundr$ co9s  
?an "o cake4 ,b get ?is prodigal giv] to
 di/ribute :at is de> to him1 8 toys1 8 
sweets1 8 own lun*1 & we %all soon see  
if y h made him really g5]\s4  ,p try   
yet ano!r way2 !y soon re/ore :at he    
gave to ! *ild1 s t he gets us$ to giv+ 
ev]y?+ :i* he kn[s w come back to him4  
,i h sc>cely se5 g5]osity 9 *ildr5      

except ( ^! two types1 giv+ :at is ( no 
use to !m1 or :at !y expect to get back 
aga94 ,arrange ?+s1 says ,locke1 s t    
exp]i5ce may conv9ce !m t ! mo/ g5]\s   
giv] gets ! bigge/ %>e4 ,t is to make ! 
*ild sup]ficially g5]\s b really gre$y4 
,he adds t *ildr5 w ?us =m ! habit (    
lib]ality4 ,yes1 a usur]'s lib]ality1   
:i* expects c5t4 p] c5t4 ,b :5 x is a "q
 ( real giv+1 good-bye to ! habit2 :5 !y
 d n get ?+s back1 !y w n give4 ,x is ! 
habit ( ! m9d1 n ( ! h&s1 t ne$s wat*+4 
,all ! o!r virtues taught to *ildr5 are 
l ?is1 & to prea* ^! baseless virtues y 
wa/e _! y\? 9 sorr[4 ,:at a s5sible sort
 ( education6  ,tea*]s1 h done ) ^!     
%ams2 be good & k9d2 let y\r example s9k
 into y\r s*ol>s' memories till !y are  
old en\gh to take x to he>t4 ,r ?an ha/5
 to dem& de$s ( *>ity f my pupil ,i     
pref] to p]=m su* de$s 9 8 pres5ce1 ev5 
depriv+ him ( ! means ( imitat+ me1 z an
 hon\r beyond 8 ye>s2 = x is ( ! utmo/  
importance t he %\ld n reg>d a man's    
duties z m]ely ^? ( a *ild4 ,if :5 he   

sees me help ! poor he asks me ab\t x1 &
 x is "t to reply to 8 que/ions1        
,footnote3 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ,i d n  
answ] 8 que/ions :5 he wants2 t w\ld be 
to subject myself to 8 w & to place     
myself 9 ! mo/ dang]\s /ate ( dep5d5ce t
 ev] a tutor 0 94 ,i %all say1 ,my de>  
boy1 ! ri* only exi/1 ?r\gh ! good-w ( !
 poor1 s !y h promis$ to fe$ ^? :o h n  
en\gh to live on1 ei!r 9 goods or lab\r4
 ,!n y promis$ to d ?is8 ,c]ta9ly2 ,i am
 only ma/] ( ! weal? t passes ?r\gh my  
h&s on ! condition atta*$ to its        
own]%ip4  ,aft] ?is talk 7& we h se5 h[ 
a *ild may be br\ght to und]/& x7 ano!r 
?an ,emile w\ld be tempt$ to imitate me 
& behave l a ri* man2 9 su* a case ,i   
%\ld at lea/ take c>e t x 0 done )\t    
o/5tation2 ,i w\ld r he robb$ me ( my   
privilege & hid himself to give4 ,x is a
 fraud suitable to 8 age1 & ! only "o ,i
 c\ld =give 9 him4  ,i "k t all ^!      
imitative virtues are only ! virtues ( a
 monkey1 & t a good action is only      
morally good :5 x is done z su* & n     

because ( o!rs4 ,b at an age :5 ! he>t  
does n yet feel any?+1 y mu/ make *ildr5
 copy ! de$s y wi% to gr[ into habits1  
until !y c d !m ) und]/&+ & = ! love (  
:at is good4 ,man imitates1 z d ! bea/s4
 ,! love ( imitat+ is well regulat$ by  
nature2 9 society x becomes a vice4 ,!  
monkey imitates man1 :om he fe>s1 & n ! 
o!r bea/s1 :i* he scorns2 he ?9ks :at is
 done by 8 bett]s mu/ be good4 ,among   
ourselves1 our h>lequ9s imitate all t is
 good to degrade x & br+ x into         
ridicule2 kn[+ _! own]s' bas5ess !y try 
to equal :at is bett] ?an !y are1 or !y 
/rive to imitate :at !y admire1 & _! bad
 ta/e appe>s 9 _! *oice ( models1 !y    
w\ld r deceive o!rs or w9 applause = _! 
own tal5ts ?an become wis] or bett]4    
,imitation has its roots 9 our desire to
 escape f ourselves4 ,if ,i succe$ 9 my 
und]tak+1 ,emile w c]ta9ly h no su* wi%4
  ,s we mu/ disp5se ) any seem+ good t  
might arise f x4  ,exam9e y\r rules (   
education2 y w f9d !m all topsy-turvy1  
especially 9 all t conc]ns virtue &     

morals4 ,! only moral lesson :i* is     
suit$ = a *ild--! mo/ important lesson =
 e "t ( life--is ?is3 ,nev] hurt        
anybody4 ,! v rule ( well-do+1 if n     
subord9at$ to ?is rule1 is dang]\s1     
false1 & contradictory4 ,:o is !re :o   
does no good8 ,e "o does "s good1 !     
wick$ z well z ! righte\s2 he makes "o  
happy at ! co/ ( ! mis]y ( a hundr$1 &  
h5ce spr+ all our mis=tunes4 ,! noble/  
virtues are negative1 !y are also ! mo/ 
difficult1 = !y make little %[1 & d n   
ev5 make room = t pleasure s de> to !   
he>t ( man1 ! ?\ght t "s "o is pleas$ ) 
u4 ,if !re be a man :o does no h>m to 8 
neighb\rs1 :at good mu/ he h accompli%$6
 ,:at a bold he>t1 :at a /rong "* x     
ne$s6 ,x is n 9 talk+ ab\t ?is maxim1 b 
9 try+ to practise x1 t we discov] bo?  
its greatness & its difficulty4         
,footnote3 ,! precept ,nev] hurt        
anybody1 implies ! greate/ possible     
indep5d5ce ( human society2 = 9 ! social
 /ate "o man's good is ano!r man's evil4
 ,?is relation is "p ( ! nature ( ?+s2 x

 is inevitable4 ,y may apply ?is te/ to 
man 9 society & to ! h]mit to discov]   
:i* is be/4 ,a di/+ui%$ au?or says1     
,none b ! wick$ c live alone4 ,i say1   
,none b ! good c live alone4 ,?is       
proposition1 if less s5t5ti\s1 is tru] &
 m logical ?an ! o!r4 ,if ! wick$ 7     
alone1 :at evil w\ld he d8 ,x is among 8
 fell[s t he lays 8 sn>es = o!rs4 ,if !y
 wi% to apply ?is argum5t to ! man (    
prop]ty1 my answ] is to be f\nd 9 !     
passage to :i* ?is note is app5d$4  ,?is
 w give y "s slight idea ( ! precautions
 ,i w\ld h y take 9 giv+ *ildr5         
in/ruction :i* _c always be refus$ )\t  
risk to !mselves or o!rs1 or ! f> great]
 risk ( ! =mation ( bad habits1 :i* w\ld
 be difficult to correct lat] on2 b be  
sure ?is necessity w n (t5 arise )      
*ildr5 :o are prop]ly br\ght up1 = !y _c
 possibly become rebelli\s1 spiteful1   
untru?ful1 or gre$y1 unless ! se$s ( ^! 
vices are s[n 9 _! he>ts4 ,:at ,i h j   
said applies !re=e r to ! exception ?an 
! rule4 ,b ! (t5] *ildr5 h ! opportunity

 ( quitt+ _! prop] condition1 &         
contract+ ! vices ( m51 ! (t5] w ^!     
exceptions arise4 ,^? :o are br\ght up 9
 ! _w mu/ receive m precoci\s in/ruction
 ?an ^? :o are br\ght up 9 retirem5t4 ,s
 ?is solit>y education w\ld be          
pref]able1 ev5 if x did no?+ m ?an leave
 *ildhood "t to rip54  ,!re is q ano!r  
class ( exceptions3 ^? s gift$ by nature
 t !y rise above ! level ( _! age4 ,z   
!re are m5 :o nev] get beyond infancy1 s
 !re are o!rs :o are nev]1 s to speak1  
*ildr51 !y are m5 almo/ f bir?4 ,!      
difficulty is t ^! cases are v r>e1 v   
difficult to di/+ui%2 :ile e "m1 :o kn[s
 t a *ild may be a prodigy1 is conv9c$ t
 h] *ild is t "o4 ,!y g fur!r2 !y mi/ake
 ! common signs ( gr[? = m>ks (         
exceptional tal5t4 ,livel9ess1 %>p      
say+s1 romp+1 amus+ simplicity1 ^! are !
 *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ?is age1 & %[ t !    
*ild is a *ild inde$4 ,is x /range t a  
*ild :o is enc\rag$ to *att] & all[$ to 
say any?+1 :o is re/ra9$ nei!r by       
consid]ation nor conv5tion1 %\ld *ance  

to say some?+ clev]8  ,7 he nev] to hit 
! m>k1 8 case w\ld be /rang] ?an t ( !  
a/rolog] :o1 among a ?\s& errors1       
occasionally pr$icts ! tru?4 ,!y lie s  
(t51 said ,h5ry ,,iv41 t at la/ !y say  
:at is true4 ,if y want to say some?+   
clev]1 y h only to talk long en\gh4 ,may
 ,provid5ce wat* ov] ^? f9e folk :o h no
 o!r claim to social di/9ction4  ,! f9e/
 ?\ghts may spr+ f a *ild's bra91 or r !
 be/ words may drop f 8 lips1 j z       
diamonds ( great wor? may fall into 8   
h&s1 :ile nei!r ! ?\ghts nor ! diamonds 
are 8 own2 at t age nei!r c be really 84
 ,! *ild's say+s d n mean to him :at !y 
mean to u1 ! ideas he atta*es to !m are 
diff]5t4 ,8 ideas1 if inde$ he has any  
ideas at all1 h nei!r ord] nor          
connection2 !re is no?+ sure1 no?+      
c]ta91 9 8 ?\ghts4 ,exam9e y\r s-call$  
prodigy4 ,n[ & aga9 y w discov] 9 him   
extreme activity ( m9d & extraord9>y    
cle>ness ( ?\ght4 ,m (t5 ?is same m9d w 
seem slack & spiritless1 z if wrapp$ 9  
mi/4  ,sometimes he goes be=e y1        

sometimes he w n /ir4 ,"o mom5t y w\ld  
call him a g5ius1 ano!r a fool4 ,y w\ld 
be mi/ak5 9 bo?2 he is a *ild1 an eaglet
 :o so>s al(t = a mom5t1 only to drop   
back into ! ne/4  ,treat him1 !re=e1    
accord+ to 8 age1 9 spite ( appe>ances1 
& bew>e ( exhau/+ 8 /r5g? by ov]-mu*    
ex]cise4 ,if ! "y bra9 gr[s w>m & beg9s 
to bubble1 let x "w freely1 b d n heat x
 any fur!r1 le/ x lose its goodness1 &  
:5 ! fir/ gases h be5 giv5 (f1 collect &
 compress ! re/ s t 9 aft] ye>s !y may  
turn to life-giv+ heat & real en]gy4 ,if
 n1 y\r "t & y\r pa9s w be wa/$1 y w    
de/roy y\r own "w1 & aft] fooli%ly      
intoxicat+ y\rself ) ^! heady fumes1 y w
 h no?+ left b an insipid & wor?less    
w9e4  ,silly *ildr5 gr[ into ord9>y m54 
,i "k no g5]alisation m c]ta9 ?an ?is4  
,x is ! mo/ difficult ?+ 9 ! _w to      
di/+ui% betwe5 g5u9e /upidity1 & t      
app>5t & deceitful /upidity :i* is !    
sign ( a /rong "*4 ,at fir/ sight x     
seems /range t ! two extremes %\ld h !  
same outw>d signs2 & yet x may well be  

s1 = at an age :5 man has z yet no true 
ideas1 ! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 ! g5ius & 
! re/ consi/s 9 ?is3 ! latt] only take 9
 false ideas1 :ile ! =m]1 f9d+ no?+ b   
false ideas1 receives no ideas at all4  
,9 ?is he resembles ! fool2 ! "o is fit 
= no?+1 ! o!r f9ds no?+ fit = him4 ,!   
only way ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 !m dep5ds ^u 
*ance1 :i* may (f] ! g5ius "s idea :i*  
he c und]/&1 :ile ! fool is always !    
same4 ,z a *ild1 ! "y ,cato 0 tak5 = an 
idiot by 8 p>5ts2 he 0 ob/9ate & sil5t1 
& t 0 all !y p]ceiv$ 9 him2 x 0 only 9  
,sulla's ante-*amb] t 8 uncle discov]$  
:at 0 9 him4 ,_h he nev] f\nd 8 way !re1
 he might h pass$ = a fool till he rea*$
 ! age ( reason4 ,_h ,caes> nev] liv$1  
p]haps ?is same ,cato1 :o disc]n$ 8     
fatal g5ius1 & =etold 8 great s*emes1   
w\ld h pass$ = a dream] all 8 days4 ,^? 
:o judge *ildr5 ha/ily are apt to be    
mi/ak52 !y are (t5 m *ildi% ?an ! *ild  
himself4 ,i knew a middle-ag$ man1      
,footnote3 ,! ,abbe de ,condillac ^:    
fri5d%ip ,i e/eem$ an hon\r1 :o 0       

reckon$ a fool by 8 family4 ,all at once
 he made 8 "n z a philosoph]1 & ,i h no 
d\bt po/]ity w give him a high place    
among ! greate/ ?9k]s & ! pr(\nde/      
metaphysicians ( 8 day4  ,hold *ildhood 
9 rev]5ce1 & d n be 9 any hurry to judge
 x = good or ill4 ,leave exceptional    
cases to %[ !mselves1 let _! qualities  
be te/$ & confirm$1 be=e special me?ods 
are adopt$4 ,give nature "t to "w be=e y
 take ov] h] bus9ess1 le/ y int]f]e ) h]
 deal+s4 ,y ass]t t y "k ! value ( "t & 
are afraid to wa/e x4 ,y fail to p]ceive
 t x is a great] wa/e ( "t to use x ill 
?an to d no?+1 & t a *ild ill taught is 
fur!r f virtue ?an a *ild :o has le>nt  
no?+ at all4 ,y are afraid to see him   
sp5d+ 8 e>ly ye>s do+ no?+4 ,:at6 is x  
no?+ to be happy1 no?+ to run & jump all
 day8 ,he w nev] be s busy aga9 all 8   
life long4  ,plato1 9 8 ,republic1 :i*  
is consid]$ s /]n1 tea*es ! *ildr5 only 
?r\gh fe/ivals1 games1 songs1 &         
amusem5ts4 ,x seems z if he _h          
accompli%$ 8 purpose :5 he _h taught !m 

to be happy2 & ,s5eca1 speak+ ( ! ,roman
 lads 9 old5 days1 says1 ,!y 7 always on
 _! feet1 !y 7 nev] taught any?+ :i*    
kept !m sitt+4 ,7 !y any ! worse = x 9  
manhood8 ,d n be afraid1 !re=e1 ( ?is   
s-call$ idl5ess4  ,:at w\ld y ?9k ( a   
man :o refus$ to sleep le/ he %\ld wa/e 
"p ( 8 life8 ,y w\ld say1 ,he is mad2 he
 is n enjoy+ 8 life1 he is robb+ himself
 ( "p ( x2 to avoid sleep he is ha/5+ 8 
dea?4 ,rememb] t ^! two cases are alike1
 & t *ildhood is ! sleep ( reason4  ,!  
app>5t ease ) :i* *ildr5 le>n is _! ru94
 ,y fail to see t ?is v facility proves 
t !y are n le>n+4 ,_! %9+1 poli%$ bra9  
reflects1 z 9 a mirror1 ! ?+s y %[ !m1 b
 no?+ s9ks 94 ,! *ild rememb]s ! words &
 ! ideas are reflect$ back2 8 he>]s     
und]/& !m1 b to him !y are mean+less4   
,al?\gh memory & reason are :olly       
diff]5t faculties1 ! "o does n really   
develop ap>t f ! o!r4 ,be=e ! age (     
reason ! *ild receives images1 n ideas2 
& !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 !m3 images 
are m]ely ! pictures ( ext]nal objects1 

:ile ideas are notions ab\t ^? objects  
det]m9$ by _! relations4 ,an image :5 x 
is recall$ may exi/ by itself 9 ! m9d1 b
 e idea implies o!r ideas4 ,:5 we image 
we m]ely p]ceive1 :5 we reason we       
comp>e4 ,our s5sations are m]ely        
passive1 our notions or ideas spr+ f an 
active pr9ciple :i* judges4 ,! pro( (   
?is w be giv5 lat]4  ,i ma9ta91 !re=e1 t
 z *ildr5 are incapable ( judg+1 !y h no
 true memory4 ,!y reta9 s\nds1 =m1      
s5sation1 b r>ely ideas1 & /ill m r>ely 
relations4 ,y tell me !y acquire "s     
rudim5ts ( geometry1 & y ?9k y prove y\r
 case2 n s1 x is m9e y prove2 y %[ t f> 
f be+ able to reason !mselves1 *ildr5   
are unable to reta9 ! reason+ ( o!rs2 = 
if y foll[ ! me?od ( ^! little          
geometricians y w see !y only reta9 !   
exact impression ( ! figure & ! t]ms ( !
 demon/ration4 ,!y _c meet ! slighte/   
new objection2 if ! figure is rev]s$ !y 
c d no?+4 ,all _! k is on !             
s5sation-level1 no?+ has p5etrat$ to _! 
und]/&+4 ,_! memory is little bett] ?an 

_! o!r p[]s1 = !y always h to le>n ov]  
aga91 :5 !y are gr[n up1 :at !y le>nt z 
*ildr54  ,i am f> f ?9k+1 h[ev]1 t      
*ildr5 h no sort ( reason4 ,footnote3 ,i
 h notic$ aga9 & aga9 t x is impossible 
9 writ+ a l5g?y "w to use ! same words  
always 9 ! same s5se4 ,!re is no        
language ri* en\gh to supply t]ms &     
expressions suffici5t = ! modifications 
( our ideas4 ,! me?od ( def9+ e t]m &   
con/antly sub/itut+ ! def9ition = ! t]m 
def9$ looks well1 b x is impracticable4 
,= h[ c we escape f our vici\s circle8  
,def9itions w\ld be all v well if we did
 n use words 9 ! mak+ ( !m4 ,9 spite (  
?is ,i am conv9c$ t ev5 9 our poor      
language we c make our mean+ cle>1 n by 
always us+ words 9 ! same s5se1 b by    
tak+ c>e t e "t we use a ^w ! s5se 9 :i*
 we use x is suffici5tly indicat$ by !  
s5se ( ! context1 s t ea* s5t5ce 9 :i* !
 ^w occurs acts z a sort ( def9ition4   
,sometimes ,i say *ildr5 are incapable (
 reason+4 ,sometimes ,i say !y reason   
clev]ly4 ,i mu/ admit t my words are (t5

 contradictory1 b ,i d n ?9k !re is any 
contradiction 9 my ideas4 ,on ! contr>y1
 ,i ?9k !y reason v well ) reg>d to ?+s 
t affect _! actual & s5sible well-be+4  
,b p are mi/ak5 z to ! ext5t ( _!       
in=mation1 & !y attribute to !m k !y d n
 possess1 & make !m reason ab\t ?+s !y  
_c und]/&4 ,ano!r mi/ake is to try to   
turn _! att5tion to matt]s :i* d n      
conc]n !m 9 ! lea/1 su* z _! future     
int]e/1 _! happ9ess :5 !y are gr[n up1 !
 op9ion p w h ( !m :5 !y are m5--t]ms   
:i* are absolutely mean+less :5 address$
 to creatures :o are entirely )\t       
=esight4 ,b all ! =c$ /udies ( ^! poor  
little wret*es are direct$ t[>ds matt]s 
utt]ly remote f _! m9ds4 ,y may judge h[
 mu* att5tion !y c give to !m4  ,!      
p$agogues1 :o make a great display ( !  
tea*+ !y give _! pupils1 are paid to say
 j ! opposite2 yet _! actions %[ t !y   
?9k j z ,i d4 ,= :at d !y tea*8 ,words6 
words6 words6 ,among ! v>i\s sci5ces !y 
boa/ ( tea*+ _! s*ol>s1 !y take good c>e
 nev] to *oose ^? :i* might be really   

useful to !m1 = !n !y w\ld be compell$  
to deal ) ?+s & w\ld fail utt]ly2 !     
sci5ces !y *oose are ^? we seem to "k :5
 we "k _! te*nical t]ms--h]aldry1       
geography1 *ronology1 languages1 etc41  
/udies s remote f man1 & ev5 m remote f 
! *ild1 t x is a wond] if he c ev] make 
any use ( any "p ( !m4  ,y w be surpris$
 to f9d t ,i reckon ! /udy ( languages  
among ! useless lumb] ( education2 b y  
mu/ rememb] t ,i am speak+ ( ! /udies ( 
! e>lie/ ye>s1 & :atev] y may say1 ,i d 
n believe any *ild "u twelve or fifte5  
ev] really acquir$ two languages4  ,if !
 /udy ( languages 7 m]ely ! /udy (      
words1 t is1 ( ! symbols by :i* language
 expresses itself1 !n ?is might be a    
suitable /udy = *ildr52 b languages1 z  
!y *ange ! symbols1 also modify ! ideas 
:i* ! symbols express4 ,m9ds are =m$ by 
language1 ?\ghts take _! col\r f its    
ideas4 ,reason alone is common to all4  
,e language has its own =m1 a diff]5ce  
:i* may be p>tly cause & p>tly effect ( 
diff]5ces 9 national "*2 ?is conjecture 

appe>s to be confirm$ by ! fact t 9 e   
nation "u ! sun spee* foll[s ! *anges ( 
mann]s1 & is pres]v$ or alt]$ along )   
!m4  ,by use ! *ild acquires "o ( ^!    
diff]5t =ms1 & x is ! only language he  
reta9s till ! age ( reason4 ,to acquire 
two languages he mu/ be able to comp>e  
_! ideas1 & h[ c he comp>e ideas he c   
b>ely und]/&8 ,ev]y?+ may h a ?\s&      
mean+s to him1 b ea* idea c only h "o   
=m1 s he c only le>n "o language4 ,y    
assure me he le>ns sev]al languages2 ,i 
d5y x4 ,i h se5 ^? little prodigies :o  
are suppos$ to speak half a doz5        
languages4 ,i h he>d !m speak fir/ 9    
,g]man1 !n 9 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 or ,italian2 
true1 !y us$ half a doz5 diff]5t        
vocabul>ies1 b !y always spoke ,g]man4  
,9 a ^w1 y may give *ildr5 z _m synonyms
 z y l2 x is n _! language b _! words t 
y *ange2 !y w nev] h b "o language4  ,to
 conceal _! defici5cies tea*]s *oose !  
dead languages1 9 :i* we h no long] any 
judges ^: au?ority is beyond dispute4 ,!
 famili> use ( ^! tongues disappe>$ long

 ago1 s !y are cont5t to imitate :at !y 
f9d 9 books1 & !y call t talk+4 ,if !   
ma/]'s ,greek & ,lat9 is su* poor /uff1 
:at ab\t ! *ildr58 ,!y h sc>cely le>nt  
_! prim] by he>t1 )\t und]/&+ a ^w ( x1 
:5 !y are set to translate a ,fr5* spee*
 into ,lat9 words2 !n :5 !y are m       
advanc$ !y piece toge!r a few phrases ( 
,cic]o = prose or a few l9es ( ,v]gil = 
v]se4 ,!n !y ?9k !y c speak ,lat91 & :o 
w contradict !m8  ,9 any /udy :atsoev] !
 symbols are ( no value )\t ! idea ( !  
?+s symbolis$4 ,yet ! education ( ! *ild
 9 conf9$ to ^? symbols1 :ile no "o ev] 
succe$s 9 mak+ him und]/& ! ?+ signifi$4
 ,y ?9k y are tea*+ him :at ! _w is l2  
he is only le>n+ ! map2 he is taught !  
names ( t[ns1 c\ntries1 riv]s1 :i* h no 
exi/5ce = him except on ! pap] be=e him4
 ,i rememb] see+ a geography some:]e :i*
 began )3 ,:at is ! _w8--,a sph]e (     
c>dbo>d4 ,t is ! *ild's geography4 ,i   
ma9ta9 t aft] two ye>s' "w ) ! globe &  
cosmography1 !re is n a s+le t5-ye>-old 
*ild :o c\ld f9d 8 way f ,p>is to ,sa9t 

,d5is by ! help ( ! rules he has le>nt4 
,i ma9ta9 t n "o ( ^! *ildr5 c\ld f9d 8 
way by ! map ab\t ! pa?s on 8 fa!r's    
e/ate )\t gett+ lo/4 ,^! are ! "y       
doctors :o c tell u ! position ( ,pek91 
,ispahan1 ,mexico1 & e c\ntry 9 ! _w4   
,y tell me ! *ild mu/ be employ$ on     
/udies :i* only ne$ eyes4 ,t may be2 b  
if !re are any su* /udies1 !y are unkn[n
 to me4  ,x is a /ill m ridicul\s error 
to set !m to /udy hi/ory1 :i* is        
consid]$ )9 _! grasp because x is m]ely 
a collection ( facts4 ,b :at is meant by
 ?is ^w fact8 ,d y ?9k ! relations :i*  
det]m9e ! facts ( hi/ory are s easy to  
grasp t ! correspond+ ideas are easily  
develop$ 9 ! *ild's m9d6 ,d y ?9k t a   
real k ( ev5ts c exi/ ap>t f ! k ( _!   
causes & effects1 & t hi/ory has s      
little relation to words t ! "o c be    
le>nt )\t ! o!r8 ,if y p]ceive no?+ 9 a 
man's actions beyond m]ely physical &   
ext]nal movem5ts1 :at d y le>n f hi/ory8
 ,absolutely no?+2 :ile ?is /udy1 robb$ 
( all t makes x int]e/+1 gives y nei!r  

pleasure nor in=mation4 ,if y want to   
judge actions by _! moral be>+s1 try to 
make ^! moral be>+s intelligible to y\r 
s*ol>s4 ,y w soon f9d out if !y are old 
en\gh to le>n hi/ory4  ,rememb]1 read]1 
t he :o speaks to y is nei!r a s*ol> nor
 a philosoph]1 b a pla9 man & a lov] (  
tru?2 a man :o is pl$g$ to no "o p>ty or
 sy/em1 a h]mit1 :o mixes little ) o!r  
m51 & has less opportunity ( imbib+ _!  
prejudices1 & m "t to reflect on ! ?+s t
 /rike him 9 8 int]c\rse ) !m4 ,my      
argum5ts are bas$ less on !ories ?an on 
facts1 & ,i ?9k ,i c f9d no bett] way to
 br+ ! facts home to y ?an by quot+     
cont9ually "s example f ! obs]vations   
:i* sugge/$ my argum5ts4  ,i _h gone to 
sp5d a few days 9 ! c\ntry ) a wor?y "m 
( a family :o took great pa9s ) h]      
*ildr5 & _! education4 ,"o morn+ ,i 0   
pres5t :ile ! elde/ boy _h 8 lessons4 ,8
 tutor1 :o _h tak5 great pa9s to tea*   
him anci5t hi/ory1 began ^u ! /ory (    
,alex&] & light$ on ! well-kn[n anecdote
 ( ,philip ! ,doctor4 ,!re is a picture 

( x1 & ! /ory is well wor? /udy4 ,!     
tutor1 wor?y man1 made sev]al           
reflections :i* ,i did n l ) reg>d to   
,alex&]'s c\rage1 b ,i did n argue ) him
 le/ ,i %\ld l[] him 9 ! eyes ( 8 pupil4
 ,at d9n] !y did n fail to get ! little 
fell[ talk+1 ,fr5* fa%ion4 ,! eag] _s ( 
a *ild ( 8 age1 & ! confid5t expectation
 ( applause1 made him say a numb] (     
silly ?+s1 & among !m f "t to "t !re 7  
?+s to ! po9t1 & ^! made p =get ! re/4  
,at la/ came ! /ory ( ,philip ! ,doctor4
 ,he told x v di/9ctly & prettily4      
,aft] ! usual me$ ( praise1 dem&$ by 8  
"m & expect$ by ! *ild himself1 !y      
discuss$ :at he _h said4 ,mo/ ( !m blam$
 ,alex&]'s ra%ness1 "s ( !m1 foll[+ !   
tutor's example1 prais$ 8 resolution1   
:i* %[$ me t none ( ^? pres5t really saw
 ! beauty ( ! /ory4 ,= my own "p1 ,i    
said1 if !re 0 any c\rage or any        
/eadfa/ness at all 9 ,alex&]'s conduct  
,i ?9k x 0 only a piece ( bravado4 ,!n e
 "o agre$ t x 0 a piece ( bravado4 ,i 0 
gett+ angry1 & w\ld h repli$1 :5 a lady 

sitt+ beside me1 :o _h n hi!rto spok51  
b5t t[>ds me & :isp]$ 9 my e>4  ,jean   
,jacques1 said %e1 say no m1 !y w nev]  
und]/& y4 ,i look$ at h]1 ,i recognis$ !
 wisdom ( h] advice1 & ,i held my       
tongue4  ,sev]al ?+s made me suspect t  
our "y pr(essor _h n 9 ! lea/ und]/ood !
 /ory he told s prettily4 ,aft] d9n] ,i 
took 8 h& 9 m9e & we w5t = a walk 9 !   
p>k4 ,:5 ,i _h que/ion$ him quietly1 ,i 
discov]$ t he admir$ ! vaunt$ c\rage (  
,alex&] m ?an any "o4 ,b 9 :at d y      
suppose he ?\ght ?is c\rage consi/$8    
,m]ely 9 swall[+ a disagreeable dr9k at 
a s+le draught )\t hesitation & )\t any 
signs ( dislike4 ,n a =tnight be=e !    
poor *ild _h be5 made to take "s m$ic9e 
:i* he c\ld h>dly swall[1 & ! ta/e ( x 0
 /ill 9 8 m\?4 ,dea?1 & dea? by poison+1
 7 = him only disagreeable s5sations1 & 
s5na 0 8 only idea ( poison4 ,i mu/     
admit1 h[ev]1 t ,alex&]'s resolution _h 
made a great impression on 8 "y m9d1 &  
he 0 det]m9$ t next "t he _h to take    
m$ic9e he w\ld be an ,alex&]4 ,)\t ent]+

 ^u explanations :i* 7 cle>ly beyond 8  
grasp1 ,i confirm$ him 9 8 praisewor?y  
int5tion1 & return$ home smil+ to myself
 ov] ! great wisdom ( p>5ts & tea*]s :o 
expect to tea* hi/ory to *ildr54  ,su*  
words z k+1 emp]or1 w>1 conque/1 law1 & 
revolution are easily put into _! m\?s2 
b :5 x is a "q ( atta*+ cle> ideas to ^!
 words ! explanations are v diff]5t f   
our talk ) ,rob]t ! g>d5]4  ,i feel sure
 "s read]s dissatisfi$ ) t ,say no m1   
,jean ,jacques1 w ask :at ,i really saw 
to admire 9 ! conduct ( ,alex&]4 ,poor  
?+s6 if y ne$ tell+1 h[ c y compreh5d x8
 ,alex&] believ$ 9 virtue1 he /ak$ 8    
head1 he /ak$ 8 own life on t fai?1 8   
great s\l 0 fitt$ to hold su* a fai?4   
,to swall[ t draught 0 to make a noble  
pr(ession ( ! fai? t 0 9 him4 ,nev] did 
mortal man recite a f9] cre$4 ,if !re is
 an ,alex&] 9 our own days1 %[ me su*   
de$s4  ,if *ildr5 h no k ( words1 !re is
 no /udy t is suitable = !m4 ,if !y h no
 real ideas !y h no real memory1 = ,i d 
n call t a memory :i* only recalls      

s5sations4 ,:at is ! use ( inscrib+ on  
_! bra9s a li/ ( symbols :i* mean no?+  
to !m8 ,!y w le>n ! symbols :5 !y le>n !
 ?+s signifi$2 :y give !m ! useless     
tr\ble ( le>n+ !m twice ov]8 ,& yet :at 
dang]\s prejudices are y implant+ :5 y  
tea* !m to accept z k words :i* h no    
mean+ = !m4 ,! fir/ mean+less phrase1 ! 
fir/ ?+ tak5 = grant$ on ! ^w ( ano!r   
p]son )\t see+ its use = himself1 ?is is
 ! beg9n+ ( ! ru9 ( ! *ild's judgm5t4   
,he may dazzle ! eyes ( fools long en\gh
 be=e he recov]s f su* a loss4          
,footnote3 ,! le>n+ ( mo/ philosoph]s is
 l ! le>n+ ( *ildr54 ,va/ erudition     
results less 9 ! multitude ( ideas ?an 9
 a multitude ( images4 ,dates1 names1   
places1 all objects isolat$ or          
unconnect$ ) ideas are m]ely reta9$ 9 ! 
memory = symbols1 & we r>ely recall any 
( ^! )\t see+ ! "r or left page ( ! book
 9 :i* we read x1 or ! =m 9 :i* we fir/ 
saw x4  ,mo/ sci5ce 0 ( ?is k9d till    
rec5tly4 ,! sci5ce ( our times is ano!r 
matt]2 /udy & obs]vation are ?+s ( !    

pa/2 we dream & ! dreams ( a bad night  
are giv5 to u z philosophy4 ,y w say ,i 
too am a dream]2 ,i admit x1 b ,i d :at 
! o!rs fail to d1 ,i give my dreams z   
dreams1 & leave ! read] to discov] :e!r 
!re is any?+ 9 !m :i* may prove useful  
to ^? :o are awake4  ,no1 if nature has 
giv5 ! *ild ?is pla/icity ( bra9 :i*    
fits him to receive e k9d ( impression1 
x 0 n t y %\ld impr9t on x ! names &    
dates ( k+s1 ! j>gon ( h]aldry1 ! globe 
& geography1 all ^? words )\t pres5t    
mean+ or future use = ! *ild1 :i* flood 
( words ov]:elms 8 sad & b>r5 *ildhood4 
,b by means ( ?is pla/icity all ! ideas 
he c und]/& & use1 all t conc]n 8       
happ9ess & w "s day ?r[ light ^u 8      
duties1 %\ld be trac$ at an e>ly age 9  
indelible *>act]s ^u 8 bra91 to guide   
him to live 9 su* a way z befits 8      
nature & 8 p[]s4  ,)\t ! /udy ( books1  
su* a memory z ! *ild may possess is n  
left idle2 ev]y?+ he sees & he>s makes  
an impression on him1 he keeps a record 
( m5's say+s & do+s1 & 8 :ole environm5t

 is ! book f :i* he unconsci\sly enri*es
 8 memory1 till 8 judgm5t is able to    
pr(it by x4  ,to select ^! objects1 to  
take c>e to pres5t him con/antly ) ^? he
 may "k1 to conceal f him ^? he ought n 
to "k1 ?is is ! real way ( tra9+ 8 e>ly 
memory2 & 9 ?is way y mu/ try to provide
 him ) a /oreh\se ( k :i* w s]ve = 8    
education 9 y\? & 8 conduct ?r\gh\t     
life4 ,true1 ?is me?od does n produce   
infant prodigies1 nor w x reflect glory 
^u _! tutors & gov]nesses1 b x produces 
m51 /rong1 "r-?9k+ m51 vigor\s bo? 9 m9d
 & body1 m5 :o d n w9 admiration z      
*ildr51 b hon\r z m54  ,emile w n le>n  
any?+ by he>t1 n ev5 fables1 n ev5 !    
fables ( ,la ,fonta9e1 simple &         
delightful z !y are1 = ! words are no m 
! fable ?an ! words ( hi/ory are hi/ory4
 ,h[ c p be s bl9d z to call fables !   
*ild's sy/em ( morals1 )\t consid]+ t ! 
*ild is n only amus$ by ! apologue b    
misl$ by x8 ,he is attract$ by :at is   
false & he misses ! tru?1 & ! means     
adopt$ to make ! tea*+ pleasant prev5t  

him pr(it+ by x4 ,m5 may be taught by   
fables2 *ildr5 require ! nak$ tru?4     
,all *ildr5 le>n ,la ,fonta9e's fables1 
b n "o ( !m und]/&s !m4 ,x is j z well t
 !y d n und]/&1 = ! morality ( ! fables 
is s mix$ & s unsuitable = _! age t x   
w\ld be m likely to incl9e !m to vice   
?an to virtue4 ,m p>adoxes6 y exclaim4  
,p>adoxes !y may be2 b let u see if !re 
is n "s tru? 9 !m4  ,i ma9ta9 t ! *ild  
does n und]/& ! fables he is taught1 =  
h[ev] y try to expla9 !m1 ! tea*+ y wi% 
to extract f !m dem&s ideas :i* he _c   
grasp1 :ile ! poetical =m :i* makes x   
easi] to rememb] makes x h>d] to und]/&1
 s t cle>ness is sacrific$ to facility4 
,)\t quot+ ! ho/ ( :olly un9telligible &
 useless fables :i* are taught to *ildr5
 because !y happ5 to be 9 ! same book z 
! o!rs1 let u keep to ^? :i* ! au?or    
seems to h writt5 specially = *ildr54   
,9 ! :ole ( ,la ,fonta9e's works ,i only
 "k five or six fables conspicu\s =     
*ild-l simplicity2 ,i w take ! fir/ ( ^!
 z an example1 = x is "o ^: moral is mo/

 suitable = all ages1 "o :i* *ildr5 get 
hold ( ) ! lea/ difficulty1 :i* !y h mo/
 pleasure 9 le>n+1 "o :i* = ?is v reason
 ! au?or has plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 book4
 ,if 8 object 7 really to delight &     
in/ruct *ildr51 ?is fable is 8          
ma/]piece4 ,let u g ?r\gh x & exam9e x  
briefly4  ,,! ,,fox ,,& ,,! ,,cr[  ,a   
,,fable  ,maitre corbeau1 sur un arbre  
p]*e 7,mr4 ,cr[ p]*$ on a tree74--,mr46 
:at does t ^w really mean8 ,:at does x  
mean be=e a prop] n\n8 ,:at is its mean+
 "h8 ,:at is a cr[8 ,:at is un arbre    
p]*e8 ,we d n say on a tree p]*$1 b p]*$
 on a tree4  ,s we mu/ speak ( poetical 
inv]sions1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 prose &
 v]se4  ,t5ait dans son bec un fromage  
7,held a *eese 9 8 beak7--,:at sort ( a 
*eese8 ,swiss1 ,brie1 or ,dut*8 ,if !   
*ild has nev] se5 cr[s1 :at is ! good ( 
talk+ ab\t !m8 ,if he has se5 cr[s w he 
believe t !y c hold a *eese 9 _! beak8  
,y\r illu/rations %\ld always be tak5 f 
nature4  ,maitre r5>d1 p> l'odeur alle*e
 7,mr4 ,fox1 attract$ by !              

smell74--,ano!r ,ma/]6 ,b ! title suits 
! fox1--:o is ma/] ( all ! tricks ( 8   
trade4 ,y mu/ expla9 :at a fox is1 &    
di/+ui% betwe5 ! real fox & !           
conv5tional fox ( ! fables4  ,alle*e4 ,!
 ^w is obsolete2 y w h to expla9 x4 ,y w
 say x is only us$ 9 v]se4 ,p]haps !    
*ild w ask :y p talk diff]5tly 9 v]se4  
,h[ w y answ] t "q8  ,alle*e1 p> l'odeur
 d'un fromage4 ,! *eese 0 held 9 8 beak 
by a cr[ p]*$ on a tree2 x mu/ inde$ h  
smelt /rong if ! fox1 9 8 ?icket or 8   
e>?1 c\ld smell x4 ,?is is ! way y tra9 
y\r pupil 9 t _s ( "r judgm5t1 :i*      
rejects all b reasonable argum5ts1 & is 
able to di/+ui% betwe5 tru? & falsehood 
9 o!r tales4  ,lui ti5t a peu pres ce   
langage 7,spoke to him aft] ?is         
fa%ion74--,ce langage4 ,s foxes talk1 d 
!y6 ,!y talk l cr[s6 ,m9d :at y are     
ab\t1 oh1 wise tutor2 weigh y\r answ]   
be=e y give x1 x is m important ?an y   
suspect4  ,eh6 ,bonj\r1 ,monsieur le    
,corbeau6 7,good-day1 ,mr4 ,cr[67--,mr46
 ,! *ild sees ?is title laugh$ to scorn 

be=e he kn[s x is a title ( hon\r4 ,^?  
:o say ,monsieur du ,corbeau w f9d _! "w
 cut out = !m to expla9 t du4  ,que v\s 
etes joli6 ,que v\s me semblez beau6    
7,h[ h&some y are1 h[ beautiful 9 my    
eyes67--,m]e padd+4 ,! *ild1 f9d+ ! same
 ?+ repeat$ twice ov] 9 diff]5t words1  
is le>n+ to speak c>elessly4 ,if y say  
?is r$undance is a device ( ! au?or1 a  
"p ( ! fox's s*eme to make 8 praise seem
 all ! great] by 8 fl[ ( words1 t is a  
valid excuse = me1 b n = my pupil4      
,sans m5tir1 si votre ramage 7,)\t ly+1 
if y\r song74--,)\t ly+4 ,s p d tell    
lies sometimes4 ,:at w ! *ild ?9k ( y if
 y tell him ! fox only says ,sans m5tir 
because he is ly+8  ,se rapporte a votre
 plumage 7,answ]$ to y\r f9e            
fea!rs74--,answ]$6 ,:at does t mean8    
,try to make ! *ild comp>e qualities s  
diff]5t z ^? ( song & plumage2 y w see  
h[ mu* he und]/&s4  ,v\s s]iez le ph5ix 
des hotes de ces bois6 7,y w\ld be !    
pho5ix ( all ! inhabitants ( ?is        
wood67--,! pho5ix6 ,:at is a pho5ix8    

,all ( a sudd5 we are fl\nd]+ 9 ! lies (
 antiquity--we are on ! edge ( my?ology4
  ,! inhabitants ( ?is wood4 ,:at       
figurative language6 ,! flatt]] adopts !
 gr& /yle to add dignity to 8 spee*1 to 
make x m attractive4 ,w ! *ild und]/&   
?is cunn+8 ,does he "k1 h[ c\ld he      
possibly "k1 :at is meant by gr& /yle & 
simple /yle8  ,a ces mots le corbeau ne 
se s5t pas de joie 7,at ^! words1 ! cr[ 
is beside himself ) delight74--,to      
realise ! full =ce ( ?is prov]bial      
expression we mu/ h exp]i5c$ v /rong    
feel+4  ,et1 p\r montr] sa belle voix   
7,&1 to %[ 8 f9e voice74--,rememb] t !  
*ild1 to und]/& ?is l9e & ! :ole fable1 
mu/ "k :at is meant by ! cr['s f9e      
voice4  ,il ouvre un l>ge bec1 laisse   
tomb] sa proie 7,he op5s 8 wide beak &  
drops 8 prey74--,?is is a spl5did l9e2  
its v s\nd sugge/s a picture4 ,i see !  
great big ugly gap+ beak1 ,i he> ! *eese
 cra%+ ?r\gh ! bran*es2 b ?is k9d (     
beauty is ?r[n away ^u *ildr54  ,le r5>d
 s'en saisit1 et dit1 ',mon bon         

monsieur' 7,! fox cat*es x1 & says1 ,my 
de> sir74--,s k9dness is already folly4 
,y c]ta9ly wa/e no "t 9 tea*+ y\r       
*ildr54  ,appr5ez que t\t flatteur 7,y  
mu/ le>n t e flatt]]74--,a g5]al maxim4 
,! *ild c make nei!r head nor tail ( x4 
,vit au dep5s de celui qui l'ec\te      
7,lives at ! exp5se ( ! p]son :o li/5s  
to 8 flatt]y74--,no *ild ( t5 ev]       
und]/ood t4  ,ce lecon vaut bi5 un      
fromage1 sans d\te 7,no d\bt ?is lesson 
is well wor? a *eese74--,?is is         
intelligible & its mean+ is v good4 ,yet
 !re are few *ildr5 :o c\ld comp>e a    
*eese & a lesson1 few :o w\ld n pref] ! 
*eese4 ,y w !re=e h to make !m und]/& t 
?is is said 9 mock]y4 ,:at subtlety = a 
*ild6  ,le corbeau1 honteux et confus   
7,! cr[1 a%am$ & confus$74--,a no?+     
pleonasm1 & !re is no excuse = x ?is "t4
  ,jura1 mais un peu t>d1 qu'on ne l'y  
pr5drait plus 7,swore1 b r too late1 t  
he w\ld n be caught 9 t way             
aga974--,swore4 ,:at ma/] w be su* a    
fool z to try to expla9 to a *ild !     

mean+ ( an oa?8  ,:at a ho/ ( details6 b
 mu* m w\ld be ne$$ = ! analysis ( all !
 ideas 9 ?is fable & _! r$uction to !   
simple & elem5t>y ideas ( :i* ea* is    
compos$4 ,b :o ?9ks ?is analysis        
necess>y to make himself intelligible to
 *ildr58 ,:o ( u is philosoph] en\gh to 
be able to put himself 9 ! *ild's place8
 ,let u n[ proce$ to ! moral4  ,%\ld we 
tea* a six-ye>-old *ild t !re are p :o  
flatt] & lie = ! sake ( ga98 ,"o might  
p]haps tea* !m t !re are p :o make fools
 ( little boys & laugh at _! fooli%     
vanity beh9d _! backs4 ,b ! :ole ?+ is  
spoilt by ! *eese4 ,y are tea*+ !m h[ to
 make ano!r drop 8 *eese r ?an h[ to    
keep _! own4 ,?is is my second p>adox1 &
 x is n less weighty ?an ! =m] "o4      
,wat* *ildr5 le>n+ _! fables & y w see t
 :5 !y h a *ance ( apply+ !m !y almo/   
always use !m exactly contr>y to !      
au?or's mean+2 in/ead ( be+ on _! gu>d  
aga9/ ! fault :i* y w\ld prev5t or cure1
 !y are dispos$ to l ! vice by :i* "o   
takes advantage ( ano!r's defects4  ,9 !

 above fable *ildr5 laugh at ! cr[1 b !y
 all love ! fox4 ,9 ! next fable y      
expect !m to foll[ ! example ( !        
gras%opp]4 ,n s1 !y w *oose ! ant4 ,!y d
 n c>e to abase !mselves1 !y w always   
*oose ! pr9cipal "p--?is is ! *oice (   
self-love1 a v natural *oice4 ,b :at a  
dreadful lesson = *ildr56 ,!re c\ld be  
no mon/] m dete/able ?an a h>% &        
av>ici\s *ild1 :o realis$ :at he 0 ask$ 
to give & :at he refus$4 ,! ant does m2 
%e tea*es him n m]ely to refuse b to    
revile4  ,9 all ! fables :]e ! lion     
plays a "p1 usually ! *ief "p1 ! *ild   
pret5ds to be ! lion1 & :5 he has to    
preside ov] "s di/ribution ( good ?+s1  
he takes c>e to keep ev]y?+ = himself2 b
 :5 ! lion is ov]?r[n by ! gnat1 ! *ild 
is ! gnat4 ,he le>ns h[ to /+ to dea? ^?
 :om he d>e n attack op5ly4  ,f ! fable 
( ! sleek dog & ! />v+ wolf he le>ns a  
lesson ( lic5ce r ?an ! lesson (        
mod]ation :i* y pr(ess to tea* him4 ,i  
%all nev] =get see+ a little girl weep+ 
bitt]ly ov] ?is tale1 :i* _h be5 told h]

 z a lesson 9 ob$i5ce4 ,! poor *ild hat$
 to be *a9$ up2 %e felt ! *a9 *af+ h]   
neck2 %e 0 cry+ because %e 0 n a wolf4  
,s f ! fir/ ( ^! fables ! *ild le>ns !  
base/ flatt]y2 f ! second1 cruelty2 f ! 
?ird1 inju/ice2 f ! f\r?1 satire2 f !   
fif?1 insubord9ation4 ,! la/ ( ^!       
lessons is no m suitable = y\r pupils   
?an = m9e1 ?\gh he has no use = x4 ,:at 
results d y expect to get f y\r tea*+ :5
 x contradicts itself6 ,b p]haps ! same 
sy/em ( morals :i* furni%es me )        
objections aga9/ ! fables supplies y ) z
 _m reasons = keep+ to !m4 ,society     
requires a rule ( morality 9 our words2 
x also requires a rule ( morality 9 our 
de$s2 & ^! two rules are q diff]5t4 ,!  
=m] is conta9$ 9 ! ,cate*ism & x is left
 !re2 ! o!r is conta9$ 9 ,la ,fonta9e's 
fables = *ildr5 & 8 tales = mo!rs4 ,!   
same au?or does = bo?4  ,let u make a   
b>ga91 ,m4 de la ,fonta9e4 ,= my own "p1
 ,i und]take to make y\r books my       
fav\rite /udy2 ,i und]take to love y1 & 
to le>n f y\r fables1 = ,i hope ,i %all 

n mi/ake _! mean+4 ,z to my pupil1 p]mit
 me to prev5t him /udy+ any "o ( !m till
 y h conv9c$ me t x is good = him to    
le>n ?+s ?ree-f\r?s ( :i* are           
un9telligible to him1 & until y c       
conv9ce me t 9 ^? fables he c und]/& he 
w nev] rev]se ! ord] & imitate ! villa9 
in/ead ( tak+ w>n+ f 8 dupe4  ,:5 ,i ?us
 get rid ( *ildr5's lessons1 ,i get rid 
( ! *ief cause ( _! sorr[s1 namely _!   
books4 ,read+ is ! curse ( *ildhood1 yet
 x is almo/ ! only occupation y c f9d = 
*ildr54 ,emile1 at twelve ye>s old1 w   
h>dly "k :at a book is4 ,b1 y say1 he   
mu/1 at lea/1 "k h[ to read4  ,:5 read+ 
is ( use to him1 ,i admit he mu/ le>n to
 read1 b till !n he w only f9d x a      
nuisance4  ,if *ildr5 are n to be       
requir$ to d any?+ z a matt] ( ob$i5ce1 
x foll[s t !y w only le>n :at !y p]ceive
 to be ( real & pres5t value1 ei!r = use
 or enjoym5t2 :at o!r motive c\ld !y h =
 le>n+8 ,! art ( speak+ to our abs5t    
fri5ds1 ( he>+ _! words2 ! art ( lett+  
!m "k at fir/ h& our feel+s1 our        

desires1 & our long+s1 is an art ^:     
usefulness c be made pla9 at any age4   
,h[ is x t ?is art1 s useful & pleasant 
9 itself1 has become a t]ror to *ildr58 
,because ! *ild is compell$ to acquire x
 aga9/ 8 w1 & to use x = purposes beyond
 8 compreh5sion4 ,a *ild has no great   
wi% to p]fect himself 9 ! use ( an      
in/rum5t ( torture1 b make x a means to 
8 pleasure1 & soon y w n be able to keep
 him f x4  ,p make a great fuss ab\t    
discov]+ ! beat way to tea* *ildr5 to   
read4 ,!y inv5t bureaux ,footnote3      
,translator's note4--,! bureau 0 a sort 
( case conta9+ lett]s to be put toge!r  
to =m words4 ,x 0 a fav\rite device = ! 
tea*+ ( read+ & gave its "n to a special
 me?od1 call$ ! bureau-me?od1 ( le>n+ to
 read4 & c>ds1 !y turn ! nurs]y into a  
pr9t]'s %op4 ,locke w\ld h !m taught to 
read by means ( dice4 ,:at a f9e idea6  
,& ! pity ( x6 ,!re is a bett] way ?an  
any ( ^?1 & "o :i* is g5]ally           
ov]look$--x consi/s 9 ! desire to le>n4 
,ar\se ?is desire 9 y\r s*ol> & h done )

 y\r bureaux & y\r dice--any me?od w    
s]ve4  ,pres5t int]e/1 t is ! motive    
p[]1 ! only motive p[] t takes u f> &   
safely4 ,sometimes ,emile receives notes
 ( invitation f 8 fa!r or "m1 8         
relations or fri5ds2 he is invit$ to a  
d9n]1 a walk1 a boat+ exp$ition1 to see 
"s public ent]ta9m5t4 ,^! notes are     
%ort1 cle>1 pla91 & well writt54 ,"s "o 
mu/ read !m to him1 & he _c always f9d  
anybody :5 want$2 no m consid]ation is  
%[n to him ?an he himself %[$ to y      
ye/]day4 ,"t passes1 ! *ance is lo/4 ,! 
note is read to him at la/1 b x is too  
late4 ,oh6 if only he _h kn[n h[ to     
read6 ,he receives o!r notes1 s %ort1 s 
int]e/+1 he w\ld l to try to read !m4   
,sometimes he gets help1 sometimes none4
 ,he does 8 be/1 & at la/ he makes out  
half ! note2 x is some?+ ab\t go+       
to-morr[ to dr9k cream--,:]e8 ,) :om8   
,he _c tell--h[ h>d he tries to make out
 ! re/6 ,i d n ?9k ,emile w ne$ a       
bureau4 ,%all ,i proce$ to ! tea*+ (    
writ+8 ,no1 ,i am a%am$ to toy ) ^!     

trifles 9 a treatise on education4  ,i w
 j add a few words :i* conta9 a pr9ciple
 ( great importance4 ,x is ?is--,:at we 
are 9 no hurry to get is usually obta9$ 
) spe$ & c]ta9ty4 ,i am pretty sure     
,emile w le>n to read & write be=e he is
 t51 j because ,i c>e v little :e!r he c
 d s be=e he is fifte52 b ,i w\ld r he  
nev] le>nt to read at all1 ?an t ?is art
 %\ld be acquir$ at ! price ( all t     
makes read+ useful4 ,:at is ! use (     
read+ to him if he always hates x8 ,id  
imprimis cav]e oportebit1 ne /udia1 qui 
am>e nondum pote/1 od]it1 et am>itud9em 
semel p]ceptam etiam ultra rudes annos  
re=midet4--,qu9til4  ,! m ,i urge my    
me?od ( lett+ well alone1 ! m objections
 ,i p]ceive aga9/ x4 ,if y\r pupil le>ns
 no?+ f y1 he w le>n f o!rs4 ,if y d n  
in/il tru? he w le>n falsehoods2 !      
prejudices y fe> to tea* him he w       
acquire f ^? ab\t him1 !y w f9d _! way  
?r\gh e "o ( 8 s5ses2 !y w ei!r corrupt 
8 reason be=e x is fully develop$ or 8  
m9d w become torpid ?r\gh inaction1 & w 

become engross$ 9 mat]ial ?+s4 ,if we d 
n =m ! habit ( ?9k+ z *ildr51 we %all   
lose ! p[] ( ?9k+ = ! re/ ( our life4   
,i fancy ,i c\ld easily answ] t         
objection1 b :y %\ld ,i answ] e         
objection8 ,if my me?od itself answ]s   
y\r objections1 x is good2 if n1 x is   
good = no?+4 ,i cont9ue my explanation4 
,if1 9 accordance ) ! plan ,i h sket*$1 
y foll[ rules :i* are j ! opposite ( !  
e/abli%$ practice1 if in/ead ( tak+ y\r 
s*ol> f> afield1 in/ead ( w&]+ ) him 9  
di/ant places1 9 f>-(f l&s1 9 remote    
c5turies1 9 ! ends ( ! e>?1 & 9 ! v     
heav5s !mselves1 y try to keep him to   
himself1 to 8 own conc]ns1 y w !n f9d   
him able to p]ceive1 to rememb]1 & ev5  
to reason2 ?is is nature's ord]4  ,z !  
s5ti5t be+ becomes active 8 disc]nm5t   
develops along ) 8 /r5g?4 ,n till 8     
/r5g? is 9 excess ( :at is ne$$ =       
self-pres]vation1 is ! speculative      
faculty develop$1 ! faculty adapt$ = us+
 ?is sup]flu\s /r5g? = o!r purposes4    
,w\ld y cultivate y\r pupil's           

intellig5ce1 cultivate ! /r5g? x is     
meant to control4 ,give 8 body con/ant  
ex]cise1 make x /rong & heal?y1 9 ord]  
to make him good & wise2 let him "w1 let
 him d ?+s1 let him run & %\t1 let him  
be always on ! g2 make a man ( him 9    
/r5g?1 & he w soon be a man 9 reason4   
,( c\rse by ?is me?od y w make him /upid
 if y are always giv+ him directions1   
always say+ come "h1 g !re1 /op1 d ?is1 
don't d t4 ,if y\r head always guides 8 
h&s1 8 own m9d w become useless4 ,b     
rememb] ! conditions we laid d[n2 if y  
are a m]e p$ant x is n wor? y\r :ile to 
read my book4  ,x is a lam5table mi/ake 
to imag9e t bodily activity h9d]s !     
work+ ( ! m9d1 z if ^! two k9ds (       
activity ought n to advance h& 9 h&1 & z
 if ! "o 7 n int5d$ to act z guide to ! 
o!r4  ,!re are two classes ( m5 :o are  
con/antly engag$ 9 bodily activity1     
peasants & savages1 & c]ta9ly nei!r ( ^!
 pays ! lea/ att5tion to ! cultivation (
 ! m9d4 ,peasants are r\gh1 co>se1 &    
clumsy2 savages are not$1 n only = _!   

ke5 s5ses1 b = great subtility ( m9d4   
,speak+ g5]ally1 !re is no?+ dull] ?an a
 peasant or %>p] ?an a savage4 ,:at is !
 cause ( ?is diff]5ce8 ,! peasant has   
always done z he 0 told1 :at 8 fa!r did 
be=e him1 :at he himself has always     
done2 he is ! creature ( habit1 he sp5ds
 8 life almo/ l an automaton on ! same  
tasks2 habit & ob$i5ce h tak5 ! place ( 
reason4  ,! case ( ! savage is v        
diff]5t2 he is ti$ to no "o place1 he   
has no prescrib$ task1 no sup]ior to    
obey1 he kn[s no law b 8 own w2 he is   
!re=e =c$ to reason at e /ep he takes4  
,he c nei!r move nor walk )\t consid]+ !
 consequ5ces4 ,?us ! m 8 body is        
ex]cis$1 ! m al]t is 8 m9d2 8 /r5g? & 8 
reason increase toge!r1 & ea* helps to  
develop ! o!r4  ,oh1 le>n$ tutor1 let u 
see :i* ( our two s*ol>s is mo/ l !     
savage & :i* is mo/ l ! peasant4 ,y\r   
s*ol> is subject to a p[] :i* is        
cont9ually giv+ him in/ruction2 he acts 
only at ! ^w ( comm&2 he d>e n eat :5 he
 is hungry1 nor laugh :5 he is m]ry1 nor

 weep :5 he is sad1 nor (f] "o h& r ?an 
! o!r1 nor /ir a foot unless he is told 
to d x2 be=e long he w n v5ture to brea!
 )\t ord]s4 ,:at w\ld y h him ?9k ab\t1 
:5 y d all ! ?9k+ = him8 ,he re/s       
securely on y\r =esight1 :y %\ld he ?9k 
= himself8 ,he kn[s y h und]tak5 to take
 c>e ( him1 to secure 8 welf>e1 & he    
feels himself fre$ f ?is responsibility4
  ,8 judgm5t relies on y\rs2 :at y h n  
=bidd5 t he does1 kn[+ t he runs no     
risk4 ,:y %\ld he le>n ! signs ( ra98   
,he kn[s y wat* ! cl\ds = him4 ,:y %\ld 
he "t 8 walk8 ,he kn[s !re is no fe> (  
y\r lett+ him miss 8 d9n] h\r4 ,he eats 
till y tell him to /op1 he /ops :5 y    
tell him to d s2 he does n att5d to !   
tea*+ ( 8 own /oma*1 b y\rs4 ,9 va9 d y 
make 8 body s(t by inaction2 8 und]/&+  
does n become subtle4 ,f> f x1 y        
complete y\r task ( discr$it+ reason 9 8
 eyes1 by mak+ him use su* reason+ p[] z
 he has on ! ?+s :i* seem ( lea/        
importance to him4 ,z he nev] f9ds 8    
reason any use to him1 he decides at la/

 t x is useless4 ,if he reasons badly he
 w be f\nd fault )2 no?+ worse w happ5  
to him2 & he has be5 f\nd fault ) s (t5 
t he pays no att5tion to x1 su* a common
 dang] no long] al>ms him4  ,yet y w f9d
 he has a m9d4 ,he is quick en\gh to    
*att] ) ! wom5 9 ! way ,i spoke ( fur!r 
back2 b if he is 9 dang]1 if he mu/ come
 to a decision 9 difficult circum/ances1
 y w f9d him a hundr$fold m /upid &     
silly ?an ! son ( ! r\ghe/ lab\r]4  ,z =
 my pupil1 or r ,nature's pupil1 he has 
be5 tra9$ f ! outset to be z            
self-reliant z possible1 he has n =m$ ! 
habit ( con/antly seek+ help f o!rs1    
/ill less ( display+ 8 /ores ( le>n+4   
,on ! o!r h&1 he ex]cises discrim9ation 
& =e?\ght1 he reasons ab\t ev]y?+ t     
conc]ns himself4 ,he does n *att]1 he   
acts4 ,n a ^w does he "k ( :at is go+ on
 9 ! _w at l>ge1 b he kn[s v ?or\ghly   
:at affects himself4 ,z he is always    
/irr+ he is compell$ to notice _m ?+s1  
to recognise _m effects2 he soon        
acquires a good deal ( exp]i5ce4        

,nature1 n man1 is 8 s*oolma/]1 & he    
le>ns all ! quick] because he is n aw>e 
t he has any lesson to le>n4 ,s m9d &   
body "w toge!r4 ,he is always c>ry+ out 
8 own ideas1 n ^? ( o!r p1 & ?us he     
unites ?\ght & action2 z he gr[s 9 heal?
 & /r5g? he gr[s 9 wisdom & disc]nm5t4  
,?is is ! way to atta9 lat] on to :at is
 g5]ally consid]$ incompatible1 ?\gh mo/
 great m5 h a*iev$ x1 /r5g? ( body &    
/r5g? ( m9d1 ! reason ( ! philosoph] & !
 vig\r ( ! a?lete4  ,"y tea*]1 ,i am    
sett+ be=e y a difficult task1 ! art (  
controll+ )\t precepts1 & do+ ev]y?+ )\t
 do+ any?+ at all4 ,?is art is1 ,i      
confess1 beyond y\r ye>s1 x is n        
calculat$ to display y\r tal5ts nor to  
make y\r value kn[n to y\r s*ol>'s      
p>5ts2 b x is ! only road to success4 ,y
 w nev] succe$ 9 mak+ wise m5 if y d n  
fir/ make little imps ( mis*ief4 ,?is 0 
! education ( ! ,sp>tans2 !y 7 n taught 
to /ick to _! books1 !y 7 set to /eal _!
 d9n]s4 ,7 !y any ! worse = x 9 aft]    
life8 ,ev] ready = victory1 !y cru%$ _! 

foes 9 e k9d ( w>f>e1 & ! prat+ ,a!nians
 7 z mu* afraid ( _! words z ( _! bl[s4 
,:5 education is mo/ c>efully att5d$ to1
 ! tea*] issues 8 ord]s & ?9ks himself  
ma/]1 b x is ! *ild :o is really ma/]4  
,he uses ! tasks y set him to obta9 :at 
he wants f y1 & he c always make y pay =
 an h\r's indu/ry by a week's           
complaisance4 ,y mu/ always be mak+     
b>ga9s ) him4  ,^! b>ga9s1 sugge/$ 9 y\r
 fa%ion1 b c>ri$ out 9 81 always foll[ !
 direction ( 8 own fancies1 especially  
:5 y are fooli% en\gh to make !         
condition "s advantage he is almo/ sure 
to obta91 :e!r he fulfils 8 "p ( ! b>ga9
 or n4  ,! *ild is usually mu* quick] to
 read ! ma/]'s ?\ghts ?an ! ma/] to read
 ! *ild's feel+s4 ,& t is z x %\ld be1 =
 all ! sagacity :i* ! *ild w\ld h devot$
 to self-pres]vation1 _h he be5 left to 
himself1 is n[ devot$ to ! rescue ( 8   
native fre$om f ! *a9s ( 8 tyrant2 :ile 
! latt]1 :o has no su* press+ ne$ to    
und]/& ! *ild1 sometimes f9ds t x pays  
him bett] to leave him 9 idl5ess or     

vanity4  ,take ! opposite c\rse ) y\r   
pupil2 let him always ?9k he is ma/]    
:ile y are really ma/]4 ,!re is no      
subjection s complete z t :i* pres]ves !
 =ms ( fre$om2 x is ?us t ! w itself is 
tak5 captive4 ,is n ?is poor *ild1 )\t  
k1 /r5g?1 or wisdom1 entirely at y\r    
m]cy8 ,are y n ma/] ( 8 :ole environm5t 
s f> z x affects him8 ,_c y make ( him  
:at y please8 ,8 "w & play1 8 pleasure &
 pa91 are !y n1 unkn[n to him1 "u y\r   
control8 ,no d\bt he ought only to d :at
 he wants1 b he ought to want to d no?+ 
b :at y want him to d4 ,he %\ld nev]    
take a /ep y h n =ese51 nor utt] a ^w y 
c\ld n =etell4  ,!n he c devote himself 
to ! bodily ex]cises adapt$ to 8 age )\t
 brutalis+ 8 m9d2 in/ead ( develop+ 8   
cunn+ to evade an unwelcome control1 y w
 !n f9d him entirely occupi$ 9 gett+ !  
be/ he c out ( 8 environm5t ) a view to 
8 pres5t welf>e1 & y w be surpris$ by ! 
subtlety ( ! means he devises to get =  
himself su* ?+s z he c obta91 & to      
really enjoy ?+s )\t ! aid ( o!r p's    

ideas4 ,y leave him ma/] ( 8 own wi%es1 
b y d n multiply 8 caprices4 ,:5 he only
 does :at he wants1 he w soon only d :at
 he ought1 & al?\gh 8 body is con/antly 
9 motion1 s f> z 8 s5sible & pres5t     
int]e/s are conc]n$1 y w f9d him        
develop+ all ! reason ( :i* he is       
capable1 f> bett] & 9 a mann] mu* bett] 
fitt$ = him ?an 9 purely !oretical      
/udies4  ,?us :5 he does n f9d y        
cont9ually ?w>t+ him1 :5 he no long]    
di/ru/s y1 no long] has any?+ to conceal
 f y1 he w nei!r tell y lies nor deceive
 y2 he w %[ himself fe>lessly z he      
really is1 & y c /udy him at y\r ease1 &
 surr\nd him ) all ! lessons y w\ld h   
him le>n1 )\t awak+ 8 suspicions4       
,nei!r w he keep a curi\s & jeal\s eye  
on y\r own conduct1 nor take a secret   
delight 9 cat*+ y at fault4 ,x is a     
great ?+ to avoid ?is4 ,"o ( ! *ild's   
fir/ objects is1 z ,i h said1 to f9d !  
weak spots 9 its rul]s4 ,?\gh ?is leads 
to spitefulness1 x does n arise f x1 b f
 ! desire to evade a disagreeable       

control4 ,ov]burd5$ by ! yoke laid ^u   
him1 he tries to %ake x (f1 & ! faults  
he f9ds 9 8 ma/] give him a good        
opportunity = ?is4 ,/ill ! habit ( spy+ 
out faults & delight+ 9 !m gr[s ^u p4   
,cle>ly we h /opp$ ano!r ( ! spr+s (    
vice 9 ,emile's he>t4 ,hav+ no?+ to ga9 
f my faults1 he w n be on ! wat* = !m1  
nor w he be tempt$ to look out = !      
faults ( o!rs4  ,all ^! me?ods seem     
difficult because !y are new to u1 b !y 
ought n to be really difficult4 ,i h a  
"r to assume t y h ! k requir$ = !      
bus9ess y h *os52 t y "k ! usual c\rse (
 developm5t ( ! human ?\ght1 t y c /udy 
mank9d & man1 t y "k be=eh& ! effect on 
y\r pupil's w ( ! v>i\s objects suit$ to
 8 age :i* y put be=e him4 ,y h ! tools 
& ! art to use !m2 are y n ma/] ( y\r   
trade8  ,y speak ( *ildi% caprice2 y are
 mi/ak54 ,*ildr5's caprices are nev] !  
"w ( nature1 b ( bad discipl9e2 !y h    
ei!r obey$ or giv5 ord]s1 & ,i h said   
aga9 & aga91 !y mu/ d nei!r4 ,y\r pupil 
w h ! caprices y h taught him2 x is fair

 y %\ld be> ! puni%m5t ( y\r own faults4
  ,b h[ c ,i cure !m8 d y say8 ,t may   
/ill be done by bett] conduct on y\r own
 "p & great pati5ce4 ,i once und]took ! 
*>ge ( a *ild = a few weeks2 he 0       
accu/om$ n only to h 8 own way1 b to    
make e "o else d z he pleas$2 he 0 !re=e
 caprici\s4 ,! v fir/ day he want$ to   
get up at midnight1 to try h[ f> he c\ld
 g ) me4 ,:5 ,i 0 s\nd asleep he jump$  
out ( b$1 got 8 dress+-g[n1 & wak$ me   
up4  ,i got up & light$ ! c&le1 :i* 0   
all he want$4 ,aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r he 
became sleepy & w5t back to b$ q        
satisfi$ ) 8 exp]im5t4 ,two days lat] he
 repeat$ x1 ) ! same success & ) no sign
 ( impati5ce on my "p4 ,:5 he kiss$ me z
 he lay d[n1 ,i said to him v quietly1  
,my little de>1 ?is is all v well1 b d n
 try x aga94 ,8 curiosity 0 ar\s$ by    
?is1 & ! v next day he did n fail to get
 up at ! same "t & woke me to see :e!r  
,i %\ld d>e to disobey him4 ,i ask$ :at 
he want$1 & he told me he c\ld n sleep4 
,s mu* ! worse = y1 ,i repli$1 & ,i lay 

quiet4 ,he seem$ p]plex$ by ?is way (   
speak+4 ,he felt 8 way to ! fl9t & /eel 
& tri$ to /rike a light4 ,i c\ld n help 
laugh+ :5 ,i he>d him /rike 8 f+]s4     
,conv9c$ at la/ t he c\ld n manage x1 he
 br\ght ! /eel to my b$2 ,i told him ,i 
did n want x1 & ,i turn$ my back to him4
 ,!n he began to ru% wildly ab\t ! room1
 %\t+1 s++1 mak+ a great noise1 knock+  
aga9/ *airs & tables1 b tak+1 h[ev]1    
good c>e n to hurt himself s]i\sly1 b   
scream+ l\dly 9 ! hope ( al>m+ me4  ,all
 ?is _h no effect1 b ,i p]ceiv$ t ?\gh  
he 0 prep>$ = scold+ or ang]1 he 0 q    
unprep>$ = indiff]5ce4  ,h[ev]1 he 0    
det]m9$ to ov]come my pati5ce ) 8 own   
ob/9acy1 & he cont9u$ 8 racket s        
successfully t at la/ ,i lo/ my temp]4  
,i =esaw t ,i %\ld spoil ! :ole bus9ess 
by an unseemly outbur/ ( passion4 ,i    
det]m9$ on ano!r c\rse4 ,i got up       
quietly1 w5t to ! t9d] box1 b c\ld n f9d
 x2 ,i ask$ him = x1 & he gave x me1    
delight$ to h won ! victory ov] me4 ,i  
/ruck a light1 light$ ! c&le1 took my "y

 g5tleman by ! h& & l$ him quietly into 
an adjo9+ dress+-room ) ! %utt]s firmly 
fa/5$1 & no?+ he c\ld break4  ,i left   
him !re )\t a light2 !n lock+ him 9 ,i  
w5t back to my b$ )\t a ^w4 ,:at a noise
 !re 06 ,t 0 :at ,i expect$1 & took no  
notice4 ,at la/ ! noise ceas$2 ,i li/5$1
 he>d him settl+ d[n1 & ,i 0 q easy ab\t
 him4 ,next morn+ ,i ent]$ ! room at    
daybreak1 & my little rebel 0 ly+ on a  
s(a enjoy+ a s\nd & mu* ne$$ sleep aft] 
8 ex]tions4  ,! matt] did n end !re4 ,8 
"m he>d t ! *ild _h sp5t a great "p ( ! 
night out ( b$4 ,t spoilt ! :ole ?+2 h] 
*ild 0 z good z dead4 ,f9d+ a good *ance
 = rev5ge1 he pret5d$ to be ill1 n see+ 
t he w\ld ga9 no?+ by x4 ,!y s5t = !    
doctor4 ,unluckily = ! "m1 ! doctor 0 a 
practical jok]1 & to amuse himself ) h] 
t]rors he did 8 be/ to increase !m4     
,h[ev]1 he :isp]$ to me1 ,leave x to me1
 ,i promise to cure ! *ild ( want+ to be
 ill = "s "t to come4 ,z a matt] ( fact 
he prescrib$ b$ & diet+1 & ! *ild 0 h&$ 
ov] to ! apo!c>y4 ,i sigh$ to see ! "m  

*eat$ on e h& except by me1 :om %e hat$ 
because ,i did n deceive h]4  ,aft]     
pretty sev]e reproa*es1 %e told me h]   
son 0 delicate1 t he 0 ! sole heir ( !  
family1 8 life mu/ be pres]v$ at all    
co/s1 & %e w\ld n h him contradict$4 ,9 
t ,i ?or\ghly agre$ ) h]1 b :at %e meant
 by contradict+ 0 n obey+ him 9 ev]y?+4 
,i saw ,i %\ld h to treat ! "m z ,i _h  
treat$ ! son4 ,madam1 ,i said coldly1 ,i
 d n "k h[ to educate ! heir to a =tune1
 & :at is m1 ,i d n mean to /udy t art4 
,y c take t z settl$4 ,i 0 want$ = "s   
days long]1 & ! fa!r smoo!d ?+s ov]4  ,!
 "m wrote to ! tutor to ha/5 8 return1 &
 ! *ild1 f9d+ he got no?+ by di/urb+ my 
re/1 nor yet by be+ ill1 decid$ at la/  
to get bett] & to g to sleep4  ,y c =m  
no idea ( ! numb] ( simil> caprices to  
:i* ! little tyrant _h subject$ 8       
unlucky tutor2 = 8 education 0 c>ri$ on 
"u 8 "m's eye1 & %e w\ld n all[ h] son &
 heir to be disobey$ 9 any?+4 ,:5ev] he 
want$ to g out1 y mu/ be ready to take  
him1 or r to foll[ him1 & he always took

 good c>e to *oose ! "t :5 he knew 8    
tutor 0 v busy4 ,he wi%$ to ex]cise !   
same p[] ov] me & to av5ge himself by   
day = hav+ to leave me 9 peace at night4
 ,i gladly agre$ & began by %[+ pla9ly  
h[ pleas$ ,i 0 to give him pleasure2    
aft] t :5 x 0 a matt] ( cur+ him ( 8    
fancies ,i set ab\t x diff]5tly4  ,9 !  
fir/ place1 he mu/ be %[n t he 0 9 !    
wrong4 ,?is 0 n difficult2 kn[+ t *ildr5
 ?9k only ( ! pres5t1 ,i took ! easy    
advantage :i* =esight gives2 ,i took c>e
 to provide him ) "s indoor amusem5t (  
:i* he 0 v fond4 ,j :5 he 0 mo/ occupi$ 
) x1 ,i w5t & sugge/$ a %ort walk1 & he 
s5t me away4 ,i insi/$1 b he paid no    
att5tion4 ,i _h to give 91 & he took    
note ( ?is sign ( submission4  ,! next  
day x 0 my turn4 ,z ,i expect$1 he got  
tir$ ( 8 occupation2 ,i1 h[ev]1 pret5d$ 
to be v busy4 ,t 0 en\gh to decide him4 
,he came to drag me f my "w1 to take him
 at once = a walk4 ,i refus$2 he p]si/$4
 ,no1 ,i said1 :5 ,i did :at y want$1 y 
taught me h[ to get my own way2 ,i %all 

n g out4 ,v well1 he repli$ eag]ly1 ,i  
%all g out by myself4 ,z y please1 & ,i 
return$ to my "w4  ,he put on 8 ?+s r   
uneasily :5 he saw ,i did n foll[ 8     
example4 ,:5 he 0 ready he came & made 8
 b[2 ,i b[$ too2 he tri$ to fright5 me )
 /ories ( ! exp$itions he 0 go+ to make2
 to he> him talk y w\ld ?9k he 0 go+ to 
! _w's end4 ,q unmov$1 ,i wi%$ him a    
pleasant j\rney4 ,he became m & m       
p]plex$4 ,h[ev]1 he put a good face on  
x1 & :5 he 0 ready to g out he told 8   
foot man to foll[ him4  ,! footman1 :o  
_h 8 in/ructions1 repli$ t he _h no "t1 
& t he 0 busy c>ry+ out my ord]s1 & he  
mu/ obey me fir/4 ,= ! mom5t ! *ild 0   
tak5 aback4 ,h[ c\ld he ?9k !y w\ld     
really let him g out alone1 him1 :o1 9 8
 own eyes1 0 ! mo/ important p]son 9 !  
_w1 :o ?\ght t ev]y?+ 9 heav5 & e>? 0   
wrapp$ up 9 8 welf>e8 ,h[ev]1 he 0      
beg9n+ to feel 8 weakness1 he p]ceiv$ t 
he %\ld f9d himself alone among p :o    
knew no?+ ( him4 ,he saw be=eh& ! risks 
he w\ld run2 ob/9acy alone su/a9$ him2 v

 sl[ly & unwill+ly he w5t d[n/airs4 ,at 
la/ he w5t out into ! /reet1 consol+    
himself a little = ! h>m t might happ5  
to himself1 9 ! hope t ,i %\ld be held  
responsible = x4  ,?is 0 j :at ,i       
expect$4 ,all 0 arrang$ be=eh&1 & z x   
meant "s sort ( public sc5e ,i _h got 8 
fa!r's cons5t4 ,he _h sc>cely gone a few
 /eps1 :5 he he>d1 fir/ on ?is side !n  
on t1 all sorts ( rem>ks ab\t himself4  
,:at a pretty little g5tleman1 neighb\r8
 ,:]e is he go+ all alone8 ,he w get    
lo/6 ,i w ask him into our h\se4 ,take  
c>e y don't4 ,don't y see he is a       
naughty little boy1 :o has be5 turn$ out
 ( 8 own h\se because he is good = no?+8
 ,y mu/ n /op naughty boys2 let him g   
:]e he likes4 ,well1 well2 ! good ,god  
take c>e ( him4 ,i %\ld be sorry if     
any?+ happ5$ to him4 ,a little fur!r on 
he met "s "y ur*9s ( ab\t 8 own age :o  
teas$ him & made fun ( him4 ,! fur!r he 
got ! m difficulties he f\nd4 ,alone &  
unprotect$ he 0 at ! m]cy ( ev]ybody1 & 
he f\nd to 8 great surprise t 8 %\ld]   

knot & 8 gold lace comm&$ no respect4   
,h[ev]1 ,i _h got a fri5d ( m9e1 :o 0 a 
/rang] to him1 to keep an eye on him4   
,unnotic$ by him1 ?is fri5d foll[$ him  
/ep by /ep1 & 9 due "t he spoke to him4 
,! role1 l t ( ,sbrigani 9 ,p\rceaugnac1
 requir$ an intellig5t actor1 & x 0     
play$ to p]fection4 ,)\t mak+ ! *ild    
fe>ful & timid by inspir+ excessive     
t]ror1 he made him realise s ?or\ghly ! 
folly ( 8 exploit t 9 half an h\r's "t  
he br\ght him home to me1 a%am$ &       
humble1 & afraid to look me 9 ! face4   
,to put ! f9i%+ t\* to 8 discomfiture1 j
 z he 0 com+ 9 8 fa!r came d[n on 8 way 
out & met him on ! /airs4 ,he _h to     
expla9 :]e he _h be51 & :y ,i 0 n ) him4
 ,footnote3 ,9 a case l ?is !re is no   
dang] 9 ask+ a *ild to tell ! tru?1 = he
 kn[s v well t x _c be hid1 & t if he   
v5tur$ to tell a lie he w\ld be f\nd out
 at once4 ,! poor *ild w\ld gladly h    
sunk into ! e>?4 ,8 fa!r did n take !   
tr\ble to scold him at l5g?1 b said ) m 
sev]ity ?an ,i %\ld h expect$1 ,:5 y    

want to g out by y\rself1 y c d s1 b ,i 
w n h a rebel 9 my h\se1 s :5 y g1 take 
good c>e t y nev] come back4  ,z = me1  
,i receiv$ him some:at gravely1 b )\t   
blame & )\t mock]y1 & = fe> he %\ld f9d 
out we _h be5 play+ ) him1 ,i decl9$ to 
take him out walk+ t day4 ,next day ,i 0
 well pleas$ to f9d t he pass$ 9 triumph
 ) me ?r\gh ! v same p :o _h mock$ him !
 previ\s day1 :5 !y met him out by      
himself4 ,y may be sure he nev] ?reat5$ 
to g out )\t me aga94  ,by ^! means &   
o!r l !m ,i succe$$ dur+ ! %ort "t ,i 0 
) him 9 gett+ him to d ev]y?+ ,i want$  
)\t bidd+ him or =bidd+ him to d any?+1 
)\t prea*+ or exhortation1 )\t we>y+ him
 ) unnecess>y lessons4 ,s he 0 pleas$ :5
 ,i spoke to him1 b :5 ,i 0 sil5t he 0  
fright5$1 = he knew !re 0 some?+ amiss1 
& he always got 8 lesson f ! ?+ itself4 
,b let u return to our subject4  ,! body
 is /r5g!n$ by ?is con/ant ex]cise "u ! 
guidance ( nature h]self1 & f> f        
brutalis+ ! m9d1 ?is ex]cise develops 9 
x ! only k9d ( reason ( :i* "y *ildr5   

are capable1 ! k9d ( reason mo/ necess>y
 at e age4 ,x tea*es u h[ to use our    
/r5g?1 to p]ceive ! relations betwe5 our
 own & neighb\r+ bodies1 to use !       
natural tools1 :i* are )9 our rea* &    
adapt$ to our s5ses4  ,is !re any?+     
silli] ?an a *ild br\ght up indoors "u 8
 "m's eye1 :o1 9 8 ignorance ( weight & 
resi/ance1 tries to uproot a tall tree  
or pick up a rock4 ,! fir/ "t ,i f\nd   
myself outside ,g5eva ,i tri$ to cat* a 
gallop+ horse1 & ,i ?rew /ones at ,mont 
,saleve1 two leagues away2 ,i 0 ! laugh+
 /ock ( ! :ole village1 & 0 suppos$ to  
be a regul> idiot4  ,at eighte5 we are  
taught 9 our natural philosophy ! use ( 
! lev]2 e village boy ( twelve kn[s h[  
to use a lev] bett] ?an ! clev]e/       
me*anician 9 ! academy4 ,! lessons !    
s*ol>s le>n f "o ano!r 9 ! playgr\nd are
 wor? a hundr$fold m ?an :at !y le>n 9 !
 class-room4  ,wat* a cat :5 %e comes   
into a room = ! fir/ "t2 %e goes f place
 to place1 %e sniffs ab\t & exam9es     
ev]y?+1 %e is nev] /ill = a mom5t2 %e is

 suspici\s ( ev]y?+ till %e has exam9$ x
 & f\nd out :at x is4 ,x is ! same ) !  
*ild :5 he beg9s to walk1 & ent]s1 s to 
speak1 ! room ( ! _w ar\nd him4 ,! only 
diff]5ce is t1 :ile bo? use sight1 !    
*ild uses 8 h&s & ! cat t subtle s5se ( 
smell :i* nature has be/[$ ^u x4 ,x is  
?is in/9ct1 rightly or wrongly educat$1 
:i* makes *ildr5 skilful or clumsy1     
quick or sl[1 wise or fooli%4  ,man's   
prim>y natural goals are1 !re=e1 to     
measure himself aga9/ 8 environm5t1 to  
discov] 9 e object he sees ^? s5sible   
qualities :i* may conc]n himself1 s 8   
fir/ /udy is a k9d ( exp]im5tal physics 
= 8 own pres]vation4 ,he is turn$ away f
 ?is & s5t to speculative /udies be=e he
 has f\nd 8 prop] place 9 ! _w4 ,:ile 8 
delicate & flexible limbs c adju/       
!mselves to ! bodies ^u :i* !y are      
int5d$ to act1 :ile 8 s5ses are ke5 & z 
yet free f illusions1 !n is ! "t to     
ex]cise bo? limbs & s5ses 9 _! prop]    
bus9ess4  ,x is ! "t to le>n to p]ceive 
! physical relations betwe5 ourselves & 

?+s4 ,s9ce ev]y?+ t comes into ! human  
m9d ent]s ?r\gh ! gates ( s5se1 man's   
fir/ reason is a reason ( s5se-exp]i5ce4
 ,x is ?is t s]ves z a f\ndation = !    
reason ( ! intellig5ce2 our fir/ tea*]s 
9 natural philosophy are our feet1 h&s1 
& eyes4 ,to sub/itute books = !m does n 
tea* u to reason1 x tea*es u to use !   
reason ( o!rs r ?an our own2 x tea*es u 
to believe mu* & "k little4  ,be=e y c  
practise an art y mu/ fir/ get y\r      
tools2 & if y are to make good use ( ^? 
tools1 !y mu/ be fa%ion$ suffici5tly    
/rong to /& use4 ,to le>n to ?9k we mu/ 
!re=e ex]cise our limbs1 our s5ses1 &   
our bodily organs1 :i* are ! tools ( !  
intellect2 & to get ! be/ use out ( ^!  
tools1 ! body :i* supplies u ) !m mu/ be
 /rong & heal?y4 ,n only is x q a mi/ake
 t true reason is develop$ ap>t f !     
body1 b x is a good bodily con/itution  
:i* makes ! work+s ( ! m9d easy &       
correct4  ,:ile ,i am %[+ h[ ! *ild's   
long p]iod ( leisure %\ld be sp5t1 ,i am
 ent]+ into details :i* may seem absurd4

 ,y w say1 ,?is is a /range sort (      
education1 & x is subject to y\r own    
criticism1 = x only tea*es :at no "o    
ne$s to le>n4 ,:y sp5d y\r "t 9 tea*+   
:at w come ( itself )\t c>e or tr\ble8  
,is !re any *ild ( twelve :o is ignorant
 ( all y wi% to tea* y\r pupil1 :ile he 
also kn[s :at 8 ma/] has taught him4    
,g5tlem51 y are mi/ak54 ,i am tea*+ my  
pupil an art1 ! acquirem5t ( :i* dem&s  
mu* "t & tr\ble1 an art :i* y\r s*ol>s  
c]ta9ly d n possess2 x is ! art ( be+   
ignorant2 = ! k ( any "o :o only ?9ks he
 kn[s1 :at he really does "k is a v     
small matt]4 ,y tea* sci5ce2 well &     
good2 ,i am busy fa%ion+ ! necess>y     
tools = its acquisition4 ,once ^u a "t1 
!y say ! ,v5etians 7 display+ !         
treasures ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,sa9t ,m>k to !
 ,spani% ambassador2 ! only comm5t he   
made 01 ,qui non c'e la radice4 ,:5 ,i  
see a tutor %[+ (f 8 pupil's le>n+1 ,i  
am always tempt$ to say ! same to him4  
,e "o :o has consid]$ ! mann] ( life    
among ! anci5ts1 attributes ! /r5g? (   

body & m9d by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f ! m5
 ( our own day to _! gymna/ic ex]cises4 
,! /ress laid by ,montaigne ^u ?is      
op9ion1 %[s t x _h made a great         
impression on him2 he returns to x aga9 
& aga94 ,speak+ ( a *ild's education he 
says1 ,to /r5g!n ! m9d y mu/ h>d5 !     
muscles2 by tra9+ ! *ild to lab\r y tra9
 him to suff]+2 he mu/ be brok5 9 to !  
h>d%ips ( gymna/ic ex]cises to prep>e   
him = ! h>d%ips ( dislocations1 colics1 
& o!r bodily ills4 ,! philosoph] ,locke1
 ! wor?y ,roll91 ! le>n$ ,fleury1 !     
p$ant ,de ,cr\zas1 diff]+ z !y d s      
widely f "o ano!r1 are agre$ 9 ?is "o   
matt] ( suffici5t bodily ex]cise =      
*ildr54 ,?is is ! wise/ ( _! precepts1 &
 ! "o :i* is c]ta9 to be neglect$4 ,i h 
already dwelt suffici5tly on its        
importance1 & z bett] reasons & m       
s5sible rules _c be f\nd ?an ^? 9       
,locke's book1 ,i w cont5t myself )     
ref]r+ to x1 aft] tak+ ! lib]ty ( add+ a
 few rem>ks ( my own4  ,! limbs ( a gr[+
 *ild %\ld be free to move easily 9 8   

clo?+2 no?+ %\ld cramp _! gr[? or       
movem5t2 !re %\ld be no?+ tight1 no?+   
fitt+ closely to ! body1 no belts ( any 
k9d4 ,! ,fr5* /yle ( dress1 uncom=table 
& unheal?y = a man1 is especially bad = 
*ildr54 ,! /agnant hum\rs1 ^:           
circulation is int]rupt$1 putrify 9 a   
/ate ( inaction1 & ?is process proce$s m
 rapidly 9 an inactive & s$5t>y life2 !y
 become corrupt & give rise to scurvy2  
?is disease1 :i* is cont9ually on !     
increase among u1 0 almo/ unkn[n to !   
anci5ts1 ^: way ( dress+ & liv+ protect$
 !m f x4 ,! huss>'s dress1 f> f correct+
 ?is fault1 increases x1 & compresses ! 
:ole ( ! *ild's body1 by way ( disp5s+ )
 a few b&s4 ,! be/ plan is to keep      
*ildr5 9 frocks z long z possible & !n  
to provide !m ) loose clo?+1 )\t try+ to
 def9e ! %ape :i* is only ano!r way (   
de=m+ x4 ,_! defects ( body & m9d may   
all be trac$ to ! same s\rce1 ! desire  
to make m5 ( !m be=e _! "t4  ,!re are   
bright col\rs & dull2 *ildr5 l ! bright 
col\rs be/1 & !y suit !m bett] too4 ,i  

see no reason :y su* natural suitability
 %\ld n be tak5 into consid]ation2 b z  
soon z !y pref] a mat]ial because x is  
ri*1 _! he>ts are already giv5 ov] to   
luxury1 to e caprice ( fa%ion1 & ?is    
ta/e is c]ta9ly n _! own4 ,x is         
impossible to say h[ mu* education is   
influ5c$ by ?is *oice ( clo!s1 & !      
motives = ?is *oice4 ,n only d          
%ort-sight$ mo!rs (f] ornam5ts z rew>ds 
to _! *ildr51 b !re are fooli% tutors :o
 ?reat5 to make _! pupils we> ! pla9e/ &
 co>se/ clo!s z a puni%m5t4 ,if y d n d 
y\r lessons bett]1 if y d n take m c>e (
 y\r clo!s1 y %all be dress$ l t little 
peasant boy4 ,?is is l say+ to !m1      
,und]/& t clo!s make ! man4 ,is x to be 
wond]$ at t our "y p pr(it by su* wise  
tea*+1 t !y c>e = no?+ b dress1 & t !y  
only judge ( m]it by its outside4  ,if  
,i _h to br+ su* a spoilt *ild to 8     
s5ses1 ,i w\ld take c>e t 8 sm>te/ clo!s
 7 ! mo/ uncom=table1 t he 0 always     
cramp$1 con/ra9$1 & emb>rass$ 9 e way2  
fre$om & mir? %\ld flee be=e 8 spl5d\r4 

,if he want$ to take "p 9 ! games (     
*ildr5 m simply dress$1 !y %\ld cease _!
 play & run away4 ,be=e long ,i %\ld    
make him s tir$ & sick ( 8 magnific5ce1 
su* a slave to 8 gold-lac$ coat1 t x    
w\ld become ! plague ( 8 life1 & he w\ld
 be less afraid to behold ! d>ke/       
dungeon ?an to see ! prep>ations = 8    
adornm5t4 ,be=e ! *ild is enslav$ by our
 prejudices 8 fir/ wi% is always to be  
free & com=table4 ,! pla9e/ & mo/       
com=table clo!s1 ^? :i* leave him mo/   
lib]ty1 are :at he always likes be/4    
,!re are habits ( body suit$ = an active
 life & o!rs = a s$5t>y life4 ,! latt]  
leaves ! hum\rs an equable & uni=m      
c\rse1 & ! body %\ld be protect$ f      
*anges 9 temp]ature2 ! =m] is con/antly 
pass+ f action to re/1 f heat to cold1 &
 ! body %\ld be inur$ to ^! *anges4     
,h5ce p1 engag$ 9 s$5t>y pursuits       
indoors1 %\ld always be w>mly dress$1 to
 keep _! bodies z ne>ly z possible at ! 
same temp]ature at all times & seasons4 
,^?1 h[ev]1 :o come & g 9 sun1 w9d1 &   

ra91 :o take mu* ex]cise1 & sp5d mo/ (  
_! "t out ( doors1 %\ld always be       
lightly clad1 s z to get us$ to ! *anges
 9 ! air & to e degree ( temp]ature )\t 
suff]+ inconv5i5ce4 ,i w\ld advise bo?  
nev] to *ange _! clo!s ) ! *ang+        
seasons1 & t w\ld be ! inv>iable habit (
 my pupil ,emile4 ,by ?is ,i d n mean t 
he %\ld we> 8 w9t] clo!s 9 summ] l _m p 
( s$5t>y habits1 b t he %\ld we> 8 summ]
 clo!s 9 w9t] l h>d-work+ folk4 ,sir    
,isaac ,newton always did ?is1 & he liv$
 to be eighty4  ,emile %\ld we> little  
or no?+ on 8 head all ! ye> r\nd4 ,!    
anci5t ,egyptians always w5t b>ehead$2 !
 ,p]sians us$ to we> heavy ti>as & /ill 
we> l>ge turbans1 :i* accord+ to ,*>d9  
are requir$ by _! climate4 ,i h rem>k$  
else:]e on ! diff]5ce obs]v$ by         
,h]odotus on a battle-field betwe5 !    
skulls ( ! ,p]sians & ^? ( ! ,egyptians4
 ,s9ce x is desirable t ! bones ( !     
skull %\ld gr[ h>d] & m sub/antial1 less
 fragile & por\s1 n only to protect !   
bra9 aga9/ injuries b aga9/ colds1 fev]1

 & e influ5ce ( ! air1 y %\ld !re=e     
accu/om y\r *ildr5 to g b>e-head$ w9t] &
 summ]1 day & night4 ,if y make !m we> a
 night-cap to keep _! hair clean & tidy1
 let x be ?9 & transp>5t l ! nets ) :i* 
! ,basques cov] _! hair4 ,i am aw>e t   
mo/ mo!rs w be m impress$ by ,*>d9's    
obs]vations ?an my argum5ts1 & w ?9k t  
all climates are ! climate ( ,p]sia1 b  
,i did n *oose a ,european pupil to turn
 him into an ,asiatic4  ,*ildr5 are     
g5]ally too mu* wrapp$ up1 p>ticul>ly 9 
infancy4 ,!y %\ld be accu/om$ to cold r 
?an heat2 great cold nev] does !m any   
h>m1 if !y are expos$ to x soon en\gh2 b
 _! sk9 is /ill too s(t & t5d] & leaves 
too free a c\rse = p]spiration1 s t !y  
are inevitably exhau/$ by excessive     
heat4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t infant        
mortality is greate/ 9 ,augu/4 ,moreov]1
 x seems c]ta9 f a comp>ison ( nor!rn & 
s\!rn races t we become /rong] by be>+  
extreme cold r ?an excessive heat4 ,b z 
! *ild's body gr[s bigg] & 8 muscles get
 /rong]1 tra9 him gradually to be> !    

rays ( ! sun4 ,little by little y w h>d5
 him till he c face ! burn+ heat ( !    
tropics )\t dang]4  ,locke1 9 ! mid/ ( !
 manly & s5sible advice he gives u1     
falls into inconsi/5cies "o w\ld h>dly  
expect 9 su* a c>eful ?9k]4 ,! same man 
:o w\ld h *ildr5 take an ice-cold ba?   
summ] & w9t]1 w n let !m dr9k cold wat] 
:5 !y are hot1 or lie on damp grass4 ,b 
he w\ld nev] h _! %oes wat]-tight2 & :y 
%\ld !y let 9 m wat] :5 ! *ild is hot   
?an :5 he is cold1 & may we n draw !    
same inf]5ce ) reg>d to ! feet & body t 
he draws ) reg>d to ! h&s & feet & !    
body & face8 ,if he w\ld h a man all    
face1 :y blame me if ,i w\ld h him all  
feet8  ,to prev5t *ildr5 dr9k+ :5 !y are
 hot1 he says !y %\ld be tra9$ to eat a 
piece ( bread fir/4 ,x is a /range ?+ to
 make a *ild eat because he is ?ir/y2 ,i
 w\ld z soon give him a dr9k :5 he is   
hungry4 ,y w nev] conv9ce me t our fir/ 
in/9cts are s ill-regulat$ t we _c      
satisfy !m )\t endang]+ our lives4 ,7 t 
s1 ! man w\ld h p]i%$ ov] & ov] aga9    

be=e he _h le>n$ h[ to keep himself     
alive4  ,:5ev] ,emile is ?ir/y let him h
 a dr9k1 & let him dr9k fre% wat] j z x 
is1 n ev5 tak+ ! *ill (f x 9 ! dep?s (  
w9t] & :5 he is ba!d 9 p]spiration4 ,!  
only precaution ,i advise is to take c>e
 :at sort ( wat] y give him4  ,if ! wat]
 comes f a riv]1 give x him j z x is2 if
 x is spr+-wat] let x /& a little expos$
 to ! air be=e he dr9ks x4 ,9 w>m wea!r 
riv]s are w>m2 x is n s ) spr+s1 ^: wat]
 has n be5 9 contact ) ! air4 ,y mu/    
wait till ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is !    
same z t ( ! air4 ,9 w9t]1 on ! o!r h&1 
spr+ wat] is saf] ?an riv] wat]4 ,x is1 
h[ev]1 unusual & unnatural to p]spire   
greatly 9 w9t]1 especially 9 ! op5 air1 
= ! cold air con/antly /rikes ! sk9 &   
drives ! p]spiration inw>ds1 & prev5ts !
 pores op5+ en\gh to give x passage4 ,n[
 ,i d n int5d ,emile to take 8 ex]cise  
by ! fireside 9 w9t]1 b 9 ! op5 air &   
among ! ice4 ,if he only gets w>m ) mak+
 & ?r[+ sn[balls1 let him dr9k :5 he is 
?ir/y1 & g on ) 8 game aft] dr9k+1 & y  

ne$ n be afraid ( any ill effects4 ,& if
 any o!r ex]cise makes him p]spire let  
him dr9k cold wat] ev5 9 w9t] provid$ he
 is ?ir/y4 ,only take c>e to take him to
 get ! wat] "s little di/ance away4 ,9  
su* cold z ,i am suppos+1 he w\ld h     
cool$ d[n suffici5tly :5 he got !re to  
be able to dr9k )\t dang]4 ,above all1  
take c>e to conceal ^! precautions f    
him4 ,i w\ld r he 7 ill n[ & !n1 ?an    
always ?9k+ ab\t 8 heal?4  ,s9ce *ildr5 
take su* viol5t ex]cise !y ne$ a great  
deal ( sleep4 ,! "o makes up = ! o!r1 & 
?is %[s t bo? are necess>y4 ,night is ! 
"t set ap>t by nature = re/4 ,x is an   
e/abli%$ fact t sleep is quiet] & calm] 
:5 ! sun is bel[ ! horizon1 & t our     
s5ses are less calm :5 ! air is w>m$ by 
! rays ( ! sun4 ,s x is c]ta9ly !       
heal?ie/ plan to rise ) ! sun & g to b$ 
) ! sun4 ,h5ce 9 our c\ntry man & all ! 
o!r animals ) him want m sleep 9 w9t]   
?an 9 summ]4 ,b t[n life is s complex1 s
 unnatural1 s subject to *ances &       
*anges1 t x is n wise to accu/om a man  

to su* uni=mity t he _c d )\t x4 ,no    
d\bt he mu/ submit to rules2 b ! *ief   
rule is ?is--be able to break ! rule if 
necess>y4 ,s d n be s fooli% z to s(t5  
y\r pupil by lett+ him always sleep 8   
sleep out4 ,leave him at fir/ to ! law (
 nature )\t any h9drance1 b nev] =get t 
"u our conditions he mu/ rise above ?is 
law2 he mu/ be able to g to b$ late &   
rise e>ly1 be awak5$ sudd5ly1 or sit up 
all night )\t ill effects4 ,beg9 e>ly & 
proce$ g5tly1 a /ep at a "t1 & !        
con/itution adapts itself to ! v        
conditions :i* w\ld de/roy x if !y 7    
impos$ = ! fir/ "t on ! gr[n man4  ,9 ! 
next place he mu/ be accu/om$ to sleep 9
 an uncom=table b$1 :i* is ! be/ way to 
f9d no b$ uncom=table4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 
a h>d life1 :5 once we h become us$ to  
x1 increases our pleasant exp]i5ces2 an 
easy life prep>es ! way = innum]able    
unpleasant exp]i5ces4 ,^? :o are too    
t5d]ly nurtur$ c only sleep on d[n2 ^?  
:o are us$ to sleep on b>e bo>ds c f9d  
!m any:]e4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a h>d b$ 

= ! man :o falls asleep at once4  ,!    
body is1 s to speak1 melt$ & dissolv$ 9 
a s(t b$ :]e "o s9ks into fea!rs &      
eid]-d[n4 ,! re9s :5 too w>mly cov]$    
become inflam$4 ,/one & o!r diseases are
 (t5 due to ?is1 & x inv>iably produces 
a delicate con/itution1 :i* is !        
se$-gr\nd ( e ailm5t4  ,! be/ b$ is t 9 
:i* we get ! be/ sleep4 ,emile & ,i w   
prep>e su* a b$ = ourselves dur+ !      
daytime4 ,we d n ne$ ,p]sian slaves to  
make our b$s2 :5 we are digg+ ! soil we 
are turn+ our mattresses4 ,i "k t a     
heal?y *ild may be made to sleep or wake
 almo/ at w4 ,:5 ! *ild is put to b$ & 8
 nurse gr[s we>y ( 8 *att]1 %e says to  
him1 ,g to sleep4 ,t is mu* l say+1 ,get
 well1 :5 he is ill4 ,! "r way is to let
 him get tir$ ( himself4 ,talk s mu* t  
he is compell$ to hold 8 tongue1 & he w 
soon be asleep4 ,"h is at lea/ "o use = 
s]mons1 & y may z well prea* to him z   
rock 8 cradle2 b if y use ?is n>cotic at
 night1 d n use x by day4  ,i %all      
sometimes r\se ,emile1 n s mu* to prev5t

 8 sleep+ too mu*1 z to accu/om him to  
any?+--ev5 to wak+ ) a />t4 ,moreov]1 ,i
 %\ld be unfit = my bus9ess if ,i c\ld n
 make him wake himself1 & get up1 s to  
speak1 at my w1 )\t be+ call$4  ,if he  
wakes too soon1 ,i %all let him look    
=w>d to a t$i\s morn+1 s t he w c\nt z  
ga9 any "t he c give to sleep4 ,if he   
sleeps too late ,i %all %[ him "s       
fav\rite toy :5 he wakes4 ,if ,i want   
him to wake at a giv5 h\r ,i %all say1  
,to-morr[ at six ,i am go+ fi%+1 or ,i  
%all take a walk to su* & su* a place4  
,w\ld y l to come too8 ,he ass5ts1 &    
begs me to wake him4 ,i promise1 or d n 
promise1 z ! case requires4 ,if he wakes
 too late1 he f9ds me gone4 ,!re is     
some?+ amiss if he does n soon le>n to  
wake himself4  ,moreov]1 %\ld x happ51  
?\gh x r>ely does1 t a sluggi% *ild     
desires to /agnate 9 idl5ess1 y mu/ n   
give way to ?is t5d5cy1 :i* might /upefy
 him entirely1 b y mu/ apply "s /imulus 
to wake him4 ,y mu/ und]/& t is no "q ( 
apply+ =ce1 b ( ar\s+ "s appetite :i*   

leads to action1 & su* an appetite1     
c>efully select$ on ! l9es laid d[n by  
nature1 kills two birds ) "o /one4  ,if 
"o has any sort ( skill1 ,i c ?9k ( no?+
 = :i* a ta/e1 a v passion1 _c be ar\s$ 
9 *ildr51 & t )\t vanity1 emulation1 or 
jeal\sy4 ,_! ke5ness1 _! _s ( imitation1
 is en\gh ( itself2 above all1 !re is _!
 natural livel9ess1 ( :i* no tea*] s f> 
has contriv$ to take advantage4 ,9 e    
game1 :5 !y are q sure x is only play1  
!y endure )\t compla9t1 or ev5 )        
laught]1 h>d%ips :i* !y w\ld n submit to
 o!rwise )\t floods ( te>s4 ,! sports ( 
! "y savage involve long fa/+1 bl[s1    
burns1 & fatigue ( e k9d1 a pro( t ev5  
pa9 has a *>m ( its own1 :i* may remove 
its bitt]ness4 ,x is n e ma/]1 h[ev]1 :o
 kn[s h[ to season ?is di%1 nor c e     
s*ol> eat x )\t mak+ faces4 ,h[ev]1 ,i  
mu/ take c>e or ,i %all be w&]+ (f aga9 
aft] exceptions4  ,x is n to be endur$ t
 man %\ld become ! slave ( pa91 disease1
 accid5t1 ! p]ils ( life1 or ev5 dea?   
itself2 ! m famili> he becomes ) ^!     

ideas ! soon] he w be cur$ ( t          
ov]-s5sitiv5ess :i* adds to ! pa9 by    
impati5ce 9 be>+ x2 ! soon] he becomes  
us$ to ! suff]+s :i* may ov]take him1 ! 
soon] he %all1 z ,montaigne has put x1  
rob ^? pa9s ( ! /+ ( unfamili>ity1 & s  
make 8 s\l /rong & invuln]able2 8 body w
 be ! coat ( mail :i* /ops all ! d>ts   
:i* might o!rwise f9d a vital "p4 ,ev5 !
 approa* ( dea?1 :i* is n dea? itself1 w
 sc>cely be felt z su*2 he w n die1 he w
 be1 s to speak1 alive or dead & no?+ m4
 ,montaigne might say ( him z he did ( a
 c]ta9 k+ ( ,morocco1 ,no man ev]       
prolong$ 8 life s f> into dea?4 ,a *ild 
s]ves 8 appr5tice%ip 9 c\rage &         
endurance z well z 9 o!r virtues2 b y _c
 tea* *ildr5 ^! virtues by "n alone2 !y 
mu/ le>n !m unconsci\sly ?r\gh exp]i5ce4
  ,b speak+ ( dea?1 :at /eps %all ,i    
take ) reg>d to my pupil & ! smallpox8  
,%all he be inoculat$ 9 infancy1 or %all
 ,i wait till he takes x 9 ! natural    
c\rse ( ?+s8 ,! =m] plan is m 9         
accordance ) our practice1 = x pres]ves 

8 life at a "t :5 x is ( great] value1  
at ! co/ ( "s dang] :5 8 life is ( less 
wor?2 if inde$ we c use ! ^w dang] )    
reg>d to inoculation :5 prop]ly p]=m$4  
,b ! o!r plan is m 9 accordance ) our   
g5]al pr9ciples--to leave nature to take
 ! precautions %e delights 91           
precautions %e ab&ons :5ev] man         
int]f]es4 ,! natural man is always      
ready2 let nature inoculate him h]self1 
%e w *oose ! fitt+ occasion bett] ?an   
we4  ,d n ?9k ,i am f9d+ fault )        
inoculation1 = my reasons = exempt+ my  
pupil f x d n 9 ! lea/ apply to y\rs4   
,y\r tra9+ does n prep>e !m to escape   
cat*+ smallpox z soon z !y are expos$ to
 infection4 ,if y let !m take x anyh[1  
!y w probably die4 ,i p]ceive t 9       
diff]5t l&s ! resi/ance to inoculation  
is 9 proportion to ! ne$ = x2 & ! reason
 is pla94 ,s ,i sc>cely condesc5d to    
discuss ?is "q ) reg>d to ,emile4 ,he w 
be inoculat$ or n accord+ to "t1 place1 
& circum/ances2 x is almo/ a matt] (    
indiff]5ce1 z f> z he is conc]n$4 ,if x 

gives him smallpox1 !re w be ! advantage
 ( kn[+ :at to expect1 kn[+ :at !       
disease is2 t is a good ?+1 b if he     
cat*es x naturally x w h kept him out ( 
! doctor's h&s1 :i* is bett]4  ,an      
exclusive education1 :i* m]ely t5ds to  
keep ^? :o h receiv$ x ap>t f ! mass (  
mank9d1 always selects su* tea*+ z is   
co/ly r ?an *eap1 ev5 :5 ! latt] is ( m 
use4 ,?us all c>efully educat$ "y m5    
le>n to ride1 because x is co/ly1 b     
sc>cely any ( !m le>n to swim1 z x co/s 
no?+1 & an artisan c swim z well z any  
"o4 ,yet )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! rid+ s*ool1 !
 travell] le>ns to m\nt 8 horse1 to /ick
 on x1 & to ride well en\gh = practical 
purposes2 b 9 ! wat] if y _c swim y w   
dr[n1 & we _c swim unless we are taught4
 ,aga91 y are n =c$ to ride on pa9 (    
dea?1 :ile no "o is sure ( escap+ su* a 
common dang] z dr[n+4 ,emile %all be z  
mu* at home 9 ! wat] z on l&4 ,:y %\ld  
he n be able to live 9 e elem5t8 ,if he 
c\ld le>n to fly1 he %\ld be an eagle2  
,i w\ld make him a salam&]1 if he c\ld  

be> ! heat4  ,p are afraid le/ ! *ild   
%\ld be dr[n$ :ile he is le>n+ to swim2 
if he dies :ile he is le>n+1 or if he   
dies because he has n le>nt1 x w be y\r 
own fault4 ,foolh>d9ess is ! result (   
vanity2 we are n ra% :5 no "o is look+4 
,emile w n be foolh>dy1 ?\gh all ! _w 7 
wat*+ him4  ,z ! ex]cise does n dep5d on
 its dang]1 he w le>n to swim !         
,hellespont by swimm+1 )\t any dang]1 a 
/ream 9 8 fa!r's p>k2 b he mu/ get us$  
to dang] too1 s z n to be flu/]$ by x4  
,?is is an ess5tial "p ( ! appr5tice%ip 
,i spoke ( j n[4 ,moreov]1 ,i %all take 
c>e to proportion ! dang] to 8 /r5g?1 & 
,i %all always %>e x myself1 s t ,i ne$ 
sc>cely fe> any imprud5ce if ,i take z  
mu* c>e = 8 life z = my own4  ,a *ild is
 small] ?an a man2 he has n ! man's     
/r5g? or reason1 b he sees & he>s z well
 or ne>ly z well2 8 s5se ( ta/e is v    
good1 ?\gh he is less fa/idi\s1 & he    
di/+ui%es sc5ts z cle>ly ?\gh less      
s5su\sly4 ,! s5ses are ! fir/ ( our     
faculties to mature2 !y are ^? mo/      

frequ5tly ov]look$ or neglect$4  ,to    
tra9 ! s5ses x is n en\gh m]ely to use  
!m2 we mu/ le>n to judge by _! means1 to
 le>n to feel1 s to speak2 = we _c t\*1 
see1 or he>1 except z we h be5 taught4  
,!re is a m]e natural & me*anical use ( 
! s5ses :i* /r5g!ns ! body )\t improv+ !
 judgm5t4 ,x is all v well to swim1 run1
 jump1 :ip a top1 ?r[ /ones2 b h we no?+
 b arms & legs8 ,h we n eyes & e>s z    
well2 & are n ^! organs necess>y = ! use
 ( ! re/8 ,d n m]ely ex]cise ! /r5g?1   
ex]cise all ! s5ses by :i* x is guid$2  
make ! be/ use ( e "o ( !m1 & *eck !    
results ( "o by ! o!r4 ,measure1 c\nt1  
weigh1 comp>e4 ,d n use =ce till y h    
e/imat$ ! resi/ance2 let ! e/imation ( !
 effect always prec$e ! application ( ! 
means4 ,get ! *ild int]e/$ 9 avoid+     
insuffici5t or sup]flu\s ef=ts4 ,if 9   
?is way y tra9 him to calculate !       
effects ( all 8 movem5ts1 & to correct 8
 mi/akes by exp]i5ce1 is x n cle> t ! m 
he does ! wis] he w become8  ,take !    
case ( mov+ a heavy mass2 if he takes   

too long a lev]1 he w wa/e 8 /r5g?2 if x
 is too %ort1 he w n h /r5g? en\gh2     
exp]i5ce w tea* him to use ! v /ick he  
ne$s4 ,?is k is n beyond 8 ye>s4 ,take1 
= example1 a load to be c>ri$2 if he    
wants to c>ry z mu* z he c1 & n to take 
up m ?an he c c>ry1 mu/ he n calculate !
 weight by ! appe>ance8 ,does he "k h[  
to comp>e masses ( l sub/ance & diff]5t 
size1 or to *oose betwe5 masses ( ! same
 size & diff]5t sub/ances8 ,he mu/ set  
to "w to comp>e _! specific weights4 ,i 
h se5 a "y man1 v highly educat$1 :o    
c\ld n be conv9c$1 till he _h tri$ x1 t 
a bucket full ( blocks ( oak weigh$ less
 ?an ! same bucket full ( wat]4  ,all   
our s5ses are n equally "u our control4 
,"o ( !m1 t\*1 is always busy dur+ our  
wak+ h\rs2 x is spread ov] ! :ole       
surface ( ! body1 l a s5t9el ev] on !   
wat* to w>n u ( any?+ :i* may d u h>m4  
,:e!r we w or n1 we le>n to use x fir/ (
 all by exp]i5ce1 by con/ant practice1 &
 !re=e we h less ne$ = special tra9+ =  
x4 ,yet we "k t ! bl9d h a sur] & m     

delicate s5se ( t\* ?an we1 = n be+     
guid$ by ! "o s5se1 !y are =c$ to get f 
! t\* :at we get f sight4 ,:y1 !n1 are n
 we tra9$ to walk z !y d 9 ! d>k1 to    
recognise :at we t\*1 to di/+ui% ?+s    
ab\t u2 9 a ^w1 to d at night & 9 ! d>k 
:at !y d 9 ! daytime )\t sight8 ,we are 
bett] (f ?an !y :ile ! sun %9es2 9 ! d>k
 x is _! turn to be our guide4 ,we are  
bl9d half our "t1 ) ?is diff]5ce3 !     
really bl9d always "k :at to d1 :ile we 
are afraid to /ir 9 ! d>k4 ,we h lights1
 y say4 ,:at always artificial aids4 ,:o
 c insure t !y w always be at h& :5     
requir$4 ,i _h r ,emil's eyes 7 9 8 f+] 
tips1 ?an 9 ! *&l]'s %op4  ,if y are %ut
 up 9 a build+ at night1 clap y\r h&s1 y
 w "k f ! s\nd :e!r ! space is l>ge or  
small1 if y are 9 ! middle or 9 "o      
corn]4 ,half a foot f a wall ! air1 :i* 
is refract$ & does n circulate freely1  
produces a diff]5t effect on y\r face4  
,/& /ill 9 "o place & turn ?is way & t2 
a slight draught w tell y if !re is a   
door op54 ,if y are on a boat y w       

p]ceive f ! way ! air /rikes y\r face n 
m]ely ! direction 9 :i* y are go+1 b    
:e!r ! curr5t is be>+ y sl[ or fa/4 ,^! 
obs]vations & _m o!rs l !m c only be    
prop]ly made at night2 h[ev] mu*        
att5tion we give to !m by daylight1 we  
are always help$ or h9d]$ by sight1 s t 
! results escape u4  ,yet "h we use     
nei!r h& nor /ick4 ,h[ mu* may be le>nt 
by t\*1 )\t ev] t\*+ any?+6  ,i w\ld h  
pl5ty ( games 9 ! d>k6 ,?is sugge/ion is
 m valuable ?an x seems at fir/ sight4  
,m5 are naturally afraid ( ! d>k2 s are 
"s animals4 ,footnote3 ,?is t]ror is v  
noticeable dur+ great eclipses ( ! sun4 
,only a few m5 are fre$ f ?is burd5 by  
k1 det]m9ation1 & c\rage4 ,i h se5      
?9k]s1 unbeliev]s1 philosoph]s1 exce$+ly
 brave by daylight1 tremble l wom5 at ! 
ru/l+ ( a leaf 9 ! d>k4  ,?is t]ror is  
put d[n to nurses' tales2 ?is is a      
mi/ake2 x has a natural cause4 ,:at is  
?is cause8 ,:at makes ! deaf suspici\s &
 ! l[] classes sup]/iti\s8 ,ignorance ( 
! ?+s ab\t u1 & ( :at is tak+ place     

ar\nd u4 ,footnote3 ,ano!r cause has be5
 well expla9$ by a philosoph]1 (t5 quot$
 9 ?is "w1 a philosoph] to ^: wide views
 ,i am v greatly indebt$4  ,:5 "u       
special conditions we _c =m a fair idea 
( di/ance1 :5 we c only judge ?+s by !  
size ( ! angle or r ( ! image =m$ 9 our 
eyes1 we _c avoid be+ deceiv$ z to !    
size ( ^! objects4 ,e "o kn[s by        
exp]i5ce h[ :5 we are travell+ at night 
we take a bu% ne> at h& = a great tree  
at a di/ance1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 ! same    
way1 if ! objects 7 ( a %ape unkn[n to  
u1 s t we c\ld n tell _! size 9 t way1  
we %\ld be equally mi/ak5 ) reg>d to x4 
,if a fly flew quickly pa/ a few in*es f
 our eyes1 we %\ld ?9k x 0 a di/ant     
bird2 a horse /&+ /ill at a di/ance f u 
9 ! mid/ ( op5 c\ntry1 9 a position     
some:at l t ( a %eep1 w\ld be tak5 = a  
l>ge %eep1 s long z we did n p]ceive t x
 0 a horse2 b z soon z we recognise :at 
x is1 x seems z l>ge z a horse1 & we at 
once correct our =m] judgm5t4  ,:5ev] "o
 f9ds oneself 9 unkn[n places at night  

:]e we _c judge ( di/ance1 & :]e we _c  
recognise objects by _! %ape on acc\nt (
 ! d>kness1 we are 9 con/ant dang] ( =m+
 mi/ak5 judgm5ts z to ! objects :i*     
pres5t !mselves to our notice4 ,h5ce t  
t]ror1 t k9d ( inw>d fe> exp]i5c$ by mo/
 p on d>k nights4 ,?is is f\ndation = ! 
suppos$ appe>ances ( spectres1 or       
gigantic & t]rible =ms :i* s _m p pr(ess
 to h se54 ,!y are g5]ally told t !y    
imag9$ ^! ?+s1 yet !y may really h se5  
!m1 & x is q possible !y really saw :at 
!y say !y did see2 = x w always be !    
case t :5 we c only e/imate ! size ( an 
object by ! angle x =ms 9 ! eye1 t      
object w swell & gr[ z we approa* x2 &  
if ! spectator ?\ght x sev]al feet high 
:5 x 0 ?irty or =ty feet away1 x w seem 
v l>ge inde$ :5 x is a few feet (f2 ?is 
mu/ inde$ a/oni% & al>m ! spectator     
until he t\*es x & p]ceives :at x is1 = 
z soon z he p]ceives :at x is1 ! object 
:i* seem$ s gigantic w sudd5ly %r9k &   
assume its real size1 b if we run away  
or are afraid to approa*1 we %all       

c]ta9ly =m no o!r idea ( ! ?+ ?an !     
image =m$ 9 ! eye1 & we %all h really   
se5 a gigantic figure ( al>m+ size &    
%ape4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a natural gr\nd = 
! t5d5cy to see gho/s1 & ^! appe>ances  
are n m]ely ! creation ( ! imag9ation1 z
 ! m5 ( sci5ce w\ld h u ?9k4--,buffon1  
,nat4 ,hi/4  ,9 ! text ,i h tri$ to %[ t
 !y are always p>tly ! creation ( !     
imag9ation1 & ) reg>d to ! cause expla9$
 9 ?is quotation1 x is cle> t ! habit ( 
walk+ by night %\ld tea* u to di/+ui% ^?
 appe>ances :i* simil>ity ( =m &        
div]sity ( di/ance l5d to ! objects se5 
9 ! d>k4  ,= if ! air is light en\gh = u
 to see ! outl9es !re mu/ be m air      
betwe5 u & !m :5 !y are fur!r (f1 s t we
 ought to see !m less di/9ctly :5 fur!r 
(f1 :i* %\ld be en\gh1 :5 we are us$ to 
x1 to prev5t ! error describ$ by ,m4    
,buffon4 ,:i*ev] explanation y pref]1 my
 mode ( proc$ure is /ill efficaci\s1 &  
exp]i5ce entirely confirms x4 ,accu/om$ 
to p]ceive ?+s f a di/ance & to         
calculate _! effects1 h[ c ,i help      

suppos+1 :5 ,i _c see1 t !re are ho/s ( 
creatures & all sorts ( movem5ts all    
ab\t me :i* may d me h>m1 & aga9/ :i* ,i
 _c protect myself8 ,9 va9 d ,i "k ,i am
 safe :]e ,i am2 ,i am nev] s sure ( x z
 :5 ,i c actually see x1 s t ,i h always
 a cause = fe> :i* did n exi/ 9 broad   
daylight4 ,i "k1 inde$1 t a =eign body c
 sc>cely act ^u me )\t "s slight s\nd1 &
 h[ int5tly ,i li/56 ,at ! lea/ s\nd :i*
 ,i _c expla91 ! desire (               
self-pres]vation makes me picture ev]y?+
 t w\ld put me on my gu>d1 & !re=e      
ev]y?+ mo/ calculat$ to al>m me4  ,i am 
j z uneasy if ,i he> no s\nd1 = ,i might
 be tak5 unaw>es )\t a s\nd4 ,i mu/     
picture ?+s z !y 7 be=e1 z !y ought to  
be2 ,i mu/ see :at ,i d n see4 ,?us     
driv5 to ex]cise my imag9ation1 x soon  
becomes my ma/]1 & :at ,i did to        
reassure myself only al>ms me m4 ,i he> 
a noise1 x is a robb]2 ,i he> no?+1 x is
 a gho/4 ,! wat*fulness inspir$ by !    
in/9ct ( self-pres]vation only makes me 
m afraid4  ,ev]y?+ t ought to reassure  

me exi/s only = my reason1 & ! voice (  
in/9ct is l\d] ?an t ( reason4 ,:at is !
 good ( ?9k+ !re is no?+ to be afraid (1
 s9ce 9 t case !re is no?+ we c d8  ,!  
cause indicates ! cure4 ,9 ev]y?+ habit 
ov]p[]s imag9ation2 x is only ar\s$ by  
:at is new4 ,x is no long] imag9ation1 b
 memory :i* is conc]n$ ) :at we see e   
day1 & t is ! reason ( ! maxim1 ,ab     
assuetis non fit passio1 = x is only at 
! flame ( imag9ation t ! passions are   
k9dl$4 ,!re=e d n argue ) any "o :om y  
want to cure ( ! fe> ( d>kness2 take him
 (t5 into d>k places & be assur$ ?is    
practice w be ( m avail ?an all !       
argum5ts ( philosophy4 ,! til] on ! ro( 
does n "k :at x is to be dizzy1 & ^? :o 
are us$ to ! d>k w n be afraid4  ,!re is
 ano!r advantage to be ga9$ f our games 
9 ! d>k4 ,b if ^! games are to be a     
success ,i _c speak too /rongly ( ! ne$ 
= gaiety4 ,no?+ is s gloomy z ! d>k3 d n
 %ut y\r *ild up 9 a dungeon1 let him   
laugh :5 he goes1 into a d>k place1 let 
him laugh :5 he comes out1 s t ! ?\ght (

 ! game he is leav+ & ! games he w play 
next may protect him f ! fanta/ic       
imag9ation :i* might lay hold on him4   
,!re comes a /age 9 life beyond :i* we  
progress backw>ds4 ,i feel ,i h rea*$   
?is /age4 ,i am1 s to speak1 return+ to 
a pa/ c>e]4 ,! approa* ( age makes u    
recall ! happy days ( our *ildhood4 ,z  
,i gr[ old ,i become a *ild aga91 & ,i  
recall m readily :at ,i did at t5 ?an at
 ?irty4 ,read]1 =give me if ,i sometimes
 draw my examples f my own exp]i5ce4 ,if
 ?is book is to be well writt51 ,i mu/  
enjoy writ+ x4  ,i 0 liv+ 9 ! c\ntry ) a
 pa/or call$ ,m4 ,lamb]ci]4 ,my         
companion 0 a c\s9 ri*] ?an myself1 :o 0
 reg>d$ z ! heir to "s prop]ty1 :ile ,i1
 f> f my fa!r1 0 b a poor orphan4 ,my   
big c\s9 ,b]n>d 0 unusually timid1      
especially at night4 ,i laugh$ at 8     
fe>s1 till ,m4 ,lamb]ci] 0 tir$ ( my    
boa/+1 & det]m9$ to put my c\rage to !  
pro(4 ,"o autumn ev5+1 :5 x 0 v d>k1 he 
gave me ! *ur* key1 & told me to g &    
fet* a ,bible he _h left 9 ! pulpit4 ,to

 put me on my mettle he said some?+ :i* 
made x impossible = me to refuse4  ,i   
set out )\t a light2 if ,i _h _h "o1 x  
w\ld p]haps h be5 ev5 worse4 ,i _h to   
pass ?r\gh ! gravey>d2 ,i cross$ x      
bravely1 = z long z ,i 0 9 ! op5 air ,i 
0 nev] afraid ( ! d>k4  ,z ,i op5$ !    
door ,i he>d a sort ( e*o 9 ! ro(2 x    
s\nd$ l voices & x began to %ake my     
,roman c\rage4 ,hav+ op5$ ! door ,i tri$
 to ent]1 b :5 ,i _h gone a few /eps ,i 
/opp$4 ,at ! sight ( ! pr(\nd d>kness 9 
:i* ! va/ build+ lay ,i 0 seiz$ ) t]ror 
& my hair /ood on end4 ,i turn$1 ,i w5t 
out ?r\gh ! door1 & took to my heels4 ,9
 ! y>d ,i f\nd a little dog1 call$      
,sultan1 ^: c>esses reassur$ me4 ,a%am$ 
( my fe>s1 ,i retrac$ my /eps1 try+ to  
take ,sultan ) me1 b he refus$ to foll[4
 ,hurri$ly ,i op5$ ! door & ent]$ !     
*ur*4 ,i 0 h>dly inside :5 t]ror aga9   
got hold ( me & s firmly t ,i lo/ my    
head1 & ?\gh ! pulpit 0 on ! "r1 z ,i v 
well knew1 ,i s\ght x on ! left1 &      
entangl+ myself among ! b5*es ,i 0      

completely lo/4 ,unable to f9d ei!r     
pulpit or door1 ,i fell into an         
indescribable /ate ( m9d4 ,at la/ ,i    
f\nd ! door & manag$ to get out ( ! *ur*
 & run away z ,i _h done be=e1 q det]m9$
 nev] to ent] ! *ur* aga9 except 9 broad
 daylight4  ,i return$ to ! h\se2 on !  
door/ep ,i he>d ,m4 ,lamb]ci] laugh+1   
laugh+1 z ,i suppos$1 at me4 ,a%am$ to  
face 8 laught]1 ,i 0 hesitat+ to op5 !  
door1 :5 ,i he>d ,miss ,lamb]ci]1 :o 0  
anxi\s ab\t me1 tell ! maid to get !    
lant]n1 & ,m4 ,lamb]ci] got ready to    
come & look = me1 escort$ by my gallant 
c\s91 :o w\ld h got all ! cr$it = !     
exp$ition4 ,all at once my fe>s dep>t$1 
& left me m]ely surpris$ at my t]ror4 ,i
 ran1 ,i fairly flew1 to ! *ur*2 )\t    
los+ my way1 )\t grop+ ab\t1 ,i rea*$ ! 
pulpit1 took ! ,bible1 & ran d[n ! /eps4
 ,9 ?ree /rides ,i 0 out ( ! *ur*1 leav+
 ! door op54 ,brea?less1 ,i ent]$ ! room
 & ?rew ! ,bible on ! table1 fright5$   
inde$1 b ?robb+ ) pride t ,i _h done x  
)\t ! propos$ assi/ance4  ,y w ask if ,i

 am giv+ ?is anecdote z an example1 & z 
an illu/ration1 ( ! mir? :i* ,i say %\ld
 accompany ^! games4  ,n s1 b ,i give x 
z a pro( t !re is no?+ s well calculat$ 
to reassure any "o :o is afraid 9 ! d>k 
z to he> s\nds ( laught] & talk+ 9 an   
adjo9+ room4 ,in/ead ( play+ alone ) y\r
 pupil 9 ! ev5+1 ,i w\ld h y get toge!r 
a numb] ( m]ry *ildr52 d n s5d !m alone 
to beg9 )1 b sev]al toge!r1 & d n v5ture
 to s5d any "o q alone1 until y are q   
c]ta9 be=eh& t he w n be too fright5$4  
,i c picture no?+ m amus+ & m pr(itable 
?an su* games1 consid]+ h[ little skill 
is requir$ to organise !m4 ,9 a l>ge    
room ,i %\ld arrange a sort ( labyr9? ( 
tables1 arm*airs1 *airs1 & scre5s4 ,9 ! 
inextricable w9d+s ( ?is labyr9? ,i %\ld
 place "s eight or t5 %am boxes1 & "o   
real box almo/ exactly l !m1 b well     
fill$ ) sweets4 ,i %\ld describe cle>ly 
& briefly ! place :]e ! "r box w\ld be  
f\nd4 ,i %\ld give in/ructions suffici5t
 to enable p m att5tive & less excitable
 ?an *ildr5 to f9d x4 ,footnote3 ,to    

practise !m 9 att5tion1 only tell !m ?+s
 :i* x is cle>ly to _! pres5t int]e/ t  
!y %\ld und]/& ?or\ghly2 above all be   
brief1 nev] say a ^w m ?an necess>y4 ,b 
nei!r let y\r spee* be obscure nor (    
d\btful mean+4 ,!n hav+ made ! little   
competitors draw lots1 ,i %\ld s5d fir/ 
"o & !n ano!r till ! "r box 0 f\nd4  ,i 
%\ld increase ! difficulty ( ! task 9   
proportion to _! skill4  ,picture to    
y\rself a y\?ful ,h]cules return+1 box 9
 h&1 q pr\d ( 8 exp$ition4 ,! box is    
plac$ on ! table & op5$ ) great c]emony4
 ,i c he> ! bur/s ( laught] & ! %\ts ( !
 m]ry p>ty :51 in/ead ( ! look$-=       
sweets1 he f9ds1 neatly arrang$ on moss 
or cotton-wool1 a beetle1 a snail1 a bit
 ( coal1 a few acorns1 a turnip1 or "s  
su* ?+4  ,ano!r "t 9 a newly :itewa%$   
room1 a toy or "s small article (       
furniture w\ld be hung on ! wall & !    
*ildr5 w\ld h to fet* x )\t t\*+ ! wall4
 ,:5 ! *ild :o fet*es x comes back1 if  
he has fail$ ev] s little to fulfil !   
conditions1 a dab ( :ite on ! brim ( 8  

cap1 ! tip ( 8 %oe1 ! flap ( 8 coat or 8
 sleeve1 w betray 8 lack ( skill4  ,?is 
is en\gh1 or m ?an en\gh1 to %[ ! _s (  
^! games4 ,d n read my book if y expect 
me to tell y ev]y?+4  ,:at great        
advantages w\ld be possess$ by a man s  
educat$1 :5 comp>$ ) o!rs4 ,8 feet are  
accu/om$ to tread firmly 9 ! d>k1 & 8   
h&s to t\* lightly2 !y w guide him      
safely 9 ! ?icke/ d>kness4 ,8 imag9ation
 is busy ) ! ev5+ games ( 8 *ildhood1 & 
w f9d x difficult to turn t[>ds objects 
( al>m4 ,if he ?9ks he he>s laught]1 x w
 be ! laught] ( 8 =m] playfell[s1 n (   
fr5zi$ spirits2 if he ?9ks !re is a ho/ 
( p1 x w n be ! wit*es' sabba?1 b ! p>ty
 9 8 tutor's /udy4 ,night only recalls  
^! *e]ful memories1 & x w nev] al>m him2
 x w inspire delight r ?an fe>4 ,he w be
 ready = a milit>y exp$ition at any h\r1
 ) or )\t 8 troop4 ,he w ent] ! camp (  
,saul1 he w f9d 8 way1 he w rea* ! k+'s 
t5t )\t wak+ any "o1 & he w return      
unobs]v$4 ,are ! /e$s ( ,rhesus to be   
/ol51 y may tru/ him4 ,y w sc>cely f9d a

 ,ulysses among m5 educat$ 9 any o!r    
fa%ion4  ,i h kn[n p :o tri$ to tra9 !  
*ildr5 n to fe> ! d>k by />tl+ !m4 ,?is 
is a v bad plan2 its effects are j !    
opposite ( ^? desir$1 & x only makes    
*ildr5 m timid4 ,nei!r reason nor habit 
c secure u f ! fe> ( a pres5t dang] ^:  
degree & k9d are unkn[n1 nor f ! fe> (  
surprises :i* we h (t5 exp]i5c$4 ,yet h[
 w y make sure t y c pres]ve y\r pupil f
 su* accid5ts8 ,i consid] ?is ! be/     
advice to give him be=eh&4 ,i %\ld say  
to ,emile1 ,?is is a matt] (            
self-def5ce1 = ! aggressor does n let y 
"k :e!r he means to hurt or fright5 y1 &
 z ! advantage is on 8 side y _c ev5    
take refuge 9 flight4  ,!re=e seize     
boldly any?+1 :e!r man or bea/1 :i*     
takes y unaw>es 9 ! d>k4 ,grasp x1      
squeeze x ) all y\r might2 if x         
/ruggles1 /rike1 & d n sp>e y\r bl[s2 & 
:atev] he may say or d1 d n let him g   
till y "k j :o he is4  ,! ev5t w        
probably prove t y _h little to be      
afraid (1 b ?is way ( treat+ practical  

jok]s w\ld naturally prev5t _! try+ x   
aga94  ,al?\gh t\* is ! s5se (t5e/ us$1 
its discrim9ation rema9s1 z ,i h already
 po9t$ out1 co>s] & m imp]fect ?an t (  
any o!r s5se1 because we always use     
sight along ) x2 ! eye p]ceives ! ?+    
fir/1 & ! m9d almo/ always judges )\t ! 
h&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 discrim9ation by t\*  
is ! sure/ j because ( its limitations2 
= ext5d+ only z f> z our h&s c rea*1 x  
corrects ! ha/y judgm5ts ( ! o!r s5ses1 
:i* p\nce ^u objects sc>cely p]ceiv$1   
:ile :at we le>n by t\* is le>nt        
?or\ghly4 ,moreov]1 t\*1 :5 requir$1    
unites ! =ce ( our muscles to ! action (
 ! n]ves2 we associate by simultane\s   
s5sations our ideas ( temp]ature1 size1 
& %ape1 to ^? ( weight & d5sity4 ,?us   
t\* is ! s5se :i* be/ tea*es u ! action 
( =eign bodies ^u ourselves1 ! s5se :i* 
mo/ directly supplies u ) ! k requir$ = 
self-pres]vation4  ,z ! tra9$ t\* takes 
! place ( sight1 :y %\ld x n1 to "s     
ext5t1 take ! place ( he>+1 s9ce s\nds  
set up1 9 sonor\s bodies1 vibrations    

p]ceptible by t\*8 ,by plac+ ! h& on !  
body ( a 'cello "o c di/+ui% )\t ! use (
 eye or e>1 m]ely by ! way 9 :i* ! wood 
vibrates & trembles1 :e!r ! s\nd giv5   
out is %>p or flat1 :e!r x is drawn f ! 
treble /r+ or ! bass4 ,if our t\* 7     
tra9$ to note ^! diff]5ces1 no d\bt we  
might 9 "t become s s5sitive z to he> a 
:ole tune by means ( our f+]s4 ,b if we 
admit ?is1 x is cle> t "o c\ld easily   
speak to ! deaf by means ( music2 = tone
 & measure are no less capable ( regul> 
comb9ation ?an voice & articulation1 s t
 !y might be us$ z ! elem5ts ( spee*4   
,!re are ex]cises by :i* ! s5se ( t\* is
 blunt$ & dead5$1 & o!rs :i* %>p5 x &   
make x delicate & discrim9at+4 ,! =m]1  
:i* employ mu* movem5t & =ce = ! cont9u$
 impression ( h>d bodies1 make ! sk9 h>d
 & ?ick1 & deprive x ( its natural      
s5sitiv5ess4 ,! latt] are ^? :i* give   
v>iety to ?is feel+1 by slight & repeat$
 contact1 s t ! m9d is att5tive to      
con/antly recurr+ impressions1 & readily
 le>ns to disc]n _! v>iations4 ,?is     

diff]5ce is cle> 9 ! use ( musical      
in/rum5ts4 ,! h>% & pa9ful t\* ( !      
'cello1 bass-viol1 & ev5 ( ! viol91     
h>d5s ! f+]-tips1 al?\gh x gives        
flexibility to ! f+]s4 ,! s(t & smoo?   
t\* ( ! h>psi*ord makes ! f+]s bo?      
flexible & s5sitive4 ,9 ?is respect !   
h>psi*ord is to be pref]r$4  ,! sk9     
protects ! re/ ( ! body1 s x is v       
important to h>d5 x to ! effects ( ! air
 t x may be able to be> its *anges4 ,)  
reg>d to ?is ,i may say ,i w\ld n h ! h&
 r\gh5$ by too s]vile application to !  
same k9d ( "w1 nor %\ld ! sk9 ( ! h&    
become h>d5$ s z to lose its delicate   
s5se ( t\* :i* keeps ! body in=m$ ( :at 
is go+ on1 & by ! k9d ( contact         
sometimes makes u %udd] 9 diff]5t ways  
ev5 9 ! d>k4  ,:y %\ld my pupil be      
always compell$ to we> ! sk9 ( an ox "u 
8 foot8 ,:at h>m w\ld come ( x if 8 own 
sk9 c\ld s]ve him at ne$ z a sole4 ,x is
 cle> t a delicate sk9 c\ld nev] be (   
any use 9 ?is way1 & may (t5 d h>m4 ,!  
,g5evese1 ar\s$ at midnight by _!       

enemies 9 ! dep? ( w9t]1 seiz$ _! guns r
 ?an _! %oes4 ,:o c tell :e!r ! t[n w\ld
 h escap$ capture if its citiz5s _h n   
be5 able to g b>efoot8  ,let a man be   
always =e-arm$ aga9/ ! un=ese54 ,let    
,emile run ab\t b>efoot all ! ye> r\nd1 
up/airs1 d[n/airs1 & 9 ! g>d54 ,f> f    
scold+ him1 ,i %all foll[ 8 example2    
only ,i %all be c>eful to remove any    
brok5 glass4 ,i %all soon proce$ to     
speak ( "w & manual occupations4        
,mean:ile1 let him le>n to p]=m e       
ex]cise :i* enc\rages agility ( body2   
let him le>n to hold himself easily &   
/eadily 9 any position1 let him practise
 jump+ & leap+1 climb+ trees & walls4   
,let him always f9d 8 balance1 & let 8 e
 movem5t & ge/ure be regulat$ by ! laws 
( weight1 long be=e he le>ns to expla9  
!m by ! sci5ce ( /atics4 ,by ! way 8    
foot is plant$ on ! gr\nd1 & 8 body     
support$ on 8 leg1 he ought to "k if he 
is hold+ himself well or ill4 ,an easy  
c>riage is always graceful1 & ! /eadie/ 
positions are ! mo/ elegant4 ,if ,i 7 a 

danc+ ma/] ,i w\ld refuse to play !     
monkey tricks ( ,m>cel1 :i* are only fit
 = ! /age :]e !y are p]=m$2 b in/ead (  
keep+ my pupil busy ) fancy /eps1 ,i    
w\ld take him to ! foot ( a cliff4 ,!re 
,i w\ld %[ him h[ to hold himself1 h[ to
 c>ry 8 body & head1 h[ to place fir/ a 
foot !n a h&1 to foll[ lightly ! /eep1  
toilsome1 & rugg$ pa?s1 to leap f po9t  
to po9t1 ei!r up or d[n4 ,he %\ld       
emulate ! m\nta9-goat1 n ! ballet danc]4
  ,z t\* conf9es its op]ations to !     
man's imm$iate surr\nd+s1 s sight ext5ds
 its range beyond !m2 x is ?is :i* makes
 x mislead+2 man sees half 8 horizon at 
a glance4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is ho/ (         
simultane\s impressions & ! ?\ghts      
excit$ by !m1 h[ c he fail n[ & !n to   
make mi/akes8 ,?us sight is ! lea/      
reliable ( our s5ses1 j because x has ! 
wide/ range2 x functions long be=e our  
o!r s5ses1 & its "w is too ha/y & on too
 l>ge a scale to be correct$ by ! re/4  
,moreov]1 ! v illusions ( p]spective are
 necess>y if we are to arrive at a k (  

space & comp>e "o "p ( space ) ano!r4   
,)\t false appe>ances we %\ld nev] see  
any?+ at a di/ance2 )\t ! gradations (  
size & tone we c\ld n judge ( di/ance1  
or r di/ance w\ld h no exi/5ce = u4 ,if 
two trees1 "o ( :i* 0 a hundr$ paces f u
 & ! o!r t51 look$ equally l>ge &       
di/9ct1 we %\ld ?9k !y 7 side by side4  
,if we p]ceiv$ ! real dim5sions ( ?+s1  
we %\ld "k no?+ ( space2 ev]y?+ w\ld    
seem close to our eyes4  ,! angle =m$   
betwe5 any objects & our eye is ! only  
means by :i* our sight e/imates _! size 
& di/ance1 & z ?is angle is ! simple    
effect ( complex causes1 ! judgm5t we =m
 does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! sev]al causes2 
we are compell$ to be inaccurate4 ,= h[ 
c ,i tell1 by sight alone1 :e!r ! angle 
at :i* an object appe>s to me small] ?an
 ano!r1 indicates t x is really small]  
or t x is fur!r (f4  ,"h we mu/ j rev]se
 our =m] plan4 ,in/ead ( simplify+ !    
s5sation1 always re9=ce x & v]ify x by  
means ( ano!r s5se4 ,subject ! eye to ! 
h&1 &1 s to speak1 re/ra9 !             

precipitation ( ! =m] s5se by ! sl[] & m
 reason$ pace ( ! latt]4 ,= want ( ?is  
sort ( practice our sight measurem5ts   
are v imp]fect4 ,we _c correctly1 & at a
 glance1 e/imate height1 l5g?1 bread?1 &
 di/ance2 & ! fact t eng9e]s1 surveyors1
 ar*itects1 masons1 & pa9t]s are g5]ally
 quick] to see & bett] able to e/imate  
di/ances correctly1 proves t ! fault is 
n 9 our eyes1 b 9 our use ( !m4 ,_!     
occupations give !m ! tra9+ we lack1 &  
!y *eck ! equivocal results ( ! angle ( 
vision by its accompany+ exp]i5ces1 :i* 
det]m9e ! relations ( ! two causes ( ?is
 angle = _! eyes4  ,*ildr5 w always d   
any?+ t keeps !m mov+ freely4 ,!re are  
c\ntless ways ( r\s+ _! int]e/ 9        
measur+1 p]ceiv+1 & e/imat+ di/ance4    
,!re is a v tall *]ry tree2 h[ %all we  
ga!r ! *]ries8 ,w ! ladd] 9 ! b>n be big
 en\gh8 ,!re is a wide /ream2 h[ %all we
 get to ! o!r side8 ,w\ld "o ( ! wood5  
planks 9 ! y>d rea* f bank to bank8 ,f  
our w9d[s we want to fi% 9 ! moat2 h[ _m
 y>ds ( l9e are requir$8 ,i want to make

 a sw+ betwe5 two trees2 w two fa?oms ( 
cord be en\gh8 ,!y tell me our room 9 ! 
new h\se w be tw5ty-five feet squ>e2 d y
 ?9k x w be big en\gh = u8 ,w x be l>g] 
?an ?is8 ,we are v hungry2 "h are two   
villages1 :i* c we get to fir/ = our    
d9n]8  ,an idle1 lazy *ild 0 to be      
taught to run4 ,he _h no lik+ = ?is or  
any o!r ex]cise1 ?\gh he 0 int5d$ = !   
army4 ,someh[ or o!r he _h got x into 8 
head t a man ( 8 rank ne$ "k no?+ & d   
no?+--t 8 bir? w\ld s]ve z a sub/itute =
 arms & legs1 z well z = e k9d ( virtue4
 ,! skill ( ,*iron himself w\ld h fail$ 
to make a fleet-foot$ ,a*illes ( ?is "y 
g5tleman4 ,! difficulty 0 increas$ by my
 det]m9ation to give him no k9d ( ord]s4
 ,i _h r5\nc$ all "r to direct him by   
prea*+1 promises1 ?reats1 emulation1 or 
! desire to %[ (f4 ,h[ %\ld ,i make him 
want to run )\t say+ any?+8 ,i might run
 myself1 b he might n foll[ my example1 
& ?is plan _h o!r drawbacks4 ,moreov]1  
,i mu/ f9d "s means ( tea*+ him ?r\gh   
?is ex]cise1 s z to tra9 m9d & body to  

"w toge!r4 ,?is is h[ ,i1 or r h[ !     
tea*] :o suppli$ me ) ?is illu/ration1  
set ab\t x4  ,:5 ,i took him a walk ( an
 aft]noon ,i sometimes put 9 my pocket a
 c\ple ( cakes1 ( a k9d he 0 v fond (2  
we ea* ate "o :ile we 7 out1 & we came  
back well pleas$ ) our out+4 ,"o day he 
notic$ ,i _h ?ree cakes2 he c\ld h      
easily eat5 six1 s he ate 8 cake quickly
 & ask$ = ! o!r4 ,no1 said ,i1 ,i c\ld  
eat x myself1 or we might divide x1 b ,i
 w\ld r see ^? two little boys run a    
race = x4 ,i call$ !m to u1 %[$ !m !    
cake1 & sugge/$ t !y %\ld race = x4  ,!y
 7 delight$4 ,! cake 0 plac$ on a l>ge  
/one :i* 0 to be ! goal2 ! c\rse 0 m>k$ 
out1 we sat d[n1 & at a giv5 signal (f  
flew ! *ildr56 ,! victor seiz$ ! cake & 
ate x )\t pity 9 ! sight ( ! spectators 
& ( 8 defeat$ rival4  ,! sport 0 bett]  
?an ! cake2 b ! lesson did n take effect
 all at once1 & produc$ no result4 ,i 0 
n disc\rag$1 nor did ,i hurry2 tea*+ is 
a trade at :i* "o mu/ be able to lose "t
 & save x4 ,our walks 7 cont9u$1        

sometimes we took ?ree cakes1 sometimes 
f\r1 & f "t to "t !re 7 "o or two cakes 
= ! rac]s4 ,if ! prize 0 n great1 nei!r 
0 ! ambition ( ! competitors4 ,! w9n] 0 
prais$ & pett$1 & ev]y?+ 0 done ) mu*   
c]emony4 ,to give room to run & to add  
int]e/ to ! race ,i m>k$ out a long]    
c\rse & admitt$ sev]al fre% competitors4
 ,sc>cely _h !y ent]$ ! li/s ?an all !  
pass]s-by /opp$ to wat*4 ,!y 7 enc\rag$ 
by %\t+1 *e]+1 & clapp+4 ,i sometimes   
saw my little man trembl+ ) excitem5t1  
jump+ up & %\t+ :5 "o 0 ab\t to rea* or 
ov]take ano!r--to him ^! 7 ! ,olympian  
games4  ,h[ev]1 ! competitors did n     
always play fair1 !y got 9 ea* o!r's    
way1 or knock$ "o ano!r d[n1 or put     
/ones on ! track4 ,t l$ u to sep>ate !m 
& make !m />t f diff]5t places at equal 
di/ances f ! goal4 ,y w soon see !      
reason = ?is1 = ,i mu/ describe ?is     
important affair at l5g?4  ,tir$ ( see+ 
8 fav\rite cakes dev\r$ be=e 8 eyes1 !  
"y "l began to suspect t !re 0 "s use 9 
be+ a quick runn]1 & see+ t he _h two   

legs ( 8 own1 he began to practise runn+
 on ! quiet4 ,i took c>e to see no?+1 b 
,i knew my /ratagem _h tak5 effect4 ,:5 
he ?\ght he 0 good en\gh 7& ,i ?\ght s  
too71 he pret5d$ to tease me to give him
 ! o!r cake4 ,i refus$2 he p]si/$1 & at 
la/ he said angrily1 ,well1 put x on !  
/one & m>k out ! c\rse1 & we %all see4  
,v good1 said ,i1 laugh+1 ,y w get a    
good appetite1 b y w n get ! cake4 ,/ung
 by my mock]y1 he took he>t1 won !      
prize1 all ! m easily because ,i _h m>k$
 out a v %ort c\rse & tak5 c>e t ! be/  
runn] 0 out ( ! way4 ,x w be evid5t t1  
aft] ! fir/ /ep1 ,i _h no difficulty 9  
keep+ him 9 tra9+4 ,soon he took su* a  
fancy = ?is =m ( ex]cise t )\t any fav\r
 he 0 almo/ c]ta9 to beat ! little      
peasant boys at runn+1 h[ev] long !     
c\rse4  ,! advantage ?us obta9$ l$      
unexpect$ly to ano!r4 ,s long z he      
seldom won ! prize1 he ate x himself l 8
 rivals1 b z he got us$ to victory he   
grew g5]\s1 & (t5 %>$ x ) ! defeat$4 ,t 
taught me a lesson 9 morals & ,i saw :at

 0 ! real root ( g5]osity4  ,:ile ,i    
cont9u$ to m>k out a diff]5t />t+ place 
= ea* competitor1 he did n notice t ,i  
_h made ! di/ances unequal1 s t "o ( !m1
 hav+ f>!r to run to rea* ! goal1 0     
cle>ly at a disadvantage4 ,b ?\gh ,i    
left ! *oice to my pupil he did n "k h[ 
to take advantage ( x4 ,)\t ?9k+ ( !    
di/ance1 he always *ose ! smoo!/ pa?1 s 
t ,i c\ld easily pr$ict 8 *oice1 & c\ld 
almo/ make him w9 or lose ! cake at my  
pleasure4 ,i _h m ?an "o end 9 view 9   
?is /ratagem2 b z my plan 0 to get him  
to notice ! diff]5ce himself1 ,i tri$ to
 make him aw>e ( x4 ,?\gh he 0 g5]ally  
lazy & easy go+1 he 0 s eag] 9 8 sports 
& tru/$ me s completely t ,i _h great   
difficulty 9 mak+ him see t ,i 0 *eat+  
him4 ,:5 at la/ ,i manag$ to make him   
see x 9 spite ( 8 excitem5t1 he 0 angry 
) me4 ,:at h y to compla9 (8 said ,i4 ,9
 a gift :i* ,i propose to give ( my own 
free w am n ,i ma/] ( ! conditions8 ,:o 
makes y run8 ,did ,i promise to make !  
c\rses equal8 ,is n ! *oice y\rs8 ,d n y

 see t ,i am fav\r+ y1 & t ! inequality 
y compla9 ( is all to y\r advantage1 if 
y knew h[ to use x8 ,t 0 pla9 to him2 & 
to *oose he mu/ obs]ve m c>efully4 ,at  
fir/ he want$ to c\nt ! paces1 b a *ild 
measures paces sl[ly & inaccurately2    
moreov]1 ,i decid$ to h sev]al races on 
"o day2 & ! game hav+ become a sort (   
passion ) ! *ild1 he 0 sorry to wa/e 9  
measur+ ! portion ( "t int5d$ = runn+4  
,su* delays are n 9 accordance ) a      
*ild's impati5ce2 he tri$ !re=e to see  
bett] & to reckon ! di/ance m accurately
 at sight4 ,x 0 n[ q easy to ext5d &    
develop ?is p[]4 ,at l5g?1 aft] "s      
mon?s' practice1 & ! correction ( 8     
errors1 ,i s tra9$ 8 p[] ( judg+ at     
sight t ,i _h only to place an imag9>y  
cake on any di/ant object & 8 glance 0  
ne>ly z accurate z ! surveyor's *a94  ,(
 all ! s5ses1 sight is t :i* we c lea/  
di/+ui% f ! judgm5ts ( ! m9d2 z x takes 
a long "t to le>n to see4  ,x takes a   
long "t to comp>e sight & t\*1 & to tra9
 ! =m] s5se to give a true report ( %ape

 & di/ance4 ,)\t t\*1 )\t progressive   
motion1 ! %>pe/ eyes 9 ! _w c\ld give u 
no idea ( space4 ,to ! oy/] ! :ole _w   
mu/ seem a po9t1 & x w\ld seem no?+ m to
 x ev5 if x _h a human m9d4 ,x is only  
by walk+1 feel+1 c\nt+1 measur+ !       
dim5sions ( ?+s1 t we le>n to judge !m  
rightly2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if we 7 always 
measur+1 our s5ses w\ld tru/ to !       
in/rum5t & w\ld nev] ga9 confid5ce4 ,nor
 mu/ ! *ild pass abruptly f measurem5t  
to judgm5t2 he mu/ cont9ue to comp>e !  
p>ts :5 he c\ld n comp>e ! :ole2 he mu/ 
sub/itute 8 e/imat$ aliquot p>ts = exact
 aliquot p>ts1 & in/ead ( always apply+ 
! measure by h& he mu/ get us$ to apply+
 x by eye alone4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 h 8    
fir/ e/imates te/$ by measurem5t1 s t he
 may correct 8 errors1 & if !re is a    
false impression left ^u ! s5ses he may 
correct x by a bett] judgm5t4 ,! same   
natural /&>ds ( measurem5t are 9 use    
almo/ ev]y:]e1 ! man's foot1 ! ext5t ( 8
 out/ret*$ arms1 8 height4 ,:5 ! *ild   
wants to measure ! height ( a room1 8   

tutor may s]ve z a measur+ rod2 if he is
 e/imat+ ! height ( a /eeple let him    
measure x by ! h\se2 if he wants to "k  
h[ _m leagues ( road !re are1 let him   
c\nt ! h\rs sp5t 9 walk+ along x4 ,above
 all1 d n d ?is = him2 let him d x      
himself4  ,"o _c le>n to e/imate ! ext5t
 & size ( bodies )\t at ! same "t le>n+ 
to "k & ev5 to copy _! %ape2 = at bottom
 ?is copy+ dep5ds entirely on ! laws (  
p]spective1 & "o _c e/imate di/ance )\t 
"s feel+ = ^! laws4 ,all *ildr5 9 !     
c\rse ( _! endless imitation try to     
draw2 & ,i w\ld h ,emile cultivate ?is  
art2 n s mu* = art's sake1 z to give him
 exactness ( eye & flexibility ( h&4    
,g5]ally speak+1 x matt]s little :e!r he
 is acqua9t$ ) ?is or t occupation1     
provid$ he ga9s cle>ness (              
s5se--p]ception & ! good bodily habits  
:i* belong to ! ex]cise 9 "q4 ,s ,i %all
 take good c>e n to provide him ) a     
draw+ ma/]1 :o w\ld only set him to copy
 copies & draw f draw+s4 ,nature %\ld be
 8 only tea*]1 & ?+s 8 only models4 ,he 

%\ld h ! real ?+ be=e 8 eyes1 n its copy
 on pap]4 ,let him draw a h\se f a h\se1
 a tree f a tree1 a man f a man2 s t he 
may tra9 himself to obs]ve objects & _! 
appe>ance accurately & n to take false &
 conv5tional copies = tru?4 ,i w\ld ev5 
tra9 him to draw only f objects actually
 be=e him & n f memory1 s t1 by repeat$ 
obs]vation1 _! exact =m may be impress$ 
on 8 imag9ation1 = fe> le/ he %\ld      
sub/itute absurd & fanta/ic =ms = ! real
 tru? ( ?+s1 & lose 8 s5se ( proportion 
& 8 ta/e = ! beauties ( nature4  ,(     
c\rse ,i "k t 9 ?is way he w make any   
numb] ( daubs be=e he produces any?+    
recognisable1 t x w be long be=e he     
atta9s to ! graceful outl9e & light t\* 
( ! draughtsman2 p]haps he w nev] h an  
eye = picturesque effect or a good ta/e 
9 draw+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he w c]ta9ly get 
a tru] eye1 a sur] h&1 a k ( ! real     
relations ( =m & size betwe5 animals1   
plants1 & natural objects1 toge!r ) a   
quick] s5se ( ! effects ( p]spective4 ,t
 is j :at ,i want$1 & my purpose is r t 

he %\ld "k ?+s ?an copy !m4 ,i w\ld r he
 %[$ me a plant ( acan?us ev5 if he drew
 a capital ) less accuracy4  ,moreov]1 9
 ?is occupation z 9 o!rs1 ,i d n int5d  
my pupil to play by himself2 ,i mean to 
make x pleasant] = him by always %>+ x )
 him4 ,he %all h no o!r rival2 b m9e w  
be a cont9ual rivalry1 & !re w be no    
risk atta*+ to x2 x w give int]e/ to 8  
pursuits )\t awak+ jeal\sy betwe5 u4 ,i 
%all foll[ 8 example & take up a p5cil2 
at fir/ ,i %all use x z unskilfully z   
he4 ,i %\ld be an ,apelles if ,i did n  
set myself daub+4 ,to beg9 )1 ,i %all   
draw a man su* z lads draw on walls1 a  
l9e = ea* arm1 ano!r = ea* leg1 ) ! f+]s
 long] ?an ! arm4 ,long aft]1 "o or o!r 
( u w notice ?is lack ( proportion2 we  
%all obs]ve t ! leg is ?ick1 t ?is      
?ickness v>ies1 t ! l5g? ( ! arm is     
proportionate to ! body4 ,9 ?is         
improvem5t ,i %all ei!r g side by side )
 my pupil1 or s little 9 advance t he w 
always ov]take me easily & sometimes get
 ahead ( me4 ,we %all get bru%es &      

pa9ts1 we %all try to copy ! col\rs (   
?+s & _! :ole appe>ance1 n m]ely _!     
%ape4 ,we %all col\r pr9ts1 we %all     
pa9t1 we %all daub2 b 9 all our daub+ we
 %all be se>*+ out ! secrets ( nature1 &
 :atev] we d %all be done "u ! eye ( t  
ma/]4  ,we badly ne$$ ornam5ts = our    
room1 & n[ we h !m ready to our h&4 ,i w
 h our draw+s fram$ & cov]$ ) good      
glass1 s t no "o w t\* !m1 & ?us see+ !m
 :]e we put !m1 ea* ( u has a motive =  
tak+ c>e ( 8 own4 ,i arrange !m 9 ord]  
r\nd ! room1 ea* draw+ repeat$ "s tw5ty 
or ?irty times1 ?us %[+ ! au?or's       
progress 9 ea* specim51 f ! "t :5 ! h\se
 is m]ely a rude squ>e1 till its front  
view1 its side view1 its proportions1   
its light & %ade are all exactly        
portray$4 ,^! graduations w c]ta9ly     
furni% u ) pictures1 a s\rce ( int]e/ to
 ourselves & ( curiosity to o!rs1 :i* w 
spur u on to fur!r emulation4 ,! fir/ & 
r\ghe/ draw+s ,i put 9 v sm>t gilt      
frames to %[ !m (f2 b z ! copy becomes m
 accurate & ! draw+ really good1 ,i only

 give x a v pla9 d>k frame2 x ne$s no   
o!r ornam5t ?an itself1 & x w\ld be a   
pity if ! frame di/ract$ ! att5tion :i* 
! picture itself des]ves4 ,?us we ea*   
aspire to a pla9 frame1 & :5 we desire  
to p\r scorn on ea* o!r's draw+s1 we    
condemn !m to a gild$ frame4 ,"s day    
p]haps ! gilt frame w become a prov]b   
among u1 & we %all be surpris$ to f9d h[
 _m p %[ :at !y are really made ( by    
dem&+ a gilt frame4  ,i h said already t
 geometry is beyond ! *ild's rea*2 b t  
is our own fault4 ,we fail to p]ceive t 
_! me?od is n ours1 t :at is = u ! art (
 reason+1 %\ld be = !m ! art ( see+4    
,in/ead ( tea*+ !m our way1 we %\ld d   
bett] to adopt !irs1 = our way ( le>n+  
geometry is q z mu* a matt] ( imag9ation
 z ( reason+4 ,:5 a proposition is      
enunciat$ y mu/ imag9e ! pro(2 t is1 y  
mu/ discov] on :at proposition already  
le>nt x dep5ds1 & ( all ! possible      
d$uctions f t proposition y mu/ *oose j 
! "o requir$4  ,9 ?is way ! close/      
reason]1 if he is n inv5tive1 may f9d   

himself at a loss4 ,:at is ! result8    
,in/ead ( mak+ u discov] pro(s1 !y are  
dictat$ to u2 in/ead ( tea*+ u to       
reason1 our memory only is employ$4     
,draw accurate figures1 comb9e !m       
toge!r1 put !m "o ^u ano!r1 exam9e _!   
relations1 & y w discov] ! :ole (       
elem5t>y geometry 9 pass+ f "o          
obs]vation to ano!r1 )\t a ^w (         
def9itions1 problems1 or any o!r =m (   
demon/ration b sup]-position4 ,i d n    
pr(ess to tea* ,emile geometry2 he w    
tea* me2 ,i %all seek = relations1 he w 
f9d !m1 = ,i %all seek 9 su* a fa%ion z 
to make him f9d4 ,= in/ance1 in/ead (   
us+ a pair ( compasses to draw a circle1
 ,i %all draw x ) a p5cil at ! end ( bit
 ( /r+ atta*$ to a pivot4 ,aft] t1 :5 ,i
 want to comp>e ! radii "o ) ano!r1     
,emile w laugh at me & %[ me t ! same   
?read at full /ret* _c h giv5 di/ances (
 unequal l5g?4 ,if ,i wi% to measure an 
angle ( #fj degrees ,i describe f ! apex
 ( ! angle1 n an arc1 b a complete      
circle1 = ) *ildr5 no?+ mu/ be tak5 =   

grant$4 ,i f9d t ! "p ( ! circle conta9$
 betwe5 ! two l9es ( ! angle is ! six?  
"p ( a circle4 ,!n ,i describe ano!r &  
l>g] circle f ! same c5tre1 & ,i f9d !  
second arc is aga9 ! six? "p ( its      
circle4 ,i describe a ?ird conc5tric    
circle ) a simil> result1 & ,i cont9ue )
 m & m circles till ,emile1 %ock$ at my 
/upidity1 %[s me t e arc1 l>ge or small1
 conta9$ by ! same angle w always be !  
six? "p ( its circle4 ,n[ we are ready  
to use ! protractor4  ,to prove t two   
adjac5t angles are equal to two "r      
angles p describe a circle4 ,on !       
contr>y ,i w\ld h ,emile obs]ve ! fact 9
 a circle1 & !n ,i %\ld say1 ,if we took
 away ! circle & left ! /raight l9es1   
w\ld ! angles h *ang$ _! size1 etc48    
,exactness 9 ! con/ruction ( figures is 
neglect$2 x is tak5 = grant$ & /ress is 
laid on ! pro(4 ,) u1 on ! o!r h&1 !re w
 be no "q ( pro(4 ,our *ief bus9ess w be
 to draw v /raight1 accurate1 & ev5     
l9es1 a p]fect squ>e1 a really r\nd     
circle4 ,to v]ify ! exactness ( a figure

 we w te/ x by ea* ( its s5sible        
prop]ties1 & t w give u a *ance to      
discov] fre% prop]ties day by day4 ,we w
 fold ! two semi-circles along !        
diamet]1 ! two halves ( ! squ>e by !    
diagonal2 he w comp>e our two figures to
 see :o has got ! edges to fit mo/      
exactly1 i4e41 :o has done x be/2 we    
%\ld argue :e!r ?is equal division w\ld 
always be possible 9 p>allelograms1     
trapezes1 etc4 ,we %all sometimes try to
 =eca/ ! result ( an exp]im5t1 to f9d   
reasons1 etc4  ,geometry means to my    
s*ol> ! successful use ( ! rule &       
compass2 he mu/ n confuse x ) draw+1 9  
:i* ^! in/rum5ts are n us$4 ,! rule &   
compass w be lock$ up1 s t he w n get   
into ! way ( mess+ ab\t ) !m1 b we may  
sometimes take our figures ) u :5 we g =
 a walk1 & talk ov] :at we h done1 or   
:at we mean to d4  ,i %all nev] =get    
see+ a "y man at ,tur91 :o _h le>nt z a 
*ild ! relations ( cont\rs & surfaces by
 hav+ to *oose e day isop]imetric cakes 
among cakes ( e geometrical figure4 ,!  

gre$y little fell[ _h exhau/$ ! art (   
,ar*im$es to f9d :i* 7 ! bigge/4  ,:5 ! 
*ild flies a kite he is tra9+ eye & h&  
to accuracy2 :5 he :ips a top1 he is    
increas+ 8 /r5g? by us+ x1 b )\t le>n+  
any?+4 ,i h sometimes ask$ :y *ildr5 are
 n giv5 ! same games ( skill z m52      
t5nis1 mall1 billi>ds1 ar*]y1 football1 
& musical in/rum5ts4 ,i 0 told t "s ( ^!
 are beyond _! /r5g?1 t ! *ild's s5ses  
are n suffici5tly develop$ = o!rs4 ,^! d
 n /rike me z valid reasons2 a *ild is n
 z tall z a man1 b he we>s ! same sort (
 coat2 ,i d n want him to play ) our    
cues at a billi>d-table ?ree feet high2 
,i d n want him knock+ ab\t among our   
games1 nor c>ry+ "o ( our racquets 9 8  
little h&2 b let him play 9 a room ^:   
w9d[s h be5 protect$2 at fir/ let him   
only use s(t balls1 let 8 fir/ racquets 
be ( wood1 !n ( p>*m5t1 & la/ly ( gut1  
accord+ to 8 progress4 ,y pref] ! kite  
because x is less tir+ & !re is no      
dang]4 ,y are d\bly wrong4 ,kite-fly+ is
 a sport = wom51 b e woman w run away f 

a swift ball4 ,_! :ite sk9s 7 n meant to
 be h>d5$ by bl[s & _! faces 7 n made = 
bruises4 ,b we m5 are made = /r5g?2 d y 
?9k we c atta9 x )\t h>d%ip1 & :at      
def5ce %all we be able to make if we are
 attack$8 ,p always play c>elessly 9    
games :]e !re is no dang]4 ,a fall+ kite
 hurts nobody1 b no?+ makes ! arm s     
supple z protect+ ! head1 no?+ makes !  
sight s accurate z hav+ to gu>d ! eye4  
,to da% f "o end ( ! room to ano!r1 to  
judge ! reb\nd ( a ball be=e x t\*es !  
gr\nd1 to return x ) /r5g? & accuracy1  
su* games are n s mu* sports fit = a    
man1 z sports fit to make a man ( him4  
,! *ild's limbs1 y say1 are too t5d]4   
,!y are n s /rong z ^? ( a man1 b !y are
 m supple4 ,8 arm is weak1 /ill x is an 
arm1 & x %\ld be us$ ) due consid]ation 
z we use o!r tools4 ,*ildr5 h no skill 9
 ! use ( _! h&s4 ,t is j :y ,i want !m  
to acquire skill2 a man ) z little      
practice w\ld be j z clumsy4 ,we c only 
le>n ! use ( our limbs by us+ !m4 ,x is 
only by long exp]i5ce t we le>n to make 

! be/ ( ourselves1 & ?is exp]i5ce is !  
real object ( /udy to :i* we _c apply   
ourselves too e>ly4  ,:at is done c be  
done4 ,n[ !re is no?+ common] ?an to f9d
 nimble & skilful *ildr5 ^: limbs are z 
active z ^? ( a man4 ,!y may be se5 at  
any fair1 sw++1 walk+ on _! h&s1 jump+1 
danc+ on ! tight rope4 ,= _m ye>s pa/1  
troops ( *ildr5 h attract$ spectators to
 ! ballets at ! ,italian ,com$y ,h\se4  
,:o is !re 9 ,g]many & ,italy :o has n  
he>d ( ! fam\s pantomime company (      
,nicol9i8 ,has x ev] occurr$ to any "o t
 ! movem5ts ( ^! *ildr5 7 less f9i%$1 _!
 po/ures less graceful1 _! e>s less     
true1 _! danc+ m clumsy ?an ^? ( gr[n-up
 danc]s8 ,if at fir/ ! f+]s are ?ick1   
%ort1 & awkw>d1 ! dimpl$ h&s unable to  
grasp any?+1 does ?is prev5t _m *ildr5 f
 le>n+ to read & write at an age :5 o!rs
 _c ev5 hold a p5 or p5cil8 ,all ,p>is  
/ill recalls ! little ,engli% girl ( t5 
:o did wond]s on ! h>psi*ord4 ,i once   
saw a little fell[ ( eight1 ! son ( a   
magi/rate1 :o 0 set l a /atuette on !   

table among ! di%es1 to play on a fiddle
 almo/ z big z himself1 & ev5 arti/s 7  
surpris$ at 8 execution4  ,to my m9d1 ^!
 & _m m examples prove t ! suppos$      
incapacity ( *ildr5 = our games is      
imag9>y1 & t if !y are unsuccessful 9 "s
 ( !m1 x is = want ( practice4  ,y w    
tell me t ) reg>d to ! body ,i am fall+ 
into ! same mi/ake ( precoci\s          
developm5t :i* ,i f\nd fault ) = ! m9d4 
,! cases are v diff]5t3 9 ! "o1 progress
 is app>5t only2 9 ! o!r x is real4 ,i h
 %[n t *ildr5 h n ! m5tal developm5t !y 
appe> to h1 :ile !y really d :at !y seem
 to d4 ,besides1 we mu/ nev] =get t all 
?is %\ld be play1 ! easy & volunt>y     
control ( ! movem5ts :i* nature dem&s ( 
!m1 ! art ( v>y+ _! games to make !m    
pleasant]1 )\t ! lea/ bit ( con/ra9t to 
trans=m !m into "w2 = :at games d !y    
play 9 :i* ,i _c f9d mat]ial =          
in/ruction = !m8 ,& ev5 if ,i c\ld n d  
s1 s long z !y are amus+ !mselves       
h>mlessly & pass+ ! "t pleasantly1 _!   
progress 9 le>n+ is n yet ( su* great   

importance4 ,b if "o mu/ be tea*+ !m ?is
 or t at e opportunity1 x _c be done )\t
 con/ra9t1 vexation1 or t$ium4  ,:at ,i 
h said ab\t ! use ( ! two s5ses ^: use  
is mo/ con/ant & mo/ important1 may s]ve
 z an example ( h[ to tra9 ! re/4 ,sight
 & t\* are appli$ to bodies at re/ &    
bodies 9 motion1 b z he>+ is only       
affect$ by vibrations ( ! air1 only a   
body 9 motion c make a noise or s\nd2 if
 ev]y?+ 7 at re/ we %\ld nev] he>4 ,at  
night1 :5 we ourselves only move z we   
*oose1 we h no?+ to fe> b mov+ bodies2  
h5ce we ne$ a quick e>1 & p[] to judge f
 ! s5sations exp]i5c$ :e!r ! body :i*   
causes !m is l>ge or small1 f> (f or    
ne>1 :e!r its movem5ts are g5tle or     
viol5t4 ,:5 once ! air is set 9 motion1 
x is subject to rep]cussions :i* produce
 e*oes1 ^! r5ew ! s5sations & make u he>
 a l\d or p5etrat+ s\nd 9 ano!r qu>t]4  
,if y put y\r e> to ! gr\nd y may he> ! 
s\nd ( m5's voices or horses' feet 9 a  
pla9 or valley mu* fur!r (f ?an :5 y /& 
upright4  ,z we h made a comp>ison      

betwe5 sight & t\*1 x w be z well to d !
 same = he>+1 & to f9d out :i* ( ! two  
impressions />t+ simultane\sly f a giv5 
body fir/ rea*es ! s5se-organ4 ,:5 y see
 ! fla% ( a cannon1 y h /ill "t to take 
cov]2 b :5 y he> ! s\nd x is too late1 !
 ball is close to y4 ,"o c reckon !     
di/ance ( a ?und]/orm by ! int]val      
betwe5 ! lightn+ & ! ?und]4 ,let ! *ild 
le>n all ^! facts1 let him le>n ^? t are
 )9 8 rea* by exp]im5t1 & discov] ! re/ 
by induction2 b ,i w\ld f> r he knew    
no?+ at all ab\t !m1 ?an t y %\ld tell  
him4  ,9 ! voice we h an organ answ]+ to
 he>+2 we h no su* organ answ]+ to      
sight1 & we d n repeat col\rs z we      
repeat s\nds4 ,?is supplies an          
additional means ( cultivat+ ! e> by    
practis+ ! active & passive organs "o ) 
! o!r4  ,man has ?ree k9ds ( voice1 !   
speak+ or articulate voice1 ! s++ or    
melodi\s voice1 & ! pa!tic or expressive
 voice1 :i* s]ves z ! language ( !      
passions1 & gives life to song & spee*4 
,! *ild has ^! ?ree voices1 j z ! man   

has !m1 b he does n "k h[ to use !m 9   
comb9ation4 ,l u1 he laughs1 cries1     
lam5ts1 %rieks1 & groans1 b he does n "k
 h[ to comb9e ^! inflexions ) spee* or  
song4 ,^! ?ree voices f9d _! be/        
expression 9 p]fect music4 ,*ildr5 are  
incapable ( su* music1 & _! s++ lacks   
feel+4 ,9 ! same way _! spok5 language  
lacks expression2 !y %\t1 b !y d n speak
 ) emphasis1 & !re is z little p[] 9 _! 
voice z !re is emphasis 9 _! spee*4 ,our
 pupil's spee* w be pla9] & simpl] /ill1
 = 8 passions are /ill asleep1 & w n    
bl5d _! tones ) 84 ,d n1 !re=e1 set him 
to recite trag$y or com$y1 nor try to   
tea* declamation s-call$4 ,he w h too   
mu* s5se to give voice to ?+s he _c     
und]/&1 or expression to feel+s he has  
nev] kn[n4  ,tea* him to speak pla9ly & 
di/9ctly1 to articulate cle>ly1 to      
pron\nce correctly & )\t affectation1 to
 p]ceive & imitate ! "r acc5t 9 prose & 
v]se1 & always to speak l\d en\gh to be 
he>d1 b )\t speak+ too l\d--a common    
fault ) s*ool-*ildr54 ,let !re be no    

wa/e 9 any?+4  ,! same me?od applies to 
s++2 make 8 voice smoo? & true1 flexible
 & full1 8 e> alive to "t & tune1 b no?+
 m4 ,descriptive & !atrical music is n  
suitable at 8 age----,i w\ld r he sang  
no words2 if he mu/ h words1 ,i w\ld try
 to compose songs on purpose = him1     
songs int]e/+ to a *ild1 & z simple z 8 
own ?\ghts4  ,y may p]haps suppose t z  
,i am 9 no hurry to tea* ,emile to read 
& write1 ,i %all n want to tea* him to  
read music4 ,let u sp>e 8 bra9 ! /ra9 ( 
excessive att5tion1 & let u be 9 no     
hurry to turn 8 m9d t[>ds conv5tional   
signs4 ,i grant y !re seems to be a     
difficulty "h1 = if at fir/ sight ! k ( 
notes seems no m necess>y = s++ ?an ! k 
( lett]s = speak+1 !re is really ?is    
diff]5ce betwe5 !m3 ,:5 we speak1 we are
 express+ our own ?\ghts2 :5 we s+ we   
are express+ ! ?\ghts ( o!rs4 ,n[ 9 ord]
 to express !m we mu/ read !m4  ,b at   
fir/ we c li/5 to !m in/ead ( read+ !m1 
& a song is bett] le>nt by e> ?an by    
eye4 ,moreov]1 to le>n music ?or\ghly we

 mu/ make songs z well z s+ !m1 & ! two 
processes mu/ be /udi$ toge!r1 or we    
%all nev] h any real k ( music4 ,fir/   
give y\r "y musician practice 9 v       
regul>1 well-cad5c$ phrases2 !n let him 
connect ^! phrases ) ! v simple/        
modulations2 !n %[ him _! relation "o to
 ano!r by correct acc5t1 :i* c be done  
by a fit *oice ( cad5ces & re/s4 ,on no 
acc\nt give him any?+ unusual1 or any?+ 
t requires pa?os or expression4 ,a      
simple1 tuneful air1 always bas$ on !   
common *ords ( ! key1 ) its bass s      
cle>ly indicat$ t x is easily felt &    
accompani$1 = to tra9 8 voice & e> he   
%\ld always s+ ) ! h>psi*ord4  ,we      
articulate ! notes we s+ ! bett] to     
di/+ui% !m2 h5ce ! cu/om ( sol-fa+ )    
c]ta9 syllables4 ,to tell ! keys "o f   
ano!r !y mu/ h names & fix$ int]vals2   
h5ce ! names ( ! int]vals1 & also !     
lett]s ( ! alphabet atta*$ to ! keys ( !
 clavi] & ! notes ( ! scale4 ,c & ,a    
indicate fix$ s\nds1 inv>iable & always 
r5d]$ by ! same keys2 ,ut & ,la are     

diff]5t4 ,ut is always ! dom9ant ( a    
major scale1 or ! lead+-note ( a m9or   
scale4 ,la is always ! dom9ant ( a m9or 
scale or ! six? ( a major scale4 ,?us ! 
lett]s indicate fix$ t]ms 9 our sy/em ( 
music1 & ! syllables indicate t]ms      
homolog\s to ! simil> relations 9       
diff]5t keys4 ,! lett]s %[ ! keys on !  
piano1 & ! syllables ! degrees 9 !      
scale4 ,fr5* musicians h made a /range  
muddle ( ?is4 ,!y h confus$ ! mean+ ( ! 
syllables ) t ( ! lett]s1 & :ile !y h   
unnecess>ily giv5 u two sets ( symbols =
 ! keys ( ! piano1 !y h left none = !   
*ords ( ! scales2 s t ,ut & ,c are      
always ! same = !m2 ?is is n & ought n  
to be2 if s1 :at is ! use ( ,c8 ,_!     
me?od ( sol-fa+ is1 !re=e1 extremely &  
ne$lessly difficult1 nei!r does x give  
any cle> idea to ! m9d2 s9ce1 by ?is    
me?od1 ,ut & ,me1 = example1 may mean   
ei!r a major ?ird1 a m9or ?ird1 an      
augm5t$ ?ird1 or a dim9i%$ ?ird4 ,:at a 
/range ?+ t ! c\ntry :i* produces ! f9e/
 books ab\t music %\ld be ! v c\ntry :]e

 x is h>de/ to le>n music6  ,let u adopt
 a simpl] & cle>] plan ) our pupil2 let 
him h only two scales ^: relations rema9
 un*ang$1 & indicat$ by ! same symbols4 
,:e!r he s+s or plays1 let him le>n to  
fix 8 scale on "o ( ! twelve tones :i*  
may s]ve z a base1 & :e!r he modulates 9
 ,d1 ,c1 or ,g1 let ! close be always   
,ut or ,la1 accord+ to ! scale4 ,9 ?is  
way he w und]/& :at y mean1 & ! ess5tial
 relations = correct s++ & play+ w      
always be pres5t 9 8 m9d2 8 execution w 
be bett] & 8 progress quick]4 ,!re is   
no?+ funni] ?an :at ! ,fr5* call natural
 sol-fa+2 x consi/s 9 remov+ ! real     
mean+ ( ?+s & putt+ 9 _! place o!r      
mean+s :i* only di/ract u4 ,!re is no?+ 
m natural ?an sol-fa+ by transposition1 
:5 ! scale is transpos$4 ,b ,i h said   
en\gh1 & m ?an en\gh1 ab\t music2 tea* x
 z y please1 s long z x is no?+ b play4 
,we are n[ ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) !        
condition ( =eign bodies 9 relation to  
our own1 _! weight1 =m1 col\r1 d5sity1  
size1 di/ance1 temp]ature1 /ability1 or 

motion4 ,we h le>nt :i* ( !m to approa* 
or avoid1 h[ to set ab\t ov]com+ _!     
resi/ance or to resi/ !m s z to prev5t  
ourselves f injury2 b ?is is n en\gh4   
,our own body is con/antly wa/+ & z     
con/antly requires to be r5ew$4 ,al?\gh 
we h ! p[] ( *ang+ o!r sub/ances into   
our own1 our *oice is n a matt] (       
indiff]5ce4 ,ev]y?+ is n food = man1 &  
:at may be food = him is n all equally  
suitable2 x dep5ds on 8 racial          
con/itution1 ! c\ntry he lives 91 8     
individual temp]am5t1 & ! way ( liv+ :i*
 8 condition dem&s4  ,if we _h to wait  
till exp]i5ce taught u to "k & *oose fit
 food = ourselves1 we %\ld die ( hung]  
or poison2 b a k9dly provid5ce :i* has  
made pleasure ! means ( self-pres]vation
 to s5ti5t be+s tea*es u ?r\gh our      
palate :at is suitable = our /oma*4 ,9 a
 /ate ( nature !re is no bett] doctor   
?an a man's own appetite1 & no d\bt 9 a 
/ate ( nature man c\ld f9d ! mo/        
palateable food ! mo/ :olesome4  ,nor is
 ?is all4 ,our ,mak] provides1 n only = 

^? ne$s he has creat$1 b = ^? we create 
= ourselves2 & x is to keep ! balance   
betwe5 our wants & our ne$s t he has    
caus$ our ta/es to *ange & v>y ) our way
 ( liv+4 ,! fur!r we are f a /ate (     
nature1 ! m we lose our natural ta/es2  
or r1 habit becomes a second nature1 & s
 completely replaces our real nature1 t 
we h lo/ all k ( x4  ,f ?is x foll[s t !
 mo/ natural ta/es %\ld be ! simple/1 = 
^? are m easily *ang$2 b :5 !y are %>p5$
 & /imulat$ by our fancies !y assume a  
=m :i* is incapable ( modification4 ,!  
man :o s f> has n adapt$ himself to "o  
c\ntry c le>n ! ways ( any c\ntry       
:atsoev]2 b ! man :o has adopt$ ! habits
 ( "o p>ticul> c\ntry c nev] %ake !m (f4
  ,?is seems to be true ( all our s5ses1
 especially ( ta/e4 ,our fir/ food is   
milk2 we only become accu/om$ by degrees
 to /rong flav\rs2 at fir/ we dislike   
!m4 ,fruit1 vegetables1 h]bs1 & !n fri$ 
meat )\t salt or season+1 =m$ ! fea/s ( 
primitive man4 ,:5 ! savage ta/es w9e = 
! fir/ "t1 he makes a grimace & spits x 

out2 & ev5 among ourselves a man :o has 
n ta/$ f]m5t$ liquors be=e tw5ty _c get 
us$ to !m2 we %\ld all be sob] if we did
 n h w9e :5 we 7 *ildr54 ,inde$1 !      
simpl] our ta/es are1 ! m g5]al !y are2 
made di%es are ^? mo/ frequ5tly dislik$4
 ,did y ev] meet ) any "o :o dislik$    
bread or wat]8 ,"h is ! f+] ( nature1   
?is !n is our rule4 ,pres]ve ! *ild's   
primitive ta/es z long z possible2 let 8
 food be pla9 & simple1 let /rong       
flav\rs be unkn[n to 8 palate1 & d n let
 8 diet be too uni=m4  ,i am n ask+1 = !
 pres5t1 :e!r ?is way ( liv+ is heal?i] 
or no2 t is n :at ,i h 9 view4 ,x is    
en\gh = me to "k t my *oice is m 9      
accordance ) nature1 & t x c be m       
readily adapt$ to o!r conditions4 ,9 my 
op9ion1 ^? :o say *ildr5 %\ld be        
accu/om$ to ! food !y w h :5 !y are gr[n
 up are mi/ak54 ,:y %\ld _! food be !   
same :5 _! way ( liv+ is s diff]5t8 ,a  
man worn out by lab\r1 anxiety1 & pa9   
ne$s ta/y foods to give fre% vig\r to 8 
bra92 a *ild fre% f 8 games1 a *ild ^:  

body is gr[+1 ne$s pl5tiful food :i* w  
supply m *yle4 ,moreov] ! gr[n man has  
already a settl$ pr(ession1 occupation1 
& home1 b :o c tell :at ,fate holds 9   
/ore = ! *ild8 ,let u n give him s fix$ 
a b5t 9 any direction t he _c *ange x if
 requir$ )\t h>d%ip4 ,d n br+ him up s t
 he w\ld die ( hung] 9 a =eign l& if he 
does n take a ,fr5* cook ab\t ) him2 d n
 let him say at "s future "t t ,france  
is ! only c\ntry :]e ! food is fit to   
eat4  ,by ! way1 t is a /range way (    
prais+ "o's c\ntry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i    
myself %\ld say t ! ,fr5* are ! only p  
:o d n "k :at good food is1 s9ce !y     
require su* a special art to make _!    
di%es eatable4  ,( all our diff]5t      
s5ses1 we are usually mo/ affect$ by    
ta/e4 ,?us x conc]ns u m ne>ly to judge 
aright ( :at w actually become "p (     
ourselves1 ?an ( t :i* w m]ely =m "p (  
our environm5t4 ,_m ?+s are matt]s (    
indiff]5ce to t\*1 he>+1 & sight2 b ta/e
 is affect$ by almo/ ev]y?+4 ,moreov] ! 
activity ( ?is s5se is :olly physical & 

mat]ial2 ( all ! s5ses1 x alone makes no
 appeal to ! imag9ation1 or at lea/1    
imag9ation plays a small] "p 9 its      
s5sations2 :ile imitation & imag9ation  
(t5 br+ morality into ! impressions ( ! 
o!r s5ses4 ,?us1 speak+ g5]ally1 s(t &  
pleasure-lov+ m9ds1 passionate & truly  
s5sitive dispositions1 :i* are easily   
/irr$ by ! o!r s5ses1 are usually       
indiff]5t to ?is4 ,f ?is v fact1 :i*    
app>5tly places ta/e bel[ our o!r s5ses 
& makes our incl9ation t[>ds x ! m      
despicable1 ,i draw j ! opposite        
conclusion--t ! be/ way to lead *ildr5  
is by ! m\?4 ,gre$9ess is a bett] motive
 ?an vanity2 = ! =m] is a natural       
appetite directly dep5d5t on ! s5ses1   
:ile ! latt] is ! outcome ( conv5tion1 x
 is ! slave ( human caprice & liable to 
e k9d ( abuse4 ,believe me ! *ild w     
cease to c>e ab\t 8 food only too soon1 
& :5 8 he>t is too busy1 8 palate w be  
idle4 ,:5 he is gr[n up gre$9ess w be   
expell$ by a ho/ ( /rong] passions1 :ile
 vanity w only be /imulat$ by !m2 = ?is 

latt] passion fe$s ^u ! re/ till at l5g?
 !y are all swall[$ up 9 x4 ,i h        
sometimes /udi$ ^? m5 :o pay great      
att5tion to good eat+1 m5 ^: fir/ wak+  
?\ght is--,:at %all we h to eat to-day8 
m5 :o describe _! d9n] ) z mu* detail z 
,polybius describes a combat4 ,i h f\nd 
^! s-call$ m5 7 only *ildr5 ( =ty1 )\t  
/r5g? or vig\r--fruges consum]e nati4   
,gluttony is ! vice ( feeble m9ds4  ,!  
g\rm& has 8 bra9s 9 8 palate1 he c d    
no?+ b eat2 he is s /upid & incapable t 
! table is ! only place = him1 & di%es  
are ! only ?+s he kn[s any?+ ab\t4 ,let 
u leave him to ?is bus9ess )\t regret2 x
 is bett] = him & = u4  ,x is a small   
m9d t fe>s le/ gre$9ess %\ld take root 9
 ! *ild :o is fit = some?+ bett]4 ,!    
*ild ?9ks ( no?+ b 8 food1 ! y\? pays no
 he$ to x at all2 e k9d ( food is good1 
& we h o!r ?+s to att5d to4 ,yet ,i w\ld
 n h y use ! l[ motive unwisely4 ,i w\ld
 n h y tru/ to da9ties r ?an to ! hon\r 
:i* is ! rew>d ( a good de$4 ,b *ildhood
 is1 or ought to be1 a "t ( play & m]ry 

sports1 & ,i d n see :y ! rew>ds (      
purely bodily ex]cises %\ld n be mat]ial
 & s5sible rew>ds4 ,if a little lad 9   
,majorca sees a basket on ! tree-top &  
br+s x d[n ) 8 sl+1 is x n fair t he    
%\ld get some?+ by ?is1 & a good        
breakfa/ %\ld repair ! /r5g? sp5t 9     
gett+ x4 ,if a "y ,sp>tan1 fac+ ! risk (
 a hundr$ /ripes1 slips skilfully into !
 kit*51 & /eals a live fox cub1 c>ries x
 (f 9 8 g>m5t1 & is scrat*$1 bitt5 till 
! blood comes1 & = %ame le/ he %\ld be  
caught ! *ild all[s 8 b[els to be torn  
out )\t a movem5t or a cry1 is x n fair 
t he %\ld keep 8 spoils1 t he %\ld eat 8
 prey aft] x has eat5 him8 ,a good meal 
%\ld nev] be a rew>d2 b :y %\ld x n be  
sometimes ! result ( ef=ts made to get  
x4 ,emile does n consid] ! cake ,i put  
on ! /one z a rew>d = good runn+2 he    
kn[s t ! only way to get ! cake is to   
get !re fir/4  ,?is does n contradict my
 previ\s rules ab\t simple food2 = to   
tempt a *ild's appetite y ne$ n /imulate
 x1 y ne$ only satisfy x2 & ! commone/  

?+s w d ?is if y d n attempt to ref9e   
*ildr5's ta/e4 ,_! p]petual hung]1 !    
result ( _! ne$ = gr[?1 w be ! be/      
sauce4 ,fruit1 milk1 a piece ( cake j a 
little bett] ?an ord9>y bread1 & above  
all ! art ( disp5s+ ^! ?+s prud5tly1 by 
^! means y may lead a ho/ ( *ildr5 to ! 
_w's end1 )\t on ! "o h& giv+ !m a ta/e 
= /rong flav\rs1 nor on ! o!r h& lett+  
!m get tir$ ( _! food4  ,! indiff]5ce ( 
*ildr5 t[>ds meat is "o pro( t ! ta/e = 
meat is unnatural2 _! pref]5ce is =     
vegetable foods1 su* z milk1 pa/ry1     
fruit1 etc4 ,bew>e ( *ang+ ?is natural  
ta/e & mak+ *ildr5 fle%-eat]s1 if n = _!
 heal?'s sake1 = ! sake ( _! "*2 = h[ c 
"o expla9 away ! fact t great meat-eat]s
 are usually fi]c] & m cruel ?an o!r m52
 ?is has be5 recognis$ at all times & 9 
all places4 ,! ,engli% are not$ = _!    
cruelty ,footnote3 ,i am aw>e t !       
,engli% make a boa/ ( _! humanity & ( ! 
k9dly disposition ( _! race1 :i* !y call
 good-natur$ p2 b 9 va9 d !y proclaim   
?is fact2 no "o else says x ( !m4 :ile !

 ,gaures are ! g5tle/ ( m54 ,footnote3  
,! ,banians1 :o ab/a9 f fle% ev5 m      
completely ?an ! ,gaures1 are almo/ z   
g5tle z ! ,gaures !mselves1 b z _!      
morality is less pure & _! =m ( wor%ip  
less reasonable !y are n su* good m54   
,all savages are cruel1 & x is n _!     
cu/oms t t5d 9 ?is direction2 _! cruelty
 is ! result ( _! food4 ,!y g to w> z to
 ! *ase1 & treat m5 z !y w\ld treat     
be>s4 ,inde$ 9 ,engl& but*]s are n all[$
 to give evid5ce 9 a c\rt ( law1 no m c 
surgeons4 ,footnote3 ,"o ( ! ,engli%    
translators ( my book has po9t$ out my  
mi/ake1 & bo? ( !m h correct$ x4 ,but*]s
 & surgeons are all[$ to give evid5ce 9 
! law c\rts1 b but*]s may n s]ve on     
juries 9 crim9al cases1 ?\gh surgeons   
are all[$ to d s4 ,great crim9als prep>e
 !mselves = murd] by dr9k+ blood4 ,hom] 
makes 8 fle%-eat+ ,cyclops a t]rible    
man1 :ile 8 ,lotus-eat]s are s          
delightful t ^? :o w5t to trade ) !m    
=got ev5 _! own c\ntry to dwell among   
!m4  ,y ask me1 said ,plut>*1 :y        

,py?agoras ab/a9$ f eat+ ! fle% ( bea/s1
 b ,i ask y1 :at c\rage mu/ h be5 ne$$  
by ! fir/ man :o rais$ to 8 lips ! fle% 
( ! sla91 :o broke ) 8 tee? ! bones ( a 
dy+ bea/1 :o _h dead bodies1 corpses1   
plac$ be=e him & swall[$ d[n limbs :i* a
 few mom5ts ago 7 bleat+1 bell[+1 walk+1
 & see+8 ,h[ c\ld 8 h& plunge ! knife   
into ! he>t ( a s5ti5t creature1 h[ c\ld
 8 eyes look on murd]1 h[ c\ld he behold
 a poor helpless animal bl$ to dea?1    
scor*$1 & dismemb]$8 h[ c he be> ! sight
 ( ?is quiv]+ fle%8 does n ! v smell ( x
 turn 8 /oma*8 is he n repell$1 disgu/$1
 horror-/ruck1 :5 he has to h&le ! blood
 f ^! w\nds1 & to cleanse 8 f+]s f ! d>k
 & visc\s blood/a9s8       ,! scor*$    
sk9s wriggl$ ^u ! gr\nd1      ,! %r9k+  
fle% bell[$ ^u ! spit4      ,man _c eat 
!m )\t a %udd]2      ,he seems to he> _!
 cries )9 8 brea/4  ,?us mu/ he h felt !
 fir/ "t he did despite to nature & made
 ?is horrible meal2 ! fir/ "t he hung]$ 
= ! liv+ creature1 & desir$ to fe$ ^u ! 
bea/ :i* 0 /ill graz+2 :5 he bade !m    

slay1 dismemb]1 & cut up ! %eep :i*     
lick$ 8 h&s4 ,x is ^? :o began ^! cruel 
fea/s1 n ^? :o ab&on !m1 :o %\ld cause  
surprise1 & !re 7 excuses = ^? primitive
 m51 excuses :i* we h n1 & ! abs5ce (   
su* excuses multiplies our b>b>ity a    
hundr$fold4  ',mortals1 belov$ ( !      
gods1' says ?is primitive man1 'comp>e  
our times ) y\rs2 see h[ happy y are1 & 
h[ wret*$ 7 we4 ,! e>?1 newly =m$1 ! air
 heavy ) moi/ure1 7 n yet subject$ to ! 
rule ( ! seasons4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( !       
surface ( ! globe 0 flood$ by !         
ev]-%ift+ *annels ( riv]s unc]ta9 ( _!  
c\rse1 & cov]$ ) pools1 lakes1 &        
bottomless morasses4 ,! rema9+ qu>t] 0  
cov]$ ) woods & b>r5 =e/s4 ,! e>? yield$
 no good fruit1 we _h no in/rum5ts (    
tillage1 we did n ev5 "k ! use ( !m1 & !
 "t ( h>ve/ nev] came = ^? :o _h s[n    
no?+4 ,?us hung] 0 always 9 our mid/4 ,9
 w9t]1 mosses & ! b>k ( trees 7 our     
common food4 ,a few gre5 roots (        
dogs-bit or hea!r 7 a fea/1 & :5 m5 f\nd
 bee*-ma/1 nuts1 or acorns1 !y danc$ =  

joy r\nd ! bee* or oak1 to ! s\nd ( "s  
rude song1 :ile !y call$ ! e>? _! "m &  
_! nurse4 ,?is 0 _! only fe/ival1 _!    
only sport2 all ! re/ ( man's life 0    
sp5t 9 sorr[1 pa91 & hung]4  ',at l5g?1 
:5 ! b>e & nak$ e>? no long] (f]$ u any 
food1 we 7 compell$ 9 self-def5ce to    
outrage nature1 & to fe$ ^u our         
companions 9 di/ress1 r ?an p]i% ) !m4  
,b y1 oh1 cruel m56 :o =ces y to %$     
blood8 ,behold ! weal? ( good ?+s ab\t  
y1 ! fruits yield$ by ! e>?1 ! weal? (  
field & v9ey>d2 ! animals give _! milk =
 y\r dr9k & _! fleece = y\r clo?+4 ,:at 
m d y ask8  ,:at madness compels y to   
commit su* murd]s1 :5 y h already m ?an 
y c eat or dr9k8 ,:y d y sl&] our "m    
e>?1 & accuse h] ( d5y+ y food8 ,:y d y 
s9 aga9/ ,c]es1 ! inv5tor ( ! sacr$     
laws1 & aga9/ ! graci\s ,bac*us1 !      
com=t] ( man1 z if _! lavi% gifts 7 n   
en\gh to pres]ve mank9d8 ,h y ! he>t to 
m+le _! sweet fruits ) ! bones ^u y\r   
table1 to eat ) ! milk ! blood ( ! bea/s
 :i* gave x8 ,! lions & pan!rs1 wild    

bea/s z y call !m1 are driv5 to foll[ _!
 natural in/9ct1 & !y kill o!r bea/s t  
!y may live4 ,b1 a hundr$fold fi]c] ?an 
!y1 y fight aga9/ y\r in/9cts )\t cause1
 & ab&on y\rselves to ! mo/ cruel       
pleasures4 ,! animals y eat are n ^? :o 
dev\r o!rs2 y d n eat ! c>nivor\s bea/s1
 y take !m z y\r patt]n4 ,y only hung] =
 ! sweet & g5tle creatures :i* h>m no   
"o1 :i* foll[ y1 s]ve y1 & are dev\r$ by
 y z ! rew>d ( _! s]vice4  ',o unnatural
 murd]]6 if y p]si/ 9 ! ass]tion t      
nature has made y to dev\r y\r          
fell[-creatures1 be+s ( fle% & blood1   
liv+ & feel+ l y\rself1 /ifle if y c t  
horror ) :i* nature makes y reg>d ^!    
horrible fea/s2 slay ! animals y\rself1 
slay !m1 ,i say1 ) y\r own h&s1 )\t     
knife or mallet2 te> !m ) y\r nails l ! 
lion & ! be>1 take ?is ox & r5d him 9   
pieces1 plunge y\r claws into 8 hide2   
eat ?is lamb :ile x is yet alive1 dev\r 
its w>m fle%1 dr9k its s\l ) its blood4 
,y %udd]6 y d>e n feel ! liv+ ?robb+    
fle% betwe5 y\r tee?8 ,ru?less man2 y   

beg9 by slay+ ! animal & !n y dev\r x1 z
 if to slay x twice4 ,x is n en\gh4 ,y  
turn aga9/ ! dead fle%1 x revolts y1 x  
mu/ be trans=m$ by fire1 boil$ & roa/$1 
season$ & disguis$ ) drugs2 y mu/ h     
but*]s1 cooks1 turnspits1 m5 :o w rid ! 
murd] ( its horrors1 :o w dress ! dead  
bodies s t ! ta/e deceiv$ by ^!         
disguises w n reject :at is /range to x1
 & w fea/ on corpses1 ! v sight ( :i*   
w\ld sick5 y4'  ,al?\gh ?is quotation is
 irrelevant1 ,i _c resi/ ! temptation to
 transcribe x1 & ,i ?9k few ( my read]s 
w res5t x4  ,9 conclusion1 :atev] food y
 give y\r *ildr51 provid$ y accu/om !m  
to no?+ b pla9 & simple di%es1 let !m   
eat & run & play z mu* z !y want2 y may 
be sure !y w nev] eat too mu* & w nev] h
 indige/ion2 b if y keep !m hungry half 
_! "t1 :5 !y d contrive to evade y\r    
vigilance1 !y w take advantage ( x z f> 
z !y c2 !y w eat till !y are sick1 !y w 
gorge !mselves till !y c eat no m4 ,our 
appetite is only excessive because we   
try to impose on x rules o!r ?an ^? (   

nature1 oppos+1 controll+1 prescrib+1   
add+1 or sub/ract+2 ! scales are always 
9 our h&s1 b ! scales are ! measure (   
our caprices n ( our /oma*s4 ,i return  
to my usual illu/ration2 among peasants 
! cupbo>d & ! apple-l(t are always left 
op51 & indige/ion is unkn[n alike to    
*ildr5 & gr[n-up p4  ,if1 h[ev]1 x      
happ5$ t a *ild 7 too great an eat]1    
?\gh1 "u my sy/em1 ,i ?9k x is          
impossible1 he is s easily di/ract$ by 8
 fav\rite games t "o might easily />ve  
him )\t 8 kn[+ x4 ,h[ is x t tea*]s h   
fail$ to use su* a safe & easy weapon4  
,h]odotus records t ! ,lydians1         
,footnote3 ,! anci5t hi/orians are full 
( op9ions :i* may be useful1 ev5 if !   
facts :i* !y pres5t are false4 ,b we d n
 "k h[ to make any real use ( hi/ory4   
,criticism & erudition are our only c>e2
 z if x matt]$ m t a /atem5t 7 true or  
false ?an t we %\ld be able to get a    
useful lesson f x4 ,a wise man %\ld     
consid] hi/ory a tissue ( fables ^:     
morals are well adapt$ to ! human he>t4 

"u ! pressure ( great sc>city1 decid$ to
 inv5t sports & o!r amusem5ts ) :i* to  
*eat _! hung]1 & !y pass$ :ole days )\t 
?\ght ( food4 ,y\r le>n$ tea*]s may h   
read ?is passage "t aft] "t )\t see+ h[ 
x might be appli$ to *ildr54 ,"o ( ^!   
tea*]s w probably tell me t a *ild does 
n l to leave 8 d9n] = 8 lessons4 ,y are 
"r1 sir--,i 0 n ?9k+ ( t sort ( sport4  
,! s5se ( smell is to ta/e :at sight is 
to t\*2 x goes be=e x & gives x w>n+ t x
 w be affect$ by ?is or t sub/ance2 & x 
incl9es x to seek or %un ?is exp]i5ce   
accord+ to ! impressions receiv$ be=eh&4
 ,i h be5 told t savages receive        
impressions q diff]5t f ours1 & t !y h q
 diff]5t ideas ) reg>d to pleasant or   
unpleasant od\rs4 ,i c well believe x4  
,od\rs alone are slight s5sations2 !y   
affect ! imag9ation r ?an ! s5ses1 & !y 
"w ma9ly ?r\gh ! anticipations !y ar\se4
 ,?is be+ s1 & ! ta/es ( savages be+ s  
unlike ! ta/e ( civilis$ m51 !y %\ld    
lead !m to =m v diff]5t ideas ) reg>d to
 flav\rs & !re=e ) reg>d to ! od\rs :i* 

ann\nce !m4 ,a ,t>t> mu/ enjoy ! smell (
 a haun* ( putrid horsefle%1 mu* z a    
sportsman enjoys a v high p>tridge4 ,our
 idle s5sations1 su* z ! sc5ts waft$ f !
 fl[] b$s1 mu/ pass unnotic$ among m5 :o
 walk too mu* to c>e = /roll+ 9 a g>d51 
& d n "w en\gh to f9d pleasure 9 repose4
 ,hungry m5 w\ld f9d little pleasure 9  
sc5ts :i* did n proclaim ! approa* (    
food4  ,smell is ! s5se ( ! imag9ation2 
z x gives tone to ! n]ves x mu/ h a     
great effect on ! bra92 t is :y x       
revives u = ! "t1 b ev5tually causes    
exhau/ion4 ,its effects on love are     
pretty g5]ally recognis$4 ,! sweet      
p]fumes ( a dress+-room are n s slight a
 sn>e z y may fancy !m1 & ,i h>dly "k   
:e!r to congratulate or condole ) t wise
 & some:at ins5sible p]son ^: s5ses are 
nev] /irr$ by ! sc5t ( ! fl[]s 8 mi/ress
 we>s 9 h] bosom4  ,h5ce ! s5se ( smell 
%\ld n be ov]-active 9 e>ly *ildhood2 ! 
imag9ation1 z yet un/irr$ by *ang+      
passions1 is sc>cely susceptible (      
emotion1 & we h n en\gh exp]i5ce to     

disc]n be=eh& f "o s5se ! promise (     
ano!r4 ,?is view is confirm$ by         
obs]vation1 & x is c]ta9 t ! s5se (     
smell is dull & almo/ blunt$ 9 mo/      
*ildr54  ,n t _! s5sations are less     
acute ?an ^? ( gr[n-up p1 b t !re is no 
idea associat$ ) !m2 !y d n easily      
exp]i5ce pleasure or pa91 & are n       
flatt]$ or hurt z we are4 ,)\t go+      
beyond my sy/em1 & )\t rec\rse to       
comp>ative anatomy1 ,i ?9k we c easily  
see :y wom5 are g5]ally fond] ( p]fumes 
?an m54  ,x is said t f e>ly *ildhood ! 
,r$sk9s ( ,canada1 tra9 _! s5se ( smell 
to su* a degree ( subtlety t1 al?\gh !y 
h dogs1 !y d n condesc5d to use !m 9    
hunt+--!y are _! own dogs4 ,inde$ ,i    
believe t if *ildr5 7 tra9$ to sc5t _!  
d9n] z a dog sc5ts game1 _! s5se ( smell
 might be ne>ly z p]fect2 b ,i see no v 
real advantage to be d]iv$ f ?is s5se1  
except by tea*+ ! *ild to obs]ve !      
relation betwe5 smell & ta/e4 ,nature   
has tak5 c>e to compel u to le>n ^!     
relations4 ,%e has made ! ex]cise ( !   

latt] s5se practically insep>able f t ( 
! =m]1 by plac+ _! organs close toge!r1 
& by provid+1 9 ! m\?1 a direct pa?way  
betwe5 !m1 s t we ta/e no?+ )\t smell+ x
 too4 ,only ,i w\ld n h ^! natural      
relations di/urb$ 9 ord] to deceive !   
*ild1 e4g42 to conceal ! ta/e ( m$ic9e )
 an aromatic od\r1 = ! discord betwe5 ! 
s5ses is too great = deception1 ! m     
active s5se ov]p[]s ! o!r1 ! m$ic9e is j
 z di/a/eful1 & ?is disagreeable        
association ext5ds to e s5sation        
exp]i5c$ at ! "t2 s ! slighte/ ( ^!     
s5sations recalls ! re/ to 8 imag9ation 
& a v pleasant p]fume is = him only a   
na/y smell2 ?us our fooli% precautions  
increase ! sum total ( 8 unpleasant     
s5sations at ! co/ ( 8 pleasant         
s5sations4  ,9 ! foll[+ books ,i h /ill 
to speak ( ! tra9+ ( a sort ( six? s5se1
 call$ common-s5se1 n s mu* because x is
 common to all m51 b because x results f
 ! well-regulat$ use ( ! o!r five1 &    
tea*es ! nature ( ?+s by ! sum-total (  
_! ext]nal aspects4 ,s ?is six? s5se has

 no special organ1 x has its seat 9 !   
bra91 & its s5sations :i* are purely    
int]nal are call$ p]cepts or ideas4 ,!  
numb] ( ^! ideas is ! measure ( our k2  
exactness ( ?\ght dep5ds on _! cle>ness 
& precision2 ! art ( comp>+ !m "o )     
ano!r is call$ human reason4 ,?us :at ,i
 call ! reason+ ( ! s5ses1 or ! reason+ 
( ! *ild1 consi/s 9 ! =mation ( simple  
ideas ?r\gh ! associat$ exp]i5ce (      
sev]al s5sations2 :at ,i call ! reason+ 
( ! intellect1 consi/s 9 ! =mation1 (   
complex ideas ?r\gh ! association (     
sev]al simple ideas4  ,if my me?od is   
inde$ t ( nature1 & if ,i am n mi/ak5 9 
! application ( t me?od1 we h l$ our    
pupil ?r\gh ! region ( s5sation to !    
b\nds ( ! *ild's reason+2 ! fir/ /ep we 
take beyond ^! b\nds mu/ be ! /ep ( a   
man4 ,b be=e we make ?is fre% advance1  
let u glance back = a mom5t at ! pa? we 
h hi!rto foll[$4 ,e age1 e /ation 9     
life1 has a p]fection1 a rip5ess1 ( its 
own4 ,we h (t5 he>d ! phrase a gr[n man2
 b we w consid] a gr[n *ild4 ,?is w be a

 new exp]i5ce & none ! less pleas+4  ,! 
life ( f9ite creatures is s poor & n>r[ 
t ! m]e sight ( :at is ar\ses no        
emotion4 ,x is fancy :i* decks reality1 
& if imag9ation does n l5d its *>m to t 
:i* t\*es our s5ses1 our b>r5 pleasure  
is conf9$ to ! s5ses alone1 :ile ! he>t 
rema9s cold4 ,! e>? adorn$ ) ! treasures
 ( autumn displays a weal? ( col\r :i* !
 eye admires2 b ?is admiration fails to 
move u1 x spr+s r f ?\ght ?an f feel+4  
,9 spr+ ! c\ntry is almo/ b>e &         
leafless1 ! trees give no %ade1 ! grass 
has h>dly begun to gr[1 yet ! he>t is   
t\*$ by ! sight4 ,9 ?is new bir? (      
nature1 we feel ! revival ( our own     
life2 ! memories ( pa/ pleasures surr\nd
 u2 te>s ( delight1 ^? companions (     
pleasure ev] ready to accompany a pleas+
 s5tim5t1 tremble on our eyelids4       
,animat$1 lively1 & delightful ?\gh !   
v9tage may be1 we behold x )\t a te>4   
,& :y is ?is8 ,because imag9ation adds  
to ! sight ( spr+ ! image ( ! seasons   
:i* are yet to come2 ! eye sees ! t5d]  

%oot1 ! m9d's eye beholds its fl[]s1    
fruit1 & foliage1 & ev5 ! my/]ies !y may
 conceal4 ,x bl5ds successive /ages into
 "o mom5t's exp]i5ce2 we see ?+s1 n s   
mu* z !y w be1 b z we w\ld h !m be1 =   
imag9ation has only to take h] *oice4 ,9
 autumn1 on ! o!r h&1 we only behold !  
pres5t2 if we wi% to look =w>d to spr+1 
w9t] b>s ! way1 & our %iv]+ imag9ation  
dies away among its fro/ & sn[4  ,?is is
 ! s\rce ( ! *>m we f9d 9 behold+ !     
beauties ( *ildhood1 r ?an ! p]fection (
 manhood4 ,:5 d we really delight 9     
behold+ a man8 ,:5 ! memory ( 8 de$s    
leads u to look back ov] 8 life & 8 y\? 
is r5ew$ 9 our eyes4 ,if we are r$uc$ to
 view+ him z he is1 or to pictur+ him z 
he w be 9 old age1 ! ?\ght ( decl9+ ye>s
 de/roys all our pleasure4 ,!re is no   
pleasure 9 see+ a man ha/5+ to 8 grave2 
! image ( dea? makes all hide\s4  ,b :5 
,i ?9k ( a *ild ( t5 or twelve1 /rong1  
heal?y1 well-gr[n = 8 age1 only pleasant
 ?\ghts are call$ up1 :e!r ( ! pres5t or
 ! future4 ,i see him ke51 eag]1 & full 

( life1 free f gnaw+ c>es & pa9ful      
=ebod+s1 absorb$ 9 ?is pres5t /ate1 &   
delight+ 9 a fullness ( life :i* seems  
to ext5d beyond himself4 ,i look =w>d to
 a "t :5 he w use 8 daily increas+ s5se1
 intellig5ce & vig\r1 ^? gr[+ p[]s ( :i*
 he cont9ually gives fre% pro(4 ,i wat* 
! *ild ) delight1 ,i picture to myself !
 man ) ev5 great] pleasure4 ,8 eag] life
 seems to /ir my own pulses1 ,i seem to 
live 8 life & 9 8 vig\r ,i r5ew my own4 
,! h\r /rikes1 ! sc5e is *ang$4 ,all ( a
 sudd5 8 eye gr[s dim1 8 mir? has fl$4  
,f>ewell mir?1 f>ewell untrammell$      
sports 9 :i* he delight$4 ,a /]n1 angry 
man takes him by ! h&1 say+ gravely1    
,come ) me1 sir1 & he is l$ away4 ,z !y 
are ent]+ ! room1 ,i cat* a glimpse (   
books4 ,books1 :at dull food = a *ild ( 
8 age6 ,! poor *ild all[s himself to be 
dragg$ away2 he ca/s a sorr[ful look on 
all ab\t him1 & dep>ts 9 sil5ce1 8 eyes 
swoll5 ) ! te>s he d>e n %$1 & 8 he>t   
bur/+ ) ! sighs he d>e n utt]4  ,y :o h 
no su* cause = fe>1 y = :om no p]iod (  

life is a "t ( we>9ess & t$ium1 y :o    
welcome days )\t c>e & nights )\t       
impati5ce1 y :o only reckon "t by y\r   
pleasures1 come1 my happy k9dly pupil1 &
 console u = ! dep>ture ( t mis]able    
creature4 ,come6 ,"h he is & at 8       
approa* ,i feel a ?rill ( delight :i* ,i
 see he %>es4 ,x is 8 fri5d1 8 comrade1 
:o meets him2 :5 he sees me he kn[s v   
well t he w n be long )\t amusem5t2 we  
are nev] dep5d5t on ea* o!r1 b we are   
always on good t]ms1 & we are nev] s    
happy z :5 toge!r4  ,8 face1 8 be>+1 8  
expression1 speak ( confid5ce &         
cont5tm5t2 heal? %9es 9 8 c\nt5ance1 8  
firm /ep speaks ( /r5g?2 8 col\r1       
delicate b n sickly1 has no?+ ( s(tness 
or effem9acy4 ,sun & w9d h already set !
 hon\rable /amp ( manhood on 8          
c\nt5ance2 8 r\nd$ muscles already beg9 
to %[ "s signs ( gr[+ individuality2 8  
eyes1 z yet unlight$ by ! flame ( feel+1
 h at lea/ all _! native calm2 ,!y h n  
be5 d>k5$ by prolong$ sorr[1 nor are 8  
*eeks furr[$ by ceaseless te>s4 ,behold 

9 8 quick & c]ta9 movem5ts ! natural    
vig\r ( 8 age & ! confid5ce (           
indep5d5ce4 ,8 mann] is free & op51 b   
)\t a trace ( insol5ce or vanity2 8 head
 :i* has n be5 b5t ov] books does n fall
 ^u 8 brea/2 !re is no ne$ to say1 ,hold
 y\r head up1 he w nei!r hang 8 head =  
%ame or fe>4  ,make room = him1 g5tlem51
 9 y\r mid/2 "q him boldly2 h no fe> (  
importunity1 *att]1 or imp]t95t         
que/ions4 ,y ne$ n be afraid t he w take
 possession ( y & expect y to devote    
y\rself entirely to him1 s t y _c get   
rid ( him4  ,nei!r ne$ y look =         
complim5ts f him2 nor w he tell y :at ,i
 h taught him to say2 expect no?+ f him 
b ! pla91 simple tru?1 )\t addition or  
ornam5t & )\t vanity4 ,he w tell y !    
wrong ?+s he has done & ?\ght z readily 
z ! "r1 )\t tr\bl+ himself 9 ! lea/ z to
 ! effect ( 8 words ^u y2 he w use spee*
 ) all ! simplicity ( its fir/ beg9n+s4 
,we love to augur well ( our *ildr51 &  
we are cont9ually regrett+ ! flood (    
folly :i* ov]:elms ! hopes we w\ld fa9 h

 re/$ on "s *ance phrase4 ,if my s*ol>  
r>ely gives me cause = su* prophecies1  
nei!r w he give me cause = su* regrets1 
= he nev] says a useless ^w1 & does n   
exhau/ himself by *att]+ :5 he kn[s !re 
is no "o to li/5 to him4 ,8 ideas are   
few b precise1 he kn[s no?+ by rote b   
mu* by exp]i5ce4 ,if he reads our books 
worse ?an o!r *ildr51 he reads f> bett] 
9 ! book ( nature2 8 ?\ghts are n 9 8   
tongue b 9 8 bra92 he has less memory & 
m judgm5t2 he c only speak "o language1 
b he und]/&s :at he is say+1 & if 8     
spee* is n s good z t ( o!r *ildr5 8    
de$s are bett]4  ,he does n "k ! mean+ (
 habit1 r\t9e1 & cu/om2 :at he did      
ye/]day has no control ov] :at he is do+
 to-day2 he foll[s no rule1 submits to  
no au?ority1 copies no patt]n1 & only   
acts or speaks z he pleases4 ,s d n     
expect set spee*es or /udi$ mann]s f    
him1 b j ! fai?ful expression ( 8 ?\ghts
 & ! conduct t spr+s f 8 incl9ations4   
,footnote3 ,habit owes its *>m to man's 
natural idl5ess1 & ?is idl5ess gr[s ^u u

 if indulg$2 x is easi] to d :at we h   
already done1 !re is a beat5 pa? :i* is 
easily foll[$4 ,?us we may obs]ve t     
habit is v /rong 9 ! ag$ & 9 ! indol5t1 
& v weak 9 ! "y & active4 ,! rule (     
habit is only good = feeble he>ts1 & x  
makes !m m & m feeble day by day4 ,!    
only useful habit = *ildr5 is to be     
accu/om$ to submit )\t difficulty to    
necessity1 & ! only useful habit = man  
is to submit )\t difficulty to ! rule ( 
reason4 ,e o!r habit is a vice4  ,y w   
f9d he has a few moral ideas conc]n+ 8  
pres5t /ate & none conc]n+ manhood2 :at 
use c\ld he make ( !m1 = ! *ild is n1 z 
yet1 an active memb] ( society4 ,speak  
to him ( fre$om1 ( prop]ty1 or ev5 ( :at
 is usually done2 he may und]/& y s f>2 
he kn[s :y 8 ?+s are 8 own1 & :y o!r ?+s
 are n 81 & no?+ m4 ,speak to him ( duty
 or ob$i5ce2 he w n "k :at y are talk+  
ab\t2 bid him d some?+ & he w pay no    
att5tion2 b say to him1 ,if y w give me 
?is pleasure1 ,i w repay x :5 requir$1 &
 he w ha/5 to give y satisfaction1 = he 

asks no?+ bett] ?an to ext5d 8 doma91 to
 acquire rights ov] y1 :i* w1 he kn[s1  
be respect$4 ,maybe he is n sorry to h a
 place ( 8 own1 to be reckon$ ( "s      
acc\nt2 b if he has =m$ ?is latt] idea1 
he has already left ! realms ( nature1 &
 y h fail$ to b> ! gates ( vanity4  ,= 8
 own "p1 %\ld he ne$ help1 he w ask x   
readily ( ! fir/ p]son he meets4 ,he w  
ask x ( a k+ z readily z ( 8 s]vant2 all
 m5 are equals 9 8 eyes4 ,f 8 way ( ask+
 y w see he kn[s y owe him no?+1 t he is
 ask+ a fav\r4  ,he kn[s too t humanity 
moves y to grant ?is fav\r2 8 words are 
few & simple4 ,8 voice1 8 look1 8 ge/ure
 are ^? ( a be+ equally famili> )       
compliance & refusal4 ,x is nei!r !     
crawl+1 s]vile submission ( ! slave1 nor
 ! imp]i\s tone ( ! ma/]1 x is a mode/  
confid5ce 9 mank9d2 x is ! noble & t\*+ 
g5tl5ess ( a creature1 free1 yet        
s5sitive & feeble1 :o asks aid ( a be+1 
free1 b /rong & k9dly4 ,if y grant 8    
reque/ he w n ?ank y1 b he w feel he has
 incurr$ a debt4 ,if y refuse he w nei!r

 compla9 nor insi/2 he kn[s x is        
useless2 he w n say1 ,!y refus$ to help 
me1 b ,x 0 impossible1 & z ,i h already 
said1 we d n rebel aga9/ necessity :5   
once we h p]ceiv$ x4  ,leave him to     
himself & wat* 8 actions )\t speak+1    
consid] :at he is do+ & h[ he sets ab\t 
x4 ,he does n require to conv9ce himself
 t he is free1 s he nev] acts           
?\ghtlessly & m]ely to %[ t he c d :at  
he likes2 does he n "k t he is always 8 
own ma/]8 ,he is quick1 al]t1 & ready2 8
 movem5ts are eag] z befits 8 age1 b y w
 n f9d "o :i* has no end 9 view4 ,:atev]
 he wants1 he w nev] attempt :at is     
beyond 8 p[]s1 = he has le>nt by        
exp]i5ce :at ^? p[]s are2 8 means w     
always be adapt$ to ! end 9 view1 & he w
 r>ely attempt any?+ )\t ! c]ta9ty (    
success2 8 eye is ke5 & true2 he w n be 
s /upid z to g & ask o!r p ab\t :at he  
sees2 he w exam9e x on 8 own acc\nt1 &  
be=e he asks he w try e means at 8      
disposal to discov] :at he wants to "k =
 himself4  ,if he lights ^u "s unexpect$

 difficulty1 he w be less upset ?an     
o!rs2 if !re is dang] he w be less      
afraid4 ,8 imag9ation is /ill asleep &  
no?+ has be5 done to ar\se x2 he only   
sees :at is really !re1 & rates ! dang] 
at its true wor?2 s he nev] loses 8     
head4 ,he does n rebel aga9/ necessity1 
h] h& is too heavy ^u him2 he has borne 
h] yoke all 8 life long1 he is well us$ 
to x2 he is always ready = any?+4  ,"w  
or play are all "o to him1 8 games are 8
 "w2 he kn[s no diff]5ce4 ,he br+s to   
ev]y?+ ! *e]fulness ( int]e/1 ! *>m (   
fre$om1 & he %[s ! b5t ( 8 own m9d & !  
ext5t ( 8 k4 ,is !re any?+ bett] wor?   
see+1 any?+ m t\*+ or m delightful1 ?an 
a pretty *ild1 ) m]ry1 *e]ful glance1   
easy cont5t$ mann]1 op5 smil+ c\nt5ance1
 play+ at ! mo/ important ?+s1 or work+ 
at ! lighte/ amusem5ts8  ,w\ld y n[     
judge him by comp>ison8 ,set him among  
o!r *ildr5 & leave him to himself4 ,y w 
soon see :i* has made mo/ progress1 :i* 
comes ne>] to ! p]fection ( *ildhood4   
,among all ! *ildr5 9 ! t[n !re is none 

m skilful & none s /rong4 ,among "y     
peasants he is _! equal 9 /r5g? & _!    
sup]ior 9 skill4 ,9 ev]y?+ )9 a *ild's  
grasp he judges1 reasons1 & %[s a       
=e?\ght beyond ! re/4 ,is x a matt] (   
action1 runn+1 jump+1 or %ift+ ?+s1     
rais+ weights or e/imat+ di/ance1 inv5t+
 games1 c>ry+ (f prizes2 y might say1   
,nature obeys 8 ^w1 s easily does he b5d
 all ?+s to 8 w4 ,he is made to lead1 to
 rule 8 fell[s2 tal5t & exp]i5ce take ! 
place ( "r & au?ority4 ,9 any g>b1 "u   
any "n1 he w /ill be fir/2 ev]y:]e he w 
rule ! re/1 !y w always feel 8          
sup]iority1 he w be ma/] )\t kn[+ x1 &  
!y w s]ve him unaw>es4  ,he has rea*$ ! 
p]fection ( *ildhood2 he has liv$ ! life
 ( a *ild2 8 progress has n be5 b\ght at
 ! price ( 8 happ9ess1 he has ga9$ bo?4 
,:ile he has acquir$ all ! wisdom ( a   
*ild1 he has be5 z free & happy z 8     
heal? p]mits4 ,if ! ,reap] ,dea? %\ld   
cut him (f & rob u ( our hopes1 we ne$ n
 bewail alike 8 life & dea?1 we %all n h
 ! add$ grief ( kn[+ t we caus$ him pa92

 we w say1 ,8 *ildhood1 at lea/1 0      
happy2 we h robb$ him ( no?+ t nature   
gave him4  ,! *ief drawback to ?is e>ly 
education is t x is only appreciat$ by !
 wise2 to vulg> eyes ! *ild s c>efully  
educat$ is no?+ b a r\gh little boy4 ,a 
tutor ?9ks r ( ! advantage to himself   
?an to 8 pupil2 he makes a po9t ( %[+ t 
!re has be5 no "t wa/$2 he provides 8   
pupil ) goods :i* c be readily display$ 
9 ! %op w9d[1 accompli%m5ts :i* c be %[n
 (f at w2 no matt] :e!r !y are useful1  
provid$ !y are easily se54 ,)\t *oice or
 discrim9ation he loads 8 memory ) a    
pack ( rubbi%4 ,if ! *ild is to be      
exam9$ he is set to display 8 w>es2 he  
spreads !m out1 satisfies ^? :o behold  
!m1 packs up 8 bundle & goes 8 way4 ,my 
pupil is poor]1 he has no bundle to     
display1 he has only himself to %[4 ,n[ 
nei!r *ild nor man c be read at a       
glance4 ,:]e are ! obs]v]s :o c at once 
disc]n ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is *ild8 ,!re   
are su* p1 b !y are few & f> betwe52    
among a ?\s& fa!rs y w sc>cely f9d "o4  

,too _m que/ions are t$i\s & revolt+ to 
mo/ ( u & especially to *ildr54 ,aft] a 
few m9utes _! att5tion flags1 !y cease  
to li/5 to y\r ev]la/+ que/ions & reply 
at r&om4 ,?is way ( te/+ !m is p$antic &
 useless2 a *ance ^w w (t5 %[ _! s5se & 
intellig5ce bett] ?an mu* talk+1 b take 
c>e t ! answ] is nei!r a matt] ( *ance  
nor yet le>nt by he>t4 ,a man mu/ ne$s h
 a good judgm5t if he is to e/imate !   
judgm5t ( a *ild4  ,i he>d ! late ,"l   
,hyde tell ! foll[+ /ory ab\t "o ( 8    
fri5ds4 ,he _h return$ f ,italy aft] a  
?ree ye>s' abs5ce1 & 0 anxi\s to te/ !  
progress ( 8 son1 a *ild ( n9e or t54   
,"o ev5+ he took a walk ) ! *ild & 8    
tutor across a level space :]e !        
s*oolboys 7 fly+ _! kites4 ,z !y w5t1 ! 
fa!r said to 8 son1 ,:]e is ! kite t    
ca/s ?is %ad[8 ,)\t hesitat+ & )\t      
glanc+ upw>ds ! *ild repli$1 ,ov] ! high
 road4 ,& inde$1 said ,"l ,hyde1 ! high 
road 0 betwe5 u & ! sun4 ,at ^! words1 !
 fa!r kiss$ 8 *ild1 & hav+ f9i%$ 8      
exam9ation he dep>t$4  ,! next day he   

s5t ! tutor ! pap]s settl+ an annuity on
 him 9 addition to 8 sal>y4  ,:at a     
fa!r6 & :at a promis+ *ild6 ,! "q is    
exactly adapt$ to ! *ild's age1 ! answ] 
is p]fectly simple2 b see :at precision 
x implies 9 ! *ild's judgm5t4 ,?us did !
 pupil ( ,ari/otle ma/] ! fam\s /e$ :i* 
no squire _h ev] be5 able to tame4      
,,book ,,iii  ,! :ole c\rse ( man's life
 up to adolesc5ce is a p]iod ( weakness2
 yet !re comes a "t dur+ ^! e>ly ye>s :5
 ! *ild's /r5g? ov]takes ! dem&s ^u x1  
:5 ! gr[+ creature1 ?\gh absolutely     
weak1 is relatively /rong4 ,8 ne$s are n
 fully develop$ & 8 pres5t /r5g? is m   
?an en\gh = !m4 ,he w\ld be a v feeble  
man1 b he is a /rong *ild4  ,:at is !   
cause ( man's weakness8 ,x is to be f\nd
 9 ! disproportion betwe5 8 /r5g? & 8   
desires4 ,x is our passions t make u    
weak1 = our natural /r5g? is n en\gh =  
_! satisfaction4 ,to limit our desires  
comes to ! same ?+1 !re=e1 z to increase
 our /r5g?4 ,:5 we c d m ?an we want1 we
 h /r5g? en\gh & to sp>e1 we are really 

/rong4 ,?is is ! ?ird /age ( *ildhood1 !
 /age ) :i* ,i am ab\t to deal4 ,i /ill 
speak ( *ildhood = want ( a bett] ^w2 = 
our s*ol> is approa*+ adolesc5ce1 ?\gh  
he has n yet rea*$ ! age ( pub]ty4      
,ab\t twelve or ?irte5 ! *ild's /r5g?   
increases f> m rapidly ?an 8 ne$s4 ,!   
/ronge/ & fi]ce/ ( ! passions is /ill   
unkn[n1 8 physical developm5t is /ill   
imp]fect & seems to await ! call ( ! w4 
,he is sc>cely aw>e ( extremes ( heat & 
cold & braves !m ) impunity4 ,he ne$s no
 coat1 8 blood is w>m2 no spices1 hung] 
is 8 sauce1 no food comes amiss at ?is  
age2 if he is sleepy he /ret*es himself 
on ! gr\nd & goes to sleep2 he f9ds all 
he ne$s )9 8 rea*2 he is n torm5t$ by   
any imag9>y wants2 he c>es no?+ :at o!rs
 ?9k2 8 desires are n beyond 8 grasp2 n 
only is he self-suffic+1 b = ! fir/ &   
la/ "t 9 8 life he has m /r5g? ?an he   
ne$s4  ,i "k be=eh& :at y w say4 ,y w n 
ass]t t ! *ild has m ne$s ?an ,i        
attribute to him1 b y w d5y 8 /r5g?4 ,y 
=get t ,i am speak+ ( my own pupil1 n ( 

^? puppets :o walk ) difficulty f "o    
room to ano!r1 :o toil indoors & c>ry   
bundles ( pap]4 ,manly /r5g?1 y say1    
appe>s only ) manhood2 ! vital spirits1 
di/ill$ 9 _! prop] vessels & spread+    
?r\gh ! :ole body1 c alone make !       
muscles firm1 s5sitive1 t5se1 & spr+y1 c
 alone cause real /r5g?4 ,?is is !      
philosophy ( ! /udy2 ,i appeal to t (   
exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! c\ntry di/ricts1 ,i see  
big lads hoe+1 digg+1 guid+ ! pl\gh1    
fill+ ! w9e-cask1 driv+ ! c>t1 l _!     
fa!rs2 y w\ld take !m = gr[n m5 if _!   
voices did n betray !m4 ,ev5 9 our t[ns1
 iron-work]s'1 tool mak]s'1 &           
blacksmi?s' lads are almo/ z /rong z _! 
ma/]s & w\ld be sc>cely less skilful _h 
_! tra9+ begun e>li]4  ,if !re is a     
diff]5ce1 & ,i d n d5y t !re is1 x is1  
,i repeat1 mu* less ?an ! diff]5ce      
betwe5 ! /ormy passions ( ! man & ! few 
wants ( ! *ild4 ,moreov]1 x is n m]ely a
 "q ( bodily /r5g?1 b m especially (    
/r5g? ( m9d1 :i* re9=ces & directs !    
bodily /r5g?4  ,?is int]val 9 :i* !     

/r5g? ( ! individual is 9 excess ( 8    
wants is1 z ,i h said1 relatively ?\gh n
 absolutely ! "t ( greate/ /r5g?4 ,x is 
! mo/ preci\s "t 9 8 life2 x comes b    
once2 x is v %ort1 all too %ort1 z y w  
see :5 y consid] ! importance ( us+ x   
aright4  ,he has1 !re=e1 a surplus (    
/r5g? & capacity :i* he w nev] h aga94  
,:at use %all he make ( x8 ,he w /rive  
to use x 9 tasks :i* w help at ne$4 ,he 
w1 s to speak1 ca/ 8 pres5t surplus into
 ! /oreh\se ( ! future2 ! vigor\s *ild w
 make provision = ! feeble man2 b he w n
 /ore 8 goods :]e ?ieves may break 91   
nor 9 b>ns :i* are n 8 own4 ,to /ore !m 
aright1 !y mu/ be 9 ! h&s & ! head1 !y  
mu/ be /or$ )9 himself4 ,?is is ! "t =  
"w1 in/ruction1 & inquiry4 ,& note t ?is
 is no arbitr>y *oice ( m9e1 x is ! way 
( nature h]self4  ,human intellig5ce is 
f9ite1 & n only c no man "k ev]y?+1 he  
_c ev5 acquire all ! scanty k ( o!rs4   
,s9ce ! contr>y ( e false proposition is
 a tru?1 !re are z _m tru?s z           
falsehoods4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 *oose :at to

 tea* z well z :5 to tea* x4 ,"s ( !    
in=mation )9 our rea* is false1 "s is   
useless1 "s m]ely s]ves to puff up its  
possessor4 ,! small /ore :i* really     
contributes to our welf>e alone des]ves 
! /udy ( a wise man1 & !re=e ( a *ild   
:om "o w\ld h wise4 ,he mu/ "k n m]ely  
:at is1 b :at is useful4  ,f ?is small  
/ock we mu/ also d$uct ^? tru?s :i*     
require a full gr[n m9d = _! und]/&+1 ^?
 :i* suppose a k ( man's relations to 8 
fell[-m5--a k :i* no *ild c acquire2 ^! 
?+s1 al?\gh 9 !mselves true1 lead an    
inexp]i5c$ m9d into mi/akes ) reg>d to  
o!r matt]s4  ,we are n[ conf9$ to a     
circle1 small inde$ comp>$ ) ! :ole (   
human ?\ght1 b ?is circle is /ill a va/ 
sph]e :5 measur$ by ! *ild's m9d4 ,d>k  
places ( ! human und]/&+1 :at ra% h&    
%all d>e to raise y\r veil8 ,:at        
pitfalls does our s-call$ sci5ce prep>e 
= ! mis]able *ild4 ,w\ld y guide him    
along ?is dang]\s pa? & draw ! veil f ! 
face ( nature8  ,/ay y\r h&4 ,fir/ make 
sure t nei!r he nor y w become dizzy4   

,bew>e ( ! speci\s *>ms ( error & !     
intoxicat+ fumes ( pride4 ,keep ?is tru?
 ev] be=e y--,ignorance nev] did any "o 
any h>m1 error alone is fatal1 & we d n 
lose our way ?r\gh ignorance b ?r\gh    
self-confid5ce4  ,8 progress 9 geometry 
may s]ve z a te/ & a true measure ( !   
gr[? ( 8 intellig5ce1 b z soon z he c   
di/+ui% betwe5 :at is useful & :at is   
useless1 mu* skill & discretion are     
requir$ to lead him t[>ds !oretical     
/udies4 ,= example1 w\ld y h him f9d a  
mean proportional betwe5 two l9es1      
contrive t he %\ld require to f9d a     
squ>e equal to a giv5 rectangle2 if two 
mean proportionals are requir$1 y mu/   
fir/ contrive to int]e/ him 9 ! d\bl+ ( 
! cube4 ,see h[ we are gradually        
approa*+ ! moral ideas :i* di/+ui%      
betwe5 good & evil4 ,hi!rto we h kn[n no
 law b necessity1 n[ we are consid]+ :at
 is useful2 we %all soon come to :at is 
fitt+ & "r4  ,man's div]se p[]s are     
/irr$ by ! same in/9ct4 ,! bodily       
activity1 :i* seeks an outlet = its     

en]gies1 is succe$$ by ! m5tal activity 
:i* seeks = k4 ,*ildr5 are fir/ re/less1
 !n curi\s2 & ?is curiosity1 rightly    
direct$1 is ! means ( developm5t = ! age
 ) :i* we are deal+4 ,always di/+ui%    
betwe5 natural & acquir$ t5d5cies4 ,!re 
is a zeal = le>n+ :i* has no o!r        
f\ndation ?an a wi% to appe> le>n$1 &   
!re is ano!r :i* spr+s f man's natural  
curiosity ab\t all ?+s f> or ne> :i* may
 affect himself4 ,! innate desire =     
com=t & ! impossibility ( its complete  
satisfaction impel him to ! endless se>*
 = fre% means ( contribut+ to its       
satisfaction4 ,?is is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( 
curiosity2 a pr9ciple natural to ! human
 he>t1 ?\gh its gr[? is proportional to 
! developm5t ( our feel+ & k4 ,if a man 
( sci5ce 7 left on a des]t isl& ) 8     
books & in/rum5ts & kn[+ t he mu/ sp5d !
 re/ ( 8 life !re1 he w\ld sc>cely      
tr\ble himself ab\t ! sol> sy/em1 ! laws
 ( attraction1 or ! diff]5tial calculus4
 ,he might nev] ev5 op5 a book aga92 b  
he w\ld nev] re/ till he _h explor$ !   

fur!/ corn] ( 8 isl&1 h[ev] l>ge x might
 be4 ,let u !re=e omit f our e>ly /udies
 su* k z has no natural attraction = u1 
& conf9e ourselves to su* ?+s z in/9ct  
impels u to /udy4  ,our isl& is ?is e>?2
 & ! mo/ /rik+ object we behold is !    
sun4 ,z soon z we pass beyond our       
imm$iate surr\nd+s1 "o or bo? ( ^! mu/  
meet our eye4 ,?us ! philosophy ( mo/   
savage races is ma9ly direct$ to imag9>y
 divisions ( ! e>? or to ! div9ity ( !  
sun4  ,:at a sudd5 *ange y w say4 ,j n[ 
we 7 conc]n$ ) :at t\*es ourselves1 )   
our imm$iate environm5t1 & all at once  
we are explor+ ! r\nd _w & leap+ to !   
b\nds ( ! univ]se4 ,?is *ange is !      
result ( our gr[+ /r5g? & ( ! natural   
b5t ( ! m9d4 ,:ile we 7 weak & feeble1  
self-pres]vation conc5trat$ our att5tion
 on ourselves2 n[ t we are /rong &      
p[]ful1 ! desire = a wid] sph]e c>ries u
 beyond ourselves z f> z our eyes c     
rea*4 ,b z ! intellectual _w is /ill    
unkn[n to u1 our ?\ghts are b\nd$ by !  
visible horizon1 & our und]/&+ only     

develops )9 ! limits ( our vision4  ,let
 u trans=m our s5sations into ideas1 b d
 n let u jump all at once f ! objects ( 
s5se to objects ( ?\ght4 ,! latt] are   
atta9$ by means ( ! =m]4 ,let ! s5ses be
 ! only guide = ! fir/ work+s ( reason4 
,no book b ! _w1 no tea*+ b t ( fact4 ,!
 *ild :o reads ceases to ?9k1 he only   
reads4 ,he is acquir+ words n k4  ,tea* 
y\r s*ol> to obs]ve ! ph5om5a ( nature2 
y w soon r\se 8 curiosity1 b if y w\ld h
 x gr[1 d n be 9 too great a hurry to   
satisfy ?is curiosity4 ,put ! problems  
be=e him & let him solve !m himself4    
,let him "k no?+ because y h told him1 b
 because he has le>nt x = himself4 ,let 
him n be taught sci5ce1 let him discov] 
x4 ,if ev] y sub/itute au?ority = reason
 he w cease to reason2 he w be a m]e    
play?+ ( o!r p's ?\ghts4  ,y wi% to tea*
 ?is *ild geography & y provide him )   
globes1 sph]es1 & maps4 ,:at elaborate  
prep>ations6 ,:at is ! use ( all ^!     
symbols2 :y n beg9 by %[+ him ! real ?+ 
s t he may at lea/ "k :at y are talk+   

ab\t8  ,"o f9e ev5+ we are walk+ 9 a    
suitable place :]e ! wide horizon gives 
u a full view ( ! sett+ sun1 & we note !
 objects :i* m>k ! place :]e x sets4    
,next morn+ we return to ! same place = 
a brea? ( fre% air be=e sun-rise4 ,we   
see ! rays ( light :i* ann\nce ! sun's  
approa*2 ! gl[ increases1 ! ea/ seems   
afire1 & long be=e ! sun appe>s ! light 
leads u to expect its return4 ,e mom5t y
 expect to see x4 ,!re x is at la/6 ,a  
%9+ po9t appe>s l a fla% ( lightn+ &    
soon fills ! :ole space2 ! veil (       
d>kness rolls away1 man p]ceives 8      
dwell+ place 9 fre% beauty4 ,dur+ !     
night ! grass has assum$ a fre%] gre52 9
 ! light ( e>ly dawn1 & gild$ by ! fir/ 
rays ( ! sun1 x seems cov]$ ) a %9+     
network ( dew reflect+ ! light & col\r4 
,! birds raise _! *orus ( praise to     
greet ! ,fa!r ( life1 n "o ( !m is mute2
 _! g5tle w>bl+ is s(t] ?an by day1 x   
expresses ! lang\r ( a peaceful wak+4   
,all ^! produce an impression ( fre%ness
 :i* seems to rea* ! v s\l4 ,x is a     

brief h\r ( en*antm5t :i* no man c      
resi/2 a sight s gr&1 s fair1 s         
delici\s1 t none c behold x unmov$4     
,fir$ ) ?is en?usiasm1 ! ma/] wi%es to  
imp>t x to ! *ild4 ,he expects to r\se 8
 emotion by draw+ att5tion to 8 own4    
,m]e folly6 ,! spl5d\r ( nature lives 9 
man's he>t2 to be se51 x mu/ be felt4 ,!
 *ild sees ! objects !mselves1 b does n 
p]ceive _! relations1 & _c he> _!       
h>mony4 ,x ne$s k he has n yet acquir$1 
feel+s he has n yet exp]i5c$1 to receive
 ! complex impression :i* results f all 
^! sep>ate s5sations4 ,if he has n w&]$ 
ov] arid pla9s1 if 8 feet h n be5 scor*$
 by ! burn+ s&s ( ! des]t1 if he has n  
brea!d ! hot & oppressive air reflect$ f
 ! gl[+ rocks1 h[ %all he delight 9 !   
fre% air ( a f9e morn+4 ,! sc5t ( fl[]s1
 ! beauty ( foliage1 ! moi/ness ( ! dew1
 ! s(t turf b5ea? 8 feet1 h[ %all all ^!
 delight 8 s5ses4 ,h[ %all ! song ( !   
birds ar\se voluptu\s emotion if love & 
pleasure are /ill unkn[n to him8 ,h[    
%all he behold ) rapture ! bir? ( ?is   

fair day1 if 8 imag9ation _c pa9t ! joys
 x may br+ 9 its track8 ,h[ c he feel ! 
beauty ( nature1 :ile ! h& t =m$ x is   
unkn[n8  ,nev] tell ! *ild :at he _c    
und]/&3 no descriptions1 no eloqu5ce1 no
 figures ( spee*1 no poetry4 ,! "t has n
 come = feel+ or ta/e4 ,cont9ue to be   
cle> & cold2 ! "t w come only too soon  
:5 y mu/ adopt ano!r tone4  ,br\ght up 9
 ! _s ( our maxims1 accu/om$ to make 8  
own tools & n to appeal to o!rs until he
 has tri$ & fail$1 he w exam9e ev]y?+ he
 sees c>efully & 9 sil5ce4 ,he ?9ks r   
?an que/ions4 ,be cont5t1 !re=e1 to %[  
him ?+s at a fit season2 !n1 :5 y see t 
8 curiosity is ?or\ghly ar\s$1 put "s   
brief "q :i* w set him try+ to discov] !
 answ]4  ,on ! pres5t occasion :5 y & he
 h c>efully obs]v$ ! ris+ sun1 :5 y h   
call$ 8 att5tion to ! m\nta9s & o!r     
objects visible f ! same spot1 aft] he  
has *att]$ freely ab\t !m1 keep quiet = 
a few m9utes z if lo/ 9 ?\ght & !n say1 
,i ?9k ! sun set ov] !re la/ night2 x   
rose "h ?is morn+4 ,h[ c t be8 ,say no  

m2 if he asks que/ions1 d n answ] !m2   
talk ( some?+ else4 ,let him alone1 & be
 sure he w ?9k ab\t x4  ,to tra9 a *ild 
to be really att5tive s t he may be     
really impress$ by any tru? ( exp]i5ce1 
he mu/ sp5d anxi\s days be=e he discov]s
 t tru?4 ,if he does n le>n en\gh 9 ?is 
way1 !re is ano!r way ( draw+ 8 att5tion
 to ! matt]4 ,turn ! "q ab\t4 ,if he    
does n "k h[ ! sun gets f ! place :]e x 
sets to :]e x rises1 he kn[s at lea/ h[ 
x travels f sunrise to sunset1 8 eyes   
tea* him t4 ,use ! second "q to ?r[     
light on ! fir/2 ei!r y\r pupil is a    
regul> dunce or ! analogy is too cle> to
 be miss$4 ,?is is 8 fir/ lesson 9      
cosmography4  ,z we always advance sl[ly
 f "o s5sible idea to ano!r1 & z we give
 "t en\gh to ea* = him to become really 
famili> ) x be=e we g on to ano!r1 &    
la/ly z we nev] =ce our s*ol>'s         
att5tion1 we are /ill a long way f a k (
 ! c\rse ( ! sun or ! %ape ( ! e>?2 b z 
all ! app>5t movem5ts ( ! cele/ial      
bodies dep5d on ! same pr9ciple1 & !    

fir/ obs]vation leads on to all ! re/1  
less ef=t is ne$$1 ?\gh m "t1 to proce$ 
f ! diurnal revolution to ! calculation 
( eclipses1 ?an to get a ?or\gh und]/&+ 
( day & night4  ,s9ce ! sun revolves    
r\nd ! e>? x describes a circle1 & e    
circle mu/ h a c5tre2 t we "k already4  
,?is c5tre is invisible1 x is 9 ! middle
 ( ! e>?1 b we c m>k out two opposite   
po9ts on ! e>?'s surface :i* correspond 
to x4 ,a skew] pass$ ?r\gh ! ?ree po9ts 
& prolong$ to ! sky at ei!r end w\ld    
repres5t ! e>?'s axis & ! sun's daily   
c\rse4 ,a r\nd teetotum revolv+ on its  
po9t repres5ts ! sky turn+ on its axis1 
! two po9ts ( ! teetotum are ! two      
poles2 ! *ild w be delight$ to f9d "o ( 
!m1 & ,i %[ him ! tail ( ! ,little be>4 
,"h is a ano!r game = ! d>k4 ,little by 
little we get to "k ! />s1 & f ?is comes
 a wi% to "k ! planets & obs]ve !       
con/ellations4  ,we saw ! sun rise at   
midsumm]1 we %all see x rise at ,*ri/mas
 or "s o!r f9e w9t]'s day2 = y "k we are
 no lie-a-b$s & we enjoy ! cold4 ,i take

 c>e to make ?is second obs]vation 9 !  
same place z ! fir/1 & if skilfully lead
 up to1 "o or o!r w c]ta9ly exclaim1    
,:at a funny ?+6 ,! sun is n ris+ 9 !   
same place2 "h are our l&m>ks1 b x is   
ris+ ov] !re4 ,s !re is ! summ] ea/ & ! 
w9t] ea/1 etc4 ,"y tea*]1 y are on ! "r 
track4 ,^! examples %\ld %[ y h[ to tea*
 ! sph]e )\t any difficulty1 tak+ ! e>? 
= ! e>? & ! sun = ! sun4  ,z a g5]al    
rule--nev] sub/itute ! symbol = ! ?+    
signifi$1 unless x is impossible to %[ !
 ?+ itself2 = ! *ild's att5tion is s    
tak5 up ) ! symbol t he w =get :at x    
signifies4  ,i consid] ! armill>y sph]e 
a clumsy disproportion$ bit ( app>atus4 
,! confus$ circles & ! /range figures   
describ$ on x sugge/ wit*craft & fright5
 ! *ild4 ,! e>? is too small1 ! circles 
too l>ge & too num]\s1 "s ( !m1 !       
colures1 = in/ance1 are q useless1 & !  
?ickness ( ! pa/ebo>d gives !m an       
appe>ance ( solidity s t !y are tak5 =  
circul> masses hav+ a real exi/5ce1 & :5
 y tell ! *ild t ^! are imag9>y circles1

 he does n "k :at he is look+ at & is   
none ! wis]4  ,we are unable to put     
ourselves 9 ! *ild's place1 we fail to  
ent] into 8 ?\ghts1 we inve/ him ) our  
own ideas1 & :ile we are foll[+ our own 
*a9 ( reason+1 we m]ely fill 8 head )   
errors & absurdities4  ,%\ld ! me?od (  
/udy+ sci5ce be analytic or syn!tic8 ,p 
dispute ov] ?is "q1 b x is n always     
necess>y to *oose betwe5 !m4 ,sometimes 
! same exp]im5ts all[ "o to use bo?     
analysis & syn!sis1 & ?us to guide !    
*ild by ! me?od ( in/ruction :5 he      
fancies he is only analys+4 ,!n1 by us+ 
bo? at once1 ea* me?od confirms !       
results ( ! o!r4  ,/>t+ f opposite ends1
 )\t ?9k+ ( foll[+ ! same road1 he w    
unexpect$ly rea* _! meet+ place & ?is w 
be a delightful surprise4 ,= example1 ,i
 w\ld beg9 geography at bo? ends & add  
to ! /udy ( ! e>?'s revolution !        
measurem5t ( its divisions1 beg9n+ at   
home4 ,:ile ! *ild is /udy+ ! sph]e & is
 ?us transport$ to ! heav5s1 br+ him    
back to ! divisions ( ! globe & %[ him 8

 own home4  ,8 geography w beg9 ) ! t[n 
he lives 9 & 8 fa!r's c\ntry h\se1 !n ! 
places betwe5 !m1 ! riv]s ne> !m1 & !n !
 sun's aspect & h[ to f9d "o's way by   
its aid4 ,?is is ! meet+ place4 ,let him
 make 8 own map1 a v simple map1 at fir/
 conta9+ only two places2 o!rs may be   
add$ f "t to "t1 z he is able to e/imate
 _! di/ance & position4 ,y see at once  
:at a good />t we h giv5 him by mak+ 8  
eye 8 compass4  ,no d\bt he w require "s
 guidance 9 spite ( ?is1 b v little1 & t
 little )\t 8 kn[+ x4 ,if he goes wrong 
let him alone1 d n correct 8 mi/akes2   
hold y\r tongue till he f9ds !m out =   
himself & corrects !m1 or at mo/ arrange
 some?+1 z opportunity (f]s1 :i* may %[ 
him 8 mi/akes4 ,if he nev] makes mi/akes
 he w nev] le>n any?+ ?or\ghly4         
,moreov]1 :at he ne$s is n an exact k ( 
local topography1 b h[ to f9d out =     
himself4 ,no matt] :e!r he c>ries maps 9
 8 head provid$ he und]/&s :at !y mean1 
& has a cle> idea ( ! art ( mak+ !m4    
,see :at a diff]5ce !re is already      

betwe5 ! k ( y\r s*ol>s & ! ignorance ( 
m9e4 ,!y le>n maps1 he makes !m4 ,"h are
 fre% ornam5ts = 8 room4  ,rememb] t ?is
 is ! ess5tial po9t 9 my me?od--,d n    
tea* ! *ild _m ?+s1 b nev] to let him =m
 inaccurate or confus$ ideas4 ,i c>e n  
if he kn[s no?+ provid$ he is n mi/ak51 
& ,i only acqua9t him ) tru?s to gu>d   
him aga9/ ! errors he might put 9 _!    
place4 ,reason & judgm5t come sl[ly1    
prejudices flock to u 9 cr[ds1 & f ^! he
 mu/ be protect$4 ,b if y make sci5ce   
itself y\r object1 y emb>k on an        
unfa?omable & %oreless ocean1 an ocean  
/rewn ) reefs f :i* y w nev] return4 ,:5
 ,i see a man 9 love ) k1 yield+ to its 
*>ms & flitt+ f "o bran* to ano!r unable
 to /ay 8 /eps1 he seems to me l a *ild 
ga!r+ %ells on ! sea-%ore1 n[ pick+ !m  
up1 !n ?r[+ !m aside = o!rs :i* he sees 
beyond !m1 !n tak+ !m aga91 till        
ov]:elm$ by _! numb] & unable to *oose  
betwe5 !m1 he fl+s !m all away & returns
 empty h&$4  ,"t 0 long dur+ e>ly       
*ildhood2 we only tri$ to pass our "t = 

fe> ( us+ x ill2 n[ x is ! o!r way2 we h
 n "t en\gh = all t w\ld be ( use4 ,!   
passions1 rememb]1 are draw+ ne>1 & :5  
!y knock at ! door y\r s*ol> w h no e> =
 any?+ else4 ,! peaceful age (          
intellig5ce is s %ort1 x flies s        
swiftly1 !re is s mu* to be done1 t x is
 madness to try to make y\r *ild le>n$4 
,x is n y\r bus9ess to tea* him ! v>i\s 
sci5ces1 b to give him a ta/e = !m &    
me?ods ( le>n+ !m :5 ?is ta/e is m      
mature4 ,t is assur$ly a fundam5tal     
pr9ciple ( all good education4  ,?is is 
also ! "t to tra9 him gradually to      
prolong$ att5tion to a giv5 object2 b   
?is att5tion %\ld nev] be ! result (    
con/ra9t1 b ( int]e/ or desire2 y mu/ be
 v c>eful t x is n too mu* = 8 /r5g?1 & 
t x is n c>ri$ to ! po9t ( t$ium4 ,wat* 
him1 !re=e1 & :atev] happ5s1 /op be=e he
 is tir$1 = x matt]s little :at he      
le>ns2 x does matt] t he %\ld d no?+    
aga9/ 8 w4  ,if he asks que/ions let y\r
 answ]s be en\gh to :et 8 curiosity b n 
en\gh to satisfy x2 above all1 :5 y f9d 

him talk+ at r&om & ov]:elm+ y ) silly  
que/ions in/ead ( ask+ = in=mation1 at  
once refuse to answ]2 = x is cle> t he  
no long] c>es ab\t ! matt] 9 h&1 b wants
 to make y a slave to 8 que/ions4       
,consid] 8 motives r ?an 8 words4 ,?is  
w>n+1 :i* 0 sc>cely ne$$ be=e1 becomes (
 supreme importance :5 ! *ild beg9s to  
reason4  ,!re is a s]ies ( ab/ract tru?s
 by means ( :i* all ! sci5ces are relat$
 to common pr9ciples & are develop$ ea* 
9 its turn4 ,?is relation%ip is ! me?od 
( ! philosoph]s4 ,we are n conc]n$ ) x  
at pres5t4 ,!re is q ano!r me?od by :i* 
e concrete example sugge/s ano!r &      
always po9ts to ! next 9 ! s]ies4 ,?is  
succession1 :i* /imulates ! curiosity & 
s ar\ses ! att5tion requir$ by e object 
9 turn1 is ! ord] foll[$ by mo/ m51 & x 
is ! "r ord] = all *ildr54 ,to take our 
be>+s s z to make our maps we mu/ f9d   
m]idians4 ,two po9ts ( int]section      
betwe5 ! equal %ad[s morn+ & ev5+ supply
 an excell5t m]idian = a ?irte5-ye>-old 
a/ronom]4 ,b ^! m]idians disappe>1 x    

takes "t to trace !m1 & y are oblig$ to 
"w 9 "o place4  ,s mu* tr\ble & att5tion
 w at la/ become irksome4 ,we =esaw ?is 
& are ready = x4  ,aga9 ,i mu/ ent] into
 m9ute & detail$ explanations4 ,i he> my
 read]s murmur1 b ,i am prep>$ to meet  
_! disapproval2 ,i w n sacrifice ! mo/  
important "p ( ?is book to y\r          
impati5ce4 ,y may ?9k me z long-w9d$ z y
 please2 ,i h my own op9ion z to y\r    
compla9ts4  ,long ago my pupil & ,i     
rem>k$ t "s sub/ances su* z amb]1 glass1
 & wax1 :5 well rubb$1 attract$ /raws1  
:ile o!rs did n4 ,we accid5tally discov]
 a sub/ance :i* has a m unusual prop]ty1
 t ( attract+ fil+s or o!r small        
p>ticles ( iron f a di/ance & )\t rubb+4
 ,h[ mu* "t d we devote to ?is game to !
 exclusion ( ev]y?+ else6 ,at la/ we    
discov] t ?is prop]ty is communicat$ to 
! iron itself1 :i* is1 s to speak1 end[$
 ) life4 ,we g to ! fair "o day         
,footnote3 ,i c\ld n help laugh+ :5 ,i  
read an elaborate criticism ( ?is little
 tale by ,m4 de ,=my4 ,?is conjuror1    

says he1 :o is afraid ( a *ild's        
competition & prea*es to 8 tutor is !   
sort ( p]son we meet ) 9 ! _w 9 :i*     
,emile & su* z he are liv+4 ,?is witty  
,m4 de ,=my c\ld n guess t ?is little   
sc5e 0 arrang$ be=eh&1 & t ! juggl] 0   
taught 8 "p 9 x2 inde$ ,i did n /ate ?is
 fact4 ,b ,i h said aga9 & aga9 t ,i 0 n
 writ+ = p :o expect$ to be told ev]y?+4
 & a conjuror has a wax duck float+ 9 a 
bas9 ( wat]1 & he makes x foll[ a bit ( 
bread4  ,we are greatly surpris$1 b we d
 n call him a wiz>d1 nev] hav+ he>d (   
su* p]sons4 ,z we are cont9ually obs]v+ 
effects ^: causes are unkn[n to u1 we   
are 9 no hurry to make up our m9ds1 & we
 rema9 9 ignorance till we f9d an       
opportunity ( le>n+4  ,:5 we get home we
 discuss ! duck till we try to imitate  
x4 ,we take a ne$le ?or\ghly magnetis$1 
we imb$ x 9 :ite wax1 %ap$ z f> z       
possible l a duck1 ) ! ne$le runn+ ?r\gh
 ! body1 s t its eye =ms ! beak4 ,we put
 ! duck 9 wat] & put ! end ( a key ne>  
its beak1 & y w readily und]/& our      

delight :5 we f9d t our duck foll[s !   
key j z ! duck at ! fair foll[$ ! bit ( 
bread4 ,ano!r "t we may note ! direction
 assum$ by ! duck :5 left 9 ! bas92 = ! 
pres5t we are :olly occupi$ ) our "w &  
we want no?+ m4  ,! same ev5+ we return 
to ! fair ) "s bread specially prep>$ 9 
our pockets1 & z soon z ! conjuror has  
p]=m$ 8 trick1 my little doctor1 :o c   
sc>cely sit /ill1 exclaims1 ,! trick is 
q easy2 ,i c d x myself4 ,d x !n4 ,he at
 once takes ! bread ) a bit ( iron hidd5
 9 x f 8 pocket2 8 he>t ?robs z he      
approa*es ! table & holds out ! bread1 8
 h& trembles ) excitem5t4 ,! duck       
approa*es & foll[s 8 h&4 ,! *ild cries  
out & jumps = joy4 ,! applause1 ! %\ts (
 ! cr[d1 are too mu* = him1 he is beside
 himself4 ,! conjuror1 ?\gh disappo9t$1 
embraces him1 congratulates him1 begs ! 
hon\r ( 8 company on ! foll[+ day1 &    
promises to collect a /ill great] cr[d  
to applaud 8 skill4 ,my "y sci5ti/ is v 
pr\d ( himself & is beg9n+ to *att]1 b  
,i *eck him at once & take him home     

ov]:elm$ ) praise4  ,! *ild c\nts !     
m9utes till to-morr[ ) absurd anxiety4  
,he invites e "o he meets1 he wants all 
mank9d to behold 8 glory2 he c sc>cely  
wait till ! appo9t$ h\r4 ,he hurries to 
! place2 ! hall is full already2 z he   
ent]s 8 "y he>t swells ) pride4 ,o!r    
tricks are to come fir/4 ,! conjuror    
surpasses himself & does ! mo/ surpris+ 
?+s4 ,! *ild sees none ( ^!2 he         
wriggles1 p]spires1 & h>dly brea!s2 ! "t
 is sp5t 9 f+]+ ) a trembl+ h& ! bit (  
bread 9 8 pocket4 ,8 turn comes at la/2 
! ma/] ann\nces x to ! audi5ce ) all    
c]emony2 he goes up look+ some:at       
%amefac$ & takes out 8 bit ( bread4 ,oh 
fleet+ joys ( human life6 ! duck1 s tame
 ye/]day1 is q wild to-day2 in/ead (    
(f]+ its beak x turns tail & swims away2
 x avoids ! bread & ! h& t holds x z    
c>efully z x foll[$ !m ye/]day4 ,aft] _m
 va9 attempts accompani$ by d]isive %\ts
 f ! audi5ce ! *ild compla9s t he is be+
 *eat$1 t is n ! same duck1 & he defies 
! conjuror to attract x4  ,! conjuror1  

)\t fur!r words1 takes a bit ( bread &  
(f]s x to ! duck1 :i* at once foll[s x &
 comes to ! h& :i* holds x4 ,! *ild     
takes ! same bit ( bread ) no bett]     
success2 ! duck mocks 8 ef=ts & swims   
r\nd ! bas94  ,ov]:elm$ ) confusion he  
ab&ons ! attempt1 a%am$ to face ! cr[d  
any long]4 ,!n ! conjuror takes ! bit ( 
bread ! *ild br\ght ) him & uses x z    
successfully z 8 own4 ,he takes out !   
bit ( iron be=e ! audi5ce--ano!r laugh  
at our exp5se--!n ) ?is same bread he   
attracts ! duck z be=e4  ,he repeats !  
exp]im5t ) a piece ( bread cut by a ?ird
 p]son 9 full view ( ! audi5ce4 ,he does
 x ) 8 glove1 ) 8 f+]-tip4 ,f9ally he   
goes into ! middle ( ! room & 9 !       
emphatic tones us$ by su* p]sons he     
decl>es t 8 duck w obey 8 voice z       
readily z 8 h&2 he speaks & ! duck      
obeys2 he bids him g to ! "r & he goes1 
to come back aga9 & he comes4 ,! movem5t
 is z ready z ! comm&4 ,! gr[+ applause 
completes our discomfiture4 ,we slip    
away unnotic$ & %ut ourselves up 9 our  

room1 )\t relat+ our successes to       
ev]ybody z we _h expect$4  ,next day !re
 is a knock at ! door4 ,:5 ,i op5 x !re 
is ! conjuror1 :o makes a mode/ compla9t
 ) reg>d to our conduct4 ,:at _h he done
 t we %\ld try to discr$it 8 tricks &   
deprive him ( 8 livelihood8 ,:at is !re 
s wond]ful 9 attract+ a duck t we %\ld  
pur*ase ?is hon\r at ! price ( an hone/ 
man's liv+8 ,my ^w1 g5tlem56 _h ,i any  
o!r trade by :i* ,i c\ld e>n a liv+ ,i  
w\ld n pride myself on ?is4 ,y may well 
believe t a man :o has sp5t 8 life at   
?is mis]able trade kn[s m ab\t x ?an y  
:o only give y\r sp>e "t to x4 ,if ,i   
did n %[ y my be/ tricks at fir/1 x 0   
because "o mu/ n be s fooli% z to       
display all "o kn[s at once4 ,i always  
take c>e to keep my be/ tricks =        
em]g5cies2 & ,i h pl5ty m to prev5t "y  
folks f m$dl+4  ,h[ev]1 ,i h come1      
g5tlem51 9 all k9dness1 to %[ y ! trick 
t gave y s mu* tr\ble2 ,i only beg y n  
to use x to my hurt1 & to be m discreet 
9 future4 ,he !n %[s u 8 app>atus1 & to 

our great surprise we f9d x is m]ely a  
/rong magnet 9 ! h& ( a boy conceal$ "u 
! table4 ,! man puts up 8 ?+s1 & aft] we
 h (f]$ our ?anks & apologies1 we try to
 give him some?+4 ,he refuses x4 ,no1   
g5tlem51 says he1 ,i owe y no gratitude 
& ,i w n accept y\r gift4 ,i leave y 9  
my debt 9 spite ( all1 & t is my only   
rev5ge4  ,g5]osity may be f\nd among all
 sorts ( p1 & ,i e>n my pay by do+ my   
tricks n by tea*+ !m4  ,z he is go+ he  
blames me out-"r4 ,i c make excuses = ! 
*ild1 he says1 he s9n$ 9 ignorance4 ,b  
y1 sir1 %\ld "k bett]4 ,:y did y let him
 d x8 ,z y are liv+ toge!r & y are old] 
?an he1 y %\ld look aft] him & give him 
good advice4 ,y\r exp]i5ce %\ld be 8    
guide4 ,:5 he is gr[n up he w reproa*1 n
 only himself1 b y1 = ! faults ( 8 y\?4 
,:5 he is gone we are greatly d[nca/4 ,i
 blame myself = my easy-go+ ways4 ,i    
promise ! *ild t ano!r "t ,i w put 8    
int]e/s fir/ & w>n him aga9/ faults be=e
 he falls into !m1 = ! "t is com+ :5 our
 relations w be *ang$1 :5 ! sev]ity ( ! 

ma/] mu/ give way to ! fri5dl9ess ( !   
comrade2 ?is *ange mu/ come gradually1 y
 mu/ look ahead1 & v f> ahead4  ,we g to
 ! fair aga9 ! next day to see ! trick  
^: secret we "k4 ,we approa* our        
,socrates1 ! conjuror1 ) pr(\nd respect1
 we sc>cely d>e to look him 9 ! face4   
,he ov]:elms u ) polit5ess1 gives u !   
be/ places1 & heaps coals ( fire on our 
heads4 ,he goes ?r\gh 8 p]=mance z      
usual1 b he l+]s affectionately ov] !   
duck1 & (t5 glances pr\dly 9 our        
direction4 ,we are 9 ! secret1 b we d n 
tell4 ,if my pupil did b op5 8 m\? he   
w\ld be wor?y ( dea?4  ,!re is m mean+  
?an y suspect 9 ?is detail$ illu/ration4
 ,h[ _m lessons 9 "o6 ,h[ mortify+ are !
 results ( a fir/ impulse t[>ds vanity6 
,"y tutor1 wat* ?is fir/ impulse        
c>efully4 ,if y c use x to br+ ab\t %ame
 & disgrace1 y may be sure x w n recur =
 _m a day4 ,:at a fuss y w say4 ,j s2 & 
all to provide a compass :i* w enable u 
to disp5se ) a m]idian6  ,hav+ le>nt t a
 magnet acts ?r\gh o!r bodies1 our next 

bus9ess is to con/ruct a bit ( app>atus 
simil> to t %[n u4 ,a b>e table1 a %all[
 b[l plac$ on x & fill$ ) wat]1 a duck r
 bett] f9i%$ ?an ! fir/1 & s on4 ,we (t5
 wat* ! ?+ & at la/ we notice t ! duck1 
:5 at re/1 always turns ! same way4 ,we 
foll[ up ?is obs]vation2 we exam9e !    
direction1 we f9d t x is f s\? to nor?4 
,en\gh6 we h f\nd our compass or its    
equival5t2 ! /udy ( physics is begun4   
,!re are v>i\s regions ( ! e>?1 & ^!    
regions diff] 9 temp]ature4 ,! v>iation 
is m evid5t z we approa* ! poles2 all   
bodies exp& ) heat & contract ) cold2   
?is is be/ measur$ 9 liquids & be/ ( all
 9 spirits2 h5ce ! !rmomet]4 ,! w9d     
/rikes ! face1 !n ! air is a body1 a    
fluid2 we feel x ?\gh we _c see x4 ,i   
inv]t a glass 9 wat]2 ! wat] w n fill x 
unless y leave a passage = ! escape ( ! 
air2 s air is capable ( resi/ance4      
,plunge ! glass fur!r 9 ! wat]2 ! wat] w
 encroa* on ! air-space )\t fill+ x     
entirely2 s air yields some:at to       
pressure4 ,a ball fill$ ) compress$ air 

b\nces bett] ?an "o fill$ ) any?+ else2 
s air is ela/ic4 ,raise y\r arm         
horizontally f ! wat] :5 y are ly+ 9 y\r
 ba?2 y w feel a t]rible weight on x2 s 
air is a heavy body4 ,by e/abli%+ an    
equilibrium betwe5 air & o!r fluids its 
weight c be measur$1 h5ce ! b>omet]1 !  
siphon1 ! air-gun1 & ! air-pump4 ,all ! 
laws ( /atics & hydro/atics are discov]$
 by su* r\gh exp]im5ts4 ,= none ( ^!    
w\ld ,i take ! *ild into a physical     
cab9et2 ,i dislike t array ( in/rum5ts &
 app>atus4  ,! sci5tific atmosph]e      
de/roys sci5ce4 ,ei!r ! *ild is fright5$
 by ^! in/rum5ts or 8 att5tion1 :i* %\ld
 be fix$ on _! effects1 is di/ract$ by  
_! appe>ance4  ,we %all make all our    
app>atus ourselves1 & ,i w\ld n make x  
be=eh&1 b hav+ caught a glimpse ( !     
exp]im5t by *ance we mean to inv5t /ep  
by /ep an in/rum5t = its v]ification4 ,i
 w\ld r our app>atus 0 some:at clumsy & 
imp]fect1 b our ideas cle> z to :at !   
app>atus ought to be1 & ! results to be 
obta9$ by means ( x4 ,= my fir/ lesson 9

 /atics1 in/ead ( fet*+ a balance1 ,i   
lay a /ick across ! back ( a *air1 ,i   
measure ! two p>ts :5 x is balanc$2 add 
equal or unequal weights to ei!r end2 by
 pull+ or pu%+ x z requir$1 ,i f9d at   
la/ t equilibrium is ! result ( a       
reciprocal proportion betwe5 ! am\nt ( !
 weights & ! l5g? ( ! lev]s4 ,?us my    
little physici/ is ready to rectify a   
balance be=e ev] he sees "o4  ,und\bt$ly
 ! notions ( ?+s ?us acquir$ = oneself  
are cle>] & mu* m conv9c+ ?an ^? acquir$
 f ! tea*+ ( o!rs2 & n only is our      
reason n accu/om$ to a slavi% submission
 to au?ority1 b we develop great] +5uity
 9 discov]+ relations1 connect+ ideas & 
inv5t+ app>atus1 ?an :5 we m]ely accept 
:at is giv5 u & all[ our m9ds to be     
enfeebl$ by indiff]5ce1 l ! body ( a man
 ^: s]vants always wait on him1 dress   
him & put on 8 %oes1 ^: horse c>ries    
him1 till he loses ! use ( 8 limbs4     
,boileau us$ to boa/ t he _h taught     
,rac9e ! art ( rhym+ ) difficulty4      
,among ! _m %ort cuts to sci5ce1 we     

badly ne$ "s "o to tea* u ! art ( le>n+ 
) difficulty4  ,! mo/ obvi\s advantage (
 ^! sl[ & labori\s inquiries is ?is3 !  
s*ol>1 :ile engag$ 9 speculative /udies1
 is actively us+ 8 body1 ga9+ suppl5ess 
( limb1 & tra9+ 8 h&s to lab\r s t he w 
be able to make !m useful :5 he is a    
man4 ,too mu* app>atus1 design$ to guide
 u 9 our exp]im5ts & to supplem5t !     
exactness ( our s5ses1 makes u neglect  
to use ^? s5ses4 ,! !odolite makes x    
unnecess>y to e/imate ! size ( angles2 !
 eye :i* us$ to judge di/ances ) mu*    
precision1 tru/s to ! *a9 = its         
measurem5ts2 ! /eel y>d disp5ses ) ! ne$
 ( judg+ weight by ! h& z ,i us$ to d4  
,! m +5i\s our app>atus1 ! co>s] & m    
unskilful are our s5ses4 ,we surr\nd    
ourselves ) tools & fail to use ^? ) :i*
 nature has provid$ e "o ( u4  ,b :5 we 
devote to ! mak+ ( ^! in/rum5ts ! skill 
:i* did in/ead ( !m1 :5 = _! con/ruction
 we use ! intellig5ce :i* enabl$ u to   
disp5se ) !m1 ?is is ga9 n loss1 we add 
art to nature1 we ga9 +5uity )\t loss ( 

skill4 ,if in/ead ( mak+ a *ild /ick to 
8 books ,i employ him 9 a work%op1 8 h&s
 "w = ! developm5t ( 8 m9d4 ,:ile he    
fancies himself a workman he is becom+ a
 philosoph]4 ,moreov]1 ?is ex]cise has  
o!r advantages ( :i* ,i %all speak lat]2
 & y w see h[1 ?r\gh philosophy 9 sport1
 "o may rise to ! real duties ( man4  ,i
 h said already t purely !oretical      
sci5ce is h>dly suitable = *ildr51 ev5 =
 *ildr5 approa*+ adolesc5ce2 b )\t go+  
f> into !oretical physics1 take c>e t   
all _! exp]im5ts are connect$ toge!r by 
"s *a9 ( reason+1 s t !y may foll[ an   
ord]ly sequ5ce 9 ! m9d1 & may be recall$
 at ne$2 = x is v difficult to rememb]  
isolat$ facts or argum5ts1 :5 !re is no 
cue = _! recall4  ,9 y\r inquiry into ! 
laws ( nature always beg9 ) ! commone/ &
 mo/ conspicu\s ph5om5a1 & tra9 y\r     
s*ol> n to accept ^! ph5om5a z causes b 
z facts4 ,i take a /one & pret5d to     
place x 9 ! air2 ,i op5 my h&1 ! /one   
falls4 ,i see ,emile wat*+ my action &  
,i say1 ,:y does ?is /one fall8  ,:at   

*ild w hesitate ov] ?is "q8 ,none1 n ev5
 ,emile1 unless ,i h tak5 great pa9s to 
tea* him n to answ]4 ,e "o w say1 ,!    
/one falls because x is heavy4 ,& :at d 
y mean by heavy8 ,t :i* falls4 ,s ! /one
 falls because x falls8 ,"h is a pos] = 
my little philosoph]4 ,?is is 8 fir/    
lesson 9 sy/ematic physics1 & :e!r he   
le>ns physics or no x is a good lesson 9
 common-s5se4  ,z ! *ild develops 9     
intellig5ce o!r important consid]ations 
require u to be /ill m c>eful 9 our     
*oice ( 8 occupations4 ,z soon z he has 
suffici5t self-k to und]/& :at          
con/itutes 8 well-be+1 z soon z he c    
grasp su* f>-rea*+ relations z to judge 
:at is good = him & :at is n1 !n he is  
able to disc]n ! diff]5ce betwe5 "w &   
play1 & to consid] ! latt] m]ely z      
relaxation4 ,! objects ( real utility   
may be introduc$ into 8 /udies & may    
lead him to m prolong$ att5tion ?an he  
gave to 8 games4 ,! ev]-recurr+ law (   
necessity soon tea*es a man to d :at he 
does n l1 s z to av]t evils :i* he w\ld 

dislike /ill m4 ,su* is ! use ( =esight1
 & ?is =esight1 well or ill us$1 is !   
s\rce ( all ! wisdom or ! wret*$ness (  
mank9d4  ,e "o desires happ9ess1 b to   
secure x he mu/ "k :at happ9ess is4 ,= !
 natural man happ9ess is z simple z 8   
life2 x consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( pa92 heal?1
 fre$om1 ! necess>ies ( life are its    
elem5ts4 ,! happ9ess ( ! moral man is   
ano!r matt]1 b x does n conc]n u at     
pres5t4 ,i _c repeat too (t5 t x is only
 objects :i* c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses :i*
 c h any int]e/ = *ildr51 especially    
*ildr5 ^: vanity has n be5 /imulat$ nor 
_! m9ds corrupt$ by social conv5tions4  
,z soon z !y =esee _! ne$s be=e !y feel 
!m1 _! intellig5ce has made a great /ep 
=w>d1 !y are beg9n+ to "k ! value ( "t4 
,!y mu/ !n be tra9$ to devote ?is "t to 
useful purposes1 b ?is usefulness %\ld  
be su* z !y c readily p]ceive & %\ld be 
)9 ! rea* ( _! age & exp]i5ce4 ,:at     
conc]ns ! moral ord] & ! cu/oms (       
society %\ld n yet be giv5 !m1 = !y are 
n 9 a condition to und]/& x4 ,x is folly

 to expect !m to att5d to ?+s vaguely   
describ$ z good = !m1 :5 !y d n "k :at  
?is good is1 ?+s :i* !y are assur$ w be 
to _! advantage :5 !y are gr[n up1 ?\gh 
= ! pres5t !y take no int]e/ 9 ?is      
s-call$ advantage1 :i* !y are unable to 
und]/&4  ,let ! *ild d no?+ because he  
is told2 no?+ is good = him b :at he    
recognises z good4 ,:5 y are always urg+
 him beyond 8 pres5t und]/&+1 y ?9k y   
are ex]cis+ a =esight :i* y really lack4
 ,to provide him ) useless tools :i* he 
may nev] require1 y deprive him ( man's 
mo/ useful tool--common-s5se4 ,y w\ld h 
him docile z a *ild2 he w be a cr$ul\s  
dupe :5 he gr[s up4 ,y are always say+1 
,:at ,i ask is = y\r good1 ?\gh y _c    
und]/& x4 ,:at does x matt] to me :e!r y
 d x or n2 my ef=ts are entirely on y\r 
acc\nt4 ,all ^! f9e spee*es ) :i* y hope
 to make him good1 are prep>+ ! way1 s t
 ! vision>y1 ! tempt]1 ! *>latan1 !     
rascal1 & e k9d ( fool may cat* him 9 8 
sn>e or draw him into 8 folly4  ,a man  
mu/ "k _m ?+s :i* seem useless to a     

*ild1 b ne$ ! *ild le>n1 or c he inde$  
le>n1 all t ! man mu/ "k8  ,try to tea* 
! *ild :at is ( use to a *ild & y w f9d 
t x takes all 8 "t4 ,:y urge him to !   
/udies ( an age he may nev] rea*1 to !  
neglect ( ^? /udies :i* meet 8 pres5t   
ne$s8 ,b1 y ask1 w x n be too late to   
le>n :at he ought to "k :5 ! "t comes to
 use x8 ,i _c tell2 b ?is ,i d "k1 x is 
impossible to tea* x soon]1 = our real  
tea*]s are exp]i5ce & emotion1 & man w  
nev] le>n :at befits a man except "u its
 own conditions4 ,a *ild kn[s he mu/    
become a man2 all ! ideas he may h z to 
man's e/ate are s _m opportunities = 8  
in/ruction1 b he %\ld rema9 9 complete  
ignorance ( ^? ideas :i* are beyond 8   
grasp4 ,my :ole book is "o cont9u$      
argum5t 9 support ( ?is fundam5tal      
pr9ciple ( education4  ,z soon z we h   
contriv$ to give our pupil an idea ( !  
^w ,useful1 we h got an additional means
 ( controll+ him1 = ?is ^w makes a great
 impression on him1 provid$ t its mean+ 
= him is a mean+ relative to 8 own age1 

& provid$ he cle>ly sees its relation to
 8 own well-be+4 ,?is ^w makes no       
impression on y\r s*ol>s because y h    
tak5 no pa9s to give x a mean+ !y c     
und]/&1 & because o!r p always und]take 
to supply _! ne$s s t !y nev] require to
 ?9k = !mselves1 & d n "k :at utility   
is4  ,:at is ! use ( t8 ,9 future ?is is
 ! sacr$ =mula1 ! =mula by :i* he & ,i  
te/ e action ( our lives4 ,?is is ! "q )
 :i* ,i inv>iably answ] all 8 que/ions2 
x s]ves to *eck ! /ream ( fooli% &      
tiresome que/ions ) :i* *ildr5 we>y ^?  
ab\t !m4 ,^! incessant que/ions produce 
no result1 & _! object is r to get a    
hold ov] y ?an to ga9 any real          
advantage4 ,a pupil1 :o has be5 really  
taught only to want to "k :at is useful1
 que/ions l ,socrates2 he nev] asks a "q
 )\t a reason = x1 = he kn[s he w be    
requir$ to give 8 reason be=e he gets an
 answ]4  ,see :at a p[]ful in/rum5t ,i h
 put into y\r h&s = use ) y\r pupil4 ,z 
he does n "k ! reason = any?+ y c r$uce 
him to sil5ce almo/ at w2 & :at         

advantages d y\r k & exp]i5ce give y to 
%[ him ! usefulness ( :at y sugge/4 ,=1 
make no mi/ake ab\t x1 :5 y put ?is "q  
to him1 y are tea*+ him to put x to y1 &
 y mu/ expect t :atev] y sugge/ to him 9
 ! future he w foll[ y\r own example &  
ask1 ,:at is ! use ( ?is8  ,p]haps ?is  
is ! greate/ ( ! tutor's difficulties4  
,if y m]ely try to put ! *ild (f :5 he  
asks a "q1 & if y give him a s+le reason
 he is n able to und]/&1 if he f9ds t y 
reason accord+ to y\r own ideas1 n 81 he
 w ?9k :at y tell him is good = y b n = 
him2 y w lose 8 confid5ce & all y\r     
lab\r is ?r[n away4 ,b :at ma/] w /op   
%ort & confess 8 faults to 8 pupil8 ,we 
all make x a rule nev] to own to !      
faults we really h4 ,n[ ,i w\ld make x a
 rule to admit ev5 ! faults ,i h n1 if  
,i c\ld n make my reasons cle> to him2 z
 my conduct w always be intelligible to 
him1 he w nev] d\bt me & ,i %all ga9 m  
cr$it by confess+ my imag9>y faults ?an 
^? :o conceal _! real defects4  ,9 !    
fir/ place d n =get t x is r>ely y\r    

bus9ess to sugge/ :at he ought to le>n2 
x is = him to want to le>n1 to seek & to
 f9d x4 ,y %\ld put x )9 8 rea*1 y %\ld 
skilfully awak5 ! desire & supply him ) 
means = its satisfaction4 ,s y\r        
que/ions %\ld be few & well-*os51 & z he
 w always h m que/ions to put to y ?an y
 to him1 y w always h ! advantage & w be
 able to ask all ! (t5]1 ,:at is ! use (
 t "q8 ,moreov]1 z x matt]s little :at  
he le>ns provid$ he und]/&s x & kn[s h[ 
to use x1 z soon z y _c give him a      
suitable explanation give him none at   
all4 ,d n hesitate to say1 ,i h no good 
answ] to give y2 ,i 0 wrong1 let u drop 
! subject4 ,if y\r tea*+ 0 really       
ill-*os5 !re is no h>m 9 dropp+ x       
altoge!r2 if x 0 n1 ) a little c>e y w  
soon f9d an opportunity ( mak+ its use  
app>5t to him4  ,i d n l v]bal          
explanations4 ,"y p pay little he$ to   
!m1 nor d !y rememb] !m4 ,?+s6 ,?+s6 ,i 
_c repeat x too (t54 ,we lay too mu*    
/ress ^u words2 we tea*]s babble1 & our 
s*ol>s foll[ our example4  ,suppose we  

are /udy+ ! c\rse ( ! sun & ! way to f9d
 our be>+s1 :5 all at once ,emile       
int]rupts me ) ! "q1 ,:at is ! use ( t8 
:at a f9e lecture ,i might give1 h[ _m  
?+s ,i might take occasion to tea* him 9
 reply to 8 "q1 especially if !re is any
 "o !re4 ,i might speak ( ! advantages (
 travel1 ! value ( comm]ce1 ! special   
products ( diff]5t l&s & ! peculi>      
cu/oms ( diff]5t nations1 ! use ( !     
cal5d>1 ! way to reckon ! seasons =     
agriculture1 ! art ( navigation1 h[ to  
/e] our c\rse at sea1 h[ to f9d our way 
)\t kn[+ exactly :]e we are4 ,politics1 
natural hi/ory1 a/ronomy1 ev5 morals &  
int]national law are involv$ 9 my       
explanation1 s z to give my pupil "s    
idea ( all ^! sci5ces & a great wi% to  
le>n !m4 ,:5 ,i h f9i%$ ,i %all h %[n   
myself a regul> p$ant1 ,i %all h made a 
great display ( le>n+1 & n "o s+le idea 
has he und]/ood4 ,he is long+ to ask me 
aga91 ,:at is ! use ( tak+ "o's be>+s8 b
 he d>e n = fe> ( vex+ me4 ,he f9ds x   
pays be/ to pret5d to li/5 to :at he is 

=c$ to he>4 ,?is is ! practical result (
 our f9e sy/ems ( education4  ,b ,emile 
is educat$ 9 a simpl] fa%ion4 ,we take s
 mu* pa9s to tea* him a difficult idea t
 he w h he>d no?+ ( all ?is4 ,at ! fir/ 
^w he does n und]/&1 he w run away1 he w
 prance ab\t ! room1 & leave me to      
spee*ify by myself4 ,let u seek a m     
commonplace explanation2 my sci5tific   
le>n+ is ( no use to him4  ,we 7 obs]v+ 
! position ( ! =e/ to ! nor? (          
,montmor5cy :5 he int]rupt$ me ) ! usual
 "q1 ,:at is ! use ( t8 ,y are "r1 ,i   
said4 ,let u take "t to ?9k x ov]1 & if 
we f9d x is no use we w drop x1 = we    
only want useful games4 ,we f9d some?+  
else to d & geography is put aside = !  
day4  ,next morn+ ,i sugge/ a walk be=e 
breakfa/2 !re is no?+ he w\ld l bett]2  
*ildr5 are always ready to run ab\t1 &  
he is a good walk]4 ,we climb up to !   
=e/1 we w&] ?r\gh its cle>+s & lose     
ourselves2 we h no idea :]e we are1 & :5
 we want to retrace our /eps we _c f9d !
 way4 ,"t passes1 we are hot & hungry2  

hurry+ va9ly ?is way & t we f9d no?+ b  
woods1 qu>ries1 pla9s1 n a l&m>k to     
guide u4  ,v hot1 v tir$1 v hungry1 we  
only get fur!r a/ray4 ,at la/ we sit d[n
 to re/ & to consid] our position4 ,i   
assume t ,emile has be5 educat$ l an    
ord9>y *ild4 ,he does n ?9k1 he beg9s to
 cry2 he has no idea we are close to    
,montmor5cy1 :i* is hidd5 f our view by 
a m]e ?icket2 b ?is ?icket is a =e/ to  
him1 a man ( 8 size is buri$ among      
bu%es4 ,aft] a few m9utes' sil5ce ,i    
beg9 anxi\sly----  ,,jean ,,jacques4 ,my
 de> ,emile1 :at %all we d get out8     
,,emile4 ,i am sure ,i d n "k4 ,i am    
tir$1 ,i am hungry1 ,i am ?ir/y4 ,i _c g
 any fur!r4  ,,jean ,,jacques4 ,d y     
suppose ,i am any bett] (f8 ,i w\ld cry 
too if ,i c\ld make my breakfa/ (f te>s4
 ,cry+ is no use1 we mu/ look ab\t u4   
,let u see y\r wat*2 :at "t is x8       
,,emile4 ,x is noon & ,i am s hungry6   
,,jean ,,jacques4 ,j s2 x is noon & ,i  
am s hungry too4  ,,emile4 ,y mu/ be v  
hungry inde$4  ,,jean ,,jacques4        

,unluckily my d9n] won't come to f9d me4
 ,x is twelve o'clock4 ,?is "t ye/]day  
we 7 obs]v+ ! position ( ! =e/ f        
,montmor5cy4 ,if only we c\ld see !     
position ( ,montmor5cy f ! =e/4         
,,emile4 ,b ye/]day we c\ld see ! =e/1 &
 "h we _c see ! t[n4  ,,jean ,,jacques4 
,t is j x4 ,if we c\ld only f9d x )\t   
see+ x4  ,,emile4 ,oh6 my de> fri5d6    
,,jean ,,jacques4 ,did n we say ! =e/   
0444  ,,emile4 ,nor? ( ,montmor5cy4     
,,jean ,,jacques4 ,!n ,montmor5cy mu/   
lie444  ,,emile4 ,s\? ( ! =e/4  ,,jean  
,,jacques4 ,we "k h[ to f9d ! nor? at   
midday4  ,,emile4 ,yes1 by ! direction (
 ! %ad[s4  ,,jean ,,jacques4 ,b ! s\?8  
,,emile4 ,:at %all we d8  ,,jean        
,,jacques4 ,! s\? is opposite ! nor?4   
,,emile4 ,t is true2 we ne$ only f9d !  
opposite ( ! %ad[s4 ,t is ! s\?6 ,t is !
 s\?6 ,montmor5cy mu/ be ov] !re6 ,let u
 look = x !re6  ,,jean ,,jacques4       
,p]haps y are "r2 let u foll[ ?is pa?   
?r\gh ! wood4  ,,emile4 7,clapp+ 8 h&s47
 ,oh1 ,i c see ,montmor5cy6 !re x is1 q 

pla91 j 9 front ( u6 ,come to lun*eon1  
come to d9n]1 make ha/e6 ,a/ronomy is "s
 use aft] all4  ,be sure t he ?9ks ?is  
if he does n say x2 no matt] :i*1       
provid$ ,i d n say x myself4 ,he w      
c]ta9ly nev] =get ?is day's lesson z    
long z he lives1 :ile if ,i _h only l$  
him to ?9k ( all ?is at home1 my lecture
 w\ld h be5 =gott5 ! next day4 ,tea* by 
do+ :5ev] y c1 & only fall back ^u words
 :5 do+ is out ( ! "q4  ,! read] w n    
expect me to h su* a poor op9ion ( him z
 to supply him ) an example ( e k9d (   
/udy2 b1 :atev] is taught1 ,i _c too    
/rongly urge ! tutor to adapt 8 in/ances
 to ! capacity ( 8 s*ol>2 = once m ,i   
repeat ! risk is n 9 :at he does n "k1 b
 9 :at he ?9ks he kn[s4  ,i rememb] h[  
,i once tri$ to give a *ild a ta/e =    
*emi/ry4 ,aft] %[+ him sev]al metallic  
precipitates1 ,i expla9$ h[ ink 0 made4 
,i told him h[ its blackness 0 m]ely !  
result ( f9e p>ticles ( iron sep>at$ f !
 vitriol & precipitat$ by an alkal9e    
solution4 ,9 ! mid/ ( my le>n$          

explanation ! little rascal pull$ me up 
%ort ) ! "q ,i myself _h taught him4  ,i
 0 greatly puzzl$4 ,aft] a few mom5ts'  
?\ght ,i decid$ :at to d4 ,i s5t = "s   
w9e f ! cell> ( our l&lord1 & "s v *eap 
w9e f a w9e-m]*ant4 ,i took a small     
,footnote3 ,be=e giv+ any explanation to
 a *ild a little bit ( app>atus s]ves to
 fix 8 att5tion4 flask ( an alkal9e     
solution1 & plac+ two glasses be=e me   
fill$ ) ! two sorts ( w9e1 ,i said4     
,food & dr9k are adult]at$ to make !m   
seem bett] ?an !y really are4 ,^!       
adult]ations deceive bo? ! eye & !      
palate1 b !y are un:olesome & make !    
adult]at$ article ev5 worse ?an be=e 9  
spite ( its f9e appe>ance4  ,all sorts (
 dr9ks are adult]at$1 & w9e m ?an o!rs2 
= ! fraud is m difficult to detect1 & m 
pr(itable to ! fraudul5t p]son4  ,s\r   
w9e is adult]at$ ) li?>ge2 li?>ge is a  
prep>ation ( lead4 ,lead 9 comb9ation ) 
acids =ms a sweet salt :i* corrects !   
h>% ta/e ( ! s\r w9e1 b x is poison\s4  
,s be=e we dr9k w9e ( d\btful quality we

 %\ld be able to tell if !re is lead 9  
x4 ,?is is h[ ,i %\ld d x4  ,w9e conta9s
 n m]ely an inflammable _s z y h se5 f !
 br&y made f x2 x also conta9s an acid z
 y "k f ! v9eg> made f x4  ,?is acid has
 an aff9ity = metals1 x comb9es ) !m &  
=ms salts1 su* z iron-ru/1 :i* is only  
iron dissolv$ by ! acid 9 air or wat]1  
or su* z v]degris1 :i* is only copp]    
dissolv$ 9 v9eg>4  ,b ?is acid has a    
/ill great] aff9ity = alkalis ?an =     
metals1 s t :5 we add alkalis to !      
above-m5tion$ salts1 ! acid sets free ! 
metal ) :i* x _h comb9$1 & comb9es ) !  
alkali4  ,!n ! metal1 set free by ! acid
 :i* held x 9 solution1 is precipitat$ &
 ! liquid becomes opaque4  ,if !n !re is
 li?>ge 9 ei!r ( ^! glasses ( w9e1 !    
acid holds ! li?>ge 9 solution4 ,:5 ,i  
p\r into x an alkal9e solution1 ! acid w
 be =c$ to set ! lead free 9 ord] to    
comb9e ) ! alkali4 ,! lead1 no long]    
held 9 solution1 w reappe>1 ! liquor w  
become ?ick1 & aft] a "t ! lead w be    
deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! glass4  ,if !re

 is no lead ,footnote3 ,! w9e sold by   
retail deal]s 9 ,p>is is r>ely free f   
lead1 ?\gh "s ( x does n conta9 li?>ge1 
= ! c\nt]s are cov]$ ) lead & :5 ! w9e  
is p\r$ into ! measures & "s ( x spilt  
^u ! c\nt] & ! measures left /&+ on !   
c\nt]1 "s ( ! lead is always dissolv$4  
,x is /range t s obvi\s & dang]\s an    
abuse %\ld be tol]at$ by ! police4 ,b   
inde$ well-to-d p1 :o r>ely dr9k ^!     
w9es1 are n likely to be poison$ by !m4 
nor o!r metal 9 ! w9e ! alkali w sl[ly  
,footnote3 ,! vegetable acid is v g5tle 
9 its action4 ,if x 7 a m9]al acid &    
less dilut$1 ! comb9ation w\ld n take   
place )\t eff]vesc5ce4 comb9e ) ! acid1 
all w rema9 cle> & !re w be no          
precipitate4  ,!n ,i p\r$ my alkal9e    
solution fir/ into "o glass & !n into ! 
o!r4 ,! w9e f our own h\se rema9$ cle> &
 uncl\d$1 ! o!r at once became turbid1 &
 an h\r lat] ! lead might be pla9ly se51
 precipitat$ at ! bottom ( ! glass4     
,?is1 said ,i1 is a pure natural w9e &  
fit to dr9k2 ! o!r is adult]at$ &       

poison\s4 ,y want$ to "k ! use ( kn[+ h[
 to make ink4 ,if y c make ink y c f9d  
out :at w9es are adult]at$4  ,i 0 v well
 pleas$ ) my illu/ration1 b ,i f\nd x   
made little impression on my pupil4 ,:5 
,i _h "t to ?9k ab\t x ,i saw ,i _h be5 
a fool1 = n only 0 x impossible = a *ild
 ( twelve to foll[ my explanations1 b ! 
usefulness ( ! exp]im5t did n appeal to 
him2 he _h ta/$ bo? glasses ( w9e & f\nd
 !m bo? good1 s he atta*$ no mean+ to ! 
^w adult]at$ :i* ,i ?\ght ,i _h expla9$ 
s nicely4 ,inde$1 ! o!r words1          
un:olesome & poison1 _h no mean+ :atev] 
= him2 he 0 9 ! same condition z ! boy  
:o told ! /ory ( ,philip & 8 doctor4 ,x 
is ! condition ( all *ildr54  ,!        
relation ( causes & effects ^:          
connection is unkn[n to u1 good & ill ( 
:i* we h no idea1 ! ne$s we h nev] felt1
 h no exi/5ce = u4 ,x is impossible to  
int]e/ ourselves 9 !m suffici5tly to    
make u d any?+ connect$ ) !m4 ,at fifte5
 we become aw>e ( ! happ9ess ( a good   
man1 z at ?irty we become aw>e ( ! glory

 ( ,p>adise4 ,if we _h no cle> idea (   
ei!r we %\ld make no ef=t = _! atta9m5t2
 & ev5 if we _h a cle> idea ( !m1 we    
%\ld make little or no ef=t unless we   
desir$ !m & unless we felt we 7 made =  
!m4 ,x is easy to conv9ce a *ild t :at y
 wi% to tea* him is useful1 b x is      
useless to conv9ce if y _c also p]suade4
 ,pure reason may lead u to approve or  
c5sure1 b x is feel+ :i* leads to       
action1 & h[ %all we c>e ab\t t :i* does
 n conc]n u8  ,nev] %[ a *ild :at he _c 
see4 ,s9ce mank9d is almo/ unkn[n to    
him1 & s9ce y _c make a man ( him1 br+ !
 man d[n to ! level ( ! *ild4 ,:ile y   
are ?9k+ :at w be useful to him :5 he is
 old]1 talk to him ( :at he kn[s he c   
use n[4 ,moreov]1 z soon z he beg9s to  
reason let !re be no comp>ison ) o!r    
*ildr51 no rivalry1 no competition1 n   
ev5 9 runn+ races4 ,i w\ld f> r he did n
 le>n any?+ ?an h him le>n x ?r\gh      
jeal\sy or self-conceit4 ,ye> by ye> ,i 
%all j note ! progress he _h made1 ,i   
%all comp>e ! results ) ^? ( ! foll[+   

ye>1 ,i %all say1 ,y h gr[n s mu*2 t is 
! dit* y jump$1 ! weight y c>ri$1 !     
di/ance y flung a pebble1 ! race y ran  
)\t /opp+ to take brea?1 etc42 let u see
 :at y c d n[4  ,9 ?is way he is        
/imulat$ to fur!r ef=t )\t jeal\sy4 ,he 
wants to excel himself z he ought to d2 
,i see no reason :y he %\ld n emulate 8 
own p]=mances4  ,i hate books2 !y only  
tea* u to talk ab\t ?+s we "k no?+ ab\t4
 ,h]mes1 !y say1 engrav$ ! elem5ts (    
sci5ce on pill>s le/ a deluge %\ld      
de/roy !m4 ,_h he impr9t$ !m on m5's    
he>ts !y w\ld h be5 pres]v$ by          
tradition4 ,well-tra9$ m9ds are ! pill>s
 on :i* human k is mo/ deeply engrav$4  
,is !re no way ( correlat+ s _m lessons 
scatt]$ ?r\gh s _m books1 no way (      
focuss+ !m on "s common object1 easy to 
see1 int]e/+ to foll[1 & /imulat+ ev5 to
 a *ild8 ,c\ld we b discov] a /ate 9 :i*
 all man's ne$s appe> 9 su* a way z to  
appeal to ! *ild's m9d1 a /ate 9 :i* !  
ways ( provid+ = ^! ne$s are z easily   
develop$1 ! simple & /irr+ portrayal (  

?is /ate %\ld =m ! e>lie/ tra9+ ( !     
*ild's imag9ation4  ,eag] philosoph]1 ,i
 see y\r own imag9ation at "w4 ,sp>e    
y\rself ! tr\ble2 ?is /ate is already   
kn[n1 x is describ$1 ) due respect to y1
 f> bett] ?an y c\ld describe x1 at lea/
 ) great] tru? & simplicity4 ,s9ce we   
mu/ h books1 !re is "o book :i*1 to my  
?9k+1 supplies ! be/ treatise on an     
education accord+ to nature4 ,?is is !  
fir/ book ,emile w read2 = a long "t x w
 =m 8 :ole libr>y1 & x w always reta9 an
 hon\r$ place4 ,x w be ! text to :i* all
 our talks ab\t natural sci5ce are b !  
comm5t>y4 ,x w s]ve to te/ our progress 
t[>ds a "r judgm5t1 & x w always be read
 ) delight1 s long z our ta/e is        
unspoilt4 ,:at is ?is wond]ful book8 ,is
 x ,ari/otle8 ,pl9y8 ,buffon8 ,no2 x is 
,rob9son ,crusoe4  ,rob9son ,crusoe on 8
 isl&1 depriv$ ( ! help ( 8 fell[-m51   
)\t ! means ( c>ry+ on ! v>i\s arts1 yet
 f9d+ food1 pres]v+ 8 life1 & procur+ a 
c]ta9 am\nt ( com=t2 ?is is ! ?+ to     
int]e/ p ( all ages1 & x c be made      

attractive to *ildr5 9 all sorts ( ways4
 ,we %all ?us make a reality ( t des]t  
isl& :i* =m]ly s]v$ z an illu/ration4 ,!
 condition1 ,i confess1 is n t ( a      
social be+1 nor is x 9 all probability  
,emile's own condition1 b he %\ld use x 
z a /&>d ( comp>ison = all o!r          
conditions4 ,! sure/ way to raise him   
above prejudice & to base 8 judgm5ts on 
! true relations ( ?+s1 is to put him 9 
! place ( a solit>y man1 & to judge all 
?+s z !y w\ld be judg$ by su* a man 9   
relation to _! own utility4  ,?is novel1
 /ripp$ ( irrelevant matt]1 beg9s )     
,rob9son's %ipwreck on 8 isl&1 & ends ) 
! com+ ( ! %ip :i* be>s him f x1 & x w  
furni% ,emile ) mat]ial1 bo? = "w &     
play1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod we are consid]+4
 ,8 head %\ld be full ( x1 he %\ld      
always be busy ) 8 ca/le1 8 goats1 8    
plantations4 ,let him le>n 9 detail1 n f
 books b f ?+s1 all t is necess>y 9 su* 
a case4 ,let him ?9k he is ,rob9son     
himself2 let him see himself clad 9     
sk9s1 we>+ a tall cap1 a great cutlass1 

all ! grotesque get-up ( ,rob9son       
,crusoe1 ev5 to ! umbrella :i* he w     
sc>cely ne$4 ,he %\ld anxi\sly consid]  
:at /eps to take2 w ?is or t be want+4  
,he %\ld exam9e 8 h]o's conduct2 has he 
omitt$ no?+2 is !re no?+ he c\ld h done 
bett]8 ,he %\ld c>efully note 8 mi/akes1
 s z n to fall into !m himself 9 simil> 
circum/ances1 = y may be sure he w plan 
out j su* a settlem5t = himself4 ,?is is
 ! g5u9e ca/le 9 ! air ( ?is happy age1 
:5 ! *ild kn[s no o!r happ9ess b food & 
fre$om4  ,:at a motive w ?is infatuation
 supply 9 ! h&s ( a skilful tea*] :o has
 ar\s$ x = ! purpose ( us+ x4 ,! *ild :o
 wants to build a /oreh\se on 8 des]t   
isl& w be m eag] to le>n ?an ! ma/] to  
tea*4 ,he w want to "k all sorts (      
useful ?+s & no?+ else2 y w ne$ ! curb z
 well z ! spur4 ,make ha/e1 !re=e1 to   
e/abli% him on 8 isl& :ile ?is is all he
 ne$s to make him happy2 = ! day is at  
h&1 :51 if he mu/ /ill live on 8 isl&1  
he w n be cont5t to live alone1 :5 ev5 !
 companion%ip ( ,man ,friday1 :o is     

almo/ disreg>d$ n[1 w n long suffice4   
,! ex]cise ( ! natural arts1 :i* may be 
c>ri$ on by "o man alone1 leads on to ! 
indu/rial arts :i* call = ! coop]ation (
 _m h&s4 ,! =m] may be c>ri$ on by      
h]mits1 by savages1 b ! o!rs c only     
arise 9 a society1 & !y make society    
necess>y4 ,s long z only bodily ne$s are
 recognis$ man is self-suffic+2 )       
sup]fluity comes ! ne$ = division &     
di/ribution ( lab\r1 = ?\gh "o man work+
 alone c e>n a man's liv+1 "o hundr$ m5 
work+ toge!r c e>n ! liv+ ( two hundr$4 
,z soon z "s m5 are idle1 o!rs mu/ "w to
 make up = _! idl5ess4  ,y\r ma9 object 
%\ld be to keep out ( y\r s*ol>'s way   
all idea ( su* social relations z he _c 
und]/&1 b :5 ! developm5t ( k compels y 
to %[ him ! mutual dep5d5ce ( mank9d1   
in/ead ( %[+ him its moral side1 turn   
all 8 att5tion at fir/ t[>ds indu/ry & !
 me*anical arts :i* make m5 useful to "o
 ano!r4 ,:ile y take him f "o work%op to
 ano!r1 let him try 8 h& at e trade y %[
 him1 & d n let him leave x till he has 

?or\ghly le>nt :y ev]y?+ is done1 or at 
lea/ ev]y?+ t has attract$ 8 att5tion4  
,) ?is aim y %\ld take a %>e 9 8 "w &   
set him an example4 ,be y\rself !       
appr5tice t he may become a ma/]2 y may 
expect him to le>n m 9 "o h\r's "w ?an  
he w\ld reta9 aft] a :ole day's         
explanation4  ,! value set by ! g5]al   
public on ! v>i\s arts is 9 inv]se ratio
 to _! real utility4 ,!y are ev5 valu$  
directly accord+ to _! uselessness4 ,?is
 might be expect$4 ,! mo/ useful arts   
are ! wor/ paid1 = ! numb] ( workm5 is  
regulat$ by ! dem&1 & ! "w :i* ev]ybody 
requires mu/ necess>ily be paid at a    
rate :i* puts x )9 ! rea* ( ! poor4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 ^? great p :o are call$       
arti/s1 n artisans1 :o lab\r only = !   
ri* & idle1 put a fancy price on _!     
trifles2 & z ! real value ( ?is va9     
lab\r is purely imag9>y1 ! price itself 
adds to _! m>ket value1 & !y are valu$  
accord+ to _! co/l9ess4 ,! ri* ?9k s mu*
 ( ^! ?+s1 n because !y are useful1 b   
because !y are beyond ! rea* ( ! poor4  

,nolo hab]e bona1 nisi quibus populus   
invid]it4  ,:at w become ( y\r pupils if
 y let !m acquire ?is fooli% prejudice1 
if y %>e x y\rself8 ,if1 = in/ance1 !y  
see y %[ m polit5ess 9 a jewell]'s %op  
?an 9 a locksmi?'s4 ,:at idea w !y =m ( 
! true wor? ( ! arts & ! real value (   
?+s :5 !y see1 on ! "o h&1 a fancy price
 &1 on ! o!r1 ! price ( real utility1 & 
t ! m a ?+ co/s ! less x is wor?8 ,z    
soon z y let !m get hold ( ^! ideas1 y  
may give up all attempt at fur!r        
education2 9 spite ( y !y w be l all !  
o!r s*ol>s--y h wa/$ f\rte5 ye>s4       
,emile1 b5t on furni%+ 8 isl&1 w look at
 ?+s f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,rob9son w\ld 
h ?\ght m ( a toolmak]'s %op ?an all    
,saide's trifles put toge!r4 ,he w\ld h 
reckon$ ! toolmak] a v wor?y man1 &     
,saide little m ?an a *>latan4  ,my son 
w h to take ! _w z he f9ds x1 he w n    
live among ! wise b among fools2 he mu/ 
!re=e be acqua9t$ ) _! follies1 s9ce !y 
mu/ be l$ by ?is means4 ,a real k ( ?+s 
may be a good ?+ 9 itself1 b ! k ( m5 & 

_! op9ions is bett]1 = 9 human society  
man is ! *ief tool ( man1 & ! wise/ man 
is he :o be/ kn[s ! use ( ?is tool4 ,:at
 is ! good ( tea*+ *ildr5 an imag9>y    
sy/em1 j ! opposite ( ! e/abli%$ ord] ( 
?+s1 among :i* !y w h to live8 ,fir/    
tea* !m wisdom1 !n %[ !m ! follies (    
mank9d4  ,^! are ! speci\s maxims by :i*
 fa!rs1 :o mi/ake !m = prud5ce1 /rive to
 make _! *ildr5 ! slaves ( ! prejudices 
9 :i* !y are educat$1 & ! puppets ( !   
s5seless cr[d1 :i* !y hope to make      
subs]vi5t to _! passions4 ,h[ mu* mu/ be
 kn[n be=e we atta9 to a k ( man4 ,?is  
is ! f9al /udy ( ! philosoph]1 & y      
expect to make x ! fir/ lesson ( ! *ild6
 ,be=e tea*+ him our s5tim5ts1 fir/ tea*
 him to judge ( _! wor?4 ,d y p]ceive   
folly :5 y mi/ake x = wisdom8 ,to be    
wise we mu/ disc]n betwe5 good & evil4  
,h[ c y\r *ild "k m51 :5 he c nei!r     
judge ( _! judgm5ts nor unravel _!      
mi/akes8 ,x is a mis=tune to "k :at !y  
?9k1 )\t kn[+ :e!r _! ?\ghts are true or
 false4  ,fir/ tea* him ?+s z !y really 

are1 aft]w>ds y w tea* him h[ !y appe>  
to u4 ,he w !n be able to make a        
comp>ison betwe5 popul> ideas & tru?1 & 
be able to rise above ! vulg> cr[d2 = y 
are unaw>e ( ! prejudices y adopt1 & y d
 n lead a nation :5 y are l x4 ,b if y  
beg9 to tea* ! op9ions ( o!r p be=e y   
tea* h[ to judge ( _! wor?1 ( "o ?+ y   
may be sure1 y\r pupil w adopt ^?       
op9ions :atev] y may d1 & y w n succe$ 9
 uproot+ !m4 ,i am !re=e conv9c$ t to   
make a "y man judge rightly1 y mu/ =m 8 
judgm5t r ?an tea* him y\r own4  ,s f> y
 see ,i h n spok5 to my pupil ab\t m52  
he w\ld h too mu* s5se to li/5 to me4 ,8
 relations to o!r p are z yet n         
suffici5tly app>5t to him to enable him 
to judge o!rs by himself4 ,! only p]son 
he kn[s is himself1 & 8 k ( himself is v
 imp]fect4 ,b if he =ms few op9ions ab\t
 o!rs1 ^? op9ions are correct4 ,he kn[s 
no?+ ( ano!r's place1 b he kn[s 8 own & 
keeps to x4 ,i h b\nd him ) ! /rong cord
 ( necessity1 in/ead ( social laws1 :i* 
are beyond 8 k4 ,he is /ill little m ?an

 a body2 let u treat him z su*4  ,e     
sub/ance 9 nature & e "w ( man mu/ be   
judg$ 9 relation to 8 own use1 8 own    
safety1 8 own pres]vation1 8 own com=t4 
,?us he %\ld value iron f> m ?an gold1 &
 glass ?an diamonds2 9 ! same way he has
 f> m respect = a %oemak] or a mason ?an
 = a ,lemp]eur1 a ,le ,blanc1 or all !  
jewell]s 9 ,europe4 ,9 8 eyes a         
confection] is a really great man1 & he 
w\ld give ! :ole academy ( sci5ces = !  
smalle/ pa/rycook 9 ,lomb>d ,/reet4     
,goldsmi?s1 engrav]s1 gild]s1 &         
embroid]]s1 he consid]s lazy p1 :o play 
at q useless games4 ,he does n ev5 ?9k  
mu* ( a clockmak]4  ,! happy *ild enjoys
 ,"t )\t be+ a slave to x2 he uses x1 b 
he does n "k its value4 ,! fre$om f     
passion :i* makes e day alike to him1   
makes any means ( measur+ "t unnecess>y4
 ,:5 ,i assum$ t ,emile _h a wat*1      
,footnote3 ,:5 our he>ts are ab&on$ to !
 sway ( passion1 !n x is t we ne$ a     
measure ( "t4 ,! wise man's wat* is 8   
equable temp] & 8 peaceful he>t4 ,he is 

always punctual1 & he always kn[s ! "t4 
j z ,i assum$ t he cri$1 x 0 a          
commonplace ,emile t ,i *ose to s]ve my 
purpose & make myself und]/ood4  ,! real
 ,emile1 a *ild s diff]5t f ! re/1 w\ld 
n s]ve z an illu/ration = any?+4  ,!re  
is an ord] no less natural & ev5 m      
accurate1 by :i* ! arts are valu$       
accord+ to bonds ( necessity :i* connect
 !m2 ! highe/ class consi/s ( ! mo/     
indep5d5t1 ! l[e/ ( ^? mo/ dep5d5t on   
o!rs4 ,?is classification1 :i* sugge/s  
important consid]ations on ! ord] (     
society 9 g5]al1 is l ! prec$+ "o 9 t x 
is subject to ! same inv]sion 9 popul>  
e/imation1 s t ! use ( raw mat]ial is ! 
"w ( ! l[e/ & wor/ paid trades1 :ile !  
(t5] ! mat]ial *anges h&s1 ! m ! "w     
rises 9 price & 9 hon\r4 ,i d n ask :e!r
 indu/ry is really great] & m des]v+ (  
rew>d :5 engag$ 9 ! delicate arts :i*   
give ! f9al %ape to ^! mat]ials1 ?an 9 !
 lab\r :i* fir/ gave !m to man's use2 b 
?is ,i say1 t 9 ev]y?+ ! art :i* is mo/ 
g5]ally useful & necess>y1 is und\bt$ly 

t :i* mo/ des]ves e/eem1 & t art :i*    
requires ! lea/ help f o!rs1 is m wor?y 
( hon\r ?an ^? :i* are dep5d5t on o!r   
arts1 s9ce x is fre] & m ne>ly          
indep5d5t4 ,^! are ! true laws ( value 9
 ! arts2 all o!rs are arbitr>y & dep5d5t
 on popul> prejudice4  ,agriculture is !
 e>lie/ & mo/ hon\rable ( arts2 metal "w
 ,i put next1 !n c>p5try1 & s on4 ,?is  
is ! ord] 9 :i* ! *ild w put !m1 if he  
has n be5 spoilt by vulg> prejudices4   
,:at valuable consid]ations ,emile w    
d]ive f 8 ,rob9son 9 su* matt]s4 ,:at w 
he ?9k :5 he sees ! arts only br\ght to 
p]fection by sub-division1 by ! inf9ite 
multiplication ( tools4 ,he w say1 ,all 
^? p are z silly z !y are +5i\s2 "o w\ld
 ?9k !y 7 afraid to use _! eyes & _!    
h&s1 !y inv5t s _m tools in/ead4 ,to    
c>ry on "o trade !y become ! slaves ( _m
 o!rs2 e s+le workman ne$s a :ole t[n4  
,my fri5d & ,i try to ga9 skill2 we only
 make tools we c take ab\t ) u2 ^! p1 :o
 are s pr\d ( _! tal5ts 9 ,p>is1 w\ld be
 no use at all on our isl&2 !y w\ld h to

 become appr5tices4  ,read]1 d n /ay to 
wat* ! bodily ex]cises & manual skill ( 
our pupil1 b consid] ! b5t we are giv+  
to 8 *ildi% curiosity2 consid] 8        
common-s5se1 8 inv5tive _s1 8 =esight2  
consid] :at a head he w h on 8 %\ld]s4  
,he w want to "k all ab\t ev]y?+ he sees
 or does1 to le>n ! :y & ! :]e=e ( x2 f 
tool to tool he w g back to ! fir/      
beg9n+1 tak+ no?+ = grant$2 he w decl9e 
to le>n any?+ t requires previ\s k :i*  
he has n acquir$4 ,if he sees a spr+    
made he w want to "k h[ !y got ! /eel f 
! m9e2 if he sees ! pieces ( a *e/ put  
toge!r1 he w want to "k h[ ! tree 0 out 
d[n2 :5 at "w he w say ( ea* tool1 ,if  
,i _h n got ?is1 h[ c\ld ,i make "o l x1
 or h[ c\ld ,i get along )\t x8  ,x is1 
h[ev]1 difficult to avoid ano!r error4  
,:5 ! ma/] is v fond ( c]ta9            
occupations1 he is apt to assume t !    
*ild %>es 8 ta/es2 bew>e le/ y are c>ri$
 away by ! int]e/ ( y\r "w1 :ile ! *ild 
is bor$ by x1 b is afraid to %[ x4 ,!   
*ild mu/ come fir/1 & y mu/ devote      

y\rself entirely to him4 ,wat* him1 /udy
 him con/antly1 )\t 8 kn[+ x2 consid] 8 
feel+s be=eh&1 & provide aga9/ ^? :i*   
are undesirable1 keep him occupi$ 9 su* 
a way t he n only feels ! usefulness ( !
 ?+1 b takes a pleasure 9 und]/&+ !     
purpose :i* 8 "w w s]ve4  ,! solid>ity (
 ! arts consi/s 9 ! ex*ange ( indu/ry1 t
 ( comm]ce 9 ! ex*ange ( commodities1 t 
( banks 9 ! ex*ange ( money or          
securities4 ,all ^! ideas hang toge!r1 &
 _! f\ndation has already be5 laid 9    
e>ly *ildhood ) ! help ( ,rob]t ! g>d5]4
 ,all we h n[ to d is to sub/itute g5]al
 ideas = p>ticul>1 & to enl>ge ^! ideas 
by means ( num]\s examples1 s z to make 
! *ild und]/& ! game ( bus9ess itself1  
br\ght home to him by means ( p>ticul>  
in/ances ( natural hi/ory ) reg>d to !  
special products ( ea* c\ntry1 by       
p>ticul> in/ances ( ! arts & sci5ces :i*
 conc]n navigation & ! difficulties (   
transport1 great] or less 9 proportion  
to ! di/ance betwe5 places1 ! position (
 l&1 seas1 riv]s1 etc4  ,!re c be no    

society )\t ex*ange1 no ex*ange )\t a   
common /&>d ( measurem5t1 no common /&>d
 ( measurem5t )\t equality4 ,h5ce ! fir/
 law ( e society is "s conv5tional      
equality ei!r 9 m5 or ?+s4  ,conv5tional
 equality betwe5 m51 a v diff]5t ?+ f   
natural equality1 leads to ! necessity =
 positive law1 i4e41 gov]nm5t & k+s4 ,a 
*ild's political k %\ld be cle> &       
re/rict$2 he %\ld "k no?+ ( gov]nm5t 9  
g5]al1 beyond :at conc]ns ! rights (    
prop]ty1 ( :i* he has already "s idea4  
,conv5tional equality betwe5 ?+s has l$ 
to ! inv5tion ( money1 = money is only  
"o t]m 9 a comp>ison betwe5 ! values (  
diff]5t sorts ( ?+s2 & 9 ?is s5se money 
is ! real bond ( society2 b any?+ may be
 money2 9 =m] days x 0 cattle2 %ells are
 us$ among _m tribes at ! pres5t day2   
,sp>ta us$ iron2 ,sw$51 lea!r2 :ile we  
use gold & silv]4  ,metals1 be+ easi] to
 c>ry1 h g5]ally be5 *os5 z ! middle t]m
 ( e ex*ange1 & ^! metals h be5 made    
into co9 to save ! tr\ble ( cont9ual    
weigh+ & measur+1 = ! /amp on ! co9 is  

m]ely evid5ce t ! co9 is ( giv5 weight2 
& ! sole "r ( co9+ money is ve/$ 9 !    
rul] because he alone has ! "r to dem& !
 recognition ( 8 au?ority by ! :ole     
nation4  ,! /upide/ p]son c p]ceive !   
use ( money :5 x is expla9$ 9 ?is way4  
,x is difficult to make a direct        
comp>ison betwe5 v>i\s ?+s1 = in/ance1  
betwe5 clo? & corn2 b :5 we f9d a common
 measure1 9 money1 x is easy = !        
manufactur] & ! f>m] to e/imate ! value 
( ! goods !y wi% to ex*ange 9 t]ms ( ?is
 common measure4 ,if a giv5 quantity (  
clo? is wor? a giv5 "s ( money1 & a giv5
 quantity ( corn is wor? ! same sum (   
money1 !n ! sell]1 receiv+ ! corn 9     
ex*ange = 8 clo?1 makes a fair b>ga94   
,?us by means ( money x becomes possible
 to comp>e ! values ( goods ( v>i\s     
k9ds4  ,be cont5t ) ?is1 & d n t\* ^u ! 
moral effects ( ?is in/itution4 ,9      
ev]y?+ y mu/ %[ cle>ly ! use be=e !     
abuse4 ,if y attempt to tea* *ildr5 h[ !
 sign has l$ to ! neglect ( ! ?+        
signifi$1 h[ money is ! s\rce ( all !   

false ideas ( society1 h[ c\ntries ri* 9
 silv] mu/ be poor 9 ev]y?+ else1 y w be
 treat+ ^! *ildr5 z philosoph]s1 & n    
only z philosoph]s b z wise m51 = y are 
pr(ess+ to tea* !m :at v few philosoph]s
 h grasp$4  ,:at a weal? ( int]e/+      
objects1 t[>ds :i* ! curiosity ( our    
pupil may be direct$ )\t ev] quitt+ !   
real & mat]ial relations he c und]/&1 & 
)\t p]mitt+ ! =mation ( a s+le idea     
beyond 8 grasp6 ,! tea*]'s art consi/s 9
 ?is3 ,to turn ! *ild's att5tion f      
trivial details & to guide 8 ?\ghts     
cont9ually t[>ds relations ( importance 
:i* he w "o day ne$ to "k1 t he may     
judge rightly ( good & evil 9 human     
society4 ,! tea*] mu/ be able to adapt !
 conv]sation ) :i* he amuses 8 pupil to 
! turn already giv5 to 8 m9d4 ,a problem
 :i* ano!r *ild w\ld nev] he$ w torm5t  
,emile half a ye>4  ,we are go+ to d9e )
 weal?y p2 :5 we get !re ev]y?+ is ready
 = a fea/1 _m gue/s1 _m s]vants1 _m     
di%es1 da9ty & elegant *9a4 ,!re is     
some?+ intoxicat+ 9 all ^! prep>ations =

 pleasure & fe/ivity :5 y are n us$ to  
!m4 ,i see h[ !y w affect my "y pupil4  
,:ile d9n] is go+ on1 :ile c\rse foll[s 
c\rse1 & conv]sation is l\d ar\nd u1 ,i 
:isp] 9 8 e>1 ,h[ _m h&s d y suppose !  
?+s on ?is table pass$ ?r\gh be=e !y got
 "h8 ,:at a cr[d ( ideas is call$ up by 
^! few words4 ,9 a mom5t ! mi/s (       
excitem5t h roll$ away4 ,he is ?9k+1    
consid]+1 calculat+1 & anxi\s4 ,! *ild  
is philosophis+1 :ile philosoph]s1      
excit$ by w9e or p]haps by female       
society1 are babbl+ l *ildr54 ,if he    
asks que/ions ,i decl9e to answ] & put  
him (f to ano!r day4 ,he becomes        
impati5t1 he =gets to eat & dr9k1 he    
longs to get away f table & talk z he   
pleases4  ,:at an object ( curiosity1   
:at a text = in/ruction4 ,no?+ has s f> 
succe$$ 9 corrupt+ 8 heal?y reason2 :at 
w he ?9k ( luxury :5 he f9ds t e qu>t] (
 ! globe has be5 ransack$1 t "s         
#b1jjj1jjj m5 h lab\r$ = ye>s1 t _m     
lives h p]haps be5 sacrific$1 & all to  
furni% him ) f9e clo!s to be worn at    

midday & laid by 9 ! w>drobe at night4  
,be sure y obs]ve :at private           
conclusions he draws f all 8            
obs]vations4 ,if y h wat*$ him less     
c>efully ?an ,i suppose1 8 ?\ghts may be
 tempt$ 9 ano!r direction2 he may       
consid] himself a p]son ( great         
importance 9 ! _w1 :5 he sees s mu*     
lab\r conc5trat$ on ! prep>ation ( 8    
d9n]4 ,if y suspect 8 ?\ghts w take ?is 
direction y c easily prev5t x1 or at any
 rate promptly efface ! false           
impression4 ,z yet he c only appropriate
 ?+s by p]sonal enjoym5t1 he c only     
judge ( _! fitness or unfitness by _!   
outw>d effects4 ,comp>e a pla9 ru/ic    
meal1 prec$$ by ex]cise1 season$ by     
hung]1 fre$om1 & delight1 ) ?is         
magnific5t b t$i\s repa/4 ,?is w suffice
 to make him realise t he has got no    
real advantage f ! spl5d\r ( ! fea/1 t 8
 /oma* 0 z well satisfi$ :5 he left !   
table ( ! peasant1 z :5 he left ! table 
( ! bank]2 f nei!r _h he ga9$ any?+ he  
c\ld really call 8 own4  ,j fancy :at a 

tutor might say to him on su* an        
occasion4 ,consid] ! two d9n]s & decide 
= y\rself :i* gave y mo/ pleasure1 :i*  
seem$ ! m]rie/1 at :i* did y eat & dr9k 
mo/ he>tily1 :i* 0 ! lea/ t$i\s &       
requir$ lea/ *ange ( c\rses8 ,yet note !
 diff]5ce--?is black bread y s enjoy is 
made f ! peasant's own h>ve/2 8 w9e is  
d>k 9 col\r & ( a common k9d1 b :olesome
 & refre%+2 x 0 made 9 8 own v9ey>d2 !  
clo? is made ( 8 own hemp1 spun & wov5 9
 ! w9t] by 8 wife & daught]s & ! maid2  
no h&s b !irs h t\*$ ! food4 ,8 _w is   
b\nd$ by ! ne>e/ mill & ! next m>ket4   
,h[ f> did y enjoy all t ! produce (    
di/ant l&s & ! s]vice ( _m p _h prep>$ =
 y at ! o!r d9n]8 ,if y did n get a     
bett] meal1 :at good did ?is weal? d y8 
h[ mu* ( x 0 made = y8 ,_h y be5 ! ma/] 
( ! h\se1 ! tutor might say1 x w\ld h   
be5 ( /ill less use to y2 = ! anxiety ( 
display+ y\r enjoym5t be=e ! eyes ( o!rs
 w\ld h robb$ y ( x2 ! pa9s w\ld be     
y\rs1 ! pleasure !irs4  ,?is may be a v 
f9e spee*1 b x w\ld be ?r[n away ^u     

,emile1 z he _c und]/& x1 & he does n   
accept second-h& op9ions4 ,speak m      
simply to him4 ,aft] ^! two exp]i5ces1  
say to him "s day1 ,:]e %all we h our   
d9n] to-day8 ,:]e t m\nta9 ( silv] cov]$
 ?ree qu>t]s ( ! table & ^? b$s (       
artificial fl[]s on look+ glass 7 s]v$ )
 ! dess]t1 :]e ^? sm>t ladies treat$ y z
 a toy & pret5d$ y said :at y did n     
mean2 or 9 t village two leagues away1 )
 ^? good p :o 7 s pleas$ to see u & gave
 u su* delici\s cream8 ,emile w n       
hesitate2 he is n va9 & he is no        
*att]box2 he _c endure con/ra9t1 & he   
does n c>e = f9e di%es2 b he is always  
ready = a run 9 ! c\ntry & is v fond (  
good fruit & vegetables1 sweet cream &  
k9dly p4 ,footnote3 ,?is ta/e1 :i* ,i   
assume my pupil to h acquir$1 is a      
natural result ( 8 education4 ,moreov]1 
he has no?+ foppi% or affect$ ab\t him1 
s t ! ladies take little notice ( him & 
he is less pett$ ?an o!r *ildr52 !re=e  
he does n c>e = !m1 & is less spoilt by 
_! company2 he is n yet ( an age to feel

 its *>m4 ,i h tak5 c>e n to tea* him to
 kiss _! h&s1 to pay !m complim5ts1 or  
ev5 to be m polite to !m ?an to m54 ,x  
is my con/ant rule to ask no?+ f him b  
:at he c und]/&1 & !re is no good reason
 :y a *ild %\ld treat "o sex diff]5tly f
 ! o!r4 ,on our way1 ! ?\ght w occur to 
him1 ,all ^? p :o lab\r$ to prep>e t gr&
 fea/ 7 ei!r wa/+ _! "t or !y h no idea 
h[ to enjoy !mselves4  ,my example may  
be "r = "o *ild & wrong = ! re/4 ,if y  
ent] into _! way ( look+ at ?+s y w "k  
h[ to v>y y\r in/ances z requir$2 !     
*oice dep5ds on ! /udy ( ! individual   
temp]am5t1 & ?is /udy 9 turn dep5ds on !
 opportunities :i* occur to %[ ?is      
temp]am5t4 ,y w n suppose t1 9 ! ?ree or
 f\r ye>s at our disposal1 ev5 ! mo/    
gift$ *ild c get an idea ( all ! arts & 
sci5ces1 suffici5t to enable him to /udy
 !m = himself :5 he is old]2 b by br++  
be=e him :at he ne$s to "k1 we enable   
him to develop 8 own ta/es1 8 own       
tal5ts1 to take ! fir/ /ep t[>ds !      
object :i* appeals to 8 individuality & 

to %[ u ! road we mu/ op5 up to aid ! "w
 ( nature4  ,!re is ano!r advantage ( ^!
 tra9s ( limit$ b exact bits ( k2 he    
le>ns by _! connection & int]dep5d5ce h[
 to rank !m 9 8 own e/imation & to be on
 8 gu>d aga9/ ^? prejudices1 common to  
mo/ m51 :i* draw !m t[>ds ! gifts !y    
!mselves cultivate & away f ^? !y h     
neglect$4 ,! man :o cle>ly sees ! :ole1 
sees :]e ea* "p %\ld be2 ! man :o sees  
"o "p cle>ly & kn[s x ?or\ghly may be a 
le>n$ man1 b ! =m] is a wise man1 & y   
rememb] x is wisdom r ?an k t we hope to
 acquire4  ,h[ev] t may be1 my me?od    
does n dep5d on my examples2 x dep5ds on
 ! am\nt ( a man's p[]s at diff]5t ages1
 & ! *oice ( occupations adapt$ to ^?   
p[]s4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be easy to f9d a    
me?od :i* appe>$ to give bett] results1 
b if x 7 less suit$ to ! type1 sex1 &   
age ( ! s*ol>1 ,i d\bt :e!r ! results   
w\ld really be z good4  ,at ! beg9n+ (  
?is second p]iod we took advantage ( !  
fact t our /r5g? 0 m ?an en\gh = our    
ne$s1 to enable u to get outside        

ourselves4 ,we h rang$ ! heav5s &       
measur$ ! e>?2 we h s\ght out ! laws (  
nature2 we h explor$ ! :ole ( our isl&4 
,n[ let u return to ourselves1 let u    
unconsci\sly approa* our own dwell+4 ,we
 are happy inde$ if we d n f9d x already
 occupi$ by ! dread$ foe1 :o is prep>+  
to seize x4  ,:at rema9s to be done :5  
we h obs]v$ all t lies ar\nd u8 ,we mu/ 
turn to our own use all t we c get1 we  
mu/ increase our com=t by means ( our   
curiosity4 ,hi!rto we h provid$         
ourselves ) tools ( all k9ds1 n kn[+ :i*
 we require4 ,p]haps ^? we d n want w be
 useful to o!rs1 & p]haps we may ne$    
!irs4 ,?us we discov] ! use ( ex*ange2 b
 = ?is we mu/ "k ea* o!r's ne$s1 :at    
tools o!r p use1 :at !y c (f] 9 ex*ange4
 ,giv5 t5 m51 ea* ( !m has t5 diff]5t   
requirem5ts4 ,to get :at he ne$s =      
himself ea* mu/ "w at t5 diff]5t trades2
 b consid]+ our diff]5t tal5ts1 "o w d  
bett] at ?is trade1 ano!r at t4 ,ea* (  
!m1 fitt$ = "o ?+1 w "w at all1 & w be  
badly s]v$4 ,let u =m ^! t5 m5 into a   

society1 & let ea* devote himself to !  
trade = :i* he is be/ adapt$1 & let him 
"w at x = himself & = ! re/4 ,ea* w reap
 ! advantage ( ! o!rs' tal5ts1 j z if !y
 7 8 own2 by practice ea* w p]fect 8 own
 tal5t1 & ?us all ! t51 well provid$ =1 
w /ill h some?+ to sp>e = o!rs4 ,?is is 
! pla9 f\ndation ( all our in/itutions4 
,x is n my aim to exam9e its results "h2
 ,i h done s 9 ano!r book 7,disc\rs sur 
l'inegalite74  ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1
 any "o :o want$ to consid] himself z an
 isolat$ individual1 self-suffic+ &     
indep5d5t ( o!rs1 c\ld only be utt]ly   
wret*$4 ,he c\ld n ev5 cont9ue to exi/1 
= f9d+ ! :ole e>? appropriat$ by o!rs   
:ile he _h only himself1 h[ c\ld he get 
! means ( subsi/5ce8 ,:5 we leave ! /ate
 ( nature we compel o!rs to d ! same2 no
 "o c rema9 9 a /ate ( nature 9 spite ( 
8 fell[-creatures1 & to try to rema9 9 x
 :5 x is no long] practicable1 w\ld     
really be to leave x1 = self-pres]vation
 is nature's fir/ law4  ,?us ! idea (   
social relations is gradually develop$ 9

 ! *ild's m9d1 be=e he c really be an   
active memb] ( human society4 ,emile    
sees t to get tools = 8 own use1 o!r p  
mu/ h !irs1 & t he c get 9 ex*ange :at  
he ne$s & !y possess4 ,i easily br+ him 
to feel ! ne$ ( su* ex*ange & to take   
advantage ( x4  ,sir1 ,i mu/ live1 said 
a mis]able writ] ( lampoons to ! m9i/]  
:o reprov$ him = 8 infam\s trade4 ,i d n
 see ! necessity1 repli$ ! great man    
coldly4 ,?is answ]1 excell5t f ! m9i/]1 
w\ld h be5 b>b>\s & untrue 9 any o!r    
m\?4 ,e man mu/ live2 ?is argum5t1 :i*  
appeals to e "o ) m or less =ce 9       
proportion to 8 humanity1 /rikes me z   
unansw]able :5 appli$ to oneself4 ,s9ce 
our dislike ( dea? is ! /ronge/ ( ^?    
av]sions nature has implant$ 9 u1 x     
foll[s t ev]y?+ is p]missible to ! man  
:o has no o!r means ( liv+4 ,!          
pr9ciples1 :i* tea* ! good man to c\nt 8
 life a little ?+ & to sacrifice x at   
duty's call1 are f> remov$ f ?is        
primitive simplicity4 ,happy are ^?     
nations :]e "o c be good )\t ef=t1 & j  

)\t consci\s virtue4 ,if 9 ?is _w !re is
 any condition s mis]able t "o _c live  
)\t wrong-do+1 :]e ! citiz5 is driv5    
into evil1 y %\ld hang1 n ! crim9al1 b  
^? :o drove him into crime4  ,z soon z  
,emile kn[s :at life is1 my fir/ c>e w  
be to tea* him to pres]ve 8 life4       
,hi!rto ,i h made no di/9ction (        
condition1 rank1 /ation1 or =tune2 nor  
%all ,i di/+ui% betwe5 !m 9 ! future1   
s9ce man is ! same 9 e /ation2 ! ri*    
man's /oma* is no bigg] ?an ! poor      
man's1 nor is 8 dige/ion any bett]2 !   
ma/]'s arm is nei!r long] nor /rong] ?an
 ! slave's2 a great man is no tall] ?an 
"o ( ! p1 & inde$ ! natural ne$s are !  
same to all1 & ! means ( satisfy+ !m    
%\ld be equally )9 ! rea* ( all4  ,fit a
 man's education to 8 real self1 n to   
:at is no "p ( him4 ,d y n see t 9 /riv+
 to fit him m]ely = "o /ation1 y are    
unfitt+ him = any?+ else1 s t "s caprice
 ( ,=tune may make y\r "w really h>mful 
to him8 ,:at c\ld be m absurd ?an a     
nobleman 9 rags1 :o c>ries ) him into 8 

pov]ty ! prejudices ( 8 bir?8 ,:at is m 
despicable ?an a ri* man fall5 into     
pov]ty1 :o recalls ! scorn ) :i* he     
himself reg>d$ ! poor1 & feels t he has 
sunk to ! l[e/ dep? ( degradation8 ,! "o
 may become a pr(essional ?ief1 ! o!r a 
cr++ s]vant1 ) ?is f9e say+1 ,i mu/     
live4  ,y reckon on ! pres5t ord] (     
society1 )\t consid]+ t ?is ord] is     
itself subject to inscrutable *anges1 & 
t y c nei!r =esee nor provide aga9/ !   
revolution :i* may affect y\r *ildr54 ,!
 great become small1 ! ri* poor1 ! k+ a 
common]4 ,does fate /rike s seldom t y c
 c\nt on immunity f h] bl[s8 ,! crisis  
is approa*+1 & we are on ! edge ( a     
revolution4 ,footnote3 ,9 my op9ion x is
 impossible t ! great k+doms ( ,europe  
%\ld la/ mu* long]4 ,ea* ( !m has _h its
 p]iod ( spl5d\r1 aft] :i* x mu/        
inevitably decl9e4 ,i h my own op9ions z
 to ! special applications ( ?is g5]al  
/atem5t1 b ?is is n ! place to ent] into
 details1 & !y are only too evid5t to   
ev]ybody4 ,:o c answ] = y\r fate8 ,:at  

man has made1 man may de/roy4 ,nature's 
*>act]s alone are ineffaceable1 & nature
 makes nei!r ! pr9ce1 ! ri* man1 nor !  
nobleman4 ,?is satrap :om y h educat$ = 
greatness1 :at w become ( him 9 8       
degradation8 ,?is f>m] ( ! taxes :o c   
only live on gold1 :at w he d 9 pov]ty8 
,?is haughty fool :o _c use 8 own h&s1  
:o prides himself on :at is n really 81 
:at w he d :5 he is /ripp$ ( all8 ,9 t  
day1 happy w he be :o c give up ! rank  
:i* is no long] 81 & be /ill a man 9    
,fate's despite4  ,let m5 praise z !y w 
t conqu]$ mon>* :o l a madman w\ld be   
buri$ b5ea? ! fragm5ts ( 8 ?rone2 ,i    
behold him ) scorn2 to me he is m]ely a 
cr[n1 & :5 t is gone he is no?+4 ,b he  
:o loses 8 cr[n & lives )\t x1 is m ?an 
a k+2 f ! rank ( a k+1 :i* may be held  
by a c[>d1 a villa91 or madman1 he rises
 to ! rank ( a man1 a position few c    
fill4 ,?us he triumphs ov] ,=tune1 he   
d>es to look h] 9 ! face2 he dep5ds on  
himself alone1 & :5 he has no?+ left to 
%[ b himself he is n a non5tity1 he is  

somebody4 ,bett] a ?\s&fold ! k+ (      
,cor9? a s*oolma/] at ,syracuse1 ?an a  
wret*$ ,t>qu91 unable to be any?+ b a   
k+1 or ! heir ( ! rul] ( ?ree k+doms1 ! 
sport ( all :o w\ld scorn 8 pov]ty1 w&]+
 f c\rt to c\rt 9 se>* ( help1 & f9d+   
no?+ b insults1 = want ( kn[+ any trade 
b "o :i* he c no long] practise4  ,! man
 & ! citiz51 :oev] he may be1 has no    
prop]ty to inve/ 9 society b himself1   
all 8 o!r goods belong to society 9     
spite ( himself1 & :5 a man is ri*1 ei!r
 he does n enjoy 8 weal?1 or ! public   
enjoys x too2 9 ! fir/ case he robs o!rs
 z well z himself2 9 ! second he gives  
!m no?+4 ,?us 8 debt to society is /ill 
unpaid1 :ile he only pays ) 8 prop]ty4  
,b my fa!r 0 s]v+ society :ile he 0     
acquir+ 8 weal?4 ,j s2 he paid 8 own    
debt1 n y\rs4 ,y owe m to o!rs ?an if y 
_h be5 born ) no?+1 s9ce y 7 born "u    
fav\rable conditions4 ,x is n fair t :at
 "o man has done = society %\ld pay     
ano!r's debt1 = s9ce e man owes all t he
 is1 he c only pay 8 own debt1 & no fa!r

 c transmit to 8 son any "r to be ( no  
use to mank9d4 ,b1 y say1 ?is is j :at  
he does :5 he leaves me 8 weal?1 ! rew>d
 ( 8 lab\r4 ,! man :o eats 9 idl5ess :at
 he has n himself e>n$1 is a ?ief1 & 9  
my eyes1 ! man :o lives on an income    
paid him by ! /ate = do+ no?+1 diff]s   
little f a highwayman :o lives on ^? :o 
travel 8 way4 ,outside ! pale ( society1
 ! solit>y1 ow+ no?+ to any man1 may    
live z he pleases1 b 9 society ei!r he  
lives at ! co/ ( o!rs1 or he owes !m 9  
lab\r ! co/ ( 8 keep2 !re is no         
exception to ?is rule4 ,man 9 society is
 b\nd to "w2 ri* or poor1 weak or /rong1
 e idl] is a ?ief4  ,n[ ( all ! pursuits
 by :i* a man may e>n 8 liv+1 ! ne>e/ to
 a /ate ( nature is manual lab\r2 ( all 
/ations t ( ! artisan is lea/ dep5d5t on
 ,=tune4 ,! artisan dep5ds on 8 lab\r   
alone1 he is a free man :ile ! pl\ghman 
is a slave2 = ! latt] dep5ds on 8 field 
:]e ! crops may be de/roy$ by o!rs4 ,an 
enemy1 a pr9ce1 a p[]ful neighb\r1 or a 
law-suit may deprive him ( 8 field2     

?r\gh ?is field he may be h>ass$ 9 all  
sorts ( ways4 ,b if ! artisan is        
ill-treat$ 8 goods are soon pack$ & he  
takes himself (f4 ,yet agriculture is ! 
e>lie/1 ! mo/ hone/ ( trades1 & m useful
 ?an all ! re/1 & !re=e m hon\rable = ^?
 :o practise x4 ,i d n say to ,emile1   
,/udy agriculture1 he is already famili>
 ) x4 ,he is acqua9t$ ) e k9d ( rural   
lab\r1 x 0 8 fir/ occupation1 & he      
returns to x cont9ually4 ,s ,i say to   
him1 ,cultivate y\r fa!r's l&s1 b if y  
lose ?is inh]itance1 or if y h none to  
lose1 :at w y d8 ,le>n a trade4  ,a     
trade = my son6 ,my son a work+ man6    
,:at are y ?9k+ (1 sir8 ,madam1 my      
?\ghts are wis] ?an y\rs2 y want to make
 him fit = no?+ b a "l1 a m>quis1 or a  
pr9ce2 & "s day he may be less ?an no?+4
 ,i want to give him a rank :i* he _c   
lose1 a rank :i* w always d him hon\r2  
,i want to raise him to ! /atus ( a man1
 &1 :atev] y may say1 he w h few] equals
 9 t rank ?an 9 y\r own4  ,! lett]      
kille?1 ! _s give? life4 ,le>n+ a trade 

matt]s less ?an ov]com+ ! prejudices he 
despises4 ,y w nev] be r$uc$ to e>n+ y\r
 livelihood2 s mu* ! worse = y4 ,no     
matt]2 "w = hon\r1 n = ne$3 /oop to !   
position ( a work+ man1 to rise above   
y\r own4 ,to conqu] ,=tune & ev]y?+     
else1 beg9 by indep5d5ce4 ,to rule ?r\gh
 public op9ion1 beg9 by rul+ ov] x4     
,rememb] ,i dem& no tal5t1 only a trade1
 a g5u9e trade1 a m]e me*anical art1 9  
:i* ! h&s "w h>d] ?an ! head1 a trade   
:i* does n lead to =tune b makes y      
indep5d5t ( h]4 ,9 h\seholds f> remov$ f
 all dang] ( want ,i h kn[n fa!rs c>ry  
prud5ce to su* a po9t z to provide _!   
*ildr5 n only ) ord9>y tea*+ b ) k by   
means ( :i* !y c\ld get a liv+ if any?+ 
happ5$4 ,^! f>-sight$ p>5ts ?\ght !y 7  
do+ a great ?+4 ,x is no?+1 = ! res\rces
 !y fancy !y h secur$ dep5d on t v =tune
 ( :i* !y w\ld make _! *ildr5 indep5d5t2
 s t unless !y f\nd !mselves 9          
circum/ances fitt$ = ! display ( _!     
tal5ts1 !y w\ld die ( hung] z if !y _h  
none4  ,z soon z x is a "q ( influ5ce & 

intrigue y may z well use ^! means to   
keep y\rself 9 pl5ty1 z to acquire1 9 ! 
dep?s ( pov]ty1 ! means ( return+ to y\r
 =m] position4 ,if y cultivate ! arts   
:i* dep5d on ! arti/'s reputation1 if y 
fit y\rself = po/s :i* are only obta9$  
by fav\r1 h[ w t help y :51 rightly     
disgu/$ ) ! _w1 y scorn ! /eps by :i* y 
mu/ climb4 ,y h /udi$ politics &        
/ate-craft1 s f> s good2 b h[ w y use   
?is k1 if y _c ga9 ! e> ( ! m9i/]s1 !   
fav\rites1 or ! (ficials8 if y h n !    
secret ( w9n+ _! fav\r1 if !y fail to   
f9d y a rogue to _! ta/e8 ,y are an     
ar*itect or a pa9t]2 well & good2 b y\r 
tal5ts mu/ be display$4 ,d y suppose y c
 exhibit 9 ! salon )\t fur!r ado8 ,t is 
n ! way to set ab\t x4 ,lay aside ! rule
 & ! p5cil1 take a cab & drive f door to
 door2 !re is ! road to fame4 ,n[ y mu/ 
"k t ! doors ( ! great are gu>d$ by     
port]s & flunkeys1 :o only und]/& "o    
language1 & _! e>s are 9 _! palms4 ,if y
 wi% to tea* :at y h le>n$1 geography1  
ma!matics1 languages1 music1 draw+1 ev5 

to f9d pupils1 y mu/ h fri5ds :o w s+   
y\r praises4 ,le>n+1 rememb]1 ga9s m    
cr$it ?an skill1 & ) no trade b y\r own 
none w believe 9 y\r skill4 ,see h[     
little y c dep5d on ^! f9e ,res\rces1 & 
h[ _m o!r res\rces are requir$ be=e y c 
use :at y h got4 ,& :at w become ( y 9  
y\r degradation8 ,mis=tune w make y     
worse r ?an bett]4 ,m ?an ev] ! sport ( 
public op9ion1 h[ w y rise above !      
prejudices on :i* y\r fate dep5ds8 ,h[ w
 y despise ! vices & ! bas5ess f :i* y  
get y\r liv+8 ,y 7 dep5d5t on weal?1 n[ 
y are dep5d5t on ! weal?y2 y are /ill a 
slave & a poor man into ! b>ga94 ,pov]ty
 )\t fre$om1 c a man s9k l[] ?an ?is6   
,b if in/ead ( ?is recondite le>n+      
adapt$ to fe$ ! m9d1 n ! body1 y h      
rec\rse1 at ne$1 to y\r h&s & y\r       
h&iwork1 !re is no call = deceit1 y\r   
trade is ready :5 requir$4 ,hon\r &     
hone/y w n /& 9 ! way ( y\r liv+4 ,y ne$
 no long] cr+e & lie to ! great1 nor    
creep & crawl be=e rogues1 a despicable 
flatt]] ( bo?1 a borr[] or a ?ief1 = !re

 is little to *oose betwe5 !m :5 y are  
p5niless4 ,o!r p's op9ions are no conc]n
 ( y\rs1 y ne$ n pay c\rt to any "o1 !re
 is no fool to flatt]1 no flunkey to    
bribe1 no woman to w9 ov]4 ,let rogues  
conduct ! affairs ( /ate2 9 y\r l[ly    
rank y c /ill be an hone/ man & yet get 
a liv+4 ,y walk into ! fir/ work%op (   
y\r trade4 ,ma/]1 ,i want "w4 ,comrade1 
take y\r place & "w4 ,be=e d9n]-"t y h  
e>n$ y\r d9n]4 ,if y are sob] &         
indu/ri\s1 be=e ! week is out y w h e>n$
 y\r keep = ano!r week2 y w h liv$ 9    
fre$om1 heal?1 tru?1 indu/ry1 &         
righte\sness4 ,"t is n wa/$ :5 x br+s ^!
 returns4  ,emile %all le>n a trade4 ,an
 hone/ trade1 at lea/1 y say4 ,:at d y  
mean by hone/8 ,is n e useful trade     
hone/8 ,i w\ld n make an embroid]]1 a   
gild]1 a poli%] ( him1 l ,locke's "y    
g5tleman4 ,nei!r w\ld ,i make him a     
musician1 an actor1 or an               
au?or4,footnote3 ,y are an au?or        
y\rself1 y w reply4 ,yes1 = my s9s2 & my
 ill de$s1 :i* ,i ?9k ,i h fully        

expiat$1 are no reason :y o!rs %\ld be l
 me4 ,i d n write to excuse my faults1 b
 to prev5t my read]s f copy+ !m4 ,) !   
exception ( ^! & o!rs l !m1 let him     
*oose 8 own trade1 ,i d n mean to       
int]f]e ) 8 *oice4 ,i w\ld r h him a    
%oemak] ?an a poet1 ,i w\ld r he pav$   
/reets ?an pa9t$ fl[]s on *9a4 ,b1 y w  
say1 policem51 spies1 & hangm5 are      
useful p4 ,!re w\ld be no use = !m if x 
7 n = ! gov]nm5t4 ,b let t pass4 ,i 0   
wrong4 ,x is n en\gh to *oose an hone/  
trade1 x mu/ be a trade :i* does n      
develop dete/able qualities 9 ! m9d1    
qualities incompatible ) humanity4 ,to  
return to our orig9al expression1 ,let u
 *oose an hone/ trade1 b let u rememb]  
!re c be no hone/y )\t usefulness4  ,a  
fam\s writ] ( ?is c5tury1 ^: books are  
full ( great s*emes & n>r[ views1 0 "u a
 v[1 l ! o!r prie/s ( 8 communion1 n to 
take a wife4 ,f9d+ himself m scrupul\s  
?an o!rs ) reg>d to 8 neighb\r's wife1  
he decid$1 s !y say1 to employ pretty   
s]vants1 & s did 8 be/ to repair ! wrong

 done to ! race by 8 ra% promise4 ,he   
?\ght x ! duty ( a citiz5 to bre$ *ildr5
 = ! /ate1 & he made 8 *ildr5 artisans4 
,z soon z !y 7 old en\gh !y 7 taught    
:atev] trade !y *ose2 only idle or      
useless trades 7 exclud$1 su* z t ( !   
wigmak] :o is nev] necess>y1 & may any  
day cease to be requir$1 s long z nature
 does n get tir$ ( provid+ u ) hair4    
,?is _s %all guide our *oice ( trade =  
,emile1 or r1 n our *oice b 82 = !      
maxims he has imbib$ make him despise   
useless ?+s1 & he w nev] be cont5t to   
wa/e 8 "t on va9 lab\rs2 8 trade mu/ be 
( use to ,rob9son on 8 isl&4  ,:5 we    
review ) ! *ild ! productions ( art &   
nature1 :5 we /imulate 8 curiosity &    
foll[ its lead1 we h great opportunities
 ( /udy+ 8 ta/es & incl9ations1 &       
p]ceiv+ ! fir/ sp>k ( g5ius1 if he has  
any decid$ tal5t 9 any direction4 ,y    
mu/1 h[ev]1 be on y\r gu>d aga9/ !      
common error :i* mi/akes ! effects (    
environm5t = ! ard\r ( g5ius1 or imag9es
 !re is a decid$ b5t t[>ds any "o ( !   

arts1 :5 !re is no?+ m ?an t _s (       
emulation1 common to m5 & monkeys1 :i*  
impels !m in/9ctively to d :at !y see   
o!rs do+1 )\t kn[+ :y4  ,! _w is full ( 
artisans1 & /ill full] ( arti/s1 :o h no
 native gift = _! call+1 into :i* !y 7  
driv5 9 e>ly *ildhood1 ei!r ?r\gh !     
conv5tional ideas ( o!r p1 or because ^?
 ab\t !m 7 deceiv$ by an appe>ance (    
zeal1 :i* w\ld h l$ !m to take to any   
o!r art !y saw practis$4 ,"o he>s a drum
 & fancies he is a g5]al2 ano!r sees a  
build+ & wants to be an ar*itect4 ,e "o 
is drawn t[>ds ! trade he sees be=e him 
if he ?9ks x is held 9 hon\r4  ,i once  
knew a footman :o wat*$ 8 ma/] draw+ &  
pa9t+ & took x into 8 head to become a  
design] & arti/4 ,he seiz$ a p5cil :i*  
he only ab&on$ = a pa9t-bru%1 to :i* he 
/uck = ! re/ ( 8 days4 ,)\t tea*+ or    
rules ( art he began to draw ev]y?+ he  
saw4 ,?ree :ole ye>s 7 devot$ to ^!     
daubs1 f :i* no?+ b 8 duties c\ld /ir   
him1 nor 0 he disc\rag$ by ! small      
progress result+ f 8 v m$iocre tal5ts4  

,i h se5 him sp5d ! :ole ( a broil+     
summ] 9 a little ante-room t[>ds ! s\?1 
a room :]e "o 0 suffocat$ m]ely pass+   
?r\gh x2 !re he 01 seat$ or r nail$ all 
day to 8 *air1 be=e a globe1 draw+ x    
aga9 & aga9 & yet aga91 ) inv9cible     
ob/9acy till he _h reproduc$ ! r\nd$    
surface to 8 own satisfaction4 ,at la/ )
 8 ma/]'s help & "u ! guidance ( an     
arti/ he got s f> z to ab&on 8 liv]y &  
live by 8 bru%4 ,p]sev]ance does in/ead 
( tal5t up to a c]ta9 po9t2 he got s f>1
 b no fur!r4 ,?is hone/ lad's p]sev]ance
 & ambition are praisewor?y2 he w always
 be respect$ = 8 indu/ry & /eadfa/ness (
 purpose1 b 8 pa9t+s w always be        
?ird-rate4 ,:o w\ld n h be5 deceiv$ by 8
 zeal & tak5 x = real tal5t6 ,!re is all
 ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w betwe5 a lik+ & an   
aptitude4 ,to make sure ( real g5ius or 
real ta/e 9 a *ild calls = m accurate   
obs]vations ?an is g5]ally suspect$1 = !
 *ild displays 8 wi%es n 8 capacity1 &  
we judge by ! =m] in/ead ( consid]+ !   
latt]4 ,i wi% "s tru/wor?y p]son w\ld   

give u a treatise on ! art ( *ild-/udy4 
,?is art is well wor? /udy+1 b nei!r    
p>5ts nor tea*]s h ma/]$ its elem5ts4   
,p]haps we are lay+ too mu* /ress on !  
*oice ( a trade2 z x is a manual        
occupation1 ,emile's *oice is no great  
matt]1 & 8 appr5tice%ip is m ?an half   
accompli%$ already1 ?r\gh ! ex]cises :i*
 h hi!rto occupi$ him4 ,:at w\ld y h him
 d8 ,he is ready = any?+4 ,he c h&le !  
spade & hoe1 he c use ! la!1 hamm]1     
plane1 or file2 he is already famili> ) 
^! tools :i* are common to _m trades4   
,he only ne$s to acquire suffici5t skill
 9 ! use ( any "o ( !m to rival ! spe$1 
! famili>ity1 & ! dilig5ce ( good       
workm51 & he w h a great advantage ov]  
!m 9 suppl5ess ( body & limb1 s t he c  
easily take any position & c cont9ue any
 k9d ( movem5ts )\t ef=t4 ,moreov] 8    
s5ses are acute & well-practis$1 he kn[s
 ! pr9ciples ( ! v>i\s trades2 to "w l a
 ma/] ( 8 craft he only ne$s exp]i5ce1 &
 exp]i5ce comes ) practice4 ,to :i* ( ^!
 trades :i* are op5 to u w he give      

suffici5t "t to make himself ma/] ( x8  
,t is ! :ole "q4  ,give a man a trade   
befitt+ 8 sex1 to a "y man a trade      
befitt+ 8 age4 ,s$5t>y indoor           
employm5ts1 :i* make ! body t5d] &      
effem9ate1 are nei!r pleas+ nor         
suitable4 ,no lad ev] want$ to be a     
tailor4 ,x takes "s art to attract a man
 to ?is woman's "w4,footnote3 ,!re 7 no 
tailors among ! anci5ts2 m5's clo!s 7   
made at home by ! wom54 ,! same h& _c   
hold ! ne$le & ! sword4 ,if ,i 7 k+ ,i  
w\ld only all[ ne$lework & dressmak+ to 
be done by wom5 & cripples :o are oblig$
 to "w at su* trades4 ,if eunu*s 7      
requir$ ,i ?9k ! ,ea/]ns 7 v fooli% to  
make !m on purpose4 ,:y n take ^?       
provid$ by nature1 t cr[d ( base p]sons 
)\t natural feel+8 ,!re w\ld be en\gh & 
to sp>e4  ,! weak1 feeble1 timid man is 
condemn$ by nature to a s$5t>y life1 he 
is fit to live among wom5 or 9 _!       
fa%ion4 ,let him adopt "o ( _! trades if
 he likes2 & if !re mu/ be eunu*s let !m
 take ^? m5 :o di%on\r _! sex by adopt+ 

trades unwor?y ( x4 ,_! *oice proclaims 
a blund] on ! "p ( nature2 correct x "o 
way or o!r1 y w d no h>m4  ,an unheal?y 
trade ,i =bid to my pupil1 b n a        
difficult or dang]\s "o4 ,he w ex]cise  
himself 9 /r5g? & c\rage2 su* trades are
 = m5 n wom51 :o claim no %>e 9 !m4 ,are
 n m5 a%am$ to poa* ^u ! wom5's trades8 
,luctantur paucae1 com$unt coliphia     
paucae4      ,vos lanam trahitis1       
cala?isque p]acta ref]tis               
,vell]a4--,juv54 ,sat4 ,,ii4 ,v4 #ee4   
,wom5 are n se5 9 %ops 9 ,italy1 & to   
p]sons accu/om$ to ! /reets ( ,engl& &  
,france no?+ c\ld look gloomi]4 ,:5 ,i  
saw drap]s sell+ ladies ribbons1        
pompons1 net1 & *5ille1 ,i ?\ght ^!     
delicate ornam5ts v absurd 9 ! co>se h&s
 fit to bl[ ! bell[s & /rike ! anvil4 ,i
 said to myself1 ,9 ?is c\ntry wom5 %\ld
 set up z /eel-poli%]s & arm\r]s4 ,let  
ea* make & sell ! weapons ( 8 or h] own 
sex2 k is acquir$ ?r\gh use4  ,i "k ,i h
 said too mu* = my agreeable            
contempor>ies1 b ,i sometimes let myself

 be c>ri$ away by my argum5t4 ,if any "o
 is a%am$ to be se5 we>+ a lea!rn apron 
or h&l+ a plane1 ,i ?9k him a m]e slave 
( public op9ion1 ready to blu% = :at is 
"r :5 p poke fun at x4 ,b let u yield to
 p>5ts' prejudices s long z !y d n hurt 
! *ildr54 ,to hon\r trades we are n     
oblig$ to practise e "o ( !m1 s long z  
we d n ?9k !m b5ea? u4 ,:5 ! *oice is   
ours & we are "u no compulsion1 :y n    
*oose ! pleasant]1 m attractive & m     
suitable trade4 ,metal "w is useful1 m  
useful1 p]haps1 ?an ! re/1 b unless = "s
 special reason ,emile %all n be a      
blacksmi?1 a locksmi? nor an iron-work]4
 ,i d n want to see him a ,cyclops at ! 
=ge4 ,nei!r w\ld ,i h him a mason1 /ill 
less a %oemak]4 ,all trades mu/ be c>ri$
 on1 b :5 ! *oice is ours1 cleanl9ess   
%\ld be tak5 into acc\nt2 ?is is n a    
matt] ( class prejudice1 our s5ses are  
our guides4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i d n l ^?  
/upid trades 9 :i* ! workm5 me*anically 
p]=m ! same action )\t pause & almo/ )\t
 m5tal ef=t4 ,weav+1 /ock+-knitt+1      

/one-cutt+2 :y employ intellig5t m5 on  
su* "w8 x is m]ely "o ma*9e employ$ on  
ano!r4  ,all ?+s consid]$1 ! trade ,i   
%\ld *oose = my pupil1 among ! trades he
 likes1 is t ( a c>p5t]4 ,x is clean &  
useful2 x may be c>ri$ on at home2 x    
gives en\gh ex]cise2 x calls = skill &  
indu/ry1 & :ile fa%ion+ articles =      
ev]yday use1 !re is scope = elegance &  
ta/e4 ,if y\r pupil's tal5ts happ5$ to  
take a sci5tific turn1 ,i %\ld n blame y
 if y gave him a trade 9 accordance ) 8 
ta/es1 = in/ance1 he might le>n to make 
ma!matical in/rum5ts1 glasses1          
telescopes1 etc4  ,:5 ,emile le>ns 8    
trade ,i %all le>n x too4 ,i am conv9c$ 
he w nev] le>n any?+ ?or\ghly unless we 
le>n x toge!r4 ,s we %all bo? s]ve our  
appr5tice%ip1 & we d n mean to be treat$
 z g5tlem51 b z real appr5tices :o are n
 !re = fun2 :y %\ld n we actually be    
appr5tic$8 ,pet] ! ,great 0 a %ip's     
c>p5t] & drumm] to 8 own troops2 0 n t  
pr9ce at lea/ y\r equal 9 bir? & m]it8  
,y und]/& ?is is address$ n to ,emile b 

to y--to y1 :oev] y may be4  ,unluckily 
we _c sp5d ! :ole ( our "t at ! work%op4
 ,we are n only 'pr5tice-c>p5t]s b      
'pr5tice-m5--a trade ^: appr5tice%ip is 
long] & m exact+ ?an ! re/4 ,:at %all we
 d8 ,%all we take a ma/] to tea* u ! use
 ( ! plane & engage him by ! h\r l !    
danc+-ma/]8 ,9 t case we %\ld be n      
appr5tices b /ud5ts1 & our ambition is n
 m]ely to le>n c>p5try b to be c>p5t]s4 
,once or twice a week ,i ?9k we %\ld    
sp5d ! :ole day at our ma/]'s2 we %\ld  
get up :5 he does1 we %\ld be at our "w 
be=e him1 we %\ld take our meals ) him1 
"w "u 8 ord]s1 & aft] hav+ _h ! hon\r ( 
supp+ at 8 table we may if we please    
return to sleep ^u our own h>d b$s4 ,?is
 is ! way to le>n sev]al trades at once1
 to le>n to d manual "w )\t neglect+ our
 appr5tice%ip to life4  ,let u d :at is 
"r )\t o/5tation2 let u n fall into     
vanity ?r\gh our ef=ts to resi/ x4 ,to  
pride ourselves on our victory ov]      
prejudice is to succumb to prejudice4 ,x
 is said t 9 accordance ) an old cu/om (

 ! ,ottomans1 ! sultan is oblig$ to "w )
 8 h&s1 &1 z e "o kn[s1 ! h&iwork ( a k+
 is a ma/]piece4 ,s he royally          
di/ributes 8 ma/]pieces among ! great   
lords ( ! ,porte & ! price paid is 9    
accordance ) ! rank ( ! workman4 ,x is n
 ?is s-call$ abuse to :i* ,i object2 on 
! contr>y1 x is an advantage1 & by      
compell+ ! lords to %>e ) him ! spoils (
 ! p x is s mu* ! less necess>y = !     
pr9ce to plund] ! p himself4 ,despotism 
ne$s "s su* relaxation1 & )\t x t       
hateful rule c\ld n la/4  ,! real evil 9
 su* a cu/om is ! idea x gives t poor   
man ( 8 own wor?4 ,l ,k+ ,midas he sees 
all ?+s turn to gold at 8 t\*1 b he does
 n see ! ass' e>s gr[+4 ,let u keep     
,emile's h&s f money le/ he %\ld become 
an ass1 let him take ! "w b n ! wages4  
,nev] let 8 "w be judg$ by any /&>d b t 
( ! "w ( a ma/]4 ,let x be judg$ z "w1 n
 because x is 84 ,if any?+ is well done1
 ,i say1 ,t is a good piece ( "w1 b d n 
ask :o did x4 ,if he is pleas$ & pr\d & 
says1 ,i did x1 answ] indiff]5tly1 ,no  

matt] :o did x1 x is well done4  ,good  
"m1 be on y\r gu>d aga9/ ! deceptions   
prep>$ = y4 ,if y\r son kn[s _m ?+s1    
di/ru/ 8 k2 if he is unlucky en\gh to be
 ri* & educat$ 9 ,p>is he is ru9$4 ,z   
long z !re are clev] arti/s he w h e    
tal5t1 b ap>t f 8 ma/]s he w h none4 ,9 
,p>is a ri* man kn[s ev]y?+1 x is ! poor
 :o are ignorant4 ,our capital is full (
 amateurs1 especially wom51 :o d _! "w z
 ,m4 ,gillaume inv5ts 8 col\rs4 ,among !
 m5 ,i "k ?ree /rik+ exceptions1 among !
 wom5 ,i "k no exceptions1 & ,i d\bt if 
!re are any4 ,9 a g5]al way a man       
becomes an arti/ & a judge ( art z he   
becomes a ,doctor ( ,laws & a magi/rate4
  ,if !n x is once admitt$ t x is a f9e 
?+ to h a trade1 y\r *ildr5 w\ld soon h 
"o )\t le>n+ x4 ,!y w\ld become po/ma/]s
 l ! c\ncillors ( ,zuri*4 ,let u h no   
su* c]emonies = ,emile2 let x be ! real 
?+ n ! %am4 ,d n say :at he kn[s1 let   
him le>n 9 sil5ce4 ,let him make 8      
ma/]piece1 b n be hail$ z ma/]2 let him 
be a workman n 9 "n b 9 de$4  ,if ,i h  

made my mean+ cle> y ought to realise h[
 bodily ex]cise & manual "w unconsci\sly
 ar\se ?\ght & reflexion 9 my pupil1 &  
c\nt]act ! idl5ess :i* might result f 8 
indiff]5ce to m5's judgm5ts1 & 8 fre$om 
f passion4 ,he mu/ "w l a peasant & ?9k 
l a philosoph]1 if he is n to be z idle 
z a savage4 ,! great secret ( education 
is to use ex]cise ( m9d & body z        
relaxation "o to ! o!r4  ,b bew>e (     
anticipat+ tea*+ :i* dem&s m maturity ( 
m9d4 ,emile w n long be a workman be=e  
he discov]s ^? social inequalities he _h
 n previ\sly obs]v$4 ,he w want to "q me
 9 turn on ! maxims ,i h giv5 him1      
maxims he is able to und]/&4 ,:5 he     
d]ives ev]y?+ f me1 :5 he is s ne>ly 9 !
 position ( ! poor1 he w want to "k :y  
,i am s f> remov$ f x4 ,all ( a sudd5 he
 may put sca?+ que/ions to me4 ,y are   
ri*1 y tell me1 & ,i see y are4 ,a ri*  
man owes 8 "w to ! community l ! re/    
because he is a man4 ,:at are y do+ = ! 
community8 ,:at w\ld a f9e tutor say to 
t8 ,i d n "k4 ,he w\ld p]haps be fooli% 

en\gh to talk to ! *ild ( ! c>e he be/[s
 ^u him4 ,! work%op w get me out ( !    
difficulty4 ,my de> ,emile t is a v good
 "q2 ,i w und]take to answ] = myself1 :5
 y c answ] = y\rself to y\r own         
satisfaction4 ,mean:ile ,i w take c>e to
 give :at ,i c sp>e to y & to ! poor1 & 
to make a table or a b5* e week1 s z n  
to be q useless4  ,we h come back to    
ourselves4 ,hav+ ent]$ into possession (
 himself1 our *ild is n[ ready to cease 
to be a *ild4 ,he is m ?an ev] consci\s 
( ! necessity :i* makes him dep5d5t on  
?+s4 ,aft] ex]cis+ 8 body & 8 s5ses y h 
ex]cis$ 8 m9d & 8 judgm5t4 ,f9ally we h 
jo9$ toge!r ! use ( 8 limbs & 8         
faculties4 ,we h made him a work] & a   
?9k]2 we h n[ to make him lov+ &        
t5d]-he>t$1 to p]fect reason ?r\gh      
feel+4 ,b be=e we ent] on ?is new ord] (
 ?+s1 let u ca/ an eye ov] ! /age we are
 leav+ beh9d u1 & p]ceive z cle>ly z we 
c h[ f> we h got4  ,at fir/ our pupil _h
 m]ely s5sations1 n[ he has ideas2 he   
c\ld only feel1 n[ he reasons4 ,= f !   

comp>ison ( _m successive or simultane\s
 s5sations & ! judgm5t arriv$ at ) reg>d
 to !m1 !re spr+s a sort ( mix$ or      
complex s5sation :i* ,i call an idea4   
,! way 9 :i* ideas are =m$ gives a "* to
 ! human m9d4 ,! m9d :i* d]ives its     
ideas f real relations is ?or\gh2 ! m9d 
:i* relies on app>5t relations is       
sup]ficial4 ,he :o sees relations z !y  
are has an exact m9d2 he :o fails to    
e/imate !m aright has an inaccurate m9d2
 he :o concocts imag9>y relations1 :i* h
 no real exi/5ce1 is a madman2 he :o    
does n p]ceive any relation at all is an
 imbecile4  ,clev] m5 are di/+ui%$ f    
o!rs by _! great] or less aptitude = !  
comp>ison ( ideas & ! discov]y (        
relations betwe5 !m4  ,simple ideas     
consi/ m]ely ( s5sations comp>$ "o )    
ano!r4 ,simple s5sations involve        
judgm5ts1 z d ! complex s5sations :i* ,i
 call simple ideas4 ,9 ! s5sation !     
judgm5t is purely passive2 x affirms t  
,i feel :at ,i feel4 ,9 ! p]cept or idea
 ! judgm5t is active2 x connects1       

comp>es1 x discrim9ates betwe5 relations
 n p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,t is ! :ole     
diff]5ce2 b x is a great diff]5ce4      
,nature nev] deceives u2 we deceive     
ourselves4  ,i see "s "o giv+ an        
ice-cream to an eight-ye>-old *ild2 he  
does n "k :at x is & puts ! spoon 9 8   
m\?4 ,/ruck by ! cold he cries out1 ,oh1
 x burns6 ,he feels a v ke5 s5sation1 & 
! heat ( ! fire is ! ke5e/ s5sation he  
kn[s1 s he ?9ks t is :at he feels4 ,yet 
he is mi/ak52 cold hurts1 b x does n    
burn2 & ^! two s5sations are diff]5t1 = 
p]sons ) m exp]i5ce d n confuse !m4 ,s x
 is n ! s5sation t is wrong1 b ! judgm5t
 =m$ ) reg>d to x4  ,x is j ! same ) ^? 
:o see a mirror or "s optical in/rum5t =
 ! fir/ "t1 or ent] a deep cell> 9 !    
dep?s ( w9t] or at midsumm]1 or dip a v 
hot or cold h& into tepid wat]1 or roll 
a little ball betwe5 two cross$ f+]s4   
,if !y are cont5t to say :at !y really  
feel1 _! judgm5t1 be+ purely passive1 _c
 g wrong2 b :5 !y judge accord+ to      
appe>ances1 _! judgm5t is active2 x     

comp>es & e/abli%es by induction        
relations :i* are n really p]ceiv$4 ,!n 
^! inductions may or may n be mi/ak54   
,exp]i5ce is requir$ to correct or      
prev5t error4  ,%[ y\r pupil ! cl\ds at 
night pass+ betwe5 himself & ! moon2 he 
w ?9k ! moon is mov+ 9 ! opposite       
direction & t ! cl\ds are /ation>y4 ,he 
w ?9k ?is ?r\gh a ha/y induction1       
because he g5]ally sees small objects   
mov+ & l>g] ones at re/1 & ! cl\ds seems
 l>g] ?an ! moon1 ^: di/ance is beyond 8
 reckon+4 ,:5 he wat*es ! %ore f a mov+ 
boat he falls into ! opposite mi/ake &  
?9ks ! e>? is mov+ because he does n    
feel ! motion ( ! boat & consid]s x     
along ) ! sea or riv] z "o motionless   
:ole1 ( :i* ! %ore1 :i* appe>s to move1 
=ms no "p4  ,! fir/ "t a *ild sees a    
/ick half imm]s$ 9 wat] he ?9ks he sees 
a brok5 /ick2 ! s5sation is true & w\ld 
n cease to be true ev5 if he knew !     
reason ( ?is appe>ance4 ,s if y ask him 
:at he sees1 he replies1 ,a brok5 /ick1 
= he is q sure he is exp]i5c+ ?is       

s5sation4 ,b :5 deceiv$ by 8 judgm5t he 
goes fur!r &1 aft] say+ he sees a brok5 
/ick1 he affirms t x really is brok5 he 
says :at is n true4 ,:y8 ,because he    
becomes active & judges no long] by     
obs]vation b by induction1 he affirms   
:at he does n p]ceive1 i4e41 t ! judgm5t
 he receives ?r\gh "o ( 8 s5ses w\ld be 
confirm$ by ano!r4  ,s9ce all our errors
 arise 9 our judgm5t1 x is cle>1 t _h we
 no ne$ = judgm5t1 we %\ld n ne$ to     
le>n2 we %\ld nev] be liable to mi/akes1
 we %\ld be happi] 9 our ignorance ?an  
we c be 9 our k4 ,:o c d5y t a va/ numb]
 ( ?+s are kn[n to ! le>n$1 :i* !       
unle>n$ w nev] "k8 ,are ! le>n$ any ne>]
 tru?8 ,n s1 ! fur!r !y g ! fur!r !y get
 f tru?1 = _! pride 9 _! judgm5t        
increases fa/] ?an _! progress 9 k1 s t 
= e tru? !y acquire !y draw a hundr$    
mi/ak5 conclusions4 ,e "o kn[s t ! le>n$
 societies ( ,europe are m]e s*ools (   
falsehood1 & !re are assur$ly m mi/ak5  
notions 9 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ?an 9 a 
:ole tribe ( ,am]ican ,indians4  ,! m we

 "k1 ! m mi/akes we make2 !re=e         
ignorance is ! only way to escape error4
 ,=m no judgm5ts & y w nev] be mi/ak54  
,?is is ! tea*+ bo? ( nature & reason4  
,we come into direct contact ) v few    
?+s1 & ^! are v readily p]ceiv$2 ! re/  
we reg>d ) pr(\nd indiff]5ce4 ,a savage 
w n turn 8 head to wat* ! work+ ( ! f9e/
 ma*9]y or all ! wond]s ( electricity4  
,:at does t matt] to me8 is ! common    
say+ ( ! ignorant2 x is ! fitte/ phrase 
= ! wise4  ,unluckily ?is phrase w no   
long] s]ve our turn4 ,ev]y?+ matt]s to  
u1 z we are dep5d5t on ev]y?+1 & our    
curiosity naturally increases ) our     
ne$s4 ,?is is :y ,i attribute mu*       
curiosity to ! man ( sci5ce & none to ! 
savage4 ,! latt] ne$s no help f anybody2
 ! =m] requires e "o1 & admir]s mo/ (   
all4  ,y w tell me ,i am go+ beyond     
nature4 ,i ?9k n4 ,%e *ooses h]         
in/rum5ts & ord]s !m1 n accord+ to      
fancy1 b necessity4 ,n[ a man's ne$s v>y
 ) 8 circum/ances4 ,!re is all !        
diff]5ce 9 ! _w betwe5 a natural man    

liv+ 9 a /ate ( nature1 & a natural man 
liv+ 9 society4 ,emile is no savage to  
be bani%$ to ! des]t1 he is a savage :o 
has to live 9 ! t[n4 ,he mu/ "k h[ to   
get 8 liv+ 9 a t[n1 h[ to use its       
inhabitants1 & h[ to live among !m1 if n
 ( !m4  ,9 ! mid/ ( s _m new relations &
 dep5d5t on !m1 he mu/ reason :e!r he   
wants to or no4 ,let u !re=e tea* him to
 reason correctly4  ,! be/ way ( le>n+  
to reason aright is t :i* t5ds to       
simplify our exp]i5ces1 or to enable u  
to disp5se ) !m altoge!r )\t fall+ into 
error4 ,h5ce x foll[s t we mu/ le>n to  
confirm ! exp]i5ces ( ea* s5se by       
itself1 )\t rec\rse to any o!r1 ?\gh we 
h be5 9 ! habit ( v]ify+ ! exp]i5ce ( "o
 s5se by t ( ano!r4 ,!n ea* ( our       
s5sations w become an idea1 & ?is idea w
 always correspond to ! tru?4 ,?is is ! 
sort ( k ,i h tri$ to accumulate dur+   
?is ?ird phase ( man's life4  ,?is me?od
 ( proc$ure dem&s a pati5ce &           
circumspection :i* few tea*]s possess2  
)\t !m ! s*ol> w nev] le>n to reason4 ,=

 example1 if y ha/5 to take ! /ick out (
 ! wat] :5 ! *ild is deceiv$ by its     
appe>ance1 y may p]haps undeceive him1 b
 :at h y taught him8 ,no?+ m ?an he w\ld
 soon h le>nt = himself4 ,t is n ! "r ?+
 to d4 ,y h n got to tea* him tru?s s   
mu* z to %[ him h[ to set ab\t discov]+ 
!m = himself4 ,to tea* him bett] y mu/ n
 be 9 su* a hurry to correct 8 mi/akes4 
,let u take ,emile & myself z an        
illu/ration4  ,to beg9 )1 any *ild      
educat$ 9 ! usual way c\ld n fail to    
answ] ! second ( my imag9>y que/ions 9 !
 affirmative4 ,he w say1 ,t is c]ta9ly a
 brok5 /ick4 ,i v mu* d\bt :e!r ,emile w
 give ! same reply4 ,he sees no reason =
 kn[+ ev]y?+ or pret5d+ to "k x2 he is  
nev] 9 a hurry to draw conclusions4 ,he 
only reasons f evid5ce & on ?is occasion
 he has n got ! evid5ce4 ,he kn[s h[    
appe>ances deceive u1 if only ?r\gh     
p]spective4  ,moreov]1 he kn[s by       
exp]i5ce t !re is always a reason = my  
slighte/ que/ions1 ?\gh he may n see x  
at once2 s he has n got into ! habit (  

giv+ silly answ]s2 on ! contr>y1 he is  
on 8 gu>d1 he consid]s ?+s c>efully &   
att5tively be=e answ]+4 ,he nev] gives  
me an answ] unless he is satisfi$ ) x   
himself1 & he is h>d to please4 ,la/ly  
we nei!r ( u take any pride 9 m]ely kn[+
 a ?+1 b only 9 avoid+ mi/akes4 ,we %\ld
 be m a%am$ to deceive ourselves ) bad  
reason+1 ?an to f9d no explanation at   
all4 ,!re is no phrase s appropriate to 
u1 or s (t5 on our lips1 z1 ,i d n "k2  
nei!r ( u are a%am$ to use x4 ,b :e!r he
 gives ! silly answ] or :e!r he avoids x
 by our conv5i5t phrase ,i d n "k1 my   
answ] is ! same4 ,let u exam9e x4  ,?is 
/ick imm]s$ half way 9 ! wat] is fix$ 9 
an upright position4 ,to "k if x is     
brok51 h[ _m ?+s mu/ be done be=e we    
take x out ( ! wat] or ev5 t\* x4  #a4  
,fir/ we walk r\nd x1 & we see t ! brok5
 "p foll[s u4 ,s x is only our eye t    
*anges x2 looks d n make ?+s move4  #b4 
,we look /raight d[n on t end ( ! /ick  
:i* is above ! wat]1 ! /ick is no long] 
b5t1 ,footnote3 ,i h s9ce f\nd by m     

exact exp]im5t t ?is is n ! case4       
,refraction acts 9 a circle1 & ! /ick   
appe>s l>g] at ! end :i* is 9 ! wat]1 b 
?is makes no diff]5ce to ! /r5g? ( !    
argum5t1 & ! conclusion is correct4 !   
end ne> our eye exactly hides ! o!r end4
 ,has our eye set ! /ick /raight8  #c4  
,we /ir ! surface ( ! wat]2 we see !    
/ick break into sev]al pieces1 x moves 9
 zigzags & foll[s ! ripples ( ! wat]4 ,c
 ! motion we gave ! wat] suffice to     
break1 s(t51 or melt ! /ick l ?is8  #d4 
,we draw ! wat] (f1 & little by little  
we see ! /ick /raight5+ itself z ! wat] 
s9ks4 ,is n ?is m ?an en\gh to cle> up !
 bus9ess & to discov] refraction8 ,s x  
is n true t our eyes deceive u1 = no?+ m
 has be5 requir$ to correct ! mi/akes   
attribut$ to x4  ,suppose ! *ild 7 /upid
 en\gh n to p]ceive ! result ( ^!       
exp]im5ts1 !n y mu/ call t\* to ! help (
 sight4 ,in/ead ( tak+ ! /ick out ( !   
wat]1 leave x :]e x is & let ! *ild pass
 8 h& along x f end to end2 he w feel no
 angle1 !re=e ! /ick is n brok54  ,y w  

tell me ?is is n m]e judgm5t b =mal     
reason+4 ,j s2 b d n y see t z soon z ! 
m9d has got any ideas at all1 e judgm5t 
is a process ( reason+8 ,s t z soon z we
 comp>e "o s5sation ) ano!r1 we are     
beg9n+ to reason4 ,! art ( judg+ & ! art
 ( reason+ are "o & ! same4  ,emile w   
nev] le>n dioptrics unless he le>ns )   
?is /ick4 ,he w n h dissect$ insects nor
 c\nt$ ! spots on ! sun2 he w n "k :at y
 mean by a microscope or a telescope4   
,y\r le>n$ pupils w laugh at 8 ignorance
 & rightly1 ,i int5d him to inv5t ^!    
in/rum5ts be=e he uses !m1 & y w expect 
t to take "s "t4  ,?is is ! _s ( my :ole
 me?od at ?is /age4 ,if ! *ild rolls a  
little ball betwe5 two cross$ f+]s &    
?9ks he feels two balls1 ,i %all n let  
him look until he is conv9c$ !re is only
 "o4  ,?is explanation w suffice1 ,i    
hope1 to %[ pla9ly ! progress made by my
 pupil hi!rto & ! r\te foll[$ by him4 ,b
 p]haps ! numb] ( ?+s ,i h br\ght to 8  
notice al>ms y4 ,i %all cru% 8 m9d b5ea?
 ?is weight ( k4 ,n s1 ,i am r tea*+ him

 to be ignorant ( ?+s ?an to "k !m4 ,i  
am %[+ him ! pa? ( sci5ce1 easy inde$1 b
 long1 f>-rea*+ & sl[ to foll[4 ,i am   
tak+ him a few /eps along ?is pa?1 b ,i 
d n all[ him to g f>4  ,compell$ to le>n
 = himself1 he uses 8 own reason n t (  
o!rs1 = !re mu/ be no submission to     
au?ority if y w\ld h no submission to   
conv5tion4 ,mo/ ( our errors are due to 
o!rs m ?an ourselves4 ,?is cont9ual     
ex]cise %\ld develop a vig\r ( m9d l t  
acquir$ by ! body ?r\gh lab\r & we>9ess4
 ,ano!r advantage is t 8 progress is 9  
proportion to 8 /r5g?1 nei!r m9d nor    
body c>ries m ?an x c be>4 ,:5 ! und]/&+
 lays hold ( ?+s be=e !y are /or$ 9 !   
memory1 :at is drawn f t /ore is 8 own2 
:ile we are 9 dang] ( nev] f9d+ any?+ ( 
our own 9 a memory ov]-burd5$ ) undige/$
 k4  ,emile kn[s little1 b :at he kn[s  
is really 8 own2 he has no half-k4      
,among ! few ?+s he kn[s & kn[s ?or\ghly
 ?is is ! mo/ valuable1 t !re are _m ?+s
 he does n "k n[ b may "k "s day1 _m m t
 o!r m5 "k b he w nev] "k1 & an inf9ite 

numb] :i* nobody w ev] "k4  ,he is      
l>ge-m9d$1 n ?r\gh k1 b ?r\gh ! p[] (   
acquir+ x2 he is op5-m9d$1 intellig5t1  
ready = any?+1 &1 z ,montaigne says1    
capable ( le>n+ if n le>n$4 ,i am cont5t
 if he kn[s ! ,:]e=e ( 8 actions & ! ,:y
 ( 8 beliefs4 ,= once m my object is n  
to supply him ) exact k1 b ! means (    
gett+ x :5 requir$1 to tea* him to value
 x at its true wor?1 & to love tru?     
above all ?+s4  ,by ?is me?od progress  
is sl[ b sure1 & we nev] ne$ to retrace 
our /eps4  ,emile's k is conf9$ to      
nature & ?+s4 ,! v "n ( hi/ory is unkn[n
 to him1 along ) metaphysics & morals4  
,he kn[s ! ess5tial relations betwe5 m5 
& ?+s1 b no?+ ( ! moral relations betwe5
 man & man4 ,he has little p[] (        
g5]alisation1 he has no skill 9         
ab/raction4 ,he p]ceives t c]ta9        
qualities are common to c]ta9 ?+s1 )\t  
reason+ ab\t ^! qualities !mselves4 ,he 
is acqua9t$ ) ! ab/ract idea ( space by 
! help ( 8 geometrical figures2 he is   
acqua9t$ ) ! ab/ract idea ( quantity by 

! help ( 8 algebraical symbols4 ,^!     
figures & signs are ! supports on :i* ^!
 ideas may be said to re/1 ! supports on
 :i* 8 s5ses repose4 ,he does n attempt 
to "k ! nature ( ?+s1 b only to "k ?+s 9
 s f> z !y affect himself4 ,he only     
judges :at is outside himself 9 relation
 to himself1 & 8 judgm5t is exact &     
c]ta94 ,caprice & prejudice h no "p 9 x4
 ,he values mo/ ! ?+s :i* are ( use to  
himself1 & z he nev] dep>ts f ?is /&>d (
 values1 he owes no?+ to prejudice4     
,emile is indu/ri\s1 temp]ate1 pati5t1  
/$fa/1 & full ( c\rage4 ,8 imag9ation is
 /ill asleep1 s he has no exagg]at$     
ideas ( dang]2 ! few ills he feels he   
kn[s h[ to endure 9 pati5ce1 because he 
has n le>nt to rebel aga9/ fate4 ,z to  
dea?1 he kn[s n :at x means2 b accu/om$ 
z he is to submit )\t resi/ance to ! law
 ( necessity1 he w die1 if die he mu/1  
)\t a groan & )\t a /ruggle2 t is z mu* 
z we c dem& ( nature1 9 t h\r :i* we all
 abhor4 ,to live 9 fre$om1 & to be      
indep5d5t ( human affairs1 is ! be/ way 

to le>n h[ to die4  ,9 a ^w ,emile is   
possess$ ( all t portion ( virtue :i*   
conc]ns himself4 ,to acquire ! social   
virtues he only ne$s a k ( ! relations  
:i* make ^? virtues necess>y2 he only   
lacks k :i* he is q ready to receive4   
,he ?9ks n ( o!rs b ( himself1 & pref]s 
t o!rs %\ld d ! same4 ,he makes no claim
 ^u !m1 & ackn[l$ges no debt to !m4 ,he 
is alone 9 ! mid/ ( human society1 he   
dep5ds on himself alone1 = he is all t a
 boy c be at 8 age4 ,he has no errors1  
or at lea/ only su* z are inevitable2 he
 has no vices1 or only ^? f :i* no man c
 escape4 ,8 body is heal?y1 8 limbs are 
supple1 8 m9d is accurate & unprejudic$1
 8 he>t is free & untr\bl$ by passion4  
,pride1 ! e>lie/ & ! mo/ natural (      
passions1 has sc>cely %[n itself4 ,)\t  
di/urb+ ! peace ( o!rs1 he has pass$ 8  
life cont5t$1 happy1 & free1 s f> z     
nature all[s4 ,d y ?9k t ! e>li] ye>s ( 
a *ild1 :o has rea*$ 8 fifte5? ye> 9 ?is
 condition1 h be5 wa/$8     ,,book ,,iv 
,h[ swiftly life passes "h bel[6 ,! fir/

 qu>t] ( x is gone be=e we "k h[ to use 
x2 ! la/ qu>t] f9ds u incapable ( enjoy+
 life4 ,at fir/ we d n "k h[ to live2 & 
:5 we "k h[ to live x is too late4 ,9 ! 
int]val betwe5 ^! two useless extremes  
we wa/e ?ree-f\r?s ( our "t sleep+1     
work+1 sorr[+1 endur+ re/ra9t & e k9d ( 
suff]+4 ,life is %ort1 n s mu* because (
 ! %ort "t x la/s1 b because we are     
all[$ sc>cely any "t to enjoy x4 ,9 va9 
is !re a long int]val betwe5 ! h\r (    
dea? & t ( bir?2 life is /ill too %ort1 
if ?is int]val is n well sp5t4  ,we are 
born1 s to speak1 twice ov]2 born into  
exi/5ce1 & born into life2 born a human 
be+1 & born a man4 ,^? :o reg>d woman z 
an imp]fect man are no d\bt mi/ak51 b !y
 h ext]nal resemblance on _! side4 ,up  
to ! age ( pub]ty *ildr5 ( bo? sexes h  
little to di/+ui% !m to ! eye1 ! same   
face & =m1 ! same complexion & voice1   
ev]y?+ is ! same2 girls are *ildr5 &    
boys are *ildr52 "o "n is en\gh =       
creatures s closely resembl+ "o ano!r4  
,males ^: developm5t is arre/$ pres]ve  

?is resemblance all _! lives2 !y are    
always big *ildr52 & wom5 :o nev] lose  
?is resemblance seem 9 _m respects nev] 
to be m ?an *ildr54  ,b1 speak+ g5]ally1
 man is n meant to rema9 a *ild4 ,he    
leaves *ildhood beh9d him at ! "t orda9$
 by nature2 & ?is critical mom5t1 %ort  
en\gh 9 itself1 has f>-rea*+            
consequ5ces4  ,z ! ro>+ ( ! waves       
prec$es ! tempe/1 s ! murmur ( ris+     
passions ann\nces ?is tumultu\s *ange2 a
 suppress$ excitem5t w>ns u ( ! approa*+
 dang]4 ,a *ange ( temp]1 frequ5t       
outbreaks ( ang]1 a p]petual /irr+ ( !  
m9d1 make ! *ild almo/ ungov]nable4 ,he 
becomes deaf to ! voice he us$ to obey2 
he is a lion 9 a fev]2 he di/ru/s 8     
keep] & refuses to be controll$4  ,) !  
moral symptoms ( a *ang+ temp] !re are  
p]ceptible *anges 9 appe>ance4 ,8       
c\nt5ance develops & takes ! /amp ( 8   
"*2 ! s(t & sp>se d[n ^u 8 *eeks becomes
 d>k] & /iff]4 ,8 voice gr[s ho>se or r 
he loses x altoge!r4 ,he is nei!r a *ild
 nor a man & _c speak l ei!r ( !m4 ,8   

eyes1 ^? organs ( ! s\l :i* till n[ 7   
dumb1 f9d spee* & mean+2 a k9dl+ fire   
illum9es !m1 !re is /ill a sacr$        
innoc5ce 9 _! ev] bright5+ glance1 b !y 
h lo/ _! fir/ mean+less expression2 he  
is already aw>e t !y c say too mu*2 he  
is beg9n+ to le>n to l[] 8 eyes & blu%1 
he is becom+ s5sitive1 ?\gh he does n "k
 :at x is t he feels2 he is uneasy )\t  
kn[+ :y4 ,all ?is may happ5 gradually & 
give y "t en\gh2 b if 8 ke5ness becomes 
impati5ce1 8 eag]ness madness1 if he is 
angry & sorry all 9 a mom5t1 if he weeps
 )\t cause1 if 9 ! pres5ce ( objects :i*
 are beg9n+ to be a s\rce ( dang] 8     
pulse quick5s & 8 eyes sp>kle1 if he    
trembles :5 a woman's h& t\*es 81 if he 
is tr\bl$ or timid 9 h] pres5ce1 ,o     
,ulysses1 wise ,ulysses6 h a c>e6 ,!    
passages y clos$ ) s mu* pa9s are op52 !
 w9ds are unloos$2 keep y\r h& ^u ! helm
 or all is lo/4  ,?is is ! second bir?  
,i spoke (2 !n x is t man really ent]s  
^u life2 h5ce=? no human passion is a   
/rang] to him4 ,our ef=ts s f> h be5    

*ild's play1 n[ !y are ( ! greate/      
importance4 ,?is p]iod :5 education is  
usually f9i%$ is j ! "t to beg92 b to   
expla9 ?is new plan prop]ly1 let u take 
up our /ory :]e we left x4  ,our        
passions are ! *ief means (             
self-pres]vation2 to try to de/roy !m is
 !re=e z absurd z x is useless2 ?is w\ld
 be to ov]come nature1 to re%ape ,god's 
h&iwork4 ,if ,god bade man annihilate ! 
passions he has giv5 him1 ,god w\ld bid 
him be & n be2 ,he w\ld contradict      
himself4 ,he has nev] giv5 su* a fooli% 
comm&m5t1 !re is no?+ l x writt5 on !   
he>t ( man1 & :at ,god w h a man d1 ,he 
does n leave to ! words ( ano!r man4 ,he
 speaks ,himself2 ,8 words are writt5 9 
! secret he>t4  ,n[ ,i consid] ^? :o    
w\ld prev5t ! bir? ( ! passions almo/ z 
fooli% z ^? :o w\ld de/roy !m1 & ^? :o  
?9k ?is has be5 my object hi!rto are    
greatly mi/ak54  ,b %\ld we reason      
rightly1 if f ! fact t passions are     
natural to man1 we inf]r$ t all !       
passions we feel 9 ourselves & behold 9 

o!rs are natural8 ,_! s\rce1 inde$1 is  
natural2 b !y h be5 swoll5 by a ?\s& o!r
 /reams2 !y are a great riv] :i* is     
con/antly gr[+1 "o 9 :i* we c sc>cely   
f9d a s+le drop ( ! orig9al /ream4 ,our 
natural passions are few 9 numb]2 !y are
 ! means to fre$om1 !y t5d to           
self-pres]vation4 ,all ^? :i* enslave & 
de/roy u h ano!r s\rce2 nature does n   
be/[ !m on u2 we seize on !m 9 h]       
despite4  ,! orig9 ( our passions1 !    
root & spr+ ( all ! re/1 ! only "o :i*  
is born ) man1 :i* nev] leaves him z    
long z he lives1 is self-love2 ?is      
passion is primitive1 in/9ctive1 x      
prec$es all ! re/1 :i* are 9 a s5se only
 modifications ( x4 ,9 ?is s5se1 if y l1
 !y are all natural4 ,b mo/ ( ^!        
modifications are ! result ( ext]nal    
influ5ces1 )\t :i* !y w\ld nev] occur1 &
 su* modifications1 f> f be+ advantage\s
 to u1 are h>mful4 ,!y *ange ! orig9al  
purpose & "w aga9/ its end2 !n x is t   
man f9ds himself outside nature & at    
/rife ) himself4  ,self-love is always  

good1 always 9 accordance ) ! ord] (    
nature4 ,! pres]vation ( our own life is
 specially entru/$ to ea* "o ( u1 & our 
fir/ c>e is1 & mu/ be1 to wat* ov] our  
own life2 & h[ c we cont9ually wat* ov] 
x1 if we d n take ! greate/ int]e/ 9 x8 
,self-pres]vation requires1 !re=e1 t we 
%all love ourselves2 we mu/ love        
ourselves above ev]y?+1 & x foll[s      
directly f ?is t we love :at contributes
 to our pres]vation4 ,e *ild becomes    
fond ( its nurse2 ,romulus mu/ h lov$ ! 
%e-wolf :o suckl$ him4 ,at fir/ ?is     
atta*m5t is q unconsci\s2 ! individual  
is attract$ to t :i* contributes to 8   
welf>e & repell$ by t :i* is h>mful2 ?is
 is m]ely bl9d in/9ct4 ,:at trans=ms ?is
 in/9ct into feel+1 ! lik+ into love1 ! 
av]sion into hatr$1 is ! evid5t int5tion
 ( help+ or hurt+ u4 ,we d n become     
passionately atta*$ to objects )\t      
feel+1 :i* only foll[ ! direction giv5  
!m2 b ^? f :i* we expect b5efit or      
injury f _! int]nal disposition1 f _! w1
 ^? we see act+ freely = or aga9/ u1    

inspire u ) l feel+s to ^? !y exhibit   
t[>ds u4 ,some?+ does u good1 we seek   
aft] x2 b we love ! p]son :o does u     
good2 some?+ h>ms u & we %r9k f x1 b we 
hate ! p]son :o tries to hurt u4  ,!    
*ild's fir/ s5tim5t is self-love1 8     
second1 :i* is d]iv$ f x1 is love ( ^?  
ab\t him2 = 9 8 pres5t /ate ( weakness  
he is only aw>e ( p ?r\gh ! help &      
att5tion receiv$ f !m4 ,at fir/ 8       
affection = 8 nurse & 8 gov]ness is m]e 
habit4 ,he seeks !m because he ne$s !m &
 because he is happy :5 !y are !re2 x is
 r p]ception ?an k9dly feel+4 ,x takes a
 long "t to discov] n m]ely t !y are    
useful to him1 b t !y desire to be      
useful to him1 & !n x is t he beg9s to  
love !m4  ,s a *ild is naturally dispos$
 to k9dly feel+ because he sees t e "o  
ab\t him is incl9$ to help him1 & f ?is 
exp]i5ce he gets ! habit ( a k9dly feel+
 t[>ds 8 species2 b ) ! expansion ( 8   
relations1 8 ne$s1 8 dep5d5ce1 active or
 passive1 ! consci\sness ( 8 relations  
to o!rs is awak5$1 & leads to ! s5se (  

duties & pref]5ces4 ,!n ! *ild becomes  
ma/]ful1 jeal\s1 deceitful1 & v9dictive4
 ,if he is n compell$ to ob$i5ce1 :5 he 
does n see ! usefulness ( :at he is told
 to d1 he attributes x to caprice1 to an
 int5tion ( torm5t+ him1 & he rebels4   
,if p give 9 to him1 z soon z any?+     
opposes him he reg>ds x z rebellion1 z a
 det]m9ation to resi/ him2 he beats !   
*air or table = disobey+ him4           
,self-love1 :i* conc]ns itself only )   
ourselves1 is cont5t to satisfy our own 
ne$s2 b selfi%ness1 :i* is always comp>+
 self ) o!rs1 is nev] satisfi$ & nev] c 
be2 = ?is feel+1 :i* pref]s ourselves to
 o!rs1 requires t !y %\ld pref] u to    
!mselves1 :i* is impossible4 ,?us ! t5d]
 & g5tle passions spr+ f self-love1 :ile
 ! hateful & angry passions spr+ f      
selfi%ness4  ,s x is ! fewness ( 8 ne$s1
 ! n>r[ limits )9 :i* he c comp>e       
himself ) o!rs1 t makes a man really    
good2 :at makes him really bad is a     
multiplicity ( ne$s & dep5d5ce on !     
op9ions ( o!rs4 ,x is easy to see h[ we 

c apply ?is pr9ciple & guide e passion (
 *ildr5 & m5 t[>ds good or evil4 ,true1 
man _c always live alone1 & x w be h>d  
!re=e to rema9 good2 & ?is difficulty w 
increase ( necessity z 8 relations )    
o!rs are ext5d$4 ,= ?is reason1 above   
all1 ! dang]s ( social life dem& t !    
necess>y skill & c>e %all be devot$ to  
gu>d+ ! human he>t aga9/ ! depravity :i*
 spr+s f fre% ne$s4  ,man's prop] /udy  
is t ( 8 relation to 8 environm5t4 ,s   
long z he only kn[s t environm5t ?r\gh 8
 physical nature1 he %\ld /udy himself 9
 relation to ?+s2 ?is is ! bus9ess ( 8  
*ildhood2 :5 he beg9s to be aw>e ( 8    
moral nature1 he %\ld /udy himself 9    
relation to 8 fell[-m52 ?is is ! bus9ess
 ( 8 :ole life1 & we h n[ rea*$ ! "t :5 
t /udy %\ld be begun4  ,z soon z a man  
ne$s a companion he is no long] an      
isolat$ creature1 8 he>t is no long]    
alone4 ,all 8 relations ) 8 species1 all
 ! affections ( 8 he>t1 come into be+   
along ) ?is4 ,8 fir/ passion soon ar\ses
 ! re/4  ,! direction ( ! in/9ct is     

unc]ta94 ,"o sex is attract$ by ! o!r2 t
 is ! impulse ( nature4 ,*oice1         
pref]5ces1 individual lik+s1 are ! "w ( 
reason1 prejudice1 & habit2 "t & k are  
requir$ to make u capable ( love2 we d n
 love )\t reason+ or pref] )\t          
comp>ison4 ,^! judgm5ts are none ! less 
real1 al?\gh !y are =m$ unconsci\sly4   
,true love1 :atev] y may say1 w always  
be held 9 hon\r by mank9d2 = al?\gh its 
impulses lead u a/ray1 al?\gh x does n  
b> ! door ( ! he>t to c]ta9 dete/able   
qualities1 al?\gh x ev5 gives rise to   
^!1 yet x always presupposes c]ta9 wor?y
 *>act]i/ics1 )\t :i* we %\ld be        
incapable ( love4 ,?is *oice1 :i* is    
suppos$ to be contr>y to reason1 really 
spr+s f reason4 ,we say ,love is bl9d   
because 8 eyes are bett] ?an ours1 & he 
p]ceives relations :i* we _c disc]n4    
,all wom5 w\ld be alike to a man :o _h  
no idea ( virtue or beauty1 & ! fir/    
com] w\ld always be ! mo/ *>m+4 ,love   
does n spr+ f nature1 f> f x2 x is !    
curb & law ( h] desires2 x is love t    

makes "o sex indiff]5t to ! o!r1 ! lov$ 
"o alone except$4  ,we wi% to inspire ! 
pref]5ce we feel2 love mu/ be mutual4   
,to be lov$ we mu/ be wor?y ( love2 to  
be pref]r$ we mu/ be m wor?y ?an ! re/1 
at lea/ 9 ! eyes ( our belov$4 ,h5ce we 
beg9 to look ar\nd among our fell[s2 we 
beg9 to comp>e ourselves ) !m1 !re is   
emulation1 rivalry1 & jeal\sy4 ,a he>t  
full to ov]fl[+ loves to make itself    
kn[n2 f ! ne$ ( a mi/ress !re soon spr+s
 ! ne$ ( a fri5d4 ,he :o feels h[ sweet 
x is to be lov$1 desires to be lov$ by  
ev]ybody2 & !re c\ld be no pref]5ces if 
!re 7 n _m t fail to f9d satisfaction4  
,) love & fri5d%ip !re beg9 diss5sions1 
enmity1 & hatr$4 ,i behold def]5ce to   
o!r p's op9ions en?ron$ among all ^!    
div]s passions1 & fooli% mortals1       
enslav$ by h] p[]1 base _! v exi/5ce    
m]ely on :at o!r p ?9k4  ,exp& ^! ideas 
& y w see :]e we get t =m ( selfi%ness  
:i* we call natural selfi%ness1 & h[    
selfi%ness ceases to be a simple feel+ &
 becomes pride 9 great m9ds1 vanity 9   

little ones1 & 9 bo? fe$s cont9ually at 
our neighb\r's co/4 ,passions ( ?is k9d1
 n hav+ any g]m 9 ! *ild's he>t1 _c spr+
 up 9 x ( !mselves2 x is we :o s[ !     
se$s1 & !y nev] take root unless by our 
fault4 ,n s ) ! "y man2 !y w f9d an     
entrance 9 spite ( u4 ,x is !re=e "t to 
*ange our me?ods4  ,let u beg9 ) "s     
consid]ations ( importance ) reg>d to ! 
critical /age "u discussion4 ,! *ange f 
*ildhood to pub]ty is n s cle>ly det]m9$
 by nature b t x v>ies accord+ to       
individual temp]am5t & racial           
conditions4 ,ev]ybody kn[s ! diff]5ces  
:i* h be5 obs]v$ ) reg>d to ?is betwe5  
hot & cold c\ntries1 & e "o sees t ard5t
 temp]am5ts mature e>li] ?an o!rs2 b we 
may be mi/ak5 z to ! causes1 & we may   
(t5 attribute to physical causes :at is 
really due to moral3 ?is is "o ( !      
commone/ errors 9 ! philosophy ( our    
times4 ,! tea*+ ( nature comes sl[ly2   
man's lessons are mo/ly premature4 ,9 ! 
=m] case1 ! s5ses k9dle ! imag9ation1 9 
! latt] ! imag9ation k9dles ! s5ses2 x  

gives !m a precoci\s activity :i* _c    
fail to en]vate ! individual &1 9 ! long
 run1 ! race4 ,x is a m g5]al & m       
tru/wor?y fact ?an t ( climatic         
influ5ces1 t pub]ty & sexual p[] is     
always m precoci\s among educat$ &      
civilis$ races1 ?an among ! ignorant &  
b>b>\s4 ,footnote3 ,9 t[ns1 says ,m4    
,buffon1 & among ! well-to-d classes1   
*ildr5 accu/om$ to pl5tiful & n\ri%+    
food soon] rea* ?is /ate2 9 ! c\ntry &  
among ! poor1 *ildr5 are m backw>d1     
because ( _! poor & scanty food4 ,i     
admit ! fact b n ! explanation1 = 9 !   
di/ricts :]e ! food ( ! villag]s is     
pl5tiful & good1 z 9 ! ,valais & ev5 9  
"s ( ! m\nta9 di/ricts ( ,italy1 su* z  
,friuli1 ! age ( pub]ty = bo? sexes is q
 z mu* lat] ?an 9 ! he>t ( ! t[ns1 :]e1 
9 ord] to gratify _! vanity1 p are (t5  
extremely p>simoni\s 9 ! matt] ( food1 &
 :]e mo/ p1 9 ! words ( ! prov]b1 h a   
velvet coat & an empty belly4  ,x is    
a/oni%+ to f9d 9 ^! m\nta9\s regions big
 lads z /rong z a man ) %rill voices &  

smoo? *9s1 & tall girls1 well develop$ 9
 o!r respects1 )\t any trace ( ! p]iodic
 functions ( _! sex4 ,?is diff]5ce is1 9
 my op9ion1 solely due to ! fact t 9 !  
simplicity ( _! mann]s ! imag9ation     
rema9s calm & peaceful1 & does n /ir !  
blood till mu* lat]1 & ?us _! temp]am5t 
is mu* less precoci\s4 ,*ildr5 are      
pret]naturally quick to disc]n immoral  
habits "u ! cloak ( dec5cy ) :i* !y are 
conceal$4 ,! prim spee* impos$ ^u !m1 ! 
lessons 9 good behavi\r1 ! veil ( my/]y 
y pr(ess to hang be=e _! eyes1 s]ve b to
 /imulate _! curiosity4 ,x is pla91 f ! 
way y set ab\t x1 t !y are meant to le>n
 :at y pr(ess to conceal2 & ( all y tea*
 !m ?is is mo/ quickly assimilat$4      
,consult exp]i5ce & y w f9d h[ f> ?is   
fooli% me?od ha/5s ! "w ( nature & ru9s 
! "*4 ,?is is "o ( ! *ief causes (      
physical deg5]ation 9 our t[ns4 ,! "y p1
 prematurely exhau/$1 rema9 small1 puny1
 & mis%ap51 !y gr[ old in/ead ( gr[+ up1
 l a v9e =c$ to be> fruit 9 spr+1 :i*   
fades & dies be=e autumn4  ,to "k h[ f> 

a happy ignorance may prolong ! innoc5ce
 ( *ildr51 y mu/ live among rude &      
simple p4 ,x is a sight bo? t\*+ & amus+
 to see bo? sexes1 left to ! protection 
( _! own he>ts1 cont9u+ ! sports (      
*ildhood 9 ! fl[] ( y\? & beauty1 %[+ by
 _! v famili>ity ! purity ( _!          
pleasures4 ,:5 at l5g? ^? delightful "y 
p m>ry1 !y be/[ on ea* o!r ! fir/ fruits
 ( _! p]son1 & are all ! de>] !re=e4    
,sw>ms ( /rong & heal?y *ildr5 are !    
pl$ges ( a union :i* no?+ c *ange1 & !  
fruit ( ! virtue ( _! e>ly ye>s4  ,if ! 
age at :i* a man becomes consci\s ( 8   
sex is def]r$ z mu* by ! effects (      
education z by ! action ( nature1 x     
foll[s t ?is age may be ha/5$ or ret>d$ 
accord+ to ! way 9 :i* ! *ild is br\ght 
up2 & if ! body ga9s or loses /r5g? 9   
proportion z its developm5t is accel]at$
 or ret>d$1 x also foll[s t ! m we try  
to ret>d x ! /rong] & m vigor\s w ! "y  
man be4 ,i am /ill speak+ ( purely      
physical consequ5ces2 y w soon see t ?is
 is n all4  ,f ^! consid]ations ,i      

arrive at ! solution ( ! "q s (t5       
discuss$--,%\ld we enlight5 *ildr5 at an
 e>ly p]iod z to ! objects ( _!         
curiosity1 or is x bett] to put !m (f ) 
dec5t %ams8 ,i ?9k we ne$ d nei!r4 ,9 ! 
fir/ place1 ?is curiosity w n arise     
unless we give x a *ance4 ,we mu/ !re=e 
take c>e n to give x an opportunity4 ,9 
! next place1 que/ions "o is n oblig$ to
 answ] d n compel u to deceive ^? :o ask
 !m2 x is bett] to bid ! *ild hold 8    
tongue ?an to tell him a lie4 ,he w n be
 greatly surpris$ at ?is treatm5t if y h
 already accu/om$ him to x 9 matt]s ( no
 importance4 ,la/ly1 if y decide to     
answ] 8 que/ions1 let x be ) ! greate/  
pla9ness1 )\t my/]y or confusion1 )\t a 
smile4 ,x is mu* less dang]\s to satisfy
 a *ild's curiosity ?an to /imulate x4  
,let y\r answ]s be always grave1 brief1 
decid$1 & )\t trace ( hesitation4 ,i ne$
 n add t !y %\ld be true4 ,we _c tea*   
*ildr5 ! dang] ( tell+ lies to m5 )\t   
realis+1 on ! man's "p1 ! dang] ( tell+ 
lies to *ildr54 ,a s+le untru? on ! "p (

 ! ma/] w de/roy ! results ( 8          
education4  ,complete ignorance ) reg>d 
to c]ta9 matt]s is p]haps ! be/ ?+ =    
*ildr52 b let !m le>n v e>ly :at x is   
impossible to conceal f !m p]man5tly4   
,ei!r _! curiosity mu/ nev] be ar\s$1 or
 x mu/ be satisfi$ be=e ! age :5 x      
becomes a s\rce ( dang]4 ,y\r conduct   
t[>ds y\r pupil 9 ?is respect dep5ds    
greatly on 8 individual circum/ances1 ! 
society 9 :i* he moves1 ! position 9 :i*
 he may f9d himself1 etc4 ,no?+ mu/ be  
left to *ance2 & if y are n sure ( keep+
 him 9 ignorance ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 !  
sexes till he is sixte51 take c>e y tea*
 him be=e he is t54  ,i d n l p to be   
too fa/idi\s 9 speak+ ) *ildr51 nor %\ld
 !y g out ( _! way to avoid call+ a     
spade a spade2 !y are always f\nd out if
 !y d4 ,good mann]s 9 ?is respect are   
always p]fectly simple2 b an imag9ation 
soil$ by vice makes ! e> ov]-s5sitive & 
compels u to be con/antly ref9+ our     
expressions4 ,pla9 words d n matt]2 x is
 lascivi\s ideas :i* mu/ be avoid$4     

,al?\gh mode/y is natural to man1 x is n
 natural to *ildr54 ,mode/y only beg9s )
 ! k ( evil2 & h[ %\ld *ildr5 )\t ?is k 
( evil h ! feel+ :i* results f x8 ,to   
give !m lessons 9 mode/y & good conduct 
is to tea* !m t !re are ?+s %ameful &   
wick$1 & to give !m a secret wi% to "k  
:at ^! ?+s are4 ,soon] or lat] !y w f9d 
out1 & ! fir/ sp>k :i* t\*es !          
imag9ation w c]ta9ly ha/5 ! awak5+ ( !  
s5ses4 ,blu%es are ! sign ( guilt2 true 
innoc5ce is a%am$ ( no?+4  ,*ildr5 h n !
 same desires z m52 b !y are subject l  
!m to ! same disagreeable ne$s :i* (f5d 
! s5ses1 & by ?is means !y may receive !
 same lessons 9 propriety4 ,foll[ ! m9d 
( nature :i* has locat$ 9 ! same place !
 organs ( secret pleasures & ^? (       
disgu/+ ne$s2 %e tea*es u ! same        
precautions at diff]5t ages1 sometimes  
by means ( "o idea & sometimes by ano!r2
 to ! man ?r\gh mode/y1 to ! *ild ?r\gh 
cleanl9ess4  ,i c only f9d "o           
satisfactory way ( pres]v+ ! *ild's     
innoc5ce1 to surr\nd him by ^? :o       

respect & love him4 ,)\t ?is all our    
ef=ts to keep him 9 ignorance fail soon]
 or lat]2 a smile1 a w9k1 a c>eless     
ge/ure tells him all we s\ght to hide2 x
 is en\gh to tea* him to p]ceive t !re  
is some?+ we want to hide f him4 ,!     
delicate phrases & expressions employ$  
by p]sons ( polit5ess assume a k :i*    
*ildr5 ought n to possess1 & !y are q   
out ( place ) !m1 b :5 we truly respect 
! *ild's innoc5ce we easily f9d 9 talk+ 
to him ! simple phrases :i* befit him4  
,!re is a c]ta9 directness ( spee* :i*  
is suitable & pleas+ to innoc5ce2 ?is is
 ! "r tone to adopt 9 ord] to turn !    
*ild f dang]\s curiosity4 ,by speak+    
simply to him ab\t ev]y?+ y d n let him 
suspect !re is any?+ left unsaid4  ,by  
connect+ co>se words ) ! unpleasant     
ideas :i* belong to !m1 y qu5* ! fir/   
sp>k ( imag9ation2 y d n =bid ! *ild to 
say ^! words or to =m ^! ideas2 b )\t 8 
kn[+ x y make him unwill+ to recall !m4 
,& h[ mu* confusion is sp>$ to ^? :o    
speak+ f ! he>t always say ! "r ?+1 &   

say x z !y !mselves h felt x6  ,:]e d   
little *ildr5 come f8 ,?is is an        
emb>rass+ "q1 :i* occurs v naturally to 
*ildr51 "o :i* fooli%ly or wisely answ]$
 may decide _! heal? & _! morals = life4
 ,! quicke/ way = a "m to escape f x )\t
 deceiv+ h] son is to tell him to hold 8
 tongue4 ,t w s]ve its turn if he has   
always be5 accu/om$ to x 9 matt]s ( no  
importance1 & if he does n suspect "s   
my/]y f ?is new way ( speak+4 ,b ! "m   
r>ely /ops !re4  ,x is ! m>ri$ p's      
secret1 %e w say1 little boys %\ld n be 
s curi\s4 ,t is all v well s f> z ! "m  
is conc]n$1 b %e may be sure t ! little 
boy1 piqu$ by h] scornful mann]1 w n re/
 till he has f\nd out ! m>ri$ p's       
secret1 :i* w v soon be ! case4  ,let me
 tell y a v diff]5t answ] :i* ,i he>d   
giv5 to ! same "q1 "o :i* made all ! m  
impression on me1 com+1 z x did1 f a    
woman1 mode/ 9 spee* & behavi\r1 b "o :o
 0 able on occasion1 = ! welf>e ( h]    
*ild & = ! cause ( virtue1 to ca/ aside 
! false fe> ( blame & ! silly je/s ( !  

fooli%4 ,n long be=e ! *ild _h pass$ a  
small /one :i* _h torn ! passage1 b !   
tr\ble 0 ov] & =gott54  ,mamma1 said !  
eag] *ild1 :]e d little *ildr5 come f8  
,my *ild1 repli$ 8 "m )\t hesitation1   
wom5 pass !m ) pa9s t sometimes co/ _!  
life4 ,let fools laugh & silly p be     
%ock$2 b let ! wise inquire if x is     
possible to f9d a wis] answ] & "o :i*   
w\ld bett] s]ve its purpose4  ,9 ! fir/ 
place ! ?\ght ( a ne$ ( nature ) :i* !  
*ild is well acqua9t$ turns 8 ?\ghts f !
 idea ( a my/]i\s process4 ,! accompany+
 ideas ( pa9 & dea? cov] x ) a veil (   
sadness :i* dead5s ! imag9ation &       
suppresses curiosity2 ev]y?+ leads ! m9d
 to ! results1 n ! causes1 ( *ild-bir?4 
,?is is ! in=mation to :i* ?is answ]    
leads4 ,if ! repugnance inspir$ by ?is  
answ] %\ld p]mit ! *ild to inquire      
fur!r1 8 ?\ghts are turn$ to !          
infirmities ( human nature1 disgu/+ ?+s1
 images ( pa94 ,:at *ance is !re = any  
/imulation ( desire 9 su* a conv]sation8
 ,& yet y see !re is no dep>ture f tru?1

 no ne$ to deceive ! s*ol> 9 ord] to    
tea* him4  ,y\r *ildr5 read2 9 ! c\rse (
 _! read+ !y meet ) ?+s !y w\ld nev] h  
kn[n )\t read+4 ,are !y /ud5ts1 _!      
imag9ation is /imulat$ & quick5$ 9 !    
sil5ce ( ! /udy4 ,d !y move 9 ! _w (    
society1 !y he> a /range j>gon1 !y see  
conduct :i* makes a great impression on 
!m2 !y h be5 told s cont9ually t !y are 
m5 t 9 ev]y?+ m5 d 9 _! pres5ce !y at   
once try to f9d h[ t w suit !mselves2 ! 
conduct ( o!rs mu/ inde$ s]ve z _!      
patt]n :5 ! op9ions ( o!rs are _! law4  
,s]vants1 dep5d5t on !m1 & !re=e anxi\s 
to please !m1 flatt] !m at ! exp5se ( _!
 morals2 giggl+ gov]nesses say ?+s to ! 
f\r-ye>-old *ild :i* ! mo/ %ameless     
woman w\ld n d>e to say to !m at fifte54
 ,!y soon =get :at !y said1 b ! *ild has
 n =gott5 :at he he>d4 ,loose           
conv]sation prep>es ! way = lic5ti\s    
conduct2 ! *ild is debau*$ by ! cunn+   
lacquey1 & ! secret ( ! "o gu>antees !  
secret ( ! o!r4  ,! *ild br\ght up 9    
accordance ) 8 age is alone4 ,he kn[s no

 atta*m5t b t ( habit1 he loves 8 si/] l
 8 wat*1 & 8 fri5d l 8 dog4 ,he is      
unconsci\s ( 8 sex & 8 species2 m5 &    
wom5 are alike unkn[n2 he does n connect
 _! say+s & do+s ) himself1 he nei!r    
sees nor he>s1 or he pays no he$ to !m2 
he is no m conc]n$ ) _! talk ?an _!     
actions2 he has no?+ to d ) x4 ,?is is  
no artificial error induc$ by our me?od1
 x is ! ignorance ( nature4 ,! "t is at 
h& :5 t same nature w take c>e to       
enlight5 h] pupil1 & !n only does %e    
make him capable ( pr(it+ by ! lessons  
)\t dang]4 ,?is is our pr9ciple2 !      
details ( its rules are outside my      
subject2 & ! means ,i sugge/ ) reg>d to 
o!r matt]s w /ill s]ve to illu/rate ?is4
  ,d y wi% to e/abli% law & ord] among !
 ris+ passions1 prolong ! p]iod ( _!    
developm5t1 s t !y may h "t to f9d _!   
prop] place z !y arise4 ,!n !y are      
controll$ by nature h]self1 n by man2   
y\r task is m]ely to leave x 9 h] h&s4  
,if y\r pupil 7 alone1 y w\ld h no?+ to 
d2 b ev]y?+ ab\t him enflames 8         

imag9ation4 ,he is swept along on !     
torr5t ( conv5tional ideas2 to rescue   
him y mu/ urge him 9 ! opposite         
direction4 ,imag9ation mu/ be curb$ by  
feel+ & reason mu/ sil5ce ! voice (     
conv5tionality4 ,s5sibility is ! s\rce (
 all ! passions1 imag9ation det]m9es _! 
c\rse4  ,e creature :o is aw>e ( 8      
relations mu/ be di/urb$ by *anges 9 ^! 
relations & :5 he imag9es or fancies he 
imag9es o!rs bett] adapt$ to 8 nature4  
,x is ! errors ( ! imag9ation :i*       
transmute into vices ! passions ( f9ite 
be+s1 ( angels ev51 if inde$ !y h       
passions2 = !y mu/ ne$s "k ! nature ( e 
creature to realise :at relations are   
be/ adapt$ to !mselves4  ,?is is ! sum (
 human wisdom ) reg>d to ! use ( !      
passions4 ,fir/1 to be consci\s ( ! true
 relations ( man bo? 9 ! species & !    
individual2 second1 to control all !    
affections 9 accordance ) ^! relations4 
,b is man 9 a position to control 8     
affections accord+ to su* & su*         
relations8 ,no d\bt he is1 if he is able

 to fix 8 imag9ation on ?is or t object1
 or to =m ?is or t habit4 ,moreov]1 we  
are n s mu* conc]n$ ) :at a man c d =   
himself1 z ) :at we c d = our pupil     
?r\gh our *oice ( ! circum/ances 9 :i*  
he %all be plac$4 ,to %[ ! means by :i* 
he may be kept 9 ! pa? ( nature is to %[
 pla9ly en\gh h[ he might /ray f t pa?4 
,s long z 8 consci\sness is conf9$ to   
himself !re is no morality 9 8 actions2 
x is only :5 x beg9s to ext5d beyond    
himself t he =ms fir/ ! s5tim5ts & !n ! 
ideas ( good & ill1 :i* make him inde$ a
 man1 & an integral "p ( 8 species4 ,to 
beg9 ) we mu/ !re=e conf9e our          
obs]vations to ?is po9t4  ,^!           
obs]vations are difficult to make1 = we 
mu/ reject ! examples be=e our eyes1 &  
seek out ^? 9 :i* ! successive          
developm5ts foll[ ! ord] ( nature4  ,a  
*ild sophi/icat$1 poli%$1 & civilis$1 :o
 is only await+ ! p[] to put into       
practice ! precoci\s in/ruction he has  
receiv$1 is nev] mi/ak5 ) reg>d to ! "t 
:5 ?is p[] is acquir$4 ,f> f await+ x1  

he accel]ates x2 he /irs 8 blood to a   
premature f]m5t2 he kn[s :at %\ld be !  
object ( 8 desires long be=e ^? desires 
are exp]i5c$4 ,x is n nature :i*        
/imulates him2 x is he :o =ces ! h& (   
nature2 %e has no?+ to tea* him :5 he   
becomes a man2 he 0 a man 9 ?\ght long  
be=e he 0 a man 9 reality4  ,! true     
c\rse ( nature is sl[] & m gradual4     
,little by little ! blood gr[s w>m]1 !  
faculties exp&1 ! "* is =m$4 ,! wise    
workman :o directs ! process is c>eful  
to p]fect e tool be=e he puts x to use2 
! fir/ desires are prec$$ by a long     
p]iod ( unre/1 !y are deceiv$ by a      
prolong$ ignorance1 !y "k n :at !y want4
 ,! blood f]m5ts & bubbles2 ov]fl[+     
vitality seeks to ext5d its sph]e4 ,!   
eye gr[s bright] & surveys o!rs1 we beg9
 to be int]e/$ 9 ^? ab\t u1 we beg9 to  
feel t we are n meant to live alone2 ?us
 ! he>t is ?r[n op5 to human affection1 
& becomes capable ( atta*m5t4  ,! fir/  
s5tim5t ( :i* ! well-tra9$ y\? is       
capable is n love b fri5d%ip4 ,! fir/ "w

 ( 8 ris+ imag9ation is to make kn[n to 
him 8 fell[s2 ! species affects him be=e
 ! sex4 ,"h is ano!r advantage to be    
ga9$ f prolong$ innoc5ce2 y may take    
advantage ( 8 dawn+ s5sibility to s[ !  
fir/ se$s ( humanity 9 ! he>t ( ! "y    
adolesc5t4 ,?is advantage is all !      
great] because ?is is ! only "t 9 8 life
 :5 su* ef=ts may be really successful4 
,i h always obs]v$ t "y m51 corrupt$ 9  
e>ly y\? & addict$ to wom5 & debau*]y1  
are inhuman & cruel2 _! passionate      
temp]am5t makes !m impati5t1 v9dictive1 
& angry2 _! imag9ation fix$ on "o object
 only1 refuses all o!rs2 m]cy & pity are
 alike unkn[n to !m2 !y w\ld h sacrific$
 fa!r1 "m1 ! :ole _w1 to ! lea/ ( _!    
pleasures4 ,a "y man1 on ! o!r h&1      
br\ght up 9 happy innoc5ce1 is drawn by 
! fir/ /irr+s ( nature to ! t5d] &      
affectionate passions2 8 w>m he>t is    
t\*$ by ! suff]+s ( 8 fell[-creatures2  
he trembles ) delight :5 he meets 8     
comrade1 8 arms c embrace t5d]ly1 8 eyes
 c %$ te>s ( pity2 he le>ns to be sorry 

= (f5d+ o!rs ?r\gh 8 %ame at caus+      
annoyance4 ,if ! eag] w>m? ( 8 blood    
makes him quick1 ha/y1 & passionate1 a  
mom5t lat] y see all 8 natural k9dness (
 he>t 9 ! eag]ness ( 8 rep5tance2 he    
weeps1 he groans ov] ! w\nd he has giv52
 he w\ld atone = ! blood he has %$ ) 8  
own2 8 ang] dies away1 8 pride abases   
itself be=e ! consci\sness ( 8          
wrong-do+4 ,is he ! injur$ p>ty1 9 !    
height ( 8 fury an excuse1 a ^w1 dis>ms 
him2 he =gives ! wrongs ( o!rs z        
:ole-he>t$ly z he repairs 8 own4        
,adolesc5ce is n ! age ( hatr$ or       
v5geance2 x is ! age ( pity1 m]cy1 &    
g5]osity4 ,yes1 ,i ma9ta91 & ,i am n    
afraid ( ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce1 a y\? ( 
good bir?1 "o :o has pres]v$ 8 innoc5ce 
up to ! age ( tw5ty1 is at t age ! be/1 
! mo/ g5]\s1 ! mo/ lov+1 & ! mo/ lovable
 ( m54 ,y nev] he>d su* a ?+2 ,i c well 
believe t philosoph]s su* z y1 br\ght up
 among ! corruption ( ! public s*ools1  
are unaw>e ( x4  ,man's weakness makes  
him sociable4 ,our common suff]+s draw  

our he>ts to our fell[-creatures2 we    
%\ld h no duties to mank9d if we 7 n m54
 ,e affection is a sign ( insuffici5cy2 
if ea* ( u _h no ne$ ( o!rs1 we %\ld    
h>dly ?9k ( associat+ ) !m4 ,s our frail
 happ9ess has its roots 9 our weakness4 
,a really happy man is a h]mit2 ,god    
only enjoys absolute happ9ess2 b :i* ( u
 has any idea :at t means8 ,if any      
imp]fect creature 7 self-suffic+1 :at   
w\ld he h to enjoy8  ,to our ?9k+ he    
w\ld be wret*$ & alone4 ,i d n und]/& h[
 "o :o has ne$ ( no?+ c\ld love any?+1  
nor d ,i und]/& h[ he :o loves no?+ c be
 happy4  ,h5ce x foll[s t we are drawn  
t[>ds our fell[-creatures less by our   
feel+ = _! joys ?an = _! sorr[s2 = 9 !m 
we disc]n m pla9ly a nature l our own1 &
 a pl$ge ( _! affection = u4 ,if our    
common ne$s create a bond ( int]e/ our  
common suff]+s create a bond (          
affection4 ,! sight ( a happy man ar\ses
 9 o!rs envy r ?an love1 we are ready to
 accuse him ( usurp+ a "r :i* is n 81 ( 
seek+ happ9ess = himself alone1 & our   

selfi%ness suff]s an additional pang 9 !
 ?\ght t ?is man has no ne$ ( u4 ,b :o  
does n pity ! wret* :5 he beholds 8     
suff]+s8 :o w\ld n deliv] him f 8 woes  
if a wi% c\ld d x8 ,imag9ation puts u m 
readily 9 ! place ( ! mis]able man ?an (
 ! happy man2 we feel t ! "o condition  
t\*es u m ne>ly ?an ! o!r4  ,pity is    
sweet1 because1 :5 we put ourselves 9 ! 
place ( "o :o suff]s1 we are aw>e1      
nev]!less1 ( ! pleasure ( n suff]+ l    
him4 ,envy is bitt]1 because ! sight ( a
 happy man1 f> f putt+ ! envi\s 9 8     
place1 inspires him ) regret t he is n  
!re4 ,! "o seems to exempt u f ! pa9s he
 suff]s1 ! o!r seems to deprive u ( !   
good ?+s he enjoys4  ,d y desire to     
/imulate & n\ri% ! fir/ /irr+s ( awak5+ 
s5sibility 9 ! he>t ( a "y man1 d y     
desire to incl9e 8 disposition t[>ds    
k9dly de$ & ?\ght1 d n cause ! se$s (   
pride1 vanity1 & envy to spr+ up 9 him  
?r\gh ! mislead+ picture ( ! happ9ess ( 
mank9d2 d n %[ him to beg9 ) ! pomp (   
c\rts1 ! pride ( palaces1 ! delights (  

pageants2 d n take him into society &   
into brilliant assemblies2 d n %[ him ! 
outside ( society till y h made him     
capable ( e/imat+ x at its true wor?4   
,to %[ him ! _w be=e he is acqua9t$ )   
m51 is n to tra9 him1 b to corrupt him2 
n to tea*1 b to mislead4  ,by nature m5 
are nei!r k+s1 nobles1 c\rti]s1 nor     
millionaires4 ,all m5 are born poor &   
nak$1 all are liable to ! sorr[s ( life1
 its disappo9tm5ts1 its ills1 its ne$s1 
its suff]+ ( e k9d2 & all are condemn$  
at l5g? to die4  ,?is is :at x really   
means to be a man1 ?is is :at no mortal 
c escape4 ,beg9 !n ) ! /udy ( !         
ess5tials ( humanity1 t :i* really      
con/itutes mank9d4  ,at sixte5 !        
adolesc5t kn[s :at x is to suff]1 = he  
himself has suff]$2 b he sc>cely        
realises t o!rs suff] too2 to see )\t   
feel+ is n k1 & z ,i h said aga9 & aga9 
! *ild :o does n picture ! feel+s ( o!rs
 kn[s no ills b 8 own2 b :5 8 imag9ation
 is k9dl$ by ! fir/ beg9n+s ( gr[+      
s5sibility1 he beg9s to p]ceive himself 

9 8 fell[-creatures1 to be t\*$ by _!   
cries1 to suff] 9 _! suff]+s4 ,x is at  
?is "t t ! sorr[ful picture ( suff]+    
humanity %\ld /ir 8 he>t ) ! fir/ t\* ( 
pity he has ev] kn[n4  ,if x is n easy  
to discov] ?is opportunity 9 y\r s*ol>s1
 ^: fault is x8 ,y taught !m s soon to  
play at feel+1 y taught !m s e>ly its   
language1 t speak+ cont9ually 9 ! same  
/ra9 !y turn y\r lessons aga9/ y\rself1 
& give y no *ance ( discov]+ :5 !y cease
 to lie1 & beg9 to feel :at !y say4 ,b  
look at ,emile2 ,i h l$ him up to ?is   
age1 & he has nei!r felt nor pret5d$ to 
feel4 ,he has nev] said1 ,i love y      
de>ly1 till he knew :at x 0 to love2 he 
has nev] be5 taught :at expression to   
assume :5 he ent]s ! room ( 8 fa!r1 8   
"m1 or 8 sick tutor2 he has n le>nt !   
art ( affect+ a sorr[ he does n feel4   
,he has nev] pret5d$ to weep = ! dea? ( 
any "o1 = he does n "k :at x is to die4 
,!re is ! same ins5sibility 9 8 he>t z 9
 8 mann]s4  ,indiff]5t1 l e *ild1 to e  
"o b himself1 he takes no int]e/ 9 any  

"o2 8 only peculi>ity is t he w n pret5d
 to take su* an int]e/2 he is less      
deceitful ?an o!rs4  ,emile hav+ ?\ght  
little ab\t creatures ( feel+ w be a    
long "t be=e he kn[s :at is meant by pa9
 & dea?4 ,groans & cries w beg9 to /ir 8
 compassion1 he w turn away 8 eyes at ! 
sight ( blood2 ! convulsions ( a dy+    
animal w cause him ,i "k n :at angui%   
be=e he kn[s ! s\rce ( ^! impulses4 ,if 
he 7 /ill /upid & b>b>\s he w\ld n feel 
!m2 if he 7 m le>n$ he w\ld recognise _!
 s\rce2 he has comp>$ ideas too         
frequ5tly already to be ins5sible1 b n  
en\gh to "k :at he feels4  ,s pity is   
born1 ! fir/ relative s5tim5t :i* t\*es 
! human he>t accord+ to ! ord] ( nature4
 ,to become s5sitive & pitiful ! *ild   
mu/ "k t he has fell[-creatures :o suff]
 z he has suff]$1 :o feel ! pa9s he has 
felt1 & o!rs :i* he c =m "s idea (1 be+ 
capable ( feel+ !m himself4 ,inde$1 h[ c
 we let ourselves be /irr$ by pity      
unless we g beyond ourselves1 & id5tify 
ourselves ) ! suff]+ animal1 by leav+1 s

 to speak1 our own nature & tak+ 84 ,we 
only suff] s f> z we suppose he suff]s2 
! suff]+ is n ours b 84 ,s no "o becomes
 s5sitive till 8 imag9ation is ar\s$ &  
beg9s to c>ry him outside himself4  ,:at
 %\ld we d to /imulate & n\ri% ?is gr[+ 
s5sibility1 to direct x1 & to foll[ its 
natural b5t8 ,%\ld we n pres5t to ! "y  
man objects on :i* ! expansive =ce ( 8  
he>t may take effect1 objects :i* dilate
 x1 :i* ext5d x to o!r creatures1 :i*   
take him outside himself8 %\ld we n     
c>efully remove ev]y?+ t n>r[s1         
conc5trates1 & /r5g!ns ! p[] ( ! human  
self8 t is to say1 9 o!r words1 we %\ld 
ar\se 9 him k9dness1 goodness1 pity1 &  
b5efic5ce1 all ! g5tle & attractive     
passions :i* are naturally pleas+ to    
man2 ^? passions prev5t ! gr[? ( envy1  
covet\sness1 hatr$1 all ! repulsive &   
cruel passions :i* make our s5sibility n
 m]ely a ciph] b a m9us quantity1       
passions :i* are ! curse ( ^? :o feel   
!m4  ,i ?9k ,i c sum up ! :ole ( !      
prec$+ reflections 9 two or ?ree maxims1

 def9ite1 /raight=w>d1 & easy to und]/&4
  ,,fir/ ,,maxim4--,x is n 9 human      
nature to put ourselves 9 ! place ( ^?  
:o are happi] ?an ourselves1 b only 9 ! 
place ( ^? :o c claim our pity4  ,if y  
f9d exceptions to ?is rule1 !y are m    
app>5t ?an real4 ,?us we d n put        
ourselves 9 ! place ( ! ri* or great :5 
we become fond ( !m2 ev5 :5 our         
affection is real1 we only appropriate  
to ourselves a "p ( _! welf>e4          
,sometimes we love ! ri* man 9 ! mid/ ( 
mis=tunes2 b s long z he prosp]s he has 
no real fri5d1 except ! man :o is n     
deceiv$ by appe>ances1 :o pities r ?an  
envies him 9 spite ( 8 prosp]ity4  ,!   
happ9ess belong+ to c]ta9 /ates ( life  
appeals to u2 take1 = in/ance1 ! life ( 
a %eph]d 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! *>m ( see+ ^!   
good p s happy is n poison$ by envy2 we 
are g5u9ely int]e/$ 9 !m4 ,:y is ?is8   
,because we feel we c desc5d into ?is   
/ate ( peace & innoc5ce & enjoy ! same  
happ9ess2 x is an alt]native :i* only   
calls up pleasant ?\ghts1 s long z ! wi%

 is z good z ! de$4 ,x is always        
pleasant to exam9e our /ores1 to        
contemplate our own weal?1 ev5 :5 we d n
 mean to sp5d x4  ,f ?is we see t to    
incl9e a "y man to humanity y mu/ n make
 him admire ! brilliant lot ( o!rs2 y   
mu/ %[ him life 9 its sorr[ful aspects &
 ar\se 8 fe>s4 ,?us x becomes cle> t he 
mu/ =ce 8 own way to happ9ess1 )\t      
int]f]+ ) ! happ9ess ( o!rs4  ,,second  
,,maxim4--,we nev] pity ano!r's woes    
unless we "k we may suff] 9 l mann]     
ourselves4       ,non ign>a mali1 mis]is
 succurr]e disco4--,virgil4  ,i "k no?+ 
g f9e1 s full ( mean+1 s t\*+1 s true z 
^! words4  ,:y h k+s no pity on _! p8   
,because !y nev] expect to be ord9>y m54
 ,:y are ! ri* s h>d on ! poor8 ,because
 !y h no fe> ( becom+ poor4 ,:y d !     
nobles look d[n ^u ! p8 ,because a      
nobleman w nev] be "o ( ! l[] classes4  
,:y are ! ,turks g5]ally k9d] & m       
hospitable ?an ourselves8 ,because1 "u  
_! :olly arbitr>y sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 !   
rank & weal? ( individuals are always   

unc]ta9 & prec>i\s1 s t !y d n reg>d    
pov]ty & degradation z conditions ) :i* 
!y h no conc]n2 to-morr[1 any "o may    
himself be 9 ! same position z ^? on :om
 he be/[s alms to-day4 ,?is ?\ght1 :i*  
occurs aga9 & aga9 9 ea/]n romances1    
l5ds !m a c]ta9 t5d]ness :i* is n to be 
f\nd 9 our pret5ti\s & h>% morality4  ,s
 d n tra9 y\r pupil to look d[n f !     
height ( 8 glory ^u ! suff]+s ( !       
un=tunate1 ! lab\rs ( ! wret*$1 & d n   
hope to tea* him to pity !m :ile he     
consid]s !m z f> remov$ f himself4 ,make
 him ?or\ghly aw>e ( ! fact t ! fate (  
^! unhappy p]sons may "o day be 8 own1 t
 8 feet are /&+ on ! edge ( ! abyss1    
into :i* he may be plung$ at any mom5t  
by a ?\s& unexpect$ irresi/ible         
mis=tunes4 ,tea* him to put no tru/ 9   
bir?1 heal?1 or ri*es2 %[ him all !     
*anges ( =tune2 f9d him examples--!re   
are only too _m ( !m--9 :i* m5 ( high]  
rank ?an himself h sunk bel[ ! condition
 ( ^! wret*$ ones4 ,:e!r by _! own fault
 or ano!r's is = ! pres5t no conc]n (   

ours2 does he inde$ "k ! mean+ ( ! ^w   
fault8 ,nev] int]f]e ) ! ord] 9 :i* he  
acquires k1 & tea* him only ?r\gh !     
means )9 8 rea*2 x ne$s no great le>n+  
to p]ceive t all ! prud5ce ( mank9d _c  
make c]ta9 :e!r he w be alive or dead 9 
an h\r's "t1 :e!r be=e nightfall he w n 
be gr9d+ 8 tee? 9 ! pangs ( nephritis1  
:e!r a mon? h5ce he w be ri* or poor1   
:e!r 9 a ye>'s "t he may n be r[+ an    
,alg]ian galley "u ! la% ( !            
slave-driv]4  ,above all d n tea* him   
?is1 l 8 cate*ism1 9 cold blood2 let him
 see & feel ! calamities :i* ov]take m52
 surprise & />tle 8 imag9ation ) ! p]ils
 :i* lurk cont9ually ab\t a man's pa?2  
let him see ! pitfalls all ab\t him1 &  
:5 he he>s y speak ( !m1 let him cl+ m  
closely to y = fe> le/ he %\ld fall4 ,y 
w make him timid & c[>dly1 d y say8 ,we 
%all see2 let u make him k9dly to beg9  
)1 t is :at matt]s mo/4  ,,?ird         
,,maxim4--,! pity we feel = o!rs is     
proportionate1 n to ! am\nt ( ! evil1 b 
to ! feel+s we attribute to ! suff]]s4  

,we only pity ! wret*$ s f> z we ?9k !y 
feel ! ne$ ( pity4 ,! bodily effect (   
our suff]+s is less ?an "o w\ld suppose2
 x is memory t prolongs ! pa91          
imag9ation :i* projects x into ! future1
 & makes u really to be piti$4 ,?is is1 
,i ?9k1 "o ( ! reasons :y we are m      
call\s to ! suff]+s ( animals ?an ( m51 
al?\gh a fell[-feel+ ought to make u    
id5tify ourselves equally ) ei!r4 ,we   
sc>cely pity ! c>t-horse 9 8 %$1 = we d 
n suppose t :ile he is eat+ 8 hay he is 
?9k+ ( ! bl[s he has receiv$ & ! lab\rs 
9 /ore = him4 ,nei!r d we pity ! %eep   
graz+ 9 ! field1 ?\gh we "k x is ab\t to
 be slaught]$1 = we believe x kn[s no?+ 
( ! fate 9 /ore = x4 ,9 ?is way we also 
become call\s to ! fate ( our fell[-m51 
& ! ri* console !mselves = ! h>m done by
 !m to ! poor1 by ! assumption t ! poor 
are too /upid to feel4 ,i usually judge 
( ! value any "o puts on ! welf>e ( 8   
fell[-creatures by :at he seems to ?9k (
 !m4 ,we naturally ?9k lightly ( !      
happ9ess ( ^? we despise4 ,x ne$ n      

surprise y t politicians speak s        
scornfully ( ! p1 & philosoph]s pr(ess  
to ?9k mank9d s wick$4  ,! p are mank9d2
 ^? :o d n belong to ! p are s few 9    
numb] t !y are n wor? c\nt+4 ,man is !  
same 9 e /ation ( life2 if t be s1 ^?   
ranks to :i* mo/ m5 belong des]ve mo/   
hon\r4 ,all di/9ctions ( rank fade away 
be=e ! eyes ( a ?\ghtful p]son2 he sees 
! same passions1 ! same feel+s 9 ! noble
 & ! gutt]snipe2 !re is m]ely a slight  
diff]5ce 9 spee*1 & m or less           
artificiality ( tone2 & if !re is inde$ 
any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 !      
disadvantage is all on ! side ( ^? :o   
are m sophi/icat$4 ,! p %[ !mselves z !y
 are1 & !y are n attractive2 b !        
fa%ionable _w is compell$ to adopt a    
disguise2 we %\ld be horrifi$ if we saw 
x z x really is4  ,!re is1 s our        
wiseacres tell u1 ! same am\nt (        
happ9ess & sorr[ 9 e /ation4 ,?is say+  
is z deadly 9 its effects z x is        
incapable ( pro(2 if all are equally    
happy :y %\ld ,i tr\ble myself ab\t any 

"o8 ,let e "o /ay :]e he is2 leave !    
slave to be ill-treat$1 ! sick man to   
suff]1 & ! wret*$ to p]i%2 !y h no?+ to 
ga9 by any *ange 9 _! condition4 ,y     
enum]ate ! sorr[s ( ! ri*1 & %[ ! vanity
 ( 8 empty pleasures2 :at b>efac$       
sophi/ry6 ,! ri* man's suff]+s d n come 
f 8 position1 b f himself alone :5 he   
abuses x4 ,he is n to be piti$ 7 he     
inde$ m mis]able ?an ! poor1 = 8 ills   
are ( 8 own mak+1 & he c\ld be happy if 
he *ose4 ,b ! suff]+s ( ! poor man come 
f ext]nal ?+s1 f ! h>d%ips fate has     
impos$ ^u him4  ,no am\nt ( habit c     
accu/om him to ! bodily ills ( fatigue1 
exhau/ion1 & hung]4 ,nei!r head nor he>t
 c s]ve to free him f ! suff]+s ( 8     
condition4 ,h[ is ,epictetus ! bett] =  
kn[+ be=eh& t 8 ma/] w break 8 leg =    
him2 does he d x any ! less8 ,he has to 
endure n only ! pa9 itself b ! pa9s (   
anticipation4 ,if ! p 7 z wise z we     
assume !m to be /upid1 h[ c\ld !y be o!r
 ?an !y are8  ,obs]ve p]sons ( ?is      
class2 y w see t1 ) a diff]5t way (     

speak+1 !y h z mu* intellig5ce & m      
common-s5se ?an y\rself4 ,h respect !n =
 y\r species2 rememb] t x consi/s       
ess5tially ( ! p1 t if all ! k+s & all !
 philosoph]s 7 remov$ !y w\ld sc>cely be
 miss$1 & ?+s w\ld g on none ! worse4 ,9
 a ^w1 tea* y\r pupil to love all m51   
ev5 ^? :o fail to appreciate him2 act 9 
su* way t he is n a memb] ( any class1 b
 takes 8 place 9 all alike3 speak 9 8   
he>+ ( ! human race ) t5d]ness1 & ev5 ) 
pity1 b nev] ) scorn4 ,y are a man2 d n 
di%on\r mank9d4  ,x is by ^! ways & o!rs
 l !m--h[ diff]5t f ! beat5 pa?s--t we  
mu/ rea* ! he>t ( ! "y adolesc5t1 &     
/imulate 9 him ! fir/ impulses ( nature2
 we mu/ develop t he>t & op5 its doors  
to 8 fell[-creatures1 & !re mu/ be z    
little self-int]e/ z possible mix$ up ) 
^! impulses2 above all1 no vanity1 no   
emulation1 no boa/+1 none ( ^? s5tim5ts 
:i* =ce u to comp>e ourselves ) o!rs2 = 
su* comp>isons are nev] made )\t ar\s+  
"s measure ( hatr$ aga9/ ^? :o dispute  
our claim to ! fir/ place1 7 x only 9   

our own e/imation4 ,!n we mu/ be ei!r   
bl9d or angry1 a bad man or a fool2 let 
u try to avoid ?is dilemma4 ,soon] or   
lat] ^! dang]\s passions w appe>1 s y   
tell me1 9 spite ( u4 ,i d n d5y x4 ,!re
 is a "t & place = ev]y?+2 ,i am only   
say+ t we %\ld n help to ar\se ^!       
passions4  ,?is is ! _s ( ! me?od to be 
laid d[n4 ,9 ?is case examples &        
illu/rations are useless1 = "h we f9d ! 
beg9n+ ( ! c\ntless diff]5ces ( "*1 & e 
example ,i gave w\ld possibly apply to  
only "o case 9 a hundr$ ?\s&4 ,x is at  
?is age t ! clev] tea*] beg9s 8 real    
bus9ess1 z a /ud5t & a philosoph] :o    
kn[s h[ to probe ! he>t & /rives to     
guide x aright4 ,:ile ! "y man has n    
le>nt to pret5d1 :ile he does n ev5 "k !
 mean+ ( pret5ce1 y see by 8 look1 8    
mann]1 8 ge/ures1 ! impression he has   
receiv$ f any object pres5t$ to him2 y  
read 9 8 c\nt5ance e impulse ( 8 he>t2  
by wat*+ 8 expression y le>n to protect 
8 impulses & actually to control !m4  ,x
 has be5 commonly obs]v$ t blood1 w\nds1

 cries & groans1 ! prep>ations = pa9ful 
op]ations1 & ev]y?+ :i* directs ! s5ses 
t[>ds ?+s connect$ ) suff]+1 are usually
 ! fir/ to make an impression on all m54
 ,! idea ( de/ruction1 a m complex      
matt]1 does n h s great an effect2 !    
?\ght ( dea? affects u lat] & less      
=cibly1 = no "o kn[s f 8 own exp]i5ce   
:at x is to die2 y mu/ h se5 corpses to 
feel ! agonies ( ! dy+4 ,b :5 once ?is  
idea is e/abli%$ 9 ! m9d1 !re is no     
spectacle m dreadful 9 our eyes1 :e!r   
because ( ! idea ( complete de/ruction  
:i* x ar\ses ?r\gh our s5ses1 or because
 we "k t ?is mom5t mu/ come = ea* "o ( u
 & we feel ourselves all ! m ke5ly      
affect$ by a situation f :i* we "k !re  
is no escape4  ,^! v>i\s impressions    
diff] 9 mann] & 9 degree1 accord+ to !  
individual "* ( ea* "o ( u & 8 =m]      
habits1 b !y are univ]sal & no "o is    
altoge!r free f !m4 ,!re are o!r        
impressions less univ]sal & ( a lat]    
gr[?1 impressions mo/ suit$ to s5sitive 
s\ls1 su* impressions z we receive f    

moral suff]+1 inw>d grief1 ! suff]+s ( !
 m9d1 depression1 & sadness4 ,!re are m5
 :o c be t\*$ by no?+ b groans & te>s2 !
 suppress$ sobs ( a he>t lab\r+ "u sorr[
 w\ld nev] w9 a sigh2 ! sight ( a d[nca/
 visage1 a pale & gloomy c\nt5ance1 eyes
 :i* c weep no long]1 w\ld nev] draw a  
te> f !m4 ,! suff]+s ( ! m9d are z no?+ 
to !m2 !y weigh !m1 _! own m9d feels    
no?+2 expect no?+ f su* p]sons b        
inflexible sev]ity1 h>%ness1 cruelty4   
,!y may be j & upright1 b n m]ciful1    
g5]\s1 or pitiful4 ,!y may1 ,i say1 be  
j1 if a man c inde$ be j )\t be+        
m]ciful4  ,b d n be 9 a hurry to judge  
"y p by ?is /&>d1 m especially ^? :o h  
be5 educat$ rightly1 :o h no idea ( !   
moral suff]+s !y h nev] _h to endure2 = 
once aga9 !y c only pity ! ills !y "k1 &
 ?is app>5t ins5sibility is soon        
trans=m$ into pity :5 !y beg9 to feel t 
!re are 9 human life a ?\s& ills ( :i*  
!y "k no?+4 ,z = ,emile1 if 9 *ildhood  
he 0 di/+ui%$ by simplicity & good s5se1
 9 8 y\? he w %[ a w>m & t5d] he>t2 = ! 

reality ( ! feel+s dep5ds to a great    
ext5t on ! accuracy ( ! ideas4  ,b :y   
call him hi!r8 ,m ?an "o read] w reproa*
 me no d\bt = dep>t+ f my fir/ int5tion 
& =gett+ ! la/+ happ9ess ,i promis$ my  
pupil4 ,! sorr[ful1 ! dy+1 su* sights ( 
pa9 & woe1 :at happ9ess1 :at delight is 
?is = a "y he>t on ! ?re%old ( life8 ,8 
gloomy tutor1 :o propos$ to give him su*
 a pleasant education1 only introduces  
him to life t he may suff]4 ,?is is :at 
!y w say1 b :at c>e ,i8 ,i promis$ to   
make him happy1 n to make him seem      
happy4 ,am ,i to blame if1 deceiv$ z    
usual by ! outw>d appe>ances1 y take !m 
= ! reality8  ,let u take two "y m5 at !
 close ( _! e>ly education1 & let !m    
ent] ! _w by opposite doors4 ,! "o m\nts
 at once to ,olympus1 & moves 9 ! sm>te/
 society2 he is tak5 to c\rt1 he is     
pres5t$ 9 ! h\ses ( ! great1 ( ! ri*1 ( 
! pretty wom54 ,i assume t he is ev]y:]e
 made mu* (1 & ,i d n reg>d too closely 
! effect ( ?is reception on 8 reason2 ,i
 assume x c /& x4 ,pleasures fly be=e   

him1 e day provides him ) fre%          
amusem5ts2 he fl+s himself into ev]y?+ )
 an eag]ness :i* c>ries y away4 ,y f9d  
him busy1 eag]1 & curi\s2 8 fir/ wond]  
makes a great impression on y2 y ?9k him
 happy2 b behold ! /ate ( 8 he>t2 y ?9k 
he is rejoic+1 ,i ?9k he suff]s4  ,:at  
does he see :5 fir/ he op5s 8 eyes8 all 
sorts ( s-call$ pleasures1 hi!rto       
unkn[n4 ,mo/ ( ^! pleasures are only = a
 mom5t )9 8 rea*1 & seem to %[ !mselves 
only to inspire regret = _! loss4 ,does 
he w&] ?r\gh a palace2 y see by 8 uneasy
 curiosity t he is ask+ :y 8 fa!r's h\se
 is n l x4 ,e "q %[s y t he is comp>+   
himself all ! "t ) ! own] ( ?is gr&     
place4 ,& all ! mortification aris+ f   
?is comp>ison at once revolts &         
/imulates 8 vanity4 ,if he meets a "y   
man bett] dress$ ?an himself1 ,i f9d him
 secretly compla9+ ( 8 p>5ts' meanness4 
,if he is bett] dress$ ?an ano!r1 he    
suff]s because ! latt] is 8 sup]ior 9   
bir? or 9 intellect1 & all 8 gold lace  
is put to %ame by a pla9 clo? coat4     

,does he %9e unrivall$ 9 "s assembly1   
does he /& on tiptoe t !y may see him   
bett]1 :o is !re :o does n secretly     
desire to humble ! pride & vanity ( ! "y
 fop8 ,ev]ybody is 9 league aga9/ him2 !
 disquiet+ glances ( a solemn man1 !    
bit+ phrases ( "s satirical p]son1 d n  
fail to rea* him1 & if x 7 only "o man  
:o despis$ him1 ! scorn ( t "o w\ld     
poison 9 a mom5t ! applause ( ! re/4    
,let u grant him ev]y?+1 let u n grudge 
him *>m & wor?2 let him be well-made1   
witty1 & attractive2 ! wom5 w run aft]  
him2 b by pursu+ him be=e he is 9 love )
 !m1 !y w inspire rage r ?an love2 he w 
h successes1 b nei!r rapture nor passion
 to enjoy !m4 ,z 8 desires are always   
anticipat$2 !y nev] h "t to spr+ up     
among 8 pleasures1 s he only feels !    
t$ium ( re/ra9t4 ,ev5 be=e he kn[s x he 
is disgu/$ & satiat$ ) ! sex =m$ to be !
 delight ( 8 own2 if he cont9ues its    
pursuit x is only ?r\gh vanity1 & ev5   
%\ld he really be devot$ to wom51 he w n
 be ! only brilliant1 ! only attractive 

"y man1 nor w he always f9d 8 mi/resses 
prodigies ( fidelity4  ,i say no?+ ( !  
vexation1 ! deceit1 ! crimes1 & !       
remorse ( all k9ds1 insep>able f su* a  
life4 ,we "k t exp]i5ce ( ! _w disgu/s u
 ) x2 ,i am speak+ only ( ! drawbacks   
belong+ to y\?ful illusions4  ,hi!rto ! 
"y man has liv$ 9 ! bosom ( 8 family & 8
 fri5ds1 & has be5 ! sole object ( _!   
c>e2 :at a *ange to ent] all at once    
into a region :]e he c\nts = s little2  
to f9d himself plung$ into ano!r sph]e1 
he :o has be5 s long ! c5tre ( 8 own4   
,:at insults1 :at humiliation1 mu/ he   
endure1 be=e he loses among /rang]s !   
ideas ( 8 own importance :i* h be5 =m$ &
 n\ri%$ among 8 own p6 ,z a *ild ev]y?+ 
gave way to him1 ev]ybody flock$ to him2
 z a "y man he mu/ give place to e "o1  
or if he pres]ves ev] s little ( 8 =m]  
airs1 :at h>% lessons w br+ him to      
himself6 ,accu/om$ to get ev]y?+ he     
wants )\t any difficulty1 8 wants are   
_m1 & he feels cont9ual privations4 ,he 
is tempt$ by ev]y?+ t flatt]s him2 :at  

o!rs h1 he mu/ h too2 he covets ev]y?+1 
he envies e "o1 he w\ld always be ma/]4 
,he is dev\r$ by vanity1 8 "y he>t is   
enflam$ by unbridl$ passions1 jeal\sy & 
hatr$ among ! re/2 all ^! viol5t        
passions bur/ out at once2 _! /+ rankles
 9 him 9 ! busy _w1 !y return ) him at  
night1 he comes back dissatisfi$ )      
himself1 ) o!rs2 he falls asleep among a
 ?\s& fooli% s*emes di/urb$ by a ?\s&   
fancies1 & 8 pride %[s him ev5 9 8      
dreams ^? fanci$ pleasures2 he is       
torm5t$ by a desire :i* w nev] be       
satisfi$4 ,s mu* = y\r pupil2 let u turn
 to m9e4  ,if ! fir/ ?+ to make an      
impression on him is some?+ sorr[ful 8  
fir/ return to himself is a feel+ (     
pleasure4 ,:5 he sees h[ _m ills he has 
escap$ he ?9ks he is happi] ?an he      
fanci$4 ,he %>es ! suff]+ ( 8           
fell[-creatures1 b he %>es x ( 8 own    
free w & f9ds pleasure 9 x4 ,he enjoys  
at once ! pity he feels = _! woes & !   
joy ( be+ exempt f !m2 he feels 9       
himself t /ate ( vig\r :i* projects u   

beyond ourselves1 & bids u c>ry else:]e 
! sup]flu\s activity ( our well-be+4 ,to
 pity ano!r's woes we mu/ inde$ "k !m1 b
 we ne$ n feel !m4 ,:5 we h suff]$1 :5  
we are 9 fe> ( suff]+1 we pity ^? :o    
suff]2 b :5 we suff] ourselves1 we pity 
none b ourselves4 ,b if all ( u1 be+    
subject ourselves to ! ills ( life1 only
 be/[ ^u o!rs ! s5sibility we d n       
actually require = ourselves1 x foll[s t
 pity mu/ be a v pleasant feel+1 s9ce x 
speaks on our behalf2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a 
h>d-he>t$ man is always unhappy1 s9ce ! 
/ate ( 8 he>t leaves him no sup]flu\s   
s5sibility to be/[ on ! suff]+s ( o!rs4 
,we are too apt to judge ( happ9ess by  
appe>ances2 we suppose x is to be f\nd 9
 ! mo/ unlikely places1 we seek = x :]e 
x _c possibly be2 mir? is a v d\btful   
indication ( its pres5ce4 ,a m]ry man is
 (t5 a wret* :o is try+ to deceive o!rs 
& di/ract himself4 ,! m5 :o are jovial1 
fri5dly1 & cont5t$ at _! club are almo/ 
always gloomy grumbl]s at home1 & _!    
s]vants h to pay = ! amusem5t !y give   

among _! fri5ds4 ,true cont5tm5t is     
nei!r m]ry nor noisy2 we are jeal\s ( s 
sweet a s5tim5t1 :5 we enjoy x we ?9k   
ab\t x1 we delight 9 x = fe> x %\ld     
escape u4 ,a really happy man says      
little & laughs little2 he hugs 8       
happ9ess1 s to speak1 to 8 he>t4 ,noisy 
games1 viol5t delight1 conceal !        
disappo9tm5t ( satiety4 ,b melan*oly is 
! fri5d ( pleasure2 te>s & pity att5d   
our sweete/ enjoym5t1 & great joys call 
= te>s r ?an laught]4  ,if at fir/ !    
numb] & v>iety ( our amusem5ts seem to  
contribute to our happ9ess1 if at fir/ !
 ev5 t5or ( a quiet life seems t$i\s1 :5
 we look at x m closely we discov] t !  
pleasante/ habit ( m9d consi/s 9 a      
mod]ate enjoym5t :i* leaves little scope
 = desire & av]sion4 ,! unre/ ( passion 
causes curiosity & fickl5ess2 ! empt9ess
 ( noisy pleasures causes we>9ess4 ,we  
nev] we>y ( our /ate :5 we "k none m    
delightful4 ,savages suff] less ?an o!r 
m5 f curiosity & f t$ium2 ev]y?+ is !   
same to !m--!mselves1 n _!              

possessions--& !y are nev] we>y4  ,! man
 ( ! _w almo/ always we>s a mask4 ,he is
 sc>cely ev] himself & is almo/ a /rang]
 to himself2 he is ill at ease :5 he is 
=c$ into 8 own company4 ,n :at he is1 b 
:at he seems1 is all he c>es =4  ,i _c  
help pictur+ 9 ! c\nt5ance ( ! "y man ,i
 h j spok5 ( an indef9able b unpleasant 
imp]t95ce1 smoo?ness1 & affectation1 :i*
 is repulsive to a pla9 man1 & 9 !      
c\nt5ance ( my own pupil a simple &     
int]e/+ expression :i* indicates ! real 
cont5tm5t & ! calm ( 8 m9d2 an          
expression :i* inspires respect &       
confid5ce1 & seems only to await !      
e/abli%m5t ( fri5dly relations to be/[ 8
 own confid5ce 9 return4 ,x is ?\ght t !
 expression is m]ely ! developm5t (     
c]ta9 features design$ by nature4 ,= my 
own "p ,i ?9k t ov] & above ?is         
developm5t a man's face is %ap$1 all    
unconsci\sly1 by ! frequ5t & habitual   
influ5ce ( c]ta9 affections ( ! he>t4   
,^! affections are %[n on ! face1 !re is
 no?+ m c]ta92 & :5 !y become habitual1 

!y mu/ surely leave la/+ traces4 ,?is is
 :y ,i ?9k ! expression %[s ! "*1 & t we
 c sometimes read "o ano!r )\t seek+    
my/]i\s explanations 9 p[]s we d n      
possess4  ,a *ild has only two di/9ct   
feel+s1 joy & sorr[2 he laughs or he    
cries2 he kn[s no middle c\rse1 & he is 
con/antly pass+ f "o extreme to ! o!r4  
,on acc\nt ( ^! p]petual *anges !re is  
no la/+ impression on ! face1 & no      
expression2 b :5 ! *ild is old] & m     
s5sitive1 8 feel+s are ke5] or m        
p]man5t1 & ^! deep] impressions leave   
traces m difficult to erase2 & !        
habitual /ate ( ! feel+s has an effect  
on ! features :i* 9 c\rse ( "t becomes  
ineffaceable4 ,/ill x is n uncommon to  
meet ) m5 ^: expression v>ies ) _! age4 
,i h met ) sev]al1 & ,i h always f\nd t 
^? :om ,i c\ld obs]ve & foll[ _h also   
*ang$ _! habitual temp]4 ,?is "o        
obs]vation ?or\ghly confirm$ w\ld seem  
to me decisive1 & x is n out ( place 9 a
 treatise on education1 :]e x is a matt]
 ( importance1 t we %\ld le>n to judge !

 feel+s ( ! he>t by ext]nal signs4  ,i d
 n "k :e!r my "y man w be any ! less    
amiable = n hav+ le>nt to copy          
conv5tional mann]s & to feign s5tim5ts  
:i* are n 8 own2 t does n conc]n me at  
pres5t1 ,i only "k he w be m            
affectionate2 & ,i f9d x difficult to   
believe t he1 :o c>es = nobody b        
himself1 c s f> disguise 8 true feel+s z
 to please z readily z he :o f9ds fre%  
happ9ess = himself 9 8 affection = o!rs4
 ,b ) reg>d to ?is feel+ ( happ9ess1 ,i 
?9k ,i h said en\gh already = ! guidance
 ( any s5sible read]1 & to %[ t ,i h n  
contradict$ myself4  ,i return to my    
sy/em1 & ,i say1 :5 ! critical age      
approa*es1 pres5t to "y p spectacles :i*
 re/ra9 r ?an excite !m2 put (f _! dawn+
 imag9ation ) objects :i*1 f> f inflam+ 
_! s5ses1 put a *eck to _! activity4    
,remove !m f great cities1 :]e ! flaunt+
 attire & ! boldness ( ! wom5 ha/5 &    
anticipate ! tea*+ ( nature1 :]e ev]y?+ 
pres5ts to _! view pleasures ( :i* !y   
%\ld "k no?+ till !y are ( an age to    

*oose = !mselves4 ,br+ !m back to _!    
e>ly home1 :]e rural simplicity all[s ! 
passions ( _! age to develop m sl[ly2 or
 if _! ta/e = ! arts keeps !m 9 t[n1    
gu>d !m by means ( ?is v ta/e f a       
dang]\s idl5ess4 ,*oose c>efully _!     
company1 _! occupations1 & _! pleasures2
 %[ !m no?+ b mode/ & pa!tic pictures   
:i* are t\*+ b n s$uctive1 & n\ri% _!   
s5sibility )\t /imulat+ _! s5ses4       
,rememb] also1 t ! dang] ( excess is n  
conf9$ to any "o place1 & t immod]ate   
passions always d irrep>able damage4 ,y 
ne$ n make y\r pupil a sick-nurse or a  
,bro!r ( ,pity2 y ne$ n di/ress him by !
 p]petual sight ( pa9 & suff]+2 y ne$ n 
take him f "o hospital to ano!r1 f !    
gall[s to ! prison4 ,he mu/ be s(t5$1 n 
h>d5$1 by ! sight ( human mis]y4 ,:5 we 
h se5 a sight x ceases to impress u1 use
 is second nature1 :at is always be=e   
our eyes no long] appeals to !          
imag9ation1 & x is only ?r\gh !         
imag9ation t we c feel ! sorr[s ( o!rs2 
?is is :y prie/s & doctors :o are always

 behold+ dea? & suff]+ become s h>d5$4  
,let y\r pupil !re=e "k some?+ ( ! lot (
 man & ! woes ( 8 fell[-creatures1 b let
 him n see !m too (t54 ,a s+le ?+1      
c>efully select$ & %[n at ! "r "t1 w    
fill him ) pity & set him ?9k+ = a mon?4
 ,8 op9ion ab\t any?+ dep5ds n s mu* on 
:at he sees1 b on h[ x reacts on        
himself2 & 8 la/+ impression ( any      
object dep5ds less on ! object itself   
?an on ! po9t ( view f :i* he reg>ds x4 
,?us by a sp>+ use ( examples1 lessons1 
& pictures1 y may blunt ! /+ ( s5se &   
delay nature :ile foll[+ h] own lead4   
,z he acquires k1 *oose :at ideas he    
%all atta* to x2 z 8 passions awake1    
select sc5es calculat$ to repress !m4 ,a
 vet]an1 z di/+ui%$ = 8 "* z = 8 c\rage1
 once told me t 9 e>ly y\? 8 fa!r1 a    
s5sible man b extremely pi\s1 obs]v$ t  
?r\gh 8 gr[+ s5sibility he 0 attract$ by
 wom51 & sp>$ no pa9s to re/ra9 him2 b  
at la/ :51 9 spite ( all 8 c>e1 8 son 0 
ab\t to escape f 8 control1 he decid$ to
 take him to a hospital1 &1 )\t tell+   

him :at to expect1 he introduc$ him into
 a room :]e a numb] ( wret*$ creatures 7
 expiat+1 "u a t]rible treatm5t1 ! vices
 :i* _h br\ght !m into ?is plight4 ,?is 
hide\s & revolt+ spectacle sick5$ ! "y  
man4 ,mis]able lib]t9e1 said 8 fa!r     
vehem5tly1 begone2 foll[ y\r vile ta/es2
 y w soon be only too glad to be admitt$
 to ?is w>d1 & a victim to ! mo/ %ameful
 suff]+s1 y w compel y\r fa!r to ?ank   
,god :5 y are dead4  ,^! few words1     
toge!r ) ! /rik+ spectacle he beheld1   
made an impression on ! "y man :i* c\ld 
nev] be effac$4 ,compell$ by 8 pr(ession
 to pass 8 y\? 9 g>rison1 he pref]r$ to 
face all ! je/s ( 8 comrades r ?an to   
%>e _! evil ways4 ,i h be5 a man1 he    
said to me1 ,i h _h my weaknesses1 b ev5
 to ! pres5t day ! sight ( a h>lot      
inspires me ) horror4 ,say little to y\r
 pupil1 b *oose "t1 place1 & p2 !n rely 
on concrete examples = y\r tea*+1 & be  
sure x w take effect4  ,! way *ildhood  
is sp5t is no great matt]2 ! evil :i*   
may f9d its way is n irrem$iable1 & !   

good :i* may spr+ up might come lat]4 ,b
 x is n s 9 ^? e>ly ye>s :5 a y\? really
 beg9s to live4 ,?is "t is nev] long    
en\gh = :at !re is to be done1 & its    
importance dem&s unceas+ att5tion2 ?is  
is :y ,i lay s mu* /ress on ! art (     
prolong+ x4 ,"o ( ! be/ rules ( good    
f>m+ is to keep ?+s back z mu* z        
possible4 ,let y\r progress also be sl[ 
& sure2 prev5t ! y\? f becom+ a man all 
at once4 ,:ile ! body is gr[+ ! spirits 
de/9$ to give vig\r to ! blood & /r5g?  
to ! muscles are 9 process ( =mation &  
elaboration4 ,if y turn !m into ano!r   
*annel1 & p]mit t /r5g? :i* %\ld h gone 
to ! p]fect+ ( "o p]son to g to ! mak+ (
 ano!r1 bo? rema9 9 a /ate ( weakness & 
! "w ( nature is unf9i%$4 ,! work+s ( ! 
m9d1 9 _! turn1 are affect$ by ?is      
*ange1 & ! m9d1 z sickly z ! body1      
functions languidly & feebly4 ,l5g? &   
/r5g? ( limb are n ! same ?+ z c\rage or
 g5ius1 & ,i grant t /r5g? ( m9d does n 
always accompany /r5g? ( body1 :5 !     
means ( connection betwe5 ! two are     

o!rwise faulty4 ,b h[ev] well plann$ !y 
may be1 !y w always "w feebly if =      
motive p[] !y dep5d ^u an exhau/$1      
impov]i%$ supply ( blood1 depriv$ ( !   
sub/ance :i* gives /r5g? & ela/icity to 
all ! spr+s ( ! ma*9]y4 ,!re is g5]ally 
m vig\r ( m9d to be f\nd among m5 ^:    
e>ly ye>s h be5 pres]v$ f precoci\s     
vice1 ?an among ^? ^: evil liv+ has     
begun at ! e>lie/ opportunity2 & ?is is 
no d\bt ! reason :y nations ^: morals   
are pure are g5]ally sup]ior 9 s5se &   
c\rage to ^? ^: morals are bad4 ,! latt]
 %9e only ?r\gh ,i "k n :at small &     
trifl+ qualities1 :i* !y call wit1      
sagacity1 cunn+2 b ^? great & noble     
features ( goodness & reason1 by :i* a  
man is di/+ui%$ & hon\r$ ?r\gh good     
de$s1 virtues1 really useful ef=ts1 are 
sc>cely to be f\nd except among !       
nations ^: morals are pure4  ,tea*]s    
compla9 t ! en]gy ( ?is age makes _!    
pupils unruly2 ,i see t x is s1 b are n 
!y !mselves to blame8 ,:5 once !y h let 
?is en]gy fl[ ?r\gh ! *annel ( ! s5ses1 

d !y n "k t !y _c *ange its c\rse8 ,w ! 
long & dre>y s]mons ( ! p$ant efface f !
 m9d ( 8 s*ol> ! ?\ghts ( pleasure :5   
once !y h f\nd an entrance2 w !y bani% f
 8 he>t ! desires by :i* x is torm5t$2 w
 !y *ill ! heat ( a passion ^: mean+ !  
s*ol> realises8 ,w n ! pupil be r\s$ to 
ang] by ! ob/acles oppos$ to ! only k9d 
( happ9ess ( :i* he has any notion8 ,& 9
 ! h>% law impos$ ^u him be=e he c      
und]/& x1 :at w he see b ! caprice &    
hatr$ ( a man :o is try+ to torm5t him8 
,is x /range t he rebels & hates y too8 
,i "k v well t if "o is easy-go+ "o may 
be tol]at$1 & "o may keep up a %[ (     
au?ority4 ,b ,i fail to see ! use ( an  
au?ority ov] ! pupil :i* is only ma9ta9$
 by fom5t+ ! vices x ought to repress2 x
 is l attempt+ to soo! a fi]y /e$ by    
mak+ x leap ov] a precipice4  ,f> f be+ 
a h9drance to education1 ?is en?usiasm (
 adolesc5ce is its cr[n & cop+-/one2 ?is
 x is t gives y a hold on ! y\?'s he>t  
:5 he is no long] weak] ?an y4  ,8 fir/ 
affections are ! re9s by :i* y control 8

 movem5ts2 he 0 free1 & n[ ,i behold him
 9 y\r p[]4 ,s long z he lov$ no?+1 he 0
 indep5d5t ( ev]y?+ b himself & 8 own   
necessities2 z soon z he loves1 he is   
dep5d5t on 8 affections4 ,?us ! fir/    
ties :i* unite him to 8 species are     
already =m$4 ,:5 y direct 8 increas+    
s5sibility 9 ?is direction1 d n expect t
 x w at once include all m51 & t ! ^w   
mank9d w h any mean+ = him4 ,n s2 ?is   
s5sibility w at fir/ conf9e itself to ^?
 l himself1 & ^! w n be /rang]s to him1 
b ^? he kn[s1 ^? :om habit has made de> 
to him or necess>y to him1 ^? :o are    
evid5tly ?9k+ & feel+ z he does1 ^? :om 
he p]ceives to be expos$ to ! pa9s he   
has endur$1 ^? :o enjoy ! pleasures he  
has enjoy$2 9 a ^w1 ^? :o are s l       
himself t he is ! m dispos$ to          
self-love4 ,x is only aft] long tra9+1  
aft] mu* consid]ation z to 8 own feel+s 
& ! feel+s he obs]ves 9 o!rs1 t he w be 
able to g5]alise 8 individual notions "u
 ! ab/ract idea ( humanity1 & add to 8  
individual affections ^? :i* may id5tify

 him ) ! race4  ,:5 he becomes capable (
 affection1 he becomes aw>e ( !         
affection ( o!rs1 ,footnote3 ,affection 
may be unrequit$2 n s fri5d%ip4         
,fri5d%ip is a b>ga91 a contract l any  
o!r2 ?\gh a b>ga9 m sacr$ ?an ! re/4 ,! 
^w fri5d has no o!r correlation4 ,any   
man :o is n ! fri5d ( 8 fri5d is        
und\bt$ly a rascal2 = "o c only obta9   
fri5d%ip by giv+ x1 or pret5d+ to give  
x4 & he is on ! look\t = ! signs ( t    
affection4 ,d y n see h[ y w acquire a  
fre% hold on him8 ,:at b&s h y b\nd ab\t
 8 he>t :ile he 0 yet unaw>e ( !m6 ,:at 
w he feel1 :5 he beholds himself & sees 
:at y h done = him2 :5 he c comp>e      
himself ) o!r y\?s1 & o!r tutors ) y6 ,i
 say1 ,:5 he sees x1 b bew>e le/ y tell 
him ( x2 if y tell him he w n p]ceive x4
 ,if y claim 8 ob$i5ce 9 return = ! c>e 
be/[$ ^u him1 he w ?9k y h ov]-rea*$    
him2 he w see t :ile y pr(ess to h c>$ =
 him )\t rew>d1 y meant to saddle him ) 
a debt & to b9d him to a b>ga9 :i* he   
nev] made4 ,9 va9 y w add t :at y dem&  

is = 8 own good2 y dem& x1 & y dem& x 9 
virtue ( :at y h done )\t 8 cons5t4 ,:5 
a man d[n on 8 luck accepts ! %ill+ :i* 
! s]geant pr(esses to give him1 & f9ds  
he has enli/$ )\t kn[+ :at he 0 ab\t1 y 
prote/ aga9/ ! inju/ice2 is x n /ill m  
unju/ to dem& f y\r pupil ! price ( c>e 
:i* he has n ev5 accept$6  ,+ratitude   
w\ld be r>] if k9dness 7 less (t5 !     
inve/m5t ( a usur]4 ,we love ^? :o h    
done u a k9dness2 :at a natural feel+6  
,+ratitude is n to be f\nd 9 ! he>t (   
man1 b self-int]e/ is !re2 ^? :o are    
ungrateful = b5efits receiv$ are few]   
?an ^? :o d a k9dness = _! own ends4 ,if
 y sell me y\r gifts1 ,i w haggle ov] ! 
price2 b if y pret5d to give1 9 ord] to 
sell lat] on at y\r own price1 y are    
guilty ( fraud2 x is ! free gift :i* is 
beyond price4 ,! he>t is a law to       
itself2 if y try to b9d x1 y lose x2    
give x its lib]ty1 & y make x y\r own4  
,:5 ! fi%]man baits 8 l9e1 ! fi% come   
r\nd him )\t suspicion2 b :5 !y are     
caught on ! hook conceal$ 9 ! bait1 !y  

feel ! l9e tight5 & !y try to escape4   
,is ! fi%]man a b5efactor8 ,is ! fi%    
ungrateful8 ,d we f9d a man =gott5 by 8 
b5efactor1 unm9dful ( t b5efactor8 ,on !
 contr>y1 he delights to speak ( him1 he
 _c ?9k ( him )\t emotion2 if he gets a 
*ance ( %[+ him1 by "s unexpect$ s]vice1
 t he rememb]s :at he did = him1 h[     
delight$ he is to satisfy 8 gratitude2  
:at a pleasure x is to e>n ! gratitude (
 8 b5efactor4 ,h[ delightful to say1 ,x 
is my turn n[4 ,?is is inde$ ! tea*+ (  
nature2 a good de$ nev] caus$ +ratitude4
  ,if !re=e gratitude is a natural      
feel+1 & y d n de/roy its effects by y\r
 blund]s1 be sure y\r pupil1 z he beg9s 
to und]/& ! value ( y\r c>e = him1 w be 
grateful = x1 provid$ y h n put a price 
^u x2 & ?is w give y an au?ority ov] 8  
he>t :i* no?+ c ov]?r[4 ,b bew>e ( los+ 
?is advantage be=e x is really y\rs1    
bew>e ( insi/+ on y\r own importance4   
,boa/ ( y\r s]vices & !y become         
intol]able2 =get !m & !y w n be =gott54 
,until ! "t comes to treat him z a man  

let !re be no "q ( 8 duty to y1 b 8 duty
 to himself4 ,let him h 8 fre$om if y   
w\ld make him docile2 hide y\rself s t  
he may seek y2 raise 8 he>t to ! noble  
s5tim5t ( gratitude by only speak+ ( 8  
own int]e/4 ,until he 0 able to und]/&  
,i w\ld n h him told t :at 0 done 0 = 8 
good2 he w\ld only h und]/ood su* words 
to mean t y 7 dep5d5t on him & he w\ld  
m]ely h made y 8 s]vant4 ,b n[ t he is  
beg9n+ to feel :at love is1 he also kn[s
 :at a t5d] affection may b9d a man to  
:at he loves2 & 9 ! zeal :i* keeps y    
busy on 8 acc\nt1 he n[ sees n ! bonds (
 a slave1 b ! affection ( a fri5d4 ,n[  
!re is no?+ :i* c>ries s mu* weight ) ! 
human he>t z ! voice ( fri5d%ip         
recognis$ z su*1 = we "k t x nev] speaks
 b = our good4 ,we may ?9k our fri5d is 
mi/ak51 b we nev] believe he is deceiv+ 
u4 ,we may reject 8 advice n[ & !n1 b we
 nev] scorn x4  ,we h rea*$ ! moral ord]
 at la/2 we h j tak5 ! second /ep t[>ds 
manhood4 ,if ?is 7 ! place = x1 ,i w\ld 
try to %[ h[ ! fir/ impulses ( ! he>t   

give rise to ! fir/ /irr+s ( consci5ce1 
& h[ f ! feel+s ( love & hatr$ spr+ !   
fir/ notions ( good & evil4 ,i w\ld %[ t
 ju/ice & k9dness are no m]e ab/ract    
t]ms1 no m]e moral conceptions fram$ by 
! und]/&+1 b true affections ( ! he>t   
enlight5$ by reason1 ! natural outcome (
 our primitive affections2 t by reason  
alone1 unaid$ by consci5ce1 we _c       
e/abli% any natural law1 & t all natural
 "r is a va9 dream if x does n re/ ^u "s
 in/9ctive ne$ ( ! human he>t4          
,footnote3 ,! precept ,d unto o!rs z y  
w\ld h !m d unto y has no true f\ndation
 b t ( consci5ce & feel+2 = :at valid   
reason is !re :y ,i1 be+ myself1 %\ld d 
:at ,i w\ld d if ,i 7 "s "o else1       
especially :5 ,i am morally c]ta9 ,i    
nev] %all f9d myself 9 exactly ! same   
case2 & :o w answ] = x t if ,i fai?fully
 foll[ out ?is maxim1 ,i %all get o!rs  
to foll[ x ) reg>d to me8 ,! wick$ takes
 advantage bo? ( ! uprightness ( ! j & (
 8 own inju/ice2 he w gladly h ev]ybody 
j b himself4 ,?is b>ga91 :atev] y may   

say1 is n greatly to ! advantage ( ! j4 
,b if ! en?usiasm ( an ov]fl[+ he>t     
id5tifies me ) my fell[-creature1 if ,i 
feel1 s to speak1 t ,i w n let him suff]
 le/ ,i %\ld suff] too1 ,i c>e = him    
because ,i c>e = myself1 & ! reason ( ! 
precept is f\nd 9 nature h]self1 :i*    
inspires me ) ! desire = my own welf>e  
:]ev] ,i may be4 ,f ?is ,i conclude t x 
is false to say t ! precepts ( natural  
law are bas$ on reason only2 !y h a     
firm] & m solid f\ndation4 ,! love (    
o!rs spr++ f self-love1 is ! s\rce (    
human ju/ice4 ,! :ole ( morality is     
summ$ up 9 ! gospel 9 ?is summ>y ( !    
law4 ,b ,i d n ?9k x is my bus9ess at   
pres5t to prep>e treatises on           
metaphysics & morals1 nor c\rses ( /udy 
( any k9d :atsoev]2 x is en\gh if ,i    
indicate ! ord] & developm5t ( our      
feel+s & our k 9 relation to our gr[?4  
,o!rs w p]haps "w out :at ,i h "h m]ely 
indicat$4  ,hi!rto my ,emile has ?\ght  
only ( himself1 s 8 fir/ glance at 8    
equals leads him to comp>e himself ) !m2

 & ! fir/ feel+ excit$ by ?is comp>ison 
is ! desire to be fir/4 ,x is "h t      
self-love is trans=m$ into selfi%ness1 &
 ?is is ! />t+ po9t ( all ! passions :i*
 spr+ f selfi%ness4 ,b to det]m9e :e!r !
 passions by :i* 8 life w be gov]n$ %all
 be humane & g5tle or h>% & cruel1 :e!r 
!y %all be ! passions ( b5evol5ce & pity
 or ^? ( envy & covet\sness1 we mu/ "k  
:at he believes 8 place among m5 to be1 
& :at sort ( ob/acles he expects to h to
 ov]come 9 ord] to atta9 to ! position  
he seeks4  ,to guide him 9 ?is inquiry1 
aft] we h %[n him m5 by means ( !       
accid5ts common to ! species1 we mu/ n[ 
%[ him !m by means ( _! diff]5ces4 ,?is 
is ! "t = e/imat+ inequality natural &  
civil1 & = ! s*eme ( ! :ole social ord]4
  ,society mu/ be /udi$ 9 ! individual &
 ! individual 9 society2 ^? :o desire to
 treat politics & morals ap>t f "o ano!r
 w nev] und]/& ei!r4 ,by conf9+         
ourselves at fir/ to ! primitive        
relations1 we see h[ m5 %\ld be influ5c$
 by !m & :at passions %\ld spr+ f !m2 we

 see t x is 9 proportion to ! developm5t
 ( ^! passions t a man's relations )    
o!rs exp& or contract4 ,x is n s mu*    
/r5g? ( arm z mod]ation ( _s :i* makes  
m5 free & indep5d5t4 ,! man ^: wants are
 few is dep5d5t on b few p1 b ^? :o     
con/antly conf\nd our va9 desires ) our 
bodily ne$s1 ^? :o h made ^! ne$s !     
basis ( human society1 are cont9ually   
mi/ak+ effects = causes1 & !y h only    
confus$ !mselves by _! own reason+4     
,s9ce x is impossible 9 ! /ate ( nature 
t ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & man %\ld be   
great en\gh to make "o dep5d5t on ano!r1
 !re is 9 fact 9 ?is /ate ( nature an   
actual & inde/ructible equality4 ,9 !   
civil /ate !re is a va9 & *im]ical      
equality ( "r2 ! means int5d$ = its     
ma9t5ance1 !mselves s]ve to de/roy x2 & 
! p[] ( ! community1 add$ to ! p[] ( !  
/ronge/ = ! oppression ( ! weak1 di/urbs
 ! sort ( equilibrium :i* nature has    
e/abli%$ betwe5 !m4 ,footnote3 ,!       
univ]sal _s ( ! laws ( e c\ntry is      
always to take ! "p ( ! /rong aga9/ !   

weak1 & ! "p ( him :o has aga9/ him :o  
has n2 ?is defect is inevitable1 & !re  
is no exception to x4 ,f ?is fir/       
contradiction spr+ all ! o!r            
contradictions betwe5 ! real & ! app>5t1
 :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! civil ord]4 ,!  
_m w always be sacrific$ to ! few1 !    
common weal to private int]e/2 ^?       
speci\s words--ju/ice & subord9ation--w 
always s]ve z ! tools ( viol5ce & !     
weapons ( inju/ice2 h5ce x foll[s t !   
high] classes :i* claim to be useful to 
! re/ are really only seek+ _! own      
welf>e at ! exp5se ( o!rs2 f ?is we may 
judge h[ mu* consid]ation is due to !m  
accord+ to "r & ju/ice4 ,x rema9s to be 
se5 if ! rank to :i* !y h atta9$ is m   
fav\rable to _! own happ9ess to "k :at  
op9ion ea* "o ( u %\ld =m ) reg>d to 8  
own lot4 ,?is is ! /udy ) :i* we are n[ 
conc]n$2 b to d x ?or\ghly we mu/ beg9 )
 a k ( ! human he>t4  ,if x 7 only a "q 
( %[+ "y p man 9 8 mask1 !re w\ld be no 
ne$ to po9t him out1 & he w\ld always be
 be=e _! eyes2 b s9ce ! mask is n ! man1

 & s9ce !y mu/ n be l$ away by its      
speci\s appe>ance1 :5 y pa9t m5 = y\r   
s*ol>1 pa9t !m z !y are1 n t he may hate
 !m1 b t he may pity !m & h no wi% to be
 l !m4 ,9 my op9ion t is ! mo/          
reasonable view a man c hold ) reg>d to 
8 fell[-m54  ,) ?is object 9 view we mu/
 take ! opposite way f t hi!rto foll[$1 
& in/ruct ! y\? r ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce (    
o!rs ?an ?r\gh 8 own4 ,if m5 deceive him
 he w hate !m2 b1 if1 :ile !y treat him 
) respect1 he sees !m deceiv+ ea* o!r1  
he w pity !m4 ,! spectacle ( ! _w1 said 
,py?agoras1 is l ! ,olympic games2 "s   
are buy+ & sell+ & ?9k only ( _! ga9s2  
o!rs take an active "p & /rive = glory2 
o!rs1 & ^! n ! wor/1 are cont5t to be   
look]s-on4  ,i w\ld h y s *oose !       
company ( a y\? t he %\ld ?9k well ( ^? 
among :om he lives1 & ,i w\ld h y s tea*
 him to "k ! _w t he %\ld ?9k ill ( all 
t takes place 9 x4 ,let him "k t man is 
by nature good1 let him feel x1 let him 
judge 8 neighb\r by himself2 b let him  
see h[ m5 are deprav$ & p]v]t$ by       

society2 let him f9d ! s\rce ( all _!   
vices 9 _! preconceiv$ op9ions2 let him 
be dispos$ to respect ! individual1 b to
 despise ! multitude2 let him see t all 
m5 we> almo/ ! same mask1 b let him also
 "k t "s faces are fair] ?an ! mask t   
conceals !m4  ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is   
me?od has its drawbacks1 & x is n easy  
to c>ry x out2 = if he becomes too soon 
engross$ 9 wat*+ o!r p1 if y tra9 him to
 m>k too closely ! actions ( o!rs1 y w  
make him spiteful & satirical1 quick &  
decid$ 9 8 judgm5ts ( o!rs2 he w f9d a  
hateful pleasure 9 seek+ bad motives1 & 
w fail to see ! good ev5 9 t :i* is     
really good4 ,he w1 at lea/1 get us$ to 
! sight ( vice1 he w behold ! wick$ )\t 
horror1 j z we get us$ to see+ ! wret*$ 
)\t pity4 ,soon ! p]v]sity ( mank9d w be
 n s mu* a w>n+ z an excuse2 he w say1  
,man is made s1 & he w h no wi% to be   
diff]5t f ! re/4  ,b if y wi% to tea*   
him !oretically to make him acqua9t$1 n 
only ) ! he>t ( man1 b also ) !         
application ( ! ext]nal causes :i* turn 

our incl9ations into vices2 :5 y ?us    
transport him all at once f ! objects ( 
s5se to ! objects ( reason1 y employ a  
sy/em ( metaphysics :i* he is n 9 a     
position to und]/&2 y fall back into !  
error1 s c>efully avoid$ hi!rto1 ( giv+ 
him lessons :i* are l lessons1 (        
sub/itut+ 9 8 m9d ! exp]i5ce & !        
au?ority ( ! ma/] = 8 own exp]i5ce & !  
developm5t ( 8 own reason4  ,to remove  
^! two ob/acles at once1 & to br+ !     
human he>t )9 8 rea* )\t risk ( spoil+ 8
 own1 ,i w\ld %[ him m5 f af>1 9 o!r    
times or 9 o!r places1 s t he may behold
 ! sc5e b _c take "p 9 x4 ,?is is ! "t =
 hi/ory2 ) its help he w read ! he>ts ( 
m5 )\t any lessons 9 philosophy2 ) its  
help he w view !m z a m]e spectator1    
dispassionate & )\t prejudice2 he w view
 !m z _! judge1 n z _! accomplice or _! 
accus]4  ,to "k m5 y mu/ behold _!      
actions4 ,9 society we he> !m talk2 !y  
%[ _! words & hide _! de$s2 b 9 hi/ory !
 veil is drawn aside1 & !y are judg$ by 
_! de$s4 ,_! say+s ev5 help u to und]/& 

!m2 = comp>+ :at !y say & :at !y d1 we  
see n only :at !y are b :at !y w\ld     
appe>2 ! m !y disguise !mselves ! m     
?or\ghly !y /& reveal$4  ,unluckily ?is 
/udy has its dang]s1 its drawbacks (    
sev]al k9ds4 ,x is difficult to adopt a 
po9t ( view :i* w enable "o to judge    
"o's fell[-creatures fairly4 ,x is "o ( 
! *ief defects ( hi/ory to pa9t m5's    
evil de$s r ?an _! good ones2 x is      
revolutions & cata/rophes t make hi/ory 
int]e/+2 s long z a nation gr[s &       
prosp]s quietly 9 ! tranquillity ( a    
peaceful gov]nm5t1 hi/ory says no?+2 %e 
only beg9s to speak ( nations :51 no    
long] able to be self-suffic+1 !y       
int]f]e ) _! neighb\rs' bus9ess1 or all[
 _! neighb\rs to int]f]e ) _! own2      
hi/ory only makes !m fam\s :5 !y are on 
! d[nw>d pa?2 all our hi/ories beg9 :]e 
!y ought to end4 ,we h v accurate       
acc\nts ( decl9+ nations2 :at we lack is
 ! hi/ory ( ^? nations :i* are          
multiply+2 !y are s happy & s good t    
hi/ory has no?+ to tell u ( !m2 & we see

 inde$ 9 our own times t ! mo/          
successful gov]nm5ts are lea/ talk$ (4  
,we only he> :at is bad2 ! good is      
sc>cely m5tion$4 ,only ! wick$ become   
fam\s1 ! good are =gott5 or laugh$ to   
scorn1 & ?us hi/ory1 l philosophy1 is = 
ev] sl&]+ mank9d4  ,moreov]1 x is       
inevitable t ! facts describ$ 9 hi/ory  
%\ld n give an exact picture ( :at      
really happ5$2 !y are trans=m$ 9 ! bra9 
( ! hi/orian1 !y are m\ld$ by 8 int]e/s 
& col\r$ by 8 prejudices4 ,:o c place ! 
read] precisely 9 a position to see !   
ev5t z x really happ5$8 ,ignorance or   
p>tiality disguises ev]y?+4 ,:at a      
diff]5t impression may be giv5 m]ely by 
exp&+ or contract+ ! circum/ances ( !   
case )\t alt]+ a s+le hi/orical incid5t4
 ,! same object may be se5 f sev]al     
po9ts ( view1 & x w h>dly seem ! same   
?+1 yet !re has be5 no *ange except 9 ! 
eye t beholds x4 ,d y inde$ d hon\r to  
tru? :5 :at y tell me is a g5u9e fact1 b
 y make x appe> some?+ q diff]5t8 ,a    
tree m or less1 a rock to ! "r or to !  

left1 a cl\d ( du/ rais$ by ! w9d1 h[   
(t5 h ^! decid$ ! result ( a battle )\t 
any "o kn[+ x8  ,does t prev5t hi/ory f 
tell+ y ! cause ( defeat or victory ) z 
mu* assurance z if %e _h be5 on ! spot8 
,b :at are ! facts to me1 :ile ,i am    
ignorant ( _! causes1 & :at lessons c ,i
 draw f an ev5t1 ^: true cause is unkn[n
 to me8 ,! hi/orian inde$ gives me a    
reason1 b he inv5ts x2 & criticism      
itself1 ( :i* we he> s mu*1 is only !   
art ( guess+1 ! art ( *oos+ f among     
sev]al lies1 ! lie t is mo/ l tru?4  ,h 
y ev] read ,cleopatra or ,cass&ra or any
 books ( ! k9d8 ,! au?or selects "s     
well-kn[n ev5t1 he !n adapts x to 8     
purpose1 adorns x ) details ( 8 own     
inv5tion1 ) p :o nev] exi/$1 ) imag9>y  
portraits2 ?us he piles fiction on      
fiction to l5d a *>m to 8 /ory4 ,i see  
little diff]5ce betwe5 su* romances &   
y\r hi/ories1 unless x is t ! noveli/   
draws m on 8 own imag9ation1 :ile !     
hi/orian slavi%ly copies :at ano!r has  
imag9$2 ,i w also admit1 if y please1 t 

! noveli/ has "s moral purpose good or  
bad1 ab\t :i* ! hi/orian sc>cely conc]ns
 himself4  ,y w tell me t accuracy 9    
hi/ory is ( less int]e/ ?an a true      
picture ( m5 & mann]s2 provid$ ! human  
he>t is truly portray$1 x matt]s little 
t ev5ts %\ld be accurately record$2 =   
aft] all y say1 :at does x matt] to u   
:at happ5$ two ?\s& ye>s ago8 ,y are "r 
if ! portraits are inde$ truly giv5     
accord+ to nature2 b if ! model is to be
 f\nd = ! mo/ "p 9 ! hi/orian's         
imag9ation1 are y n fall+ into ! v error
 y int5d$ to avoid1 & surr5d]+ to !     
au?ority ( ! hi/orian :at y w\ld n yield
 to ! au?ority ( ! tea*]8 ,if my pupil  
is m]ely to see fancy pictures1 ,i w\ld 
r draw !m myself2 !y w1 at lea/1 be     
bett] suit$ to him4  ,! wor/ hi/orians =
 a y\? are ^? :o give _! op9ions4       
,facts6 ,facts6 & let him decide =      
himself2 ?is is h[ he w le>n to "k      
mank9d4 ,if he is always direct$ by !   
op9ion ( ! au?or1 he is only see+ ?r\gh 
! eyes ( ano!r p]son1 & :5 ^? ayes are  

no long] at 8 disposal he c see no?+4   
,i leave mod]n hi/ory on "o side1 n only
 because x has no "* & all our p are    
alike1 b because our hi/orians1 :olly   
tak5 up ) effect1 ?9k ( no?+ b highly   
col\r$ portraits1 :i* (t5 repres5t no?+4
 ,footnote3 ,take1 = in/ance1           
,guicci>d9i1 ,/r$a1 ,solis1 ,ma*iavelli1
 & sometimes ev5 ,de ,?\ himself4 ,v]tot
 is almo/ ! only "o :o kn[s h[ to       
describe )\t giv+ fancy portraits4 ,!   
old hi/orians g5]ally give few]         
portraits & br+ m intellig5ce &         
common-s5se to _! judgm5ts2 b ev5 among 
!m !re is pl5ty ( scope = *oice1 & y mu/
 n beg9 ) ! wise/ b ) ! simple/4 ,i w\ld
 n put ,polybius or ,sallu/ into ! h&s (
 a y\?2 ,tacitus is ! au?or ( ! old1 "y 
m5 _c und]/& him2 y mu/ le>n to see 9   
human actions ! simple/ features ( !    
he>t ( man be=e y try to s\nd its dep?s4
 ,y mu/ be able to read facts cle>ly    
be=e y beg9 to /udy maxims4  ,philosophy
 9 ! =m ( maxims is only fit = !        
exp]i5c$4  ,y\? %\ld nev] deal ) !      

g5]al1 all its tea*+ %\ld deal )        
individual in/ances4  ,to my m9d        
,?ucydides is ! true model ( hi/orians4 
,he relates facts )\t giv+ 8 op9ion2 b  
he omits no circum/ance adapt$ to make u
 judge = ourselves4 ,he puts ev]y?+ t he
 relates be=e 8 read]2 f> f int]pos+    
betwe5 ! facts & ! read]s1 he conceals  
himself2 we seem n to read b to see4    
,un=tunately he speaks ( no?+ b w>1 & 9 
8 /ories we only see ! lea/ in/ructive  
"p ( ! _w1 t is to say ! battles4 ,!    
virtues & defects ( ! ,retreat ( ! ,t5  
,?\s& & ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,caes> are almo/
 ! same4 ,! k9dly ,h]odotus1 )\t        
portraits1 )\t maxims1 yet fl[+1 simple1
 full ( details calculat$ to delight &  
int]e/ 9 ! highe/ degree1 w\ld be p]haps
 ! be/ hi/orian if ^! v details did n   
(t5 deg5]ate into *ildi% folly1 bett]   
adapt$ to spoil ! ta/e ( y\? ?an to =m  
x2 we ne$ discretion be=e we c read him4
 ,i say no?+ ( ,livy1 8 turn w come2 b  
he is a /atesman1 a rhetorician1 he is  
ev]y?+ :i* is unsuitable = a y\?4       

,hi/ory 9 g5]al is lack+ because x only 
takes note ( /rik+ & cle>ly m>k$ facts  
:i* may be fix$ by names1 places1 &     
dates2 b ! sl[ evolution ( ^! facts1 :i*
 _c be def9itely not$ 9 ?is way1 /ill   
rema9s unkn[n4 ,we (t5 f9d 9 "s battle1 
lo/ or won1 ! o/5sible cause ( a        
revolution :i* 0 inevitable be=e ?is    
battle took place4 ,w> only makes       
manife/ ev5ts already det]m9$ by moral  
causes1 :i* few hi/orians c p]ceive4  ,!
 philosophic _s has turn$ ! ?\ghts ( _m 
( ! hi/orians ( our times 9 ?is         
direction2 b ,i d\bt :e!r tru? has      
pr(it$ by _! lab\rs4 ,! rage = sy/ems   
has got possession ( all alike1 no "o   
seeks to see ?+s z !y are1 b only z !y  
agree ) 8 sy/em4  ,add to all ^!        
consid]ations ! fact t hi/ory %[s u     
actions r ?an m51 because %e only seizes
 m5 at c]ta9 *os5 times 9 full dress2 %e
 only portrays ! /atesman :5 he is      
prep>$ to be se52 %e does n foll[ him to
 8 home1 to 8 /udy1 among 8 family & 8  
fri5ds2 %e only %[s him 9 /ate2 x is 8  

clo!s r ?an himself t %e describes4  ,i 
w\ld pref] to beg9 ! /udy ( ! human he>t
 ) read+ ! lives ( individuals2 = !n !  
man hides himself 9 va91 ! hi/orian     
foll[s him ev]y:]e2 he nev] gives him a 
mom5t's grace nor any corn] :]e he c    
escape ! pi]c+ eye ( ! spectator2 & :5  
he ?9ks he is conceal+ himself1 !n x is 
t ! writ] %[s him up mo/ pla9ly4  ,^? :o
 write lives1 says ,montaigne1 9 s f> z 
!y delight m 9 ideas ?an 9 ev5ts1 m 9 t 
:i* comes f )9 ?an 9 t :i* comes f )\t1 
^! are ! writ]s ,i pref]2 = ?is reason  
,plut>* is 9 e way ! man = me4  ,x is   
true t ! g5ius ( m5 9 gr\ps or nations  
is v diff]5t f ! "* ( ! individual man1 
& t we h a v imp]fect k ( ! human he>t  
if we d n also exam9e x 9 cr[ds2 b x is 
none ! less true t to judge ( m5 we mu/ 
/udy ! individual man1 & t he :o _h a   
p]fect k ( ! incl9ations ( ea*          
individual might =esee all _! comb9$    
effects 9 ! body ( ! nation4  ,we mu/ g 
back aga9 to ! anci5ts1 = ! reasons     
already /at$1 & also because all !      

details common & famili>1 b true &      
*>act]i/ic1 are bani%$ by mod]n /yli/s1 
s t m5 are z mu* trick$ out by our mod]n
 au?ors 9 _! private life z 9 public4   
,propriety1 no less /rict 9 lit]ature   
?an 9 life1 no long] p]mits u to say    
any?+ 9 public :i* we might n d 9       
public2 & z we may only %[ ! man dress$ 
up = 8 "p1 we nev] see a man 9 our books
 any m ?an we d on ! /age4 ,! lives (   
k+s may be writt5 a hundr$ times1 b to  
no purpose2 we %all nev] h ano!r        
,suetonius4  ,! excell5ce ( ,plut>*     
consi/s 9 ^! v details :i* we are no    
long] p]mitt$ to describe4 ,) inimitable
 grace he pa9ts ! great man 9 little    
?+s2 & he is s happy 9 ! *oice ( 8      
in/ances t a ^w1 a smile1 a ge/ure1 w   
(t5 suffice to indicate ! nature ( 8    
h]o4 ,) a je/ ,hannibal *e]s 8 fright5$ 
soldi]s1 & leads !m laugh+ to ! battle  
:i* w lay ,italy at 8 feet2 ,agesilaus  
rid+ on a /ick makes me love ! conqu]or 
( ! great k+2 ,caes> pass+ ?r\gh a poor 
village & *att+ ) 8 fri5ds unconsci\sly 

betrays ! traitor :o pr(ess$ t he only  
wi%$ to be ,pompey's equal4  ,alex&]    
swall[s a draught )\t a ^w--x is ! f9e/ 
mom5t 9 8 life2 ,ari/ides writes 8 own  
"n on ! %ell & s ju/ifies 8 title2      
,philopoem51 8 mantle laid aside1 *ops  
firewood 9 ! kit*5 ( 8 ho/4 ,?is is !   
true art ( portraiture4 ,our disposition
 does n %[ itself 9 our features1 nor   
our "* 9 our great de$s2 x is trifles t 
%[ :at we really are4 ,:at is done 9    
public is ei!r too commonplace or too   
artificial1 & our mod]n au?ors are almo/
 too gr& to tell u any?+ else4  ,m4 de  
,tur5ne 0 und\bt$ly "o ( ! greate/ m5 ( 
! la/ c5tury4 ,!y h _h ! c\rage to make 
8 life int]e/+ by ! little details :i*  
make u "k & love him2 b h[ _m details h 
!y felt oblig$ to omit :i* might h made 
u "k & love him bett] /ill8 ,i w only   
quote "o :i* ,i h on good au?ority1 "o  
:i* ,plut>* w\ld nev] h omitt$1 & "o :i*
 ,ramsai w\ld nev] h ins]t$ _h he be5   
acqua9t$ ) x4  ,on a hot summ]'s day    
,visc\nt ,tur5ne 9 a little :ite ve/ &  

nightcap 0 /&+ at ! w9d[ ( 8 ante*amb]2 
"o ( 8 m5 came up &1 misl$ by ! dress1  
took him = "o ( ! kit*5 lads :om he     
knew4 ,he crept up beh9d him & smack$   
him ) no light h&4 ,! man he /ruck turn$
 r\nd ha/ily4 ,! valet saw x 0 8 ma/] & 
trembl$ at ! sight ( 8 face4  ,he fell  
on 8 knees 9 desp]ation4 ,sir1 ,i ?\ght 
x 0 ,george4 ,well1 ev5 if x 0 ,george1 
exclaim$ ,tur5ne rubb+ ! injur$ "p1 y   
ne$ n h /ruck s h>d4 ,y d n d>e to say  
?is1 y mis]able writ]s6 ,rema9 = ev] )\t
 humanity & )\t feel+2 /eel y\r h>d     
he>ts 9 y\r vile propriety1 make        
y\rselves contemptible ?r\gh y\r        
high-might9ess4 ,b z = y1 de> y\?1 :5 y 
read ?is anecdote1 :5 y are t\*$ by all 
! k9dl9ess display$ ev5 on ! impulse ( !
 mom5t1 read also ! littl5ess ( ?is     
great man :5 x 0 a "q ( 8 "n & bir?4    
,rememb] x 0 ?is v ,tur5ne :o always    
pr(ess$ to yield prec$5ce to 8 nephew1 s
 t all m5 might see t ?is *ild 0 ! head 
( a royal h\se4 ,look on ?is picture &  
on t1 love nature1 despise popul>       

prejudice1 & "k ! man z he 04  ,!re are 
few p able to realise :at an effect su* 
read+1 c>efully direct$1 w h ^u !       
unspoilt m9d ( a y\?4 ,weigh$ d[n by    
books f our e>lie/ *ildhood1 accu/om$ to
 read )\t ?9k+1 :at we read /rikes u ev5
 less1 because we already be> 9         
ourselves ! passions & prejudices ) :i* 
hi/ory & ! lives ( m5 are fill$2 all t  
!y d /rikes u z only natural1 = we      
ourselves are unnatural & we judge o!rs 
by ourselves4 ,b imag9e my ,emile1 :o   
has be5 c>efully gu>d$ = eighte5 ye>s ) 
! sole object ( pres]v+ a "r judgm5t & a
 heal?y he>t1 imag9e him :5 ! curta9    
goes up ca/+ 8 eyes = ! fir/ "t ^u !    
_w's /age2 or r picture him beh9d !     
sc5es wat*+ ! actors don _! co/umes1 &  
c\nt+ ! cords & pulleys :i* deceive ) _!
 feign$ %[s ! eyes ( ! spectators4 ,8   
fir/ surprise w soon give place to      
feel+s ( %ame & scorn ( 8 fell[-man2 he 
w be indignant at ! sight ( ! :ole human
 race deceiv+ itself & /oop+ to ?is     
*ildi% folly2 he w grieve to see 8      

bro!rs te>+ ea* o!r limb f limb = a m]e 
dream1 & trans=m+ !mselves into wild    
bea/s because !y c\ld n be cont5t to be 
m54  ,giv5 ! natural disposition ( !    
pupil1 !re is no d\bt t if ! ma/]       
ex]cises any sort ( prud5ce or          
discretion 9 8 *oice ( read+1 h[ev]     
little he may put him 9 ! way ( reflect+
 on ! subject-matt]1 ?is ex]cise w s]ve 
z a c\rse 9 practical philosophy1 a     
philosophy bett] und]/ood & m ?or\ghly  
ma/]$ ?an all ! empty speculations ) :i*
 ! bra9s ( lads are muddl$ 9 our s*ools4
 ,aft] foll[+ ! romantic s*emes (       
,pyrrhus1 ,c9eas asks him :at real good 
he w\ld ga9 by ! conque/ ( ! _w1 :i* he 
c nev] enjoy )\t su* great suff]+s2 ?is 
only ar\ses 9 u a pass+ int]e/ z a sm>t 
say+2 b ,emile w ?9k x a v wise ?\ght1  
"o :i* _h already occurr$ to himself1 & 
"o :i* he w nev] =get1 because !re is no
 ho/ile prejudice 9 8 m9d to prev5t x   
s9k+ 94 ,:5 he reads m ( ! life ( ?is   
madman1 he w f9d t all 8 great plans    
result$ 9 8 dea? at ! h&s ( a woman1 &  

in/ead ( admir+ ?is p9*beck h]oism1 :at 
w he see 9 ! exploits ( ?is great capta9
 & ! s*emes ( ?is great /atesman b s _m 
/eps t[>ds t unlucky tile :i* 0 to br+  
life & s*emes alike to a %ameful dea?8  
,all conqu]ors h n be5 kill$2 all       
usurp]s h n fail$ 9 _! plans2 to m9ds   
imbu$ ) vulg> prejudices _m ( !m w seem 
happy1 b he :o looks bel[ ! surface &   
reckons m5's happ9ess by ! condition (  
_! he>ts w p]ceive _! wret*$ness ev5 9 !
 mid/ ( _! successes2 he w see !m pant+ 
aft] advancem5t & nev] atta9+ _! prize1 
he w f9d !m l ^? inexp]i5c$ travell]s   
among ! ,alps1 :o ?9k t e height !y see 
is ! la/1 :o rea* its summit only to f9d
 to _! disappo9tm5t !re are l(ti] peaks 
beyond4  ,augu/us1 :5 he _h subdu$ 8    
fell[-citiz5s & de/roy$ 8 rivals1 reign$
 = =ty ye>s ov] ! greate/ empire t ev]  
exi/$2 b all ?is va/ p[] c\ld n h9d] him
 f beat+ 8 head aga9/ ! walls1 & fill+ 8
 palace ) 8 groans z he cri$ to ,v>us to
 re/ore 8 slaught]$ legions4 ,if he _h  
conqu]$ all 8 foes :at good w\ld 8 empty

 triumphs h done him1 :5 tr\bles ( e k9d
 beset 8 pa?1 :5 8 life 0 ?reat5$ by 8  
de>e/ fri5ds1 & :5 he _h to m\rn !      
disgrace or dea? ( all ne> & de> to him8
 ,! wret*$ man desir$ to rule ! _w &    
fail$ to rule 8 own h\sehold4 ,:at 0 !  
result ( ?is neglect8 ,he beheld 8      
nephew1 8 adopt$ *ild1 8 son-9-law1 p]i%
 9 ! fl[] ( y\?1 8 gr&son r$uc$ to eat !
 /uff+ ( 8 mattress to prolong 8 wret*$ 
exi/5ce = a few h\rs2 8 daught] & 8     
gr&daught]1 aft] !y _h cov]$ him )      
infamy1 di$1 ! "o ( hung] & want on a   
des]t isl&1 ! o!r 9 prison by ! h& ( a  
common ar*]4 ,he himself1 ! la/ survivor
 ( 8 unhappy h\se1 f\nd himself compell$
 by 8 own wife to ackn[l$ge a mon/] z 8 
heir4 ,su* 0 ! fate ( ! ma/] ( ! _w1 s  
fam\s = 8 glory & 8 good =tune4 ,i _c   
believe t any "o ( ^? :o admire 8 glory 
& =tune w\ld accept !m at ! same price4 
,i h tak5 ambition z my example1 b !    
play ( e human passion (f]s simil>      
lessons to any "o :o w /udy hi/ory to   
make himself wise & good at ! exp5se (  

^? :o w5t be=e4  ,! "t is draw+ ne> :5 !
 tea*+ ( ! life ( ,an?ony w appeal m    
=cibly to ! y\? ?an ! life ( ,augu/us4  
,emile w sc>cely "k :]e he is among ! _m
 /range sights 9 8 new /udies2 b he w "k
 be=eh& h[ to avoid ! illusion (        
passions be=e !y arise1 & see+ h[ 9 all 
ages !y h bl9d$ m5's eyes1 he w be      
=ew>n$ ( ! way 9 :i* !y may "o day bl9d 
8 own %\ld he ab&on himself to !m4      
,footnote3 ,x is always prejudice :i*   
/irs up passion 9 our he>t4 ,he :o only 
sees :at really exi/s & only values :at 
he kn[s1 r>ely becomes angry4 ,! errors 
( our judgm5t produce ! w>m? ( our      
desires4 ,^! lessons1 ,i "k1 are unsuit$
 to him1 p]haps at ne$ !y may prove     
scanty & ill-tim$2 b rememb] !y are n ! 
lessons ,i wi%$ to draw f ?is /udy4  ,to
 beg9 )1 ,i _h q ano!r end 9 view2 &    
inde$1 if ?is purpose is unfulfill$1 !  
tea*] w be to blame4  ,rememb] t1 z soon
 z selfi%ness has develop$1 ! self 9 its
 relations to o!rs is always ) u1 & !   
y\? nev] obs]ves o!rs )\t com+ back to  

himself & comp>+ himself ) !m4 ,f ! way 
"y m5 are taught to /udy hi/ory ,i see t
 !y are trans=m$1 s to speak1 into ! p  
!y behold1 t y /rive to make a ,cic]o1 a
 ,trajan1 or an ,alex&] ( !m1 to        
disc\rage !m :5 !y are !mselves aga91 to
 make e "o regret t he is m]ely himself4
 ,!re are c]ta9 advantages 9 ?is plan   
:i* ,i d n d5y2 b1 s f> z ,emile is     
conc]n$1 %\ld x happ5 at any "t :5 he is
 mak+ ^! comp>isons t he wi%es to be any
 "o b himself--7 x ,socrates or         
,cato--,i h fail$ entirely2 he :o beg9s 
to reg>d himself z a /rang] w soon =get 
himself altoge!r4  ,x is n philosoph]s  
:o "k mo/ ab\t m52 !y only view !m ?r\gh
 ! preconceiv$ ideas ( philosophy1 & ,i 
"k no "o s prejudic$ z philosoph]s4 ,a  
savage w\ld judge u m sanely4 ,!        
philosoph] is aw>e ( 8 own vices1 he is 
indignant at ours1 & he says to himself1
 ,we are all bad alike2 ! savage beholds
 u unmov$ & says1 ,y are mad4 ,he is "r1
 = no "o does evil = evil's sake4 ,my   
pupil is t savage1 ) ?is diff]5ce3      

,emile has ?\ght m1 he has comp>$ ideas1
 se5 our errors at close qu>t]s1 he is m
 on 8 gu>d aga9/ himself1 & only judges 
( :at he kn[s4  ,x is our own passions t
 excite u aga9/ ! passions ( o!rs2 x is 
our self-int]e/ :i* makes u hate !      
wick$2 if !y did u no h>m we %\ld pity r
 ?an hate !m4 ,we %\ld readily =give _! 
vices if we c\ld p]ceive h[ _! own he>t 
puni%es ^? vices4 ,we are aw>e ( !      
(f5ce1 b we d n see ! puni%m5t2 !       
advantages are pla91 ! p5alty is hidd54 
,! man :o ?9ks he is enjoy+ ! fruits ( 8
 vices is no less torm5t$ by !m ?an if  
!y _h n be5 successful2 ! object is     
diff]5t1 ! anxiety is ! same2 9 va9 he  
displays 8 good =tune & hides 8 he>t2 9 
spite ( himself 8 conduct betrays him2 b
 to disc]n ?is1 our own he>t mu/ be     
utt]ly unlike 84  ,we are l$ a/ray by ^?
 passions :i* we %>e2 we are disgu/$ by 
^? t militate aga9/ our own int]e/s2 & )
 a want ( logic due to ^! v passions1 we
 blame 9 o!rs :at we fa9 w\ld imitate4  
,av]sion & self-deception are inevitable

 :5 we are =c$ to endure at ano!r's h&s 
:at we ourselves w\ld d 9 8 place4  ,:at
 !n is requir$ = ! prop] /udy ( m58 ,a  
great wi% to "k m51 great imp>tiality ( 
judgm5t1 a he>t suffici5tly s5sitive to 
und]/& e human passion1 & calm en\gh to 
be free f passion4 ,if !re is any "t 9  
our life :5 ?is /udy is likely to be    
appreciat$1 x is ?is t ,i h *os5 =      
,emile2 be=e ?is "t m5 w\ld h be5       
/rang]s to him2 lat] on he w\ld h be5 l 
!m4 ,conv5tion1 ! effects ( :i* he      
already p]ceives1 has n yet made him its
 slave1 ! passions1 ^: consequ5ces he   
realises1 h n yet /irr$ 8 he>t4 ,he is a
 man2 he takes an int]e/ 9 8 bre?r52 he 
is a j man & he judges 8 pe]s4 ,n[ x is 
c]ta9 t if he judges !m rightly he w n  
want to *ange places ) any "o ( !m1 = ! 
goal ( all _! anxi\s ef=ts is ! result (
 prejudices :i* he does n %>e1 & t goal 
seems to him a m]e dream4  ,= 8 own "p1 
he has all he wants )9 8 rea*4 ,h[ %\ld 
he be dep5d5t on any "o :5 he is        
self-suffic+ & free f prejudice8 ,/rong 

arms1 good heal?1 ,footnote3 ,i ?9k ,i  
may fairly reckon heal? & /r5g? among ! 
advantages he has obta9$ by 8 education1
 or r among ! gifts ( nature :i* 8      
education has pres]v$ = him4 mod]ation1 
few ne$s1 toge!r ) ! means to satisfy ^?
 ne$s1 are 84 ,he has be5 br\ght up 9   
complete lib]ty & s]vitude is ! greate/ 
ill he und]/&s4 ,he pities ^! mis]able  
k+s1 ! slaves ( all :o obey !m2 he      
pities ^! false prophets fett]$ by _!   
empty fame2 he pities ^! ri* fools1     
m>tyrs to _! own pomp2 he pities ^!     
o/5tati\s voluptu>ies1 :o sp5d _! life 9
 deadly dullness t !y may seem to enjoy 
its pleasures4 ,he w\ld pity ! v foe :o 
h>m$ him1 = he w\ld disc]n 8 wret*$ness 
b5ea? 8 cloak ( spite4 ,he w\ld say to  
himself1 ,?is man has yield$ to 8 desire
 to hurt me1 & ?is ne$ ( 8 places him at
 my m]cy4  ,"o /ep m & our goal is      
atta9$4 ,selfi%ness is a dang]\s tool   
?\gh a useful "o2 x (t5 w\nds ! h& t    
uses x1 & x r>ely does good unmix$ )    
evil4 ,:5 ,emile consid]s 8 place among 

m51 :5 he f9ds himself s =tunately      
situat$1 he w be tempt$ to give cr$it to
 8 own reason = ! "w ( y\rs1 & to       
attribute to 8 own des]ts :at is really 
! result ( 8 good =tune4 ,he w say to   
himself1 ,i am wise & o!r m5 are fools4 
,he w pity & despise !m & w congratulate
 himself all ! m he>tily2 & z he kn[s he
 is happi] ?an !y1 he w ?9k 8 des]ts are
 great]4 ,?is is ! fault we h mo/ to    
fe>1 = x is ! mo/ difficult to          
eradicate4 ,if he rema9$ 9 ?is /ate (   
m9d1 he w\ld h pr(it$ little by all our 
c>e2 & if ,i _h to *oose1 ,i h>dly "k   
:e!r ,i w\ld n r *oose ! illusions (    
prejudice ?an ^? ( pride4  ,great m5 are
 "u no illusion ) respect to _!         
sup]iority2 !y see x & "k x1 b !y are   
none ! less mode/4 ,! m !y h1 ! bett] !y
 "k :at !y lack4 ,!y are less va9 ( _!  
sup]iority ov] u ?an a%am$ by !         
consci\sness ( _! weakness1 & among !   
good ?+s !y really possess1 !y are too  
wise to pride !mselves on a gift :i* is 
none ( _! gett+4 ,! good man may be pr\d

 ( 8 virtue = x is 8 own1 b :at cause = 
pride has ! man ( intellect8 ,:at has   
,rac9e done t he is n ,pradon1 &        
,boileau t he is n ,cot98  ,!           
circum/ances ) :i* we are conc]n$ are q 
diff]5t4 ,let u keep to ! common level4 
,i assum$ t my pupil _h nei!r surpass+  
g5ius nor a defective und]/&+4 ,i *ose  
him ( an ord9>y m9d to %[ :at education 
c\ld d = man4 ,exceptions defy all      
rules4 ,if1 !re=e1 z a result ( my c>e1 
,emile pref]s 8 way ( liv+1 see+1 &     
feel+ to t ( o!rs1 he is "r2 b if he    
?9ks because ( ?is t he is nobl] & bett]
 born ?an !y1 he is wrong2 he is deceiv+
 himself2 he mu/ be undeceiv$1 or r let 
u prev5t ! mi/ake1 le/ x be too late to 
correct x4  ,provid$ a man is n mad1 he 
c be cur$ ( any folly b vanity2 !re is  
no cure = ?is b exp]i5ce1 if inde$ !re  
is any cure = x at all2 :5 x fir/ appe>s
 we c at lea/ prev5t its fur!r gr[?4 ,b 
d n on ?is acc\nt wa/e y\r brea? on     
empty argum5ts to prove to ! y\? t he is
 l o!r m5 & subject to ! same           

weaknesses4 ,make him feel x or he w    
nev] "k x4 ,?is is ano!r in/ance ( an   
exception to my own rules2 ,i mu/       
volunt>ily expose my pupil to e accid5t 
:i* may conv9ce him t he is no wis] ?an 
we4 ,! adv5ture ) ! conjur] w be repeat$
 aga9 & aga9 9 diff]5t ways2 ,i %all let
 flatt]]s take advantage ( him2 if ra%  
comrades draw him into "s p]il\s        
adv5ture1 ,i w let him run ! risk2 if he
 falls into ! h&s ( %>p]s at !          
c>d-table1 ,i w ab&on him to !m z _!    
dupe4,footnote3 ,moreov] our pupil w be 
little tempt$ by ?is sn>e2 he has s _m  
amusem5ts ab\t him1 he has nev] be5 bor$
 9 8 life1 & he sc>cely kn[s ! use (    
money4 ,z *ildr5 h be5 l$ by ^! two     
motives1 self-int]e/ & vanity1 rogues & 
c\rtesans use ! same means to get hold (
 !m lat]4 ,:5 y see _! gre$9ess enc\rag$
 by prizes & rew>ds1 :5 y f9d _! public 
p]=mances at t5 ye>s old applaud$ at    
s*ool or college1 y see too h[ at tw5ty 
!y w be induc$ to leave _! purse 9 a    
gambl+ hell & _! heal? 9 a worse place4 

,y may safely wag] t ! %>pe/ boy 9 !    
class w become ! greate/ gambl] &       
debau*ee4 ,n[ ! means :i* h n be5       
employ$ 9 *ildhood h n ! same effect 9  
y\?4 ,b we mu/ be> 9 m9d my con/ant plan
 & take ! ?+ at its wor/4 ,fir/ ,i try  
to prev5t ! vice2 !n ,i assume its      
exi/5ce 9 ord] to correct x4 ,i w let !m
 flatt] him1 pluck him1 & rob him2 & :5 
hav+ suck$ him dry !y turn & mock him1  
,i w ev5 ?ank !m to 8 face = ! lessons  
!y h be5 good en\gh to give him4 ,! only
 sn>es f :i* ,i w gu>d him ) my utmo/   
c>e are ! wiles ( wanton wom54 ,! only  
precaution ,i %all take w be to %>e all 
! dang]s ,i let him run1 & all ! insults
 ,i let him receive4 ,i w be> ev]y?+ 9  
sil5ce1 )\t a murmur or reproa*1 )\t a  
^w to him1 & be sure t if ?is wise      
conduct is fai?fully adh]$ to1 :at he   
sees me endure on 8 acc\nt w make m     
impression on 8 he>t ?an :at he himself 
suff]s4  ,i _c refra9 at ?is po9t f     
draw+ att5tion to ! %am dignity (       
tutors1 :o fooli%ly pret5d to be wise1  

:o disc\rage _! pupils by always pr(ess+
 to treat !m z *ildr51 & by emphasis+ ! 
diff]5ce betwe5 !mselves & _! s*ol>s 9  
ev]y?+ !y d4 ,f> f damp+ _! y\?ful      
spirits 9 ?is fa%ion1 sp>e no ef=t to   
/imulate _! c\rage2 t !y may become y\r 
equals1 treat !m z su* already1 & if !y 
_c rise to y\r level1 d n scruple to    
come d[n to !irs )\t be+ a%am$ ( x4     
,rememb] t y\r hon\r is no long] 9 y\r  
own keep+ b 9 y\r pupil's4 ,%>e 8 faults
 t y may correct !m1 be> 8 disgrace t y 
may wipe x out2 foll[ ! example ( t     
brave ,roman :o1 unable to rally 8 flee+
 soldi]s1 plac$ himself at _! head1     
exclaim+1 ,!y d n flee1 !y foll[ _!     
capta96 ,did ?is di%on\r him8 ,n s2 by  
sacrific+ 8 glory he increas$ x4 ,! p[] 
( duty1 ! beauty ( virtue1 compel our   
respect 9 spite ( all our fooli%        
prejudices4 ,if ,i receiv$ a bl[ 9 !    
c\rse ( my duties to ,emile1 f> f av5g+ 
x ,i w\ld boa/ ( x2 & ,i d\bt :e!r !re  
is 9 ! :ole _w a man s vile z to respect
 me any ! less on ?is acc\nt4  ,i d n   

int5d ! pupil to suppose 8 ma/] to be z 
ignorant1 or z liable to be l$ a/ray1 z 
he is himself4 ,?is idea is all v well =
 a *ild :o c nei!r see nor comp>e ?+s1  
:o ?9ks ev]y?+ is )9 8 rea*1 & only     
be/[s 8 confid5ce on ^? :o "k h[ to come
 d[n to 8 level4 ,b a y\? ( ,emile's age
 & s5se is no long] s fooli% z to make  
?is mi/ake1 & x w\ld n be desirable t he
 %\ld4 ,! confid5ce he ought to h 9 8   
tutor is ( ano!r k9d2 x %\ld re/ on !   
au?ority ( reason1 & on sup]ior k1      
advantages :i* ! "y man is capable (    
appreciat+ :ile he p]ceives h[ useful !y
 are to himself4 ,long exp]i5ce has     
conv9c$ him t 8 tutor loves him1 t he is
 a wise & good man :o desires 8 happ9ess
 & kn[s h[ to procure x4 ,he ought to "k
 t x is to 8 own advantage to li/5 to 8 
advice4 ,b if ! ma/] lets himself be    
tak5 9 l ! disciple1 he w lose 8 "r to  
expect def]5ce f him1 & to give him     
in/ruction4 ,/ill less %\ld ! pupil     
suppose t 8 ma/] is purposely lett+ him 
fall into sn>es or prep>+ pitfalls = 8  

inexp]i5ce4 ,h[ c we avoid ^! two       
difficulties8 ,*oose ! be/ & mo/ natural
 means2 be frank & /raight=w>d l        
himself2 w>n him ( ! dang]s to :i* he is
 expos$1 po9t !m out pla9ly & s5sibly1  
)\t exagg]ation1 )\t temp]1 )\t p$antic 
display1 & above all )\t giv+ y\r       
op9ions 9 ! =m ( ord]s1 until !y h      
become su*1 & until ?is imp]i\s tone is 
absolutely necess>y4 ,%\ld he /ill be   
ob/9ate z he (t5 w be1 leave him free to
 foll[ 8 own *oice1 foll[ him1 copy 8   
example1 & t *e]fully & frankly2 if     
possible fl+ y\rself into ?+s1 amuse    
y\rself z mu* z he does4 ,if !          
consequ5ces become too s]i\s1 y are at  
h& to prev5t !m2 & yet :5 ?is "y man has
 beheld y\r =esight & y\r k9dl9ess1 w he
 n be at once /ruck by ! "o & t\*$ by ! 
o!r8 ,all 8 faults are b s _m h&s ) :i* 
he himself provides y to re/ra9 him at  
ne$4 ,n[ "u ^! circum/ances ! great art 
( ! ma/] consi/s 9 controll+ ev5ts &    
direct+ 8 exhortations s t he may "k    
be=eh& :5 ! y\? w give 91 & :5 he w     

refuse to d s1 s t all ar\nd him he may 
encompass him ) ! lessons ( exp]i5ce1 & 
yet nev] let him run too great a risk4  
,w>n him ( 8 faults be=e he commits !m2 
d n blame him :5 once !y are committ$2 y
 w\ld only /ir 8 self-love to mut9y4 ,we
 le>n no?+ f a lesson we dete/4 ,i "k   
no?+ m fooli% ?an ! phrase1 ,i told y s4
 ,! be/ way to make him rememb] :at y   
told him is to seem to h =gott5 x4 ,g   
fur!r ?an ?is1 & :5 y f9d him a%am$ (   
hav+ refus$ to believe y1 g5tly smoo?   
away ! %ame ) k9dly words4 ,he w inde$  
hold y de> :5 he sees h[ y =get y\rself 
on 8 acc\nt1 & h[ y console him in/ead (
 reproa*+ him4 ,b if y increase 8       
annoyance by y\r reproa*es he w hate y1 
& w make x a rule nev] to he$ y1 z if to
 %[ y t he does n agree ) y z to ! value
 ( y\r op9ion4  ,! turn y give to y\r   
consolation may itself be a lesson to   
him1 & all ! m because he does n suspect
 x4 ,:5 y tell him1 = example1 t _m o!r 
p h made ! same mi/akes1 ?is is n :at he
 0 expect+2 y are adm9i/]+ correction "u

 ! guise ( pity2 = :5 "o ?9ks oneself   
bett] ?an o!r p x is a v mortify+ excuse
 to console oneself by _! example2 x    
means t we mu/ realise t ! mo/ we c say 
is t !y are no bett] ?an we4  ,! "t (   
faults is ! "t = fables4 ,:5 we blame ! 
guilty "u ! cov] ( a /ory we in/ruct )\t
 (f5d+ him2 & he !n und]/&s t ! /ory is 
n untrue by means ( ! tru? he f9ds 9 its
 application to himself4 ,! *ild :o has 
nev] be5 deceiv$ by flatt]y und]/&s no?+
 ( ! fable ,i rec5tly exam9$2 b ! ra%   
y\? :o has j become ! dupe ( a flatt]]  
p]ceives only too readily t ! cr[ 0 a   
fool4 ,?us he acquires a maxim f ! fact1
 & ! exp]i5ce he w\ld soon h =gott5 is  
engrav$ on 8 m9d by means ( ! fable4    
,!re is no k ( morals :i* _c be acquir$ 
?r\gh our own exp]i5ce or t ( o!rs4 ,:5 
!re is dang]1 in/ead ( lett+ him try !  
exp]im5t himself1 we h rec\rse to       
hi/ory4 ,:5 ! risk is comp>atively      
slight1 x is j z well t ! y\? %\ld be   
expos$ to x2 !n by means ( ! apologue ! 
special cases ) :i* ! "y man is n[      

acqua9t$ are trans=m$ into maxims4  ,x  
is n1 h[ev]1 my int5tion t ^! maxims    
%\ld be expla9$1 nor ev5 =mulat$4 ,no?+ 
is s fooli% & unwise z ! moral at ! end 
( mo/ ( ! fables2 z if ! moral 0 n1 or  
ought n to be s cle> 9 ! fable itself t 
! read] _c fail to p]ceive x4 ,:y !n add
 ! moral at ! end1 & g deprive him ( !  
pleasure ( discov]+ x = himself4 ,! art 
( tea*+ consi/s 9 mak+ ! pupil wi% to   
le>n4 ,b if ! pupil is to wi% to le>n1 8
 m9d mu/ n rema9 9 su* a passive /ate ) 
reg>d to :at y tell him t !re is really 
no?+ = him to d b li/5 to y4 ,! ma/]'s  
vanity mu/ always give way to ! s*ol>s2 
he mu/ be able to say1 ,i und]/&1 ,i see
 x1 ,i am gett+ at x1 ,i am le>n+       
some?+4  ,"o ( ! ?+s :i* makes !        
,pantaloon 9 ! ,italian com$ies s       
we>isome is ! pa9s tak5 by him to expla9
 to ! audi5ce ! platitudes !y und]/&    
only too well already4 ,we mu/ always be
 intelligible1 b we ne$ n say all !re is
 to be said4 ,if y talk mu* y w say     
little1 = at la/ no "o w li/5 to y4 ,:at

 is ! s5se ( ! f\r l9es at ! end ( ,la  
,fonta9e's fable ( ! frog :o puff$      
h]self up4 ,is he afraid we %\ld n      
und]/& x8 ,does ?is great pa9t] ne$ to  
write ! names b5ea? ! ?+s he has pa9t$8 
,8 morals1 f> f g5]alis+1 re/rict !     
lesson to "s ext5t to ! examples giv51 &
 prev5t our apply+ !m to o!rs4 ,be=e ,i 
put ! fables ( ?is inimitable au?or into
 ! h&s ( a y\?1 ,i %\ld l to cut out all
 ! conclusions ) :i* he /rives to expla9
 :at he has j said s cle>ly &           
pleasantly4 ,if y\r pupil does n und]/& 
! fable )\t ! explanation1 he w n und]/&
 x ) x4  ,moreov]1 ! fables w\ld require
 to be arrang$ 9 a m didactic ord]1 "o m
 9 agreem5t ) ! feel+s & k ( ! "y       
adolesc5t4 ,c y imag9e any?+ s fooli% z 
to foll[ ! m]e num]ical ord] ( ! book   
)\t reg>d to our requirem5ts or our     
opportunities4 ,fir/ ! gras%opp]1 !n !  
cr[1 !n ! frog1 !n ! two mules1 etc4 ,i 
am sick ( ^! two mules2 ,i rememb] see+ 
a *ild :o 0 be+ educat$ = f9ance2 !y    
nev] let him alone1 b 7 always insi/+ on

 ! pr(ession he 0 to foll[2 !y made him 
read ?is fable1 le>n x1 say x1 repeat x 
aga9 & aga9 )\t f9d+ 9 x ! slighte/     
argum5t aga9/ 8 future call+4 ,n only h 
,i nev] f\nd *ildr5 make any real use ( 
! fables !y le>n1 b ,i h nev] f\nd      
anybody :o took ! tr\ble to see t !y    
made su* a use ( !m4 ,! /udy claims to  
be in/ruction 9 morals2 b ! real aim (  
"m & *ild is no?+ b to set a :ole p>ty  
wat*+ ! *ild :ile he recites 8 fables2  
:5 he is too old to recite !m & old     
en\gh to make use ( !m1 !y are altoge!r 
=gott54 ,only m51 ,i repeat1 c le>n f   
fables1 & ,emile is n[ old en\gh to     
beg94  ,i d n mean to tell y ev]y?+1 s  
,i only indicate ! pa?s :i* div]ge f !  
"r way1 s t y may "k h[ to avoid !m4 ,if
 y foll[ ! road ,i h m>k$ out = y1 ,i   
?9k y\r pupil w buy 8 k ( mank9d & 8 k (
 himself 9 ! *eape/ m>ket2 y w enable   
him to behold ! tricks ( =tune )\t envy+
 ! lot ( h] fav\rites1 & to be cont5t ) 
himself )\t ?9k+ himself bett] ?an o!rs4
 ,y h begun by mak+ him an actor t he   

may le>n to be "o ( ! audi5ce2 y mu/    
cont9ue y\r task1 = f ! !atre ?+s are   
:at !y seem1 f ! /age !y seem :at !y    
are4 ,= ! g5]al effect we mu/ get a     
di/ant view1 = ! details we mu/ obs]ve m
 closely4 ,b h[ c a "y man take "p 9 !  
bus9ess ( life8 ,:at "r has he to be    
initiat$ into its d>k secrets8 ,8       
int]e/s are conf9$ )9 ! limits ( 8 own  
pleasures1 he has no p[] ov] o!rs1 x is 
mu* ! same z if he _h no p[] at all4    
,man is ! *eape/ commodity on ! m>ket1 &
 among all our important rights (       
prop]ty1 ! rights ( ! individual are    
always consid]$ la/ ( all4  ,:5 ,i see !
 /udies ( "y m5 at ! p]iod ( _! greate/ 
activity conf9$ to purely speculative   
matt]s1 :ile lat] on !y are sudd5ly     
plung$1 )\t any sort ( exp]i5ce1 into ! 
_w ( m5 & affairs1 x /rikes me z contr>y
 alike to reason & to nature1 & ,i cease
 to be surpris$ t s few m5 "k :at to d4 
,h[ /range a *oice to tea* u s _m       
useless ?+s1 :ile ! art ( do+ is nev]   
t\*$ ^u6 ,!y pr(ess to fit u = society1 

& we are taught z if ea* ( u 7 to live a
 life ( contemplation 9 a solit>y cell1 
or to discuss !ories ) p]sons :om !y did
 n conc]n4 ,y ?9k y are tea*+ y\r s*ol>s
 h[ to live1 & y tea* !m c]ta9 bodily   
contortions & c]ta9 =ms ( words )\t     
mean+4 ,i1 too1 h taught ,emile h[ to   
live2 = ,i h taught him to enjoy 8 own  
society &1 m ?an t1 to e>n 8 own bread4 
,b ?is is n en\gh4  ,to live 9 ! _w he  
mu/ "k h[ to get on ) o!r p1 he mu/ "k  
:at =ces move !m1 he mu/ calculate !    
action & re-action ( self-int]e/ 9 civil
 society1 he mu/ e/imate ! results s    
accurately t he w r>ely fail 9 8        
und]tak+s1 or he w at lea/ h tri$ 9 !   
be/ possible way4 ,! law does n all[ "y 
p to manage _! own affairs nor to       
dispose ( _! own prop]ty2 b :at w\ld be 
! use ( ^! precautions if !y nev] ga9$  
any exp]i5ce until !y 7 ( age4 ,!y w\ld 
h ga9$ no?+ by ! delay1 & w\ld h no m   
exp]i5ce at five-&-tw5ty ?an at fifte54 
,no d\bt we mu/ take precautions1 s t a 
y\?1 bl9d$ by ignorance or misl$ by     

passion1 may n hurt himself2 b at any   
age !re are opportunities :5 de$s (     
k9dness & ( c>e = ! weak may be p]=m$ "u
 ! direction ( a wise man1 on behalf ( !
 un=tunate :o ne$ help4  ,mo!rs & nurses
 gr[ fond ( *ildr5 because ( ! c>e !y   
lavi% on !m2 ! practice ( social virtues
 t\*es ! v he>t ) ! love ( humanity2 by 
do+ good we become good2 & ,i "k no sur]
 way to ?is end4 ,keep y\r pupil busy ) 
! good de$s t are )9 8 p[]1 let ! cause 
( ! poor be 8 own1 let him help !m n    
m]ely ) 8 money1 b ) 8 s]vice2 let him  
"w = !m1 protect !m1 let 8 p]son & 8 "t 
be at _! disposal2 let him be _! ag5t2  
he w nev] all 8 life long h a m         
hon\rable (fice4 ,h[ _m ( ! oppress$1 :o
 h nev] got a he>+1 w obta9 ju/ice :5 he
 dem&s x = !m ) t c\rage & firmness :i* 
! practice ( virtue inspires2 :5 he     
makes 8 way into ! pres5ce ( ! ri* &    
great1 :5 he goes1 if ne$ be1 to !      
foot/ool ( ! k+ himself1 to plead !     
cause ( ! wret*$1 ! cause ( ^? :o f9d   
all doors clos$ to !m by _! pov]ty1 ^?  

:o are s afraid ( be+ puni%$ = _!       
mis=tunes t !y d n d>e to compla98  ,b  
%all we make ( ,emile a knight-errant1 a
 r$ress] ( wrongs1 a palad98 ,%all he   
?ru/ himself into public life1 play !   
sage & ! def5d] ( ! laws be=e ! great1  
be=e ! magi/rates1 be=e ! k+8 ,%all he  
lay petitions be=e ! judges & plead 9 ! 
law c\rts8 ,t ,i _c say4 ,! nature ( ?+s
 is n *ang$ by t]ms ( mock]y & scorn4   
,he w d all t he kn[s to be useful &    
good4 ,he w d no?+ m1 & he kn[s t no?+  
is useful & good = him :i* is unbefitt+ 
8 age4 ,he kn[s t 8 fir/ duty is to     
himself2 t "y m5 %\ld di/ru/ !mselves2 t
 !y %\ld act circumspectly2 t !y %\ld %[
 respect to ^? old] ?an !mselves1       
retic5ce & discretion 9 talk+ )\t cause1
 mode/y 9 ?+s indiff]5t1 b c\rage 9 well
 do+1 & boldness to speak ! tru?4 ,su* 7
 ^? illu/ri\s ,romans :o1 hav+ be5      
admitt$ into public life1 sp5t _! days 9
 br++ crim9als to ju/ice & 9 protect+ ! 
innoc5t1 )\t any motives beyond ^? (    
le>n+1 & ( ! fur!rance ( ju/ice & ( !   

protection ( "r conduct4  ,emile is n   
fond ( noise or qu>rell+1 n only among  
m51 b among animals4 ,footnote3 ,b :at w
 he d if any "o seeks a qu>rel ) him8   
,my answ] is t no "o w ev] qu>rel ) him1
 he w nev] l5d himself to su* a ?+4 ,b1 
inde$1 y cont9ue1 :o c be safe f a bl[1 
or an insult f a bully1 a drunk>d1 a    
bravo1 :o = ! joy ( kill+ 8 man beg9s by
 di%on\r+ him8 ,t is ano!r matt]4 ,!    
life & hon\r ( ! citiz5s %\ld n be at ! 
m]cy ( a bully1 a drunk>d1 or a bravo1 &
 "o c no m insure oneself aga9/ su* an  
accid5t ?an aga9/ a fall+ tile4 ,a bl[  
giv51 or a lie 9 ! tee?1 if he submit to
 !m1 h social consequ5ces :i* no wisdom 
c prev5t & no tribunal c av5ge4 ,!      
weakness ( ! laws1 !re=e1 s f> re/ores a
 man's indep5d5ce2 he is ! sole         
magi/rate & judge betwe5 ! (f5d] &      
himself1 ! sole int]pret] & adm9i/rator 
( natural law4 ,ju/ice is 8 due1 & he   
alone c obta9 x1 & 9 su* a case !re is  
no gov]nm5t on e>? s fooli% z to puni%  
him = s do+4 ,i d n say he mu/ fight2 t 

is absurd2 ,i say ju/ice is 8 due1 & he 
alone c disp5se x4 ,if ,i 7 k+1 ,i      
promise y t 9 my k+dom no "o w\ld ev]   
/rike a man or call him a li>1 & yet ,i 
w\ld d )\t all ^? useless laws aga9/    
duels2 ! means are simple & require no  
law c\rts4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ,emile kn[s 
:at is due to himself 9 su* a case1 & ! 
example due f him to ! safety ( m5 (    
hon\r4 ,! /ronge/ ( m5 _c prev5t insult1
 b he c take good c>e t 8 adv]s>y has no
 opportunity to boa/ ( t insult4 ,he w  
nev] set two dogs to fight1 he w nev]   
set a dog to *ase a cat4 ,?is peaceful  
_s is "o ( ! results ( 8 education1 :i* 
has nev] /imulat$ self-love or a high   
op9ion ( himself1 & s has n enc\rag$ him
 to seek 8 pleasure 9 dom9ation & 9 !   
suff]+s ( o!rs4 ,! sight ( suff]+ makes 
him suff] too2 ?is is a natural feel+4  
,x is "o ( ! aft] effects ( vanity t    
h>d5s a "y man & makes him take a       
delight 9 see+ ! torm5ts ( a liv+ &     
feel+ creature2 x makes him consid]     
himself beyond ! rea* ( simil> suff]+s  

?r\gh 8 sup]ior wisdom or virtue4 ,he :o
 is beyond ! rea* ( vanity _c fall into 
! vice :i* results f vanity4 ,s ,emile  
loves peace4 ,he is delight$ at ! sight 
( happ9ess1 & if he c help to br+ x     
ab\t1 ?is is an additional reason = %>+ 
x4 ,i d n assume t :5 he sees ! unhappy 
he w m]ely feel = !m t b>r5 & cruel pity
 :i* is cont5t to pity ! ills x c heal4 
,8 k9dness is active & tea*es him mu* he
 w\ld h le>nt f> m sl[ly1 or he w\ld    
nev] h le>nt at all1 if 8 he>t _h be5   
h>d]4 ,if he f9ds 8 comrades at /rife1  
he tries to reconcile !m2 if he sees !  
afflict$1 he inquires z to ! cause ( _! 
suff]+s2 if he meets two m5 :o hate ea* 
o!r1 he wants to "k ! reason ( _!       
enmity2 if he f9ds "o :o is d[n-trodd5  
groan+ "u ! oppression ( ! ri* & p[]ful1
 he tries to discov] by :at means he c  
c\nt]act ?is oppression1 & 9 ! int]e/ he
 takes ) reg>d to all ^! unhappy p]sons1
 ! means ( remov+ _! suff]+s are nev]   
out ( 8 sight4 ,:at use %all we make (  
?is disposition s t x may re-act 9 a way

 suit$ to 8 age8 ,let u direct 8 ef=ts &
 8 k1 & use 8 zeal to increase !m4  ,i  
am nev] we>y ( repeat+3 let all !       
lessons ( "y p take ! =m ( do+ r ?an    
talk+2 let !m le>n no?+ f books :i* !y c
 le>n f exp]i5ce4 ,h[ absurd to attempt 
to give !m practice 9 speak+ :5 !y h    
no?+ to say1 to expect to make !m feel1 
at _! s*ool desks1 ! vig\r ( ! language 
( passion & all ! =ce ( ! arts (        
p]suasion :5 !y h no?+ & nobody to      
p]suade6 ,all ! rules ( rhetoric are m]e
 wa/e ( words to ^? :o d n "k h[ to use 
!m = _! own purposes4 ,h[ does x conc]n 
a s*oolboy to "k h[ ,hannibal enc\rag$ 8
 soldi]s to cross ! ,alps8 ,if in/ead ( 
^! gr& spee*es y %[$ him h[ to induce 8 
prefect to give him a holiday1 y may be 
sure he w\ld pay m att5tion to y\r      
rules4  ,if ,i want$ to tea* rhetoric to
 a y\? ^: passions 7 z yet undevelop$1  
,i w\ld draw 8 att5tion cont9ually to   
?+s t w\ld /ir 8 passions1 & ,i w\ld    
discuss ) him h[ he %\ld talk to p s z  
to get !m to reg>d 8 wi%es fav\rably4   

,b ,emile is n 9 a condition s fav\rable
 to ! art ( oratory4  ,conc]n$ ma9ly ) 8
 physical well-be+1 he has less ne$ (   
o!rs ?an !y ( him2 & hav+ no?+ to ask ( 
o!rs on 8 own acc\nt1 :at he wants to   
p]suade !m to d does n affect him       
suffici5tly to awake any v /rong feel+4 
,f ?is x foll[s t 8 language w be on !  
:ole simple & lit]al4  ,he usually      
speaks to ! po9t & only to make himself 
und]/ood4  ,he is n s5t5ti\s1 = he has n
 le>nt to g5]alise2 he does n speak 9   
figures1 = he is r>ely impassion$4  ,yet
 ?is is n because he is altoge!r cold & 
phlegmatic1 nei!r 8 age1 8 "*1 nor 8    
ta/es p]mit ( ?is4 ,9 ! fire (          
adolesc5ce ! life-giv+ spirits1 reta9$ 9
 ! blood & di/ill$ aga9 & aga91 inspire 
8 "y he>t ) a w>m? :i* gl[s 9 8 eye1 a  
w>m? :i* is felt 9 8 words & p]ceiv$ 9 8
 actions4 ,! l(ty feel+ ) :i* he is     
inspir$ gives him /r5g? & nobility2     
imbu$ ) t5d] love = mank9d 8 words      
betray ! ?\ghts ( 8 he>t2 ,i "k n h[ x  
is1 b !re is m *>m 9 8 op5-he>t$        

g5]osity ?an 9 ! artificial eloqu5ce (  
o!rs2 or r ?is eloqu5ce ( 8 is ! only   
true eloqu5ce1 = he has only to %[ :at  
he feels to make o!rs %>e 8 feel+s4  ,! 
m ,i ?9k ( x ! m conv9c$ ,i am t by ?us 
translat+ our k9dly impulses into       
action1 by draw+ f our good or ill      
success conclusions z to _! cause1 we   
%all f9d t !re is little useful k t _c  
be imp>t$ to a y\?2 & t toge!r ) su*    
true le>n+ z may be got at college he w 
le>n a sci5ce ( m importance ?an all !  
re/ toge!r1 ! application ( :at he has  
le>n$ to ! purposes ( life4 ,tak+ su* an
 int]e/ 9 8 fell[-creatures1 x is       
impossible t he %\ld fail to le>n v     
quickly h[ to note & weigh _! actions1  
_! ta/es1 _! pleasures1 & to e/imate    
g5]ally at _! true value :at may        
increase or dim9i% ! happ9ess ( m52 he  
%\ld d ?is bett] ?an ^? :o c>e = nobody 
& nev] d any?+ = any "o4 ,! feel+s ( ^? 
:o are always occupi$ ) _! own conc]ns  
are too ke5ly affect$ = !m to judge     
wisely ( ?+s4 ,!y consid] ev]y?+ z x    

affects !mselves1 !y =m _! ideas ( good 
& ill solely on _! own exp]i5ce1 _! m9ds
 are fill$ ) all sorts ( absurd         
prejudices1 & any?+ :i* affects _! own  
advantage ev] s little1 seems an        
upheaval ( ! univ]se4  ,ext5d self-love 
to o!rs & x is trans=m$ into virtue1 a  
virtue :i* has its root 9 ! he>t ( e "o 
( u4 ,! less ! object ( our c>e is      
directly dep5d5t on ourselves1 ! less we
 h to fe> f ! illusion ( self-int]e/2 ! 
m g5]al ?is int]e/ becomes1 ! ju/] x is2
 & ! love ( ! human race is no?+ b !    
love ( ju/ice )9 u4 ,if !re=e we desire 
,emile to be a lov] ( tru?1 if we desire
 t he %\ld inde$ p]ceive x1 let u keep  
him f> f self-int]e/ 9 all 8 bus9ess4 ,!
 m c>e he be/[s ^u ! happ9ess ( o!rs !  
wis] & bett] he is1 & ! few] mi/akes he 
w make betwe5 good & evil2 b nev] all[  
him any bl9d pref]5ce f\nd$ m]ely on    
p]sonal pr$ilection or unfair prejudice4
 ,:y %\ld he h>m "o p]son to s]ve ano!r8
 ,:at does x matt] to him :o has !      
great] %>e ( happ9ess1 provid+ he       

promotes ! happ9ess ( all8 ,ap>t f      
self-int]e/ ?is c>e = ! g5]al well-be+  
is ! fir/ conc]n ( ! wise man1 = ea* ( u
 =ms "p ( ! human race & n "p ( any     
individual memb] ( t race4  ,to prev5t  
pity deg5]at+ into weakness we mu/      
g5]alise x & ext5d x to mank9d4 ,!n we  
only yield to x :5 x is 9 accordance )  
ju/ice1 s9ce ju/ice is ( all ! virtues t
 :i* contributes mo/ to ! common good4  
,reason & self-love compel u to love    
mank9d ev5 m ?an our neighb\r1 & to pity
 ! wick$ is to be v cruel to o!r m54    
,moreov]1 y mu/ be> 9 m9d t all ^! means
 employ$ to project my pupil beyond     
himself h also a di/9ct relation to     
himself2 s9ce !y n only cause him inw>d 
delight1 b ,i am also endeav\r+ to      
in/ruct him1 :ile ,i am mak+ him k9dly  
dispos$ t[>ds o!rs4  ,fir/ ,i %[$ !     
means employ$1 n[ ,i w %[ ! result4 ,:at
 wide prospects d ,i p]ceive unfold+    
!mselves be=e 8 m9d6 ,:at noble feel+s  
/ifle ! less] passions 9 8 he>t6 ,:at   
cle>ness ( judgm5t1 :at accuracy 9      

reason+1 d ,i see develop+ f !          
incl9ations we h cultivat$1 f ! exp]i5ce
 :i* conc5trates ! desires ( a great    
he>t )9 ! n>r[ b\nds ( possibility1 s t 
a man sup]ior to o!rs c come d[n to _!  
level if he _c raise !m to 8 own6  ,true
 pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 true types (       
beauty1 all moral relations betwe5 man &
 man1 all ideas ( ord]1 ^! are engrav$  
on 8 und]/&+2 he sees ! "r place =      
ev]y?+ & ! causes :i* drive x f t place2
 he sees :at may d good1 & :at h9d]s x4 
,)\t hav+ felt ! passions ( mank9d1 he  
kn[s ! illusions !y produce & _! mode ( 
action4  ,i proce$ along ! pa? :i* ! =ce
 ( circum/ances compels me to tread1 b  
,i d n insi/ t my read]s %all foll[ me4 
,long ago !y h made up _! m9ds t ,i am  
w&]+ 9 ! l& ( *im]as1 :ile = my "p ,i   
?9k !y are dwell+ 9 ! c\ntry (          
prejudice4 ,:5 ,i w&] s f> f popul>     
beliefs ,i d n cease to be> !m 9 m9d2 ,i
 exam9e !m1 ,i consid] !m1 n t ,i may   
foll[ !m or %un !m1 b t ,i may weigh !m 
9 ! balance ( reason4 ,:5ev] reason     

compels me to ab&on ^! popul> beliefs1  
,i "k by exp]i5ce t my read]s w n foll[ 
my example2 ,i "k t !y w p]si/ 9 refus+ 
to g beyond :at !y c see1 & t !y w take 
! y\? ,i am describ+ = ! creation ( my  
fanciful imag9ation1 m]ely because he is
 unlike ! y\?s ) :om !y comp>e him2 !y  
=get t he mu/ ne$s be diff]5t1 because  
he has be5 br\ght up 9 a totally diff]5t
 fa%ion2 he has be5 influ5c$ by :olly   
diff]5t feel+s1 in/ruct$ 9 a :olly      
diff]5t mann]1 s t x w\ld be f> /rang]  
if he 7 l y\r pupils ?an if he 7 :at ,i 
h suppos$4 ,he is a man ( nature's mak+1
 n man's4 ,no wond] m5 f9d him /range4  
,:5 ,i began ?is "w ,i took = grant$    
no?+ b :at c\ld be obs]v$ z readily by  
o!rs z by myself2 = our />t+-po9t1 !    
bir? ( man1 is ! same = all2 b ! fur!r  
we g1 :ile ,i am seek+ to cultivate     
nature & y are seek+ to deprave x1 !    
fur!r ap>t we f9d ourselves4 ,at six    
ye>s old my pupil 0 n s v unlike y\rs1  
:om y _h n yet _h "t to disfigure2 n[   
!re is no?+ 9 common betwe5 !m2 & :5 !y 

rea* ! age ( manhood1 :i* is n[         
approa*+1 !y w %[ !mselves utt]ly       
diff]5t f ea* o!r1 unless all my pa9s h 
be5 ?r[n away4 ,!re may n be s v great a
 diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( k !y possess1 b   
!re is all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w 9 ! k9d (  
k4 ,y are amaz$ to f9d t ! "o has noble 
s5tim5ts ( :i* ! o!rs h n ! smalle/ g]m1
 b rememb] t ! latt] are already        
philosoph]s & !ologians :ile ,emile does
 n ev5 "k :at is meant by a philosoph] &
 has sc>cely he>d ! "n ( ,god4  ,b if y 
come & tell me1 ,!re are no su* "y m51  
"y p are n made t way2 !y h ?is passion 
or t1 !y d ?is or t1 x is z if y d5i$ t 
a pe> tree c\ld ev] be a tall tree      
because ! pe> trees 9 our g>d5s are all 
dw>fs4  ,i beg ^! critics :o are s ready
 ) _! blame to consid] t ,i am z well   
acqua9t$ z !y are ) ev]y?+ !y say1 t ,i 
h probably giv5 m ?\ght to x1 & t1 z ,i 
h no private end to s]ve 9 gett+ !m to  
agree ) me1 ,i h a "r to dem& t !y %\ld 
at lea/ take "t to f9d out :]e ,i am    
mi/ak54 ,let !m ?or\ghly exam9e ! nature

 ( man1 let !m foll[ ! e>lie/ gr[? ( !  
he>t 9 any giv5 circum/ances1 s z to see
 :at a diff]5ce education may make 9 !  
individual2 !n let !m comp>e my me?od ( 
education ) ! results ,i ascribe to x2 &
 let !m tell me :]e my reason+ is       
uns\nd1 & ,i %all h no answ] to give !m4
  ,x is ?is t makes me speak s /rongly1 
& z ,i ?9k ) good excuse3 ,i h n pl$g$  
myself to any sy/em1 ,i dep5d z little z
 possible on argum5ts1 & ,i tru/ to :at 
,i myself h obs]v$4 ,i d n base my ideas
 on :at ,i h imag9$1 b on :at ,i h se54 
,x is true t ,i h n conf9$ my           
obs]vations )9 ! walls ( any "o t[n1 nor
 to a s+le class ( p2 b hav+ comp>$ m5 (
 e class & e nation :i* ,i h be5 able to
 obs]ve 9 ! c\rse ( a life sp5t 9 ?is   
pursuit1 ,i h disc>d$ z artificial :at  
belong$ to "o nation & n to ano!r1 to "o
 rank & n to ano!r2 & ,i h reg>d$ z     
prop] to mank9d :at 0 common to all1 at 
any age1 9 any /ation1 & 9 any nation   
:atsoev]4  ,n[ if 9 accordance ) ?is    
me?od y foll[ f infancy ! c\rse ( a y\? 

:o has n be5 %ap$ to any special m\ld1  
"o :o dep5ds z little z possible on     
au?ority & ! op9ions ( o!rs1 :i* w he   
mo/ resemble1 my pupil or y\rs8 ,x seems
 to me t ?is is ! "q y mu/ answ] if y   
w\ld "k if ,i am mi/ak54  ,x is n easy =
 a man to beg9 to ?9k2 b :5 once he has 
begun he w nev] leave (f4 ,once a ?9k]1 
always a ?9k]1 & ! und]/&+ once practis$
 9 reflection w nev] re/4 ,y may !re=e  
?9k t ,i d too mu* or too little2 t !   
human m9d is n by nature s quick to     
unfold2 & t aft] hav+ giv5 x            
opportunities x has n got1 ,i keep x too
 long conf9$ )9 a circle ( ideas :i* x  
ought to h outgr[n4  ,b rememb]1 9 !    
fir/ place1 t :5 ,i want to tra9 a      
natural man1 ,i d n want to make him a  
savage & to s5d him back to ! woods1 b t
 liv+ 9 ! :irl ( social life x is en\gh 
t he %\ld n let himself be c>ri$ away by
 ! passions & prejudices ( m52 let him  
see ) 8 eyes & feel ) 8 he>t1 let him   
own no sway b t ( reason4 ,"u ^!        
conditions x is pla9 t _m ?+s w /rike   

him2 ! (t-recurr+ feel+s :i* affect him1
 ! diff]5t ways ( satisfy+ 8 real ne$s1 
mu/ give him _m ideas he w\ld n o!rwise 
h acquir$ or w\ld only h acquir$ mu*    
lat]4 ,! natural progress ( ! m9d is    
quick5$ b n rev]s$4 ,! same man :o w\ld 
rema9 /upid 9 ! =e/s %\ld become wise & 
reasonable 9 t[ns1 if he 7 m]ely a      
spectator 9 !m4 ,no?+ is bett] fitt$ to 
make "o wise ?an ! sight ( follies we d 
n %>e1 & ev5 if we %>e !m1 we /ill le>n1
 provid$ we are n ! dupe ( our follies &
 provid$ we d n br+ to !m ! same mi/akes
 z ! o!rs4  ,consid] also t :ile our    
faculties are conf9$ to ! ?+s ( s5se1 we
 (f] sc>cely any hold to ! ab/ractions (
 philosophy or to purely intellectual   
ideas4 ,to atta9 to ^! we require ei!r  
to free ourselves f ! body to :i* we are
 s /rongly b\nd1 or to proce$ /ep by /ep
 9 a sl[ & gradual c\rse1 or else to    
leap across ! int]v5+ space ) a gigantic
 b\nd ( :i* no *ild is capable1 "o = :i*
 gr[n m5 ev5 require _m /eps hewn on    
purpose = !m2 b ,i f9d x v difficult to 

see h[ y propose to con/ruct su* /eps4  
,! ,incompreh5sible embraces all1 he    
gives its motion to ! e>?1 & %apes !    
sy/em ( all creatures1 b our eyes _c see
 him nor c our h&s se>* him out1 he     
evades ! ef=ts ( our s5ses2 we behold ! 
"w1 b ! workman is hidd5 f our eyes4  ,x
 is no small matt] to "k t he exi/s1 &  
:5 we h got s f>1 & :5 we ask4 ,:at is  
he8 ,:]e is he8 our m9d is ov]:elm$1 we 
lose ourselves1 we "k n :at to ?9k4     
,locke w\ld h u beg9 ) ! /udy ( spirits 
& g on to t ( bodies4 ,?is is ! me?od ( 
sup]/ition1 prejudice1 & error2 x is n !
 me?od ( nature1 nor ev5 t ( well-ord]$ 
reason2 x is to le>n to see by %utt+ our
 eyes4 ,we mu/ h /udi$ bodies long en\gh
 be=e we c =m any true idea ( spirits1  
or ev5 suspect t !re are su* be+s4 ,!   
contr>y practice m]ely puts mat]ialism  
on a firm] foot+4  ,s9ce our s5ses are !
 fir/ in/rum5ts to our le>n+1 corporeal 
& s5sible bodies are ! only bodies we   
directly appreh5d4 ,! ^w _s has no mean+
 = any "o :o has n philosophis$4 ,to !  

unle>n$ & to ! *ild a _s is m]ely a     
body4 ,d !y n fancy t spirits groan1    
speak1 fight1 & make noises8 ,n[ y mu/  
own t spirits ) arms & voices are v l   
bodies4 ,?is is :y e nation on ! face ( 
! e>?1 n ev5 except+ ! ,jews1 h made to 
!mselves idols4 ,we1 ourselves1 ) our   
words1 ,_s1 ,tr9ity1 ,p]sons1 are = !   
mo/ "p q an?ropomorphic4 ,i admit t we  
are taught t ,god is ev]y:]e2 b we also 
believe t !re is air ev]y:]e1 at lea/ 9 
our atmosph]e2 & ! ^w ,_s meant         
orig9ally no?+ m ?an brea? & w9d4 ,once 
y tea* p to say :at !y d n und]/&1 x is 
easy en\gh to get !m to say any?+ y l4  
,! p]ception ( our action ^u o!r bodies 
mu/ h fir/ induc$ u to suppose t _!     
action ^u u 0 effect$ 9 l mann]4 ,?us   
man began by ?9k+ t all ?+s ^: action   
affect$ him 7 alive4 ,he did n recognise
 ! limits ( _! p[]s1 & he !re=e suppos$ 
t !y 7 b\ndless2 z soon z he _h suppli$ 
!m ) bodies !y became 8 gods4 ,9 !      
e>lie/ times m5 w5t 9 t]ror ( ev]y?+ &  
ev]y?+ 9 nature seem$ alive4 ,! idea (  

matt] 0 develop$ z sl[ly z t ( _s1 = !  
=m] is itself an ab/raction4  ,?us !    
univ]se 0 peopl$ ) gods l !mselves4 ,!  
/>s1 ! w9ds & ! m\nta9s1 riv]s1 trees1 &
 t[ns1 _! v dwell+s1 ea* _h its s\l1 its
 god1 its life4 ,! t]aphim ( ,laban1 !  
manitos ( savages1 ! feti%es ( !        
negroes1 e "w ( nature & ( man1 7 ! fir/
 gods ( mortals2 poly!ism 0 _! fir/     
religion & idolatry _! e>lie/ =m (      
wor%ip4 ,! idea ( "o ,god 0 beyond _!   
grasp1 till little by little !y =m$     
g5]al ideas1 & !y rose to ! idea ( a    
fir/ cause & gave mean+ to ! ^w         
sub/ance1 :i* is at bottom ! greate/ (  
ab/ractions4 ,s e *ild :o believes 9    
,god is ( necessity an idolat] or at    
lea/ he reg>ds ! ,deity z a man1 & :5   
once ! imag9ation has p]ceiv$ ,god1 x is
 v seldom t ! und]/&+ conceives him4    
,locke's ord] leads u into ?is same     
mi/ake4  ,hav+ arriv$1 ,i "k n h[1 at ! 
idea ( sub/ance1 x is cle> t to all[ ( a
 s+le sub/ance x mu/ be assum$ t ?is    
sub/ance is end[$ ) incompatible &      

mutually exclusive prop]ties1 su* z     
?\ght & size1 "o ( :i* is by its nature 
divisible & ! o!r :olly incapable (     
division4 ,moreov] x is assum$ t ?\ght  
or1 if y pref] x1 feel+ is a primitive  
quality insep>able f ! sub/ance to :i* x
 belongs1 t its relation to ! sub/ance  
is l ! relation betwe5 sub/ance & size4 
,h5ce x is inf]r$ t be+s :o lose "o ( ^!
 attributes lose ! sub/ance to :i* x    
belongs1 & t dea? is1 !re=e1 b a        
sep>ation ( sub/ances1 & t ^? be+s 9 :om
 ! two attributes are f\nd are compos$ (
 ! two sub/ances to :i* ^? two qualities
 belong4  ,b consid] :at a gulf !re /ill
 is betwe5 ! idea ( two sub/ances & t ( 
! div9e nature1 betwe5 ! incompreh5sible
 idea ( ! influ5ce ( our s\l ^u our body
 & ! idea ( ! influ5ce ( ,god ^u e liv+ 
creature4 ,! ideas ( creation1          
de/ruction1 ubiquity1 et]nity1 almighty 
p[]1 ^? ( ! div9e attributes--^! are all
 ideas s confus$ & obscure t few m5     
succe$ 9 grasp+ !m2 yet !re is no?+     
obscure ab\t !m to ! common p1 because  

!y d n und]/& !m 9 ! lea/2 h[ !n %\ld !y
 pres5t !mselves 9 full =ce1 t is to say
 9 all _! obscurity1 to ! "y m9d :i* is 
/ill occupi$ ) ! fir/ work+ ( ! s5ses1 &
 fails to realise any?+ b :at x h&les8  
,9 va9 d ! abysses ( ! ,inf9ite op5     
ar\nd u1 a *ild does n "k ! mean+ ( fe>2
 8 weak eyes _c gauge _! dep?s4 ,to     
*ildr5 ev]y?+ is inf9ite1 !y _c assign  
limits to any?+2 n t _! measure is s    
l>ge1 b because _! und]/&+ is s small4  
,i h ev5 notic$ t !y place ! inf9ite r  
bel[ ?an above ! dim5sions kn[n to !m4  
,!y judge a di/ance to be imm5se r by _!
 feet ?an by _! eyes2 inf9ity is b\nd$ =
 !m1 n s mu* by :at !y c see1 b h[ f> !y
 c g4 ,if y talk to !m ( ! p[] ( ,god1  
!y w ?9k he is ne>ly z /rong z _! fa!r4 
,z _! own k is 9 ev]y?+ ! /&>d by :i* !y
 judge ( :at is possible1 !y always     
picture :at is describ$ to !m z r small]
 ?an :at !y "k4 ,su* are ! natural      
reason+s ( an ignorant & feeble m9d4    
,ajax 0 afraid to measure 8 /r5g? aga9/ 
,a*illes1 yet he *all5g$ ,jupit] to     

combat1 = he knew ,a*illes & did n "k   
,jupit]4 ,a ,swiss peasant ?\ght himself
 ! ri*e/ man alive2 :5 !y tri$ to expla9
 to him :at a k+ 01 he ask$ ) pride1    
,has ! k+ got a hundr$ c[s on ! high    
pa/ures8  ,i am aw>e t _m ( my read]s w 
be surpris$ to f9d me trac+ ! c\rse ( my
 s*ol> ?r\gh 8 e>ly ye>s )\t speak+ to  
him ( religion4 ,at fifte5 he w n ev5 "k
 t he has a s\l1 at eighte5 ev5 he may n
 be ready to le>n ab\t x4 ,= if he le>ns
 ab\t x too soon1 !re is ! risk ( 8 nev]
 really kn[+ any?+ ab\t x4  ,if ,i _h to
 depict ! mo/ he>t-break+ /upidity1 ,i  
w\ld pa9t a p$ant tea*+ *ildr5 !        
cate*ism2 if ,i want$ to drive a *ild   
crazy ,i w\ld set him to expla9 :at he  
le>n$ 9 8 cate*ism4 ,y w reply t z mo/ (
 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es are my/]ies1 y mu/ 
wait1 n m]ely till ! *ild is a man1 b   
till ! man is dead1 be=e ! human m9d w  
und]/& ^? doctr9es4 ,to t ,i reply1 t   
!re are my/]ies :i* ! he>t ( man c nei!r
 conceive nor believe1 & ,i see no use 9
 tea*+ !m to *ildr51 unless y want to   

make li>s ( !m4  ,moreov]1 ,i ass]t t to
 admit t !re are my/]ies1 y mu/ at lea/ 
realise t !y are incompreh5sible1 &     
*ildr5 are n ev5 capable ( ?is          
conception6 ,at an age :5 ev]y?+ is     
my/]i\s1 !re are no my/]ies prop]ly     
s-call$4  ,we mu/ believe 9 ,god if we  
w\ld be sav$4 ,?is doctr9e wrongly      
und]/ood is ! root ( blood?ir/y         
intol]ance & ! cause ( all ! futile     
tea*+ :i* /rikes a deadly bl[ at human  
reason by tra9+ x to *eat itself ) m]e  
words4 ,no d\bt !re is n a mom5t to be  
lo/ if we w\ld des]ve et]nal salvation2 
b if ! repetition ( c]ta9 words suffices
 to obta9 x1 ,i d n see :y we %\ld n p  
heav5 ) />l+s & magpies z well z )      
*ildr54  ,! obligation ( fai? assumes ! 
possibility ( belief4 ,! philosoph] :o  
does n believe is wrong1 = he misuses ! 
reason he has cultivat$1 & he is able to
 und]/& ! tru?s he rejects4 ,b ! *ild :o
 pr(esses ! ,*ri/ian fai?--:at does he  
believe8 ,j :at he und]/&s2 & he und]/&s
 s little ( :at he is made to repeat t  

if y tell him to say j ! opposite he w  
be q ready to d x4 ,! fai? ( *ildr5 & ! 
fai? ( _m m5 is a matt] ( geography4 ,w 
!y be rew>d$ = hav+ be5 born 9 ,rome r  
?an 9 ,mecca8 ,"o is told t ,mahomet is 
! prophet ( ,god & he says1 ,mahomet is 
! prophet ( ,god4 ,! o!r is told t      
,mahomet is a rogue & he says1 ,mahomet 
is a rogue4 ,ei!r ( !m w\ld h said j !  
opposite _h he /ood 9 ! o!r's %oes4 ,:5 
!y are s mu* alike to beg9 )1 c ! "o be 
consign$ to ,p>adise & ! o!r to ,hell8  
,:5 a *ild says he believes 9 ,god1 x is
 n ,god he believes 91 b ,pet] or ,james
 :o told him t !re is some?+ call$ ,god1
 & he believes x aft] ! fa%ion (        
,euripides--  ,o ,jupit]1 ( :om ,i "k   
no?+ b ?y "n4  ,footnote3 ,plut>*4 ,x is
 ?us t ! trag$y ( ,m5alippus orig9ally  
began1 b ! clam\r ( ! ,a!nians compell$ 
,euripides to *ange ^! op5+ l9es4  ,we  
hold t no *ild :o dies be=e ! age (     
reason w be depriv$ ( ev]la/+ happ9ess2 
! ,ca?olics believe ! same ( all *ildr5 
:o h be5 baptis$1 ev5 ?\gh !y h nev]    

he>d ( ,god4 ,!re are1 !re=e1           
circum/ances 9 :i* "o c be sav$ )\t     
belief 9 ,god1 & ^! circum/ances occur 9
 ! case ( *ildr5 or madm5 :5 ! human m9d
 is incapable ( ! op]ations necess>y to 
p]ceive ! ,godhead4 ,! only diff]5ce ,i 
see betwe5 y & me is t y pr(ess t *ildr5
 ( sev5 ye>s old are able to d ?is & ,i 
d n ?9k !m ready = x at fifte54 ,:e!r ,i
 am "r or wrong dep5ds1 n on an article 
( ! cre$1 b on a simple obs]vation 9    
natural hi/ory4  ,f ! same pr9ciple x is
 pla9 t any man hav+ rea*$ old age )\t  
fai? 9 ,god w n1 !re=e1 be depriv$ (    
,god's pres5ce 9 ano!r life if 8        
bl9dness 0 n wilful2 & ,i ma9ta9 t x is 
n always wilful4 ,y admit t x is s 9 !  
case ( lunatics depriv$ by disease ( _! 
spiritual faculties1 b n ( _! manhood1 &
 !re=e /ill entitl$ to ! goodness ( _!  
,creator4 ,:y !n %\ld we n admit x 9 !  
case ( ^? br\ght up f infancy 9         
seclusion1 ^? :o h l$ ! life ( a savage 
& are )\t ! k t comes f int]c\rse ) o!r 
m54 ,footnote3 ,= ! natural condition ( 

! human m9d & its sl[ developm5t1 cf4 ! 
fir/ "p ( ! ,disc\rs sur ,inegalite4 ,= 
x is cle>ly impossible t su* a savage   
c\ld ev] raise 8 ?\ghts to ! k ( ! true 
,god4 ,reason tells t man %\ld only be  
puni%$ = 8 wilful faults1 & t inv9cible 
ignorance c nev] be imput$ to him z a   
crime4 ,h5ce x foll[s t 9 ! sight ( !   
,et]nal ,ju/ice e man :o w\ld believe if
 he _h ! necess>y k is c\nt$ a believ]1 
& t !re w be no unbeliev]s to be puni%$ 
except ^? :o h clos$ _! he>ts aga9/ !   
tru?4  ,let u bew>e ( proclaim+ ! tru?  
to ^? :o _c z yet compreh5d x1 = to d s 
is to try to inculcate error4 ,x w\ld be
 bett] to h no idea at all ( ! ,div9ity 
?an to h mean1 grotesque1 h>mful1 &     
unwor?y ideas2 to fail to p]ceive !     
,div9e is a less] evil ?an to insult x4 
,! wor?y ,plut>* says1 ,i w\ld r m5     
said1 ',!re is no su* p]son z ,plut>*1' 
?an t !y %\ld say1 ',plut>* is unju/1   
envi\s1 jeal\s1 & su* a tyrant t he     
dem&s m ?an c be p]=m$4'  ,! *ief h>m   
:i* results f ! mon/r\s ideas ( ,god :i*

 are in/ill$ into ! m9ds ( *ildr5 is t  
!y la/ all _! life long1 & z m5 !y      
und]/& no m ( ,god ?an !y did z *ildr54 
,9 ,switz]l& ,i once saw a good & pi\s  
"m :o 0 s conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ?is maxim t
 %e refus$ to tea* h] son religion :5 he
 0 a little *ild = fe> le/ he %\ld be   
satisfi$ ) ?is crude tea*+ & neglect a  
bett] tea*+ :5 he rea*$ ! age ( reason4 
,?is *ild nev] he>d ! "n ( ,god pron\nc$
 except ) rev]5ce & devotion1 & z soon z
 he attempt$ to say ! ^w he 0 told to   
hold 8 tongue1 z if ! subject 7 too     
sublime & great = him4 ,?is retic5ce    
ar\s$ 8 curiosity & 8 self-love2 he     
look$ =w>d to ! "t :5 he w\ld "k ?is    
my/]y s c>efully hidd5 f him4 ,! less !y
 spoke ( ,god to him1 ! less he 0       
himself p]mitt$ to speak ( ,god1 ! m he 
?\ght ab\t ,him2 ?is *ild beheld ,god   
ev]y:]e4 ,:at ,i %\ld mo/ dread z !     
result ( ?is unwise affectation ( my/]y 
is ?is3 by ov]-/imulat+ ! y\?'s         
imag9ation y may turn 8 head1 & make him
 at ! be/ a fanatic r ?an a believ]4  ,b

 we ne$ fe> no?+ ( ! sort = ,emile1 :o  
always decl9es to pay att5tion to :at is
 beyond 8 rea*1 & li/5s ) pr(\nd        
indiff]5ce to ?+s he does n und]/&4 ,!re
 are s _m ?+s ( :i* he is accu/om$ to   
say1 ,t is no conc]n ( m9e1 t "o m or   
less makes little diff]5ce to him2 & :5 
he does beg9 to p]plex himself ) ^!     
great matt]s1 x is because ! natural    
gr[? ( 8 k is turn+ 8 ?\ghts t way4  ,we
 h se5 ! road by :i* ! cultivat$ human  
m9d approa*es ^! my/]ies1 & ,i am ready 
to admit t x w\ld n atta9 to !m         
naturally1 ev5 9 ! bosom ( society1 till
 a mu* lat] age4  ,b z !re are 9 ?is    
same society inevitable causes :i* ha/5 
! developm5t ( ! passions1 if we did n  
also ha/5 ! developm5t ( ! k :i*        
controls ^! passions we %\ld inde$ dep>t
 f ! pa? ( nature & di/urb h]           
equilibrium4  ,:5 we c no long] re/ra9 a
 precoci\s developm5t 9 "o direction we 
mu/ promote a correspond+ developm5t 9  
ano!r direction1 s t ! ord] ( nature may
 n be inv]t$1 & s t ?+s %\ld progress   

toge!r1 n sep>ately1 s t ! man1 complete
 at e mom5t ( 8 life1 may nev] f9d      
himself at "o /age 9 "o ( 8 faculties & 
at ano!r /age 9 ano!r faculty4  ,:at a  
difficulty d ,i see be=e me6 ,a         
difficulty all ! great] because x dep5ds
 less on actual facts ?an on ! c[>dice (
 ^? :o d>e n look ! difficulty 9 ! face4
 ,let u at lea/ v5ture to /ate our      
problem4 ,a *ild %\ld always be br\ght  
up 9 8 fa!r's religion2 he is always    
giv5 pla9 pro(s t ?is religion1 :atev] x
 may be1 is ! only true religion1 t all 
o!rs are ridicul\s & absurd4 ,! =ce ( ! 
argum5t dep5ds entirely on ! c\ntry 9   
:i* x is put =w>d4 ,let a ,turk1 :o ?9ks
 ,*ri/ianity s absurd at ,con/ant9ople1 
come to ,p>is & see :at !y ?9k (        
,mahomet4 ,x is 9 matt]s ( religion m   
?an 9 any?+ else t prejudice is         
triumphant4 ,b :5 we :o pr(ess to %ake  
(f its yoke entirely1 we :o refuse to   
yield any homage to au?ority1 decl9e to 
tea* ,emile any?+ :i* he c\ld n le>n =  
himself 9 any c\ntry1 :at religion %all 

we give him1 to :at sect %all ?is *ild (
 nature belong8 ,! answ] /rikes me z q  
easy4 ,we w n atta* him to any sect1 b  
we w give him ! means to *oose = himself
 accord+ to ! "r use ( 8 own reason4    
,inc$o p] ignes      ,suppositos c9]i   
doloso4--,horace1 lib4 ii4 ode ,i4  ,no 
matt]6 ,?us f> zeal & prud5ce h tak5 !  
place ( caution4 ,i hope t ^! gu>dians w
 n fail me n[4 ,read]1 d n fe> le/ ,i   
%\ld take precautions unwor?y ( a lov] (
 tru?2 ,i %all nev] =get my motto1 b ,i 
di/ru/ my own judgm5t all too easily4   
,in/ead ( tell+ y :at ,i ?9k myself1 ,i 
w tell y ! ?\ghts ( "o ^: op9ions c>ry m
 weight ?an m9e4 ,i gu>antee ! tru? ( ! 
facts ,i am ab\t to relate2 !y actually 
happ5$ to ! au?or ^: writ+s ,i am ab\t  
to transcribe2 x is = y to judge :e!r we
 c draw f !m any consid]ations be>+ on !
 matt] 9 h&4 ,i d n (f] y my own idea or
 ano!r's z y\r rule2 ,i m]ely pres5t !m 
= y\r exam9ation4  ,?irty ye>s ago !re 0
 a "y man 9 an ,italian t[n2 he 0 an    
exile f 8 native l& & f\nd himself r$uc$

 to ! dep?s ( pov]ty4 ,he _h be5 born a 
,calv9i/1 b ! consequ5ces ( 8 own folly 
_h made him a fugitive 9 a /range l&2 he
 _h no money & he *ang$ 8 religion = a  
morsel ( bread4 ,!re 0 a ho/el =        
proselytes 9 t t[n to :i* he ga9$       
admission4 ,! /udy ( controv]sy inspir$ 
d\bts he _h nev] felt be=e1 & he made   
acqua9tance ) evil hi!rto unsuspect$ by 
him2 he he>d /range doctr9es & he met ) 
morals /ill /rang] to him2 he beheld ?is
 evil conduct & ne>ly fell a victim to  
x4 ,he long$ to escape1 b he 0 lock$ up2
 he compla9$1 b 8 compla9ts 7 unhe$$2 at
 ! m]cy ( 8 tyrants1 he f\nd himself    
treat$ z a crim9al because he w\ld n %>e
 _! crimes4 ,! ang] k9dl$ 9 a "y &      
untri$ he>t by ! fir/ exp]i5ce ( viol5ce
 & inju/ice may be realis$ by ^? :o h   
!mselves exp]i5c$ x4 ,te>s ( ang] fl[$ f
 8 eyes1 he 0 wild ) rage2 he pray$ to  
heav5 & to man1 & 8 pray]s 7 unhe>d2 he 
spoke to e "o & no "o li/5$ to him4 ,he 
saw no "o b ! vile/ s]vants "u ! control
 ( ! wret* :o insult$ him1 or           

accomplices 9 ! same crime :o laugh$ at 
8 resi/ance & enc\rag$ him to foll[ _!  
example4 ,he w\ld h be5 ru9$ _h n a     
wor?y prie/ visit$ ! ho/el on "s matt] (
 bus9ess4 ,he f\nd an opportunity (     
consult+ him secretly4 ,! prie/ 0 poor &
 9 ne$ ( help himself1 b ! victim _h m  
ne$ ( 8 assi/ance1 & he did n hesitate  
to help him to escape at ! risk ( mak+ a
 dang]\s enemy4  ,hav+ escap$ f vice to 
return to pov]ty1 ! "y man /ruggl$ va9ly
 aga9/ fate3 = a mom5t he ?\ght he _h   
ga9$ ! victory4 ,at ! fir/ gleam ( good 
=tune 8 woes & 8 protector 7 alike      
=gott54 ,he 0 soon puni%$ = ?is         
+ratitude2 all 8 hopes vani%$2 y\? inde$
 0 on 8 side1 b 8 romantic ideas spoil$ 
ev]y?+4 ,he _h nei!r tal5t nor skill to 
make 8 way easily1 he c\ld nei!r be     
commonplace nor wick$1 he expect$ s mu* 
t he got no?+4 ,:5 he _h sunk to 8 =m]  
pov]ty1 :5 he 0 )\t food or %elt] &     
ready to die ( hung]1 he rememb]$ 8     
b5efactor4  ,he w5t back to him1 f\nd   
him1 & 0 k9dly welcom$2 ! sight ( him   

rem9d$ ! prie/ ( a good de$ he _h done2 
su* a memory always rejoices ! he>t4    
,?is man 0 by nature humane & pitiful2  
he felt ! suff]+s ( o!rs ?r\gh 8 own1 & 
8 he>t _h n be5 h>d5$ by prosp]ity2 9 a 
^w1 ! lessons ( wisdom & an enlight5$   
virtue _h re9=c$ 8 natural k9dness (    
he>t4 ,he welcom$ ! "y man1 f\nd him a  
lodg+1 & recomm5d$ him2 he %>$ ) him 8  
liv+ :i* 0 b>ely en\gh = two4 ,he did m1
 he in/ruct$ him1 consol$ him1 & taught 
him ! difficult art ( be>+ adv]sity 9   
pati5ce4 ,y prejudic$ p1 w\ld y h       
expect$ to f9d all ?is 9 a prie/ & 9    
,italy8  ,?is wor?y prie/ 0 a poor      
,savoy>d cl]gyman :o _h (f5d$ 8 bi%op by
 "s y\?ful fault2 he _h cross$ ! ,alps  
to f9d a position :i* he c\ld n obta9 9 
8 own c\ntry4 ,he lack$ nei!r wit nor   
le>n+1 & ) 8 int]e/+ c\nt5ance he _h met
 ) patrons :o f\nd him a place 9 !      
h\sehold ( "o ( ! m9i/]s1 z tutor to 8  
son4 ,he pref]r$ pov]ty to dep5d5ce1 &  
he did n "k h[ to get on ) ! great4 ,he 
did n /ay long ) ?is m9i/]1 & :5 he     

dep>t$ he took ) him 8 good op9ion2 & z 
he liv$ a good life & ga9$ ! he>ts (    
ev]ybody1 he 0 glad to be =giv5 by 8    
bi%op & to obta9 f him a small p>i%     
among ! m\nta9s1 :]e he might pass ! re/
 ( 8 life4 ,?is 0 ! limit ( 8 ambition4 
,he 0 attract$ by ! "y fugitive & he    
que/ion$ him closely4 ,he saw t         
ill-=tune _h already se>$ 8 he>t1 t     
scorn & disgrace _h ov]?r[n 8 c\rage1 & 
t 8 pride1 trans=m$ into bitt]ness &    
spite1 l$ him to see no?+ 9 ! h>%ness & 
inju/ice ( m5 b _! evil disposition & ! 
vanity ( all virtue4 ,he _h se5 t       
religion 0 b a mask = selfi%ness1 & its 
holy s]vices b a scre5 = hypocrisy2 he  
_h f\nd 9 ! subtleties ( empty          
disputations heav5 & hell aw>d$ z prizes
 = m]e words2 he _h se5 ! sublime &     
primitive idea ( ,div9ity disfigur$ by !
 va9 fancies ( m52 & :51 z he ?\ght1    
fai? 9 ,god requir$ him to r5\nce !     
reason ,god himself _h giv5 him1 he held
 9 equal scorn our fooli% imag9+s & !   
object ) :i* !y are conc]n$4 ,) no k (  

?+s z !y are1 )\t any idea ( _! orig9s1 
he 0 imm]s$ 9 8 /ubborn ignorance &     
utt]ly despis$ ^? :o ?\ght !y knew m ?an
 himself4  ,! neglect ( all religion    
soon leads to ! neglect ( a man's       
duties4 ,! he>t ( ?is "y lib]t9e 0      
already f> on ?is road4 ,yet 8 0 n a bad
 nature1 ?\gh incr$ulity & mis]y 7      
gradually /ifl+ 8 natural disposition & 
dragg+ him d[n to ru92 !y 7 lead+ him   
into ! conduct ( a rascal & ! morals (  
an a!i/4  ,! almo/ inevitable evil 0 n  
actually consummat$4 ,! "y man 0 n      
ignorant1 8 education _h n be5 neglect$4
 ,he 0 at t happy age :5 ! pulse beats  
/rongly & ! he>t is w>m1 b is n yet     
enslav$ by ! madness ( ! s5ses4 ,8 he>t 
_h n lo/ its ela/icity4 ,a native       
mode/y1 a timid disposition re/ra9$ him1
 & prolong$ = him t p]iod dur+ :i* y    
wat* y\r pupil s c>efully4 ,! hateful   
example ( brutal depravity1 ( vice )\t  
any *>m1 _h n m]ely fail$ to quick5 8   
imag9ation1 x _h dead5$ x4 ,= a long "t 
disgu/ r ?an virtue pres]v$ 8 innoc5ce1 

:i* w\ld only succumb to m s$uctive     
*>ms4  ,! prie/ saw ! dang] & ! way (   
escape4 ,he 0 n disc\rag$ by            
difficulties1 he took a pleasure 9 8    
task2 he det]m9$ to complete x & to     
re/ore to virtue ! victim he _h snat*$ f
 vice4 ,he set ab\t x cauti\sly2 !      
beauty ( ! motive gave him c\rage &     
inspir$ him ) means wor?y ( 8 zeal4     
,:atev] might be ! result1 8 pa9s w\ld n
 be wa/$4  ,we are always successful :5 
our sole aim is to d good4  ,he began to
 w9 ! confid5ce ( ! proselyte by n ask+ 
any price = 8 k9dness1 by n intrud+     
himself ^u him1 by n prea*+ at him1 by  
always com+ d[n to 8 level1 & treat+ him
 z an equal4 ,x 01 s ,i ?9k1 a t\*+     
sight to see a s]i\s p]son becom+ !     
comrade ( a "y scamp1 & virtue putt+ up 
) ! spee* ( lic5ce 9 ord] to triumph ov]
 x m completely4 ,:5 ! "y fool came to  
him ) 8 silly confid5ces & op5$ 8 he>t  
to him1 ! prie/ li/5$ & set him at 8    
ease2 )\t giv+ 8 approval to :at 0 bad1 
he took an int]e/ 9 ev]y?+2 no tactless 

repro( *eck$ 8 *att] or clos$ 8 he>t2 ! 
pleasure :i* he ?\ght 0 giv5 by 8       
conv]sation increas$ 8 pleasure 9 tell+ 
ev]y?+2 ?us he made 8 g5]al confession  
)\t kn[+ he 0 confess+ any?+4  ,aft] he 
_h made a ?or\gh /udy ( 8 feel+s &      
disposition1 ! prie/ saw pla9ly t1      
al?\gh he 0 n ignorant = 8 age1 he _h   
=gott5 ev]y?+ t he mo/ ne$$ to "k1 & t !
 disgrace :i* =tune _h br\ght ^u him _h 
/ifl$ 9 him all real s5se ( good & evil4
 ,!re is a /age ( degradation :i* robs !
 s\l ( its life2 & ! inn] voice _c be   
he>d by "o ^: :ole m9d is b5t on gett+  
food4 ,to protect ! unlucky y\? f !     
moral dea? :i* ?reat5$ him1 he began to 
revive 8 self-love & 8 good op9ion (    
himself4 ,he %[$ him a happi] future 9 !
 "r use ( 8 tal5ts2 he reviv$ ! g5]\s   
w>m? ( 8 he>t by /ories ( ! noble de$s (
 o!rs2 by r\s+ 8 admiration = ! do]s (  
^! de$s he reviv$ 8 desire to d l de$s  
himself4 ,to draw him gradually f 8 idle
 & w&]+ life1 he made him copy out      
extracts f well-*os5 books2 he pret5d$  

to want ^! extracts1 & s n\ri%$ 9 him ! 
noble feel+ ( gratitude4 ,he taught him 
indirectly ?r\gh ^! books1 & ?us he made
 him suffici5tly rega9 8 good op9ion (  
himself s t he w\ld no long] ?9k himself
 good = no?+1 & w\ld n make himself     
despicable 9 8 own eyes4  ,a trifl+     
incid5t w %[ h[ ?is k9dly man tri$1     
unkn[n to him1 to raise ! he>t ( 8      
disciple out ( its degradation1 )\t     
seem+ to ?9k ( tea*+4 ,! prie/ 0 s well 
kn[n = 8 uprightness & 8 discretion1 t  
_m p pref]r$ to entru/ _! alms to him1 r
 ?an to ! weal?y cl]gy ( ! t[n4 ,"o day 
"s "o _h giv5 him "s money to di/ribute 
among ! poor1 & ! "y man 0 mean en\gh to
 ask = "s ( x on ! score ( pov]ty4 ,no1 
said he1 we are bro!rs1 y belong to me &
 ,i mu/ n t\* ! money entru/$ to me4 ,!n
 he gave him ! sum he _h ask$ = out ( 8 
own pocket4 ,lessons ( ?is sort seldom  
fail to make an impression on ! he>t (  
"y p :o are n :olly corrupt4  ,i am we>y
 ( speak+ 9 ! ?ird p]son1 & ! precaution
 is unnecess>y2 = y are well aw>e1 my   

de> fri5d1 t ,i myself 0 ?is unhappy    
fugitive2 ,i ?9k ,i am s f> remov$ f !  
disord]s ( my y\? t ,i may v5ture to    
confess !m1 & ! h& :i* rescu$ me well   
des]ves t ,i %\ld at lea/ d hon\r to its
 goodness at ! co/ ( "s slight %ame4    
,:at /ruck me mo/ 0 to see 9 ! private  
life ( my wor?y ma/]1 virtue )\t        
hypocrisy1 humanity )\t weakness1 spee* 
always pla9 & /raight=w>d1 & conduct 9  
accordance ) ?is spee*4 ,i nev] saw him 
tr\ble himself :e!r ^? :om he assi/$ w5t
 to vesp]s or confession1 :e!r !y fa/$  
at ! appo9t$ seasons & w5t )\t meat2 nor
 did he impose ^u !m any o!r l          
conditions1 )\t :i* y might die ( hung] 
be=e y c\ld hope = any help f ! dev\t4  
,f> f display+ be=e him ! zeal ( a new  
conv]t1 ,i 0 enc\rag$ by ^! obs]vations 
& ,i made no secret ( my way ( ?9k+1 nor
 did he seem to be %ock$ by x4          
,sometimes ,i w\ld say to myself1 he    
ov]looks my indiff]5ce to ! religion ,i 
h adopt$ because he sees ,i am equally  
indiff]5t to ! religion 9 :i* ,i 0      

br\ght up2 he kn[s t my scorn = religion
 is n conf9$ to "o sect4 ,b :at c\ld ,i 
?9k :5 ,i sometimes he>d him give 8     
approval to doctr9es contr>y to ^? ( !  
,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & app>5tly hav+ b
 a poor op9ion ( its c]emonies4 ,i %\ld 
h ?\ght him a ,prote/ant 9 disguise if  
,i _h n beheld him s fai?ful to ^? v    
cu/oms :i* he seem$ to value s lightly2 
b ,i knew he fulfill$ 8 prie/ly duties z
 c>efully 9 private z 9 public1 & ,i    
knew n :at to ?9k ( ^! app>5t           
contradictions4 ,except = ! fault :i* _h
 =m]ly br\ght ab\t 8 disgrace1 a fault  
:i* he _h only p>tially ov]come1 8 life 
0 exempl>y1 8 conduct beyond reproa*1 8 
conv]sation hone/ & discreet4 ,:ile ,i  
liv$ on v fri5dly t]ms ) him1 ,i le>nt  
day by day to respect him m2 & :5 he _h 
completely won my he>t by su* great     
k9dness1 ,i await$ ) eag] curiosity ! "t
 :5 ,i %\ld le>n :at 0 ! pr9ciple on :i*
 ! uni=mity ( ?is /range life 0 bas$4   
,?is opportunity 0 a long "t com+4 ,be=e
 tak+ 8 disciple into 8 confid5ce1 he   

tri$ to get ! se$s ( reason & k9dness   
:i* he _h s[n 9 my he>t to g]m9ate4 ,!  
mo/ difficult fault to ov]come 9 me 0 a 
c]ta9 haughty misan?ropy1 a c]ta9       
bitt]ness aga9/ ! ri* & successful1 z if
 _! weal? & happ9ess _h be5 ga9$ at my  
own exp5se1 & z if _! suppos$ happ9ess  
_h be5 unju/ly tak5 f my own4 ,! fooli% 
vanity ( y\?1 :i* kicks aga9/ ! pricks (
 humiliation1 made me only too mu*      
incl9$ to ?is angry temp]2 & !          
self-respect1 :i* my m5tor /rove to     
revive1 l$ to pride1 :i* made m5 /ill m 
vile 9 my eyes1 & only add$ scorn to my 
hatr$4  ,)\t directly attack+ ?is pride1
 he prev5t$ x f develop+ into h>dness ( 
he>t2 & )\t depriv+ me ( my self-e/eem1 
he made me less scornful ( my neighb\rs4
 ,by cont9ually draw+ my att5tion f !   
empty %[1 & direct+ x to ! g5u9e suff]+s
 conceal$ by x1 he taught me to deplore 
! faults ( my fell[s & feel = _!        
suff]+s1 to pity r ?an envy !m4 ,t\*$ ) 
compassion t[>ds human weaknesses ?r\gh 
! pr(\nd conviction ( 8 own fail+s1 he  

view$ all m5 z ! victims ( _! own vices 
& ^? ( o!rs2 he beheld ! poor groan+ "u 
! tyranny ( ! ri*1 & ! ri* "u ! tyranny 
( _! own prejudices4 ,believe me1 said  
he1 our illusions1 f> f conceal+ our    
woes1 only increase !m by giv+ value to 
:at is 9 itself valueless1 9 mak+ u aw>e
 ( all sorts ( fanci$ privations :i* we 
%\ld n o!rwise feel4 ,peace ( he>t      
consi/s 9 despis+ ev]y?+ t might di/urb 
t peace2 ! man :o cl+s mo/ closely to   
life is ! man :o c lea/ enjoy x2 & ! man
 :o mo/ eag]ly desires happ9ess is      
always mo/ mis]able4  ,:at gloomy ideas6
 ,i exclaim$ bitt]ly4 ,if we mu/ d5y    
ourselves ev]y?+1 we might z well nev] h
 be5 born2 & if we mu/ despise ev5      
happ9ess itself :o c be happy8 ,i am1   
repli$ ! prie/ "o day1 9 a tone :i* made
 a great impression on me4 ,y happy6 ,s 
little fav\r$ by =tune1 s poor1 an exile
 & p]secut$1 y are happy6 ,h[ h y       
contriv$ to be happy8 ,my *ild1 he      
answ]$1 ,i w gladly tell y4  ,!reupon he
 expla9$ t1 hav+ he>d my confessions1 he

 w\ld confess to me4 ,i w op5 my :ole   
he>t to y\rs1 he said1 embrac+ me4 ,y w 
see me1 if n z ,i am1 at lea/ z ,i seem 
to myself4 ,:5 y h he>d my :ole         
confession ( fai?1 :5 y really "k !     
condition ( my he>t1 y w "k :y ,i ?9k   
myself happy1 & if y ?9k z ,i d1 y w "k 
h[ to be happy too4 ,b ^! explanations  
are n ! affair ( a mom5t1 x w take "t to
 %[ y all my ideas ab\t ! lot ( man & ! 
true value ( life2 let u *oose a fitt+  
"t & a place :]e we may cont9ue ?is     
conv]sation )\t int]ruption4  ,i %[$ him
 h[ eag] ,i 0 to he> him4 ,! meet+ 0    
fix$ = ! v next morn+4 ,x 0 summ] "t2 we
 rose at daybreak4 ,he took me out ( !  
t[n on to a high hill above ! riv] ,po1 
^: c\rse we beheld z x fl[$ betwe5 its  
f]tile banks2 9 ! di/ance ! l&scape 0   
cr[n$ by ! va/ *a9 ( ! ,alps2 ! beams ( 
! ris+ sun already t\*$ ! pla9s & ca/   
across ! fields long %ad[s ( trees1     
hillocks1 & h\ses1 & enri*$ ) a ?\s&    
gleams ( light ! faire/ picture :i* !   
human eye c see4 ,y w\ld h ?\ght t      

nature 0 display+ all h] spl5d\r be=e   
our eyes to furni% a text = our         
conv]sation4 ,aft] contemplat+ ?is sc5e 
= a space 9 sil5ce1 ! man ( peace spoke 
to me4  ,,! ,,cre$ ,,( ,a ,,savoy>d     
,,prie/  ,my *ild1 d n look to me =     
le>n$ spee*es or pr(\nd argum5ts4 ,i am 
no great philosoph]1 nor d ,i desire to 
be "o4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 am\nt (     
common-s5se & a con/ant devotion to     
tru?4 ,i h no wi% to argue ) y nor ev5  
to conv9ce y2 x is en\gh = me to %[ y1 9
 all simplicity ( he>t1 :at ,i really   
?9k4 ,consult y\r own he>t :ile ,i      
speak2 t is all ,i ask4 ,if ,i am       
mi/ak51 ,i am hone/ly mi/ak51 & !re=e my
 error w n be c\nt$ to me z a crime2 if 
y1 too1 are hone/ly mi/ak51 !re is no   
great h>m done4 ,if ,i am "r1 we are bo?
 end[$ ) reason1 we h bo? ! same motive 
= li/5+ to ! voice ( reason4 ,:y %\ld n 
y ?9k z ,i d8  ,by bir? ,i 0 a peasant &
 poor2 to till ! gr\nd 0 my portion2 b  
my p>5ts ?\ght x a f9] ?+ t ,i %\ld le>n
 to get my liv+ z a prie/ & !y f\nd     

means to s5d me to college4 ,i am q sure
 t nei!r my p>5ts nor ,i _h any idea (  
seek+ aft] :at 0 good1 useful1 or true2 
we only s\ght :at 0 want$ to get me     
orda9$4 ,i le>n$ :at 0 taught me1 ,i    
said :at ,i 0 told to say1 ,i promis$   
all t 0 requir$1 & ,i became a prie/4 ,b
 ,i soon discov]$ t :5 ,i promis$ n to  
be a man1 ,i _h promis$ m ?an ,i c\ld   
p]=m4  ,consci5ce1 !y tell u1 is !      
creature ( prejudice1 b ,i "k f exp]i5ce
 t consci5ce p]si/s 9 foll[+ ! ord] (   
nature 9 spite ( all ! laws ( man4 ,9   
va9 is ?is or t =bidd52 remorse makes h]
 voice he>d b feebly :5 :at we d is     
p]mitt$ by well-ord]$ nature1 & /ill m  
:5 we are do+ h] bidd+4 ,my good y\?1   
nature has n yet appeal$ to y\r s5ses2  
may y long rema9 9 ?is happy /ate :5 h] 
voice is ! voice ( innoc5ce4 ,rememb] t 
to anticipate h] tea*+ is to (f5d m     
deeply aga9/ h] ?an to resi/ h] tea*+2 y
 mu/ fir/ le>n to resi/1 t y may "k :5  
to yield )\t wrong-do+4  ,f my y\? up ,i
 _h rev]5c$ ! m>ri$ /ate z ! fir/ & mo/ 

sacr$ in/itution ( nature4 ,hav+ r5\nc$ 
! "r to m>ry1 ,i 0 resolv$ n to pr(ane !
 sanctity ( m>riage2 = 9 spite ( my     
education & read+ ,i _h always l$ a     
simple & regul> life1 & my m9d _h       
pres]v$ ! innoc5ce ( its natural        
in/9cts2 ^! in/9cts _h n be5 obscur$ by 
worldly wisdom1 :ile my pov]ty kept me  
remote f ! temptations dictat$ by !     
sophi/ry ( vice4  ,?is v resolution     
prov$ my ru94 ,my respect = m>riage l$  
to ! discov]y ( my misconduct4 ,! sc&al 
mu/ be expiat$2 ,i 0 arre/$1 susp5d$1 & 
dismiss$2 ,i 0 ! victim ( my scruples r 
?an ( my incont95ce1 & ,i _h reason to  
believe1 f ! reproa*es :i* accompani$ my
 disgrace1 t "o c (t5 escape puni%m5t by
 be+ guilty ( a worse fault4  ,a        
?\ghtful m9d soon le>ns f su* exp]i5ces4
 ,i f\nd my =m] ideas ( ju/ice1 hone/y1 
& e duty ( man ov]turn$ by ^! pa9ful    
ev5ts1 & day by day ,i 0 los+ my hold on
 "o or ano!r ( ! op9ions ,i _h accept$4 
,:at 0 left 0 n en\gh to =m a body (    
ideas :i* c\ld /& alone1 & ,i felt t !  

evid5ce on :i* my pr9ciples re/$ 0 be+  
weak5$2 at la/ ,i knew n :at to ?9k1 &  
,i came to ! same conclusion z y\rself1 
b ) ?is diff]5ce3 ,my lack ( fai? 0 !   
sl[ gr[? ( manhood1 atta9$ ) great      
difficulty1 & all ! h>d] to uproot4  ,i 
0 9 t /ate ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty :i*       
,desc>tes consid]s ess5tial to ! se>* = 
tru?4 ,x is a /ate :i* _c cont9ue1 x is 
disquiet+ & pa9ful2 only vici\s t5d5cies
 & an idle he>t c keep u 9 t /ate4 ,my  
he>t 0 n s corrupt z to delight 9 x1 &  
!re is no?+ :i* s ma9ta9s ! habit ( ?9k+
 z be+ bett] pleas$ ) oneself ?an ) "o's
 lot4  ,i pond]$1 !re=e1 on ! sad fate (
 mortals1 adrift ^u ?is sea ( human     
op9ions1 )\t compass or rudd]1 & ab&on$ 
to _! /ormy passions ) no guide b an    
inexp]i5c$ pilot :o does n "k :5ce he   
comes or :i!r he is go+4 ,i said to     
myself1 ,i love tru?1 ,i seek h]1 & _c  
f9d h]4 ,%[ me tru? & ,i w hold h] fa/2 
:y does %e hide h] face f ! eag] he>t t 
w\ld fa9 wor%ip h]8  ,al?\gh ,i h (t5   
exp]i5c$ worse suff]+s1 ,i h nev] l$ a  

life s uni=mly di/ress+ z ?is p]iod (   
unre/ & anxiety1 :5 ,i w&]$ incessantly 
f "o d\bt to ano!r1 ga9+ no?+ f my      
prolong$ m$itations b unc]ta9ty1        
d>kness1 & contradiction ) reg>d to !   
s\rce ( my be+ & ! rule ( my duties4  ,i
 _c und]/& h[ any "o c be a sceptic     
s9c]ely & on pr9ciple4 ,ei!r su*        
philosoph]s d n exi/ or !y are ! mo/    
mis]able ( m54 ,d\bt ) reg>d to :at we  
ought to "k is a condition too viol5t = 
! human m9d2 x _c long be endur$2 9     
spite ( itself ! m9d decides "o way or  
ano!r1 & x pref]s to be deceiv$ r ?an to
 believe no?+4  ,my p]plexity 0 increas$
 by ! fact t ,i _h be5 br\ght up 9 a    
*ur* :i* decides ev]y?+ & p]mits no     
d\bts1 s t hav+ reject$ "o article (    
fai? ,i 0 =c$ to reject ! re/2 z ,i c\ld
 n accept absurd decisions1 ,i 0 depriv$
 ( ^? :i* 7 n absurd4 ,:5 ,i 0 told to  
believe ev]y?+1 ,i c\ld believe no?+1 & 
,i knew n :]e to /op4  ,i consult$ !    
philosoph]s1 ,i se>*$ _! books & exam9$ 
_! v>i\s !ories2 ,i f\nd !m all alike   

pr\d1 ass]tive1 dogmatic1 pr(ess+1 ev5 9
 _! s-call$ scepticism1 to "k ev]y?+1   
prov+ no?+1 sc(f+ at ea* o!r4 ,?is la/  
trait1 :i* 0 common to all ( !m1 /ruck  
me z ! only po9t 9 :i* !y 7 "r4         
,bragg>ts 9 attack1 !y are weakl+s 9    
def5ce4 ,weigh _! argum5ts1 !y are all  
de/ructive2 c\nt _! voices1 e "o speaks 
= himself2 !y are only agre$ 9 argu+ )  
ea* o!r4 ,i c\ld f9d no way out ( my    
unc]ta9ty by li/5+ to !m4  ,i suppose   
?is prodigi\s div]sity ( op9ion is      
caus$1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ! weakness ( !
 human intellect2 &1 9 ! second1 by     
pride4 ,we h no means ( measur+ ?is va/ 
ma*9e1 we are unable to calculate its   
work+s2 we "k nei!r its guid+ pr9ciples 
nor its f9al purpose2 we d n "k         
ourselves1 we "k nei!r our nature nor ! 
_s t moves u2 we sc>cely "k :e!r man is 
"o or _m2 we are surr\nd$ by imp5etrable
 my/]ies4 ,^! my/]ies are beyond !      
region ( s5se1 we ?9k we c p5etrate !m  
by ! light ( reason1 b we fall back on  
our imag9ation4 ,?r\gh ?is imag9$ _w ea*

 =ces a way = himself :i* he holds to be
 "r2 none c tell :e!r 8 pa? w lead him  
to ! goal4 ,yet we long to "k & und]/& x
 all4 ,! "o ?+ we d n "k is ! limit ( ! 
kn[able4 ,we pref] to tru/ to *ance & to
 believe :at is n true1 r ?an to own t n
 "o ( u c see :at really is4 ,a fragm5t 
( "s va/ :ole ^: b\nds are beyond our   
gaze1 a fragm5t ab&on$ by its ,creator  
to our fooli% qu>rels1 we are va9 en\gh 
to want to det]m9e ! nature ( t :ole &  
our own relations ) reg>d to x4  ,if !  
philosoph]s 7 9 a position to decl>e !  
tru?1 :i* ( !m w\ld c>e to d s8 ,e "o ( 
!m kn[s t 8 own sy/em re/s on no sur]   
f\ndations ?an ! re/1 b he ma9ta9s x    
because x is 8 own4 ,!re is n "o ( !m   
:o1 if he *anc$ to discov] ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 w\ld n pref] 8 
own lie to ! tru? :i* ano!r _h discov]$4
 ,:]e is ! philosoph] :o w\ld n deceive 
! :ole _w = 8 own glory8 ,if he c rise  
above ! cr[d1 if he c excel 8 rivals1   
:at m does he want8 ,among believ]s he  
is an a!i/2 among a!i/s he w\ld be a    

believ]4  ,! fir/ ?+ ,i le>n$ f ^!      
consid]ations 0 to re/rict my inquiries 
to :at directly conc]n$ myself1 to re/ 9
 pr(\nd ignorance ( ev]y?+ else1 & n ev5
 to tr\ble myself to d\bt any?+ beyond  
:at ,i requir$ to "k4  ,i also realis$ t
 ! philosoph]s1 f> f ridd+ me ( my va9  
d\bts1 only multipli$ ! d\bts t torm5t$ 
me & fail$ to remove any "o ( !m4 ,s ,i 
*ose ano!r guide & said1 ,let me foll[ !
 ,inn] ,light2 x w n lead me s f> a/ray 
z o!rs h done1 or if x does x w be my   
own fault1 & ,i %all n g s f> wrong if  
,i foll[ my own illusions z if ,i tru/$ 
to _! deceits4  ,i !n w5t ov] 9 my m9d !
 v>i\s op9ions :i* ,i _h held 9 ! c\rse 
( my life1 & ,i saw t al?\gh no "o ( !m 
0 pla9 en\gh to ga9 imm$iate belief1 "s 
7 m probable ?an o!rs1 & my inw>d cons5t
 0 giv5 or )held 9 proportion to ?is    
improbability4 ,hav+ discov]$ ?is1 ,i   
made an unprejudic$ comp>ison ( all ^!  
diff]5t ideas1 & ,i p]ceiv$ t ! fir/ &  
mo/ g5]al ( !m 0 also ! simple/ & ! mo/ 
reasonable1 & t x w\ld h be5 accept$ by 

e "o if only x _h be5 la/ in/ead ( fir/4
 ,imag9e all y\r philosoph]s1 anci5t &  
mod]n1 hav+ exhau/$ _! /range sy/ems (  
=ce1 *ance1 fate1 necessity1 atoms1 a   
liv+ _w1 animat$ matt]1 & e v>iety (    
mat]ialism4 ,!n comes ! illu/ri\s ,cl>ke
 :o gives light to ! _w & proclaims !   
,be+ ( be+s & ! ,giv] ( ?+s4 ,:at       
univ]sal admiration1 :at unanim\s       
applause w\ld h greet$ ?is new sy/em--a 
sy/em s great1 s illum9at+1 & s simple4 
,o!r sy/ems are full ( absurdities2 ?is 
sy/em seems to me to conta9 few] ?+s :i*
 are beyond ! und]/&+ ( ! human m9d4 ,i 
said to myself1 ,e sy/em has its        
insoluble problems1 = ! f9ite m9d ( man 
is too small to deal ) !m2 ^!           
difficulties are !re=e no f9al argum5ts1
 aga9/ any sy/em4 ,b :at a diff]5ce !re 
is betwe5 ! direct evid5ce on :i* ^!    
sy/ems are bas$6 ,%\ld we n pref] t !ory
 :i* alone expla9s all ! facts1 :5 x is 
no m difficult ?an ! re/8  ,be>+ ?us )9 
my he>t ! love ( tru? z my only         
philosophy1 & z my only me?od a cle> &  

simple rule :i* disp5s$ ) ! ne$ = va9 & 
subtle argum5ts1 ,i return$ ) ! help (  
?is rule to ! exam9ation ( su* k z      
conc]n$ myself2 ,i 0 resolv$ to admit z 
self-evid5t all t ,i c\ld n hone/ly     
refuse to believe1 & to admit z true all
 t seem$ to foll[ directly f ?is2 all ! 
re/ ,i det]m9$ to leave undecid$1 nei!r 
accept+ nor reject+ x1 nor yet tr\bl+   
myself to cle> up difficulties :i* did n
 lead to any practical ends4  ,b :o am  
,i8 ,:at "r h ,i to decide8 ,:at is x t 
det]m9es my judgm5ts8 ,if !y are        
inevitable1 if !y are ! results ( !     
impressions ,i receive1 ,i am wa/+ my   
/r5g? 9 su* inquiries2 !y w\ld be made  
or n )\t any int]f]5ce ( m9e4 ,i mu/    
!re=e fir/ turn my eyes ^u myself to    
acqua9t myself ) ! in/rum5t ,i desire to
 use1 & to discov] h[ f> x is reliable4 
,i exi/1 & ,i h s5ses ?r\gh :i* ,i      
receive impressions4 ,?is is ! fir/ tru?
 t /rikes me & ,i am =c$ to accept x4   
,h ,i any indep5d5t k ( my exi/5ce1 or  
am ,i only aw>e ( x ?r\gh my s5sations8 

,?is is my fir/ difficulty1 & s f> ,i _c
 solve x4 ,= ,i cont9ually exp]i5ce     
s5sations1 ei!r directly or indirectly  
?r\gh memory1 s h[ c ,i "k if ! feel+ ( 
self is some?+ beyond ^! s5sations or if
 x c exi/ indep5d5tly ( !m8  ,my        
s5sations take place 9 myself1 = !y make
 me aw>e ( my own exi/5ce2 b _! cause is
 outside me1 = !y affect me :e!r ,i h   
any reason = !m or n1 & !y are produc$  
or de/roy$ indep5d5tly ( me4 ,s ,i      
cle>ly p]ceive t my s5sation1 :i* is )9 
me1 & its cause or its object1 :i* is   
outside me1 are diff]5t ?+s4  ,?us1 n   
only d ,i exi/1 b o!r entities exi/     
also1 t is to say1 ! objects ( my       
s5sations2 & ev5 if ^! objects are m]ely
 ideas1 /ill ^! ideas are n me4  ,b     
ev]y?+ outside myself1 ev]y?+ :i* acts  
^u my s5ses1 ,i call matt]1 & all !     
p>ticles ( matt] :i* ,i suppose to be   
unit$ into sep>ate entities ,i call     
bodies4 ,?us all ! disputes ( ! ideali/s
 & ! reali/s h no mean+ = me2 _!        
di/9ctions betwe5 ! appe>ance & !       

reality ( bodies are :olly fanciful4  ,i
 am n[ z conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ! univ]se
 z ( my own4  ,i next consid] ! objects 
( my s5sations1 & ,i f9d t ,i h ! p[] ( 
comp>+ !m1 s ,i p]ceive t ,i am end[$ ) 
an active =ce ( :i* ,i 0 n previ\sly    
aw>e4  ,to p]ceive is to feel2 to comp>e
 is to judge2 to judge & to feel are n !
 same4 ,?r\gh s5sation objects pres5t   
!mselves to me sep>ately & s+ly z !y are
 9 nature2 by comp>+ !m ,i re>range !m1 
,i %ift !m s to speak1 ,i place "o ^u   
ano!r to decide :e!r !y are alike or    
diff]5t1 or m g5]ally to f9d out _!     
relations4 ,to my m9d1 ! di/9ctive      
faculty ( an active or intellig5t be+ is
 ! p[] ( und]/&+ ?is ^w is4 ,i seek 9   
va9 9 ! m]ely s5sitive entity t         
intellig5t =ce :i* comp>es & judges2 ,i 
c f9d no trace ( x 9 its nature4 ,?is   
passive entity w be aw>e ( ea* object   
sep>ately1 x w ev5 be aw>e ( ! :ole =m$ 
by ! two toge!r1 b hav+ no p[] to place 
!m side by side x c nev] comp>e !m1 x c 
nev] =m a judgm5t ) reg>d to !m4  ,to   

see two ?+s at once is n to see _!      
relations nor to judge ( _! diff]5ces2  
to p]ceive sev]al objects1 "o beyond !  
o!r1 is n to relate !m4 ,i may h at !   
same mom5t an idea ( a big /ick & a     
little /ick )\t comp>+ !m1 )\t judg+ t  
"o is less ?an ! o!r1 j z ,i c see my   
:ole h& )\t c\nt+ my f+]s4 ,footnote3   
,m4 de le ,cordam9es' n>ratives tell ( a
 p :o only "k h[ to c\nt up to ?ree4    
,yet ! m5 ( ?is nation1 hav+ h&s1 h (t5 
se5 _! f+]s )\t le>n+ to c\nt up to     
five4 ,^! comp>ative ideas1 'great]'1   
'small]'1 toge!r ) numb] ideas ( '"o'1  
'two'1 etc4 are c]ta9ly n s5sations1    
al?\gh my m9d only produces !m :5 my    
s5sations occur4  ,we are told t a      
s5sitive be+ di/+ui%es s5sations f ea*  
o!r by ! inh]5t diff]5ces 9 ! s5sations2
 ?is requires explanation4 ,:5 !        
s5sations are diff]5t1 ! s5sitive be+   
di/+ui%es !m by _! diff]5ces2 :5 !y are 
alike1 he di/+ui%es !m because he is    
aw>e ( !m "o beyond ! o!r4 ,o!rwise1 h[ 
c\ld he di/+ui% betwe5 two equal objects

 simultane\sly exp]i5c$8 ,he w\ld       
necess>ily conf\nd ! two objects & take 
!m = "o object1 especially "u a sy/em   
:i* pr(ess$ t ! repres5tative s5sations 
( space h no ext5sion4  ,:5 we become   
aw>e ( ! two s5sations to be comp>$1 _! 
impression is made1 ea* object is       
p]ceiv$1 bo? are p]ceiv$1 b = all t _!  
relation is n p]ceiv$4 ,if ! judgm5t (  
?is relation 7 m]ely a s5sation1 & came 
to me solely f ! object itself1 my      
judgm5ts w\ld nev] be mi/ak51 = x is    
nev] untrue t ,i feel :at ,i feel4  ,:y 
!n am ,i mi/ak5 z to ! relation betwe5  
^! two /icks1 especially :5 !y are n    
p>allel8 ,:y1 = example1 d ,i say !     
small /ick is a ?ird ( ! l>ge1 :5 x is  
only a qu>t]8 ,:y is ! picture1 :i* is !
 s5sation1 unlike its model :i* is !    
object8 ,x is because ,i am active :5 ,i
 judge1 because ! op]ation ( comp>ison  
is at fault2 because my und]/&+1 :i*    
judges ( relations1 m+les its errors ) !
 tru? ( s5sations1 :i* only reveal to me
 ?+s4  ,add to ?is a consid]ation :i* w1

 ,i feel sure1 appeal to y :5 y h ?\ght 
ab\t x3 x is ?is--,if we 7 purely       
passive 9 ! use ( our s5ses1 !re w\ld be
 no communication betwe5 !m2 x w\ld be  
impossible to "k t ! body we are t\*+ & 
! ?+ we are look+ at is ! same4 ,ei!r we
 %\ld nev] p]ceive any?+ outside        
ourselves1 or !re w\ld be = u five      
sub/ances p]ceptible by ! s5ses1 ^:     
id5tity we %\ld h no means ( p]ceiv+4   
,?is p[] ( my m9d :i* br+s my s5sations 
toge!r & comp>es !m may be call$ by any 
"n2 let x be call$ att5tion1 m$itation1 
reflection1 or :at y w2 x is /ill true t
 x is 9 me & n 9 ?+s1 t x is ,i alone :o
 produce x1 ?\gh ,i only produce x :5 ,i
 receive an impression f ?+s4 ,?\gh ,i  
am compell$ to feel or n to feel1 ,i am 
free to exam9e m or less :at ,i feel4   
,be+ n[1 s to speak1 sure ( myself1 ,i  
beg9 to look at ?+s outside myself1 & ,i
 behold myself ) a sort ( %udd] flung at
 r&om into ?is va/ univ]se1 plung$ z x 7
 into ! va/ numb] ( entities1 kn[+ no?+ 
( :at !y are 9 !mselves or 9 relation to

 me4 ,i /udy !m1 ,i obs]ve !m2 & ! fir/ 
object :i* sugge/s itself = comp>ison ) 
!m is myself4  ,all t ,i p]ceive ?r\gh !
 s5ses is matt]1 & ,i d$uce all !       
ess5tial prop]ties ( matt] f ! s5sible  
qualities :i* make me p]ceive x1        
qualities :i* are insep>able f x4 ,i see
 x sometimes 9 motion1 sometimes at re/1
 ,footnote3 ,?is repose is1 if y pref]  
x1 m]ely relative2 b z we p]ceive m or  
less ( motion1 we may pla9ly conceive "o
 ( two extremes1 :i* is re/2 & we       
conceive x s cle>ly t we are ev5 dispos$
 to take = absolute re/ :at is only     
relative4 ,b x is n true t motion is ( !
 ess5ce ( matt]1 if matt] may be        
conceiv$ ( z at re/4 h5ce ,i inf] t     
nei!r motion nor re/ is ess5tial to x1 b
 motion1 be+ an action1 is ! result ( a 
cause ( :i* re/ is only ! abs5ce4 ,:51  
!re=e1 !re is no?+ act+ ^u matt] x does 
n move1 & = ! v reason t re/ & motion   
are indiff]5t to x1 its natural /ate is 
a /ate ( re/4  ,i p]ceive two sorts (   
motions ( bodies1 acquir$ motion &      

spontane\s or volunt>y motion4 ,9 ! fir/
 ! cause is ext]nal to ! body mov$1 9 ! 
second x is )94 ,i %all n conclude f t t
 ! motion1 say ( a wat*1 is spontane\s1 
= if no ext]nal cause op]at$ ^u ! spr+ x
 w\ld run d[n & ! wat* w\ld cease to g4 
,= ! same reason ,i %\ld n admit t !    
movem5ts ( fluids are spontane\s1 nei!r 
%\ld ,i attribute spontane\s motion to  
fire :i* causes _! fluidity4 ,footnote3 
,*emi/s reg>d phlogi/on or ! elem5t (   
fire z diffus$1 motionless1 & /agnant 9 
! comp\nds ( :i* x =ms "p1 until ext]nal
 =ces set x free1 collect x & set x 9   
motion1 & *ange x into fire4  ,y ask me 
if ! movem5ts ( animals are spontane\s2 
my answ] is1 ,i _c tell1 b analogy po9ts
 t way4 ,y ask me aga91 h[ d ,i "k t !re
 are spontane\s movem5ts8 ,i tell y1 ,i 
"k x because ,i feel !m4 ,i want to move
 my arm & ,i move x )\t any o!r imm$iate
 cause ( ! movem5t b my own w4 ,9 va9   
w\ld any "o try to argue me out ( ?is   
feel+1 x is /rong] ?an any pro(s2 y     
might z well try to conv9ce me t ,i d n 

exi/4  ,if !re 7 no spontaneity 9 m5's  
actions1 nor 9 any?+ t happ5s on ?is    
e>?1 x w\ld be all ! m difficult to     
imag9e a fir/ cause = all motion4 ,= my 
own "p1 ,i feel myself s ?or\ghly       
conv9c$ t ! natural /ate ( matt] is a   
/ate ( re/1 & t x has no p[] ( action 9 
itself1 t :5 ,i see a body 9 motion ,i  
at once assume t x is ei!r a liv+ body  
or t ?is motion has be5 imp>t$ to x4 ,my
 m9d decl9es to accept 9 any way ! idea 
( inorganic matt] mov+ ( its own accord1
 or giv+ rise to any action4  ,yet ?is  
visible univ]se consi/s ( matt]1 matt]  
diffus$ & dead1 ,footnote3 ,i h tri$ h>d
 to grasp ! idea ( a liv+ molecule1 b 9 
va94 ,! idea ( matt] feel+ )\t any s5ses
 seems to me un9telligible &            
self-contradictory4 ,to accept or reject
 ?is idea "o mu/ fir/ und]/& x1 & ,i    
confess t s f> ,i h n succe$$4 matt] :i*
 has none ( ! cohesion1 ! organisation1 
! common feel+ ( ! p>ts ( a liv+ body1 =
 x is c]ta9 t we :o are p>ts h no       
consci\sness ( ! :ole4 ,?is same univ]se

 is 9 motion1 & 9 its movem5ts1 ord]$1  
uni=m1 & subject to fix$ laws1 x has    
none ( t fre$om :i* appe>s 9 !          
spontane\s movem5ts ( m5 & animals4 ,s !
 _w is n "s huge animal :i* moves ( its 
own accord2 its movem5ts are !re=e due  
to "s ext]nal cause1 a cause :i* ,i _c  
p]ceive1 b ! inn] voice makes ?is cause 
s app>5t to me t ,i _c wat* ! c\rse ( ! 
sun )\t imag9+ a =ce :i* drives x1 & :5 
! e>? revolves ,i ?9k ,i see ! h& t sets
 x 9 motion4  ,if ,i mu/ accept g5]al   
laws ^: ess5tial relation to matt] is   
unp]ceiv$ by me1 h[ mu* fur!r h ,i got8 
,^! laws1 n be+ real ?+s1 n be+         
sub/ances1 h !re=e "s o!r basis unkn[n  
to me4 ,exp]im5t & obs]vation h acqua9t$
 u ) ! laws ( motion2 ^! laws det]m9e ! 
results )\t %[+ _! causes2 !y are q     
inadequate to expla9 ! sy/em ( ! _w & ! 
c\rse ( ! univ]se4 ,) ! help ( dice     
,desc>tes made heav5 & e>?2 b he c\ld n 
set 8 dice 9 motion1 nor />t ! action ( 
8 c5trifugal =ce )\t ! help ( rotation4 
,newton discov]$ ! law ( gravitation2 b 

gravitation alone w\ld soon r$uce !     
univ]se to a motionless mass2 he 0      
compell$ to add a projectile =ce to     
acc\nt = ! elliptical c\rse ( ! cele/ial
 bodies2 let ,newton %[ u ! h& t laun*$ 
! planets 9 ! tang5t ( _! orbits4  ,!   
fir/ causes ( motion are n to be f\nd 9 
matt]2 matt] receives & transmits       
motion1 b does n produce x4 ,! m ,i     
obs]ve ! action & reaction ( ! =ces (   
nature play+ on "o ano!r1 ! m ,i see t  
we mu/ always g back f "o effect to     
ano!r1 till we arrive at a fir/ cause 9 
"s w2 = to assume an inf9ite succession 
( causes is to assume t !re is no fir/  
cause4 ,9 a ^w1 no motion :i* is n caus$
 by ano!r motion c take place1 except by
 a spontane\s1 volunt>y action2         
inanimate bodies h no action b motion1 &
 !re is no real action )\t w4 ,?is is my
 fir/ pr9ciple4 ,i believe1 !re=e1 t !re
 is a w :i* sets ! univ]se 9 motion &   
gives life to nature4 ,?is is my fir/   
dogma1 or ! fir/ article ( my cre$4  ,h[
 does a w produce a physical & corporeal

 action8 ,i _c tell1 b ,i p]ceive t x   
does s 9 myself2 ,i w to d some?+ & ,i d
 x2 ,i w to move my body & x moves1 b if
 an inanimate body1 :5 at re/1 %\ld beg9
 to move itself1 ! ?+ is incompreh5sible
 & )\t prec$5t4 ,! w is kn[n to me 9 its
 action1 n 9 its nature4 ,i "k ?is w z a
 cause ( motion1 b to conceive ( matt] z
 produc+ motion is cle>ly to conceive ( 
an effect )\t a cause1 :i* is n to      
conceive at all4  ,x is no m possible = 
me to conceive h[ my w moves my body ?an
 to conceive h[ my s5sations affect my  
m9d4 ,i d n ev5 "k :y "o ( ^! my/]ies   
has seem$ less inexplicable ?an ! o!r4  
,= my own "p1 :e!r ,i am active or      
passive1 ! means ( union ( ! two        
sub/ances seem to me absolutely         
incompreh5sible4 ,x is v /range t p make
 ?is v incompreh5sibility a /ep t[>ds ! 
comp\nd+ ( ! two sub/ances1 z if        
op]ations s diff]5t 9 k9d 7 m easily    
expla9$ 9 "o case ?an 9 two4  ,! doctr9e
 ,i h j laid d[n is inde$ obscure2 b at 
lea/ x sugge/s a mean+ & !re is no?+ 9 x

 repugnant to reason or exp]i5ce2 c we  
say z mu* ( mat]ialism8 ,is x n pla9 t  
if motion is ess5tial to matt] x w\ld be
 insep>able f x1 x w\ld always be pres5t
 9 x 9 ! same degree1 always pres5t 9 e 
p>ticle ( matt]1 always ! same 9 ea*    
p>ticle ( matt]1 x w\ld n be capable (  
transmission1 x c\ld nei!r increase nor 
dim9i%1 nor c\ld we ev] conceive ( matt]
 at re/4 ,:5 y tell me t motion is n    
ess5tial to matt] b necess>y to x1 y try
 to *eat me ) words :i* w\ld be easi] to
 refute if !re 0 a little m s5se 9 !m4  
,= ei!r ! motion ( matt] arises f !     
matt] itself & is !re=e ess5tial to x2  
or x arises f an ext]nal cause & is n   
necess>y to ! matt]1 because ! motive   
cause acts ^u x2 we h got back to our   
orig9al difficulty4  ,! *ief s\rce (    
human error is to be f\nd 9 g5]al &     
ab/ract ideas2 ! j>gon ( metaphysics has
 nev] l$ to ! discov]y ( any s+le tru?1 
& x has fill$ philosophy ) absurdities (
 :i* we are a%am$ z soon z we /rip !m ( 
_! long words4 ,tell me1 my fri5d1 :5 !y

 talk to y ( a bl9d =ce diffus$ ?r\gh\t 
nature1 d !y pres5t any real idea to y\r
 m9d8 ,!y ?9k !y are say+ some?+ by ^!  
vague expressions--univ]sal =ce1        
ess5tial motion--b !y are say+ no?+ at  
all4 ,! idea ( motion is no?+ m ?an !   
idea ( transf]5ce f place to place2 !re 
is no motion )\t direction2 = no        
individual c move all ways at once4 ,9  
:at direction !n does matt] move (      
necessity8 ,has ! :ole body ( matt] a   
uni=m motion1 or has ea* atom its own   
motion8 ,accord+ to ! fir/ idea ! :ole  
univ]se mu/ =m a solid & indivisible    
mass2 accord+ to ! second x c only =m a 
diffus$ & incoh]5t fluid1 :i* w\ld make 
! union ( any two atoms impossible4 ,:at
 direction %all be tak5 by ?is motion   
common to all matt]8 ,%all x be 9 a     
/raight l9e1 9 a circle1 or f above     
d[nw>ds1 to ! "r or to ! left8 ,if ea*  
molecule has its own direction1 :at are 
! causes ( all ^! directions & all ^!   
diff]5ces8 ,if e molecule or atom only  
revolv$ on its own axis1 no?+ w\ld ev]  

leave its place & !re w\ld be no        
transmitt$ motion1 & ev5 !n ?is circul> 
movem5t w\ld require to foll[ "s        
direction4 ,to set matt] 9 motion by an 
ab/raction is to utt] words )\t mean+1 &
 to attribute to matt] a giv5 direction 
is to assume a det]m9+ cause4 ,! m      
examples ,i take1 ! m causes ,i h to    
expla91 )\t ev] f9d+ a common ag5t :i*  
controls !m4 ,f> f be+ able to picture  
to myself an entire abs5ce ( ord] 9 !   
=tuit\s concurr5ce ( elem5ts1 ,i _c ev5 
imag9e su* a /rife1 & ! *aos ( ! univ]se
 is less conceivable to me ?an its      
h>mony4 ,i c und]/& t ! me*anism ( !    
univ]se may n be intelligible to ! human
 m9d1 b :5 a man sets to "w to expla9 x1
 he mu/ say :at m5 c und]/&4  ,if matt] 
9 motion po9ts me to a w1 matt] 9 motion
 accord+ to fix$ laws po9ts me to an    
intellig5ce2 t is ! second article ( my 
cre$4 ,to act1 to comp>e1 to *oose1 are 
! op]ations ( an active1 ?9k+ be+2 s ?is
 be+ exi/s4 ,:]e d y f9d him exi/+1 y w 
say8 ,n m]ely 9 ! revolv+ heav5s1 nor 9 

! sun :i* gives u light1 n 9 myself     
alone1 b 9 ! %eep t grazes1 ! bird t    
flies1 ! /one t falls1 & ! leaf bl[n by 
! w9d4  ,i judge ( ! ord] ( ! _w1 al?\gh
 ,i "k no?+ ( its purpose1 = to judge ( 
?is ord] x is en\gh = me to comp>e !    
p>ts "o ) ano!r1 to /udy _! co-op]ation1
 _! relations1 & to obs]ve _! unit$     
action4 ,i "k n :y ! univ]se exi/s1 b ,i
 see cont9ually h[ x is *ang$2 ,i nev]  
fail to p]ceive ! close connection by   
:i* ! entities ( :i* x consi/s l5d _!   
aid "o to ano!r4 ,i am l a man :o sees !
 works ( a wat* = ! fir/ "t2 he is nev] 
we>y ( admir+ ! me*anism1 ?\gh he does n
 "k ! use ( ! in/rum5t & has nev] se5   
its face4 ,i d n "k :at ?is is =1 says  
he1 b ,i see t ea* "p ( x is fitt$ to ! 
re/1 ,i admire ! workman 9 ! details ( 8
 "w1 & ,i am q c]ta9 t all ^! :eels only
 "w toge!r 9 ?is fa%ion = "s common end 
:i* ,i _c p]ceive4  ,let u comp>e !     
special ends1 ! means1 ! ord]$ relations
 ( e k9d1 !n let u li/5 to ! inn] voice 
( feel+2 :at heal?y m9d c reject its    

evid5ce8 ,unless ! eyes are bl9d$ by    
prejudices1 c !y fail to see t ! visible
 ord] ( ! univ]se proclaims a supreme   
intellig5ce8 ,:at sophisms mu/ be br\ght
 toge!r be=e we fail to und]/& ! h>mony 
( exi/5ce & ! wond]ful co-op]ation ( e  
"p = ! ma9t5ance ( ! re/8 ,say :at y w (
 comb9ations & probabilities2 :at d y   
ga9 by r$uc+ me to sil5ce if y _c ga9 my
 cons5t8 ,& h[ c y rob me ( ! spontane\s
 feel+ :i*1 9 spite ( myself1 cont9ually
 gives y ! lie8 ,if organis$ bodies _h  
come toge!r =tuit\sly 9 all sorts ( ways
 be=e assum+ settl$ =ms1 if /oma*s are  
made )\t m\?s1 feet )\t heads1 h&s )\t  
arms1 imp]fect organs ( e k9d :i* di$   
because !y c\ld n pres]ve _! life1 :y d 
none ( ^! imp]fect attempts n[ meet our 
eyes2 :y has nature at l5g? prescrib$   
laws to h]self :i* %e did n at fir/     
recognise8 ,i mu/ n be surpris$ if t :i*
 is possible %\ld happ51 & if !         
improbability ( ! ev5t is comp5sat$ = by
 ! numb] ( ! attempts4 ,i grant ?is2 yet
 if any "o told me t pr9t$ *>act]s      

scatt]$ broadca/ _h produc$ ! ,a5eid all
 complete1 ,i w\ld n condesc5d to take a
 s+le /ep to v]ify ?is falsehood4 ,y w  
tell me ,i am =gett+ ! multitude (      
attempts4 ,b h[ _m su* attempts mu/ ,i  
assume to br+ ! comb9ation )9 ! b\nds ( 
probability8 ,= my own "p ! only        
possible assumption is t ! *ances are   
inf9ity to "o t ! product is n ! "w (   
*ance4 ,9 addition to ?is1 *ance        
comb9ations yield no?+ b products ( !   
same nature z ! elem5ts comb9$1 s t life
 & organisation w n be produc$ by a fl[ 
( atoms1 & a *emi/ :5 mak+ 8 comp\nds w 
nev] give !m ?\ght & feel+ 9 8 crucible4
 ,footnote3 ,c\ld "o believe1 if "o _h n
 se5 x1 t human absurdity c\ld g s f>8  
,amatus ,lusitanus ass]ts t he saw a    
little man an in* long enclos$ 9 a      
glass1 :i* ,julius ,camillus1 l a second
 ,prome!us1 _h made by al*emy4          
,p>acelsis 7,de natura r]um7 tea*es !   
me?od ( mak+ ^! t9y m51 & he ma9ta9s t !
 pygmies1 fauns1 satyrs1 & nymphs h be5 
made by *emi/ry4  ,inde$ ,i _c see t !re

 is any?+ m to be done1 to e/abli% !    
possibility ( ^! facts1 unless x is to  
ass]t t organic matt] resi/s ! heat (   
fire & t its molecules c pres]ve _! life
 9 ! hotte/ furnace4  ,i 0 surpris$ &   
almo/ %ock$ :5 ,i read ,neuw5tit4 ,h[   
c\ld ?is man desire to make a book out (
 ! wond]s ( nature1 wond]s :i* %[ !     
wisdom ( ! au?or ( nature8 ,8 book w\ld 
h be5 z l>ge z ! _w itself be=e he _h   
exhau/$ 8 subject1 & z soon z we attempt
 to give details1 t greate/ wond] ( all1
 ! concord & h>mony ( ! :ole1 escapes u4
 ,! m]e g5]ation ( liv+ organic bodies  
is ! despair ( ! human m9d2 !           
insurm\ntable b>ri] rais$ by nature     
betwe5 ! v>i\s species1 s t !y %\ld n   
mix ) "o ano!r1 is ! cle>e/ pro( ( h]   
int5tion4 ,%e is n cont5t to h e/abli%$ 
ord]1 %e has tak5 adequate measures to  
prev5t ! di/urbance ( t ord]4  ,!re is n
 a be+ 9 ! univ]se :i* may n be reg>d$ z
 9 "s respects ! common c5tre ( all1    
ar\nd :i* !y are gr\p$1 s t !y are all  
reciprocally end & means 9 relation to  

ea* o!r4 ,! m9d is confus$ & lo/ amid ^!
 innum]able relations1 n "o ( :i* is    
itself confus$ or lo/ 9 ! cr[d4  ,:at   
absurd assumptions are requir$ to d$uce 
all ?is h>mony f ! bl9d me*anism ( matt]
 set 9 motion by *ance6 ,9 va9 d ^? :o  
d5y ! unity ( int5tion manife/$ 9 !     
relations ( all ! p>ts ( ?is great :ole1
 9 va9 d !y conceal _! nons5se "u       
ab/ractions1 co-ord9ations1 g5]al       
pr9ciples1 symbolic expressions2 :atev] 
!y d ,i f9d x impossible to conceive ( a
 sy/em ( entities s firmly ord]$ unless 
,i believe 9 an intellig5ce t ord]s !m4 
,x is n 9 my p[] to believe t passive & 
dead matt] c h br\ght =? liv+ & feel+   
be+s1 t bl9d *ance has br\ght =?        
intellig5t be+s1 t t :i* does n ?9k has 
br\ght =? ?9k+ be+s4  ,i believe1 !re=e1
 t ! _w is gov]n$ by a wise & p[]ful w2 
,i see x or r ,i feel x1 & x is a great 
?+ to "k ?is4 ,b has ?is same _w always 
exi/$1 or has x be5 creat$8 ,is !re "o  
s\rce ( all ?+s8 ,are !re two or _m8    
,:at is _! nature8 ,i "k n2 & :at conc]n

 is x ( m9e8  ,:5 ^! ?+s become (       
importance to me ,i w try to le>n !m2   
till !n ,i abjure ^! idle speculations1 
:i* may tr\ble my peace1 b _c affect my 
conduct nor be compreh5d$ by my reason4 
,recollect t ,i am n prea*+ my own      
op9ion b expla9+ x4  ,:e!r matt] is     
et]nal or creat$1 :e!r its orig9 is     
passive or n1 x is /ill c]ta9 t ! :ole  
is "o1 & t x proclaims a s+le           
intellig5ce2 = ,i see no?+ t is n "p ( !
 same ord]$ sy/em1 no?+ :i* does n      
co-op]ate to ! same end1 namely1 !      
cons]vation ( all )9 ! e/abli%$ ord]4   
,?is be+ :o wills & c p]=m 8 w1 ?is be+ 
active ?r\gh 8 own p[]1 ?is be+1 :oev]  
he may be1 :o moves ! univ]se & ord]s   
all ?+s1 is :at ,i call ,god4 ,to ?is "n
 ,i add ! ideas ( intellig5ce1 p[]1 w1  
:i* ,i h br\ght toge!r1 & t ( k9dness   
:i* is _! necess>y consequ5ce2 b = all  
?is ,i "k no m ( ! be+ to :i* ,i ascribe
 !m4 ,he hides himself alike f my s5ses 
& my und]/&+2 ! m ,i ?9k ( him1 ! m     
p]plex$ ,i am2 ,i "k full well t he     

exi/s1 & t he exi/s ( himself alone2 ,i 
"k t my exi/5ce dep5ds on 81 & t ev]y?+ 
,i "k dep5ds ^u him also4 ,i see ,god   
ev]y:]e 9 8 works2 ,i feel him )9       
myself2 ,i behold him all ar\nd me2 b if
 ,i try to pond] him himself1 if ,i try 
to f9d out :]e he is1 :at he is1 :at is 
8 sub/ance1 he escapes me & my tr\bl$ _s
 f9ds no?+4  ,conv9c$ ( my unfitness1 ,i
 %all nev] argue ab\t ! nature ( ,god   
unless ,i am driv5 to x by ! feel+ ( 8  
relations ) myself4 ,su* reason+s are   
always ra%2 a wise man %\ld v5ture on !m
 ) trembl+1 he %\ld be c]ta9 t he c nev]
 s\nd _! abysses2 = ! mo/ insol5t       
attitude t[>ds ,god is n to ab/a9 f ?9k+
 ( him1 b to ?9k evil ( him4  ,aft] !   
discov]y ( su* ( 8 attributes z enable  
me to conceive ( 8 exi/5ce1 ,i return to
 myself1 & ,i try to discov] :at is my  
place 9 ! ord] ( ?+s :i* he gov]ns1 & ,i
 c myself exam9e4 ,at once1 & beyond    
possibility ( d\bt1 ,i discov] my       
species2 = by my own w & ! in/rum5ts ,i 
c control to c>ry out my w1 ,i h m p[]  

to act ^u all bodies ab\t me1 ei!r to   
make use ( or to avoid _! action at my  
pleasure1 ?an any ( !m has p[] to act ^u
 me aga9/ my w by m]e physical          
impulsion2 & ?r\gh my intellig5ce ,i am 
! only "o :o c exam9e all ! re/4 ,:at   
be+ "h bel[1 except man1 c obs]ve o!rs1 
measure1 calculate1 =eca/ _! motions1 _!
 effects1 & unite1 s to speak1 ! feel+ (
 a common exi/5ce ) t ( 8 individual    
exi/5ce8 ,:at is !re s absurd 9 ! ?\ght 
t all ?+s are made = me1 :5 ,i alone c  
relate all ?+s to myself8  ,x is true1  
!re=e1 t man is "l ( ! e>? on :i* he    
dwells2 = n only does he tame all !     
bea/s1 n only does he control its       
elem5ts ?r\gh 8 indu/ry2 b he alone kn[s
 h[ to control x2 by contemplation he   
takes possession ( ! />s :i* he _c      
approa*4 ,%[ me any o!r creature on e>? 
:o c make a fire & :o c behold )        
admiration ! sun4 ,:at6 c ,i obs]ve & "k
 all creatures & _! relations2 c ,i feel
 :at is meant by ord]1 beauty1 & virtue2
 c ,i consid] ! univ]se & raise myself  

t[>ds ! h& t guides x2 c ,i love good & 
p]=m x2 & %\ld ,i !n lik5 myself to !   
bea/s8  ,wret*$ s\l1 x is y\r gloomy    
philosophy :i* makes y l ! bea/s2 or r 9
 va9 d y seek to degrade y\rself2 y\r   
g5ius belies y\r pr9ciples1 y\r k9dly   
he>t belies y\r doctr9es1 & ev5 ! abuse 
( y\r p[]s proves _! excell5ce 9 y\r own
 despite4  ,= myself1 ,i am n pl$g$ to !
 support ( any sy/em4 ,i am a pla9 &    
hone/ man1 "o :o is n c>ri$ away by p>ty
 _s1 "o :o has no ambition to be head ( 
a sect2 ,i am cont5t ) ! place :]e ,god 
has set me2 ,i see no?+1 next to ,god   
himself1 :i* is bett] ?an my species2 & 
if ,i _h to *oose my place 9 ! ord] (   
creation1 :at m c\ld ,i *oose ?an to be 
a man6  ,i am n puff$ up by ?is ?\ght1  
,i am deeply mov$ by x2 = ?is /ate 0 no 
*oice ( m9e1 x 0 n due to ! des]ts ( a  
creature :o z yet did n exi/4 ,c ,i     
behold myself ?us di/+ui%$ )\t          
congratulat+ myself on ?is po/ ( hon\r1 
)\t bless+ ! h& :i* be/[$ x8 ,! fir/    
return to self has giv5 bir? to a feel+ 

( gratitude & ?ankfulness to ! au?or (  
my species1 & ?is feel+ calls =? my fir/
 homage to ! b5efic5t ,godhead4 ,i      
wor%ip 8 ,almighty p[] & my he>t        
ackn[l$ges 8 m]cies4 ,is x n a natural  
consequ5ce ( our self-love to hon\r our 
protector & to love our b5efactor8  ,b  
:51 9 my desire to discov] my own place 
)9 my species1 ,i consid] its diff]5t   
ranks & ! m5 :o fill !m1 :]e am ,i n[8  
,:at a sight meets my eyes6 ,:]e is n[ !
 ord] ,i p]ceiv$8 ,nature %[$ me a sc5e 
( h>mony & proportion2 ! human race %[s 
me no?+ b confusion & disord]4 ,!       
elem5ts agree toge!r2 m5 are 9 a /ate ( 
*aos4 ,! bea/s are happy2 _! k+ alone is
 wret*$4 ,o ,wisdom1 :]e are ?y laws8 ,o
 ,provid5ce1 is ?is ?y rule ov] ! _w8   
,m]ciful ,god1 :]e is ?y ,p[]8 ,i behold
 ! e>?1 & !re is evil ^u x4  ,w\ld y    
believe x1 de> fri5d1 f ^! gloomy ?\ghts
 & app>5t contradictions1 !re 0 %ap$ 9  
my m9d ! sublime idea ( ! s\l1 :i* all  
my seek+ _h hi!rto fail$ to discov]8    
,:ile ,i m$itat$ ^u man's nature1 ,i    

seem$ to discov] two di/9ct pr9ciples 9 
x2 "o ( !m rais$ him to ! /udy ( !      
et]nal tru?s1 to ! love ( ju/ice1 & (   
true morality1 to ! regions ( ! _w (    
?\ght1 :i* ! wise delight to            
contemplate2 ! o!r l$ him d[nw>ds to    
himself1 made him ! slave ( 8 s5ses1 ( !
 passions :i* are _! in/rum5ts1 & ?us   
oppos$ ev]y?+ sugge/$ to him by ! =m]   
pr9ciple4 ,:5 ,i felt myself c>ri$ away1
 di/ract$ by ^! conflict+ motives1 ,i   
said1 ,no2 man is n "o2 ,i w & ,i w n2  
,i feel myself at once a slave & a free 
man2 ,i p]ceive :at is "r1 ,i love x1 & 
,i d :at is wrong2 ,i am active :5 ,i   
li/5 to ! voice ( reason2 ,i am passive 
:5 ,i am c>ri$ away by my passions2 & :5
 ,i yield1 my wor/ suff]+ is ! k t ,i   
might h resi/$4  ,"y man1 he> me )      
confid5ce4 ,i w always be hone/ ) y4 ,if
 consci5ce is ! creature ( prejudice1 ,i
 am c]ta9ly wrong1 & !re is no su* ?+ z 
a pro( ( morality2 b if to put oneself  
fir/ is an incl9ation natural to man1 & 
if ! fir/ s5tim5t ( ju/ice is moreov]   

inborn 9 ! human he>t1 let ^? :o say man
 is a simple creature remove ^!         
contradictions & ,i w grant t !re is b  
"o sub/ance4  ,y w note t by ?is t]m    
'sub/ance' ,i und]/& g5]ally ! be+ end[$
 ) "s primitive quality1 ap>t f all     
special & second>y modifications4 ,if !n
 all ! primitive qualities :i* are kn[n 
to u c be unit$ 9 "o & ! same be+1 we   
%\ld only ackn[l$ge "o sub/ance2 b if   
!re are qualities :i* are mutually      
exclusive1 !re are z _m diff]5t         
sub/ances z !re are su* exclusions4 ,y w
 ?9k ?is ov]2 = my own "p1 :atev] ,locke
 may say1 x is en\gh = me to recognise  
matt] z hav+ m]ely ext5sion &           
divisibility to conv9ce myself t x _c   
?9k1 & if a philosoph] tells me t trees 
feel & rocks ?9k ,footnote3 ,x seems to 
me t mod]n philosophy1 f> f say+ t rocks
 ?9k1 has discov]$ t m5 d n ?9k4 ,x     
p]ceives no?+ m 9 nature ?an s5sitive   
be+s2 & ! only diff]5ce x f9ds betwe5 a 
man & a /one is t a man is a s5sitive   
be+ :i* exp]i5ces s5sations1 & a /one is

 a s5sitive be+ :i* does n exp]i5ce     
s5sations4 ,b if x is true t all matt]  
feels1 :]e %all ,i f9d ! s5sitive unit1 
! individual ego8 ,%all x be 9 ea*      
molecule ( matt] or 9 bodies z          
aggregates ( molecules8 ,%all ,i place  
?is unity 9 fluids & solids alike1 9    
comp\nds & 9 elem5ts8 ,y tell me nature 
consi/s ( individuals4 ,b :at are ^!    
individuals8 ,is t /one an individual or
 an aggregate ( individuals8 ,is x a    
s+le s5sitive be+1 or are !re z _m be+s 
9 x z !re are gra9s ( s&8 ,if e elem5t>y
 atom is a s5sitive be+1 h[ %all ,i     
conceive ( t intimate communication by  
:i* "o feels )9 ! o!r1 s t _! two egos  
are bl5d$ 9 "o8 ,attraction may be a law
 ( nature ^: my/]y is unkn[n to u2 b at 
lea/ we conceive t !re is no?+ 9        
attraction act+ 9 proportion to mass :i*
 is contr>y to ext5sion & divisibility4 
,c y conceive ( s5sation 9 ! same way8  
,! s5sitive p>ts h ext5sion1 b !        
s5sitive be+ is "o & indivisible2 he _c 
be cut 9 two1 he is a :ole or he is     

no?+2 !re=e ! s5sitive be+ is n a       
mat]ial body4 ,i "k n h[ our mat]iali/s 
und]/& x1 b x seems to me t ! same      
difficulties :i* h l$ !m to reject      
?\ght1 %\ld h made !m also reject feel+2
 & ,i see no reason :y1 :5 ! fir/ /ep   
has be5 tak51 !y %\ld n take ! second   
too2 :at m w\ld x co/ !m8 ,s9ce !y are  
c]ta9 !y d n ?9k1 :y d !y d>e to affirm 
t !y feel8 9 va9 w he p]plex me ) 8     
cunn+ argum5ts2 ,i m]ely reg>d him z a  
di%one/ sophi/1 :o pref]s to say t /ones
 h feel+ r ?an t m5 h s\ls4  ,suppose a 
deaf man d5ies ! exi/5ce ( s\nds because
 he has nev] he>d !m4 ,i put be=e 8 eyes
 a /r+$ in/rum5t & cause x to s\nd 9    
unison by means ( ano!r in/rum5t        
conceal$ f him2 ! deaf man sees ! *ord  
vibrate4 ,i tell him1 ,! s\nd makes x d 
t4 ,n at all1 says he1 ! /r+ itself is !
 cause ( ! vibration2 to vibrate 9 t way
 is a quality common to all bodies4 ,!n 
%[ me ?is vibration 9 o!r bodies1 ,i    
answ]1 or at lea/ %[ me its cause 9 ?is 
/r+4 ,i _c1 replies ! deaf man2 b       

because ,i d n und]/& h[ t /r+ vibrates 
:y %\ld ,i try to expla9 x by means (   
y\r s\nds1 ( :i* ,i h n ! lea/ idea8 ,x 
is expla9+ "o obscure fact by means ( a 
cause /ill m obscure4 ,make me p]ceive  
y\r s\nds2 or ,i say !re are no su* ?+s4
  ,! m ,i consid] ?\ght & ! nature ( !  
human m9d1 ! m lik5ess ,i f9d betwe5 !  
argum5ts ( ! mat]iali/s & ^? ( ! deaf   
man4 ,inde$1 !y are deaf to ! inn] voice
 :i* cries al\d to !m1 9 a tone :i* c   
h>dly be mi/ak54 ,a ma*9e does n ?9k1   
!re is nei!r movem5t nor =m :i* c       
produce reflection2 some?+ )9 !e tries  
to break ! b&s :i* conf9e x2 space is n 
?y measure1 ! :ole univ]se does n       
suffice to conta9 !e2 ?y s5tim5ts1 ?y   
desires1 ?y anxiety1 ?y pride itself1 h 
ano!r orig9 ?an ?is small body 9 :i* ?\ 
art imprison$4  ,no mat]ial creature is 
9 itself active1 & ,i am active4 ,9 va9 
d y argue ?is po9t ) me2 ,i feel x1 & x 
is ?is feel+ :i* speaks to me m =cibly  
?an ! reason :i* disputes x4 ,i h a body
 :i* is act$ ^u by o!r bodies1 & x acts 

9 turn ^u !m2 !re is no d\bt ab\t ?is   
reciprocal action2 b my w is indep5d5t (
 my s5ses2 ,i cons5t or ,i resi/2 ,i    
yield or ,i w9 ! victory1 & ,i "k v well
 9 myself :5 ,i h done :at ,i want$ & :5
 ,i h m]ely giv5 way to my passions4  ,i
 h always ! p[] to w1 b n always ! /r5g?
 to d :at ,i w4 ,:5 ,i yield to         
temptation ,i surr5d] myself to ! action
 ( ext]nal objects4 ,:5 ,i blame myself 
= ?is weakness1 ,i li/5 to my own w     
alone2 ,i am a slave 9 my vices1 a free 
man 9 my remorse2 ! feel+ ( fre$om is   
nev] effac$ 9 me b :5 ,i myself d wrong1
 & :5 ,i at l5g? prev5t ! voice ( ! s\l 
f prote/+ aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! body4  ,i
 am only aw>e ( w ?r\gh ! consci\sness (
 my own w1 & intellig5ce is no bett]    
kn[n to me4 ,:5 y ask me :at is ! cause 
:i* det]m9es my w1 x is my turn to ask  
:at cause det]m9es my judgm5t2 = x is   
pla9 t ^! two causes are b "o2 & if y   
und]/& cle>ly t man is active 9 8       
judgm5ts1 t 8 intellig5ce is only ! p[] 
to comp>e & judge1 y w see t 8 fre$om is

 only a simil> p[] or "o d]iv$ f ?is2 he
 *ooses betwe5 good & evil z he judges  
betwe5 tru? & falsehood2 if 8 judgm5t is
 at fault1 he *ooses amiss4 ,:at !n is !
 cause t det]m9es 8 w8 ,x is 8 judgm5t4 
,& :at is ! cause t det]m9es 8 judgm5t8 
,x is 8 intellig5ce1 8 p[] ( judg+2 !   
det]m9+ cause is 9 himself4 ,beyond t1  
,i und]/& no?+4  ,no d\bt ,i am n free n
 to desire my own welf>e1 ,i am n free  
to desire my own hurt2 b my fre$om      
consi/s 9 ?is v ?+1 t ,i c w :at is = my
 own good1 or :at ,i e/eem z su*1 )\t   
any ext]nal compulsion4 ,does x foll[ t 
,i am n my own ma/] because ,i _c be o!r
 ?an myself8  ,! motive p[] ( all action
 is 9 ! w ( a free creature2 we c g no  
f>!r4 ,x is n ! ^w fre$om t is          
mean+less1 b ! ^w necessity4 ,to suppose
 "s action :i* is n ! effect ( an active
 motive p[] is inde$ to suppose effects 
)\t cause1 to reason 9 a vici\s circle4 
,ei!r !re is no orig9al impulse1 or e   
orig9al impulse has no antec$5t cause1 &
 !re is no w prop]ly s-call$ )\t fre$om4

 ,man is !re=e free to act1 & z su* he  
is animat$ by an immat]ial sub/ance2 t  
is ! ?ird article ( my cre$4 ,f ^! ?ree 
y w easily d$uce ! re/1 s t ,i ne$ n    
enum]ate !m4  ,if man is at once active 
& free1 he acts ( 8 own accord2 :at he  
does freely is no "p ( ! sy/em m>k$ out 
by ,provid5ce & x _c be imput$ to       
,provid5ce4 ,provid5ce does n w ! evil t
 man does :5 he misuses ! fre$om giv5 to
 him2 nei!r does ,provid5ce prev5t him  
do+ x1 ei!r because ! wrong done by s   
feeble a creature is z no?+ 9 its eyes1 
or because x c\ld n prev5t x )\t do+ a  
great] wrong & degrad+ 8 nature4        
,provid5ce has made him free t he may   
*oose ! good & refuse ! evil4 ,x has    
made him capable ( ?is *oice if he uses 
rightly ! faculties be/[$ ^u him1 b x   
has s /rictly limit$ 8 p[]s t ! misuse (
 8 fre$om _c di/urb ! g5]al ord]4 ,!    
evil t man does reacts ^u himself )\t   
affect+ ! sy/em ( ! _w1 )\t prev5t+ !   
pres]vation ( ! human species 9 spite ( 
itself4 ,to compla9 t ,god does n prev5t

 u f do+ wrong is to compla9 because he 
has made man ( s excell5t a nature1 t he
 has end[$ 8 actions ) t morality by :i*
 !y are ennobl$1 t he has made virtue   
man's bir?right4 ,supreme happ9ess      
consi/s 9 self-cont5t2 t we may ga9 ?is 
self-cont5t we are plac$ ^u ?is e>? &   
end[$ ) fre$om1 we are tempt$ by our    
passions & re/ra9$ by consci5ce4 ,:at m 
c\ld div9e p[] itself h done on our     
behalf8 ,c\ld x h made our nature a     
contradiction1 & h giv5 ! prize (       
well-do+ to "o :o 0 incapable ( evil8   
,to prev5t a man f wick$ness1 %\ld      
,provid5ce h re/rict$ him to in/9ct &   
made him a fool8 ,n s1 ,o ,god ( my s\l1
 ,i w nev] reproa* !e t ?\ ha/ creat$ me
 9 ?9e own image1 t ,i may be free &    
good & happy l my ,mak]6  ,x is ! abuse 
( our p[]s t makes u unhappy & wick$4   
,our c>es1 our sorr[s1 our suff]+s are (
 our own mak+4 ,moral ills are und\bt$ly
 ! "w ( man1 & physical ills w\ld be    
no?+ b = our vices :i* h made u liable  
to !m4 ,has n nature made u feel our    

ne$s z a means to our pres]vation6 ,is n
 bodily suff]+ a sign t ! ma*9e is out (
 ord] & ne$s att5tion8 ,dea?4444 ,d n ! 
wick$ poison _! own life & ours8 ,:o    
w\ld wi% to live = ev]8 ,dea? is ! cure 
= ! evils y br+ ^u y\rself2 nature w\ld 
n h y suff] p]petually4 ,h[ few suff]+s 
are felt by man liv+ 9 a /ate (         
primitive simplicity6 ,8 life is almo/  
entirely free f suff]+ & f passion2 he  
nei!r fe>s nor feels dea?2 if he feels  
x1 8 suff]+s make him desire x2 h5ce=? x
 is no evil 9 8 eyes4 ,if we 7 b cont5t 
to be ourselves we %\ld h no cause to   
compla9 ( our lot2 b 9 ! se>* = an      
imag9>y good we f9d a ?\s& real ills4   
,he :o _c be> a little pa9 mu/ expect to
 suff] greatly4 ,if a man injures 8     
con/itution by dissipation1 y try to    
cure him ) m$ic9e2 ! ill he fe>s is add$
 to ! ill he feels2 ! ?\ght ( dea? makes
 x horrible & ha/5s its approa*2 ! m we 
seek to escape f x1 ! m we are aw>e ( x2
 & we g ?r\gh life 9 ! fe> ( dea?1 blam+
 nature = ! evils we h inflict$ on      

ourselves by our neglect ( h] laws4  ,o 
,man6 seek no fur!r = ! au?or ( evil2 ?\
 art he4 ,!re is no evil b ! evil y d or
 ! evil y suff]1 & bo? come f y\rself4  
,evil 9 g5]al c only spr+ f disord]1 & 9
 ! ord] ( ! _w ,i f9d a nev] fail+      
sy/em4 ,evil 9 p>ticul> cases exi/s only
 9 ! m9d ( ^? :o exp]i5ce x2 & ?is feel+
 is n ! gift ( nature1 b ! "w ( man     
himself4 ,pa9 has little p[] ov] ^? :o1 
hav+ ?\ght little1 look nei!r be=e nor  
aft]4 ,take away our fatal progress1    
take away our faults & our vices1 take  
away man's h&iwork1 & all is well4  ,:]e
 all is well1 !re is no su* ?+ z        
inju/ice4 ,ju/ice & goodness are        
insep>able2 n[ goodness is ! necess>y   
result ( b\ndless p[] & ( t self-love   
:i* is innate 9 all s5ti5t be+s4 ,!     
omnipot5t projects himself1 s to speak1 
into ! be+ ( 8 creatures4 ,creation &   
pres]vation are ! ev]la/+ "w ( p[]2 x   
does n act on t :i* has no exi/5ce2 ,god
 is n ! ,god ( ! dead2 he c\ld n h>m &  
de/roy )\t injury to himself4 ,!        

omnipot5t c only w :at is good4         
,footnote3 ,! anci5ts 7 "r :5 !y call$ !
 supreme ,god ,optimus ,maximus1 b x    
w\ld h be5 bett] to say ,maximus        
,optimus1 = 8 goodness spr+s f 8 p[]1 he
 is good because he is great4 ,!re=e he 
:o is supremely good1 because he is     
supremely p[]ful1 mu/ also be supremely 
j1 o!rwise he w\ld contradict himself2 =
 t love ( ord] :i* creates ord] we call 
goodness & t love ( ord] :i* pres]ves   
ord] we call ju/ice4  ,m5 say ,god owes 
no?+ to 8 creatures4 ,i ?9k he owes !m  
all he promis$ :5 he gave !m _! be+4 ,n[
 to give !m ! idea ( some?+ good & to   
make !m feel ! ne$ ( x1 is to promise x 
to !m4 ,! m closely ,i /udy myself1 ! m 
c>efully ,i consid]1 ! m pla9ly d ,i    
read ^! words1 ,be j & y w be happy4 ,x 
is n s1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t condition (   
?+s1 ! wick$ prosp]s & ! oppression ( ! 
righte\s cont9ues4 ,obs]ve h[ angry we  
are :5 ?is expectation is disappo9t$4   
,consci5ce revolts & murmurs aga9/ h]   
,creator2 %e exclaims ) cries & groans1 

,?\ ha/ deceiv$ me4  ,i h deceiv$ !e1   
ra% s\l6 ,:o told !e ?is8 ,is ?y s\l    
de/roy$8 ,ha/ ?\ ceas$ to exi/8 ,o      
,brutus6 ,o my son6 let !re be no /a9 ^u
 ! close ( ?y noble life2 d n ab&on ?y  
hope & ?y glory ) ?y corpse ^u ! pla9s (
 ,philippi4 ,:y do/ ?\ say1 ',virtue is 
naught1' :5 ?\ art ab\t to enjoy ! rew>d
 ( virtue8 ,?\ art ab\t to die6 ,nay1 ?\
 %alt live1 & ?us my promise is         
fulfill$4  ,"o might judge f ! compla9ts
 ( impati5t m5 t ,god owes !m ! rew>d   
be=e !y h des]v$ x1 t he is b\nd to pay 
= virtue 9 advance4 ,oh6 let u fir/ be  
good & !n we %all be happy4 ,let u n    
claim ! prize be=e we h won x1 nor dem& 
our wages be=e we h f9i%$ our "w4 ,x is 
n 9 ! li/s t we cr[n ! victors 9 ! sacr$
 games1 says ,plut>*1 x is :5 !y h f9i%$
 _! c\rse4  ,if ! s\l is immat]ial1 x   
may survive ! body2 & if x s survives1  
,provid5ce is ju/ifi$4 ,_h ,i no o!r    
pro( ( ! immat]ial nature ( ! s\l1 !    
triumph ( ! wick$ & ! oppression ( !    
righte\s 9 ?is _w w\ld be en\gh to      

conv9ce me4 ,i %\ld seek to resolve s   
appall+ a discord 9 ! univ]sal h>mony4  
,i %\ld say to myself1 ,all is n ov] )  
life1 ev]y?+ f9ds its place at dea?4 ,i 
%\ld /ill h to answ] ! "q1 ,:at becomes 
( man :5 all we "k ( him ?r\gh our s5ses
 has vani%$8 ,?is "q no long] pres5ts   
any difficulty to me :5 ,i admit ! two  
sub/ances4 ,x is easy to und]/& t :at is
 imp]ceptible to ^? s5ses escapes me1   
dur+ my bodily life1 :5 ,i p]ceive ?r\gh
 my s5ses only4 ,:5 ! union ( s\l & body
 is de/roy$1 ,i ?9k "o may be dissolv$ &
 ! o!r may be pres]v$4 ,:y %\ld !       
de/ruction ( ! "o imply ! de/ruction ( !
 o!r8 ,on ! contr>y1 s unlike 9 _!      
nature1 !y 7 dur+ _! union 9 a highly   
un/able condition1 & :5 ?is union comes 
to an end !y bo? return to _! natural   
/ate2 ! active vital sub/ance rega9s all
 ! =ce :i* x exp5d$ to set 9 motion !   
passive dead sub/ance4 ,alas6 my vices  
make me only too well aw>e t man is b   
half alive dur+ ?is life2 ! life ( ! s\l
 only beg9s ) ! dea? ( ! body4  ,b :at  

is t life8 ,is ! s\l ( man 9 its nature 
immortal8 ,i "k n4 ,my f9ite und]/&+ _c 
hold ! inf9ite2 :at is call$ et]nity    
eludes my grasp4 ,:at c ,i ass]t or d5y1
 h[ c ,i reason ) reg>d to :at ,i _c    
conceive8 ,i believe t ! s\l survives ! 
body = ! ma9t5ance ( ord]2 :o kn[s if   
?is is en\gh to make x et]nal8 ,h[ev]1  
,i "k t ! body is worn out & de/roy$ by 
! division ( its p>ts1 b ,i _c conceive 
a simil> de/ruction ( ! consci\s nature1
 & z ,i _c imag9e h[ x c die1 ,i presume
 t x does n die4 ,z ?is assumption is   
consol+ & 9 itself n unreasonable1 :y   
%\ld ,i fe> to accept x8  ,i am aw>e (  
my s\l2 x is kn[n to me 9 feel+ & 9     
?\ght2 ,i "k :at x is )\t kn[+ its      
ess5ce2 ,i _c reason ab\t ideas :i* are 
unkn[n to me4 ,:at ,i d "k is ?is1 t my 
p]sonal id5tity dep5ds ^u memory1 & t to
 be inde$ ! same self ,i mu/ rememb] t  
,i h exi/$4 ,n[ aft] dea? ,i c\ld n     
recall :at ,i 0 :5 alive unless ,i also 
rememb]$ :at ,i felt & !re=e :at ,i did2
 & ,i h no d\bt t ?is remembrance w "o  

day =m ! happ9ess ( ! good & ! torm5t ( 
! bad4 ,9 ?is _w our inn] consci\sness  
is absorb$ by ! cr[d ( eag] passions :i*
 *eat remorse4 ,! humiliation & disgrace
 involv$ 9 ! practice ( virtue d n p]mit
 u to realise its *>m4 ,b :51 fre$ f !  
illusions ( ! bodily s5ses1 we behold ) 
joy ! supreme ,be+ & ! et]nal tru?s :i* 
fl[ f him2 :5 all ! p[]s ( our s\l are  
alive to ! beauty ( ord] & we are :olly 
occupi$ 9 comp>+ :at we h done ) :at we 
ought to h done1 !n x is t ! voice (    
consci5ce w rega9 its /r5g? & sway2 !n x
 is t ! pure delight :i* spr+s f        
self-cont5t1 & ! %>p regret = our own   
degradation ( t self1 w decide by means 
( ov]p[]+ feel+ :at %all be ! fate :i*  
ea* has prep>$ = himself4 ,my good      
fri5d1 d n ask me :e!r !re are o!r      
s\rces ( happ9ess or suff]+2 ,i _c tell2
 t :i* my fancy pictures is en\gh to    
console me 9 ?is life & to bid me look =
 a life to come4 ,i d n say ! good w be 
rew>d$1 = :at great] good c a truly good
 be+ expect ?an to exi/ 9 accordance ) 8

 nature8 ,b ,i d ass]t t ! good w be    
happy1 because _! mak]1 ! au?or ( all   
ju/ice1 :o has made !m capable ( feel+1 
has n made !m t !y may suff]2 moreov]1  
!y h n abus$ _! fre$om ^u e>? & !y h n  
*ang$ _! fate ?r\gh any fault ( _! own2 
yet !y h suff]$ 9 ?is life & x w be made
 up to !m 9 ! life to come4 ,?is feel+  
relies n s mu* on man's des]ts z on !   
idea ( good :i* seems to me insep>able f
 ! div9e ess5ce4 ,i only assume t ! laws
 ( ord] are con/ant & t ,god is true to 
himself4  ,d n ask me :e!r ! torm5ts ( !
 wick$ w endure = ev]1 :e!r ! goodness (
 _! creator c condemn !m to ! et]nal    
suff]+2 aga91 ,i _c tell1 & ,i h no     
empty curiosity = ! inve/igation (      
useless problems4 ,h[ does ! fate ( !   
wick$ conc]n me8 ,i take little int]e/ 9
 x4 ,all ! same ,i f9d x h>d to believe 
t !y w be condemn$ to ev]la/+ torm5ts4  
,if ! supreme ju/ice calls = v5geance1 x
 claims x 9 ?is life4 ,! nations ( ! _w 
) _! errors are its m9i/]s4 ,ju/ice uses
 self-inflict$ ills to puni% ! crimes   

:i* h des]v$ !m4 ,x is 9 y\r own        
insatiable s\ls1 dev\r$ by envy1 gre$1 &
 ambition1 x is 9 ! mid/ ( y\r false    
prosp]ity1 t ! av5g+ passions f9d ! due 
rew>d ( y\r crimes4 ,:at ne$ to seek a  
hell 9 ! future life8 ,x is "h 9 ! brea/
 ( ! wick$4  ,:5 our fleet+ ne$s are    
ov]1 & our mad desires are at re/1 !re  
%\ld also be an end ( our passions & our
 crimes4 ,c pure spirits be capable (   
any p]v]sity8 ,hav+ ne$ ( no?+1 :y %\ld 
!y be wick$8 ,if !y are free f our gross
 s5ses1 if _! happ9ess consi/s 9 !      
contemplation ( o!r be+s1 !y c only     
desire :at is good2 & he :o ceases to be
 bad c nev] be mis]able4 ,?is is :at ,i 
am incl9$ to ?9k ?\gh ,i h n be5 at !   
pa9s to come to any decision4 ,o ,god1  
m]ciful & good1 :atev] ?y decrees may be
 ,i adore !m2 if ?\ %\ld/ commit ! wick$
 to ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 ,i ab&on my feeble
 reason to ?y ju/ice2 b if ! remorse (  
^! wret*$ be+s %\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t be   
ext+ui%$1 if _! suff]+s %\ld come to an 
end1 & if ! same peace %all "o day be ! 

lot ( all mank9d1 ,i give ?anks to !e = 
?is4 ,is n ! wick$ my bro!r8 ,h[ (t5 h  
,i be5 tempt$ to be l him8 ,let him be  
deliv]$ f 8 mis]y & fre$ f ! _s ( hatr$ 
t accompani$ x2 let him be z happy z ,i 
myself2 8 happ9ess1 f> f ar\s+ my       
jeal\sy1 w only increase my own4  ,?us x
 is t1 9 ! contemplation ( ,god 9 8     
works1 & 9 ! /udy ( su* ( 8 attributes z
 x conc]n$ me to "k1 ,i h sl[ly grasp$ &
 develop$ ! idea1 at fir/ p>tial &      
imp]fect1 :i* ,i h =m$ ( ?is ,inf9ite   
,be+4 ,b if ?is idea has become nobl] & 
great] x is also m suit$ to ! human     
reason4 ,z ,i approa* 9 _s ! et]nal     
light1 ,i am confus$ & dazzl$ by its    
glory1 & compell$ to ab&on all ! e>?ly  
notions :i* help$ me to picture x to    
myself4 ,god is no long] corporeal &    
s5sible2 ! supreme m9d :i* rules ! _w is
 no long] ! _w itself2 9 va9 d ,i /rive 
to grasp 8 inconceivable ess5ce4 ,:5 ,i 
?9k t x is he t gives life & movem5t to 
! liv+ & mov+ sub/ance :i* controls all 
liv+ bodies2 :5 ,i he> x said t my s\l  

is spiritual & t ,god is a _s1 ,i revolt
 aga9/ ?is abasem5t ( ! div9e ess5ce2 z 
if ,god & my s\l 7 ( "o & ! same nature6
 ,z if ,god 7 n ! "o & only absolute    
be+1 ! only really active1 feel+1 ?9k+1 
will+ be+1 f :om we d]ive our ?\ght1    
feel+1 motion1 w1 our fre$om & our v    
exi/5ce6  ,we are free because he wills 
our fre$om1 & 8 inexplicable sub/ance is
 to our s\ls :at our s\ls are to our    
bodies4 ,i "k n :e!r he has creat$      
matt]1 body1 s\l1 ! _w itself4 ,! idea (
 creation conf\nds me & eludes my grasp2
 s f> z ,i c conceive ( x ,i believe x2 
b ,i "k t he has =m$ ! univ]se & all t  
is1 t he has made & ord]$ all ?+s4  ,no 
d\bt ,god is et]nal2 b c my m9d grasp ! 
idea ( et]nity8  ,:y %\ld ,i *eat myself
 ) mean+less words8 ,?is is :at ,i d    
und]/&2 be=e ?+s 7--,god 02 he w be :5  
!y are no m1 & if all ?+s come to an end
 he w /ill endure4 ,t a be+ beyond my   
compreh5sion %\ld give life to o!r be+s1
 ?is is m]ely difficult & beyond my     
und]/&+2 b t ,be+ & ,no?+ %\ld be       

conv]tible t]ms1 ?is is inde$ a palpable
 contradiction1 an evid5t absurdity4    
,god is intellig5t1 b h[8 ,man is       
intellig5t :5 he reasons1 b ! ,supreme  
,intellig5ce does n ne$ to reason2 !re  
is nei!r premise nor conclusion = him1  
!re is n ev5 a proposition4 ,! ,supreme 
,intellig5ce is :olly intuitive1 x sees 
:at is & :at %all be2 all tru?s are "o =
 x1 z all places are b "o po9t & all "t 
b "o mom5t4 ,man's p[] makes use (      
means1 ! div9e p[] is self-active4 ,god 
c because he wills2 8 w is 8 p[]4 ,god  
is good2 ?is is c]ta92 b man f9ds 8     
happ9ess 9 ! welf>e ( 8 k9d4 ,god's     
happ9ess consi/s 9 ! love ( ord]2 = x is
 ?r\gh ord] t he ma9ta9s :at is1 &      
unites ea* "p 9 ! :ole4 ,god is j2 ( ?is
 ,i am sure1 x is a consequ5ce ( 8      
goodness2 man's inju/ice is n ,god's "w1
 b 8 own2 t moral ju/ice :i* seems to ! 
philosoph]s a presumption aga9/         
,provid5ce1 is to me a pro( ( its       
exi/5ce4  ,b man's ju/ice consi/s 9 giv+
 to ea* 8 due2 ,god's ju/ice consi/s 9  

dem&+ f ea* ( u an acc\nt ( t :i* he has
 giv5 u4  ,if ,i h succe$$ 9 disc]n+ ^! 
attributes ( :i* ,i h no absolute idea1 
x is 9 ! =m ( unavoidable d$uctions1 &  
by ! "r use ( my reason2 b ,i affirm !m 
)\t und]/&+ !m1 & at bottom t is no     
affirmation at all4 ,9 va9 d ,i say1    
,god is ?us1 ,i feel x1 ,i exp]i5ce x1  
none ! m d ,i und]/& h[ ,god c be ?us4  
,9 a ^w3 ! m ,i /rive to envisage 8     
inf9ite ess5ce ! less d ,i compreh5d x2 
b x is1 & t is en\gh = me2 ! less ,i    
und]/&1 ! m ,i adore4 ,i abase myself1  
say+1 ,be+ ( be+s1 ,i am because ?\ art2
 to fix my ?\ghts on !e is to asc5d to !
 s\rce ( my be+4 ,! be/ use ,i c make ( 
my reason is to resign x be=e !e2 my m9d
 delights1 my weakness rejoices1 to feel
 myself ov]:elm$ by ?y greatness4  ,hav+
 ?us d$uc$ f ! p]ception ( objects (    
s5se & f my inn] consci\sness1 :i* leads
 me to judge ( causes by my native      
reason1 ! pr9cipal tru?s :i* ,i require 
to "k1 ,i mu/ n[ seek su* pr9ciples (   
conduct z ,i c draw f !m1 & su* rules z 

,i mu/ lay d[n = my guidance 9 !        
fulfilm5t ( my de/9y 9 ?is _w1 accord+  
to ! purpose ( my ,mak]4 ,/ill foll[+ ! 
same me?od1 ,i d n d]ive ^! rules f !   
pr9ciples ( ! high] philosophy1 ,i f9d  
!m 9 ! dep?s ( my he>t1 trac$ by nature 
9 *>act]s :i* no?+ c efface4 ,i ne$ only
 consult myself ) reg>d to :at ,i wi% to
 d2 :at ,i feel to be "r is "r1 :at ,i  
feel to be wrong is wrong2 consci5ce is 
! be/ casui/2 & x is only :5 we haggle )
 consci5ce t we h rec\rse to !          
subtleties ( argum5t4 ,our fir/ duty is 
t[>ds ourself2 yet h[ (t5 does ! voice (
 o!rs tell u t 9 seek+ our good at !    
exp5se ( o!rs we are do+ ill8 ,we ?9k we
 are foll[+ ! guidance ( nature1 & we   
are resi/+ x2 we li/5 to :at %e says to 
our s5ses1 & we neglect :at %e says to  
our he>t2 ! active be+ obeys1 ! passive 
comm&s4 ,consci5ce is ! voice ( ! s\l1 !
 passions are ! voice ( ! body4 ,x is   
/range t ^! voices (t5 contradict ea*   
o!r8 ,& !n to :i* %\ld we give he$8 ,too
 (t5 does reason deceive u2 we h only   

too good a "r to d\bt h]2 b consci5ce   
nev] deceives u2 %e is ! true guide (   
man2 x is to ! s\l :at in/9ct is to !   
body1 ,footnote3 ,mod]n philosophy1 :i* 
only admits :at x c und]/&1 is c>eful n 
to admit ?is obscure p[] call$ in/9ct   
:i* seems to guide ! animals to "s end  
)\t any acquir$ exp]i5ce4 ,in/9ct1      
accord+ to "s ( our wise philosoph]s1 is
 only a secret habit ( reflection1      
acquir$ by reflection2 & f ! way 9 :i*  
!y expla9 ?is developm5t "o ought to    
suppose t *ildr5 reflect m ?an gr[n-up  
p3 a p>adox /range en\gh to be wor?     
exam9+4 ,)\t ent]+ ^u ?is discussion ,i 
mu/ ask :at "n ,i %all give to !        
eag]ness ) :i* my dog makes w> on !     
moles he does n eat1 or to ! pati5ce )  
:i* he sometimes wat*es !m = h\rs & !   
skill ) :i* he seizes !m1 ?r[s !m to a  
di/ance f _! e>? z soon z !y em]ge1 & !n
 kills !m & leaves !m4 ,yet no "o has   
tra9$ him to ?is sport1 nor ev5 told him
 !re 7 su* ?+s z moles4 ,aga91 ,i ask1 &
 ?is is a m important "q1 :y1 :5 ,i     

?reat5$ ?is same dog = ! fir/ "t1 :y did
 he ?r[ himself on ! gr\nd ) 8 paws     
fold$1 9 su* a suppliant attitude       
44444calculat$ to t\* me1 a position :i*
 he w\ld h ma9ta9$ if1 )\t be+ t\*$ by  
x1 ,i _h cont9u$ to beat him 9 t        
position8 ,:at6 ,_h my dog1 little m ?an
 a puppy1 acquir$ moral ideas8 ,did he  
"k ! mean+ ( m]cy & g5]osity8 ,by :at   
acquir$ k did he seek to appease my wra?
 by yield+ to my discretion8 ,e dog 9 ! 
_w does almo/ ! same ?+ 9 simil>        
circum/ances1 & ,i am ass]t+ no?+ b :at 
any "o c v]ify = himself4 ,w !          
philosoph]s1 :o s scornfully reject     
in/9ct1 k9dly expla9 ?is fact by ! m]e  
play ( s5sations & exp]i5ce :i* !y      
assume we h acquir$8 ,let !m give an    
acc\nt ( x :i* w satisfy any s5sible    
man2 9 t case ,i h no?+ fur!r to urge1 &
 ,i w say no m ( in/9ct4 he :o obeys 8  
consci5ce is foll[+ nature & he ne$ n   
fe> t he w g a/ray4 ,?is is a matt] (   
great importance1 cont9u$ my b5efactor1 
see+ t ,i 0 ab\t to int]rupt him2 let me

 /op a:ile to expla9 x m fully4  ,!     
morality ( our actions consi/s entirely 
9 ! judgm5ts we ourselves =m ) reg>d to 
!m4 ,if good is good1 x mu/ be good 9 ! 
dep? ( our he>t z well z 9 our actions2 
& ! fir/ rew>d ( ju/ice is !            
consci\sness t we are act+ ju/ly4 ,if   
moral goodness is 9 accordance ) our    
nature1 man c only be heal?y 9 m9d &    
body :5 he is good4 ,if x is n s1 & if  
man is by nature evil1 he _c cease to be
 evil )\t corrupt+ 8 nature1 & goodness 
9 him is a crime aga9/ nature4 ,if he is
 made to d h>m to 8 fell[-creatures1 z !
 wolf is made to dev\r 8 prey1 a humane 
man w\ld be z deprav$ a creature z a    
pitiful wolf2 & virtue alone w\ld cause 
remorse4  ,my "y fri5d1 let u look )91  
let u set aside all p]sonal prejudices &
 see :i!r our incl9ations lead u4 ,d we 
take m pleasure 9 ! sight ( ! suff]+s ( 
o!rs or _! joys8 ,is x pleasant] to d a 
k9d action or an unk9d action1 & :i*    
leaves ! m delightful memory beh9d x8   
,:y d y enjoy ! !atre8 ,d y delight 9 ! 

crimes y behold8 ,d y weep ov] !        
puni%m5t :i* ov]takes ! crim9al8 ,!y say
 we are indiff]5t to ev]y?+ b           
self-int]e/2 yet we f9d our consolation 
9 our suff]+s 9 ! *>ms ( fri5d%ip &     
humanity1 & ev5 9 our pleasures we %\ld 
be too lonely & mis]able if we _h no "o 
to %>e !m ) u4 ,if !re is no su* ?+ z   
morality 9 man's he>t1 :at is ! s\rce ( 
8 raptur\s admiration ( noble de$s1 8   
passionate devotion to great m58 ,:at   
connection is !re betwe5 self-int]e/ &  
?is en?usiasm = virtue8 ,:y %\ld ,i     
*oose to be ,cato dy+ by 8 own h&1 r ?an
 ,caes> 9 8 triumphs8 ,take f our he>ts 
?is love ( :at is noble & y rob u ( !   
joy ( life4 ,! mean-spirit$ man 9 :om ^!
 delici\s feel+s h be5 /ifl$ among vile 
passions1 :o by ?9k+ ( no "o b himself  
comes at la/ to love no "o b himself1   
?is man feels no raptures1 8 cold he>t  
no long] ?robs ) joy1 & 8 eyes no long] 
fill ) ! sweet te>s ( sympa?y1 he       
delights 9 no?+2 ! wret* has nei!r life 
nor feel+1 he is already dead4  ,!re are

 _m bad m5 9 ?is _w1 b !re are few ( ^! 
dead s\ls1 alive only to self-int]e/1 & 
ins5sible to all t is "r & good4 ,we    
only delight 9 inju/ice s long z x is to
 our own advantage2 9 e o!r case we wi% 
! innoc5t to be protect$4 ,if we see "s 
act ( viol5ce or inju/ice 9 t[n or      
c\ntry1 our he>ts are at once /irr$ to  
_! dep?s by an in/9ctive ang] & wra?1   
:i* bids u g to ! help ( ! oppress$2 b  
we are re/ra9$ by a /rong] duty1 & ! law
 deprives u ( our "r to protect !       
innoc5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "s de$ ( m]cy 
or g5]osity meets our eye1 :at rev]5ce &
 love does x inspire6 ,d we n say to    
ourselves1 ,i %\ld l to h done t myself8
 ,:at does x matt] to u t two ?\s& ye>s 
ago a man 0 j or unju/8 & yet we take ! 
same int]e/ 9 anci5t hi/ory z if x      
happ5$ ye/]day4 ,:at are ! crimes (     
,catal9e to me8 ,i %all n be 8 victim4  
,:y !n h ,i ! same horror ( 8 crimes z  
if he 7 liv+ n[8  ,we d n hate ! wick$  
m]ely because ( ! h>m !y d to ourselves1
 b because !y are wick$4 ,n only d we   

wi% to be happy ourselves1 we wi% o!rs  
to be happy too1 & if ?is happ9ess does 
n int]f]e ) our own happ9ess1 x         
increases x4 ,9 conclusion1 :e!r we w or
 n1 we pity ! un=tunate2 :5 we see _!   
suff]+ we suff] too4 ,ev5 ! mo/ deprav$ 
are n :olly )\t ?is in/9ct1 & x (t5     
leads !m to self-contradiction4 ,!      
highwayman :o robs ! travell]1 clo!s !  
nak$ness ( ! poor2 ! fi]ce/ murd]]      
supports a fa9t+ man4  ,m5 speak ( !    
voice ( remorse1 ! secret puni%m5t (    
hidd5 crimes1 by :i* su* are (t5 br\ght 
to light4 ,alas6 :o does n "k its       
unwelcome voice8 ,we speak f exp]i5ce1 &
 we w\ld gladly /ifle ?is imp]i\s feel+ 
:i* causes u su* agony4 ,let u obey !   
call ( nature2 we %all see t h] yoke is 
easy & t :5 we give he$ to h] voice we  
f9d a joy 9 ! answ] ( a good consci5ce4 
,! wick$ fe>s & flees f h]2 he delights 
to escape f himself2 8 anxi\s eyes look 
ar\nd him = "s object ( div]sion2 )\t   
bitt] satire & rude mock]y he w\ld      
always be sorr[ful2 ! scornful laugh is 

8 "o pleasure4 ,n s ! j man1 :o f9ds 8  
peace )9 himself2 !re is joy n malice 9 
8 laught]1 a joy :i* spr+s f 8 own he>t2
 he is z *e]ful alone z 9 company1 8    
satisfaction does n dep5d on ^? :o      
approa* him2 x includes !m4  ,ca/ y\r   
eyes ov] e nation ( ! _w2 p]use e volume
 ( its hi/ory2 9 ! mid/ ( all ^! /range 
& cruel =ms ( wor%ip1 among ?is amaz+   
v>iety ( mann]s & cu/oms1 y w ev]y:]e   
f9d ! same ideas ( "r & ju/ice2 ev]y:]e 
! same pr9ciples ( morality1 ! same     
ideas ( good & evil4 ,! old paganism    
gave bir? to abom9able gods :o w\ld h   
be5 puni%$ z sc\ndrels "h bel[1 gods :o 
m]ely (f]$1 z a picture ( supreme       
happ9ess1 crimes to be committ$ & lu/ to
 be gratifi$4 ,b 9 va9 did vice desc5d f
 ! abode ( ! gods arm$ ) _! sacr$       
au?ority2 ! moral in/9ct refus$ to admit
 x into ! he>t ( man4 ,:ile ! debau*]ies
 ( ,jupit] 7 celebrat$1 ! cont95ce (    
,x5ocrates 0 rev]$2 ! *a/e ,lucrece     
ador$ ! %ameless ,v5us2 ! bold ,roman   
(f]$ sacrifices to ,fe>2 he invok$ ! god

 :o mutilat$ 8 fa!r1 & he di$ )\t a     
murmur at ! h& ( 8 own fa!r4 ,! mo/     
unwor?y gods 7 wor%ipp$ by ! noble/ m54 
,! sacr$ voice ( nature 0 /rong] ?an !  
voice ( ! gods1 & won rev]5ce ^u e>?2 x 
seem$ to relegate guilt & ! guilty alike
 to heav54  ,!re is !re=e at ! bottom ( 
our he>ts an innate pr9ciple ( ju/ice & 
virtue1 by :i*1 9 spite ( our maxims1 we
 judge our own actions or ^? ( o!rs to  
be good or evil2 & x is ?is pr9ciple t  
,i call consci5ce4  ,b at ?is ^w ,i he> 
! murmurs ( all ! wise m5 s-call$4      
,*ildi% errors1 prejudices ( our upbr++1
 !y exclaim 9 conc]t6 ,!re is no?+ 9 !  
human m9d b :at x has ga9$ by exp]i5ce2 
& we judge ev]y?+ solely by means ( !   
ideas we h acquir$4 ,!y g fur!r2 !y ev5 
v5ture to reject ! cle> & univ]sal      
agreem5t ( all peoples1 & to set aga9/  
?is /rik+ unanimity 9 ! judgm5t (       
mank9d1 !y seek out "s obscure exception
 kn[n to !mselves alone2 z if ! :ole    
tr5d ( nature 7 r5d]$ null by !         
depravity ( a s+le nation1 & z if !     

exi/5ce ( mon/rosities made an end (    
species4 ,b to :at purpose does !       
sceptic ,montaigne /rive himself to     
une>? 9 "s obscure corn] ( ! _w a cu/om 
:i* is contr>y to ! ideas ( ju/ice8 ,to 
:at purpose does he cr$it ! mo/         
untru/wor?y travell]s1 :ile he refuses  
to believe ! greate/ writ]s8 ,a few     
/range & d\btful cu/oms1 bas$ on local  
causes1 unkn[n to u2 %all ^! de/roy a   
g5]al inf]5ce bas$ on ! agreem5t ( all !
 nations ( ! e>?1 diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 all
 else1 b agre$ 9 ?is8 ,o ,montaigne1 y  
pride y\rself on y\r tru? & hone/y2 be  
s9c]e & tru?ful1 if a philosoph] c be s1
 & tell me if !re is any c\ntry ^u e>?  
:]e x is a crime to keep "o's plight$   
^w1 to be m]ciful1 helpful1 & g5]\s1 :]e
 ! good man is scorn$1 & ! traitor is   
held 9 hon\r4  ,self-int]e/1 s !y say1  
induces ea* ( u to agree = ! common     
good4 ,b h[ is x t ! good man cons5ts to
 ?is to 8 own hurt8 ,does a man g to    
dea? f self-int]e/8 ,no d\bt ea* man    
acts = 8 own good1 b if !re is no su* ?+

 z moral good to be tak5 into           
consid]ation1 self-int]e/ w only enable 
y to acc\nt = ! de$s ( ! wick$2 possibly
 y w n attempt to d m4 ,a philosophy :i*
 c\ld f9d no place = good de$s w\ld be  
too dete/able2 y w\ld f9d y\rself       
compell$ ei!r to f9d "s mean purpose1 "s
 wick$ motive1 or to abuse ,socrates &  
sl&] ,regulus4 ,if su* doctr9es ev] took
 root among u1 ! voice ( nature1 toge!r 
) ! voice ( reason1 w\ld con/antly      
prote/ aga9/ !m1 till no adh]5t ( su*   
tea*+ c\ld plead an hone/ excuse = 8    
p>tisan%ip4  ,x is no "p ( my s*eme to  
ent] at pres5t into metaphysical        
discussions :i* nei!r y nor ,i c und]/&1
 discussions :i* really lead n[h]e4 ,i h
 told y already t ,i d n wi% to         
philosophise ) y1 b to help y to consult
 y\r own he>t4 ,if all ! philosoph]s 9 !
 _w %\ld prove t ,i am wrong1 & y feel t
 ,i am "r1 t is all ,i ask4  ,= ?is     
purpose x is en\gh to lead y to di/+ui% 
betwe5 our acquir$ ideas & our natural  
feel+s2 = feel+ prec$es k2 & s9ce we d n

 le>n to seek :at is good = u & avoid   
:at is bad = u1 b get ?is desire f      
nature1 9 ! same way ! love ( good & !  
hatr$ ( evil are z natural to u z our   
self-love4 ,! decrees ( consci5ce are n 
judgm5ts b feel+s4 ,al?\gh all our ideas
 come f )\t1 ! feel+s by :i* !y are     
weigh$ are )9 u1 & x is by ^! feel+s    
alone t we p]ceive fitness or unfitness 
( ?+s 9 relation to ourselves1 :i* leads
 u to seek or %un ^! ?+s4  ,to exi/ is  
to feel2 our feel+ is und\bt$ly e>li]   
?an our intellig5ce1 & we _h feel+s be=e
 we _h ideas4,footnote3 ,9 "s respects  
ideas are feel+s & feel+s are ideas4    
,bo? t]ms are appropriate to any        
p]ception ) :i* we are conc]n$1         
appropriate bo? to ! object ( t         
p]ception & to ourselves :o are affect$ 
by x2 x is m]ely ! ord] 9 :i* we are    
affect$ :i* decides ! appropriate t]m4  
,:5 we are *iefly conc]n$ ) ! object &  
only ?9k ( ourselves z x 7 by           
reflection1 t is an idea2 :51 on ! o!r  
h&1 ! impression receiv$ excites our    

*ief att5tion & we only ?9k 9 ! second  
place ( ! object :i* caus$ x1 x is a    
feel+4 ,:atev] may be ! cause ( our be+1
 x has provid$ = our pres]vation by giv+
 u feel+s suit$ to our nature2 & no "o c
 d5y t ^! at lea/ are innate4 ,^!       
feel+s1 s f> z ! individual is conc]n$1 
are self-love1 fe>1 pa91 ! dread ( dea?1
 ! desire = com=t4 ,aga91 if1 z x is    
impossible to d\bt1 man is by nature    
sociable1 or at lea/ fitt$ to become    
sociable1 he c only be s by means ( o!r 
innate feel+s1 relative to 8 k9d2 = if  
only physical well-be+ 7 consid]$1 m5   
w\ld c]ta9ly be scatt]$ r ?an br\ght    
toge!r4 ,b ! motive p[] ( consci5ce is  
d]iv$ f ! moral sy/em =m$ ?r\gh ?is     
tw(old relation to himself & to 8       
fell[-m54 ,to "k good is n to love x2   
?is k is n innate 9 man2 b z soon z 8   
reason leads him to p]ceive x1 8        
consci5ce impels him to love x2 x is ?is
 feel+ :i* is innate4  ,s ,i d n ?9k1 my
 "y fri5d1 t x is impossible to expla9 !
 imm$iate =ce ( consci5ce z a result (  

our own nature1 indep5d5t ( reason      
itself4 ,& ev5 %\ld x be impossible1 x  
is unnecess>y2 = ^? :o d5y ?is pr9ciple1
 admitt$ & receiv$ by ev]ybody else 9 ! 
_w1 d n prove t !re is no su* ?+2 !y are
 cont5t to affirm1 & :5 we affirm its   
exi/5ce we h q z good gr\nds z !y1 :ile 
we h moreov] ! witness )9 u1 ! voice (  
consci5ce1 :i* speaks on its own behalf4
 ,if ! fir/ beams ( judgm5t dazzle u &  
confuse ! objects we behold1 let u wait 
till our feeble sight gr[s cle> & /rong1
 & 9 ! light ( reason we %all soon      
behold ^! v objects z nature has already
 %[$ !m to u4  ,or r let u be simpl] &  
less pret5ti\s2 let u be cont5t ) ! fir/
 feel+s we exp]i5ce 9 ourselves1 s9ce   
sci5ce always br+s u back to ^!1 unless 
x has l$ u a/ray4  ,consci5ce6          
,consci5ce6 ,div9e in/9ct1 immortal     
voice f heav52 sure guide = a creature  
ignorant & f9ite inde$1 yet intellig5t &
 free2 infallible judge ( good & evil1  
mak+ man l to ,god6 ,9 !e consi/s !     
excell5ce ( man's nature & ! morality ( 

8 actions2 ap>t f !e1 ,i f9d no?+ 9     
myself to raise me above ! bea/s--no?+ b
 ! sad privilege ( w&]+ f "o error to   
ano!r1 by ! help ( an unbridl$ und]/&+ &
 a reason :i* kn[s no pr9ciple4  ,?ank  
heav5 we h n[ got rid ( all t al>m+ %[ (
 philosophy2 we may be m5 )\t be+       
s*ol>s2 n[ t we ne$ n sp5d our life 9 ! 
/udy ( morality1 we h f\nd a less co/ly 
& sur] guide ?r\gh ?is va/ labyr9? (    
human ?\ght4 ,b x is n en\gh to be aw>e 
t !re is su* a guide2 we mu/ "k h] &    
foll[ h]4 ,if %e speaks to all he>ts1 h[
 is x t s few give he$ to h] voice8 ,%e 
speaks to u 9 ! language ( nature1 &    
ev]y?+ leads u to =get t tongue4        
,consci5ce is timid1 %e loves peace &   
retirem5t2 %e is />tl$ by noise &       
numb]s2 ! prejudices f :i* %e is said to
 arise are h] wor/ enemies4 ,%e flees   
be=e !m or %e is sil5t2 _! noisy voices 
dr[n h] words1 s t %e _c get a he>+2    
fanaticism d>es to c\nt]feit h] voice & 
to inspire crimes 9 h] "n4  ,%e is      
disc\rag$ by ill-treatm5t2 %e no long]  

speaks to u1 no long] answ]s to our     
call2 :5 %e has be5 scorn$ s long1 x is 
z h>d to recall h] z x 0 to bani% h]4   
,h[ (t5 9 ! c\rse ( my inquiries h ,i   
gr[n we>y ( my own coldness ( he>t6 ,h[ 
(t5 h grief & we>9ess p\r$ _! poison    
into my fir/ m$itations & made !m       
hateful to me6 ,my b>r5 he>t yield$ no?+
 b a feeble zeal & a lukew>m love (     
tru?4 ,i said to myself3 ,:y %\ld ,i    
/rive to f9d :at does n exi/8 ,moral    
good is a dream1 ! pleasures ( s5se are 
! only real good4 ,:5 once we h lo/ !   
ta/e = ! pleasures ( ! s\l1 h[ h>d x is 
to recov] x6 ,h[ mu* m difficult to     
acquire x if we h nev] possess$ x6 ,if  
!re 7 any man s wret*$ z nev] to h done 
any?+ all 8 life long :i* he c\ld       
rememb] ) pleasure1 & :i* w\ld make him 
glad to h liv$1 t man w\ld be incapable 
( self-k1 & = want ( k ( goodness1 ( :i*
 8 nature is capable1 he w\ld be        
con/ra9$ to rema9 9 8 wick$ness & w\ld  
be = ev] mis]able4 ,b d y ?9k !re is any
 "o man ^u e>? s deprav$ t he has nev]  

yield$ to ! temptation ( well-do+8  ,?is
 temptation is s natural1 s pleasant1 t 
x is impossible always to resi/ x2 & !  
?\ght ( ! pleasure x has once af=d$ is  
en\gh to recall x con/antly to our      
memory4 ,unluckily x is h>d at fir/ to  
f9d satisfaction = x2 we h any numb] (  
reasons = refus+ to foll[ ! incl9ations 
( our he>t2 prud5ce1 s call$1 re/ricts !
 he>t )9 ! limits ( ! self2 a ?\s& ef=ts
 are ne$$ to break ^! bonds4 ,! joy (   
well-do+ is ! prize ( hav+ done well1 & 
we mu/ des]ve ! prize be=e we w9 x4 ,!re
 is no?+ sweet] ?an virtue2 b we d n "k 
?is till we h tri$ x4 ,l ,proteus 9 !   
fable1 %e fir/ assumes a ?\s& t]rible   
%apes :5 we w\ld embrace h]1 & only %[s 
h] true self to ^? :o refuse to let h]  
g4  ,ev] at /rife betwe5 my natural     
feel+s1 :i* spoke ( ! common weal1 & my 
reason1 :i* spoke ( self1 ,i %\ld h     
drift$ ?r\gh life 9 p]petual unc]ta9ty1 
hat+ evil1 lov+ good1 & always at w> )  
myself1 if my he>t _h n receiv$ fur!r   
light1 if t tru? :i* det]m9$ my op9ions 

_h n also settl$ my conduct1 & set me at
 peace ) myself4 ,reason alone is n a   
suffici5t f\ndation = virtue2 :at solid 
gr\nd c be f\nd8 ,virtue we are told is 
love ( ord]4 ,b c ?is love prevail ov]  
my love = my own well-be+1 & ought x s  
to prevail8 ,let !m give me cle> &      
suffici5t reason = ?is pref]5ce4 ,_!    
s-call$ pr9ciple is 9 tru? a m]e play+ )
 words2 = ,i also say t vice is love (  
ord]1 diff]5tly und]/ood4 ,:]ev] !re is 
feel+ & intellig5ce1 !re is "s sort (   
moral ord]4 ,! diff]5ce is ?is3 ! good  
man ord]s 8 life ) reg>d to all m52 !   
wick$ ord]s x = self alone4 ,! latt]    
c5tres all ?+s r\nd himself2 ! o!r      
measures 8 radius & rema9s on !         
circumf]5ce4 ,?us 8 place dep5ds on !   
common c5tre1 :i* is ,god1 & on all !   
conc5tric circles :i* are ,8 creatures4 
,if !re is no ,god1 ! wick$ is "r & !   
good man is no?+ b a fool4  ,my *ild6   
,may y "o day feel :at a burd5 is remov$
 :51 hav+ fa?om$ ! vanity ( human ?\ghts
 & ta/$ ! bitt]ness ( passion1 y f9d at 

l5g? ne> at h& ! pa? ( wisdom1 ! prize (
 ?is life's lab\rs1 ! s\rce ( t happ9ess
 :i* y despair$ (4 ,e duty ( natural    
law1 :i* man's inju/ice _h almo/ effac$ 
f my he>t1 is engrav5 !re1 = ! second "t
 9 ! "n ( t et]nal ju/ice :i* lays ^!   
duties ^u me & beholds my fulfilm5t (   
!m4 ,i feel myself m]ely ! in/rum5t ( ! 
,omnipot5t1 :o wills :at is good1 :o    
p]=ms x1 :o w br+ ab\t my own good ?r\gh
 ! co-op]ation ( my w ) 8 own1 & by ! "r
 use ( my lib]ty4 ,i acquiesce 9 ! ord] 
he e/abli%es1 c]ta9 t "o day ,i %all    
enjoy t ord] & f9d my happ9ess 9 x2 =   
:at sweet] joy is !re ?an ?is1 to feel  
oneself a "p ( a sy/em :]e all is good8 
,a prey to pa91 ,i be> x 9 pati5ce1     
rememb]+ t x w soon be ov]1 & t x       
results f a body :i* is n m9e4 ,if ,i d 
a good de$ 9 secret1 ,i "k t x is se51 &
 my conduct 9 ?is life is a pl$ge ( !   
life to come4 ,:5 ,i suff] inju/ice1 ,i 
say to myself1 ! ,almighty :o does all  
?+s well w rew>d me3 my bodily ne$s1 my 
pov]ty1 make ! idea ( dea? less         

intol]able4 ,!re w be all ! few] bonds  
to be brok5 :5 my h\r comes4  ,:y is my 
s\l subject$ to my s5ses1 & imprison$ 9 
?is body by :i* x is enslav$ & ?w>t$8 ,i
 "k n2 h ,i ent]$ into ! c\nsels ( !    
,almighty8 ,b ,i may1 )\t ra%ness1      
v5ture on a mode/ conjecture4 ,i say to 
myself3 ,if man's s\l _h rema9$ 9 a /ate
 ( fre$om & innoc5ce1 :at m]it w\ld !re 
h be5 9 lov+ & obey+ ! ord] he f\nd     
e/abli%$1 an ord] :i* x w\ld n h be5 to 
8 advantage to di/urb8 ,he w\ld be      
happy1 no d\bt1 b 8 happ9ess w\ld n     
atta9 to ! highe/ po9t1 ! pride (       
virtue1 & ! witness ( a good consci5ce  
)9 him2 he w\ld be b z ! angels are1 &  
no d\bt ! good man w be m ?an !y4 ,b\nd 
to a mortal body1 by bonds z /range z !y
 are p[]ful1 8 c>e = ! pres]vation ( ?is
 body tempts ! s\l to ?9k only ( self1 &
 gives x an int]e/ oppos$ to ! g5]al    
ord] ( ?+s1 :i* x is /ill capable ( kn[+
 & lov+2 !n x is t ! "r use ( 8 fre$om  
becomes at once ! m]it & ! rew>d2 !n x  
is t x prep>es = itself un5d+ happ9ess1 

by resi/+ its e>?ly passions & foll[+   
its orig9al direction4  ,if ev5 9 ! l[ly
 position 9 :i* we are plac$ dur+ our   
pres5t life our fir/ impulses are always
 good1 if all our vices are ( our own   
mak+1 :y %\ld we compla9 t !y are our   
ma/]s8 ,:y %\ld we blame ! ,creator = ! 
ills we h ourselves creat$1 & ! enemies 
we ourselves h arm$ aga9/ u8 ,oh1 let u 
leave man unspoilt2 he w always f9d x   
easy to be good & he w always be happy  
)\t remorse4 ,! guilty1 :o ass]t t !y   
are driv5 to crime1 are li>s z well z   
evil-do]s2 h[ is x t !y fail to p]ceive 
t ! weakness !y bewail is ( _! own mak+2
 t _! e>lie/ depravity 0 ! result ( _!  
own w2 t by d9t ( wi%+ to yield to      
temptations1 !y at l5g? yield to !m :e!r
 !y w or no & make !m irresi/ible8 ,no  
d\bt !y c no long] avoid be+ weak &     
wick$1 b !y ne$ n h become weak & wick$4
 ,oh1 h[ easy w\ld x be to pres]ve      
control ( ourselves & ( our passions1   
ev5 9 ?is life1 if ) habits /ill un=m$1 
) a m9d beg9n+ to exp&1 we 7 able to    

keep to su* ?+s z we ought to "k1 9 ord]
 to value rightly :at is unkn[n2 if we  
really wi%$ to le>n1 n t we might %9e   
be=e ! eyes ( o!rs1 b t we might be wise
 & good 9 accordance ) our nature1 t we 
might be happy 9 ! p]=mance ( our duty4 
,?is /udy seems t$i\s & pa9ful to u1 =  
we d n attempt x till we are already    
corrupt$ by vice & enslav$ by our       
passions4 ,our judgm5ts & our /&>ds (   
wor? are det]m9$ be=e we h ! k ( good & 
evil2 & !n we measure all ?+s by ?is    
false /&>d1 & give no?+ its true wor?4  
,!re is an age :5 ! he>t is /ill free1 b
 eag]1 unquiet1 gre$y ( a happ9ess :i*  
is /ill unkn[n1 a happ9ess :i* x seeks 9
 curiosity & d\bt2 deceiv$ by ! s5ses x 
settles at l5g? ^u ! empty %[ ( happ9ess
 & ?9ks x has f\nd x :]e x is n4 ,9 my  
own case ^! illusions endur$ = a long   
"t4 ,alas6 too late did ,i become aw>e (
 !m1 & ,i h n succe$$ 9 ov]com+ !m      
altoge!r2 !y w la/ z long z ?is mortal  
body f :i* !y arise4 ,if !y lead me     
a/ray1 ,i am at lea/ no long] deceiv$ by

 !m2 ,i "k !m = :at !y are1 & ev5 :5 ,i 
give way to !m1 ,i despise myself2 f> f 
reg>d+ !m z ! goal ( my happ9ess1 ,i    
behold 9 !m an ob/acle to x4 ,i long = !
 "t :51 fre$ f ! fett]s ( ! body1 ,i    
%all be myself1 at "o ) myself1 no long]
 torn 9 two1 :5 ,i myself %all suffice =
 my own happ9ess4 ,mean:ile ,i am happy 
ev5 9 ?is life1 = ,i make small acc\nt (
 all its evils1 9 :i* ,i reg>d myself z 
hav+ little or no "p1 :ile all ! real   
good t ,i c get out ( ?is life dep5ds on
 myself alone4  ,to raise myself s f> z 
may be ev5 n[ to ?is /ate ( happ9ess1   
/r5g?1 & fre$om1 ,i ex]cise myself 9    
l(ty contemplation4 ,i consid] ! ord] ( 
! univ]se1 n to expla9 x by any futile  
sy/em1 b to rev]e x )\t ceas+1 to adore 
! wise ,au?or :o reveals himself 9 x4 ,i
 hold int]c\rse ) him2 ,i imm]se all my 
p[]s 9 8 div9e ess5ce2 ,i am ov]:elm$ by
 8 k9dness1 ,i bless him & 8 gifts1 b ,i
 d n pray to him4 ,:at %\ld ,i ask (    
him--to *ange ! ord] ( nature1 to "w    
miracles on my behalf8 ,%\ld ,i1 :o am  

b\nd to love above all ?+s ! ord] :i* he
 has e/abli%$ 9 8 wisdom & ma9ta9$ by 8 
provid5ce1 %\ld ,i desire ! di/urbance (
 t ord] on my own acc\nt8 ,no1 t ra%    
pray] w\ld des]ve to be puni%$ r ?an to 
be grant$4 ,nei!r d ,i ask ( him ! p[]  
to d "r2 :y %\ld ,i ask :at he has giv5 
me already8  ,has he n giv5 me consci5ce
 t ,i may love ! "r1 reason t ,i may    
p]ceive x1 & fre$om t ,i may *oose x8   
,if ,i d evil1 ,i h no excuse2 ,i d x ( 
my own free w2 to ask him to *ange my w 
is to ask him to d :at he asks ( me2 x  
is to want him to d ! "w :ile ,i get !  
wages2 to be dissatisfi$ ) my lot is to 
wi% to be no long] a man1 to wi% to be  
o!r ?an :at ,i am1 to wi% = disord] &   
evil4 ,?\ s\rce ( ju/ice & tru?1 m]ciful
 & graci\s ,god1 9 !e d ,i tru/1 & !    
desire ( my he>t is--,?y w be done4 ,:5 
,i unite my w ) ?9e1 ,i d :at ?\ doe/2  
,i h a %>e 9 ?y goodness2 ,i believe t  
,i enjoy be=eh& ! supreme happ9ess :i*  
is ! rew>d ( goodness4  ,9 my well-f\nd$
 self-di/ru/ ! only ?+ t ,i ask ( ,god1 

or r expect f 8 ju/ice1 is to correct my
 error if ,i g a/ray1 if t error is     
dang]\s to me4 ,to be hone/ ,i ne$ n ?9k
 myself infallible2 my op9ions1 :i* seem
 to me true1 may be s _m lies2 = :at man
 is !re :o does n cl+ to 8 own beliefs2 
& h[ _m m5 are agre$ 9 ev]y?+8 ,!       
illusion :i* deceives me may inde$ h its
 s\rce 9 myself1 b x is ,god alone :o c 
remove x4 ,i h done all ,i c to atta9 to
 tru?2 b its s\rce is beyond my rea*2 is
 x my fault if my /r5g? fails me & ,i c 
g no fur!r2 x is = ,tru? to draw ne> to 
me4  ,! good prie/ _h spok5 ) passion2  
he & ,i 7 ov]come ) emotion4 ,x seem$ to
 me z if ,i 7 li/5+ to ! div9e ,orpheus 
:5 he sang ! e>lie/ hymns & taught m5 ! 
wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,i saw any numb] (     
objections :i* might be rais$2 yet ,i   
rais$ none1 = ,i p]ceiv$ t !y 7 m       
p]plex+ ?an s]i\s1 & t my incl9ation    
took 8 "p4 ,:5 he spoke to me accord+ to
 8 consci5ce1 my own seem$ to confirm   
:at he said4  ,! novelty ( ! s5tim5ts y 
h made kn[n to me1 said ,i1 /rikes me   

all ! m because ( :at y confess y d n   
"k1 ?an because ( :at y say y believe4  
,!y seem to be v l t !ism or natural    
religion1 :i* ,*ri/ians pr(ess to       
conf\nd ) a!ism or irreligion :i* is _! 
exact opposite4 ,b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( my 
fai? ,i %\ld h to asc5d r ?an desc5d to 
accept y\r views1 & ,i f9d x difficult  
to rema9 j :]e y are unless ,i 7 z wise 
z y4 ,t ,i may be at lea/ z hone/1 ,i   
want "t to take c\nsel ) myself4 ,by y\r
 own %[+1 ! inn] voice mu/ be my guide1 
& y h y\rself told me t :5 x has long   
be5 sil5c$ x _c be recall$ 9 a mom5t4 ,i
 take :at y h said to he>t1 & ,i mu/    
consid] x4 ,if aft] ,i h ?\ght ?+s out1 
,i am z conv9c$ z y are1 y w be my f9al 
tea*]1 & ,i w be y\r disciple till dea?4
 ,cont9ue y\r tea*+ h[ev]2 y h only told
 me half :at ,i mu/ "k4 ,speak to me (  
revelation1 ( ! ,scriptures1 ( ^?       
difficult doctr9es among :i* ,i h /ray$ 
ev] s9ce ,i 0 a *ild1 incapable ei!r (  
und]/&+ or believ+ !m1 unable to adopt  
or reject !m4  ,yes1 my *ild1 said he1  

embrac+ me1 ,i w tell y all ,i ?9k2 ,i w
 n op5 my he>t to y by halves2 b !      
desire y express 0 necess>y be=e ,i c\ld
 ca/ aside all res]ve4 ,s f> ,i h told y
 no?+ b :at ,i ?\ght w\ld be ( s]vice to
 y1 no?+ b :at ,i 0 q conv9c$ (4 ,!     
inquiry :i* rema9s to be made is v      
difficult4 ,x seems to me full (        
p]plexity1 my/]y1 & d>kness2 ,i br+ to x
 only d\bt & di/ru/4 ,i make up my m9d )
 trembl+1 & ,i tell y my d\bts r ?an my 
convictions4 ,if y\r own op9ions 7 m    
settl$ ,i %\ld hesitate to %[ y m9e2 b 9
 y\r pres5t condition1 to ?9k l me w\ld 
be ga94 ,footnote3 ,i ?9k ! wor?y       
cl]gyman might say ?is at ! pres5t "t to
 ! g5]al public4 ,moreov]1 give to my   
words only ! au?ority ( reason2 ,i "k n 
:e!r ,i am mi/ak54 ,x is difficult 9    
discussion to avoid assum+ sometimes a  
dogmatic tone2 b rememb] 9 ?is respect t
 all my ass]tions are b reasons to d\bt 
me4 ,seek tru? = y\rself1 = my own "p ,i
 only promise y s9c]ity4  ,9 my         
exposition y f9d no?+ b natural         

religion2 /range t we %\ld ne$ m6 ,h[   
%all ,i become aw>e ( ?is ne$8 ,:at     
guilt c be m9e s long z ,i s]ve ,god    
accord+ to ! k he has giv5 to my m9d1 & 
! feel+s he has put into my he>t8 ,:at  
purity ( morals1 :at dogma useful to man
 & wor?y ( its au?or1 c ,i d]ive f a    
positive doctr9e :i* _c be d]iv$ )\t !  
aid ( ?is doctr9e by ! "r use ( my      
faculties8 ,%[ me :at y c add to !      
duties ( ! natural law1 = ! glory (     
,god1 = ! good ( mank9d1 & = my own     
welf>e2 & :at virtue y w get f ! new =m 
( religion :i* does n result f m9e4 ,!  
gr&e/ ideas ( ! ,div9e nature come to u 
f reason only4 ,behold ! spectacle (    
nature2 li/5 to ! inn] voice4 ,has n    
,god spok5 x all to our eyes1 to our    
consci5ce1 to our reason8 ,:at m c man  
tell u8 ,_! revelations d b degrade     
,god1 by inve/+ him ) passions l our    
own4 ,f> f ?r[+ light ^u ! ideas ( !    
,supreme ,be+1 special doctr9es seem to 
me to confuse ^! ideas2 f> f ennobl+ !m1
 !y degrade !m2 to ! inconceivable      

my/]ies :i* surr\nd ! ,almighty1 !y add 
absurd contradictions1 !y make man pr\d1
 intol]ant1 & cruel2 in/ead ( br++ peace
 ^u e>?1 !y br+ fire & sword4 ,i ask    
myself :at is ! use ( x all1 & ,i f9d no
 answ]4 ,i see no?+ b ! crimes ( m5 & ! 
mis]y ( mank9d4  ,!y tell me a          
revelation 0 requir$ to tea* m5 h[ ,god 
w\ld be s]v$2 z a pro( ( ?is !y po9t to 
! _m /range rites :i* m5 h in/itut$1 &  
!y d n p]ceive t ?is v div]sity spr+s f 
! fanciful nature ( ! revelations4 ,z   
soon z ! nations took to mak+ ,god      
speak1 e "o made him speak 9 8 own      
fa%ion1 & made him say :at he himself   
want$4 ,_h !y li/5$ only to :at ,god    
says 9 ! he>t ( man1 !re w\ld h be5 b "o
 religion ^u e>?4  ,"o =m ( wor%ip 0    
requir$2 j s1 b 0 ?is a matt] ( su*     
importance z to require all ! p[] ( !   
,godhead to e/abli% x8 ,d n let u       
confuse ! outw>d =ms ( religion )       
religion itself4 ,! s]vice ,god requires
 is ( ! he>t2 & :5 ! he>t is s9c]e t is 
ev] ! same4 ,x is a /range sort (       

conceit :i* fancies t ,god takes su* an 
int]e/ 9 ! %ape ( ! prie/'s ve/m5ts1 !  
=m ( words he utt]s1 ! ge/ures he makes 
be=e ! alt> & all 8 g5uflections4 ,oh1  
my fri5d1 /& upright1 y w /ill be too   
ne> ! e>?4 ,god desires to be wor%ipp$ 9
 _s & 9 tru?2 ?is duty belongs to e     
religion1 e c\ntry1 e individual4 ,z to 
! =m ( wor%ip1 if ord] dem&s uni=mity1 t
 is only a matt] ( discipl9e & ne$s no  
revelation4  ,^! ?\ghts did n come to me
 to beg9 )4 ,c>ri$ away by ! prejudices 
( my education1 & by t dang]\s vanity   
:i* always /rives to lift man out ( 8   
prop] sph]e1 :5 ,i c\ld n raise my      
feeble ?\ghts up to ! great ,be+1 ,i    
tri$ to br+ him d[n to my own level4 ,i 
tri$ to r$uce ! di/ance he has plac$    
betwe5 8 nature & m9e4 ,i desir$ m      
imm$iate relations1 m individual        
in/ruction2 n cont5t to make ,god 9 !   
image ( man t ,i might be fav\r$ above  
my fell[s1 ,i desir$ sup]natural k2 ,i  
requir$ a special =m ( wor%ip2 ,i want$ 
,god to tell me :at he _h n told o!rs1  

or :at o!rs _h n und]/ood l myself4     
,consid]+ ! po9t ,i _h n[ rea*$ z !     
common c5tre f :i* all believ]s set out 
on ! que/ = a m enlight5$ =m ( religion1
 ,i m]ely f\nd 9 natural religion !     
elem5ts ( all religion4 ,i beheld !     
multitude ( div]se sects :i* hold sway  
^u e>?1 ea* ( :i* accuses ! o!r (       
falsehood & error2 :i* ( ^!1 ,i ask$1 is
 ! "r8 ,e "o repli$1 ',my own2' e "o    
said1 ',i alone & ^? :o agree ) me ?9k  
rightly1 all ! o!rs are mi/ak54' ,& h[ d
 y "k t y\r sect is 9 ! "r8 ,because    
,god said s4 ,& h[ d y "k ,god said s8  
,footnote3 ,all m51 said a wise & good  
prie/1 ma9ta9 t !y hold & believe _!    
religion 7& all use ! same j>gon71 n (  
man1 nor ( any creature1 b ( ,god4 ,b to
 speak truly1 )\t pret5ce or flatt]y1   
none ( !m d s2 :atev] !y may say1       
religions are taught by human h&s &     
means2 take1 = example1 ! way 9 :i*     
religions h be5 receiv$ by ! _w1 ! way 9
 :i* !y are /ill receiv$ e day by       
individuals2 ! nation1 ! c\ntry1 !      

locality gives ! religion2 we belong to 
! religion ( ! place :]e we are born &  
br\ght up2 we are baptis$ or circumcis$1
 we are ,*ri/ians1 ,jews1 ,mohametans   
be=e we "k t we are m52 we d n pick &   
*oose our religion = see h[ ill ! life &
 conduct agree ) ! religion1 see = :at  
slight & human causes m5 g aga9/ ! tea*+
 ( _! religion4--,*>ron1 ,de la         
,sagesse4--,x seems cle> t ! hone/ cre$ 
( ! holy !ologian ( ,condom w\ld n h    
diff]$ greatly f t ( ! ,savoy>d prie/4  
,& :o told y t ,god said x8 ,my pa/or1  
:o kn[s all ab\t x4 ,my pa/or tells me  
:at to believe & ,i believe x2 he       
assures me t any "o :o says any?+ else  
is mi/ak51 & ,i give n he$ to !m4  ,:at6
 ?\ght ,i1 is n tru? "o2 c t :i* is true
 = me be false = y8 ,if ^? :o foll[ ! "r
 pa? & ^? :o g a/ray h ! same me?od1 :at
 m]it or :at blame c be assign$ to "o m 
?an to ! o!r8 ,_! *oice is ! result (   
*ance2 x is unju/ to hold !m responsible
 = x1 to rew>d or puni% !m = be+ born 9 
"o c\ntry or ano!r4 ,to d>e to say t    

,god judges u 9 ?is mann] is an outrage 
on 8 ju/ice4  ,ei!r all religions are   
good & pleas+ to ,god1 or if !re is "o  
:i* he prescribes = m51 if !y w be      
puni%$ = despis+ x1 he w h di/+ui%$ x by
 pla9 & c]ta9 signs by :i* x c be kn[n z
 ! only true religion2 ^! signs are     
alike 9 e "t & place1 equally pla9 to   
all m51 great or small1 le>n$ or        
unle>n$1 ,europeans1 ,indians1          
,africans1 savages4 ,if !re 7 b "o      
religion ^u e>?1 & if all beyond its    
pale 7 condemn$ to et]nal puni%m5t1 & if
 !re 7 9 any corn] ( ! _w "o s+le hone/ 
man :o 0 n conv9c$ by ?is evid5ce1 !    
,god ( t religion w\ld be ! mo/ unju/ & 
cruel ( tyrants4  ,let u !re=e seek     
hone/ly aft] tru?2 let u yield no?+ to !
 claims ( bir?1 to ! au?ority ( p>5ts & 
pa/ors1 b let u summon to ! b> (        
consci5ce & ( reason all t !y h taught u
 f our *ildhood4 ,9 va9 d !y exclaim1   
',submit y\r reason2' a deceiv] might   
say z mu*2 ,i mu/ h reasons = submitt+  
my reason4  ,all ! !ology ,i c get =    

myself by obs]vation ( ! univ]se & by ! 
use ( my faculties is conta9$ 9 :at ,i h
 already told y4 ,to "k m "o mu/ h      
rec\rse to /range means4 ,^! means _c be
 ! au?ority ( m51 = e man is ( ! same   
species z myself1 & all t a man kn[s by 
nature ,i am capable ( kn[+1 & ano!r may
 be deceiv$ z mu* z ,i2 :5 ,i believe   
:at he says1 x is n because he says x b 
because he proves its tru?4 ,! witness (
 man is !re=e no?+ m ?an ! witness ( my 
own reason1 & x adds no?+ to ! natural  
means :i* ,god has giv5 me = ! k ( tru?4
  ,apo/le ( tru?1 :at h y to tell me (  
:i* ,i am n ! sole judge8 ,god himself  
has spok52 give he$ to 8 revelation4 ,t 
is ano!r matt]4 ,god has spok51 ^! are  
inde$ words :i* dem& att5tion4 ,to :om  
has he spok58 ,he has spok5 to m54 ,:y  
!n h ,i he>d no?+8 ,he has in/ruct$ o!rs
 to make kn[n 8 words to y4 ,i und]/&2 x
 is m5 :o come & tell me :at ,god has   
said4 ,i w\ld r h he>d ! words ( ,god   
himself2 x w\ld h be5 z easy = him & ,i 
%\ld h be5 secure f fraud4 ,he protects 

y f fraud by %[+ t 8 envoys come f him4 
,h[ does he %[ ?is8 ,by miracles4 ,:]e  
are ^! miracles8 ,9 ! books4 ,& :o wrote
 ! books8 ,m54 ,& :o saw ! miracles8 ,! 
m5 :o be> witness to !m4 ,:at6 ,no?+ b  
human te/imony6 ,no?+ b m5 :o tell me   
:at o!rs told !m6  ,h[ _m m5 betwe5 ,god
 & me6 ,let u see1 h[ev]1 let u exam9e1 
comp>e1 & v]ify4 ,oh6 if ,god _h b      
deign$ to free me f all ?is lab\r1 ,i   
w\ld h s]v$ him ) all my he>t4          
,consid]1 my fri5d1 ! t]rible controv]sy
 9 :i* ,i am n[ engag$2 :at va/ le>n+ is
 requir$ to g back to ! remote/         
antiquity1 to exam9e1 weigh1 confront   
prophecies1 revelations1 facts1 all !   
monum5ts ( fai? set =? ?r\gh\t ! _w1 to 
assign _! date1 place1 au?or%ip1 &      
occasion4 ,:at exactness ( critical     
judgm5t is ne$$ to di/+ui% g5u9e        
docum5ts f =g]ies1 to comp>e objections 
) _! answ]s1 translations ) _! orig9als2
 to decide z to ! imp>tiality (         
witnesses1 _! common-s5se1 _! k2 to make
 sure t no?+ has be5 omitt$1 no?+ add$1 

no?+ transpos$1 alt]$1 or falsifi$2 to  
po9t out any rema9+ contradictions1 to  
det]m9e :at weight %\ld be giv5 to !    
sil5ce ( our adv]s>ies ) reg>d to !     
*>ges br\ght aga9/ !m2 h[ f> 7 !y aw>e (
 ^? *>ges2 did !y ?9k !m suffici5tly    
s]i\s to require an answ]2 7 books      
suffici5tly well kn[n = our books to    
rea* !m2 h we be5 hone/ en\gh to all[ _!
 books to circulate among ourselves & to
 leave _! /ronge/ objections unalt]$8   
,:5 ! au!nticity ( all ^! docum5ts is   
accept$1 we mu/ n[ pass to ! evid5ce (  
_! au?ors' mission2 we mu/ "k ! laws (  
*ance1 & probability1 to decide :i*     
prophecy _c be fulfill$ )\t a miracle2  
we mu/ "k ! _s ( ! orig9al languages1 to
 di/+ui% betwe5 prophecy & figures (    
spee*2 we mu/ "k :at facts are 9        
accordance ) nature & :at facts are n1 s
 t we may say h[ f> a clev] man may     
deceive ! eyes ( ! simple & may ev5     
a/oni% ! le>n$2 we mu/ discov] :at are !
 *>act]i/ics ( a prodigy & h[ its       
au!nticity may be e/abli%$1 n only s f> 

z to ga9 cr$5ce1 b s t d\bt may be      
des]v+ ( puni%m5t2 we mu/ comp>e !      
evid5ce = true & false miracles1 & f9d  
sure te/s to di/+ui% betwe5 !m2 la/ly we
 mu/ say :y ,god *ose z a witness to 8  
words means :i* !mselves require s mu*  
evid5ce on _! behalf1 z if he 7 play+ ) 
human cr$ulity1 & avoid+ ( set purpose !
 true means ( p]suasion4  ,assum+ t !   
div9e maje/y condesc5ds s f> z to make a
 man ! *annel ( 8 sacr$ w1 is x         
reasonable1 is x fair1 to dem& t ! :ole 
( mank9d %\ld obey ! voice ( ?is m9i/]  
)\t mak+ him kn[n z su*8 ,is x j to give
 him z 8 sole cr$5tials c]ta9 private   
signs1 p]=m$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a few obscure
 p]sons1 signs :i* ev]ybody else c only 
"k by he>say8 ,if "o 7 to believe all ! 
miracles t ! un$ucat$ & cr$ul\s pr(ess  
to h se5 9 e c\ntry ^u e>?1 e sect w\ld 
be 9 ! "r2 !re w\ld be m miracles ?an   
ord9>y ev5ts2 & x w\ld be ! greate/     
miracle if !re 7 no miracles :]ev] !re 7
 p]secut$ fanatics4 ,! un*angeable ord] 
( nature is ! *ief witness to ! wise h& 

t guides x2 if !re 7 _m exceptions1 ,i  
%\ld h>dly "k :at to ?9k2 = my own "p ,i
 h too great a fai? 9 ,god to believe 9 
s _m miracles :i* are s little wor?y (  
him4  ,let a man come & say to u3       
,mortals1 ,i proclaim to y ! w ( ! ,mo/ 
,highe/2 accept my words z ^? ( him :o  
has s5t me2 ,i bid ! sun to *ange 8     
c\rse1 ! />s to range !mselves 9 a fre% 
ord]1 ! high places to become smoo?1 !  
floods to rise up1 ! e>? to *ange h]    
face4 ,by ^! miracles :o w n recognise !
 ma/] ( nature8 ,%e does n obey         
impo/ors1 _! miracles are wr\ght 9 holes
 & corn]s1 9 des]ts1 )9 clos$ doors1 :]e
 !y f9d easy dupes among a small company
 ( spectators already dispos$ to believe
 !m4 ,:o w v5ture to tell me h[ _m      
eye-witnesses are requir$ to make a     
miracle cr$ible6 ,:at use are y\r       
miracles1 p]=m$ if pro( ( y\r doctr9e1  
if !y !mselves require s mu* pro(6 ,y   
might z well h let !m alone4  ,!re /ill 
rema9s ! mo/ important inquiry ( all )  
reg>d to ! doctr9e proclaim$2 = s9ce ^? 

:o tell u ,god works miracles 9 ?is _w1 
pr(ess t ! devil sometimes imitates !m1 
:5 we h f\nd ! be/ atte/$ miracles we h 
got v little fur!r2 & s9ce ! magicians (
 ,ph>aoh d>$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,moses to    
c\nt]feit ! v signs he wr\ght at ,god's 
comm&1 :y %\ld !y n1 beh9d 8 back1 claim
 a l au?ority8 ,s :5 we h prov$ our     
doctr9e by means ( miracles1 we mu/     
prove our miracles by means ( doctr9e1  
,footnote3 ,?is is expressly /at$ 9 _m  
passages ( ,scripture1 among o!rs 9     
,deut]onomy xiii41 :]e x is said t :5 a 
prophet prea*+ /range gods confirms 8   
words by means ( miracles & :at he      
=etells comes to pass1 f> f giv+ he$ to 
him1 ?is prophet mu/ be put to dea?4 ,if
 !n ! hea!n put ! apo/les to dea? :5 !y 
prea*$ a /range god & confirm$ _! words 
by miracles :i* came to pass ,i _c see  
:at gr\nds we h = compla9t :i* !y c\ld n
 at once turn aga9/ u4 ,n[1 :at %\ld be 
done 9 su* a case8 ,!re is only "o      
c\rse2 to return to argum5t & let !     
miracles alone4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] n to

 h _h rec\rse to !m at all4 ,t is pla9  
common-s5se :i* c only be obscur$ by    
great subtlety ( di/9ction4  ,subtleties
 9 ,*ri/ianity6 ,s ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 mi/ak5
 :5 he promis$ ! k+dom ( heav5 to !     
simple1 he 0 mi/ak5 :5 he began 8 f9e/  
disc\rse ) ! praise ( ! poor 9 _s1 if s 
mu* wit is ne$$ to und]/& 8 tea*+ & to  
get o!rs to believe 9 him4 ,:5 y h      
conv9c$ me t submission is my duty1 all 
w be well2 b to conv9ce me ( ?is1 come  
d[n to my level2 adapt y\r argum5ts to a
 l[ly m9d1 or ,i %all n recognise y z a 
true disciple ( y\r ma/]1 & x is n 8    
doctr9e t y are tea*+ me4 = fe> le/ we  
%\ld take ! devil's do+s = ! h&iwork (  
,god4 ,:at ?9k y ( ?is dilemma8  ,?is   
doctr9e1 if x comes f ,god1 %\ld be> !  
sacr$ /amp ( ! godhead2 n only %\ld x   
illum9e ! tr\bl$ ?\ghts :i* reason      
impr9ts on our m9ds1 b x %\ld also (f] u
 a =m ( wor%ip1 a morality1 & rules (   
conduct 9 accordance ) ! attributes by  
means ( :i* we alone conceive ( ,god's  
ess5ce4  ,if !n x tea*es u :at is absurd

 & unreasonable1 if x inspires u )      
feel+s ( av]sion = our fell[s & t]ror = 
ourselves1 if x pa9ts u a ,god1 angry1  
jeal\s1 rev5geful1 p>tial1 hat+ m51 a   
,god ( w> & battles1 ev] ready to /rike 
& to de/roy1 ev] speak+ ( puni%m5t &    
torm5t1 boa/+ ev5 ( ! puni%m5t ( !      
innoc5t1 my he>t w\ld n be drawn t[>ds  
?is t]rible ,god1 ,i w\ld take good c>e 
n to quit ! realm ( natural religion to 
embrace su* a religion z t2 = y see     
pla9ly ,i mu/ *oose betwe5 !m4 ,y\r ,god
 is n ours4 ,he :o beg9s by select+ a   
*os5 p1 & proscrib+ ! re/ ( mank9d1 is n
 our common fa!r2 he :o consigns to     
et]nal puni%m5t ! great] "p ( 8         
creatures1 is n ! m]ciful & graci\s ,god
 reveal$ to me by my reason4  ,reason   
tells me t dogmas %\ld be pla91 cle>1 & 
/rik+ 9 _! simplicity4 ,if !re is some?+
 lack+ 9 natural religion1 x is )       
respect to ! obscurity 9 :i* x leaves ! 
great tru?s x tea*es2 revelation %\ld   
tea* u ^! tru?s 9 a way :i* ! m9d ( man 
c und]/&2 x %\ld br+ !m )9 8 rea*1 make 

him compreh5d !m1 s t he may believe !m4
  ,fai? is confirm$ & /r5g!n$ by        
und]/&+2 ! be/ religion is ( necessity !
 simple/4 ,he :o hides b5ea? my/]ies &  
contradictions ! religion t he prea*es  
to me1 tea*es me at ! same "t to di/ru/ 
t religion4 ,! ,god :om ,i adore is n ! 
,god ( d>kness1 he has n giv5 me und]/&+
 9 ord] to =bid me to use x2 to tell me 
to submit my reason is to insult ! giv] 
( reason4 ,! m9i/] ( tru? does n        
tyrannise ov] my reason1 he enlight5s x4
  ,we h set aside all human au?ority1 & 
)\t x ,i d n see h[ any man c conv9ce   
ano!r by prea*+ a doctr9e contr>y to    
reason4 ,let !m fight x out1 & let u see
 :at !y h to say ) t h>%ness ( spee* :i*
 is common to bo?4  ,,inspiration3      
,reason tells y t ! :ole is great] ?an !
 "p2 b ,i tell y1 9 ,god's "n1 t ! "p is
 great] ?an ! :ole4  ,,reason3 ,& :o are
 y to d>e to tell me t ,god contradicts 
himself8 ,& :i* %all ,i *oose to        
believe4 ,god :o tea*es me1 ?r\gh my    
reason1 ! et]nal tru?1 or y :o1 9 8 "n1 

proclaim an absurdity8  ,,inspiration3  
,believe me1 = my tea*+ is m positive2 &
 ,i w prove to y beyond all mann] ( d\bt
 t he has s5t me4  ,,reason3 ,:at6 y w  
conv9ce me t ,god has s5t y to be>      
witness aga9/ himself8 ,:at sort ( pro(s
 w y adduce to conv9ce me t ,god speaks 
m surely by y\r m\? ?an ?r\gh ! und]/&+ 
he has giv5 me8  ,,inspiration3 ,!      
und]/&+ he has giv5 y6 ,petty1 conceit$ 
creature6 ,z if y 7 ! fir/ impi\s p]son 
:o _h be5 l$ a/ray ?r\gh 8 reason       
corrupt$ by s94  ,,reason3 ,man ( ,god1 
y w\ld n be ! fir/ sc\ndrel :o ass]ts 8 
arrogance z a pro( ( 8 mission4         
,,inspiration3 ,:at6 d ev5 philosoph]s  
call names8  ,,reason3 ,sometimes1 :5 ! 
sa9ts set !m ! example4  ,,inspiration3 
,oh1 b ,i h a "r to d x1 = ,i am speak+ 
on ,god's behalf4  ,,reason3 ,y w\ld d  
well to %[ y\r cr$5tials be=e y make use
 ( y\r privileges4  ,,inspiration3 ,my  
cr$5tials are au!ntic1 e>? & heav5 w be>
 witness on my behalf4 ,foll[ my        
argum5ts c>efully1 if y please4         

,,reason3 ,y\r argum5ts6 ,y =get :at y  
are say+4 ,:5 y tea* me t my reason     
misleads me1 d y n refute :at x might h 
said on y\r behalf8 ,he :o d5ies ! "r ( 
reason1 mu/ conv9ce me )\t rec\rse to h]
 aid4 ,= suppose y h conv9c$ me by      
reason1 h[ am ,i to "k t x is n my      
reason1 corrupt$ by s91 :i* makes me    
accept :at y say8 besides1 :at pro(1 :at
 demon/ration1 c y advance1 m           
self-evid5t ?an ! axiom x is to de/roy8 
,x is m cr$ible t a good syllogism is a 
lie1 ?an t ! "p is great] ?an ! :ole4   
,,inspiration3 ,:at a diff]5ce6 ,!re is 
no answ] to my evid5ce2 x is ( a        
sup]natural k9d4  ,,reason3             
,sup]natural6 ,:at d y mean by ! ^w8 ,i 
d n und]/& x4  ,,inspiration3 ,i mean   
*anges 9 ! ord] ( nature1 prophecies1   
signs1 & wond]s ( e k9d4  ,,reason3     
,signs & wond]s6 ,i h nev] se5 any?+ ( !
 k9d4  ,,inspiration3 ,o!rs h se5 !m =  
y4 ,cl\ds ( witnesses--! witness ( :ole 
nations4444  ,,reason3 ,is ! witness (  
nations sup]natural8  ,,inspiration3    

,no2 b :5 x is unanim\s1 x is           
inconte/able4  ,,reason3 ,!re is no?+ s 
inconte/able z ! pr9ciples ( reason1 &  
"o _c accept an absurdity on human      
evid5ce4 ,once m1 let u see y\r         
sup]natural evid5ce1 = ! cons5t ( mank9d
 is n sup]natural4  ,,inspiration3 ,oh1 
h>d5$ he>t1 grace does n speak to y4    
,,reason3 ,t is n my fault2 = by y\r own
 %[+1 "o mu/ h already receiv$ grace    
be=e "o is able to ask = x4 ,beg9 by    
speak+ to me 9 its /ead4  ,,inspiration3
 ,b t is j :at ,i am do+1 & y w n li/54 
,b :at d y say to prophecy8  ,,reason3  
,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i say ,i h no m he>d a
 prophet ?an ,i h se5 a miracle4 ,9 !   
next1 ,i say t no prophet c\ld claim    
au?ority ov] me4  ,,inspiration3 ,foll[]
 ( ! devil6 ,:y %\ld n ! words ( !      
prophets h au?ority ov] y8  ,,reason3   
,because ?ree ?+s are requir$1 ?ree ?+s 
:i* w nev] happ53 fir/ly1 ,i mu/ h he>d 
! prophecy2 secondly1 ,i mu/ h se5 its  
fulfilm5t2 & ?irdly1 x mu/ be cle>ly    
prov$ t ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy c\ld n 

by any possibility h be5 a m]e          
co9cid5ce2 = ev5 if x 0 z precise1 z    
pla91 & cle> z an axiom ( geometry1 s9ce
 ! cle>ness ( a *ance pr$iction does n  
make its fulfilm5t impossible1 ?is      
fulfilm5t :5 x does take place does n1  
/rictly speak+1 prove :at 0 =etold4     
,see :at y\r s-call$ sup]natural pro(s1 
y\r miracles1 y\r prophecies come to3   
believe all ?is ^u ! ^w ( ano!r4 ,submit
 to ! au?ority ( m5 ! au?ority ( ,god   
:i* speaks to my reason4 ,if ! et]nal   
tru?s :i* my m9d conceives ( c\ld suff] 
any %ock1 !re w\ld be no sort ( c]ta9ty 
= me2 & f> f be+ sure t y speak to me on
 ,god's behalf1 ,i %\ld n ev5 be sure t 
!re is a ,god4  ,my *ild1 "h are        
difficulties en\gh1 b ^! are n all4     
,among s _m religions1 mutually exclud+ 
& proscrib+ ea* o!r1 "o only is true1 if
 inde$ any "o ( !m is true4 ,to         
recognise ! true religion we mu/ inquire
 into1 n "o1 b all2 & 9 any "q :atsoev] 
we h no "r to condemn unhe>d4 ,footnote3
 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,plut>* relates t !      

,/oics ma9ta9$1 among o!r /range        
p>adoxes1 t x 0 no use he>+ bo? sides2  
=1 said !y1 ! fir/ ei!r proves 8 po9t or
 he does n prove x2 if he has prov$ x1  
!re is an end ( x1 & ! o!r %\ld be      
condemn$3 if he has n prov$ x1 he       
himself is 9 ! wrong & judgm5t %\ld be  
giv5 aga9/ him4 ,i consid] ! me?od ( ^? 
:o accept an exclusive revelation v mu* 
l t ( ^! ,/oics4 ,:5 ea* ( !m claims to 
be ! sole gu>dian ( tru?1 we mu/ he> !m 
all be=e we c *oose betwe5 !m )\t       
inju/ice4 ,! objections mu/ be comp>$ ) 
! evid5ce2 we mu/ "k :at accusation ea* 
br+s aga9/ ! o!r1 & :at answ]s !y       
receive4 ,! pla9] any feel+ appe>s to u1
 ! m we mu/ try to discov] :y s _m o!r p
 refuse to accept x4 ,we %\ld be simple1
 inde$1 if we ?\ght x en\gh to he> !    
doctors on our own side1 9 ord] to      
acqua9t ourselves ) ! argum5ts ( ! o!r4 
,:]e c y f9d !ologians :o pride !mselves
 on _! hone/y8 ,:]e are ^? :o1 to refute
 ! argum5ts ( _! oppon5ts1 d n beg9 by  
mak+ out t !y are ( little importance8  

,a man may make a good %[ among 8 own   
fri5ds1 & be v pr\d ( 8 argum5ts1 :o    
w\ld cut a v poor figure ) ^? same      
argum5ts among ^? :o are on ! o!r side4 
,w\ld y f9d out = y\rself f books8 ,:at 
le>n+ y w ne$6 ,:at languages y mu/     
le>n2 :at libr>ies y mu/ ransack2 :at an
 am\nt ( read+ mu/ be got ?r\gh6 ,:o w  
guide me 9 su* a *oice8 ,x w be h>d to  
f9d ! be/ books on ! opposite side 9 any
 "o c\ntry1 & all ! h>d] to f9d ^? on   
all sides2 :5 f\nd !y w\ld be easily    
answ]$4 ,! abs5t are always 9 ! wrong1 &
 bad argum5ts boldly ass]t$ easily      
efface good argum5ts put =w>d ) scorn4  
,besides books are (t5 v mislead+1 &    
sc>cely express ! op9ions ( _! au?ors4  
,if y ?9k y c judge ! ,ca?olic fai? f ! 
writ+s ( ,bossuet1 y w f9d y\rself      
greatly mi/ak5 :5 y h liv$ among u4 ,y w
 see t ! doctr9es ) :i* ,prote/ants are 
answ]$ are q diff]5t f ^? ( ! pulpit4   
,to judge a religion rightly1 y mu/ n   
/udy x 9 ! books ( its p>tisans1 y mu/  
le>n x 9 _! lives2 ?is is q ano!r matt]4

 ,ea* religion has its own traditions1  
mean+1 cu/oms1 prejudices1 :i* =m ! _s (
 its cre$1 & mu/ be tak5 9 connection ) 
x4  ,h[ _m great nations nei!r pr9t     
books ( _! own nor read ours6 ,h[ %all  
!y judge ( our op9ions1 or we ( !irs8   
,we laugh at !m1 !y despise u2 & if our 
travell]s turn !m into ridicule1 !y ne$ 
only travel among u to pay u back 9 our 
own co94 ,are !re n1 9 e c\ntry1 m5 (   
common-s5se1 hone/y1 & good fai?1 lov]s 
( tru?1 :o only seek to "k :at tru? is t
 !y may pr(ess x8 ,yet e "o f9ds tru? 9 
8 own religion1 & ?9ks ! religion ( o!r 
nations absurd2 s all ^! =eign religions
 are n s absurd z !y seem to u1 or else 
! reason we f9d = our own proves no?+4  
,we h ?ree pr9cipal =ms ( religion 9    
,europe4 ,"o accepts "o revelation1     
ano!r two1 & ano!r ?ree4 ,ea* hates !   
o!rs1 %[]s curses on !m1 accuses !m (   
bl9dness1 ob/9acy1 h>dness ( he>t1 &    
falsehood4 ,:at fair-m9d$ man w d>e to  
decide betwe5 !m )\t fir/ c>efully      
weigh+ _! evid5ce1 )\t li/5+ att5tively 

to _! argum5ts8  ,t :i* accepts only "o 
revelation is ! olde/ & seems ! be/     
e/abli%$2 t :i* accepts ?ree is ! newe/ 
& seems ! mo/ consi/5t2 t :i* accepts   
two revelations & rejects ! ?ird may    
p]haps be ! be/1 b prejudice is c]ta9ly 
aga9/ x2 its inconsi/5cy is gl>+4  ,9   
all ?ree revelations ! sacr$ books are  
writt5 9 languages unkn[n to ! p :o     
believe 9 !m4 ,! ,jews no long] und]/&  
,hebrew1 ! ,*ri/ians und]/& nei!r       
,hebrew nor ,greek2 ! ,turks & ,p]sians 
d n und]/& ,arabic1 & ! ,arabs ( our "t 
d n speak ! language ( ,mahomet4 ,is n x
 a v fooli% way ( tea*+1 to tea* p 9 an 
unkn[n tongue8  ,^! books are translat$1
 y say4 ,:at an answ]6 ,h[ am ,i to "k t
 ! translations are correct1 or h[ am ,i
 to make sure t su* a ?+ z a correct    
translation is possible8 ,if ,god has   
gone s f> z to speak to m51 :y %\ld he  
require an int]pret]8  ,i c nev] believe
 t e man is oblig$ to "k :at is conta9$ 
9 books1 & t he :o is out ( rea* ( ^!   
books1 & ( ^? :o und]/& !m1 w be puni%$ 

= an ignorance :i* is no fault ( 84     
,books ^u books6 ,:at madness6 ,z all   
,europe is full ( books1 ,europeans     
reg>d !m z necess>y1 =gett+ t !y are    
unkn[n ?r\gh\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,7
 n all ^! books writt5 by m58 ,:y !n    
%\ld a man ne$ !m to tea* him 8 duty1 & 
h[ did he le>n 8 duty be=e ^! books 7 9 
exi/5ce8 ,ei!r he mu/ h le>nt 8 duties =
 himself1 or 8 ignorance mu/ h be5      
excus$4  ,our ,ca?olics talk l\dly ( !  
au?ority ( ! ,*ur*2 b :at is ! use ( x  
all1 if !y also ne$ j z great an array (
 pro(s to e/abli% t au?ority z ! o!r    
seeks to e/abli% _! doctr9e8 ,! ,*ur*   
decides t ! ,*ur* has a "r to decide4   
,:at a well-f\nd$ au?ority6 ,g beyond x1
 & y are back aga9 9 our discussions4   
,d y "k _m ,*ri/ians :o h tak5 ! tr\ble 
to inquire :at ! ,jews allege aga9/ !m8 
,if any "o kn[s any?+ at all ab\t x1 x  
is f ! writ+s ( ,*ri/ians4 ,:at a way ( 
asc]ta9+ ! argum5ts ( our adv]s>ies6 ,b 
:at is to be done8 ,if any "o d>$ to    
publi% 9 our day books :i* 7 op5ly 9    

fav\r ( ! ,jewi% religion1 we %\ld puni%
 ! au?or1 publi%]1 & booksell]4 ,?is    
regulation is a sure & c]ta9 plan =     
always be+ 9 ! "r4 ,x is easy to refute 
^? :o d>e n v5ture to speak4  ,^? among 
u :o h ! opportunity ( talk+ ) ,jews are
 little bett] (f4 ,^! unhappy p feel t  
!y are 9 our p[]2 ! tyranny !y h suff]$ 
makes !m timid2 !y "k t ,*ri/ian *>ity  
?9ks no?+ ( inju/ice & cruelty2 w !y d>e
 to run ! risk ( an outcry aga9/        
blasphemy8 ,our gre$ inspires u ) zeal1 
& !y are s ri* t !y mu/ be 9 ! wrong4 ,!
 m le>n$1 ! m enlight5$ !y are1 ! m     
cauti\s4 ,y may conv]t "s poor wret* :om
 y h paid to sl&] 8 religion2 y get "s  
wret*$ old-clo!s-man to speak1 & he says
 :at y want2 y may triumph ov] _!       
ignorance & c[>dice1 :ile all ! "t _! m5
 ( le>n+ are laugh+ at y\r /upidity4 ,b 
d y ?9k y w\ld get (f s easily 9 any    
place :]e !y knew !y 7 safe6 ,at !      
,sorbonne x is pla9 t ! ,messianic      
prophecies ref] to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,among 
! rabbis ( ,am/]dam x is j z cle> t !y h

 no?+ to d ) him4 ,i d n ?9k ,i h ev]   
he>d ! argum5ts ( ! ,jews z to :y !y    
%\ld n h a free /ate1 s*ools &          
univ]sities1 :]e !y c speak & argue )\t 
dang]4 ,!n alone c we "k :at !y h to    
say4  ,at ,con/ant9ople ! ,turks /ate _!
 argum5ts1 b we d>e n give ours2 !n x is
 our turn to cr+e4 ,c we blame ! ,turks 
if !y require u to %[ ! same respect =  
,mahomet1 9 :om we d n believe1 z we    
dem& f ! ,jews ) reg>d to ,jesus ,*ri/ 9
 :om !y d n believe8 ,are we "r8 ,on :at
 gr\nds ( ju/ice c we answ] ?is "q8     
,two-?irds ( mank9d are nei!r ,jews1    
,mahometans1 nor ,*ri/ians2 & h[ _m     
millions ( m5 h nev] he>d ! "n ( ,moses1
 ,jesus ,*ri/1 or ,mahomet8 ,!y d5y x2  
!y ma9ta9 t our mission>ies g ev]y:]e4  
,t is easily said4 ,b d !y g into ! he>t
 ( ,africa1 /ill undiscov]$1 :]e z yet  
no ,european has ev] v5tur$8 ,d !y g to 
,ea/]n ,t>t>y to foll[ on horseback !   
w&]+ tribes1 :om no /rang] approa*es1 :o
 n only "k no?+ ( ! pope1 b h sc>cely   
he>d tell ( ! ,gr& ,lama6 ,d !y p5etrate

 into ! va/ cont95ts ( ,am]ica1 :]e !re 
are /ill :ole nations unaw>e t ! p (    
ano!r _w h set foot on _! %ores8 ,d !y g
 to ,japan1 :]e _! intrigues h l$ to _! 
p]petual bani%m5t1 :]e _! pr$ecessors   
are only kn[n to ! ris+ g5]ation z      
skilful plott]s :o came ) feign$ zeal to
 take possession 9 secret ( ! empire8 ,d
 !y rea* ! h>ems ( ! ,asiatic pr9ces to 
prea* ! gospel to ^? ?\s&s ( poor       
slaves8 ,:at h ! wom5 ( ^? c\ntries done
 t no mission>y may prea* ! fai? to !m8 
,w !y all g to hell because ( _!        
seclusion8  ,if x 7 true t ! gospel is  
prea*$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 :at advantage w\ld 
!re be8 ,! day be=e ! fir/ mission>y set
 foot 9 any c\ntry1 no d\bt somebody di$
 :o c\ld n he> him4 ,n[ tell me :at we  
%all d ) him8 ,if !re 7 a s+le s\l 9 !  
:ole _w1 to :om ,jesus ,*ri/ _h nev] be5
 prea*$1 ?is objection w\ld be z /rong =
 t man z = a qu>t] ( ! human race4  ,if 
! m9i/]s ( ! gospel h made !mselves he>d
 among f>-(f nations1 :at h !y told !m  
:i* might reasonably be accept$ on _!   

^w1 )\t fur!r & m exact v]ification8 ,y 
prea* to me ,god1 born & dy+1 two ?\s&  
ye>s ago1 at ! o!r end ( ! _w1 9 "s     
small t[n ,i "k n :]e2 & y tell me t all
 :o h n believ$ ?is my/]y are damn$4    
,^! are /range ?+s to be believ$ s      
quickly on ! au?ority ( an unkn[n p]son4
 ,:y did y\r ,god make ^! ?+s happ5 s f>
 (f1 if he w\ld compel me to "k ab\t !m8
 ,is x a crime to be unaw>e ( :at is    
happ5+ half a _w away8 ,c\ld ,i guess t 
9 ano!r hemisph]e !re 0 a ,hebrew nation
 & a t[n call$ ,j]usalem8 ,y might z    
well expect me to "k :at 0 happ5+ 9 !   
moon4 ,y say y h come to tea* me2 b :y  
did y n come & tea* my fa!r1 or :y d y  
consign t good old man to damnation     
because he knew no?+ ( all ?is8 ,mu/ he 
be puni%$ ev]la/+ly = y\r laz9ess1 he :o
 0 s k9d & helpful1 he :o s\ght only =  
tru?8 ,be hone/2 put y\rself 9 my place2
 see if ,i ought to believe1 on y\r ^w  
alone1 all ^! incr$ible ?+s :i* y h told
 me1 & reconcile all ?is inju/ice ) ! j 
,god y proclaim to me4 ,at lea/ all[ me 

to g & see ?is di/ant l& :]e su* wond]s1
 unhe>d ( 9 my own c\ntry1 took place2  
let me g & see :y ! inhabitants (       
,j]usalem put _! ,god to dea? z a robb]4
 ,y tell me !y did n "k he 0 ,god4 ,:at 
!n %all ,i d1 ,i :o h only he>d ( him f 
y8 ,y say !y h be5 puni%$1 disp]s$1     
oppress$1 enslav$2 t none ( !m d>e      
approa* t t[n4 ,inde$ !y ri*ly des]v$ x2
 b :at d its pres5t inhabitants say ( _!
 crime 9 slay+ _! ,god6 ,!y d5y him2 !y 
too refuse to recognise ,god z ,god4 ,!y
 are no bett] ?an ! *ildr5 ( ! orig9al  
inhabitants4  ,:at6 ,9 ! v t[n :]e ,god 
0 put to dea?1 nei!r ! =m] nor ! latt]  
inhabitants knew him1 & y expect t ,i   
%\ld "k him1 ,i :o 0 born two ?\s& ye>s 
aft] 8 "t1 & two ?\s& leagues away8 ,d y
 n see t be=e ,i c believe ?is book :i* 
y call sacr$1 b :i* ,i d n 9 ! lea/     
und]/&1 ,i mu/ "k f o!rs ?an y\rself :5 
& by :om x 0 writt51 h[ x has be5       
pres]v$1 h[ x came into y\r possession1 
:at !y say ab\t x 9 ^? l&s :]e x is     
reject$1 & :at are _! reasons = reject+ 

x1 ?\gh !y "k z well z y :at y are tell+
 me8 ,y p]ceive ,i mu/ g to ,europe1    
,asia1 ,pale/9e1 to exam9e ^! ?+s =     
myself2 x w\ld be madness to li/5 to y  
be=e t4  ,n only does ?is seem          
reasonable to me1 b ,i ma9ta9 t x is :at
 e wise man ought to say 9 simil>       
circum/ances2 t he ought to bani% to a  
great di/ance ! mission>y :o wants to   
in/ruct & baptise him all ( a sudd5 be=e
 ! evid5ce is v]ifi$4 ,n[ ,i ma9ta9 t   
!re is no revelation aga9/ :i* ^! or    
simil> objections _c be made1 & ) m =ce 
?an aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,h5ce x foll[s t 
if !re is b "o true religion & if e man 
is b\nd to foll[ x "u pa9 ( damnation1  
he mu/ sp5d 8 :ole life 9 /udy+1 te/+1  
comp>+ all ^! religions1 9 travell+     
?r\gh ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y are e/abli%$4 
,no man is free f a man's fir/ duty2 no 
"o has a "r to dep5d on ano!r's judgm5t4
 ,! artisan :o e>ns 8 bread by 8 daily  
toil1 ! pl\ghboy :o _c read1 ! delicate 
& timid maid51 ! invalid :o c sc>cely   
leave 8 b$1 all )\t exception mu/ /udy1 

consid]1 argue1 travel ov] ! :ole _w2   
!re w be no m fix$ & settl$ nations2 !  
:ole e>? w sw>m ) pilgrims on _! way1 at
 great co/ ( "t & tr\ble1 to v]ify1     
comp>e1 & exam9e = !mselves ! v>i\s     
religions to be f\nd4 ,!n f>ewell to !  
trades1 ! arts1 ! sci5ces ( mank9d1     
f>ewell to all peaceful occupations2 !re
 c be no /udy b t ( religion1 ev5 !     
/ronge/1 ! mo/ indu/ri\s1 ! mo/         
intellig5t1 ! olde/1 w h>dly be able 9 8
 la/ ye>s to "k :]e he is2 & x w be a   
wond] if he manages to f9d out :at      
religion he ought to live by1 be=e ! h\r
 ( 8 dea?4  ,h>d press$ by ^! argum5ts1 
"s pref] to make ,god unju/ & to puni% !
 innoc5t = ! s9s ( _! fa!rs1 r ?an to   
r5\nce _! b>b>\s dogmas4 ,o!rs get out (
 ! difficulty by k9dly s5d+ an angel to 
in/ruct all ^? :o 9 inv9cible ignorance 
h liv$ a righte\s life4 ,a good idea1 t 
angel6 ,n cont5t to be ! slaves ( _! own
 inv5tions !y expect ,god to make use ( 
!m also6  ,behold1 my son1 ! absurdities
 to :i* pride & intol]ance br+ u1 :5    

ev]ybody wants o!rs to ?9k z he does1 & 
ev]ybody fancies t he has an exclusive  
claim ^u ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,i call to     
witness ! ,god ( ,peace :om ,i adore1 & 
:om ,i proclaim to y1 t my inquiries 7  
hone/ly made2 b :5 ,i discov]$ t !y 7 & 
always w\ld be unsuccessful1 & t ,i 0   
emb>k$ ^u a b\ndless ocean1 ,i turn$    
back1 & re/rict$ my fai? )9 ! limits (  
my primitive ideas4 ,i c\ld nev] conv9ce
 myself t ,god w\ld require su* le>n+ ( 
me "u pa9 ( hell4 ,s ,i clos$ all my    
books4 ,!re is "o book :i* is op5 to e  
"o--! book ( nature4 ,9 ?is good & great
 volume ,i le>n to s]ve & adore its     
,au?or4 ,!re is no excuse = n read+ ?is 
book1 = x speaks to all 9 a language !y 
c und]/&4 ,suppose ,i _h be5 born 9 a   
des]t isl&1 suppose ,i _h nev] se5 any  
man b myself1 suppose ,i _h nev] he>d   
:at took place 9 old5 days 9 a remote   
corn] ( ! _w2 yet if ,i use my reason1  
if ,i cultivate x1 if ,i employ rightly 
! innate faculties :i* ,god be/[s ^u me1
 ,i %all le>n by myself to "k & love    

him1 to love 8 works1 to w :at he wills1
 & to fulfil all my duties ^u e>?1 t ,i 
may d 8 pleasure4 ,:at m c all human    
le>n+ tea* me8  ,) reg>d to revelation1 
if ,i 7 a m accompli%$ disputant1 or a m
 le>n$ p]son1 p]haps ,i %\ld feel its   
tru?1 its usefulness = ^? :o are happy  
en\gh to p]ceive x2 b if ,i f9d evid5ce 
= x :i* ,i _c combat1 ,i also f9d       
objections aga9/ x :i* ,i _c ov]come4   
,!re are s _m weighty reasons = & aga9/ 
t ,i d n "k :at to decide1 s t ,i nei!r 
accept nor reject x4 ,i only reject all 
obligation to be conv9c$ ( its tru?2 =  
?is s-call$ obligation is incompatible )
 ,god's ju/ice1 & f> f remov+ objections
 9 ?is way x w\ld multiply !m1 & w\ld   
make !m insurm\ntable = ! great] "p (   
mank9d4 ,9 ?is respect ,i ma9ta9 an     
attitude ( rev]5t d\bt4 ,i d n presume  
to ?9k myself infallible2 o!r m5 may h  
be5 able to make up _! m9ds ?\gh ! matt]
 seems d\btful to myself2 ,i am speak+ =
 myself1 n = !m2 ,i nei!r blame !m nor  
foll[ 9 _! /eps2 _! judgm5t may be      

sup]ior to m9e1 b x is no fault ( m9e t 
my judgm5t does n agree ) x4  ,i own    
also t ! hol9ess ( ! gospel speaks to my
 he>t1 & t ?is is an argum5t :i* ,i %\ld
 be sorry to refute4 ,consid] ! books ( 
! philosoph]s ) all _! outw>d %[2 h[    
petty !y are 9 comp>ison6 ,c a book at  
once s gr& & s simple be ! "w ( m58 ,is 
x possible t he ^: hi/ory is conta9$ 9  
?is book is no m ?an man8 ,is ! tone (  
?is book1 ! tone ( ! en?usia/ or !      
ambiti\s sect>y8 ,:at g5tl5ess & purity 
9 8 actions1 :at a t\*+ grace 9 8 tea*+1
 h[ l(ty are 8 say+s1 h[ pr(\ndly wise  
are 8 s]mons1 h[ ready1 h[ discrim9at+1 
& h[ j are 8 answ]s6 ,:at man1 :at sage1
 c live1 suff]1 & die )\t weakness or   
o/5tation8 ,:5 ,plato describes 8       
imag9>y good man1 ov]:elm$ ) ! disgrace 
( crime1 & des]v+ ( all ! rew>ds (      
virtue1 e feature ( ! portrait is t (   
,*ri/2 ! resemblance is s /rik+ t x has 
be5 notic$ by all ! ,fa!rs1 & !re c be  
no d\bt ab\t x4 ,:at prejudices &       
bl9dness mu/ !re be be=e we d>e to      

comp>e ! son ( ,sophronisca ) ! son (   
,m>y4 ,h[ f> ap>t !y are6 ,socrates dies
 a pa9less dea?1 he is n put to op5     
%ame1 & he plays 8 "p easily to ! la/2 &
 if ?is easy dea? _h n done hon\r to 8  
life1 we might h d\bt$ :e!r ,socrates1 )
 all 8 intellect1 0 m ?an a m]e sophi/4 
,he inv5t$ morality1 s !y say2 o!rs be=e
 him _h practis$ x2 he only said :at !y 
_h done1 & made use ( _! example 9 8    
tea*+4 ,ari/ides 0 j be=e ,socrates     
def9$ ju/ice2 ,leonidas di$ = 8 c\ntry  
be=e ,socrates decl>$ t patriotism 0 a  
virtue2 ,sp>ta 0 sob] be=e ,socrates    
extoll$ sobriety2 !re 7 pl5ty ( virtu\s 
m5 9 ,greece be=e he def9$ virtue4 ,b   
among ! m5 ( 8 own "t :]e did ,jesus f9d
 t pure & l(ty morality ( :i* he is bo? 
! tea*] & patt]n8 ,footnote3 ,cf4  9 !  
,s]mon on ! ,m\nt ! p>allel he himself  
draws betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,moses & 8       
own4--,matt4 v4 ,! voice ( l(tie/ wisdom
 arose among ! fi]ce/ fanaticism1 !     
simplicity ( ! mo/ h]oic virtues did    
hon\r to ! mo/ degrad$ ( nations4 ,"o   

c\ld wi% no easi] dea? ?an t (          
,socrates1 calmly discuss+ philosophy ) 
8 fri5ds2 "o c\ld fe> no?+ worse ?an t (
 ,jesus1 dy+ 9 torm5t1 among ! insults1 
! mock]y1 ! curses ( ! :ole nation4 ,9 !
 mid/ ( ^! t]rible suff]+s1 ,jesus prays
 = 8 cruel murd]]s4 ,yes1 if ! life &   
dea? ( ,socrates are ^? ( a philosoph]1 
! life & dea? ( ,*ri/ are ^? ( a ,god4  
,%all we say t ! gospel /ory is ! "w ( !
 imag9ation8 ,my fri5d1 su* ?+s are n   
imag9$2 & ! do+s ( ,socrates1 :i* no "o 
d\bts1 are less well atte/$ ?an ^? (    
,jesus ,*ri/4 ,at be/1 y only put !     
difficulty f y2 x w\ld be /ill m        
incr$ible t sev]al p]sons %\ld h agre$  
toge!r to inv5t su* a book1 ?an t !re 0 
"o man :o suppli$ its subject matt]4 ,! 
tone & morality ( ?is /ory are n ^? (   
any ,jewi% au?ors1 & ! gospel inde$     
conta9s *>act]s s great1 s /rik+1 s     
entirely inimitable1 t _! inv5tion w\ld 
be m a/oni%+ ?an _! h]o4 ,) all ?is !   
same gospel is full ( incr$ible ?+s1 ?+s
 repugnant to reason1 ?+s :i* no natural

 man c und]/& or accept4 ,:at c y d     
among s _m contradictions8  ,y c be     
mode/ & w>y1 my *ild2 respect 9 sil5ce  
:at y c nei!r reject nor und]/&1 &      
humble y\rself 9 ! sight ( ! ,div9e ,be+
 :o alone kn[s ! tru?4  ,?is is !       
unwill+ scepticism 9 :i* ,i re/2 b ?is  
scepticism is 9 no way pa9ful to me1 = x
 does n ext5d to matt]s ( practice1 & ,i
 am well assur$ z to ! pr9ciples und]ly+
 all my duties4 ,i s]ve ,god 9 !        
simplicity ( my he>t2 ,i only seek to "k
 :at affects my conduct4 ,z to ^? dogmas
 :i* h no effect ^u action or morality1 
dogmas ab\t :i* s _m m5 torm5t !mselves1
 ,i give no he$ to !m4 ,i reg>d all     
individual religions z s _m :olesome    
in/itutions :i* prescribe a uni=m me?od 
by :i* ea* c\ntry may d hon\r to ,god 9 
public wor%ip2 in/itutions :i* may ea* h
 its reason 9 ! c\ntry1 ! gov]nm5t1 !   
g5ius ( ! p1 or 9 o!r local causes :i*  
make "o pref]able to ano!r 9 a giv5 "t  
or place4 ,i ?9k !m all good alike1 :5  
,god is s]v$ 9 a fitt+ mann]4 ,true     

wor%ip is ( ! he>t4 ,god rejects no     
homage1 h[ev] (f]$1 provid$ x is s9c]e4 
,call$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur* 9 my own   
religion1 ,i fulfil z scrupul\sly z ,i c
 all ! duties prescrib$ to me1 & my     
consci5ce w\ld reproa* me if ,i 7 kn[+ly
 want+ ) reg>d to any po9t4 ,y are aw>e 
t aft] be+ susp5d$ = a long "t1 ,i h1   
?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,m4 ,mell>$e1 obta9$ 
p]mission to resume my prie/ly duties1 z
 a means ( livelihood4 ,i us$ to say    
,mass ) ! levity t comes f long exp]i5ce
 ev5 ( ! mo/ s]i\s matt]s :5 !y are too 
famili> to u2 ) my new pr9ciples ,i n[  
celebrate x ) m rev]5ce2 ,i dwell ^u !  
maje/y ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 8 pres5ce1 !  
insuffici5cy ( ! human m9d1 :i* s little
 realises :at conc]ns its ,creator4 ,:5 
,i consid] h[ ,i pres5t be=e him !      
pray]s ( all ! p 9 a =m laid d[n = me1  
,i c>ry out ! :ole ritual exactly2 ,i   
give he$ to :at ,i say1 ,i am c>eful n  
to omit ! lea/ ^w1 ! lea/ c]emony2 :5 ! 
mom5t ( ! consecration approa*es1 ,i    
collect my p[]s1 t ,i may d all ?+s z   

requir$ by ! ,*ur* & by ! greatness (   
?is sacram5t2 ,i /rive to annihilate my 
own reason be=e ! ,supreme ,m9d2 ,i say 
to myself1 ,:o art ?\ to measure inf9ite
 p[]8 ,i rev]5tly pron\nce ! sacram5tal 
words1 & ,i give to _! effect all ! fai?
 ,i c be/[4  ,:atev] may be ?is my/]y   
:i* passes und]/&+1 ,i am n afraid t at 
! day ( judgm5t ,i %all be puni%$ = hav+
 pr(an$ x 9 my he>t4  ,hon\r$ ) ! sacr$ 
m9i/ry1 ?\gh 9 its l[e/ ranks1 ,i w nev]
 d or say any?+ :i* may make me unwor?y 
to fulfil ^! sublime duties4 ,i w always
 prea* virtue & exhort m5 to well-do+2 &
 s f> z ,i c ,i w set !m a good example4
 ,x w be my bus9ess to make religion    
attractive2 x w be my bus9ess to /r5g!n 
_! fai? 9 ^? doctr9es :i* are really    
useful1 ^? :i* e man mu/ believe2 b1    
please ,god1 ,i %all nev] tea* !m to    
hate _! neighb\r1 to say to o!r m51 ,y w
 be damn$2 to say1 ,no salvation outside
 ! ,*ur*4 ,footnote3 ,! duty ( foll[+ & 
lov+ ! religion ( our c\ntry does n g s 
f> z to require u to accept doctr9es    

contr>y to good morals1 su* z           
intol]ance4 ,?is horrible doctr9e sets  
m5 9 arms aga9/ _! fell[-m51 & makes !m 
all enemies ( mank9d4 ,! di/9ction      
betwe5 civil tol]ation & !ological      
tol]ation is va9 & *ildi%4 ,^! two k9ds 
( tol]ation are insep>able1 & we _c     
accept "o )\t ! o!r4 ,ev5 ! angels c\ld 
n live at peace ) m5 :om !y reg>d$ z !  
enemies ( ,god4 ,if ,i 7 9 a m          
conspicu\s position1 ?is retic5ce might 
get me into tr\ble2 b ,i am too obscure 
to h mu* to fe>1 & ,i c\ld h>dly s9k l[]
 ?an ,i am4 ,come :at may1 ,i w nev]    
blaspheme ! ju/ice ( ,god1 nor lie aga9/
 ! ,holy ,gho/4  ,i h long desir$ to h a
 p>i% ( my own2 x is /ill my ambition1 b
 ,i no long] hope to atta9 x4 ,my de>   
fri5d1 ,i ?9k !re is no?+ s delightful z
 to be a p>i% prie/4 ,a good cl]gyman is
 a m9i/] ( m]cy1 z a good magi/rate is a
 m9i/] ( ju/ice4 ,a cl]gyman is nev]    
call$ ^u to d evil2 if he _c always d   
good himself1 x is nev] out ( place =   
him to beg = o!rs1 & he (t5 gets :at he 

asks if he kn[s h[ to ga9 respect4 ,oh6 
if ,i %\ld ev] h "s poor m\nta9 p>i% :]e
 ,i might m9i/] to k9dly folk1 ,i %\ld  
be happy inde$2 = x seems to me t ,i    
%\ld make my p>i%ion]s happy4 ,i %\ld n 
br+ !m ri*es1 b ,i %\ld %>e _! pov]ty2  
,i %\ld remove f !m ! scorn & opprobrium
 :i* are h>d] to be> ?an pov]ty4 ,i %\ld
 make !m love peace & equality1 :i* (t5 
remove pov]ty1 & always make x tol]able4
 ,:5 !y saw t ,i 0 9 no way bett] (f ?an
 !mselves1 & t yet ,i 0 cont5t ) my lot1
 !y w\ld le>n to put up ) _! fate & to  
be cont5t l me4 ,9 my s]mons ,i w\ld lay
 m /ress on ! _s ( ! gospel ?an on ! _s 
( ! *ur*2 its tea*+ is simple1 its      
morality sublime2 !re is little 9 x ab\t
 ! practices ( religion1 b mu* ab\t     
works ( *>ity4 ,be=e ,i tea* !m :at !y  
ought to d1 ,i w\ld try to practise x   
myself1 t !y might see t at lea/ ,i ?9k 
:at ,i say4 ,if !re 7 ,prote/ants 9 !   
neighb\rhood or 9 my p>i%1 ,i w\ld make 
no diff]5ce betwe5 !m & my own          
congregation s f> z conc]ns ,*ri/ian    

*>ity2 ,i w\ld get !m to love "o ano!r1 
to consid] !mselves bre?r51 to respect  
all religions1 & ea* to live peaceably 9
 8 own religion4 ,to ask any "o to ab&on
 ! religion 9 :i* he 0 born is1 ,i      
consid]1 to ask him to d wrong1 & !re=e 
to d wrong oneself4 ,:ile we await fur!r
 k1 let u respect public ord]2 9 e      
c\ntry let u respect ! laws1 let u n    
di/urb ! =m ( wor%ip prescrib$ by law2  
let u n lead its citiz5s into           
disob$i5ce2 = we h no c]ta9 k t x is    
good = !m to ab&on _! own op9ions =     
o!rs1 & on ! o!r h& we are q c]ta9 t x  
is a bad ?+ to disobey ! law4  ,my "y   
fri5d1 ,i h n[ repeat$ to y my cre$ z   
,god reads x 9 my he>t2 y are ! fir/ to 
:om ,i h told x2 p]haps y w be ! la/4 ,z
 long z !re is any true fai? left among 
m51 we mu/ n tr\ble quiet s\ls1 nor sc>e
 ! fai? ( ! ignorant ) problems !y _c   
solve1 ) difficulties :i* cause !m      
uneas9ess1 b d n give !m any guidance4  
,b :5 once ev]y?+ is %ak51 ! trunk mu/  
be pres]v$ at ! co/ ( ! bran*es4        

,consci5ces1 re/less1 unc]ta91 & almo/  
qu5*$ l y\rs1 require to be /r5g!n$ &   
ar\s$2 to set ! feet aga9 ^u ! f\ndation
 ( et]nal tru?1 we mu/ remove ! trembl+ 
supports on :i* !y ?9k !y re/4  ,y are  
at t critical age :5 ! m9d is op5 to    
conviction1 :5 ! he>t receives its =m & 
"*1 :5 we decide our own fate = life1   
ei!r = good or evil4 ,at a lat] date1 ! 
mat]ial has h>d5$ & fre% impressions    
leave no trace4 ,"y man1 take ! /amp (  
tru? ^u y\r he>t :i* is n yet h>d5$1 if 
,i 7 m c]ta9 ( myself1 ,i %\ld h adopt$ 
a m decid$ & dogmatic tone2 b ,i am a   
man ignorant & liable to error2 :at c\ld
 ,i d8 ,i h op5$ my he>t fully to y2 &  
,i h told :at ,i myself hold = c]ta9 &  
sure2 ,i h told y my d\bts z d\bts1 my  
op9ions z op9ions2 ,i h giv5 y my       
reasons bo? = fai? & d\bt4 ,x is n[ y\r 
turn to judge2 y h ask$ = "t2 t is a    
wise precaution & x makes me ?9k well ( 
y4 ,beg9 by br++ y\r consci5ce into t   
/ate 9 :i* x desires to see cle>ly2 be  
hone/ ) y\rself4 ,take to y\rself su* ( 

my op9ions z conv9ce y1 reject ! re/4 ,y
 are n yet s deprav$ by vice z to run ! 
risk ( *oos+ amiss4 ,i w\ld (f] to argue
 ) y1 b z soon z m5 dispute !y lose _!  
temp]2 pride & ob/9acy come 91 & !re is 
an end ( hone/y4 ,my fri5d1 nev] argue2 
= by argu+ we ga9 no light = ourselves  
or = o!rs4 ,s f> z ,i myself am conc]n$1
 ,i h only made up my m9d aft] _m ye>s (
 m$itation2 "h ,i re/1 my consci5ce is  
at peace1 my he>t is satisfi$4 ,if ,i   
want$ to beg9 afre% ! exam9ation ( my   
feel+s1 ,i %\ld n br+ to ! task a pur]  
love ( tru?2 & my m9d1 :i* is already   
less active1 w\ld be less able to       
p]ceive ! tru?4 ,"h ,i %all re/1 le/ !  
love ( contemplation1 develop+ /ep by   
/ep into an idle passion1 %\ld make me  
lukew>m 9 ! p]=mance ( my duties1 le/ ,i
 %\ld fall into my =m] scepticism )\t   
/r5g? to /ruggle out ( x4 ,m ?an half my
 life is sp5t2 ,i h b>ely "t to make    
good use ( :at is left1 to blot out my  
faults by my virtues4 ,if ,i am mi/ak51 
x is aga9/ my w4 ,he :o reads my inmo/  

he>t kn[s t ,i h no love = my bl9dness4 
,z my own k is p[]less to free me f ?is 
bl9dness1 my only way out ( x is by a   
good life2 & if ,god f ! v /ones c raise
 up *ildr5 to ,abraham1 e man has a "r  
to hope t he may be taught ! tru?1 if he
 makes himself wor?y ( x4  ,if my       
reflections lead y to ?9k z ,i d1 if y  
%>e my feel+s1 if we h ! same cre$1 ,i  
give y ?is advice3 ,d n cont9ue to      
expose y\r life to ! temptations (      
pov]ty & despair1 nor wa/e x 9          
degradation & at ! m]cy ( /rang]s2 no   
long] eat ! %ameful bread ( *>ity4      
,return to y\r own c\ntry1 g back to !  
religion ( y\r fa!rs1 & foll[ x 9       
s9c]ity ( he>t1 & nev] =sake x2 x is v  
simple & v holy2 ,i ?9k !re is no o!r   
religion ^u e>? ^: morality is pur]1 no 
o!r m satisfy+ to ! reason4 ,d n tr\ble 
ab\t ! co/ ( ! j\rney1 t w be provid$ = 
y4 ,nei!r d y fe> ! false %ame ( a      
humiliat+ return2 we %\ld blu% to commit
 a fault1 n to repair x4 ,y are /ill at 
an age :5 all is =giv51 b :5 we _c g on 

s9n+ ) impunity4 ,if y desire to li/5 to
 y\r consci5ce1 a ?\s& empty objections 
w disappe> at h] voice4 ,y w feel t1 9  
our pres5t /ate ( unc]ta9ty1 x is an    
inexcusable presumption to pr(ess any   
fai? b t we 7 born into1 :ile x is      
trea*]y n to practise hone/ly ! fai? we 
pr(ess4 ,if we g a/ray1 we deprive      
ourselves ( a great excuse be=e !       
tribunal ( ! sov]eign judge4 ,w he n    
p>don ! errors 9 :i* we 7 br\ght up1 r  
?an ^? ( our own *oos+8  ,my son1 keep  
y\r s\l 9 su* a /ate t y always desire t
 !re %\ld be a ,god & y w nev] d\bt x4  
,moreov]1 :atev] decision y come to1    
rememb] t ! real duties ( religion are  
indep5d5t ( human in/itutions2 t a      
righte\s he>t is ! true temple ( !      
,godhead2 t 9 e l&1 9 e sect1 to love   
,god above all ?+s & to love our        
neighb\r z ourself is ! :ole law2       
rememb] !re is no religion :i* absolves 
u f our moral duties2 t ^! alone are    
really ess5tial1 t ! s]vice ( ! he>t is 
! fir/ ( ^! duties1 & t )\t fai? !re is 

no su* ?+ z true virtue4  ,%un ^? :o1 "u
 ! pret5ce ( expla9+ nature1 s[         
de/ructive doctr9es 9 ! he>t ( m51 ^? ^:
 app>5t scepticism is a hundr$fold m    
self-ass]tive & dogmatic ?an ! firm tone
 ( _! oppon5ts4 ,"u ! arrogant claim1 t 
!y alone are enlight5$1 true1 hone/1 !y 
subject u imp]i\sly to _! f>-rea*+      
decisions1 & pr(ess to give u1 z ! true 
pr9ciples ( all ?+s1 ! un9telligible    
sy/ems fram$ by _! imag9ation4 ,moreov]1
 !y ov]?r[1 de/roy1 & trample "u foot   
all t m5 rev]5ce2 !y rob ! afflict$ ( _!
 la/ consolation 9 _! mis]y2 !y deprive 
! ri* & p[]ful ( ! sole bridle ( _!     
passions2 !y te> f ! v dep?s ( man's    
he>t all remorse = crime1 & all hope (  
virtue2 & !y boa/1 moreov]1 t !y are !  
b5efactors ( ! human race4 ,tru?1 !y    
say1 c nev] d a man h>m4 ,i ?9k s too1 &
 to my m9d t is /rong evid5ce t :at !y  
tea* is n true4 ,footnote3 ,! rival     
p>ties attack ea* o!r ) s _m sophi/ries 
t x w\ld be a ra% & ov]:elm+ ent]prise  
to attempt to deal ) all ( !m2 x is     

difficult en\gh to note "s ( !m z !y    
occur4 ,"o ( ! commone/ errors among !  
p>tisans ( philosophy is to contra/ a   
nation ( good philosoph]s ) a nation (  
bad ,*ri/ians2 z if x 7 easi] to make a 
nation ( good philosoph]s ?an a nation (
 good ,*ri/ians4 ,i "k n :e!r 9         
individual cases x is easi] to discov]  
"o r ?an ! o!r2 b ,i am q c]ta9 t1 z f> 
z nations are conc]n$1 we mu/ assume t  
!re w be ^? :o misuse _! philosophy )\t 
religion1 j z our p misuse _! religion  
)\t philosophy1 & t seems to put q a    
diff]5t face ^u ! matt]4--,bayle has    
prov$ v satisfactorily t fanaticism is m
 h>mful ?an a!ism1 & t _c be d5i$2 b :at
 he has n tak5 ! tr\ble to say1 ?\gh x  
is none ! less true1 is ?is3            
,fanaticism1 ?\gh cruel & blood?ir/y1 is
 /ill a great & p[]ful passion1 :i* /irs
 ! he>t ( man1 tea*+ him to despise     
dea?1 & giv+ him an enorm\s motive p[]1 
:i* only ne$s to be guid$ rightly to    
produce ! noble/ virtues2 :ile          
irreligion1 & ! argum5tative philosophic

 _s g5]ally1 on ! o!r h&1 assaults !    
life & enfeebles x1 degrades ! s\l1     
conc5trates all ! passions 9 ! base/    
self-int]e/1 9 ! meanness ( ! human     
self2 ?us x saps unnotic$ ! v f\ndations
 ( all society1 = :at is common to all  
^! private int]e/s is s small t x w nev]
 outweigh _! oppos+ int]e/s4--,if a!ism 
does n lead to blood%$1 x is less f love
 ( peace ?an f indiff]5ce to :at is     
good2 z if x matt]$ little :at happ5$ to
 o!rs1 provid$ ! sage rema9$ undi/urb$ 9
 8 /udy4 ,8 pr9ciples d n kill m51 b !y 
prev5t _! bir?1 by de/roy+ ! morals by  
:i* !y 7 multipli$1 by deta*+ !m f _!   
fell[s1 by r$uc+ all _! affections to a 
secret selfi%ness1 z fatal to population
 z to virtue4 ,! indiff]5ce ( !         
philosoph] is l ! peace 9 a despotic    
/ate2 x is ! repose ( dea?2 w> itself is
 n m de/ructive4--,?us fanaticism ?\gh  
its imm$iate results are m fatal ?an ^? 
( :at is n[ call$ ! philosophic m9d1 is 
mu* less fatal 9 its aft] effects4      
,moreov]1 x is an easy matt] to exhibit 

f9e maxims 9 books2 b ! real "q is--,are
 !y really 9 accordance ) y\r tea*+1 are
 !y ! necess>y consequ5ces ( x8 & ?is   
has n be5 cle>ly prov$ s f>4 ,x rema9s  
to be se5 :e!r philosophy1 safely       
en?ron$1 c\ld control successfully man's
 petty vanity1 8 self-int]e/1 8         
ambition1 all ! less] passions ( mank9d1
 & :e!r x w\ld practise t sweet humanity
 :i* x boa/s (1 p5 9 h&4--,9 !ory1 !re  
is no good :i* philosophy c br+ ab\t :i*
 is n equally secur$ by religion1 :ile  
religion secures mu* t philosophy _c    
secure4--,9 practice1 x is ano!r matt]2 
b /ill we mu/ put x to ! pro(4 ,no man  
foll[s 8 religion 9 all ?+s1 ev5 if 8   
religion is true2 mo/ p h h>dly any     
religion1 & !y d n 9 ! lea/ foll[ :at !y
 h2 t is /ill m true2 b /ill !re are "s 
p :o h a religion & foll[ x1 at lea/ to 
"s ext5t2 & beyond d\bt religi\s motives
 d prev5t !m f wrong-do+1 & w9 f !m     
virtues1 praisewor?y actions1 :i* w\ld n
 h exi/$ b = ^! motives4--,a monk d5ies 
t money 0 entru/$ to him2 :at ( t8 ,x   

only proves t ! man :o entru/$ ! money  
to him 0 a fool4 ,if ,pascal _h done !  
same1 t w\ld h prov$ t ,pascal 0 a      
hypocrite4 ,b a monk6 ,are ^? :o make a 
trade ( religion religi\s p8 ,all !     
crimes committ$ by ! cl]gy1 z by o!r m51
 d n prove t religion is useless1 b t v 
few p are religi\s4--,mo/ c]ta9ly our   
mod]n gov]nm5ts owe to ,*ri/ianity _! m 
/able au?ority1 _! less frequ5t         
revolutions2 x has made ^? gov]nm5ts    
less blood?ir/y2 ?is c be %[n by comp>+ 
!m ) ! gov]nm5ts ( =m] times4 ,ap>t f   
fanaticism1 ! be/ kn[n religion has giv5
 great] g5tl5ess to ,*ri/ian conduct4   
,?is *ange is n ! result ( le>n+2 =     
:]ev] le>n+ has be5 mo/ illu/ri\s       
humanity has be5 no m respect$ on t     
acc\nt2 ! cruelties ( ! ,a!nians1 !     
,egyptians1 ! ,roman emp]ors1 ! ,*9ese  
be> witness to ?is4 ,:at works ( m]cy   
spr+ f ! gospel6 ,h[ _m acts (          
re/itution1 rep>ation1 confession does !
 gospel lead to among ,ca?olics6 ,among 
ourselves1 z ! times ( communion draw   

ne>1 d !y n lead u to reconciliation &  
to alms-giv+8 ,did n ! ,hebrew ,jubilee 
make ! grasp+ less gre$y1 did x n prev5t
 mu* pov]ty8 ,! bro!rhood ( ! ,law made 
! nation "o2 no begg> 0 f\nd among !m4  
,nei!r are !re begg>s among ! ,turks1   
:]e !re are c\ntless pi\s in/itutions2 f
 motives ( religion !y ev5 %[           
hospitality to ! foes ( _! religion4--,!
 ,mahometans say1 accord+ to ,*>d91 t   
aft] ! int]rogation :i* w foll[ ! g5]al 
resurrection1 all bodies w trav]se a    
bridge call$ ,p\l-,s]rho1 :i* is ?r[n   
across ! et]nal fires1 a bridge :i* may 
be call$ ! ?ird & la/ te/ ( ! great     
,judgm5t1 because x is !re t ! good &   
bad w be sep>at$1 etc4--,! ,p]sians1    
cont9ues ,*>d91 make a great po9t ( ?is 
bridge2 & :5 any "o suff]s a wrong :i*  
he c nev] hope to wipe out by any means 
or at any "t1 he f9ds 8 la/ consolation 
9 ^! words3 ',by ! liv+ ,god1 y w pay me
 d\ble at ! la/ day2 y w nev] get across
 ! ,p\l-,s]rho if y d n fir/ d me       
ju/ice2 ,i w hold ! hem ( y\r g>m5t1 ,i 

w cl+ ab\t y\r knees4' ,i h se5 _m em95t
 m51 ( e pr(ession1 :o = fe> le/ ?is hue
 & cry %\ld be rais$ aga9/ !m z !y cross
 t fe>ful bridge1 beg p>don ( ^? :o     
compla9$ aga9/ !m2 x has happ5$ to me   
myself on _m occasions4 ,m5 ( rank1 :o  
_h compell$ me by _! importunity to d   
:at ,i did n wi% to d1 h come to me :5  
!y ?\ght my ang] _h _h "t to cool1 & h  
said to me2 ,i pray y ,halal becon      
ant*isra1 t is1 ,make ?is matt] lawful &
 "r4 ,"s ( !m h ev5 s5t gifts & done me 
s]vice1 s t ,i might =give !m & say ,i  
did x will+ly2 ! cause ( ?is is no?+    
else b ?is belief t !y w n be able to   
get across ! bridge ( hell until !y h   
paid ! utt]mo/ f>?+ to ! oppress$4--,mu/
 ,i ?9k t ! idea ( ?is bridge :]e s _m  
iniquities are made good is ( no avail8 
,if ! ,p]sians 7 depriv$ ( ?is idea1 if 
!y 7 p]suad$ t !re 0 no ,p\l-,s]rho1 nor
 any?+ ( ! k9d1 :]e ! oppress$ 7 av5g$ (
 _! tyrants aft] dea?1 is x n cle> t !y 
w\ld be v mu* at _! ease1 & !y w\ld be  
fre$ f ! c>e ( appeas+ ! wret*$8 ,b x is

 false to say t ?is doctr9e is hurtful2 
yet x w\ld n be true4--,o ,philosoph]1  
y\r moral laws are all v f9e2 b k9dly %[
 me _! sanction4 ,cease to %irk ! "q1 & 
tell me pla9ly :at y w\ld put 9 ! place 
( ,p\l-,s]rho4  ,my good y\?1 be hone/ &
 humble2 le>n h[ to be ignorant1 !n y w 
nev] deceive y\rself or o!rs4 ,if ev]   
y\r tal5ts are s f> cultivat$ z to      
enable y to speak to o!r m51 always     
speak accord+ to y\r consci5ce1 )\t c>+ 
= _! applause4 ,! abuse ( k causes      
incr$ulity4 ,! le>n$ always despise !   
op9ions ( ! cr[d2 ea* ( !m mu/ h 8 own  
op9ion4 ,a haughty philosophy leads to  
a!ism j z bl9d devotion leads to        
fanaticism4 ,avoid ^! extremes2 keep    
/eadfa/ly to ! pa? ( tru?1 or :at seems 
to y tru?1 9 simplicity ( he>t1 & nev]  
let y\rself be turn$ aside by pride or  
weakness4 ,d>e to confess ,god be=e !   
philosoph]s2 d>e to prea* humanity to ! 
intol]ant4 ,x may be y w /& alone1 b y w
 be> )9 y a witness :i* w make ! witness
 ( m5 ( no acc\nt ) y4 ,let !m love or  

hate1 let !m read y\r writ+s or despise 
!m2 no matt]4 ,speak ! tru? & d ! "r2 ! 
"o ?+ t really matt]s is to d "o's duty 
9 ?is _w2 & :5 we =get ourselves we are 
really work+ = ourselves4 ,my *ild1     
self-int]e/ misleads u2 ! hope ( ! j is 
! only sure guide4  ,i h transcrib$ ?is 
docum5t n z a rule = ! s5tim5ts we %\ld 
adopt 9 matt]s ( religion1 b z an       
example ( ! way 9 :i* we may reason )   
our pupil )\t =sak+ ! me?od ,i h tri$ to
 e/abli%4 ,s long z we yield no?+ to    
human au?ority1 nor to ! prejudices (   
our native l&1 ! light ( reason alone1 9
 a /ate ( nature1 c lead u no fur!r ?an 
to natural religion2 & ?is is z f> z ,i 
%\ld g ) ,emile4 ,if he mu/ h any o!r   
religion1 ,i h no "r to be 8 guide2 he  
mu/ *oose = himself4  ,we are work+ 9   
agreem5t ) nature1 & :ile %e is %ap+ !  
physical man1 we are /riv+ to %ape 8    
moral be+1 b we d n make ! same         
progress4 ,! body is already /rong &    
vigor\s1 ! s\l is /ill frail & delicate1
 & :atev] c be done by human art1 ! body

 is always ahead ( ! m9d4 ,hi!rto all   
our c>e has be5 devot$ to re/ra9 ! "o & 
/imulate ! o!r1 s t ! man might be z f> 
z possible at "o ) himself4 ,by develop+
 8 individuality1 we h kept 8 gr[+      
susceptibilities 9 *eck2 we h controll$ 
x by cultivat+ 8 reason4 ,objects (     
?\ght mod]ate ! influ5ce ( objects (    
s5se4 ,by go+ back to ! causes ( ?+s1 we
 h )drawn him f ! sway ( ! s5ses2 x is  
an easy ?+ to raise him f ! /udy (      
nature to ! se>* = ! au?or ( nature4    
,:5 we h rea*$ ?is po9t1 :at a fre% hold
 we h got ov] our pupil2 :at fre% ways (
 speak+ to 8 he>t6 ,!n alone does he f9d
 a real motive = be+ good1 = do+ "r :5  
he is f> f e human eye1 & :5 he is n    
driv5 to x by law4 ,to be j 9 8 own eyes
 & 9 ! sight ( ,god1 to d 8 duty1 ev5 at
 ! co/ ( life itself1 & to be> 9 8 he>t 
virtue1 n only = ! love ( ord] :i* we   
all subord9ate to ! love ( self1 b = !  
love ( ! ,au?or ( 8 be+1 a love :i*     
m+les ) t self-love1 s t he may at l5g? 
enjoy ! la/+ happ9ess :i* ! peace ( a   

good consci5ce & ! contemplation ( t    
supreme be+ promise him 9 ano!r life1   
aft] he has us$ ?is life aright4 ,g     
beyond ?is1 & ,i see no?+ b inju/ice1   
hypocrisy1 & falsehood among m52 private
 int]e/1 :i* 9 competition necess>ily   
prevails ov] ev]y?+ else1 tea*es all ?+s
 to adorn vice ) ! outw>d %[ ( virtue4  
,let all m5 d :at is good = me at ! co/ 
( :at is good = !mselves2 let ev]y?+    
dep5d on me alone2 let ! :ole human race
 p]i%1 if ne$s be1 9 suff]+ & want1 to  
sp>e me a mom5t's pa9 or hung]4 ,yes1 ,i
 %all always ma9ta9 t :oso says 9 8     
he>t1 ,!re is no ,god1 :ile he takes !  
"n ( ,god ^u 8 lips1 is ei!r a li> or a 
madman4  ,read]1 x is all 9 va92 ,i     
p]ceive t y & ,i %all nev] see ,emile ) 
! same eyes2 y w always fancy him l y\r 
own "y p1 ha/y1 impetu\s1 flighty1 w&]+ 
f fete to fete1 f amusem5t to amusem5t1 
nev] able to settle to any?+4 ,y smile  
:5 ,i expect to make a ?9k]1 a          
philosoph]1 a "y !ologian1 ( an ard5t1  
lively1 eag]1 & fi]y "y man1 at ! mo/   

impulsive p]iod ( y\?4 ,?is dream]1 y   
say1 is always 9 pursuit ( 8 fancy2 :5  
he gives u a pupil ( 8 own mak+1 he does
 n m]ely =m him1 he creates him1 he     
makes him up out ( 8 own head2 & :ile he
 ?9ks he is tread+ 9 ! /eps ( nature1 he
 is gett+ fur!r & fur!r f h]4 ,z = me1  
:5 ,i comp>e my pupil ) y\rs1 ,i c      
sc>cely f9d any?+ 9 common betwe5 !m4 ,s
 diff]5tly br\ght up1 x is almo/ a      
miracle if !y are alike 9 any respect4  
,z 8 *ildhood 0 pass$ 9 ! fre$om !y     
assume 9 y\?1 9 8 y\? he beg9s to be> ! 
yoke !y bore z *ildr52 ?is yoke becomes 
hateful to !m1 !y are sick ( x1 & !y see
 9 x no?+ b _! ma/]s' tyranny2 :5 !y    
escape f *ildhood1 !y ?9k !y mu/ %ake (f
 all control1 !y make up = ! prolong$   
re/ra9t impos$ ^u !m1 z a prison]1 fre$ 
f 8 fett]s1 moves & /ret*es & %akes 8   
limbs4 ,footnote3 ,!re is no "o :o looks
 d[n ^u *ildhood ) su* l(ty scorn z ^?  
:o are b>ely gr[n-up2 j z !re is no     
c\ntry :]e rank is m /rictly reg>d$ ?an 
t :]e !re is little real inequality2    

ev]ybody is afraid ( be+ conf\nd$ ) 8   
inf]iors4 ,emile1 h[ev]1 is pr\d to be a
 man1 & to submit to ! yoke ( 8 gr[+    
reason2 8 body1 already well gr[n1 no   
long] ne$s s mu* action1 & beg9s to     
control itself1 :ile 8 half-fl$g$ m9d   
tries its w+s on e occasion4 ,?us ! age 
( reason becomes = ! "o ! age ( lic5ce2 
= ! o!r1 ! age ( reason+4  ,w\ld y "k   
:i* ( ! two is ne>] to ! ord] ( nature6 
,consid] ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^? :o are m 
or less remov$ f a /ate ( nature4       
,obs]ve "y villag]s & see if !y are z   
undiscipl9$ z y\r s*ol>s4 ,! ,sieur de  
,beau says t savages 9 *ildhood are     
always active1 & ev] busy ) sports t    
keep ! body 9 motion2 b sc>cely d !y    
rea* adolesc5ce ?an !y become quiet &   
dreamy2 !y no long] devote !mselves to  
games ( skill or *ance4 ,emile1 :o has  
be5 br\ght up 9 full fre$om l "y        
peasants & savages1 %\ld behave l !m &  
*ange z he gr[s up4 ,! :ole diff]5ce is 
9 ?is1 t in/ead ( m]ely be+ active 9    
sport or = food1 he has1 9 ! c\rse ( 8  

sports1 le>n$ to ?9k4 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is   
/age1 & by ?is road1 he is q ready to   
ent] ^u ! next /age to :i* ,i introduce 
him2 ! subjects ,i sugge/ = 8           
consid]ation r\se 8 curiosity1 because  
!y are f9e 9 !mselves1 because !y are q 
new to him1 & because he is able to     
und]/& !m4 ,y\r "y p1 on ! o!r h&1 are  
we>y & ov]done ) y\r /upid lessons1 y\r 
long s]mons1 & y\r t$i\s cate*isms2 :y  
%\ld !y n refuse to devote _! m9ds to   
:at has made !m sad1 to ! burd5some     
precepts :i* h be5 cont9ually pil$ ^u   
!m1 to ! ?\ght ( ! ,au?or ( _! be+1 :o  
has be5 repres5t$ z ! enemy ( _!        
pleasures8 ,all ?is has only inspir$ 9  
!m av]sion1 disgu/1 & we>9ess2 con/ra9t 
has set !m aga9/ x2 :y !n %\ld !y devote
 !mselves to x :5 !y are beg9n+ to *oose
 = !mselves8 ,!y require novelty1 y mu/ 
n repeat :at !y le>n$ z *ildr54 ,j s )  
my own pupil1 :5 he is a man ,i speak to
 him z a man1 & only tell him :at is new
 to him2 x is j because !y are t$i\s to 
y\r pupils t he w f9d !m to 8 ta/e4     

,?is is h[ ,i d\bly ga9 "t = him by     
ret>d+ nature to ! advantage ( reason4  
,b h ,i inde$ ret>d$ ! progress (       
nature8 ,no1 ,i h only prev5t$ !        
imag9ation f ha/5+ x2 ,i h employ$ ano!r
 sort ( tea*+ to c\nt]balance !         
precoci\s in/ruction :i* ! "y man       
receives f o!r s\rces4 ,:5 he is c>ri$  
away by ! flood ( exi/+ cu/oms & ,i draw
 him 9 ! opposite direction by means (  
o!r cu/oms1 ?is is n to remove him f 8  
place1 b to keep him 9 x4  ,nature's due
 "t comes at l5g?1 z come x mu/4 ,s9ce  
man mu/ die1 he mu/ reproduce himself1 s
 t ! species may endure & ! ord] ( ! _w 
cont9ue4 ,:5 by ! signs ,i h spok5 ( y  
p]ceive t ! critical mom5t is at h&1 at 
once ab&on = ev] y\r =m] tone4 ,he is   
/ill y\r disciple1 b n y\r s*ol>4 ,he is
 a man & y\r fri5d2 h5ce=? y mu/ treat  
him z su*4  ,:at6 ,mu/ ,i abdicate my   
au?ority :5 mo/ ,i ne$ x8 ,mu/ ,i ab&on 
! adult to himself j :5 he lea/ kn[s h[ 
to control himself1 :5 he may fall into 
! grave/ errors6 ,mu/ ,i r5\nce my      

rights :5 x matt]s mo/ t ,i %\ld use !m 
on 8 behalf8 ,:o bids y r5\nce !m2 he is
 only j becom+ consci\s ( !m4 ,hi!rto   
all y h ga9$ has be5 won by =ce or      
guile2 au?ority1 ! law ( duty1 7 unkn[n 
to him1 y _h to con/ra9 or deceive him  
to ga9 8 ob$i5ce4 ,b see :at fre% *a9s y
 h b\nd ab\t 8 he>t4 ,reason1 fri5d%ip1 
affection1 gratitude1 a ?\s& bonds (    
affection1 speak to him 9 a voice he _c 
fail to he>4 ,8 e>s are n yet dull$ by  
vice1 he is /ill s5sitive only to !     
passions ( nature4 ,self-love1 ! fir/ ( 
^!1 deliv]s him into y\r h&s2 habit     
confirms ?is4 ,if a pass+ transport te>s
 him f y1 regret re/ores him to y )\t   
delay2 ! s5tim5t :i* atta*es him to y is
 ! only la/+ s5tim5t1 all ! re/ are     
fleet+ & self-effac+4 ,d n let him      
become corrupt1 & he w always be docile2
 he w n beg9 to rebel till he is already
 p]v]t$4  ,i grant y1 inde$1 t if y     
directly oppose 8 gr[+ desires &        
fooli%ly treat z crimes ! fre% ne$s :i* 
are beg9n+ to make !mselves felt 9 him1 

he w n li/5 to y = long2 b z soon z y   
ab&on my me?od ,i _c be answ]able = !   
consequ5ces4 ,rememb] t y are nature's  
m9i/]2 y w nev] be h] foe4  ,b :at %all 
we decide to d8 ,y see no alt]native b  
ei!r to fav\r 8 incl9ations or to resi/ 
!m2 to tyrannise or to w9k at 8         
misconduct2 & bo? ( ^! may lead to su*  
dang]\s results t "o mu/ inde$ hesitate 
betwe5 !m4  ,! fir/ way out ( !         
difficulty is a v e>ly m>riage2 ?is is  
und\bt$ly ! safe/ & mo/ natural plan4 ,i
 d\bt1 h[ev]1 :e!r x is ! be/ or ! mo/  
useful4 ,i w give my reasons lat]2      
mean:ile ,i admit t "y m5 %\ld m>ry :5  
!y rea* a m>riageable age4 ,b ?is age   
comes too soon2 we h made !m precoci\s2 
m>riage %\ld be po/pon$ to maturity4    
,if x 7 m]ely a case ( li/5+ to _! wi%es
 & foll[+ _! lead x w\ld be an easy     
matt]2 b !re are s _m contradictions    
betwe5 ! rights ( nature & ! laws (     
society t to conciliate !m we mu/       
cont9ually contradict ourselves4 ,mu*   
art is requir$ to prev5t man 9 society f

 be+ altoge!r artificial4  ,= ! reasons 
j /at$1 ,i consid] t by ! means ,i h    
indicat$ & o!rs l !m ! "y man's desires 
may be kept 9 ignorance & 8 s5ses pure  
up to ! age ( tw5ty4 ,?is is s true t   
among ! ,g]mans a "y man :o lo/ 8       
virg9ity be=e t age 0 consid]$ di%on\r$2
 & ! writ]s ju/ly attribute ! vig\r (   
con/itution & ! numb] ( *ildr5 among !  
,g]mans to ! cont95ce ( ^! nations dur+ 
y\?4  ,?is p]iod may be prolong$ /ill   
fur!r1 & a few c5turies ago no?+ 0 m    
common ev5 9 ,france4 ,among o!r        
well-kn[n examples1 ,montaigne's fa!r1 a
 man no less scrupul\sly tru?ful ?an    
/rong & heal?y1 swore t 8 0 a virg9     
m>riage at ?ree & ?irty1 & he _h s]v$ = 
a long "t 9 ! ,italian w>s4 ,we may see 
9 ! writ+s ( 8 son :at /r5g? & _s 7 %[n 
by ! fa!r :5 he 0 ov] sixty4 ,c]ta9ly ! 
contr>y op9ion dep5ds r on our own      
morals & our own prejudices ?an on !    
exp]i5ce ( ! race z a :ole4  ,i may1    
!re=e1 leave on "o side ! exp]i5ce ( our
 "y p2 x proves no?+ = ^? :o h be5      

educat$ 9 ano!r fa%ion4 ,consid]+ t     
nature has fix$ no exact limits :i* _c  
be advanc$ or po/pon$1 ,i ?9k ,i may1   
)\t go+ beyond ! law ( nature1 assume t 
"u my c>e ,emil has s f> rema9$ 9 8 fir/
 innoc5ce1 b ,i see t ?is happy p]iod is
 draw+ to a close4 ,surr\nd$ by         
ev]-increas+ p]ils1 he w escape me at ! 
fir/ opportunity 9 spite ( all my ef=ts1
 & ?is opportunity w n long be delay$2  
he w foll[ ! bl9d in/9ct ( 8 s5ses2 !   
*ances are a ?\s& to "o on 8 ru94 ,i h  
consid]$ ! morals ( mank9d too pr(\ndly 
n to be aw>e ( ! irrevocable influ5ce ( 
?is fir/ mom5t on all ! re/ ( 8 life4   
,if ,i dissimulate & pret5d to see no?+1
 he w take advantage ( my weakness2 if  
he ?9ks he c deceive me1 he w despise   
me1 & ,i become an accomplice 9 8       
de/ruction4 ,if ,i try to recall him1 ! 
"t is pa/1 he no long] he$s me1 he f9ds 
me tiresome1 hateful1 intol]able2 x w n 
be long be=e he is rid ( me4 ,!re is    
!re=e only "o reasonable c\rse op5 to   
me2 ,i mu/ make him acc\ntable = 8 own  

actions1 ,i mu/ at lea/ pres]ve him f   
be+ tak5 unaw>es1 & ,i mu/ %[ him pla9ly
 ! dang]s :i* beset 8 pa?4 ,i h re/ra9$ 
him s f> ?r\gh 8 ignorance2 h5ce=w>d 8  
re/ra9t mu/ be 8 own k4  ,?is new tea*+ 
is ( great importance1 & we w take up   
our /ory :]e we left x4 ,?is is ! "t to 
pres5t my acc\nts1 to %[ him h[ 8 "t &  
m9e h be5 sp5t1 to make kn[n to him :at 
he is & :at ,i am2 :at ,i h done1 & :at 
he has done2 :at we owe to ea* o!r2 all 
8 moral relations1 all ! und]tak+s to   
:i* he is pl$g$1 all ^? to :i* o!rs h   
pl$g$ !mselves 9 respect to him2 ! /age 
he has rea*$ 9 ! developm5t ( 8         
faculties1 ! road t rema9s to be        
travell$1 ! difficulties he w meet1 & ! 
way to ov]come !m2 h[ ,i c /ill help him
 & h[ he mu/ h5ce=w>d help himself2 9 a 
^w1 ! critical "t :i* he has rea*$1 !   
new dang]s r\nd ab\t him1 & all ! valid 
reasons :i* %\ld induce him to keep a   
close wat* ^u himself be=e giv+ he$ to 8
 gr[+ desires4  ,rememb] t to guide a   
gr[n man y mu/ rev]se all t y did to    

guide ! *ild4 ,d n hesitate to speak to 
him ( ^? dang]\s my/]ies :i* y h s      
c>efully conceal$ f him hi!rto4 ,s9ce he
 mu/ become aw>e ( !m1 let him n le>n !m
 f ano!r1 nor f himself1 b f y alone2   
s9ce he mu/ h5ce=? fight aga9/ !m1 let  
him "k 8 enemy1 t he may n be tak5      
unaw>es4  ,"y p :o are f\nd to be aw>e (
 ^! matt]s1 )\t our kn[+ h[ !y obta9$ _!
 k1 h n obta9$ x ) impunity4 ,?is unwise
 tea*+1 :i* c h no hon\rable object1    
/a9s ! imag9ation ( ^? :o receive x if x
 does no?+ worse1 & x incl9es !m to !   
vices ( _! in/ructors4 ,?is is n all2   
s]vants1 by ?is means1 +ratiate !mselves
 ) a *ild1 ga9 8 confid5ce1 make him    
reg>d 8 tutor z a gloomy & tiresome     
p]son2 & "o ( ! fav\rite subjects ( _!  
secret colloquies is to sl&] him4 ,:5 ! 
pupil has got s f>1 ! ma/] may ab&on 8  
task2 he c d no good4  ,b :y does ! *ild
 *oose special confidants8 ,because ( ! 
tyranny ( ^? :o control him4 ,:y %\ld he
 hide himself f !m if he 7 n driv5 to x8
 ,:y %\ld he compla9 if he _h no?+ to   

compla9 (8 ,naturally ^? :o control him 
are 8 fir/ confidants2 y c see f 8      
eag]ness to tell !m :at he ?9ks t he    
feels he has only half ?\ght till he has
 told 8 ?\ghts to !m4 ,y may be sure t  
:5 ! *ild kn[s y w nei!r prea* nor      
scold1 he w always tell y ev]y?+1 & t no
 "o w d>e to tell him any?+ he mu/      
conceal f y1 = !y w "k v well t he w    
tell y ev]y?+4  ,:at makes me mo/       
confid5t 9 my me?od is ?is3 :5 ,i foll[ 
x out z closely z possible1 ,i f9d no   
situation 9 ! life ( my s*ol> :i* does n
 leave me "s pleas+ memory ( him4 ,ev5  
:5 he is c>ri$ away by 8 ard5t temp]am5t
 or :5 he revolts aga9/ ! h& t guides   
him1 :5 he /ruggles & is on ! po9t (    
escap+ f me1 ,i /ill f9d 8 fir/         
simplicity 9 8 agitation & 8 ang]2 8    
he>t z pure z 8 body1 he has no m k (   
pret5ce ?an ( vice2 reproa* & scorn h n 
made a c[>d ( him2 base fe>s h nev]     
taught him ! art ( concealm5t4 ,he has  
all ! indiscretion ( innoc5ce2 he is    
absolutely out-spok52 he does n ev5 "k !

 use ( deceit4  ,e impulse ( 8 he>t is  
betray$ ei!r by ^w or look1 & ,i (t5 "k 
:at he is feel+ be=e he is aw>e ( x     
himself4  ,s long z 8 he>t is ?us freely
 op5$ to me1 s long z he delights to    
tell me :at he feels1 ,i h no?+ to fe>2 
! dang] is n yet at h&2 b if he becomes 
m timid1 m res]v$1 if ,i p]ceive 9 8    
conv]sation ! fir/ signs ( confusion &  
%ame1 8 in/9cts are beg9n+ to develop1  
he is beg9n+ to connect ! idea ( evil ) 
^! in/9cts1 !re is n a mom5t to lose1 & 
if ,i d n ha/5 to in/ruct him1 he w le>n
 9 spite ( me4  ,"s ( my read]s1 ev5 (  
^? :o agree ) me1 w ?9k t x is only a "q
 ( a conv]sation ) ! "y man at any "t4  
,oh1 ?is is n ! way to control ! human  
he>t4 ,:at we say has no mean+ unless ! 
opportunity has be5 c>efully *os54      
,be=e we s[ we mu/ till ! gr\nd2 ! se$ (
 virtue is h>d to gr[2 & a long p]iod ( 
prep>ation is requir$ be=e x w take     
root4 ,"o reason :y s]mons h s little   
effect is t !y are (f]$ to ev]ybody     
alike1 )\t discrim9ation or *oice4  ,h[ 

c any "o imag9e t ! same s]mon c\ld be  
suitable = s _m he>]s1 ) _! diff]5t     
dispositions1 s unlike 9 m9d1 temp]1    
age1 sex1 /ation1 & op9ion4 ,p]haps !re 
are n two among ^? to :om :at is        
address$ to all is really suitable2 &   
all our affections are s transitory t   
p]haps !re are n ev5 two occasions 9 !  
life ( any man :5 ! same spee* w\ld h ! 
same effect on him4 ,judge = y\rself    
:e!r ! "t :5 ! eag] s5ses di/urb !      
und]/&+ & tyrannise ov] ! w1 is ! "t to 
li/5 to ! solemn lessons ( wisdom4      
,!re=e nev] reason ) "y m51 ev5 :5 !y h 
rea*$ ! age ( reason1 unless y h fir/   
prep>$ ! way4 ,mo/ lectures miss _! m>k 
m ?r\gh ! ma/]'s fault ?an ! disciple's4
 ,! p$ant & ! tea*] say mu* ! same2 b ! 
=m] says x at r&om1 & ! latt] only :5 he
 is sure ( its effect4  ,z a            
somnambuli/1 w&]+ 9 8 sleep1 walks along
 ! edge ( a precipice1 ov] :i* he w\ld  
fall if he 7 awake1 s my ,emile1 9 !    
sleep ( ignorance1 escapes ! p]ils :i*  
he does n see2 7 ,i to wake him ) a />t1

 he might fall4 ,let u fir/ try to )draw
 him f ! edge ( ! precipice1 & !n we w  
awake him to %[ him x f a di/ance4      
,read+1 solitude1 idl5ess1 a s(t &      
s$5t>y life1 int]c\rse ) wom5 & "y p1 ^!
 are p]il\s pa?s = a "y man1 & ^! lead  
him con/antly into dang]4 ,i div]t 8    
s5ses by o!r objects ( s5se2 ,i trace   
ano!r c\rse = 8 spirits by :i* ,i       
di/ract !m f ! c\rse !y w\ld h tak52 x  
is by bodily ex]cise & h>d "w t ,i *eck 
! activity ( ! imag9ation1 :i* 0 lead+  
him a/ray4 ,:5 ! arms are h>d at "w1 !  
imag9ation is quiet2 :5 ! body is v     
we>y1 ! passions are n easily inflam$4  
,! quicke/ & easie/ precaution is to    
remove him f imm$iate dang]4 ,at once ,i
 take him away f t[ns1 away f ?+s :i*   
might lead him into temptation4 ,b t is 
n en\gh2 9 :at des]t1 9 :at wilds1 %all 
he escape f ! ?\ghts :i* pursue him8 ,x 
is n en\gh to remove dang]\s objects2 if
 ,i fail to remove ! memory ( !m1 if ,i 
fail to f9d a way to deta* him f ev]y?+1
 if ,i fail to di/ract him f himself1 ,i

 might z well h left him :]e he 04      
,emile has le>n$ a trade1 b we d n h    
rec\rse to x2 he is fond ( f>m+ &       
und]/&s x1 b f>m+ is n en\gh2 !         
occupations he is acqua9t$ ) deg5]ate   
into r\t9e2 :5 he is engag$ 9 !m he is n
 really occupi$2 he is ?9k+ ( o!r ?+s2  
head & h& are at "w on diff]5t subjects4
 ,he mu/ h "s fre% occupation :i* has ! 
int]e/ ( novelty--an occupation :i*     
keeps him busy1 dilig5t1 & h>d at "w1 an
 occupation :i* he may become           
passionately fond (1 "o to :i* he w     
devote himself entirely4 ,n[ ! only "o  
:i* seems to possess all ^! *>act]i/ics 
is ! *ase4 ,if hunt+ is ev] an innoc5t  
pleasure1 if x is ev] wor?y ( a man1 n[ 
is ! "t to betake ourselves to x4 ,emile
 is well-fitt$ to succe$ 9 x4 ,he is    
/rong1 skilful1 pati5t1 unwe>i$4 ,he is 
sure to take a fancy to ?is sport2 he w 
br+ to x all ! ard\r ( y\?2 9 x he w    
lose1 at lea/ = a "t1 ! dang]\s         
incl9ations :i* spr+ f s(tness4 ,! *ase 
h>d5s ! he>t a well z ! body2 we get us$

 to ! sight ( blood & cruelty4 ,diana is
 repres5t$ z ! enemy ( love2 & !        
allegory is true to life2 ! languors (  
love are born ( s(t repose1 & t5d]      
feel+s are /ifl$ by viol5t ex]cise4 ,9 !
 woods & fields1 ! lov] & ! sportsman   
are s div]sely affect$ t !y receive v   
diff]5t impressions4 ,! fre% %ade1 !    
arb\rs1 ! pleasant re/+-places ( ! "o1  
to ! o!r are b fe$+ gr\nds1 or places   
:]e ! qu>ry w hide or turn to bay4 ,:]e 
! lov] he>s ! flute & ! night+ale1 !    
hunt] he>s ! horn & ! h\nds2 "o pictures
 to himself ! nymphs & dryads1 ! o!r    
sees ! horses1 ! huntsman1 & ! pack4    
,take a c\ntry walk ) "o or o!r ( ^! m52
 _! diff]5t conv]sation w soon %[ y t !y
 behold ! e>? ) o!r eyes1 & t !         
direction ( _! ?\ghts is z diff]5t z _! 
fav\rite pursuit4  ,i und]/& h[ ^! ta/es
 may be comb9$1 & t at la/ m5 f9d "t =  
bo?4 ,b ! passions ( y\? _c be divid$ 9 
?is way4 ,give ! y\? a s+le occupation  
:i* he loves1 & ! re/ w soon be =gott54 
,v>i$ desires come ) v>i$ k1 & ! fir/   

pleasures we "k are ! only ones we      
desire = long en\gh4 ,i w\ld n h ! :ole 
( ,emile's y\? sp5t 9 kill+ creatures1 &
 ,i d n ev5 pr(ess to ju/ify ?is cruel  
passion2 x is en\gh = me t x s]ves to   
delay a m dang]\s passion1 s t he may   
li/5 to me calmly :5 ,i speak ( x1 &    
give me "t to describe x )\t /imulat+ x4
  ,!re are mom5ts 9 human life :i* c    
nev] be =gott54 ,su* is ! "t :5 ,emile  
receives ! in/ruction ( :i* ,i h spok52 
its influ5ce %\ld endure all 8 life     
?r\gh4 ,let u try to engrave x on 8     
memory s t x may nev] fade away4 ,x is  
"o ( ! faults ( our age to rely too mu* 
on cold reason1 z if m5 7 all m9d4 ,by  
neglect+ ! language ( expression we h   
lo/ ! mo/ =cible mode ( spee*4 ,! spok5 
^w is always weak1 & we speak to ! he>t 
r ?r\gh ! eyes ?an ! e>s4 ,9 our attempt
 to appeal to reason only1 we h r$uc$   
our precepts to words1 we h n embodi$ !m
 9 de$4 ,m]e reason is n active2        
occasionally %e re/ra9s1 m r>ely %e     
/imulates1 b %e nev] does any great ?+4 

,small m9ds h a mania = reason+4 ,/rong 
s\ls speak a v diff]5t language1 & x is 
by ?is language t m5 are p]suad$ & driv5
 to action4  ,i obs]ve t 9 mod]n times  
m5 only get a hold ov] o!rs by =ce or   
self-int]e/1 :ile ! anci5ts did m by    
p]suasion1 by ! affections ( ! he>t2    
because !y did n neglect ! language2 (  
symbolic expression4 ,all agreem5ts 7   
drawn up solemnly1 s t !y might be m    
inviolable2 be=e ! reign ( =ce1 ! gods 7
 ! judges ( mank9d2 9 _! pres5ce1       
individuals made _! treaties &          
alliances1 & pl$g$ !mselves to p]=m _!  
promises2 ! face ( ! e>? 0 ! book 9 :i* 
! ar*ives 7 pres]v$4 ,! leaves ( ?is    
book 7 rocks1 trees1 piles ( /ones1 made
 sacr$ by ^! transactions1 & reg>d$ )   
rev]5ce by b>b>\s m52 & ^! pages 7      
always op5 be=e _! eyes4 ,! well ( !    
oa?1 ! well ( ! liv+ & see+ "o2 ! anci5t
 oak ( ,mamre1 ! /ones ( witness1 su* 7 
! simple b /ately monum5ts ( ! sanctity 
( contracts2 none d>$ to lay a          
sacrilegi\s h& on ^! monum5ts1 & man's  

fai? 0 m secure "u ! w>rant ( ^! dumb   
witnesses ?an x is to-day ^u all ! rig\r
 ( ! law4  ,9 gov]nm5t ! p 7 ov]-aw$ by 
! pomp & spl5d\r ( royal p[]4 ,! symbols
 ( greatness1 a ?rone1 a sceptre1 a     
purple robe1 a cr[n1 a fillet1 ^! 7     
sacr$ 9 _! sight4 ,^! symbols1 & !      
respect :i* !y inspir$1 l$ !m to rev]5ce
 ! v5]able man :om !y beheld adorn$ )   
!m2 )\t soldi]s & )\t ?reats1 he spoke &
 0 obey$4 ,footnote3 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic 
cl]gy h v wisely reta9$ ^! symbols1 &   
c]ta9 republics1 su* z ,v5ice1 h foll[$ 
_! example4  ,?us ! ,v5etian gov]nm5t1  
despite ! fall5 condition ( ! /ate1 /ill
 enjoys1 "u ! trapp+s ( its =m]         
greatness1 all ! affection1 all !       
rev]5ce ( ! p2 & next to ! pope 9 8     
triple cr[n1 !re is p]haps no k+1 no    
pot5tate1 no p]son 9 ! _w s mu* respect$
 z ! ,doge ( ,v5ice2 he has no p[]1 no  
au?ority1 b he is r5d]$ sacr$ by 8 pomp1
 & he we>s b5ea? 8 ducal coronet a      
woman's fl[+ locks4 ,t c]emony ( !      
,buc5taurius1 :i* /irs ! laught] (      

fools1 /irs ! ,v5etian populace to %$   
its life-blood = ! ma9t5ance ( ?is      
tyrannical gov]nm5t4 ,9 our own day m5  
pr(ess to d away ) ^! symbols4 ,:at are 
! consequ5ces ( ?is contempt8 ,! k+ly   
maje/y makes no impression on all he>ts1
 k+s c only ga9 ob$i5ce by ! help (     
troops1 & ! respect ( _! subjects is    
bas$ only on ! fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,k+s are 
sp>$ ! tr\ble ( we>+ _! cr[ns1 & our    
nobles escape f ! outw>d signs ( _!     
/ation1 b !y mu/ h a hundr$ ?\s& m5 at  
_! comm& if _! ord]s are to be obey$4   
,?\gh ?is may seem a f9] ?+1 x is easy  
to see t 9 ! long run !y w ga9 no?+4  ,x
 is amaz+ :at ! anci5ts accompli%$ ) !  
aid ( eloqu5ce2 b ?is eloqu5ce did n    
m]ely consi/ 9 f9e spee*es c>efully     
prep>$2 & x 0 mo/ effective :5 ! orator 
said lea/4 ,! mo/ />tl+ spee*es 7       
express$ n 9 words b 9 signs2 !y 7 n    
utt]$ b %[n4 ,a ?+ beheld by ! eyes     
k9dles ! imag9ation1 /irs ! curiosity1 &
 keeps ! m9d on ! al]t = :at we are ab\t
 to say1 & (t5 en\gh ! ?+ tells ! :ole  

/ory4 ,?rasybulus & ,t>qu9 cutt+ (f !   
heads ( ! poppies1 ,alex&] plac+ 8 seal 
on ! lips ( 8 fav\rite1 ,diog5es m>*+   
be=e ,z5o1 d n ^! speak m pla9ly ?an if 
!y _h utt]$ long orations8 ,:at fl[ (   
words c\ld h express$ ! ideas z cle>ly8 
,d>ius1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,scy?ian w>1      
receiv$ f ! k+ ( ! ,scy?ians a bird1 a  
frog1 a m\se1 & five arr[s4 ,!          
ambassador deposit$ ?is gift & retir$   
)\t a ^w4 ,9 our days he w\ld h be5 tak5
 = a madman4 ,?is t]rible spee* 0       
und]/ood1 & ,d>ius )drew to 8 own c\ntry
 ) :at spe$ he c\ld4 ,sub/itute a lett] 
= ^! symbols & ! m ?reat5+ x 0 ! less   
t]ror x w\ld inspire2 x w\ld h be5 m]ely
 a piece ( bluff1 to :i* ,d>ius w\ld h  
paid no att5tion4  ,:at he$ ! ,romans   
gave to ! language ( signs6 ,diff]5t    
ages & diff]5t ranks _h _! appropriate  
g>m5ts1 toga1 tunic1 patrician robes1   
fr+es & bord]s1 seats ( hon\r1 lictors1 
rods & axes1 cr[ns ( gold1 cr[ns (      
leaves1 cr[ns ( fl[]s1 ovations1        
triumphs1 ev]y?+ _h its pomp1 its       

obs]vances1 its c]emonial1 & all ^!     
spoke to ! he>t ( ! citiz5s4 ,! /ate    
reg>d$ x z a matt] ( importance t !     
populace %\ld assemble 9 "o place r ?an 
ano!r1 t !y %\ld or %\ld n behold !     
,capitol1 t !y %\ld or %\ld n turn t[>ds
 ! ,s5ate1 t ?is day or t %\ld be *os5 =
 _! delib]ations4 ,! accus$ wore a      
special dress1 s did ! c&idates =       
election2 w>riors did n boa/ ( _!       
exploits1 !y %[$ _! sc>s4 ,i c fancy "o 
( our orators at ! dea? ( ,caes> exhau/+
 all ! commonplaces ( rhetoric to give a
 pa!tic description ( 8 w\nds1 8 blood1 
8 dead body2 ,an?ony 0 an orator1 b he  
said none ( ?is2 he %[$ ! murd]$ ,caes>4
 ,:at rhetoric 0 ?is6  ,b ?is           
digression1 l _m o!rs1 is draw+ me      
unaw>es away f my subject2 & my         
digressions are too frequ5t to be borne 
) pati5ce4 ,i !re=e return to ! po9t4   
,d n reason coldly ) y\?4 ,clo! y\r     
reason ) a body1 if y w\ld make x felt4 
,let ! m9d speak ! language ( ! he>t1 t 
x may be und]/ood4 ,i say aga9 our      

op9ions1 n our actions1 may be influ5c$ 
by cold argum5t2 !y set u ?9k+1 n do+2  
!y %[ u :at we ought to ?9k1 n :at we   
ought to d4 ,if ?is is true ( m51 x is  
all ! tru] ( "y p :o are /ill enwrapp$ 9
 _! s5ses & _c ?9k o!rwise ?an !y       
imag9e4  ,ev5 aft] ! prep>ations ( :i*  
,i h spok51 ,i %all take good c>e n to g
 all ( a sudd5 to ,emile's room & prea* 
a long & heavy s]mon on ! subject 9 :i* 
he is to be in/ruct$4 ,i %all beg9 by   
r\s+ 8 imag9ation2 ,i %all *oose ! "t1  
place1 & surr\nd+s mo/ fav\rable to !   
impression ,i wi% to make2 ,i %all1 s to
 speak1 summon all nature z witness to  
our conv]sations2 ,i %all call ^u !     
et]nal ,god1 ! ,creator ( nature1 to be>
 witness to ! tru? ( :at ,i say4 ,he    
%all judge betwe5 ,emile & myself2 ,i w 
make ! rocks1 ! woods1 ! m\nta9s r\nd   
ab\t u1 ! monum5ts ( 8 promises & m9e2  
eyes1 voice1 & ge/ure %all %[ !         
en?usiasm ,i desire to inspire4 ,!n ,i w
 speak & he w li/51 & 8 emotion w be    
/irr$ by my own4 ,! m impress$ ,i am by 

! sanctity ( my duties1 ! m sacr$ he w  
reg>d 8 own4 ,i w en=ce ! voice ( reason
 ) images & figures1 ,i w n give him    
long-w9d$ spee*es or cold precepts1 b my
 ov]fl[+ feel+s w break _! b\nds2 my    
reason %all be grave & s]i\s1 b my he>t 
_c speak too w>mly4 ,!n :5 ,i h %[n him 
all t ,i h done = him1 ,i w %[ him h[ he
 is made = me2 he w see 9 my t5d]       
affection ! cause ( all my c>e4 ,h[     
greatly %all ,i surprise & di/urb him :5
 ,i *ange my tone4 ,in/ead ( %rivell+ up
 8 s\l by always talk+ ( 8 own int]e/s1 
,i %all h5ce=? speak ( my own2 he w be m
 deeply t\*$ by ?is4 ,i w k9dle 9 8 "y  
he>t all ! s5tim5ts ( affection1        
g5]osity1 & gratitude :i* ,i h already  
call$ into be+1 & x w inde$ be sweet to 
wat* _! gr[?4 ,i w press him to my      
bosom1 & weep ov] him 9 my emotion2 ,i w
 say to him3 ,y are my weal?1 my *ild1  
my h&iwork2 my happ9ess is b\nd up 9    
y\rs2 if y fru/rate my hopes1 y rob me (
 tw5ty ye>s ( my life1 & y br+ my grey  
hairs ) sorr[ to ! grave4 ,?is is ! way 

to ga9 a he>+ & to impress :at is said  
^u ! he>t & memory ( ! "y man4  ,hi!rto 
,i h tri$ to give examples ( ! way 9 :i*
 a tutor %\ld in/ruct 8 pupil 9 cases ( 
difficulty4 ,i h tri$ to d s 9 ?is      
in/ance2 b aft] _m attempts ,i h ab&on$ 
! task1 conv9c$ t ! ,fr5* language is   
too artificial to p]mit 9 pr9t !        
pla9ness ( spee* requir$ = ! fir/       
lessons 9 c]ta9 subjects4  ,!y say ,fr5*
 is m *a/e ?an o!r languages2 = my own  
"p ,i ?9k x m obsc5e2 = x seems to me t 
! purity ( a language does n consi/ 9   
avoid+ co>se expressions b 9 hav+ none4 
,inde$1 if we are to avoid !m1 !y mu/ be
 9 our ?\ghts1 & !re is no language 9   
:i* x is s difficult to speak ) purity  
on e subject ?an ,fr5*4 ,! read] is     
always quick] to detect ?an ! au?or to  
avoid a gross mean+1 & he is %ock$ &    
/>tl$ by ev]y?+4 ,h[ c :at is he>d by   
impure e>s avoid co>s5ess8 ,on ! o!r h&1
 a nation ^: morals are pure has fit    
t]ms = ev]y?+1 & ^! t]ms are always "r  
because !y are rightly us$4 ,"o c\ld n  

imag9e m mode/ language ?an t ( !       
,bible1 j because ( its pla9ness (      
spee*4 ,! same ?+s translat$ into ,fr5* 
w\ld become immode/4 ,:at ,i ought to   
say to ,emile w s\nd pure & hon\rable to
 him2 b to make ! same impression 9 pr9t
 w\ld dem& a l purity ( he>t 9 ! read]4 
,i %\ld ev5 ?9k t reflections on true   
purity ( spee* & ! %am delicacy ( vice  
might f9d a useful place 9 !            
conv]sations z to morality to :i* ?is   
subject br+s u2 = :5 he le>ns ! language
 ( pla9-spok5 goodness1 he mu/ also le>n
 ! language ( dec5cy1 & he mu/ "k :y !  
two are s diff]5t4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i
 ma9ta9 t if in/ead ( ! empty precepts  
:i* are prematurely d9n$ into ! e>s (   
*ildr51 only to be sc(f$ at :5 ! "t     
comes :5 !y might prove useful1 if      
in/ead ( ?is we bide our "t1 if we      
prep>e ! way = a he>+1 if we !n %[ him !
 laws ( nature 9 all _! tru?1 if we %[  
him ! sanction ( ^! laws 9 ! physical & 
moral evils :i* ov]take ^? :o neglect   
!m1 if :ile we speak to him ( ?is great 

my/]y ( g5]ation1 we jo9 to ! idea ( !  
pleasure :i* ! ,au?or ( nature has giv5 
to ?is act ! idea ( ! exclusive         
affection :i* makes x delightful1 ! idea
 ( ! duties ( fai?fulness & mode/y :i*  
surr\nd x1 & r$\ble its *>m :ile        
fulfill+ its purpose2 if we pa9t to him 
m>riage1 n only z ! sweete/ =m (        
society1 b also z ! mo/ sacr$ &         
inviolable ( contracts1 if we tell him  
pla9ly all ! reasons :i* lead m5 to     
respect ?is sacr$ bond1 & to p\r hatr$ &
 curses ^u him :o d>es to di%on\r x2 if 
we give him a true & t]rible picture ( !
 horrors ( debau*1 ( its /upid          
brutality1 ( ! d[nw>d road by :i* a fir/
 act ( misconduct leads f bad to worse1 
& at la/ drags ! s9n] to 8 ru92 if1 ,i  
say1 we give him pro(s t on a desire =  
*a/ity dep5ds heal?1 /r5g?1 c\rage1     
virtue1 love itself1 & all t is truly   
good = man--,i ma9ta9 t ?is *a/ity w be 
s de> & s desirable 9 8 eyes1 t 8 m9d w 
be ready to receive our tea*+ z to ! way
 to pres]ve x2 = s long z we are *a/e we

 respect *a/ity2 x is only :5 we h lo/  
?is virtue t we scorn x4  ,x is n true t
 ! incl9ation to evil is beyond our     
control1 & t we _c ov]come x until we h 
acquir$ ! habit ( yield+ to x4 ,aurelius
 ,victor says t _m m5 7 mad en\gh to    
pur*ase a night ) ,cleopatra at ! price 
( _! life1 & ?is is n incr$ible 9 !     
madness ( passion4 ,b let u suppose !   
madde/ ( m51 ! man :o has 8 s5ses lea/  
"u control2 let him see ! prep>ations = 
8 dea?1 let him realise t he w c]ta9ly  
die 9 torm5t a qu>t] ( an h\r lat]2 n   
only w\ld t man1 f t "t =w>d1 become    
able to resi/ temptation1 he w\ld ev5   
f9d x easy to d s2 ! t]rible picture )  
:i* !y are associat$ w soon di/ract 8   
att5tion f ^! temptations1 & :5 !y are  
cont9ually put aside !y w cease to      
recur4 ,! sole cause ( our weakness is !
 feebl5ess ( our w1 & we h always /r5g? 
to p]=m :at we /rongly desire4 ,vol5ti  
nihil difficile6 ,oh6 if only we hat$   
vice z mu* z we love life1 we %\ld ab/a9
 z easily f a pleasant s9 z f a deadly  

poison 9 a delici\s di%4  ,h[ is x t y  
fail to p]ceive t if all ! lessons giv5 
to a "y man on ?is subject h no effect1 
x is because !y are n adapt$ to 8 age1 &
 t at e age reason mu/ be pres5t$ 9 a   
%ape :i* w w9 8 affection8 ,speak       
s]i\sly to him if requir$1 b let :at y  
say to him always h a *>m :i* w compel  
him to li/54 ,d n coldly oppose 8 wi%es2
 d n /ifle 8 imag9ation1 b direct x le/ 
x %\ld br+ =? mon/]s4 ,speak to him (   
love1 ( wom51 ( pleasure2 let him f9d 9 
y\r conv]sation a *>m :i* delights 8    
y\?ful he>t2 sp>e no pa9s to make       
y\rself 8 confidant2 "u ?is "n alone w y
 really be 8 ma/]4 ,!n y ne$ n fe> he w 
f9d y\r conv]sation t$i\s2 he w make y  
talk m ?an y desire4  ,if ,i h manag$ to
 take all ! requisite precautions 9     
accordance ) ^! maxims1 & h said ! "r   
?+s to ,emile at ! age he has n[ rea*$1 
,i am q conv9c$ t he w come ( 8 own     
accord to ! po9t to :i* ,i w\ld lead    
him1 & w eag]ly confide himself to my   
c>e4 ,:5 he sees ! dang]s by :i* he is  

surr\nd$1 he w say to me ) all ! w>m? ( 
y\?1 ,oh1 my fri5d1 my protector1 my    
ma/]6 resume ! au?ority y desire to lay 
aside at ! v "t :5 ,i mo/ ne$ x2 hi!rto 
my weakness has giv5 y ?is p[]4 ,i n[   
place x 9 y\r h&s ( my own free-w1 & x w
 be all ! m sacr$ 9 my eyes4 ,protect me
 f all ! foes :i* are attack+ me1 &     
above all f ! traitors )9 ! citadel2    
wat* ov] y\r "w1 t x may /ill be wor?y (
 y4 ,i mean to obey y\r laws1 ,i %all   
ev] d s1 t is my /eadfa/ purpose2 if ,i 
ev] disobey y1 x w be aga9/ my w2 make  
me free by gu>d+ me aga9/ ! passions :i*
 d me viol5ce2 d n let me become _!     
slave2 compel me to be my own ma/] & to 
obey1 n my s5ses1 b my reason4  ,:5 y h 
l$ y\r pupil s f> 7& x w be y\r own     
fault if y fail to d s71 bew>e ( tak+   
him too readily at 8 ^w1 le/ y\r rule   
%\ld seem too /rict to him1 & le/ he    
%\ld ?9k he has a "r to escape f x1 by  
accus+ y ( tak+ him by surprise4 ,?is is
 ! "t = res]ve & s]i\sness2 & ?is       
attitude w h all ! m effect ^u him see+ 

t x is ! fir/ "t y h adopt$ x t[>ds him4
  ,y w say to him !re=e3 ,"y man1 y     
readily make promises :i* are h>d to    
keep2 y mu/ und]/& :at !y mean be=e y h 
a "r to make !m2 y d n "k h[ y\r fell[s 
are drawn by _! passions into ! :irlpool
 ( vice masqu]ad+ z pleasure4 ,y are    
hon\rable1 ,i "k2 y w nev] break y\r ^w1
 b h[ (t5 w y rep5t ( hav+ giv5 x8 ,h[  
(t5 w y curse y\r fri5d1 :51 9 ord] to  
gu>d y f ! ills :i* ?reat5 y1 he f9ds   
himself compell$ to d viol5ce to y\r    
he>t4 ,l ,ulysses :o1 he>+ ! song ( !   
,sir5s1 cri$ al\d to 8 r[]s to unb9d    
him1 y w break y\r *a9s at ! call (     
pleasure2 y w importune me ) y\r        
lam5tations1 y w reproa* me z a tyrant  
:5 ,i h y\r welf>e mo/ at he>t2 :5 ,i am
 try+ to make y happy1 ,i %all incur y\r
 hatr$4 ,oh1 ,emile1 ,i c nev] be> to be
 hateful 9 y\r eyes2 ?is is too heavy a 
price to pay ev5 = y\r happ9ess4 ,my de>
 "y man1 d y n see t :5 y und]take to   
obey me1 y compel me to promise to be   
y\r guide1 to =get myself 9 my devotion 

to y1 to refuse to li/5 to y\r murmurs &
 compla9ts1 to wage unceas+ w> aga9/ y\r
 wi%es & my own4 ,be=e we ei!r ( u      
und]take su* a task1 let u c\nt our     
res\rces2 take y\r "t1 give me "t to    
consid]1 & be sure t ! sl[] we are to   
promise1 ! m fai?fully w our promises be
 kept4  ,y may be sure t ! m difficulty 
he f9ds 9 gett+ y\r promise1 ! easi] y w
 f9d x to c>ry x out4 ,! "y man mu/ le>n
 t he is promis+ a great deal1 & t y are
 promis+ /ill m4 ,:5 ! "t is come1 :5 he
 has1 s to say1 sign$ ! contract1 !n    
*ange y\r tone1 & make y\r rule z g5tle 
z y said x w\ld be sev]e4 ,say to him1  
,my "y fri5d1 x is exp]i5ce t y lack2 b 
,i h tak5 c>e t y d n lack reason4 ,y   
are ready to see ! motives ( my conduct 
9 e respect2 to d ?is y ne$ only wait   
till y are free f excitem5t4 ,always    
obey me fir/1 & !n ask ! reasons = my   
comm&s2 ,i am always ready to give my   
reasons s soon z y are ready to li/5 to 
!m1 & ,i %all nev] be afraid to make y !
 judge betwe5 u4 ,y promise to foll[ my 

tea*+1 & ,i promise only to use y\r     
ob$i5ce to make y ! happie/ ( m54 ,=    
pro( ( ?is ,i h ! life y h liv$ hi!rto4 
,%[ me any "o ( y\r age :o has l$ z     
happy a life z y\rs1 & ,i promise y no?+
 m4  ,:5 my au?ority is firmly e/abli%$1
 my fir/ c>e w be to avoid ! necessity (
 us+ x4 ,i %all sp>e no pa9s to become m
 & m firmly e/abli%$ 9 8 confid5ce1 to  
make myself ! confidant ( 8 he>t & !    
arbit] ( 8 pleasures4 ,f> f combat+ 8   
y\?ful ta/es1 ,i %all consult !m t ,i   
may be _! ma/]2 ,i w look at ?+s f 8    
po9t ( view t ,i may be 8 guide2 ,i w n 
seek a remote di/ant good at ! co/ ( 8  
pres5t happ9ess4 ,i w\ld always h him   
happy always if t may be4  ,^? :o desire
 to guide "y p rightly & to pres]ve !m f
 ! sn>es ( s5se give !m a disgu/ = love1
 & w\ld will+ly make ! v ?\ght ( x a    
crime1 z if love 7 = ! old4 ,all ^!     
mi/ak5 lessons h no effect2 ! he>t gives
 ! lie to !m4 ,! "y man1 guid$ by a sur]
 in/9ct1 laughs to himself ov] ! gloomy 
maxims :i* he pret5ds to accept1 & only 

awaits ! *ance ( disreg>d+ !m4 ,all t is
 contr>y to nature4 ,by foll[+ !        
opposite c\rse ,i rea* ! same end m     
safely4 ,i am n afraid to enc\rage 9 him
 ! t5d] feel+ = :i* he is s eag]1 ,i    
%all pa9t x z ! supreme joy ( life1 z   
inde$ x is2 :5 ,i picture x to him1 ,i  
desire t he %all give himself up to x2  
by mak+ him feel ! *>m :i* ! union (    
he>ts adds to ! delights ( s5se1 ,i %all
 inspire him ) a disgu/ = debau*]y2 ,i  
%all make him a lov] & a good man4  ,h[ 
n>r[-m9d$ to see no?+ 9 ! ris+ desires (
 a "y he>t b ob/acles to ! tea*+ (      
reason4 ,9 my eyes1 ^! are ! "r means to
 make him ob$i5t to t v tea*+4 ,only    
?r\gh passion c we ga9 ! ma/]y ov]      
passions2 _! tyranny mu/ be controll$ by
 _! legitimate p[]1 & nature h]self mu/ 
furni% u ) ! means to control h]4       
,emile is n made to live alone1 he is a 
memb] ( society1 & mu/ fulfil 8 duties z
 su*4 ,he is made to live among 8       
fell[-m5 & he mu/ get to "k !m4 ,he kn[s
 mank9d 9 g5]al2 he has /ill to le>n to 

"k individual m54 ,he kn[s :at goes on 9
 ! _w2 he has n[ to le>n h[ m5 live 9 ! 
_w4 ,x is "t to %[ him ! front ( t va/  
/age1 ( :i* he already kn[s ! hidd5     
work+s4 ,x w n ar\se 9 him ! fooli%     
admiration ( a giddy y\?1 b !           
discrim9ation ( an exact & upright _s4  
,he may no d\bt be deceiv$ by 8         
passions2 :o is !re :o yields to 8      
passions )\t be+ l$ a/ray by !m8 ,at    
lea/ he w n be deceiv$ by ! passions (  
o!r p4 ,if he sees !m1 he w reg>d !m ) !
 eye ( ! wise1 & w nei!r be l$ away by  
_! example nor s$uc$ by _! prejudices4  
,z !re is a fitt+ age = ! /udy ( !      
sci5ces1 s !re is a fitt+ age = ! /udy (
 ! ways ( ! _w4 ,^? :o le>n ^! too soon1
 foll[ !m ?r\gh\t life1 )\t *oice or    
consid]ation1 & al?\gh !y foll[ !m      
fairly well !y nev] really "k :at !y are
 ab\t4 ,b he :o /udies ! ways ( ! _w &  
sees ! reason = !m1 foll[s !m ) m       
insight1 & !re=e m exactly & gracefully4
 ,give me a *ild ( twelve :o kn[s no?+  
at all2 at fifte5 ,i w re/ore him to y  

kn[+ z mu* z ^? :o h be5 "u in/ruction f
 infancy2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t y\r s*ol>s  
only "k ?+s by he>t1 :ile m9e kn[s h[ to
 use 8 k4 ,9 ! same way plunge a "y man 
( tw5ty into society2 "u good guidance1 
9 a ye>'s "t1 he w be m *>m+ & m truly  
polite ?an "o br\ght up 9 society f     
*ildhood4 ,= ! =m] is able to p]ceive ! 
reasons = all ! proce$+s relat+ to age1 
position1 & sex1 on :i* ! cu/oms (      
society dep5d1 & c r$uce !m to g5]al    
pr9ciples1 & apply !m to un=ese5        
em]g5cies2 :ile ! latt]1 :o is guid$    
solely by habit1 is at a loss :5 habit  
fails him4  ,"y ,fr5* ladies are all    
br\ght up 9 conv5ts till !y are m>ri$4  
,d !y seem to f9d any difficulty 9      
acquir+ ! ways :i* are s new to !m1 & is
 x possible to accuse ! ladies ( ,p>is (
 awkw>d & emb>rass$ mann]s or (         
ignorance ( ! ways ( society1 because !y
 h n acquir$ !m 9 infancy6 ,?is is !    
prejudice ( m5 ( ! _w1 :o "k no?+ ( m   
importance ?an ?is trifl+ sci5ce1 &     
wrongly imag9e t y _c beg9 to acquire x 

too soon4  ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q true t  
we mu/ n wait too long4 ,any "o :o has  
sp5t ! :ole ( 8 y\? f> f ! great _w is  
all 8 life long awkw>d1 con/ra9$1 out ( 
place2 8 mann]s w be heavy & clumsy1 no 
am\nt ( practice w get rid ( ?is1 & he w
 only make himself m ridicul\s by try+  
to d s4 ,!re is a "t = e k9d ( tea*+ &  
we ought to recognise x1 & ea* has its  
own dang]s to be avoid$4 ,at ?is age !re
 are m dang]s ?an at any o!r2 b ,i d n  
expose my pupil to !m )\t safegu>ds4    
,:5 my me?od succe$s completely 9 atta9+
 "o object1 & :5 9 avoid+ "o difficulty 
x also provides aga9/ ano!r1 ,i !n      
consid] t x is a good me?od1 & t ,i am  
on ! "r track4  ,?is seems to be ! case 
) reg>d to ! exp$i5t sugge/$ by me 9 !  
pres5t case4 ,if ,i desire to be /]n &  
cold t[>ds my pupil1 ,i %all lose 8     
confid5ce1 & he w soon conceal himself f
 me4 ,if ,i wi% to be easy &            
complaisant1 to %ut my eyes1 :at good   
does x d him to be "u my c>e8 ,i only   
give my au?ority to 8 excesses1 &       

relieve 8 consci5ce at ! exp5se ( my    
own4  ,if ,i introduce him into society 
) no object b to tea* him1 he w le>n m  
?an ,i want4 ,if ,i keep him ap>t f     
society1 :at w he h le>nt f me8 ,ev]y?+ 
p]haps1 except ! "o art absolutely      
necess>y to a civilis$ man1 ! art ( liv+
 among 8 fell[-m54 ,if ,i try to att5d  
to ?is at a di/ance1 x w be ( no avail2 
he is only conc]n$ ) ! pres5t4 ,if ,i am
 cont5t to supply him ) amusem5t1 he w  
acquire habits ( luxury & w le>n no?+4  
,we w h none ( ?is4 ,my plan provides = 
ev]y?+4 ,y\r he>t1 ,i say to ! "y man1  
requires a companion2 let u g 9 se>* ( a
 fitt+ "o2 p]haps we %all n easily f9d  
su* a "o1 true wor? is always r>e1 b we 
w be 9 no hurry1 nor w we be easily     
disc\rag$4 ,no d\bt !re is su* a "o1 &  
we %all f9d h] at la/1 or at lea/ we    
%all f9d "s "o l h]4 ,) an end s        
attractive to himself1 ,i introduce him 
into society4 ,:at m ne$ ,i say8 ,h ,i n
 a*iev$ my purpose8  ,by describ+ to him
 8 future mi/ress1 y may imag9e :e!r ,i 

%all ga9 a he>+1 :e!r ,i %all succe$ 9  
mak+ ! qualities he ought to love pleas+
 & de> to him1 :e!r ,i %all sway 8      
feel+s to seek or %un :at is good or bad
 = him4 ,i %all be ! /upide/ ( m5 if ,i 
fail to make him 9 love ) he kn[s n :om4
 ,no matt] t ! p]son ,i describe is     
imag9>y1 x is en\gh to disgu/ him ) ^?  
:o might h attract$ him2 x is en\gh if x
 is cont9ually sugge/+ comp>isons :i*   
make him pref] 8 fancy to ! real p he   
sees2 & is n love itself a fancy1 a     
falsehood1 an illusion8 ,we are f> m 9  
love ) our own fancy ?an ) ! object ( x4
 ,if we saw ! object ( our affections z 
x is1 !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z love4  ,:5
 we cease to love1 ! p]son we us$ to    
love rema9s un*ang$1 b we no long] see )
 ! same eyes2 ! magic veil is drawn     
aside1 & love disappe>s4 ,b :5 ,i supply
 ! object ( imag9ation1 ,i h control ov]
 comp>isons1 & ,i am able easily to     
prev5t illusion ) reg>d to realities4   
,= all t ,i w\ld n mislead a "y man by  
describ+ a model ( p]fection :i* c\ld   

nev] exi/2 b ,i w\ld s *oose ! faults ( 
8 mi/ress t !y w suit him1 t he w be    
pleas$ by !m1 & !y may s]ve to correct 8
 own4 ,nei!r w\ld ,i lie to him & affirm
 t !re really is su* a p]son2 let him   
delight 9 ! portrait1 he w soon desire  
to f9d ! orig9al4 ,f desire to belief ! 
transition is easy2 x is a matt] ( a    
little skilful description1 :i* "u m    
p]ceptible features w give to ?is       
imag9>y object an air ( great] reality4 
,i w\ld g s f> z to give h] a "n2 ,i    
w\ld say1 smil+4 ,let u call y\r future 
mi/ress ,sophy2 ,sophy is a "n ( good   
om52 if x is n ! "n ( ! lady ( y\r *oice
 at lea/ %e w be wor?y ( ! "n2 we may   
hon\r h] ) x mean:ile4  ,if aft] all ^! 
details1 )\t affirm+ or d5y+1 we excuse 
ourselves f giv+ an answ]1 8 suspicions 
w become c]ta9ty2 he w ?9k t 8 de/9$    
bride is purposely conceal$ f him1 & t  
he w see h] 9 good "t4 ,if once he has  
arriv$ at ?is conclusion & if !         
*>act]i/ics to be %[n to him h be5 well 
*os51 ! re/ is easy2 !re w be little    

risk 9 expos+ him to ! _w2 protect him f
 8 s5ses1 & 8 he>t is safe4  ,b :e!r or 
no he p]sonifies ! model ,i h contriv$  
to make s attractive to him1 ?is model1 
if well done1 w atta* him none ! less to
 ev]y?+ t resembles itself1 & w give him
 z great a di/a/e = all t is unlike x z 
if ,sophy really exi/$4 ,:at a means to 
pres]ve 8 he>t f ! dang]s to :i* 8      
appe>ance w\ld expose him1 to repress 8 
s5ses by means ( 8 imag9ation1 to rescue
 him f ! h&s ( ^? wom5 :o pr(ess to     
educate "y m51 & make !m pay s de> = _! 
tea*+1 & only tea* a "y man mann]s by   
mak+ him utt]ly %ameless4 ,sophy is s   
mode/8 ,:at w\ld %e ?9k ( _! advances6  
,sophy is s simple6 ,h[ w\ld %e l _!    
airs8 ,!y are too f> f 8 ?\ghts & 8     
obs]vations to be dang]\s4  ,e "o :o    
deals ) ! control ( *ildr5 foll[s ! same
 prejudices & ! same maxima1 = _!       
obs]vation is at fault1 & _! reflection 
/ill m s4 ,a "y man is l$ a/ray 9 ! fir/
 place nei!r by temp]am5t nor by !      
s5ses1 b by popul> op9ion4 ,if we 7     

conc]n$ ) boys br\ght up 9 bo>d+ s*ools 
or girls 9 conv5ts1 ,i w\ld %[ t ?is    
applies ev5 to !m2 = ! fir/ lessons !y  
le>n f ea* o!r1 ! only lessons t be>    
fruit1 are ^? ( vice2 & x is n nature t 
corrupts !m b example4 ,b let u leave ! 
bo>d]s 9 s*ools & conv5ts to _! bad     
morals2 !re is no cure = !m4 ,i am deal+
 only ) home tra9+4 ,take a "y man      
c>efully educat$ 9 8 fa!r's c\ntry h\se1
 & exam9e him :5 he rea*es ,p>is & makes
 8 entrance into society2 y w f9d him   
?9k+ cle>ly ab\t hone/ matt]s1 & y w f9d
 8 w z :olesome z 8 reason4 ,y w f9d    
scorn ( vice & disgu/ = debau*]y2 8 face
 w betray 8 innoc5t horror at ! v m5tion
 ( a pro/itute4 ,i ma9ta9 t no "y man   
c\ld make up 8 m9d to ent] ! gloomy     
abodes ( ^! un=tunates by himself1 if   
inde$ he 7 aw>e ( _! purpose & felt _!  
necessity4  ,see ! same "y man six mon?s
 lat]1 y w n "k him2 f 8 bold           
conv]sation1 8 fa%ionable maxims1 8 easy
 air1 y w\ld take him = ano!r man1 if 8 
je/s ov] 8 =m] simplicity & 8 %ame :5   

any "o recalls x did n %[ t x is he     
inde$ & t he is a%am$ ( himself4 ,h[    
greatly has he *ang$ 9 s %ort a "t6 ,:at
 has br\ght ab\t s sudd5 & complete a   
*ange8 ,8 physical developm5t8 ,w\ld n t
 h tak5 place 9 8 fa!r's h\se1 & c]ta9ly
 he w\ld n h acquir$ ^! maxims & ?is    
tone at home8 ,! fir/ *>ms ( s5se8 ,on !
 contr>y2 ^? :o are beg9n+ to ab&on     
!mselves to ^! pleasures are timid &    
anxi\s1 !y %un ! light & noise4 ,! fir/ 
pleasures are always my/]i\s1 mode/y    
gives !m _! sav\r1 & mode/y conceals !m2
 ! fir/ mi/ress does n make a man bold b
 timid4 ,:olly absorb$ 9 a situation s  
novel to him1 ! "y man retires into     
himself to enjoy x1 & trembles = fe> x  
%\ld escape him4 ,if he is noisy he kn[s
 nei!r passion nor love2 h[ev] he may   
boa/1 he has n enjoy$4  ,^! *anges are  
m]ely ! result ( *ang$ ideas4 ,8 he>t is
 ! same1 b 8 op9ions h alt]$4 ,8 feel+s1
 :i* *ange m sl[ly1 w at l5g? yield to 8
 op9ions & x is !n t he is inde$        
corrupt$4 ,he has sc>cely made 8        

entrance into society be=e he receives a
 second education q unlike ! fir/1 :i*  
tea*es him to despise :at he e/eem$1 &  
e/eem :at he despis$2 he le>ns to       
consid] ! tea*+ ( 8 p>5ts & ma/]s z !   
j>gon ( p$ants1 & ! duties !y h in/ill$ 
into him z a *ildi% morality1 to be     
scorn$ n[ t he is gr[n up4 ,he ?9ks he  
is b\nd 9 hon\r to *ange 8 conduct2 he  
becomes =w>d )\t desire1 & he talks     
fooli%ly f false %ame4 ,he rails aga9/  
morality be=e he has any ta/e = vice1 & 
prides himself on debau*]y )\t kn[+ h[  
to set ab\t x4 ,i %all nev] =get !      
confession ( a "y (fic] 9 ! ,swiss      
,gu>ds1 :o 0 utt]ly sick ( ! noisy      
pleasures ( 8 comrades1 b d>$ n refuse  
to take "p 9 !m le/ he %\ld be laugh$   
at4 ,i am gett+ us$ to x1 he said1 z ,i 
am gett+ us$ to tak+ snuff2 ! ta/e w    
come ) practice2 x w n d to be a *ild = 
ev]4  ,s a "y man :5 he ent]s society   
mu/ be pres]v$ f vanity r ?an f         
s5sibility2 he succumbs r to ! ta/es (  
o!rs ?an to 8 own1 & self-love is       

responsible = m lib]t9es ?an love4  ,?is
 be+ grant$1 ,i ask y4 ,is !re any "o on
 e>? bett] arm$ ?an my pupil aga9/ all t
 may attack 8 morals1 8 s5tim5ts1 8     
pr9ciples2 is !re any "o m able to resi/
 ! flood8 ,:at s$uction is !re aga9/ :i*
 he is n =e>m$8 ,if 8 desires attract   
him t[>ds wom51 he fails to f9d :at he  
seeks1 & 8 he>t1 already occupi$1 holds 
him back4 ,if he is di/urb$ & urg$ onw>d
 by 8 s5ses1 :]e w he f9d satisfaction8 
,8 horror ( adult]y & debau* keeps him  
at a di/ance f pro/itutes & m>ri$ wom51 
& ! disord]s ( y\? may always be trac$  
to "o or o!r ( ^!4 ,a maid5 may be a    
coquette1 b %e w n be %ameless1 %e w n  
fl+ h]self at ! head ( a "y man :o may  
m>ry h] if he believes 9 h] virtue2     
besides %e is always "u sup]vision4     
,emile1 too1 w n be left entirely to    
himself2 bo? ( !m w be "u ! gu>dian%ip (
 fe> & %ame1 ! con/ant companions ( a   
fir/ passion2 !y w n proce$ at once to  
misconduct1 & !y w n h "t to come to x  
gradually )\t h9drance4 ,if he behaves  

o!rwise1 he mu/ h tak5 lessons f 8      
comrades1 he mu/ h le>n$ f !m to despise
 8 self-control1 & to imitate _!        
boldness4 ,b !re is no "o 9 ! :ole _w s 
little giv5 to imitation z ,emile4 ,:at 
man is !re :o is s little influ5c$ by   
mock]y z "o :o has no prejudices himself
 & yields no?+ to ! prejudices ( o!rs4  
,i h lab\r$ tw5ty ye>s to arm him aga9/ 
mock]y2 !y w n make him _! dupe 9 a day2
 = 9 8 eyes ridicule is ! argum5t (     
fools1 & no?+ makes "o less susceptible 
to raill]y ?an to be beyond ! influ5ce (
 prejudice4 ,in/ead ( je/s he mu/ h     
argum5ts1 & :ile he is 9 ?is frame (    
m9d1 ,i am n afraid t he w be c>ri$ away
 by "y fools2 consci5ce & tru? are on my
 side4 ,if prejudice is to ent] into !  
matt] at all1 an affection ( tw5ty ye>s'
 /&+ c\nts = some?+2 no "o w ev] conv9ce
 him t ,i h we>i$ him ) va9 lessons2 & 9
 a he>t s upright & s s5sitive ! voice (
 a tri$ & tru/$ fri5d w soon efface !   
%\ts ( tw5ty lib]t9es4 ,z x is !re=e    
m]ely a "q ( %[+ him t he is deceiv$1 t 

:ile !y pret5d to treat him z a man !y  
are really treat+ him z a *ild1 ,i %all 
*oose to be always simple b s]i\s & pla9
 9 my argum5ts1 s t he may feel t ,i d  
inde$ treat him z a man4 ,i w say to    
him1 ,y w see t y\r welf>e1 9 :i* my own
 is b\nd up1 compels me to speak2 ,i c d
 no?+ else4 ,b :y d ^! "y m5 want to    
p]suade y8  ,because !y desire to s$uce 
y2 !y d n c>e = y1 !y take no real      
int]e/ 9 y2 _! only motive is a secret  
spite because !y see y are bett] ?an !y2
 !y want to drag y d[n to _! own level1 
& !y only reproa* y ) submitt+ to       
control t !y may !mselves control y4 ,d 
y ?9k y h any?+ to ga9 by ?is8 ,are !y s
 mu* wis] ?an ,i1 is ! affection ( a day
 /rong] ?an m9e8 ,to give any weight to 
_! je/s !y mu/ give weight to _!        
au?ority2 & by :at exp]i5ce d !y support
 _! maxima above ours8 ,!y h only foll[$
 ! example ( o!r giddy y\?s1 z !y w\ld h
 y foll[ !irs4 ,to escape f ! s-call$   
prejudices ( _! fa!rs1 !y yield to ^? ( 
_! comrades4 ,i _c see t !y are any !   

bett] (f2 b ,i see t !y lose two ?+s (  
value--! affection ( _! p>5ts1 ^: advice
 is t ( t5d]ness & tru?1 & ! wisdom (   
exp]i5ce :i* tea*es u to judge by :at we
 "k2 = _! fa!rs h once be5 "y1 b ! "y m5
 h nev] be5 fa!rs4  ,b y ?9k !y are at  
lea/ s9c]e 9 _! fooli% precepts4 ,n s1  
de> ,emile2 !y deceive !mselves 9 ord]  
to deceive y2 !y are n 9 agreem5t )     
!mselves2 _! he>t cont9ually revolts1 & 
_! v words (t5 contradict !mselves4 ,?is
 man :o mocks at ev]y?+ good w\ld be 9  
despair if 8 wife held ! same views4    
,ano!r ext5ds 8 indiff]5ce to good      
morals ev5 to 8 future wife1 or he s9ks 
to su* dep?s ( infamy z to be indiff]5t 
to 8 wife's conduct2 b g a /ep fur!r2   
speak to him ( 8 "m2 is he will+ to be  
treat$ z ! *ild ( an adult]ess & ! son (
 a woman ( bad "*1 is he ready to assume
 ! "n ( a family1 to /eal ! patrimony ( 
! true heir1 9 a ^w w he be> be+ treat$ 
z a ba/>d8 ,:i* ( !m w p]mit 8 daught]  
to be di%on\r$ z he di%on\rs ! daught] (
 ano!r8 ,!re is n "o ( !m :o w\ld n kill

 y if y adopt$ 9 y\r conduct t[>ds him  
all ! pr9ciples he tries to tea* y4 ,?us
 !y prove _! inconsi/5cy1 & we "k !y d n
 believe :at !y say4 ,"h are reasons1   
de> ,emile2 weigh _! argum5ts if !y h   
any1 & comp>e !m ) m9e4  ,if ,i wi%$ to 
h rec\rse l !m to scorn & mock]y1 y w\ld
 see t !y l5d !mselves to ridicule z mu*
 or m ?an myself4 ,b ,i am n afraid (   
s]i\s inquiry4 ,! triumph ( mock]s is   
soon ov]2 tru? endures1 & _! fooli%     
laught] dies away4  ,y d n ?9k t ,emile1
 at tw5ty1 c possibly be docile4 ,h[    
diff]5tly we ?9k6 ,i _c und]/& h[ he    
c\ld be docile at t51 = :at hold h ,i on
 him at t age8 ,x took me fifte5 ye>s ( 
c>eful prep>ation to secure t hold4 ,i 0
 n educat+ him1 b prep>+ him =          
education4 ,he is n[ suffici5tly educat$
 to be docile2 he recognises ! voice (  
fri5d%ip & he kn[s h[ to obey reason4 ,x
 is true ,i all[ him a %[ ( fre$om1 b he
 0 nev] m completely "u control1 because
 he obeys ( 8 own free w4 ,s long z ,i  
c\ld n get ! ma/]y ov] 8 w1 ,i reta9$ my

 control ov] 8 p]son2 ,i nev] left him =
 a mom5t4 ,n[ ,i sometimes leave him to 
himself because ,i control him          
cont9ually4 ,:5 ,i leave him ,i embrace 
him & ,i say ) confid5ce3 ,emile1 ,i    
tru/ y to my fri5d1 ,i leave y to 8     
hon\r2 he w answ] = y4  ,to corrupt     
heal?y affections :i* h n be5 previ\sly 
deprav$1 to efface pr9ciples :i* are    
directly d]iv$ f our own reason+1 is n !
 "w ( a mom5t4 ,if any *ange takes place
 dur+ my abs5ce1 t abs5ce w n be long1  
he w nev] be able to conceal himself f  
me1 s t ,i %all p]ceive ! dang] be=e any
 h>m comes ( x1 & ,i %all be 9 "t to    
provide a rem$y4 ,z we d n become       
deprav$ all at once1 nei!r d we le>n to 
deceive all at once2 & if ev] !re 0 a   
man unskill$ 9 ! art ( deception x is   
,emile1 :o has nev] _h any occasion =   
deceit4  ,by means ( ^! precautions &   
o!rs l !m1 ,i expect to gu>d him s      
completely aga9/ /range sights & vulg>  
precepts t ,i w\ld r see him 9 ! wor/   
company 9 ,p>is ?an alone 9 8 room or 9 

a p>k left to all ! re/lessness ( 8 age4
 ,:atev] we may d1 a "y man's wor/ enemy
 is himself1 & ?is is an enemy we _c    
avoid4 ,yet ?is is an enemy ( our own   
mak+1 =1 z ,i h said aga9 & aga91 x is !
 imag9ation :i* /irs ! s5ses4 ,desire is
 n a physical ne$2 x is n true t x is a 
ne$ at all4 ,if no lascivi\s object _h  
met our eye1 if no unclean ?\ght _h     
ent]$ our m9d1 ?is s-call$ ne$ might    
nev] h made itself felt1 & we %\ld h    
rema9$ *a/e1 )\t temptation1 ef=t1 or   
m]it4 ,we d n "k h[ ! blood ( y\? is    
/irr$ by c]ta9 situations & c]ta9       
sights1 :ile ! y\? himself does n und]/&
 ! cause ( 8 uneas9ess-an uneas9ess     
difficult to subdue & c]ta9 to recur4 ,=
 my own "p1 ! m ,i consid] ?is s]i\s    
crisis & its causes1 imm$iate & remote1 
! m conv9c$ ,i am t a solit>y br\ght up 
9 "s des]t1 ap>t f books1 tea*+1 & wom51
 w\ld die a virg91 h[ev] long he liv$4  
,b we are n conc]n$ ) a savage ( ?is    
sort4 ,:5 we educate a man among 8      
fell[-m5 & = social life1 we _c1 & inde$

 we ought n to1 br+ him up 9 ?is        
:olesome ignorance1 & half k is worse   
?an none4 ,! memory ( ?+s we h obs]v$1 !
 ideas we h acquir$1 foll[ u into       
retirem5t & p x1 aga9/ our w1 ) images m
 s$uctive ?an ! ?+s !mselves1 & ^! make 
solitude z fatal to ^? :o br+ su* ideas 
) !m z x is :olesome = ^? :o h nev] left
 x4  ,!re=e1 wat* c>efully ov] ! "y man2
 he c protect himself f all o!r foes1 b 
x is = y to protect him aga9/ himself4  
,nev] leave him night or day1 or at lea/
 %>e 8 room2 nev] let him g to b$ till  
he is sleepy1 & let him rise z soon z he
 wakes4 ,di/ru/ in/9ct z soon z y cease 
to rely altoge!r ^u x4 ,in/9ct 0 good   
:ile he act$ "u its guidance only2 n[ t 
he is 9 ! mid/ ( human in/itutions1     
in/9ct is n to be tru/$2 x mu/ n be     
de/roy$1 x mu/ be controll$1 :i* is     
p]haps a m difficult matt]4 ,x w\ld be a
 dang]\s matt] if in/9ct taught y\r     
pupil to abuse 8 s5ses2 if once he      
acquires ?is dang]\s habit he is ru9$4  
,f t "t =w>d1 body & s\l w be en]vat$2  

he w c>ry to ! grave ! sad effects ( ?is
 habit1 ! mo/ fatal habit :i* a "y man c
 acquire4 ,if y _c atta9 to ! ma/]y (   
y\r passions1 de> ,emile1 ,i pity y2 b  
,i %all n hesitate = a mom5t1 ,i w n    
p]mit ! purposes ( nature to be evad$4  
,if y mu/ be a slave1 ,i pref] to       
surr5d] y to a tyrant f :om ,i may      
deliv] y2 :atev] happ5s1 ,i c free y m  
easily f ! slav]y ( wom5 ?an f y\rself4 
,up to ! age ( tw5ty1 ! body is /ill    
gr[+ & requires all its /r5g?2 till t   
age cont95ce is ! law ( nature1 & ?is   
law is r>ely violat$ )\t injury to !    
con/itution4 ,aft] tw5ty1 cont95ce is a 
moral duty2 x is an important duty1 = x 
tea*es u to control ourselves1 to be    
ma/]s ( our own appetites4 ,b moral     
duties h _! modifications1 _!           
exceptions1 _! rules4 ,:5 human weakness
 makes an alt]native inevitable1 ( two  
evils *oose ! lea/2 9 any case x is     
bett] to commit a misde$ ?an to contract
 a vici\s habit4  ,rememb]1 ,i am n     
talk+ ( my pupil n[1 b ( y\rs4 ,8       

passions1 to :i* y h giv5 way1 are y\r  
ma/]2 yield to !m op5ly & )\t conceal+ 8
 victory4 ,if y are able to %[ him x 9  
its true light1 he w be a%am$ r ?an pr\d
 ( x1 & y w secure ! "r to guide him 9 8
 w&]+s1 at lea/ s z to avoid precipices4
 ,! disciple mu/ d no?+1 n ev5 evil1 )\t
 ! k & cons5t ( 8 ma/]2 x is a          
hundr$fold bett] t ! tutor %\ld approve 
( a misde$ ?an t he %\ld deceive himself
 or be deceiv$ by 8 pupil1 & ! wrong    
%\ld be done )\t 8 k4 ,he :o ?9ks he mu/
 %ut 8 eyes to "o ?+1 mu/ soon %ut !m   
altoge!r2 ! fir/ abuse :i* is p]mitt$   
leads to o!rs1 & ?is *a9 ( consequ5ces  
only ends 9 ! complete ov]?r[ ( all ord]
 & contempt = e law4  ,!re is ano!r     
mi/ake :i* ,i h already dealt )1 a      
mi/ake cont9ually made by n>r[-m9d$     
p]sons2 !y con/antly affect ! dignity ( 
a ma/]1 & wi% to be reg>d$ by _!        
disciples z p]fect4 ,?is me?od is j !   
contr>y ( :at %\ld be done4  ,h[ is x t 
!y fail to p]ceive t :5 !y try to /r5g!n
 _! au?ority !y are really de/roy+ x2 t 

to ga9 a he>+ "o mu/ put oneself 9 !    
place ( our he>]s1 & t to speak to !    
human he>t1 "o mu/ be a man4 ,all ^!    
p]fect p nei!r t\* nor p]suade2 p always
 say1 ,x is easy = !m to fight aga9/    
passions !y d n feel4 ,%[ y\r pupil y\r 
own weaknesses if y want to cure 82 let 
him see 9 y /ruggles l 8 own2 let him   
le>n by y\r example to ma/] himself &   
let him n say l o!r "y m51 ,^! old p1 :o
 are vex$ because !y are no long] "y1   
want to treat all "y p z if !y 7 old2 & 
!y make a crime ( our passions because  
_! own passions are dead4  ,montaigne   
tells u t he once ask$ ,seigneur de     
,langey h[ (t51 9 8 negotiations )      
,g]many1 he _h got drunk 9 8 k+'s       
s]vice4 ,i w\ld will+ly ask ! tutor ( a 
c]ta9 "y man h[ (t5 he has ent]$ a h\se 
( ill-fame = 8 pupil's sake4 ,h[ (t58 ,i
 am wrong4 ,if ! fir/ "t has n cur$ ! "y
 lib]t9e ( all desire to g !re aga91 if 
he does n return p5it5t & a%am$1 if he  
does n %$ torr5ts ( te>s ^u y\r bosom1  
leave him on ! spot2 ei!r he is a mon/] 

or y are a fool2 y w nev] d him any     
good4 ,b let u h done ) ^! la/ exp$i5ts1
 :i* are z di/ress+ z !y are dang]\s2   
our k9d ( education has no ne$ ( !m4    
,:at precautions we mu/ take ) a "y man 
( good bir? be=e expos+ him to ! sc&al\s
 mann]s ( our age6 ,^! precautions are  
pa9ful b necess>y2 neglig5ce 9 ?is matt]
 is ! ru9 ( all our "y m52 deg5]acy is !
 result ( y\?ful excesses1 & x is ^!    
excesses :i* make m5 :at !y are4 ,old & 
base 9 _! vices1 _! he>ts are %rivell$1 
because _! worn-out bodies 7 corrupt$ at
 an e>ly age2 !y h sc>cely /r5g? to /ir4
 ,! subtlety ( _! ?\ghts betrays a m9d  
lack+ 9 sub/ance2 !y are incapable ( any
 great or noble feel+1 !y h nei!r       
simplicity nor vig\r2 altoge!r abject & 
meanly wick$1 !y are m]ely frivol\s1    
deceitful1 & false2 !y h n ev5 c\rage   
en\gh to be di/+ui%$ crim9als4 ,su* are 
! despicable m5 produc$ by e>ly         
debau*]y2 if !re 7 b "o among !m :o knew
 h[ to be sob] & temp]ate1 to gu>d 8    
he>t1 8 body1 8 morals f ! contagion (  

bad example1 at ! age ( ?irty he w\ld   
cru% all ^! insects1 & w\ld become _!   
ma/] ) f> less tr\ble ?an x co/ him to  
become ma/] ( himself4  ,h[ev] little   
,emile owes to bir? & =tune1 he might be
 ?is man if he *ose2 b he despises su* p
 too mu* to condesc5d to make !m 8      
slaves4 ,let u n[ wat* him 9 _! mid/1 z 
he ent]s into society1 n to claim ! fir/
 place1 b to acqua9t himself ) x & to   
seek a helpmeet wor?y ( himself4        
,:atev] 8 rank or bir?1 :atev] ! society
 into :i* he is introduc$1 8 entrance   
into t society w be simple & unaffect$2 
,god grant he may n be unlucky en\gh to 
%9e 9 society2 ! qualities :i* make a   
good impression at ! fir/ glance are n  
81 he nei!r possesses !m1 nor desires to
 possess !m4 ,he c>es too little = !    
op9ions ( o!r p to value _! prejudices1 
& he is indiff]5t :e!r p e/eem him or n 
until !y "k him4 ,8 address is nei!r %y 
nor conceit$1 b natural & s9c]e1 he kn[s
 no?+ ( con/ra9t or concealm5t1 & he is 
j ! same among a gr\p ( p z he is :5 he 

is alone4 ,w ?is make him rude1         
scornful1 & c>eless ( o!rs8 ,on !       
contr>y2 if he 7 n he$less ( o!rs :5 he 
liv$ alone1 :y %\ld he be he$less ( !m  
n[ t he is liv+ among !m8 ,he does n    
pref] !m to himself 9 8 mann]s1 because 
he does n pref] !m to himself 9 8 he>t1 
b nei!r does he %[ !m an indiff]5ce :i* 
he is f> f feel+2 if he is unacqua9t$ ) 
! =ms ( polit5ess1 he is n unacqua9t$ ) 
! att5tions dictat$ by humanity4 ,he _c 
be> to see any "o suff]2 he w n give up 
8 place to ano!r f m]e ext]nal          
polit5ess1 b he w will+ly yield x to him
 out ( k9dness if he sees t he is be+   
neglect$ & t ?is neglect hurts him2 = x 
w be less disagreeable to ,emile to     
rema9 /&+ ( 8 own accord ?an to see     
ano!r compell$ to /&4  ,al?\gh ,emile   
has no v high op9ion ( p 9 g5]al1 he    
does n %[ any scorn ( !m1 because he    
pities !m & is sorry = !m4 ,z he _c give
 !m a ta/e = :at is truly good1 he      
leaves !m ! imag9>y good ) :i* !y are   
satisfi$1 le/ by robb+ !m ( ?is he %\ld 

leave !m worse (f ?an be=e4 ,s he nei!r 
argues nor contradicts2 nei!r does he   
flatt] nor agree2 he /ates 8 op9ion )\t 
argu+ ) o!rs1 because he loves lib]ty   
above all ?+s1 & fre$om is "o ( ! faire/
 gifts ( lib]ty4  ,he says little1 = he 
is n anxi\s to attract att5tion2 = !    
same reason he only says :at is to !    
po9t2 :o c\ld induce him to speak       
o!rwise8 ,emile is too well in=m$ to be 
a *att]-box4 ,a great fl[ ( words comes 
ei!r f a pret5ti\s _s1 ( :i* ,i %all    
speak pres5tly1 or f ! value laid ^u    
trifles :i* we fooli%ly ?9k to be z     
important 9 ! eyes ( o!rs z 9 our own4  
,he :o kn[s en\gh ( ?+s to value !m at  
_! true wor? nev] says too mu*2 = he c  
also judge ( ! att5tion be/[$ on him & !
 int]e/ ar\s$ by :at he says4 ,p :o "k  
little are usually great talk]s1 :ile m5
 :o "k mu* say little4 ,x is pla9 t an  
ignorant p]son ?9ks ev]y?+ he does "k   
important1 & he tells x to ev]ybody4 ,b 
a well-educat$ man is n s ready to      
display 8 le>n+2 he w\ld h too mu* to   

say1 & he sees t !re is mu* m to be     
said1 s he holds 8 peace4  ,f> f        
disreg>d+ ! ways ( o!r p1 ,emile con=ms 
to !m readily en\gh2 n t he may appe> to
 "k all ab\t !m1 nor yet to affect !    
airs ( a man ( fa%ion1 b on ! contr>y = 
fe> le/ he %\ld attract att5tion1 & 9   
ord] to pass unnotic$2 he is mo/ at 8   
ease :5 no "o pays any att5tion to him4 
,al?\gh :5 he makes 8 entrance into     
society he kn[s no?+ ( its cu/oms1 ?is  
does n make him %y or timid2 if he keeps
 9 ! backgr\nd1 x is n because he is    
emb>rass$1 b because1 if y want to see1 
y mu/ n be se52 = he sc>cely tr\bles    
himself at all ab\t :at p ?9k ( him1 &  
he is n ! lea/ afraid ( ridicule4 ,h5ce 
he is always quiet & self-possess$ & is 
n tr\bl$ ) %yness4 ,all he has to d is  
done z well z he kn[s h[ to d x1 :e!r p 
are look+ at him or n2 & z he is always 
on ! al]t to obs]ve o!r p1 he acquires  
_! ways ) an ease impossible to ! slaves
 ( o!r p's op9ions4 ,we might say t he  
acquires ! ways ( society j because he  

c>es s little ab\t !m4  ,b d n make any 
mi/ake z to 8 be>+2 x is n to be comp>$ 
) t ( y\r "y d&ies4 ,x is self-possess$1
 n conceit$2 8 mann]s are easy1 n       
haughty2 an insol5t look is ! m>k ( a   
slave1 !re is no?+ affect$ 9 indep5d5ce4
 ,i nev] saw a man ( l(ty s\l :o %[$ x 9
 8 be>+2 ?is affectation is m suit$ to  
vile & frivol\s s\ls1 :o h no o!r means 
( ass]t+ !mselves4 ,i read some:]e t a  
=eign] appe>$ "o day 9 ! pres5ce ( !    
fam\s ,m>cel1 :o ask$ him :at c\ntry he 
came f4 ,i am an ,engli%man1 repli$ !   
/rang]4 ,y are an ,engli%man6 repli$ !  
danc]1 ,y come f t isl& :]e ! citiz5s h 
a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & =m "p ( ! sov]eign
 p[]8 ,footnote3 ,z if !re 7 citiz5s :o 
7 n "p ( ! city & _h n1 z su*1 a %>e 9  
sov]eign p[]6 ,b ! ,fr5*1 :o h ?\ght fit
 to usurp ! hon\rable "n ( citiz5 :i* 0 
=m]ly ! "r ( ! memb]s ( ! ,gallic       
cities1 h degrad$ ! idea till x has no  
long] any sort ( mean+4 ,a man :o       
rec5tly wrote a numb] ( silly criticisms
 on ! ,n\velle ,heloise add$ to 8       

signature ! title ,citiz5 ( ,paimboeuf1 
& he ?\ght x a capital joke4 ,no1 sir1 t
 mode/ be>+1 t timid glance1 t hesitat+ 
mann]1 proclaim only a slave adorn$ ) ! 
title ( an elector4  ,i _c say :e!r ?is 
say+ %[s mu* k ( ! true relation betwe5 
a man's "* & 8 appe>ance4 ,i h n ! hon\r
 ( be+ a danc+ ma/]1 & ,i %\ld h ?\ght j
 ! opposite4 ,i %\ld h said1 ,?is       
,engli%man is no c\rti]2 ,i nev] he>d t 
c\rti]s h a timid be>+ & a hesitat+     
mann]4 ,a man ^: appe>ance is timid 9 ! 
pres5ce ( a danc] might n be timid 9 !  
,h\se ( ,commons4 ,surely ?is ,m4 ,m>cel
 mu/ take 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 = s _m       
,romans4  ,he :o loves desires to be    
lov$1 ,emile loves 8 fell[s & desires to
 please !m4 ,ev5 m does he wi% to please
 ! wom52 8 age1 8 "*1 ! object he has 9 
view1 all increase ?is desire4 ,i say 8 
"*1 = ?is has a great effect2 m5 ( good 
"* are ^? :o really adore wom54 ,!y h n 
! mock+ j>gon ( gallantry l ! re/1 b _! 
eag]ness is m g5u9ely t5d]1 because x   
comes f ! he>t4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a "y     

woman1 ,i c\ld pick out a "y man ( "* & 
self-control f among a hundr$ ?\s&      
lib]t9es4 ,consid] :at ,emile mu/ be1 ) 
all ! eag]ness ( e>ly y\? & s _m reasons
 = resi/ance6 ,= 9 ! pres5ce ( wom5 ,i  
?9k he w sometimes be %y & timid2 b ?is 
%yness w c]ta9ly n be displeas+1 & !    
lea/ fooli% ( !m w only too (t5 f9d a   
way to enjoy x & augm5t x4 ,moreov]1 8  
eag]ness w take a diff]5t %ape accord+  
to ^? he has to d )4 ,he w be m mode/ & 
respectful to m>ri$ wom51 m eag] & t5d] 
t[>ds "y girls4 ,he nev] loses sight ( 8
 purpose1 & x is always ^? :o mo/ recall
 x to him :o receive ! great] %>e ( 8   
att5tions4  ,no "o c\ld be m att5tive to
 e consid]ation bas$ ^u ! laws ( nature1
 & ev5 on ! laws ( good society2 b ! =m]
 are always pref]r$ be=e ! latt]1 &     
,emile w %[ m respect to an eld]ly p]son
 9 private life ?an to a "y magi/rate ( 
8 own age4 ,z he is g5]ally "o ( !      
y\nge/ 9 ! company1 he w always be "o ( 
! mo/ mode/1 n f ! vanity :i* apes      
humility1 b f a natural feel+ f\nd$ ^u  

reason4 ,he w n h ! effront]y ( ! "y    
fop1 :o speaks l\d] ?an ! wise &        
int]rupts ! old 9 ord] to amuse !       
company4 ,he w nev] give any cause = !  
reply giv5 to ,l\is ,,xv by an old      
g5tleman :o 0 ask$ :e!r he pref]r$ ?is  
c5tury or ! la/3 ,sire1 ,i sp5t my y\? 9
 rev]5ce t[>ds ! old2 ,i f9d myself     
compell$ to sp5d my old age 9 rev]5ce   
t[>ds ! "y4  ,8 he>t is t5d] & s5sitive1
 b he c>es no?+ = ! weight ( popul>     
op9ion1 ?\gh he loves to give pleasure  
to o!rs2 s he w c>e little to be ?\ght a
 p]son ( importance4 ,h5ce he w be      
affectionate r ?an polite1 he w nev] be 
pomp\s or affect$1 & he w be always m   
t\*$ by a c>ess ?an by mu* praise4 ,= ! 
same reasons he w nev] be c>eless ( 8   
mann]s or 8 clo!s2 p]haps he w be r     
p>ticul> ab\t 8 dress1 n t he may %[    
himself a man ( ta/e1 b to make 8       
appe>ance m pleas+2 he w nev] require a 
gilt frame1 & he w nev] spoil 8 /yle by 
a display ( weal?4  ,all ?is dem&s1 z y 
see1 no /ock ( precepts f me2 x is all !

 result ( 8 e>ly education4 ,p make a   
great my/]y ( ! ways ( society1 z if1 at
 ! age :5 ^! ways are acquir$1 we did n 
take to !m q naturally1 & z if ! fir/   
laws ( polit5ess 7 n to be f\nd 9 a     
k9dly he>t4 ,true polit5ess consi/s 9   
%[+ our goodwill t[>ds m52 x %[s its    
pres5ce )\t any difficulty2 ^? only :o  
lack ?is goodwill are compell$ to r$uce 
! outw>d signs ( x to an art4  ,! wor/  
effect ( artificial polit5ess is t x    
tea*es u h[ to disp5se ) ! virtues x    
imitates4 ,if our education tea*es u    
k9dness & humanity1 we %all be polite1  
or we %all h no ne$ ( polit5ess4  ,if we
 h n ^? qualities :i* display !mselves  
gracefully we %all h ^? :i* proclaim !  
hone/ man & ! citiz52 we %all h no ne$ =
 falsehood4  ,in/ead ( seek+ to please  
by artificiality1 x w suffice t we are  
k9dly2 in/ead ( flatt]+ ! weaknesses (  
o!rs by falsehood1 x w suffice to       
tol]ate !m4  ,^? ) :om we h to d w nei!r
 be puff$ up nor corrupt$ by su*        
int]c\rse2 !y w only be grateful & w be 

in=m$ by x4 ,footnote3 ,consid]ations   
sur les moeurs de ce siecle1 p> ,m4     
,duclos4  ,x seems to me t if any       
education is calculat$ to produce ! sort
 ( polit5ess requir$ by ,m4 ,duclos 9   
?is passage1 x is ! education ,i h      
already describ$4  ,yet ,i admit t ) su*
 diff]5t tea*+ ,emile w n be j l        
ev]ybody else1 & heav5 pres]ve him f su*
 a fate6 ,b :]e he is unlike o!r p1 he w
 nei!r cause annoyance nor w he be      
absurd2 ! diff]5ce w be p]ceptible b n  
unpleasant4 ,emile w be1 if y l1 an     
agreeable =eign]4 ,at fir/ 8            
peculi>ities w be excus$ ) ! phrase1 ,he
 w le>n4 ,aft] a "t p w get us$ to 8    
ways1 & see+ t he does n *ange !y w /ill
 make excuses = him & say1 ,he is made t
 way4  ,he w n be fet$ z a *>m+ man1 b e
 "o w l him )\t kn[+ :y2 no "o w praise 
8 intellect1 b e "o w be ready to make  
him ! judge betwe5 m5 ( intellect2 8 own
 intellig5ce w be cle> & limit$1 8 m9d w
 be accurate1 & 8 judgm5t sane4 ,z he   
nev] runs aft] new ideas1 he _c pride   

himself on 8 wit4 ,i h conv9c$ him t all
 :olesome ideas1 ideas :i* are really   
useful to mank9d1 7 among ! e>lie/ kn[n1
 t 9 all times !y h =m$ ! true bonds (  
society1 & t !re is no?+ left = ambiti\s
 m9ds b to seek di/9ction = !mselves by 
means ( ideas :i* are injuri\s & fatal  
to mank9d4 ,?is way ( w9n+ admiration   
sc>cely appeals to him2 he kn[s h[ he   
ought to seek 8 own happ9ess 9 life1 &  
h[ he c contribute to ! happ9ess ( o!rs4
 ,! sph]e ( 8 k is re/rict$ to :at is   
pr(itable4 ,8 pa? is n>r[ & cle>ly      
def9$2 z he has no temptation to leave  
x1 he is lo/ 9 ! cr[d2 he w nei!r       
di/+ui% himself nor w he lose 8 way4    
,emile is a man ( common s5se & he has  
no desire to be any?+ m2 y may try 9 va9
 to insult him by apply+ ?is phrase to  
him2 he w always consid] x a title (    
hon\r4  ,al?\gh f 8 wi% to please he is 
no long] :olly indiff]5t to ! op9ion (  
o!rs1 he only consid]s t op9ion s f> z  
he himself is directly conc]n$1 )\t     
tr\bl+ himself ab\t arbitr>y values1 :i*

 are subject to no law b t ( fa%ion or  
conv5tionality4 ,he w h pride en\gh to  
wi% to d well 9 ev]y?+ t he und]takes1 &
 ev5 to wi% to d x bett] ?an o!rs2 he w 
want to be ! swifte/ runn]1 ! /ronge/   
wre/l]1 ! clev]e/ workman1 ! readie/ 9  
games ( skill2 b he w n seek advantages 
:i* are n 9 !mselves cle> ga91 b ne$ to 
be support$ by ! op9ion ( o!rs1 su* z to
 be ?\ght witti] ?an ano!r1 a bett]     
speak]1 m le>n$1 etc42 /ill less w he   
tr\ble himself ) ^? :i* h no?+ to d ) ! 
man himself1 su* z high] bir?1 a great] 
reputation = weal?1 cr$it1 or public    
e/imation1 or ! impression creat$ by a  
%[y ext]ior4  ,z he loves 8 fell[s      
because !y are l himself1 he w pref] him
 :o is mo/ l himself1 because he w feel 
t he is good2 & z he w judge ( ?is      
resemblance by simil>ity ( ta/e 9       
morals1 9 all t belongs to a good "*1 he
 w be delight$ to w9 approval4 ,he w n  
say to himself 9 s _m words1 ,i am      
delight$ to ga9 approval1 b ,i am       
delight$ because !y say ,i h done "r2 ,i

 am delight$ because ! m5 :o hon\r me   
are wor?y ( hon\r2 :ile !y judge s      
wisely1 x is a f9e ?+ to w9 _! respect4 
,z he /udies m5 9 _! conduct 9 society1 
j z he =m]ly /udi$ !m ?r\gh _! passions 
9 hi/ory1 he w (t5 h occasion to consid]
 :at x is t pleases or (f5ds ! human    
he>t4 ,he is n[ busy ) ! philosophy ( ! 
pr9ciples ( ta/e1 & ?is is ! mo/        
suitable subject = 8 pres5t /udy4  ,!   
fur!r we seek our def9itions ( ta/e1 !  
fur!r we g a/ray2 ta/e is m]ely ! p[] ( 
judg+ :at is pleas+ or displeas+ to mo/ 
p4 ,g beyond ?is1 & y _c say :at ta/e   
is4 ,x does n foll[ t ! m5 ( ta/e are 9 
! majority2 = ?\gh ! majority judges    
wisely ) reg>d to ea* individual ?+1 !re
 are few m5 :o foll[ ! judgm5t ( !      
majority 9 ev]y?+2 & ?\gh ! mo/ g5]al   
agreem5t 9 ta/e con/itutes good ta/e1   
!re are few m5 ( good ta/e j z !re are  
few beautiful p1 al?\gh beauty consi/s 9
 ! sum ( ! mo/ usual features4  ,x mu/  
be obs]v$ t we are n "h conc]n$ ) :at we
 l because x is s]viceable1 or hate     

because x is h>mful to u4 ,ta/e deals   
only ) ?+s t are indiff]5t to u1 or :i* 
affect at mo/ our amusem5ts1 n ^? :i*   
relate to our ne$s2 ta/e is n requir$ to
 judge ( ^!1 appetite only is suffici5t4
 ,x is ?is :i* makes m]e decisions (    
ta/e s difficult & z x seems s arbitr>y2
 = beyond ! in/9ct !y foll[ !re appe>s  
to be no reason :atev] = !m4 ,we mu/    
also make a di/9ction betwe5 ! laws (   
good ta/e 9 morals & its laws 9 physical
 matt]s4 ,9 ! latt] ! laws ( ta/e appe> 
to be absolutely inexplicable4 ,b x mu/ 
be obs]v$ t !re is a moral elem5t 9     
ev]y?+ :i* involves imitation4,footnote3
 ,?is is demon/rat$ 9 an ,essay on !    
,orig9 ( ,languages :i* w be f\nd 9 my  
collect$ works4 ,?is is ! explanation ( 
beauties :i* seem to be physical1 b are 
n s 9 reality4 ,i may add t ta/e has    
local rules :i* make x dep5d5t 9 _m     
respects on ! c\ntry we are 91 its      
mann]s1 gov]nm5t1 in/itutions2 x has o!r
 rules :i* dep5d ^u age1 sex1 & "*1 & x 
is 9 ?is s5se t we mu/ n dispute ov]    

matt]s ( ta/e4  ,ta/e is natural to m52 
b all d n possess x 9 ! same degree1 x  
is n develop$ to ! same ext5t 9 e "o2 & 
9 e "o x is liable to be modifi$ by a   
v>iety ( causes4 ,su* ta/e z we may     
possess dep5ds on our native s5sibility2
 its cultivation & its =m dep5d ^u !    
society 9 :i* we h liv$4 ,9 ! fir/ place
 we mu/ live 9 societies ( _m diff]5t   
k9ds1 s z to comp>e mu*4 ,9 ! next      
place1 !re mu/ be societies = amusem5t &
 idl5ess1 = 9 bus9ess relations1 int]e/1
 n pleasure1 is our rule4 ,la/ly1 !re   
mu/ be societies 9 :i* p are fairly     
equal1 :]e ! tyranny ( public op9ion may
 be mod]ate1 :]e pleasure r ?an vanity  
is que52 :]e ?is is n s1 fa%ion /ifles  
ta/e1 & we seek :at gives di/9ction r   
?an delight4  ,9 ! latt] case x is no   
long] true t good ta/e is ! ta/e ( !    
majority4 ,:y is ?is8 ,because ! purpose
 is diff]5t4 ,!n ! cr[d has no long] any
 op9ion ( its own1 x only foll[s !      
judgm5t ( ^? :o are suppos$ to "k m ab\t
 x2 its approval is be/[$ n on :at is   

good1 b on :at !y h already approv$4 ,at
 any "t let e man h 8 own op9ion1 & :at 
is mo/ pleas+ 9 itself w always secure  
mo/ votes4  ,e beauty t is to be f\nd 9 
! works ( man is imitat$4 ,all ! true   
models ( ta/e are to be f\nd 9 nature4  
,! fur!r we get f ! ma/]1 ! worse are   
our pictures4 ,!n x is t we f9d our     
models 9 :at we ourselves l1 & ! beauty 
( fancy1 subject to caprice & to        
au?ority1 is no?+ b :at is pleas+ to our
 lead]s4  ,^? lead]s are ! arti/s1 !    
weal?y1 & ! great1 & !y !mselves foll[ !
 lead ( self-int]e/ or pride4 ,"s to    
display _! weal?1 o!rs to pr(it by x1 !y
 seek eag]ly = new ways ( sp5d+ x4 ,?is 
is h[ luxury acquires its p[] & makes u 
love :at is r>e & co/ly2 ?is s-call$    
beauty consi/s1 n 9 foll[+ nature1 b 9  
disobey+ h]4 ,h5ce luxury & bad ta/e are
 insep>able4 ,:]ev] ta/e is lavi%1 x is 
bad4  ,ta/e1 good or bad1 takes its %ape
 especially 9 ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! two  
sexes2 ! cultivation ( ta/e is a        
necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is =m ( society4 

,b :5 enjoym5t is easily obta9$1 & !    
desire to please becomes lukew>m1 ta/e  
mu/ deg5]ate2 & ?is is1 9 my op9ion1 "o 
( ! be/ reasons :y good ta/e implies    
good morals4  ,consult ! wom5's op9ions 
9 bodily matt]s1 9 all t conc]ns !      
s5ses2 consult ! m5 9 matt]s ( morality 
& all t conc]ns ! und]/&+4 ,:5 wom5 are 
:at !y ought to be1 !y w keep to :at !y 
c und]/&1 & _! judgm5t w be "r2 b s9ce  
!y h set !mselves up z judges (         
lit]ature1 s9ce !y h begun to criticise 
books & to make !m ) might & ma91 !y are
 altoge!r a/ray4 ,au?ors :o take !      
advice ( blue-/ock+s w always be        
ill-advis$2 gallants :o consult !m ab\t 
_! clo!s w always be absurdly dress$4 ,i
 %all pres5tly h an opportunity ( speak+
 ( ! real tal5ts ( ! female sex1 ! way  
to cultivate ^! tal5ts1 & ! matt]s 9    
reg>d to :i* _! decisions %\ld receive  
att5tion4  ,^! are ! elem5t>y           
consid]ations :i* ,i %all lay d[n z     
pr9ciples :5 ,i discuss ) ,emile ?is    
matt] :i* is by no means indiff]5t to   

him 9 8 pres5t inquiries4 ,& to :om %\ld
 x be a matt] ( indiff]5ce8 ,to "k :at p
 may f9d pleasant or unpleasant is n    
only necess>y to any "o :o requires _!  
help1 x is /ill m necess>y to any "o :o 
w\ld help !m2 y mu/ please !m if y w\ld 
d !m s]vice2 & ! art ( writ+ is no idle 
pursuit if x is us$ to make m5 he> !    
tru?4  ,if 9 ord] to cultivate my       
pupil's ta/e1 ,i 7 compell$ to *oose    
betwe5 a c\ntry :]e ?is =m ( culture has
 n yet aris5 & ^? 9 :i* x has already   
deg5]at$1 ,i w\ld progress backw>ds2 ,i 
w\ld beg9 8 survey ) ! latt] & end ) !  
=m]4 ,my reason = ?is *oice is1 t ta/e  
becomes corrupt$ ?r\gh excessive        
delicacy1 :i* makes x s5sitive to ?+s   
:i* mo/ m5 d n p]ceive2 ?is delicacy    
leads to a _s ( discussion1 = ! m subtle
 is our discrim9ation ( ?+s ! m ?+s !re 
are = u4 ,?is subtlety increases !      
delicacy & decreases ! uni=mity ( our   
t\*4 ,s !re are z _m ta/es z !re are p4 
,9 disputes z to our pref]5ces1         
philosophy & k are enl>g$1 & ?us we le>n

 to ?9k4 ,x is only m5 accu/om$ to pl5ty
 ( society :o are capable ( v delicate  
obs]vations1 = ^! obs]vations d n occur 
to u till ! la/1 & p :o are unus$ to all
 sorts ( society exhau/ _! att5tion 9 ! 
consid]ation ( ! m conspicu\s features4 
,!re is p]haps no civilis$ place ^u e>? 
:]e ! common ta/e is s bad z 9 ,p>is4   
,yet x is 9 ?is capital t good ta/e is  
cultivat$1 & x seems t few books make   
any impression 9 ,europe ^: au?ors h n  
/udi$ 9 ,p>is4 ,^? :o ?9k x is en\gh to 
read our books are mi/ak52 !re is m to  
be le>nt f ! conv]sation ( au?ors ?an f 
_! books2 & x is n f ! au?ors t we le>n 
mo/4 ,x is ! _s ( social life :i*       
develops a ?9k+ m9d1 & c>ries ! eye z f>
 z x c rea*4 ,if y h a sp>k ( g5ius1 g &
 sp5d a ye> 9 ,p>is2 y w soon be all t y
 are capable ( becom+1 or y w nev] be   
good = any?+ at all4  ,"o may le>n to   
?9k 9 places :]e bad ta/e rules supreme2
 b we mu/ n ?9k l ^? ^: ta/e is bad1 & x
 is v difficult to avoid ?is if we sp5d 
mu* "t among !m4 ,we mu/ use _! ef=ts to

 p]fect ! ma*9]y ( judgm5t1 b we mu/ be 
c>eful n to make ! same use ( x4 ,i %all
 take c>e n to poli% ,emile's judgm5t s 
f> z to trans=m x1 & :5 he has acquir$  
disc]nm5t en\gh to feel & comp>e ! v>i$ 
ta/es ( m51 ,i %all lead him to fix 8   
own ta/e ^u simpl] matt]s4  ,i w g /ill 
fur!r 9 ord] to keep 8 ta/e pure &      
:olesome4 ,9 ! tumult ( dissipation ,i  
%all f9d opportunities = useful         
conv]sation ) him2 & :ile ^!            
conv]sations are always ab\t ?+s 9 :i*  
he takes a delight1 ,i %all take c>e to 
make !m z amus+ z !y are in/ructive4 ,n[
 is ! "t to read pleasant books2 n[ is !
 "t to tea* him to analyse spee* & to   
appreciate all ! beauties ( eloqu5ce &  
diction4 ,x is a small matt] to le>n    
languages1 !y are less useful ?an p ?9k2
 b ! /udy ( languages leads u on to t ( 
gramm> 9 g5]al4 ,we mu/ le>n ,lat9 if we
 w\ld h a ?or\gh k ( ,fr5*2 ^! two      
languages mu/ be /udi$ & comp>$ if we   
w\ld und]/& ! rules ( ! art ( speak+4   
,!re is1 moreov]1 a c]ta9 simplicity (  

ta/e :i* goes /raight to ! he>t2 & ?is  
is only to be f\nd 9 ! classics4  ,9    
oratory1 poetry1 & e k9d ( lit]ature1   
,emile w f9d ! classical au?ors z he    
f\nd !m 9 hi/ory1 full ( matt] & sob] 9 
_! judgm5t4 ,! au?ors ( our own "t1 on !
 contr>y1 say little & talk mu*4 ,to    
take _! judgm5t z our con/ant law is n !
 way to =m our own judgm5t4 ,^!         
diff]5ces ( ta/e make !mselves felt 9   
all t is left ( classical times & ev5 on
 _! tombs4 ,our monum5ts are cov]$ )    
praises1 !irs record$ facts4       ,/a1 
viator2 h]oem calcas4  ,if ,i _h f\nd   
?is epitaph on an anci5t monum5t1 ,i    
%\ld at once h guess$ x 0 mod]n2 = !re  
is no?+ s common among u z h]oes1 b     
among ! anci5ts !y 7 r>e4 ,in/ead ( say+
 a man 0 a h]o1 !y w\ld h said :at he _h
 done to ga9 t "n4 ,) ! epitaph ( ?is   
h]o comp>e t ( ! effem9ate              
,s>danapalus--       ,t>sus & ,an*iales 
,i built 9 a day1 & n[ ,i am dead4  ,:i*
 d y ?9k says mo/8 ,our inflat$         
monum5tal /yle is only fit to trumpet =?

 ! praises ( pygmies4 ,! anci5ts %[$ m5 
z !y 71 & x 0 pla9 t !y 7 m5 inde$4     
,x5ophon did hon\r to ! memory ( "s     
w>riors :o 7 sla9 by treason dur+ !     
retreat ( ! ,t5 ,?\s&4 ,!y di$1 said he1
 )\t /a9 9 w> & 9 love4 ,t is all1 b ?9k
 h[ full 0 ! he>t ( ! au?or ( ?is %ort &
 simple elegy4 ,woe to him :o fails to  
p]ceive its *>m4 ,! foll[+ words 7      
engrav$ on a tomb at ,!rmopylae--  ,g1  
,travell]1 tell ,sp>ta t "h we fell 9   
ob$i5ce to h] laws4  ,x is pretty cle> t
 ?is 0 n ! "w ( ! ,academy (            
,inscriptions4  ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 !   
att5tion ( my pupil1 :o sets s small    
value ^u words1 w be direct$ 9 ! fir/   
place to ^! diff]5ces1 & !y w affect 8  
*oice 9 8 read+4 ,he w be c>ri$ away by 
! manly eloqu5ce ( ,demo/h5es1 & w say1 
,?is is an orator2 b :5 he reads ,cic]o1
 he w say1 ,?is is a lawy]4  ,speak+    
g5]ally ,emile w h m ta/e = ! books ( ! 
anci5ts ?an = our own1 j because !y 7 ! 
fir/1 & !re=e ! anci5ts are ne>] to     
nature & _! g5ius is m di/9ct4 ,:atev]  

,la ,motte & ! ,abbe ,t]rasson may say1 
!re is no real advance 9 human reason1 =
 :at we ga9 9 "o direction we lose 9    
ano!r2 = all m9ds />t f ! same po9t1 & z
 ! "t sp5t 9 le>n+ :at o!rs h ?\ght is s
 mu* "t lo/ 9 le>n+ to ?9k = ourselves1 
we h m acquir$ k & less vig\r ( m9d4    
,our m9ds l our arms are accu/om$ to use
 tools = ev]y?+1 & to d no?+ = !mselves4
 ,font5elle us$ to say t all ^! disputes
 z to ! anci5ts & ! mod]ns came to      
?is--,7 ! trees 9 =m] times tall] ?an !y
 are n[4 ,if agriculture _h *ang$1 x    
w\ld be wor? our :ile to ask ?is "q4    
,aft] ,i h l$ ,emile to ! s\rces ( pure 
lit]ature1 ,i w also %[ him ! *annels   
into ! res]voirs ( mod]n compil]s2      
j\rnals1 translations1 diction>ies1 he  
%all ca/ a glance at !m all1 & !n leave 
!m = ev]4 ,to amuse him he %all he> !   
*att] ( ! academies2 ,i w draw 8        
att5tion to ! fa/ t e memb] ( !m is wor?
 m by himself ?an he is z a memb] ( !   
society2 he w !n draw 8 own conclusions 
z to ! utility ( ^! f9e in/itutions4  ,i

 take him to ! !atre to /udy ta/e1 n    
morals2 = 9 ! !atre above all ta/e is   
reveal$ to ^? :o c ?9k4 ,lay aside      
precepts & morality1 ,i %\ld say2 ?is is
 n ! place to /udy !m4 ,! /age is n made
 = tru?2 its object is to flatt] &      
amuse3 !re is no place :]e "o c le>n s  
completely ! art ( pleas+ & ( int]e/+ ! 
human he>t4  ,! /udy ( plays leads to ! 
/udy ( poetry2 bo? h ! same end 9 view4 
,if he has ! lea/ glimm]+ ( ta/e =      
poetry1 h[ eag]ly w he /udy ! languages 
( ! poets1 ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,italian6   
,^! /udies w af=d him unlimit$ amusem5t 
& w be none ! less valuable2 !y w be a  
delight to him at an age & 9            
circum/ances :5 ! he>t f9ds s great a   
*>m 9 e k9d ( beauty :i* affects x4     
,picture to y\rself on ! "o h& ,emile1  
on ! o!r "s "y rascal f college1 read+ !
 f\r? book ( ! ,a5eid1 or ,tibollus1 or 
! ,banquet ( ,plato3 :at a diff]5ce     
betwe5 !m6 ,:at /irs ! he>t ( ,emile to 
its dep?s1 makes n ! lea/ impression on 
! o!r6 ,oh1 good y\?1 /ay1 make a pause 

9 y\r read+1 y are too deeply mov$2 ,i  
w\ld h y f9d pleasure 9 ! language (    
love1 b ,i w\ld n h y c>ri$ away by x2  
be a wise man1 b be a good man too4 ,if 
y are only "o ( ^!1 y are no?+4 ,aft]   
?is let him w9 fame or n 9 dead         
languages1 9 lit]ature1 9 poetry1 ,i c>e
 little4 ,he w be none ! worse if he    
kn[s no?+ ( !m1 & 8 education is n      
conc]n$ ) ^! m]e words4  ,my ma9 object 
9 tea*+ him to feel & love beauty ( e   
k9d is to fix 8 affections & 8 ta/e on  
^!1 to prev5t ! corruption ( 8 natural  
appetites1 le/ he %\ld h to seek "s day 
9 ! mid/ ( 8 weal? = ! means ( happ9ess 
:i* %\ld be f\nd close at h&4 ,i h said 
else:]e t ta/e is only ! art ( be+ a    
connoisseur 9 matt]s ( little           
importance1 & ?is is q true2 b s9ce !   
*>m ( life dep5ds on a tissue ( ^!      
matt]s ( little importance1 su* ef=ts   
are no small ?+2 ?r\gh _! means we le>n 
h[ to fill our life ) ! good ?+s )9 our 
rea*1 ) z mu* tru? z !y may hold = u4 ,i
 d n ref] to ! morally good :i* dep5ds  

on a good disposition ( ! he>t1 b only  
to t :i* dep5ds on ! body1 on real      
delight1 ap>t f ! prejudices ( public   
op9ion4  ,! bett] to unfold my idea1    
all[ me = a mom5t to leave ,emile1 ^:   
pure & :olesome he>t _c be tak5 z a rule
 = o!rs1 & to seek 9 my own memory = an 
illu/ration bett] suit$ to ! read] & m 9
 accordance ) 8 own mann]s4  ,!re are   
pr(essions :i* seem to *ange a man's    
nature1 to reca/1 ei!r = bett] or worse1
 ! m5 :o adopt !m4 ,a c[>d becomes a    
brave man 9 ! regim5t ( ,nav>re4 ,x is n
 only 9 ! army t esprit de corps is     
acquir$1 & its effects are n always =   
good4 ,i h ?\ght aga9 & aga9 ) t]ror t  
if ,i _h ! mis=tune to fill a c]ta9 po/ 
,i am ?9k+ ( 9 a c]ta9 c\ntry1 be=e     
to-morr[ ,i %\ld c]ta9ly be a tyrant1 an
 extortion]1 a de/roy] ( ! p1 h>mful to 
my k+1 & a pr(ess$ enemy ( mank9d1 a foe
 to ju/ice & e k9d ( virtue4  ,9 ! same 
way1 if ,i 7 ri*1 ,i %\ld h done all t  
is requir$ to ga9 ri*es2 ,i %\ld !re=e  
be insol5t & degrad$1 s5sitive & feel+  

only on my own behalf1 h>% & pitiless to
 all besides1 a scornful spectator ( !  
suff]+s ( ! l[] classes2 = t is :at ,i  
%\ld call ! poor1 to make p =get t ,i 0 
once poor myself4 ,la/ly ,i %\ld make my
 =tune a means to my own pleasures ) :i*
 ,i %\ld be :olly occupi$2 & s f> ,i    
%\ld be j l o!r p4  ,b 9 "o respect ,i  
%\ld be v unlike !m2 ,i %\ld be s5sual &
 voluptu\s r ?an pr\d & va91 & ,i %\ld  
give myself up to ! luxury ( com=t r ?an
 to t ( o/5tation4 ,i %\ld ev5 be       
some:at a%am$ to make too great a %[ (  
my weal?1 & if ,i ov]:elm$ ! envi\s ) my
 pomp ,i %\ld always fancy ,i he>d him  
say+1 ,"h is a rascal :o is greatly     
afraid le/ we %\ld take him = any?+ b   
:at he is4  ,9 ! va/ pr(usion ( good ?+s
 ^u ?is e>? ,i %\ld seek :at ,i l be/1 &
 :at ,i c be/ appropriate to myself4    
,to ?is end1 ! fir/ use ,i %\ld make (  
my weal? w\ld be to pur*ase leisure &   
fre$om1 to :i* ,i w\ld add heal?1 if x 7
 to be pur*as$2 b heal? c only be b\ght 
by temp]ance1 & z !re is no real        

pleasure )\t heal?1 ,i %\ld be temp]ate 
f s5sual motives4  ,i %\ld also keep z  
close z possible to nature1 to gratify !
 s5ses giv5 me by nature1 be+ q conv9c$ 
t1 ! great] h] %>e 9 my pleasures1 ! m  
real ,i %all f9d !m4 ,9 ! *oice ( models
 = imitation ,i %all always *oose nature
 z my patt]n2 9 my appetites ,i w give  
h] ! pref]5ce2 9 my ta/es %e %all always
 be consult$2 9 my food ,i w always     
*oose :at mo/ owes its *>m to h]1 & :at 
has pass$ ?r\gh ! fewe/ possible h&s on 
its way to table4 ,i w be on my gu>d    
aga9/ fraudul5t %ams2 ,i w g out to meet
 pleasure4 ,no cook %all gr[ ri* on my  
gross & fooli% gre$9ess2 he %all n      
poison me ) fi% :i* co/ its weight 9    
gold1 my table %all n be deck$ ) fetid  
spl5d\r or putrid fle% f f>-(f l&s4 ,i w
 take any am\nt ( tr\ble to gratify my  
s5sibility1 s9ce ?is tr\ble has a       
pleasure ( its own1 a pleasure m ?an we 
expect4 ,if ,i wi%$ to ta/e a food f !  
ends ( ! e>?1 ,i w\ld g1 l ,apicius1 9  
se>* ( x1 r ?an s5d = x2 = ! da9tie/    

di%es always lack a *>m :i* _c be br\ght
 along ) !m1 a flav\r :i* no cook c give
 !m--! air ( ! c\ntry :]e !y are        
produc$4  ,= ! same reason ,i w\ld n    
foll[ ! example ( ^? :o are nev] well (f
 :]e !y are1 b are always sett+ !       
seasons at n\ght1 & confus+ c\ntries &  
_! seasons2 ^? :o seek w9t] 9 summ] &   
summ] 9 w9t]1 & g to ,italy to be cold &
 to ! nor? to be w>m1 d n consid] t :5  
!y ?9k !y are escap+ f ! sev]ity ( !    
seasons1 !y are go+ to meet t sev]ity 9 
places :]e p are n prep>$ = x4 ,i %all  
/ay 9 "o place1 or ,i %all adopt j !    
opposite c\rse2 ,i %\ld l to get all    
possible enjoym5t out ( "o season to    
discov] :at is peculi> to any giv5      
c\ntry4 ,i w\ld h a v>iety ( pleasures1 
& habits q unlike "o ano!r1 b ea*       
accord+ to nature2 ,i w\ld sp5d ! summ] 
at ,naples & ! w9t] 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg2   
sometimes ,i w\ld brea! ! s(t zephyr ly+
 9 ! cool grottoes ( ,t>5tum1 & aga9 ,i 
w\ld enjoy ! illum9ations ( an ice      
palace1 brea?less & we>i$ ) ! pleasures 

( ! dance4  ,9 ! s]vice ( my table & !  
adornm5t ( my dwell+ ,i w\ld imitate 9 !
 simple/ ornam5ts ! v>iety ( ! seasons1 
& draw f ea* its *>m )\t anticipat+ its 
successor4 ,!re is no ta/e b only       
difficulty to be f\nd 9 ?us di/urb+ !   
ord] ( nature2 to snat* f h] unwill+    
gifts1 :i* %e yields regretfully1 ) h]  
curse ^u !m2 gifts :i* h nei!r /r5g? nor
 flav\r1 :i* c nei!r n\ri% ! body nor   
tickle ! palate4 ,no?+ is m insipid ?an 
=c$ fruits4 ,a weal?y man 9 ,p>is1 ) all
 8 /oves & hot-h\ses1 only succe$s 9    
gett+ all ! ye> r\nd poor fruit & poor  
vegetables = 8 table at a v high price4 
,if ,i _h *]ries 9 fro/1 & gold5 melons 
9 ! dep?s ( w9t]1 :at pleasure %\ld ,i  
f9d 9 !m :5 my palate did n ne$ moi/ure 
or refre%m5t4 ,w\ld ! heavy *e/nut be v 
pleasant 9 ! heat ( ! dog-days2 %\ld ,i 
pref] to h x hot f ! /ove1 r ?an !      
gooseb]ry1 ! /rawb]ry1 ! refre%+ fruits 
:i* ! e>? takes c>e to provide = me4 ,a 
mantelpiece cov]$ 9 ,janu>y ) =c$       
vegetation1 ) pale & sc5tless fl[]s1 is 

n w9t] adorn$1 b spr+ robb$ ( its       
beauty2 we deprive ourselves ( !        
pleasure ( seek+ ! fir/ violet 9 !      
woods1 ( not+ ! e>lie/ buds1 & exclaim+ 
9 a rapture ( delight1 ,mortals1 y are n
 =sak51 nature is liv+ /ill4  ,to be    
well s]v$ ,i w\ld h few s]vants2 ?is has
 be5 said be=e1 b x is wor? say+ aga94  
,a tradesman gets m real s]vice f 8 "o  
man ?an a duke f ! t5 g5tlem5 r\nd ab\t 
him4 ,x has (t5 /ruck me :5 ,i am sitt+ 
at table ) my glass beside me t ,i c    
dr9k :5ev] ,i please2 :]eas1 if ,i 7 d9+
 9 /ate1 tw5ty m5 w\ld h to call = ,w9e 
be=e ,i c\ld qu5* my ?ir/4 ,y may be    
sure t :atev] is done = y by o!r p is   
ill done4 ,i w\ld n s5d to ! %ops1 ,i   
w\ld g myself2 ,i w\ld g s t my s]vants 
%\ld n make _! own t]ms ) ! %opkeep]s1 &
 to get a bett] *oice & *eap] prices2 ,i
 w\ld g = ! sake ( pleasant ex]cise & to
 get a glimpse ( :at 0 go+ on out (     
doors2 ?is is amus+ & sometimes         
in/ructive2 la/ly ,i w\ld g = ! sake ( !
 walk2 !re is always some?+ 9 t4 ,a     

s$5t>y life is ! s\rce ( t$ium2 :5 we   
walk a good deal we are nev] dull4 ,a   
port] & footm5 are poor int]pret]s1 ,i  
%\ld nev] wi% to h su* p betwe5 ! _w &  
myself1 nor w\ld ,i travel ) all ! fuss 
( a coa*1 z if ,i 7 afraid p w\ld speak 
to me4 ,%anks' m>e is always ready2 if  
%e is tir$ or ill1 h] own] is ! fir/ to 
"k x2 he ne$ n be afraid ( be+ kept at  
home :ile 8 coa*man is on ! spree2 on ! 
road he w n h to submit to all sorts (  
delays1 nor w he be consum$ ) impati5ce1
 nor compell$ to /ay 9 "o place a mom5t 
long] ?an he *ooses4 ,la/ly1 s9ce no "o 
s]ves u s well z we s]ve ourselves1 _h  
we ! p[] ( ,alex&] & ! weal? ( ,croesus 
we %\ld accept no s]vices f o!rs1 except
 ^? we _c p]=m = ourselves4  ,i w\ld n  
live 9 a palace2 = ev5 9 a palace ,i    
%\ld only occupy "o room2 e room :i* is 
common prop]ty belongs to nobody1 & !   
rooms ( ea* ( my s]vants w\ld be z      
/range to me z my neighb\r's4 ,!        
,ori5tals1 al?\gh v voluptu\s1 are lodg$
 9 pla9 & simply furni%$ dwell+s4 ,!y   

consid] life z a j\rney1 & _! h\se z an 
inn4 ,?is reason sc>cely appeals to u   
ri* p :o propose to live = ev]2 b ,i    
%\ld f9d ano!r reason :i* w\ld h ! same 
effect4 ,x w\ld seem to me t if ,i      
settl$ myself 9 "o place 9 ! mid/ ( su* 
spl5d\r1 ,i %\ld bani% myself f e o!r   
place1 & imprison myself1 s to speak1 9 
my palace4 ,! _w is a palace fair en\gh 
= any "o2 & is n ev]y?+ at ! disposal ( 
! ri* man :5 he seeks enjoym5t8 ,ubi    
b5e1 ibi patria1 t is 8 motto2 8 home is
 any:]e :]e money w c>ry him1 8 c\ntry  
is any:]e :]e !re is room = 8 /rong-box1
 z ,philip consid]$ z 8 own any place   
:]e a mule lad5 ) silv] c\ld ent]4      
,footnote3 ,a /rang]1 spl5didly clad1 0 
ask$ 9 ,a!ns :at c\ntry he belong$ to4  
,i am "o ( ! ri*1 0 8 answ]2 & a v good 
answ] 9 my op9ion4 ,:y !n %\ld we %ut   
ourselves up )9 walls & gates z if we   
nev] meant to leave !m8 ,if pe/il5ce1   
w>1 or rebellion drive me f "o place1 ,i
 g to ano!r1 & ,i f9d my hotel !re be=e 
me4 ,:y %\ld ,i build a mansion = myself

 :5 ! _w is already at my disposal8 ,:y 
%\ld ,i be 9 su* a hurry to live1 to br+
 f af> delights :i* ,i c f9d on ! spot8 
,x is impossible to make a pleasant life
 = oneself :5 "o is always at w> )      
oneself4  ,?us ,emp$ocles reproa*$ ! m5 
( ,agrig5tum ) heap+ up pleasures z if  
!y _h b "o day to live1 & build+ z if !y
 w\ld live = ev]4  ,& :at use h ,i = s  
l>ge a dwell+1 z ,i h s few p to live 9 
x1 & /ill few] goods to fill x8 ,my     
furniture w\ld be z simple z my ta/es2  
,i w\ld h nei!r picture-gall]y nor      
libr>y1 especially if ,i 0 fond ( read+ 
& knew some?+ ab\t pictures4 ,i %\ld !n 
"k t su* collections are nev] complete1 
& t ! lack ( t :i* is want+ causes m    
annoyance ?an if "o _h no?+ at all4 ,9  
?is respect abundance is ! cause ( want1
 z e collector kn[s to 8 co/4 ,if y are 
an exp]t1 d n make a collection2 if y "k
 h[ to use y\r cab9ets1 y w n h any to  
%[4  ,gambl+ is no sport = ! ri*1 x is !
 res\rce ( ^? :o h no?+ to d2 ,i %all be
 s busy ) my pleasures t ,i %all h no "t

 to wa/e4 ,i am poor & lonely & ,i nev] 
play1 unless x is a game ( *ess n[ & !n1
 & t is m ?an en\gh4 ,if ,i 7 ri* ,i    
w\ld play ev5 less1 & = v l[ /akes1 s t 
,i %\ld n be disappo9t$ myself1 nor see 
! disappo9tm5t ( o!rs4 ,! weal?y man has
 no motive = play1 & ! love ( play w n  
deg5]ate into ! passion = gambl+ unless 
! disposition is evil4 ,! ri* man is    
always m ke5ly aw>e ( 8 losses ?an 8    
ga9s1 & z 9 games :]e ! /akes are n high
 ! w9n+s are g5]ally exhau/$ 9 ! long   
run1 he w usually lose m ?an he ga9s1 s 
t if we reason rightly we %all sc>cely  
take a great fancy to games :]e ! odds  
are aga9/ u4 ,he :o flatt]s 8 vanity s  
f> z to believe t ,=tune fav\rs him c   
seek h] fav\r 9 m excit+ ways2 & h]     
fav\rs are j z cle>ly %[n :5 ! /akes are
 l[ z :5 !y are high4 ,! ta/e = play1 ! 
result ( gre$ & dullness1 only lays hold
 ( empty he>ts & heads2 & ,i ?9k ,i %\ld
 h en\gh feel+ & k to disp5se ) its     
help4  ,?9k]s are seldom gambl]s2 gambl+
 int]rupts ! habit ( ?\ght & turns x    

t[>ds b>r5 comb9ations2 ?us "o good     
result1 p]haps ! only good result ( !   
ta/e = sci5ce1 is t x dead5s to "s ext5t
 ?is vulg> passion2 p w pref] to try to 
discov] ! uses ( play r ?an to devote   
!mselves to x4 ,i %\ld argue ) ! gambl]s
 aga9/ gambl+1 & ,i %\ld f9d m delight 9
 sc(f+ at _! losses ?an 9 w9n+ _! money4
  ,i %\ld be ! same 9 private life z 9  
my social int]c\rse4 ,i %\ld wi% my     
=tune to br+ com=t 9 its tra91 & nev] to
 make p consci\s ( inequalities ( weal?4
 ,%[y dress is inconv5i5t 9 _m ways4 ,to
 pres]ve z mu* fre$om z possible among  
o!r m51 ,i %\ld l to be dress$ 9 su* a  
way t ,i %\ld n seem out ( place among  
all classes1 & %\ld n attract att5tion 9
 any2 s t )\t affectation or *ange ,i   
might m+le ) ! cr[d at ! inn or ) !     
nobility at ! ,palais ,royal4 ,9 ?is way
 ,i %\ld be m ?an ev] my own ma/]1 &    
%\ld be free to enjoy ! pleasures ( all 
sorts & conditions ( m54 ,!re are wom51 
s !y say1 ^: doors are clos$ to         
embroid]$ cuffs1 wom5 :o w only receive 

gue/s :o we> lace ruffles2 ,i %\ld sp5d 
my days else:]e2 ?\gh if ^! wom5 7 "y & 
pretty ,i might sometimes put on lace   
ruffles to sp5d an ev5+ or s 9 _!       
company4  ,mutual affection1 simil>ity (
 ta/es1 suitability ( "*2 ^! are ! only 
bonds betwe5 my companions & myself2    
among !m ,i w\ld be a man1 n a p]son (  
weal?2 ! *>m ( _! society %\ld nev] be  
embitt]$ by self-seek+4 ,if my weal? _h 
n robb$ me ( all humanity1 ,i w\ld      
scatt] my b5efits & my s]vices broadca/1
 b ,i %\ld want companions ab\t me1 n   
c\rti]s1 fri5ds1 n proteges2 ,i %\ld wi%
 my fri5ds to reg>d me z _! ho/1 n _!   
patron4 ,indep5d5ce & equality w\ld     
leave to my relations ) my fri5ds !     
s9c]ity ( goodwill2 :ile duty &         
self-seek+ w\ld h no place among u1 & we
 %\ld "k no law b t ( pleasure &        
fri5d%ip4  ,nei!r a fri5d nor a mi/ress 
c be b\ght4 ,wom5 may be got = money1 b 
t road w nev] lead to love4 ,love is n  
only n = sale2 money /rikes x dead4 ,if 
a man pays1 7 he inde$ ! mo/ lovable (  

m51 ! m]e fact ( paym5t w\ld prev5t any 
la/+ affection4 ,he w soon be pay+ = "s 
"o else1 or r "s "o else w get 8 money2 
& 9 ?is d\ble connection bas$ on        
self-seek+ & debau*]y1 )\t love1 hon\r1 
or true pleasure1 ! woman is grasp+1    
fai?less1 & unhappy1 & %e is treat$ by !
 wret* to :om %e gives h] money z %e    
treats ! fool :o gives 8 money to h]2 %e
 has no love = ei!r4 ,x w\ld be sweet to
 lie g5]\s t[>ds "o we love1 if t did n 
make a b>ga9 ( love4 ,i "k only "o way (
 gratify+ ?is desire ) ! woman "o loves 
)\t embitt]+ love2 x is to be/[ our all 
^u h] & to live at h] exp5se4  ,x rema9s
 to be se5 :e!r !re is any woman ) reg>d
 to :om su* conduct w\ld n be unwise4   
,he :o said1 ,lais is m9e1 b ,i am n    
h]s1 0 talk+ nons5se4 ,possession :i* is
 n mutual is no?+ at all2 at mo/ x is ! 
possession ( ! sex n ( ! individual4 ,b 
:]e !re is no morality 9 love1 :y make  
su* ado ab\t ! re/8  ,no?+ is s easy to 
f9d4 ,a mulete] is 9 ?is respect z ne>  
to happ9ess z a millionaire4  ,oh1 if we

 c\ld ?us trace out ! unreasonabl5ess ( 
vice1 h[ (t5 %\ld we f9d t1 :5 x has    
atta9$ its object1 x discov]s x is n :at
 x seem$6 ,:y is !re ?is cruel ha/e to  
corrupt innoc5ce1 to make1 a victim ( a 
"y creature :om we ought to protect1 "o 
:o is dragg$ by ?is fir/ false /ep into 
a gulf ( mis]y f :i* only dea? c release
 h]8 ,brutality1 vanity1 folly1 error1 &
 no?+ m4 ,?is pleasure itself is        
unnatural2 x re/s on popul> op9ion1 &   
popul> op9ion at its wor/1 s9ce x dep5ds
 on scorn ( self4 ,he :o kn[s he is !   
base/ ( m5 fe>s comp>ison ) o!rs1 & w\ld
 be ! fir/ t he may be less hateful4    
,see if ^? :o are mo/ gre$y 9 pursuit ( 
su* fanci$ pleasures are ev] attractive 
"y m5--m5 wor?y ( pleas+1 m5 :o might h 
"s excuse if !y 7 h>d to please4 ,n s2  
any "o ) good looks1 m]it1 & feel+ has  
little fe> ( 8 mi/ress' exp]i5ce2 )     
well-plac$ confid5ce he says to h]1 ,y  
"k :at pleasure is1 :at is t to me8 my  
he>t assures me t ?is is n s4  ,b an ag$
 satyr1 worn out ) debau*]y1 ) no *>m1  

no consid]ation1 no ?\ght = any b       
himself1 ) no %r$ ( hon\r1 incapable &  
unwor?y ( f9d+ fav\r 9 ! eyes ( any     
woman :o kn[s any?+ ( m5 des]v+ ( love1 
expects to make up = all ?is ) an       
innoc5t girl by trad+ on h] inexp]i5ce &
 /irr+ h] emotions = ! fir/ "t4 ,8 la/  
hope is to f9d fav\r z a novelty2 no    
d\bt ?is is ! secret motive ( ?is       
desire2 b he is mi/ak51 ! horror he     
excites is j z natural z ! desires he   
wi%es to ar\se4 ,he is also mi/ak5 9 8  
fooli% attempt2 t v nature takes c>e to 
ass]t h] rights2 e girl :o sells h]self 
is no long] a maid2 %e has giv5 h]self  
to ! man ( h] *oice1 & %e is mak+ ! v   
comp>ison he dreads4 ,! pleasure pur*as$
 is imag9>y1 b none ! less hateful4  ,= 
my own "p1 h[ev] ri*es may *ange me1 !re
 is "o matt] 9 :i* ,i %all nev] *ange4  
,if ,i h nei!r morals nor virtue1 ,i    
%all n be :olly )\t ta/e1 )\t s5se1 )\t 
delicacy2 & ?is w prev5t me f sp5d+ my  
=tune 9 ! pursuit ( empty dreams1 f wa/+
 my money & my /r5g? 9 tea*+ *ildr5 to  

betray me & mock at me4 ,if ,i 7 "y1 ,i 
w\ld seek ! pleasures ( y\?2 & z ,i w\ld
 h !m at _! be/ ,i w\ld n seek !m 9 !   
guise ( a ri* man4 ,if ,i 7 at my pres5t
 age1 x w\ld be ano!r matt]2 ,i w\ld    
wisely conf9e myself to ! pleasures ( my
 age2 ,i w\ld =m ta/es :i* ,i c\ld      
enjoy1 & ,i w\ld /ifle ^? :i* c\ld only 
cause suff]+4 ,i w\ld n g & (f] my grey 
be>d to ! scornful je/s ( "y girls2 ,i  
c\ld nev] be> to sick5 !m ) my disgu/+  
c>esses1 to furni% !m at my exp5se ) !  
mo/ absurd /ories1 to imag9e !m describ+
 ! vile pleasures ( ! old ape1 s z to   
av5ge !mselves = :at !y _h endur$4 ,b if
 habits unresi/$ _h *ang$ my =m] desires
 into ne$s1 ,i w\ld p]haps satisfy ^?   
ne$s1 b ) %ame & blu%es4 ,i w\ld di/+ui%
 betwe5 passion & necessity1 ,i w\ld f9d
 a suitable mi/ress & w\ld keep to h]4  
,i w\ld n make a bus9ess ( my weakness1 
& above all ,i w\ld only h "o p]son aw>e
 ( x4 ,life has o!r pleasures :5 ^! fail
 u2 by ha/5+ 9 va9 aft] ^? t fly u1 we  
deprive ourselves ( ^? t rema94 ,let our

 ta/es *ange ) our ye>s1 let u no m     
m$dle ) age ?an ) ! seasons4 ,we %\ld be
 ourselves at all times1 in/ead (       
/ruggl+ aga9/ nature2 su* va9 attempts  
exhau/ our /r5g? & prev5t ! "r use (    
life4  ,! l[] classes are seldom dull1  
_! life is full ( activity2 if !re is   
little v>iety 9 _! amusem5ts !y d n     
recur frequ5tly2 _m days ( lab\r tea* !m
 to enjoy _! r>e holidays4 ,%ort        
int]vals ( leisure betwe5 long p]iods ( 
lab\r give a spice to ! pleasures ( _!  
/ation4 ,! *ief curse ( ! ri* is        
dullness2 9 ! mid/ ( co/ly amusem5ts1   
among s _m m5 /riv+ to give !m pleasure1
 !y are dev\r$ & sla9 by dullness2 _!   
life is sp5t 9 flee+ f x & 9 be+ ov]tak5
 by x2 !y are ov]:elm$ by ! intol]able  
burd52 wom5 m especially1 :o d n "k h[  
to "w or play1 are a prey to t$ium "u ! 
"n ( ! vap\rs2 ) !m x takes ! %ape ( a  
dreadful disease1 :i* robs !m ( _!      
reason & ev5 ( _! life4 ,= my own "p ,i 
"k no m t]rible fate ?an t ( a pretty   
woman 9 ,p>is1 unless x is t ( ! pretty 

manik9 :o devotes himself to h]1 :o     
becomes idle & effem9ate l h]1 & s      
deprives himself twice ov] ( 8 manhood1 
:ile he prides himself on 8 successes & 
= _! sake endures ! longe/ & dulle/ days
 :i* human be+ ev] put up )4            
,proprieties1 fa%ions1 cu/oms :i* dep5d 
on luxury & bre$+1 conf9e ! c\rse ( life
 )9 ! limits ( ! mo/ mis]able uni=mity4 
,! pleasure we desire to display to o!rs
 is a pleasure lo/2 we nei!r enjoy x    
ourselves1 nor d o!rs enjoy x4          
,footnote3 ,two ladies ( fa%ion1 :o wi%$
 to seem to be enjoy+ !mselves greatly1 
decid$ nev] to g to b$ be=e five o'clock
 9 ! morn+4 ,9 ! dep?s ( w9t] _! s]vants
 sp5t ! night 9 ! /reet wait+ = !m1 & ) 
great difficulty kept !mselves f freez+4
 ,"o night1 or r "o morn+1 "s "o ent]$ !
 room :]e ^! m]ry p sp5t _! h\rs )\t    
kn[+ h[ "t pass$4 ,he f\nd !m q alone2  
ea* ( !m 0 asleep 9 h] arm-*air4        
,ridicule1 :i* public op9ion dreads m   
?an any?+1 is ev] at h& to tyrannise1 & 
puni%4  ,x is only c]emony t makes u    

ridicul\s2 if we c v>y our place & our  
pleasures1 to-day's impressions c efface
 ^? ( ye/]day2 9 ! m9d ( m5 !y are z if 
!y _h nev] be52 b we enjoy ourselves =  
we ?r[ ourselves into e h\r & ev]y?+4   
,my only set rule w\ld be ?is3 :]ev] ,i 
0 ,i w\ld pay no he$ to any?+ else4 ,i  
w\ld take ea* day z x came1 z if !re 7  
nei!r ye/]day nor to-morr[4 ,z ,i %\ld  
be a man ( ! p1 ) ! populace1 ,i %\ld be
 a c\ntryman 9 ! fields2 & if ,i spoke (
 f>m+1 ! peasant %\ld n laugh at my     
exp5se4 ,i w\ld n g & build a t[n 9 !   
c\ntry nor erect ! ,tuil]ies at ! door (
 my lodg+s4 ,on "s pleasant %ady        
hill-side ,i w\ld h a little cottage1 a 
:ite h\se ) gre5 %utt]s1 & ?\gh a ?at*$ 
ro( is ! be/ all ! ye> r\nd1 ,i w\ld be 
gr& en\gh to h1 n ^? gloomy slates1 b   
tiles1 because !y look bright] & m      
*e]ful ?an ?at*1 & ! h\ses 9 my own     
c\ntry are always ro($ ) !m1 & s !y w\ld
 recall to me some?+ ( ! happy days ( my
 y\?4 ,= my c\rty>d ,i w\ld h a         
p\ltry-y>d1 & = my /ables a c[%$ = !    

sake ( ! milk :i* ,i love4 ,my g>d5 %\ld
 be a kit*5-g>d51 & my p>k an or*>d1 l !
 "o describ$ fur!r on4 ,! fruit w\ld be 
free to ^? :o walk$ 9 ! or*>d1 my g>d5] 
%\ld nei!r c\nt x nor ga!r x2 ,i w\ld n1
 ) gre$y %[1 display be=e y\r eyes sup]b
 espali]s :i* "o sc>cely d>e t\*4 ,b ?is
 small extravagance w\ld n be co/ly1 =  
,i w\ld *oose my abode 9 "s remote      
prov9ce :]e silv] is sc>ce & food       
pl5tiful1 :]e pl5ty & pov]ty h _! seat4 
,!re ,i w\ld ga!r r\nd me a company1    
select r ?an num]\s1 a b& ( fri5ds :o "k
 :at pleasure is1 & h[ to enjoy x1 wom5 
:o c leave _! arm-*airs & betake        
!mselves to outdoor sports1 wom5 :o c   
ex*ange ! %uttle or ! c>ds = ! fi%+ l9e 
or ! bird-trap1 ! glean]'s rake or      
grape-ga!r]'s basket4 ,!re all !        
pret5sions ( ! t[n w be =gott51 & we    
%all be villag]s 9 a village2 we %all   
f9d all sorts ( diff]5t sports & we %all
 h>dly "k h[ to *oose ! morr['s         
occupation4 ,ex]cise & an active life w 
improve our dige/ion & modify our ta/es4

 ,e meal w be a fea/1 :]e pl5ty w be m  
pleas+ ?an any delicacies4 ,!re are no  
su* cooks 9 ! _w z mir?1 rural pursuits1
 & m]ry games2 & ! f9e/ made di%es are q
 ridicul\s 9 ! eyes ( p :o h be5 on foot
 s9ce e>ly dawn4 ,our meals w be s]v$   
)\t reg>d to ord] or elegance2 we %all  
make our d9+-room any:]e1 9 ! g>d51 on a
 boat1 b5ea? a tree2 sometimes at a     
di/ance f ! h\se on ! banks ( a runn+   
/ream1 on ! fre% gre5 grass1 among !    
clumps ( will[ & hazel2 a long          
procession ( gue/s w c>ry ! mat]ial = ! 
fea/ ) laught] & s++2 ! turf w be our   
*airs & table1 ! banks ( ! /ream our    
side-bo>d1 & our dess]t is hang+ on !   
trees2 ! di%es w be s]v$ 9 any ord]1    
appetite ne$s no c]emony2 ea* "o ( u1   
op5ly putt+ himself fir/1 w\ld gladly   
see e "o else d ! same2 f ?is w>m-he>t$ 
& temp]ate famili>ity !re w\ld arise1   
)\t co>s5ess1 pret5ce1 or con/ra9t1 a   
laugh+ conflict a hundr$fold m          
delightful ?an polit5ess1 & m likely to 
cem5t our fri5d%ip4 ,no t$i\s flunkeys  

to li/5 to our words1 to :isp]          
criticisms on our behavi\r1 to c\nt e   
m\?ful ) gre$y eyes1 to amuse !mselves  
by keep+ u wait+ = our w9e1 to compla9 (
 ! l5g? ( our d9n]4 ,we w be our own    
s]vants1 9 ord] to be our own ma/]s4 ,"t
 w fly unhe$$1 our meal w be an int]val 
( re/ dur+ ! heat ( ! day4 ,if "s       
peasant comes our way1 return+ f 8 "w ) 
8 tools ov] 8 %\ld]1 ,i w *e] 8 he>t )  
k9dly words1 & a glass or two ( good    
w9e1 :i* w help him to be> 8 pov]ty m   
*e]fully2 & ,i too %all h ! joy ( feel+ 
my he>t /irr$ )9 me1 & ,i %\ld say to   
myself--,i too am a man4  ,if !         
inhabitants ( ! di/rict assembl$ = "s   
ru/ic fea/1 ,i & my fri5ds w\ld be !re  
among ! fir/2 if !re 7 m>riages1 m      
bless$ ?an ^? ( t[ns1 celebrat$ ne> my  
home1 e "o w\ld "k h[ ,i love to see p  
happy1 & ,i %\ld be invit$4 ,i w\ld take
 ^! good folks "s gift z simple z       
!mselves1 a gift :i* w\ld be my %>e ( ! 
fea/2 & 9 ex*ange ,i %\ld obta9 gifts   
beyond price1 gifts s little kn[n among 

my equals1 ! gifts ( fre$om & true      
pleasure4 ,i %\ld sup gaily at ! head ( 
_! long table2 ,i %\ld jo9 9 ! *orus (  
"s ru/ic song & ,i %\ld dance 9 ! b>n m 
m]rily ?an at a ball 9 ! ,op]a ,h\se4   
,?is is all v well s f>1 y w say1 b :at 
ab\t ! %oot+6 ,"o mu/ h "s sport 9 !    
c\ntry4 ,j s2 ,i only want$ a f>m1 b ,i 
0 wrong4 ,i assume ,i am ri*1 ,i mu/    
keep my pleasures to myself1 ,i mu/ be  
free to kill some?+2 ?is is q ano!r     
matt]4 ,i mu/ h e/ates1 woods1 keep]s1  
r5ts1 seignorial rights1 p>ticul>ly     
inc5se & holy wat]4  ,well & good4 ,b ,i
 %all h neighb\rs ab\t my e/ate :o are  
jeal\s ( _! rights & anxi\s to encroa*  
on ^? ( o!rs2 our keep]s w qu>rel1 &    
possibly _! ma/]s w qu>rel too2 ?is     
means alt]cations1 disputes1 ill-w1 or  
law-suits at ! lea/2 ?is 9 itself is n v
 pleasant4 ,my t5ants w n enjoy f9d+ my 
h>es at "w ^u _! corn1 or my wild bo>s  
among _! beans4 ,z !y d>e n kill !      
enemy1 e "o ( !m w try to drive him f _!
 fields2 :5 ! day has be5 sp5t 9        

cultivat+ ! gr\nd1 !y w be compell$ to  
sit up at night to wat* x2 !y w h       
wat*-dogs1 drums1 horns1 & bells2 my    
sleep w be di/urb$ by _! racket4 ,d :at 
,i w1 ,i _c help ?9k+ ( ! mis]y ( ^!    
poor p1 & ,i _c help blam+ myself = x4  
,if ,i _h ! hon\r ( be+ a pr9ce1 ?is    
w\ld make little impression on me2 b z  
,i am a self-made man :o has only j come
 into 8 prop]ty1 ,i am /ill r vulg> at  
he>t4  ,t is n all2 abundance ( game    
attracts trespass]s2 ,i %all soon h     
poa*]s to puni%2 ,i %all require        
prisons1 gaol]s1 gu>ds1 & galleys2 all  
?is /rikes me z cruel4 ,! wives ( ^?    
mis]able creatures w besiege my door &  
di/urb me ) _! cry+2 !y mu/ ei!r be     
driv5 away or r\ghly h&l$4 ,! poor p :o 
are n poa*]s1 ^: h>ve/ has be5 de/roy$  
by my game1 w come next ) _! compla9ts4 
,"s p w be put to dea? = kill+ ! game1 !
 re/ w be puni%$ = hav+ sp>$ x2 :at a   
*oice ( evils6 ,on e side ,i %all f9d   
no?+ b mis]y & he> no?+ b groans4 ,s f> 
z ,i c see ?is mu/ greatly di/urb !     

pleasure ( slay+ at "o's ease heaps (   
p>tridges & h>es :i* are tame en\gh to  
run ab\t "o's feet4  ,if y w\ld h       
pleasure )\t pa9 let !re be no monopoly2
 ! m y leave x free to ev]ybody1 ! pur] 
w be y\r own enjoym5t4 ,!re=e ,i %\ld n 
d :at ,i h j describ$1 b )\t *ange (    
ta/es ,i w\ld foll[ ^? :i* seem likely  
to cause me lea/ pa94 ,i w\ld fix my    
ru/ic abode 9 a di/rict :]e game is n   
pres]v$1 & :]e ,i c h my sport )\t      
h9drance4 ,game w be less pl5tiful1 b   
!re w be m skill 9 f9d+ x1 & m pleasure 
9 secur+ x4 ,i rememb] ! />t ( delight )
 :i* my fa!r wat*$ ! rise ( 8 fir/      
p>tridge & ! rapture ) :i* he f\nd ! h>e
 he _h s\ght all day long4 ,yes1 ,i     
decl>e1 t alone ) 8 dog1 c>ry+ 8 own    
gun1 c>tridges1 & game bag toge!r ) 8   
h>e1 he came home at nightfall1 worn out
 ) fatigue & torn to pieces by brambles1
 b bett] pleas$ ) 8 day's sport ?an all 
y\r ord9>y sportsm51 :o on a good horse1
 ) tw5ty guns ready = !m1 m]ely take "o 
gun aft] ano!r1 & %oot & kill ev]y?+ t  

comes _! way1 )\t skill1 )\t glory1 &   
almo/ )\t ex]cise4 ,! pleasure is none !
 less1 & ! difficulties are remov$2 !re 
is no e/ate to be pres]v$1 no poa*] to  
be puni%$1 & no wret*es to be torm5t$2  
"h are solid gr\nds = pref]5ce4 ,:atev] 
y d1 y _c torm5t m5 = ev] )\t exp]i5c+  
"s am\nt ( discom=t2 & soon] or lat] !  
mutt]$ curses ( ! p w spoil ! flav\r (  
y\r game4  ,aga91 monopoly de/roys      
pleasure4 ,real pleasures are ^? :i* we 
%>e ) ! cr[d2 we lose :at we try to keep
 to ourselves alone4 ,if ! walls ,i     
build r\nd my p>k trans=m x into a      
gloomy prison1 ,i h only depriv$ myself1
 at great exp5se1 ( ! pleasure ( a walk2
 ,i mu/ n[ seek t pleasure at a di/ance4
 ,! demon ( prop]ty spoils ev]y?+ he    
lays h&s ^u4 ,a ri* man wants to be ma/]
 ev]y:]e1 & he is nev] happy :]e he is2 
he is cont9ually driv5 to flee f        
himself4 ,i %all !re=e cont9ue to d 9 my
 prosp]ity :at ,i did 9 my pov]ty4      
,h5ce=w>d1 ri*] 9 ! weal? ( o!rs ?an ,i 
ev] %all be 9 my own weal?1 ,i w take   

possession ( ev]y?+ 9 my neighb\rhood t 
takes my fancy2 no conqu]or is s det]m9$
 z ,i2 ,i ev5 usurp ! rights ( pr9ces2  
,i take possession ( e op5 place t      
pleases me1 ,i give !m names2 ?is is my 
p>k1 *at is my t]race1 & ,i am _! own]2 
h5ce=w>d ,i w&] among !m at w2 ,i (t5   
return to ma9ta9 my propriet>y rights2  
,i make :at use ,i *oose ( ! gr\nd to   
walk ^u1 & y w nev] conv9ce me t !      
nom9al own] ( ! prop]ty :i* ,i h        
appropriat$ gets bett] value out ( !    
money x yields him ?an ,i d out ( 8 l&4 
,no matt] if ,i am int]rupt$ by h$ges & 
dit*es1 ,i take my p>k on my back1 & ,i 
c>ry x else:]e2 !re w be space en\gh = x
 ne> at h&1 & ,i may plund] my neighb\rs
 long en\gh be=e ,i out/ay my welcome4  
,?is is an attempt to %[ :at is meant by
 good ta/e 9 ! *oice ( pleasant         
occupations = our leisure h\rs2 ?is is !
 _s ( enjoym5t2 all else is illusion1   
fancy1 & fooli% pride4 ,he :o disobeys  
^! rules1 h[ev] ri* he may be1 w dev\r 8
 gold on a dung-hill1 & w nev] "k :at x 

is to live4  ,y w say1 no d\bt1 t su*   
amusem5ts lie )9 ! rea* ( all1 t we ne$ 
n be ri* to enjoy !m4 ,t is ! v po9t ,i 
0 com+ to4 ,pleasure is ours :5 we want 
x2 x is only social prejudice :i* makes 
ev]y?+ h>d to obta91 & drives pleasure  
be=e u4 ,to be happy is a hundr$fold    
easi] ?an x seems4 ,if he really desires
 to enjoy himself ! man ( ta/e has no   
ne$ ( ri*es2 all he wants is to be free 
& to be 8 own ma/]4 ,) heal? & daily    
bread we are ri* en\gh1 if we w b get   
rid ( our prejudices2 ?is is ! ,gold5   
,mean ( ,horace4 ,y folks ) y\r         
/rong-boxes may f9d "s o!r use = y\r    
weal?1 = x _c buy y pleasure4 ,emile    
kn[s ?is z well z ,i1 b 8 he>t is pur] &
 m heal?y1 s he w feel x m /rongly1 &   
all t he has beheld 9 society w only    
s]ve to confirm him 9 ?is op9ion4  ,:ile
 our "t is ?us employ$1 we are ev] on ! 
look-out = ,sophy1 & we h n yet f\nd h]4
 ,x 0 n desirable t %e %\ld be f\nd too 
easily1 & ,i h tak5 c>e to look = h] :]e
 ,i knew we %\ld n f9d h]4  ,! "t is    

come2 we mu/ n[ seek h] 9 e>ne/1 le/    
,emile %\ld mi/ake "s "o else = ,sophy1 
& only discov] 8 error :5 x is too late4
 ,!n f>ewell ,p>is1 f>-fam$ ,p>is1 ) all
 y\r noise & smoke & dirt1 :]e ! wom5 h 
ceas$ to believe 9 hon\r & ! m5 9       
virtue4 ,we are 9 se>* ( love1 happ9ess1
 innoc5ce2 ! fur!r we g f ,p>is ! bett]4
     ,,book ,v  ,we h rea*$ ! la/ act ( 
y\?'s drama2 we are approa*+ its clos+  
sc5e4  ,x is n good t man %\ld be alone4
 ,emile is n[ a man1 & we mu/ give him 8
 promis$ helpmeet4 ,t helpmeet is       
,sophy4 ,:]e is h] dwell+-place1 :]e    
%all %e be f\nd8 ,we mu/ "k be=eh& :at  
%e is1 & !n we c decide :]e to look =   
h]4 ,& :5 %e is f\nd1 our task is n     
end$4 ,s9ce our "y g5tleman1 says       
,locke1 is ab\t to m>ry1 x is "t to     
leave him ) 8 mi/ress4 ,& ) ^! words he 
ends 8 book4 ,z ,i h n ! hon\r ( educat+
 ,a "y g5tleman1 ,i %all take c>e n to  
foll[ 8 example4  ,,sophy1 ,,or ,,woman 
,sophy %\ld be z truly a woman z ,emile 
is a man1 i4e41 %e mu/ possess all ^?   

*>act]s ( h] sex :i* are requir$ to     
enable h] to play h] "p 9 ! physical &  
moral ord]4 ,let u inquire to beg9 ) 9  
:at respects h] sex diff]s f our own4   
,b = h] sex1 a woman is a man2 %e has ! 
same organs1 ! same ne$s1 ! same        
faculties4 ,! ma*9e is ! same 9 its     
con/ruction2 its p>ts1 its work+1 & its 
appe>ance are simil>4 ,reg>d x z y w !  
diff]5ce is only 9 degree4  ,yet :]e sex
 is conc]n$ man & woman are unlike2 ea* 
is ! complem5t ( ! o!r2 ! difficulty 9  
comp>+ !m lies 9 our inability to       
decide1 9 ei!r case1 :at is a matt] (   
sex1 & :at is n4 ,g5]al diff]5ces pres5t
 !mselves to ! comp>ative anatomi/ & ev5
 to ! sup]ficial obs]v]2 !y seem n to be
 a matt] ( sex2 yet !y are really sex   
diff]5ces1 ?\gh ! connection eludes our 
obs]vation4 ,h[ f> su* diff]5ces may    
ext5d we _c tell2 all we "k = c]ta9 is t
 :]e man & woman are alike we h to d ) !
 *>act]i/ics ( ! species2 :]e !y are    
unlike1 we h to d ) ! *>act]i/ics ( sex4
 ,consid]$ f ^! two /&po9ts1 we f9d s _m

 in/ances ( lik5ess & unlik5ess t x is  
p]haps "o ( ! greate/ ( m>vels h[ nature
 has contriv$ to make two be+s s l & yet
 s diff]5t4  ,^! resemblances &         
diff]5ces mu/ h an influ5ce on ! moral  
nature2 ?is inf]5ce is obvi\s1 & x is   
confirm$ by exp]i5ce2 x %[s ! vanity ( !
 disputes z to ! sup]iority or !        
equality ( ! sexes2 z if ea* sex1 pursu+
 ! pa? m>k$ out = x by nature1 7 n m    
p]fect 9 t v div]g5ce ?an if x m closely
 resembl$ ! o!r4 ,a p]fect man & a      
p]fect woman %\ld no m be alike 9 m9d   
?an 9 face1 & p]fection admits ( nei!r  
less nor m4  ,9 ! union ( ! sexes ea*   
alike contributes to ! common end1 b 9  
diff]5t ways4 ,f ?is div]sity spr+s !   
fir/ diff]5ce :i* may be obs]v$ betwe5  
man & woman 9 _! moral relations4 ,! man
 %\ld be /rong & active2 ! woman %\ld be
 weak & passive2 ! "o mu/ h bo? ! p[] & 
! w2 x is en\gh t ! o!r %\ld (f] little 
resi/ance4  ,:5 ?is pr9ciple is admitt$1
 x foll[s t woman is specially made =   
man's delight4 ,if man 9 8 turn ought to

 be pleas+ 9 h] eyes1 ! necessity is    
less urg5t1 8 virtue is 9 8 /r5g?1 he   
pleases because he is /rong4 ,i grant y 
?is is n ! law ( love1 b x is ! law (   
nature1 :i* is old] ?an love itself4    
,if woman is made to please & to be 9   
subjection to man1 %e ought to make     
h]self pleas+ 9 8 eyes & n provoke him  
to ang]2 h] /r5g? is 9 h] *>ms1 by _!   
means %e %\ld compel him to discov] &   
use 8 /r5g?4 ,! sure/ way ( ar\s+ ?is   
/r5g? is to make x necess>y by          
resi/ance4 ,?us pride comes to ! help ( 
desire & ea* exults 9 ! o!r's victory4  
,?is is ! orig9 ( attack & def5ce1 ( !  
boldness ( "o sex & ! timidity ( ! o!r1 
& ev5 ( ! %ame & mode/y ) :i* nature has
 arm$ ! weak = ! conque/ ( ! /rong4  ,:o
 c possibly suppose t nature has        
prescrib$ ! same advances to ! "o sex z 
to ! o!r1 or t ! fir/ to feel desire    
%\ld be ! fir/ to %[ x8 ,:at /range     
depravity ( judgm5t6 ,! consequ5ces ( ! 
act be+ s diff]5t = ! two sexes1 is x   
natural t !y %\ld ent] ^u x ) equal     

boldness8 ,h[ c any "o fail to see t :5 
! %>e ( ea* is s unequal1 if ! "o 7 n   
controll$ by mode/y z ! o!r is controll$
 by nature1 ! result w\ld be !          
de/ruction ( bo?1 & ! human race w\ld   
p]i% ?r\gh ! v means orda9$ = its       
cont9uance8  ,wom5 s easily /ir a man's 
s5ses & fan ! a%es ( a dy+ passion1 t if
 philosophy ev] succe$$ 9 introduc+ ?is 
cu/om into any unlucky c\ntry1          
especially if x 7 a w>m c\ntry :]e m    
wom5 are born ?an m51 ! m51 tyrannis$   
ov] by ! wom51 w\ld at la/ become _!    
victims1 & w\ld be dragg$ to _! dea? )\t
 ! lea/ *ance ( escape4  ,female animals
 are )\t ?is s5se ( %ame1 b :at ( t8    
,are _! desires z b\ndless z ^? ( wom51 
:i* are curb$ by ?is %ame8 ,! desires ( 
! animals are ! result ( necessity1 & :5
 ! ne$ is satisfi$1 ! desire ceases2 !y 
no long] make a fe9t ( repuls+ ! male1  
!y d x 9 e>ne/4  ,_! seasons (          
complaisance are %ort & soon ov]4       
,impulse & re/ra9t are alike ! "w (     
nature4 ,b :at w\ld take ! place ( ?is  

negative in/9ct 9 wom5 if y rob !m ( _! 
mode/y8  ,! ,mo/ ,high has deign$ to d  
hon\r to mank9d2 he has end[$ man )     
b\ndless passions1 toge!r ) a law to    
guide !m1 s t man may be alike free &   
self-controll$2 ?\gh sway$ by ^!        
passions man is end[$ ) reason by :i* to
 control !m4 ,woman is also end[$ )     
b\ndless passions2 ,god has giv5 h]     
mode/y to re/ra9 !m4 ,moreov]1 he has   
giv5 to bo? a pres5t rew>d = ! "r use ( 
_! p[]s1 9 ! delight :i* spr+s f t "r   
use ( !m1 i4e41 ! ta/e = "r conduct     
e/abli%$ z ! law ( our behavi\r4 ,to my 
m9d ?is is f> high] ?an ! in/9ct ( !    
bea/s4  ,:e!r ! woman %>es ! man's      
passion or n1 :e!r %e is will+ or       
unwill+ to satisfy x1 %e always repulses
 him & def5ds h]self1 ?\gh n always ) ! 
same vig\r1 & !re=e n always ) ! same   
success4 ,if ! siege is to be           
successful1 ! besieg$ mu/ p]mit or      
direct ! attack4 ,h[ skilfully c %e     
/imulate ! ef=ts ( ! aggressor4 ,! free/
 & mo/ delightful ( activities does n   

p]mit ( any real viol5ce2 reason &      
nature are alike aga9/ x2 nature1 9 t %e
 has giv5 ! weak] p>ty /r5g? en\gh to   
resi/ if %e *ooses2 reason1 9 t actual  
viol5ce is n only mo/ brutal 9 itself1 b
 x defeats its own ends1 n only because 
! man ?us decl>es w> aga9/ 8 companion &
 ?us gives h] a "r to def5d h] p]son &  
h] lib]ty ev5 at ! co/ ( ! enemy's life1
 b also because ! woman alone is ! judge
 ( h] condition1 & a *ild w\ld h no fa!r
 if any man might usurp a fa!r's rights4
  ,?us ! diff]5t con/itution ( ! two    
sexes leads u to a ?ird conclusion1 t ! 
/rong] p>ty seems to be ma/]1 b is z a  
matt] ( fact dep5d5t on ! weak]1 & t1 n 
by any fooli% cu/om ( gallantry1 nor yet
 by ! magnanimity ( ! protector1 b by an
 inexorable law ( nature4 ,= nature has 
end[$ woman ) a p[] ( /imulat+ man's    
passions 9 excess ( man's p[] ( satisfy+
 ^? passions1 & has ?us made him dep5d5t
 on h] goodwill1 & compell$ him 9 8 turn
 to endeav\r to please h]1 s t %e may be
 will+ to yield to 8 sup]ior /r5g?4 ,is 

x weakness :i* yields to =ce1 or is x   
volunt>y self-surr5d]8 ,?is unc]ta9ty   
con/itutes ! *ief *>m ( ! man's victory1
 & ! woman is usually cunn+ en\gh to    
leave him 9 d\bt4 ,9 ?is respect !      
woman's m9d exactly resembles h] body2  
f> f be+ a%am$ ( h] weakness1 %e is pr\d
 ( x2 h] s(t muscles (f] no resi/ance1  
%e pr(esses t %e _c lift ! lighte/      
weight2 %e w\ld be a%am$ to be /rong4 ,&
 :y8 ,n only to ga9 an appe>ance (      
ref9em5t2 %e is too clev] = t2 %e is    
provid+ h]self be=eh& ) excuses1 ) ! "r 
to be weak if %e *ooses4  ,! exp]i5ce we
 h ga9$ ?r\gh our vices has consid]ably 
modifi$ ! views held 9 old] times2 we   
r>ely he> ( viol5ce = :i* !re is s      
little occasion t x w\ld h>dly be       
cr$it$4 ,yet su* /ories are common en\gh
 among ! ,jews & anci5t ,greeks2 = su*  
views belong to ! simplicity ( nature1 &
 h only be5 uproot$ by our pr(ligacy4   
,if few] de$s ( viol5ce are quot$ 9 our 
days1 x is n t m5 are m temp]ate1 b     
because !y are less cr$ul\s1 & a        

compla9t :i* w\ld h be5 believ$ among a 
simple p w\ld only excite laught] among 
ourselves2 !re=e sil5ce is ! bett]      
c\rse4 ,!re is a law 9 ,deut]onomy1 "u  
:i* ! outrag$ maid5 0 puni%$1 along ) h]
 assailant1 if ! crime 7 committ$ 9 a   
t[n2 b if 9 ! c\ntry or 9 a lonely      
place1 ! latt] alone 0 puni%$4 ,=1 says 
! law1 ! maid5 cri$ = help1 & !re 0 none
 to he>4 ,f ?is m]ciful int]pretation ( 
! law1 girls le>nt n to let !mselves be 
surpris$ 9 lonely places4  ,?is *ange 9 
public op9ion has _h a p]ceptible effect
 on our morals4 ,x has produc$ our mod]n
 gallantry4 ,m5 h f\nd t _! pleasures   
dep5d1 m ?an !y expect$1 on ! goodwill (
 ! fair sex1 & h secur$ ?is goodwill by 
att5tions :i* h _h _! rew>d4  ,see h[ we
 f9d ourselves l$ unconsci\sly f !      
physical to ! moral con/itution1 h[ f ! 
gross] union ( ! sexes spr+ ! sweet laws
 ( love4 ,woman reigns1 n by ! w ( man1 
b by ! decrees ( nature h]self2 %e _h ! 
p[] long be=e %e %[$ x4 ,t same ,h]cules
 :o propos$ to violate all ! fifty      

daught]s ( ,!spis 0 compell$ to sp9 at !
 feet ( ,omphale1 & ,samson1 ! /rong    
man1 0 less /rong ?an ,delilah4 ,?is p[]
 _c be tak5 f woman2 x is h]s by "r2 %e 
w\ld h lo/ x long ago1 7 x possible4  ,!
 consequ5ces ( sex are :olly unlike =   
man & woman4 ,! male is only a male n[ &
 aga91 ! female is always a female1 or  
at lea/ all h] y\?2 ev]y?+ rem9ds h] (  
h] sex2 ! p]=mance ( h] functions       
requires a special con/itution4 ,%e ne$s
 c>e dur+ pregnancy & fre$om f "w :5 h] 
*ild is born2 %e mu/ h a quiet1 easy    
life :ile %e nurses h] *ildr52 _!       
education calls = pati5ce & g5tl5ess1 = 
a zeal & love :i* no?+ c dismay2 %e =ms 
a bond betwe5 fa!r & *ild1 %e alone c w9
 ! fa!r's love = 8 *ildr5 & conv9ce him 
t !y are inde$ 8 own4 ,:at lov+ c>e is  
requir$ to pres]ve a unit$ family6 ,&   
!re %\ld be no "q ( virtue 9 all ?is1 x 
mu/ be a lab\r ( love1 )\t :i* ! human  
race w\ld be doom$ to ext9ction4  ,!    
mutual duties ( ! two sexes are n1 & _c 
be1 equally b9d+ on bo?4 ,wom5 d wrong  

to compla9 ( ! inequality ( man-made    
laws2 ?is inequality is n ( man's mak+1 
or at any rate x is n ! result ( m]e    
prejudice1 b ( reason4 ,%e to :om nature
 has entru/$ ! c>e ( ! *ildr5 mu/ hold  
h]self responsible = !m to _! fa!r4 ,no 
d\bt e brea* ( fai? is wrong1 & e       
fai?less husb&1 :o robs 8 wife ( ! sole 
rew>d ( ! /]n duties ( h] sex1 is cruel 
& unju/2 b ! fai?less wife is worse2 %e 
de/roys ! family & breaks ! bonds (     
nature2 :5 %e gives h] husb& *ildr5 :o  
are n 8 own1 %e is false bo? to him &   
!m1 h] crime is n infidelity b treason4 
,to my m9d1 x is ! s\rce ( diss5sion & (
 crime ( e k9d4 ,c any position be m    
wret*$ ?an t ( ! unhappy fa!r :o1 :5 he 
clasps 8 *ild to 8 brea/1 is haunt$ by !
 suspicion t ?is is ! *ild ( ano!r1 !   
badge ( 8 own di%on\r1 a ?ief :o is     
robb+ 8 own *ildr5 ( _! inh]itance4 ,"u 
su* circum/ances ! family is little m   
?an a gr\p ( secret enemies1 arm$ aga9/ 
ea* o!r by a guilty woman1 :o compels !m
 to pret5d to love "o ano!r4  ,?us x is 

n en\gh t a wife %\ld be fai?ful2 h]    
husb&1 along ) 8 fri5ds & neighb\rs1 mu/
 believe 9 h] fidelity2 %e mu/ be mode/1
 devot$1 retir+2 %e %\ld h ! witness n  
only ( a good consci5ce1 b ( a good     
reputation4 ,9 a ^w1 if a fa!r mu/ love 
8 *ildr51 he mu/ be able to respect _!  
"m4 ,= ^! reasons x is n en\gh t ! woman
 %\ld be *a/e1 %e mu/ pres]ve h]        
reputation & h] good "n4 ,f ^! pr9ciples
 !re arises n only a moral diff]5ce     
betwe5 ! sexes1 b also a fre% motive =  
duty & propriety1 :i* prescribes to wom5
 9 p>ticul> ! mo/ scrupul\s att5tion to 
_! conduct1 _! mann]s1 _! behavi\r4     
,vague ass]tions z to ! equality ( !    
sexes & ! simil>ity ( _! duties are only
 empty words2 !y are no answ] to my     
argum5t4  ,x is a poor sort ( logic to  
quote isolat$ exceptions aga9/ laws s   
firmly e/abli%$4 ,wom51 y say1 are n    
always be>+ *ildr54 ,grant$2 yet t is _!
 prop] bus9ess4 ,because !re are a      
hundr$ or s ( l>ge t[ns 9 ! _w :]e wom5 
live lic5ti\sly & h few *ildr51 w y     

ma9ta9 t x is _! bus9ess to h few       
*ildr58 ,& :at w\ld become ( y\r t[ns if
 ! remote c\ntry di/ricts1 ) _! simpl] &
 pur] wom51 did n make up = ! b>r5ness (
 y\r f9e ladies8 ,!re are pl5ty ( c\ntry
 places :]e wom5 ) only f\r or five     
*ildr5 are reckon$ unfruitful4 ,9       
conclusion1 al?\gh "h & !re a woman may 
h few *ildr51 :at diff]5ce does x make8 
,footnote3 ,)\t ?is ! race w\ld         
necess>ily dim9i%2 all ?+s consid]$1 =  
its pres]vation ea* woman ought to h    
ab\t f\r *ildr51 = ab\t half ! *ildr5   
born die be=e !y c become p>5ts1 & two  
mu/ survive to replace ! fa!r & "m4 ,see
 :e!r ! t[ns w supply !m8 ,is x any !   
less a woman's bus9ess to be a "m8 ,& to
 n ! g5]al laws ( nature & morality make
 provision = ?is /ate ( ?+s8  ,ev5 if   
!re 7 ^! long int]vals1 :i* y assume1   
betwe5 ! p]iods ( pregnancy1 c a woman  
sudd5ly *ange h] way ( life )\t dang]8  
,c %e be a nurs+ "m to-day & a soldi]   
to-morr[8 ,w %e *ange h] ta/es & h]     
feel+s z a *ameleon *anges 8 col\r8 ,w  

%e pass at once f ! privacy ( h\sehold  
duties & indoor occupations to ! buffet+
 ( ! w9ds1 ! toils1 ! lab\rs1 ! p]ils ( 
w>8 ,w %e be n[ timid1 ,footnote3       
,wom5's timidity is yet ano!r in/9ct (  
nature aga9/ ! d\ble risk %e runs dur+  
pregnancy4 n[ brave1 n[ fragile1 n[     
robu/8 ,if ! "y m5 ( ,p>is f9d a        
soldi]'s life too h>d = !m1 h[ w\ld a   
woman put up ) x1 a woman :o has h>dly  
v5tur$ out ( doors )\t a p>asol & :o has
 sc>cely put a foot to ! gr\nd8 ,w %e   
make a good soldi] at an age :5 ev5 m5  
are retir+ f ?is ardu\s bus9ess8  ,!re  
are c\ntries1 ,i grant y1 :]e wom5 be> &
 re> *ildr5 ) little or no difficulty1 b
 9 ^? l&s ! m5 g half-nak$ 9 all wea!rs1
 !y /rike d[n ! wild bea/s1 !y c>ry a   
canoe z easily z a knapsack1 !y pursue !
 *ase = #gjj or #hjj leagues1 !y sleep 9
 ! op5 on ! b>e gr\nd1 !y be> incr$ible 
fatigues & g _m days )\t food4 ,:5 wom5 
become /rong1 m5 become /ill /rong]2 :5 
m5 become s(t1 wom5 become s(t]2 *ange  
bo? ! t]ms & ! ratio rema9s unalt]$4  ,i

 am q aw>e t ,plato1 9 ! ,republic1     
assigns ! same gymna/ics to wom5 & m54  
,hav+ got rid ( ! family !re is no place
 = wom5 9 8 sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 s he is   
=c$ to turn !m into m54 ,t great g5ius  
has work$ out 8 plans 9 detail & has    
provid$ = e cont+5cy2 he has ev5 provid$
 aga9/ a difficulty :i* 9 all likelihood
 no "o w\ld ev] h rais$2 b he has n     
succe$$ 9 meet+ ! real difficulty4 ,i am
 n speak+ ( ! alleg$ community ( wives  
:i* has (t5 be5 laid to 8 *>ge2 ?is     
ass]tion only %[s t 8 detractors h nev] 
read 8 works4 ,i ref] to t political    
promiscuity "u :i* ! same occupations   
are assign$ to bo? sexes alike1 a s*eme 
:i* c\ld only lead to intol]able evils2 
,i ref] to t subv]sion ( all ! t5d]e/ ( 
our natural feel+s1 :i* he sacrific$ to 
an artificial s5tim5t :i* c only exi/ by
 _! aid4 ,w ! bonds ( conv5tion hold    
firm )\t "s f\ndation 9 nature8 ,c      
devotion to ! /ate exi/ ap>t f ! love ( 
^? ne> & de> to u8 ,c patriotism ?rive  
except 9 ! soil ( t m9iature fa!rl&1 !  

home8 ,is x n ! good son1 ! good husb&1 
! good fa!r1 :o makes ! good citiz58    
,:5 once x is prov$ t m5 & wom5 are &   
ought to be unlike 9 con/itution & 9    
temp]am5t1 x foll[s t _! education mu/  
be diff]5t4 ,nature tea*es u t !y %\ld  
"w toge!r1 b t ea* has its own %>e ( !  
"w2 ! end is ! same1 b ! means are      
diff]5t1 z are also ! feel+s :i* direct 
!m4 ,we h attempt$ to pa9t a natural    
man1 let u try to pa9t a helpmeet = him4
  ,y mu/ foll[ nature's guidance if y   
w\ld walk aright4 ,! native *>act]s (   
sex %\ld be respect$ z nature's h&iwork4
 ,y are always say+1 ,wom5 h su* & su*  
faults1 f :i* we are free4 ,y are misl$ 
by y\r vanity2 :at w\ld be faults 9 y   
are virtues 9 !m2 & ?+s w\ld g worse1 if
 !y 7 )\t ^! s-call$ faults4 ,take c>e t
 !y d n deg5]ate into evil1 b bew>e (   
de/roy+ !m4  ,on ! o!r h&1 wom5 are     
always exclaim+ t we educate !m = no?+ b
 vanity & coquetry1 t we keep !m amus$ )
 trifles t we may be _! ma/]s2 we are   
responsible1 s !y say1 = ! faults we    

attribute to !m4 ,h[ silly6 ,:at h m5 to
 d ) ! education ( girls8 ,:at is !re to
 h9d] _! mo!rs educat+ !m z !y please8  
,!re are no colleges = girls2 s mu* !   
bett] = !m6 ,w\ld ,god !re 7 none = !   
boys1 _! education w\ld be m s5sible & m
 :olesome4 ,:o is x t compels a girl to 
wa/e h] "t on fooli% trifles8 ,are !y   
=c$1 aga9/ _! w1 to sp5d half _! "t ov] 
_! toilet1 foll[+ ! example set !m by y8
 ,:o prev5ts y tea*+ !m1 or hav+ !m     
taught1 :atev] seems good 9 y\r eyes8   
,is x our fault t we are *>m$ by _!     
beauty & delight$ by _! airs & graces1  
if we are attract$ & flatt]$ by ! arts  
!y le>n f y1 if we love to see !m       
prettily dress$1 if we let !m display at
 leisure ! weapons by :i* we are        
subjugat$8 ,well !n1 educate !m l m54 ,!
 m wom5 are l m51 ! less influ5ce !y w h
 ov] m51 & !n m5 w be ma/]s inde$4  ,all
 ! faculties common to bo? sexes are n  
equally %>$ betwe5 !m1 b tak5 z a :ole  
!y are fairly divid$4 ,woman is wor? m z
 a woman & less z a man2 :5 %e makes a  

good use ( h] own rights1 %e has ! be/ (
 x2 :5 %e tries to usurp our rights1 %e 
is our inf]ior4 ,x is impossible to     
controv]t ?is1 except by quot+          
exceptions aft] ! usual fa%ion ( !      
p>tisans ( ! fair sex4  ,to cultivate ! 
mascul9e virtues 9 wom5 & to neglect _! 
own is evid5tly to d !m an injury4 ,wom5
 are too cle>-sight$ to be ?us deceiv$2 
:5 !y try to usurp our privileges !y d n
 ab&on _! own2 ) ?is result3 !y are     
unable to make use ( two incompatible   
?+s1 s !y fall bel[ _! own level z wom51
 in/ead ( ris+ to ! level ( m54 ,if y   
are a s5sible "m y w take my advice4 ,d 
n try to make y\r daught] a good man 9  
defiance ( nature4 ,make h] a good      
woman1 & be sure x w be bett] bo? = h] &
 u4  ,does ?is mean t %e mu/ be br\ght  
up 9 ignorance & kept to h\sework only8 
,is %e to be man's h&maid or 8          
help-meet8 ,w he disp5se ) h] greate/   
*>m1 h] companion%ip8 ,to keep h] a     
slave w he prev5t h] kn[+ & feel+8 ,w he
 make an automaton ( h]8 ,no1 inde$1 t  

is n ! tea*+ ( nature1 :o has giv5 wom5 
su* a pleasant easy wit4 ,on ! contr>y1 
nature means !m to ?9k1 to w1 to love1  
to cultivate _! m9ds z well z _! p]sons2
 %e puts ^! weapons 9 _! h&s to make up 
= _! lack ( /r5g? & to enable !m to     
direct ! /r5g? ( m54 ,!y %\ld le>n _m   
?+s1 b only su* ?+s z are suitable4  ,:5
 ,i consid] ! special purpose ( woman1  
:5 ,i obs]ve h] incl9ations or reckon up
 h] duties1 ev]y?+ comb9es to indicate !
 mode ( education %e requires4 ,m5 &    
wom5 are made = ea* o!r1 b _! mutual    
dep5d5ce diff]s 9 degree2 man is dep5d5t
 on woman ?r\gh 8 desires2 woman is     
dep5d5t on man ?r\gh h] desires & also  
?r\gh h] ne$s2 he c\ld d )\t h] bett]   
?an %e c d )\t him4 ,%e _c fulfil h]    
purpose 9 life )\t 8 aid1 )\t 8         
goodwill1 )\t 8 respect2 %e is dep5d5t  
on our feel+s1 on ! price we put ^u h]  
virtue1 & ! op9ion we h ( h] *>ms & h]  
des]ts4  ,nature h]self has decre$ t    
woman1 bo? = h]self & h] *ildr51 %\ld be
 at ! m]cy ( man's judgm5t4  ,wor? alone

 w n suffice1 a woman mu/ be ?\ght      
wor?y2 nor beauty1 %e mu/ be admir$2 nor
 virtue1 %e mu/ be respect$4 ,a woman's 
hon\r does n dep5d on h] conduct alone1 
b on h] reputation1 & no woman :o p]mits
 h]self to be consid]$ vile is really   
virtu\s4 ,a man has no "o b himself to  
consid]1 & s long z he does "r he may   
defy public op9ion2 b :5 a woman does "r
 h] task is only half f9i%$1 & :at p ?9k
 ( h] matt]s z mu* z :at %e really is4  
,h5ce h] education mu/1 9 ?is respect1  
be diff]5t f man's education4 ,:at w p  
?9k is ! grave ( a man's virtue & !     
?rone ( a woman's4  ,! *ildr5's heal?   
dep5ds 9 ! fir/ place on ! "m's1 & !    
e>ly education ( man is also 9 a woman's
 h&s2 8 morals1 8 passions1 8 ta/es1 8  
pleasures1 8 happ9ess itself1 dep5d on  
h]4 ,a woman's education mu/ !re=e be   
plann$ 9 relation to man4 ,to be pleas+ 
9 8 sight1 to w9 8 respect & love1 to   
tra9 him 9 *ildhood1 to t5d him 9       
manhood1 to c\nsel & console1 to make 8 
life pleasant & happy1 ^! are ! duties (

 woman = all "t1 & ?is is :at %e %\ld be
 taught :ile %e is "y4 ,! fur!r we dep>t
 f ?is pr9ciple1 ! fur!r we %all be f   
our goal1 & all our precepts w fail to  
secure h] happ9ess or our own4  ,e woman
 desires to be pleas+ 9 m5's eyes1 & ?is
 is "r2 b !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5
 wi%+ to please a man ( wor?1 a really  
lovable man1 & seek+ to please ^? foppi%
 manik9s :o are a disgrace to _! own sex
 & to ! sex :i* !y imitate4 ,nei!r      
nature nor reason c induce a woman to   
love an effem9ate p]son1 nor w %e w9    
love by imitat+ su* a p]son4  ,if a     
woman disc>ds ! quiet mode/ be>+ ( h]   
sex1 & adopts ! airs ( su* fooli%       
creatures1 %e is n foll[+ h] vocation1  
%e is =sak+ x2 %e is robb+ h]self ( !   
rights to :i* %e lays claim4 ,if we 7   
diff]5t1 %e says1 ! m5 w\ld n l u4 ,%e  
is mi/ak54 ,only a fool likes folly2 to 
wi% to attract su* m5 only %[s h] own   
fooli%ness4 ,if !re 7 no frivol\s m51   
wom5 w\ld soon make !m1 & wom5 are m    
responsible = m5's follies ?an m5 are = 

!irs4 ,! woman :o loves true manhood &  
seeks to f9d fav\r 9 its sight w adopt  
means adapt$ to h] ends4 ,woman is a    
coquette by pr(ession1 b h] coquetry    
v>ies ) h] aims2 let ^! aims be 9       
accordance ) ^? ( nature1 & a woman w   
receive a fitt+ education4  ,ev5 ! t9ie/
 little girls love f9]y2 !y are n cont5t
 to be pretty1 !y mu/ be admir$2 _!     
little airs & graces %[ t _! heads are  
full ( ?is idea1 & z soon z !y c und]/& 
!y are controll$ by ,:at w p ?9k ( y8   
,if y are fooli% en\gh to try ?is way ) 
little boys1 x w n h ! same effect2 give
 !m _! fre$om & _! sports1 & !y c>e v   
little :at p ?9k2 x is a "w ( "t to br+ 
!m "u ! control ( ?is law4  ,h[ev]      
acquir$1 ?is e>ly education ( little    
girls is an excell5t ?+ 9 itself4 ,z !  
bir? ( ! body mu/ prec$e ! bir? ( ! m9d1
 s ! tra9+ ( ! body mu/ prec$e !        
cultivation ( ! m9d4 ,?is is true ( bo? 
sexes2 b ! aim ( physical tra9+ = boys &
 girls is n ! same2 9 ! "o case x is !  
developm5t ( /r5g?1 9 ! o!r ( grace2 n t

 ^! qualities %\ld be peculi> to ei!r   
sex1 b t _! relative values %\ld be     
diff]5t4 ,wom5 %\ld be /rong en\gh to d 
any?+ gracefully2 m5 %\ld be skilful    
en\gh to d any?+ easily4  ,! exagg]ation
 ( fem99e delicacy leads to effem9acy 9 
m54 ,wom5 %\ld n be /rong l m5 b = !m1 s
 t _! sons may be /rong4 ,conv5ts &     
bo>d+-s*ools1 ) _! pla9 food & ample    
opportunities = amusem5ts1 races1 &     
games 9 ! op5 air & 9 ! g>d51 are bett] 
9 ?is respect ?an ! home1 :]e ! little  
girl is f$ on delicacies1 cont9ually    
enc\rag$ or reprov$1 :]e %e is kept     
sitt+ 9 a /uffy room1 always "u h] "m's 
eye1 afraid to /& or walk or speak or   
brea!1 )\t a mom5t's fre$om to play or  
jump or run or %\t1 or to be h] natural1
 lively1 little self2 !re is ei!r h>mful
 indulg5ce or misguid$ sev]ity1 & no    
trace ( reason4 ,9 ?is fa%ion he>t &    
body are alike de/roy$4  ,9 ,sp>ta !    
girls us$ to take "p 9 milit>y sports j 
l ! boys1 n t !y might g to w>1 b t !y  
might be> sons :o c\ld endure h>d%ip4 ,t

 is n :at ,i desire4 ,to provide ! /ate 
) soldi]s x is n necess>y t ! "m %\ld   
c>ry a musket & ma/] ! ,prussian drill4 
,yet1 on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k ! ,greeks 7 v   
wise 9 ?is matt] ( physical tra9+4 ,"y  
girls frequ5tly appe>$ 9 public1 n ) !  
boys1 b 9 gr\ps ap>t4 ,!re 0 sc>cely a  
fe/ival1 a sacrifice1 or a procession   
)\t its b&s ( maid5s1 ! daught]s ( !    
*ief citiz5s4 ,cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 *ant+     
hymns1 =m+ ! *orus ( ! dance1 be>+      
baskets1 vases1 (f]+s1 !y pres5t$ a *>m+
 spectacle to ! deprav$ s5ses ( !       
,greeks1 a spectacle well fitt$ to      
efface ! evil effects ( _! unseemly     
gymna/ics4 ,:atev] ?is cu/om may h done 
= ! ,greek m51 x 0 well fitt$ to develop
 9 ! ,greek wom5 a s\nd con/itution by  
means ( pleasant1 mod]ate1 & heal?y     
ex]cise2 :ile ! desire to please w\ld   
develop a ke5 & cultivat$ ta/e )\t risk 
to "*4  ,:5 ! ,greek wom5 m>ri$1 !y     
disappe>$ f public life2 )9 ! f\r walls 
( _! home !y devot$ !mselves to ! c>e ( 
_! h\sehold & family4 ,?is is ! mode (  

life prescrib$ = wom5 alike by nature & 
reason4 ,^! wom5 gave bir? to !         
heal?ie/1 /ronge/1 & be/ proportion$ m5 
:o ev] liv$1 & except 9 c]ta9 isl&s (   
ill repute1 no wom5 9 ! :ole _w1 n ev5 !
 ,roman matrons1 7 ev] at once s wise & 
s *>m+1 s beautiful & s virtu\s1 z !    
wom5 ( anci5t ,greece4  ,x is admitt$ t 
_! fl[+ g>m5ts1 :i* did n cramp !       
figure1 pres]v$ 9 m5 & wom5 alike ! f9e 
proportions :i* are se5 9 _! /atues4 ,^!
 are /ill ! models ( art1 al?\gh nature 
is s disfigur$ t !y are no long] to be  
f\nd among u4 ,! ,go?ic trammels1 !     
innum]able b&s :i* conf9e our limbs z 9 
a press1 7 q unkn[n4 ,! ,greek wom5 7   
:olly unacqua9t$ ) ^? frames ( :alebone 
9 :i* our wom5 di/ort r ?an display _!  
figures4 ,x seems to me t ?is abuse1 :i*
 is c>ri$ to an incr$ible degree ( folly
 9 ,engl&1 mu/ soon] or lat] lead to !  
production ( a deg5]ate race4 ,moreov]1 
,i ma9ta9 t ! *>m :i* ^! corsets are    
suppos$ to produce is 9 ! wor/ possible 
ta/e2 x is n a pleasant ?+ to see a     

woman cut 9 two l a wasp--x (f5ds bo? ! 
eye & ! imag9ation4 ,a sl5d] wai/ has   
its limits1 l ev]y?+ else1 9 proportion 
& suitability1 & beyond ^! limits x     
becomes a defect4 ,?is defect w\ld be a 
gl>+ "o 9 ! nude2 :y %\ld x be beautiful
 "u ! co/ume8  ,i w n v5ture ^u !       
reasons :i* induce wom5 to incase       
!mselves 9 ^! coats ( mail4 ,a clumsy   
figure1 a l>ge wai/1 are no d\bt v ugly 
at tw5ty1 b at ?irty !y cease to (f5d ! 
eye1 & z we are b\nd to be :at nature   
has made u at any giv5 age1 & z !re is  
no deceiv+ ! eye ( man1 su* defects are 
less (f5sive at any age ?an ! fooli%    
affectations ( a "y ?+ ( =ty4  ,ev]y?+  
:i* cramps & conf9es nature is 9 bad    
ta/e2 ?is is z true ( ! adornm5ts ( !   
p]son z ( ! ornam5ts ( ! m9d4 ,life1    
heal?1 common-s5se1 & com=t mu/ come    
fir/2 !re is no grace 9 discom=t1       
languor is n ref9em5t1 !re is no *>m 9  
ill-heal?2 suff]+ may excite pity1 b    
pleasure & delight dem& ! fre%ness (    
heal?4  ,boys & girls h _m games 9      

common1 & ?is is z x %\ld be2 d !y n    
play toge!r :5 !y are gr[n up8 ,!y h    
also special ta/es ( _! own4 ,boys want 
movem5t & noise1 drums1 tops1 toy-c>ts2 
girls pref] ?+s :i* appeal to ! eye1 & c
 be us$ = dress+-up--mirrors1 jewell]y1 
f9]y1 & specially dolls4 ,! doll is !   
girl's special play?+2 ?is %[s h]       
in/9ctive b5t t[>ds h] life's "w4 ,! art
 ( pleas+ f9ds its physical basis 9     
p]sonal adornm5t1 & ?is physical side ( 
! art is ! only "o :i* ! *ild c         
cultivate4  ,"h is a little girl busy   
all day ) h] doll2 %e is always *ang+   
its clo!s1 dress+ & undress+ x1 try+ new
 comb9ations ( trimm+s well or ill      
mat*$2 h] f+]s are clumsy1 h] ta/e is   
crude1 b !re is no mi/ak+ h] b5t2 9 ?is 
endless occupation "t flies unhe$$1 !   
h\rs slip away unnotic$1 ev5 meals are  
=gott54 ,%e is m eag] = adornm5t ?an =  
food4 ,b %e is dress+ h] doll1 n h]self1
 y w say4 ,j s2 %e sees h] doll1 %e _c  
see h]self2 %e _c d any?+ = h]self1 %e  
has nei!r ! tra9+1 nor ! tal5t1 nor !   

/r5g?2 z yet %e h]self is no?+1 %e is   
engross$ 9 h] doll & all h] coquetry is 
devot$ to x4 ,?is w n always be s2 9 due
 "t %e w be h] own doll4  ,we h "h a v  
e>ly & cle>ly-m>k$ b5t2 y h only to     
foll[ x & tra9 x4 ,:at ! little girl mo/
 cle>ly desires is to dress h] doll1 to 
make its b[s1 its tippets1 its sa%es1 & 
its tuck]s2 %e is dep5d5t on o!r p's    
k9dness 9 all ?is1 & x w\ld be mu*      
pleasant] to be able to d x h]self4 ,"h 
is a motive = h] e>lie/ lessons1 !y are 
n tasks prescrib$1 b fav\rs be/[$4      
,little girls always dislike le>n+ to   
read & write1 b !y are always ready to  
le>n to sew4 ,!y ?9k !y are gr[n up1 & 9
 imag9ation !y are us+ _! k = _! own    
adornm5t4  ,! way is op5 & x is easy to 
foll[ x2 cutt+ out1 embroid]y1 lace-mak+
 foll[ naturally4 ,tape/ry is n popul>2 
furniture is too remote f ! *ild's      
int]e/s1 x has no?+ to d ) ! p]son1 x   
dep5ds on conv5tional ta/es4 ,tape/ry is
 a woman's amusem5t2 "y girls nev] c>e =
 x4  ,?is volunt>y c\rse is easily      

ext5d$ to include draw+1 an art :i* is  
closely connect$ ) ta/e 9 dress2 b ,i   
w\ld n h !m taught l&scape & /ill less  
figure pa9t+4 ,leaves1 fruit1 fl[]s1    
drap]ies1 any?+ t w make an elegant     
trimm+ = ! accessories ( ! toilet1 &    
enable ! girl to design h] own embroid]y
 if %e _c f9d a patt]n to h] ta/e2 t w  
be q en\gh4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 if x is    
desirable to re/rict a man's /udies to  
:at is useful1 ?is is ev5 m necess>y =  
wom51 ^: life1 ?\gh less labori\s1 %\ld 
be ev5 m indu/ri\s & m uni=mly employ$ 9
 a v>iety ( duties1 s t "o tal5t %\ld n 
be enc\rag$ at ! exp5se ( o!rs4  ,:atev]
 may be said by ! scornful1 good s5se   
belongs to bo? sexes alike4 ,girls are  
usually m docile ?an boys1 & !y %\ld be 
subject$ to m au?ority1 z ,i %all %[    
lat] on1 b t is no reason :y !y %\ld be 
requir$ to d ?+s 9 :i* !y c see nei!r   
rhyme nor reason4 ,! "m's art consi/s 9 
%[+ ! use ( ev]y?+ !y are set to d1 &   
?is is all ! easi] z ! girl's           
intellig5ce is m precoci\s ?an ! boy's4 

,?is pr9ciple bani%es1 bo? = boys &     
girls1 n only ^? pursuits :i* nev] lead 
to any appreciable results1 n ev5       
increas+ ! *>ms ( ^? :o h pursu$ !m1 b  
also ^? /udies ^: utility is beyond !   
s*ol>'s pres5t age & c only be          
appreciat$ 9 lat] ye>s4 ,if ,i object to
 little boys be+ made to le>n to read1  
/ill m d ,i object to x = little girls  
until !y are able to see ! use ( read+2 
we g5]ally ?9k m ( our own ideas ?an    
!irs 9 our attempts to conv9ce !m ( !   
utility ( ?is art4 ,aft] all1 :y %\ld a 
little girl "k h[ to read & write6 ,has 
%e a h\se to manage8 ,mo/ ( !m make a   
bad use ( ?is fatal k1 & girls are s    
full ( curiosity t few ( !m w fail to   
le>n )\t compulsion4  ,possibly cyph]+  
%\ld come fir/2 !re is no?+ s obvi\sly  
useful1 no?+ :i* ne$s s mu* practice or 
gives s mu* opportunity = error z       
reckon+4 ,if ! little girl does n get ! 
*]ries = h] lun* )\t an ari?metical     
ex]cise1 %e w soon le>n to c\nt4  ,i    
once knew a little girl :o le>nt to     

write be=e %e c\ld read1 & %e began to  
write ) h] ne$le4 ,to beg9 )1 %e w\ld   
write no?+ b ,o's2 %e 0 always mak+     
,o's1 l>ge & small1 ( all k9ds & "o )9  
ano!r1 b always drawn backw>ds4         
,unluckily "o day %e caught a glimpse ( 
h]self 9 ! glass :ile %e 0 at ?is useful
 "w1 & ?9k+ t ! cramp$ attitude 0 n     
pretty1 l ano!r ,m9]va %e flung away h] 
p5 & decl9$ to make any m ,o's4 ,h]     
bro!r 0 no fond] ( writ+1 b :at he      
dislik$ 0 ! con/ra9t1 n ! look ( ! ?+4  
,%e 0 induc$ to g on ) h] writ+ 9 ?is   
way4 ,! *ild 0 fa/idi\s & va92 %e c\ld n
 be> h] si/]s to we> h] clo!s4 ,h] ?+s  
_h be5 m>k$1 !y decl9$ to m>k !m any m1 
%e mu/ le>n to m>k !m h]self2 !re is no 
ne$ to cont9ue ! /ory4  ,%[ ! s5se ( !  
tasks y set y\r little girls1 b keep !m 
busy4 ,idl5ess & insubord9ation are two 
v dang]\s faults1 & v h>d to cure :5    
once e/abli%$4 ,girls %\ld be att5tive &
 indu/ri\s1 b ?is is n en\gh by itself2 
!y %\ld e>ly be accu/om$ to re/ra9t4    
,?is mis=tune1 if su* x be1 is inh]5t 9 

_! sex1 & !y w nev] escape f x1 unless  
to endure m cruel suff]+s4 ,all _! life 
long1 !y w h to submit to ! /ricte/ &   
mo/ endur+ re/ra9ts1 ^? ( propriety4 ,!y
 mu/ be tra9$ to be> ! yoke f ! fir/1 s 
t !y may n feel x1 to ma/] _! own       
caprices & to submit !mselves to ! w (  
o!rs4 ,if !y 7 always eag] to be at "w1 
!y %\ld sometimes be compell$ to d no?+4
 ,_! *ildi% faults1 un*eck$ & unhe$$1   
may easily lead to dissipation1         
frivolity1 & incon/ancy4 ,to gu>d aga9/ 
?is1 tea* !m above all ?+s self-control4
 ,"u our s5seless conditions1 ! life ( a
 good woman is a p]petual /ruggle aga9/ 
self2 x is only fair t woman %\ld be> h]
 %>e ( ! ills %e has br\ght ^u man4     
,bew>e le/ y\r girls become we>y ( _!   
tasks & infatuat$ ) _! amusem5ts2 ?is   
(t5 happ5s "u our ord9>y me?ods (       
education1 :]e1 z ,f5elon says1 all !   
t$ium is on "o side & all ! pleasure on 
! o!r4 ,if ! rules already laid d[n are 
foll[$1 ! fir/ ( ^! dang]s w be avoid$1 
unless ! *ild dislikes ^? ab\t h]4 ,a   

little girl :o is fond ( h] "m or h]    
fri5d w "w by h] side all day )\t gett+ 
tir$2 ! *att] alone w make up = any loss
 ( lib]ty4 ,b if h] companion is        
di/a/eful to h]1 ev]y?+ done "u h]      
direction w be di/a/eful too4 ,*ildr5 :o
 take no delight 9 _! "m's company are n
 likely to turn out well2 b to judge (  
_! real feel+s y mu/ wat* !m & n tru/ to
 _! words alone1 = !y are flatt]]s &    
deceitful & soon le>n to conceal _!     
?\ghts4 ,nei!r %\ld !y be told t !y     
ought to love _! "m4 ,affection is n !  
result ( duty1 & 9 ?is respect con/ra9t 
is out ( place4 ,cont9ual int]c\rse1    
con/ant c>e1 habit itself1 all ^! w lead
 a *ild to love h] "m1 if ! "m does no?+
 to des]ve ! *ild's ill-w4  ,! v control
 %e ex]cises ov] ! *ild1 if well        
direct$1 w increase r ?an dim9i% !      
affection1 = wom5 be+ made = dep5d5ce1  
girls feel !mselves made to obey4  ,j   
because !y h1 or ought to h1 little     
fre$om1 !y are apt to indulge !mselves  
too fully ) reg>d to su* fre$om z !y h2 

!y c>ry ev]y?+ to extremes1 & !y devote 
!mselves to _! games ) an en?usiasm ev5 
great] ?an t ( boys4 ,?is is ! second   
difficulty to :i* ,i ref]r$4 ,?is       
en?usiasm mu/ be kept 9 *eck1 = x is !  
s\rce ( sev]al vices commonly f\nd among
 wom51 caprice & t extravagant          
admiration :i* leads a woman to reg>d a 
?+ ) rapture to-day & to be q indiff]5t 
to x to-morr[4 ,?is fickl5ess ( ta/e is 
z dang]\s z exagg]ation2 & bo? spr+ f ! 
same cause4 ,d n deprive !m ( mir?1     
laught]1 noise1 & romp+ games1 b d n let
 !m tire ( "o game & g (f to ano!r2 d n 
leave !m = a mom5t )\t re/ra9t4 ,tra9 !m
 to break (f _! games & return to _! o!r
 occupations )\t a murmur4 ,habit is all
 t is ne$$1 z y h nature on y\r side4   
,?is habitual re/ra9t produces a        
docility :i* woman requires all h] life 
long1 = %e w always be 9 subjection to a
 man1 or to man's judgm5t1 & %e w nev]  
be free to set h] own op9ion above 84   
,:at is mo/ want$ 9 a woman is g5tl5ess2
 =m$ to obey a creature s imp]fect z    

man1 a creature (t5 vici\s & always     
faulty1 %e %\ld e>ly le>n to submit to  
inju/ice & to suff] ! wrongs inflict$ on
 h] by h] husb& )\t compla9t2 %e mu/ be 
g5tle = h] own sake1 n 84 ,bitt]ness &  
ob/9acy only multiply ! suff]+s ( ! wife
 & ! misde$s ( ! husb&2 ! man feels t ^!
 are n ! weapons to be us$ aga9/ him4   
,heav5 did n make wom5 attractive &     
p]suasive t !y might deg5]ate into      
bitt]ness1 or meek t !y %\ld desire !   
ma/]y2 _! s(t voice 0 n meant = h>d     
words1 nor _! delicate features = !     
fr[ns ( ang]4  ,:5 !y lose _! temp] !y  
=get !mselves2 (t5 en\gh !y h j cause ( 
compla9t2 b :5 !y scold !y always put   
!mselves 9 ! wrong4 ,we %\ld ea* adopt !
 tone :i* befits our sex2 a s(t-he>t$   
husb& may make an ov]be>+ wife1 b a man1
 unless he is a p]fect mon/]1 w soon] or
 lat] yield to 8 wife's g5tl5ess1 & !   
victory w be h]s4  ,daught]s mu/ always 
be ob$i5t1 b mo!rs ne$ n always be h>%4 
,to make a girl docile y ne$ n make h]  
mis]able2 to make h] mode/ y ne$ n      

t]rify h]2 on ! contr>y1 ,i %\ld n be   
sorry to see h] all[$ occasionally to   
ex]cise a little +5uity1 n to escape    
puni%m5t = h] disob$i5ce1 b to evade !  
necessity = ob$i5ce4 ,h] dep5d5ce ne$ n 
be made unpleasant1 x is en\gh t %e %\ld
 realise t %e is dep5d5t4 ,cunn+ is a   
natural gift ( woman1 & s conv9c$ am ,i 
t all our natural incl9ations are "r1 t 
,i w\ld cultivate ?is among o!rs1 only  
gu>d+ aga9/ its abuse4  ,= ! tru? ( ?is 
,i appeal to e hone/ obs]v]4 ,i d n ask 
y to "q wom5 !mselves1 our cramp+       
in/itutions may compel !m to %>p5 _!    
wits2 ,i w\ld h y exam9e girls1 little  
girls1 newly-born s to speak2 comp>e !m 
) boys ( ! same age1 & ,i am greatly    
mi/ak5 if y d n f9d ! little boys heavy1
 silly1 & fooli%1 9 comp>ison4 ,let me  
give "o illu/ration 9 all its *ildi%    
simplicity4  ,*ildr5 are commonly =bidd5
 to ask = any?+ at table1 = p ?9k !y c d
 no?+ bett] 9 ! way ( education ?an to  
burd5 !m ) useless precepts2 z if a     
little bit ( ?is or t 7 n readily giv5  

or refus$ )\t leav+ a poor *ild dy+ (   
gre$9ess int5sifi$ by hope4 ,e "o kn[s  
h[ cunn+ly a little boy br\ght up 9 ?is 
way ask$ = salt :5 he _h be5 ov]look$ at
 table4 ,i d n suppose any "o w blame   
him = ask+ directly = salt & indirectly 
= meat2 ! neglect 0 s cruel t ,i h>dly  
?9k he w\ld h be5 puni%$ _h he brok5 !  
rule & said pla9ly t he 0 hungry4 ,b ?is
 is :at ,i saw done by a little girl (  
six2 ! circum/ances 7 mu* m difficult1 =
 n only 0 %e /rictly =bidd5 to ask =    
any?+ directly or indirectly1 b         
disob$i5ce w\ld h be5 unp>donable1 = %e 
_h eat5 ( e di%2 "o only _h be5         
ov]look$1 & on ?is %e _h set h] he>t4   
,?is is :at %e did to repair ! omission 
)\t lay+ h]self op5 to ! *>ge (         
disob$i5ce2 %e po9t$ to e di% 9 turn1   
say+1 ,i've _h "s ( ?is2 ,i've _h "s (  
?is2 h[ev] %e omitt$ ! "o di% s m>k$ly t
 "s "o notic$ x & said1 ,h n y _h "s (  
?is8 ,oh1 no1 repli$ ! gre$y little girl
 ) s(t voice & d[nca/ eyes4 ,^! in/ances
 are typical ( ! cunn+ ( ! little boy & 

girl4  ,:at is1 is good1 & no g5]al law 
c be bad4 ,?is special skill ) :i* !    
female sex is end[$ is a fair equival5t 
= its lack ( /r5g?2 )\t x woman w\ld be 
man's slave1 n 8 helpmeet4 ,by h]       
sup]iority 9 ?is respect %e ma9ta9s h]  
equality ) man1 & rules 9 ob$i5ce4 ,%e  
has ev]y?+ aga9/ h]1 our faults & h] own
 weakness & timidity2 h] beauty & h]    
wiles are all t %e has4 ,%\ld %e n      
cultivate bo?8 ,yet beauty is n         
univ]sal2 x may be de/roy$ by all sorts 
( accid5ts1 x w disappe> ) ye>s1 & habit
 w de/roy its influ5ce4 ,a woman's real 
res\rce is h] wit2 n t fooli% wit :i* is
 s greatly admir$ 9 society1 a wit :i*  
does no?+ to make life happi]2 b t wit  
:i* is adapt$ to h] condition1 ! art (  
tak+ advantage ( our position &         
controll+ u ?r\gh our own /r5g?4 ,words 
_c tell h[ b5eficial ?is is to man1 :at 
a *>m x gives to ! society ( m5 & wom51 
h[ x *ecks ! petulant *ild & re/ra9s !  
brutal husb&2 )\t x ! home w\ld be a    
sc5e ( /rife2 ) x1 x is ! abode (       

happ9ess4 ,i "k t ?is p[] is abus$ by ! 
sly & ! spiteful2 b :at is !re t is n   
liable to abuse8 ,d n de/roy ! means (  
happ9ess because ! wick$ use !m to our  
hurt4  ,! toilet may attract notice1 b x
 is ! p]son t w9s our he>ts4 ,our f9]y  
is n u2 its v artificiality (t5 (f5ds1 &
 t :i* is lea/ noticeable 9 itself (t5  
w9s ! mo/ att5tion4 ,! education ( our  
girls is1 9 ?is respect1 absolutely     
topsy-turvy4 ,ornam5ts are promis$ !m z 
rew>ds1 & !y are taught to delight 9    
elaborate f9]y4 ,h[ lovely %e is6 p say 
:5 %e is mo/ dress$ up4 ,on ! contr>y1  
!y %\ld be taught t s mu* f9]y is only  
requir$ to hide _! defects1 & t beauty's
 real triumph is to %9e alone4 ,! love (
 fa%ion is contr>y to good ta/e1 = faces
 d n *ange ) ! fa%ion1 & :ile ! p]son   
rema9s un*ang$1 :at suits x at "o "t w  
suit x always4  ,if ,i saw a "y girl    
deck$ out l a little peacock1 ,i %\ld %[
 myself anxi\s ab\t h] figure s         
disguis$1 & anxi\s :at p w\ld ?9k ( h]2 
,i %\ld say1 ,%e is ov]-dress$ ) all ^? 

ornam5ts2 :at a pity6 ,d y ?9k %e c\ld d
 ) some?+ simpl]8 ,is %e pretty en\gh to
 d )\t ?is or t8 ,possibly %e h]self    
w\ld be ! fir/ to ask t h] f9]y might be
 tak5 (f & t we %\ld see h[ %e look$ )\t
 x4 ,9 t case h] beauty %\ld receive su*
 praise z x des]ves4 ,i %\ld nev] praise
 h] unless simply dress$4 ,if %e only   
reg>ds f9e clo!s z an aid to p]sonal    
beauty1 & z a tacit confession t %e ne$s
 _! aid1 %e w n be pr\d ( h] f9]y1 %e w 
be humbl$ by x2 & if %e he>s "s "o say1 
,h[ pretty %e is1 :5 %e is sm>t] ?an    
usual1 %e w blu% = %ame4  ,moreov]1 ?\gh
 !re are figures t require adornm5t !re 
are none t require exp5sive clo!s4      
,extravagance 9 dress is ! folly ( !    
class r ?an ! individual1 x is m]ely    
conv5tional4 ,g5u9e coquetry is         
sometimes c>efully ?\ght out1 b nev]    
sumptu\s1 & ,juno dress$ h]self m       
magnific5tly ?an ,v5us4 ,z y _c make h] 
beautiful y are mak+ h] f9e1 said       
,apelles to an unskilful arti/ :o 0     
pa9t+ ,hel5 load$ ) jewell]y4 ,i h also 

notic$ t ! sm>te/ clo!s proclaim !      
pla9e/ wom52 no folly c\ld be m         
misguid$4 ,if a "y girl has good ta/e & 
a contempt = fa%ion1 give h] a few y>ds 
( ribbon1 musl91 & gauze1 & a h&ful (   
fl[]s1 )\t any diamonds1 fr+es1 or lace1
 & %e w make h]self a dress a hundr$fold
 m becom+ ?an all ! sm>t clo!s ( ,la    
,du*apt4  ,good is always good1 & z y   
%\ld always look y\r be/1 ! wom5 :o "k  
:at !y are ab\t select a good /yle &    
keep to x1 & z !y are n always *ang+ _! 
/yle !y ?9k less ab\t dress ?an ^? :o c 
nev] settle to any "o /yle4 ,a g5u9e    
desire to dress becom+ly does n require 
an elaborate toilet4 ,"y girls r>ely    
give mu* "t to dress2 ne$lework &       
lessons are ! bus9ess ( ! day2 yet1     
except = ! r\ge1 !y are g5]ally z       
c>efully dress$ z old] wom5 & (t5 9     
bett] ta/e4 ,contr>y to ! usual op9ion1 
! real cause ( ! abuse ( ! toilet is n  
vanity b lack ( occupation4 ,! woman :o 
devotes six h\rs to h] toilet is well   
aw>e t %e is no bett] dress$ ?an ! woman

 :o took half an h\r1 b %e has got rid (
 s _m ( ! t$i\s h\rs & x is bett] to    
amuse oneself ) "o's clo!s ?an to be    
sick ( ev]y?+4 ,)\t ! toilet h[ w\ld %e 
sp5d ! "t betwe5 d9n] & supp]4  ,) a    
cr[d ( wom5 ab\t h]1 %e c at lea/ cause 
!m annoyance1 :i* is amusem5t ( a k9d2  
bett] /ill %e avoids a tete-a-tete ) !  
husb& :om %e nev] sees at any o!r "t2 !n
 !re are ! tradespeople1 ! deal]s 9     
bric-a-brac1 ! f9e g5tlem51 ! m9or poets
 ) _! songs1 _! v]ses1 & _! pamphlets2  
h[ c\ld y get !m toge!r b = ! toilet4   
,its only real advantage is ! *ance ( a 
little m display ?an is p]mitt$ by full 
dress1 & p]haps ?is is less ?an x seems 
& a woman ga9s less ?an %e ?9ks4 ,d n be
 afraid to educate y\r wom5 z wom52 tea*
 !m a woman's bus9ess1 t !y be mode/1 t 
!y may "k h[ to manage _! h\se & look   
aft] _! family2 ! gr& toilet w soon     
disappe>1 & !y w be m ta/efully dress$4 
,gr[+ girls p]ceive at once t all ?is   
outside adornm5t is n en\gh unless !y h 
*>ms ( _! own4 ,!y _c make !mselves     

beautiful1 !y are too "y = coquetry1 b  
!y are n too "y to acquire graceful     
ge/ures1 a pleas+ voice1 a self-possess$
 mann]1 a light /ep1 a graceful be>+1 to
 *oose :atev] advantages are )9 _! rea*4
 ,! voice ext5ds its range1 x gr[s      
/rong] & m resonant1 ! arms become      
plump]1 ! be>+ m assur$1 & !y p]ceive t 
x is easy to attract att5tion h[ev]     
dress$4 ,ne$lework & indu/ry suffice no 
long]1 fre% gifts are develop+ & _!     
usefulness is already recognis$4  ,i "k 
t /]n tea*]s w\ld h u refuse to tea*    
little girls to s+ or dance1 or to      
acquire any ( ! pleas+ arts4 ,?is /rikes
 me z absurd4 ,:o %\ld le>n ^! arts--our
 boys8 ,are ^! to be ! fav\rite         
accompli%m5ts ( m5 or wom58 ,( nei!r1   
say !y2 pr(ane songs are simply s _m    
crimes1 danc+ is an inv5tion ( ! ,evil  
,"o2 h] tasks & h] pray]s we all !      
amusem5t a "y girl %\ld h4 ,:at /range  
amusem5ts = a *ild ( t56 ,i fe> t ^!    
little sa9ts :o h be5 =c$ to sp5d _!    
*ildhood 9 pray]s to ,god w pass _! y\? 

9 ano!r fa%ion2 :5 !y are m>ri$ !y w try
 to make up = lo/ "t4 ,i ?9k we mu/     
consid] age z well z sex2 a "y girl %\ld
 n live l h] gr&mo!r2 %e %\ld be lively1
 m]ry1 & eag]2 %e %\ld s+ & dance to h] 
he>t's cont5t1 & enjoy all ! innoc5t    
pleasures ( y\?2 ! "t w come1 all too   
soon1 :5 %e mu/ settle d[n & adopt a m  
s]i\s tone4  ,b is ?is *ange 9 itself   
really necess>y8 ,is x n m]ely ano!r    
result ( our own prejudices8 ,by mak+   
good wom5 ! slaves ( dismal duties1 we h
 depriv$ m>riage ( its *>m = m54 ,c we  
wond] t ! gloomy sil5ce !y f9d at home  
drives !m else:]e1 or inspires little   
desire to ent] a /ate :i* (f]s s few    
attractions8 ,*ri/ianity1 by exagg]at+ e
 duty1 has made our duties impracticable
 & useless2 by =bidd+ s++1 danc+1 &     
amusem5ts ( e k9d1 x r5d]s wom5 sulky1  
fault-f9d+1 & intol]able at home4 ,!re  
is no religion :i* imposes su* /rict    
duties ^u m>ri$ life1 & none 9 :i* su* a
 sacr$ engagem5t is s (t5 pr(an$4 ,su*  
pa9s has be5 tak5 to prev5t wives be+   

amiable1 t _! husb&s h become indiff]5t 
to !m4 ,?is %\ld n be1 ,i grant y1 b x w
 be1 s9ce husb&s are b m54 ,i w\ld h an 
,engli% maid5 cultivate ! tal5ts :i* w  
delight h] husb& z zeal\sly z !         
,circassian cultivates ! accompli%m5ts (
 an ,ea/]n h>em4  ,husb&s1 y say1 c>e   
little = su* accompli%m5ts4 ,s ,i %\ld  
suppose1 :5 !y are employ$1 n = ! husb&1
 b to attract ! "y rakes :o di%on\r !   
home4 ,b imag9e a virtu\s & *>m+ wife1  
adorn$ ) su* accompli%m5ts & devot+ !m  
to h] husb&'s amusem5t2 w %e n add to 8 
happ9ess8 ,:5 he leaves 8 (fice worn out
 ) ! day's "w1 w %e n prev5t him seek+  
recreation else:]e8 ,h we n all beheld  
happy families ga!r$ toge!r1 ea*        
contribut+ to ! g5]al amusem5t8 ,are n !
 confid5ce & famili>ity ?us e/abli%$1 ! 
innoc5ce & ! *>m ( ! pleasures ?us      
enjoy$1 m ?an en\gh to make up = ! m    
riot\s pleasures ( public ent]ta9m5ts8  
,pleasant accompli%m5ts h be5 made too  
=mal an affair ( rules & precepts1 s t  
"y p f9d !m v t$i\s in/ead ( a m]e      

amusem5t or a m]ry game z !y ought to   
be4 ,no?+ c be m absurd ?an an eld]ly   
s++ or danc+ ma/] fr[n+ ^u "y p1 ^: "o  
desire is to laugh1 & adopt+ a m p$antic
 & magi/]ial mann] 9 tea*+ 8 frivol\s   
art ?an if he 7 tea*+ ! cate*ism4 ,take 
! case ( s++2 does ?is art dep5d on     
read+ music2 _c ! voice be made true &  
flexible1 c we n le>n to s+ ) ta/e & ev5
 to play an accompanim5t )\t kn[+ a     
note8 ,does ! same k9d ( s++ suit all   
voices alike8 ,is ! same me?od adapt$ to
 e m9d8 ,y w nev] p]suade me t ! same   
attitudes1 ! same /eps1 ! same movem5ts1
 ! same ge/ures1 ! same dances w suit a 
lively little brunette & a tall fair    
maid5 ) langui%+ eyes4 ,s :5 ,i f9d a   
ma/] giv+ ! same lessons to all 8 pupils
 ,i say1 ,he has 8 own r\t9e1 b he kn[s 
no?+ ( 8 art6  ,%\ld "y girls h ma/]s or
 mi/resses8 ,i _c say2 ,i wi% !y c\ld   
disp5se ) bo?2 ,i wi% !y c\ld le>n ( _! 
own accord :at !y are already s will+ to
 le>n4 ,i wi% !re 7 few] ( ^! dress$-up 
old ballet ma/]s prom5ad+ our /reets4 ,i

 fe> our "y p w get m h>m f int]c\rse ) 
su* p ?an pr(it f _! in/ruction1 & t _! 
j>gon1 _! tone1 _! airs & graces1 w     
in/il a precoci\s ta/e = ! frivolities  
:i* ! tea*] ?9ks s important1 & to :i* !
 s*ol>s are only too likely to devote   
!mselves4  ,:]e pleasure is ! only end 9
 view1 any "o may s]ve z tea*]--fa!r1   
"m1 bro!r1 si/]1 fri5d1 gov]ness1 !     
girl's mirror1 & above all h] own ta/e4 
,d n (f] to tea*1 let h] ask2 d n make a
 task ( :at %\ld be a rew>d1 & 9 ^!     
/udies above all rememb] t ! wi% to     
succe$ is ! fir/ /ep4 ,if =mal          
in/ruction is requir$ ,i leave x to y to
 *oose betwe5 a ma/] & a mi/ress4 ,h[ c 
,i tell :e!r a danc+ ma/] %\ld take a "y
 pupil by h] s(t :ite h&1 make h] lift  
h] skirt & raise h] eyes1 op5 h] arms & 
advance h] ?robb+ bosom8 b ?is ,i "k1   
no?+ on e>? w\ld induce me to be t ma/]4
  ,ta/e is =m$ p>tly by indu/ry & p>tly 
by tal5t1 & by its means ! m9d is       
unconsci\sly op5$ to ! idea ( beauty ( e
 k9d1 till at l5g? x atta9s to ^? moral 

ideas :i* are s closely relat$ to       
beauty4 ,p]haps ?is is "o reason :y     
ideas ( propriety & mode/y are acquir$  
e>li] by girls ?an by boys1 = to suppose
 t ?is e>ly feel+ is due to ! tea*+ ( ! 
gov]nesses w\ld %[ little k ( _! /yle ( 
tea*+ & ( ! natural developm5t ( ! human
 m9d4 ,! art ( speak+ /&s fir/ among !  
pleas+ arts2 x alone c add fre% *>ms to 
^? :i* h be5 blunt$ by habit4 ,x is !   
m9d :i* n only gives life to ! body1 b  
r5ews1 s to speak1 its y\?2 ! fl[ (     
feel+s & ideas give life & v>iety to !  
c\nt5ance1 & ! conv]sation to :i* x     
gives rise ar\ses & su/a9s att5tion1 &  
fixes x cont9u\sly on "o object4 ,i     
suppose ?is is :y little girls s soon   
le>n to prattle prettily1 & :y m5 enjoy 
li/5+ to !m ev5 be=e ! *ild c und]/& !m2
 !y are wat*+ = ! fir/ gleam (          
intellig5ce & s5tim5t4  ,wom5 h ready   
tongues2 !y talk e>li]1 m easily1 & m   
pleasantly ?an m54 ,!y are also said to 
talk m2 ?is may be true1 b ,i am prep>$ 
to reckon x to _! cr$it2 eyes & m\? are 

equally busy & = ! same cause4 ,a man   
says :at he kn[s1 a woman says :at w    
please2 ! "o ne$s k1 ! o!r ta/e2 utility
 %\ld be ! man's object2 ! woman speaks 
to give pleasure4 ,!re %\ld be no?+ 9   
common b tru?4  ,y %\ld n *eck a girl's 
prattle l a boy's by ! h>% "q1 ,:at is !
 use ( t8 b by ano!r "q at lea/ z       
difficult to answ]1 ,:at effect w t h8  
,at ?is e>ly age :5 !y "k nei!r good nor
 evil1 & are incapable ( judg+ o!rs1 !y 
%\ld make ?is _! rule & nev] say any?+  
:i* is unpleasant to ^? ab\t !m2 ?is    
rule is all ! m difficult to apply      
because x mu/ always be subord9at$ to   
our fir/ rule1 ,nev] tell a lie4  ,i c  
see _m o!r difficulties1 b !y belong to 
a lat] /age4 ,= ! pres5t x is en\gh =   
y\r little girls to speak ! tru? )\t    
grossness1 & z !y are naturally av]se to
 :at is gross1 education easily tea*es  
!m to avoid x4 ,9 social int]c\rse ,i   
obs]ve t a man's polit5ess is usually m 
helpful & a woman's m c>ess+4 ,?is      
di/9ction is natural1 n artificial4 ,a  

man seeks to s]ve1 a woman seeks to     
please4 ,h5ce a woman's polit5ess is    
less ins9c]e ?an ours1 :atev] we may ?9k
 ( h] "*2 = %e is only act+ ^u a        
fundam5tal in/9ct2 b :5 a man pr(esses  
to put my int]e/s be=e 8 own1 ,i detect 
! falsehood1 h[ev] disguis$4 ,h5ce x is 
easy = wom5 to be polite1 & easy to tea*
 little girls polit5ess4 ,! fir/ lessons
 come by nature2 art only supplem5ts !m 
& det]m9es ! conv5tional =m :i*         
polit5ess %all take4 ,! c\rtesy ( woman 
to woman is ano!r matt]2 _! mann] is s  
con/ra9$1 _! att5tions s *illy1 !y f9d  
ea* o!r s we>isome1 t !y take little    
pa9s to conceal ! fact1 & seem s9c]e ev5
 9 _! falsehood1 s9ce !y take s little  
pa9s to conceal x4 ,/ill "y girls d     
sometimes become s9c]ely atta*$ to "o   
ano!r4 ,at _! age good spirits take !   
place ( a good disposition1 & !y are s  
pleas$ ) !mselves t !y are pleas$ ) e "o
 else4 ,moreov]1 x is c]ta9 t !y kiss   
ea* o!r m affectionately & c>ess ea* o!r
 m gracefully 9 ! pres5ce ( m51 = !y are

 pr\d to be able to ar\se _! envy )\t   
dang] to !mselves by ! sight ( fav\rs   
:i* !y "k w ar\se t envy4  ,if "y boys  
mu/ n be all[$ to ask unsuitable        
que/ions1 mu* m mu/ !y be =bidd5 to     
little girls2 if _! curiosity is        
satisfi$ or unskilfully evad$ x is a mu*
 m s]i\s matt]1 = !y are s ke5 to guess 
! my/]ies conceal$ f !m & s skilful to  
discov] !m4 ,b :ile ,i w\ld n p]mit !m  
to ask que/ions1 ,i w\ld h !m que/ion$  
frequ5tly1 & pa9s %\ld be tak5 to make  
!m talk2 let !m be teas$ to make !m     
speak freely1 to make !m answ] readily1 
to loos5 m9d & tongue :ile x c be done  
)\t dang]4 ,su* conv]sation always lead+
 to m]rim5t1 yet skilfully controll$ &  
direct$1 w\ld =m a delightful amusem5t  
at ?is age & might in/il into ^! y\?ful 
he>ts ! fir/ & p]haps ! mo/ helpful     
lessons 9 morals :i* !y w ev] receive1  
by tea*+ !m 9 ! guise ( pleasure & fun  
:at qualities are e/eem$ by m5 & :at is 
! true glory & happ9ess ( a good woman4 
,if boys are incapable ( =m+ any true   

idea ( religion1 mu* m is x beyond !    
grasp ( girls2 & = ?is reason ,i w\ld   
speak ( x all ! soon] to little girls1 =
 if we wait till !y are ready = a s]i\s 
discussion ( ^! deep subjects we %\ld be
 9 dang] ( nev] speak+ ( religion at    
all4 ,a woman's reason is practical1 &  
!re=e %e soon arrives at a giv5         
conclusion1 b %e fails to discov] x =   
h]self4 ,! social relation ( ! sexes is 
a wond]ful ?+4 ,?is relation produces a 
moral p]son ( :i* woman is ! eye & man !
 h&1 b ! two are s dep5d5t on "o ano!r t
 ! man tea*es ! woman :at to see1 :ile  
%e tea*es him :at to d4 ,if wom5 c\ld   
discov] pr9ciples & if m5 _h z good     
heads = detail1 !y w\ld be mutually     
indep5d5t1 !y w\ld live 9 p]petual      
/rife1 & !re w\ld be an end to all      
society4 ,b 9 _! mutual h>mony ea*      
contributes to a common purpose2 ea*    
foll[s ! o!r's lead1 ea* comm&s & ea*   
obeys4  ,z a woman's conduct is         
controll$ by public op9ion1 s is h]     
religion rul$ by au?ority4 ,! daught]   

%\ld foll[ h] "m's religion1 ! wife h]  
husb&'s4 ,7 t religion false1 ! docility
 :i* leads "m & daught] to submit to    
nature's laws w\ld blot out ! s9 ( error
 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,unable to judge =   
!mselves !y %\ld accept ! judgm5t ( fa!r
 & husb& z t ( ! *ur*4  ,:ile wom5      
unaid$ _c d$uce ! rules ( _! fai?1 nei!r
 c !y assign limits to t fai? by !      
evid5ce ( reason2 !y all[ !mselves to be
 driv5 hi!r & ?i!r by all sorts (       
ext]nal influ5ces1 !y are ev] above or  
bel[ ! tru?4 ,extreme 9 ev]y?+1 !y are  
ei!r altoge!r reckless or altoge!r pi\s2
 y nev] f9d !m able to comb9e virtue &  
piety4 ,_! natural exagg]ation is n     
:olly to blame2 ! ill-regulat$ control  
ex]cis$ ov] !m by m5 is p>tly           
responsible4 ,loose morals br+ religion 
into contempt2 ! t]rors ( remorse make x
 a tyrant2 ?is is :y wom5 h always too  
mu* or too little religion4  ,z a       
woman's religion is controll$ by        
au?ority x is m important to %[ h]      
pla9ly :at to believe ?an to expla9 !   

reasons = belief2 = fai? atta*$ to ideas
 half-und]/ood is ! ma9 s\rce (         
fanaticism1 & fai? dem&$ on behalf ( :at
 is absurd leads to madness or unbelief4
 ,:e!r our cate*isms t5d to produce     
impiety r ?an fanaticism ,i _c say1 b ,i
 d "k t !y lead to "o or o!r4  ,9 ! fir/
 place1 :5 y tea* religion to little    
girls nev] make x gloomy or tiresome1   
nev] make x a task or a duty1 & !re=e   
nev] give !m any?+ to le>n by he>t1 n   
ev5 _! pray]s4 ,be cont5t to say y\r own
 pray]s regul>ly 9 _! pres5ce1 b d n    
compel !m to jo9 y4 ,let _! pray]s be   
%ort1 z ,*ri/ himself has taught u4 ,let
 !m always be said ) becom+ rev]5ce &   
respect2 rememb] t if we ask ! ,almighty
 to give he$ to our words1 we %\ld at   
lea/ give he$ to :at we mean to say4  ,x
 does n mu* matt] t a girl %\ld le>n h] 
religion "y1 b x does matt] t %e %\ld   
le>n x ?or\ghly1 & /ill m t %e %\ld le>n
 to love x4 ,if y make religion a burd5 
to h]1 if y always speak ( ,god's ang]1 
if 9 ! "n ( religion y impose all sorts 

( disagreeable duties1 duties :i* %e    
nev] sees y p]=m1 :at c %e suppose b t  
to le>n "o's cate*ism & to say "o's     
pray]s is only ! duty ( a little girl1 &
 %e w long to be gr[n-up to escape1 l y1
 f ^! duties4 ,example6 ,example6 ,)\t x
 y w nev] succe$ 9 tea*+ *ildr5 any?+4  
,:5 y expla9 ! ,articles ( ,fai? let x  
be by direct tea*+1 n by "q & answ]4    
,*ildr5 %\ld only answ] :at !y ?9k1 n   
:at has be5 drill$ into !m4 ,all !      
answ]s 9 ! cate*ism are ! wrong way     
ab\t2 x is ! s*ol> :o in/ructs ! tea*]2 
9 ! *ild's m\? !y are a d[nright lie1   
s9ce !y expla9 :at he does n und]/&1 &  
affirm :at he _c believe4 ,f9d me1 if y 
c1 an intellig5t man :o c\ld hone/ly say
 8 cate*ism4 ,! fir/ "q ,i f9d 9 our    
cate*ism is z foll[s3 ,:o creat$ y &    
br\ght y into ! _w8 ,to :i* ! girl1 :o  
?9ks x 0 h] "m1 replies )\t hesitation1 
,x 0 ,god4 ,all %e kn[s is t %e is ask$ 
a "q :i* %e only half und]/&s & %e gives
 an answ] %e does n und]/& at all4  ,i  
wi% "s "o :o really und]/&s ! developm5t

 ( *ildr5's m9ds w\ld write a cate*ism =
 !m4 ,x might be ! mo/ useful book ev]  
writt51 &1 9 my op9ion1 x w\ld d its    
au?or no little hon\r4 ,?is at lea/ is  
c]ta9--if x 7 a good book x w\ld be v   
unlike our cate*isms4  ,su* a cate*ism w
 n be satisfactory unless ! *ild c answ]
 ! que/ions ( its own accord )\t hav+ to
 le>n ! answ]s2 inde$ ! *ild w (t5 ask !
 que/ions itself4 ,an example is requir$
 to make my mean+ pla9 & ,i feel h[ ill 
equipp$ ,i am to furni% su* an example4 
,i w try to give "s sort ( outl9e ( my  
mean+4  ,to get to ! fir/ "q 9 our      
cate*ism ,i suppose we mu/ beg9 some:at 
aft] ! foll[+ fa%ion4  ,,nurse3 ,d y    
rememb] :5 y\r "m 0 a little girl8      
,,*ild3 ,no1 nurse4  ,,nurse3 ,:y n1 :5 
y h su* a good memory8  ,,*ild3 ,i 0 n  
alive4  ,,nurse3 ,!n y 7 n always alive6
  ,,*ild3 ,no4  ,,nurse3 ,w y live =    
ev]6  ,,*ild3 ,yes4  ,,nurse3 ,are y "y 
or old8  ,,*ild3 ,i am "y4  ,,nurse3 ,is
 y\r gr&mamma old or "y8  ,,*ild3 ,%e is
 old4  ,,nurse3 ,0 %e ev] "y8  ,,*ild3  

,yes4  ,,nurse3 ,:y is %e n "y n[8      
,,*ild3 ,%e has gr[n old4  ,,nurse3 ,w y
 gr[ old too8  ,,*ild3 ,i don't "k4     
,,nurse3 ,:]e are y\r la/ ye>'s frocks8 
,,*ild3 ,!y h be5 unpick$4  ,,nurse3    
,:y6  ,,*ild3 ,because !y 7 too small = 
me4  ,,nurse3 ,:y 7 !y too small8       
,,*ild3 ,i h gr[n bigg]4  ,,nurse3 ,w y 
gr[ any m6  ,,*ild3 ,oh1 yes4  ,,nurse3 
,& :at becomes ( big girls8  ,,*ild3 ,!y
 gr[ into wom54  ,,nurse3 ,& :at becomes
 ( wom56  ,,*ild3 ,!y are mo!rs4        
,,nurse3 ,& :at becomes ( mo!rs8        
,,*ild3 ,!y gr[ old4  ,,nurse3 ,w y gr[ 
old8  ,,*ild3 ,:5 ,i am a "m4  ,,nurse3 
,& :at becomes ( old p8  ,,*ild3 ,i     
don't "k4  ,,nurse3 ,:at became ( y\r   
gr&fa!r8  ,,*ild3 ,he di$4 ,footnote3 ,!
 *ild w say ?is because %e has he>d x   
said2 b y mu/ make sure %e kn[s :at dea?
 is1 = ! idea is n s simple & )9 !      
*ild's grasp z p ?9k4 ,9 t little poem  
,abel y w f9d an example ( ! way to tea*
 !m4 ,?is *>m+ "w brea!s a delightful   
simplicity ) :i* "o %\ld fe$ "o's own   

m9d s z to talk ) *ildr54  ,,nurse3 ,:y 
did he die8  ,,*ild3 ,because he 0 s    
old4  ,,nurse3 ,:at becomes ( old p6    
,,*ild3 ,!y die4  ,,nurse3 ,& :5 y are  
old----8  ,,*ild3 ,oh nurse6 ,i don't   
want to die6  ,,nurse3 ,my de>1 no "o   
wants to die1 & ev]ybody dies4  ,,*ild3 
,:y1 w mamma die too6  ,,nurse3 ,yes1 l 
ev]ybody else4 ,wom5 gr[ old z well z   
m51 & old age ends 9 dea?4  ,,*ild3 ,:at
 mu/ ,i d to gr[ old v1 v sl[ly8        
,,nurse3 ,be good :ile y are little4    
,,*ild3 ,i w always be good1 nurse4     
,,nurse3 ,s mu* ! bett]4 ,b d y suppose 
y w live = ev]8  ,,*ild3 ,:5 ,i am v1 v 
old----  ,,nurse3 ,well8  ,,*ild3 ,:5 we
 are s v old y say we mu/ die8  ,,nurse3
 ,y mu/ die "s day4  ,,*ild3 ,oh de>6 ,i
 suppose ,i mu/4  ,,nurse3 ,:o liv$ be=e
 y8  ,,*ild3 ,my fa!r & "m4  ,,nurse3 ,&
 be=e !m8  ,,*ild3 ,_! fa!r & "m4       
,,nurse3 ,:o w live aft] y8  ,,*ild3 ,my
 *ildr54  ,,nurse3 ,:o w live aft] !m8  
,,*ild3 ,_! *ildr54  ,9 ?is way1 by     
concrete examples1 y w f9d a beg9n+ &   

end = ! human race l ev]y?+ else--t is  
to say1 a fa!r & "m :o nev] _h a fa!r & 
"m1 & *ildr5 :o w nev] h *ildr5 ( _!    
own4  ,x is only aft] a long c\rse (    
simil> que/ions t we are ready = ! fir/ 
"q 9 ! cate*ism2 !n alone c we put ! "q 
& ! *ild may be able to und]/& x4 ,b :at
 a gap !re is betwe5 ! fir/ & ! second  
"q :i* is conc]n$ ) ! def9itions ( !    
div9e nature4 ,:5 w ?is *asm be bridg$8 
,god is a _s4 ,& :at is a _s8 ,%all ,i  
/>t ! *ild ^u ?is difficult "q (        
metaphysics :i* gr[n m5 f9d s h>d to    
und]/&8 ,^! are no que/ions = a little  
girl to answ]2 if %e asks !m1 x is z mu*
 or m ?an we c expect4 ,9 t case ,i %\ld
 tell h] q simply1 ,y ask me :at ,god   
is2 x is n easy to say2 we c nei!r he>  
nor see nor h&le ,god2 we c only "k ,him
 by ,8 works4 ,to le>n :at ,he is1 y mu/
 wait till y "k :at ,he has done4  ,if  
our dogmas are all equally true1 !y are 
n equally important4 ,x makes little    
diff]5ce to ! glory ( ,god t we %\ld    
p]ceive x ev]y:]e1 b x does make a      

diff]5ce to human society1 & to e memb] 
( t society1 t a man %\ld "k & d !      
duties :i* are laid ^u him by ! law (   
,god1 8 duty to 8 neighb\r & to himself4
 ,?is is :at we %\ld always be tea*+ "o 
ano!r1 & x is ?is :i* fa!rs & mo!rs are 
specially b\nd to tea* _! little ones4  
,:e!r a virg9 became ! "m ( h] ,creator1
 :e!r %e gave bir? to ,god1 or m]ely to 
a man into :om ,god has ent]$1 :e!r !   
,fa!r & ! ,son are ( ! same sub/ance or 
( l sub/ance only1 :e!r ! ,_s proce$$ f 
"o or bo? ( ^! :o are b "o1 or f bo?    
toge!r1 h[ev] important ^! que/ions may 
seem1 ,i _c see t x is any m necess>y = 
! human race to come to a decision )    
reg>d to !m ?an to "k :at day to keep   
,ea/]1 or :e!r we %\ld tell our beads1  
fa/1 & refuse to eat meat1 speak ,lat9  
or ,fr5* 9 *ur*1 adorn ! walls ) /atues1
 he> or say mass1 & h no wife ( our own4
 ,let ea* ?9k z he pleases2 ,i _c see t 
x matt]s to any "o b himself2 = my own  
"p x is no conc]n ( m9e4 ,b :at does    
conc]n my fell[-creatures & myself alike

 is to "k t !re is inde$ a judge ( human
 fate1 t we are all ,8 *ildr51 t ,he    
bids u all be j1 ,he bids u love "o     
ano!r1 ,he bids u be k9dly & m]ciful1   
,he bids u keep our ^w ) all m51 ev5 )  
our own enemies & ,82 we mu/ "k t !     
app>5t happ9ess ( ?is _w is naught2 t   
!re is ano!r life to come1 9 :i* ?is    
,supreme ,be+ w be ! rew>d] ( ! j & !   
judge ( ! unju/4 ,*ildr5 ne$ to be      
taught ^! doctr9es & o!rs l !m & all    
citiz5s require to be p]suad$ ( _! tru?4
 ,:oev] sets 8 face aga9/ ^! doctr9es is
 inde$ guilty2 he is ! di/urb] ( !      
peace1 ! enemy ( society4 ,:oev] goes   
beyond ^! doctr9es & seeks to make u !  
slaves ( 8 private op9ions1 rea*es !    
same goal by ano!r way2 to e/abli% 8 own
 k9d ( ord] he di/urbs ! peace2 9 8 ra% 
pride he makes himself ! int]pret] ( !  
,div9e1 & 9 ,8 "n dem&s ! homage & !    
rev]5ce ( mank9d2 s f> z may be1 he sets
 himself 9 ,god's place2 he %\ld receive
 ! puni%m5t ( sacrilege if he is n      
puni%$ = 8 intol]ance4  ,give no he$1   

!re=e1 to all ^? my/]i\s doctr9es :i*   
are words )\t ideas = u1 all ^? /range  
tea*+s1 ! /udy ( :i* is too (t5 (f]$ z a
 sub/itute = virtue1 a /udy :i* m (t5   
makes m5 mad r ?an good4 ,keep y\r      
*ildr5 ev] )9 ! little circle ( dogmas  
:i* are relat$ to morality4 ,conv9ce !m 
t ! only useful le>n+ is t :i* tea*es u 
to act rightly4 ,d n make y\r daught]s  
!ologians & casui/s2 only tea* !m su*   
?+s ( heav5 z conduce to human goodness2
 tra9 !m to feel t !y are always 9 !    
pres5ce ( ,god1 :o sees _! ?\ghts &     
de$s1 _! virtue & _! pleasures2 tea* !m 
to d good )\t o/5tation & because !y    
love x1 to suff] evil )\t a murmur1     
because ,god w rew>d !m2 9 a ^w to be   
all _! life long :at !y w be glad to h  
be5 :5 !y appe> 9 ,8 pres5ce4 ,?is is   
true religion2 ?is alone is incapable ( 
abuse1 impiety1 or fanaticism4  ,let ^? 
:o w1 tea* a religion m sublime1 b ?is  
is ! only religion ,i "k4  ,moreov]1 x  
is z well to obs]ve t1 until ! age :5 ! 
reason becomes enlight5$1 :5 gr[+       

emotion gives a voice to consci5ce1 :at 
is wrong = "y p is :at ^? ab\t h decid$ 
to be wrong4 ,:at !y are told to d is   
good2 :at !y are =bidd5 to d is bad2 t  
is all !y ought to "k3 ?is %[s h[       
important x is = girls1 ev5 m ?an =     
boys1 t ! "r p %\ld be *os5 to be ) !m &
 to h au?ority ov] !m4 ,at la/ !re comes
 a "t :5 !y beg9 to judge ?+s =         
!mselves1 & t is ! "t to *ange y\r me?od
 ( education4  ,p]haps ,i h said too mu*
 already4 ,to :at %all we r$uce !       
education ( our wom5 if we give !m no   
law b t ( conv5tional prejudice8 ,let u 
n degrade s f> ! set :i* rules ov] u1 & 
:i* does u hon\r :5 we h n made x vile4 
,= all mank9d !re is a law ant]ior to t 
( public op9ion4 ,all o!r laws %\ld b5d 
be=e ! inflexible control ( ?is law2 x  
is ! judge ( public op9ion1 & only 9 s  
f> z ! e/eem ( m5 is 9 accordance ) ?is 
law has x any claim on our ob$i5ce4     
,?is law is our individual consci5ce4 ,i
 w n repeat :at has be5 said already2 x 
is en\gh to po9t out t if ^! two laws   

cla%1 ! education ( wom5 w always be    
imp]fect4 ,"r feel+ )\t respect = public
 op9ion w n give !m t delicacy ( s\l :i*
 l5ds to "r conduct ! *>m ( social      
approval2 :ile respect = public op9ion  
)\t "r feel+ w only make false & wick$  
wom5 :o put appe>ances 9 ! place (      
virtue4  ,x is1 !re=e1 important to     
cultivate a faculty :i* s]ves z judge   
betwe5 ! two guides1 :i* does n p]mit   
consci5ce to g a/ray & corrects ! errors
 ( prejudice4 ,t faculty is reason4  ,b 
:at a cr[d ( que/ions arise at ?is ^w4  
,are wom5 capable ( solid reason2 %\ld  
!y cultivate x1 c !y cultivate x        
successfully8 ,is ?is culture useful 9  
relation to ! functions laid ^u !m8 ,is 
x compatible ) becom+ simplicity8  ,!   
diff]5t ways ( envisag+ & answ]+ ^!     
que/ions lead to two extremes2 "s w\ld h
 u keep wom5 indoors sew+ & sp9n+ ) _!  
maids2 ?us !y make !m no?+ m ?an ! *ief 
s]vant ( _! ma/]4 ,o!rs1 n cont5t to    
secure _! rights1 lead !m to usurp ours2
 = to make woman our sup]ior 9 all !    

qualities prop] to h] sex1 & to make h] 
our equal 9 all ! re/1 :at is ?is b to  
transf] to ! woman ! sup]iority :i*     
nature has giv5 to h] husb&8 ,! reason  
:i* tea*es a man 8 duties is n v        
complex2 ! reason :i* tea*es a woman h]s
 is ev5 simpl]4 ,! ob$i5ce & fidelity   
:i* %e owes to h] husb&1 ! t5d]ness &   
c>e due to h] *ildr51 are su* natural & 
self-evid5t consequ5ces ( h] position t 
%e _c hone/ly refuse h] cons5t to ! inn]
 voice :i* is h] guide1 nor fail to     
disc]n h] duty 9 h] natural incl9ation4 
,i w\ld n altoge!r blame ^? :o w\ld     
re/rict a woman to ! lab\rs ( h] sex &  
w\ld leave h] 9 pr(\nd ignorance (      
ev]y?+ else2 b t w\ld require a /&>d (  
morality at once v simple & v heal?y1 or
 a life )drawn f ! _w4 ,9 great t[ns1   
among immoral m51 su* a woman w\ld be   
too easily l$ a/ray2 h] virtue w\ld too 
(t5 be at ! m]cy ( circum/ances2 9 ?is  
age ( philosophy1 virtue mu/ be able to 
resi/ temptation2 %e mu/ "k be=eh& :at  
%e may he> & :at %e %\ld ?9k ( x4       

,moreov]1 9 submission to man's judgm5t 
%e %\ld des]ve 8 e/eem2 above all %e    
%\ld obta9 ! e/eem ( h] husb&2 %e %\ld n
 only make him love h] p]son1 %e %\ld   
make him approve h] conduct2 %e %\ld    
ju/ify 8 *oice be=e ! _w1 & d hon\r to  
h] husb& ?r\gh ! hon\r giv5 to ! wife4  
,b h[ c %e set ab\t ?is task if %e is   
ignorant ( our in/itutions1 our cu/oms1 
our notions ( propriety1 if %e kn[s no?+
 ( ! s\rce ( man's judgm5t1 nor !       
passions by :i* x is sway$6 ,s9ce %e    
dep5ds bo? on h] own consci5ce & on     
public op9ion1 %e mu/ le>n to "k &      
reconcile ^! two laws1 & to put h] own  
consci5ce fir/ only :5 ! two are oppos$ 
to ea* o!r4 ,%e becomes ! judge ( h] own
 judges1 %e decides :5 %e %\ld obey & :5
 %e %\ld refuse h] ob$i5ce4 ,%e weighs  
_! prejudices be=e %e accepts or rejects
 !m2 %e le>ns to trace !m to _! s\rce1  
to =esee :at !y w be1 & to turn !m 9 h] 
own fav\r2 %e is c>eful nev] to give    
cause = blame if duty all[s h] to avoid 
x4 ,?is _c be prop]ly done )\t cultivat+

 h] m9d & reason4  ,i always come back  
to my fir/ pr9ciple & x supplies !      
solution ( all my difficulties4 ,i /udy 
:at is1 ,i seek its cause1 & ,i discov] 
9 ! end t :at is1 is good4 ,i g to h\ses
 :]e ! ma/] & mi/ress d ! hon\rs toge!r4
 ,!y are equally well educat$1 equally  
polite1 equally well equipp$ ) wit &    
good ta/e1 bo? ( !m are inspir$ ) ! same
 desire to give _! gue/s a good         
reception & to s5d e "o away satisfi$4  
,! husb& omits no pa9s to be att5tive to
 e "o2 he comes & goes & sees to e "o & 
takes all sorts ( tr\ble2 he is att5tion
 itself4 ,! wife rema9s 9 h] place2 a   
little circle ga!rs r\nd h] & app>5tly  
conceals ! re/ ( ! company f h]2 yet %e 
sees ev]y?+ t goes on1 no "o goes )\t a 
^w ) h]2 %e has omitt$ no?+ :i* might   
int]e/ anybody1 %e has said no?+        
unpleasant to any "o1 & )\t any fuss !  
lea/ is no m ov]look$ ?an ! greate/4    
,d9n] is ann\nc$1 !y take _! places2 !  
man kn[+ ! assembl$ gue/s w place !m    
accord+ to 8 k2 ! wife1 )\t previ\s     

acqua9tance1 nev] makes a mi/ake2 _!    
looks & be>+ h already %[n h] :at is    
want$ & e "o w f9d himself :]e he wi%es 
to be4 ,i d n ass]t t ! s]vants =get no 
"o4 ,! ma/] ( ! h\se may h omitt$ no "o1
 b ! mi/ress p]ceives :at y l & sees t y
 get x2 :ile %e is talk+ to h] neighb\r 
%e has "o eye on ! o!r end ( ! table2 %e
 sees :o is n eat+ because he is n      
hungry & :o is afraid to help himself   
because he is clumsy & timid4 ,:5 !     
gue/s leave ! table e "o ?9ks %e has _h 
no ?\ght b = him1 ev]ybody ?9ks %e has  
_h no "t to eat any?+1 b %e has really  
eat5 m ?an anybody4  ,:5 ! gue/s are    
gone1 husb& & wife tails ov] ! ev5ts ( !
 ev5+4 ,he relates :at 0 said to him1   
:at 0 said & done by ^? ) :om he        
conv]s$4 ,if ! lady is n always q exact 
9 ?is respect1 yet on ! o!r h& %e       
p]ceiv$ :at 0 :isp]$ at ! o!r end ( !   
room2 %e kn[s :at s-&-s ?\ght1 & :at 0 !
 mean+ ( ?is spee* or t ge/ure2 !re is  
sc>cely a *ange ( expression = :i* %e   
has n an explanation 9 read9ess1 & %e is

 almo/ always "r4  ,! same turn ( m9d   
:i* makes a woman ( ! _w su* an excell5t
 ho/ess1 enables a flirt to excel 9 !   
art ( amus+ a numb] ( suitors4          
,coquetry1 clev]ly c>ri$ out1 dem&s an  
ev5 f9] disc]nm5t ?an c\rtesy2 provid$ a
 polite lady is civil to ev]ybody1 %e   
has done fairly well 9 any case2 b !    
flirt w\ld soon lose h] hold by su*     
clumsy uni=mity2 if %e tries to be      
pleasant to all h] lov]s alike1 %e w    
disgu/ !m all4 ,9 ord9>y social         
int]c\rse ! mann]s adopt$ t[>ds ev]ybody
 are good en\gh = all2 no "q is ask$ z  
to private likes or dislikes provid$ all
 are alike well receiv$4 ,b 9 love1 a   
fav\r %>$ ) o!rs is an insult4 ,a man ( 
feel+ w\ld r be s+l$ out = ill-treatm5t 
?an be c>ess$ ) ! cr[d1 & ! wor/ t c    
befall him is to be treat$ l e "o else4 
,s a woman :o wants to keep sev]al lov]s
 at h] feet mu/ p]suade e "o ( !m t %e  
pref]s him1 & %e mu/ contrive to d ?is 9
 ! sight ( all ! re/1 ea* ( :om is      
equally conv9c$ t he is h] fav\rite4    

,if y want to see a man 9 a qu&>y1 place
 him betwe5 two wom5 ) ea* ( :om he has 
a secret und]/&+1 & see :at a fool he   
looks4 ,b put a woman 9 simil>          
circum/ances betwe5 two m51 & ! results 
w be ev5 m rem>kable2 y w be a/oni%$ at 
! skill ) :i* %e *eats !m bo?1 & makes  
!m laugh at ea* o!r4 ,n[ if t woman 7 to
 %[ ! same confid5ce 9 bo?1 if %e 7 to  
be equally famili> ) bo?1 h[ c\ld !y be 
deceiv$ = a mom5t8 ,if %e treat$ !m     
alike1 w\ld %e n %[ t !y bo? _h ! same  
claims ^u h]8 ,oh1 %e is f> too clev] = 
t2 s f> f treat+ !m j alike1 %e makes a 
m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 & %e does x s  
skilfully t ! man %e flatt]s ?9ks x is  
affection1 & ! man %e ill uses ?9k x is 
spite4 ,s t ea* ( !m believes %e is ?9k+
 ( him1 :5 %e is ?9k+ ( no "o b h]self4 
,a g5]al desire to please sugge/s simil>
 measures2 p w\ld be disgu/$ ) a woman's
 :ims if !y 7 n skilfully manag$1 & :5  
!y are arti/ically di/ribut$ h] s]vants 
are m ?an ev] enslav$4       ,usa       
ogn'arte la donna1 onde sia colto       

,nella sua rete alcun novello amante2   
,ne con tutti1 ne sempre un /esso volto 
,s]ba2 ma cangia a tempo atto e         
sembiante4           ,tasso1 ,j]us4     
,del41 c4 iv41 v4 #hg4  ,:at is ! secret
 ( ?is art8 ,is x n ! result ( a        
delicate & cont9u\s obs]vation :i* %[s  
h] :at is tak+ place 9 a man's he>t1 s t
 %e is able to enc\rage or to *eck e    
hidd5 impulse8 ,c ?is art be acquir$8   
,no2 x is born ) wom52 x is common to !m
 all1 & m5 nev] %[ x to ! same degree4  
,x is "o ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! sex4 
,self-possession1 p5etration1 delicate  
obs]vation1 ?is is a woman's sci5ce2 !  
skill to make use ( x is h] *ief        
accompli%m5t4  ,?is is :at is1 & we h   
se5 :y x is s4 ,x is said t wom5 are    
false4 ,!y become false4 ,!y are really 
end[$ ) skill n duplicity2 9 ! g5u9e    
incl9ations ( _! sex !y are n false ev5 
:5 !y tell a lie4 ,:y d y consult _!    
words :5 x is n _! m\?s t speak8        
,consult _! eyes1 _! col\r1 _! brea?+1  
_! timid mann]1 _! slight resi/ance1 t  

is ! language nature gave !m = y\r      
answ]4 ,! lips always say ,no1 & rightly
 s2 b ! tone is n always ! same1 & t _c 
lie4 ,has n a woman ! same ne$s z a man1
 b )\t ! same "r to make !m kn[n8 ,h]   
fate w\ld be too cruel if %e _h no      
language 9 :i* to express h] legitimate 
desires except ! words :i* %e d>e n     
utt]4 ,mu/ h] mode/y condemn h] to      
mis]y8 ,does %e n require a means (     
indicat+ h] incl9ations )\t op5         
expression8 ,:at skill is ne$$ to hide f
 h] lov] :at %e w\ld fa9 reveal6 ,is x n
 ( vital importance t %e %\ld le>n to   
t\* 8 he>t )\t %[+ t %e c>es = him8 ,x  
is a pretty /ory t tale ( ,galatea ) h] 
apple & h] clumsy flight4 ,:at m is     
ne$$8  ,w %e tell ! %eph]d :o pursues h]
 among ! will[s t %e only flees t he may
 foll[8 ,if %e did1 x w\ld be a lie2 =  
%e w\ld no long] attract him4 ,! m mode/
 a woman is1 ! m art %e ne$s1 ev5 ) h]  
husb&4 ,yes1 ,i ma9ta9 t coquetry1 kept 
)9 b\nds1 becomes mode/ & true1 & out ( 
x spr+s a law ( "r conduct4  ,"o ( my   

oppon5ts has v truly ass]t$ t virtue is 
"o2 y _c dis9tegrate x & *oose ?is &    
reject ! o!r4 ,if y love virtue1 y love 
x 9 its entirety1 & y close y\r he>t :5 
y c1 & y always close y\r lips to !     
feel+s :i* y ought n to all[4 ,moral    
tru? is n only :at is1 b :at is good2   
:at is bad ought n to be1 & ought n to  
be confess$1 especially :5 t confession 
produces results :i* might h be5 avoid$4
 ,if ,i 7 tempt$ to /eal1 & 9 confess+ x
 ,i tempt$ ano!r to become my           
accomplice1 ! v confession ( my         
temptation w\ld am\nt to a yield+ to t  
temptation4 ,:y d y say t mode/y makes  
wom5 false8 ,are ^? :o lose _! mode/y m 
s9c]e ?an ! re/8 ,n s1 !y are a ?\s&fold
 m deceitful4 ,?is degree ( depravity is
 due to _m vices1 none ( :i* is reject$1
 vices :i* owe _! p[] to intrigue &     
falsehood4 ,footnote3 ,i "k t wom5 :o h 
op5ly decid$ on a c]ta9 c\rse ( conduct 
pr(ess t _! lack ( concealm5t is a      
virtue 9 itself1 & swe> t1 ) "o         
exception1 !y are possess$ ( all !      

virtues2 b ,i am sure !y nev] p]suad$   
any b fools to believe !m4 ,:5 ! natural
 curb is remov$ f _! sex1 :at is !re    
left to re/ra9 !m8 ,:at hon\r w !y prize
 :5 !y h reject$ ! hon\r ( _! sex8 ,hav+
 once giv5 ! re9 to passion !y h no     
long] any reason = self-control4 ,nec   
fem9a1 amissa pudicitia1 alia abnu]it4  
,no au?or ev] und]/ood m ?or\ghly ! he>t
 ( bo? sexes ?an ,tacitus :5 he wrote ^?
 words4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o are n      
utt]ly %ameless1 :o take no pride 9 _!  
faults1 :o are able to conceal _!       
desires ev5 f ^? :o inspire !m1 ^? :o   
confess _! passion mo/ reluctantly1 ^!  
are ! true/ & mo/ s9c]e1 ^! are !y on ^:
 fidelity y may g5]ally rely4  ,! only  
example ,i "k :i* might be quot$ z a    
recognis$ exception to ^! rem>ks is     
,mlle4 de ,l',enclos2 & %e 0 consid]$ a 
prodigy4 ,9 h] scorn = ! virtues ( wom51
 %e practis$1 s !y say1 ! virtues ( a   
man4 ,%e is prais$ = h] frankness &     
uprightness2 %e 0 a tru/wor?y           
acqua9tance & a fai?ful fri5d4 ,to      

complete ! picture ( h] glory x is said 
t %e became a man4 ,t may be1 b 9 spite 
( h] high reputation ,i %\ld no m desire
 t man z my fri5d ?an z my mi/ress4     
,?is is n s irrelevant z x seems4 ,i am 
aw>e ( ! t5d5cies ( our mod]n philosophy
 :i* make a je/ ( female mode/y & its   
s-call$ ins9c]ity2 ,i also p]ceive t !  
mo/ c]ta9 result ( ?is philosophy w be  
to deprive ! wom5 ( ?is c5tury ( su*    
%r$s ( hon\r z !y /ill possess4  ,on ^! 
gr\nds ,i ?9k we may decide 9 g5]al t]ms
 :at sort ( education is suit$ to !     
female m9d1 & ! objects to :i* we %\ld  
turn its att5tion 9 e>ly y\?4  ,z ,i h  
already said1 ! duties ( _! sex are m   
easily recognis$ ?an p]=m$4 ,!y mu/ le>n
 9 ! fir/ place to love ^? duties by    
consid]+ ! advantages to be d]iv$ f     
!m--t is ! only way to make duty easy4  
,e age & condition has its own duties4  
,we are quick to see our duty if we love
 x4 ,hon\r y\r position z a woman1 & 9  
:atev] /ation ( life to :i* x %all      
please heav5 to call y1 y w be well (f4 

,! ess5tial ?+ is to be :at nature has  
made y2 wom5 are only too ready to be   
:at m5 w\ld h !m4  ,! se>* = ab/ract &  
speculative tru?s1 = pr9ciples & axioms 
9 sci5ce1 = all t t5ds to wide          
g5]alisation1 is beyond a woman's grasp2
 _! /udies %\ld be ?or\ghly practical4  
,x is _! bus9ess to apply ! pr9ciples   
discov]$ by m51 x is _! place to make ! 
obs]vations :i* lead m5 to discov] ^?   
pr9ciples4 ,a woman's ?\ghts1 beyond !  
range ( h] imm$iate duties1 %\ld be     
direct$ to ! /udy ( m51 or ! acquirem5t 
( t agreeable le>n+ ^: sole end is !    
=mation ( ta/e2 = ! works ( g5ius are   
beyond h] rea*1 & %e has nei!r !        
accuracy nor ! att5tion = success 9 !   
exact sci5ces2 z = ! physical sci5ces1  
to decide ! relations betwe5 liv+       
creatures & ! laws ( nature is ! task ( 
t sex :i* is m active & ent]pris+1 :i*  
sees m ?+s1 t sex :i* is possess$ (     
great] /r5g? & is m accu/om$ to !       
ex]cise ( t /r5g?4 ,woman1 weak z %e is 
& limit$ 9 h] range ( obs]vation1       

p]ceives & judges ! =ces at h] disposal 
to supplem5t h] weakness1 & ^? =ces are 
! passions ( man4 ,h] own me*anism is m 
p[]ful ?an ours2 %e has _m lev]s :i* may
 set ! human he>t 9 motion4  ,%e mu/ f9d
 a way to make u desire :at %e _c a*ieve
 unaid$ & :at %e consid]s necess>y or   
pleas+2 !re=e %e mu/ h a ?or\gh k (     
man's m9d2 n an ab/ract k ( ! m9d ( man 
9 g5]al1 b ! m9d ( ^? m5 :o are ab\t h]1
 ! m9d ( ^? m5 :o h au?ority ov] h]1    
ei!r by law or cu/om4 ,%e mu/ le>n to   
div9e _! feel+s f spee* & action1 look &
 ge/ure4 ,by h] own spee* & action1 look
 & ge/ure1 %e mu/ be able to inspire !m 
) ! feel+s %e desires1 )\t seem+ to h   
any su* purpose4  ,! m5 w h a bett]     
philosophy ( ! human he>t1 b %e w read m
 accurately 9 ! he>t ( m54 ,woman %\ld  
discov]1 s to speak1 an exp]im5tal      
morality1 man %\ld r$uce x to a sy/em4  
,woman has m wit1 man m g5ius2 woman    
obs]ves1 man reasons2 toge!r !y provide 
! cle>e/ light & ! pr(\nde/ k :i* is    
possible to ! unaid$ human m9d2 9 a ^w1 

! sure/ k ( self & ( o!rs ( :i* ! human 
race is capable4 ,9 ?is way art may     
con/antly t5d to ! p]fection ( !        
in/rum5t :i* nature has giv5 u4  ,! _w  
is woman's book2 if %e reads x ill1 x is
 ei!r h] own fault or %e is bl9d$ by    
passion4 ,yet ! g5u9e "m ( a family is  
no woman ( ! _w1 %e is almo/ z mu* ( a  
recluse z ! nun 9 h] conv5t4 ,^? :o h   
m>riageable daught]s %\ld d :at is or   
ought to be done = ^? :o are ent]+ !    
cloi/]s3 !y %\ld %[ !m ! pleasures !y   
=sake be=e !y are all[$ to r5\nce !m1   
le/ ! deceitful picture ( unkn[n        
pleasures %\ld creep 9 to di/urb !      
happ9ess ( _! retreat4 ,9 ,france x is !
 girls :o live 9 conv5ts & ! wives :o   
flaunt 9 society4 ,among ! anci5ts x 0 q
 o!rwise2 girls enjoy$1 z ,i h said     
already1 _m games & public fe/ivals2 !  
m>ri$ wom5 liv$ 9 retirem5t4 ,?is 0 a m 
reasonable cu/om & m conducive to       
morality4 ,a girl may be all[$ a c]ta9  
am\nt ( coquetry1 & %e may be ma9ly     
occupi$ at amusem5t4 ,a wife has o!r    

responsibilities at home1 & %e is no    
long] on ! look-out = a husb&2 b wom5   
w\ld n appreciate ! *ange1 & unluckily x
 is !y :o set ! fa%ion4  ,mo!rs1 let y\r
 daught]s be y\r companions4 ,give !m   
good s5se & an hone/ he>t1 & !n conceal 
f !m no?+ t a pure eye may behold4      
,balls1 assemblies1 sports1 ! !atre     
itself2 ev]y?+ :i* view$ amiss delights 
imprud5t y\? may be safely display$ to a
 heal?y m9d4 ,! m !y "k ( ^! noisy      
pleasures1 ! soon] !y w cease to desire 
!m4  ,i c fancy ! outcry ) :i* ?is w be 
receiv$4 ,:at girl w resi/ su* an       
example8 ,_! heads are turn$ by ! fir/  
glimpse ( ! _w2 n "o ( !m is ready to   
give x up4 ,t may be2 b be=e y %[$ !m   
?is deceitful prospect1 did y prep>e !m 
to behold x )\t emotion8 ,did y tell !m 
pla9ly :at x 0 !y w\ld see8 ,did y %[ x 
9 its true light8 ,did y arm !m aga9/ ! 
illusions ( vanity8 ,did y inspire _! "y
 he>ts ) a ta/e = ! true pleasures :i*  
are n to be met ) 9 ?is tumult8 ,:at    
precautions1 :at /eps1 did y take to    

pres]ve !m f ! false ta/e :i* leads !m  
a/ray8 ,n only h y done no?+ to pres]ve 
_! m9ds f ! tyranny ( prejudice1 y h    
fo/]$ t prejudice2 y h taught !m to     
desire e fooli% amusem5t !y c get4 ,y\r 
own example is _! tea*]4 ,"y p on _!    
entrance into society h no guide b _!   
"m1 :o is (t5 j z silly z !y are        
!mselves1 & q unable to %[ !m ?+s except
 z %e sees !m h]self4 ,h] example is    
/rong] ?an reason2 x ju/ifies !m 9 _!   
own eyes1 & ! "m's au?ority is an       
unansw]able excuse = ! daught]4 ,if ,i  
ask a "m to br+ h] daught] into society1
 ,i assume t %e w %[ x 9 its true light4
  ,! evil beg9s /ill e>li]2 ! conv5ts   
are regul> s*ools ( coquetry2 n t hone/ 
coquetry :i* ,i h describ$1 b a coquetry
 ! s\rce ( e k9d ( misconduct1 a        
coquetry :i* turns out girls :o are !   
mo/ ridicul\s little madams4 ,:5 !y     
leave ! conv5t to take _! place 9 sm>t  
society1 "y wom5 f9d !mselves q at home4
 ,!y h be5 educat$ = su* a life2 is x   
/range t !y l x8 ,i am afraid :at ,i am 

go+ to say may be bas$ on prejudice r   
?an obs]vation1 b s f> z ,i c see1 "o   
f9ds m family affection1 m good wives & 
lov+ mo!rs 9 ,prote/ant ?an 9 ,ca?olic  
c\ntries2 if t is s1 we _c fail to      
suspect t ! diff]5ce is p>tly due to !  
conv5t s*ools4  ,! *>ms ( a peaceful    
family life mu/ be kn[n to be enjoy$2 _!
 delights %\ld be ta/$ 9 *ildhood4 ,x is
 only 9 our fa!r's home t we le>n to    
love our own1 & a woman ^: "m did n     
educate h] h]self w n be will+ to       
educate h] own *ildr54 ,un=tunately1 !re
 is no su* ?+ z home education 9 our    
l>ge t[ns4 ,society is s g5]al & s mix$ 
!re is no place left = retirem5t1 & ev5 
9 ! home we live 9 public4 ,we live 9   
company till we h no family1 & we       
sc>cely "k our own relations1 we see !m 
z /rang]s2 & ! simplicity ( home life   
disappe>s toge!r ) ! sweet famili>ity   
:i* 0 its *>m4 ,9 ?is wise d we draw )  
our "m's milk a ta/e = ! pleasures ( !  
age & ! maxims by :i* x is controll$4   
,girls are compell$ to assume an air (  

propriety s t m5 may be deceiv$ into    
m>ry+ !m by _! appe>ance4 ,b wat* ^! "y 
p = a mom5t2 "u a pret5ce ( coyness !y  
b>ely conceal ! passion :i* dev\rs !m1 &
 already y may read 9 _! eag] eyes _!   
desire to imitate _! mo!rs4 ,x is n a   
husb& !y want1 b ! lic5ce ( a m>ri$     
woman4 ,:at ne$ ( a husb& :5 !re are s  
_m o!r res\rces2 b a husb& !re mu/ be to
 act z a scre54 ,footnote3 ,! way ( a   
man 9 8 y\? 0 "o ( ! f\r ?+s t ! sage   
c\ld n und]/&2 ! fif? 0 ! %amelessness (
 an adult]ess4 ,quae com$it1 et t]g5s os
 suum dicit2 non sum op]ata malum4      
,prov4 xxx4 #bj4 ,!re is mode/y on !    
br[1 b vice 9 ! he>t2 ?is %am mode/y is 
"o ( its outw>d signs2 !y affect x t !y 
may be rid ( x once = all4 ,wom5 ( ,p>is
 & ,london1 =give me6 ,!re may be       
miracles ev]y:]e1 b ,i am n aw>e ( !m2 &
 if !re is ev5 "o among y :o is really  
pure 9 he>t1 ,i "k no?+ ( our           
in/itutions4  ,all ^! diff]5t me?ods (  
education lead alike to a ta/e = !      
pleasures ( ! great _w1 & to ! passions 

:i* ?is ta/e s soon k9dles4 ,9 our great
 t[ns depravity beg9s at bir?2 9 !      
small] t[ns x beg9s ) reason4 ,"y wom5  
br\ght up 9 ! c\ntry are soon taught to 
despise ! happy simplicity ( _! lives1 &
 ha/5 to ,p>is to %>e ! corruption (    
ours4 ,vices1 cloak$ "u ! fair "n (     
accompli%m5ts1 are ! sole object ( _!   
j\rney2 a%am$ to f9d !mselves s mu*     
beh9d ! noble lic5ce ( ! ,p>isian       
ladies1 !y ha/5 to become wor?y ( ! "n (
 ,p>isian4 ,:i* is responsible = !      
evil--! place :]e x beg9s1 or ! place   
:]e x is accompli%$8  ,i w\ld n h a     
s5sible "m br+ h] girl to ,p>is to %[ h]
 ^! sights s h>mful to o!rs2 b ,i ass]t 
t if %e did s1 ei!r ! girl has be5 badly
 br\ght up1 or su* sights h little dang]
 = h]4 ,) good ta/e1 good s5se1 & a love
 ( :at is "r1 ^! ?+s are less attractive
 ?an to ^? :o ab&on !mselves to _! *>m4 
,9 ,p>is y may see giddy "y ?+s ha/5+ to
 adopt ! tone & fa%ions ( ! t[n = "s six
 mon?s1 s t !y may sp5d ! re/ ( _! life 
9 disgrace2 b :o gives any he$ to ^? :o1

 disgu/$ ) ! r\t1 return to _! di/ant   
home & are cont5t$ ) _! lot :5 !y h     
comp>$ x ) t :i* o!rs desire4 ,h[ _m "y 
wives h ,i se5 ^: good-natur$ husb&s h  
tak5 !m to ,p>is :]e !y might live if !y
 pleas$2 b !y h %runk f x & return$ home
 m will+ly ?an !y w5t1 say+ t5d]ly1 ,ah1
 let u g back to our cottage1 life is   
happi] !re ?an 9 ^! palaces4 ,we d n "k 
h[ _m !re are :o h n b[$ ! knee to      
,baal1 :o scorn 8 s5seless wor%ip4      
,fools make a /ir2 good wom5 pass       
unnotic$4  ,if s _m wom5 pres]ve a      
judgm5t :i* is pro( aga9/ temptation1 9 
spite ( univ]sal prejudice1 9 spite ( ! 
bad education ( girls1 :at w\ld _!      
judgm5t h be51 _h x be5 /r5g!n$ by      
suitable in/ruction1 or r left unaffect$
 by evil tea*+1 = to pres]ve or re/ore !
 natural feel+s is our ma9 bus9ess8 ,y c
 d ?is )\t prea*+ endless s]mons to y\r 
daught]s1 )\t cr$it+ !m ) y\r h>%       
morality4  ,! only effect ( su* tea*+ is
 to inspire a dislike = ! tea*] & !     
lessons4 ,9 talk+ to a "y girl y ne$ n  

make h] afraid ( h] duties1 nor ne$ y   
increase ! burd5 laid ^u h] by nature4  
,:5 y expla9 h] duties speak pla9ly &   
pleasantly2 d n let h] suppose t !      
p]=mance ( ^! duties is a dismal        
?+--away ) e affectation ( disgu/ or    
pride4 ,e ?\ght :i* we desire to ar\se  
%\ld f9d its expression 9 our pupils1 _!
 cate*ism ( conduct %\ld be z brief &   
pla9 z _! cate*ism ( religion1 b x ne$ n
 be s s]i\s4 ,%[ !m t ^! same duties are
 ! s\rce ( _! pleasures & ! basis ( _!  
rights4 ,is x s h>d to w9 love by love1 
happ9ess by an amiable disposition1     
ob$i5ce by wor?1 & hon\r by             
self-respect8 ,h[ fair are ^! woman's   
rights1 h[ wor?y ( rev]5ce1 h[ de> to ! 
he>t ( man :5 a woman is able to %[ _!  
wor?6 ,^! rights are no privilege (     
ye>s2 a woman's empire beg9s ) h]       
virtues2 h] *>ms are only 9 ! bud1 yet  
%e reigns already by ! g5tl5ess ( h] "* 
& ! dignity ( h] mode/y4 ,is !re any man
 s h>d-he>t$ & uncivilis$ t he does n   
abate 8 pride & take he$ to 8 mann]s ) a

 sweet & virtu\s girl ( sixte51 :o li/5s
 b says little2 h] be>+ is mode/1 h]    
conv]sation hone/1 h] beauty does n lead
 h] to =get h] sex & h] y\?1 h] v       
timidity ar\ses int]e/1 :ile %e w9s =   
h]self ! respect :i* %e %[s to o!rs8    
,^! ext]nal signs are n devoid ( mean+2 
!y d n re/ entirely ^u ! *>ms ( s5se2 !y
 arise f t conviction t we all feel t   
wom5 are ! natural judges ( a man's     
wor?4  ,:o w\ld be scorn$ by wom58 n ev5
 he :o has ceas$ to desire _! love4 ,& d
 y suppose t ,i1 :o tell !m su* h>%     
tru?s1 am indiff]5t to _! v]dict8       
,read]1 ,i c>e m = _! approval ?an =    
y\rs2 y are (t5 m effem9ate ?an !y4     
,:ile ,i scorn _! morals1 ,i w rev]e _! 
ju/ice2 ,i c>e n ?\gh !y hate me1 if ,i 
c compel _! e/eem4  ,:at great ?+s might
 be accompli%$ by _! influ5ce if only we
 c\ld br+ x to be>6 ,alas = ! age ^:    
wom5 lose _! asc5dancy1 & fail to make  
m5 respect _! judgm5t6 ,?is is ! la/    
/age ( degradation4 ,e virtu\s nation   
has %[n respect to wom54 ,consid]       

,sp>ta1 ,g]many1 & ,rome2 ,rome ! ?rone 
( glory & virtue1 if ev] !y 7 en?ron$ on
 e>?4 ,! ,roman wom5 aw>d$ hon\r to !   
de$s ( great g5]als1 !y m\rn$ 9 public =
 ! fa!rs ( ! c\ntry1 _! aw>ds & _! te>s 
7 alike held sacr$ z ! mo/ solemn       
utt]ance ( ! ,republic4  ,e great       
revolution began ) ! wom54 ,?r\gh a     
woman ,rome ga9$ h] lib]ty1 ?r\gh a     
woman ! plebeians won ! consulate1 ?r\gh
 a woman ! tyranny ( ! decemvirs 0      
ov]?r[n2 x 0 ! wom5 :o sav$ ,rome :5    
besieg$ by ,coriolanus4 ,:at w\ld y h   
said at ! sight ( ?is procession1 y     
,fr5*m5 :o pride y\rselves on y\r       
gallantry1 w\ld y n h foll[$ x ) %\ts ( 
laught]8 ,y & ,i see ?+s ) su* diff]5t  
eyes1 & p]haps we are bo? "r4 ,su* a    
procession =m$ ( ! faire/ beauties (    
,france w\ld be an indec5t spectacle2 b 
let x consi/ ( ,roman ladies1 y w all   
gaze ) ! eyes ( ! ,volscians & feel ) ! 
he>t ( ,coriolanus4  ,i w g fur!r &     
ma9ta9 t virtue is no less fav\rable to 
love ?an to o!r rights ( nature1 & t x  

adds z mu* to ! p[] ( ! belov$ z to t ( 
! wife or "m4 ,!re is no real love )\t  
en?usiasm1 & no en?usiasm )\t an object 
( p]fection real or suppos$1 b always   
pres5t 9 ! imag9ation4  ,:at is !re to  
k9dle ! he>ts ( lov]s = :om ?is         
p]fection is no?+1 = :om ! lov$ "o is   
m]ely ! means to s5sual pleasure8 ,nay1 
n ?us is ! he>t k9dl$1 n ?us does x     
ab&on itself to ^? sublime transports   
:i* =m ! rapture ( lov]s & ! *>m ( love4
 ,love is an illusion1 ,i grant y1 b its
 reality consi/s 9 ! feel+s x awakes1 9 
! love ( true beauty :i* x inspires4 ,t 
beauty is n to be f\nd 9 ! object ( our 
affections1 x is ! creation ( our       
illusions4 ,:at matt]6 d we n /ill      
sacrifice all ^? bas] feel+s to !       
imag9>y model8 & we /ill fe$ our he>ts  
on ! virtues we attribute to ! belov$1  
we /ill )draw ourselves f ! bas5ess (   
human nature4 ,:at lov] is !re :o w\ld n
 give 8 life = 8 mi/ress8 ,:at gross &  
s5sual passion is !re 9 a man :o is     
will+ to die8 ,we sc(f at ! knights (   

old2 !y knew ! mean+ ( love2 we "k no?+ 
b debau*]y4 ,:5 ! tea*+s ( romance began
 to seem ridicul\s1 x 0 n s mu* ! "w (  
reason z ( immorality4  ,natural        
relations rema9 ! same ?r\gh\t !        
c5turies1 _! good or evil effects are   
un*ang$2 prejudices1 masqu]ad+ z reason1
 c b *ange _! outw>d seem+2 self-ma/]y1 
ev5 at ! behe/ ( fanta/ic op9ions1 w n  
cease to be great & good4 ,& ! true     
motives ( hon\r w n fail to appeal to ! 
he>t ( e woman :o is able to seek       
happ9ess 9 life 9 h] woman's duties4 ,to
 a high-s\l$ woman *a/ity above all mu/ 
be a delightful virtue4 ,%e sees all !  
k+doms ( ! _w be=e h] & %e triumphs ov] 
h]self & !m2 %e sits en?ron$ 9 h] own   
s\l & all m5 d h] homage2 a few pass+   
/ruggles are cr[n$ ) p]petual glory2 %e 
secures ! affection1 or x may be ! envy1
 %e secures 9 any case ! e/eem ( bo?    
sexes & ! univ]sal respect ( h] own4 ,! 
loss is fleet+1 ! ga9 is p]man5t4 ,:at a
 joy = a noble he>t--! pride ( virtue   
comb9$ ) beauty4 ,let h] be a h]o9e (   

romance2 %e w ta/e delights m exquisite 
?an ^? ( ,lais & ,cleopatra2 & :5 h]    
beauty is fl$1 h] glory & h] joys rema92
 %e alone c enjoy ! pa/4  ,! h>d] & m   
important ! duties1 ! /rong] & cle>] mu/
 be ! reasons on :i* !y are bas$4 ,!re  
is a sort ( pi\s talk ab\t ! mo/ s]i\s  
subjects :i* is d9n$ 9 va9 into ! e>s ( 
"y p4 ,?is talk1 q unsuit$ to _! ideas &
 ! small importance !y atta* to x 9     
secret1 incl9es !m to yield readily to  
_! incl9ations1 = lack ( any reasons =  
resi/ance drawn f ! facts !mselves4 ,no 
d\bt a girl br\ght up to goodness &     
piety has /rong weapons aga9/           
temptation2 b "o ^: he>t1 or r h] e>s1  
are m]ely fill$ ) ! j>gon ( piety1 w    
c]ta9ly fall a prey to ! fir/ skilful   
s$uc] :o attacks h]4 ,a "y & beautiful  
girl w nev] despise h] body1 %e w nev]  
really deplore s9s :i* h] beauty leads  
m5 to commit1 %e w nev] lam5t e>ne/ly 9 
! sight ( ,god t %e is an object (      
desire1 %e w nev] be conv9c$ t ! t5d]e/ 
feel+ is an inv5tion ( ! ,evil ,"o4     

,give h] o!r & m p]t95t reasons = h] own
 sake1 = ^! w h no effect4 ,x w be worse
 to in/il1 z is (t5 done1 ideas :i*     
contradict ea* o!r1 & aft] hav+ humbl$ &
 degrad$ h] p]son & h] *>ms z ! /a9 (   
s91 to bid h] rev]5ce t same vile body z
 ! temple ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,ideas too    
sublime & too humble are equally        
ineffective & !y _c bo? be true4 ,a     
reason adapt$ to h] age & sex is :at is 
ne$$4 ,consid]ations ( duty are ( no    
effect unless !y are comb9$ ) "s motive 
= ! p]=mance ( our duty4       ,quae    
quia non liceat non facit1 illa facit4  
,,ovid1 ,amor4 ,i4 iii4 eleg4 iv4  ,"o  
w\ld n suspect ,ovid ( su* a h>%        
judgm5t4  ,if y w\ld inspire "y p ) a   
love ( good conduct avoid say+1 ,be     
good2 make x _! int]e/ to be good2 make 
!m feel ! value ( goodness & !y w love  
x4 ,x is n en\gh to %[ ?is effect 9 !   
di/ant future1 %[ x n[1 9 ! relations ( 
! pres5t1 9 ! "* ( _! lov]s4 ,describe a
 good man1 a man ( wor?1 tea* !m to     
recognise him :5 !y see him1 to love him

 = _! own sake2 conv9ce !m t su* a man  
alone c make !m happy z fri5d1 wife1 or 
mi/ress4 ,let reason lead ! way to      
virtue2 make !m feel t ! empire ( _! sex
 & all ! advantages d]iv$ f x dep5d n   
m]ely on ! "r conduct1 ! morality1 (    
wom51 b also on t ( m52 t !y h little   
hold ov] ! vile & base1 & t ! lov] is   
incapable ( s]v+ 8 mi/ress unless he c d
 homage to virtue4 ,y may !n be sure t  
:5 y describe ! mann]s ( our age y w    
inspire !m ) a g5u9e disgu/2 :5 y %[ !m 
m5 ( fa%ion !y w despise !m2 y w give !m
 a di/a/e = _! maxims1 an av]sion to _! 
s5tim5ts1 & a scorn = _! empty          
gallantry2 y w ar\se a nobl] ambition1  
to reign ov] great & /rong s\ls1 !      
ambition ( ! ,sp>tan wom5 to rule ov]   
m54 ,a bold1 %ameless1 intrigu+ woman1  
:o c only attract h] lov]s by coquetry &
 reta9 !m by h] fav\rs1 w9s a s]vile    
ob$i5ce 9 common ?+s2 9 weighty &       
important matt]s %e has no influ5ce ov] 
!m4 ,b ! woman :o is bo? virtu\s1 wise1 
& *>m+1 %e :o1 9 a ^w1 comb9es love &   

e/eem1 c s5d !m at h] bidd+ to ! end ( !
 _w1 to w>1 to glory1 & to dea? at h]   
behe/4 ,?is is a f9e k+dom & wor? !     
w9n+4  ,?is is ! _s 9 :i* ,sophy has be5
 educat$1 %e has be5 tra9$ c>efully r   
?an /rictly1 & h] ta/e has be5 foll[$ r 
?an ?w>t$4 ,let u say j a ^w ab\t h]    
p]son1 accord+ to ! description ,i h    
giv5 to ,emile & ! picture he himself   
has =m$ ( ! wife 9 :om he hopes to f9d  
happ9ess4  ,i _c repeat too (t5 t ,i am 
n deal+ ) prodigies4 ,emile is no       
prodigy1 nei!r is ,sophy4 ,he is a man &
 %e is a woman2 ?is is all !y h to boa/ 
(4 ,9 ! pres5t confusion betwe5 ! sexes 
x is almo/ a miracle to belong to "o's  
own sex4  ,sophy is well born & %e has a
 good disposition2 %e is v w>m-he>t$1 & 
?is w>m? ( he>t sometimes makes h]      
imag9ation run away ) h]4 ,h] m9d is ke5
 r ?an accurate1 h] temp] is pleasant b 
v>iable1 h] p]son pleas+ ?\gh no?+ out (
 ! common1 h] c\nt5ance bespeaks a s\l &
 x speaks true2 y may meet h] )         
indiff]5ce1 b y w n leave h] )\t        

emotion4 ,o!rs possess good qualities   
:i* %e lacks2 o!rs possess h] good      
qualities 9 a high] degree1 b 9 no "o   
are ^! qualities bett] bl5d$ to =m a    
happy disposition4 ,%e kn[s h[ to make !
 be/ ( h] v faults1 & if %e 7 m p]fect  
%e w\ld be less pleas+4  ,sophy is n    
beautiful2 b 9 h] pres5ce m5 =get !     
fair] wom51 & ! latt] are dissatisfi$ ) 
!mselves4 ,at fir/ sight %e is h>dly    
pretty2 b ! m we see h] ! pretti] %e is2
 %e w9s :]e s _m lose1 & :at %e w9s %e  
keeps4 ,h] eyes might be f9]1 h] m\? m  
beautiful1 h] /ature m impos+2 b no "o  
c\ld h a m graceful figure1 a f9]       
complexion1 a :it] h&1 a da9ti] foot1 a 
sweet] look1 & a m expressive c\nt5ance4
 ,%e does n dazzle2 %e ar\ses int]e/2 %e
 delights u1 we "k n :y4  ,sophy is fond
 ( dress1 & %e kn[s h[ to dress2 h] "m  
has no o!r maid2 %e has ta/e en\gh to   
dress h]self well2 b %e hates ri* clo!s2
 h] own are always simple b elegant4 ,%e
 does n l %[y b becom+ ?+s4 ,%e does n  
"k :at col\rs are fa%ionable1 b %e makes

 no mi/ake ab\t ^? t suit h]4  ,no girl 
seems m simply dress$1 b no "o c\ld take
 m pa9s ov] h] toilet2 no article is    
select$ at r&om1 & yet !re is no trace (
 artificiality4 ,h] dress is v mode/ 9  
appe>ance & v coquetti% 9 reality2 %e   
does n display h] *>ms1 %e conceals !m1 
b 9 su* a way z to enhance !m4 ,:5 y see
 h] y say1 ,t is a good mode/ girl1 b   
:ile y are ) h]1 y _c take y\r eyes or  
y\r ?\ghts (f h] & "o might say t ?is v 
simple adornm5t is only put on to be    
remov$ bit by bit by ! imag9ation4      
,sophy has natural gifts2 %e is aw>e (  
!m1 & !y h n be5 neglect$2 b nev] hav+  
_h a *ance ( mu* tra9+ %e is cont5t to  
use h] pretty voice to s+ ta/efully &   
truly2 h] little feet /ep lightly1      
easily1 & gracefully1 %e c always make  
an easy graceful c\rtesy4 ,%e has _h no 
s++ ma/] b h] fa!r1 no danc+ mi/ress b  
h] "m2 a neighb\r+ organi/ has giv5 h] a
 few lessons 9 play+ accompanim5ts on ! 
sp9et1 & %e has improv$ h]self by       
practice4 ,at fir/ %e only wi%$ to %[ (f

 h] h& on ! d>k keys2 !n %e discov]$ t !
 ?9 cle> tone ( ! sp9et made h] voice   
s\nd sweet]2 little by little %e        
recognis$ ! *>ms ( h>mony2 z %e grew    
old] %e at la/ began to enjoy ! *>ms (  
expression1 to love music = its own     
sake4 ,b %e has ta/e r ?an tal5t2 %e _c 
read a simple air f notes4  ,ne$lework  
is :at ,sophy likes be/2 & ! fem99e arts
 h be5 taught h] mo/ c>efully1 ev5 ^? y 
w\ld n expect1 su* z cutt+ out &        
dressmak+4 ,!re is no?+ %e _c d ) h]    
ne$le1 & no?+ t %e does n take a delight
 9 do+2 b lace-mak+ is h] fav\rite      
occupation1 because !re is no?+ :i*     
requires su* a pleas+ attitude1 no?+ :i*
 calls = su* grace & dext]ity ( f+]4 ,%e
 has also /udi$ all ! details (         
h\sekeep+2 %e und]/&s cook+ & clean+2 %e
 kn[s ! prices ( food1 & also h[ to     
*oose x2 %e c keep acc\nts accurately1  
%e is h] "m's h\sekeep]4 ,"s day %e w be
 ! "m ( a family2 by manag+ h] fa!r's   
h\se %e is prep>+ to manage h] own2 %e c
 take ! place ( any ( ! s]vants & %e is 

always ready to d s4 ,y _c give ord]s   
unless y c d ! "w y\rself2 t is :y h] "m
 sets h] to d x4 ,sophy does n ?9k ( t2 
h] fir/ duty is to be a good daught]1 & 
t is all %e ?9ks ab\t = ! pres5t4 ,h] "o
 idea is to help h] "m & relieve h] ( "s
 ( h] anxieties4 ,h[ev]1 %e does n l !m 
all equally well4 ,= in/ance1 %e likes  
da9ty food1 b %e does n l cook+2 !      
details ( cook]y (f5d h]1 & ?+s are nev]
 clean en\gh = h]4 ,%e is extremely     
s5sitive 9 ?is respect & c>ries h]      
s5sitiv5ess to a fault2 %e w\ld let !   
:ole d9n] boil ov] into ! fire r ?an    
soil h] cuffs4 ,%e has always dislik$   
inspect+ ! kit*5-g>d5 = ! same reason4  
,! soil is dirty1 & z soon z %e sees !  
manure heap %e fancies !re is a         
disagreeable smell4  ,?is defect is !   
result ( h] "m's tea*+4 ,accord+ to h]1 
cleanl9ess is "o ( ! mo/ necess>y ( a   
woman's duties1 a special duty1 ( !     
highe/ importance & a duty impos$ by    
nature4 ,no?+ c\ld be m revolt+ ?an a   
dirty woman1 & a husb& :o tires ( h] is 

n to blame4 ,%e insi/$ s /rongly on ?is 
duty :5 ,sophy 0 little1 %e requir$ su* 
absolute cleanl9ess 9 h] p]son1 clo?+1  
room1 "w1 & toilet1 t use has become    
habit1 till x absorbs "o half ( h] "t & 
controls ! o!r2 s t %e ?9ks less ( h[ to
 d a ?+ ?an ( h[ to d x )\t gett+ dirty4
  ,yet ?is has n deg5]at$ into m]e      
affectation & s(tness2 !re is none ( !  
ov] ref9em5t ( luxury4 ,no?+ b clean    
wat] ent]s h] room2 %e kn[s no p]fumes b
 ! sc5t ( fl[]s1 & h] husb& w nev] f9d  
any?+ sweet] ?an h] brea?4 ,9           
conclusion1 ! att5tion %e pays to !     
outside does n bl9d h] to ! fact t "t & 
/r5g? are meant = great] tasks2 ei!r %e 
does n "k or %e despises t exagg]at$    
cleanl9ess ( body :i* degrades ! s\l4   
,sophy is m ?an clean1 %e is pure4  ,i  
said t ,sophy 0 fond ( good ?+s4 ,%e 0 s
 by nature2 b %e became temp]ate by     
habit & n[ %e is temp]ate by virtue4    
,little girls are n to be controll$1 z  
little boys are1 to "s ext5t1 ?r\gh _!  
gre$9ess4 ,?is t5d5cy may h ill effects 

on wom5 & x is too dang]\s to be left   
un*eck$4 ,:5 ,sophy 0 little1 %e did n  
always return empty h&$ if %e 0 s5t to  
h] "m's cupbo>d1 & %e 0 n q to be tru/$ 
) sweets & sug>-almonds4 ,h] "m caught  
h]1 took !m f h]1 puni%$ h]1 & made h] g
 )\t h] d9n]4 ,at la/ %e manag$ to      
p]suade h] t sweets 7 bad = ! tee?1 & t 
ov]-eat+ spoil$ ! figure4 ,?us ,sophy   
ov]came h] faults2 & :5 %e grew old] o!r
 ta/es di/ract$ h] f ?is l[ k9d (       
self-indulg5ce4 ,) awak5+ feel+ gre$9ess
 ceases to be ! rul+ passion1 bo? ) m5 &
 wom54 ,sophy has pres]v$ h] fem99e     
ta/es2 %e likes milk & sweets2 %e likes 
pa/ry & made-di%es1 b n mu* meat4 ,%e   
has nev] ta/$ w9e or spirits2 moreov]1  
%e eats sp>+ly2 wom51 :o d n "w s h>d z 
m51 h less wa/e to repair4 ,9 all ?+s %e
 likes :at is good1 & kn[s h[ to        
appreciate x2 b %e c also put up ) :at  
is n s good1 or c g )\t x4  ,sophy's m9d
 is pleas+ b n brilliant1 & ?or\gh b n  
deep2 x is ! sort ( m9d :i* calls = no  
rem>k1 z %e nev] seems clev]] or /upid] 

?an oneself4 ,:5 p talk to h] !y always 
f9d :at %e says attractive1 ?\gh x may n
 be highly ornam5tal accord+ to mod]n   
ideas ( an educat$ woman2 h] m9d has be5
 =m$ n only by read+1 b by conv]sation )
 h] fa!r & "m1 by h] own reflections1 & 
by h] own obs]vations 9 ! little _w 9   
:i* %e has liv$4 ,sophy is naturally    
m]ry2 z a *ild %e 0 ev5 giddy2 b h] "m  
cur$ h] ( h] silly ways1 little by      
little1 le/ too sudd5 a *ange %\ld make 
h] self-consci\s4 ,?us %e became mode/ &
 retir+ :ile /ill a *ild1 & n[ t %e is a
 *ild no long]1 %e f9ds x easi] to      
cont9ue ?is conduct ?an x w\ld h be5 to 
acquire x )\t kn[+ :y4 ,x is amus+ to   
see h] occasionally return to h] old    
ways & indulge 9 *ildi% mir? & !n       
sudd5ly *eck h]self1 ) sil5t lips1      
d[nca/ eyes1 & rosy blu%es2 nei!r *ild  
nor woman1 %e may well p>take ( bo?4    
,sophy is too s5sitive to be always good
 hum\r$1 b too g5tle to let ?is be      
really disagreeable to o!r p2 x is only 
h]self :o suff]s4 ,if y say any?+ t     

hurts h] %e does n sulk1 b h] he>t      
swells2 %e tries to run away & cry4 ,9 !
 mid/ ( h] te>s1 at a ^w f h] fa!r or "m
 %e returns at once laugh+ & play+1     
secretly wip+ h] eyes & try+ to /ifle h]
 sobs4  ,yet %e has h] :ims2 if h] temp]
 is too mu* indulg$ x deg5]ates into    
rebellion1 & !n %e =gets h]self4 ,b give
 h] "t to come r\nd & h] way ( mak+ y   
=get h] wrong-do+ is almo/ a virtue4 ,if
 y puni% h] %e is g5tle & submissive1 & 
y see t %e is m a%am$ ( ! fault ?an !   
puni%m5t4 ,if y say no?+1 %e nev] fails 
to make am5ds1 & %e does x s frankly & s
 readily t y _c be angry ) h]4 ,%e w\ld 
kiss ! gr\nd be=e ! l[e/ s]vant & w\ld  
make no fuss ab\t x2 & z soon z %e is   
=giv51 y c see by h] delight & h]       
c>esses t a load is tak5 (f h] he>t4 ,9 
a ^w1 %e endures pati5tly ! wrong-do+ ( 
o!rs1 & %e is eag] to atone = h] own4   
,?is amiability is natural to h] sex :5 
unspoil$4 ,woman is made to submit to   
man & to endure ev5 inju/ice at 8 h&s4  
,y w nev] br+ "y lads to ?is2 _! feel+s 

rise 9 revolt aga9/ inju/ice2 nature has
 n fitt$ !m to put up ) x4       ,gravem
 ,pelidae /oma*um c$]e nescii4          
,,horace1 lib4 i4 ode vi4  ,sophy's     
religion is reasonable & simple1 ) few  
doctr9es & few] obs]vances2 or r z %e   
kn[s no c\rse ( conduct b ! "r h] :ole  
life is devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,god & to  
do+ good4 ,9 all h] p>5ts' tea*+ (      
religion %e has be5 tra9$ to a rev]5t   
submission2 !y h (t5 said1 ,my little   
girl1 ?is is too h>d = y2 y\r husb& w   
tea* y :5 y are gr[n up4 ,in/ead ( long 
s]mons ab\t piety1 !y h be5 cont5t to   
prea* by _! example1 & ?is example is   
engrav$ on h] he>t4  ,sophy loves       
virtue2 ?is love has come to be h] rul+ 
passion2 %e loves virtue because !re is 
no?+ fair] 9 itself1 %e loves x because 
x is a woman's glory & because a virtu\s
 woman is little l[] ?an ! angels2 %e   
loves virtue z ! only road to real      
happ9ess1 because %e sees no?+ b pov]ty1
 neglect1 unhapp9ess1 %ame1 & disgrace 9
 ! life ( a bad woman2 %e loves virtue  

because x is de> to h] rev]$ fa!r & to  
h] t5d] & wor?y "m2 !y are n cont5t to  
be happy 9 _! own virtue1 !y desire h]s2
 & %e f9ds h] *ief happ9ess 9 ! hope (  
mak+ !m happy4 ,all ^! feel+s inspire an
 en?usiasm :i* /irs h] he>t & keeps all 
its budd+ passions 9 subjection to ?is  
noble en?usiasm4 ,sophy w be *a/e & good
 till h] dy+ day2 %e has v[$ x 9 h]     
secret he>t1 & n be=e %e knew h[ h>d x  
w\ld be to keep h] v[2 %e made ?is v[ at
 a "t :5 %e w\ld h revok$ x _h %e be5 ! 
slave ( h] s5ses4  ,sophy is n s =tunate
 z to be a *>m+ ,fr5* woman1 cold-he>t$ 
& va91 :o w\ld r attract att5tion ?an   
give pleasure1 :o seeks amusem5t r ?an  
delight4 ,%e suff]s f a consum+ desire =
 love2 x ev5 di/urbs & tr\bles h] he>t 9
 ! mid/ ( fe/ivities2 %e has lo/ h] =m] 
livel9ess1 & h] ta/e = m]ry games2 f> f 
be+ afraid ( ! t$ium ( solitude %e      
desires x4 ,h] ?\ghts g out to him :o w 
make solitude sweet to h]4 ,%e f9ds     
/rang]s t$i\s1 %e wants a lov]1 n a     
circle ( admir]s4 ,%e w\ld r give       

pleasure to "o good man ?an be a g5]al  
fav\rite1 or w9 t applause ( society :i*
 la/s b a day & to-morr[ is turn$ to    
scorn4  ,a woman's judgm5t develops     
soon] ?an a man's2 be+ on ! def5sive f  
h] *ildhood up1 & intru/$ ) a treasure s
 h>d to keep1 %e is e>li] acqua9t$ )    
good & evil4 ,sophy is precoci\s by     
temp]am5t 9 ev]y?+1 & h] judgm5t is m   
=m$ ?an t ( mo/ girls ( h] age4 ,!re is 
no?+ /range 9 t1 maturity is n always   
rea*$ at ! same age4  ,sophy has be5    
taught ! duties & rights ( h] own sex & 
( ours4 ,%e kn[s m5's faults & wom5's   
vices2 %e also kn[s _! correspond+ good 
qualities & virtues1 & has !m by he>t4  
,no "o c h a high] ideal ( a virtu\s    
woman1 b %e w\ld r ?9k ( a virtu\s man1 
a man ( true wor?2 %e kn[s t %e is made 
= su* a man1 t %e is wor?y ( him1 t %e c
 make him z happy z he w make h]2 %e is 
sure %e w "k him :5 %e sees him2 !      
difficulty is to f9d him4  ,wom5 are by 
nature judges ( a man's wor?1 z he is ( 
!irs2 ?is "r is reciprocal1 & x is      

recognis$ z su* bo? by m5 & wom54 ,sophy
 recognises ?is "r & ex]cises x1 b ) !  
mode/y becom+ h] y\?1 h] inexp]i5ce1 &  
h] position2 %e conf9es h] judgm5t to   
:at %e kn[s1 & %e only =ms an op9ion :5 
x may help to illu/rate "s useful       
precept4 ,%e is extremely c>eful :at %e 
says ab\t ^? :o are abs5t1 p>ticul>ly if
 !y are wom54 ,%e ?9ks t talk+ ab\t ea* 
o!r makes wom5 spiteful & satirical2 s  
long z !y only talk ab\t m5 !y are m]ely
 j4 ,s ,sophy /ops !re4 ,z to wom5 %e   
nev] says any?+ at all ab\t !m1 except  
to tell ! good %e kn[s2 %e ?9ks ?is is  
only fair to h] sex2 & if %e kn[s no    
good ( any woman1 %e says no?+1 & t is  
en\gh4  ,sophy has little k ( society1 b
 %e is obs]vant & oblig+1 & all t %e    
does is full ( grace4 ,a happy          
disposition does m = h] ?an mu* art4 ,%e
 has a c]ta9 c\rtesy ( h] own1 :i* is n 
dep5d5t on fa%ion1 & does n *ange ) its 
*anges2 x is n a matt] ( cu/om1 b x     
arises f a fem99e desire to please4 ,%e 
is unacqua9t$ ) ! language ( empty      

complim5t1 nor does %e inv5t m elaborate
 complim5ts ( h] own2 %e does n say t %e
 is greatly oblig$1 t y d h] too mu*    
hon\r1 t y %\ld n take s mu* tr\ble1    
etc4 ,/ill less does %e try to make     
phrases ( h] own4 ,%e responds to an    
att5tion or a cu/om>y piece ( polit5ess 
by a c\rtesy or a m]e ,?ank y2 b ?is    
phrase 9 h] m\? is q en\gh4 ,if y d h] a
 real s]vice1 %e lets h] he>t speak1 &  
its words are no empty complim5t4 ,%e   
has nev] all[$ ,fr5* mann]s to make h] a
 slave to appe>ances2 :5 %e goes f "o   
room to ano!r %e does n take ! arm ( an 
old g5tleman1 :om %e w\ld mu* r help4   
,:5 a sc5t$ fop (f]s h] ?is empty       
att5tion1 %e leaves him on ! /aircase & 
ru%es into ! room say+ t %e is n lame4  
,inde$1 %e w nev] we> high heels ?\gh %e
 is n tall2 h] feet are small en\gh to  
disp5se ) !m4  ,n only does %e adopt a  
sil5t & respectful attitude t[>ds wom51 
b also t[>ds m>ri$ m51 or ^? :o are mu* 
old] ?an h]self2 %e w nev] take h] place
 above !m1 unless compell$ to d s2 & %e 

w return to h] own l[] place z soon z %e
 c2 = %e kn[s t ! rights ( age take     
prec$5ce ( ^? ( sex1 z age is presumably
 wis] ?an y\?1 & wisdom %\ld be held 9 !
 greate/ hon\r4  ,) "y folks ( h] own   
age x is ano!r matt]2 %e requires a     
diff]5t mann] to ga9 _! respect1 & %e   
kn[s h[ to adopt x )\t dropp+ ! mode/   
ways :i* become h]4 ,if !y !mselves are 
%y & mode/1 %e w gladly pres]ve !       
fri5dly famili>ity ( y\?2 _! innoc5t    
conv]sation w be m]ry b suitable2 if !y 
become s]i\s !y mu/ say some?+ useful2  
if !y become silly1 %e soon puts a /op  
to x1 = %e has an utt] contempt = !     
j>gon ( gallantry1 :i* %e consid]s an   
insult to h] sex4 ,%e feels sure t ! man
 %e seeks does n speak t j>gon1 & %e w  
nev] p]mit 9 ano!r :at w\ld be displeas+
 to h] 9 him ^: "* is engrav$ on h]     
he>t4  ,h] high op9ion ( ! rights (     
wom51 h] pride 9 ! purity ( h] feel+s1 t
 active virtue :i* is ! basis ( h]      
self-respect1 make h] indignant at !    
s5tim5tal spee*es int5d$ = h] amusem5t4 

,%e does n receive !m ) op5 ang]1 b ) a 
disconc]t+ irony or an unexpect$ ic9ess4
 ,if a fair ,apollo displays 8 *>ms1 &  
makes use ( 8 wit 9 ! praise ( h] wit1  
h] beauty1 & h] grace2 at ! risk ( (f5d+
 him %e is q capable ( say+ politely1   
,sir1 ,i am afraid ,i "k t bett] ?an y2 
if we h no?+ m int]e/+ to talk ab\t1 ,i 
?9k we may put an end to ?is            
conv]sation4 ,to say ?is ) a deep       
c\rtesy1 & !n to )draw to a consid]able 
di/ance1 is ! "w ( a mom5t4 ,ask y\r    
lady-kill]s if x is easy to cont9ue to  
babble to su*1 an unsympa!tic e>4  ,x is
 n t %e is n fond ( praise if x is      
really s9c]e1 & if %e ?9ks y believe :at
 y say4 ,y mu/ %[ t y appreciate h] m]it
 if y w\ld h h] believe y4 ,h] pr\d _s  
may take pleasure 9 homage :i* is bas$  
^u e/eem1 b empty complim5ts are always 
reject$2 ,sophy 0 n meant to practise ! 
small arts ( ! danc+-girl4  ,) a judgm5t
 s mature1 & a m9d l t ( a woman (      
tw5ty1 ,sophy1 at fifte51 is no long]   
treat$ z a *ild by h] p>5ts4 ,no soon] d

 !y p]ceive ! fir/ signs ( y\?ful       
disquiet ?an !y ha/5 to anticipate its  
developm5t1 _! conv]sations ) h] are    
wise & t5d]4 ,^! wise & t5d]            
conv]sations are 9 keep+ ) h] age &     
disposition4 ,if h] disposition is :at  
,i fancy :y %\ld n h] fa!r speak to h]  
some:at aft] ?is fa%ion8  ,y are a big  
girl n[1 ,sophy1 y w soon be a woman4   
,we want y to be happy1 = our own sakes 
z well z y\rs1 = our happ9ess dep5ds on 
y\rs4 ,a good girl f9ds h] own happ9ess 
9 ! happ9ess ( a good man1 s we mu/     
consid] y\r m>riage2 we mu/ ?9k ( x 9   
good "t1 = m>riage makes or m>s our :ole
 life1 & we _c h too mu* "t to consid]  
x4  ,!re is no?+ s h>d to *oose z a good
 husb&1 unless x is a good wife4 ,y w be
 t r>e creature1 ,sophy1 y w be ! cr[n (
 our life & ! bless+ ( our decl9+ ye>s2 
b h[ev] wor?y y are1 !re are wor?i] p ^u
 e>?4 ,!re is no "o :o w\ld n d himself 
hon\r by m>riage ) y2 !re are _m :o w\ld
 d y ev5 great] hon\r ?an !mselves4     
,among ^! we mu/ try to f9d "o :o suits 

y1 we mu/ get to "k him & introduce y to
 him4  ,! greate/ possible happ9ess 9   
m>riage dep5ds on s _m po9ts ( agreem5t 
t x is folly to expect to secure !m all4
 ,we mu/ fir/ consid] ! m important     
matt]s2 if o!rs are to be f\nd along )  
!m1 s mu* ! bett]2 if n we mu/ d )\t !m4
 ,p]fect happ9ess is n to be f\nd 9 ?is 
_w1 b we c1 at lea/1 avoid ! wor/ =m (  
unhapp9ess1 t = :i* ourselves are to    
blame4  ,!re is a natural suitability1  
!re is a suitability ( e/abli%$ usage1 &
 a suitability :i* is m]ely conv5tional4
  ,p>5ts %\ld decide z to ! two latt]s1 
& ! *ildr5 !mselves %\ld decide z to !  
=m]4 ,m>riages arrang$ by p>5ts only    
dep5d on a suitability ( cu/om &        
conv5tion2 x is n two p :o are unit$1 b 
two positions & two prop]ties2 b ^! ?+s 
may *ange1 ! p rema91 !y are always !re2
 & 9 spite ( =tune x is ! p]sonal       
relation t makes a happy or an unhappy  
m>riage4  ,y\r "m _h rank1 ,i _h weal?2 
?is 0 all t our p>5ts consid]$ 9 arrang+
 our m>riage4 ,i lo/ my money1 %e lo/ h]

 position2 =gott5 by h] family1 :at good
 did x d h] to be a lady born8 ,9 ! mid/
 ( our mis=tunes1 ! union ( our he>ts   
has outweigh$ !m all2 ! simil>ity ( our 
ta/es l$ u to *oose ?is retreat2 we live
 happily 9 our pov]ty1 we are all 9 all 
to ea* o!r4 ,sophy is a treasure we hold
 9 common1 & we ?ank ,heav5 :i* has     
be/[$ ?is treasure & depriv$ u ( all    
o!rs4 ,y see1 my *ild1 :i!r we h be5 l$ 
by ,provid5ce2 ! conv5tional motives :i*
 br\ght ab\t our m>riage no long] exi/1 
our happ9ess consi/s 9 t natural        
suitability :i* 0 held ( no acc\nt4     
,husb& & wife %\ld *oose ea* o!r4 ,a    
mutual lik+ %\ld be ! fir/ bond betwe5  
!m4 ,!y %\ld foll[ ! guidance ( _! own  
eyes & he>ts2 :5 !y are m>ri$ _! fir/   
duty w be to love "o ano!r1 & z love &  
hatr$ d n dep5d on ourselves1 ?is duty  
br+s ano!r ) x1 & !y mu/ beg9 to love   
ea* o!r be=e m>riage4 ,t is ! law (     
nature1 & no p[] c abrogate x2 ^? :o h  
fett]$ x by s _m legal re/rictions h    
giv5 he$ r to ! outw>d %[ ( ord] ?an to 

! happ9ess ( m>riage or ! morals ( !    
citiz54 ,y see1 my de> ,sophy1 we d n   
prea* a h>% morality4 ,x t5ds to make y 
y\r own mi/ress & to make u leave !     
*oice ( y\r husb& to y\rself4  ,:5 we h 
told y our reasons = giv+ y full lib]ty1
 x is only fair to speak ( y\r reasons =
 mak+ a wise use ( t lib]ty4 ,my *ild1 y
 are good & s5sible1 upright & pi\s1 y h
 ! accompli%m5ts ( a good woman & y are 
n altoge!r )\t *>ms2 b y are poor2 y h !
 gifts mo/ wor?y ( e/eem1 b n ^? :i* are
 mo/ e/eem$4 ,d n seek :at is beyond y\r
 rea*1 & let y\r ambition be controll$1 
n by y\r ideas or ours1 b by ! op9ion ( 
o!rs4 ,if x 7 m]ely a "q ( equal m]its1 
,i "k n :at limits to impose on y\r     
hopes2 b d n let y\r ambitions outrun   
y\r =tune1 & rememb] x is v small4      
,al?\gh a man wor?y ( y w\ld n consid]  
?is inequality an ob/acle1 y mu/ d :at  
he w\ld n d2 ,sophy mu/ foll[ h] "m's   
example & only ent] a family :i* c\nts x
 an hon\r to receive h]4 ,y nev] saw our
 weal?1 y 7 born 9 our pov]ty2 y make x 

sweet = u1 & y %>e x )\t h>d%ip4        
,believe me1 ,sophy1 d n seek ^? good   
?+s we inde$ ?ank heav5 = hav+ tak5 f u2
 we did n "k :at happ9ess 0 till we lo/ 
our money4  ,y are s amiable t y w w9   
affection1 & y are n g poor z to be a   
burd54 ,y w be s\ght 9 m>riage1 x may be
 by ^? :o are unwor?y ( y4 ,if !y %[$   
!mselves 9 _! true col\rs1 y w\ld rate  
!m at _! real value2 all _! outw>d %[   
w\ld n long deceive y2 b ?\gh y\r       
judgm5t is good & y "k :at m]it is :5 y 
see x1 y are inexp]i5c$ & y d n "k h[ p 
c conceal _! real selves4 ,a skilful    
knave might /udy y\r ta/es 9 ord] to    
s$uce y1 & make a pret5ce ( ^? virtues  
:i* he does n possess4  ,y w\ld be ru9$1
 ,sophy1 be=e y knew :at y 7 do+1 & y   
w\ld only p]ceive y\r error :5 y _h     
cause to lam5t x4  ,! mo/ dang]\s sn>e1 
! only sn>e :i* reason _c avoid1 is t ( 
! s5ses2 if ev] y h ! mis=tune to fall  
into its toils1 y w p]ceive no?+ b      
fancies & illusions2 y\r eyes w be      
fasc9at$1 y\r judgm5t tr\bl$1 y\r w     

corrupt$1 y\r v error w be de> to y1 &  
ev5 if y 7 able to p]ceive x y w\ld n be
 will+ to escape f x4 ,my *ild1 ,i tru/ 
y to ,sophy's own reason2 ,i d n tru/ y 
to ! fancies ( y\r own he>t4 ,judge =   
y\rself s long z y\r he>t is unt\*$1 b  
:5 y love betake y\rself to y\r "m's    
c>e4  ,i propose a treaty betwe5 u :i*  
%[s our e/eem = y1 & re/ores ! ord] (   
nature betwe5 u4 ,p>5ts *oose a husb& = 
_! daught] & %e is only consult$ z a    
matt] ( =m2 t is ! cu/om4 ,we %all d j !
 opposite2 y w *oose1 & we %all be      
consult$4 ,use y\r "r1 ,sophy1 use x    
freely & wisely4 ,! husb& suitable = y  
%\ld be *os5 by y n u4  ,b x is = u to  
judge :e!r he is really suitable1 or    
:e!r1 )\t kn[+ x1 y are only foll[+ y\r 
own wi%es4 ,bir?1 weal?1 position1      
conv5tional op9ions w c\nt = no?+ ) u4  
,*oose a good man ^: p]son & "* suit y2 
:atev] he may be 9 o!r respects1 we w   
accept him z our son-9-law4  ,he w be   
ri* en\gh if he has bodily /r5g?1 a good
 "*1 & family affection4 ,8 position w  

be good en\gh if x is ennobl$ by virtue4
 ,if ev]ybody blames u1 we d n c>e4 ,we 
d n seek ! approbation ( m51 b y\r      
happ9ess4  ,i _c tell my read]s :at     
effect su* words w\ld h ^u girls br\ght 
up 9 _! fa%ion4 ,z = ,sophy1 %e w h no  
words to reply2 %ame & emotion w n p]mit
 h] to express h]self easily2 b ,i am   
sure t :at 0 said w rema9 engrav$ ^u h] 
he>t z long z %e lives1 & t if any human
 resolution may be tru/$1 we may rely on
 h] det]m9ation to des]ve h] p>5t's     
e/eem4  ,at wor/ let u suppose h] end[$ 
) an ard5t disposition :i* w make h]    
impati5t ( long delays2 ,i ma9ta9 t h]  
judgm5t1 h] k1 h] ta/e1 h] ref9em5t1 &1 
above all1 ! s5tim5ts 9 :i* %e has be5  
br\ght up f *ildhood1 w outweigh !      
impetuosity ( ! s5ses1 & enable h] to   
(f] a prolong$ resi/ance1 if n to       
ov]come !m altoge!r4 ,%e w\ld r die a   
virg9 m>tyr ?an di/ress h] p>5ts by     
m>ry+ a wor?less man & expos+ h]self to 
! unhapp9ess ( an ill-assort$ m>riage4  
,ard5t z an ,italian & s5tim5tal z an   

,engli%woman1 %e has a curb ^u he>t &   
s5se 9 ! pride ( a ,spani>d1 :o ev5 :5  
%e seeks a lov] does n easily discov] "o
 wor?y ( h]4  ,n e "o c realise ! motive
 p[] to be f\nd 9 a love ( :at is "r1   
nor ! inn] /r5g? :i* results f a g5u9e  
love ( virtue4 ,!re are m5 :o ?9k t all 
greatness is a figm5t ( ! bra91 m5 :o ) 
_! vile & degrad$ reason w nev]         
recognise ! p[] ov] human passions :i*  
is wield$ by ! v madness ( virtue4 ,y c 
only tea* su* m5 by examples2 if !y     
p]si/ 9 d5y+ _! exi/5ce1 s mu* ! worse =
 !m4 ,if ,i told !m t ,sophy is no      
imag9>y p]son1 t h] "n alone is my      
inv5tion1 t h] education1 h] conduct1 h]
 "*1 h] v features1 really exi/$1 & t h]
 loss is /ill m\rn$ by a v wor?y family1
 !y w\ld1 no d\bt1 refuse to believe me2
 b inde$ :y %\ld ,i n v5ture to relate  
^w = ^w ! /ory ( a girl s l ,sophy t ?is
 /ory might be h]s )\t surpris+ any "o4 
,believe x or no1 x is all ! same to me2
 call my hi/ory fiction if y w2 9 any   
case ,i h expla9$ my me?od & fur!r$ my  

purpose4  ,?is "y girl ) ! temp]am5t :i*
 ,i h attribut$ to ,sophy 0 s l h] 9 o!r
 respects t %e 0 wor?y ( ! "n1 & s we w 
cont9ue to use x4 ,aft] ! conv]sation   
relat$ above1 h] fa!r & "m ?\ght t      
suitable husb&s w\ld n be likely to (f] 
!mselves 9 ! hamlet :]e !y liv$2 s !y   
decid$ to s5d h] to sp5d ! w9t] 9 t[n1  
"u ! c>e ( an aunt :o 0 privately       
acqua9t$ ) ! object ( ! j\rney2 =       
,sophy's he>t ?robb$ ) noble pride at ! 
?\ght ( h] self-control2 & h[ev] mu* %e 
might want to m>ry1 %e w\ld r h di$ a   
maid ?an h br\ght h]self to g 9 se>* ( a
 husb&4  ,9 response to h] p>5ts' wi%es 
h] aunt introduc$ h] to h] fri5ds1 took 
h] into company1 bo? private & public1  
%[$ h] society1 or r %[$ h] 9 society1 =
 ,sophy paid little he$ to its bu/le4   
,yet x 0 pla9 t %e did n %r9k f "y m5 ( 
pleas+ appe>ance & mode/ seemly         
behavi\r4 ,h] v %yness _h a *>m ( its   
own1 :i* 0 v mu* l coquetry2 b aft]     
talk+ to !m once or twice %e repuls$ !m4
 ,%e soon ex*ang$ t air ( au?ority :i*  

seems to accept m5's homage = a humbl]  
be>+ & a /ill m *ill+ polit5ess4 ,always
 wat*ful ov] h] conduct1 %e gave !m no  
*ance ( do+ h] ! lea/ s]vice2 x 0       
p]fectly pla9 t %e 0 det]m9$ n to accept
 any "o ( !m4  ,nev] did s5sitive he>t  
take pleasure 9 noisy amusem5ts1 ! empty
 & b>r5 delights ( ^? :o h no feel+s1 ^?
 :o ?9k t a m]ry life is a happy life4  
,sophy did n f9d :at %e s\ght1 & %e felt
 sure %e nev] w\ld1 s %e got tir$ ( !   
t[n4 ,%e lov$ h] p>5ts de>ly & no?+ made
 up = _! abs5ce1 no?+ c\ld make h] =get 
!m2 %e w5t home long be=e ! "t fix$ = ! 
end ( h] visit4  ,sc>cely _h %e resum$  
h] home duties :5 !y p]ceiv$ t h] temp] 
_h *ang$ ?\gh h] conduct 0 unalt]$1 %e 0
 =getful1 impati5t1 sad1 & dreamy2 %e   
wept 9 secret4 ,at fir/ !y ?\ght %e 0 9 
love & 0 a%am$ to own x2 !y spoke to h]1
 b %e repudiat$ ! idea4 ,%e prote/$ %e  
_h se5 no "o :o c\ld t\* h] he>t1 &     
,sophy always spoke ! tru?4  ,yet h]    
languor /eadily increas$1 & h] heal?    
began to give way4 ,h] "m 0 anxi\s ab\t 

h]1 & det]m9$ to "k ! reason = ?is      
*ange4 ,%e took h] aside1 & ) ! w9n+    
spee* & ! irresi/ible c>esses :i* only a
 "m c employ1 %e said1 ,my *ild1 :om ,i 
h borne b5ea? my he>t1 :om ,i be> ev] 9 
my affection1 confide y\r secret to y\r 
"m's bosom4 ,:at secrets are ^! :i* a "m
 may n "k8 ,:o pities y\r suff]+s1 :o   
%>es !m1 :o w\ld gladly relieve !m1 if n
 y\r fa!r & myself8 ,ah1 my *ild6 w\ld y
 h me die ( grief = y\r sorr[ )\t lett+ 
me %>e x8  ,f> f hid+ h] griefs f h] "m1
 ! "y girl ask$ no?+ bett] ?an to h h] z
 fri5d & com=t]2 b %e c\ld n speak =    
%ame1 h] mode/y c\ld f9d no words to    
describe a condition s unwor?y ( h]1 z !
 emotion :i* di/urb$ h] s5ses 9 spite ( 
all h] ef=ts4 ,at l5g? h] v %ame gave h]
 "m a clue to h] difficulty1 & %e drew f
 h] ! humiliat+ confession4 ,f> f       
di/ress+ h] ) reproa*es or unju/ blame1 
%e consol$ h]1 piti$ h]1 wept ov] h]2 %e
 0 too wise to make a crime ( an evil   
:i* virtue alone made s cruel4 ,b :y put
 up ) su* an evil :5 !re 0 no necessity 

to d s1 :5 ! rem$y 0 s easy & s         
legitimate8  ,:y did %e n use ! fre$om  
!y _h grant$ h]8 ,:y did %e n take a    
husb&8 ,:y did %e n make h] *oice8 ,did 
%e n "k t %e 0 p]fectly indep5d5t 9 ?is 
matt]1 t :atev] h] *oice1 x w\ld be     
approv$1 = x 0 sure to be good8 ,!y _h  
s5t h] to t[n1 b %e w\ld n /ay2 _m      
suitors _h (f]$ !mselves1 b %e w\ld h   
none ( !m4  ,:at did %e expect8 ,:at did
 %e want8 ,:at an inexplicable          
contradiction8  ,! reply 0 simple4 ,if x
 7 only a "q ( ! p>tn] ( h] y\?1 h]     
*oice w\ld soon be made2 b a ma/] = life
 is n s easily *os52 & s9ce ! two _c be 
sep>at$1 p mu/ (t5 wait & sacrifice _!  
y\? be=e !y f9d ! man ) :om !y c\ld sp5d
 _! life4 ,su* 0 ,sophy's case2 %e want$
 a lov]1 b ?is lov] mu/ be h] husb&2 &  
to discov] a he>t su* z %e requir$1 a   
lov] & husb& 7 equally difficult to f9d4
 ,all ^! da%+ "y m5 7 only h] equals 9  
age1 9 ev]y?+ else !y 7 f\nd lack+2 _!  
empty wit1 _! vanity1 _! affectations ( 
spee*1 _! ill-regulat$ conduct1 _!      

frivol\s imitations alike disgu/$ h]4   
,%e s\ght a man & %e f\nd monkeys2 %e   
s\ght a s\l & !re 0 none to be f\nd4    
,h[ unhappy ,i am6 said %e to h] "m2 ,i 
am compell$ to love & yet ,i am         
dissatisfi$ ) e "o4 ,my he>t rejects e  
"o :o appeals to my s5ses4 ,e "o ( !m   
/irs my passions & all alike revolt !m2 
a lik+ unaccompani$ by respect _c la/4  
,t is n ! sort ( man = y\r ,sophy2 !    
delightful image ( h] ideal is too      
deeply grav5 9 h] he>t4 ,%e c love no   
o!r2 %e c make no "o happy b him1 & %e  
_c be happy )\t him4 ,%e w\ld r consume 
h]self 9 ceaseless conflicts1 %e w\ld r 
die free & wret*$1 ?an driv5 desp]ate by
 ! company ( a man %e did n love1 a man 
%e w\ld make z unhappy z h]self2 %e w\ld
 r die ?an live to suff]4  ,amaz$ at ^! 
/range ideas1 h] "m f\nd !m s peculi> t 
%e c\ld n fail to suspect "s my/]y4     
,sophy 0 nei!r affect$ nor absurd4 ,h[  
c\ld su* exagg]at$ delicacy exi/ 9 "o :o
 _h be5 s c>efully taught f h] *ildhood 
to adapt h]self to ^? ) :om %e mu/ live1

 & to make a virtue ( necessity8 ,?is   
ideal ( ! delightful man ) :i* %e 0 s   
en*ant$1 :o appe>$ s (t5 9 h]           
conv]sation1 made h] "m suspect t !re 0 
"s f\ndation = h] caprices :i* 0 /ill   
unkn[n to h]1 & t ,sophy _h n told h]   
all4 ,! unhappy girl1 ov]:elm$ ) h]     
secret grief1 0 only too eag] to confide
 x to ano!r4 ,h] "m urg$ h] to speak2 %e
 hesitat$1 %e yield$1 & leav+ ! room )\t
 a ^w1 %e pres5tly return$ ) a book 9 h]
 h&4 ,h pity on y\r unhappy daught]1 !re
 is no rem$y = h] grief1 h] te>s _c be  
dri$4 ,y w\ld "k ! cause3 well1 "h x is1
 said %e1 fl++ ! book on ! table4 ,h] "m
 took ! book & op5$ x2 x 0 ,! ,adv5tures
 ( ,telema*us4 ,at fir/ %e c\ld make    
no?+ ( ?is riddle2 by d9t ( que/ions &  
vague replies1 %e discov]$ to h] great  
surprise t h] daught] 0 ! rival (       
,eu*>is4  ,sophy 0 9 love ) ,telema*us1 
& lov$ him ) a passion :i* no?+ c\ld    
cure4 ,:5 h] fa!r & "m became aw>e ( h] 
infatuation1 !y laugh$ at x & tri$ to   
cure h] by reason+ ) h]4 ,!y 7 mi/ak51  

reason 0 n altoge!r on _! side2 ,sophy  
_h h] own reason & knew h[ to use x4 ,_m
 a "t did %e r$uce !m to sil5ce by turn+
 _! own argum5ts aga9/ !m1 by %[+ !m t x
 0 all _! own fault = n hav+ tra9$ h] to
 suit ! m5 ( t c5tury2 t %e w\ld be     
compell$ to adopt h] husb&'s way ( ?9k+ 
or he mu/ adopt h]s1 t !y _h made ! =m] 
c\rse impossible by ! way %e _h be5     
br\ght up1 & t ! latt] 0 j :at %e want$4
 ,give me1 said %e1 a man :o holds !    
same op9ions z ,i d1 or "o :o w be will+
 to le>n !m f me1 & ,i w m>ry him2 b    
until !n1 :y d y scold me8 ,pity me2 ,i 
am mis]able1 b n mad4 ,is ! he>t        
controll$ by ! w8 ,did my fa!r n ask t v
 "q8 ,is x my fault if ,i love :at has  
no exi/5ce8 ,i am no vision>y2 ,i desire
 no pr9ce1 ,i seek no ,telema*us1 ,i "k 
he is only an imag9>y p]son2 ,i seek "s 
"o l him4 ,& :y %\ld !re be no su*      
p]son1 s9ce !re is su* a p]son z ,i1 ,i 
:o feel t my he>t is l 88 ,no1 let u n  
wrong humanity s greatly1 let u n ?9k t 
an amiable & virtu\s man is a figm5t ( !

 imag9ation4 ,he exi/s1 he lives1 p]haps
 he is seek+ me2 he is seek+ a s\l :i*  
is capable ( love = him4 ,b :o is he1   
:]e is he8 ,i "k n2 he is n among ^? ,i 
h se52 & no d\bt ,i %all nev] see him4  
,oh6  "m1 :y did y make virtue too      
attractive8 ,if ,i c love no?+ less1 y  
are m to blame ?an ,i4  ,mu/ ,i cont9ue 
?is sad /ory to its close8 ,mu/ ,i      
describe ! long /ruggles :i* prec$$ x8  
,mu/ ,i %[ an impati5t "m ex*ang+ h] =m]
 c>esses = sev]ity8 ,mu/ ,i pa9t an     
angry fa!r =gett+ 8 =m] promises1 &     
treat+ ! mo/ virtu\s ( daught]s z a mad 
woman8 ,mu/ ,i portray ! unhappy girl1 m
 ?an ev] devot$ to h] imag9>y h]o1      
because ( ! p]secution br\ght ^u h] by t
 devotion1 draw+ ne>] /ep by /ep to h]  
dea?1 & desc5d+ into ! grave :5 !y 7    
ab\t to =ce h] to ! alt>8 ,no2 ,i w n   
dwell ^u ^! gloomy sc5es2 ,i h no ne$ to
 g s f> to %[1 by :at ,i consid] a      
suffici5tly /rik+ example1 t 9 spite ( !
 prejudices aris+ f ! mann]s ( our age1 
! en?usiasm = ! good & ! beautiful is no

 m =eign to wom5 ?an to m51 & t !re is  
no?+ :i*1 "u nature's guidance1 _c be   
obta9$ f !m z well z f u4  ,y /op me "h 
to inquire :e!r x is nature :i* tea*es u
 to take su* pa9s to repress our        
immod]ate desires4 ,no1 ,i reply1 b     
nei!r is x nature :o gives u ^!         
immod]ate desires4 ,n[1 all t is n f    
nature is contr>y to nature1 z ,i h     
prov$ aga9 & aga94  ,let u give ,emile 8
 ,sophy2 let u re/ore ?is sweet girl to 
life & provide h] ) a less vivid        
imag9ation & a happi] fate4 ,i desir$ to
 pa9t an ord9>y woman1 b by end[+ h] ) a
 great s\l1 ,i h di/urb$ h] reason4 ,i h
 gone a/ray4 ,let u retrace our /eps4   
,sophy has only a good disposition & an 
ord9>y he>t2 h] education is responsible
 = ev]y?+ 9 :i* %e excels o!r wom54  ,9 
?is book ,i int5d$ to describe all t    
might be done & to leave e "o free to   
*oose :at he c\ld out ( all ! good ?+s  
,i describ$4 ,i meant to tra9 a helpmeet
 = ,emile1 f ! v fir/1 & to educate !m =
 ea* o!r & ) ea* o!r4 ,b on consid]ation

 ,i ?\ght all ^! premature arrangem5ts  
undesirable1 = x 0 absurd to plan !     
m>riage ( two *ildr5 be=e ,i c\ld tell  
:e!r ?is union 0 9 accordance ) nature &
 :e!r !y 7 really suit$ to ea* o!r4 ,we 
mu/ n confuse :at is suitable 9 a /ate (
 savag]y ) :at is suitable 9 civilis$   
life4 ,9 ! =m]1 any woman w suit any    
man1 = bo? are /ill 9 _! primitive &    
undiff]5tiat$ condition2 9 ! latt]1 all 
_! *>act]i/ics h be5 develop$ by social 
in/itutions1 & ea* m9d1 hav+ tak5 its   
own settl$ =m1 n f education alone1 b by
 ! co-op]ation1 m or less well-regulat$1
 ( natural disposition & education1 we c
 only make a mat* by introduc+ !m to ea*
 o!r to see if !y suit ea* o!r 9 e      
respect1 or at lea/ we c let !m make t  
*oice :i* gives ! mo/ promise ( mutual  
suitability4  ,! difficulty is ?is3 :ile
 social life develops "* x diff]5tiates 
classes1 & ^! two classifications d n   
correspond1 s t ! great] ! social       
di/9ctions1 ! great] ! difficulty ( f9d+
 ! correspond+ "*4 ,h5ce we h           

ill-assort$ m>riages & all _! accompany+
 evils2 & we f9d t x foll[s logically t 
! fur!r we get f equality1 ! great] !   
*ange 9 our natural feel+s2 ! wid] !    
di/ance betwe5 great & small1 ! loos] ! 
m>riage tie2 ! deep] ! gulf betwe5 ri* &
 poor ! few] husb&s & fa!rs4 ,nei!r ma/]
 nor slave belongs to a family1 b only  
to a class4  ,if y w\ld gu>d aga9/ ^!   
abuses1 & secure happy m>riages1 y mu/  
/ifle y\r prejudices1 =get human        
in/itutions1 & consult nature4 ,d n jo9 
toge!r ^? :o are only alike 9 "o giv5   
condition1 ^? :o w n suit "o ano!r if t 
condition is *ang$2 b ^? :o are adapt$  
to "o ano!r 9 e situation1 9 e c\ntry1 &
 9 e rank 9 :i* !y may be plac$4 ,i d n 
say t conv5tional consid]ations are ( no
 importance 9 m>riage1 b ,i d say t !   
influ5ce ( natural relations is s mu* m 
important1 t our fate 9 life is decid$  
by !m alone1 & t !re is su* an agreem5t 
( ta/e1 temp]1 feel+1 & disposition z   
%\ld induce a wise fa!r1 ?\gh he 7 a    
pr9ce1 to m>ry 8 son1 )\t a mom5t's     

hesitation1 to ! woman s adapt$ to him1 
7 %e born 9 a bad home1 7 %e ev5 !      
hangman's daught]4 ,i ma9ta9 inde$ t e  
possible mis=tune may ov]take husb& &   
wife if !y are ?us unit$1 yet !y w enjoy
 m real happ9ess :ile !y m+le _! te>s1  
?an if !y possess$ all ! ri*es ( ! _w1  
poison$ by divid$ he>ts4  ,in/ead (     
provid+ a wife = ,emile 9 *ildhood1 ,i h
 wait$ till ,i knew :at w\ld suit him4  
,x is n = me to decide1 b = nature2 my  
task is to discov] ! *oice %e has made4 
,my bus9ess1 m9e ,i repeat1 n 8 fa!r's2 
= :5 he entru/$ 8 son to my c>e1 he gave
 up 8 place to me4 ,he gave me 8 rights2
 x is ,i :o am really ,emile's fa!r2 x  
is ,i :o h made a man ( him4 ,i w\ld h  
refus$ to educate him if ,i 7 n free to 
m>ry him accord+ to 8 own *oice1 :i* is 
m9e4 ,no?+ b ! pleasure ( be/[+ happ9ess
 on a man c repay me = ! co/ ( mak+ him 
capable ( happ9ess4  ,d n suppose1      
h[ev]1 t ,i h delay$ to f9d a wife =    
,emile till ,i s5t him 9 se>* ( h]4 ,?is
 se>* is only a pretext = acqua9t+ him )

 wom51 s t he may p]ceive ! value ( a   
suitable wife4 ,sophy 0 discov]$ long   
s9ce2 ,emile may ev5 h se5 h] already1 b
 he w n recognise h] till ! "t is come4 
,al?\gh equality ( rank is n ess5tial 9 
m>riage1 yet ?is equality along ) o!r   
k9ds ( suitability increases _! value2 x
 is n to be weigh$ aga9/ any "o ( !m1 b1
 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x turns ! scale4  ,a
 man1 unless he is a k+1 _c seek a wife 
9 any & e class2 if he himself is free f
 prejudices1 he w f9d !m 9 o!rs2 & ?is  
girl or t might p]haps suit him & yet %e
 w\ld be beyond 8 rea*4 ,a wise fa!r w  
!re=e re/rict 8 inquiries )9 ! b\nds (  
prud5ce4 ,he %\ld n wi% to m>ry 8 pupil 
into a family above 8 own1 = t is n )9 8
 p[]4 ,if he c\ld d s he ought n desire 
x2 = :at diff]5ce does rank make to a "y
 man1 at lea/ to my pupil8 ,yet1 if he  
rises he is expos$ to all sorts ( real  
evils :i* he w feel all 8 life long4 ,i 
ev5 say t he %\ld n try to adju/ !      
balance betwe5 diff]5t gifts1 su* z rank
 & money2 = ea* ( ^! adds less to !     

value ( ! o!r ?an ! am\nt d$uct$ f its  
own value 9 ! process ( adju/m5t2       
moreov]1 we c nev] agree z to a common  
d5om9ator2 & f9ally ! pref]5ce1 :i* ea* 
feels = 8 own surr\nd+s1 paves ! way =  
discord betwe5 ! two families & (t5 to  
difficulties betwe5 husb& & wife4  ,x   
makes a consid]able diff]5ce z to !     
suitability ( a m>riage :e!r a man      
m>ries above or b5ea? him4 ,! =m] case  
is q contr>y to reason1 ! latt] is m 9  
con=mity ) reason4 ,z ! family is only  
connect$ ) society ?r\gh its head1 x is 
! rank ( t head :i* decides t ( ! family
 z a :ole4 ,:5 he m>ries into a l[]     
rank1 a man does n l[] himself1 he      
raises 8 wife2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 he      
m>ries above 8 position1 he l[]s 8 wife 
& does n raise himself4 ,?us !re is 9 ! 
fir/ case good unmix$ ) evil1 9 ! o!r   
evil unmix$ ) good4 ,moreov]1 ! law (   
nature bids ! woman obey ! man4 ,if he  
takes a wife f a l[] class1 natural &   
civil law are 9 accordance & all goes   
well4 ,:5 he m>ries a woman ( high] rank

 x is j ! opposite case2 ! man mu/ *oose
 betwe5 dim9i%$ rights or imp]fect      
gratitude2 he mu/ be ungrateful or      
despis$4 ,!n ! wife1 lay+ claim to      
au?ority1 makes h]self a tyrant ov] h]  
lawful head2 & ! ma/]1 :o has become a  
slave1 is ! mo/ ridicul\s & mis]able (  
creatures4  ,su* are ! unhappy fav\rites
 :om ! sov]eigns ( ,asia hon\r & torm5t 
) _! alliance2 p tell u t if !y desire  
to sleep ) _! wife !y mu/ ent] by ! foot
 ( ! b$4  ,i expect t _m ( my read]s w  
rememb] t ,i ?9k wom5 h a natural gift =
 manag+ m51 & w accuse me ( contradict+ 
myself2 yet !y are mi/ak54 ,!re is a va/
 diff]5ce betwe5 claim+ ! "r to comm&1 &
 manag+ him :o comm&s4 ,woman's reign is
 a reign ( g5tl5ess1 tact1 & k9dness2 h]
 comm&s are c>esses1 h] ?reats are te>s4
 ,%e %\ld reign 9 ! home z a m9i/]      
reigns 9 ! /ate1 by contriv+ to be ord]$
 to d :at %e wants4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,i     
grant y1 t ! be/ manag$ homes are ^? :]e
 ! wife has mo/ p[]4 ,b :5 %e despises !
 voice ( h] head1 :5 %e desires to usurp

 8 rights & take ! comm& ^u h]self1 ?is 
inv]sion ( ! prop] ord] ( ?+s leads only
 to mis]y1 sc&al1 & di%on\r4  ,!re      
rema9s ! *oice betwe5 our equals & our  
inf]iors2 & ,i ?9k we ought also to make
 c]ta9 re/rictions ) reg>d to ! latt]2 =
 x is h>d to f9d 9 ! l[e/ /ratum (      
society a woman :o is able to make a    
good man happy2 n t ! l[] classes are m 
vici\s ?an ! high]1 b because !y h s    
little idea ( :at is good & beautiful1 &
 because ! inju/ice ( o!r classes makes 
its v vices seem "r 9 ! eyes ( ?is      
class4  ,by nature man ?9ks b seldom4   
,he le>ns to ?9k z he acquires ! o!r    
arts1 b ) ev5 great] difficulty4 ,9 bo? 
sexes alike ,i am only aw>e ( two really
 di/9ct classes1 ^? :o ?9k & ^? :o d n2 
& ?is diff]5ce is almo/ entirely "o (   
education4 ,a man :o ?9ks %\ld n ally   
himself ) a woman :o does n ?9k1 = he   
loses ! *ief delight ( social life if he
 has a wife :o _c %>e 8 ?\ghts4 ,p :o   
sp5d _! :ole life 9 work+ = a liv+ h no 
ideas beyond _! "w & _! own int]e/s1 &  

_! m9d seems to reside 9 _! arms4 ,?is  
ignorance is n necess>ily unfav\rable   
ei!r to _! hone/y or _! morals2 x is (t5
 fav\rable2 we (t5 cont5t ourselves )   
?9k+ ab\t our duties1 & 9 ! end we      
sub/itute words = ?+s4 ,consci5ce is !  
mo/ enlight5$ philosoph]2 to be an hone/
 man we ne$ n read ,cic]o's ,de         
,(ficiis1 & ! mo/ virtu\s woman 9 ! _w  
is probably %e :o kn[s lea/ ab\t virtue4
 ,b x is none ! less true t a cultivat$ 
m9d alone makes int]c\rse pleasant1 & x 
is a sad ?+ = a fa!r ( a family1 :o     
delights 9 8 home1 to be =c$ to %ut     
himself up 9 himself & to be unable to  
make himself und]/ood4  ,moreov]1 if a  
woman is q unaccu/om$ to ?9k1 h[ c %e   
br+ up h] *ildr58 ,h[ w %e "k :at is    
good = !m8 ,h[ c %e incl9e !m to virtues
 ( :i* %e is ignorant1 to m]it ( :i* %e 
has no conception8 ,%e c only flatt] or 
?reat51 %e c only make !m insol5t or    
timid2 %e w make !m p]=m+ monkeys or    
noisy little rascals2 %e w nev] make !m 
intellig5t or pleas+ *ildr54  ,!re=e x  

is n fitt+ t a man ( education %\ld     
*oose a wife :o has none1 or take h] f a
 class :]e %e _c be expect$ to h any    
education4 ,b ,i w\ld a ?\s& times r h a
 homely girl1 simply br\ght up1 ?an a   
le>n$ lady & a wit :o w\ld make a lit]>y
 circle ( my h\se & in/all h]self z its 
presid5t4 ,a female wit is a sc\rge to  
h] husb&1 h] *ildr51 h] fri5ds1 h]      
s]vants1 to ev]ybody4 ,f ! l(ty height (
 h] g5ius %e scorns e womanly duty1 & %e
 is always try+ to make a man ( h]self  
aft] ! fa%ion ( ,mlle4 de ,l',enclos4   
,outside h] home %e always makes h]self 
ridicul\s & %e is v rightly a butt =    
criticism1 z we always are :5 we try to 
escape f our own position into "o = :i* 
we are unfitt$4 ,^! highly tal5t$ wom5  
only get a hold ov] fools4 ,we c always 
tell :at arti/ or fri5d holds ! p5 or   
p5cil :5 !y are at "w2 we "k :at        
discreet man ( lett]s dictates _!       
oracles 9 private4 ,?is trick]y is      
unwor?y ( a dec5t woman4 ,if %e really  
_h tal5ts1 h] pret5ti\sness w\ld degrade

 !m4 ,h] hon\r is to be unkn[n2 h] glory
 is ! respect ( h] husb&2 h] joys !     
happ9ess ( h] family4 ,i appeal to my   
read]s to give me an hone/ answ]2 :5 y  
ent] a woman's room :at makes y ?9k m   
highly ( h]1 :at makes y address h] ) m 
respect--to see h] busy ) fem99e        
occupations1 ) h] h\sehold duties1 ) h] 
*ildr5's clo!s ab\t h]1 or to f9d h]    
writ+ v]ses at h] toilet table surr\nd$ 
) pamphlets ( e k9d & ) notes on t9t$   
pap]8 ,if !re 7 none b wise m5 ^u e>?   
su* a woman w\ld die an old maid4       
,qua]is cur nolim te duc]e1 galla8      
dis]ta es4           ,m>tial xi4 #bj4   
,looks mu/ next be consid]$2 !y are !   
fir/ ?+ t /rikes u & !y ought to be !   
la/1 /ill !y %\ld n c\nt = no?+4 ,i ?9k 
t great beauty is r to be %unn$ ?an     
s\ght aft] 9 m>riage4 ,possession soon  
exhau/s our appreciation ( beauty2 9 six
 weeks' "t we ?9k no m ab\t x1 b its    
dang]s endure z long z life itself4     
,unless a beautiful woman is an angel1  
h] husb& is ! mo/ mis]able ( m52 & ev5  

if %e 7 an angel he w\ld /ill be ! c5tre
 ( a ho/ile cr[d & %e c\ld n prev5t x4  
,if extreme ugl9ess 7 n repulsive ,i    
%\ld pref] x to extreme beauty2 = be=e v
 long ! husb& w\ld cease to notice ei!r1
 b beauty w\ld /ill h its disadvantages 
& ugl9ess its advantages4 ,b ugl9ess :i*
 is actually repulsive is ! wor/        
mis=tune2 repulsion increases r ?an     
dim9i%es1 & x turns to hatr$4 ,su* a    
union is a hell ^u e>?2 bett] dea? ?an  
su* a m>riage4  ,desire m$iocrity 9 all 
?+s1 ev5 9 beauty4 ,a pleasant          
attractive c\nt5ance1 :i* inspires k9dly
 feel+s r ?an love1 is :at we %\ld      
pref]2 ! husb& runs no risk1 & !        
advantages are common to husb& & wife2  
*>m is less p]i%able ?an beauty2 x is a 
liv+ ?+1 :i* con/antly r5ews itself1 &  
aft] ?irty ye>s ( m>ri$ life1 ! *>ms ( a
 good woman delight h] husb& ev5 z !y   
did on ! w$d+-day4  ,su* are !          
consid]ations :i* decid$ my *oice (     
,sophy4 ,br\ght up1 l ,emile1 by        
,nature1 %e is bett] suit$ to him ?an   

any o!r2 %e w be 8 true mate4 ,%e is 8  
equal 9 bir? & "*1 8 inf]ior 9 =tune4   
,%e makes no great impression at fir/   
sight1 b day by day reveals fre% *>ms4  
,h] *ief influ5ce only takes effect     
gradually1 x is only discov]$ 9 fri5dly 
int]c\rse2 & h] husb& w feel x m ?an any
 "o4 ,h] education is nei!r %[y nor     
neglect$2 %e has ta/e )\t deep /udy1    
tal5t )\t art1 judgm5t )\t le>n+4 ,h]   
m9d kn[s little1 b x is tra9$ to le>n2 x
 is well-till$ soil ready = ! s[]4 ,%e  
has read no book b ,b>eme & ,telema*us  
:i* happ5$ to fall into h] h&s2 b no    
girl :o c feel s passionately t[>ds     
,telema*us c h a he>t )\t feel+ or a m9d
 )\t disc]nm5t4 ,:at *>m+ ignorance6    
,happy is he :o is de/9$ to be h] tutor4
 ,%e w n be h] husb&'s tea*] b 8 s*ol>2 
f> f seek+ to control 8 ta/es1 %e w %>e 
!m4 ,%e w suit him f> bett] ?an a       
blue-/ock+ & he w h ! pleasure ( tea*+  
h] ev]y?+4 ,x is "t !y made acqua9tance2
 let u try to plan a meet+4  ,:5 we left
 ,p>is we 7 sorr[ful & wrapp$ 9 ?\ght4  

,?is ,babel is n our home4 ,emile ca/s a
 scornful glance t[>ds ! great city1    
say+ angrily1 ,:at a "t we h wa/$2 !    
bride ( my he>t is n !re4 ,my fri5d1 y  
knew x1 b y ?9k no?+ ( my "t1 & y pay no
 he$ to my suff]+s4 ,) /eady look & firm
 voice ,i reply1 ,emile1 d y mean :at y 
say8 ,at once he fl+s 8 arms r\nd my    
neck & clasps me to 8 brea/ )\t speak+4 
,t is 8 answ] :5 he kn[s he is 9 !      
wrong4  ,& n[ we are w&]+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry
 l true knights-errant2 yet we are n    
seek+ adv5tures :5 we leave ,p>is2 we   
are escap+ f !m2 n[ fa/ n[ sl[1 we w&]  
?r\gh ! c\ntry l knights-errants4 ,by   
foll[+ my usual practice ! ta/e = x has 
become e/abli%$2 & ,i d n suppose any ( 
my read]s are su* slaves ( cu/om z to   
picture u doz+ 9 a po/-*aise ) clos$    
w9d[s1 travell+1 yet see+ no?+1 obs]v+  
no?+1 mak+ ! "t betwe5 our />t & our    
arrival a m]e blank1 & los+ 9 ! spe$ (  
our j\rney1 ! "t we meant to save4  ,m5 
say life is %ort1 & ,i see !m do+ _! be/
 to %ort5 x4 ,z !y d n "k h[ to sp5d _! 

"t !y lam5t ! swiftness ( its flight1 & 
,i p]ceive t = !m x goes only too sl[ly4
 ,int5t m]ely on ! object ( _! pursuit1 
!y behold unwill+ly ! space betwe5 !m & 
x2 "o desires to-morr[1 ano!r looks a   
mon? ahead1 ano!r t5 ye>s beyond t4  ,no
 "o wants to live to-day1 no "o cont5ts 
himself ) ! pres5t h\r1 all compla9 t x 
passes sl[ly4 ,:5 !y compla9 t "t flies1
 !y lie2 !y w\ld gladly pur*ase ! p[] to
 ha/5 x2 !y w\ld gladly sp5d _! =tune to
 get rid ( _! :ole life2 & !re is       
probably n a s+le "o :o w\ld n h r$uc$ 8
 life to a few h\rs if he _h be5 free to
 get rid ( ^? h\rs he f\nd t$i\s1 & ^?  
:i* sep>at$ him f ! desir$ mom5t4 ,a man
 sp5ds 8 :ole life ru%+ f ,p>is to      
,v]sailles1 f ,v]sailles to ,p>is1 f t[n
 to c\ntry1 f c\ntry to t[n1 f "o       
di/rict ( ! t[n to ano!r2 b he w\ld n "k
 :at to d ) 8 "t if he _h n discov]$ ?is
 way ( wa/+ x1 by leav+ 8 bus9ess on    
purpose to f9d some?+ to d 9 com+ back  
to x2 he ?9ks he is sav+ ! "t he sp5ds1 
:i* w\ld o!rwise be unoccupi$2 or maybe 

he ru%es = ! sake ( ru%+1 & travels po/ 
9 ord] to return 9 ! same fa%ion4 ,:5 w 
mank9d cease to sl&] nature8 ,:y d y    
compla9 t life is %ort :5 x is nev] %ort
 en\gh = y8 ,if !re 7 b "o ( y1 able to 
mod]ate 8 desires1 s t he did n desire !
 flight ( "t1 he w\ld nev] f9d life too 
%ort2 = him life & ! joy ( life w\ld be 
"o & ! same2 %\ld he die "y1 he w\ld    
/ill die full ( days4  ,if ?is 7 ! only 
advantage ( my way ( travell+ x w\ld be 
en\gh4 ,i h br\ght ,emile up nei!r to   
desire nor to wait1 b to enjoy2 & :5 8  
desires are b5t ^u ! future1 _! ard\r is
 n s great z to make "t seem t$i\s4 ,he 
w n only enjoy ! delights ( long+1 b !  
delights ( approa*+ ! object ( 8        
desires2 & 8 passions are "u su* re/ra9t
 t he lives to a great ext5t 9 ! pres5t4
  ,s we d n travel l c\ri]s b l         
explor]s4 ,we d n m]ely consid] ! beg9n+
 & ! end1 b ! space betwe54 ,! j\rney   
itself is a delight4 ,we d n travel     
sitt+1 dismally imprison$1 s to speak1 9
 a tightly clos$ cage4 ,we d n travel ) 

! ease & com=t ( ladies4 ,we d n deprive
 ourselves ( ! fre% air1 nor ! sight ( !
 ?+s ab\t u1 nor ! opportunity ( exam9+ 
!m at our pleasure4 ,emile w nev] ent] a
 po/-*aise1 nor w he ride po/ unless 9 a
 great hurry4 ,b :at cause has ,emile = 
ha/e8 ,none b ! joy ( life4 ,%all ,i add
 to ?is ! desire to d good :5 he c8 ,no1
 = t is itself "o ( ! joys ( life4  ,i c
 only ?9k ( "o way ( travell+ pleasant] 
?an travell+ on horseback1 & t is to    
travel on foot4 ,y />t at y\r own "t1 y 
/op :5 y w1 y d z mu* or z little z y   
*oose4 ,y see ! c\ntry1 y turn (f to !  
"r or left2 y exam9e any?+ :i* int]e/s  
y1 y /op to admire e view4  ,d ,i see a 
/ream1 ,i w&] by its banks2 a leafy     
wood1 ,i seek its %ade2 a cave1 ,i ent] 
x2 a qu>ry1 ,i /udy its geology4 ,if ,i 
l a place1 ,i /op !re4 ,z soon z ,i am  
we>y ( x1 ,i g on4 ,i am indep5d5t (    
horses & po/illions2 ,i ne$ n /ick to   
regul> r\tes or good roads2 ,i g any:]e 
:]e a man c g2 ,i see all t a man c see2
 & z ,i am q indep5d5t ( ev]ybody1 ,i   

enjoy all ! fre$om man c enjoy4 ,if ,i  
am /opp$ by bad wea!r & ,i f9d myself   
gett+ bor$1 !n ,i take horses4 ,if ,i am
 tir$--b ,emile is h>dly ev] tir$2 he is
 /rong2 :y %\ld he get tir$8 ,!re is no 
hurry8 ,if he /ops1 :y %\ld he be bor$8 
,he always f9ds "s amusem5t4 ,he works  
at a trade2 he uses 8 arms to re/ 8     
feet4  ,to travel on foot is to travel 9
 ! fa%ion ( ,?ales1 ,plato1 &           
,py?agoras4 ,i f9d x h>d to und]/& h[ a 
philosoph] c br+ himself to travel 9 any
 o!r way2 h[ he c te> himself f ! /udy (
 ! weal? :i* lies be=e 8 eyes & b5ea? 8 
feet4  ,is !re any "o ) an int]e/ 9     
agriculture1 :o does n want to "k !     
special products ( ! di/rict ?r\gh :i*  
he is pass+1 & _! me?od ( cultivation8  
,is !re any "o ) a ta/e = natural       
hi/ory1 :o c pass a piece ( gr\nd )\t   
exam9+ x1 a rock )\t break+ (f a piece (
 x1 hills )\t look+ = plants1 & /ones   
)\t seek+ = fossils8  ,y\r t[n-br$      
sci5ti/s /udy natural hi/ory 9 cab9ets2 
!y h small specim5s2 !y "k _! names b   

no?+ ( _! nature4 ,emile's museum is    
ri*] ?an t ( k+s2 x is ! :ole _w4       
,ev]y?+ is 9 its "r place2 ! ,naturali/ 
:o is its curator has tak5 c>e to       
arrange x 9 ! faire/ ord]2 ,daub]ton    
c\ld d no bett]4  ,:at v>i$ pleasures we
 enjoy 9 ?is delightful way ( travell+1 
n to speak ( increas+ heal? & a *e]ful  
_s4 ,i notice t ^? :o ride 9 nice1      
well-padd$ c>riages are always wrapp$ 9 
?\ght1 gloomy1 fault-f9d+1 or sick2 :ile
 ^? :o g on foot are always m]ry1       
light-he>t$1 & delight$ ) ev]y?+4 ,h[   
*e]ful we are :5 we get ne> our lodg+ = 
! night6 ,h[ sav\ry is ! co>se food6 ,h[
 we l+] at table enjoy+ our re/6 ,h[    
s\ndly we sleep on a h>d b$6 ,if y only 
want to get to a place y may ride 9 a   
po/-*aise2 if y want to travel y mu/ g  
on foot4  ,if ,sophy is n =gott5 be=e we
 h gone fifty leagues 9 ! way ,i        
propose1 ei!r ,i am a bungl] or ,emile  
lacks curiosity2 = ) an elem5t>y k ( s  
_m ?+s1 x is h>dly to be suppos$ t he w 
n be tempt$ to ext5d 8 k4 ,x is k t     

makes u curi\s2 & ,emile kn[s j en\gh to
 want to "k m4  ,"o ?+ leads on to      
ano!r1 & we make our way =w>d4 ,if ,i   
*ose a di/ant object = ! end ( our fir/ 
j\rney1 x is n difficult to f9d an      
excuse = x2 :5 we leave ,p>is we mu/    
seek a wife at a di/ance4  ,a few days  
lat] we _h w&]$ fur!r ?an usual among   
hills & valleys :]e no road 0 to be se5 
& we lo/ our way completely4 ,no matt]1 
all roads are alike if !y br+ y to y\r  
j\rney's end1 b if y are hungry !y mu/  
lead some:]e4 ,luckily we came across a 
peasant :o took up to 8 cottage2 we     
enjoy$ 8 poor d9n] ) a he>ty appetite4  
,:5 he saw h[ hungry & tir$ we 7 he     
said1 ,if ! ,"l _h l$ y to ! o!r side ( 
! hill y w\ld h _h a bett] welcome1 y   
w\ld h f\nd a good re/+ place1 su* good1
 k9dly p6 ,!y c\ld n wi% to d m = y ?an 
,i1 b !y are ri*]1 ?\gh folks say !y us$
 to be mu* bett] (f4 ,/ill !y are n     
r$uc$ to pov]ty1 & ! :ole c\ntry-side is
 ! bett] = :at !y h4  ,:5 ,emile he>d ( 
^! good p 8 he>t w>m$ to !m4 ,my fri5d1 

said he1 look+ at me1 let u visit ?is   
h\se1 ^: own]s are a bless+ to !        
di/rict2 ,i %all be v glad to see !m2   
p]haps !y w be pleas$ to see u too2 ,i  
am sure we %all be welcome2 we %all j   
suit ea* o!r4  ,our ho/ told u h[ to f9d
 our way to ! h\se & we set (f1 b lo/   
our way 9 ! woods4 ,we 7 caught 9 a     
heavy ra9/orm1 :i* delay$ u fur!r4 ,at  
la/ we f\nd ! "r pa? & 9 ! ev5+ we rea*$
 ! h\se1 :i* _h be5 describ$ to u4 ,x 0 
! only h\se among ! cottages ( ! little 
hamlet1 & ?\gh pla9 x _h an air (       
dignity4 ,we w5t up to ! door & ask$ =  
hospitality4 ,we 7 tak5 to ! own] ( !   
h\se1 :o que/ion$ u c\rte\sly2 )\t tell+
 him ! object ( our j\rney1 we told him 
:y we _h left our pa?4 ,8 =m] weal?     
enabl$ him to judge a man's position by 
8 mann]s2 ^? :o h liv$ 9 society are    
r>ely mi/ak52 ) ?is passport we 7       
admitt$4  ,! room we 7 %[n into 0 v     
small1 b clean & com=table2 a fire 0    
light$1 & we f\nd l951 clo!s1 & ev]y?+  
we ne$$4 ,:y1 said ,emile1 9 a/oni%m5t1 

"o w\ld ?9k !y 7 expect+ u4 ,! peasant 0
 q "r2 h[ k9d & att5tive1 h[ consid]ate1
 & = /rang]s too6 ,i %all ?9k ,i am liv+
 9 ! times ( ,hom]4 ,i am glad y feel   
?is1 said ,i1 b y ne$ n be surpris$2 :]e
 /rang]s are sc>ce1 !y are welcome2 no?+
 makes p m hospitable ?an ! fact t calls
 ^u _! hospitality are r>e2 :5 gue/s are
 frequ5t !re is an end to hospitality4  
,9 ,hom]'s "t1 p r>ely travell$1 &      
travell]s 7 ev]y:]e welcome4 ,v likely  
we are ! only p :o h pass$ ?is way ?is  
ye>4 ,nev] m9d1 said he1 to "k h[ to d  
)\t gue/s & yet to give !m a k9d        
welcome1 is its own praise4  ,hav+ dri$ 
ourselves & *ang$ our clo!s1 we rejo9$ !
 ma/] ( ! h\se1 :o introduc$ u to 8     
wife2 %e receiv$ u n m]ely ) c\rtesy b )
 k9dness4 ,h] glance re/$ on ,emile4 ,a 
"m1 9 h] position1 r>ely receives a "y  
man into h] h\se )\t "s anxiety or "s   
curiosity at lea/4  ,supp] 0 hurri$ =w>d
 on our acc\nt4 ,:5 we w5t into !       
d9+-room !re 7 five places laid2 we took
 our seats & ! fif? *air rema9$ empty4  

,pres5tly a "y girl ent]$1 made a deep  
c\rtesy1 & mode/ly took h] place )\t a  
^w4 ,emile 0 busy ) 8 supp] or consid]+ 
h[ to reply to :at 0 said to him2 he b[$
 to h] & cont9u$ talk+ & eat+4 ,! ma9   
object ( 8 j\rney 0 z f> f 8 ?\ghts z he
 believ$ himself to be f ! end ( 8      
j\rney4 ,! conv]sation turn$ ^u our los+
 our way4 ,sir1 said ! ma/] ( ! h\se to 
,emile1 y seem to be a pleasant         
well-behav$ "y g5tleman1 & t rem9ds me t
 y\r tutor & y arriv$ wet & we>y l      
,telema*us & ,m5tor 9 ! isl& ( ,calypso4
 ,inde$1 said ,emile1 we h f\nd !       
hospitality ( ,calypso4 ,8 ,m5tor add$1 
,& ! *>ms ( ,eu*>is4 ,b ,emile knew !   
,odyssey & he _h n read ,telema*us1 s he
 knew no?+ ( ,eu*>is4 ,z = ! "y girl1 ,i
 saw %e blu%$ up to h] eyebr[s1 fix$ h] 
eyes on h] plate1 & h>dly d>$ to brea!4 
,h] "m1 notic+ h] confusion1 made a sign
 to h] fa!r to turn ! conv]sation4 ,:5  
he talk$ ( 8 lonely life1 he            
unconsci\sly began to relate !          
circum/ances :i* br\ght him into x2 8   

mis=tunes1 8 wife's fidelity1 !         
consolations !y f\nd 9 _! m>riage1 _!   
quiet1 peaceful life 9 _! retirem5t1 &  
all ?is )\t a ^w ( ! "y girl2 x is a    
pleas+ & a t\*+ /ory1 :i* _c fail to    
int]e/4 ,emile1 int]e/$ & sympa!tic1    
leaves (f eat+ & li/5s4 ,:5 f9ally ?is  
be/ ( m5 disc\rses ) delight ( !        
affection ( ! be/ ( wom51 ! "y travell]1
 c>ri$ away by 8 feel+s1 /ret*es "o h&  
to ! husb&1 & tak+ ! wife's h& ) ! o!r1 
he kisses x raptur\sly & ba!s x ) 8     
te>s4 ,ev]ybody is *>m$ ) ! simple      
en?usiasm ( ! "y man2 b ! daught]1 m    
deeply t\*$ ?an ! re/ by ?is evid5ce ( 8
 k9dly he>t1 is rem9d$ ( ,telema*us     
weep+ = ! woes ( ,philoctetus4 ,%e looks
 at him %yly1 ! bett] to /udy 8         
c\nt5ance2 !re is no?+ 9 x to give ! lie
 to h] comp>ison4  ,8 easy be>+ %[s     
fre$om )\t pride2 8 mann]s are lively b 
n boi/]\s2 sympa?y makes 8 glance s(t] &
 8 expression m pleas+2 ! "y girl1 see+ 
him weep1 is ready to m+le h] te>s ) 84 
,) s good an excuse = te>s1 %e is       

re/ra9$ by a secret %ame2 %e blames     
h]self already = ! te>s :i* tremble on  
h] eyelids1 z ?\gh x 7 wrong to weep =  
"o's family4  ,h] "m1 :o has be5 wat*+  
h] ev] s9ce %e sat d[n to supp]1 sees h]
 di/ress1 & to relieve x %e s5ds h] on  
"s err&4 ,! daught] returns directly1 b 
s little recov]$ t h] di/ress is app>5t 
to all4 ,h] "m says g5tly1 ,sophy1      
control y\rself2 w y nev] cease to weep 
= ! mis=tunes ( y\r p>5ts8 ,:y %\ld y1  
:o are _! *ief com=t1 be m s5sitive ?an 
!y are !mselves8  ,at ! "n ( ,sophy y   
w\ld h se5 ,emile give a />t4 ,8        
att5tion is arre/$ by ?is de> "n1 & he  
awakes all at once & looks eag]ly at "o 
:o d>es to be> x4 ,sophy6 ,are y !      
,sophy :om my he>t is seek+8 ,is x y t  
,i love8 ,he looks at h]2 he wat*es h] )
 a sort ( fe> & self-di/ru/4 ,! face is 
n q :at he pictur$2 he _c tell :e!r he  
likes x m or less4 ,he /udies e feature1
 he wat*es e movem5t1 e ge/ure2 he has a
 hundr$ fleet+ int]pretations = !m all2 
he w\ld give half 8 life if %e w\ld b   

speak4 ,he looks at me anxi\sly &       
uneasily2 8 eyes are full ( que/ions &  
reproa*es4 ,8 e glance seems to say1    
,guide me :ile !re is yet "t2 if my he>t
 yields itself & is deceiv$1 ,i %all    
nev] get ov] x4  ,!re is no "o 9 ! _w   
less able to conceal 8 feel+s ?an       
,emile4 ,h[ %\ld he conceal !m1 9 ! mid/
 ( ! greate/ di/urbance he has ev]      
exp]i5c$1 & "u ! eyes ( f\r spectators  
:o are all wat*+ him1 :ile %e :o seems  
to he$ him lea/ is really mo/ occupi$ ) 
him4 ,8 uneas9ess does n escape ! ke5   
eyes ( ,sophy2 8 own eyes tell h] t %e  
is its cause2 %e sees t ?is uneas9ess is
 n yet love2 :at matt]8  ,he is ?9k+ (  
h]1 & t is en\gh2 %e w be v unlucky if  
he ?9ks ( h] ) impunity4  ,mo!rs1 l     
daught]s1 h eyes2 & !y h exp]i5ce too4  
,sophy's "m smiles at ! success ( our   
s*emes4 ,%e reads ! he>ts ( ! "y p2 %e  
sees t ! "t has come to secure ! he>t ( 
?is new ,telema*us2 %e makes h] daught] 
speak4 ,h] daught]1 ) h] native         
sweetness1 replies 9 a timid tone :i*   

makes all ! m impression4 ,at ! fir/    
s\nd ( h] voice1 ,emile surr5d]s2 x is  
,sophy h]self2 !re c be no d\bt ab\t x4 
,if x 7 n s1 x w\ld be too late to d5y  
x4  ,! *>ms ( ?is maid5 en*antress ru% l
 torr5ts ?r\gh 8 he>t1 & he beg9s to    
dra9 ! draughts ( poison ) :i* he is    
intoxicat$4 ,he says no?+2 que/ions pass
 unhe$$2 he sees only ,sophy1 he he>s   
only ,sophy2 if %e says a ^w1 he op5s 8 
m\?2 if h] eyes are ca/ d[n1 s are 82 if
 he sees h] sigh1 he sighs too2 x is    
,sophy's he>t :i* seems to speak 9 84   
,:at a *ange h ^! few mom5ts wr\ght 9 h]
 he>t6 ,x is no long] h] turn to        
tremble1 x is ,emile's4 ,f>ewell lib]ty1
 simplicity1 frankness4 ,confus$1       
emb>rass$1 fe>ful1 he d>e n look ab\t   
him = fe> he %\ld see t we are wat*+    
him4 ,a%am$ t we %\ld read 8 secret1 he 
w\ld fa9 become invisible to e "o1 t he 
might fe$ 9 secret on ! sight ( ,sophy4 
,sophy1 on ! o!r h&1 rega9s h] confid5ce
 at ! sight ( ,emile's fe>2 %e sees h]  
triumph & rejoices 9 x4       ,no'l     

mo/ra gia1 b5 *e 9 suo cor ne rida4     
,tasso1 ,j]us4 ,del41 c4 iv4 v4 #cc4    
,h] expression rema9s un*ang$2 b 9 spite
 ( h] mode/ look & d[nca/ eyes1 h] t5d] 
he>t is ?robb+ ) joy1 & x tells h] t %e 
has f\nd ,telema*us4  ,if ,i relate !   
pla9 & simple tale ( _! innoc5t         
affections y w accuse me ( frivolity1 b 
y w be mi/ak54  ,suffici5t att5tion is n
 giv5 to ! effect :i* ! fir/ connection 
betwe5 man & woman is b\nd to produce on
 ! future life ( bo?4 ,p d n see t a    
fir/ impression s vivid z t ( love1 or !
 lik+ :i* takes ! place ( love1 produces
 la/+ effects ^: influ5ce cont9ues till 
dea?4 ,works on education are cramm$ )  
wordy & unnecess>y acc\nts ( ! imag9>y  
duties ( *ildr52 b !re is n a ^w ab\t ! 
mo/ important & mo/ difficult "p ( _!   
education1 ! crisis :i* =ms ! bridge    
betwe5 ! *ild & ! man4 ,if any "p ( ?is 
"w is really useful1 x w be because ,i h
 dwelt at great l5g? on ?is matt]1 s    
ess5tial 9 itself & s neglect$ by o!r   
au?ors1 & because ,i h n all[$ myself to

 be disc\rag$ ei!r by false delicacy or 
by ! difficulties ( expression4 ,! /ory 
( human nature is a fair romance4 ,am ,i
 to blame if x is n f\nd else:]e8 ,i am 
try+ to write ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,if my 
book is a romance1 ! fault lies ) ^? :o 
deprave mank9d4  ,?is is support$ by    
ano!r reason2 we are n deal+ ) a y\?    
giv5 ov] f *ildhood to fe>1 gre$1 envy1 
pride1 & all ^? passions :i* are !      
common tools ( ! s*oolma/]2 we h to d ) 
a y\? :o is n only 9 love = ! fir/ "t1 b
 ) "o :o is also exp]i5c+ 8 fir/ passion
 ( any k9d2 v likely x w be ! only /rong
 passion he w ev] "k1 & ^u x dep5ds !   
f9al =mation ( 8 "*4 ,8 mode ( ?\ght1 8 
feel+s1 8 ta/es1 det]m9$ by a la/+      
passion1 are ab\t to become s fix$ t !y 
w be incapable ( fur!r *ange4  ,y w     
easily und]/& t ,emile & ,i d n sp5d !  
:ole ( ! night :i* foll[s aft] su* an   
ev5+ 9 sleep4 ,:y6 ,d y mean to tell me 
t a wise man %\ld be s mu* affect$ by a 
m]e co9cid5ce ( "n6 ,is !re only "o     
,sophy 9 ! _w8 ,are !y all alike 9 he>t 

& 9 "n8 ,is e ,sophy he meets 8 ,sophy8 
,is he mad to fall 9 love ) a p]son (   
:om he kn[s s little1 ) :om he has      
sc>cely ex*ang$ a c\ple ( words8 ,wait1 
"y man2 exam9e1 obs]ve4 ,y d n ev5 "k :o
 our ho/s may be1 & to he> y talk "o    
w\ld ?9k ! h\se 0 y\r own4  ,?is is no  
"t = tea*+1 & :at ,i say w receive scant
 att5tion4 ,x only s]ves to /imulate    
,emile to fur!r int]e/ 9 ,sophy1 ?r\gh 8
 desire to f9d reasons = 8 fancy4 ,!    
unexpect$ co9cid5ce 9 ! "n1 ! meet+ :i*1
 s f> z he kn[s1 0 q accid5tal1 my v    
caution itself1 only s]ve z fuel to !   
fire4 ,he is s conv9c$ already (        
,sophy's excell5ce1 t he feels sure he c
 make me fond ( h]4  ,next morn+ ,i h no
 d\bt ,emile w make himself z sm>t z 8  
old travell+ suit p]mits4 ,i am n       
mi/ak52 b ,i am amus$ to see h[ eag] he 
is to we> ! clean l95 put out = u4 ,i "k
 8 ?\ghts1 & ,i am delight$ to see t he 
is try+ to e/abli% a means ( int]c\rse1 
?r\gh ! return & ex*ange ( ! l952 s t he
 may h a "r to return x & s pay ano!r   

visit to ! h\se4  ,i expect$ to f9d     
,sophy r m c>efully dress$ too2 b ,i 0  
mi/ak54 ,su* common coquetry is all v   
well = ^? :o m]ely desire to please4 ,! 
coquetry ( true love is a m delicate    
matt]2 x has q ano!r end 9 view4 ,sophy 
is dress$1 if possible1 m simply ?an la/
 night1 ?\gh z usual h] frock is        
exquisitely clean4 ,! only sign (       
coquetry is h] self-consci\sness4 ,%e   
kn[s t an elaborate toilet is a sign (  
love1 b %e does n "k t a c>eless toilet 
is ano!r ( its signs2 x %[s a desire to 
be l n m]ely = "o's clo!s b = oneself4  
,:at does a lov] c>e = h] clo!s if he   
kn[s %e is ?9k+ ( him8 ,sophy is already
 sure ( h] p[] ov] ,emile1 & %e is n    
cont5t to delight 8 eyes if 8 he>t is n 
h]s also2 he mu/ n only p]ceive h] *>ms1
 he mu/ div9e !m2 has he n se5 en\gh to 
guess ! re/8  ,we may take x = grant$ t 
:ile ,emile & ,i 7 talk+ la/ night1     
,sophy & h] "m 7 n sil5t2 a confession 0
 made & in/ructions giv54 ,! morn+'s    
meet+ is n unprep>$4 ,twelve h\rs ago   

our "y p _h nev] met2 !y h nev] said a  
^w to ea* o!r2 b x is cle> t !re is     
already an und]/&+ betwe5 !m4 ,_! greet+
 is =mal1 confus$1 timid2 !y say no?+1  
_! d[nca/ eyes seem to avoid ea* o!r1 b 
t is 9 itself a sign t !y und]/&1 !y    
avoid ea* o!r ) "o cons5t2 !y already   
feel ! ne$ ( concealm5t1 ?\gh n a ^w has
 be5 utt]$4 ,:5 we dep>t we ask leave to
 come aga9 to return ! borr[$ clo!s 9   
p]son1 ,emile's words are address$ to ! 
fa!r & "m1 b 8 eyes seek ,sophy's1 & 8  
looks are m eloqu5t ?an 8 words4 ,sophy 
says no?+ by ^w or ge/ure2 %e seems deaf
 & bl9d1 b %e blu%es1 & t blu% is an    
answ] ev5 pla9] ?an t ( h] p>5ts4  ,we  
receive p]mission to come aga91 ?\gh we 
are n invit$ to /ay4 ,?is is only fitt+2
 y (f] %elt] to b5ight$ travell]s1 b a  
lov] does n sleep 9 ! h\se ( 8 mi/ress4 
,we h h>dly left ! belov$ abode be=e    
,emile is ?9k+ ( tak+ rooms 9 !         
neighb\rhood2 ! ne>e/ cottage seems too 
f>2 he w\ld l to sleep 9 ! next dit*4 ,y
 "y fool6 ,i said 9 a tone ( pity1 are y

 already bl9d$ by passion8 ,h y no reg>d
 = mann]s or = reason8 ,wret*$ y\?1 y   
call y\rself a lov] & y w\ld br+        
disgrace ^u h] y love6 ,:at w\ld p say (
 h] if !y knew t a "y man :o has be5    
/ay+ at h] h\se 0 sleep+ close by8 ,y   
say y love h]6 ,w\ld y ru9 h]           
reputation8 ,is t ! price y (f] = h]    
p>5ts' hospitality8 ,w\ld y br+ disgrace
 on h] :o w "o day make y ! happie/ (   
m58 ,:y %\ld we tr\ble ourselves ab\t ! 
empty words & unju/ suspicions ( o!r p8 
said he eag]ly4 ,h y n taught me y\rself
 to make light ( !m8 ,:o kn[s bett] ?an 
,i h[ greatly ,i hon\r ,sophy1 :at      
respect ,i desire to %[ h]8 ,my atta*m5t
 w n cause h] %ame1 x w be h] glory1 x  
%all be wor?y ( h]4 ,if my he>t & my    
actions cont9ually give h] ! homage %e  
des]ves1 :at h>m c ,i d h]8 ,de> ,emile1
 ,i said1 z ,i clasp$ him to my he>t1 y 
are ?9k+ ( y\rself alone2 le>n to ?9k = 
h] too4 ,d n comp>e ! hon\r ( "o sex ) t
 ( ! o!r1 !y re/ on diff]5t f\ndations4 
,^! f\ndations are equally firm & "r1   

because !y are bo? laid by nature1 & t  
same virtue :i* makes y scorn :at m5 say
 ab\t y\rself1 b9ds y to respect :at !y 
say ( h] y love4 ,y\r hon\r is 9 y\r own
 keep+1 h] hon\r dep5ds on o!rs4 ,to    
neglect x is to w\nd y\r own hon\r1 & y 
fail 9 :at is due to y\rself if y d n   
give h] ! respect %e des]ves4  ,!n :ile 
,i expla9 ! reasons = ?is diff]5ce1 ,i  
make him realise h[ wrong x w\ld be to  
pay no att5tion to x4 ,:o c say if he w 
really be ,sophy's husb&8 ,he does n "k 
h[ %e feels t[>ds him2 h] own he>t or h]
 p>5ts' w may already h =m$ o!r         
engagem5ts2 he kn[s no?+ ( h]1 p]haps   
!re are none ( ^? gr\nds ( suitability  
:i* make a happy m>riage4 ,is he n aw>e 
t ! lea/ brea? ( sc&al ) reg>d to a "y  
girl is an indelible /a91 :i* n ev5     
m>riage ) him :o has caus$ ! sc&al c    
efface8 ,:at man ( feel+ w\ld ru9 !     
woman he loves8 ,:at man ( hon\r w\ld   
desire t a mis]able woman %\ld = ev]    
lam5t ! mis=tune ( hav+ f\nd fav\r 9 8  
eyes8  ,always prone to extremes1 ! y\? 

takes al>m at ! consequ5ces :i* ,i h    
compell$ him to consid]1 & n[ he ?9ks t 
he _c be too f> f ,sophy's home2 he     
ha/5s 8 /eps to get fur!r f x2 he       
glances r\nd to make sure t no "o is    
li/5+2 he w\ld sacrifice 8 own happ9ess 
a ?\s& times to ! hon\r ( h] :om he     
loves2 he w\ld r nev] see h] aga9 ?an   
cause h] ! lea/ unpleasantness4 ,?is is 
! fir/ result ( ! pa9s ,i h tak5 ev]    
s9ce he 0 a *ild to make him capable (  
affection4  ,we mu/ !re=e seek a lodg+  
at a di/ance1 b n too f>4 ,we look ab\t 
u1 we make inquiries2 we f9d t !re is a 
t[n at lea/ two leagues away4 ,we try & 
f9d lodg+s 9 ?is t[n1 r ?an 9 ! ne>]    
villages1 :]e our pres5ce might give    
rise to suspicion4 ,x is !re t ! new    
lov] takes up 8 abode1 full ( love1     
hope1 joy1 above all full ( "r feel+4 ,9
 ?is way1 ,i guide 8 ris+ passion t[>ds 
all t is hon\rable & good1 s t 8        
incl9ations unconsci\sly foll[ ! same   
b5t4  ,my c\rse is draw+ to a close2 !  
end is 9 view4 ,all ! *ief difficulties 

are vanqui%$1 ! *ief ob/acles ov]come2 !
 h>de/ ?+ left to d is to refra9 f      
spoil+ my "w by undue ha/e to complete  
x4 ,amid ! unc]ta9ty ( human life1 let u
 %un t false prud5ce :i* seeks to       
sacrifice ! pres5t to ! future2 :at is1 
is too (t5 sacrific$ to :at w nev] be4  
,let u make man happy at e age le/ 9    
spite ( our c>e he %\ld die )\t kn[+ !  
mean+ ( happ9ess4 ,n[ if !re is a "t to 
enjoy life1 x is und\bt$ly ! close (    
adolesc5ce1 :5 ! p[]s ( m9d & body h    
rea*$ _! greate/ /r5g?1 & :5 man 9 !    
mid/ ( 8 c\rse is fur!/ f ^? two        
extremes :i* tell him ,life is %ort4 ,if
 ! imprud5ce ( y\? deceives itself x is 
n 9 its desire = enjoym5t1 b because x  
seeks enjoym5t :]e x is n to be f\nd1 & 
lays up mis]y = ! future1 :ile unable to
 enjoy ! pres5t4  ,consid] my ,emile ov]
 tw5ty ye>s ( age1 well =m$1 well       
develop$ 9 m9d & body1 /rong1 heal?y1   
active1 skilful1 robu/1 full ( s5se1    
reason1 k9dness1 humanity1 possess$ (   
good morals & good ta/e1 lov+ :at is    

beautiful1 do+ :at is good1 free f !    
sway ( fi]ce passions1 releas$ f !      
tyranny ( popul> prejudices1 b subject  
to ! law ( wisdom1 & easily guid$ by !  
voice ( a fri5d2 gift$ ) s _m useful &  
pleasant accompli%m5ts1 c>+ little =    
weal?1 able to e>n a liv+ ) 8 own h&s1 &
 n afraid ( want1 :atev] may come4      
,behold him 9 ! intoxication ( a gr[+   
passion2 8 he>t op5s to ! fir/ beams (  
love2 its pleasant fancies reveal to him
 a :ole _w ( new delights & enjoym5ts2  
he loves a sweet woman1 ^: "* is ev5 m  
delightful ?an h] p]son2 he hopes1 he   
expects ! rew>d :i* he des]ves4  ,_!    
fir/ atta*m5t took its rise 9 mutual    
affection1 9 community ( hon\rable      
feel+s2 !re=e ?is affection is la/+4 ,x 
ab&ons itself1 ) confid5ce1 ) reason1 to
 ! mo/ delightful madness1 )\t fe>1     
regret1 remorse1 or any o!r di/urb+     
?\ght1 b t :i* is insep>able f all      
happ9ess4 ,:at lacks !re yet8 ,behold1  
inquire1 imag9e :at /ill is lack+1 t c  
be comb9$ ) pres5t joys4 ,e happ9ess :i*

 c exi/ 9 comb9ation is already pres5t2 
no?+ c\ld be add$ )\t tak+ away f :at   
!re is2 he is z happy z man c be4 ,%all 
,i *oose ?is "t to cut %ort s sweet a   
p]iod8  ,%all ,i di/urb su* pure        
enjoym5t8 ,! happ9ess he enjoys is my   
life's rew>d4 ,:at c\ld ,i give t c\ld  
outweigh :at ,i %\ld take away8 ,ev5 if 
,i set ! cr[n to 8 happ9ess ,i %\ld     
de/roy its greate/ *>m4 ,t supreme joy  
is a hundr$fold great] 9 anticipation   
?an 9 possession2 its sav\r is great]   
:ile we wait = x ?an :5 x is ours4 ,o   
wor?y ,emile6 love & be lov$6 prolong   
y\r enjoym5t be=e x is y\rs2 rejoice 9  
y\r love & 9 y\r innoc5ce1 f9d y\r      
p>adise ^u e>?1 :ile y await y\r heav54 
,i %all n cut %ort ?is happy p]iod (    
life4 ,i w draw out its en*antm5ts1 ,i w
 prolong !m z f> z possible4 ,alas6 x   
mu/ come to an end & t soon2 b x %all at
 lea/ l+] 9 y\r memory1 & y w nev] rep5t
 ( its joys4  ,emile has n =gott5 t we h
 some?+ to return4 ,z soon z ! ?+s are  
ready1 we take horse & set (f at a great

 pace1 = on ?is occasion he is anxi\s to
 get !re4 ,:5 ! he>t op5s ! door to     
passion1 x becomes consci\s ( ! sl[     
flight ( "t4 ,if my "t has n be5 wa/$ he
 w n sp5d 8 life l ?is4  ,unluckily !   
road is intricate & ! c\ntry difficult4 
,we lose our way2 he is ! fir/ to notice
 x1 & )\t los+ 8 temp]1 & )\t grumbl+1  
he devotes 8 :ole att5tion to discov]+ !
 pa?2 he w&]s = a long "t be=e he kn[s  
:]e he is & always ) ! same             
self-control4 ,y ?9k no?+ ( t2 b ,i ?9k 
x a matt] ( great importance1 = ,i "k h[
 eag] he is2 ,i see ! results ( ! c>e ,i
 h tak5 f 8 infancy to h>d5 him to      
endure ! bl[s ( necessity4  ,we are !re 
at la/6 ,our reception is mu* simpl] & m
 fri5dly ?an on ! previ\s occasion2 we  
are already old acqua9tances4 ,emile &  
,sophy b[ %yly & say no?+2 :at c !y say 
9 our pres5ce8 ,:at !y wi% to say       
requires no spectators4 ,we walk 9 !    
g>d52 a well-kept kit*5-g>d5 takes !    
place ( fl[]-b$s1 ! p>k is an or*>d full
 ( f9e tall fruit trees ( e k9d1 divid$ 

by pretty /reams & bord]s full ( fl[]s4 
,:at a lovely place6 exclaims ,emile1   
/ill ?9k+ ( 8 ,hom]1 & /ill full (      
en?usiasm1 ,i c\ld fancy myself 9 ! g>d5
 ( ,alc9\s4 ,! daught] wi%es %e knew :o 
,alc9\s 02 h] "m asks4 ,alc9\s1 ,i tell 
!m1 0 a k+ ( ,coreyra4 ,hom] describes 8
 g>d5 & ! critics ?9k x too simple &    
unadorn$4 ,footnote3 ',:5 y leave !     
palace y ent] a va/ g>d51 f\r acres 9   
ext5t1 wall$ 9 on e side1 plant$ ) tall 
trees 9 blossom1 & yield+ pe>s1         
pomegranates1 & o!r goodly fruits1      
fig-trees ) _! lusci\s burd5 & gre5     
olives4 ,all ! ye> r\nd ^! fair trees   
are heavy ) fruit2 summ] & w9t] ! s(t   
brea? ( ! we/ w9d sways ! trees & rip5s 
! fruit4 ,pe>s & apples )] on ! bran*es1
 ! fig on ! fig-tree1 & ! clu/]s (      
grapes on ! v9e4 ,! inexhau/ible /ock   
be>s fre% grapes1 "s are bak$1 "s are   
spread out on ! ?re%+ floor to dry1 o!rs
 are made into w9e1 :ile fl[]s1 s\r     
grapes1 & ^? :i* are beg9n+ to )] are   
left ^u ! tree4 ,at ei!r end is a squ>e 

g>d5 fill$ ) fl[]s :i* bloom ?r\gh\t !  
ye>1 ^! g>d5s are adorn$ by two f\nta9s1
 "o ( ^! /reams wat]s ! g>d51 ! o!r     
passes ?r\gh ! palace & is !n tak5 to a 
l(ty t[] 9 ! t[n to provide dr9k+ wat] =
 its citiz5s4' ,su* is ! description ( !
 royal g>d5 ( ,alc9\s 9 ! #g? book ( !  
,odyssey1 a g>d5 9 :i*1 to ! la/+       
disgrace ( t old dream] ,hom] & ! pr9ces
 ( 8 day1 !re 7 nei!r trellises1 /atues1
 cascades1 nor b[l+-gre5s4 ,?is ,alc9\s 
_h a *>m+ daught] :o dream$ ! night be=e
 h] fa!r receiv$ a /rang] at 8 bo>d t %e
 w\ld soon h a husb&4 ,sophy1 tak5      
unaw>es1 blu%$1 hung h] head1 & bit h]  
lips2 no "o c\ld be m confus$4 ,h] fa!r1
 :o 0 enjoy+ h] confusion1 add$ t ! "y  
pr9cess b5t h]self to wa% ! l95 9 !     
riv]4 ,d y ?9k1 said he1 %e w\ld h      
scorn$ to t\* ! dirty clo!s1 say+1 t !y 
smelt ( grease8 ,sophy1 t\*$ to ! quick1
 =got h] natural timidity & def5d$      
h]self eag]ly4 ,h] papa knew v well all 
! small] ?+s w\ld h _h no o!r laundress 
if %e _h be5 all[$ to wa% !m1 & %e w\ld 

gladly h done m _h %e be5 set to d x4   
,footnote3 ,i own ,i feel grateful to   
,sophy's "m = n lett+ h] spoil su*      
pretty h&s ) soap1 h&s :i* ,emile w kiss
 s (t54 ,mean:ile %e wat*$ me secretly )
 su* anxiety t ,i c\ld n suppress a     
smile1 :ile ,i read ! t]rors ( h] simple
 he>t :i* urg$ h] to speak4 ,h] fa!r 0  
cruel en\gh to cont9ue ?is fooli% sport1
 by ask+ h]1 9 je/1 :y %e spoke on h]   
own behalf & :at _h %e 9 common ) !     
daught] ( ,alc9\s4 ,trembl+ & a%am$ %e  
d>$ h>dly brea! or look at u4 ,*>m+     
girl6 ,?is is no "t = feign+1 y h %[n   
y\r true feel+s 9 spite ( y\rself4  ,to 
all appe>ance ?is little sc5e is soon   
=gott52 luckily = ,sophy1 ,emile1 at    
lea/1 is unaw>e ( x4 ,we cont9ue our    
walk1 ! "y p at fir/ keep+ close beside 
u2 b !y f9d x h>d to adapt !mselves to  
our sl[] pace1 & pres5tly !y are a      
little 9 front ( u1 !y are walk+ side by
 side1 !y beg9 to talk1 & be=e long !y  
are a good way ahead4 ,sophy seems to be
 li/5+ quietly1 ,emile is talk+ &       

ge/iculat+ vigor\sly2 !y seem to f9d _! 
conv]sation int]e/+4 ,:5 we turn        
homew>ds a full h\r lat]1 we call !m to 
u & !y return sl[ly en\gh n[1 & we c see
 !y are mak+ good use ( _! "t4 ,_!      
conv]sation ceases sudd5ly be=e !y come 
)9 e>%ot1 & !y hurry up to u4 ,emile    
meets u ) a frank affectionate          
expression2 8 eyes are sp>kl+ ) joy2 yet
 he looks anxi\sly at ,sophy's "m to see
 h[ %e takes x4 ,sophy is n ne>ly s mu* 
at h] ease2 z %e approa*es u %e seems   
cov]$ ) confusion at f9d+ h]self        
tete-a-tete ) a "y man1 ?\gh %e has met 
s _m o!r "y m5 frankly en\gh1 & )\t be+ 
f\nd fault ) = x4 ,%e runs up to h] "m1 
some:at out ( brea?1 & makes "s trivial 
rem>k1 z if to pret5d %e _h be5 ) h] =  
"s "t4  ,f ! happy expression ( ^! de>  
*ildr5 we see t ?is conv]sation has tak5
 a load (f _! he>ts4 ,!y are no less    
retic5t 9 _! int]c\rse1 b _! retic5ce is
 less emb>rass+1 x is only due to       
,emile's rev]5ce & ,sophy's mode/y1 to !
 goodness ( bo?4 ,emile v5tures to say a

 few words to h]1 %e v5tures to reply1 b
 %e always looks at h] "m be=e %e d>es  
to answ]4 ,! mo/ rem>kable *ange is 9 h]
 attitude t[>ds me4 ,%e %[s me ! greate/
 respect1 %e wat*es me ) int]e/1 %e     
takes pa9s to please me2 ,i see t ,i am 
hon\r$ ) h] e/eem1 & t %e is n indiff]5t
 to m9e4 ,i und]/& t ,emile has be5     
talk+ to h] ab\t me2 y might say !y h   
be5 s*em+ to w9 me ov] to _! side2 yet x
 is n s1 & ,sophy h]self is n s easily  
won4 ,p]haps ,emile w h m ne$ ( my      
influ5ce ) h] ?an ( h]s ) me4 ,:at a    
*>m+ pair6 ,:5 ,i consid] t ! t5d] love 
( my "y fri5d has br\ght my "n s        
prom95tly into 8 fir/ conv]sation ) 8   
lady-love1 ,i enjoy ! rew>d ( all my    
tr\ble2 8 affection is a suffici5t      
recomp5se4  ,our visit is repeat$4 ,!re 
are frequ5t conv]sations betwe5 ! "y p4 
,emile is madly 9 love & ?9ks t 8       
happ9ess is )9 8 grasp4 ,yet he does n  
succe$ 9 w9n+ any =mal av[al f ,sophy2  
%e li/5s to :at he says & answ]s no?+4  
,emile kn[s h[ mode/ %e is1 & is n      

surpris$ at h] retic5ce2 he feels sure t
 %e likes him2 he kn[s t p>5ts decide   
:om _! daught]s %all m>ry2 he supposes t
 ,sophy is await+ h] p>5ts' comm&s2 he  
asks h] p]mission to speak to !m1 & %e  
makes no objection4 ,he talks to me & ,i
 speak on 8 behalf & 9 8 pres5ce4 ,he is
 imm5sely surpris$ to he> t ,sophy is h]
 own mi/ress1 t 8 happ9ess dep5ds on h] 
alone4  ,he beg9s to be puzzl$ by h]    
conduct4 ,he is less self-confid5t1 he  
takes al>m1 he sees t he has n made s   
mu* progress z he expect$1 & !n x is t 8
 love appeals to h] 9 ! t5d]e/ & mo/    
mov+ language4  ,emile is n ! sort ( man
 to guess :at is ! matt]2 if no "o told 
him he w\ld nev] discov] x z long z he  
liv$1 & ,sophy is too pr\d to tell him4 
,:at %e consid]s ob/acles1 o!rs w\ld    
call advantages4 ,%e has n =gott5 h]    
p>5ts' tea*+4 ,%e is poor2 ,emile is    
ri*2 s mu* %e kn[s4 ,he mu/ w9 h] e/eem2
 8 des]ts mu/ be great inde$ to remove  
?is inequality4 ,b h[ %\ld he p]ceive ^!
 ob/acles8 ,is ,emile aw>e t he is ri*8 

,has he ev] condesc5d$ to inquire8 ,?ank
 heav51 he has no ne$ ( ri*es1 he c d   
good )\t _! aid4 ,! good he does comes f
 8 he>t1 n 8 purse4 ,he gives ! wret*$ 8
 "t1 8 c>e1 8 affection1 himself2 & :5  
he reckons up :at he has done1 he h>dly 
d>es to m5tion ! money sp5t on ! poor4  
,z he does n "k :at to make ( 8         
disgrace1 he ?9ks x is 8 own fault2 = :o
 w\ld v5ture to accuse ! ador$ "o (     
caprice4 ,! %ame ( humiliation adds to !
 pangs ( disappo9t$ love4 ,he no long]  
approa*es ,sophy ) t pleasant confid5ce 
( 8 own wor?2 he is %y & timid 9 h]     
pres5ce4 ,he no long] hopes to w9 h]    
affections1 b to ga9 h] pity4 ,sometimes
 he loses pati5ce & is almo/ angry ) h]4
 ,sophy seems to guess 8 angry feel+s & 
%e looks at him4 ,h] glance is en\gh to 
dis>m & t]rify him2 he is m submissive  
?an he us$ to be4  ,di/urb$ by ?is      
/ubborn resi/ance1 ?is inv9cible sil5ce1
 he p\rs out 8 he>t to 8 fri5d4 ,he %>es
 ) him ! pangs ( a he>t dev\r$ by sorr[2
 he implores 8 help & c\nsel4 ,h[       

my/]i\s x is1 h[ h>d to und]/&6 ,%e     
takes an int]e/ 9 me1 t ,i am sure2 f> f
 avoid+ me %e is pleas$ to see me2 :5 ,i
 come %e %[s signs ( pleasure1 :5 ,i g  
%e %[s regret2 %e receives my att5tions 
k9dly1 my s]vices seem to give h]       
pleasure1 %e condesc5ds to give me h]   
advice & ev5 h] comm&s4 ,yet %e rejects 
my reque/s & my pray]s4 ,:5 ,i v5ture to
 speak ( m>riage1 %e bids me be sil5t2  
if ,i say a ^w1 %e leaves me at once4   
,:y on e>? %\ld %e wi% me to be h]s b   
refuse to be m9e8 ,%e respects & loves  
y1 & %e w n d>e to refuse to li/5 to y4 
,speak to h]1 make h] answ]4 ,come to   
y\r fri5d's help1 & put ! cop+ /one to  
all y h done = him2 d n let him fall a  
victim to y\r c>e6 ,if y fail to secure 
8 happ9ess1 y\r own tea*+ w h be5 !     
cause ( 8 mis]y4  ,i speak to ,sophy1 & 
h no difficulty 9 gett+ h] to confide h]
 secret to me1 a secret :i* 0 kn[n to me
 already4 ,x is n s easy to get         
p]mission to tell ,emile2 b at la/ %e   
gives me leave & ,i tell him :at is !   

matt]4 ,he _c get ov] 8 surprise at ?is 
explanation4 ,he _c und]/& ?is delicacy2
 he _c see h[ a few p\nds m or less c   
affect 8 "* or 8 des]ts4 ,:5 ,i get him 
to see _! effect on p's prejudices he   
beg9s to laugh2 he is s wild ) delight t
 he wants to be (f at once to te> up 8  
title de$s & r5\nce 8 money1 s z to h ! 
hon\r ( be+ z poor z ,sophy1 & to return
 wor?y to be h] husb&4  ,:y1 said ,i1   
try+ to *eck him1 & laugh+ 9 my turn at 
8 impetuosity1 w ?is "y head nev] gr[   
any old]8 ,hav+ dabbl$ all y\r life 9   
philosophy1 w y nev] le>n to reason8 ,d 
n y see t y\r wild s*eme w\ld only make 
?+s worse1 & ,sophy m ob/9ate8 ,x is a  
small sup]iority to be r ri*] ?an %e1 b 
to give up all = h] w\ld be a v great   
sup]iority2 if h] pride _c be> to be "u 
! small obligation1 h[ w %e make up h]  
m9d to ! great]8 ,if %e _c be> to ?9k t 
h] husb& might taunt h] ) ! fact t he   
has enri*$ h]1 w\ld %e p]mit him to     
blame h] = hav+ br\ght him to pov]ty8   
,wret*$ boy1 bew>e le/ %e suspects y (  

su* a plan6 ,on ! contr>y1 be c>eful &  
economical = h] sake1 le/ %e %\ld accuse
 y ( try+ to ga9 h] by cunn+1 by        
sacrific+ ( y\r own free w :at y are    
really wa/+ ?r\gh c>elessness4  ,d y    
really ?9k t %e is afraid ( weal?1 & t  
%e is oppos$ to great possessions 9     
!mselves8 ,no1 de> ,emile2 !re are m    
s]i\s & sub/antial gr\nds = h] op9ion1 9
 ! effect produc$ by weal? on its       
possessor4 ,%e kn[s t ^? :o are possess$
 ( =tune's gifts are apt to place !m    
fir/4 ,! ri* always put weal? be=e m]it4
 ,:5 s]vices are reckon$ aga9/ silv]1 ! 
latt] always outweighs ! =m]1 & ^? :o h 
sp5t _! life 9 _! ma/]'s s]vice are     
consid]$ 8 debtors = ! v bread !y eat4  
,:at mu/ y d1 ,emile1 to calm h] fe>s8  
,let h] get to "k y bett]2 t is n done 9
 a day4 ,%[ h] ! treasures ( y\r he>t1  
to c\nt]balance ! weal? :i* is          
un=tunately y\rs4 ,"t & con/ancy w      
ov]come h] resi/ance2 let y\r great &   
noble feel+s make h] =get y\r weal?4    
,love h]1 s]ve h]1 s]ve h] wor?y p>5ts4 

,conv9ce h] t ^! att5tions are n !      
result ( a fooli% fleet+ passion1 b (   
settl$ pr9ciples engrav$ ^u y\r he>t4   
,%[ !m ! hon\r des]v$ by wor? :5 expos$ 
to ! buffets ( ,=tune2 t is ! only way  
to reconcile x ) t wor? :i* basks 9 h]  
smiles4  ,! transports ( joy exp]i5c$ by
 ! "y man at ^! words may easily be     
imag9$2 !y re/ore confid5ce & hope1 8   
good he>t rejoices to d some?+ to please
 ,sophy1 :i* he w\ld h done if !re _h   
be5 no su* p]son1 or if he _h n be5 9   
love ) h]4 ,h[ev] little 8 "* has be5   
und]/ood1 anybody c see h[ he w\ld      
behave "u su* circum/ances4  ,"h am ,i1 
! confidant ( ^! two "y p & ! m$iator ( 
_! affection4 ,:at a f9e task = a tutor6
 ,s f9e t nev] 9 all my life h ,i /ood s
 high 9 my own eyes1 nor felt s pleas$ )
 myself4 ,moreov]1 ?is duty is n )\t its
 *>ms4  ,i am n unwelcome 9 ! home2 x is
 my bus9ess to see t ! lov]s behave     
!mselves2 ,emile1 ev] afraid ( (f5d+ me1
 0 nev] s docile4 ,! little lady h]self 
ov]:elms me ) a k9dness :i* does n      

deceive me1 & ( :i* ,i only take my     
prop] %>e4 ,?is is h] way ( mak+ up = h]
 sev]ity t[>ds ,emile4 ,= 8 sake %e     
be/[s on me a hundr$ t5d] c>esses1 ?\gh 
%e w\ld die r ?an be/[ !m on him2 & he1 
kn[+ t ,i w\ld nev] /& 9 8 way1 is      
delight$ t ,i %\ld get on s well ) h]4  
,if %e refuses 8 arm :5 we are out      
walk+1 he consoles himself ) ! ?\ght t  
%e has tak5 m9e4 ,he makes way = me )\t 
a murmur1 he clasps my h&1 & voice &    
look alike :isp]1 ,my fri5d1 plead = me6
 & 8 eyes foll[ u ) int]e/2 he tries to 
read our feel+s 9 our faces1 & to       
int]pret our conv]sation by our ge/ures2
 he kn[s t ev]y?+ we are say+ conc]ns   
him4 ,de> ,sophy1 h[ frank & easy y are 
:5 y c talk to ,m5tor )\t be+ ov]he>d by
 ,telema*us4  ,h[ freely & delightfully 
y p]mit him to read :at is pass+ 9 y\r  
t5d] little he>t6 ,h[ delight$ y are to 
%[ him h[ y e/eem 8 pupil6 ,h[ cunn+ly &
 appeal+ly y all[ him to div9e /ill     
t5d]] s5tim5ts4 ,) :at a pret5ce ( ang] 
y dismiss ,emile :5 8 impati5ce leads   

him to int]rupt y8 ,) :at pretty        
vexation y reproa* 8 indiscretion :5 he 
comes & prev5ts y say+ some?+ to 8      
cr$it1 or li/5+ to :at ,i say ab\t him1 
or f9d+ 9 my words "s new excuse to love
 him6  ,hav+ got s f> z to be tol]at$ z 
an ackn[l$g$ lov]1 ,emile takes full    
advantage ( 8 position2 he speaks1 he   
urges1 he implores1 he dem&s4 ,h>d words
 or ill treatm5t make no diff]5ce1      
provid$ he gets a he>+4 ,at l5g? ,sophy 
is p]suad$1 ?\gh ) "s difficulty1 to    
assume ! au?ority ( a betro!d1 to decide
 :at he %all d1 to comm& in/ead ( to    
ask1 to accept in/ead ( to ?ank1 to     
control ! frequ5cy & ! h\rs ( 8 visits1 
to =bid him to come till su* a day or to
 /ay beyond su* an h\r4 ,?is is n done 9
 play1 b 9 e>ne/1 & if x 0 h>d to induce
 h] to accept ^! rights1 %e uses !m s   
/]nly t ,emile is (t5 ready to regret t 
he gave !m to h]4 ,b :atev] h] comm&s1  
!y are obey$ )\t "q1 & (t5 :5 at h]     
bidd+ he is ab\t to leave h]1 he glances
 at me 8 eyes full ( delight1 z if to   

say1 ,y see %e has tak5 possession ( me4
 ,yet unkn[n to him1 ,sophy1 ) all h]   
pride1 is obs]v+ him closely1 & %e is   
smil+ to h]self at ! pride ( h] slave4  
,oh t ,i _h ! bru% ( an ,alban or a     
,raphael to pa9t _! bliss1 or ! p5 ( !  
div9e ,milton to describe ! pleasures ( 
love & innoc5ce6 ,n s2 let su* holl[    
arts %r9k back be=e ! sacr$ tru? (      
nature4 ,9 t5d]ness & pur5ess ( he>t let
 y\r imag9ation freely trace ! raptures 
( ^! "y lov]s1 :o "u ! eyes ( p>5ts &   
tutor1 ab&on !mselves to _! blissful    
illusions2 9 ! intoxication ( passion !y
 are advanc+ /ep by /ep to its          
consummation2 ) fl[]s & g>l&s !y are    
weav+ ! bonds :i* are to b9d !m till    
dea? d "p4 ,i am c>ri$ away by ?is      
succession ( pictures1 ,i am s happy t  
,i _c gr\p !m 9 any sort ( ord] or      
s*eme2 any "o ) a he>t 9 8 brea/ c pa9t 
! *>m+ picture = himself & realise !    
diff]5t exp]i5ces ( fa!r1 "m1 daught]1  
tutor1 & pupil1 & ! "p play$ by ea* &   
all 9 ! union ( ! mo/ delightful c\ple  

:om love & virtue h ev] l$ to happ9ess4 
,n[ t he is really eag] to please1      
,emile beg9s to feel ! value ( !        
accompli%m5ts he has acquir$4 ,sophy is 
fond ( s++1 he s+s ) h]2 he does m1 he  
tea*es h] music4 ,%e is lively & light (
 foot1 %e loves skipp+2 he dances ) h]1 
he p]fects & develops h] untra9$        
movem5ts into ! /eps ( ! dance4 ,^!     
lessons1 enliv5$ by ! gaye/ mir?1 are q 
delightful1 !y melt ! timid respect (   
love2 a lov] may enjoy tea*+ 8          
betro!d--he has a "r to be h] tea*]4    
,!re is an old sp9et q out ( ord]4      
,emile m5ds & tunes x2 he is a mak] &   
m5d] ( musical in/rum5ts z well z a     
c>p5t]2 x has always be5 8 rule to le>n 
to d ev]y?+ he c = himself4 ,! h\se is  
picturesquely situat$ & he makes sev]al 
sket*es ( x1 9 "s ( :i* ,sophy does h]  
%>e1 & %e hangs !m 9 h] fa!r's /udy4 ,! 
frames are n gild$1 nor d !y require    
gild+4 ,:5 %e sees ,emile draw+1 %e     
draws too1 & improves h] own draw+2 %e  
cultivates all h] tal5ts1 & h] grace    

gives a *>m to all %e does4 ,h] fa!r &  
"m recall ! days ( _! weal?1 :5 !y f9d  
!mselves surr\nd$ by ! works ( art :i*  
alone gave value to weal?2 ! :ole h\se  
is adorn$ by love2 love alone has       
en?ron$ among !m1 )\t co/ or ef=t1 ! v  
same pleasures :i* 7 ga!r$ toge!r 9 =m] 
days by d9t ( toil & money4  ,z !       
idolat] gives :at he loves be/ to ! %r9e
 ( ! object ( 8 wor%ip1 s ! lov] is n   
cont5t to see p]fection 9 8 mi/ress1 he 
mu/ be ev] try+ to add to h] adornm5t4  
,%e does n ne$ x = 8 pleasure1 x is he  
:o ne$s ! pleasure ( giv+1 x is a fre%  
homage to be r5d]$ to h]1 a fre%        
pleasure 9 ! joy ( behold+ h]4 ,ev]y?+ (
 beauty seems to f9d its place only z an
 accessory to ! supreme beauty4 ,x is   
bo? t\*+ & amus+ to see ,emile eag] to  
tea* ,sophy ev]y?+ he kn[s1 )\t ask+    
:e!r %e wants to le>n x or :e!r x is    
suitable = h]4 ,he talks ab\t all sorts 
( ?+s & expla9s !m to h] ) boyi%        
eag]ness2 he ?9ks he has only to speak &
 %e w und]/&2 he looks =w>d to argu+1 & 

discuss+ philosophy ) h]2 ev]y?+ he _c  
display be=e h] is s mu* useless le>n+2 
he is q a%am$ ( kn[+ m ?an %e4  ,s he   
gives h] lessons 9 philosophy1 physics1 
ma!matics1 hi/ory1 & ev]y?+ else4 ,sophy
 is delight$ to %>e 8 en?usiasm & to try
 & pr(it by x4 ,h[ pleas$ ,emile is :5  
he c get leave to give ^! lessons on 8  
knees be=e h]6 ,he ?9ks ! heav5s are    
op54 ,yet ?is position1 m try+ to pupil 
?an to tea*]1 is h>dly fav\rable to     
/udy4 ,x is n easy to "k :]e to look1 to
 avoid meet+ ! eyes :i* foll[ our own1 &
 if !y meet s mu* ! worse = ! lesson4   
,wom5 are no /rang]s to ! art ( ?9k+1 b 
!y %\ld only skim ! surface ( logic &   
metaphysics4 ,sophy und]/&s readily1 b  
%e soon =gets4 ,%e makes mo/ progress 9 
! moral sci5ces & ae/hetics2 z to       
physical sci5ce %e reta9s "s vague idea 
( ! g5]al laws & ord] ( ?is _w4         
,sometimes 9 ! c\rse ( _! walks1 !      
spectacle ( ! wond]s ( nature bids !m n 
fe> to raise _! pure & innoc5t he>ts to 
nature's ,god2 !y are n afraid ( ,8     

pres5ce1 & !y p\r out _! he>ts be=e him4
  ,:at6 ,two "y lov]s sp5d+ _! "t toge!r
 talk+ ( religion6 ,h !y no?+ bett] to d
 ?an to say _! cate*ism6 ,:at pr(it is  
!re 9 ! attempt to degrade :at is noble8
 ,yes1 no d\bt !y are say+ _! cate*ism 9
 _! delightful l& ( romance2 !y are     
p]fect 9 ea* o!r's eyes2 !y love "o     
ano!r1 !y talk eag]ly ( all t makes     
virtue wor? hav+4 ,_! sacrifices to     
virtue make h] all ! de>] to !m4 ,_!    
/ruggles aft] self-control draw f !m    
te>s pur] ?an ! dew ( heav51 & ^! sweet 
te>s are ! joy ( life2 no human he>t has
 ev] exp]i5c$ a sweet] intoxication4 ,_!
 v r5unciation adds to _! happ9ess1 & _!
 sacrifices increase _! self-respect4   
,s5sual m51 bodies )\t s\ls1 "s day !y w
 "k y\r pleasures1 & all _! life long !y
 w recall ) regret ! happy days :5 !y   
refus$ ! cup ( pleasure4  ,9 spite ( ?is
 good und]/&+1 diff]5ces & ev5 qu>rels  
occur f "t to "t2 ! lady has h] :ims1 ! 
lov] has a hot temp]2 b ^! pass+ %[]s   
are soon ov] & only s]ve to /r5g!n _!   

union4 ,emile le>ns by exp]i5ce n to    
atta* too mu* importance to !m1 he      
always ga9s m by ! reconciliation ?an he
 lo/ by ! qu>rel4 ,! results ( ! fir/   
diff]5ce made him expect a l result f   
all2 he 0 mi/ak51 b ev5 if he does n    
make any appreciable /ep =w>d1 he has   
always ! satisfaction ( f9d+ ,sophy's   
g5u9e conc]n = 8 affection m firmly     
e/abli%$4 ,:at advantage is ?is to him8 
y w\ld ask4 ,i w gladly tell y2 all ! m 
gladly because x w give me an           
opportunity to e/abli% cle>ly a v       
important pr9ciple1 & to combat a v     
deadly "o4  ,emile is 9 love1 b he is n 
presum+2 & y w easily und]/& t !        
dignifi$ ,sophy is n ! sort ( girl to   
all[ any k9d ( famili>ity4 ,yet virtue  
has its b\nds l ev]y?+ else1 & %e is r  
to be blam$ = h] sev]ity ?an =          
indulg5ce2 ev5 h] fa!r himself is       
sometimes afraid le/ h] l(ty pride %\ld 
deg5]ate into a haughty _s4 ,:5 mo/     
alone1 ,emile d>e n ask = ! slighte/    
fav\r1 he mu/ n ev5 seem to desire x2 & 

if %e is graci\s en\gh to take 8 arm :5 
!y are out walk+1 a fav\r :i* %e w nev] 
p]mit him to claim z a "r1 x is only    
occasionally t he d>e v5ture ) a sigh to
 press h] h& to 8 he>t4 ,h[ev]1 aft] a  
long p]iod ( self-re/ra9t1 he v5tur$    
secretly to kiss ! hem ( h] dress1 &    
sev]al times he 0 lucky en\gh to f9d h] 
will+ at lea/ to pret5d %e 0 n aw>e ( x4
 ,"o day he attempts to take ! same     
privilege r m op5ly1 & ,sophy takes x   
into h] head to be greatly (f5d$4 ,he   
p]si/s1 %e gets angry & speaks %>ply to 
him2 ,emile w n put up ) ?is )\t reply2 
! re/ ( ! day is giv5 ov] to sulks1 & !y
 "p 9 a v ill temp]4  ,sophy is ill at  
ease2 h] "m is h] confidant 9 all ?+s1  
h[ c %e keep ?is f h]8 ,x is _! fir/    
misund]/&+1 & ! misund]/&+ ( an h\r is  
su* a s]i\s bus9ess4 ,%e is sorry = :at 
%e has done1 %e has h] "m's p]mission & 
h] fa!r's comm&s to make rep>ation4  ,! 
next day ,emile returns some:at e>li]   
?an usual & 9 a /ate ( "s anxiety4      
,sophy is 9 h] "m's dress+-room & h]    

fa!r is also pres5t4 ,emile ent]s       
respectfully b gloomily4 ,sc>cely h h]  
p>5ts greet$ him ?an ,sophy turns r\nd &
 hold+ out h] h& asks him 9 an          
affectionate tone h[ he is4 ,t pretty h&
 is cle>ly held out to be kiss$2 he     
takes x b does n kiss x4 ,sophy1 r a%am$
 ( h]self1 )draws h] h& z be/ %e may4   
,emile1 :o is n us$ to a woman's :ims1 &
 does n "k h[ f> caprice may be c>ri$1  
does n =get s easily or make fri5ds aga9
 all at once4 ,sophy's fa!r1 see+ h]    
confusion1 completes h] discomfiture by 
8 jokes4 ,! poor girl1 confus$ & a%am$1 
does n "k :at to d ) h]self & w\ld      
gladly h a good cry4 ,! m %e tries to   
control h]self ! worse %e feels2 at la/ 
a te> escapes 9 spite ( all %e c d to   
prev5t x4 ,emile1 see+ ?is te>1 ru%es   
t[>ds h]1 falls on 8 knees1 takes h] h& 
& kisses x aga9 & aga9 ) ! greate/      
devotion4 ,my ^w1 y are too k9d to h]1  
says h] fa!r1 laugh+2 if ,i 7 y1 ,i %\ld
 deal m sev]ely ) ^! follies1 ,i %\ld   
puni% ! m\? t wrong$ me4 ,embold5$ by ^!

 words1 ,emile turns a suppliant eye    
t[>ds h] "m1 & ?9k+ %e is n unwill+1 he 
trembl+ly approa*es ,sophy's face2 %e   
turns away h] head1 & to save h] m\? %e 
exposes a blu%+ *eek4 ,! d>+ "y man is n
 cont5t ) ?is2 !re is no great          
resi/ance4 ,:at a kiss1 if x 7 n tak5 "u
 h] "m's eyes4 ,h a c>e1 ,sophy1 9 y\r  
sev]ity2 he w be ready en\gh to try to  
kiss y\r dress if only y w sometimes say
 ,no4  ,aft] ?is exempl>y puni%m5t1     
,sophy's fa!r goes ab\t 8 bus9ess1 & h] 
"m makes "s excuse = s5d+ h] out ( !    
room2 !n %e speaks to ,emile v s]i\sly4 
,sir1 %e says1 ,i ?9k a "y man s well   
born & well br$ z y\rself1 a man ( feel+
 & "*1 w\ld nev] rew>d ) di%on\r !      
confid5ce repos$ 9 him by ! fri5d%ip (  
?is family4 ,i am nei!r prudi% nor ov]  
/rict2 ,i "k h[ to make excuses = y\?ful
 folly1 & :at ,i h p]mitt$ 9 my own     
pres5ce is suffici5t pro( ( ?is4        
,consult y\r fri5d z to y\r own duty1 he
 w tell y !re is all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w  
betwe5 ! playful kisses sanction$ by !  

pres5ce ( fa!r & "m1 & ! same fre$om    
tak5 9 _! abs5ce & 9 betrayal ( _!      
confid5ce1 a fre$om :i* makes a sn>e ( !
 v fav\rs :i* 9 ! p>5ts' pres5ce 7 :olly
 innoc5t4 ,he w tell y1 sir1 t my       
daught] is only to blame = n hav+       
p]ceiv$ f ! fir/ :at %e ought nev] to h 
p]mitt$2 he w tell y t e fav\r1 tak5 z  
su*1 is a fav\r1 & t x is unwor?y ( a   
man ( hon\r to take advantage ( a "y    
girl's innoc5ce1 to usurp 9 private !   
same fre$om :i* %e may p]mit 9 ! pres5ce
 ( o!rs4 ,= good mann]s tea* u :at is   
p]mitt$ 9 public2 b we d n "k :at a man 
w p]mit to himself 9 private1 if he     
makes himself ! sole judge ( 8 conduct4 
,aft] ?is well-des]v$ rebuke1 address$ r
 to me ?an to my pupil1 ! good "m leaves
 u1 & ,i am amaz$ by h] r>e prud5ce1 9  
?9k+ x a little ?+ t ,emile %\ld kiss h]
 daught]'s lips 9 h] pres5ce1 :ile fe>+ 
le/ he %\ld v5ture to kiss h] dress :5  
!y are alone4 ,:5 ,i consid] ! folly (  
worldly maxims1 :]eby real purity is    
cont9ually sacrific$ to a %[ (          

propriety1 ,i und]/& :y spee* becomes m 
ref9$ :ile ! he>t becomes m corrupt1 &  
:y etiquette is /rict] :ile ^? :o con=m 
to x are mo/ immoral4  ,:ile ,i am try+ 
to conv9ce ,emile's he>t ) reg>d to ^!  
duties :i* ,i ought to h in/ill$ into   
him soon]1 a new idea occurs to me1 an  
idea :i* p]haps does ,sophy all ! m     
cr$it1 ?\gh ,i %all take c>e n to tell  
h] lov]2 ?is s-call$ pride1 = :i* %e has
 be5 c5sur$1 is cle>ly only a v wise    
precaution to protect h] f h]self4 ,be+ 
aw>e t1 un=tunately1 h] own temp]am5t is
 inflammable1 %e dreads ! lea/ sp>k1 &  
keeps out ( rea* s f> z %e c4 ,h]       
/]nness is due n to pride b to humility4
 ,%e assumes a control ov] ,emile       
because %e d\bts h] control ( h]self2 %e
 turns ! "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,if %e _h m    
confid5ce 9 h]self %e w\ld be mu* less  
haughty4 ,) ?is exception is !re any:]e 
on e>? a g5tl]1 sweet] girl8 ,is !re any
 :o endures an affront ) great] pati5ce1
 any :o is m afraid ( annoy+ o!rs8 ,is  
!re any ) less pret5sion1 except 9 !    

matt] ( virtue8 ,moreov]1 %e is n pr\d (
 h] virtue1 %e is only pr\d 9 ord] to   
pres]ve h] virtue1 & if %e c foll[ !    
guidance ( h] he>t )\t dang]1 %e c>esses
 h] lov] himself4 ,b h] wise "m does n  
confide all ?is ev5 to h] fa!r2 m5 %\ld 
n he> ev]y?+4  ,f> f seem+ pr\d ( h]    
conque/1 ,sophy has gr[n m fri5dly &    
less exact+ t[>ds ev]ybody1 except      
p]haps ! "o p]son :o has wr\ght ?is     
*ange4 ,h] noble he>t no long] swells ) 
! feel+ ( indep5d5ce4 ,%e triumphs      
mode/ly ov] a victory ga9$ at ! price ( 
h] fre$om4 ,h] be>+ is m re/ra9$1 h]    
spee* m timid1 s9ce %e has begun to blu%
 at ! ^w lov]2 b cont5tm5t may be se5   
b5ea? h] outw>d confusion & ?is v %ame  
is n pa9ful4 ,?is *ange is mo/          
noticeable 9 h] behavi\r t[>ds ! "y m5  
%e meets4 ,n[ t %e has ceas$ to be      
afraid ( !m1 mu* ( h] extreme res]ve has
 disappe>$4 ,n[ t h] *oice is made1 %e  
does n hesitate to be graci\s to ^? to  
:om %e is q indiff]5t2 tak+ no m int]e/ 
9 !m1 %e is less difficult to please1 & 

%e always f9ds !m pleasant en\gh = p :o 
are ( no importance to h]4  ,if true    
love 7 capable ( coquetry1 ,i %\ld fancy
 ,i saw traces ( x 9 ! way ,sophy       
behaves t[>ds o!r "y m5 9 h] lov]'s     
pres5ce4 ,"o w\ld say t n cont5t ) !    
ard5t passion %e inspires by a mixture (
 %yness & c>esses1 %e is n sorry to r\se
 ?is passion by a little anxiety2 "o    
w\ld say t :5 %e is purposely amus+ h]  
"y gue/s %e means to torm5t ,emile by ! 
*>ms ( a fre$om %e w n all[ h]self )    
him2 b ,sophy is too consid]ate1 too    
k9dly1 too wise to really torm5t him4   
,love & hon\r take ! place ( prud5ce &  
control ! use ( ?is dang]\s weapon4 ,%e 
c al>m & reassure him j z he ne$s x2 &  
if %e sometimes makes him uneasy %e nev]
 really gives him pa94 ,! anxiety %e    
causes to h] belov$ may be =giv5 because
 ( h] fe> t he is n suffici5tly h] own4 
,b :at effect w ?is little p]=mance h ^u
 ,emile8 ,w he be jeal\s or n8 ,t is :at
 we mu/ discov]2 = su* digressions =m "p
 ( ! purpose ( my book1 & !y d n lead me

 f> f my ma9 subject4  ,i h already %[n 
h[ ?is passion ( jeal\sy 9 matt]s (     
conv5tion f9ds its way into ! he>t (    
man4 ,9 love x is ano!r matt]2 !n       
jeal\sy is s ne> ak9 to nature1 t x is  
h>d to believe t x is n h] "w2 & !      
example ( ! v bea/s1 _m ( :om are madly 
jeal\s1 seems to prove ?is po9t beyond  
reply4 ,is x man's influ5ce t has taught
 cooks to te> ea* o!r to pieces or bulls
 to fight to ! dea?8  ,no "o c d5y t !  
av]sion to ev]y?+ :i* may di/urb or     
int]f]e ) our pleasures is a natural    
impulse4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t ! desire = 
! exclusive possession ( t :i* m9i/]s to
 our pleasure is 9 ! same case4 ,b :5   
?is desire has become a passion1 :5 x is
 trans=m$ into madness1 or into a bitt] 
& suspici\s fancy kn[n z jeal\sy1 t is q
 ano!r matt]2 su* a passion may be      
natural or x may n2 we mu/ di/+ui%      
betwe5 ^! diff]5t cases4  ,i h already  
analys$ ! example ( ! animal _w 9 my    
,disc\rse on ,inequality1 & on fur!r    
consid]ation ,i ?9k ,i may ref] my      

read]s to t analysis z suffici5tly      
?or\gh4 ,i w only add ?is fur!r po9t to 
^? already made 9 t "w1 t ! jeal\sy :i* 
spr+s f nature dep5ds greatly on sexual 
p[]1 & t :5 sexual p[] is or appe>s to  
be b\ndless1 t jeal\sy is at its height2
 = !n ! male1 measur+ 8 rights by 8     
ne$s1 c nev] see ano!r male except z an 
unwelcome rival4 ,9 su* species !       
females always submit to ! fir/ com]1 !y
 only belong to ! male by "r ( conque/1 
& !y are ! cause ( un5d+ /rife4  ,among 
! monogam\s species1 :]e int]c\rse seems
 to give rise to "s sort ( moral bond1 a
 k9d ( m>riage1 ! female :o belongs by  
*oice to ! male on :om %e has be/[$     
h]self usually d5ies h]self to all o!rs2
 & ! male1 hav+ ?is pref]5ce ( affection
 z a pl$ge ( h] fidelity1 is less uneasy
 at ! sight ( o!r males & lives m       
peaceably ) !m4 ,among ^! species ! male
 %>es ! c>e ( ! little ones2 & by "o (  
^? t\*+ laws ( nature x seems z if !    
female rew>ds ! fa!r = 8 love = 8       
*ildr54  ,n[ consid] ! human species 9  

its primitive simplicity2 x is easy to  
see1 f ! limit$ p[]s ( ! male1 & !      
mod]ation ( 8 desires1 t nature meant   
him to be cont5t ) "o female2 ?is is    
confirm$ by ! num]ical equality ( ! two 
sexes1 at any rate 9 our "p ( ! _w2 an  
equality :i* does n exi/ 9 any?+ l !    
same degree among ^? species 9 :i*      
sev]al females are collect$ ar\nd "o    
male4 ,?\gh a man does n brood l a      
pigeon1 & ?\gh he has no milk to suckle 
! "y1 & mu/ 9 ?is respect be class$ ) ! 
quadrup$s1 8 *ildr5 are feeble &        
helpless = s long a "t1 t "m & *ildr5   
c\ld ill disp5se ) ! fa!r's affection1 &
 ! c>e :i* results f x4  ,all ^!        
obs]vations comb9e to prove t ! jeal\s  
fury ( ! males ( c]ta9 animals proves   
no?+ ) reg>d to man2 & ! exceptional    
case ( ^? s\!rn regions 7 polygamy is ! 
e/abli%$ cu/om1 only confirms ! rule1   
s9ce x is ! plurality ( wives t gives   
rise to ! tyrannical precautions ( !    
husb&1 & ! consci\sness ( 8 own weakness
 makes ! man resort to con/ra9t to evade

 ! laws ( nature4  ,among ourselves :]e 
^! same laws are less frequ5tly evad$ 9 
?is respect1 b are m frequ5tly evad$ 9  
ano!r & ev5 m dete/able mann]1 jeal\sy  
f9ds its motives 9 ! passions ( society 
r ?an 9 ^? ( primitive in/9ct4 ,9 mo/   
irregul> connections ! hatr$ ( ! lov] = 
8 rivals f> exce$s 8 love = 8 mi/ress2  
if he fe>s a rival 9 h] affections x is 
! effect ( t self-love ^: orig9 ,i h    
already trac$ out1 & he is mov$ by      
vanity r ?an affection4  ,moreov]1 our  
clumsy sy/ems ( education h made wom5 s 
deceitful1 ,footnote3 ,! k9d ( deceit   
ref]r$ to "h is j ! opposite ( t deceit 
becom+ 9 a woman1 & taught h] by nature2
 ! latt] consi/s 9 conceal+ h] real     
feel+s1 ! =m] 9 feign+ :at %e does n    
feel4 ,e society lady sp5ds h] life 9   
boa/+ ( h] suppos$ s5sibility1 :5 9     
reality %e c>es = no "o b h]self4 & h s 
ov]-/imulat$ _! appetites1 t y _c rely  
ev5 on ! mo/ cle>ly prov$ affection2 !y 
c no long] display a pref]5ce :i*       
secures y aga9/ ! fe> ( a rival4  ,true 

love is ano!r matt]4 ,i h %[n1 9 ! "w   
already ref]r$ to1 t ?is s5tim5t is n s 
natural z m5 ?9k1 & t !re is a great    
diff]5ce betwe5 ! g5tle habit :i* b9ds a
 man ) cords ( love to 8 helpmeet1 & !  
unbridl$ passion :i* is intoxicat$ by ! 
fanci$ *>ms ( an object :i* he no long] 
sees 9 its true light4 ,?is passion :i* 
is full ( exclusions & pref]5ces1 only  
diff]s f vanity 9 ?is respect1 t vanity 
dem&s all & gives no?+1 s t x is always 
h>mful1 :ile love1 be/[+ z mu* z x      
dem&s1 is 9 itself a s5tim5t full (     
equity4 ,moreov]1 ! m exact+ x is1 ! m  
cr$ul\s2 t v illusion :i* gave rise to  
x1 makes x easy to p]suade4 ,if love is 
suspici\s1 e/eem is tru/ful2 & love w   
nev] exi/ 9 an hone/ he>t )\t e/eem1 = e
 "o loves 9 ano!r ! qualities :i* he    
himself holds 9 hon\r4  ,:5 once ?is is 
cle>ly und]/ood1 we c pr$ict ) confid5ce
 ! k9d ( jeal\sy :i* ,emile w be capable
 ( exp]i5c+2 z !re is only ! smalle/ g]m
 ( ?is passion 9 ! human he>t1 ! =m x   
takes mu/ dep5d solely ^u education3    

,emile1 full ( love & jeal\sy1 w n be   
angry1 sull51 suspici\s1 b delicate1    
s5sitive1 & timid2 he w be m al>m$ ?an  
vex$2 he w ?9k m ( secur+ 8 lady-love   
?an ( ?reat5+ 8 rival2 he w treat him z 
an ob/acle to be remov$ if possible f 8 
pa?1 r ?an z a rival to be hat$2 if he  
hates him1 x is n because he presumes to
 compete ) him = ,sophy's affection1 b  
because ,emile feels t !re is a real    
dang] ( los+ t affection2 he w n be s   
unju/ & fooli% z to take (f5ce at !     
rivalry itself2 he und]/&s t ! law (    
pref]5ce re/s ^u m]it only1 & t hon\r   
dep5ds ^u success2 he w r$\ble 8 ef=ts  
to make himself acceptable1 & he w      
probably succe$4 ,8 g5]\s ,sophy1 ?\gh  
%e has giv5 al>m to 8 love1 is well able
 to allay t fe>1 to atone = x2 & !      
rivals :o 7 only suff]$ to put him to ! 
pro( are spe$ily dismiss$4  ,b :i!r am  
,i go+8 ,o ,emile6 :at art ?\ n[8 ,is   
?is my pupil8 ,h[ art ?\ fall56 ,:]e is 
t "y man s /]nly fa%ion$1 :o brav$ all  
wea!rs1 :o devot$ 8 body to ! h>de/     

tasks & 8 s\l to ! laws ( wisdom2 unt\*$
 by prejudice or passion1 a lov] ( tru?1
 sway$ by reason only1 unhe$+ all t 0 n 
h]s8 ,liv+ 9 s(tness & idl5ess he n[    
lets himself be rul$ by wom52 _!        
amusem5ts are ! bus9ess ( 8 life1 _!    
wi%es are 8 laws2 a "y girl is ! arbit] 
( 8 fate1 he cr+es & grovels be=e h]2 ! 
e>ne/ ,emile is ! play?+ ( a *ild4  ,s  
%ift ! sc5es ( life2 ea* age is sway$ by
 its own motives1 b ! man is ! same4 ,at
 t5 8 m9d 0 set ^u cakes1 at tw5ty x is 
set ^u 8 mi/ress2 at ?irty x w be set ^u
 pleasure2 at =ty on ambition1 at fifty 
on av>ice2 :5 w he seek aft] wisdom     
only8 ,happy is he :o is compell$ to    
foll[ h] aga9/ 8 w6 ,:at matt] :o is !  
guide1 if ! end is atta9$4 ,h]oes &     
sages h !mselves paid tribute to ?is    
human weakness2 & ^? :o h&l$ ! di/aff ) 
clumsy f+]s 7 none ! less great m54  ,if
 y w\ld prolong ! influ5ce ( a good     
education ?r\gh life itself1 ! good     
habits acquir$ 9 *ildhood mu/ be c>ri$  
=w>d into adolesc5ce1 & :5 y\r pupil is 

:at he ought to be y mu/ manage to keep 
him :at he ought to be4 ,?is is !       
cop+-/one ( y\r "w4 ,?is is :y x is ( ! 
fir/ importance t ! tutor %\ld rema9 )  
"y m52 o!rwise !re is little d\bt !y w  
le>n to make love )\t him4 ,! great     
mi/ake ( tutors & /ill m ( fa!rs is to  
?9k t "o way ( liv+ makes ano!r         
impossible1 & t z soon z ! *ild is gr[n 
up1 y mu/ ab&on ev]y?+ y us$ to d :5 he 
0 little4 ,if t 7 s1 :y %\ld we take su*
 pa9s 9 *ildhood1 s9ce ! good or bad use
 we make ( x w vani% ) *ildhood itself2 
if ano!r way ( life 7 necess>ily        
accompani$ by o!r ways ( ?9k+8  ,! /ream
 ( memory is only int]rupt$ by great    
illnesses1 & ! /ream ( conduct1 by great
 passions4 ,our ta/es & incl9ations may 
*ange1 b ?is *ange1 ?\gh x may be sudd5 
en\gh1 is r5d]$ less abrupt by our      
habits4 ,! skilful arti/1 9 a good col\r
 s*eme1 contrives s to m+le & bl5d 8    
t9ts t ! transitions are imp]ceptible2 &
 c]ta9 col\r wa%es are spread ov] ! :ole
 picture s t !re may be no sudd5 breaks4

 ,s %\ld x be ) our lik+s4 ,unbalanc$   
*>act]s are always *ang+ _! affections1 
_! ta/es1 _! s5tim5ts2 ! only con/ant   
factor is ! habit ( *ange2 b ! man (    
settl$ "* always returns to 8 =m] habits
 & pres]ves to old age ! ta/es & !      
pleasures ( 8 *ildhood4  ,if y contrive 
t "y p pass+ f "o /age ( life to ano!r d
 n despise :at has gone be=e1 t :5 !y =m
 new habits1 !y d n =sake ! old1 & t !y 
always love to d :at is "r1 9 ?+s new & 
old2 !n only are ! fruits ( y\r toil    
secure1 & y are sure ( y\r s*ol>s z long
 z !y live2 = ! revolution mo/ to be    
dread$ is t ( ! age ov] :i* y are n[    
wat*+4 ,z m5 always look back to ?is    
p]iod ) regret s ! ta/es c>ri$ =w>d into
 x f *ildhood are n easily de/roy$2 b if
 once int]rupt$ !y are nev] resum$4     
,mo/ ( ! habits y ?9k y h in/ill$ into  
*ildr5 & "y p are n really habits at    
all2 !y h only be5 acquir$ "u           
compulsion1 & be+ foll[$ reluctantly !y 
w be ca/ (f at ! fir/ opportunity4      
,h[ev] long y rema9 9 prison y nev] get 

a ta/e = prison life2 s av]sion is      
increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ by habit4 ,n s ) 
,emile2 z a *ild he only did :at he c\ld
 d will+ly & ) pleasure1 & z a man he w 
d ! same1 & ! =ce ( habit w only l5d its
 help to ! joys ( fre$om4 ,an active    
life1 bodily lab\r1 ex]cise1 movem5t1 h 
become s ess5tial to him t he c\ld n    
rel9qui% !m )\t suff]+4 ,r$uce him all  
at once to a s(t & s$5t>y life & y      
condemn him to *a9s & imprisonm5t1 y    
keep him 9 a condition ( ?raldom &      
con/ra9t2 he w\ld suff]1 no d\bt1 bo? 9 
heal? & temp]4 ,he c sc>cely brea! 9 a  
/uffy room1 he requires op5 air1        
movem5t1 fatigue4 ,ev5 at ,sophy's feet 
he _c help ca/+ a glance at ! c\ntry &  
long+ to explore x 9 h] company4 ,yet he
 rema9s if he mu/2 b he is anxi\s & ill 
at ease2 he seems to be /ruggl+ )       
himself2 he rema9s because he is a      
captive4  ,yes1 y w say1 ^! are         
necessities to :i* y h subject$ him1 a  
yoke :i* y h laid ^u him4 ,y speak      
truly1 ,i h subject$ him to ! yoke (    

manhood4  ,emile loves ,sophy2 b :at 7 !
 *>ms by :i* he 0 fir/ attract$8        
,s5sibility1 virtue1 & love = ?+s pure &
 hone/4 ,:5 he loves ?is love 9 ,sophy1 
w he cease to feel x himself8 ,& :at    
price did %e put ^u h]self8 ,%e requir$ 
all h] lov]'s natural feel+s--e/eem (   
:at is really good1 frugality1          
simplicity1 g5]\s unselfi%ness1 a scorn 
( pomp & ri*es4 ,^! virtues 7 ,emile's  
be=e love claim$ !m ( him4 ,is he really
 *ang$8 ,he has all ! m reason to be    
himself2 t is ! only diff]5ce4 ,! c>eful
 read] w n suppose t all ! circum/ances 
9 :i* he is plac$ are ! "w ( *ance4 ,!re
 7 _m *>m+ girls 9 ! t[n2 is x *ance t 8
 *oice is discov]$ 9 a di/ant retreat8  
,is _! meet+ ! "w ( *ance8 ,is x *ance t
 makes !m s suit$ to ea* o!r8 ,is x     
*ance t !y _c live 9 ! same place1 t he 
is compell$ to f9d a lodg+ s f> f h]8   
,is x *ance t he c see h] s seldom & mu/
 pur*ase ! pleasure ( see+ h] at ! price
 ( su* fatigue8 ,y say he is becom+     
effem9ate4 ,n s1 he is gr[+ /rong]2 he  

mu/ be fairly robu/ to /& ! fatigue he  
endures on ,sophy's acc\nt4  ,he lives m
 ?an two leagues away4 ,t di/ance s]ves 
to temp] ! %afts ( love4 ,if !y liv$    
next door to ea* o!r1 or if he c\ld     
drive to see h] 9 a com=table c>riage1  
he w\ld love at 8 ease 9 ! ,p>is fa%ion4
 ,w\ld ,le&] h brav$ dea? = ! sake (    
,h]o if ! sea _h n la9 betwe5 !m8 ,ne$  
,i say m2 if my read] is able to take my
 mean+1 he w be able to foll[ out my    
pr9ciples 9 detail4  ,! fir/ "t we w5t  
to see ,sophy1 we w5t on horseback1 s z 
to get !re m quickly4 ,we cont9ue ?is   
conv5i5t plan until our fif? visit4 ,we 
7 expect$2 & m ?an half a league f !    
h\se we see p on ! road4 ,emile wat*es  
!m1 8 pulse quick5s z he gets ne>]1 he  
recognises ,sophy & dism\nts quickly2 he
 ha/5s to jo9 ! *>m+ family4 ,emile is  
fond ( good horses2 8 horse is fre%1 he 
feels he is free1 & gallops (f across ! 
fields2 ,i foll[ & ) "s difficulty ,i   
succe$ 9 cat*+ him & br++ him back4     
,unluckily ,sophy is afraid ( horses1 & 

,i d>e n approa* h]4 ,emile has n se5   
:at happ5$1 b ,sophy :isp]s to him t he 
is giv+ 8 fri5d a great deal ( tr\ble4  
,he hurries up q a%am$ ( himself1 takes 
! horses1 & foll[s aft] ! p>ty4 ,x is   
only fair t ea* %\ld take 8 turn & he   
rides on to get rid ( our m\nts4 ,he has
 to leave ,sophy beh9d him1 & he no     
long] ?9ks rid+ a conv5i5t mode (       
travell+4 ,he returns out ( brea? &     
meets u half-way4  ,! next "t1 ,emile w 
n he> ( horses4 ,:y1 say ,i1 we ne$ only
 take a s]vant to look aft] !m4 ,%all we
 put our wor?y fri5ds to su* exp5se8 he 
replies4 ,y see !y w\ld insi/ on fe$+   
man & horse4 ,t is true1 ,i reply2 !irs 
is ! g5]\s hospitality ( ! poor4 ,! ri* 
man 9 8 nigg>dly pride only welcomes 8  
fri5ds1 b ! poor f9d room = _! fri5ds'  
horses4 ,let u g on foot1 says he2 won't
 y v5ture on ! walk1 :5 y are always s  
ready to %>e ! toilsome pleasures ( y\r 
*ild8 ,i w gladly g ) y1 ,i reply at    
once1 & x seems to me t love does n     
desire s mu* %[4  ,z we draw ne>1 we    

meet ! "m & daught] ev5 fur!r f home ?an
 on ! la/ occasion4 ,we h come at a     
great pace4 ,emile is v w>m2 8 belov$   
condesc5ds to pass h] h&k]*ief ov] 8    
*eeks4 ,x w\ld take a good _m horses to 
make u ride !re aft] ?is4  ,b x is r h>d
 nev] to be able to sp5d an ev5+ toge!r4
 ,midsumm] is long pa/ & ! days are gr[+
 %ort]4 ,:atev] we say1 we are n all[$  
to return home 9 ! d>k1 & unless we make
 a v e>ly />t1 we h to g back almo/ z   
soon z we get !re4 ,! "m is sorry = u & 
uneasy on our acc\nt1 & x occurs to h]  
t1 ?\gh x w\ld n be prop] = u to /ay 9 !
 h\se1 b$s might be f\nd = u 9 !        
village1 if we lik$ to /ay !re          
occasionally4 ,emile claps 8 h&s at ?is 
idea & trembles ) joy2 ,sophy1          
unwitt+ly1 kisses h] "m r (t5] ?an usual
 on ! day ?is idea occurs to h]4        
,little by little ! *>m ( fri5d%ip & !  
famili>ity ( innoc5ce take root & gr[   
among u4 ,i g5]ally accompany my "y     
fri5d on ! days appo9t$ by ,sophy or h] 
"m1 b sometimes ,i let him g alone4 ,!  

he>t ?rives 9 ! sun%9e ( confid5ce1 & a 
man mu/ n be treat$ z a *ild2 & :at h ,i
 accompli%$ s f>1 if my pupil is unwor?y
 ( my e/eem8 ,n[ & !n ,i g )\t him2 he  
is sorry1 b he does n compla92 :at use  
w\ld x be8 ,& !n he kn[s ,i %all n      
int]f]e ) 8 int]e/s4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r we g  
toge!r or sep>ately y w und]/& t we are 
n /opp$ by ! wea!r2 we are only too pr\d
 to arrive 9 a condition :i* calls =    
pity4 ,unluckily ,sophy deprives u ( ?is
 hon\r & =bids u to come 9 bad wea!r4   
,?is is ! only occasion on :i* %e rebels
 aga9/ ! rules :i* ,i laid d[n = h] 9   
private4  ,"o day ,emile _h gone alone &
 ,i did n expect him back till ! foll[+ 
day1 b he return$ ! same ev5+4 ,my de>  
,emile1 said ,i1 h y come back to y\r   
old fri5d already8 ,b in/ead ( respond+ 
to my c>esses he repli$ ) "s %[ ( temp]1
 ,y ne$ n suppose ,i came back s soon ( 
my own accord2 %e insi/$ on x2 x is = h]
 sake n y\rs t ,i am "h4 ,t\*$ by 8     
frankness ,i r5ew$ my c>esses1 say+1    
,tru?ful he>t & fai?ful fri5d1 d n      

conceal f me any?+ ,i ought to "k4 ,if y
 came back = h] sake1 y told me s = my  
own2 y\r return is h] do+1 y\r frankness
 is m9e4 ,cont9ue to pres]ve ! noble    
c&\r ( great s\ls2 /rang]s may ?9k :at  
!y w1 b x is a crime to let our fri5ds  
?9k u bett] ?an we are4  ,i take c>e n  
to let him und]rate ! co/ ( 8 confession
 by assum+ t !re is m love ?an g5]osity 
9 x1 & by tell+ him t he w\ld r deprive 
himself ( ! hon\r ( ?is return1 ?an give
 x to ,sophy4 ,b ?is is h[ he reveal$ to
 me1 all unconsci\sly1 :at 7 8 real     
feel+s2 if he _h return$ sl[ly &        
com=tably1 dream+ ( 8 swee!>t1 ,i %\ld  
"k he 0 m]ely h] lov]2 :5 he hurri$     
back1 ev5 if he 0 a little out ( temp]1 
he 0 ! fri5d ( 8 ,m5tor4  ,y see t ! "y 
man is v f> f sp5d+ 8 days ) ,sophy1 &  
see+ z mu* ( h] z he wants4 ,"o or two  
visits a week are all t is p]mitt$1 & ^!
 visits are (t5 only = ! aft]noon & are 
r>ely ext5d$ to ! next day4 ,he sp5ds   
mu* m ( 8 "t 9 long+ to see h]1 or 9    
rejoic+ t he has se5 h]1 ?an he actually

 sp5ds 9 h] pres5ce4 ,ev5 :5 he goes to 
see h]1 m "t is sp5t 9 go+ & return+ ?an
 by h] side4 ,8 pleasures1 g5u9e1 pure1 
delici\s1 b m imag9>y ?an real1 s]ve to 
k9dle 8 love b n to make him effem9ate4 
,on ! days :5 he does n see ,sophy he is
 n sitt+ idle at home4 ,he is ,emile    
himself & q un*ang$4 ,he usually sc\rs !
 c\ntry r\nd 9 pursuit ( its natural    
hi/ory2 he obs]ves & /udies ! soil1 its 
products1 & _! mode ( cultivation2 he   
comp>es ! me?ods he sees ) ^? ) :i* he  
is already famili>2 he tries to f9d !   
reasons = any diff]5ces2 if he ?9ks o!r 
me?ods bett] ?an ^? ( ! locality1 he    
introduces !m to ! f>m]s' notice2 if he 
sugge/s a bett] k9d ( pl\gh1 he has "o  
made f 8 own draw+s2 if he f9ds a lime  
pit he tea*es !m h[ to use ! lime on !  
l&1 a process new to !m2 he (t5 l5ds a  
h& himself2 !y are surpris$ to f9d him  
h&l+ all mann] ( tools m easily ?an !y c
 !mselves2 8 furr[s are deep] & /raight]
 ?an !irs1 he is a m skilful s[]1 & 8   
b$s = e>ly produce are m clev]ly plann$4

 ,!y d n sc(f at him z a f9e talk]1 !y  
see he kn[s :at he is talk+ ab\t4 ,9 a  
^w1 8 zeal & att5tion are be/[$ on      
ev]y?+ t is really useful to ev]ybody2  
nor does he /op !re4 ,he visits !       
peasants 9 _! homes2 inquires into _!   
circum/ances1 _! families1 ! numb] ( _! 
*ildr51 ! ext5t ( _! hold+s1 ! nature ( 
_! produce1 _! m>kets1 _! rights1 _!    
burd5s1 _! debts1 etc4 ,he gives away v 
little money1 = he kn[s x is usually ill
 sp5t2 b he himself directs ! use ( 8   
money1 & makes x helpful to !m )\t      
di/ribut+ x among !m4 ,he supplies !m ) 
lab\r]s1 & (t5 pays !m = "w done by     
!mselves1 on tasks = _! own b5efit4 ,=  
"o he has ! fall+ ?at* repair$ or r5ew$2
 = ano!r he cle>s a piece ( l& :i* _h   
gone out ( cultivation = lack ( means2  
to ano!r he gives a c[1 a horse1 or /ock
 ( any k9d to replace a loss2 two       
neighb\rs are ready to g to law1 he w9s 
!m ov]1 & makes !m fri5ds aga92 a       
peasant falls ill1 he has him c>$ =1 he 
looks aft] him himself2 ,footnote3 ,to  

look aft] a sick peasant is n m]ely to  
give him a pill1 or m$ic9e1 or to s5d a 
surgeon to him4 ,t is n :at ^! poor folk
 require 9 sickness2 :at !y want is m & 
bett] food4 ,:5 y h fev]1 y w d well to 
fa/1 b :5 y\r peasants h x1 give !m meat
 & w9e2 illness1 9 _! case1 is ne>ly    
always due to pov]ty & exhau/ion2 y\r   
cell> w supply ! be/ draught1 y\r but*]s
 w be ! be/ apo!c>y4 ano!r is h>ass$ by 
a ri* & p[]ful neighbor1 he protects him
 & speaks on 8 behalf2 "y p are fond (  
"o ano!r1 he helps =w>d _! m>riage2 a   
good woman has lo/ h] belov$ *ild1 he   
goes to see h]1 he speaks words ( com=t 
& sits a :ile ) h]2 he does n despise ! 
poor1 he is 9 no hurry to avoid !       
un=tunate2 he (t5 takes 8 d9n] ) "s     
peasant he is help+1 & he w ev5 accept a
 meal f ^? :o h no ne$ ( 8 help2 ?\gh he
 is ! b5efactor ( "s & ! fri5d ( all1 he
 is none ! less _! equal4 ,9 conclusion1
 he always does z mu* good by 8 p]sonal 
ef=ts z by 8 money4  ,sometimes 8 /eps  
are turn$ 9 ! direction ( ! happy abode2

 he may hope to see ,sophy )\t h] kn[+1 
to see h] out walk+ )\t be+ se54 ,b     
,emile is always q op5 9 ev]y?+ he does2
 he nei!r c nor w\ld deceive4 ,8        
delicacy is ( t pleas+ type 9 :i* pride 
re/s on ! f\ndation ( a good consci5ce4 
,he keeps /rictly )9 b\nds1 & nev] comes
 ne> en\gh to ga9 f *ance :at he only   
desires to w9 f ,sophy h]self4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 he delights to roam ab\t !         
neighb\rhood1 look+ = ! trace ( ,sophy's
 /eps1 feel+ :at pa9s %e has tak5 & :at 
a di/ance %e has walk$ to please him4   
,! day be=e 8 visit1 he w g to "s       
neighb\r+ f>m & ord] a little fea/ = !  
morr[4 ,we %all take our walk 9 t       
direction )\t any special object1 we    
%all turn 9 app>5tly by *ance2 fruit1   
cakes1 & cream are wait+ = u4 ,sophy    
likes sweets1 s is n ins5sible to ^!    
att5tions1 & %e is q ready to d hon\r to
 :at we h provid$2 = ,i always h my %>e 
( ! cr$it ev5 if ,i h _h no "p 9 !      
tr\ble2 x is a girl's way ( return+     
?anks m easily4 ,h] fa!r & ,i h cakes & 

w9e2 ,emile keeps ! ladies company & is 
always on ! look-out to secure a di% (  
cream 9 :i* ,sophy has dipp$ h] spoon4  
,! cakes lead me to talk ( ! races      
,emile us$ to run4 ,e "o wants to he>   
ab\t !m2 ,i expla9 amid mu* laught]2 !y 
ask him if he c run z well z ev]4       
,bett]1 says he2 ,i %\ld be sorry to    
=get h[ to run4 ,"o memb] ( ! company is
 dy+ to see him run1 b %e d>e n say s2  
"s "o else und]takes to sugge/ x2 he    
agrees & we s5d = two or ?ree "y m5 ( ! 
neighb\rhood2 a prize is (f]$1 & 9      
imitation ( our e>li] games a cake is   
plac$ on ! goal4 ,e "o is ready1        
,sophy's fa!r gives ! signal by clapp+ 8
 h&s4 ,! nimble ,emile flies l lightn+ &
 rea*es ! goal almo/ be=e ! o!rs h />t$4
 ,he receives 8 prize at ,sophy's h&s1 &
 no less g5]\s ?an ,a5eas1 he gives     
gifts to all ! vanqui%$4  ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 
triumph1 ,sophy d>es to *all5ge !       
victor1 & to ass]t t %e c run z fa/ z   
he4 ,he does n refuse to ent] ! li/s )  
h]1 & :ile %e is gett+ ready to />t1    

:ile %e is tuck+ up h] skirt at ea*     
side1 m eag] to %[ ,emile a pretty ankle
 ?an to vanqui% him 9 ! race1 :ile %e is
 see+ if h] petticoats are %ort en\gh1  
he :isp]s a ^w to h] "m :o smiles & nods
 approval4 ,!n he takes 8 place by 8    
competitor2 no soon] is ! signal giv5   
?an %e is (f l a bird4  ,wom5 7 n meant 
to run2 !y flee t !y may be ov]tak54    
,runn+ is n ! only ?+ !y d ill1 b x is !
 only ?+ !y d awkw>dly2 _! elb[s glu$ to
 _! sides & po9t$ backw>ds look         
ridicul\s1 & ! high heels on :i* !y are 
p]*$ make !m look l s _m gras%opp]s try+
 to run in/ead ( to jump4  ,emile1      
suppos+ t ,sophy runs no bett] ?an o!r  
wom51 does n deign to /ir f 8 place &   
wat*es h] />t ) a smile ( mock]y4 ,b    
,sophy is light ( foot & %e we>s l[     
heels2 %e ne$s no pret5ce to make h]    
foot look small]2 %e runs s quickly t he
 has only j "t to ov]take ?is new       
,atalanta :5 he sees h] s f> ahead4 ,!n 
he />ts l an eagle da%+ ^u its prey2 he 
pursues h]1 clut*es h]1 grasps h] at la/

 q out ( brea?1 & g5tly plac+ 8 left arm
 ab\t h]1 he lifts h] l a fea!r1 &      
press+ 8 sweet burd5 to 8 he>t1 he      
f9i%es ! race1 makes h] t\* ! goal fir/1
 & !n exclaim+1 ,sophy w9s6 he s9ks on  
"o knee be=e h] & owns himself beat54   
,along ) su* occupations !re is also !  
trade we le>nt4 ,"o day a week at lea/1 
& e day :5 ! wea!r is too bad = c\ntry  
pursuits1 ,emile & ,i g to "w "u a      
ma/]-jo9]4 ,we d n "w = %[1 l p above   
our trade2 we "w 9 e>ne/ l regul>       
workm54 ,once :5 ,sophy's fa!r came to  
see u1 he f\nd u at "w1 & did n fail to 
report 8 wond] to 8 wife & daught]4 ,g &
 see t "y man 9 ! work%op1 said he1 & y 
w soon see if he despises ! condition ( 
! poor4 ,y may fancy h[ pleas$ ,sophy 0 
at ?is6 ,!y talk x ov]1 & !y decide to  
surprise him at 8 "w4 ,!y "q me1        
app>5tly )\t any special object1 & hav+ 
made sure ( ! "t1 "m & daught] take a   
little c>riage & come to t[n on t v day4
  ,on h] arrival1 ,sophy sees1 at ! o!r 
end ( ! %op1 a "y man 9 8 %irt sleeves1 

) 8 hair all untidy1 s h>d at "w t he   
does n see h]2 %e makes a sign to h] "m4
 ,emile1 a *isel 9 "o h& & a hamm] 9 !  
o!r1 is j f9i%+ a mortise2 !n he saws a 
piece ( wood & places x 9 ! vice 9 ord] 
to poli% x4 ,! sight ( ?is does n set   
,sophy laugh+2 x affects h] greatly2 x  
w9s h] respect4 ,woman1 hon\r y\r ma/]2 
he x is :o works = y1 he x is :o gives y
 bread to eat2 ?is is he6  ,:ile !y are 
busy wat*+ him1 ,i p]ceive !m & pull    
,emile by ! sleeve2 he turns r\nd1 drops
 8 tools1 & ha/5s to !m ) an exclamation
 ( delight4 ,aft] he has giv5 way to 8  
fir/ raptures1 he makes !m take a seat &
 he goes back to 8 "w4 ,b ,sophy _c keep
 quiet2 %e gets up ha/ily1 runs ab\t !  
work%op1 looks at ! tools1 feels ! poli%
 ( ! bo>ds1 picks up %av+s1 looks at our
 h&s1 & says %e likes ?is trade1 x is s 
clean4 ,! m]ry girl tries to copy       
,emile4 ,) h] delicate :ite h& %e passes
 a plane ov] a bit ( wood2 ! plane slips
 & makes no impression4 ,x seems to me t
 ,love himself is hov]+ ov] u & beat+ 8 

w+s2 ,i ?9k ,i c he> 8 joy\s cries1     
,h]cules is av5g$4  ,yet ,sophy's "m    
que/ions ! ma/]4 ,sir1 h[ mu* d y pay ^!
 two m5 a day8 ,i give !m ea* t5p5ce a  
day & _! food2 b if t "y fell[ want$ he 
c\ld e>n mu* m1 = he is ! be/ workman 9 
! c\ntry4 ,t5p5ce a day & _! food1 said 
%e look+ at u t5d]ly4 ,t is s1 madam1   
repli$ ! ma/]4 ,at ^! words %e hurries  
up to ,emile1 kisses him1 & clasps him  
to h] brea/ ) te>s2 unable to say m %e  
repeats aga9 & aga91 ,my son1 my son6   
,:5 !y _h sp5t "s "t *att+ ) u1 b )\t   
int]rupt+ our "w1 ,we mu/ be go+ n[1    
said ! "m to h] daught]1 x is gett+ late
 & we mu/ n keep y\r fa!r wait+4 ,!n    
approa*+ ,emile %e tapp$ him playfully  
on ! *eek1 say+1 ,well1 my good workman1
 won't y come ) u8 ,he repli$ sadly1 ,i 
am at "w1 ask ! ma/]4 ,! ma/] is ask$ if
 he c sp>e u4 ,he replies t he _c4 ,i h 
"w on h&1 said he1 :i* is want$ ! day   
aft] to-morr[1 s !re is n mu* "t4 ,c\nt+
 on ^! g5tlem5 ,i refus$ o!r workm5 :o  
came2 if !y fail me ,i don't "k h[ to   

replace !m & ,i %all n be able to s5d ! 
"w home at ! "t promis$4 ,! "m said     
no?+1 %e 0 wait+ to he> :at ,emile w\ld 
say4 ,emile hung 8 head 9 sil5ce4 ,sir1 
%e said1 some:at surpris$ at ?is1 h y   
no?+ to say to t8 ,emile look$ t5d]ly at
 h] daught] & m]ely said1 ,y see ,i am  
b\nd to /ay4 ,!n ! ladies left u4 ,emile
 w5t ) !m to ! door1 gaz$ aft] !m z long
 z !y 7 9 sight1 & return$ to 8 "w )\t a
 ^w4  ,on ! way home1 ! "m1 some:at vex$
 at 8 conduct1 spoke to h] daught] ( !  
/range way 9 :i* he _h behav$4 ,:y1 said
 %e1 0 x s difficult to arrange matt]s )
 ! ma/] )\t be+ oblig$ to /ay4 ,! "y man
 is g5]\s en\gh & ready to sp5d money :5
 !re is no ne$ = x1 c\ld n he sp5d a    
little on su* a fitt+ occasion8 ,oh1    
mamma1 repli$ ,sophy1 ,i tru/ ,emile w  
nev] rely s mu* on money z to use x to  
break an engagem5t1 to fail to keep 8   
own ^w1 & to make ano!r break 86 ,i "k  
he c\ld easily give ! ma/] a trifle to  
make up = ! slight inconv5i5ce caus$ by 
8 abs5ce2 b 8 s\l w\ld become ! slave ( 

ri*es1 he w\ld become accu/om$ to place 
weal? be=e duty1 & he w\ld ?9k t any    
duty might be neglect$ provid$ he 0     
ready to pay4 ,t is n ,emile's way (    
?9k+1 & ,i hope he w nev] *ange on my   
acc\nt4 ,d y ?9k x co/ him no?+ to /ay8 
,y are q wrong1 mamma2 x 0 = my sake t  
he /ay$2 ,i saw x 9 8 eyes4  ,x is n t  
,sophy is indiff]5t to g5u9e pro(s (    
love2 on ! contr>y %e is imp]i\s &      
exact+2 %e w\ld r n be lov$ at all ?an  
be lov$ half-he>t$ly4 ,h]s is ! noble   
pride ( wor?1 consci\s ( its own value1 
self-respect+ & claim+ a l hon\r f o!rs4
 ,%e w\ld scorn a he>t t did n recognise
 ! full wor? ( h] own2 t did n love h] =
 h] virtues z mu* & m ?an = h] *>ms2 a  
he>t :i* did n put duty fir/1 & pref] x 
to ev]y?+4 ,%e did n desire a lov] :o   
knew no w b h]s4 ,%e wi%$ to reign ov] a
 man :om %e _h n spoilt4 ,?us ,circe1   
hav+ *ang$ into sw9e ! comrades (       
,ulysses1 be/[$ h]self on him ov] :om %e
 _h no p[]4  ,except = ?is sacr$ &      
inviolable "r1 ,sophy is v jeal\s ( h]  

own rights2 %e obs]ves h[ c>efully      
,emile respects !m1 h[ zeal\sly he does 
h] w2 h[ clev]ly he guesses h] wi%es1 h[
 exactly he arrives at ! appo9t$ "t2 %e 
w h him nei!r late nor e>ly2 he mu/     
arrive to ! mom5t4 ,to come e>ly is to  
?9k m ( himself ?an ( h]2 to come late  
is to neglect h]4 ,to neglect ,sophy1 t 
c\ld n happ5 twice4 ,an unf\nd$         
suspicion on h] "p ne>ly ru9$ ev]y?+1 b 
,sophy is really j & kn[s h[ to atone = 
h] faults4  ,!y 7 expect+ u "o ev5+2    
,emile _h receiv$ 8 ord]s4 ,!y came to  
meet u1 b we 7 n !re4 ,:at has become ( 
u8 ,:at accid5t h we met )8 ,no message 
f u6 ,! ev5+ is sp5t 9 expectation ( our
 arrival4 ,sophy ?9ks we are dead2 %e is
 mis]able & 9 an agony ( di/ress2 %e    
cries all ! night ?r\gh4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! 
ev5+ a mess5g] 0 despat*$ to inquire    
aft] u & br+ back news 9 ! morn+4 ,!    
mess5g] returns toge!r ) ano!r mess5g]  
s5t by u1 :o makes our excuses v]bally &
 says we are q well4 ,!n ! sc5e is      
*ang$2 ,sophy dries h] te>s1 or if %e   

/ill weeps x is = ang]4 ,x is small     
consolation to h] pr\d _s to "k t we are
 alive2 ,emile lives & he has kept h]   
wait+4  ,:5 we arrive %e tries to escape
 to h] own room2 h] p>5ts desire h] to  
rema91 s %e is oblig$ to d s2 b decid+  
at once :at c\rse %e w take %e assumes a
 calm & cont5t$ expression :i* w\ld     
deceive mo/ p4 ,h] fa!r comes =w>d to   
receive u say+1 ,y h made y\r fri5ds v  
uneasy2 !re are p "h :o w n =give y v   
readily4 ,:o are !y1 papa1 said ,sophy )
 ! mo/ graci\s smile %e c\ld assume4    
,:at bus9ess is t ( y\rs1 said h] fa!r1 
if x is n y8 ,sophy b5t ov] h] "w )\t   
reply4 ,h] "m receiv$ u coldly & =mally4
 ,emile 0 s confus$ he d>$ n speak to   
,sophy4 ,%e spoke fir/1 inquir$ h[ he 01
 ask$ him to take a *air1 & pret5d$ s   
clev]ly t ! poor "y fell[1 :o z yet knew
 no?+ ( ! language ( angry passions1 0 q
 deceiv$ by h] app>5t indiff]5ce1 &     
ready to take (f5ce on 8 own acc\nt4    
,to undeceive him ,i 0 go+ to take      
,sophy's h& & raise x to my lips z ,i   

sometimes did2 %e drew x back s ha/ily1 
) ! ^w1 ,sir1 utt]$ 9 su* a /range mann]
 t ,emile's eyes 7 op5$ at once by ?is  
involunt>y movem5t4  ,sophy h]self1 see+
 t %e _h betray$ h]self1 ex]cis$ less   
control ov] h]self4 ,h] app>5t          
indiff]5ce 0 succe$$ by scornful irony4 
,%e repli$ to ev]y?+ he said 9          
monosyllables utt]$ sl[ly & hesitat+ly z
 if %e 7 afraid h] ang] %\ld %[ itself  
too pla9ly4 ,emile half dead ) t]ror />$
 at h] full ( sorr[1 & tri$ to get h] to
 look at him s t 8 eyes might read 9 h]s
 h] real feel+s4 ,sophy1 /ill m angry at
 8 boldness1 gave him "o look :i* remov$
 all wi% = ano!r4 ,luckily = himself1   
,emile1 trembl+ & dumbf\nd$1 d>$ nei!r  
look at h] nor speak to h] aga92 = _h he
 n be5 guilty1 _h he be5 able to endure 
h] wra?1 %e w\ld nev] h =giv5 him4      
,see+ t x 0 my turn n[1 & t ! "t 0 ripe 
= explanation1 ,i return$ to ,sophy4 ,i 
took h] h& & ?is "t %e did n snat* x    
away2 %e 0 ready to fa9t4 ,i said g5tly1
 ,de> ,sophy1 we are ! victims (        

mis=tune2 b y are j & reasonable2 y w n 
judge u unhe>d2 li/5 to :at we h to say4
 ,%e said no?+ & ,i proce$$--  ,we set  
out ye/]day at f\r o'clock2 we 7 told to
 be "h at sev51 & we always all[        
ourselves r m "t ?an we ne$1 s z to re/ 
a little be=e we get "h4 ,we 7 m ?an    
half way "h :5 we he>d lam5table groans1
 :i* came f a little valley 9 !         
hillside1 "s di/ance (f4 ,we hurri$     
t[>ds ! place & f\nd an unlucky peasant 
:o _h tak5 r m w9e ?an 0 good = him2 on 
8 way home he _h fall5 heavily f 8 horse
 & brok5 8 leg4 ,we %\t$ & call$ = help2
 !re 0 no answ]2 we tri$ to lift !      
injur$ man on 8 horse1 b )\t success2 ! 
lea/ movem5t caus$ int5se agony4 ,we    
decid$ to tie up ! horse 9 a quiet "p ( 
! wood2 !n we made a *air ( our cross$  
arms & c>ri$ ! man z g5tly z possible1  
foll[+ 8 directions till we got him     
home4 ,! way 0 long1 & we 7 con/antly   
oblig$ to /op & re/4 ,at la/ we got !re1
 b ?or\ghly exhau/$4 ,we 7 surpris$ &   
sorry to f9d t x 0 a h\se we knew       

already & t ! wret*$ creature we _h     
c>ri$ ) su* difficulty 0 ! v man :o     
receiv$ u s k9dly :5 fir/ we came4 ,we  
_h all be5 s upset t until t mom5t we _h
 n recognis$ ea* o!r4  ,!re 7 only two  
little *ildr54 ,8 wife 0 ab\t to pres5t 
him ) ano!r1 & %e 0 s ov]:elm$ at !     
sight ( him br\ght home 9 su* a         
condition1 t %e 0 tak5 ill & a few h\rs 
lat] gave bir? to ano!r little "o4 ,:at 
0 to be done "u su* circum/ances 9 a    
lonely cottage f> f any help8 ,emile    
decid$ to fet* ! horse we _h left 9 !   
wood1 to ride z fa/ z he c\ld into ! t[n
 & fet* a surgeon4 ,he let ! surgeon h !
 horse1 & n succe$+ 9 f9d+ a nurse all  
at once1 he return$ on foot ) a s]vant1 
aft] hav+ s5t a mess5g] to y2 mean:ile  
,i h>dly knew :at to d betwe5 a man ) a 
brok5 leg & a woman 9 travail1 b ,i got 
ready z well z ,i c\ld su* ?+s 9 ! h\se 
z ,i ?\ght w\ld be ne$$ = ! relief (    
bo?4  ,i w pass ov] ! re/ ( ! details2  
!y are n to ! po9t4 ,x 0 two o'clock 9 !
 morn+ be=e we got a mom5t's re/4 ,at   

la/ we return$ be=e daybreak to our     
lodg+ close at h&1 :]e we wait$ till y 7
 up to let y "k :at _h happ5$ to u4  ,t 
0 all ,i said4 ,b be=e any "o c\ld speak
 ,emile1 approa*+ ,sophy1 rais$ 8 voice 
& said ) great] firmness ?an ,i expect$1
 ,sophy1 my fate is 9 y\r h&s1 z y v    
well "k4 ,y may condemn me to die (     
grief2 b d n hope to make me =get !     
rights ( humanity2 !y are ev5 m sacr$ 9 
my eyes ?an y\r own rights2 ,i w nev]   
r5\nce !m = y4  ,= all answ]1 ,sophy    
rose1 put h] arm r\nd 8 neck1 & kiss$   
him on ! *eek2 !n (f]+ him h] h& )      
inimitable grace %e said to him1 ,emile1
 take ?is h&2 x is y\rs4 ,:5 y w1 y %all
 be my husb& & my ma/]2 ,i w try to be  
wor?y ( t hon\r4  ,sc>cely _h %e kiss$  
him1 :5 h] delight$ fa!r clapp$ 8 h&s   
call+1 ,encore1 encore1 & ,sophy )\t    
fur!r ado1 kiss$ him twice on ! o!r     
*eek2 b afraid ( :at %e _h done %e took 
refuge at once 9 h] "m's arms & hid h]  
blu%+ face on ! mat]nal bosom4  ,i w n  
describe our happ9ess2 ev]ybody w feel )

 u4 ,aft] d9n] ,sophy ask$ if x 7 too f>
 to g & see ! poor invalids4 ,x 0 h] wi%
 & x 0 a "w ( m]cy4 ,:5 we got !re we   
f\nd !m bo? 9 b$--,emile _h s5t = a     
second b$/ead2 !re 7 p !re to look aft] 
!m--,emile _h se5 to x4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is
 ev]y?+ 0 s untidy t !y suff]$ almo/ z  
mu* f discom=t z f _! condition4 ,sophy 
ask$ = "o ( ! good wife's aprons & set  
to "w to make h] m com=table 9 h] b$2 !n
 %e did z mu* = ! man2 h] s(t & g5tle h&
 seem$ to f9d out :at 0 hurt+ !m & h[ to
 settle !m into less pa9ful positions4  
,h] v pres5ce seem$ to make !m m        
com=table2 %e seem$ to guess :at 0 !    
matt]4 ,?is fa/idi\s girl 0 n disgu/$ by
 ! dirt or smells1 & %e manag$ to get   
rid ( bo? )\t di/urb+ ! sick p4 ,%e :o  
_h always appe>$ s mode/ & sometimes s  
disda9ful1 %e :o w\ld n = all ! _w h    
t\*$ a man's b$ ) h] little f+]1 lift$ !
 sick man & *ang$ 8 l95 )\t any fuss1 & 
plac$ him to re/ 9 a m com=table        
position4 ,! zeal ( *>ity is ( m value  
?an mode/y4 ,:at %e did 0 done s        

skilfully & ) su* a light t\* t he felt 
bett] almo/ )\t kn[+ %e _h t\*$ him4    
,husb& & wife m+l$ _! bless+s ^u ! k9dly
 girl :o t5d$1 piti$1 & consol$ !m4 ,%e 
0 an angel f heav5 come to visit !m2 %e 
0 an angel 9 face & mann]1 9 g5tl5ess & 
goodness4 ,emile 0 greatly t\*$ by all  
?is & he wat*$ h] )\t speak+4 ,o man1   
love ?y helpmeet4 ,god gave h] to       
relieve ?y suff]+s1 to com=t !e 9 ?y    
tr\bles4 ,?is is %e6  ,! new-born baby 0
 baptis$4 ,! two lov]s 7 its god-p>5ts1 
& z !y held x at ! font !y 7 long+1 at !
 bottom ( _! he>ts1 = ! "t :5 !y %\ld h 
a *ild ( _! own to be baptis$4 ,!y long$
 = _! w$d+ day2 !y ?\ght x 0 close at   
h&2 all ,sophy's scruples _h vani%$1 b  
m9e rema9$4 ,!y _h n got s f> z !y      
expect$2 e "o mu/ h 8 turn4  ,"o morn+  
:5 !y _h n se5 ea* o!r = two :ole days1 
,i ent]$ ,emile's room ) a lett] 9 my   
h&s1 & look+ fix$ly at him ,i said to   
him1 ,:at w\ld y d if "s "o told y      
,sophy 7 dead8 ,he utt]$ a l\d cry1 got 
up & /ruck 8 h&s toge!r1 & )\t say+ a   

s+le ^w1 he look$ at me ) eyes (        
desp]ation4 ,answ] me1 ,i cont9u$ ) !   
same calmness4 ,vex$ at my composure1 he
 !n approa*$ me ) eyes blaz+ ) ang]2 &  
*eck+ himself 9 an almo/ ?reat5+        
attitude1 ,:at w\ld ,i d8 ,i "k n2 b ?is
 ,i d "k1 ,i w\ld nev] set eyes aga9 ^u 
! p]son :o br\ght me su* news4 ,com=t   
y\rself1 said ,i1 smil+1 %e lives1 %e is
 well1 & !y are expect+ u ?is ev5+4 ,b  
let u g = a %ort walk & we c talk ?+s   
ov]4  ,! passion :i* engrosses him w no 
long] p]mit him to devote himself z 9   
=m] days to discussions ( pure reason2  
?is v passion mu/ be call$ to our aid if
 8 att5tion is to be giv5 to my tea*+4  
,t is :y ,i made use ( ?is t]rible      
preface2 ,i am q sure he w li/5 to me   
n[4  ,we mu/ be happy1 de> ,emile2 x is 
! end ( e feel+ creature2 x is ! fir/   
desire taught u by nature1 & ! only "o  
:i* nev] leaves u4 ,b :]e is happ9ess8  
,:o kn[s8 ,e "o seeks x1 & no "o f9ds x4
 ,we sp5d our lives 9 ! se>* & we die   
be=e ! end is atta9$4 ,my "y fri5d1 :5  

,i took y1 a new-born infant1 9 my arms1
 & call$ ,god himself to witness to ! v[
 ,i d>$ to make t ,i w\ld devote my life
 to ! happ9ess ( y\r life1 did ,i "k    
myself :at ,i 0 und]tak+8 ,no2 ,i only  
knew t 9 mak+ y happy1 ,i 0 sure ( my   
own happ9ess4 ,by mak+ ?is useful       
inquiry on y\r acc\nt1 ,i made x = u    
bo?4  ,s long z we d n "k :at to d1     
wisdom consi/s 9 do+ no?+4 ,( all rules 
!re is none s greatly ne$$ by man1 &    
none :i* he is less able to obey4 ,9    
seek+ happ9ess :5 we "k n :]e x is1 we  
are p]haps gett+ fur!r & fur!r f x1 we  
are runn+ z _m risks z !re are roads to 
*oose f4 ,b x is n e "o t c keep /ill4  
,our passion = our own well-be+ makes u 
s uneasy1 t we w\ld r deceive ourselves 
9 ! se>* = happ9ess ?an sit /ill & d    
no?+2 & :5 once we h left ! place :]e we
 might h kn[n happ9ess1 we c nev]       
return4  ,9 ignorance l ?is ,i tri$ to  
avoid a simil> fault4 ,:5 ,i took *>ge (
 y ,i decid$ to take no useless /eps &  
to prev5t y f do+ s too4 ,i kept to !   

pa? ( nature1 until %e %\ld %[ me ! pa? 
( happ9ess4 ,& lo6 _! pa?s 7 ! same1 &  
)\t kn[+ x ?is 0 ! pa? ,i trod4  ,be at 
once my witness & my judge2 ,i w nev]   
refuse to accept y\r decision4 ,y\r e>ly
 ye>s h n be5 sacrific$ to ^? t 7 to    
foll[1 y h enjoy$ all ! good gifts :i*  
nature be/[$ ^u y4 ,( ! ills to :i* y 7 
by nature subject1 & f :i* ,i c\ld %elt]
 y1 y h only exp]i5c$ su* z w\ld h>d5 y 
to be> o!rs4 ,y h nev] suff]$ any evil1 
except to escape a great]4 ,y h kn[n    
nei!r hatr$ nor s]vitude4 ,free & happy1
 y h rema9$ j & k9dly2 = suff]+ & vice  
are insep>able1 & no man ev] became bad 
until he 0 unhappy4 ,may ! memory ( y\r 
*ildhood rema9 ) y to old age6 ,i am n  
afraid t y\r k9d he>t w ev] recall ! h& 
t tra9$ x )\t a bless+ ^u x4  ,:5 y     
rea*$ ! age ( reason1 ,i secur$ y f !   
influ5ce ( human prejudice2 :5 y\r he>t 
awoke ,i pres]v$ y f ! sway ( passion4  
,_h ,i be5 able to prolong ?is inn]     
tranquillity till y\r life's end1 my "w 
w\ld h be5 secure1 & y w\ld h be5 z     

happy z man c be2 b1 my de> ,emile1 9   
va9 did ,i dip y 9 ! wat]s ( ,/yx1 ,i   
c\ld n make y ev]y:]e invuln]able2 a    
fre% enemy has appe>$1 :om y h n yet    
le>nt to conqu]1 & f :om ,i _c save y4  
,t enemy is y\rself4 ,nature & =tune _h 
left y free4 ,y c\ld face pov]ty1 y c\ld
 be> bodily pa92 ! suff]+s ( ! he>t 7   
unkn[n to y2 y 7 !n dep5d5t on no?+ b   
y\r position z a human be+2 n[ y dep5d  
on all ! ties y h =m$ = y\rself2 y h    
le>nt to desire1 & y are n[ ! slave (   
y\r desires4 ,)\t any *ange 9 y\rself1  
)\t any insult1 any injury to y\rself1  
:at sorr[s may attack y\r s\l1 :at pa9s 
may y suff] )\t sickness1 h[ _m dea?s   
may y die & yet live6 ,a lie1 an error1 
a suspicion1 may plunge y 9 despair4    
,at ! !atre y us$ to see h]oes1 ab&on$  
to dep?s ( woe1 mak+ ! /age re-e*o ) _! 
wild cries1 lam5t+ l wom51 weep+ l      
*ildr51 & ?us secur+ ! applause ( !     
audi5ce4 ,d y rememb] h[ %ock$ y 7 by ^?
 lam5tations1 cries1 & groans1 9 m5 f   
:om "o w\ld only expect de$s ( con/ancy 

& h]oism4 ',:y1' said y1 'are ^? !      
patt]ns we are to foll[1 ! models set = 
our imitation6 ,are !y afraid man w n be
 small en\gh1 unhappy en\gh1 weak en\gh1
 if 8 weakness is n en%r9$ "u a false %[
 ( virtue4' ,my "y fri5d1 h5ce=w>d y mu/
 be m m]ciful to ! /age2 y h become "o (
 ^? h]oes4  ,y "k h[ to suff] & to die2 
y "k h[ to be> ! heavy yoke ( necessity 
9 ills ( ! body1 b y h n yet le>nt to   
give a law to ! desires ( y\r he>t2 & ! 
difficulties ( life arise r f our       
affections ?an f our ne$s4 ,our desires 
are va/1 our /r5g? is little bett] ?an  
no?+4 ,9 8 wi%es man is dep5d5t on _m   
?+s2 9 himself he is dep5d5t on no?+1 n 
ev5 on 8 own life2 ! m 8 connections are
 multipli$1 ! great] 8 suff]+s4 ,ev]y?+ 
^u e>? has an end2 soon] or lat] all t  
we love escapes f our f+]s1 & we behave 
z if x w\ld la/ = ev]4 ,:at 0 y\r t]ror 
at ! m]e suspicion ( ,sophy's dea?8 ,d y
 suppose %e w live = ev]8 ,d n "y p ( h]
 age die8 ,%e mu/ die1 my son1 & p]haps 
be=e y4 ,:o kn[s if %e is alive at ?is  

mom5t8 ,nature meant y to die b once2 y 
h prep>$ a second dea? = y\rself4  ,a   
slave to y\r unbridl$ passions1 h[      
greatly are y to be piti$6 ,ev]         
privations1 losses1 al>ms2 y w n ev5    
enjoy :at is left4 ,y w possess no?+    
because ( ! fe> ( los+ x2 y w nev] be   
able to satisfy y\r passions1 because y 
desir$ to foll[ !m cont9ually4 ,y w ev] 
be seek+ t :i* w fly be=e y2 y w be     
mis]able & y w become wick$4 ,h[ c y be 
o!rwise1 hav+ no c>e b y\r unbridl$     
passions6 ,if y _c put up ) involunt>y  
privations h[ w y volunt>ily deprive    
y\rself8 ,h[ c y sacrifice desire to    
duty1 & resi/ y\r he>t 9 ord] to li/5 to
 y\r reason8 ,y w\ld nev] see t man aga9
 :o d>$ to br+ y ^w ( ! dea? ( y\r      
mi/ress2 h[ w\ld y behold him :o w\ld   
deprive y ( h] liv+ self1 him :o w\ld   
d>e to tell y1 ',%e is dead to y1 virtue
 puts a gulf betwe5 y'8 ,if y mu/ live )
 h] :atev] happ5s1 :e!r ,sophy is m>ri$ 
or s+le1 :e!r y are free or n1 :e!r %e  
loves or hates y1 :e!r %e is giv5 or    

refus$ to y1 no matt]1 x is y\r w & y   
mu/ h h] at any price4 ,tell me !n :at  
crime w /op a man :o has no law b 8     
he>t's desires1 :o kn[s n h[ to resi/ 8 
own passions4  ,my son1 !re is no       
happ9ess )\t c\rage1 nor virtue )\t a   
/ruggle4 ,! ^w virtue is d]iv$ f a ^w   
signify+ /r5g?1 & /r5g? is ! f\ndation (
 all virtue4 ,virtue is ! h]itage ( a   
creature weak by nature b /rong by w2 t 
is ! :ole m]it ( ! righte\s man2 & ?\gh 
we call ,god good we d n call ,him      
virtu\s1 because ,he does good )\t ef=t4
 ,i wait$ to expla9 ! mean+ ( ?is ^w1 s 
(t5 pr(an$1 until y 7 ready to und]/&   
me4 ,z long z virtue is q easy to       
practise1 !re is little ne$ to "k x4    
,?is ne$ arises ) ! awak5+ ( ! passions2
 y\r "t has come4  ,:5 ,i br\ght y up 9 
all ! simplicity ( nature1 in/ead (     
prea*+ disagreeable duties1 ,i secur$ = 
y immunity f ! vices :i* make su* duties
 disagreeable2 ,i made ly+ n s mu*      
hateful z unnecess>y 9 y\r sight2 ,i    
taught y n s mu* to give o!rs _! due1 z 

to c>e little ab\t y\r own rights2 ,i   
made y k9dly r ?an virtu\s4 ,b ! k9dly  
man is only k9d s long z he f9ds x      
pleasant2 k9dness falls to pieces at !  
%ook ( human passions2 ! k9dly man is   
only k9d to himself4  ,:at is meant by a
 virtu\s man8 ,he :o c conqu] 8         
affections2 = !n he foll[s 8 reason1 8  
consci5ce2 he does 8 duty2 he is 8 own  
ma/] & no?+ c turn him f ! "r way4 ,s f>
 y h _h only ! semblance ( lib]ty1 !    
prec>i\s lib]ty ( ! slave :o has n      
receiv$ 8 ord]s4 ,n[ is ! "t = real     
fre$om2 le>n to be y\r own ma/]2 control
 y\r he>t1 my ,emile1 & y w be virtu\s4 
,!re is ano!r appr5tice%ip be=e y1 an   
appr5tice%ip m difficult ?an ! =m]2 =   
nature deliv]s u f ! evils %e lays ^u u1
 or else %e tea*es u to submit to !m2 b 
%e has no message = u ) reg>d to our    
self-impos$ evils2 %e leaves u to       
ourselves2 %e leaves u1 victims ( our   
own passions1 to succumb to our va9     
sorr[s1 to pride ourselves on ! te>s (  
:i* we %\ld be a%am$4  ,?is is y\r fir/ 

passion4 ,p]haps x is ! only passion    
wor?y ( y4 ,if y c control x l a man1 x 
w be ! la/2 y w be ma/] ( all ! re/1 & y
 w obey no?+ b ! passion = virtue4  ,!re
 is no?+ crim9al 9 ?is passion2 ,i "k x2
 x is z pure z ! he>ts :i* exp]i5ce x4  
,x 0 born ( hon\r & nurs$ by innoc5ce4  
,happy lov]s6 = y ! *>ms ( virtue d b   
add to ^? ( love2 & ! bless$ union to   
:i* y are look+ =w>d is less ! rew>d (  
y\r goodness ?an ( y\r affection4  ,b   
tell me1 ,o tru?ful man1 ?\gh ?is       
passion is pure1 is x any ! less y\r    
ma/]8 ,are y ! less its slave8 ,& if    
to-morr[ x %\ld cease to be innoc5t1    
w\ld y /rangle x on ! spot8  ,n[ is ! "t
 to try y\r /r5g?2 !re is no "t = t 9   
h\rs ( dang]4 ,^! p]il\s ef=ts %\ld be  
made :5 dang] is /ill af>4 ,we d n      
practise ! use ( our weapons :5 we are  
face to face ) ! enemy1 we d t be=e !   
w>2 we come to ! battle-field ready     
prep>$4  ,x is a mi/ake to classify !   
passions z lawful & unlawful1 s z to    
yield to ! "o & refuse ! o!r4 ,all alike

 are good if we are _! ma/]s2 all alike 
are bad if we ab&on ourselves to !m4    
,nature =bids u to ext5d our relations  
beyond ! limits ( our /r5g?2 reason     
=bids u to want :at we _c get1 consci5ce
 =bids u1 n to be tempt$1 b to yield to 
temptation4 ,to feel or n to feel a     
passion is beyond our control1 b we c   
control ourselves4 ,e s5tim5t "u our own
 control is lawful2 ^? :i* control u are
 crim9al4 ,a man is n guilty if he loves
 8 neighb\r's wife1 provid$ he keeps ?is
 unhappy passion "u ! control ( ! law ( 
duty2 he is guilty if he loves 8 own    
wife s greatly z to sacrifice ev]y?+ to 
t love4  ,d n expect me to supply y )   
l5g?y precepts ( morality1 ,i h only "o 
rule to give y :i* sums up all ! re/4   
,be a man2 re/ra9 y\r he>t )9 ! limits (
 y\r manhood4 ,/udy & "k ^! limits2     
h[ev] n>r[ !y may be1 we are n unhappy  
)9 !m2 x is only :5 we wi% to g beyond  
!m t we are unhappy1 only :51 9 our mad 
passions1 we try to atta9 ! impossible2 
we are unhappy :5 we =get our manhood to

 make an imag9>y _w = ourselves1 f :i*  
we are always slipp+ back into our own4 
,! only good ?+s1 ^: loss really affects
 u1 are ^? :i* we claim z our rights4   
,if x is cle> t we _c obta9 :at we want1
 our m9d turns away f x2 wi%es )\t hope 
cease to torture u4 ,a begg> is n       
torm5t$ by a desire to be a k+2 a k+    
only wi%es to be a god :5 he ?9ks       
himself m ?an man4  ,! illusions ( pride
 are ! s\rce ( our greate/ ills2 b !    
contemplation ( human suff]+ keeps !    
wise humble4 ,he keeps to 8 prop] place 
& makes no attempt to dep>t f x2 he does
 n wa/e 8 /r5g? 9 gett+ :at he _c keep2 
& 8 :ole /r5g? be+ devot$ to ! "r       
employm5t ( :at he has1 he is 9 reality 
ri*] & m p[]ful 9 proportion z he       
desires less ?an we4 ,a man1 subject to 
dea? & *ange1 %all ,i =ge = myself la/+ 
*a9s ^u ?is e>?1 :]e ev]y?+ *anges &    
disappe>s1 :5ce ,i myself %all %ortly   
vani%6 ,oh1 ,emile6 my son6  if ,i 7 to 
lose y1 :at w\ld be left ( myself8 ,&   
yet ,i mu/ le>n to lose y1 = :o kn[s :5 

y may be tak5 f me8  ,w\ld y live 9     
wisdom & happ9ess1 fix y\r he>t on !    
beauty t is et]nal2 let y\r desires be  
limit$ by y\r position1 let y\r duties  
take prec$5ce ( y\r wi%es2 ext5d ! law (
 necessity into ! region ( morals2 le>n 
to lose :at may be tak5 f y2 le>n to    
=sake all ?+s at ! comm& ( virtue1 to   
set y\rself above ! *ances ( life1 to   
deta* y\r he>t be=e x is torn 9 pieces1 
to be brave 9 adv]sity s t y may nev] be
 wret*$1 to be /eadfa/ 9 duty t y may   
nev] be guilty ( a crime4 ,!n y w be    
happy 9 spite ( =tune1 & good 9 spite ( 
y\r passions4 ,y w f9d a pleasure t _c  
be de/roy$1 ev5 9 ! possession ( ! mo/  
fragile ?+s2 y w possess !m1 !y w n     
possess y1 & y w realise t ! man :o     
loses ev]y?+1 only enjoys :at he kn[s h[
 to resign4 ,x is true y w n enjoy !    
illusions ( imag9>y pleasures1 nei!r w y
 feel ! suff]+s :i* are _! result4 ,y w 
pr(it greatly by ?is ex*ange1 = !       
suff]+s are real & frequ5t1 ! pleasures 
are r>e & empty4 ,victor ov] s _m       

deceitful ideas1 y w also vanqui% ! idea
 t atta*es su* an excessive value to    
life4 ,y w sp5d y\r life 9 peace1 & y w 
leave x )\t t]ror2 y w deta* y\rself f  
life z f o!r ?+s4 ,let o!rs1            
horror-/ruck1 believe t :5 ?is life is  
end$ !y cease to be2 consci\s ( !       
no?+ness ( life1 y w ?9k t y are b ent]+
 ^u ! true life4 ,to ! wick$1 dea? is ! 
close ( life2 to ! j x is its dawn4     
,emile he>d me ) att5tion n unmix$ )    
anxiety4 ,aft] su* a />tl+ preface he   
fe>$ "s gloomy conclusion4 ,he =esaw t  
:5 ,i %[$ him h[ necess>y x is to       
practise ! /r5g? ( ! s\l1 ,i desir$ to  
subject him to ?is /]n discipl9e2 he 0 l
 a w\nd$ man :o %r9ks f ! surgeon1 &    
fancies he already feels ! pa9ful b     
heal+ t\* :i* w cure ! deadly w\nd4     
,unc]ta91 anxi\s1 eag] to "k :at ,i am  
driv+ at1 he does n answ]1 he que/ions  
me b timidly4 ,:at mu/ ,i d8 says he    
almo/ trembl+1 n d>+ to raise 8 eyes4   
,:at mu/ y d8 ,i reply firmly4 ,y mu/   
leave ,sophy4 ,:at are y say+8 he       

exclaim$ angrily4 ,leave ,sophy1 leave  
,sophy1 deceive h]1 become a traitor1 a 
villa91 a p]jur]6 ,:y6 ,i cont9ue1      
int]rupt+ him2 does ,emile suppose ,i   
%all tea* him to des]ve su* titles8 ,no1
 he cont9u$ ) ! same vig\r4 ,nei!r y nor
 any "o else2 ,i am capable ( pres]v+   
y\r "w2 ,i %all n des]ve su* reproa*es4 
,i 0 prep>$ = ?is fir/ outbur/2 ,i let x
 pass unhe$$4 ,if ,i _h n ! mod]ation ,i
 prea* x w\ld n be mu* use prea*+ x6    
,emile kn[s me too well to believe me   
capable ( dem&+ any wrong action f him1 
& he kn[s t x w\ld be wrong to leave    
,sophy1 9 ! s5se he atta*es to ! phrase4
 ,s he waits = an explanation4 ,!n ,i   
resume my spee*4  ,my de> ,emile1 d y   
?9k any man :atsoev] c be happi] ?an y h
 be5 = ! la/ ?ree mon?s8 ,if y ?9k s1   
undeceive y\rself4 ,be=e ta/+ !         
pleasures ( life y h plumb$ ! dep?s (   
its happ9ess4 ,!re is no?+ m ?an y h    
already exp]i5c$4 ,! joys ( s5se are    
soon ov]2 habit inv>iably de/roys !m4 ,y
 h ta/$ great] joys ?r\gh hope ?an y w  

ev] enjoy 9 reality4 ,! imag9ation :i*  
adorns :at we long =1 des]ts its        
possession4 ,) ! exception ( ! "o       
self-exi/+ ,be+1 !re is no?+ beautiful  
except t :i* is n4 ,if t /ate c\ld h    
la/$ = ev]1 y w\ld h f\nd p]fect        
happ9ess4 ,b all t is relat$ to man %>es
 8 decl9e2 all is f9ite1 all is fleet+ 9
 human life1 & ev5 if ! conditions :i*  
make u happy c\ld be prolong$ = ev]1    
habit w\ld deprive u ( all ta/e = t     
happ9ess4 ,if ext]nal circum/ances rema9
 un*ang$1 ! he>t *anges2 ei!r happ9ess  
=sakes u1 or we =sake h]4  ,dur+ y\r    
infatuation "t has pass$ unhe$$4 ,summ] 
is ov]1 w9t] is at h&4 ,ev5 if our      
exp$itions 7 possible1 at su* a "t ( ye>
 !y w\ld n be p]mitt$4 ,:e!r we wi% x or
 no1 we %all h to *ange our way ( life2 
x _c cont9ue4 ,i read 9 y\r eag] eyes t 
?is does n di/urb y greatly2 ,sophy's   
confession & y\r own wi%es sugge/ a     
simple plan = avoid+ ! sn[ & escap+ !   
j\rney4 ,! plan has its advantages1 no  
d\bt2 b :5 spr+ returns1 ! sn[ w melt & 

! m>riage w rema92 y mu/ reckon = all   
seasons4  ,y wi% to m>ry ,sophy & y h   
only kn[n h] five mon?s6 ,y wi% to m>ry 
h]1 n because %e is a fit wife = y1 b   
because %e pleases y2 z if love 7 nev]  
mi/ak5 z to fitness1 z if ^?1 :o beg9 ) 
love1 nev] end$ ) hatr$6 ,i "k %e is    
virtu\s2 b is t en\gh8 ,is fitness m]ely
 a matt] ( hon\r8 ,x is n h] virtue ,i  
misd\bt1 x is h] disposition4 ,does a   
woman %[ h] real "* 9 a day8 ,d y "k h[ 
(t5 y mu/ h se5 h] & "u :at v>y+        
conditions to really "k h] temp]8 ,is   
f\r mon?s ( lik+ a suffici5t pl$ge = !  
re/ ( y\r life8 ,a c\ple ( mon?s h5ce y 
may h =gott5 h]2 z soon z y are gone    
ano!r may efface y\r image 9 h] he>t2 on
 y\r return y may f9d h] z indiff]5t z y
 h hi!rto f\nd h] affectionate4         
,s5tim5ts are n a matt] ( pr9ciple2 %e  
may be p]fectly virtu\s & yet cease to  
love y4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k %e w be     
fai?ful & true2 b :o w answ] = h]1 & :o 
w answ] = y if y are n put to ! pro(8 ,w
 y po/pone ?is trial till x is too late1

 w y wait to "k y\r true selves till    
p>t+ is no long] possible8  ,sophy is n 
eighte51 & y are b>ely tw5ty-two2 ?is is
 ! age = love1 b n = m>riage4 ,:at a    
fa!r & "m = a family6 ,if y want to "k  
h[ to br+ up *ildr51 y %\ld at lea/ wait
 till y y\rselves are *ildr5 no long]4  
,d y n "k t too e>ly mo!rhood has weak5$
 ! con/itution1 de/roy$ ! heal?1 &      
%ort5$ ! life ( _m "y wom58 ,d y n "k t 
_m *ildr5 h always be5 weak & sickly    
because _! "m 0 little m ?an a *ild     
h]self8 ,:5 "m & *ild are bo? gr[+1 !   
/r5g? requir$ = _! gr[? is divid$1 &    
nei!r gets all t nature int5d$2 are n   
bo? sure to suff]8 ,ei!r ,i "k v little 
( ,emile1 or he w\ld r wait & h a heal?y
 wife & *ildr51 ?an satisfy 8 impati5ce 
at ! price ( _! life & heal?4  ,let u   
speak ( y\rself4 ,y hope to be a husb& &
 a fa!r2 h y s]i\sly consid]$ y\r       
duties8 ,:5 y become ! head ( a family y
 w become a citiz5 ( y\r c\ntry4 ,& :at 
is a citiz5 ( ! /ate8 ,:at d y "k ab\t  
x8 ,y h /udi$ y\r duties z a man1 b :at 

d y "k ( ! duties ( a citiz58 ,d y "k ! 
mean+ ( su* t]ms z gov]nm5t1 laws1      
c\ntry8 ,d y "k ! price y mu/ pay =     
life1 & = :at y mu/ be prep>$ to die8 ,y
 ?9k y "k ev]y?+1 :5 y really "k no?+ at
 all4 ,be=e y take y\r place 9 ! civil  
ord]1 le>n to p]ceive & "k :at is y\r   
prop] place4  ,emile1 y mu/ leave       
,sophy2 ,i d n bid y =sake h]2 if y 7   
capable ( su* conduct1 %e w\ld be only  
too happy n to h m>ri$ y2 y mu/ leave h]
 9 ord] to return wor?y ( h]4 ,d n be   
va9 en\gh to ?9k y\rself already wor?y4 
,h[ mu* rema9s to be done6 ,come &      
fulfil ?is spl5did task2 come & le>n to 
submit to abs5ce2 come & e>n ! prize (  
fidelity1 s t :5 y return y may inde$   
des]ve "s hon\r1 & may ask h] h& n z a  
fav\r b z a rew>d4  ,unaccu/om$ to      
/ruggle ) himself1 untra9$ to desire "o 
?+ & to w ano!r1 ! "y man w n give way2 
he resi/s1 he argues4 ,:y %\ld he refuse
 ! happ9ess :i* awaits him8 ,w\ld he n  
despise ! h& :i* is (f]$ him if he      
hesitat$ to accept x8 ,:y ne$ he leave  

h] to le>n :at he ought to "k8 ,& if x 7
 necess>y to leave h] :y n leave h] z 8 
wife ) a c]ta9 pl$ge ( 8 return8 ,let   
him be h] husb&1 & he is ready to foll[ 
me2 let !m be m>ri$ & he w leave h] )\t 
fe>4 ,m>ry h] 9 ord] to leave h]1 de>   
,emile6 :at a contradiction6 ,a lov] :o 
c leave 8 mi/ress %[s himself capable ( 
great ?+s2 a husb& %\ld nev] leave 8    
wife unless ?r\gh necessity4 ,to cure   
y\r scruples1 ,i see ! delay mu/ be     
involunt>y on y\r "p2 y mu/ be able to  
tell ,sophy y leave h] aga9/ y\r w4 ,v  
well1 be cont5t1 & s9ce y w n foll[ !   
comm&s ( reason1 y mu/ submit to ano!r  
ma/]4 ,y h n =gott5 y\r promise4 ,emile1
 y mu/ leave ,sophy2 ,i w h x4  ,= a    
mom5t or two he 0 d[nca/1 sil5t1 &      
?\ghtful1 !n look+ me full 9 ! face he  
said1 ,:5 d we />t8 ,9 a week's "t1 ,i  
repli$2 ,sophy mu/ be prep>$ = our go+4 
,wom5 are weak] ?an we are1 & we mu/ %[ 
consid]ation = !m2 & ?is p>t+ is n a    
duty = h] z x is = y1 s %e may be all[$ 
to be> x less bravely4  ,! temptation to

 cont9ue ! daily hi/ory ( _! love up to 
! "t ( _! sep>ation is v great2 b ,i h  
already presum$ too mu* ^u ! good nature
 ( my read]s2 let u abridge ! /ory s z  
to br+ x to an end4 ,w ,emile face !    
situation z bravely at 8 mi/ress' feet z
 he has done 9 conv]sation ) 8 fri5d8 ,i
 ?9k he w2 8 confid5ce is root$ 9 !     
s9c]ity ( 8 love4 ,he w\ld be m at a    
loss ) h]1 if x co/ him less to leave   
h]2 he w\ld leave h] feel+ himself to   
blame1 & t is a difficult "p = a man (  
hon\r to play2 b ! great] ! sacrifice1 !
 m cr$it he dem&s = x 9 ! sight ( h] :o 
makes x s difficult4 ,he has no fe> t %e
 w misund]/& 8 motives4 ,e look seems to
 say1 ,oh1 ,sophy1 read my he>t & be    
fai?ful to me2 y\r lov] is n )\t virtue4
  ,sophy tries to be> ! un=ese5 bl[ ) h]
 usual pride & dignity4 ,%e tries to    
seem z if %e did n c>e1 b z ! hon\rs (  
w> are n h]s1 b ,emile's1 h] /r5g? is   
less equal to ! task4 ,%e weeps1 %e     
sighs aga9/ h] w1 & ! fe> ( be+ =gott5  
embitt]s ! pa9 ( p>t+4 ,%e does n weep 9

 h] lov]'s sight1 %e does n let him see 
h] t]ror2 %e w\ld die r ?an utt] a sigh 
9 8 pres5ce4 ,i am ! recipi5t ( h]      
lam5tations1 ,i behold h] te>s1 x is ,i 
:o am suppos$ to be h] confidant4 ,wom5 
are v clev] & "k h[ to conceal _!       
clev]ness2 ! m %e frets 9 private1 ! m  
pa9s %e takes to please me2 %e feels t  
h] fate is 9 my h&s4  ,i console & com=t
 h]2 ,i make myself answ]able = h] lov]1
 or r = h] husb&2 let h] be z true to   
him z he to h] & ,i promise !y %all be  
m>ri$ 9 two ye>s' "t4 ,%e respects me   
en\gh to believe t ,i d n want to       
deceive h]4 ,i am gu>antor to ea* = !   
o!r4 ,_! he>ts1 _! virtue1 my hone/y1 ! 
confid5ce ( _! p>5ts1 all comb9e to     
reassure !m4 ,b :at c reason avail aga9/
 weakness8 ,!y "p z if !y 7 nev] to meet
 aga94  ,!n x is t ,sophy recalls !     
regrets ( ,eu*>is1 & fancies h]self 9 h]
 place4 ,d n let u revive t fanta/ic    
affection dur+ 8 abs5ce ,sophy1 say ,i  
"o day1 ex*ange books ) ,emile2 let him 
h y\r ,telema*us t he may le>n to be l  

him1 & let him give y 8 ,spectator :i* y
 enjoy read+4 ,/udy ! duties ( good     
wives 9 x1 & rememb] t 9 two ye>s' "t y 
w und]take ^? duties4 ,! ex*ange gave   
pleasure to bo? & inspir$ !m )          
confid5ce4 ,at la/ ! sad day arriv$ & !y
 mu/ "p4  ,sophy's wor?y fa!r1 ) :om ,i 
_h arrang$ ! :ole bus9ess1 took         
affectionate leave ( me1 & tak+ me      
aside1 he spoke s]i\sly & some:at       
emphatically1 say+1 ,i h done ev]y?+ to 
please y2 ,i knew ,i _h to d ) a man (  
hon\r2 ,i h only "o ^w to say4 ,rememb]+
 y\r pupil has sign$ 8 contract (       
m>riage on my daught]'s lips4  ,:at a   
diff]5ce 9 ! behavi\r ( ! two lov]s6    
,emile1 impetu\s1 eag]1 excit$1 almo/   
beside himself1 cries al\d & %$s torr5ts
 ( te>s ^u ! h&s ( fa!r1 "m1 & daught]2 
) sobs he embraces e "o 9 ! h\se &      
repeats ! same ?+ ov] & ov] aga9 9 a way
 t w\ld be ludicr\s at any o!r "t4      
,sophy1 pale1 sorr[ful1 doleful1 &      
heavy-ey$1 rema9s quiet )\t a ^w or a   
te>1 %e sees no "o1 n ev5 ,emile4 ,9 va9

 he takes h] h&1 & clasps h] 9 8 arms2  
%e rema9s motionless1 unhe$+ 8 te>s1 8  
c>esses1 & ev]y?+ he does2 s f> z %e is 
conc]n$1 he is gone already4  ,a sight m
 mov+ ?an ! prolong$ lam5tations & noisy
 regrets ( h] lov]6 ,he sees1 he feels1 
he is he>tbrok54 ,i drag him reluctantly
 away2 if ,i left him ano!r m9ute1 he   
w\ld nev] g4 ,i am delight$ t he %\ld   
c>ry ?is t\*+ picture ) him4 ,if he %\ld
 ev] be tempt$ to =get :at is due to    
,sophy1 8 he>t mu/ h /ray$ v f> inde$ if
 ,i _c br+ x back to h] by recall+ h] z 
he saw h] la/4  ,,( ,,travel  ,is x good
 = "y p to travel8 ,! "q is (t5 ask$ & z
 (t5 hotly disput$4 ,if x 7 /at$        
o!rwise--,are m5 ! bett] = hav+         
travell$8--p]haps !re w\ld be less      
diff]5ce ( op9ion4  ,! misuse ( books is
 ! dea? ( s\nd le>n+4 ,p ?9k !y "k :at  
!y h read1 & take no pa9s to le>n4 ,too 
mu* read+ only produces a pret5ti\s     
ignoramus4 ,!re 0 nev] s mu* read+ 9 any
 age z ! pres5t1 & nev] 0 !re less      
le>n+2 9 no c\ntry ( ,europe are s _m   

hi/ories & books ( travel pr9t$ z 9     
,france1 & n[h]e is !re less k ( ! m9d &
 mann]s ( o!r nations4 ,s _m books lead 
u to neglect ! book ( ! _w2 if we read x
 at all1 we keep ea* to our own page4   
,if ! phrase1 ,c "o become a ,p]sian1 7 
unkn[n to me1 ,i %\ld suspect on he>+ x 
t x came f ! c\ntry :]e national        
prejudice is mo/ preval5t & f ! sex :i* 
does mo/ to increase x4  ,a ,p>isian    
?9ks he has a k ( m5 & he kn[s only     
,fr5*m52 8 t[n is always full ( =eign]s1
 b he consid]s e =eign] z a /range      
ph5om5on :i* has no equal 9 ! univ]se4  
,y mu/ h a close acqua9tance ) ! middle 
classes ( t great city1 y mu/ h liv$    
among !m1 be=e y c believe t p c\ld be  
at once s witty & s /upid4 ,! /range/ ?+
 ab\t x is t probably e "o ( !m has read
 a doz5 times a description ( ! c\ntry  
^: inhabitants inspire him ) su* wond]4 
,to discov] ! tru? amid/ our own        
prejudices & ^? ( ! au?ors is too h>d a 
task4 ,i h be5 read+ books ( travels all
 my life1 b ,i nev] f\nd two t gave me !

 same idea ( ! same nation4 ,on comp>+  
my own scanty obs]vations ) :at ,i h    
read1 ,i h decid$ to ab&on ! travell]s &
 ,i regret ! "t wa/$ 9 try+ to le>n f _!
 books2 = ,i am q conv9c$ t = t sort (  
/udy1 see+ n read+ is requir$4 ,t w\ld  
be true en\gh if e travell] 7 hone/1 if 
he only said :at he saw & believ$1 & if 
tru? 7 n t+$ ) false col\rs f 8 own     
eyes4 ,:at mu/ x be :5 we h to          
dis5tangle ! tru? f ! web ( lies &      
ill-fai?8  ,let u leave ! boa/$ res\rces
 ( books to ^? :o are cont5t to use !m4 
,l ! art ( ,raymond ,lully !y are able  
to set p *att]+ ab\t ?+s !y d n "k4 ,!y 
are able to set fifte5-ye>-old ,platos  
discuss+ philosophy 9 ! clubs1 & tea*+ p
 ! cu/oms ( ,egypt & ! ,indies on ! ^w (
 ,paul ,lucas or ,tav]ni]4  ,i ma9ta9 t 
x is beyond dispute t any "o :o has only
 se5 "o nation does n "k m52 he only    
kn[s ^? m5 among :om he has liv$4 ,h5ce 
!re is ano!r way ( /at+ ! "q ab\t       
travel3 ,is x en\gh = a well-educat$ man
 to "k 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 or ought he to 

"k mank9d 9 g5]al8 ,!n !re is no place =
 argum5t or unc]ta9ty4 ,see h[ greatly !
 solution ( a difficult problem may     
dep5d on ! way 9 :i* x is /at$4  ,b is x
 necess>y to travel ! :ole globe to /udy
 mank9d8 ,ne$ we g to ,japan to /udy    
,europeans8 ,ne$ we "k e individual be=e
 we "k ! species8 ,no1 !re are m5 s mu* 
alike t x is n wor? :ile to /udy !m     
individually4 ,:5 y h se5 a doz5 ,fr5*m5
 y h se5 !m all4 ,?\gh "o _c say z mu* (
 ! ,engli% & o!r nations1 x is1 h[ev]1  
c]ta9 t e nation has its own specific   
"*1 :i* is d]iv$ by induction f ! /udy1 
n ( "o1 b _m ( its memb]s4 ,he :o has   
comp>$ a doz5 nations kn[s m51 j he :o  
has comp>$ a doz5 ,fr5*m5 kn[s ! ,fr5*4 
,to acquire k x is n en\gh to travel    
ha/ily ?r\gh a c\ntry4 ,obs]vation dem&s
 eyes1 & ! p[] ( direct+ !m t[>ds !     
object we desire to "k4 ,!re are pl5ty (
 p :o le>n no m f _! travels ?an f _!   
books1 because !y d n "k h[ to ?9k2     
because 9 read+ _! m9d is at lea/ "u !  
guidance ( ! au?or1 & 9 _! travels !y d 

n "k h[ to see = !mselves4 ,o!rs le>n   
no?+1 because !y h no desire to le>n4   
,_! object is s entirely diff]5t1 t ?is 
nev] occurs to !m2 x is v unlikely t y w
 see cle>ly :at y take no tr\ble to look
 =4 ,! ,fr5* travel m ?an any o!r       
nation1 b !y are s tak5 up ) _! own     
cu/oms1 t ev]y?+ else is confus$ toge!r4
 ,!re are ,fr5*m5 9 e corn] ( ! globe4  
,9 no c\ntry ( ! _w d y f9d m p :o h    
travell$ ?an 9 ,france4 ,& yet ( all !  
nations ( ,europe1 t :i* has se5 mo/1   
kn[s lea/4  ,! ,engli% are also         
travell]s1 b !y travel 9 ano!r fa%ion2  
^! two nations mu/ always be at opposite
 extremes4 ,! ,engli% nobility travels1 
! ,fr5* /ays at home2 ! ,fr5* p travel1 
! ,engli% /ay at home4 ,?is diff]5ce    
does cr$it1 ,i ?9k1 to ! ,engli%4 ,!    
,fr5* almo/ always travel = _! own ends2
 ! ,engli% d n seek _! =tune 9 o!r l&s1 
unless 9 ! way ( comm]ce & ) _! h&s     
full2 :5 !y travel x is to sp5d _!      
money1 n to live by _! wits2 !y are too 
pr\d to cr+e be=e /rang]s4 ,?is is :y !y

 le>n m abroad ?an ! ,fr5* :o h o!r fi% 
to fry4 ,yet ! ,engli% h _! national    
prejudices2 b ^! prejudices are n s mu* 
! result ( ignorance z ( feel+4 ,!      
,engli%man's prejudices are ! result (  
pride1 ! ,fr5*man's are due to vanity4  
,j z ! lea/ cultivat$ nations are       
usually ! be/1 s ^? travel be/ :o travel
 lea/2 !y h made less progress ?an we 9 
our frivol\s pursuits1 !y are less      
conc]n$ ) ! objects ( our empty         
curiosity1 s t !y give _! att5tion to   
:at is really useful4 ,i h>dly "k any b 
! ,spani>ds :o travel 9 ?is fa%ion4     
,:ile ! ,fr5*man is runn+ aft] all !    
arti/s ( ! c\ntry1 :ile ! ,engli%man is 
gett+ a copy ( "s antique1 :ile ! ,g]man
 is tak+ 8 album to e man ( sci5ce1 !   
,spani>d is sil5tly /udy+ ! gov]nm5t1 ! 
mann]s ( ! c\ntry1 its police1 & he is !
 only "o ( ! f\r :o f all t he has se5 w
 c>ry home any obs]vation useful to 8   
own c\ntry4  ,! anci5ts travell$ little1
 read little1 & wrote few books2 yet we 
see 9 ^? books t rema9 to u1 t !y obs]v$

 ea* o!r m ?or\ghly ?an we obs]ve our   
contempor>ies4 ,)\t go+ back to ! days (
 ,hom]1 ! only poet :o transports u to !
 c\ntry he describes1 we _c d5y to      
,h]odotus ! glory ( hav+ pa9t$ mann]s 9 
8 hi/ory1 ?\gh he does x r by n>rative  
?an by comm5t2 /ill he does x bett] ?an 
all our hi/orians ^: books are ov]lad5 )
 portraits & *>act]s4 ,tacitus has      
describ$ ! ,g]mans ( 8 "t bett] ?an any 
au?or has describ$ ! ,g]mans ( to-day4  
,!re c be no d\bt t ^? :o h devot$      
!mselves to anci5t hi/ory "k m ab\t !   
,greeks1 ,c>?ag9ians1 ,romans1 ,gauls1 &
 ,p]sians ?an any nation ( to-day kn[s  
ab\t its neighb\rs4  ,x mu/ also be     
admitt$ t ! orig9al *>act]i/ics (       
diff]5t nations are *ang+ day by day1 & 
are !re=e m difficult to grasp4 ,z races
 bl5d & nations int]m+le1 ^? national   
diff]5ces :i* =m]ly /ruck ! obs]v] at   
fir/ sight gradually disappe>4 ,be=e our
 "t e nation rema9$ m or less cut (f f !
 re/2 ! means ( communication 7 few]2   
!re 0 less travell+1 less ( mutual or   

conflict+ int]e/s1 less political &     
civil int]c\rse betwe5 nation & nation2 
^? intricate s*emes ( royalty1 miscall$ 
diplomacy1 7 less frequ5t2 !re 7 no     
p]man5t ambassadors resid5t at =eign    
c\rts2 long voyages 7 r>e1 !re 0 little 
=eign trade1 & :at little !re 01 0 ei!r 
! "w ( pr9ces1 :o employ$ =eign]s1 or ( 
p ( no acc\nt :o _h no influ5ce on o!rs 
& did no?+ to br+ ! nations toge!r4 ,!  
relations betwe5 ,europe & ,asia 9 !    
pres5t c5tury are a hundr$fold m num]\s 
?an ^? betwe5 ,gaul & ,spa9 9 ! pa/2    
,europe alone 0 less accessible ?an !   
:ole _w is n[4  ,moreov]1 ! peoples (   
antiquity usually consid]$ !mselves z ! 
orig9al inhabitants ( _! c\ntry2 !y _h  
dwelt !re s long t all record 0 lo/ ( ! 
f>-(f times :5 _! ance/ors settl$ !re2  
!y _h be5 !re s long t ! place _h made a
 la/+ impression on !m2 b 9 mod]n       
,europe ! invasions ( ! b>b>ians1 foll[+
 ^u ! ,roman conque/s1 h caus$ an       
extraord9>y confusion4 ,! ,fr5*m5 (     
to-day are no long] ! big fair m5 ( old2

 ! ,greeks are no long] beautiful en\gh 
to s]ve z a sculptor's model2 ! v face (
 ! ,romans has *ang$ z well z _! "*2 !  
,p]sians1 orig9ally f ,t>t>y1 are daily 
los+ _! native ugl9ess ?r\gh !          
int]mixture ( ,circassian blood4        
,europeans are no long] ,gauls1 ,g]mans1
 ,ib]ians1 ,allobroges2 !y are all      
,scy?ians1 m or less deg5]ate 9         
c\nt5ance1 & /ill m s 9 conduct4  ,?is  
is :y ! anci5t di/9ctions ( race1 !     
effect ( soil & climate1 made a great]  
diff]5ce betwe5 nation & nation 9       
respect ( temp]am5t1 looks1 mann]s1 & "*
 ?an c be di/+ui%$ 9 our own "t1 :5 !   
fickl5ess ( ,europe leaves no "t =      
natural causes to "w1 :5 ! =e/s are cut 
d[n & ! m>%es dra9$1 :5 ! e>? is m      
g5]ally1 ?\gh less ?or\ghly1 till$1 s t 
! same diff]5ces betwe5 c\ntry & c\ntry 
c no long] be detect$ ev5 9 purely      
physical features4  ,if !y consid]$ ^!  
facts p]haps p w\ld n be 9 su* a hurry  
to ridicule ,h]odotus1 ,ctesias1 ,pl9y =
 hav+ describ$ ! inhabitants ( diff]5t  

c\ntries ea* ) its own peculi>ities & ) 
/rik+ diff]5ces :i* we no long] see4 ,to
 recognise su* types ( face we %\ld ne$ 
to see ! m5 !mselves2 no *ange mu/ h    
pass$ ov] !m1 if !y are to rema9 ! same4
 ,if we c\ld behold all ! p :o h ev]    
liv$1 :o c d\bt t we %\ld f9d great]    
v>iations betwe5 "o c5tury & ano!r1 ?an 
are n[ f\nd betwe5 nation & nation4  ,at
 ! same "t1 :ile obs]vation becomes m   
difficult1 x is m c>elessly & badly     
done2 ?is is ano!r reason = ! small     
success ( our rese>*es into ! natural   
hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,! in=mation     
acquir$ by travel dep5ds ^u ! object ( !
 j\rney4 ,if ?is object is a sy/em (    
philosophy1 ! travell] only sees :at he 
desires to see2 if x is self-int]e/1 x  
engrosses ! :ole att5tion ( ^? conc]n$4 
,comm]ce & ! arts :i* bl5d & m+le !     
nations at ! same "t prev5t !m f /udy+  
ea* o!r4 ,if !y "k h[ to make a pr(it   
out ( _! neighb\rs1 :at m d !y ne$ to   
"k8  ,x is a good ?+ to "k all ! places 
:]e we might live1 s z to *oose ^? :]e  

we c live mo/ com=tably4 ,if e "o liv$  
by 8 own ef=ts1 all he w\ld ne$ to "k   
w\ld be h[ mu* l& w\ld keep him 9 food4 
,! savage1 :o has ne$ ( no "o1 & envies 
no "o1 nei!r kn[s nor seeks to "k any   
o!r c\ntry b 8 own4 ,if he requires m l&
 = 8 subsi/5ce he %uns inhabit$ places2 
he makes w> ^u ! wild bea/s & fe$s on   
!m4 ,b = u1 to :om civilis$ life has    
become a necessity1 = u :o mu/ ne$s     
dev\r our fell[-creatures1 self-int]e/  
prompts ea* "o ( u to frequ5t ^?        
di/ricts :]e !re are mo/ p to be dev\r$4
 ,?is is :y we all flock to ,rome1      
,p>is1 & ,london4 ,human fle% & blood   
are always *eape/ 9 ! capital cities4   
,?us we only "k ! great nations1 :i* are
 j l "o ano!r4  ,!y say t m5 ( le>n+    
travel to obta9 in=mation2 n s1 !y      
travel l o!r p f int]e/$ motives4       
,philosoph]s l ,plato & ,py?agoras are  
no long] to be f\nd1 or if !y are1 x mu/
 be 9 f>-(f l&s4 ,our m5 ( le>n+ only   
travel at ! k+'s comm&2 !y are s5t out1 
_! exp5ses are paid1 !y receive a sal>y 

= see+ su* & su* ?+s1 & ! object ( t    
j\rney is c]ta9ly n ! /udy ( any "q (   
morals4  ,_! :ole "t is requir$ = !     
object ( _! j\rney1 & !y are too hone/ n
 to e>n _! pay4 ,if 9 any c\ntry        
:atsoev] !re are p travell+ at _! own   
exp5se1 y may be sure x is n to /udy m5 
b to tea* !m4 ,x is n k !y desire b     
o/5tation4 ,h[ %\ld _! travels tea* !m  
to %ake (f ! yoke ( prejudice8 ,x is    
prejudice t s5ds !m on _! travels4  ,to 
travel to see =eign l&s or to see =eign 
nations are two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,! =m] is
 ! usual aim ( ! curi\s1 ! latt] is     
m]ely subord9ate to x4 ,if y wi% to     
travel z a philosoph] y %\ld rev]se ?is 
ord]4 ,! *ild obs]ves ?+s till he is old
 en\gh to /udy m54 ,man %\ld beg9 by    
/udy+ 8 fell[s2 he c /udy ?+s lat] if "t
 p]mits4  ,x is !re=e illogical to      
conclude t travel is useless because we 
travel ill4 ,b grant+ ! usefulness (    
travel1 does x foll[ t x is good = all (
 u8 ,f> f x2 !re are v few p :o are     
really fit to travel2 x is only good =  

^? :o are /rong en\gh 9 !mselves to li/5
 to ! voice ( error )\t be+ deceiv$1    
/rong en\gh to see ! example ( vice )\t 
be+ l$ away by x4 ,travell+ accel]ates !
 progress ( nature1 & completes ! man = 
good or evil4 ,:5 a man returns f       
travell+ ab\t ! _w1 he is :at he w be   
all 8 life2 !re are m :o return bad ?an 
good1 because !re are m :o />t ) an     
incl9ation t[>ds evil4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _!  
travels1 "y p1 ill-educat$ & ill-behav$1
 pick up all ! vices ( ! nations among  
:om !y h soj\rn$1 & none ( ! virtues )  
:i* ^? vices are associat$2 b ^? :o1    
happily = !mselves1 are well-born1 ^? ^:
 good disposition has be5 well          
cultivat$1 ^? :o travel ) a real desire 
to le>n1 all su* return bett] & wis] ?an
 !y w5t4 ,emile w travel 9 ?is fa%ion2 9
 ?is fa%ion !re travell$ ano!r "y man1  
wor?y ( a nobl] age2 "o ^: wor? 0 !     
admiration ( ,europe1 "o :o di$ = 8     
c\ntry 9 ! fl[] ( 8 manhood2 he des]v$  
to live1 & 8 tomb1 ennobl$ by 8 virtues 
only1 receiv$ no hon\r till a /rang]'s  

h& adorn$ x ) fl[]s4  ,ev]y?+ t is done 
9 reason %\ld h its rules4 ,travel1     
und]tak5 z a "p ( education1 %\ld !re=e 
h its rules4 ,to travel = travell+'s    
sake is to w&]1 to be a vagabond2 to    
travel to le>n is /ill too vague2 le>n+ 
)\t "s def9ite aim is wor?less4 ,i w\ld 
give a "y man a p]sonal int]e/ 9 le>n+1 
& t int]e/1 well-*os51 w also decide !  
nature ( ! in/ruction4 ,?is is m]ely !  
cont9uation ( ! me?od ,i h hi!rto       
practis$4  ,n[ aft] he has consid]$     
himself 9 8 physical relations to o!r   
creatures1 9 8 moral relations ) o!r m51
 !re rema9s to be consid]$ 8 civil      
relations ) 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,to d ?is  
he mu/ fir/ /udy ! nature ( gov]nm5t 9  
g5]al1 !n ! diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t1 &   
la/ly ! p>ticul> gov]nm5t "u :i* he 0   
born1 to "k if x suits him to live "u x2
 = by a "r :i* no?+ c abrogate1 e man1  
:5 he comes ( age1 becomes 8 own ma/]1  
free to r5\nce ! contract by :i* he =ms 
"p ( ! community1 by leav+ ! c\ntry 9   
:i* t contract holds good4 ,x is only by

 soj\rn+ 9 t c\ntry1 aft] he has come to
 ye>s ( discretion1 t he is suppos$ to h
 tacitly confirm$ ! pl$ge giv5 by 8     
ance/ors4 ,he acquires ! "r to r5\nce 8 
c\ntry1 j z he has ! "r to r5\nce all   
claim to 8 fa!r's l&s2 yet 8 place (    
bir? 0 a gift ( nature1 & 9 r5\nc+ x1 he
 r5\nces :at is 8 own4 ,/rictly speak+1 
e man rema9s 9 ! l& ( 8 bir? at 8 own   
risk unless he volunt>ily submits to its
 laws 9 ord] to acquire a "r to _!      
protection4  ,= example1 ,i %\ld say to 
,emile1 ,hi!rto y h liv$ "u my guidance1
 y 7 unable to rule y\rself4 ,b n[ y are
 approa*+ ! age :5 ! law1 giv+ y !      
control ov] y\r prop]ty1 makes y ma/] ( 
y\r p]son4 ,y are ab\t to f9d y\rself   
alone 9 society1 dep5d5t on ev]y?+1 ev5 
on y\r patrimony4 ,y mean to m>ry2 t is 
a praisewor?y int5tion1 x is "o ( !     
duties ( man2 b be=e y m>ry y mu/ "k :at
 sort ( man y want to be1 h[ y wi% to   
sp5d y\r life1 :at /eps y mean to take  
to secure a liv+ = y\r family & =       
y\rself2 = al?\gh we %\ld n make ?is our

 ma9 bus9ess1 x mu/ be def9itely        
consid]$4 ,d y wi% to be dep5d5t on m5  
:om y despise8 ,d y wi% to e/abli% y\r  
=tune & det]m9e y\r position by means ( 
civil relations :i* w make y always     
dep5d5t on ! *oice ( o!rs1 :i* w compel 
y1 if y w\ld escape f knaves1 to become 
a knave y\rself8  ,9 ! next place ,i    
w\ld %[ him e possible way ( us+ 8 money
 9 trade1 9 ! civil s]vice1 9 f9ance1 & 
,i %all %[ him t 9 e "o ( ^! !re are    
risks to be tak51 e "o ( !m places him 9
 a prec>i\s & dep5d5t position1 &       
compels him to adapt 8 morals1 8        
s5tim5ts1 8 conduct to ! example & !    
prejudices ( o!rs4  ,!re is yet ano!r   
way ( sp5d+ y\r "t & money2 y may jo9 ! 
army2 t is to say1 y may hire y\rself   
out at v high wages to g & kill m5 :o   
nev] did y any h>m4 ,?is trade is held 9
 great hon\r among m51 & !y _c ?9k too  
highly ( ^? :o are fit = no?+ bett]4    
,moreov]1 ?is pr(ession1 f> f mak+ y    
indep5d5t ( o!r res\rces1 makes !m all !
 m necess>y2 = x is a po9t ( hon\r 9 ?is

 pr(ession to ru9 ^? :o h adopt$ x4 ,x  
is true !y are n all ru9$2 x is ev5     
becom+ fa%ionable to gr[ ri* 9 ?is z 9  
o!r pr(essions2 b if ,i told y h[ p     
manage to d x1 ,i d\bt :e!r y w\ld      
desire to foll[ _! example4  ,moreov]1 y
 mu/ "k t1 ev5 9 ?is trade1 x is no     
long] a "q ( c\rage or val\r1 unless )  
reg>d to ! ladies2 on ! contr>y1 ! m    
cr++1 mean1 & degrad$ y are1 ! m hon\r y
 obta92 if y h decid$ to take y\r       
pr(ession s]i\sly1 y w be despis$1 y w  
be hat$1 y w v possibly be driv5 out ( !
 s]vice1 or at lea/ y w fall a victim to
 fav\ritism & be supplant$ by y\r       
comrades1 because y h be5 do+ y\r duty 9
 ! tr5*es1 :ile !y h be5 att5d+ to _!   
toilet4  ,we c h>dly suppose t any ( ^! 
occupations w be mu* to ,emile's ta/e4  
,:y1 he w exclaim1 h ,i =gott5 !        
amusem5ts ( my *ildhood8 ,h ,i lo/ ! use
 ( my arms8 ,is my /r5g? fail+ me8 ,d ,i
 n "k h[ to "w8 ,:at d ,i c>e ab\t all  
y\r f9e pr(essions & all ! silly        
prejudices ( o!rs8 ,i "k no o!r pride   

?an to be k9dly & j2 no o!r happ9ess ?an
 to live 9 indep5d5ce ) h] ,i love1 ga9+
 heal? & a good appetite by ! day's "w4 
,all ^! difficulties y speak ( d n      
conc]n me4 ,! only prop]ty ,i desire is 
a little f>m 9 "s quiet corn]4 ,i w     
devote all my ef=ts aft] weal? to mak+ x
 pay1 & ,i w live )\t a c>e4 ,give me   
,sophy & my l&1 & ,i %all be ri*4  ,yes1
 my de> fri5d1 t is all a wise man      
requires1 a wife & l& ( 8 own2 b ^!     
treasures are sc>c] ?an y ?9k4 ,! r>e/ y
 h f\nd already2 let u discuss ! o!r4   
,a field ( y\r own1 de> ,emile6 ,:]e w y
 f9d x1 9 :at remote corn] ( ! e>? c y  
say1 ',"h am ,i ma/] ( myself & ( ?is   
e/ate :i* belongs to me8' ,we "k :]e a  
man may gr[ ri*2 :o kn[s :]e he c d )\t 
ri*es8 ,:o kn[s :]e to live free &      
indep5d5t1 )\t ill-treat+ o!rs & )\t fe>
 ( be+ ill-treat$ himself6 ,d y ?9k x is
 s easy to f9d a place :]e y c always   
live l an hone/ man8 ,if !re is any safe
 & lawful way ( liv+ )\t intrigues1 )\t 
lawsuits1 )\t dep5d5ce on o!rs1 x is1 ,i

 admit1 to live by ! lab\r ( our h&s1 by
 ! cultivation ( our own l&2 b :]e is ! 
/ate 9 :i* a man c say1 ',! e>? :i* ,i  
dig is my own8' ,be=e *oos+ ?is happy   
spot1 be sure t y w f9d ! peace y       
desire2 bew>e le/ an unju/ gov]nm5t1 a  
p]secut+ religion1 & evil habits %\ld   
di/urb y 9 y\r home4 ,secure y\rself    
aga9/ ! excessive taxes :i* dev\r !     
fruits ( y\r lab\rs1 & ! endless        
lawsuits :i* consume y\r capital4 ,take 
c>e t y c live rightly )\t hav+ to pay  
c\rt to int5d5ts1 to _! deputies1 to    
judges1 to prie/s1 to p[]ful neighb\rs1 
& to knaves ( e k9d1 :o are always ready
 to annoy y if y neglect !m4 ,above all1
 secure y\rself f annoyance on ! "p ( ! 
ri* & great2 rememb] t _! e/ates may    
any:]e adjo9 y\r ,nabo?'s v9ey>d4 ,if   
unluckily = y "s great man buys or      
builds a h\se ne> y\r cottage1 make sure
 t he w n f9d a way1 "u "s pret5ce or   
o!r1 to encroa* on y\r l&s to r\nd (f 8 
e/ate1 or t y d n f9d him at once       
absorb+ all y\r res\rces to make a wide 

highroad4 ,if y keep suffici5t cr$it to 
w>d (f all ^! disagreeables1 y might z  
well keep y\r money1 = x w co/ y no m to
 keep x4 ,ri*es & cr$it lean ^u ea* o!r1
 ! "o c h>dly /& )\t ! o!r4  ,i h m     
exp]i5ce ?an y1 de> ,emile2 ,i see m    
cle>ly ! difficulties 9 ! way ( y\r     
s*eme4 ,yet x is a f9e s*eme &          
hon\rable2 x w\ld make y happy inde$4   
,let u try to c>ry x out4 ,i h a        
sugge/ion to make2 let u devote ! two   
ye>s f n[ till ! "t ( y\r return to     
*oos+ a place 9 ,europe :]e y c\ld live 
happily ) y\r family1 secure f all !    
dang]s ,i h j describ$4 ,if we succe$1 y
 w h discov]$ t true happ9ess1 s (t5    
s\ght = 9 va92 & y w n h to regret ! "t 
sp5t 9 its se>*4 ,if we fail1 y w be    
cur$ ( a mi/ak5 idea2 y w console       
y\rself = an inevitable ill1 & y w b[ to
 ! law ( necessity4  ,i d n "k :e!r all 
my read]s w see :i!r ?is sugge/$ inquiry
 w lead u2 b ?is ,i d "k1 if ,emile     
returns f 8 travels1 begun & cont9u$ )  
?is end 9 view1 )\t a full k ( que/ions 

( gov]nm5t1 public morality1 & political
 philosophy ( e k9d1 we are greatly     
lack+1 he 9 intellig5ce & ,i 9 judgm5t4 
,! sci5ce ( politics is & probably      
always w be unkn[n4 ,grotius1 our lead] 
9 ?is bran* ( le>n+1 is only a *ild1 &  
:at is worse an untru?ful *ild4 ,:5 ,i  
he> ,grotius prais$ to ! skies & ,hobbes
 ov]:elm$ ) abuse1 ,i p]ceive h[ little 
s5sible m5 h read or und]/ood ^! au?ors4
 ,z a matt] ( fact1 _! pr9ciples are    
exactly alike1 !y only diff] 9 _! mode (
 expression4 ,_! me?ods are also        
diff]5t3 ,hobbes relies on sophism2     
,grotius relies on ! poets2 !y are agre$
 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,9 mod]n times ! only   
man :o c\ld h creat$ ?is va/ & useless  
sci5ce 0 ! illu/ri\s ,montesquieu4 ,b he
 0 n conc]n$ ) ! pr9ciples ( political  
law2 he 0 cont5t to deal ) ! positive   
laws ( settl$ gov]nm5ts2 & no?+ c\ld be 
m diff]5t ?an ^! two bran*es ( /udy4    
,yet he :o w\ld judge wisely 9 matt]s ( 
actual gov]nm5t is =c$ to comb9e ! two2 
he mu/ "k :at ought to be 9 ord] to     

judge :at is4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 ! way
 ( ?r[+ light ^u ?is important matt] is 
to induce an individual to discuss & to 
answ] ^! two que/ions4 ,h[ does x conc]n
 me2 & :at c ,i d8 ,emile is 9 a        
position to answ] bo?4  ,! next         
difficulty is due to ! prejudices (     
*ildhood1 ! pr9ciples 9 :i* we 7 br\ght 
up2 x is due above all to ! p>tiality ( 
au?ors1 :o are always talk+ ab\t tru?1  
?\gh !y c>e v little ab\t x2 x is only  
_! own int]e/s t !y c>e =1 & ( ^! !y say
 no?+4 ,n[ ! nation has nei!r           
pr(essor%ips1 nor p5sions1 nor memb]%ip 
( ! academies to be/[4 ,h[ !n %all its  
rights be e/abli%$ by m5 ( t type8 ,!   
education ,i h giv5 him has remov$ ?is  
difficulty also f ,emile's pa?4 ,he     
sc>cely kn[s :at is meant by gov]nm5t2 8
 bus9ess is to f9d ! be/2 he does n want
 to write books2 if ev] he did s1 x w\ld
 n be to pay c\rt to ^? 9 au?ority1 b to
 e/abli% ! rights ( humanity4  ,!re is a
 ?ird difficulty1 m speci\s ?an real2 a 
difficulty :i* ,i nei!r desire to solve 

nor ev5 to /ate2 en\gh t ,i am n afraid 
( x2 sure ,i am t 9 inquiries ( ?is k9d1
 great tal5ts are less necess>y ?an a   
g5u9e love ( ju/ice & a s9c]e rev]5ce = 
tru?4 ,if matt]s ( gov]nm5t c ev] be    
fairly discuss$1 n[ or nev] is our      
*ance4  ,be=e beg9n+ our obs]vations we 
mu/ lay d[n rules ( proc$ure2 we mu/ f9d
 a scale ) :i* to comp>e our            
measurem5ts4 ,our pr9ciples ( political 
law are our scale4 ,our actual          
measurem5ts are ! civil law ( ea*       
c\ntry4  ,our elem5t>y notions are pla9 
& simple1 be+ tak5 directly f ! nature (
 ?+s4 ,!y w take ! =m ( problems        
discuss$ betwe5 u1 & !y w n be =mulat$  
into pr9ciples1 until we h f\nd a       
satisfactory solution ( our problems4   
,= example1 we %all beg9 ) ! /ate (     
nature1 we %all see :e!r m5 are born    
slaves or free1 9 a community or        
indep5d5t2 is _! association ! result ( 
free w or ( =ce8 ,c ! =ce :i* compels !m
 to unit$ action ev] =m a p]man5t law1  
by :i* ?is orig9al =ce becomes b9d+1 ev5

 :5 ano!r has be5 impos$ ^u x1 s t s9ce 
! p[] ( ,k+ ,nimrod1 :o is said to h be5
 ! fir/ conqu]or1 e o!r p[] :i* has     
ov]?r[n ! orig9al p[] is unju/ & usurp+1
 s t !re are no lawful k+s b !          
desc5dants ( ,nimrod or _!              
repres5tatives2 or if ?is orig9al p[]   
has ceas$1 has ! p[] :i* succe$$ x any  
"r ov] u1 & does x de/roy ! b9d+ =ce ( !
 =m] p[]1 s t we are n b\nd to obey     
except "u compulsion1 & we are free to  
rebel z soon z we are capable (         
resi/ance8 ,su* a "r is n v diff]5t f   
might2 x is little m ?an a play ^u      
words4  ,we %all inquire :e!r man might 
n say t all sickness comes f ,god1 & t x
 is !re=e a crime to s5d = ! doctor4    
,aga91 we %all inquire :e!r we are b\nd 
by our consci5ce to give our purse to a 
highwayman :5 we might conceal x f him1 
= ! pi/ol 9 8 h& is also a p[]4  ,does  
?is ^w p[] 9 ?is context mean some?+    
diff]5t f a p[] :i* is lawful & !re=e   
subject to ! laws to :i* x owes its be+8
  ,suppose we reject ?is !ory t might is

 "r & admit ! "r ( nature1 or ! au?ority
 ( ! fa!r1 z ! f\ndation ( society2 we  
%all inquire into ! ext5t ( ?is         
au?ority2 :at is its f\ndation 9 nature8
 ,has x any o!r gr\nds b t ( its        
usefulness to ! *ild1 8 weakness1 & !   
natural love :i* 8 fa!r feels t[>ds him8
 ,:5 ! *ild is no long] feeble1 :5 he is
 gr[n-up 9 m9d z well z 9 body1 does n  
he become ! sole judge ( :at is necess>y
 = 8 pres]vation8 ,is he n !re=e 8 own  
ma/]1 indep5d5t ( all m51 ev5 ( 8 fa!r  
himself8 ,= is x n /ill m c]ta9 t ! son 
loves himself1 ?an t ! fa!r loves ! son8
  ,! fa!r be+ dead1 %\ld ! *ildr5 obey !
 elde/ bro!r1 or "s o!r p]son :o has n !
 natural affection ( a fa!r8 ,%\ld !re  
always be1 f family to family1 "o s+le  
head to :om all ! family owe ob$i5ce8   
,if s1 h[ has p[] ev] come to be divid$1
 & h[ is x t !re is m ?an "o head to    
gov]n ! human race ?r\gh\t ! _w8        
,suppose ! nations to h be5 =m$ ea* by  
its own *oice2 we %all !n di/+ui% betwe5
 "r & fact2 be+ ?us subject$ to _!      

bro!rs1 uncles1 or o!r relations1 n     
because !y 7 oblig$1 b because !y *oose1
 we %all inquire :e!r ?is k9d ( society 
is n a sort ( free & volunt>y           
association8  ,tak+ next ! law ( slav]y1
 we %all inquire :e!r a man c make ov]  
to ano!r 8 "r to himself1 )\t           
re/riction1 )\t res]ve1 )\t any k9d (   
conditions2 t is to say1 c he r5\nce 8  
p]son1 8 life1 8 reason1 8 v self1 c he 
r5\nce all morality 9 8 actions2 9 a ^w1
 c he cease to exi/ be=e 8 dea?1 9 spite
 ( nature :o places him directly 9 *>ge 
( 8 own pres]vation1 9 spite ( reason & 
consci5ce :i* tell him :at to d & :at to
 leave undone8  ,if !re is any          
res]vation or re/riction 9 ! de$ (      
slav]y1 we %all discuss :e!r ?is de$    
does n !n become a true contract1 9 :i* 
bo? ! contract+ p[]s1 hav+ 9 ?is respect
 no common ma/]1 ,footnote3 ,if !y _h   
su* a common ma/]1 he w\ld be no o!r ?an
 ! sov]eign1 & !n ! "r ( slav]y re/+ on 
! "r ( sov]eignty w\ld n be its orig94  
rema9 _! own judge z to ! conditions ( !

 contract1 & !re=e free to ?is ext5t1 & 
able to break ! contract z soon z x     
becomes hurtful4  ,if !n a slave _c     
convey himself altoge!r to 8 ma/]1 h[ c 
a nation convey itself altoge!r to its  
head8 ,if a slave is to judge :e!r 8    
ma/] is fulfill+ 8 contract1 is n !     
nation to judge :e!r its head is        
fulfill+ 8 contract8  ,?us we are       
compell$ to retrace our /eps1 & :5 we   
consid] ! mean+ ( ?is collective nation 
we %all inquire :e!r "s contract1 a     
tacit contract at ! lea/1 is n requir$  
to make a nation1 a contract ant]ior to 
t :i* we are assum+4  ,s9ce ! nation 0 a
 nation be=e x *ose a k+1 :at made x a  
nation1 except ! social contract8 ,!re=e
 ! social contract is ! f\ndation ( all 
civil society1 & x is 9 ! nature ( ?is  
contract t we mu/ seek ! nature ( !     
society =m$ by x4  ,we w inquire into ! 
mean+ ( ?is contract2 may x n be fairly 
well express$ 9 ?is =mula8 ,z an        
individual e "o ( u contributes 8 goods1
 8 p]son1 8 life1 to ! common /ock1 "u !

 supreme direction ( ! g5]al w2 :ile z a
 body we receive ea* memb] z an         
indivisible "p ( ! :ole4  ,assum+ ?is1 9
 ord] to def9e ! t]ms we require1 we    
%all obs]ve t1 in/ead ( ! individual    
p]son ( ea* contract+ p>ty1 ?is de$ (   
association produces a moral &          
collective body1 consi/+ ( z _m memb]s z
 !re are votes 9 ! ,assembly4 ,?is      
public p]sonality is usually call$ !    
body politic1 :i* is call$ by its memb]s
 ! ,/ate :5 x is passive1 & ! ,sov]eign 
:5 x is active1 & a ,p[] :5 comp>$ ) its
 equals4 ,) reg>d to ! memb]s !mselves1 
collectively !y are kn[n z ! nation1 &  
individually z citiz5s z memb]s ( ! city
 or p>tak]s 9 ! sov]eign p[]1 & subjects
 z ob$i5t to ! same au?ority4  ,we %all 
note t ?is contract ( association       
includes a mutual pl$ge on ! "p ( !     
public & ! individual2 & t ea*          
individual1 ent]+1 s to speak1 into a   
contract ) himself1 f9ds himself 9 a    
tw(old capacity1 i4e41 z a memb] ( !    
sov]eign ) reg>d to o!rs1 z memb] ( !   

/ate ) reg>d to ! sov]eign4  ,we %all   
also note t :ile no "o is b\nd by any   
engagem5t to :i* he 0 n himself a p>ty1 
! g5]al delib]ation :i* may be b9d+ on  
all ! subjects ) reg>d to ! sov]eign1   
because ( ! two diff]5t relations "u :i*
 ea* ( !m is envisag$1 _c be b9d+ on !  
/ate ) reg>d to itself4 ,h5ce we see t  
!re is n1 & _c be1 any o!r fundam5tal   
law1 prop]ly s call$1 except ! social   
contract only4 ,?is does n mean t ! body
 politic _c1 9 c]ta9 respects1 pl$ge    
itself to o!rs2 = 9 reg>d to ! =eign]1 x
 !n becomes a simple creature1 an       
individual4  ,?us ! two contract+       
p>ties1 i4e41 ea* individual & ! public1
 h no common sup]ior to decide _!       
diff]5ces2 s we w inquire if ea* ( !m   
rema9s free to break ! contract at w1 t 
is to repudiate x on 8 side z soon z he 
consid]s x hurtful4  ,to cle> up ?is    
difficulty1 we %all obs]ve t1 accord+ to
 ! social pact1 ! sov]eign p[] is only  
able to act ?r\gh ! common1 g5]al w2 s  
its decrees c only h a g5]al or common  

aim2 h5ce x foll[s t a private          
individual _c be directly injur$ by !   
sov]eign1 unless all are injur$1 :i* is 
impossible1 = t w\ld be to want to h>m  
oneself4 ,?us ! social contract has no  
ne$ ( any w>rant b ! g5]al p[]1 = x c   
only be brok5 by individuals1 & !y are n
 !re=e fre$ f _! engagem5t1 b puni%$ =  
hav+ brok5 x4  ,to decide all su*       
que/ions rightly1 we mu/ always be> 9   
m9d t ! nature ( ! social pact is       
private & peculi> to itself1 9 t !      
nation only contracts ) itself1 i4e41 ! 
p z a :ole z sov]eign1 ) ! individuals z
 subjects2 ?is condition is ess5tial to 
! con/ruction & work+ ( ! political     
ma*9e1 x alone makes pl$ges lawful1     
reasonable1 & secure1 )\t :i* x w\ld be 
absurd1 tyrannical1 & liable to !       
grosse/ abuse4  ,individuals hav+ only  
submitt$ !mselves to ! sov]eign1 & !    
sov]eign p[] be+ only ! g5]al w1 we %all
 see t e man 9 obey+ ! sov]eign only    
obeys himself1 & h[ mu* fre] are we "u !
 social "p ?an 9 ! /ate ( nature4  ,hav+

 comp>$ natural & civil lib]ty ) reg>d  
to p]sons1 we w comp>e !m z to prop]ty1 
! rights ( own]%ip & ! rights (         
sov]eignty1 ! private & ! common doma94 
,if ! sov]eign p[] re/s ^u ! "r (       
own]%ip1 !re is no "r m wor?y ( respect2
 x is inviolable & sacr$ = ! sov]eign   
p[]1 s long z x rema9s a private        
individual "r2 z soon z x is view$ z    
common to all ! citiz5s1 x is subject to
 ! common w1 & ?is w may de/roy x4 ,?us 
! sov]eign has no "r to t\* ! prop]ty ( 
"o or _m2 b he may lawfully take        
possession ( ! prop]ty ( all1 z 0 done 9
 ,sp>ta 9 ! "t ( ,lycurgus2 :ile !      
abolition ( debts by ,solon 0 an        
unlawful de$4  ,s9ce no?+ is b9d+ on !  
subjects except ! g5]al w1 let u inquire
 h[ ?is w is made manife/1 by :at signs 
we may recognise x ) c]ta9ty1 :at is a  
law1 & :at are ! true *>act]s ( ! law8  
,?is is q a fre% subject2 we h /ill to  
def9e ! t]m law4  ,z soon z ! nation    
consid]s "o or m ( its memb]s1 ! nation 
is divid$4 ,a relation is e/abli%$      

betwe5 ! :ole & its "p :i* makes ( !m   
two sep>ate entities1 ( :i* ! "p is "o1 
& ! :ole1 m9us t "p1 is ! o!r4 ,b ! :ole
 m9us ! "p is n ! :ole2 z long z ?is    
relation exi/s1 !re is no long] a :ole1 
b two unequal p>ts4  ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! 
:ole nation makes a law = ! :ole nation1
 x is only consid]+ itself2 & if a      
relation is set up1 x is betwe5 ! :ole  
community reg>d$ f "o po9t ( view1 & !  
:ole community reg>d$ f ano!r po9t (    
view1 )\t any division ( t :ole4 ,!n !  
object ( ! /atute is g5]al1 & ! w :i*   
makes t /atute is g5]al too4 ,let u see 
if !re is any o!r k9d ( decree :i* may  
be> ! "n ( law4  ,if ! sov]eign c only  
speak ?r\gh laws1 & if ! law c nev] h   
any b a g5]al purpose1 conc]n+ all !    
memb]s ( ! /ate1 x foll[s t ! sov]eign  
nev] has ! p[] to make any law ) reg>d  
to p>ticul> cases2 & yet x is necess>y =
 ! pres]vation ( ! /ate t p>ticul> cases
 %\ld also be dealt )2 let u see h[ ?is 
c be done4  ,! decrees ( ! sov]eign c   
only be decrees ( ! g5]al w1 t is laws2 

!re mu/ also be det]m9+ decrees1 decrees
 ( p[] or gov]nm5t1 = ! execution ( ^?  
laws2 & ^!1 on ! o!r h&1 c only h       
p>ticul> aims4 ,?us ! decrees by :i* !  
sov]eign decides t a *ief %all be elect$
 is a law2 ! decree by :i* t *ief is    
elect$1 9 pursuance ( ! law1 is only a  
decree ( gov]nm5t4  ,?is is a ?ird      
relation 9 :i* ! assembl$ p may be      
consid]$1 i4e41 z magi/rates or         
executors ( ! law :i* x has pass$ 9 its 
capacity z sov]eign4 ,footnote3 ,^!     
problems & !orems are mo/ly tak5 f !    
,treatise on ! ,social ,contract1 itself
 a summ>y ( a l>g] "w1 und]tak5 )\t due 
consid]ation ( my own p[]s1 & long s9ce 
ab&on$4  ,we w n[ inquire :e!r x is     
possible = ! nation to deprive itself ( 
its "r ( sov]eignty1 to be/[ x on "o or 
m p]sons2 = ! decree ( election n be+ a 
law1 & ! p 9 ?is decree n be+ !mselves  
sov]eign1 we d n see h[ !y c transf] a  
"r :i* !y d n possess4  ,! ess5ce (     
sov]eignty consi/+ 9 ! g5]al w1 x is    
equally h>d to see h[ we c be c]ta9 t an

 individual w %all always be 9 agreem5t 
) ! g5]al w4 ,we %\ld r assume t x w (t5
 be oppos$ to x2 = individual int]e/    
always t5ds to privileges1 :ile ! common
 int]e/ always t5ds to equality1 & if   
su* an agreem5t 7 possible1 no sov]eign 
"r c\ld exi/1 unless ! agreem5t 7 ei!r  
necess>y or inde/ructible4  ,we w       
inquire if1 )\t violat+ ! social pact1 !
 heads ( ! nation1 "u :atev] "n !y are  
*os51 c ev] be m ?an ! (fic]s ( ! p1    
entru/$ by !m ) ! duty ( c>ry+ ! law    
into execution4 ,are n ^! *iefs !mselves
 acc\ntable = _! adm9i/ration1 & are n  
!y !mselves subject to ! laws :i* x is  
_! bus9ess to see c>ri$ out8  ,if !     
nation _c ali5ate its supreme "r1 c x   
entru/ x to o!rs = a "t8 ,_c x give     
itself a ma/]1 _c x f9d repres5tatives8 
,?is is an important "q & des]ves       
discussion4  ,if ! nation c h nei!r     
sov]eign nor repres5tatives we w inquire
 h[ x c pass its own laws2 mu/ !re be _m
 laws2 mu/ !y be (t5 alt]$2 is x easy = 
a great nation to be its own lawgiv]8   

,0 n ! ,roman p a great nation8  ,is x a
 good ?+ t !re %\ld be great nations8   
,x foll[s f consid]ations already       
e/abli%$ t !re is an int]m$iate body 9 !
 /ate betwe5 subjects & sov]eign2 & ?is 
int]m$iate body1 consi/+ ( "o or m      
memb]s1 is entru/$ ) ! public           
adm9i/ration1 ! c>ry+ out ( ! laws1 & ! 
ma9t5ance ( civil & political lib]ty4   
,! memb]s ( ?is body are call$          
magi/rates or k+s1 t is to say1 rul]s4  
,?is body1 z a :ole1 consid]$ 9 relation
 to its memb]s1 is call$ ! pr9ce1 &     
consid]$ 9 its actions x is call$ !     
gov]nm5t4  ,if we consid] ! action ( !  
:ole body ^u itself1 t is to say1 !     
relation ( ! :ole to ! :ole1 ( !        
sov]eign to ! /ate1 we c comp>e ?is     
relation to t ( ! extremes 9 a          
proportion ( :i* ! gov]nm5t is ! middle 
t]m4 ,! magi/rate receives f ! sov]eign 
! comm&s :i* he gives to ! nation1 & :5 
x is reckon$ up 8 product or 8 p[] is 9 
! same degree z ! product or p[] ( !    
citiz5s :o are subjects on "o side ( !  

proportion & sov]eigns on ! o!r4 ,none (
 ! ?ree t]ms c be v>i$ )\t at once      
de/roy+ ?is proportion4 ,if ! sov]eign  
tries to gov]n1 & if ! pr9ce wants to   
make ! laws1 or if ! subject refuses to 
obey !m1 disord] takes ! place ( ord]1 &
 ! /ate falls to pieces "u despotism or 
an>*y4  ,let u suppose t ?is /ate       
consi/s ( t5 ?\s& citiz5s4 ,! sov]eign c
 only be consid]$ collectively & z a    
body1 b ea* individual1 z a subject1 has
 8 private & indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,?us !  
sov]eign is z t5 ?\s& to "o2 t is to    
say1 e memb] ( ! /ate has1 z 8 own %>e1 
only "o t5-?\s&? "p ( ! sov]eign p[]1   
al?\gh he is subject to ! :ole4 ,let !  
nation be compos$ ( "o hundr$ ?\s& m51 !
 position ( ! subjects is un*ang$1 & ea*
 cont9ues to be> ! :ole weight ( ! laws1
 :ile 8 vote1 r$uc$ to ! "o hundr$-?\s&?
 "p1 has t5 times less influ5ce 9 ! mak+
 ( ! laws4 ,?us ! subject be+ always "o1
 ! sov]eign is relatively great] z !    
numb] ( ! citiz5s is increas$4 ,h5ce x  
foll[s t ! l>g] ! /ate ! less lib]ty4   

,n[ ! great] ! disproportion betwe5     
private wi%es & ! g5]al w1 i4e41 betwe5 
mann]s & laws1 ! great] mu/ be ! p[] (  
repression4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! greatness 
( ! /ate gives ! deposit>ies ( public   
au?ority great] temptations & additional
 means ( abus+ t au?ority1 s t ! m p[]  
is requir$ by ! gov]nm5t to control ! p1
 ! m p[] %\ld !re be 9 ! sov]eign to    
control ! gov]nm5t4  ,f ?is tw(old      
relation x foll[s t ! cont9u$ proportion
 betwe5 ! sov]eign1 ! pr9ce1 & ! p is n 
an arbitr>y idea1 b a consequ5ce ( !    
nature ( ! /ate4  ,moreov]1 x foll[s t  
"o ( ! extremes1 i4e41 ! nation1 be+    
con/ant1 e "t ! d\ble ratio increases or
 decreases1 ! simple ratio increases or 
dim9i%es 9 its turn2 :i* _c be unless ! 
middle t]m is z (t5 *ang$4 ,f ?is we may
 conclude t !re is no s+le absolute =m (
 gov]nm5t1 b !re mu/ be z _m diff]5t =ms
 ( gov]nm5t z !re are /ates ( diff]5t   
size4  ,if ! great] ! numb]s ( ! nation 
! less ! ratio betwe5 its mann]s & its  
laws1 by a fairly cle> analogy1 we may  

also say1 ! m num]\s ! magi/rates1 !    
weak] ! gov]nm5t4  ,to make ?is pr9ciple
 cle>] we w di/+ui% ?ree ess5tially     
diff]5t wills 9 ! p]son ( ea* magi/rate2
 fir/1 8 own w z an individual1 :i*     
looks to 8 own advantage only2 secondly1
 ! common w ( ! magi/rates1 :i* is      
conc]n$ only ) ! advantage ( ! pr9ce1 a 
w :i* may be call$ corporate1 & "o :i*  
is g5]al 9 relation to ! gov]nm5t &     
p>ticul> 9 relation to ! /ate ( :i* !   
gov]nm5t =ms "p2 ?irdly1 ! w ( ! p1 or !
 sov]eign w1 :i* is g5]al1 z mu* 9      
relation to ! /ate view$ z ! :ole z 9   
relation to ! gov]nm5t view$ z a "p ( ! 
:ole4 ,9 a p]fect legislature ! private 
individual w %\ld be almo/ no?+2 !      
corporate w belong+ to ! gov]nm5t %\ld  
be q subord9ate1 & !re=e ! g5]al &      
sov]eign w is ! ma/] ( all ! o!rs4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 9 ! natural ord]1 ^! diff]5t   
wills become m & m active 9 proportion z
 !y become c5tralis$2 ! g5]al w is      
always weak1 ! corporate w takes !      
second place1 ! individual w is pref]r$ 

to all2 s t e "o is himself fir/1 !n a  
magi/rate1 & !n a citiz52 a s]ies j !   
opposite ( t requir$ by ! social ord]4  
,hav+ laid d[n ?is pr9ciple1 let u      
assume t ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( "o man4
 ,9 ?is case ! individual & ! corporate 
w are absolutely "o1 & !re=e ?is w has  
rea*$ ! greate/ possible degree (       
int5sity4 ,n[ ! use ( p[] dep5ds on !   
degree ( ?is int5sity1 & z ! absolute   
p[] ( ! gov]nm5t is always t ( ! p1 &   
!re=e inv>iable1 x foll[s t ! rule ( "o 
man is ! mo/ active =m ( gov]nm5t4  ,if1
 on ! o!r h&1 we unite ! gov]nm5t ) !   
supreme p[]1 & make ! pr9ce ! sov]eign &
 ! citiz5s s _m magi/rates1 !n !        
corporate w is completely lo/ 9 ! g5]al 
w1 & w h no m activity ?an ! g5]al w1 & 
x w leave ! individual w 9 full vig\r4  
,?us ! gov]nm5t1 ?\gh its absolute =ce  
is con/ant1 w h ! m9imum ( activity4    
,^! rules are inconte/able 9 !mselves1 &
 o!r consid]ations only s]ve to confirm 
!m4 ,= example1 we see ! magi/rates z a 
body f> m active ?an ! citiz5s z a body1

 s t ! individual w always c\nts = m4 ,=
 ea* magi/rate usually has *>ge ( "s    
p>ticul> duty ( gov]nm5t2 :ile ea*      
citiz51 9 himself1 has no p>ticul> duty 
( sov]eignty4 ,moreov]1 ! great] ! /ate 
! great] its real p[]1 al?\gh its p[]   
does n increase because ( ! increase 9  
t]ritory2 b ! /ate rema9+ un*ang$1 !    
magi/rates are multipli$ 9 va91 !       
gov]nm5t acquires no fur!r real /r5g?1  
because x is ! deposit>y ( t ( ! /ate1  
:i* ,i h assum$ to be con/ant4 ,?us1 ?is
 plurality ( magi/rates decreases !     
activity ( ! gov]nm5t )\t increas+ its  
p[]4  ,hav+ f\nd t ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t is
 relax$ 9 proportion z ! numb] (        
magi/rates is multipli$1 & t ! m num]\s 
! p1 ! m ! controll+ p[] mu/ be         
increas$1 we %all inf] t ! ratio betwe5 
! magi/rates & ! gov]nm5t %\ld be inv]se
 to t betwe5 subjects & sov]eign1 t is  
to say1 t ! great] ! /ate1 ! small] !   
gov]nm5t1 & t 9 l mann] ! numb] ( *iefs 
%\ld be dim9i%$ because ( ! increas$    
numb]s ( ! p4  ,9 ord] to make ?is      

div]sity ( =ms cle>]1 & to assign !m _! 
diff]5t names1 we %all obs]ve 9 ! fir/  
place t ! sov]eign may entru/ ! c>e ( ! 
gov]nm5t to ! :ole nation or to ! great]
 "p ( ! nation1 s t !re are m citiz5    
magi/rates ?an private citiz5s4 ,?is =m 
( gov]nm5t is call$ ,democracy4  ,or !  
sov]eign may re/rict ! gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s 
( a less] numb]1 s t !re are m pla9     
citiz5s ?an magi/rates2 & ?is =m (      
gov]nm5t is call$ ,ari/ocracy4  ,f9ally1
 ! sov]eign may conc5trate ! :ole       
gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( "o man4 ,?is is !    
?ird & commone/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 & is     
call$ ,mon>*y or royal gov]nm5t4  ,we   
%all obs]ve t all ^! =ms1 or ! fir/ &   
second at lea/1 may be less or m1 & t )9
 tol]ably wide limits4 ,= ! democracy   
may include ! :ole nation1 or may be    
conf9$ to "o half ( x4 ,! ari/ocracy1 9 
its turn1 may %r9k f ! half ( ! nation  
to ! smalle/ numb]4 ,ev5 royalty may be 
%>$1 ei!r betwe5 fa!r & son1 betwe5 two 
bro!rs1 or 9 "s o!r fa%ion4 ,!re 7      
always two k+s 9 ,sp>ta1 & 9 ! ,roman   

empire !re 7 z _m z eight emp]ors at    
once1 & yet x _c be said t ! empire 0   
divid$4 ,!re is a po9t :]e ea* =m (     
gov]nm5t bl5ds ) ! next2 & "u ! ?ree    
specific =ms !re may be really z _m =ms 
( gov]nm5t z !re are citiz5s 9 ! /ate4  
,nor is ?is all4 ,9 c]ta9 respects ea* (
 ^! gov]nm5ts is capable ( subdivision  
into diff]5t p>ts1 ea* adm9i/]$ 9 "o (  
^! ?ree ways4 ,f ^! =ms 9 comb9ation !re
 may arise a multitude ( mix$ =ms1 s9ce 
ea* may be multipli$ by all ! simple    
=ms4  ,9 all ages !re h be5 great       
disputes z to :i* is ! be/ =m (         
gov]nm5t1 & p h fail$ to consid] t ea*  
is ! be/ 9 "s cases & ! wor/ 9 o!rs4 ,= 
ourselves1 if ! numb] ( magi/rates      
,footnote3 ,y w rememb] t ,i mean1 9 ?is
 context1 ! supreme magi/rates or heads 
( ! nation1 ! o!rs be+ only _! deputies 
9 ?is or t respect4 9 ! v>i\s /ates is  
to be 9 inv]se ratio to ! numb] ( !     
citiz5s1 we inf] t g5]ally a democratic 
gov]nm5t is adapt$ to small /ates1 an   
ari/ocratic gov]nm5t to ^? ( mod]ate    

size1 & a mon>*y to l>ge /ates4  ,^!    
inquiries furni% u ) a clue by :i* we   
may discov] :at are ! duties & rights ( 
citiz5s1 & :e!r !y c be sep>at$ "o f !  
o!r2 :at is our c\ntry1 9 :at does x    
really consi/1 & h[ c ea* ( u asc]ta9   
:e!r he has a c\ntry or no8  ,hav+ ?us  
consid]$ e k9d ( civil society 9 itself1
 we %all comp>e !m1 s z to note _!      
relations "o ) ano!r2 great & small1    
/rong & weak1 attack+ "o ano!r1 insult+ 
"o ano!r1 de/roy+ "o ano!r2 & 9 ?is     
p]petual action & reaction caus+ m mis]y
 & loss ( life ?an if m5 _h pres]v$ _!  
orig9al fre$om4 ,we %all inquire :e!r   
too mu* or too little has n be5         
accompli%$ 9 ! matt] ( social           
in/itutions2 :e!r individuals :o are    
subject to law & to m51 :ile societies  
pres]ve ! indep5d5ce ( nature1 are n    
expos$ to ! ills ( bo? conditions )\t ! 
advantages ( ei!r1 & :e!r x w\ld n be   
bett] to h no civil society 9 ! _w r ?an
 to h _m su* societies4 ,is x n t mix$  
condition :i* p>takes ( bo? & secures   

nei!r8      ,p] quem neutrum licet1 nec 
tanquam 9 bello p>atum esse1 nec        
tanquam 9 pace securum4--,s5eca ,de     
,trang3 ,animi1 cap4 ,i4  ,is x n ?is   
p>tial & imp]fect association :i* gives 
rise to tyranny & w>8 ,& are n tyranny &
 w> ! wor/ sc\rges ( humanity8  ,f9ally 
we w inquire h[ m5 seek to get rid ( ^! 
difficulties by means ( leagues &       
conf$]ations1 :i* leave ea* /ate its own
 ma/] 9 int]nal affairs1 :ile !y arm x  
aga9/ any unju/ aggression4 ,we w       
inquire h[ a good f$]al association may 
be e/abli%$1 :at c make x la/+1 & h[ f> 
! rights ( ! f$]ation may be /ret*$ )\t 
de/roy+ ! "r ( sov]eignty4  ,! ,abbe de 
,sa9t-,pi]re sugge/$ an association (   
all ! /ates ( ,europe to ma9ta9 p]petual
 peace among !mselves4 ,is ?is          
association practicable1 & suppos+ t x 7
 e/abli%$1 w\ld x be likely to la/8 ,^! 
inquiries lead u /raight to all !       
que/ions ( int]national law :i* may cle>
 up ! rema9+ difficulties ( political   
law4 ,f9ally we %all lay d[n ! real     

pr9ciples ( ! laws ( w>1 & we %all see  
:y ,grotius & o!rs h only /at$ false    
pr9ciples4  ,i %\ld n be surpris$ if my 
pupil1 :o is a s5sible "y man1 %\ld     
int]rupt me say+1 ,"o w\ld ?9k we 7     
build+ our edifice ( wood & n ( m52 we  
are putt+ ev]y?+ s exactly 9 its place6 
,t is true2 b rememb] t ! law does n b[ 
to ! passions ( m51 & t we h fir/ to    
e/abli% ! true pr9ciples ( political    
law4 ,n[ t our f\ndations are laid1 come
 & see :at m5 h built ^u !m2 & y w see  
"s /range sights6  ,!n ,i set him to    
read ,telema*us1 & we pursue our j\rney2
 we are seek+ t happy ,sal5tum & ! good 
,idom5eus made wise by mis=tunes4 ,by ! 
way we f9d _m l ,protesilas & no        
,philocles1 nei!r c ,adra/es1 ,k+ ( !   
,daunians1 be f\nd4 ,b let our read]s   
picture our travels = !mselves1 or take 
! same j\rneys ) ,telema*us 9 _! h&2 &  
let u n sugge/ to !m pa9ful applications
 :i* ! au?or himself avoids or makes 9  
spite ( himself4  ,moreov]1 ,emile is n 
a k+1 nor am ,i a god1 s t we are n     

di/ress$ t we _c imitate ,telema*us &   
,m5tor 9 ! good !y did2 none "k bett]   
?an we h[ to keep to our own place1 none
 h less desire to leave x4 ,we "k t !   
same task is allott$ to all2 t :oev]    
loves :at is "r ) all 8 he>t1 & does !  
"r s f> z x is 9 8 p[]1 has fulfill$ t  
task4 ,we "k t ,telema*us & ,m5tor are  
creatures ( ! imag9ation4 ,emile does n 
travel 9 idl5ess & he does m good ?an if
 he 7 a pr9ce4 ,if we 7 k+s we %\ld be  
no great] b5efactors4 ,if we 7 k+s &    
b5efactors we %\ld cause any numb] (    
real evils = e app>5t good we suppos$ we
 7 do+4 ,if we 7 k+s & sages1 ! fir/    
good de$ we %\ld desire to p]=m1 =      
ourselves & = o!rs1 w\ld be to abdicate 
our k+%ip & return to our pres5t        
position4  ,i h said :y travel does s   
little = e "o4 ,:at makes x /ill m b>r5 
= ! "y is ! way 9 :i* !y are s5t on _!  
travels4 ,tutors1 m conc]n$ to amuse ?an
 to in/ruct1 take !m f t[n to t[n1 f    
palace to palace1 :]e if !y are m5 (    
le>n+ & lett]s1 !y make !m sp5d _! "t 9 

libr>ies1 or visit+ antiqu>ies1 or      
rummag+ among old build+s transcrib+    
anci5t inscriptions4 ,9 e c\ntry !y are 
busy ov] "s o!r c5tury1 z if !y 7 liv+ 9
 ano!r c\ntry2 s t aft] !y h travell$   
all ov] ,europe at great exp5se1 a prey 
to frivolity or t$ium1 !y return1 hav+  
se5 no?+ to int]e/ !m1 & hav+ le>nt no?+
 t c\ld be ( any possible use to !m4    
,all capitals are j alike1 !y are a     
mixture ( all nations & all ways ( liv+2
 !y are n ! place 9 :i* to /udy !       
nations4 ,p>is & ,london seem to me !   
same t[n4 ,_! inhabitants h a few       
prejudices ( _! own1 b ea* has z _m z ! 
o!r1 & all _! rules ( conduct are !     
same4 ,we "k ! k9d ( p :o w ?rong !     
c\rt4 ,we "k ! way ( liv+ :i* ! cr[ds ( 
p & ! unequal di/ribution ( weal? w     
produce4 ,z soon z any "o tells me ( a  
t[n ) two hundr$ ?\s& p1 ,i "k its life 
already4 ,:at ,i d n "k ab\t x is n wor?
 go+ !re to le>n4  ,to /udy ! g5ius & "*
 ( a nation y %\ld g to ! m remote      
prov9ces1 :]e !re is less /ir1 less     

comm]ce1 :]e /rang]s seldom travel1 :]e 
! inhabitants /ay 9 "o place1 :]e !re   
are few] *anges ( weal? & position4     
,take a look at ! capital on y\r way1 b 
g & /udy ! c\ntry f> away f t capital4  
,! ,fr5* are n 9 ,p>is1 b 9 ,t\ra9e2 !  
,engli% are m ,engli% 9 ,m]cia ?an 9    
,london1 & ! ,spani>ds m ,spani% 9      
,galicia ?an 9 ,madrid4 ,9 ^! remot]    
prov9ces a nation assumes its true "* & 
%[s :at x really is2 !re ! good or ill  
effects ( ! gov]nm5t are be/ p]ceiv$1 j 
z y c measure ! arc m exactly at a      
great] radius4  ,! necess>y relations   
betwe5 "* & gov]nm5t h be5 s cle>ly     
po9t$ out 9 ! book ( ,l',esprit des     
,lois1 t "o _c d bett] ?an h rec\rse to 
t "w = ! /udy ( ^? relations4 ,b speak+ 
g5]ally1 !re are two pla9 & simple /&>ds
 by :i* to decide :e!r gov]nm5ts are    
good or bad4 ,"o is ! population4 ,e    
c\ntry 9 :i* ! population is decreas+ is
 on its way to ru92 & ! c\ntries 9 :i* !
 population increases mo/ rapidly1 ev5 7
 !y ! poore/ c\ntries 9 ! _w1 are       

c]ta9ly ! be/ gov]n$4 ,footnote3 ,i only
 "k "o exception to ?is rule--x is ,*9a4
 ,b ?is population mu/ be ! natural     
result ( ! gov]nm5t & ! national "*1 =  
if x is caus$ by colonisation or any o!r
 tempor>y & accid5tal cause1 !n ! rem$y 
itself is evid5ce ( ! disease4 ,:5      
,augu/us pass$ laws aga9/ celibacy1 ^?  
laws %[$ t ! ,roman empire 0 already    
beg9n+ to decl9e4 ,citiz5s mu/ be induc$
 to m>ry by ! goodness ( ! gov]nm5t1 n  
compell$ to m>ry by law2 y mu/ n exam9e 
! effects ( =ce1 = ! law :i* /rives     
aga9/ ! con/itution has little or no    
effect2 y %\ld /udy :at is done by !    
influ5ce ( public morals & by ! natural 
incl9ation ( ! gov]nm5t1 = ^! alone     
produce a la/+ effect4 ,x 0 ! policy ( !
 wor?y ,abbe de ,sa9t-,pi]re always to  
look = a little rem$y = e individual    
ill1 in/ead ( trac+ !m to _! common     
s\rce & see+ if !y c\ld n all be cur$   
toge!r4 ,y d n ne$ to treat sep>ately e 
sore on a ri* man's body2 y %\ld purify 
! blood :i* produces !m4 ,!y say t 9    

,engl& !re are prizes = agriculture2 t  
is en\gh = me2 t is pro( en\gh t        
agriculture w n fl\ri% !re mu* long]4   
,! second sign ( ! goodness or badness (
 ! gov]nm5t & ! laws is also to be f\nd 
9 ! population1 b x is to be f\nd n 9   
its numb]s b 9 its di/ribution4 ,two    
/ates equal 9 size & population may be v
 unequal 9 /r5g?2 & ! m p[]ful is always
 t 9 :i* ! p are m ev5ly di/ribut$ ov]  
its t]ritory2 ! c\ntry :i* has few] l>ge
 t[ns1 & makes less %[ on ?is acc\nt1 w 
always defeat ! o!r4 ,x is ! great t[ns 
:i* exhau/ ! /ate & are ! cause ( its   
weakness2 ! weal? :i* !y produce is a   
%am weal?1 !re is mu* money & few goods4
 ,!y say ! t[n ( ,p>is is wor? a :ole   
prov9ce to ! ,k+ ( ,france2 = my own "p 
,i believe x co/s him m ?an sev]al      
prov9ces4 ,i believe t ,p>is is f$ by ! 
prov9ces 9 m s5ses ?an "o1 & t ! great] 
"p ( _! rev5ues is p\r$ into t t[n &    
/ays !re1 )\t ev] return+ to ! p or to !
 k+4 ,x is inconceivable t 9 ?is age (  
calculators !re is no "o to see t       

,france w\ld be mu* m p[]ful if ,p>is 7 
de/roy$4  ,n only is ?is ill-di/ribut$  
population n advantage\s to ! /ate1 x is
 m ru9\s ?an depopulation itself1       
because depopulation only gives z       
produce n\ght1 & ! ill-regulat$ addition
 ( /ill m p gives a negative result4 ,:5
 ,i he> an ,engli%man & a ,fr5*man s    
pr\d ( ! size ( _! capitals1 & disput+  
:e!r ,london or ,p>is has m inhabitants1
 x seems to me t !y are qu>rell+ z to   
:i* nation c claim ! hon\r ( be+ ! wor/ 
gov]n$4  ,/udy ! nation outside its     
t[ns2 ?us only w y really get to "k x4  
,x is no?+ to see ! app>5t =m ( a       
gov]nm5t1 ov]lad5 ) ! ma*9]y (          
adm9i/ration & ! j>gon ( ! adm9i/rators1
 if y h n also /udi$ its nature z se5 9 
! effects x has ^u ! p1 & 9 e degree (  
adm9i/ration4 ,! diff]5ce ( =m is really
 %>$ by e degree ( ! adm9i/ration1 & x  
is only by includ+ e degree t y really  
"k ! diff]5ce4 ,9 "o c\ntry y beg9 to   
feel ! _s ( ! m9i/] 9 ! manoeuvres ( 8  
und]l+s2 9 ano!r y mu/ see ! election ( 

memb]s ( p>liam5t to see if ! nation is 
really free2 9 ea* & e c\ntry1 he :o has
 only se5 ! t[ns _c possibly "k :at !   
gov]nm5t is l1 z its _s is nev] ! same 9
 t[n & c\ntry4 ,n[ x is ! agricultural  
di/ricts :i* =m ! c\ntry1 & ! c\ntry p  
:o make ! nation4  ,?is /udy ( diff]5t  
nations 9 _! remot] prov9ces1 & 9 !     
simplicity ( _! native g5ius1 gives a   
g5]al result :i* is v satisfactory1 to  
my ?9k+1 & v consol+ to ! human he>t2 x 
is ?is3 ,all ! nations1 if y obs]ve !m 9
 ?is fa%ion1 seem mu* bett] wor? obs]v+2
 ! ne>] !y are to nature1 ! m does      
k9dness hold sway 9 _! "*2 x is only :5 
!y are coop$ up 9 t[ns1 x is only :5 !y 
are *ang$ by cultivation1 t !y become   
deprav$1 t c]ta9 faults :i* 7 r co>se   
?an injuri\s are ex*ang$ = pleasant b   
p]nici\s vices4  ,f ?is obs]vation we   
see ano!r advantage 9 ! mode ( travel ,i
 sugge/2 = "y m51 soj\rn+ less 9 ! big  
t[ns :i* are horribly corrupt1 are less 
likely to cat* ! infection ( vice2 among
 simpl] p & less num]\s company1 !y w   

pres]ve a sur] judgm5t1 a heal?i] ta/e1 
& bett] morals4 ,besides ?is contagion (
 vice is h>dly to be fe>$ = ,emile2 he  
has ev]y?+ to protect him f x4 ,among   
all ! precautions ,i h tak51 ,i reckon  
mu* on ! love he be>s 9 8 he>t4  ,we d n
 "k ! p[] ( true love ov] y\?ful        
desires1 because we are ourselves z     
ignorant ( x z !y are1 & ^? :o h control
 ov] ! "y turn !m f true love4 ,yet a "y
 man mu/ ei!r love or fall into bad     
ways4 ,x is easy to be deceiv$ by       
appe>ances4 ,y w quote any numb] ( "y m5
 :o are said to live v *a/ely )\t love2 
b %[ me "o gr[n man1 a real man1 :o c   
truly say t 8 y\? 0 ?us sp5t8 ,9 all our
 virtues1 all our duties1 p are cont5t )
 appe>ances2 = my own "p ,i want !      
reality1 & ,i am mu* mi/ak5 if !re is   
any o!r way ( secur+ x beyond ! means ,i
 h sugge/$4  ,! idea ( lett+ ,emile fall
 9 love be=e tak+ him on 8 travels is n 
my own4 ,x 0 sugge/$ to me by ! foll[+  
incid5t4  ,i 0 9 ,v5ice call+ on ! tutor
 ( a "y ,engli%man4 ,x 0 w9t] & we 7    

sitt+ r\nd ! fire4 ,! tutor's lett]s 7  
br\ght f ! po/ (fice4 ,he glanc$ at !m1 
& !n read !m al\d to 8 pupil4 ,!y 7 9   
,engli%2 ,i und]/ood n a ^w1 b :ile he 0
 read+ ,i saw ! "y man te> "s f9e po9t  
lace ruffles :i* he 0 we>+1 & ?r[ !m 9 !
 fire "o aft] ano!r1 z quietly z he     
c\ld1 s t no "o %\ld see x4  ,surpris$  
at ?is :im1 ,i look$ at 8 face & ?\ght  
,i p]ceiv$ "s emotion2 b ! ext]nal signs
 ( passion1 ?\gh mu* alike 9 all m51 h  
national diff]5ces :i* may easily lead  
"o a/ray4 ,nations h a diff]5t language 
( facial expression z well z ( spee*4 ,i
 wait$ till ! lett]s 7 f9i%$ & !n %[+ ! 
tutor ! b>e wri/s ( 8 pupil1 :i* he did 
8 be/ to hide1 ,i said1 ,may ,i ask !   
mean+ ( ?is8  ,! tutor see+ :at _h      
happ5$ began to laugh2 he embrac$ 8     
pupil ) an air ( satisfaction &1 ) 8    
cons5t1 he gave me ! desir$ explanation4
  ,! ruffles1 said he1 :i* ,mr4 ,john   
has j torn to pieces1 7 a pres5t f a    
lady 9 ?is t[n1 :o made !m = him n long 
ago4 ,n[ y mu/ "k t ,mr4 ,john is engag$

 to a "y lady 9 8 own c\ntry1 ) :om he  
is greatly 9 love1 & %e well des]ves x4 
,?is lett] is f ! lady's "m1 & ,i w     
translate ! passage :i* caus$ !         
de/ruction y beheld4  ',lucy is always  
at "w ^u ,mr4 ,john's ruffles4 ,ye/]day 
,miss ,betty ,roldham came to sp5d !    
aft]noon & insi/$ on do+ "s ( h] "w4 ,i 
knew t ,lucy 0 up v e>ly ?is morn+ & ,i 
want$ to see :at %e 0 do+2 ,i f\nd h]   
busy unpick+ :at ,miss ,betty _h done4  
,%e w\ld n h a s+le /it* 9 h] pres5t    
done by any h& b h] own4'  ,mr4 ,john   
w5t to fet* ano!r pair ( ruffles1 & ,i  
said to 8 tutor3 ,y\r pupil has a v good
 disposition2 b tell me is n ! lett] f  
,miss ,lucy's "m a put up job8 ,is x n  
an exp$i5t ( y\r design+ aga9/ ! lady ( 
! ruffles8 ,no1 said he1 x is q g5u9e2  
,i am n s artful z t2 ,i h made use (   
simplicity & zeal1 & ,god has bless$ my 
ef=ts4  ,?is incid5t ) reg>d to ! "y man
 /uck 9 my m9d2 x 0 sure to set a dream]
 l me ?9k+4  ,b x is "t we f9i%$4 ,let u
 take ,mr4 ,john back to ,miss ,lucy1 or

 r ,emile to ,sophy4 ,he br+s h] a he>t 
z t5d] z ev]1 & a m enlight5$ m9d1 & he 
returns to 8 native l& all ! bettor =   
hav+ made acqua9tance ) =eign gov]nm5ts 
?r\gh _! vices & =eign nations ?r\gh _! 
virtues4 ,i h ev5 tak5 c>e t he %\ld    
associate himself ) "s man ( wor? 9 e   
nation1 by means ( a treaty (           
hospitality aft] ! fa%ion ( ! anci5ts1 &
 ,i %all n be sorry if ?is acqua9tance  
is kept up by means ( lett]s4 ,n only   
may ?is be useful1 n only is x always   
pleasant to h a correspond5t 9 =eign    
l&s1 x is also an excell5t antidote     
aga9/ ! sway ( patriotic prejudices1 to 
:i* we are liable all ?r\gh our life1 & 
to :i* soon] or lat] we are m or less   
enslav$4 ,no?+ is bett] calculat$ to    
less5 ! hold ( su* prejudices ?an a     
fri5dly int]*ange ( op9ions ) s5sible p 
:om we respect2 !y are free f our       
prejudices & we f9d ourselves face to   
face ) !irs1 & s we c set ! "o set (    
prejudices aga9/ ! o!r & be safe f bo?4 
,x is n ! same ?+ to h to d ) /rang]s 9 

our own c\ntry & 9 !irs4 ,9 ! =m] case  
!re is always a c]ta9 am\nt ( polit5ess 
:i* ei!r makes !m conceal _! real       
op9ions1 or makes !m ?9k m fav\rably (  
our c\ntry :ile !y are ) u2 :5 !y get   
home aga9 ?is disappe>s1 & !y m]ely d u 
ju/ice4 ,i %\ld be v glad if ! =eign] ,i
 consult has se5 my c\ntry1 b ,i %all n 
ask :at he ?9ks ( x till he is at home  
aga94  ,:5 we h sp5t ne>ly two ye>s     
travell+ 9 a few ( ! great c\ntries & _m
 ( ! small] c\ntries ( ,europe1 :5 we h 
le>nt two or ?ree ( ! *ief languages1 :5
 we h se5 :at is really int]e/+ 9       
natural hi/ory1 gov]nm5t1 arts1 or m51  
,emile1 dev\r$ by impati5ce1 rem9ds me t
 our "t is almo/ up4 ,!n ,i say1 ,well1 
my fri5d1 y rememb] ! ma9 object ( our  
j\rney2 y h se5 & obs]v$2 :at is ! f9al 
result ( y\r obs]vations8 ,:at decision 
h y come to8 ,ei!r my me?od is wrong1 or
 he w answ] me some:at aft] ?is fa%ion--
  ,:at decision h ,i come to8 ,i h      
decid$ to be :at y made me2 ( my own    
free w ,i w add no fett]s to ^? impos$  

^u me by nature & ! laws4 ,! m ,i /udy !
 works ( m5 9 _! in/itutions1 ! m cle>ly
 ,i see t1 9 _! ef=ts aft] indep5d5ce1  
!y become slaves1 & t _! v fre$om is    
wa/$ 9 va9 attempts to assure its       
cont9uance4 ,t !y may n be c>ri$ away by
 ! flood ( ?+s1 !y =m all sorts (       
atta*m5ts2 !n z soon z !y wi% to move   
=w>d !y are surpris$ to f9d t ev]y?+    
drags !m back4 ,x seems to me t to set  
oneself free we ne$ d no?+1 we ne$ only 
cont9ue to desire fre$om4 ,my ma/]1 y h 
made me free by tea*+ me to yield to    
necessity4 ,let h] come :5 %e w1 ,i     
foll[ h] )\t compulsion2 ,i lay hold (  
no?+ to keep me back4 ,9 our travels ,i 
h s\ght = "s corn] ( ! e>? :]e ,i might 
be absolutely my own2 b :]e c "o dwell  
among m5 )\t be+ dep5d5t on _! passions8
 ,on fur!r consid]ation ,i h discov]$ t 
my desire contradict$ itself2 = 7 ,i to 
hold to no?+ else1 ,i %\ld at lea/ hold 
to ! spot on :i* ,i _h settl$2 my life  
w\ld be atta*$ to t spot1 z ! dryads 7  
atta*$ to _! trees4 ,i h discov]$ t !   

words lib]ty & empire are incompatible2 
,i c only be ma/] ( a cottage by ceas+  
to be ma/] ( myself4       ',hoc erat 9 
votis1 modus agri non ita magnus4'      
,horace1 lib4 ii41 sat4 vi4  ,i rememb] 
t my prop]ty 0 ! orig9 ( our inquiries4 
,y argu$ v =cibly t ,i c\ld n keep bo?  
my weal? & my lib]ty2 b :5 y wi%$ me to 
be free & at ! same "t )\t ne$s1 y      
desir$ two incompatible ?+s1 = ,i c\ld  
only be indep5d5t ( m5 by return+ to    
dep5d5ce on nature4 ,:at !n %all ,i d ) 
! =tune bequea!d to me by my p>5ts8 ,to 
beg9 )1 ,i w n be dep5d5t on x2 ,i w cut
 myself loose f all ! ties :i* b9d me to
 x2 if x is left 9 my h&s1 ,i %all keep 
x2 if ,i am depriv$ ( x1 ,i %all n be   
dragg$ away ) x4 ,i %all n tr\ble myself
 to keep x1 b ,i %all keep /eadfa/ly to 
my own place4 ,ri* or poor1 ,i %all be  
free4 ,i %all be free n m]ely 9 ?is     
c\ntry or 9 t2 ,i %all be free 9 any "p 
( ! _w4 ,all ! *a9s ( prejudice are     
brok52 z f> z ,i am conc]n$ ,i "k only !
 bonds ( necessity4 ,i h be5 tra9$ to   

endure !m f my *ildhood1 & ,i %all      
endure !m until dea?1 = ,i am a man2 &  
:y %\ld ,i n we> ^? *a9s z a free man1 =
 ,i %\ld h to we> !m ev5 if ,i 7 a      
slave1 toge!r ) ! additional fett]s (   
slav]y8  ,:at matt]s my place 9 ! _w8   
,:at matt]s x :]e ,i am8 ,:]ev] !re are 
m51 ,i am among my bre?r52 :]ev] !re are
 none1 ,i am 9 my own home4 ,s long z ,i
 may be indep5d5t & ri*1 & h :]e)al to  
live1 & ,i %all live4 ,if my weal? makes
 a slave ( me1 ,i %all f9d x easy to    
r5\nce x4 ,i h h&s to "w1 & ,i %all get 
a liv+4 ,if my h&s fail me1 ,i %all live
 if o!rs w support me2 if !y =sake me ,i
 %all die2 ,i %all die ev5 if ,i am n   
=sak51 = dea? is n ! p5alty ( pov]ty1 x 
is a law ( nature4 ,:5soev] dea? comes  
,i defy x2 x %all nev] f9d me mak+      
prep>ations = life2 x %all nev] prev5t  
me hav+ liv$4  ,my fa!r1 ?is is my      
decision4 ,b = my passions1 ,i %\ld be 9
 my manhood indep5d5t z ,god himself1 = 
,i only desire :at is & ,i %\ld nev]    
fight aga9/ fate4 ,at lea/1 !re is only 

"o *a91 a *a9 :i* ,i %all ev] we>1 a *a9
 ( :i* ,i may be ju/ly pr\d4 ,come !n1  
give me my ,sophy1 & ,i am free4  ,de>  
,emile1 ,i am glad inde$ to he> y speak 
l a man1 & to behold ! feel+s ( y\r     
he>t4 ,at y\r age ?is exagg]at$         
unselfi%ness is n unpleas+4 ,x w        
decrease :5 y h *ildr5 ( y\r own1 & !n y
 w be j :at a good fa!r & a wise man    
ought to be4 ,i knew :at ! result w\ld  
be be=e our travels2 ,i knew t :5 y saw 
our in/itutions y w\ld be f> f repos+ a 
confid5ce 9 !m :i* !y d n des]ve4 ,9 va9
 d we seek fre$om "u ! p[] ( ! laws4 ,! 
laws6 ,:]e is !re any law8 ,:]e is !re  
any respect = law8 ,"u ! "n ( law y h   
ev]y:]e se5 ! rule ( self-int]e/ & human
 passion4 ,b ! et]nal laws ( nature & ( 
ord] exi/4 ,= ! wise man !y take ! place
 ( positive law2 !y are writt5 9 ! dep?s
 ( 8 he>t by consci5ce & reason2 let him
 obey ^! laws & be free2 = !re is no    
slave b ! evil-do]1 = he always does    
evil aga9/ 8 w4 ,lib]ty is n to be f\nd 
9 any =m ( gov]nm5t1 %e is 9 ! he>t ( ! 

free man1 he be>s h] ) him ev]y:]e4 ,!  
vile man be>s 8 slav]y 9 himself2 ! "o  
w\ld be a slave 9 ,g5eva1 ! o!r free 9  
,p>is4  ,if ,i spoke to y ( ! duties ( a
 citiz51 y w\ld p]haps ask me1 ',:i* is 
my c\ntry8' ,& y w\ld ?9k y _h put me to
 confusion4 ,yet y w\ld be mi/ak51 de>  
,emile1 = he :o has no c\ntry has1 at   
lea/1 ! l& 9 :i* he lives4 ,!re is      
always a gov]nm5t & c]ta9 s-call$ laws  
"u :i* he has liv$ 9 peace4 ,:at matt]  
?\gh ! social contract has n be5 obs]v$1
 if he has be5 protect$ by private      
int]e/ aga9/ ! g5]al w1 if he has be5   
secur$ by public viol5ce aga9/ private  
aggressions1 if ! evil he has beheld has
 taught him to love ! good1 & if our    
in/itutions !mselves h made him p]ceive 
& hate _! own iniquities8 ,oh1 ,emile1  
:]e is ! man :o owes no?+ to ! l& 9 :i* 
he lives8 ,:atev] t l& may be1 he owes  
to x ! mo/ preci\s ?+ possess$ by man1 !
 morality ( 8 actions & ! love ( virtue4
 ,born 9 ! dep?s ( a =e/ he w\ld h liv$ 
9 great] happ9ess & fre$om2 b be+ able  

to foll[ 8 incl9ations )\t a /ruggle !re
 w\ld h be5 no m]it 9 8 goodness1 he    
w\ld n h be5 virtu\s1 z he may be n[1 9 
spite ( 8 passions4 ,! m]e sight ( ord] 
tea*es him to "k & love x4 ,! public    
good1 :i* to o!rs is a m]e pretext1 is a
 real motive = him4 ,he le>ns to fight  
aga9/ himself & to prevail1 to sacrifice
 8 own int]e/ to ! common weal4 ,x is n 
true t he ga9s no?+ f ! laws2 !y give   
him c\rage to be j1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( !    
wick$4 ,x is n true t !y h fail$ to make
 him free2 !y h taught him to rule      
himself4  ,d n say !re=e1 ',:at matt]   
:]e ,i am8' ,x does matt] t y %\ld be   
:]e y c be/ d y\r duty2 & "o ( ^! duties
 is to love y\r native l&4 ,y\r         
fell[-c\ntrym5 protect$ y 9 *ildhood2 y 
%\ld love !m 9 y\r manhood4 ,y %\ld live
 among !m1 or at lea/ y %\ld live :]e y 
c s]ve !m to ! be/ ( y\r p[]1 & :]e !y  
"k :]e to f9d y if ev] !y are 9 ne$ ( y4
 ,!re are circum/ances 9 :i* a man may  
be ( m use to 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 outside 8
 c\ntry ?an )9 x4 ,!n he %\ld li/5 only 

to 8 own zeal & %\ld be> 8 exile )\t a  
murmur2 t exile is "o ( 8 duties4 ,b y1 
de> ,emile1 y h n und]tak5 ! pa9ful task
 ( tell+ m5 ! tru?1 y mu/ live 9 ! mid/ 
( y\r fell[-creatures1 cultivat+ _!     
fri5d%ip 9 pleasant int]c\rse2 y mu/ be 
_! b5efactor1 _! patt]n2 y\r example w d
 m ?an all our books1 & ! good !y see y 
d w t\* !m m deeply ?an all our empty   
words4  ,yet ,i d n exhort y to live 9 a
 t[n2 on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! examples :i* 
! good %\ld give to o!rs is t ( a       
patri>*al1 rural life1 ! e>lie/ life (  
man1 ! mo/ peaceful1 ! mo/ natural1 & ! 
mo/ attractive to ! uncorrupt$ he>t4    
,happy is ! l&1 my "y fri5d1 :]e "o ne$ 
n seek peace 9 ! wild]ness6 ,b :]e is t 
c\ntry8 ,a man ( good w f9ds x h>d to   
satisfy 8 incl9ations 9 ! mid/ ( t[ns1  
:]e he c f9d few b frauds & rogues to "w
 =4 ,! welcome giv5 by ! t[ns to ^?     
idl]s :o flock to !m to seek _! =tunes  
only completes ! ru9 ( ! c\ntry1 :5 !   
c\ntry ought really to be repopulat$ at 
! co/ ( ! t[ns4 ,all ! m5 :o )draw f    

high society are useful j because ( _!  
)drawal1 s9ce its vices are ! result (  
its numb]s4 ,!y are also useful :5 !y c 
br+ ) !m into ! des]t places life1      
culture1 & ! love ( _! fir/ condition4  
,i l to ?9k :at b5efits ,emile & ,sophy1
 9 _! simple home1 may spread ab\t !m1  
:at a /imulus !y may give to ! c\ntry1  
h[ !y may revive ! zeal ( ! unlucky     
villag]s4  ,9 fancy ,i see ! population 
increas+1 ! l& com+ "u cultivation1 !   
e>? clo!d ) fre% beauty4 ,_m work]s &   
pl5te\s crops trans=m ! lab\rs ( !      
fields into holidays2 ,i see ! "y c\ple 
9 ! mid/ ( ! ru/ic sports :i* !y h      
reviv$1 & ,i he> ! %\ts ( joy & !       
bless+s ( ^? ab\t !m4 ,m5 say ! gold5   
age is a fable2 x always w be = ^? ^:   
feel+s & ta/e are deprav$4 ,p d n really
 regret ! gold5 age1 = !y d no?+ to     
re/ore x4 ,:at is ne$$ = its re/oration8
 ,"o ?+ only1 & t is an impossibility2  
we mu/ love ! gold5 age4  ,already x    
seems to be reviv+ ar\nd ,sophy's home2 
toge!r y w only complete :at h] wor?y   

p>5ts h begun4 ,b1 de> ,emile1 y mu/ n  
let s pleasant a life give y a di/a/e = 
/]n] duties1 if e !y are laid ^u y2     
rememb] t ! ,romans sometimes left !    
pl\gh to become consul4 ,if ! pr9ce or !
 /ate calls y to ! s]vice ( y\r c\ntry1 
leave all to fulfil ! hon\rable duties (
 a citiz5 9 ! po/ assign$ to y4 ,if y   
f9d t duty on]\s1 !re is a sure &       
hon\rable means ( escap+ f x2 d y\r duty
 s hone/ly t x w n long be left 9 y\r   
h&s4 ,moreov]1 y ne$ n fe> !            
difficulties ( su* a te/2 :ile !re are  
m5 ( our own "t1 !y w n summon y to s]ve
 ! /ate4  ,:y may ,i n pa9t ! return (  
,emile to ,sophy & ! end ( _! love1 or r
 ! beg9n+ ( _! w$d$ love6 ,a love f\nd$ 
on e/eem :i* w la/ ) life itself1 on    
virtues :i* w n fade ) fad+ beauty1 on  
fitness ( "* :i* gives a *>m to         
int]c\rse1 & prolongs to old age !      
delights ( e>ly love4 ,b all su* details
 w\ld be pleas+ b n useful1 & s f> ,i h 
n p]mitt$ myself to give attractive     
details unless ,i ?\ght !y w\ld be      

useful4 ,%all ,i ab&on ?is rule :5 my   
task is ne>ly end$8 ,no1 ,i feel t my p5
 is we>y4  ,too feeble = su* prolong$   
lab\rs1 ,i %\ld ab&on ?is if x 7 n s    
ne>ly complet$2 if x is n to be left    
imp]fect x is "t x 7 f9i%$4  ,at la/ ,i 
see ! happy day approa*+1 ! happie/ day 
( ,emile's life & my own2 ,i see ! cr[n 
( my lab\rs1 ,i beg9 to appreciate _!   
results4 ,! noble pair are unit$ till   
dea? d "p2 he>t & lips confirm no empty 
v[s2 !y are man & wife4 ,:5 !y return f 
! *ur*1 !y foll[ :]e !y are l$2 !y "k n 
:]e !y are1 :i!r !y are go+1 or :at is  
happ5+ ar\nd !m4 ,!y he$ no?+1 !y answ] 
at r&om2 _! eyes are tr\bl$ & !y see    
no?+4 ,oh1 rapture6 ,oh1 human weakness6
 ,man is ov]:elm$ by ! feel+ ( happ9ess1
 he is n /rong en\gh to be> x4  ,!re are
 few p :o "k h[ to talk to ! newly-m>ri$
 c\ple4 ,! gloomy propriety ( "s & !    
light conv]sation ( o!rs seem to me     
equally out ( place4 ,i w\ld r _! "y    
he>ts 7 left to !mselves1 to ab&on      
!mselves to an agitation :i* is n )\t   

its *>m1 r ?an t !y %\ld be s cruelly   
di/ress$ by a false mode/y1 or annoy$ by
 co>se witticisms :i*1 ev5 if !y appeal$
 to !m at o!r times1 are surely out (   
place on su* a day4  ,i behold our "y p1
 wrapp$ 9 a pleasant languor1 giv+ no   
he$ to :at is said4 ,%all ,i1 :o desire 
t !y %\ld enjoy all ! days ( _! life1   
%all ,i let !m lose ?is preci\s day8    
,no1 ,i desire t !y %all ta/e its       
pleasures & enjoy !m4 ,i rescue !m f !  
fooli% cr[d1 & walk ) !m 9 "s quiet     
place2 ,i recall !m to !mselves by      
speak+ ( !m ,i wi% to speak1 n m]ely to 
_! e>s1 b to _! he>ts1 & ,i "k t !re is 
only "o subject ( :i* !y c ?9k to-day4  
,my *ildr51 say ,i1 tak+ a h& ( ea*1 x  
is ?ree ye>s s9ce ,i beheld ! bir? ( !  
pure & vigor\s passion :i* is y\r       
happ9ess to-day4 ,x has gone on gr[+2   
y\r eyes tell me t x has rea*$ its      
highe/ po9t2 x mu/ inevitably decl9e4   
,my read]s c fancy ! raptures1 ! ang]1 !
 v[s ( ,emile1 & ! scornful air ) :i*   
,sophy )draws h] h& f m9e2 h[ _! eyes   

prote/ t !y w adore ea* o!r till _!     
late/ brea?4 ,i let !m h _! way2 !n ,i  
cont9ue3  ,i h (t5 ?\ght t if ! happ9ess
 ( love c\ld cont9ue 9 m>riage1 we %\ld 
f9d a ,p>adise ^u e>?4 ,s f> ?is has    
nev] be54 ,b if x 7 n q impossible1 y   
two are q wor?y to set an example y h n 
receiv$1 an example :i* few m>ri$ c\ples
 c\ld foll[4 ,my *ildr51 %all ,i tell y 
:at ,i ?9k is ! way1 & ! only way1 to d 
x8  ,!y look at "o ano!r & smile at my  
simplicity4 ,emile ?anks me curtly = my 
prescription1 say+ t he ?9ks ,sophy has 
a bett]1 at any rate x is good en\gh =  
him4 ,sophy agrees ) him & seems j z    
c]ta94 ,yet 9 spite ( h] mock]y1 ,i ?9k 
,i see a trace ( curiosity4 ,i /udy     
,emile2 8 eag] eyes are fix$ ^u 8 wife's
 beauty2 he has no curiosity = any?+    
else2 & he pays little he$ to :at ,i    
say4 ,x is my turn to smile1 & ,i say to
 myself1 ,i w soon get y\r att5tion4  ,!
 almo/ imp]ceptible diff]5ce betwe5 ^!  
two hidd5 impulses is *>act]i/ic ( a    
real diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sexes2 x is t

 m5 are g5]ally less con/ant ?an wom51 &
 are soon] we>y ( success 9 love4 ,a    
woman =esees man's future incon/ancy1 & 
is anxi\s2 x is ?is :i* makes h] m      
jeal\s4 ,footnote3 ,9 ,france x is !    
wives :o fir/ emancipate !mselves2 &    
necess>ily s1 = hav+ v little he>t1 &   
only desir+ att5tion1 :5 a husb& ceases 
to pay !m att5tion !y c>e v little =    
himself4 ,9 o!r c\ntries x is n s2 x is 
! husb& :o fir/ emancipates himself2 &  
necess>ily s1 = wom51 fai?ful1 b fooli%1
 importune m5 ) _! desires & only disgu/
 !m4 ,!re may be pl5ty ( exceptions to  
^! g5]al tru?s2 b ,i /ill ?9k !y are    
tru?s4 ,:5 8 passion beg9s to cool %e is
 compell$ to pay him ! att5tions he us$ 
to be/[ on h] = h] pleasure2 %e weeps1 x
 is h] turn to humiliate h]self1 & %e is
 r>ely successful4 ,affection & k9d de$s
 r>ely w9 he>ts1 & !y h>dly ev] w9 !m   
back4 ,i return to my prescription aga9/
 ! cool+ ( love 9 m>riage4  ,x is pla9 &
 simple1 ,i cont9ue4 ,x consi/s 9 rema9+
 lov]s :5 y are husb& & wife4  ,inde$1  

said ,emile1 laugh+ at my secret1 we    
%all n f9d t h>d4  ,p]haps y w f9d x    
h>d] ?an y ?9k4 ,pray give me "t to     
expla94  ,cords too tightly /ret*$ are  
soon brok54 ,?is is :at happ5s :5 !     
m>riage bond is subject$ to too great a 
/ra94 ,! fidelity impos$ by x ^u husb& &
 wife is ! mo/ sacr$ ( all rights2 b x  
gives to ea* too great a p[] ov] ! o!r4 
,con/ra9t & love d n agree toge!r1 &    
pleasure is n to be _h = ! ask+4 ,d n   
blu%1 ,sophy1 & d n try to run away4    
,god =bid t ,i %\ld (f5d y\r mode/y6 ,b 
y\r fate = life is at /ake4 ,= s great a
 cause1 p]mit a conv]sation betwe5 y\r  
husb& & y\r fa!r :i* y w\ld n p]mit     
else:]e4  ,x is n s mu* possession z    
ma/]y ( :i* p tire1 & affection is (t5 m
 prolong$ ) reg>d to a mi/ress ?an a    
wife4 ,h[ c p make a duty ( ! t5d]e/    
c>esses1 & a "r ( ! sweete/ pl$ges (    
love8 ,x is mutual desire :i* gives !   
"r1 & nature kn[s no o!r4 ,! law may    
re/rict ?is "r1 x _c ext5d x4 ,!        
pleasure is s sweet 9 itself6 ,%\ld x   

owe to sad con/ra9t ! p[] :i* x _c ga9 f
 its own *>ms8 ,no1 my *ildr51 9 m>riage
 ! he>ts are b\nd1 b ! bodies are n     
enslav$4 ,y owe "o ano!r fidelity1 b n  
complaisance4 ,nei!r ( y may give       
y\rself to ano!r1 b nei!r ( y belongs to
 ! o!r except at y\r own w4  ,if x is   
true1 de> ,emile1 t y w\ld always be y\r
 wife's lov]1 t %e %\ld always be y\r   
mi/ress & h] own1 be a happy b          
respectful lov]2 obta9 all f love & no?+
 f duty1 & let ! slighte/ fav\rs nev] be
 ( "r b ( grace4 ,i "k t mode/y %uns    
=mal confessions & requires to be       
ov]come2 b ) delicacy & true love1 w !  
lov] ev] be mi/ak5 z to ! real w8 ,w n  
he "k :5 he>t & eyes grant :at ! lips   
refuse8 ,let bo? = ev] be ma/] ( _!     
p]son & _! c>esses1 let !m h ! "r to    
be/[ !m only at _! own w4 ,rememb] t ev5
 9 m>riage ?is pleasure is only lawful  
:5 ! desire is mutual4 ,d n be afraid1  
my *ildr51 t ?is law w keep y ap>t2 on !
 contr>y1 x w make bo? m eag] to please1
 & w prev5t satiety4 ,true to "o ano!r1 

nature & love w draw y to ea* o!r4      
,emile is angry & cries out aga9/ ^! &  
simil> sugge/ions4 ,sophy is a%am$1 %e  
hides h] face beh9d h] fan & says no?+4 
,p]haps :ile %e is say+ no?+1 %e is !   
mo/ annoy$4 ,yet ,i insi/1 )\t m]cy2 ,i 
make ,emile blu% = 8 lack ( delicacy2 ,i
 und]take to be surety = ,sophy t %e w  
und]take h] %>e ( ! treaty4 ,i incite h]
 to speak1 y may guess %e w n d>e to say
 ,i am mi/ak54 ,emile anxi\sly consults 
! eyes ( 8 "y wife2 he beholds !m1 ?r\gh
 all h] confusion1 fill$ ) a1 voluptu\s 
anxiety :i* reassures him aga9/ ! dang]s
 ( tru/+ h]4 ,he fl+s himself at h]     
feet1 kisses ) rapture ! h& ext5d$ to   
him1 & swe>s t beyond ! fidelity he has 
already promis$1 he w r5\nce all o!r    
rights ov] h]4 ,my de> wife1 said he1 be
 ! arbit] ( my pleasures z y are already
 ! arbit] ( my life & fate4 ,%\ld y\r   
cruelty co/ me life itself ,i w\ld yield
 to y my mo/ *]i%$ rights4 ,i w owe no?+
 to y\r complaisance1 b all to y\r he>t4
  ,de> ,emile1 be com=t$2 ,sophy h]self 

is too g5]\s to let y fall a victim to  
y\r g5]osity4  ,9 ! ev5+1 :5 ,i am ab\t 
to leave !m1 ,i say 9 ! mo/ solemn tone1
 ,rememb] bo? ( y1 t y are free1 t !re  
is no "q ( m>ital rights2 believe me1 no
 false def]5ce4 ,emile w y come home )  
me8 ,sophy p]mits x4 ,emile is ready to 
/rike me 9 8 ang]4 ,& y1 ,sophy1 :at d y
 say8 ,%all ,i take him away8 ,! little 
li>1 blu%+1 answ]s1 ,yes4 ,a t5d] &     
delightful falsehood1 bett] ?an tru?    
itself6  ,! next day4 444 ,m5 no long]  
delight 9 ! picture ( bliss2 _! ta/e is 
z mu* deprav$ by ! corruption ( vice z  
_! he>ts4 ,!y c no long] feel :at is    
t\*+ or p]ceive :at is truly delightful4
 ,y :o1 z a picture ( voluptu\s joys1   
see only ! happy lov]s imm]s$ 9         
pleasure1 y\r picture is v imp]fect2 y h
 only its gross] "p1 ! sweete/ *>ms (   
pleasure are n !re4 ,:i* ( y has se5 a  
"y c\ple1 happily m>ri$1 on ! morr[ ( _!
 m>riage8 _! *a/e yet languid looks     
betray ! intoxication ( ! bliss !y h    
enjoy$1 ! bless$ security ( innoc5ce1 & 

! delightful c]ta9ty t !y w sp5d ! re/ (
 _! life toge!r4 ,! he>t ( man c behold 
no m raptur\s sight2 ?is is ! real      
picture ( happ9ess2 y h beheld x a      
hundr$ times )\t he$+ x2 y\r he>ts are s
 h>d t y _c love x4 ,sophy1 peaceful &  
happy1 sp5ds ! day 9 ! arms ( h] t5d]   
"m2 a pleasant re/+ place1 aft] a night 
sp5t 9 ! arms ( h] husb&4  ,! day aft]  
,i am aw>e ( a slight *ange4 ,emile     
tries to look some:at vex$2 b ?r\gh ?is 
pret5ce ,i notice su* a t5d] eag]ness1 &
 inde$ s mu* submission1 t ,i d n ?9k   
!re is mu* amiss4 ,z = ,sophy %e is     
m]ri] ?an %e 0 ye/]day2 h] eyes are     
sp>kl+ & %e looks v well pleas$ )       
h]self2 %e is *>m+ to ,emile2 %e v5tures
 to tease him a little & vexes him /ill 
m4  ,^! *anges are almo/ imp]ceptible1 b
 !y d n escape me2 ,i am anxi\s & ,i "q 
,emile 9 private1 & ,i le>n t1 to 8     
great regret1 & 9 spite ( all           
entreaties1 he 0 n p]mitt$ la/ night to 
%>e ,sophy's b$4 ,t haughty lady _h made
 ha/e to ass]t h] "r4 ,an explanation   

takes place4 ,emile compla9s bitt]ly1   
,sophy laughs2 b at la/1 see+ t ,emile  
is really gett+ angry1 %e looks at him )
 eyes full ( t5d]ness & love1 & press+  
my h&1 %e only says ^! two words1 b 9 a 
tone t goes to 8 he>t1 ,ungrateful man6 
,emile is too /upid to und]/&4 ,b ,i    
und]/&1 & ,i s5d ,emile away & speak to 
,sophy privately 9 h] turn4  ,i see1    
said ,i1 ! reason = ?is :im4 ,no "o c\ld
 be m delicate1 & no "o c\ld use t      
delicacy s ill4 ,de> ,sophy1 d n be     
anxi\s1 ,i h giv5 y a man2 d n be afraid
 to treat him z su*4 ,y h _h ! fir/     
fruits ( 8 y\?2 he has n squ&]$ 8       
manhood & x w endure = y4 ,my de> *ild1 
,i mu/ expla9 to y :y ,i said :at ,i did
 9 our conv]sation ( ! day be=e ye/]day4
 ,p]haps y only und]/ood x z a way (    
re/ra9+ y\r pleasures to secure _!      
cont9uance4 ,oh1 ,sophy1 !re 0 ano!r    
object1 m wor?y ( my c>e4 ,:5 ,emile    
became y\r husb&1 he became y\r head1 x 
is y\rs to obey2 ?is is ! w ( nature4   
,:5 ! wife is l ,sophy1 x is1 h[ev]1    

good = ! man to be l$ by h]2 t is ano!r 
( nature's laws1 & x is to give y z mu* 
au?ority ov] 8 he>t1 z 8 sex gives him  
ov] y\r p]son1 t ,i h made y ! arbit] ( 
8 pleasures4 ,x w be h>d = y1 b y w     
control him if y c control y\rself1 &   
:at has already happ5$ %[s me t ?is     
difficult art is n beyond y\r c\rage4 ,y
 w long rule him by love if y make y\r  
fav\rs sc>ce & preci\s1 if y "k h[ to   
use !m aright4 ,if y want to h y\r husb&
 always 9 y\r p[]1 keep him at a        
di/ance4 ,b let y\r /]nness be ! result 
( mode/y n caprice2 let him f9d y mode/ 
n caprici\s2 bew>e le/ 9 controll+ 8    
love y make him d\bt y\r own4 ,be all ! 
de>] = y\r fav\rs & all ! m respect$ :5 
y refuse !m2 let him hon\r 8 wife's     
*a/ity1 )\t hav+ to compla9 ( h]        
coldness4  ,?us1 my *ild1 he w give y 8 
confid5ce1 he w li/5 to y\r op9ion1 w   
consult y 9 8 bus9ess1 & w decide no?+  
)\t y4 ,?us y may recall him to wisdom1 
if he /rays1 & br+ him back by a g5tle  
p]suasion1 y may make y\rself lovable 9 

ord] to be useful1 y may employ coquetry
 on behalf ( virtue1 & love on behalf ( 
reason4  ,d n ?9k t ) all ?is1 y\r art w
 always s]ve y\r purpose4 ,9 spite ( e  
precaution pleasures are de/roy$ by     
possession1 & love above all o!rs4 ,b :5
 love has la/$ long en\gh1 a g5tle habit
 takes its place & ! *>m ( confid5ce    
succe$s ! raptures ( passion4 ,*ildr5 =m
 a bond betwe5 _! p>5ts1 a bond no less 
t5d] & a bond :i* is sometimes /rong]   
?an love itself4 ,:5 y cease to be      
,emile's mi/ress y w be 8 fri5d & wife2 
y w be ! "m ( 8 *ildr54 ,!n in/ead ( y\r
 fir/ retic5ce let !re be ! fulle/      
intimacy betwe5 y2 no m sep>ate b$s1 no 
m refusals1 no m caprices4 ,become s    
truly 8 bett] half t he c no long] d )\t
 y1 & if he mu/ leave y1 let him feel t 
he is f> f himself4 ,y h made ! *>ms (  
home life s p[]ful 9 y\r fa!r's home1   
let !m prevail 9 y\r own4 ,e man :o is  
happy at home loves 8 wife4 ,rememb] t  
if y\r husb& is happy 9 8 home1 y w be a
 happy wife4  ,= ! pres5t1 d n be too   

h>d on y\r lov]2 he des]ves m           
consid]ation2 he w be (f5d$ by y\r fe>s2
 d n c>e = 8 heal? at ! co/ ( 8         
happ9ess1 & enjoy y\r own happ9ess4 ,y  
mu/ nei!r wait = disgu/ nor repulse     
desire2 y mu/ n refuse = ! sake (       
refus+1 b only to add to ! value ( y\r  
fav\rs4  ,!n1 tak+ h] back to ,emile1 ,i
 say to h] "y husb&1 ,"o mu/ be> ! yoke 
volunt>ily impos$ ^u oneself4 ,let y\r  
des]ts be su* t ! yoke may be light5$4  
,above all1 sacrifice to ! graces1 & d n
 ?9k t sulk9ess w make y m amiable4     
,peace is soon made1 & ev]ybody c guess 
its t]ms4 ,! treaty is sign$ ) a kiss1  
aft] :i* ,i say to my pupil1 ,de>       
,emile1 all 8 life ?r\gh a man ne$s a   
guide & c\nsellor4 ,s f> ,i h done my   
be/ to fulfil t duty2 my l5g?y task is  
n[ end$1 & ano!r w und]take ?is duty4   
,to-day ,i abdicate ! au?ority :i* y    
gave me2 h5ce=w>d ,sophy is y\r gu>dian4
  ,little by little ! fir/ raptures     
subside & !y c peacefully enjoy !       
delights ( _! new condition4 ,happy     

lov]s1 wor?y husb& & wife6 ,to d hon\r  
to _! virtues1 to pa9t _! felicity1 w\ld
 require ! hi/ory ( _! lives4 ,h[ (t5   
does my he>t ?rob ) rapture :5 ,i behold
 9 !m ! cr[n ( my life's "w6 ,h[ (t5 d  
,i take _! h&s 9 m9e bless+ ,god ) all  
my he>t6 ,h[ (t5 d ,i kiss _! clasp$    
h&s6 ,h[ (t5 d _! te>s ( joy fall ^u    
m9e6 ,!y are t\*$ by my joy & !y %>e my 
raptures4 ,_! wor?y p>5ts see _! own y\?
 r5ew$ 9 t ( _! *ildr52 !y beg9 to live1
 z x 71 afre% 9 !m2 or r !y p]ceive1 = !
 fir/ "t1 ! true value ( life2 !y curse 
_! =m] weal?1 :i* prev5t$ !m f enjoy+ s 
delightful a lot :5 !y 7 "y4 ,if !re is 
su* a ?+ z happ9ess ^u e>?1 y mu/ seek x
 9 our abode4  ,"o morn+ a few mon?s    
lat] ,emile ent]s my room & embraces me1
 say+1 ,my ma/]1 congratulate y\r son2  
he hopes soon to h ! hon\r ( be+ a fa!r4
 ,:at a responsibility w be ours1 h[ mu*
 we %all ne$ y6 ,yet ,god =bid t ,i %\ld
 let y educate ! son z y educat$ ! fa!r4
 ,god =bid t s sweet & holy a task %\ld 
be fulfill$ by any b myself1 ev5 ?\gh ,i

 %\ld make z good a *oice = my *ild z 0 
made = me6 ,b cont9ue to be ! tea*] ( ! 
"y tea*]s4 ,advise & control u2 we %all 
be easily l$2 z long z ,i live ,i %all  
ne$ y4 ,i ne$ y m ?an ev] n[ t ,i am    
tak+ up ! duties ( manhood4 ,y h done   
y\r own duty2 tea* me to foll[ y\r      
example1 :ile y enjoy y\r well-e>n$     
leisure4  ,,! ,,end