,illu/ration3 ,a ,,sub-,,surface ,,irrigation ,,sewage-,,disposal ,,plant4 ,sewage4 ,frontispiece4 ,practical ,me?ods ( ,sewage ,disposal ,,= ,,resid5ces1 ,,hotels ,,& ,,in/itutions ,,by ,,h5ry ,n4 ,,ogd5 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4,e4 ,pr(essor ( ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,,& ,h4 ,,burdett ,,clevel& ,,assoc4 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4,e4 ,pr9cipal ,assi/ant ,eng9e]1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal? ,,fir/ ,,edition ,,fir/ ,,?\s& ,,new ,,york ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,limit$ #aiab ,copyright1 #aiab1 by ,,h5ry ,n4 ,,ogd5 & ,h4 ,,burdett ,,clevel& ,,publi%]s ,,pr9t+ ,,co41 #dai-dba ,,lafayette ,,/1 ,,new ,,york ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory ,,pages ,! problem ( sewage disposal4 ,composition & "* ( #a-ac sewage4 ,action ( bact]ia4 ,soils & _! value = sewage treatm5t4 ,?ree ess5tial conditions = effective sewage purification4 ,rates ( op]ation4 ,prelim9>y & f9al treatm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,settl+ ,,tank ,function & capacity ( settl+ tanks4 ,_! con/ruction4 #ad-cf ,siphon *amb]s4 ,use ( concrete4 ,pipe connections4 ,ro(4 ,baffle bo>ds4 ,imh(f or ,ems*] tanks4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,valves1 ,,siphons1 ,,& ,,siphon ,,*amb]s ,h& valves4 ,gate valves4 ,flap valves4 ,v>i\s types ( #cg-ed siphons4 ,alt]nat+ & plural siphons4 ,air-lock siphons4 ,dos+ app>atus4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,sub-,,surface ,,irrigation ,advantages ( sub-surface irrigation = sewage disposal4 #ee-gb ,details ( sy/em4 ,tables = use 9 con/ruct+4 ,siphon *amb]s4 ,sub-surface tile4 ,alt]nate use ( sep>ate portions ( area4 ,und]dra9age4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,sewage ,,filt]s ,relative effici5cy ( v>i\s types4 ,s& ,filt]s4 ,tables = #gc-ig use 9 con/ruct+ siphons4 ,dos+ & di/ribution me?ods4 ,ma9t5ance4 ,contact ,b$s4 ,me?ods ( con/ruction4 ,alt]nate & tim$ siphons = fill+ & dis*>g+4 ,table = use 9 con/ruct+4 ,spr9kl+ ,filt]s4 ,_! con/ruction & op]ation4 ,complicat$ & undesirable = small in/allation4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,broad ,,irrigation ,f]tiliz+ elem5ts 9 sewage4 ,value ( sewage = irrigation4 #ih-aaa ,area requir$ = sewage irrigation4 ,me?ods ( apply+ ! sewage4 ,ma9t5ance ( irrigat$ areas4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,e/imates ,,( ,,co/ ,co/ ( mat]ial3 ( lay+ sew]s & dra9s2 ( s&2 ( #aab-abh excavat+ & refill+2 ( rock excavation2 ( concrete "w2 ( valves2 ( dos+ devices2 ( fill+ mat]ial = b$s2 ( f9i%+ & clean+ up4 ,table to %[ items to be consid]$ 9 e/imate ( co/4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,figures ,a sub-surface irrigation sewage-disposal plant ,frontispiece ,,figure ,,page #a4 ,plan ( settl+ tank #ae #b4 ,longitud9al section ( settl+ tank #ag #c4 ,sket* ( settl+ tank ) longitud9al #ai p>tition wall #d4 ,=ms us$ = build+ side walls = concrete #bc tank #e4 ,view ( settl+ tank1 %[+ baffles1 sludge #bf pipe1 dra9 pipe1 & inlet & outlet pipes #f4 ,section %[+ tank ) concrete ro( & =m #bh = con/ruct+ ro( #g4 ,=m = manhole op5+ #cj #h4 ,plan & longitud9al section ( modifi$ ,imh(f #cc tank #i4 ,v]tical cross-section ( modifi$ ,imh(f tank #cd #aj4 ,sludge valve = floor ( tank #ch #aa4 ,sludge valve = side wall ( tank #ci #ab4 ,sluice gate valve made by ,c(f9 ,valve ,co #dj #ac4 ,ord9>y gate valve #dj #ad4 ,engli% slide valve ) w$ge-lock h&le #da #ae4 ,flap valve atta*$ to l5g? ( sew] pipe #db #af4 ,flap valve ) metallic seat atta*$ #dc #ag4 ,flap valve ) loose-l9k h+es #dd #ah4 ,int]mitt5t dos+ app>atus made by ,ansonia #de ,manufactur+ ,co4 #ai4 ,simple/ =m ( automatic siphon #df #bj4 ,van ,vrank5 automatic siphon #dg #ba4 ,mill] automatic siphon #dh #bb4 ,d\ble alt]nat+ siphons ( ! 8,m]ritt0 type #di #bc4 ,triple alt]nat+ siphons ( ! ,mill] type #ej #bd4 ,s+le 8,m]ritt0 automatic siphon #ea #be4 ,air-lock siphon = admitt+ & releas+ #eb sewage f ea* "o ( f\r b$s 9 regul> ord] #bf4 ,plan & section ( sub-surface irrigation sy/em #fa #bg4 ,plan & section ( a portion ( a sub-surface #fb irrigation sy/em #bh4 ,y-bran* ( vitrifi$ tile pipe #fd #bi4 ,eigh? b5d ( vitrifi$ tile pipe #fd #cj4 ,sub-surface til+ #fe #ca4 ,photograph ( tile laid z if = sewage disposal #ff #cb4 ,sub-surface til+ ) brok5 /one or gravel #fg surr\nd+ pipe #cc4 ,sub-surface sy/ems on irregul> gr\nd #fh #cd4 ,special ca/+ ( d\ble ,y-bran* ) sw++ #fi gate #ce4 ,d\ble ,y-bran* ) valves on bran*es ( ma9 #gj c>ri] #cf4 ,sub-surface til+ sy/em ) und]dra9s #ga #cg4 ,view ( s&-filt] b$s = village 9 #ge ,massa*usetts #ch4 ,lay\t = int]mitt5t s& filtration #gh #ci4 ,int]mitt5t s&-filtration b$s #gi #dj4 ,portion ( di/ribut+ tr\ghs = s& filt]s #hj #da4 ,g5]al view ( disposal plant at ,b$=d #ha ,re=matory #db4 ,view ( s& filt] ) di/ribution tr\gh4 #hb ,settl+ tank is at ! end ( ! b$ #dc4 ,view ( div]t+ manhole #hc #dd4 ,plan ( div]t+ manhole #hd #de4 ,five-way div]t+ manhole #he #df4 ,g5]al plans ( contact-b$ sy/em ne> ,albany1 #hi ,n4 ,y41 opposite page #dg4 ,view ( spr9kl+ filt] at ,dansville1 ,pa41 9 #ie w9t] #dh4 ,di/ribution ( sewage & arrangem5t ( *eck #ajf levees on a hillside #di4 ,di/ribution ( sewage on a hillside ( mod]ate #ajg slope #ej4 ,squ>e b$s = or*>ds accord+ to "s #ajh ,we/]n practice #ea4 ,gra9-field 9 spr+ 9 process ( irrigation #aji ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,= ,,resid5ces1 ,,hotels ,,& ,,in/itutions ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,! problem ( sewage disposal = a s+le h\se diff]s f ! correspond+ problem = a city *iefly 9 two ways3 fir/1 because 9 ! city x is becom+1 if x has n1 inde$1 already become1 a necessity1 & city au?orities1 ?\gh some:at reluctantly1 are will+ to grant ! necess>y appropriation to secure eng9e]+ advice :i* w solve ! problem 9 a sci5tific z well z economic fa%ion4 ,9 ! case ( a s+le h\se1 :e!r a f>m-h\se or a villa1 ! necessity ( employ+ compet5t eng9e]+ advice has n be5 g5]ally recogniz$1 & no attempt has be5 made to solve ! problem ( sewage disposal 9 a sci5tific mann]4 ,cesspools h be5 consid]$ ! only way ( c>+ = sewage 9 places :]e a runn+ /ream 0 n available1 or :]e attempts 7 made to protect su* a /ream f pollution1 & :ile1 9 ^! la/ few ye>s1 crude attempts h be5 made to utilize ! s-call$ septic tank1 su* attempts h g5]ally be5 s un9tellig5t t ! results h be5 any?+ b satisfactory4 ,s9ce x has be5 und]/ood t insects1 su* z flies & mosquitoes1 play an important "p 9 ! transmission ( disease1 ! dang] ( ov]fl[+ cesspools & ( op5 dit*es 9 :i* /agnant sewage is pres5t1 has be5 appreciat$2 also ! high] /&>ds ( liv+ :i* h made !mselves felt ?r\gh\t ! rural community h dem&$ 9 f>m-h\ses & c\ntry homes sanit>y conv5i5ces :i* h hi!rto be5 want+4 ,gradually e h\se is us+ m & m wat] = v>i\s purposes1 & liv+ conditions1 :i* 9 ! pa/ tol]at$ a scanty supply drawn f a pump1 are no long] endur$4 ,! increas$ wat] supply & ! dem&s ( ext5d$ plumb+ mean a great] am\nt ( sewage--s great an am\nt t1 9 _m cases1 soils :i* c\ld receive & dige/ ! wa/e wat]s f h\ses suppli$ by wells are clogg$ & made imp]vi\s by ?is great] am\nt4 ,fur!r1 ! dang] to wells f ! infiltration ( cesspools is m fe>$1 & x is und]/ood z nev] be=e t 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! highe/ degree ( heal? 9 a family ! dr9k+-wat] us$ mu/ be above suspicion & n subject to contam9at+ influ5ces 9 ! vic9ity4 ,aga91 communities are be+ ar\s$ to ! intr9sic value ( ma9ta9+ /reams 9 a pure condition--p>tly because ( ! value ( fi% & ice com+ f ! /reams !mselves1 & p>tly on ! broad gr\nd t wat]c\rses belong to ! c\ntry z a :ole1 & mu/ be kept pure = ! sake ( succe$+ g5]ations1 n spoil$ = !m on acc\nt ( ! selfi%ness ( a few at ! pres5t "t4 ,?us x is t to-day ! problem ( sewage disposal1 :ile ar\s+ g5]al int]e/1 is recogniz$ z "o :i* requires m ?an ! common s5se ( an av]age p]son1 t ! =ce & pr9ciples involv$ are und]/ood to be n ^? 9 common use1 & t1 = successful disposal ( sewage1 special k & judgm5t are requir$4 ,:atev] ! "* ( ! sewage & :atev] ! k9d ( soil available = treatm5t1 ! me?od ( deal+ ) sewage mo/ obvi\s to mo/ p has be5 to dis*>ge ! sewage directly into ! ne>e/ wat]c\rse4 ,?is has be5 ! practice ( cities z well z ( individual h\ses 9 ! pa/1 & ! practice is v difficult to *eck because ( ! economy ( ?is me?od ( disposal4 ,9 _m cases !re is no objection to ?is me?od1 & :]e a l>ge /ream is available1 :]e no use is made fur!r d[n/ream ( ! wat]s = dr9k+ purposes1 & :]e ! volume ( wat] 9 ! /ream is suffici5t to dilute ! sewage to a po9t :]e no odors or objectionable appe>ances result1 x w\ld seem mo/ uneconomical to adopt any m complicat$ me?od ( disposal ?an by simply c>ry+ ! outfall pipe into ! ma9 b$ ( ! /ream4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 & 9 a numb] ( o!r ,/ates1 ! numb] ( :i* is cont9ually increas+1 su* direct dis*>ge1 h[ev]1 is n p]mitt$ by law except "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate x is requir$ t any h\se1 butt] or *eese factory1 manufactur+ e/abli%m5t1 or village %all obta9 ! p]mission ( ! ,/ate ,commission] ( ,heal? be=e su* a me?od ( dis*>ge be adopt$1 & 9 ord] to obta9 ?is p]mission x mu/ be def9itely %[n t ! conditions ( ! /ream are su* t no reasonable objection to ?is me?od c\ld be urg$4 ,! policy ( ! v>i\s ,dep>tm5ts ( ,heal? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is gradually becom+ m & m rigor\s 9 ! matt] ( prohibit+ ! dis*>ge ( crude sewage into wat]c\rses1 & x is wise to make v sure t ! dis*>ge ( sewage into /reams is above ! suspicion ( a nuisance be=e adopt+ ?is z a suitable me?od4 ,r w\ld x seem bett] to provide = "s me?od ( treatm5t & all[ only purifi$ sewage to g into ! /ream ?an to run ! risk ( be+ =c$ 9 a few ye>s to recon/ruct ! entire l9e ( outfall pipe1 ) p]haps an entire recon/ruction ( ! plumb+ )9 ! h\se4 ,! problem ( treatm5t is ! "q ( s modify+ ! "* ( a l>ge volume ( dirty wat] t x %all nei!r injure ! quality ( any dr9k+-wat] into :i* x may be dis*>g$1 nor cause objectionable odors1 nor pres5t disagreeable appe>ances 9 any body ( wat] into :i* x may be empti$4 ,9 ord] to prop]ly und]/& a reasonable me?od ( treatm5t "s consid]ation mu/ be giv5 to ! composition ( sewage4 ,?is is *iefly wat] ) :i* is mix$ a small am\nt ( animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al matt]4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! am\nt ( m9]al dirt is ab\t "o tablespoonful to a b>relful ( wat]1 & ! comb9$ am\nt ( animal & vegetable matt] am\nts to ano!r tablespoonful4 ,x seems almo/ impossible t s small a quantity ( organic matt] z "o tablespoonful 9 a b>rel ( wat] c\ld cause (f5se 9 any way1 & yet eng9e]s1 city (ficials1 & h\sehold]s "k by bitt] exp]i5ce t1 :5 spread out on ! surface ( ! gr\nd or :5 all[$ to /& 9 pools1 wat] s pollut$ w und]go putrefaction result+ 9 mo/ disagreeable odors & 9 complete /agnation4 ,! problem ( sewage treatm5t1 !n1 consi/s 9 remov+ f ! b>relful ( wat]1 ! tablespoonful ( organic dirt1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 9 su* a way t no odors %all be occasion$ by ! process & at ! same "t s t ! co/ ( ! process may be a reasonable "o4 ,un=tunately1 ! great] "p ( ?is organic matt] is 9 solution1 dissolv$1 l salt 9 wat]1 s t1 ?\gh und5iably pres5t1 x mu/ be remov$ by "s process m complicat$ & less obvi\s ?an t ( simple /ra9+4 ,x w\ld be comp>atively simple if ! pollut+ sub/ances rema9$ float+ or susp5d$ 9 ! wat]4 ,!n !y c\ld be /ra9$ out ?r\gh a f9e sieve or settl$ out 9 a tank1 ei!r ) or )\t ! aid ( *emicals4 ,b = p>ticles 9 solution1 /ra9+1 by itself1 is useless &1 :ile 9 l>ge plants frequ5t use is made ( sieves z a complem5t to ! ma9 process ( purification1 9 small plants x is ( s little value z h>dly to des]ve consid]ation4 ,ano!r factor ent]s to less5 ! value ( ! use ( scre5s or sieves 9 an in/allation = a s+le h\se4 ,a great deal ( ! organic matt] f\nd 9 sew]s requires bo? agitation & "t = its subdivision into p>ticles small en\gh to be act$ ^u 9 any process ( purification adopt$4 ,if a scre5 is us$1 l>ge p>ticles ( putrescible matt] are held on ! scre5 s9ce n en\gh "t has exi/$ to break d[n _! mass1 & ?us ! scre5 itself becomes a mo/ emphatic di/urbance & a mo/ objectionable feature ( ! purification plant4 ,= effici5t purification1 !re=e1 "s me?od ( r$uc+ & modify+ ! "* ( organic solids1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 solution1 mu/ be select$4 ,9 seek+ a me?od by :i* ?is may be accompli%$1 sci5tific m5 f\nd ye>s ago t ?is v process 0 be+ c>ri$ on cont9ually by natural =ces1 al?\gh at a v sl[ rate ( purification4 ,all organic matt]1 h[ev] =m$ & :]ev] pres5t1 is subject to ! natural =ces ( decay4 ,fruits1 vegetables1 & meats ( all k9ds1 expos$ to ! air1 rapidly lose _! orig9al "* & =m & 9 ! c\rse ( "t disappe> entirely4 ,except = ?is provision ( nature1 ! accumulation ( organic wa/es s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! e>?'s occupation by human be+s w\ld be s great t ! e>? w\ld be un9habitable on acc\nt ( ! deposits ( wa/e matt] :i* w\ld h =m$ by ?is "t4 ,nature1 !n1 recognizes ! ne$ ( dispos+ ( organic wa/es1 & h] me?od is ! "o :i* app>5tly mu/ be foll[$ by human be+s if successful treatm5t is to be secur$4 ,only a few decades ago1 x 0 f\nd t ?is process ( decay 0 due to ! activity ( v small organisms kn[n z bact]ia1 & _! ag5cy 0 prov$ by exp]im5ts :i* %[$ t if vegetables or meat 7 kept free f bact]ia1 no decay1 f]m5tation1 or putrefaction took place4 ,x 0 prov$ t ! air itself 0 n responsible because 9 c]ta9 exp]im5ts air 0 all[$ to ent] ?r\gh a filt]+ m$ium f9e en\gh to /ra9 out ! bact]ia & no decay took place1 al?\gh oxyg5 & air 7 bo? freely admitt$4 ,x is well und]/ood by ! h\sewife t fruits c be kept indef9itely if !y are cook$ suffici5tly to kill any bact]ia pres5t & !n seal$ 9 bact]ia-free1 air-tight j>s4 ,:5 su* pres]ves spoil1 x is because "s bact]ia 7 left 9 ! j> or h s9ce be5 admitt$ ?r\gh an imp]fect top4 ,:5 decay is all[$ to proce$1 ! obvi\s result is1 fir/ ( all1 a s(t5+ ( ! mat]ial1 z 9 ! case ( a rott5 apple1 a liquefaction1 z x is m te*nically kn[n4 ,foll[+ t "p ( ! process is a gradual break+ d[n ( ! mat]ial1 ! residue be+ ( an e>?y "* :i* is assimilat$ by ! soil into :i* x falls4 ,! bact]ia requir$ = ! putrefaction ( organic matt] are among ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( all ! micro-organisms4 ,!y are always f\nd 9 ! air1 except on m\nta9 tops1 9 des]ts1 & ov] ! ocean4 ,!y are v num]\s 9 surface wat]s1 su* z /reams & ponds1 & _! relative numb] ev]y:]e increases z ! am\nt ( organic matt] increases1 s t ! great] ! ne$ = !m ! great] is _! numb]4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! great majority ( ^! bact]ia require air = _! en]getic developm5t1 & ?is fact is mo/ important :5 x comes to ! practical con/ruction ( a piece ( app>atus = mak+ use ( ^! bact]ia4 ,x has also be5 f\nd t1 = sev]al reasons1 ^! bact]ia "w mo/ effectively 9 ! soil & c take c>e ( a l>g] quantity ( organic matt] !re ?an else:]e4 ,?is is p>tly because 9 ! surface lay]s ( ! soil1 p>ticul>ly :]e t soil has be5 cultivat$1 a great numb] ( ! p>ticul> bact]ia involv$ 9 decay are always to be f\nd4 ,pure1 clean s& f ! des]t conta9s almo/ none ( ^! b5efic5t bact]ia4 ,ri* g>d5 soil is fairly teem+ ) !m1 s t1 curi\sly1 ! m organic matt] & ! m bact]ia pres5t 9 any soil1 ! m active t soil w be 9 tak+ c>e ( o!r organic matt]4 ,!n1 aga91 ! soil p>ticles1 p>ticul>ly 9 s&y soil1 are s sep>at$ z to all[ betwe5 !m a c]ta9 & appreciable am\nt ( air1 & by means ( ?is air ! activity ( ! bact]ia is made cont9u\s & ! products ( _! activity utiliz$4 ,)\t su* an admission ( air1 ! bact]ia are *ok$ & dim9i% rapidly 9 numb]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a def9ite degree ( purification & a c]ta9 quantity ( organic matt] :i* c be tak5 c>e ( by ! bact]ia incid5t to any p>ticul> soil4 ,up to t quantity purification proce$s m or less satisfactorily accord+ to ! intellig5ce %[n 9 fe$+ ! bact]ia 9 su* a way z suits _! conv5i5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 t quantity be exce$$1 all purification /ops1 ! bact]ia are app>5tly disc\rag$1 & no fur!r improvem5ts c be expect$4 ,a f9e-gra9$ soil w n be s useful z a co>se-gra9$ soil because ! =m] does n all[ suffici5t air 9 ! int]/ices ( its soil p>ticles4 ,ano!r practical reason = n mak+ use ( soils ( f9e gra9s is t su* soils c absorb only a small am\nt ( liquid because ( ! me*anical con/ruction ( ! mat]ial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 soils ^: gra9s are too co>se are undesirable because _! me*anical con/ruction is su* t ! liquids conta9+ organic matt] 9 solution pass ?r\gh s rapidly t "t en\gh is n giv5 = bact]ial action4 ,z a result ( ! pr9ciples j enum]at$1 x may be said t !re are ?ree di/9ct & ess5tial conditions = ! successful disposal ( sewage ?r\gh ! soil4 ,^! ?ree conditions are1 fir/1 a rate ( application suitable to ! soil :i* x is propos$ to use2 second1 an int]rupt$ or int]mitt5t deliv]y ( ! sewage s t ! bact]ia c obta91 betwe5 consecutive doses ( sewage1 ! necess>y am\nt ( oxyg5 = _! own pres]vation & well-be+2 &1 ?ird1 a re/+ p]iod 9 :i* is c>ri$ =w>d t intimate association betwe5 ! p>tly decompos$ organic matt] & ! oxyg5 or air pres5t 9 ! pores ( ! soil by :i* ! f9al oxidation is obta9$4 ,! rate ( application v>ies1 z already indicat$1 ) ! size ( p>ticles f\nd 9 ! soil1 & x %\ld also v>y ) ! purification desir$4 ,! l>g] ! p>ticles1 ! high] may be ! rate ( application1 b less effici5t w be ! process4 ,) gra9s ( s& z f9e z #a_/bjj ( an in*1 & ) a rate ( application n great] ?an five gallons p] squ>e y>d ( surface p] day1 filtration ?r\gh su* an area has be5 prov$ to be capable ( remov+ f ! f\le/ sewage all ! objectionable mat]ial & conv]t+ ! liquid into :at is an equival5t ( ! pure/ spr+ wat]4 ,if ! rate appropriate to ?is p>ticul> soil is exce$$1 ! effici5cy decreases1 & ! unmi/akable & inevitable result is to /op all purification & conv]t ! filt] into a /agnant cesspool4 ,if1 to take ! o!r extreme1 ! soil p>ticles are increas$ until !y are z l>ge z h5's eggs1 !n1 if ! rate ( application is n great] ?an #bjj gallons p] squ>e y>d ( surface p] day1 & if ! me?od & rate ( application are suitable to ?is l>ge am\nt1 ! result+ efflu5t is suffici5tly fre$ f its objectionable matt] s t ! liquid c be turn$ into any body ( wat] )\t dang] ( odors or o!r nuisance4 ,if ?is rate is exce$$1 or if ! me?od ( application is n c>efully consid]$1 ! result+ efflu5t is f\l 9 ! extreme & ! process itself becomes a nuisance4 ,x c be se5 by ?is brief explanation t x is n possible to assign any p>ticul> rate ( application to any p>ticul> k9d ( treatm5t1 s9ce 9 all ! me?ods ( purification :i* h be5 work$ out consid]able v>iation 9 ! details ( t p>ticul> me?od h be5 practis$4 ,x w be possible1 !re=e1 9 succe$+ *apt]s to indicate by ! size ( filt]s recomm5d$ only limit+ or av]age values = rates ( purification1 s9ce ^? rates are always dep5d5t ^u o!r factors ?an ! p>ticul> me?od be+ discuss$4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t soils may exi/ :i* h no porosity :atev]1 & ?r\gh :i* x is impossible = sewage to make its way4 ,su* soils are n available = sewage purification1 &1 no matt] h[ small ! rate or h[ c>eful ! me?od ( application1 su* areas w fail to produce any practical purification4 ,soils l clay1 peat1 & f9e wat]-deposit$ silt are ( ?is sort4 ,clay soils may sometimes become pulv]iz$ by cultivation s t !y w ultimately be able to take c>e ( a mod]ate am\nt ( sewage4 ,9 su* a case x is possible to dispose ( sewage successfully 9 ! top six in*es ( soil :i*1 by cont9ual cultivation1 has be5 made out ( ! /iff clay4 ,9 su* cases1 ! difficulty is n t ( oxidiz+ ! sewage1 b t ( tak+ c>e ( ! efflu5t1 :i* mu/ be held betwe5 ! cultivat$ soil & ! raw clay und]nea?4 ,! second requirem5t m5tion$ is secur$ by dis*>g+ ! sewage onto ! soil area at int]vals1 ! numb] ( doses p] day dep5d+ ^u ! size ( p>ticles 9 ! b$4 ,!re has be5 a g5]al pr9ciple e/abli%$ t ! size ( ^! doses ought to be small] z ! size ( ! p>ticles increases1 s t1 :]eas 9 ! case ( s& b$s ! total daily dose is usually divid$ into f "o to ?ree p>ts & ea* "p deliv]$ onto ! b$ ) an appropriate int]val1 9 ! case ( co>s] mat]ials us$ = spr9kl+ filt]s1 ! "t int]val betwe5 doses is mu* r$uc$ & 9 "s in/allations rec5tly con/ruct$ 9 ,engl& t int]val has be5 measur$ 9 seconds4 ,! v>iations 9 ! rate ( fl[ ( sewage onto any filt]1 h[ev]1 are s great t any su* requirem5t z design+ dis*>g+ app>atus to "w at int]vals ( a few seconds is useless1 & if z small an int]val z "o m9ute is provid$ = ! co>se/ mat]ial = ! maximum rate ( fl[ at any "t ( ! day1 ! in/allation w probably be successful = ! less] rates occurr+ at o!r times ( ! day4 ,z an indication ( ! way 9 :i* ?is modification is made1 x is cu/om>y1 :5 ! size ( soil p>ticles is t ( peas1 to make ! int]val betwe5 successive dis*>ges ab\t "o h\r1 s t ! dose appli$ at any "o "t w\ld be equal to #a_/bd ( ! daily volume4 ,) gravel fill+1 ! p>ticles be+ ! size ( ,engli% walnuts1 ! int]val betwe5 doses is %ort5$ to five m9utes1 & ! am\nt ( any "o dose is ?us made #a ab\t #a_/bhj ( ! total daily volume4 ,) ! co>s] fill+1 z :5 a size z l>ge z h5's eggs is us$1 ! int]val w\ld be cut d[n to ab\t "o m9ute4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! int]vals la/ m5tion$ are *>act]i/ic only ( "s devices us$ = dos+ spr9kl+ filt]s & t !re is a wide div]g5ce ( practice among eng9e]s :5 deal+ ) any p>ticul> size ( s& or /one p>ticles 9 all k9ds ( filt] b$s4 ,! ?ird requirem5t1 namely1 ! occasional re/+ ( ! b$1 is met by provid+ "s additional area ov] t !oretically requir$1 s t ! fl[ may be div]t$ f "p to "p ( ! total area 7:i* is usually divid$ into b$s = ?is purpose71 & 9 ?is way ea* "p is all[$1 9 turn1 a p]iod = re/+4 ,= example1 if ! requir$ area be divid$ into two b$s & a ?ird b$ add$ equal 9 area to "o ( ! two & a regul> rotation ( dos+ be practis$1 ea* b$ w\ld re/ n only ! "t betwe5 ! regul> twelve-h\r p]iod dos+1 b might also be giv5 a complete re/1 occasionally1 = an ext5d$ p]iod4 ,?is ?ird requirem5t is probably less imp]ative ) ! co>s] p>ticles & !re are _m examples ( co>se-gra9$ b$s :i* h be5 cont9u\sly op]at$ = a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ) su* treatm5t clogg+ is inevitable1 & t su* clogg+ is p>tially reliev$ by a p]iod ( re/ some:at proportional to ! l5g? ( "t ! b$s h be5 op]at$4 ,x is1 !n1 only %ortsight$ policy to economize at ! beg9n+ & attempt to save money by n build+ an additional area1 s9ce ! clogg+ ( ! :ole plant is b\nd to occur 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & !n ano!r plant mu/ be built or ! mat]ial =m+ ! b$ tak5 out1 wa%$1 & replac$4 ,o!rwise ! sewage mu/ g unpurifi$ to ! outfall :ile ! b$ is recov]+ f ! long p]iod ( ov]work4 ,x is conv5i5t to divide sewage purification into two processes1 ! prelim9>y process & ! f9al1 or f9i%+ process1 &1 :ile ! prelim9>y process1 9 itself1 nev] accompli%es purification1 yet x is ( consid]able value 9 facilitat+ & increas+ ! rate & effici5cy ( t purification4 ,! mo/ common prelim9>y treatm5t is s$im5tation1 by :i* ! l>g] solids 9 susp5sion are all[$ to settle 9 a tank or tanks s t ! filt] b$s lat] us$ are reliev$ f ! accumulation ( ^? deposits4 ,"u ! "n ( septic tank su* a receptacle = susp5d$ solids has be5 exploit$ z a complete me?od ( purification1 & _m und]gr\nd tanks h be5 con/ruct$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry :i* h1 at ! "t ( _! in/allation1 be5 consid]$ compet5t to furni% all ! necess>y purification4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t less ?an "o-half ( ! organic matt] 9 sewage is 9 susp5sion & t ! be/ results 9 any sort ( a tank succe$ 9 deposit+ only "o-half ( ^? susp5d$ solids1 x c readily be se5 t a tank1 :e!r call$ septic or settl+1 _c be a complete me?od ( treatm5t4 ,9 reality1 su* a tank does little m ?an take out f ! sewage ! greasy mat]ial & a c]ta9 proportion ( ! susp5d$ matt]4 ,:atev] "p ( ?is is organic matt] may1 by a p>ticul> arrangem5t ( ! tank1 be consid]ably r$uc$ 9 quantity1 s t ! int]vals ( clean+ c be ext5d$1 b 9 e tank ! removal ( ! deposits is necess>y1 & subsequ5t treatm5t is requir$ if adequate purification is accompli%$4 ,! f9al1 or f9i%+1 process may be c>ri$ out accord+ to any "o ( sev]al me?ods4 ,x may be done by dis*>g+ ! tank efflu5t into a sy/em ( agricultural dra9s laid j bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 call$ sub-surface irrigation4 ,x may be done by remov+ ! top soil f a b$ ( s& plac$ by nature1 & ne$+ little except suitable surface di/ribution to insure ! mo/ effici5t purification4 ,= a small plant1 in/ead ( a s& filt]1 = :i* ! s& is f\nd naturally 9 a suitable location1 an artificial filt] may be built by prep>+ an enclosure & c>t+ 9 s& = fill+4 ,:]e no s& is available1 or :]e its use w\ld be uneconomical1 brok5 /one may be us$ to ensure f9al treatm5t4 ,) /one1 on acc\nt ( its l>ge voids1 ! enclosure mu/ ei!r be wat]-tight1 & ! outlet pipe mu/ be provid$ ) a valve or o!r device s t ! sewage "u treatm5t may be held 9 ! enclosure or tank long en\gh to deposit ! solids 9 susp5sion & to be act$ on by ! bact]ia conc]n$4 ,?is me?od is kn[n z ! contact b$ treatm5t4 ,or1 f9ally1 ! desir$ results may be obta9$ by spray+ ! sewage onto a deep lay] ( brok5 /one1 ! me?od be+ call$ ! spr9kl+ filt] treatm5t4 ,! *oice ( ! f9al treatm5t1 9 any p>ticul> case1 dep5ds on ! "* & slope ( ! gr\nd1 on ! availability & co/ ( s& or ( brok5 /one1 & on ! am\nt ( sewage to be treat$4 ,x is hop$ t ! foll[+ pages w give to ! read] bo? an intellig5t appreciation ( ! advantages & disadvantages ( ea* ( ! sev]al me?ods ( sewage purification discuss$1 & also suffici5t insight into ! necess>y details ( con/ruction s t ! me?od *os5 c be put into successful op]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,settl+ ,,tank ,,& ,,its ,,con/ruction ,z has be5 /at$1 a mo/ effective prelim9>y /ep 9 ! treatm5t ( sewage is to pass x ?r\gh a prop]ly design$ settl+ tank 9 ord] t ! gross] solids & susp5d$ matt]s z f> z possible may be deposit$ !re & f9ally dispos$ ( sep>ately f ! liquid sewage4 ,?is p>tial removal ( ! susp5d$ matt]s1 am\nt+ to ab\t fifty p] c5t4 9 well-design$ & c>efully op]at$ tanks1 v mat]ially aids 9 ! f9al treatm5t ( sewage on filt]s or on sub-surface irrigation areas by prev5t+ clogg+ ( ! filt]s or ( ! pip+ 9 ! irrigation sy/em4 ,9 connection ) ! l>g] settl+ tanks = hotels or in/itutions1 x is sometimes advisable to pass ! sewage fir/ ?r\gh a scre5 *amb] be=e x is dis*>g$ into ! settl+ tank1 9 ord] t ! gross] susp5d$ solids may be collect$ m easily ?an f ! tank2 b1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 scre5+ ( sewage is n necess>y at small disposal plants1 & 9 fact is n g5]ally advisable ow+ to ! cont9ual labor involv$ 9 remov+ & dispos+ ( ! scre5+s1 & no description ( scre5+ plants w !re=e be giv54 ,! old me?od ( dis*>g+ sewage & h\se wa/es into loose-wall$ cesspools on all occasions & "u all sorts ( conditions is rapidly *ang+1 z is desirable4 ,true1 9 c]ta9 locations1 :]e ample area is available1 :]e ! soil is dry & por\s1 & :]e nei!r spr+s nor wells nor ! soil ne> dwell+s w be contam9at$ !reby1 cesspools may be safely us$4 ,9 o!r locations a small exp5diture ( "t & money w provide ! means by :i* nature's processes ( r$uction ( ! organic matt] 9 sewage may be c>ri$ on mu* m effici5tly & satisfactorily ?an ev] c be ! case 9 a cesspool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,plan ( ,settl+ ,tank4 ,! s*eme = prop]ly dispos+ ( sewage at any po9t %\ld !re=e include its s$im5tation 9 a settl+ tank ( prop] con/ruction & ample capacity1 :e!r its f9al treatm5t is to be effect$ by sub-surface irrigation1 int]mitt5t s& filtration1 contact b$s1 or spr9kl+ filt]s4 ,:]e ! sewage efflu5t is to be dis*>g$ into a /ream or body ( wat] ( comp>atively l>ge fl[ or volume1 & :]e t /ream is n subsequ5tly us$ z a potable wat] supply1 x is sometimes p]missible to subject ! sewage to settl+ tank treatm5t only4 ,su* p>tial treatm5t1 h[ev]1 %\ld be arrang$ = only z a tempor>y measure1 & ! tank %\ld be s con/ruct$ ) respect to ! elevation ( adjac5t areas t works = f9al treatm5t ( sewage1 :5 requir$1 may be con/ruct$ z advantage\sly z possible4 ,moreov]1 9 ! m progressive ,/ates1 z not$ 9 ,*apt] ,i1 ! purity ( /reams is be+ c>efully safegu>d$1 & ! g5]al t5d5cy ( public heal? (ficials is to require m complete treatm5t ( sewage be=e its dis*>ge into a wat]c\rse ?an is accompli%$ by settl+ tanks4 ,! settl+ tank = resid5ces & in/itutions1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 %\ld h a capacity ( f five to fifte5 cubic feet = ea* p]son s]v$ by ! sew] 9 ord] t prop] "t ( det5tion 9 ! tank may be all[$ = ! s$im5tation ( ! susp5d$ matt]s 9 ! sewage4 ,! dep? ( ! tank %\ld be f five to eight feet1 & its wid? %\ld g5]ally be f "o-?ird to "o-half ! l5g?4 ,fig4 #b %[s a longitud9al section ( ! settl+ tank & siphon *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,longitud9al ,section ( ,settl+ ,tank4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! dim5sions ( tanks :i* %\ld be adopt$ to provide a prop] "t ( det5tion ( sewage1 bas$ on ! numb] ( p]sons to be s]v$3 ,,table ,i ,,dim5sions ,,= ,,settl+ ,,tanks ,p]sons ,s]v$ by ,sew]4 ,mean ,mean ,dep? ,inside ,inside 7,feet74#a ,wid? ,l5g? 7,feet74 7,feet74 #d #c #d #e #h #c #g #e #ab #d #g4e #e #ae #d #h #e #be #d #aj #e #ce #d4e #ab #e #ej #f #ab #e #ge #f #ae #f #ajj #g #ag #f #abe #h #ag4e #f #aej #h #ah #f #age #h #bj #f #bjj #h #bb #f #bej --#b comp>tm5ts 9 tank1 ea* #e4e #ah #f #cjj --#b comp>tm5ts 9 tank1 ea* #e4e #ah4e #g #cej --#b comp>tm5ts 9 tank1 ea* #f #ai #g #djj --#b comp>tm5ts 9 tank1 ea* #f #ai #h #dej --#b comp>tm5ts 9 tank1 ea* #f #bb #h #ejj --#b comp>tm5ts 9 tank1 ea* #f #bd #h ,footnote #a3 #ab in*es great] ?an dep? ( sewage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,sket* ( ,settl+ ,tank ) ,longitud9al ,p>tition ,wall4 ,! dim5sions ( settl+ tanks giv5 above provide = long] p]iods ( det5tion 9 ! case ( ! small] tanks ?an 9 t ( ! l>g]1 an excess :i* is necess>y on acc\nt ( ! great] fluctuation 9 ! fl[ ( sewage rea*+ ! small] tanks4 ,! l>g] tanks may be bett] & m conv5i5tly op]at$ if !y are divid$ by a longitud9al p>tition wall z %[n by ,fig4 #c1 & arrang$ = 9 ! table = tanks s]v+ #bej or m p]sons4 ,?is provision is n s necess>y 9 ! case ( ! small] tanks1 especially if !y are to be in/all$ at summ] resorts or c\ntry homes occupi$ = only a few mon?s 9 ! summ]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! tanks are to be op]at$ cont9u\sly !y may h two *amb]s = great] conv5i5ce 9 remov+ sludge4 ,! fl[ ?r\gh "o comp>tm5t may !n be /opp$ by clos+ a valve plac$ on ! inlet pipe to t comp>tm5t1 or by ins]t+ "o ( ! /op-planks or sluices 9 a div]t+ *amb]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 at ! left ( ! tank & ins]t+ a t5-in* bo>d 9 ! groove ov] ! outlet weir wall ( ! comp>tm5t to be clean$4 ,! entire fl[ ( sewage is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! o!r comp>tm5t :ile ! fir/ is be+ clean$4 ,?is division ( ! tank into two comp>tm5ts is sometimes desirable 9 ! case ( ! small] tanks & may easily be accompli%$4 ,= in/ance1 in/ead ( a tank #f feet by #ab feet1 two comp>tm5ts may be arrang$ =1 ea* #c feet #f in*es by #aj feet2 & in/ead ( a tank #h feet by #bj feet1 two comp>tm5ts may be con/ruct$1 ea* #e feet wide & #af feet long4 ,! settl+ tank %\ld be locat$ z f> z conv5i5tly possible f ! dwell+1 & especially f any wells or spr+s1 9 ord] t leakage ( sewage1 :i* may always occur1 w n lead to ! contam9ation ( a wat] supply or ( ! soil ne> ! resid5ce4 ,x may n be possible 9 e case to locate su* tanks m ?an fifty feet away f ! h\se or f ! well1 b ! di/ance %\ld nev] be less ?an ?is1 & :5 locat$ at ?is m9imum di/ance f ! dwell+ or f a well1 especial c>e %\ld be us$ to make ! tank wat]-tight4 ,! walls ( ! tank %\ld pref]ably be con/ruct$ ( concrete1 al?\gh !y may be built ( brick or wood4 ,! la/ mat]ial is (t5 ! *eape/1 & tanks con/ruct$ ( lumb] w la/ = sev]al ye>s )\t r5ewal4 ,! concrete tank1 h[ev]1 is m easily made wat]-tight1 & is a p]man5t /ructure4 ,! walls ( ! tank1 :5 ! height is less ?an #h or #aj feet1 %\ld be #h in*es ?ick at ! top1 & %\ld h a batt] on ! inside ( #a in*es p] foot ( height4 ,if ! tank is to be built ) two comp>tm5ts1 ! p>tition wall %\ld be #aj or #ab in*es ?ick at ! top & %\ld h a batt] on bo? sides4 ,! tank %\ld g5]ally be plac$ ) its top at ! level ( ! gr\nd surface1 & ! sew] f ! h\se %\ld ent] ! end ( ! tank ) its fl[ l9e or inv]t #ab in*es bel[ ! top ( ! walls4 ,! h\se sew] or dra9 %\ld h a grade or fall ( n less ?an #i in*es 9 #ajj feet4 ,pref]ably1 ! sew] %\ld be laid at ! above m9imum grade = at lea/ #ej feet or s be=e x ent]s ! tank 9 ord] to prev5t excessive velocity 9 ! sewage fl[ at ?is po9t4 ,at ! entrance to ! tank ! sew] %\ld be provid$ ) an elb[ s t ! sewage w be dis*>g$ d[nw>d bel[ ! surface4 ,simil>ly1 if an outlet pipe f ! tank is us$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 ?is pipe %\ld pass ?r\gh ! wall at ! outlet end ( ! tank1 "o foot bel[ ! top ( ! tank1 & %\ld also be provid$ ) an elb[ :i* w />t f bel[ ! surface4 ,:]e a siphon is to be us$ to dis*>ge ! efflu5t f ! tank onto a filt] or into a sy/em ( sub-surface til+1 ! sep>ate *amb] 9 :i* ! siphon mu/ be plac$ may be built z an ext5sion ( ! settl+ tank s t ! end wall ( ! settl+ tank w s]ve z "o ( ! walls ( ! siphon *amb]4 ,! siphon *amb] floor may be plac$ consid]ably above ! level ( ! floor ( ! tank z %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #c1 s9ce a suffici5tly l>ge quantity ( efflu5t = dos+ a filt] or a sub-surface irrigation sy/em may be collect$ 9 ! *amb] ( r$uc$ dep? ?us provid$4 ,?is %all[] con/ruction saves excavation & also r$uces ! op]at+ head or fall1 :i* latt] is sometimes h>dly equal to ! dem&s ( ! subsequ5t treatm5t4 ,! capacity ne$$ 9 ?is *amb] = diff]5t in/allations w be giv5 lat] 9 ! discussion ( sewage filt]s & sub-surface irrigation sy/ems4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ^u ! dim5sions ( ! tank & select$ ! site1 ! con/ruction is comm5c$ by mak+ ! excavation ab\t f\r feet wid] & long] ?an ! outside dim5sions ( ! tank & siphon *amb] comb9$1 9 ord] to provide room = sett+ ! =ms = plac+ ! concrete1 provid$ concrete is to be us$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,) brick walls an additional wid? & l5g? ( two feet is ne$$4 ,fig4 #d gives an illu/ration ( ! =ms to be us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! walls = concrete tanks1 ! cut at ! left %[+ a view ( ! =m to be us$ :5 ! tank is con/ruct$ ei!r p>tly or :olly above ! natural gr\nd surface1 or bel[ ! surface 9 loose soils1 & ! cut at ! "r %[+ a view ( ! =m to be us$ :5 excavation = ! tank is made 9 rock1 h>dpan1 or clay4 ,! top wid? ( ! walls %\ld be #h in*es1 & ! bottom wid? %\ld be #h in*es plus #a in*es = ea* foot ( height4 ,?us1 = a wall #f feet high ! bottom wid? %\ld be #ag in*es1--! inside face ( ! wall hav+ a batt] ( #a in*es p] foot ( height4 ,?is batt] is necess>y1 :5 ! tank is con/ruct$ bel[ ! gr\nd surface1 to )/& ! lat]al e>? pressure :5 ! tank is empty4 ,if ! tank is to be con/ruct$ above ! gr\nd surface1 ! outside wall %\ld be batt]$ & ! inside wall made v]tical1 s9ce ! pressure :i* ! wall mu/ )/& is !n only f ! liquid )9 ! tank4 ,! p>tition wall betwe5 ! settl+ tank & siphon *amb] %\ld be #aj or #ab in*es ?ick at ! top1 dep5d+ on its height1 & %\ld h a batt] on bo? sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,=ms ,us$ = ,build+ ,side ,walls = ,concrete ,tank4 ,to set up ! =ms = ! concrete walls1 /akes #b in*es by #d in*es & ab\t #b feet long are fir/ driv5 on ea* side ( ! bottom ( ! wall1 & #f in*es away f ! wall z laid out1 at int]vals ( #b feet4 ,pieces ( scantl+1 #b in*es by #d in*es & ) a l5g? equal to ! height ( ! wall1 are !n plac$ 9 upright position & securely nail$ to ^! /akes4 ,! inn] scantl+ are !n incl9$ & tempor>ily fa/5$ at ! top by a %ort nail+ piece to ! out] r[ s z to leave an op5+ ( #aj in*es betwe5 ea* pair ( scantl+4 ,additional /akes are !n driv5 f #b to #d feet f ! wall on ea* side1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & braces #b in*es ?ick & #c in*es or #d in*es wide are nail$ to ^! /akes & to ! upright & incl9$ scantl+4 ,"o-in* bo>ds are !n lightly nail$ to ! scantl+1 z %[n1 ! bo>ds mak+ up ! inside face ( ! =m be+ plac$ 9 sections ( two feet 9 ord] to af=d opportunity = ?or\gh tamp+ ( ! concrete z ! =m is be+ fill$4 ,! concrete is !n plac$ betwe5 ! bo>d$ sides ( ! =m 9 #f-;in* lay]s & well ramm$4 ,! concrete %\ld be compos$ ( "o "p by measure ( ,portl& cem5t to two & a half p>ts ( clean1 %>p build+ s& & five p>ts ( brok5 /one or clean gravel4 ,! cem5t & s& %\ld fir/ be ?or\ghly mix$1 :ile dry1 to an ev5 color & !n wet & temp]$ to a s(t mort>4 ,! brok5 /one or gravel1 aft] hav+ fir/ be5 ?or\ghly wet1 %\ld be spread ev5ly ov] ! bat* ( mort> & ! mass %ovel$ ov] at lea/ ?ree times to insure a ?or\gh coat+ ( ! /ones ) mort>4 ,! concrete ?us made may !n be plac$ 9 ! =ms 9 six-in* dep?s & ?or\ghly ramm$ until wat] cov]s ! surface4 ,:5 x is ess5tial t ! tank be wat]-tight1 &1 9 fact1 9 con/ruct+ all tanks1 ea* lay] ( concrete %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ! =ms1 :5 possible1 be=e ! concrete 9 ! lay] previ\sly plac$ has set4 ,if ! "w ( plac+ ! concrete is ( necessity int]rupt$1 be=e plac+ ano!r lay] ! surface ( ! old] concrete %\ld fir/ be spr9kl$ & swept ) a /iff broom & a ?9 coat+ ( neat cem5t mort> 7conta9+ no s&7 %\ld !n be wa%$ ov] ! surface ( ! concrete4 ,x may be not$ t a b>rel ( ,portl& cem5t 7equal to f\r bags7 conta9s #c4h cubic feet1 s = concrete ) ! proportions ( cem5t1 s&1 & /one z specifi$ above1 = ea* b>rel ( cem5t us$ !re %\ld be us$ #i4e cubic feet ( loose s& & #ai cubic feet ( loose /one2 & = ea* cubic y>d ( concrete requir$ !re w be ne$$ #a4cj b>rels 7or #e4b bags7 ( cem5t1 #j4df cubic y>ds ( s&1 & #j4ib cubic y>ds ( /one if ! /one is fairly uni=m 9 size & conta9s =ty-five p] c5t4 ( voids4 ,) /one or gravel less uni=m 9 size1 less cem5t & s& is requir$4 ,! cem5t & s&1 made into mort>1 w fill ! voids or op5 spaces 9 ! mass ( brok5 /one4 7,= fur!r details see ,*apt] ,,vii47 ,z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #d71 ! foot ( ea* upright & incl9$ scantl+ %\ld be plac$ at ! propos$ elevation ( ! floor ( ! tank1 & ! bo>d+ %\ld n be c>ri$ bel[ ?is level4 ,!n1 if ! excavation = ! wall has be5 c>ri$ to a level #f or #h in*es l[] ?an ! floor ( ! tank1 ! concrete :5 be+ plac$ betwe5 ! =ms w spread "u ! bottom ( ! =ms1 mak+ a foot+ = ! wall on ! outside & bett] insur+ a wat]-tight jo9t :5 ! floor is laid aga9/ ! inside foot ( ! walls4 ,9 mak+ ! excavation = ! tank1 aft] rea*+ ! propos$ level = ! floor a tr5* %\ld be cut ar\nd ! floor space to a dep? ( #f to #h in*es bel[ ! floor level4 ,! wid? ( ?is tr5* %\ld be su* z to ext5d f #f to #h in*es inside & an equal di/ance outside ! wall at ! floor level4 ,aft] ! walls h be5 con/ruct$ z describ$1 ! =ms %\ld be left 9 place = at lea/ #bd h\rs1 to all[ ! concrete to set1 & !n remov$4 ,! excavation inside ! walls %\ld !n be c>ri$ #f in*es bel[ ! floor level1 ! soil well tamp$1 & a #f-;in* lay] ( concrete plac$ to =m ! floor ( ! tank4 ,x is well to spr9kle all concrete daily until x has ?or\ghly set4 ,if ! type ( siphon select$ has a ,u-%ap$ pipe ext5d+ bel[ ! floor ( ! siphon *amb]1 x w be necess>y to set ! siphon 9 position :ile ! floor is be+ laid & ! dis*>ge pipe 9 position :ile ! wall is be+ laid4 ,! siphon %\ld be s plac$ t ! bottom ( ! bell ov] ! long] leg is #c in*es above ! floor ( ! siphon *amb] or ( ! sump 9 ! siphon *amb] if su* a depression is made 9 ! con/ruction ( ! floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,view ( ,settl+ ,tank1 ,%[+ ,baffles1 ,sludge ,pipe1 ,dra9 ,pipe1 & ,inlet & ,outlet ,pipes4 ,! floor ( ! tank %\ld slope t[>d ! inlet end at a rate ( "o-half in* p] foot ( l5g? 9 ord] to facilitate ! removal ( sludge :5 ! tank is be+ clean$4 ,?is w result 9 provid+ a some:at great] dep? at ! inlet end ( ! tank ?an is %[n by ! tables1 & a less] dep? at ! outlet end1 leav+ ! dep? at ! c5tre ( ! tank z %[n4 ,! inlet & outlet pipes to ! tank1 :i* %\ld be ( ca/ iron1 %\ld be plac$ 9 position ?r\gh ! =ms :ile ! walls are be+ laid4 ,:5 x is desir$ to h an outlet pipe f ! tank ne> ! bottom 7see pipe ,a1 ,fig4 #e71 = ! purpose ( draw+ (f ! sup]natant liquid1 & s sav+ ! labor ( remov+ ! liquid by pail :5 ! tank is be+ clean$1 ?is pipe %\ld be ( ca/ iron1 #d in*es 9 diamet] & fitt$ ) a valve & valve rod plac$ outside ! tank1 & %\ld also be plac$ 9 position dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! tank4 ,! valve rod1 or /em1 %\ld rea* to ! surface ( ! gr\nd ?r\gh a #c-;in* pipe cas+4 ,! l[] outlet pipe %\ld be ext5d$ ar\nd ! siphon *amb] to dis*>ge into ! efflu5t pipe lead+ away f ?is *amb]1 :5 possible4 ,?is l[] outlet pipe %\ld leave ! tank at lea/ "o foot above ! floor & sometimes at a high] elevation1 9 ord] to dis*>ge into ! sew] lead+ to ! irrigation field or to ! filt]4 ,pipe ,b 9 ,fig4 #e %[s a sludge pipe :i* may be laid to a suitable site = dispos+ ( sludge f ! tank :5 ! slope ( ! l& w p]mit ! dra9+ ( ! sludge by gravity into tr5*es or onto a sludge b$4 ,?is sludge pipe %\ld be fitt$ ) a valve & valve /em1 & ! valve may be inside ! tank1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 or outside ! tank1 z %[n on pipe ,a4 ,if su* an arrangem5t = dispos+ ( sludge is possible1 x is manife/ly unnecess>y to provide pipe ,a z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 s9ce ! sup]natant liquid z well z ! sludge may !n be pip$ to a sludge b$ or pit4 ,?is b$ %\ld be %all[1 b ( ample capacity to hold ! entire cont5ts ( ! settl+ tank4 ,! sludge may !n be drawn (f ab\t e six weeks1 !reby op]at+ ! tank z a settl+ tank r ?an z a septic tank4 ,x w be f\nd aft] scum ( a c]ta9 ?ickness has =m$ on ! surface ( ! sewage 9 ! tank t ! ?ickness w n mat]ially increase4 ,! ro( ( ! tank %\ld pref]ably be ( concrete ren=c$ ) iron rods1 al?\gh x may be ( brick ar*es or ( two-in* plank+4 ,! use ( brick = ! ro( is n advisable1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! =ms = ! con/ruction ( ! ar*es are r difficult to make1 & brick ro(s are apt to be brok5 d[n soon] or lat] ?r\gh ! action ( fro/4 ,a wood5 ro(1 also1 mu/ be r5ew$ at int]vals & is n z satisfactory z a concrete ro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,section ,%[+ ,tank ) ,concrete ,ro( & ) ,=m = ,con/ruct+ ,ro(4 ,a section ( a tank ) a concrete ro( is %[n by ,fig4 #f1 toge!r ) ! tempor>y =m built up inside ! tank on :i* to lay ! ro(4 ,! =m is built by sett+ #b-;in* by #d-;in* scantl+ on w$ges along ! walls ( ! tank 9 pairs #ah in*es ap>t & brac+ ^! at ! foot4 ,bo>ds #a in*es ?ick & #aj in*es wide are !n nail$ across ! tank to ! tops ( ! scantl+1 ! top edges ( ! bo>ds be+ #a in* bel[ ! top ( ! walls4 ,a false ro( is !n made ( bo>ds nail$ l5g?wise ( ! tank to ! #aj-;in* bo>ds1 & a lay] ( concrete #b in*es ?ick is !n plac$ on ! floor ?us made1 rea*+ ov] ! top ( ! walls to ! outside edges4 ,iron rods1 ( an in* ?ick & spac$ #a foot ap>t1 are !n plac$ on ! concrete across ! tank & rea*+ to )9 #a in* ( ! outside edges ( ! walls4 ,m concrete is !n plac$ ov] ! fir/ lay] to a total dep? ( #f in*es or #h in*es1 dep5d+ on ! wid? ( ! tank1 ! concrete be+ well ramm$ z x is plac$4 ,aft] ! concrete has set1 ! w$ges may be knock$ f "u ! upright scantl+ & ! =m tak5 d[n & remov$ ?r\gh ! manhole4 ,! manhole cov]s & frames1 z %[n 9 ! illu/rations 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 may be ca/ at local f\ndries or pur*as$ ?r\gh sew]-pipe deal]s4 ,to provide manholes or op5+s ?r\gh ! ro( into ! tank & into ! siphon *amb]1 r\nd op5+s #b feet 9 diamet] %\ld be cut 9 ! false ro( :ile x is be+ laid1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! pairs ( scantl+ at ?is po9t be+ made #b feet4 ,! manhole frames %\ld !n be s plac$ t ! flange or base ( ! frame w be imb$d$ to a dep? ( #b in*es 9 ! ro( :5 complet$4 ,! manhole at ! entrance end ( ! tank %\ld be locat$ at "o side ( ! entrance pipe & ov] ! valve on ! sludge pipe4 ,to provide ! necess>y op5+ ?r\gh ! concrete ro( bel[ ! manhole frame1 an eight-sid$ wood5 =m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 ) an inn] diamet] ( #b feet & a height equal to #b in*es less ?an ! ?ickness ( ! ro(1 is plac$ ov] ! op5+ 9 ! false ro(4 ,on ?is wood5 =m ! manhole frame is plac$ & ! concrete laid ar\nd ! =m & ov] ! flanges ( ! manhole frame4 ,two ( ! -in* iron rods %\ld be plac$ across ! tank close to ea* side ( ! wood5 =m aft] ! fir/ #b-;in* lay] ( ! concrete ro( has be5 plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,=m = ,manhole ,op5+4 ,:5 x is desir$ to c>ry ! manhole "s di/ance above ! level ( ! top ( ! ro( to provide = a r deep e>? cov]+ = ! tank1 ! eight-sid$ wood5 =m may be made deep] z desir$1 & ano!r l>g]1 simil> =m built = ! outside =m ( ! necess>y concrete manhole well4 ,! space betwe5 ! two =ms may !n be fill$ ) concrete & ! manhole frame set on ! octagonal-%ap$ wall ?us =m$4 ,9 ord] to insure a m uni=m fl[ ( sewage ?r\gh ! tank & ?us r$uce ! velocity ( fl[ 9 all portions to a m9imum1 baffle bo>ds ( #b-;in* planks %\ld be plac$ across ! tank ne> ! inlet pipe & ne> ! outlet pipe1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,^! bo>ds are set 9 grooves =m$ 9 ! concrete by nail+ #a-;in* by #c-;in* /rips to ! inside =m :5 ! tank wall is con/ruct$4 ,^! baffles also s]ve a useful purpose by r$uc+ ! di/urbance ( ! scum z ! sewage ent]s ! tank & by prev5t+ ! escape ( scum f ! tank4 ,! bo>ds %\ld ext5d to a dep? ( "o foot bel[ ! inlet & outlet pipes1 & %\ld usually be plac$ #ab to #ah in*es f ! ends ( ! tank4 ,:]e ! efflu5t f ! tank is to be collect$ 9 a siphon *amb] adjo9+ ! tank1 x is pref]able to provide a weir or wall betwe5 ! tank & ! siphon *amb]4 ,! top ( ?is wall %\ld be "o foot bel[ ! ro( to all[ ! efflu5t to fl[ ov] ?is wall f ! tank into ! siphon *amb]4 ,9 ?is case no outlet pipe f ! tank is us$1 & ! baffle bo>ds %\ld ext5d d[nw>d #ab in*es bel[ ! level ( ! sewage 9 ! tank4 ,^! baffle bo>ds %\ld be c>ri$ up to a level ) ! top ( ! tank walls4 ,x is advisable to provide an ov]fl[ pipe f ! siphon *amb] :i* %\ld leave ?is *amb] at an elevation ( #c or #d in*es above t ( ! inlet pipe to ! tank1 & :i* %\ld1 by means ( an elb[1 be ext5d$ d[n outside ! *amb] to connect ) ! sew] into :i* ! siphon dis*>ges4 ,?is is desirable 9 ord] to provide an ov]fl[ 9 case ! siphon becomes clogg$ or fails to op]ate4 ,:]e a tank mu/ ( necessity be locat$ ne> a resid5ce1 any nuisance due to odors may be prev5t$ by ins]t+ a #d-;in* galvaniz$-iron conductor-pipe ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! tank1 & c>ry+ ?is pipe up into ! air #bj or #cj feet along a tree trunk or ! side ( a build+4 ,if a sub-surface irrigation field is to be laid out1 ! tank %\ld pref]ably be ne> ! propos$ location ( ! sub-surface irrigation area 7see ,fig4 #bf1 ,*apt] ,,iv71 al?\gh ! efflu5t may be c>ri$ to ! sub-surface irrigation field f a settl+ tank locat$ at "s di/ance f su* field4 ,s9ce ! sewage ent]s ! tank ne> ! top ( ! tank & ! efflu5t dis*>ges f ! siphon *amb] at a consid]able di/ance bel[ ! top ( ! tank1 x is ( advantage to place ! settl+ tank on slop+ gr\nd1 if possible1 s t "o end w be :olly 9 excavation & ! o!r w be p>tly above ! natural gr\nd surface4 ,?is r$uces ! dep? ( tr5*+ & provides = m readily di/ribut+ ! efflu5t by gravity f ! tank ?r\gh ! sub-surface til+ :i* is laid j bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! tank mu/ always be high] ?an ! di/ribut+ field to all[ = ! fl[ ( sewage1 & x is desirable to h ! tank buri$ 9 ! gr\nd if possible 9 ord] to keep ! temp]ature ( ! sewage z high z possible 9 w9t]4 ,^! ideal conditions are n always to be atta9$4 ,! "o important po9t to be kept 9 m9d if ! settl+ tank is to be prop]ly op]at$ & n all[$ to develop into a nuisance is t ! sludge or s$im5t mu/ be remov$ f ! bottom ( ! tank at int]vals be=e ! effective capacity ( ! tank is s r$uc$ t ! prop] s$im5tation ( ! sewage is impossible4 ,! frequ5cy ( clean+ necess>y v>ies 9 diff]5t cases1 b usually ! tank %\ld be empti$ & clean$ at int]vals ( f ?ree mon?s to "o ye>1 & :]e ! cont\r ( ! gr\nd all[s ! sludge to be readily drawn (f into tr5*es or to a sludge b$1 clean+ %\ld be practis$ e five or six weeks4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 little ne$ = clean+ ! tank z (t5 z once 9 six weeks1 b x is g5]ally f\nd & has be5 affirm$ 9 c\rt te/imony t ! remov+ ( ! sludge f a settl+ tank once e six weeks w prev5t septic action f tak+ place1 & ! tank w !n be op]at$ z a settl+ tank & n z a septic tank4 ,?is is desirable 9 view ( ! fact t royalties h be5 claim$ "u c]ta9 pat5ts on septic tanks4 ,z expla9$ on p4 #aa1 ! important function ( ! tank is to settle out susp5d$ solids1 :ile ! processes t take place 9 ! septic tank b n 9 ! settl+ tank are ( m9or importance1 & x is advisable !re=e to op]ate ^! tanks z settl+ tanks :5 possible4 ,9 no case %\ld ! sludge be all[$ to accumulate until x fills m ?an "o-qu>t] ( ! tank4 ,! sludge may be dispos$ ( by bury+ 9 tr5*es or pl\gh+ "u1 or x may be spread on ! surface at po9ts remote f highways & dwell+s or s\rces ( wat] supply4 ,! dep? ( accumulat$ matt] 9 ! tank %\ld frequ5tly be te/$ at ! inlet end by us+ a pole or /ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,plan & ,longitud9al ,section ( ,modifi$ ,imh(f ,tank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,v]tical ,cross-,section ( ,modifi$ ,imh(f ,tank4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! prelim9>y treatm5t ( sewage 9 tanks1 x %\ld be not$ t ! mo/ rec5t developm5t 9 ! design ( sewage-disposal plants has be5 ! improv$ me?od ( s$im5tation ( sewage repres5t$ by ! ,imh(f or ,ems*] tank4 ,a modifi$ design ( ?is tank is %[n 9 plan & longitud9al section 9 ,fig4 #h1 & a cross-section ( ! tank is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! pr9ciple employ$ is to provide a sep>ate *amb] = /or+ ! sludge :i* results f ! s$im5tation ( ! susp5d$ matt]s 9 ! sewage1 ?is *amb] be+ almo/ entirely sep>at$ f ! portion ( ! tank 9 :i* ! s$im5tation takes place4 ,?is sep>ation ( ! sludge f ! fl[+ sewage is accompli%$ 9 ! tank %[n by ins]t+ 9 ! tank1 p>allel ) ! side walls1 two inn] p>titions ,,aa1 :i* are v]tical = a few feet bel[ ! surface ( ! sewage & !n slope t[>d ! c5tre l9e ( ! tank1 b1 z %[n by ,fig4 #i1 d n meet at ! c5tre l9e1 ! "o pass+ a few in*es "u ! o!r4 ,! op5+ or slot ?us =m$ betwe5 ! two inn] p>titions all[s ! susp5d$ matt]s :i* settle out ( ! sewage fl[+ ?r\gh ! upp] comp>tm5t to pass into ! l[] or sludge comp>tm5t & !re rema9 9 a quiesc5t /ate until remov$ f ! tank4 ,! object ( ?is sep>ation ( ! sludge f ! fl[+ sewage is to prev5t ! gas bubbles :i* emanate f ! sludge dur+ its decomposition f ris+ ?r\gh ! fl[+ sewage & int]f]+ ) ! process ( s$im5tation go+ on 9 ! upp] comp>tm5t1 & to provide = a m complete decomposition or 8dige/ion0 ( ! sludge4 ,! gas bubbles on ris+ f ! deposit$ sludge /rike ! slop+ l[] sections ( ! inn] p>titions & are deflect$ to ! portions ( ! tank next to ! outside walls4 ,a sludge pipe leads away f ! bottom ( ! hopp]-%ap$ sludge comp>tm5t1 & at int]vals ( f "o to f\r weeks ! valve on ?is sludge pipe is op5$ = a %ort "t & a small portion ( ! accumulat$ sludge is all[$ to be =c$ out onto a sludge-dry+ b$ by ! weight ( ! sewage 9 ! tank4 ,! portion ( ! sludge ?us remov$ has1 ( c\rse1 rema9$ 9 ! tank ! longe/ "t1 g5]ally five or six mon?s1 & has _h ! fulle/ opportunity to be r$uc$ & r5d]$ inodor\s & easy to dispose (4 ,?is me?od ( s$im5tation 0 fir/ exp]im5t$ ) ab\t twelve ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,cl>k at ! ,lawr5ce ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 !n p>tially develop$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,ow5 ,travis1 ( ,hampton1 ,engl&1 & f9ally work$ out by ,dr4 ,+4 ,c>l ,imh(f 9 connection ) ! disposal ( sewage 9 ! ,ems*] ,riv] di/rict 9 ,g]many4 ,! me?od has be5 ext5sively & successfully us$ 9 ,g]many1 & simil> tanks are n[ be+ in/all$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:ile ^! tanks are probably m effective ?an septic tanks & ! usual type ( settl+ tanks 9 ! removal ( susp5d$ matt]s 9 sewage1 _! *ief value w und\bt$ly be f\nd 9 ! r5d]+ ( ! sludge less odor\s & m easily h&l$4 ,?is =m ( settl+ tank is cov]$ by pat5ts1 & a mod]ate royalty is *>g$ on tanks ( ?is type4 ,a description ( ! ,imh(f tank has be5 "h includ$ s9ce x repres5ts an important developm5t 9 sewage disposal & helps to solve :at has h]et(ore be5 "o ( ! ma9 difficulties ( sewage disposal1 especially = cities & villages1 namely1 ! satisfactory & conv5i5t disposition ( sludge2 b x is n consid]$ t _! con/ruction is advisable or w>rant$ :]e only a small quantity ( sewage is to be treat$1 & settl+ tanks to treat sewage contribut$ by less ?an1 say1 two hundr$ p]sons w\ld g5]ally be con/ruct$ z previ\sly describ$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,valves1 ,,siphons1 ,,& ,,siphon ,,*amb]s ,x 0 expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,i t "o ( ! ess5tials ( successful sewage purification is an int]mitt5t application ( ! sewage to ! b$s 9 :i* bact]ia are to act4 ,?is int]mitt5t action is secur$ by provid+ a small additional tank or by sett+ aside a "p ( ! settl+ tank & by in/all+ !re9 "s k9d ( me*anism = ! purpose ( *ang+ ! m or less regul> fl[ into an int]mitt5t or p]iodical fl[4 ,! prop] capacity ( ?is tank w be consid]$ lat] 9 ! *apt]s deal+ ) ! sev]al me?ods ( f9al purification4 ,n[ x may be said only t ! size dep5ds on ! am\nt ( sewage to be c>$ = p] day & on ! size ( ! dose dem&$ by ! purification me?od4 ,! size ( dose dep5ds directly ^u ! me?od ( treatm5t & on ! size ( ! p>ticles 9 ! b$s int5d$ to receive ! sewage4 ,on s& b$s1 = example1 x is cu/om>y to dis*>ge ! sewage f ! dos+ tank ?ree times a day1 al?\gh _m plants op]ate ) a daily dis*>ge4 ,! size ( ! dos+ tank1 h[ev]1 9 ! latt] case has to be ?ree times z l>ge z 9 ! =m]1 & x is usually wor? :ile to take ! additional tr\ble ( hav+ m frequ5t op]ation 9 ord] to save ! co/ ( ! l>g] tank4 ,! simple/ me?od ( con/ruction ( ! dos+ tank is to make x a "p ( ! s$im5tation tank by means ( a cross wall1 :i* latt] mu/ be /rong en\gh to )/& ! pressure ( ! wat] on "o side :5 ! dos+ tank is empty4 7,see ,figs4 #b & #c47 ,!re is no objection to ?is tank be+ sep>ate & "s di/ance away f ! s$im5tation tank1 & sometimes1 = conv5i5ce 9 di/ribut+ ! sewage f ! dos+ tank onto sev]al b$s 9 turn1 ! dos+ tank is plac$ at ! c5tre ( a gr\p ( b$s ) ! settl+ tank outside4 ,if ! dos+ tank is a "p ( ! ma9 tank1 ! sewage fl[s into x ov] a divid+ wall betwe5 ! two tanks or ?r\gh a pipe laid ?r\gh ?is wall1 :ile if ! tank is sep>ate f ! o!r1 !n a long] pipe connection is requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,sludge ,valve = ,floor ( ,tank4 ,x is economical to arrange t ! level ( ! sewage 9 ! dos+ tank1 at ! "t :5 t tank dis*>ges1 %all be at ! level ( ! sewage 9 ! settl+ tank1 s9ce !n no head is lo/4 ,x is bett] /ill to arrange ! me*anism 9 ! dos+ tank s t ! level ( ! sewage !re at ! "t ( its dis*>ge w be f f\r to eight in*es high] ?an ! normal level 9 ! settl+ tank4 ,! effect ( ?is is to back up ! sewage & raise ! g5]al level 9 ! settl+ tank1 & :5 ! dos+ tank dis*>ges !re is drawn (f n only ! sewage 9 t tank1 b also an am\nt 9 ! l>ge settl+ tank equival5t to t :i* is above ! normal level ( ! sewage !re4 ,! advantage ( ?is is pla9 9 t x r$uces ! necess>y volume ( ! dos+ tank by t ( ! back wat] 9 ! settl+ tank1 &1 :ile x 0 ?\ght at "o "t t su* a frequ5t v>iation 9 ! level ( ! ma9 tank might affect injuri\sly ! scum :i* =ms !re1 & p]haps also ! bact]ial action go+ on 9 ! tank1 !re seems to be no real reason :y ?is me?od may n be us$ ) consid]able advantage 9 economy ( con/ruction4 ,! bottom ( ! dos+ tank1 :i* is pref]ably made ( concrete1 %\ld h a slope t[>d ! po9t f :i* ! outlet pipe leads1 ?us enabl+ ! outw>d ru% ( sewage to c>ry (f any mat]ial :i* w\ld o!rwise settle 9 ! bottom & p]haps decompose !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,sludge ,valve = ,side ,wall ( ,tank4 ,! simple/ me?od ( op]at+ ! dos+ tank is by means ( a h& valve fa/5$ ei!r to ! floor ( ! *amb] or to ! bottom ( ! outside wall4 ,fig4 #aj %[s a simple =m ( a valve suitable = ! floor & int5d$ to be op]at$ by a rod ext5d+ up ?r\gh ! sewage to ! outside air4 ,su* a valve c be made at any local f\ndry1 ! be>+ surfaces turn$ up 9 any ma*9e %op1 & a piece ( lea!r = pack+ pur*as$ at any h>dw>e /ore4 ,su* a design1 h[ev]1 is n suitable = a l>ge valve or = a great dep? ( wat]1 s9ce ! pressure on ! valve is dep5d5t on ! weight ( ! column ( wat] act+ on its area4 ,if ! outlet pipe is six in*es 9 diamet]1 ! diamet] ( ! upp] surface ( ?is valve w\ld be ab\t t5 in*es1 & ! area ( ! top ( ! valve w\ld be ab\t half a squ>e foot1 s t1 ) six feet ( wat] above1 weigh+ #fb p\nds p] squ>e foot1 ! weight on ! valve to be lift$ w\ld be #ahf p\nds1 r m ?an c\ld be lift$ by "o man4 ,"u su* conditions x w\ld be necess>y1 us+ su* a valve1 to rig a lev]1 ! fulcrum be+ fa/5$ to ! edge ( ! tank1 ! %ort end ( ! lev] to ! rod1 & ! long end s arrang$ z to r$uce ! load 9 ! ratio ( ab\t "o to f\r4 ,fig4 #aa %[s ano!r type ( valve int5d$ to be set into ! side ( ! tank ) ! floor slop+ rapidly t[>d ! l[ po9t at :i* ?is valve is set4 ,^! valves require bett] workman%ip & are pref]ably pur*as$ f "o ( ! deal]s 9 valves :o make ?is type z "o ( _! regul> /ock =ms4 ,fig4 #ab %[s ! design made by ! ,c(f9 ,valve ,company1 ( ,troy1 ,n4 ,y41 & a simil> =m ( valve is made by ! ,caldwell-,wilcox ,company1 ,newburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,= a six-in* pipe1 ^! valves are s made t ! dang] ( ! mov+ p>ts ru/+ toge!r is avoid$ by hav+ "o surface bronze or "s simil> noncorrosive metal4 ,fig4 #ac %[s an ord9>y gate valve g5]ally us$ = wat] works1 b applicable to sew]age works4 ,su* a valve is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,sluice-,gate ,valve made by ,c(f9 ,valve ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,ord9>y ,gate ,valve4 ,fig4 #ad %[s a =m made 9 ,engl& & l>gely us$ z a *eap valve = ! purpose ( empty+ a tank rapidly4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! valve is t a sidewise motion ( ! long h&le locks ! valve into position s t ! mov+ "p ( ! valve may be readily set at any height4 ,! "o %[n 9 ! figure is tak5 f ! catalogue ( ! ,adams ,hydraulic ,company1 ,we/m9/]1 ,london1 & is li/$ 9 _! catalogue at #f4ej = a six-in* pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,engli% ,slide ,valve ) ,w$ge-lock ,h&le4 ,fig4 #ae %[s ano!r type ( valve :i* is suppli$ by "s firms mak+ sew] pipe & consi/s1 z may be se51 ( a light mov+ valve :i* is atta*$ to a projection ca/ on ! top ( ! vitrifi$ tile pipe 9 su* a way t ! valve comes to an ev5 seat on ! bevell$ end ( ! pipe4 ,x is f\nd t ) pressure act+ aga9/ ! valve ! ?9 metal ( :i* x is compos$ is press$ aga9/ ! pipe s t little1 if any1 wat] or sewage w escape4 ,! valve c easily be op5$ by atta*+ a cord or *a9 to ! r+ at ! l[] edge ( ! valve1 & :5 releas$ ! valve %uts automatically4 ,?is is a v *eap & conv5i5t design1 & answ]s e purpose = empty+ tanks by h&4 ,m elaborate /ructures ( ! same g5]al type h be5 made1 us+ ca/ iron z ! metal1 ! /ation>y coll> ) ! bevell$ end be+ built into ! masonry wall ( ! tank4 ,?is type ( flap valve is fac$ ) bronze1 & ! be>+s or jo9ts h bronze bu%+s4 ,a satisfactory valve ( ?is sort c be made at a local f\ndry & ma*9e %op1 b !re is dang] t ! valve w n be wat]-tight4 ,fig4 #af %[s su* a valve ) ! metal seat :i* is int5d$ to be bolt$ into ! masonry ( ! tank wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,flap ,valve ,atta*$ to ,l5g? ( ,sew] ,pipe4 ,fig4 #ag %[s ano!r =m ( ?is same sort ( valve1 tak5 f ! catalogue ( ! ,adams ,hydraulic ,company1 & notewor?y because ( ! loose-l9k connection at ! upp] "p ( ! valve1 ! object ( ?is be+ to prev5t ! valve clos+ at ! upp] "p )\t1 at ! same "t1 clos+ at ! bottom4 ,if ! dos+ tank is to "w automatically & indep5d5tly ( human ag5cy1 an arrangem5t :i* is always pref]able1 !re mu/ be in/all$ "s me*anism :i* takes ! place ( ! valve op]at$ by h&4 ,?is me*anism is 9 almo/ e case a siphon :i* is put into action :5 ! wat] level rea*es a c]ta9 height1 & :i* dis*>ges rapidly until ! wat] falls to a po9t :5 air is admitt$ to ! inside ( ! siphon pipe1 !reby int]rupt+ ! fl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,flap ,valve ) ,metallic ,seat ,atta*$4 ,!re is on ! m>ket a dos+ app>atus :i* does n involve a siphon1 & :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,?is is made by ! ,ansonia ,manufactur+ ,company1 #cj ,*ur* ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 & its op]ation may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,x consi/s ( two floats connect$ by means ( a *a9 :i* passes ov] a :eel support$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! *amb]4 ,z ! wat] 9 ! *amb] rises1 ! left-h& float %[n 9 ! draw+ rises & ! "r-h& float falls1 !reby communicat+ a rot>y motion to ! :eel4 ,a projection on ?is :eel at a c]ta9 po9t :5 ! left-h& valve has rea*$ ! desir$ height communicates ) an inside portion ( ! :eel1 to :i* a *a9 connect$ ) ! valve is atta*$4 ,?us ! valve is op5$ at ! "r height1 & rema9s op5 until ! wat] has fall5 to ! bottom ( ! *amb]4 ,!n ! left-h& float falls1 & ! app>atus is ready to repeat ! op]ation4 ,?is app>atus1 = a small in/allation1 w probably co/1 set up 9 place1 ab\t #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,flap ,valve ) ,loose-l9k ,h+es4 ,fig4 #ai %[s ! simple/ =m ( siphon arrang$ to dis*>ge wat] f a tank4 ,x w be notic$ t x consi/s ( an inv]t$ b5t pipe1 "o leg be+ long] ?an ! o!r1 & ext5d+ into a pool ( wat] =m$ 9 ! end ( ! dis*>ge pipe4 ,:5 ! wat] level 9 ! tank rea*es ! b5t portion ( ! siphon pipe1 ! wat] beg9s to fl[ out1 & w cont9ue to fl[ until air is drawn 9 at ! l[] end ( ! %ort leg4 ,?is /ops ! fl[ & ! tank beg9s to fill aga94 ,fig4 #bj %[s ano!r me?od ( work+ ! siphon & insur+ its rapid initial action4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,van ,vrank5 flu% tank1 & ! feature ( ?is arrangem5t is ! movable bucket1 :i* 9 "o position seals ! l[] end ( ! long] leg4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 ! siphon beg9s to act1 & ! bucket1 :i* is hung on trunnions1 is di/urb$ & its conta9$ wat] is dump$ out4 ,?is all[s ! escape ( ! wat] 9 ! long] leg & insures a vigor\s />t+ up ( ! siphon into action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,int]mitt5t ,dos+ ,app>atus made by ,ansonia ,m'f'g ,co4 ,a m simple type1 h[ev]1 is ! inv]t$ siphon arrangem5t1 develop$ p]haps mo/ completely by ! ,pacific ,flu% ,tank ,company "u ! ,mill] pat5ts4 ,fig4 #ba %[s _! ord9>y design1 ! upp] "p ( ! siphon be+ replac$ by a bell & ! dis*>ge />t+ :5 ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! long leg ( ! siphon has be5 depress$ suffici5tly to rea* ! curv$ "p ( ! pipe4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is siphon works is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,simple/ =m ( ,automatic ,siphon4 ,:5 ! wat] rises 9 ! tank above ! l[] edge ( ! bell1 ! air :i* rema9$ betwe5 ! wat] 9 ! siphon pipe & 9 ! bottom ( ! tank is conf9$1 &1 z ! wat] rises1 is gradually compress$4 ,! effect ( ?is compression is to =ce d[n ! wat] 9 ! long leg ( ! siphon & to hold d[n ! level ( ! wat] inside ! bell l[] ?an ! level outside4 ,:5 suffici5t head ( wat] 9 ! tank is secur$1 ! wat] inside ! pipe w be =c$ d[n to ! curv$ "p ( ! pipe1 &1 ! siphon be+ s design$1 ! wat] level inside ! bell w be j at ! top ( ! same pipe1 b on ! outside4 ,any slight additional height !n all[s ! conta9$ & compress$ air to escape ar\nd ! b5d 9 ! pipe1 sudd5ly reliev+ ! pressure & all[+ ! wat] to ent] ! pipe f "u ! bell readily4 ,?us ! siphon />ts & cont9ues to fl[ until ! wat] level falls s t ! air is drawn 9 "u ! bell4 ,t /ops ! action ( ! siphon & ! tank fills aga94 ,^! siphons are g5]ally sold 9 two pieces1 ! ca/ iron bell & ! curv$ pipe be+ ! factory product4 ,at ! plant !y h to be set 9 place1 g5]ally b$d$ 9 concrete & prop]ly connect$ ) ! outlet pipe4 ,= a small in/allation a ?ree-in* or f\r-in* siphon is ample1 & w co/1 deliv]$1 f #aj to #ae1 dep5d+ on ! freight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,van ,vrank5 ,automatic ,siphon4 ,fig4 #bb %[s two siphons ) auxili>y air-pressure *amb]s in/all$ 9 ! same *amb] = ! purpose ( automatically div]t+ ! fl[ f "o b$ to ano!r4 ,?is may be done m simply by in/all+ two ord9>y siphons ( ! ,mill] or simil> type4 ,if "o ( ^! siphons is fill$ half full :5 ! tank is empty1 t siphon w dis*>ge fir/ because ( ! am\nt ( wat] already pres5t 9 ! ,u-%ap$ tube4 ,dur+ ! fill+ ( ! tank previ\s to its dis*>ge1 ! o!r siphon w p>tially fill1 s t :5 ! tank beg9s to fill = ! second "t ! second siphon is half full & ! fir/ ne>ly empty4 ,9 ?is way alt]nate action is secur$ & ! dis*>ge takes place z (t5 z ! tanks fill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,mill] ,automatic ,siphon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,d\ble ,alt]nat+ ,siphons ( ! ,mill] ,type4 ,fig4 #bc %[s ?ree simil> siphons in/all$ ) "s auxili>y pip+ atta*$ = ! purpose ( mak+ ! p]iodic dis*>ge m positive4 ,^! small auxili>y pipes are s put toge!r t !re is an auxili>y siphon pass+ "u ! edge ( ! bells4 ,:5 "o siphon dis*>ges1 ! auxili>y siphon ( ! correspond+ l>ge siphon is fill$ ) wat]1 & at ! same "t "p ( ! wat] 9 ! auxili>y siphon ( ! o!r is dis*>g$1 s t x w be ! fir/ to op]ate at ! next fill+4 ,:5 ! wat] is =c$ to ! bottom ( ! small siphon1 x is bl[n out ?r\gh ! v5t pipe1 &1 ! air foll[+1 ! l>ge siphon is />t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,triple ,alt]nat+ ,siphons ( ! ,mill] ,type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,s+le 8,m]ritt0 ,automatic ,siphon4 ,fig4 #bd %[s an automatic dis*>g+ siphon made by ! ,m]ritt ,company1 ( ,camd51 ,n4 ,j41 & embody+ a diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,! ma9 dis*>ge pipe is built 9 ! =m ( a 8,u0 tube1 ! long] leg conta9+ an auxili>y small air pipe1 ) a return b5d at its l[] end4 ,:5 ! *amb] />ts to fill1 ?is small pipe b5d or seal is fill$ ) wat]1 s t ! ris+ wat] conf9es & compresses air 9 bo? ! l>ge & small 8,u0 pipes4 ,9 "t1 & at any desir$ height1 det]m9$ by *ang+ ! relative l5g?s ( ! p>ts ( ! small pipe siphon1 ! seal is brok5 & ! air escap+ draws air en\gh f ! l>ge pipe to />t x 9 action4 ,! me?od has an advantage 9 t x requires no deep excavation1 & ! me*anism c be set aft] ! siphon *amb] is built4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,air-lock ,siphon = ,admitt+ & ,releas+ ,sewage f ea* "o ( ,f\r ,b$s 9 ,regul> ,ord]4 ,fig4 #be %[s a me?od ( secur+ ! alt]nate dis*>ge ( sewage by siphons ^: action dep5ds ^u an air trap1 ea* siphon be+ ( ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! in/allation ( ! figure is fur!r complicat$ by ! fact t x is arrang$ to dis*>ge sewage f ! f\r contact b$s z well z to dis*>ge sewage onto ! b$s4 ,! comp>tm5ts1 & ! pip+ connect$ !re)1 at ! f\r corn]s op]ate to admit ! sewage f ! c5tral *annel onto ! f\r b$s 9 rotation4 ,! f\r squ>e wells betwe5 ! corn] wells op]ate to empty ^? b$s 9 turn into ! pipe %[n at ! c5tre ( ! draw+1 ! pipe lead+ to ! ne>e/ /ream4 ,! op]ation may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,sewage ent]s at ! top ( ! draw+1 & f ! inlet *annel fl[s into ! siphon *annels m>k$ ,a4 ,a#a is ready to dis*>ge if b$ ,no4 #d 0 ! la/ "o to fill1 s9ce1 :5 t b$ fill$1 ! small bell ,d#d =c$ ! siphon ,a#a op54 ,sewage !re=e fl[s ?r\gh siphon ,a#a into b$ ,no4 #a4 ,z ! sewage level rises 9 b$ ,no4 #a1 ! outlet siphon f b$ ,no4 #b1 ,g#b1 is lock$ by ! air pipe f ,b#a s t b$ ,no4 #b w be ready = ! next dose4 ,also ! air pipe f ! bell ,h#a op5s ! siphon ,g#d1 & all[s b$ ,no4 #d to dra9 into ! outlet dra94 ,also bell ,d#a1 :5 b$ ,no4 #a is full1 op5s ! siphon ,a#b ?r\gh ! connect+ air pipe s t b$ ,no4 #b beg9s to fill z soon z b$ ,no4 #a is full4 ,& f9ally bell ,c#a locks ! siphon ,a#a1 & /ops fur!r fl[ into b$ ,no4 #a4 ,! o!r b$s op]ate 9 ! same way 9 turn4 ,! manufactur]s ( siphons are always glad to advise prospective buy]s ( ! prop] arrangem5t ( siphons & ! details ( plac+1 ) dim5sion sket*es4 ,z a summ>y1 x may be po9t$ out t 9 any in/allation1 "o ( ! ?ree me?ods above describ$ may be adopt$4 #a4 ,a simple valve work$ by h& may be adopt$ & ! alt]nate di/ribution ( ! sewage regulat$ by *oice ( ! sev]al valves plac$ at ! head ( ! sev]al dis*>ge pipes4 #b4 ,an automatic dis*>ge me*anism may be in/all$ :i* w op]ate regul>ly & int]mitt5tly1 b lack+ any automatic selection ( ! b$ onto :i* ! dis*>ge is to be made4 ,^! siphons w dis*>ge z (t5 z ! tank fills1 b ! p>ticul> valve mu/ be op5$ 9 ord] t ! dis*>ge may take place onto any "o ( ! sev]al b$s4 #c4 ,an app>atus may be in/all$ :i* w bo? dis*>ge int]mitt5tly & w also automatically select diff]5t b$s 9 turn onto :i* ! dis*>ge %all take place4 ,x may ev5 dis*>ge onto contact b$s & also empty ^? b$s1 entirely automatically4 ,:i* ( ^! me*anisms %all be select$ dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( money available & on ! value to be plac$ on ! fre$om f con/ant c>e :i* an automatic in/allation gives4 ,n t a sewage-disposal plant may be ignor$ because an automatic me*anism has be5 in/all$4 ,no ma*9e is infallible1 & sew]age ma*9]y may give out or /op work+ j z t = any o!r purpose4 ,b in/ead ( a daily r\t9e ( duties :i* may n be int]rupt$1 by means ( automatic app>atus "o may avoid ev]y?+ except casual inspections & p]iodic clean+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,sub-,,surface ,,irrigation ,! disposal ( sewage by ! me?od ( sub-surface irrigation1 sometimes kn[n z ! ,w>+ sy/em1 consi/s 9 its di/ribution by means ( op5 jo9t$ til+ ov] a comp>atively l>ge area ( soil & at a dep? ( a few in*es b5ea? ! gr\nd surface4 ,! sewage %\ld fir/ be pass$ ?r\gh settl+ tanks to remove z mu* z practicable ( ! susp5d$ matt]s conta9$ 9 x1 z expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on settl+ tanks4 ,! p>tially cl>ifi$ efflu5t f ! settl+ tank %\ld !n be collect$ 9 a dos+ *amb]1 or sep>ate comp>tm5t ( ! settl+ tank1 & dis*>g$ int]mitt5tly1 pref]ably by means ( a siphon1 into ! sub-surface irrigation sy/em4 ,?is int]mitt5cy ( dis*>ge ( accumulat$ quantities ( efflu5t is necess>y = an ev5 di/ribution ( ! efflu5t ?r\gh\t ! entire sy/em ( sub-surface til+1 & = a cont9u\s & successful op]ation ( ! sy/em z a :ole4 ,x has be5 f\nd necess>y1 also1 to alt]nate ! dis*>ge ( efflu5t f ! dos+ or siphon *amb] ov] diff]5t portions ( ! irrigation area4 ,"o siphon is all t is necess>y to in/all 9 ! siphon *amb] = sub-surface irrigation sy/ems1 & if ! settl+ tank has two comp>tm5ts1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,*apt] ,,ii1 ! s+le siphon w\ld be plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! *amb]4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ?is me?od ( sewage purification is t ( any g5]al me?od ( sewage r$uction 9 :atev] =m c>ri$ on1 namely1 its oxidation or nitrification4 ,?is oxidation1 or break+ d[n ( ! organic matt] 9 ! sewage1 is accompli%$ 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! case ( int]mitt5t s& filt]s1 contact b$s1 & spr9kl+ filt]s1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( bact]ial action4 ,h\sehold]s h long be5 famili> ) ! fact t al?\gh solids conta9$ 9 sewage may h be5 dis*>g$ = long p]iods ( "t into a cesspool1 ! latt]1 if locat$ 9 dry1 por\s soil1 did n seem to become fill$ ) ! solid residue4 ,?is is due to ! liquefaction ( ! solid matt] 9 ! sewage aft] its dis*>ge into ! cesspool1 & to ! seepage & bact]ial r$uction ( ! liquid matt] 9 ! surr\nd+ soil4 ,to replace ! cesspool & elim9ate ! insanit>y conditions :i*1 9 mo/ in/ances1 result f its use1 o!r me?ods h be5 devis$ :i* utilize ! ag5cies ( nature to ! be/ advantage4 ,?us ! s$im5tation &1 9 "s cases1 ! liquefaction ( ! solid matt]s 9 sewage are c>ri$ on 9 specially design$ settl+ tanks :i* are easily clean$ & :i* provide = great] effici5cy 9 settl+ out susp5d$ matt]s ?an ! cesspool4 ,simil>ly1 ! filtration ( liquids f cesspools ?r\gh ! soil is replac$ by ! sci5tific me?od ( sub-surface irrigation1 :i* is mu* m effici5t 9 ?ree di/9ct ways3 7#a7 ! limit$ seepage area repres5t$ by ! walls ( ! cesspool is increas$ _m times by di/ribut+ ! efflu5t f ! settl+ tank ov] a l>ge area ( soil 9 a sy/em ( sub-surface til+2 7#b7 ! bact]ial r$uction is m effective1 s9ce x has be5 f\nd t ! bact]ial action necess>y to purify sewage takes place 9 ! upp] lay]s ( ! soil & is almo/ abs5t at dep?s ( five feet or m2 7#c7 ! soil is giv5 an opportunity to re/ & to dry out by alt]nately us+ diff]5t portions ( ! sub-surface irrigation sy/em4 ,9 ! cesspool ! seepage ( ! efflu5t & :atev] bact]ial action takes place 9 ! surr\nd+ soil mu/ g on cont9u\sly1 :i* (t5 results 9 clogg+ ( ! soil & ov]fl[+ ( ! cesspool4 ,! purification & f9al disposition ( sewage by means ( sub-surface irrigation is ! me?od be/ adapt$ to ! s+le resid5ce1 & (t5times to ! hotel or in/itution1 if soil conditions are favorable & prop] area is available4 ,?is sy/em requires less ov]sight 9 its op]ation ?an ! v>i\s =ms ( artificial filt]s4 ,fur!rmore1 ! sewage is entirely hidd5 f sight aft] x leaves ! settl+ tank1 & ?is is usually desirable ne> private resid5ces & on ! gr\nds ( c\ntry homes1 c\ntry clubs1 & summ] hotels4 ,also1 :]e ! sewage mu/ be treat$ 9 close proximity to a resid5ce or hotel or at a po9t on ! w9dw>d side ( a resid5ce1 ?is me?od1 m effectually ?an any o!r1 precludes ! possibility ( a nuisance result+ f ! op]ation c>ri$ on1 s9ce ! settl+-tank efflu5t is at no po9t expos$ directly to ! air4 ,fur!rmore1 its co/ is less ?an t ( o!r works = f9al treatm5t ( sewage1 &1 f9ally1 ! sy/em is m easily in/all$4 ,! me?od is 9 reality modifi$ broad irrigation1 b ! sub-surface irrigation field c be utiliz$ mu* m effectively & ) consid]ably less att5tion ?an a broad irrigation area1 &1 z not$ above1 is less liable to be ! cause ( a nuisance or to be ! means ( spread+ infecti\s disease ?r\gh ! ag5cies ( flies & o!r insects4 ,if an area ( s&y soil is available on :i* to locate ! sub-surface irrigation field1 if ! settl+ tank & siphon *amb] h be5 correctly built1 & if ! sub-surface til+ sy/em has be5 prop]ly laid1 ! success ( ! sy/em is well assur$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 failure is c]ta9 if ei!r broad irrigation or sub-surface irrigation me?ods ( sewage disposal are attempt$ on /iff1 imp]vi\s clay soils4 ,betwe5 ! ranges ( porosity ( soil repres5t$ by ^! limits !re are _m soils 9 :i* sewage may be successfully dispos$ ( by sub-surface irrigation4 ,a s&y or gravelly loam w1 )\t "q1 successfully c>e = sewage efflu5t :5 su* efflu5t is prop]ly di/ribut$ by sub-surface til+1 & ev5 9 a r heavy soil ! efflu5t f a settl+ tank may (t5 be dispos$ ( satisfactorily by provid+ = a great] l5g? ( sub-surface til+ p] p]son s]v$ by ! settl+ tank ?an t :i* w\ld suffice 9 ! m por\s soils4 ,h[ev]1 if ! soil is v heavy s t surface wat] does n readily seep away1 or if ! gr\nd-wat] level is )9 two or ?ree feet ( ! surface1 ?is me?od is n suitable & "s =m ( filt]1 describ$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]1 %\ld be us$ = f9al treatm5t ( sewage4 ,:5 soil conditions & ! area available are favorable to ?is me?od & su* a sy/em is to be in/all$1 ! irrigation area select$ %\ld be at ! po9t :]e ! gr\nd-wat] level is l[e/1 & ?is w g5]ally be on a plateau or b5* at ! head ( a slope ( gr\nd4 ,! relative elevation ( ! gr\nd surface %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be l[ en\gh to insure op]at+ head or fall to op]ate ! siphon 9 ! *amb] adjo9+ ! settl+ tank & to di/ribute ! efflu5t by gravity to ! sub-surface til+4 ,if ! soil is compos$ ( loose gravel1 or lies ov] a lime/one or %ale =mation1 ! location ( ! irrigation area %\ld be select$ ) a view to prev5t+ ! contam9ation ( any wells or spr+s :i* may exi/ on ! premises1--t is1 ! area %\ld be on l[] gr\nd1 & z f> remov$ f wells z is conv5i5t4 ,z w be expla9$ lat]1 ! l5g? ( sub-surface til+ necess>y to receive a giv5 quantity ( sewage efflu5t %\ld v>y1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ) ! "* & porosity ( ! soil1 ?us requir+ l>g] quantities ( efflu5t to be deliv]$ f ! siphon or dos+ *amb] 9 ! case ( ! m compact soils4 ,also ! size ( ?is *amb] %\ld be det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to ! numb] ( sections into :i* ! sub-surface til+ sy/em is divid$4 ,,table ,,ii ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,sub-,,surface ,,irrigation ,,sy/ems ,,9 ,,s&y ,,or ,,v ,,por\s ,,soils ,dim5sions giv5 are = inside measurem5t4 ,numb] ,total ,no4 ( ,mean ,mean ,dep? ,diamet] ,dis- ,di/ance ( ,l5g? ,sect- ,wid? ,l5g? ( ( *>g+ f ,p]- ( ions 9 ( ( ,siphon ,siphon ,dep? or,ro( to sons #c-;in* ,sub- ,siphon ,siphon ,*amb] 7,in*- ,maximum ,top ( ,s]v$ ,sub- surface,*amb],*amb] f es74 ,dep? ( ,wall by surface,sy/em47,feet747,feet74,ro( ( ,efflu5tbetwe5 ,sew]4,til+4 ,tank above ,settl+ 7,feet74 ,l[] ,tank & ,edge ( ,siphon ,siphon ,*amb] ,bell 7,in*- 7,in*- es74 es74 #d #adj #bb #b #b #d #c #ac #ab #h #bhj #bb #f #b #f #b #d #c #ac #ab #ab #dbj #bb #f #d #b #d #c #ac #ab #ae #ebe #bc #f #d #b #d #c #ac #ab #be #hge #bc #d #c #b #e #bc #ab #ce #abbe #bc #h #d #f #c #b #e #bc #ab #ej #agej #bd #f #c #b #e #bc #ab #ge #bfbe #bc #f #c #b #e #bc #af #ajj #cejj #bd #g #c #b #e #bc #af #abe #dcge #ce #f #h #c #b #e #bc #af #aej #ebej #cg #h #c #b #e #bc #af #age #fabe #cg #f #h #c #i #f #cj #af #bjj #gjjj #ch #h #c #i #f #cj #ah ,,table ,,iii ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,sub-,,surface ,,irrigation ,,sy/ems ,,9 ,,! ,,heavi] ,,loams 7,,n ,,clay ,,or ,,h>dpan7 ,dim5sions giv5 are = inside measurem5ts4 ,numb] ,total ,no4 ( ,mean ,mean ,dep? ,diamet] ,dis- ,di/ance ( ,l5g? ,sect- ,wid? ,l5g? ( ( *>g+ f ,p]- ( ions 9 ( ( ,siphon ,siphon ,dep? or,ro( to sons #c-;in* ,sub- ,siphon ,siphon ,*amb] 7,in*- ,maximum ,top ( ,s]v$ ,sub- surface,*amb],*amb] f es74 ,dep? ( ,wall by surface,sy/em47,feet747,feet74,ro( ( ,efflu5tbetwe5 ,sew]4,til+4 ,tank above ,settl+ 7,feet74 ,l[] ,tank & ,edge ( ,siphon ,siphon ,*amb] ,bell 7,in*- 7,in*- es74 es74 #d #cjj #b #b #e #c #b #d #c #ac #ab #h #fjj #b #c #e #b #d #c #ac #ab #ab #ijj #b #d #e #b #d #c #ac #ab #ae #aabe #b #d #f #f #b #d #c #ac #ab #be #ahge #b #d #f #c #b #e #bc #ab #ce #bfbe #b #d #d #f #c #b #e #bc #af #ej #cgej #b #d #f #f #c #b #e #bc #af #ge #efbe #b #f #g #c #b #e #bc #af #ajj #gejj #b #g #h #c #b #e #bc #af #abe #icge #c #h #aj #c #i #f #cj #bj #aej #aabej #c #i #ab #c #i #f #cj #bj #age #acabe #caj #ab #d #b #h #ce #bj #bjj #aejjj #caa #ab #d #b #h #ce #bj ,! dim5sions ( siphon *amb]s to effectively deliv] ! efflu5t 9 prop] volumes to ! sub-surface irrigation sy/em are giv5 9 ! foll[+ tables1 :i* indicate wid?s ( siphon *amb]s to agree 9 g5]al ) ! wid?s ( ! settl+ tanks to s]ve a giv5 numb] ( p]sons1 z %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,^! tables ( dim5sions = siphon *amb]s provide = two diff]5t capacities :]e ! same numb] ( p]sons are s]v$ by ! sew]1 dep5d+ on ! total l5g?s ( sub-surface til+ requir$1 :i* 9 turn dep5d on ! "* ( ! soil 9 :i* ! sub-surface sy/em is laid4 ,! tables provide = a division ( ! sub-surface til+ sy/em into two p>ts up to a sy/em = #ajj p]sons1 & into ?ree p>ts = a great] numb] ( p]sons4 ,^! tables also %[ ! total l5g? ( lat]al di/ribut+ til+ 9 ! sub-surface irrigation sy/em necess>y to di/ribute ov] a suffici5t area at ! irrigation field1 9 bo? s&y soils & 9 ! heavi] loams1 ! v>i\s quantities ( sewage to be treat$ 9 ! diff]5t-siz$ tanks & dis*>g$ f ! siphon *amb]s4 ,! tables also indicate ! diamet] ( ! siphon & ! dis*>g+ dep? ( ea* siphon4 ,z discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 ! siphon1 9 dis*>g+1 may draw ^u ! upp] #d to #h in*es ( sewage 9 ! settl+ tank )\t int]f]+ ) ! effici5cy ( ! tank4 ,! dim5sions ( siphon *amb]s = #ge or m p]sons 9 ,table ,,ii1 & = #ce or m p]sons 9 ,table ,,iii 7see page #ei71 provide = su* a draught ^u ! settl+-tank cont5ts ( f #d to #h in*es :5 ! siphon dis*>ges4 ,?is w decrease ! co/ ( ! plant some:at & provide = a m effici5t =m ( siphon *amb]4 ,! la/ column 9 ea* table provides = ! prop] height ( divid+-wall betwe5 ! settl+ tank & siphon *amb] to all[ ! draw+ d[n ( ! settl+-tank cont5ts z not$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,plan & ,section ( ,sub-surface ,irrigation ,sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,plan & ,section ( a ,portion ( a ,sub-surface ,irrigation ,sy/em4 ,! sub-surface irrigation or di/ribut+ sy/em consi/s ( a ma9 c>ri] or efflu5t sew] lead+ away f ! siphon *amb] to ! irrigation field1 ( two or m bran*es ( ?is ma9 c>ri]1 & ( p>allel l9es ( lat]al di/ribut+ til+ ext5d+ at int]vals ( #d to #f feet f ! bran* c>ri]s1 or1 9 "s locations1 f ea* side ( ! bran* c>ri]s4 ,! frontispiece %[s ! relation betwe5 ! sev]al portions ( a sub-surface irrigation sy/em4 ,! h\se sew] is %[n lead+ to ! settl+ tank1 & f ! siphon *amb] adjo9+ ! settl+ tank ! ma9 c>ri] or efflu5t sew] is %[n lead+ to a div]t+ manhole f :i* ! efflu5t is c>ri$ at ea* dis*>ge ( ! siphon to ! lat]al l9es ( sub-surface til+ by ! two bran* c>ri]s4 ,fig4 #bf %[s 9 plan & section a sub-surface irrigation sy/em4 ,! section1 :i* is drawn to a l>g] scale ?an ! plan1 %[s ! settl+ tank & ! adjo9+ siphon *amb]4 ,f ?is siphon *amb] ! efflu5t sew] c>ries ! dis*>ge f ! siphon to ! div]t+ manhole1 at :i* po9t ! efflu5t is div]t$ to ! diff]5t portions ( ! sub-surface til+4 ,9 ,fig4 #bg is %[n 9 plan ! div]t+ manhole & a small portion ( ! sub-surface til+ sy/em toge!r ) a section ?r\gh ! div]t+ manhole & "o ( ! l9es ( di/ribut+ til+4 ,! ma9 c>ri] %\ld be ( vitrifi$ tile sew] pipe ) cem5t$ jo9ts1 & %\ld always h two or m bran*es at ! irrigation field 9 ord] to all[ ! use ( diff]5t portions ( ! field 9 turn = ?ree days or a week at a "t1 ?us all[+ "o ( ! portions ( ! field to be re/+ = correspond+ p]iods4 ,! bran* c>ri]s %\ld be ( vitrifi$ tile also1 & %\ld h cem5t$ jo9ts4 ,if ! diamet] ( ! siphon is #e in*es1 ! ma9 c>ri] %\ld be ( #h-;in* vitrifi$ tile ) a fall ( at lea/ #f in*es p] #ajj feet 9 ord] to quickly c>ry ! dose f ! siphon *amb] to ! sev]al l9es ( sub-surface til+ =m+ ! di/ribut+ sy/em4 ,) #c-;in* siphons1 a #f-;in* ma9 c>ri] may be us$1 b ! gradi5t or fall ( ! ma9 c>ri] %\ld !n be at lea/ #ab in*es p] #ajj feet1 ow+ to ! small] capacity ( ! #f-;in* pipe4 ,9 plac+ ! siphon 9 position1 :5 ! siphon *amb] is be+ built1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! trap or ,u-%ap$ pipe is set plumb or 9 a v]tical position4 ,concrete %\ld !n be plac$ ar\nd ! siphon to hold x 9 prop] position & at ! prop] height1 & ! trap %\ld be fill$ ) wat] be=e ! bell is plac$ 9 position4 ,! bell %\ld !n be plac$ 9 position ov] ! long leg ( ! trap to prev5t ! mat]ials us$ 9 con/ruction f be+ dropp$ into ! siphon4 ,! siphon %\ld be set s t ! l[] edge ( ! bell1 or ( t portion ( ! bell "u :i* ! efflu5t is to fl[1 is ?ree in*es above ! floor ( ! siphon *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,y-,bran* ( ,vitrifi$ ,tile ,pipe4 ,9 lay+ ! di/ribut+ sy/em1 e second or ?ird l5g? ( ! bran* c>ri]s1 accord+ to ! porosity ( ! soil & ! spac+ ( ! l9es ( di/ribut+ til+1 %\ld consi/ ( a ,y-bran* 7see ,fig4 #bh71 to :i* a "o-eigh? b5d 7see ,fig4 #bi7 %\ld be fitt$ if ! l9es ( lat]al til+ are to be laid at "r angles to ! ma9 c>ri]s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg2 or ! lat]al til+ may be fitt$ directly to ! ,y-bran* if ! lat]al l9es are to be l$ away f ! c>ri] at an angle ( #de1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,! ,y %\ld bran* f ! l[] portion ( ! pipe1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi--;,eigh? ,b5d ( ,vitrifi$ ,tile ,pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,sub-surface ,til+4 ,! lat]al til+ %\ld be ( ?ree-in* agricultural tile 7see ,fig4 #ca71 laid ) a space ( "o-qu>t] in* betwe5 ea* l5g? & ) a piece ( t> pap] or a half-coll> ( l>g] diamet] pipe1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb1 plac$ ov] ! jo9ts to prev5t clogg+ ( ! pipe ) e>?4 ,9 ! heavi] soils ! lat]al l9es ( sub-surface til+ are sometimes set 9 tr5*es eight to f\rte5 in*es deep & ab\t twelve in*es wide1 fill$ ) brok5 /one or gravel plac$ ar\nd ! til+ to )9 two or ?ree in*es ( ! gr\nd surface1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,?is all[s ! efflu5t to seep away m readily1 b :ile ( advantage 9 ^? soils ! provision is n necess>y 9 ! m por\s soils4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,photograph ( ,tile laid z if = ,sewage ,disposal4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd t a suffici5t l5g? ( sub-surface til+ %\ld be laid to provide = n m ?an "o to ?ree gallons ( efflu5t p] day = ea* l9e> foot ( til+4 ,9 s&y soils !re %\ld be at lea/ ?irty to =ty feet ( til+ = ea* p]son s]v$ by ! sew]1 ) six feet ( space betwe5 ! l9es ( til+4 ,?is l5g? p] p]son %\ld be increas$ up to sev5ty or eighty feet = ! m compact s&y or gravelly loams1 or ! light] clay loams1 ) ! lat]al til+ spac$ f\r feet ap>t4 ,x is n consid]$ feasible to attempt to dispose ( sewage by sub-surface irrigation 9 soils :i* w n c>e = efflu5t :5 ! great] l5g?s ( til+ p] p]son1 z /at$ above1 w n prev5t ! appe>ance ( efflu5t on ! surface4 ,if1 h[ev]1 aft] ! in/allation ( a sub-surface sy/em 9 a r heavy soil1 x is f\nd t prop] seepage ( ! efflu5t does n occur1 ! lat]al bran*es may sometimes be l5g!n$ & ! sy/em !n f\nd to op]ate satisfactorily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,sub-surface ,til+ ) ,brok5 ,/one or ,gravel ,surr\nd+ ,pipe4 ,! l9es ( lat]al til+ %\ld be laid ) ! inv]t1 or bottom ( ! pipe1 inside1 f six in*es to "o foot bel[ ! surface1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,!y %\ld be p>allel ) ! cont\rs or at "r angles ) ! slope ( ! field1 & %\ld h a gradi5t or fall ( "o-sixte5? ( an in* to ! foot :5 laid 9 s&y soil or s&y loam1 & ( n m ?an "o ?irty-second ( an in* to ! foot :5 laid 9 ! heavi] loams4 ,to obta9 su* gradi5ts = ! sub-surface til+ x is sometimes necess>y to lay out ! tr5*es along irregul> or curv$ l9es1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! til+ %\ld be laid ne> ! surface1 z /at$1 & nev] deep] ?an twelve in*es4 ,! temp]ature ( ! sewage w prev5t its freez+ ev5 9 v sev]e w9t] wea!r1 especially :5 ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) sn[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,sub-surface ,sy/em on ,irregul> ,gr\nd4 ,to provide = div]t+ ! fl[ f ! siphon *amb] fir/ into "o ( ! two portions into :i* ! sub-surface sy/em is divid$1 & !n1 aft] an int]val ( ?ree days or a week1 into ! o!r portion ( ! sy/em1 at ! po9t :]e ! ma9 c>ri] is to bran*1 a t5-in* iron pipe ca/+ 7see ,fig4 #cd71 ) its l[] portion =m+ ! body ( a d\ble ,y-bran* ( six-in* or eight-in* pipe1 may be plac$1 hav+ a sw++ blade or gate atta*$ inside 9 a v]tical position4 ,:51 = example1 ! efflu5t has be5 pass$ = a week into section ,b ( ! sub-surface sy/em1 ! gate ,c1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd1 may be swung to ! dott$ position & ! efflu5t1 at ea* dis*>ge ( ! siphon *amb]1 w !n pass ?r\gh ! bran* c>ri] ,a to section ,a ( ! sub-surface sy/em2 or a d\ble ,y-bran* ( iron pipe 7see ,fig4 #ce7 or a cross may be plac$ at ?is po9t on ! ma9 c>ri] :5 !re are to be ?ree sections ( ! sub-surface sy/em1 & valves may be plac$ on ! ?ree bran*es ( ! ma9 c>ri] ?us =m$ to p]mit ( alt]nately %utt+ (f ! fl[ to ! v>i\s sections ( ! sub-surface til+ sy/em 7see also ,fig4 #cj74 ,p]haps ! simple/ & mo/ s]viceable device1 h[ev]1 = alt]nately re/+ diff]5t portions ( ! irrigation field is a div]t+ manhole ) /op planks or wood5 sluices slid+ 9 grooves 9 ! concrete walls or 9 a wood5 frame1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 7,see also ,fig4 #dc1 ,*apt] ,v47 ,:]e ! gr\nd-wat] level is n v deep bel[ ! surface1 or a clay or h>dpan /ratum occurs at a dep? ( a few feet1 x is advisable to und]dra9 ! irrigation field by l9es ( op5-jo9t$ til+ laid at "r angles to ! lat]al di/ribut+ til+ & spac$ ab\t fifte5 feet ap>t4 7,see ,fig4 #cf47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,special ,ca/+ ( ,d\ble ,y-,bran* ) ,sw++ ,gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,d\ble ,y-,bran* ) ,valves on ,bran*es ( ,ma9 ,c>ri]4 ,^! und]dra9s %\ld be plac$ at lea/ f\r feet bel[ ! surface1 & inspection pipes %\ld be plac$ ov] ! outlets ( ! und]dra9s or at ! po9ts :]e !y dis*>ge into a ma9 und]dra91 9 ord] to af=d opportunity to det]m9e if all portions ( ! irrigation field are prop]ly c>+ = ! efflu5t4 ,to provide = ! plac+ ( ! inspection pipes1 a l5g? ( vitrifi$ tile ) a ,tee may be plac$ on ea* l9e ( und]dra9 til+ ne> its junction ) ! ma9 und]dra94 ,on ?is ,tee1 two or ?ree l5g?s ( vitrifi$ tile may be set1 rea*+ to ! gr\nd surface & provid$ ) a removable wood5 cov] or a vitrifi$ tile cap4 ,?is provision = inspection is necess>y :]e und]dra9s mu/ be laid & :]e ! pollution ( a /ream is to be prev5t$1 s9ce x is (t5 f\nd t ?r\gh ! activities ( burr[+ animals direct outlets f ! di/ribut+ til+ to ! und]dra9s are =m$ & ! f9al efflu5t is !re=e n suffici5tly purifi$ by seepage ?r\gh ! soil4 ,x is desirable = ?is reason to omit ! und]dra9s :5 possible1 & 9 "s in/ances a bl9d dit* may be con/ruct$ ar\nd two or ?ree sides ( ! field 9 ord] to int]cept ! gr\nd-wat] fl[ & to l[] ! gr\nd-wat] level at ! field1 ?us bett] insur+ prop] seepage ( ! efflu5t di/ribut$ by ! sub-surface til+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,sub-surface ,til+ ,sy/em ) ,und]dra9s4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! sub-surface irrigation sy/em ( sewage disposal h be5 outl9$ above1 & x may be said t ?is me?od is especially adapt$ to ! resid5ce or s+le h\se4 ,! me?od may be employ$ ) success to dispose ( sewage f c\ntry clubs & summ] hotels1 provid$ ! soil conditions are favorable & prop] areas may be utiliz$4 ,9 ^! cases ! comp>atively %ort p]iod dur+ ea* ye> 9 :i* ! sy/em is 9 use & ! result+ long p]iods ( re/ give opportunity = a recup]ation ( ! soil & p]mit ! use ( ?is sy/em 9 comp>atively l>ge in/allations :]e1 "u cont9u\s op]ation1 a diff]5t me?od ( disposal w\ld be indicat$4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t :5 any d\bt arises z to ! suitability ( ! soil to c>e = sewage by ?is me?od1 & especially :]e consid]able exp5se w\ld be involv$ 9 ! in/allation ( ! sy/em1 compet5t eng9e]+ advice %\ld be s\ght by prop]ty own]s be=e ! in/allation is und]tak54 ,9 fact1 x is advisable 9 ! case ( all l>ge plants ( ?is type to employ ! s]vices ( a sanit>y eng9e] to lay out ! sy/em1 s9ce ! matt] ( accurate gradi5ts & prop] op]at+ arrangem5ts !n becomes v ess5tial to ! success ( ! und]tak+4 ,:ile x is n g5]ally advisable to arrange = ! disposal ( sewage by sub-surface irrigation :5 ! numb] ( p]sons s]v$ by ! sew] exce$s two hundr$1 ?is me?od w be f\nd a mo/ satisfactory "o if ! g5]al conditions at any po9t are favorable to its use z h]et(ore describ$1 & 9 su* cases ! adoption ( ?is sy/em is /rongly recomm5d$ to ! own]s ( resid5ces1 summ] camps1 summ] hotels & bo>d+-h\ses1 & to ! manag]s ( mod]ate-siz$ in/itutions & ( c\ntry clubs :o mu/ meet ! problem ( prop]ly dispos+ ( sewage on _! own premises4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,sewage ,,filt]s ,x has be5 %[n t ! selection ( ! type ( plant be/ suit$ to solve ! sewage-disposal problem at any giv5 place dep5ds on sev]al factors & c be safely made only aft] a consid]ation & /udy ( su* local conditions z ! "* ( ! soil1 ! area available1 ! pres5ce & ne>ness to ! surface ( gr\nd wat]1 & ! local topographical conditions4 ,if sub-surface irrigation is n feasible1 :51 = in/ance1 ! soil is ne>ly imp]vi\s to wat] or :51 9 ! case ( a wet soil1 adequate und]dra9age is n possible1 "s =m ( artificial filt] mu/ be con/ruct$ to complete ! r$uction ( ! sewage :]e ! efflu5t f ! settl+ tank may n prop]ly be dis*>g$ directly into a /ream4 ,if su* a filt] is to be con/ruct$1 ! k9d mo/ suitable dep5ds1 9 turn1 ^u sev]al factors1 su* z ! degree ( purification to be atta9$1 ! suitability ( ! available areas or locations = ! diff]5t types ( filt]s1 ! op]at+ head or fall available1 & ! relative co/ ( ! s&1 gravel1 brok5 /one1 or furnace slag :i* may be us$ z mat]ial = ! filt] b$4 ,) respect to ! degree ( purification ( sewage t is desir$ x may be said t1 ( ! ?ree g5]al me?ods ( sewage purification1 namely1 int]mitt5t s& filtration1 treatm5t 9 contact b$s1 & filtration ?r\gh spr9kl+ or trickl+ filt]s1 ! fir/ me?od produces ! mo/ highly purifi$ efflu5t4 ,su* an efflu5t1 if f a prop]ly con/ruct$ & op]at$ s& filt]1 may g5]ally be consid]$ suffici5tly purifi$ to all[ its dis*>ge into a /ream1 ev5 if ! /ream is subsequ5tly us$ z a s\rce ( potable wat] supply4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 subsequ5t /]ilization or dis9fection ( ! efflu5t may be requir$1 p>ticul>ly if ! wat]works intake is relatively ne> ! po9t ( dis*>ge f ! sewage filt]1 or if ! fl[ ( ! /ream is small 9 comp>ison ) ! sewage fl[4 ,h[ev]1 if a /ream us$ z a s\rce ( potable wat] supply receives ! efflu5t f a prop]ly op]at$ s& filt]1 ! fur!r safegu>d+ ( ! quality ( ! wat] %\ld g5]ally be accompli%$ by filtration or /]ilization ( ! wat] supply1 or bo?4 ,9 _m cases ! local conditions are su* t contact b$s or spr9kl+ filt]s may be con/ruct$ m easily or m economically ?an s& filt]s &1 at ! same "t1 ! less] effici5cy ( ! contact b$ or ! spr9kl+ filt]1 ow+ to ! fact t ! /ream is n us$ = wat] supply1 may n preclude ! adoption ( ^! latt] types ( plants4 ,h[ev]1 :]e natural deposits ( s& ( n too f9ely divid$ p>ticles occur or :]e su* s& may be readily procur$1 int]mitt5t s& filt]s are mo/ satisfactory = ! f9al treatm5t ( sewage4 ,,int]mitt5t ,,s& ,,filt]s ,! ag5cies employ$ 9 purify+ sewage by int]mitt5t s& filtration involve its oxidation1 or nitrification by bact]ial action1 :ile ! me*anical /ra9+ effect$ by its passage ?r\gh ! s& plays a v small "p 9 its r$uction4 ,:]e natural deposits ( s& ( suitable quality occur1 s& filt]s are con/ruct$ by levell+ (f def9ite areas ( s& & mak+ embankm5ts eighte5 in*es high to enclose ^! areas1 ! embankm5ts be+ g5]ally =m$ ( ! surface loam & subsoil :i* mu/ usually be remov$ 9 ord] to expose ! s& lay]4 ,!re %\ld be f ?ree to five b$s prep>$ 9 ord] to provide = alt]nat+ ! dis*>ge ( ! efflu5t f ! settl+ tank ov] diff]5t portions ( ! filtration area & ?us to provide re/+ p]iods = ea* b$ :ile 9 op]ation4 ,also1 ! prep>ation ( sev]al equal areas p]mits discont9u+ ! use ( any s+le area = sev]al days or a week at a "t 9 ord] to all[ x to dry out & p]man5tly reta9 its filt]+ capacity4 ,9 ,fig4 #cg is %[n a view ( a set ( s&-filt] b$s arrang$ 9 t]races on slop+ gr\nd1 ! embankm5ts be+ =m$ by ! mat]ial excavat$ to uncov] ! natural s& lay]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,view ( ,s&-filt] ,b$s = ,village 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,! prop] numb] ( b$s & ! area ( ea* b$ correspond+ to ! numb] ( p]sons to be s]v$ by ! sew] are giv5 9 ,table ,,iv4 ,?is table also gives ! requir$ dim5sions ( siphon *amb]s 7assum+ t ?is *amb] =ms a sep>ate comp>tm5t ( ! settl+ tank7 = ! capacities necess>y 9 ord] t ! efflu5t may be di/ribut$ 9 prop] quantities ov] ea* b$ or ov] ea* pair ( b$s1 z 9 ! case ( plants s]v+ two hundr$ or m p]sons4 ,! wid?s ( siphon *amb]s giv5 correspond 9 g5]al ) ! wid?s ( settl+ tanks giv5 9 ,table ,i4 ,z 9 ,table ,,iii1 ! dim5sions ( siphon *amb]s giv5 are bas$ on a draw+ d[n ( ! efflu5t 9 ! tank :5 ! siphons dis*>ge1 am\nt+ to f f\r to eight in*es4 ,! la/ column 9 ! table gives ! space :i* %\ld be left betwe5 ! ro( ( ! tank & ! top ( ! divid+ wall betwe5 ! settl+ tank & ! siphon *amb] to provide = ?is draught ^u ! settl+-tank cont5ts4 ,x w be se5 t no draught ^u ! cont5ts ( ! settl+ tank :5 ! siphons dis*>ge is arrang$ = 9 ! case ( tanks s]v+ f f\r to tw5ty-five p]sons4 ,,table ,,iv ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,con/ruct+ ,,int]mitt5t ,,s& ,,filt]s ,p]sons ,no4 ( ,area ( ,mean ,wid? ,diamet] ,di/ance ,s]v$ by ,b$s4 ,ea* ,b$ & ,l5g? ( ,siphonf ,ro( ,sew]4 7,squ>e ( ,siphon 7,in*es74 ( ,feet74 ,*amb] ,settl+ 7,feet74 ,tank to ,top ( ,wall betwe5 ,settl+ ,tank & ,siphon ,*amb] 7,in*es74 #d #c #fj #c #c #c #ab #h #c #abj #c #e #c #ab #ab #c #ahj #d #e #c #ab #ae #c #bbd #d #f4e #c #ab #be #c #cej #d #f #e #ab #ce #c #dhj #d4e #e #e #af #ej #c #ffj #e #f #e #af #ge #c #ajjj #f #g #e #ah #ajj #c #acbj #g #h #e #ah #abe #c #affj #e4e #h #f #bj #aej #c #bjjj #h #h #f #bj #age #c #bccj #h #i #f #bj #bjj #e #afjj #h #ab #h #bj #bej #e #bjjj #aj4e #ab #h #bj #cjj #e #bdjj #ab #ac #h #bj #cej #e #bhjj #ac #ad #h #bj #djj #e #cbjj #ac #ag #h #bj #dej #e #cfjj #ac #ai #h #bj #ejj #e #djjj #ac #ba #h #bj ,! siphons 9 ea* in/ance %\ld be s plac$ t ! l[] edge ( ! bell ( ! siphon w be at a di/ance bel[ ! ro( ( ! tank equal to twelve in*es plus ! draw+ dep? or dis*>g+ dep? ( a siphon ( ! diamet] indicat$4 ,!re %\ld be ?ree in*es ( space betwe5 ! siphon bell & ! floor ( ! *amb]4 ,! dis*>g+ dep?s ( siphons z us$ 9 =m+ ,tables #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e are z foll[s3 ,diamet] ( ,siphon4 ,dis*>g+ ,dep?4 #c in*es #ac in*es #e in*es #bc in*es #f in*es #cj in*es #h in*es #ce in*es #aj in*es #fj in*es #ab in*es #gb in*es ,if ! siphons in/all$ are l>g] or small] ?an ^? %[n 9 ^! tables1 or if ! p>ticul> make ( siphon pur*as$ has ! same diamet] b a diff]5t dis*>g+ dep?1 prop] all[ance mu/ be made 9 proportion+ ! size ( ! dos+ *amb]4 ,9 ord] to quickly convey ! dose f ! siphon *amb] to ! filt] b$s at ! rate at :i* ! siphon dis*>ges1 ! sew] f ! siphon *amb] %\ld be ( prop] size & %\ld h a suffici5t gradi5t4 ,= in/ance1 ) a #c-;in* siphon ! sew] %\ld be #f in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a gradi5t or fall ( at lea/ #ab in*es p] #ajj feet2 ) a #e-;in* siphon1 ! sew] %\ld be #h in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a gradi5t ( at lea/ #f in*es 9 #ajj feet2 ) a #f-;in* siphon1 ! diamet] ( ! sew] %\ld be #h in*es1 & %\ld h a gradi5t ( at lea/ #ab in*es p] #ajj feet1 or #aj in*es ) a gradi5t ( at lea/ #c in*es p] #ajj feet2 ) an #h-;in* siphon1 #ab in*es1 ) a gradi5t ( at lea/ #ab in*es p] #ajj feet4 ,sewage is sometimes appli$ directly to ! b$s )\t treatm5t 9 settl+ tanks1 g5]ally1 9 su* cases1 aft] hav+ be5 scre5$ to remove ! l>g] susp5d$ matt]s1 b x is decid$ly pref]able 9 ! case ( ! small] plants "u discussion to pass ! sewage fir/ ?r\gh settl+ tanks1 z 9 ! me?od ( sub-surface irrigation4 ,!re=e1 ! areas ( b$s giv5 9 ! table are = sewage :i* has be5 pass$ ?r\gh settl+ tanks4 ,x is ev5 necess>y1 9 ! case ( s& filt]s = in/itutions :]e consid]able grease & soaps are conta9$ 9 ! sewage1 to provide grease traps ?r\gh :i* ! sewage mu/ pass be=e x rea*es ! settl+ tank4 ,! efflu5t f ! tank %\ld be dis*>g$ int]mitt5tly by means ( a dos+ *amb] & siphon & %\ld be di/ribut$ quickly ov] ! surface ( ! b$ z uni=mly z possible4 ,?is is g5]ally accompli%$ 9 ! case ( ! l>g] b$s by lay+ on ! surface ( ! b$1 wood5 tr\ghs1 ) %ort bran*es1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ch & #ci4 ,a detail ( a portion ( ^! di/ribut+ tr\ghs is giv5 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,?is view %[s ! h+$ gates :i* are us$ to effect a proportionate division ( ! fl[ ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! ma9 tr\gh4 ,! view also %[s ! slots 9 ! sides ( ! tr\ghs :i* all[ ! sewage to fl[ out onto ! b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,lay\t = ,int]mitt5t ,s& ,filtration4 ,if ! gr\nd-wat] level is )9 ?ree feet ( ! surface at any "t1 or if ! s& is v f9e & conta9s a slight proportion ( clay1 und]dra9s %\ld be laid at dep?s ( f\r feet to prev5t ! b$s f becom+ wat]logg$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,int]mitt5t ,s&-filtration ,b$s4 ,:]e s& deposits d n occur at a po9t suitable = ! location ( ! disposal plant1 b :]e s& may be procur$ at a reasonable co/1 ! b$s may be =m$ artificially simil> to ! natural s& b$s h]et(ore describ$1 b %\ld n be less ?an ?ree feet deep4 ,x is g5]ally necess>y 9 ! case ( artificially con/ruct$ s& filt]s to provide und]dra9s z describ$ bel[4 ,two views ( su* an artificial s& filt] are %[n by ,figs4 #da & #db4 ,9 ,fig4 #da ! settl+ tank & siphon *amb] may be se51 situat$ betwe5 two ( ! f\r b$s compos+ ! filt]4 ,9 ,fig4 #db is %[n a ne>] view ( "o ( ! b$s ) ! di/ribut+ tr\gh & its bran*es on ! surface ( ! b$4 ,?is b$1 ( ! f\r compos+ ! filt]1 0 n 9 op]ation at ! "t ! photograph 0 tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,portion ( ,di/ribut+ ,tr\ghs = ,s& ,filt]s4 ,9 ,fig4 #ch is %[n a s& filt] lay\t ) ?ree b$s4 ,9 ?is draw+ are %[n ! sew] lead+ f ! h\se1 ! settl+ tank1 ! siphon *amb]1 9 :i* are plac$ two siphons1 ! efflu5t sew]s1 & ! div]t+ manhole1 f :i* ?ree pipe l9es convey ! sewage to ! filt] b$s4 ,9 ,fig4 #ci is %[n also a view ( ! ?ree filt] b$s1 "o ( ! b$s be+ %[n 9 section4 ,figs4 #dc & #dd %[ a plan & view ( ! div]t+ manhole4 ,:]e s& mu/ be c>t$ 9 to =m ! filt]s1 ! embankm5ts to reta9 ! s& %\ld g5]ally be =m$ by excavat+ = a dep? ( two feet ! :ole area ^u :i* ! b$s are to be plac$4 ,! mat]ial ?us excavat$ w usually be suffici5t to =m ! embankm5ts4 ,! embankm5ts %\ld usually be at lea/ two feet wide on top & %\ld h side slopes ( "o & a half to "o2 t is1 ! bottom wid? ( ! embankm5t %\ld be two feet plus ?ree times ! height4 ,9 clay soils ! pits = ! filt] b$s may be excavat$ ) ! sides v]tical1 or ne>ly s4 ,! bottom ( ea* b$1 z x is prep>$ = ! plac+ ( ! s& :i* is to compose ! filt]1 %\ld slope slightly f ! sides t[>d ! c5tre l9e ( ! b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,:]e ! "* ( ! und]ly+ /rata ( soil or ! pres5ce ( gr\nd wat] requires t s& filt]s1 :e!r natural or artificial1 %\ld be und]dra9$1 ?is may be accompli%$ by lay+ a longitud9al ma9 dra9 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! b$ at a dep? ( at lea/ ?ree or f\r feet bel[ ! surface1 ) bran*es ea* way at int]vals ( ab\t fifte5 feet4 ,! ma9 und]dra9 %\ld be six in*es 9 diamet]1 ( agricultural tile or ( vitrifi$ sew] pipe1 laid ) op5 jo9ts1 & %\ld h a fall ( at lea/ six in*es p] hundr$ feet4 ,! bran*es may be ( ?ree-in* agricultural tile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,view ( ,div]t+ ,manhole4 ,9 l>ge in/allations = cities & villages x is usual to in/all ei!r plural alt]nat+ siphons or app>atus kn[n z sewage fe$s1 by means ( :i* ! cont5ts ( ! dos+ *amb] are dis*>g$ ^u ! diff]5t b$s 9 rotation1 !re g5]ally be+ f\r or five b$s con/ruct$ 9 ea* unit4 ,?is requires a sep>ate siphon or sewage fe$ = ea* b$1 & entails consid]able exp5se4 ,h[ev]1 = small] plants su* z are n[ be+ consid]$1 two ord9>y siphons may be plac$ 9 ! same dos+ *amb] z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 & s prim$ z to dis*>ge alt]nately4 ,!n1 by means ( a div]t+ manhole or *amb] ?r\gh :i* ! dose mu/ pass1 ! efflu5t may be div]t$ onto two b$s 9 rotation1 all[+ a ?ird b$ to re/1 or1 if !re are five b$s1 x may be div]t$ onto two pairs ( b$s 9 rotation1 all[+ a fif? b$ to re/4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! case ( five b$s1 a div]t+ manhole may be con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #de1 & arrangem5ts may be made to c\ple b$ ,no4 #c ) ,no4 #b or ,no4 #d1 all[+ b$ ,no4 #a or ,no4 #e to re/ by means ( ! /op-plank to cut (f ! fl[ to ei!r ( ^! b$s1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,!n1 :5 b$ ,no4 #c is to be re/$1 /op-planks ,a & ,b are bo? clos$1 & ! /op-planks aga9/ all pipe outlets are rais$4 ,if x is desir$ to ?r[ b$ ,no4 #a out ( use1 ! /op-plank is plac$ aga9/ ! end ( ! pipe lead+ to ?is b$1 /op-plank ,a is rais$1 & /op-plank ,b is l[]$4 ,"o siphon w !n dis*>ge onto b$s ,nos4 #d & #e1 & ) ! next fill+ ( ! siphon *amb] ! second siphon w dis*>ge onto b$s ,nos4 #b & #c4 ,by a prop] comb9ation ( ! /op-plank positions1 any two sets ( two b$s ea* may receive alt]nately ! dis*>ge f ! siphon *amb] :ile ! rema9+ s+le b$ may be left re/+4 ,! me?od = op]at+ ! b$s 9 rotation describ$ above may1 ( c\rse1 be easily appli$ :5 only ?ree b$s are con/ruct$4 ,a provision = all[+ "o b$ to be ?r[n out ( use = a week or s at a "t is v necess>y = ! reasons /at$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,plan ( ,div]t+ ,manhole4 ,at int]vals ( sev]al weeks x w be f\nd necess>y to break up ! surface ( ea* b$ by rak+ or else to remove a ?9 coat+ ( clogg+ mat]ial4 ,?is %\ld be done aft] ! b$ has be5 re/$ & dri$ out1 :5 ! surface matt+ may be tak5 (f )\t remov+ mu* s&4 ,to provide = op]at+ ! b$s 9 w9t]1 9 ! late fall1 be=e ! gr\nd has froz51 ridges & furr[s %\ld be =m$ on ! surface ( ! b$s1 simil> to ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! furr[s %\ld be two or ?ree feet ap>t & eight to twelve in*es deep4 ,!n :5 efflu5t is dis*>g$ onto ! b$s 9 freez+ wea!r1 z x fills ! furr[s1 an ice ro( w gradually =m1 spann+ ! furr[s & protect+ ! sides & bottoms ( ! furr[s f freez+1 especially if a sn[fall occurs be=e sev]e wea!r sets 94 ,x w sometimes be f\nd necess>y1 especially ) small b$s t are well und]dra9$1 to provide bo>d cov]+s = ! furr[s to take ! place ( ! natural ice ro(s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,five-way ,div]t+ ,manhole4 ,! efflu5t f ! tank %\ld be dis*>g$ 9 su* quantities z to flood ! entire b$ to a dep? ( f "o to two in*es1 except t "s ( ?is efflu5t w imm$iately beg9 to seep into ! b$4 ,respect+ ! quality & relative f95ess ( s& suitable = sewage filt]s1 x %\ld be not$ t c]ta9 empirical me?ods ( measurem5t h be5 develop$ = use 9 comp>+ ! size & uni=mity ( p>ticles ( v>i\s s&s4 ,^! measures are 7#a7 ! 8effective size10 & 7#b7 ! 8uni=mity coeffici5t40 ,! 8effective size0 is ! size ( s& p>ticle express$ 9 millimetres comp>$ to :i* t5 p] c5t by weight ( ! p>ticles 9 ! sample is f9]4 ,! 8uni=mity coeffici5t0 is ! ratio ( ! size ( gra9 :i* has sixty p] c5t ( ! sample f9] ?an itself to ! size :i* has t5 p] c5t f9] ?an itself4 ,conc]n+ ! grades ( s& ?r\gh :i* sewage may be successfully & prop]ly treat$ by int]mitt5t filtration1 x has be5 f\nd t ! 8effective size0 %\ld n be less ?an 4#bj ( a millimetre1 nor great] ?an 4#ej ( a millimetre1 & ! 8uni=mity coeffici5t0 %\ld g5]ally be f #a4e to #c4j1 :5 sewage is appli$ at ! usual rate4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! s& is clean & %>p1 b has an 8effective size0 some:at small] ?an ! limit above /at$1 x may sometimes be f\nd suitable4 ,9 ! case ( any sewage-disposal project ( consid]able magnitude1 :]e any d\bt exi/s z to ! suitability ( ! s& available = use 9 s& filt]s1 analyses ( repres5tative samples ( ! s& %\ld be arrang$ =1 & compet5t eng9e]+ advice %\ld be s\ght be=e any l>ge outlay is incurr$4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x may be said t any clean1 %>p s& suitable = build+ use is suitable = s&-filt] b$s 9 any situation4 ,obvi\sly1 ! co>s5ess ( ! s& plays no "p 9 its suitability z a filt]+ m$ium if ! s& occurs 9 a natural b$ & und]dra9s are n necess>y1 s9ce no "q ( ! dis*>g+ ( an unpurifi$ efflu5t w\ld ord9>ily arise 9 su* cases4 ,,contact ,,b$s ,! treatm5t ( sewage 9 contact b$s consi/s 9 di/ribut+ ! efflu5t f settl+ tanks ov] b$s ( brok5 /one1 furnace slag1 or o!r simil> mat]ial conta9$ 9 wat]-tight comp>tm5ts & all[+ ! b$s to fill s t ! spaces betwe5 ! filt]+ mat]ial w be fill$ ) ! sewage efflu5t4 ,^! b$s are s arrang$ t ! efflu5t is held 9 contact ) ! filt]+ mat]ial = a fix$ int]val ( "t & !n1 usually by means ( special siphons call$ 8tim$ siphons10 or o!r automatic devices1 x is dis*>g$ f ! b$s onto s& filt]s = fur!r treatm5t1 or into /reams1 z ! case may be4 ,! process involves1 z 9 int]mitt5t s& filtration1 ! nitrify+ or oxidiz+ ag5cies ( bact]ial action1 & diff]s f int]mitt5t filtration & f treatm5t ( sewage on spr9kl+ filt]s pr9cipally 9 ! fact t ! fl[ ( efflu5t ?r\gh ! b$s is arre/$ & ! liquid sewage held 9 contact ) ! filt]+ mat]ial1 z not$ above4 ,mu* small] areas ( filt] b$s are requir$ ?an 9 ! case ( s& filt]s1 & = ?is reason ?is =m ( filt] w (t5 be f\nd pref]able4 ,! conditions :i* result 9 its selection are usually ei!r ! unsuitable "* ( ! soil or ! pres5ce ( gr\nd wat]1 mak+ ! in/allation ( sub-surface irrigation sy/ems impracticable2 or ! abs5ce ( s& deposits or ! high co/ 9 any locality ( s& suitable = s&-filtration b$s1 mak+ _! con/ruction difficult or exp5sive4 ,! walls & floor ( a contact b$ are g5]ally con/ruct$ ( concrete1 & ! filt] %\ld be rectangul> 9 =m1 z x is easi] to di/ribute ! efflu5t uni=mly ov] a b$ ( ?is %ape4 ,! details giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,ii = con/ruct+ ! walls & floors ( settl+ tanks w s]ve z a g5]al guide 9 ! con/ruction ( contact b$s4 ,! real "w ( ! contact filt] is c>ri$ on dur+ ! p]iod ( 8re/+ empty10 t is1 aft] ! efflu5t has be5 )drawn f ! b$4 ,:ile ! efflu5t fills ! b$s1 mu* ( ! susp5d$ solid matt]1 toge!r ) a l>ge proportion ( ! bact]ia conta9$ 9 ! sewage1 adh]es to a gelat9\s film :i* has =m$ on ! surfaces ( ! /ones or o!r mat]ials =m+ ! b$s4 ,?is int]val ( 8re/+ full0 %\ld usually be ab\t two h\rs4 ,!n1 :5 ! liquid portion is )drawn f ! b$1 air is drawn 9 betwe5 ! /ones1 enabl+ ! nitrify+ or arobic bact]ia to d _! "w ( break+ d[n bo? ! susp5d$ & ! p>tially dissolv$ organic matt]s :i* h be5 conta9$ 9 ! sewage & :i* h adh]$ to ! filt] mat]ial4 ,x is believ$1 t "s oxidation ( t portion ( ! organic matt] :i* is 9 true solution is also accompli%$ :5 ! efflu5t passes ov] ! gelat9\s cov]+ ( ! /ones by reason ( ! oxyg5 :i* has be5 absorb$ by ?is cov]+4 ,! int]val :5 ! b$ is 8re/+ empty0 %\ld be consid]ably long] ?an ! comb9$ int]vals :5 ! b$ is fill+1 8re/+ full10 & empty+4 ,= ?is reason !re %\ld be a s]ies ( f ?ree to five b$s 9 ord] t x w n be necess>y to turn ! efflu5t f ! settl+ tank cont9u\sly onto "o b$1 :i* w\ld result 9 ! clogg+ ( ?is b$ ) susp5d$ matt]s4 ,! additional ?ird 7or fif?7 b$ also gives opportunity = all[+ ea* b$ 9 turn to be ?r[n out ( use = int]vals ( a week or s at a "t1 :i* is also necess>y to keep ! b$s up to _! prop] effici5cy & obviate ! necessity ( clean+ or r5ew+ ! filt] mat]ial (t5] ?an once 9 sev5 or eight ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works ,,= ,,mr4 ,,*>les ,l4 ,a4 ,,:itney ,,albany1 ,n4,y4 ,9 ,fig4 #df is %[n 9 plan & section a sewage-disposal plant = ! resid5ce ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,l4 ,a4 ,:itney1 ( ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 consi/+ ( a settl+ tank1 dos+ *amb]1 & contact b$s4 ,?is plant is design$ to s]ve tw5ty-five p]sons1 al?\gh ! settl+ tanks h a capacity = d\ble ! am\nt ( sewage on ! usual basis ( design4 ,! dep? ( filt]+ mat]ial 9 ! b$s %\ld pref]ably be f\r or five feet1 al?\gh1 :]e op]at+ head or fall is limit$1 ?is dep? may be decreas$ to ?ree feet4 ,! floor ( ! b$ %\ld slope t[>d ! outlet end at a rate ( ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* p] foot4 ,v>i\s mat]ials are us$ to =m ! body ( ! filt]1 su* z brok5 /one1 coke1 brok5 brick1 & furnace slag1 b ! mat]ial us$ %\ld n be su* z w dis9tegrate readily1 & = ?is reason brok5 lime/one1 f "o-half in* to "o & "o-half in*es 9 size1 ) p]haps two-in* /ones = ! bottom six in*es ( ! b$ surr\nd+ ! und]dra9s1 is mo/ suitable = small plants4 ,^! und]dra9s %\ld be con/ruct$ ( horse-%oe til+1 & 9 ! case ( b$s m ?an eight or t5 feet wide %\ld pref]ably be laid ) %ort bran*es rea*+ f a ma9 dra9 laid along ! c5tre ( ! floor ( ! b$2 or ^! dra9s may be laid 9 p>allel l9es1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,9 ord] to alt]nate ! dis*>ge ( efflu5t f ! settl+ tank onto diff]5t b$s 9 turn & to provide = m uni=mly di/ribut+ ! efflu5t ov] all portions ( ! b$1 ! settl+-tank efflu5t %\ld be collect$ z 9 ! o!r me?ods ( disposal describ$1 9 a siphon or dos+ *amb]1 f :i*1 by means ( alt]nat+ siphons1 x may be deliv]$ to ! prop] b$4 ,9 ! case ( a gr\p ( ?ree b$s or five b$s1 div]t+ *amb]s ) /op-planks1 simil> to ^? describ$ 9 connection ) int]mitt5t s& filt]s1 may be provid$ to all[ ! ?r[+ out ( use ( ea* ( ! b$s 9 turn = a week or s at a "t4 ,9 ! small] plants accommodat+ up to "o hundr$ & fifty p]sons1 x is h>dly necess>y to provide = m ?an ?ree b$s1 ?us all[+ opportunity = ea* "o to re/ = "o week 9 e ?ree to six weeks1 :i* w result 9 a tempor>y increase ( fifty p] c5t 9 ! rate ( application ( efflu5t to ! rema9+ b$s4 ,9 ! case ( ! l>g] plants1 especially if !y are to be op]at$ cont9u\sly1 x is bett] to con/ruct five b$s s t two pairs ( two b$s ea* may be us$ alt]nately1 leav+ "o b$1 or tw5ty p] c5t ( ! total area1 out ( use4 ,?is w result 9 an increase ( b tw5ty-five p] c5t 9 ! rate ( application ( efflu5t to ! f\r b$s 9 use4 ,) ! usual rates ( op]ation = contact b$s1 "o fill+ p] day ( ! b$s w result1 &1 if ! dos+ ( ! b$s is c>ri$ on z above & z describ$ 9 ! portion ( ?is *apt] deal+ ) ! dos+ ( int]mitt5t s& filt]s1 b two siphons 9 ! dos+ tank1 con/itut+ d\ble alt]nat+ siphons1 w be necess>y4 ,su* an arrangem5t w elim9ate ! necessity ( in/all+ plural alt]nat+ siphons consi/+ ( ?ree or m siphons1 ! co/ ( :i* is n w>rant$ 9 connection ) small plants1 s9ce ! d\ble alt]nat+ siphons w insure prop] op]ation ( ! b$s at mu* less co/4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! l>g] plants :]e two b$s are dos$ at ea* dis*>ge ( a siphon1 a l>g] siphon *amb] is necess>y ) ! two siphons1 b ! extra co/ ( a l>g] siphon *amb] w\ld 9 mo/ cases be m ?an (fset by ! increas$ co/ ( plural alt]nat+ siphons4 ,! ma9 efflu5t c>ri] f ! siphon *amb] to ea* contact b$ %\ld dis*>ge into a half-tile c>ri]1 ) bran*es1 laid on ! surface ( ! contact b$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,ea* contact b$ %\ld be provid$ at ! outlet end ) a 8tim$0 siphon set 9 a sep>ate *amb] ( two comp>tm5ts1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,! diamet] ( ! tim$ siphons %\ld g5]ally be t ( ! next l>g] size ?an t indicat$ = ! dos+-*amb] siphons4 ,z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 :]e only ?ree b$s are necess>y1 ! ?ird tim$ siphon may be disp5s$ ) if arrangem5ts are made to p]mit ! use ( "o siphon = dis*>g+ ei!r ! middle or ! outside b$ on t side1 & to p]mit ! use ( ! o!r siphon = dis*>g+ ei!r ! middle b$ or ! b$ on ! o!r side4 ,9 su* in/allations gates or valves mu/ be plac$ on ! outlets ( ! contact b$s to prev5t ! fill+ ( ! b$ t is out ( use by back fl[ f ! tim$ siphon *amb] us$ to dis*>ge ! adjac5t b$4 ,! co/ ( contact b$s is consid]ably great] ?an ! co/ ( int]mitt5t s& filt]s1 especially :5 s& ( prop] quality is available1 b _! con/ruction is advis$ 9 _m cases :]e sub-surface irrigation is n feasible1 :]e ! premises are subject to ov]fl[ or ! gr\nd-wat] level is high1 & :]e x is n practicable to con/ruct s& filt]s4 ,9 ! foll[+ table are giv5 ! prop] numb] ( units or b$s = contact filt]s ( diff]5t-siz$ in/allations1 toge!r ) ! requir$ area ( ea* filt]1 ! dep? ( ! filt] m$ium 9 all b$s be+ f\r feet4 ,! table also %[s ! dim5sions ( ! siphon *amb] adjac5t to ! settl+ tank & ! diamet] ( ! siphons necess>y to dis*>ge ! efflu5t 9 prop] volumes onto ea* contact b$1 or ea* pair ( contact b$s4 ,:]e x is necess>y to decrease ! dep? ( ! contact b$s to ?ree & "o-half or ?ree feet1 ow+ to lack ( op]at+ head or fall1 a proportionate increase %\ld be made 9 ! area ( ea* b$4 ,,table ,v ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,con/ruct+ ,,contact ,,b$s ,p]sons ,no4 ( ,area ( ,mean ,wid? ,diamet] ,di/ance f ,s]v$ by ,b$s4 ,ea* ,b$ & ,l5g? ( ,siphons ,ro( ( ,sew]4 7,squ>e ( ,siphon 7,in*es74 ,settl+ ,tank ,feet74 ,*amb] to ,top ( ,wall 7,feet74 betwe5 ,settl+ ,tank & ,siphon ,*amb] 7,in*es74 #d #c #bjc #d4e #e #ab #h #c #djd #f4e #e #ab #ab #c #fj #f #g #e #ab #ae #c #gj #f #h #e #ab #be #c #ajj #f #h #f #af #ce #c #acj #g #i #f #af #ej #c #ahj #h4e #aj #f #af #ge #c #bhj #aj #aa #h #ah #ajj #c #cgj #ab #ab #h #ah #abe #c #dfj #ab #ad #h #bj #aej #c #eejab #af4e #h #bj #age #e #cij #ac #ad #aj #bj #bjj #e #ddj #ad #ae #aj #bj #bej #e #eej #ae #ah #aj #bj #cjj #e #ffj #ag #ai #aj #bj #cej #e #ggj #ah #ba #aj #bj #djj #e #hhj #ah #bd #aj #bj #dej #e #iij #bj #ba #ab #bj #ejj #e #aaaj #bj #bc #ab #bj ,9 ! above table1 z 9 ! previ\s tables1 9 indicat+ ! height to :i* ! divid+ wall betwe5 ! settl+ tank & siphon *amb] %\ld be c>ri$1 all[ance is made = a draught ^u ! cont5ts ( ! settl+ tank at ea* dis*>ge ( a siphon ( f f\r to eight in*es4 ,9 ! discussion relat+ to siphon *amb]s 9 connection ) ! description ( int]mitt5t s& filt]s w be f\nd ! necess>y details z to ! dis*>g+ dep?s ( siphons ( diff]5t diamet]s & ! necess>y dep?s ( ! siphon *amb]s 9 :i* su* siphons are to be plac$4 ,! con/ruction ( contact b$s w naturally be approa*$ ) hesitancy by prop]ty own]s & o!rs n famili> ) su* "w1 & x is /rongly recomm5d$ t :]e x is possible ! s]vices ( a sanit>y eng9e] be engag$ to design & sup]vise ! con/ruction ( a plant involv+ any consid]able outlay1 unless x is felt t ! descriptions & directions giv5 above h af=d$ a cle> und]/&+ ( ! design & con/ruction ( ?is type ( sewage-disposal works4 ,,spr9kl+ ,,filt]s ,"o ( ! m rec5tly develop$ me?ods ( sewage disposal1--! spr9kl+- or trickl+-filt] sy/em1--has = its pr9cipal feature ! ?or\gh aration ( ! settl+-tank efflu5t be=e its passage ?r\gh ! filt]4 ,?is filt]1 l ! contact filt]1 is ( ! rapid1 co>se-gra9$ type1 b 9 its op]ation resembles ! process ( int]mitt5t s& filtration 9 t ! sewage efflu5t passes ?r\gh ! filt] cont9u\sly )\t be+ held 9 contact ) ! filt]+ mat]ial z 9 ! contact b$4 ,! aration ( ! sewage efflu5t1 :i* v greatly aids ! f9al process ( nitrification or oxidation 9 ! filt]1 is accompli%$ by spray+ ! sewage efflu5t ov] ! surface ( ! b$s ?r\gh a s]ies ( ris] pipes ) nozzles1 or all[+ x to fall 9 f9e /reams on da% plates :i* cause x to spr9kle ov] ! b$s & ?us to absorb oxyg5 f ! air4 ,spr9kl+ filt]s produce an efflu5t ) a consid]ably less degree ( purification ?an s& filt]s1 b may 9 g5]al be said to produce a m /able efflu5t1 t is1 "o less liable to subsequ5t putrefaction ?an ! efflu5t f contact b$s4 ,fur!rmore1 ) ! usual dep?s ( contact b$s & spr9kl+ filt]s1 an area approximately f\r times great] is requir$ to treat ! same am\nt ( sewage on contact b$s ?an is necess>y if spr9kl+ filt]s are con/ruct$4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! efflu5t f spr9kl+ filt]s is mu* m turbid1 necessitat+1 9 mo/ cases1 subsequ5t s$im5tation be=e dis*>ge2 s9ce consid]ably great] op]at+ head or fall is necess>y2 & s9ce _! op]ation requires mu* m sup]vision1 ! con/ruction ( spr9kl+ filt]s is n g5]ally z advisable z contact b$s = small in/allations1 especially 9 cold climates4 ,! con/ruction ( spr9kl+ filt]s z comp>$ to contact filt]s diff]s pr9cipally 9 ! size & dep? ( filt]+ mat]ial1 9 ! means provid$ = di/ribut+ ! efflu5t ov] ! b$s1 & 9 ! arrangem5ts = dra9+ ! filt]4 ,! dep? ( filt]+ mat]ial 9 a spr9kl+ filt] is usually f five to t5 feet1 pref]ably n less ?an eight feet4 ,! mat]ial = ! filt] is ! same z t us$ = contact filt]s b ! fragm5ts %\ld be f "o to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,in/ead ( a sy/em ( tile und]dra9s on ! floor ( ! filt]1 a false floor ( p]=at$ tile1 rectangul> 9 section1 or ( half tile1 circul> 9 section1 ) dra9age holes cut out along ! sides1 %\ld be laid ov] ! entire floor ( ! filt]4 ,z ! settl+-tank efflu5t is spray$ on ! filt] x passes d[nw>d betwe5 ! spaces ( ! filt]+ mat]ial1 & rea*+ ! floor ( ! filt] is collect$ 9 a ma9 dra9age *annel1 ?r\gh :i* x passes to ! outfall sew]1 & !nce to ! f9al settl+ tank or into ! /ream4 ,z ) contact b$s & s& filt]s1 int]mitt5cy ( application ( ! efflu5t to ! filt] is ess5tial = prop] action ( ! filt]1 & ?is is accompli%$ z 9 ! o!r types ( filt]s by means ( automatic siphons plac$ 9 dos+ tanks4 ,^! tanks1 h[ev]1 are ( special design 9 ! case ( spr9kl+ filt]s4 ,ea* siphon dis*>ges into a ma9 c>ri] ( iron pipe :i* ext5ds sometimes ov] ! surface ( ! filt]1 b g5]ally along ! floor ( ! filt]4 ,! ma9 c>ri] has bran* pipes ( small] diamet] ext5d+ at "r angles ne>ly to ! sides ( ! filt]4 ,on ^! bran*es v]tical ris] pipes spac$ ab\t t5 feet ap>t are connect$1 & ^! ris] pipes ext5d a few in*es above ! surface ( ! filt]4 ,nozzles are fitt$ to ! ends ( ! ris] pipes by means ( :i* ! sewage efflu5t1 "u pressure1 is spr9kl$1 at %ort int]vals1 9 ! =m ( a f9e1 umbrella-%ap$ spray1 ov] ! surface ( ! filt]4 ,?is results 9 a ?or\gh aration ( ! efflu5t be=e x rea*es ! filt]+ mat]ial1 & makes ?is =m ( filt] v effective4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,view ( ,spr9kl+ ,filt] at ,danville1 ,pa41 9 ,w9t]4 ,9 ,fig4 #dg is %[n a view ( a spr9kl+ filt] at ,danville1 ,pa41 op]at+ :5 ! temp]ature 0 #ad bel[ z]o4 ,x is g5]ally believ$1 h[ev]1 t 9 cold climates x is advisable to h\se small spr9kl+ filt]s4 ,ow+ to ! r complicat$ hydraulic features & ! some:at difficult eng9e]+ pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! con/ruction & op]ation ( spr9kl+ or trickl+ filt]s1 x is n deem$ advisable to attempt to describe !m 9 suffici5t detail to furni% directions = _! con/ruction4 ,! design ( a spr9kl+-filt] sy/em = small z well z = l>ge in/allations %\ld always be entru/$ to an eng9e] conv]sant ) ?is l9e ( sanit>y eng9e]+4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t ! description ( su* filt]s giv5 above w aid ^? :o are ab\t to in/all sewage-disposal plants 9 ! selection ( ! type ( plant be/ suit$ to _! p>ticul> ne$s & con=m+ to ! conditions peculi> to _! situation4 ,summ>iz+ ! =ego+ descriptions & directions ) ref]5ce to sewage filt]s1 x may be /at$ t :]e natural facilities = dispos+ ( sewage by simpl] me?ods d n exi/1 ! con/ruction ( a sewage filt] ( "s "o ( ! above describ$ types (f]s a solution ( e problem ?us enc\nt]$4 ,x is well to repeat t sub-surface irrigation1 :]e feasible1 %\ld be adopt$1 & ?is w be ! me?od indicat$ 9 a l>ge majority ( cases :]e small disposal plants are to be con/ruct$4 ,! pr9cipal po9t to be rememb]$ 9 connection ) sewage filt]s is t _! con/ruction is b a good beg9n+1 & t _! prop] op]ation is v necess>y to ! success ( ! und]tak+4 ,!y con/itute1 ) ! develop$ bact]ia 9 ! filt]1 a r s5sitive me*anism capable ( effici5t "w if prop]ly h&l$1 b ea* filt] unit mu/ be c>efully op]at$ & mu/ be regul>ly giv5 ext5d$ p]iods ( re/ = ! re/oration ( ! void or op5-space capacity ( ! filt]1 & to provide = ! necess>y aration ( ! filt]+ mat]ial4 ,! peculi> action :i* takes place 9 a filt] 9 ! r$uction ( sewage1 & :i* is n ev5 yet fully kn[n1 is be/ evid5c$ by ! fact t sewage filt]s1 especially ( ! co>se-gra9$ type1 d n atta9 _! highe/ effici5cy until aft] sev]al weeks or mon?s ( op]ation4 ,) a k ( ^! po9ts1 x w be se5 t !re %\ld be little div]g5ce f accept$ /&>ds 9 ! con/ruction & op]ation ( sewage filt]s if !y are to prove satisfactory :5 in/all$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,broad ,,irrigation ,= _m ye>s x has seem$ to ?\ghtful p]sons t p]mitt+ sewage1 ei!r f s+le h\ses or f l>g] communities1 to be turn$ into /reams 0 a mi/ak5 policy because ( ! wa/e ( manurial elem5ts involv$4 ,x has long be5 und]/ood t1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! f]tility ( ! soil1 a con/ant application ( f]tiliz]s 0 necess>y1 &1 :ile und\bt$ly _m f>ms are manag$ )\t any su* repeat$ applications1 ! m sci5tific & mod]n f>m] believes to-day t ! frequ5t & abundant use ( f]tiliz] is ! f\ndation ( 8 success4 ,9 ord9>y sewage !re exi/s a c]ta9 am\nt ( f]tiliz+ elem5ts4 ,two prom95t ,engli% *emi/s1 n _m ye>s ago1 prov$ by _! analyses t 9 ord9>y sewage !re exi/$ ! ess5tial elem5ts ( a good f]tiliz] to ! value ( #b p] ye> = ea* p]son contribut+ to t sewage4 ,o!r *emi/s1 work+ at ! problem 9 o!r ways1 h rea*$ ab\t ! same result1 & !re c be little d\bt ( _! accuracy if ! f]tiliz+ elem5ts alone are consid]$4 ,9 apply+ ^! figures to ! sewage ( a city ! difficulty has always be5 t ! f]tiliz+ elem5ts h be5 s ?or\ghly cov]$ up ) ! l>ge volume ( wat] pres5t 9 ! sewage t x has be5 practically impossible to sep>ate !m f ! wat]4 ,?us1 9 a city ( #ajj1jjj p]sons1 ! f]tiliz] 9 ! sewage might1 inde$1 be wor? #bjj1jjj1 b to realize ?is am\nt x mu/ be sep>at$ f ! #aj1jjj1jjj gallons ( wat]--a task :i* is s trem5d\s1 if n impossible1 z to make ! value ( ! f]tiliz] ( no acc\nt4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e ! wat] itself has a value1 z 9 ! irrigat$ l&s ( ! ,we/1 ! f]tiliz+ elem5ts ( ! sewage w\ld be add$ to ! value ( ! wat]1 s t sewage us$ = irrigation w\ld be wor? n m]ely ! value ( ! wat] alone1 b also ! value ( ! f]tiliz] pres5t 9 t wat]4 ,ano!r difficulty 9 mak+ use ( ! comb9$ wat] & f]tiliz] is t ! l>ge am\nt ( wat] involves a l>ge area ( l& & suitable soil1 on :i* irrigation may be practis$1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! city4 ,?is comb9ation ( agricultural soil ( suitable texture at a suitable price = f>m+ op]ations is s seldom f\nd t ?is 9 itself usually precludes any application ( ! use ( sewage = irrigation4 ,9 ! case ( ! sewage f a s+le h\se1 h[ev]1 ! possibility ( mak+ use bo? ( ! wat] & ! f]tiliz] 9 sewage is n s difficult4 ,rec5t writ]s on irrigation h po9t$ out t1 :ile irrigation ( late ye>s has made mo/ headway 9 ! semi-arid di/ricts ( ! ,we/1 !re are _m opportunities = its successful & pr(itable utilization 9 ! ,ea/1 & ,mr4 ,lute ,wilcox1 9 a rec5t book on irrigation1 says3 8,! f>m] :o has a soil conta9+ an abundance ( all ! ne$$ elem5ts 9 a prop] /ate ( f95ess _c b deem himself happy if he h always ready at h& ! means ( readily & *eaply supply+ all ! wat] ne$$ by 8 soil & gr[+ crops1 j :5 & 9 j su* quantities z are ne$$4 ,happi] /ill may he be :5 he realizes t he ne$ h no #8(f ye>s'1 & he kn[s t ! wat]s he admits to 8 fields at w are freight$ ) ri* f]tiliz+ elem5ts usually f> m valuable to ! gr[+ crops ?an any t he c pur*ase & apply at a co/ly rate--a co/ t makes s]i\s inroads ^u ! pr(its ( ! majority ( f>m]s cultivat+ ! worn-out or det]iorat$ soils 9 ! old] ,/ates ye> by ye>4 ,f]tiliz]s are already ne$$ = ! mo/ pr(itable culture on _m f>ms 9 ,i[a1 ,m9nesota1 ,ea/]n ,kansas1 & ,nebraska1 9 ,miss\ri1 & 9 all ,/ates ea/ ( ^? nam$40 ,p]haps ! greate/ unc]ta9ty 9 ! matt] ( f>m+ is ! available wat] com+ f ! cl\ds4 ,9 "o ye> ! ra9fall may come at ! prop] "t to moi/5 ! se$ & to insure a rapid g]m9ation4 ,^! e>ly ra9s may be foll[$ by %[]s at prop] int]vals to supply ! little rootlets ) ! necess>y moi/ure s t ! gr[? ( ! plant may be con/ant & vigor\s4 ,dur+ ! rip5+ season ! ra9s may be )held s t ! h>ve/ is insur$ "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,9 o!r ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! spr+ ra9s may be s cont9u\s z to cause ! se$s to rot1 requir+ a second s[+4 ,!n ! ra9s may fail s t ! se$s ei!r fail to g]m9ate1 or at be/ produce scatt]$ & imp]fect gr[?s4 ,at ! "t ( h>ve/ /orm may foll[ /orm1 s t ! h>ve/+ ( ^? plants :i* h develop$ is made almo/ impossible4 ,irrigation t5ds 9 "p to correct ^! difficulties1 s9ce x furni%es ! soil ) ! ne$$ wat] at times :5 ! lack ( ra9 w\ld cause an entire failure 9 future gr[?4 ,irrigation1 ( c\rse1 _c prev5t ra9fall1 & x may be t aft] a copi\s soak+ ( ! gr\nd ) ! irrigat+ wat] a heavy ra9 may foll[1 result+ 9 an excess ( moi/ure z bad = ! gr\nd z none at all4 ,! possibility ( irrigation _c prev5t excessive ra9s at ! "t ( h>ve/1 b ! advantages ( be+ able to control ! soil moi/ure dur+ ! p]iod ( gr[? are m ?an en\gh to c\nt]balance any possible disadvantages4 ,dur+ ! summ] mon?s evaporation is v high1 ! dryness ( ! air & ! high temp]ature comb9+ to draw moi/ure f ! soil 9 consid]able quantity4 ,!n1 too1 ! plants !mselves1 :ile absorb+ moi/ure f _! roots1 evaporate moi/ure ?r\gh _! leaves1 & agricultural /ations h made ext5sive /udies on ! am\nt ( ?is evaporation f diff]5t plants4 ,! tea*+ ( x all is t ! am\nt ( wat] :i* c be utiliz$ by ! soil1 n m]ely = ! sake ( ! gr[? ( ! plants !mselves1 b to make up = ! dem&s ( evaporation1 is v high4 ,mr4 ,newell1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 po9ts out t :ile ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ = rais+ crops v>ies accord+ to soil & o!r conditions1 yet a l>ge quantity is requir$ to ma9ta9 ! soil 9 su* a degree ( saturation z to be/ promote ! vitality ( ! plant life4 ,he %[s t = ea* ton ( hay rais$ ^u an acre1 f ?ree hundr$ to five hundr$ tons ( wat] mu/ be furni%$ ei!r by ra9fall or by artificial means4 ,9 o!r words1 s9ce wat] cov]+ an acre to a dep? ( "o in* weighs ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irte5 tons1 x w\ld be necess>y to cov] an acre to a dep? ( f ?ree to five in*es if t acre produc$ "o ton ( hay4 ,f actual conditions1 he %[s t x has be5 necess>y1 9 ord] to produce five tons ( b>ley hay p] acre1 to provide an am\nt ( wat] :i* w\ld cov] ! acre to a dep? ( tw5ty in*es4 ,al?\gh 8 figures h special ref]5ce to ! semi-arid regions ( ! ,we/ !y furni% a guide = ! am\nt ( wat] :i* may pr(itably be us$ 9 addition to ! ra9fall1 :i*1 9 ! summ] mon?s1 may be practically no?+ ev5 9 ! ,ea/4 ,f ?ree to six in*es 9 dep? ea* mon? is 8 e/imate ( ! ne$$ wat] = successful crop gr[+1 ! diff]5ce dep5d+ ^u ! "* ( ! soil1 m be+ requir$ 9 s&y soils & less :]e ! texture is f9]4 ,! sewage f an ord9>y h\sehold1 on ! basis ( #cj gallons p] head p] day1 am\nts to #ahj gallons p] day1 or ab\t #e1djj gallons p] mon?1 or #gbj cubic feet4 ,?is am\nt ( wat] w\ld cov] an acre ( gr\nd to a dep? ( a little less ?an "o-f\r? ( an in*1 & x is pla9 t 9 ord] to h ! sewage ( a s+le h\se furni% ! necess>y am\nt ( wat] = successful crop gr[+1 ! area requir$ is only ab\t "o-twelf? ( an acre1 or an area ab\t #fj feet squ>e4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,engli% exp]im5ts ) ! disposal ( sewage1 great /ress 0 laid on ! value ( ! manurial elem5ts 9 sewage1 & _m te/s 7 made z to ! capacity ( v>i\s soils = absorb+ ! moi/ure pres5t 9 sewage4 ,"o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic advocates ( ?is me?od ( dispos+ ( sewage 0 ,mr4 ,j4 ,bailey ,d5ton1 :o 0 able to act z eng9e] = _m in/allations ( v>i\s sorts4 ,z a result ( 8 exp]i5ce he came to ! conclusion t :ile ! area dep5d$ ^u ! "* ( ! soil1 & :ile ) ! mo/ suitable soil a v l>ge am\nt ( wat] might be tak5 c>e (1 "u ord9>y conditions x 0 safe/ to s design ! works t no possibility ( ov]load+ ! soil ) wat] c\ld exi/4 ,he places ! limits ( population1 ! sewage f :om w\ld be c>$ = on an acre1 betwe5 #a1jjj p]sons p] acre & #ajj p]sons p] acre4 ,m rec5t exp]i5ce1 toge!r ) con/ant obs]vation ( f>ms e/abli%$ 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ! practice1 indicates t ! high] value is too great1 & t :]e agricultural processes alone are consid]$1 #ajj p]sons p] acre is a suitable maximum value = irrigation on s&y loam1 & t #dj p]sons p] acre is a suitable numb] :]e ! soil is incl9$ t[>d d5sity & f9e texture4 ,six p]sons 9 a h\sehold w\ld1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d5ton1 require f "o-sev5? to "o-sev5te5? ( an acre4 ,! am\nt1 indicat$ by ! computations made e>li]1 indicat$ "o-twelf? ( an acre = ! same numb] ( p]sons4 ,! practical agreem5t ( ! two me?ods ( comput+ ! area necess>y ?us makes x possible to det]m9e 9 ei!r way ! am\nt ( l& ne$$ on a giv5 f>m = dispos+ ( ! h\sehold sewage4 ,! effect ( sewage irrigation has be5 f\nd to be mo/ a/oni%+ s f> z ! increas$ yield ( ! soil goes4 ,"s ye>s ago1 9 ord] to det]m9e j ! effect ( ! addition ( sewage to ord9>y f>m l&1 a c]ta9 field ( five acres 0 divid$ into f\r equal p>ts4 ,! f\r fields 7 treat$ z foll[s3 ,field ,no4 #a receiv$ no sewage4 ,field ,no4 #b receiv$ six in*es ( sewage ov] its entire area on ea* ( five successive mon?s4 ,field ,no4 #c receiv$ twelve in*es ( sewage on ea* ( five successive mon?s4 ,field ,no4 #d receiv$ eighte5 in*es ( sewage on ea* ( five successive mon?s4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! results ( ?ree successive ye>s' exp]im5ts at ! sewage f>m ref]r$ to at ,rugby1 ,engl&1 ! figures be+ ! numb] ( p\nds ( gre5 grass cut f ! fields4 ,,five-,,acre ,,field ,,)\t ,,sewage4 ,,) ,,sewage4 ,lot #a4 ,lot #b4 ,lot #c4 ,lot #d4 #bj1had #cc1bdd #fj1fjb #gc1efd #ah1bid #fb1ead #gg1bii #ga1gff #aa1jfi #di1hea #gh1bca #hj1ida ,av]4 #af1gbe #dh1ecf #gb1jdd #gf1dcd ,x w be notic$ t1 :]eas )\t sewage ! am\nt ( gre5 grass 0 ab\t eight tons on an acre & a qu>t] 9 ! field1 f lot ,no4 #b tw5ty-f\r tons 7 cut1 f lot ,no4 #c ?irty-six tons1 & f lot ,no4 #d ?irty-eight tons4 ,evid5tly ! am\nt ( sewage appli$ did n proportionately increase ! yield 9 lots #c & #d1 & x may be said t a dep? ( sewage or wat] ( m ?an twelve in*es p] acre has1 9 g5]al1 be5 f\nd to be n m]ely unnecess>y1 b undesirable4 ,! table does n %[ ! numb] ( cutt+s made dur+ ! season1 b ! cu/om on ! f>m is to cut frequ5tly1 at int]vals ( p]haps two or ?ree weeks1 no "t be+ giv5 = cur+ ! hay4 ,! crops suitable = gr[? on irrigat$ fields h be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce to be grass & root crops1 su* z beets1 turnips1 & ! l4 ,mr4 ,wilcox1 9 writ+ ( ! requirem5ts ( diff]5t plants1 sugge/s cel]y z a g>d5 crop t ne$s a great deal ( wat]4 ,beets1 c>rots1 p>snips1 & turnips are favorite plants = irrigat$ fields4 ,cabbage & caulifl[] are b5efit$ by abundant irrigation dur+ ! fir/ "p ( _! gr[?1 b aft] ! heads ( ! cabbage plants are half-=m$1 fur!r excessive use ( wat] is undesirable4 ,! use ( irrigat+ wat] 9 or*>ds has be5 practis$ ) great success n only 9 ! rec5t irrigation areas ( ! ,we/1 b along ! ,hudson ,riv] & 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,! size ( ! fruit is increas$ by irrigation1 & x is said t ! bloom is mu* improv$4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,apply+ ,,! ,,wat] ,9 di/ribut+ ! wat] or sewage ov] ! soil 9 ! case ( a s+le h\se1 no elaborate me?ods are requir$4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge f>ms suppli$ ) sewage f a consid]able population1 elaborate sy/ems ( pip+ or op5-*annel conduits are requir$1 & ! problem ( work+ out & adju/+ ! necess>y sizes & grades becomes a complicat$ matt] = :i* eng9e]+ k & exp]i5ce are requir$4 ,b = ! small fl[ :i* comes f individual h\ses & f ! small area involv$1 no su* elaborate prep>ations are requir$4 ,! ess5ce ( ! di/ribution consi/s 9 c>ry+ ! wat] onto ! field to be irrigat$ at su* a l[ velocity t no surface soil or valuable manures are wa%$ away2 & 9 adju/+ ! volume ( ! fl[ & ! requirem5ts ( ! soil1 !re are ?ree *>act]i/ic conditions :i* require diff]5t treatm5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! area may be practically level & ! crop rais$ may be ei!r grass or gra94 ,9 su* a case ! sewage %\ld be l$ onto ! field :i* may prop]ly be enclos$ on f\r sides ) a l[1 t is1 six to twelve in*es1 e>?-dike1 & at ea* irrigation ! field may be flood$ ab\t two in*es deep4 ,! next irrigation w\ld probably n be requir$ = a week1 s t ?is me?od requires a numb] ( b$s to be work$ "o aft] ano!r &1 except :]e ! soil is v d5se1 s mu* s t p]colation is v sl[1 ?is me?od is n suitable because ( ! sl[ rate at :i* ! sewage is deliv]$4 ,! second me?od ( di/ribution1 & "o m suitable = ! conditions "u discussion1 is to lay out ! field 9 p>allel b$s f ?ree to six feet wide & f =ty to "o hundr$ feet long4 ,^! b$s are sep>at$ by furr[s into :i* ! sewage is dis*>g$4 ,if ! grade ( ^! furr[s is prop]ly adju/$ to ! porosity ( ! soil1 t is1 made ab\t six in*es 9 "o hundr$ feet = op51 s&y loam1 & ab\t two in*es 9 "o hundr$ feet = f9e1 clay loam1 ! soil w absorb ! ne$$ moi/ure z ! sewage fl[s ov] x & !re %\ld be no pond+ or excess ( wat] at any po9t ( ! field4 ,by divid+ ! field into ?ree p>ts1 or 9 arrang+ ! fl[ ( sewage s t x ent]s only two or ?ree furr[s at a "t1 ! fl[ c be s *ang$ f day to day z to furni% all p>ts ( ! area ) ! irrigat+ wat]1 & at ! same "t n ov]load & *oke ! soil p>ticles4 ,on ! b$s may be plant$ & gr[n :atev] vegetables are desir$4 ,a good basis = det]m9+ ! area & l5g? ( furr[s requir$ is to provide a l5g? ( ?irty feet ( furr[ = ea* p]son ( ! h\sehold4 ,! total l5g? ?us obta9$ %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be made cont9u\s1 b %\ld be arrang$ 9 ?ree p>ts1 or 9 multiples ( ?ree1 s t "o-?ird ( ! total l5g? only may be us$ on any "o day1 ! o!r p>ts s]v+ = o!r days1 s t a rotation is practis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,di/ribution ( ,sewage & ,arrangem5t ( ,*eck ,levees on a ,hillside4 ,! ?ird condition involves ! application ( ! sewage to a /eep slope1 & ?is may be treat$ 9 ei!r "o ( two ways4 ,! sewage may be l$ to ! top ( ! hill & all[$ to fl[1 = a %ort di/ance only1 ov] ! surface on :i*1 presumably1 grass is to be gr[n4 ,if ! l5g? ( ! furr[ is m ?an ab\t a doz5 feet1 ! fl[+ /ream acquires en\gh velocity to wa% ! surface & to =m gullies4 ,to prev5t ?is1 a second>y dit* or small bank is ?r[n up to arre/ ! fl[4 ,! wat] is l$ out aga9 f beh9d ?is dit* or bank at int]vals1 to repeat ! process fur!r d[n ! hill 7see ,fig4 #dh74 ,if ! slope ( ! gr\nd is mod]ate1 s t !re is no t5d5cy ( ! wat] to =m gullies1 ! wat] may be let out ( ! dit* at int]vals & all[$ to di/ribute itself ov] ! field1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,! wat] ?us ov]fl[+ %\ld be collect$ 9 a dra9 at ! l[] end ( ! slope1 & w be f\nd suitably purifi$ = dis*>ge into any runn+ /ream n us$ = dr9k+ purposes4 ,! occasional use ( a %ovel or hoe may be ne$$ to *ange ! fl[ ( ! wat] ov] ! field if x is f\nd t any t5d5cy exi/s = def9ite *annels to be =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,di/ribution ( ,sewage on a ,hillside ( ,mod]ate ,slope4 ,9 ord] to plant vegetables on su* a hill1 small furr[s may be made along ! hill & laid out ) great c>e s t ! fl[ ( sewage 9 ! furr[s %all be only at a sl[ velocity1 s sl[ t ! soil c absorb ! moi/ure z ! wat] passes along4 ,by zigzagg+ ?is furr[ back & =? d[n ! hillside1 vegetation on ! hill w receive ! b5efit ( ! wat]1 & if any ( ! sewage succe$s 9 rea*+ ! bottom ( ! hill1 x w be s purifi$ t x may be safely dis*>g$ into any depression or wat]c\rse !re f\nd4 ,9 ! case ( or*>ds1 irrigation is practis$ by flood+ ! gr\nd ar\nd ! tree1 be+ c>eful1 h[ev]1 to ?r[ up a m\nd ( e>? ar\nd ! tree s t no wat] comes )9 two feet ( ! tree itself4 ,fig4 #ej %[s a ,we/]n me?od ( =m+ squ>e b$s1 ea* b$ ab\t tw5ty feet on a side1 ) "o tree at ! c5tre4 ,furr[s are also us$ to di/ribute ! wat]1 a common practice foll[$ be+ to be+ to h ! furr[ always "u ! extreme edge ( ! foliage1 ?us dis*>g+ ! wat] 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t5d] rootlets ( ! tree4 ,usually ! furr[ sy/em is c>ri$ only 9 "o direction1 s t ! application ( wat] by ?is me?od is n s complete z by ! flood+ me?od4 ,b = small volumes ( wat] con/antly appli$1 x is probably m satisfactory4 ,fig4 #ea %[s a gra9 field irrigat$ by ! furr[ me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,squ>e ,b$s = ,or*>ds ,accord+ to ,"s ,we/]n ,practice4 ,9 all cases :]e irrigation is practis$1 /ress is laid by ^? exp]i5c$ 9 ! matt] on ! necessity ( cultivation ( ! soil 9 connection ) ! irrigation4 ,app>5tly1 !re is a t5d5cy = ! surface lay]s1 ) ! application ( wat]1 to cake or cru/ ov] ! l[] /rata1 ?us depriv+ ! soil ( ! necess>y air4 ,9 ord] to break up ?is cru/1 ! soil mu/ be cont9ually work$1 ei!r by a hoe or rake or "s sort ( horse cultivator4 ,:]e ! gr\nd is %ad$1 z 9 ! case ( l& cov]$ ) grass or gra91 ! t5d5cy to cru/ is n s m>k$1 b on cultivat$ l& :]e root crops are gr[n ! cultivator mu/ be us$ regul>ly aft] ea* irrigation4 ,:]e ! sewage is c>ri$ onto ! field 9 furr[s1 ! soil 9 ! furr[ %\ld be ho$ at frequ5t int]vals1 n only to break up ! cru/ :i* deprives ! soil ( ! air1 b 9 ord] to op5 ! p>ticles ( soil = ! reception ( ! irrigat+-wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--;,gra9 ,field 9 ,spr+1 9 ,process ( ,irrigation4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$1 z has be5 po9t$ out be=e1 t ! success ( any me?od ( apply+ sewage to soil dep5ds ^u ! frequ5t *ange f b$ to b$1 ! actual "t int]val dep5d+ on ! "* ( ! soil4 ,if ! soil is f9e1 ! same area may be us$ = a week at a "t1 & !n giv5 two weeks' re/4 ,if ! soil is m op51 ?is int]val %\ld be r$uc$1 & ) v co>se p>ticles x may be f\nd desirable to %ift ! fl[ f "o b$ to ano!r aft] an int]val ( a few h\rs only4 ,exp]i5ce & c>eful obs]vation on ! moi/ure-c>ry+ capacity ( ! b$ is ! be/ guide to ! op]ation ( sewage irrigation4 ,:e!r or n ?is me?od ( dispos+ ( ! sewage ( a s+le h\se is to be select$ dep5ds l>gely ^u ! slope ( ! gr\nd f ! h\se t[>d ! g>d54 ,x is n desirable to h sewage expos$ to ! air 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( a dwell+-h\se4 ,r>ely w\ld any odors be g5]at$ to su* an ext5t z to be (f5sive to ! occupants ( ! h\se1 s9ce ! sewage s9ks into ! gr\nd be=e putrefaction ( ! organic matt] sets 9 & ! expos$ mat]ial left on ! surface ( ! gr\nd is ( too att5uat$ a type to become (f5sive ev5 if x does putrefy be=e dry+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! dang] ( odors be+ =m$ :]e di/ribution is imp]fect & :]e pools are all[$ to =m 9 ! furr[4 ,!re is also ! dang] ( ! transmission ( disease g]ms f ! sewage-irrigat$ field to ! occupants ( ! h\se ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( flies4 ,heal? /ati/ics ( ,engli% f>ms %[ ?is dang] to be a v remote "o1 s9ce ! heal? ( ! workman on ^? f>ms is z good or bett] ?an ! av]age ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,b ! possibility ( infection exi/s & mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,no me?od ( disposal requires s mu* & su* con/ant c>e1 al?\gh ! results %[ 9 ! improv$ yield f ! f>m4 ,?is me?od ( broad irrigation is emphatically n ! me?od to be us$ except :]e labor is adequate = prop] soil cultivation & :]e ?is labor c be giv5 con/antly & ungrudg+ly4 ,f9ally1 x mu/ be po9t$ out t c>e %\ld always be ex]cis$ to prev5t irrigat+ sewage com+ 9 direct contact ) any ( ! soil produce4 ,c]ta9ly sewage %\ld n be us$ to spr9kle ov] lettuce or cel]y or /rawb]ries1 ev5 if ! yield is !reby increas$4 ,und\bt$ly any disease g]ms ?us di/ribut$ ov] ! fruits & vegetables w\ld1 ?r\gh ! antiseptic action ( ! sunlight & air1 soon be de/roy$1 b ! v me?od ( irrigation is repulsive1 & ! dang]1 :ile slight1 is suffici5t to =bid t me?od ( f]tiliz+4 ,no /ati/ics1 h[ev]1 are available to %[ t c[s eat+ sewage-irrigat$ grass are adv]sely affect$ 9 heal?1 & = ye>s ! practice ( ?us pa/ur+ c[s has be5 c>ri$ on 9 ,engl&4 ,= human be+s1 h[ev]1 vegetables gr[n 9 soil t is sep>at$ f ! sewage by a foot or m is ! saf] z well z m /hetic arrangem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,e/imates ,,( ,,co/ ,9 ord] to e/imate ! co/ ( in/all+ a sewage-disposal plant & ( treat+ cont9u\sly ! sewage f any resid5ce1 c]ta9 fundam5tal assumptions are always necess>y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! unit co/ ( ! manual labor :i* =ms s l>ge a "p ( ! total co/ ( con/ruction mu/ be kn[n = ! p>ticul> "t & place1 & p]haps no item 9 ! co/ ( con/ruction is s important z ?is4 ,9 a great _m small in/allations x may be exclud$ altoge!r1 s9ce all ! h& "w requir$ is contribut$ by ! h\sehold] at su* times z ! o!r "w ( ! place may all[1 )\t any additional co/4 ,9 o!r places1 if a money value be plac$ on su* labor1 x may be express$ 9 t]ms ( ! co/ ( a hir$ man ^: rate ( wages1 paid mon?ly1 9 addition to bo>d1 w\ld be always less ?an if wages 7 paid to day labor]s liv+ at _! own homes4 ,aga91 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\ntry labor may be _h = #a4be a day1 :]eas 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is necess>y to pay #a4ge a day1 & 9 ! extreme ,we/ f #b4jj to #c4jj a day = common labor4 ,(t51 too1 ! work+ day is ( diff]5t l5g? 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! e/imates :i* foll[1 labor is assum$ to co/ #a4fj = eight h\rs' "w1 t is1 at ! rate ( tw5ty c5ts an h\r4 ,if1 9 adapt+ ! e/imates ( ?is *apt] to any p>ticul> in/allation1 ! "q ( labor may be neglect$ because ( ! fact t ! h\sehold] w himself d all ! requir$ "w1 !n ! item ( labor co/ may be elim9at$4 ,if o!r units ?an ^? "h assum$ are suitable = ! p>ticul> locality :]e any plant is to be built1 !n ! labor item mu/ be modifi$ accord+ly4 ,mat]ial4--,! co/ ( mat]ial always v>ies v greatly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is is p>tly because ( diff]5t freight & o!r transportation rates betwe5 ! factories :]e mat]ial is made up & ! p>ticul> place :]e t mat]ial is to be us$2 & p>tly because ! pr(its made by ! middleman increase z ! mat]ial gets fur!r & fur!r away f ! c5tres ( civilization4 ,?us1 9 a l>ge city six-in* sew] pipe may be sold 9 su* l>ge quantities t ! freight rate is l[ & ! deal] is satisfi$ ) a small pr(it on ea* foot ( pipe4 ,9 ! c\ntry di/ricts ! deal] sells b little1 & feels t he mu/ h a l>g] pr(it to comp5sate him = ! exp5se ( keep+ ! mat]ial on h&4 ,?us1 six-in* sew] pipe may be _h at prices rang+ f six c5ts up to sixte5 c5ts p] runn+ foot1 dep5d+ on ! /ore f :i* x is b\ght4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t x w n be possible to "n any unit price :i* w be g5]ally applicable1 & x w be necess>y = any int5d+ build] to secure f local firms ! unit prices f :i* 8 own individual e/imate may be made up4 ,! foll[+ discussion1 h[ev]1 w indicate ! items compris+ ! necess>y e/imate1 & w furni% an example by :i* ! e/imate %eet c be prep>$4 ,lay+ ,sew]s & ,dra9s4--,! ma9 dra9 f ! h\se to ! sewage disposal plant is ( five- or six-in* pipe g5]ally1 ! =m] be+ suffici5tly l>ge & a little *eap] ?an ! six-in* pipe4 ,! latt] has ! advantage ( size & consequ5t great] fre$om f clogg+4 ,! co/ ( five-in* pipe at a /ore 9 a village ( any consid]able size %\ld be t5 c5ts p] foot1 & ! co/ ( six-in* pipe twelve c5ts p] foot4 ,?is pipe weighs twelve & fifte5 p\nds p] foot respectively1 &1 ) an ord9>y wagon1 fifty feet ( six-in* pipe1 weigh+ ab\t eight hundr$ p\nds1 is a load2 if f\r trips a day are possible f ! resid5ce to ! /ore & if ! co/ ( ! team is e/imat$ at #d a day1 ea* trip w co/ #a1 & ea* foot ( pipe w co/ two c5ts m = be+ haul$ f ! /ore to ! gr\nds4 ,9 lay+ ! pipe1 cem5t & s& are necess>y = jo9ts4 ,= bo? k9ds ( pipe !re is requir$ ab\t "o cubic foot ( mort> = ea* fifty jo9ts1 ! mort> be+ suffici5t to fill ! jo9ts & to make a coll> or r+ outside4 ,9 ord] to make ?is cubic foot ( mort>1 half a bag ( cem5t & half a cubic foot ( s& w be requir$4 ,! co/ ( ! cem5t out ( ! village /ore is ab\t fifty c5ts a bag1 al?\gh 9 a small place x may be sev5ty-five c5ts1 or ev5 "o doll>4 ,if "o 7 buy+ cem5t 9 l>ge quantities1 a price z l[ z ?irty c5ts a bag might be _h4 ,if ! cem5t is deliv]$ 9 clo? bags1 a rebate ( t5 c5ts a bag is usually giv5 if ! bag is return$ 9 good condition4 ,! co/ ( s& is usually dep5d5t ^u ! co/ ( haul+4 ,x w require =ty m9utes to %ovel "o y>d ( s& into a wagon1 or at tw5ty c5ts an h\r x w\ld co/ ab\t fifte5 c5ts4 ,! co/ ( %ovell+ s& ?r\gh a scre5 dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( mat]ial :i* has to be reject$1 s9ce only a c]ta9 proportion ( ! s& is available = all t is %ovell$4 ,! co/ ( ?is %ovell+ is aga9 ab\t fifte5 c5ts p] cubic y>d ( mat]ial %ovell$1 & if "o-?ird ( x is co>se gravel :i* has to be reject$1 "o & "o-half y>ds w\ld h to be scre5$ = e y>d ( s& available1 & ! co/ w\ld1 !re=e1 be tw5ty c5ts = scre5+1 a total co/ ( s& 9 ! wagon ( ?irty-five c5ts p] y>d4 ,if f\r loads ( s& c be deliv]$ p] day1 ) a co/ ( fifty c5ts p] h\r = team & driv]1 ! s& w co/ #a4ce p] y>d on ! gr\nds1 ?is am\nt be+ increas$ or decreas$ if ! numb] ( trips p] day mu/ be made less or m4 ,excavation4--,! co/ ( excavation dep5ds on ! "* ( ! mat]ial & on ! am\nt ( wat] pres5t1 ! co/ ( pump+ or bail+ ! latt]1 if 9 l>ge quantity1 add+ mat]ially to ! co/ ( %ovell+4 ,! mat]ial ?r\gh :i* ! tr5*es are driv5 may v>y f a s& :i* c be %ovell$ )\t loos5+1 to solid rock :i* mu/ be bla/$1 an int]m$iate condition ( soil be+ kn[n z h>dpan & its excavation co/+ ne>ly z mu* "t & ef=t z rock itself4 ,if ! soil is s&1 into :i* a %ovel or spade c be pu%$ )\t any pick+ ( ! mat]ial1 ! co/1 z already /at$1 w be ab\t fifte5 c5ts a cubic y>d = %ovell+1 & if ! excavation is 9 tr5* & n m ?an six feet deep1 ! entire tr5* c be excavat$ = sev5 & a half c5ts a l9eal foot4 ,x is v unusual1 h[ev]1 to h conditions s favorable t su* a l[ price c be c\nt$ on4 ,if ! mat]ial requires pick+1 in/ead ( fifte5 c5ts a cubic y>d x w co/ ?irty c5ts a cubic y>d1 & a tr5* two feet wide & six feet deep w co/ fifte5 c5ts a runn+ foot in/ead ( sev5 & a half c5ts4 ,if c>e is n tak5 at ! />t to ?r[ ! dirt well back1 x w be necess>y to re-h&le ! dirt f ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 ?r[+ x back on ! pile1 & ?is w add f five to t5 c5ts a cubic y>d1 dep5d+ on :at proportion ( ! entire excavation has to be re-h&l$4 ,9 ! excavation = a tank1 x is q possible t ! entire mat]ial may h to be re-h&l$ & ! co/ ?us be increas$ by fifte5 c5ts a cubic y>d4 ,if ! gr\nd is v h>d1 z :5 b\ld]s & clay are int]mix$1 x may require twice z mu* "t = loos5+ z = %ovell+1 9 :i* case ! co/ ( digg+ ! tr5* w be =ty-five c5ts a cubic y>d1 or tw5ty-two & a half c5ts p] l9eal foot1 ) five or t5 c5ts add$ if ! mat]ial has to be re-h&l$4 ,if ! mat]ial is a loose s& or gravel1 ! tr5* w probably require %eet+1 t is1 bo>ds or planks on ea* side ( ! op5 tr5* ) braces betwe51 9 ord] to prev5t cav+ ( ! banks4 ,if new lumb] has to be pur*as$ = ?is purpose & its co/ add$ to ! co/ ( excavation1 an additional sum p] cubic y>d or p] l9eal foot w be add$1 some:at 9 proportion to ! total am\nt ( excavation to be done4 ,f9ally1 if ! soil ?r\gh :i* ! tr5* is be+ dug conta9s wat]1 x may be necess>y to h "o or two m5 cont9u\sly pump+ dur+ all ! "t t ! excavation is go+ on1 & ?is also w add to ! co/ p] cubic y>d or p] l9eal foot ( ! tr5*4 ,refill+ may be done by h& or may be done by a drag scrap] at ! end ( a rope1 s t ! team ( horses may be on "o side ( ! tr5* & draw into x f ! o!r side ! excavat$ mat]ial4 ,?is co/s only five c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,if ! dirt is ?r[n back by h&1 ! co/ w be t ( %ovell+1 namely1 ab\t fifte5 c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,if ! dirt has to be tamp$ 9 ! tr5*1 ! co/ w !n be t ( ano!r man1 & backfill+ w (t5 add ?irty c5ts a cubic y>d to ! co/ ( excavation4 ,z a summ>y1 x may be said t excavation alone 9 e>? may co/ f fifte5 c5ts to =ty-five c5ts a cubic y>d1 & t backfill+ may add to ?is f five to ?irty c5ts a cubic y>d1 ! entire co/1 !re=e1 v>y+ f tw5ty c5ts to sev5ty-five c5ts a cubic y>d = excavation & backfill+ toge!r4 ,nor is x possible to be m def9ite 9 expla9+ ! prop] price to put on excavation s9ce ! "* ( ! mat]ial & ! nature ( ! excavation are ( su* importance 9 fix+ t co/4 ,if ! excavation is = a tank1 x is (t5 possible to rig a d]rick ) a long arm on ! side ( ! excavation &1 by means ( a bucket1 transf] ! excavat$ mat]ial f ! hole to ! bank *eap] ?an by repeat$ %ovell+ or by c>ry+ out ! dirt 9 a :eelb>r[4 ,:eelb>r[ "w is always exp5sive1 ! co/ ( transport+ e>? 9 a :eelb>r[ a di/ance ( fifty feet be+ ab\t t5 c5ts a cubic y>d4 ,sometimes a horse may be us$ to great advantage to lift ! bucket & op]ate ! d]rick 9 place ( a h&-work$ w9dlass1 al?\gh ! use ( ! horse is h>dly wor? :ile unless ! excavation is m ?an t5 feet deep4 ,! excavation = ! tr5*es ( a sub-surface irrigation sy/em _c be e/imat$ on ! same basis z = a l>g] tr5*4 ,m "t is requir$ proportionally 9 trimm+ & grad+ ! sides & bottom1 s t ! co/ p] cubic y>d is mu* increas$4 ,?us1 :ile su* tr5*es conta9 ab\t "o cubic foot ( e>? p] l9eal foot1 & on ! basis ( tw5ty-sev5 c5ts p] y>d w\ld co/ only "o c5t p] l9eal foot to dig1 x is probable t1 "u ord9>y conditions1 ?is am\nt w\ld be d\bl$4 ,! co/ ( und]dra9s mu/ be made up f ! co/ ( ! pipe us$ & ! co/ ( ! necess>y excavation4 ,9 ! bottom ( artificial filt] b$s1 ! latt] am\nts to little or no?+4 ,9 natural filt] b$s1 ! tr5*es are deep] & ! co/ ( ! und]dra9age dep5ds l>gely on ?is excavation co/4 ,! co/ ( ! pipe v>ies f two to t5 c5ts p] foot1 dep5d+ on ! k9d ( pipe us$ & its unit co/4 ,rock ,excavation4--,if ! tr5* or ! place = ! tank is to be 9 rock1 ! co/ ( excavation is mu* increas$4 ,! rock mu/ be drill$ & bla/+ p[d] or dynamite us$ to loos5 ! mat]ial s t x c be ?r[n out lat] by h&4 ,9 ord9>y rock1 a man w drill f six in*es to twelve in*es ( hole p] h\r1 t is1 ! hole w co/ f t5 to tw5ty c5ts p] l9eal foot4 ,! dep? ( ! hole det]m9es ! am\nt ( rock loos5$ p] *>ge4 ,if ! holes are ?ree feet deep1 ab\t "o-?ird ( a cubic y>d is loos5$ p] h\r1 :ile if ! holes are five feet deep1 "o cubic y>d ( rock is loos5$ p] h\r4 ,?is indicates at once ! economical advantage ( deep holes comp>$ ) %all[ ones4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 n9e l9eal feet ( hole w\ld h to be drill$ 9 ord] to get "o cubic y>d ( rock1 ne>ly d\ble ! am\nt requir$ :]e ! hole is five feet deep4 ,usually ! di/ance betwe5 ! holes is made equal to ! dep? ( ! holes1 al?\gh 9 "s rock ! dep? c1 ) advantage1 be made great] ?an t di/ance4 ,if ! rock is v loose & seamy1 deep holes may sometimes n be w>rant$1 because ! effect ( ! bla/+ is tak5 up by ! loose rock 9 su* a way t ! value ( ! explosive is n realiz$4 ,%all[] holes1 m frequ5tly bla/$1 utilize ! explosive gases m completely4 ,! k9d ( explosive :i* may be us$ v>ies f sl[1 l[-p[] black p[d] to rapid1 high-p[] nitro-glyc]9e1 ! _m =ms ( dynamite & high-grade p[d] 9 use be+ comb9ations ( nitro-glyc]9e ) "s absorb5t4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ord9>y bla/+ p[d] is suitable = rock excavation 9 small quantity4 ,x lifts ! rock r ?an %att]s x1 & is m conv5i5t & safe to h&le4 ,=ty-p]-c5t dynamite is to be recomm5d$ :]e ! rock is v seamy s t quick-act+ explosive is ess5tial1 & also :]e ! rock is v h>d1 s t black p[d] t5ds to bl[ out ! hole r ?an to %att] ! rock4 ,! co/ ( =ty-p]-c5t dynamite is ab\t tw5ty c5ts p] p\nd1 & ! co/ ( p[d] is ab\t twelve c5ts p] p\nd4 ,on ! av]age1 x may be assum$ t x w require "o p\nd ( ! =m] & "o & a half p\nds ( ! latt] p] cubic y>d ( ord9>y rock excavat$4 ,! co/ ( lift+ ! bla/$ mat]ial out ( ! tr5* w be at ab\t ! same rate z t ( e>?4 ,concrete4--,! walls ( tanks made ( concrete dep5d = _! co/ ^u ! co/ ( ! mat]ial & ! co/ ( ! labor involv$4 ,x is usually m economical to use gravel z ! basis ( ! concrete if any is available1 & 9 ord] t ! product may be ( good quality x is always be/ to scre5 ?is gravel1 sep>at+ x into s& & /one4 ,! prop] size ( scre5 = ?is op]ation %\ld be n great] ?an "o-half-in* me%4 ,! /one & s& c !n be re-comb9$ ) ! cem5t 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( cem5t to two & a half p>ts ( s& to five p>ts ( /one1 ?is mixture mak+ a v /rong & imp]vi\s comb9ation4 ,! co/ ( ?is mixture dep5ds *iefly on ! l5g? ( haul = ! gravel & on ! natural grad+ ( ! mat]ial4 ,if ! proportions requir$ = concrete exi/ naturally 9 ! bank or /ream b$ f :i* ! gravel is to be obta9$1 !re is little or no wa/e involv$ 9 scre5+1 & ! only co/ is t ( h&l+ ! mat]ial twice4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! am\nt ( /one is inadequate1 x may be necess>y to wa/e a good deal ( ! f9e s& & en\gh mat]ial has to be %ovell$ to produce ! requir$ am\nt ( co>se m$ia4 ,assum+ t ! co/ ( %ovell+ ! mat]ial f ! /ream b$ is fifte5 c5ts a cubic y>d1 & t ! haul is two miles1 s t f\r trips a day are made1 !n ! gravel c be deliv]$ :]e x is to be conv]t$ into concrete at a co/ ( "o doll> = haul+ & ?irty c5ts = %ovell+1 :ile if ! haul is only "o mile1 s t eight trips a day c be made1 ! co/ w be eighty c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,if any wa/e ( gravel is necess>y1 ^! co/s w be increas$ correspond+ly4 ,at ! site ( ! propos$ plant ! s& & gravel mu/ be mix$ ) ! cem5t & c>ri$ to place4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce :5 ! mix+ is done ?or\ghly & by h&1 & :5 ! result+ concrete c be %ovell$ directly beh9d ! =ms1 t ! co/ ( ! mix+ & plac+ is ab\t "o doll> p] cubic y>d ( concrete4 ,if ! concrete has to be :eel$ into place ?is co/ w be add$ to4 ,9 ord] to make a cubic y>d ( concrete1 x is necess>y to h ne>ly "o cubic y>d ( ! co>se mat]ial1 :e!r ?is be r\nd$ /ones f a gravel bank or angul> /ones f a /one-cru%]4 ,sev5-eigh?s ( a cubic y>d ( /one may be safely consid]$ z necess>y = a cubic y>d ( concrete4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ?ree-eigh?s ( a cubic y>d ( s& = a "o to two & a half to five mixture4 ,:5 ?is am\nt ( /one & s& h be5 ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r1 f\r & a half bags ( cem5t %\ld be add$4 ,inasmu* z ! v>iation 9 sizes ( ! individual p>ticles ( r\nd$ gravel is su* t a d5se concrete results naturally1 x is q reasonable bo? to increase ! am\nt ( /one & decrease ! am\nt ( cem5t if t v>iation 9 size seems to be "o :i* w produce a d5se mixture4 ,?us "o cubic y>d ( /one1 "o-?ird cubic y>d ( s&1 & f\r bags ( cem5t may be us$ & w1 "u favorable conditions1 result 9 a good concrete4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ?is latt] comb9ation is p]missible on any p>ticul> piece ( "w1 a te/ may be made by ?or\ghly mix+ ! mat]ials toge!r 9 ! proportions nam$ & te/+ ! volume ( ?is mixture 7,b7 9 a box ( measur$ dim5sions4 ,!n ! same volumes mix$ toge!r 9 ! =m] proportions 7mixture ,a71 & te/$ 9 ! same box w %[ ! relative value by occupy+ ei!r m or less space ?an ! o!r mixture 7,b74 ,if less1 mixture ,a is a bett] "o1 & %\ld be us$2 if m1 !n ! latt] mixture1 ,b1 is ! bett] "o4 ,! am\nt ( wat] requir$ = mix+ concrete dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature ( ! outside air z well z ^u ! p]sonal ideas ( ! p]son 9 *>ge ( ! mix+4 ,"s build]s l wet concrete & "s l dry concrete4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 h[ev]1 t wet concrete is *eap] because x requires little or no tamp+4 ,wet concrete1 h[ev]1 %\ld be spad$1 t is1 a spade =c$ d[n into ! mixture1 p>ticul>ly aga9/ ! =ms1 s t p>ticles ( air caught betwe5 ! /ones may escape1 & s t !re may be no pockets betwe5 ! /ones into :i* ! liquid cem5t mixture does n p5etrate4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ t ab\t fifte5 p] c5t ( ! volume ( concrete is ! necess>y volume ( wat] = ! mixture4 ,?is am\nts to ?irty gallons1 or a b>rel ( wat]1 to a y>d ( concrete1 al?\gh ! sizes ( b>rels v>y1 & a cem5t b>rel w\ld n be l>ge en\gh1 & a road-oil b>rel w\ld be too l>ge4 ,! co/ ( =ms dep5ds1 aga91 on ! co/ ( mat]ial & on ! co/ ( labor4 ,r\gh lumb] v>ies 9 price f tw5ty to =ty doll>s a ?\s& feet1 bo>d measure1 deliv]$ on ! gr\nds1 & ! co/ ( fram+ & plac+ x v>ies f eight to tw5ty doll>s p] ?\s&1 dep5d+ on ! skill ( ! c>p5t]s & on _! daily wages4 ,9 ord] to e/imate ! co/ ( ! lumb] requir$ = build+ false "w1 x is be/ to det]m9e exactly ! am\nt ( lumb] requir$1 & get ! price f a lumb] y>d on t quantity4 ,ord9>ily1 x is safe to say t a c>p5t] 9 build+ =ms w be able to saw & nail 9 place #bej bo>d feet p] day1 s t1 kn[+ ! am\nt ( lumb] to be us$ & ! wages ( ! c>p5t]1 x w be easy to det]m9e ! co/ ( ! =ms z fir/ set up4 ,!y may be tak5 d[n & remov$ = ! purpose ( re-assembl+ 9 ano!r place = ab\t half ! co/ ( plac+ orig9ally1 & by c>efully arrang+ to build ! =ms 9 panels or sections1 !y may be remov$ by a c>p5t] at ! rate ( #d1jjj or #e1jjj bo>d feet p] day4 ,valves4--,9 connection ) a sewage-disposal plant1 valves are ess5tial at _m po9ts4 ,at ! entrance to ! sev]al p>ts ( ! settl+ tank1 flap valves are suitable to admit or keep out sewage f ! sev]al comp>tm5ts4 ,gate valves are us$ on ! by-pass l9es & on connect+ l9es betwe5 ! tank & ! filt] b$s 9 ord] to be ( s]vice :5 x is occasionally necess>y to clean ! b$s4 ,m simple valves may be us$ 9 manholes :]e a div]sion ( ! fl[ is requir$ & :]e p]fect & complete wat]-tightness is n ess5tial4 ,^! valves may be made ( plank1 slid+ up & d[n 9 grooves left 9 ! concrete walls = t purpose4 ,sludge valves may be made to fit 9 ! bottom ( ! tank1 & dep5d = _! wat]-tightness on ! weight ( ! valve itself ) ! aid ( a rubb] pack+ :i* is plac$ betwe5 ! valve & its sett+4 ,! co/ ( ^! v>i\s k9ds ( valves _c be giv5 exactly1 s9ce _! co/ dep5ds ^u freight & pr(it ( ! v>i\s commission m5 ?r\gh :om ! valves are ord]$1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 !y w be f\nd to diff] b little f ! co/s giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table ,flap valve z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af #e4jj ,gate valve 7iron be>+s7 = #f-;in* pipe 7,fig4 #ac7 #bj4jj ,gate valve 7bronze be>+s7 = #f-;in* pipe #cj4jj ,sludge valve z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj #d4jj ,iron slide valve z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa #ae4jj ,dos+ ,devices4--,dos+ devices ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,iii are usually pur*as$ directly f ! manufactur]1 & :ile _! co/ v>ies a little1 dep5d+ ^u ! co/ ( freight1 an ord9>y s+le automatic siphon may be e/imat$ at #ae1 ! diff]5ce 9 price v>y+ a little ) ! diff]5t makes ( siphon4 ,if an alt]nate dis*>ge is requir$1 !n two siphons mu/ be in/all$1 by means ( :i* alt]nate int]mitt5cy is secur$1 ! v>iation1 h[ev]1 be+ only f "o to ! o!r & back aga9 to ! fir/4 ,if a plural alt]nate dis*>ge is to be us$1 ! co/ may be e/imat$ r\ghly = a #f-;in* siphon at f #ej to #ge = ea* unit1 ?is price includ+ ! necess>y pip+ b n ! co/ ( sett+4 ,fill+ ,mat]ial4--,artificial s& filt]s require a s& ( uni=m size & "o free f dirt4 ,^! two requirem5ts add v mat]ially to ! co/ ( s&1 s9ce x is almo/ impossible to f9d a natural s& :i* fulfils ! necess>y requirem5ts4 ,a few sections ( ! c\ntry are =tunate 9 hav+ s& 9 ! vic9ity suitable = filtration purposes )\t any wa%+ or scre5+4 ,su* p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 h[ev]1 are limit$ to ^? :]e s& has be5 deposit$ by glacial action1 & is ess5tially silici\s 9 "*4 ,x is hopeless to expect to f9d suitable s& 9 ! c5tre ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 = example1 & ev5 ) wa%+ & scre5+1 s& 9 ?is locality is f> f be+ desirable4 ,x w be f\nd1 fur!r1 t aft] ?is undesirable s& is wa%$ & scre5$ ! co/ ( ! f9al product is s great t x is usually *eap] to use brok5 /one ei!r z a filt] or z a contact b$4 ,wa%+ s& 9 small quantities is done by ?r[+ ! s& into a *annel ?r\gh :i* wat] is pass+1 ! s& be+ reta9$ by a s]ies ( l[ p>titions 9 ! *annel4 ,if ! wat] ent]s ! box or *annel ?r\gh a pipe at ! bottom1 frequ5t entrance holes be+ provid$ along ! sides & bottom ( ?is pipe1 ! s& is kept 9 a /ate ( susp5sion1 ! dirt m readily wa%$ out1 & a mu* small] am\nt ( wat] us$4 ,! co/ ( %ovell+ ! s& into ! wa%] & aga9 out ( ! wa%]1 ab\t ?irty c5ts p] cubic y>d1 mu/ be add$ to ! orig9al co/ ( ! s&4 ,! co/ ( wat]1 if pump$ by h& or by /eam1 w be ab\t t5 c5ts p] cubic y>d ( s& clean$1 mak+ ! total co/ ab\t =ty c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,if only ?ree-f\r?s ( ! unwa%$ s& is available = use1 !n ! co/ ( ! f9al product is a little less ?an fifty c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,! s& be=e be+ br\ght to ! wa%] w h be5 sift$ at an additional co/ ( p]haps ?irty c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,haul+ f ! bank to ! wa%]1 or f ! wa%] to ! site ( ! disposal works1 or bo?1 if ! wat] supply requires ! wa%] to be plac$ at "s di/ance f ! s& bank1 w add f fifty c5ts to "o doll> a y>d to ! co/s already indicat$4 ,x may g5]ally be assum$ t x w be impossible to put s& into an artificial filt] = less ?an #a4ej a cubic y>d1 & x may easily co/ #b4ej a y>d if ! s& bank is at consid]able di/ance f ! site ( ! works4 ,brok5 /one 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry c n[ be b\ght f a /one-cru%+ plant4 ,if road con/ruction has be5 9 progress 9 ! vic9ity1 ! contractor = ! "w has be5 oblig$ to op5 a qu>ry & set up a cru%+-&-scre5+ plant1 & x w g5]ally be possible to buy brok5 /one f su* a contractor at ab\t fifty c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,! co/ ( haul+ & ! co/ ( %ovell+ into ! b$s mu/ be add$ to det]m9e ! co/ ( ! /one 9 place4 ,sometimes x is *eap] to br+ ! /one f a di/ance by rail1 su* /one co/+ ab\t #a4be at ! railroad /ation4 ,!n ! co/ ( haul+ & %ovell+ mu/ be add$4 ,x w be notic$ t ! co/ ( /one does n diff] mat]ially f ! co/ ( s&1 & s9ce ! am\nt ( /one ne$$ is only ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! s& ne$$1 x is g5]ally *eap] to build a /one b$4 ,! purification1 x w be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 is decid$ly inf]ior4 ,f9i%+4--,!re is always "s slight exp5se necess>y 9 f9i%+ & clean+ up aft] any piece ( con/ruction "w4 ,mat]ial left ov] has to be haul$ away1 & 9 ord] to leave ! plant 9 an attractive dress1 se$+ or sodd+ ! e>? slopes is desirable4 ,x is ev5 desirable to plant %rubb]y ar\nd ! edges ( ! b$s1 p>tly z a scre5 & p>tly to m9imize ! (f5sive sugge/ions :i* seem to be insep>able f any plant deal+ ) sewage4 ,! co/ ( ^! f9al improvem5ts may be z little or z mu* z ! own] & build] *ooses1 b x is urg$ t _! value %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,! foll[+ table is giv5 z a guide & help 9 putt+ toge!r ! v>i\s items t make up ! total co/ ( a sewage-disposal plant4 ,ea* l9e %\ld be c>efully consid]$1 & if ! item m5tion$ is to be us$ or paid =1 ! am\nt 9 ! la/ column %\ld be fill$ out4 ,,table ,,( ,,items ,,on ,,:i* ,,to ,,base ,,e/imate ,,( ,,co/ ,,( ,,sewage-,,disposal ,,plant ,no4 ,co/ ( ,units ,excavation & ,refill+ ,tr5*es 9 s&y soil1 %all[ at p] cu4 yd4 dep? ,tr5*es 9 /iff soil1 %all[ at p] cu4 yd4 dep? ,tr5*es 9 s&y soil1 deep cut at p] cu4 yd4 ,tr5*es 9 /iff soil1 deep cut at p] cu4 yd4 ,tank1 dep? & soil duly at p] cu4 yd4 consid]$ ,b$s1 dep? & soil duly at p] cu4 yd4 consid]$ ,embankm5ts betwe5 filt] b$s at p] cu4 yd4 7additional co/7 ,tr5*es = sub-surface l9es at p] l94 ft4 ,tr5*es = und]dra9s at p] l94 ft4 ,tr5*es = sludge disposal at p] l94 ft4 ,surfac+ & ,f9i%+ ,surface soil plac$ at p] sq4 yd4 ,gravel 9 walks at p] sq4 yd4 ,fl[]s & %rubb]y ,total am\nt ,concrete ,"w ,manholes on pipe l9es at ea* ,settl+ tank1 bottom1 sides & at p] cu4yd4 ro( ,dos+ tank1 9 addition to at p] cu4 yd4 settl+ tank ,manholes on sub-surface l9es at p] cu4 yd4 ,concrete 9 contact b$s or at p] cu4 yd4 filt]s ,concrete 9 protection wall at end at p] cu4 yd4 ( outfall ,pipe ,l9es #e- or #f-;in* tile pipe 7laid71 at p] l94 ft4 h\se to disposal plant #f-;in* pipe us$ 9 disposal at p] l94 ft4 plant1 laid #f-;in* pipe f plant to outfall at p] l94 ft4 #f-;in* pipe = sludge l9e at p] l94 ft4 #f-;in* pipe = ma9 und]dra9 at p] l94 ft4 #c-;in* agricultural tile 9 at p] l94 ft4 sub-surface disposal #d-;in* agricultural tile 9 at p] l94 ft4 und]dra9s #f-;in* specials1 b5ds1 tees1 at ea* etc41 9 addition to co/ ( /raight pipe #c-;in* specials1 b5ds1 tees1 at ea* etc41 9 addition to co/ ( /raight pipe ,ca/-iron pipe at p] lb4 ,ca/-iron specials1 b5ds1 etc4 at p] lb4 ,wood5 tr\ghs = surface at p] #ajjj ft4 ,b4,m4 di/ribution1 9 place ,filt] ,mat]ial ,gravel fill+ ar\nd sub-surface at p] cu4 yd4 tile1 plac$ ,s& fill+ = artificial filt] at p] cu4 yd4 b$s ,brok5 /one = contact b$s or at p] cu4 yd4 = filt]s ,brok5 /one = sludge b$s at p] cu4 yd4 ,valves ,gate valves1 ,fig4 #ac at ea* ,flap valves1 ,fig4 #af at ea* ,slide valves1 ,fig4 #aa at ea* ,wood5 slide valves at ea* ,sludge valves1 ,fig4 #aj at ea* ,tools ,%ovels1 long or %ort h&l$ at ea* ,picks at ea* ,:eelb>r[s1 wood5 or /eel at ea* ,sieves = scre5+ s& & at ea* gravel ,saws1 hamm]s1 & axes ,total am\nt ,lumb] ,= %eet+ & brac+2 r\gh at p] #ajjj ft4 ,b4,m4 lumb] ,= =ms = concrete "w1 siz$ at p] #ajjj ft4 ,b4,m4 ,= runways1 /ag+ & mix+ at p] #ajjj ft4 ,b4,m4 bo>ds1 plank ,h>dw>e ,nails = =ms1 /ag+1 etc4 at p] #ajj lbs4 ,bolts or wire = concrete =ms at p] lb4 ,iron ,"w ,manhole frames & cov]s at p] lb4 ,/eps = manholes at p] lb4 ,siphons ,flu%+ siphons = dos+ tank at complete ,tim$ siphons = empty+ contact at complete b$s -------------------- ,total ,co/ ( ,ma9t5ance4--,z to ! co/ ( ma9t5ance1 v little t is def9ite c be said4 ,sub-surface irrigation plants %\ld require no exp5diture except = ! occasional clean+ ( ! s$im5tation tank4 ,if ?is is empti$ ?ree times a ye>1 ! labor ne$$ w\ld am\nt to ab\t a half-day's "t on ea* occasion = a family ( ord9>y size4 ,= s& filt]s1 ei!r natural or artificial1 ! tank mu/ be empti$ z ) sub-surface irrigation1 &1 9 addition1 ! surface mu/ be scrap$ occasionally1 & at ! approa* ( w9t] furr[s mu/ be dug4 ,p]haps two days' "t w\ld be all t w\ld be ne$$ = a plant deal+ ) ! sewage ( a s+le family4 ,a brok5-/one b$ requires no att5tion = sev5 or eight ye>s1 & !n ! /one has to be %ovell$ out1 wa%$1 & replac$4 ,9 none ( ! in/allations is ?is excessive 9 comp>ison ) ! b5efits receiv$1 & x %\ld n be consid]$ a burd5 to exp5d ?is am\nt ( "t 9 ma9ta9+ s important a "p ( ! h\sehold economy z ! disposal ( ! h\sehold wa/es 9 a sanit>y mann]4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t no sewage-disposal plant is exempt f occasional break-d[n or accid5ts1 & t !re mu/ be a con/ant sup]vision ex]cis$4 ,?is sup]vision %\ld n require mu* m "t ?an above sugge/$1 b %\ld be ex]cis$ = ! purpose ( correct+ irregul> fl[s or di/ribution be=e ! value ( ! plant is utt]ly de/roy$4 ,,index ,bact]ia1 action (1 9 r$uc+ organic matt] & sewage1 #f ,baffle bo>ds 9 settl+ tank1 #cj ,broad irrigation1 #ih areas1 ma9t5ance (1 #ajh me?ods ( apply+ sewage 91 #ajd sewage disposal by1 area requir$1 #ajb :5 advisable1 #aaj ,clay soils = sewage purification1 #i ,clean+ settl+ tanks1 #cb ,composition ( sewage1 #d ,concrete = walls & floors ( settl+ tanks1 #bd walls1 =ms = con/ruct+1 #bb ,contact b$s1 #hg alt]nat+ fl[ to1 #hi g5]al features ( con/ruction (1 #hi pr9ciples involv$1 #hh table = use 9 con/ruct+1 #ib und]dra9age (1 #hi ,co/ items ( sewage-disposal plant1 table on :i* to base e/imates1 #abe ,co/ ( brok5 /one1 #abd ( concrete1 #aai ( dos+ devices or siphons1 #abb ( excavat+ & refill+1 #aae ( f9i%+ & clean+ up1 #abd ( =ms = concrete walls1 #aba ( lay+ sew]s & dra9s1 #aac ( ma9ta9+ sewage-disposal plants1 #abg ( mat]ial1 #aac = filt] b$s1 #abc ( rock excavation1 #aag ( s&1 #aad ( sewage-disposal plants1 #aab ( valves1 #abb ,crops1 yield (1 ) & )\t sewage irrigation1 #ajc ,disease1 transmission (1 by insects1 #a ,dos+ app>atus1 ,ansonia automatic1 #dc ?ree k9ds (1 #ec ,dra9 pipe f settl+ tank1 #bf ,ems*] or ,imh(f tanks1 #cd ,excavation = settl+ tanks1 #be ,f]tiliz+ elem5ts 9 sewage1 value (1 #ih ,=ms = build+ settl+ tanks1 #bb ,grease traps 9 connection ) s& filt]s1 #gh ,imh(f or ,ems*] tanks1 #cd ,irrigation1 am\nt ( wat] necess>y =1 #aja ( or*>ds1 #ajh value ( sewage =1 #ii ,laws aga9/ disposal ( sewage into /reams1 #c ,manholes ?r\gh settl+-tank ro(1 #bi ,ov]fl[ pipe f siphon *amb]1 #ca ,ro( ( settl+ tank1 con/ruction (1 #bg ,s& filt]s1 alt]nat+ fl[ ( efflu5t to diff]5t b$s compos+1 #hc artificially con/ruct$1 #gi details ( con/ruction (1 #gd devices = dos+1 #hb di/ribution ( efflu5t ov]1 #gh prep>ation = w9t] (1 #hd quality ( s& suitable =1 #hf scrap+ surface (1 #hd settl+ ( sewage be=e application to1 #gg table = use 9 con/ruct+1 #gf und]dra9age (1 #ha ,s& filtration1 #gd ,scre5+ ( sewage1 #e ,settl+-tank floors1 necess>y slope (1 #bf tanks comp>$ ) septic tanks1 #aa con/ruction ( floors (1 #be description (1 #af dim5sions =1 #ah function (1 #ad location (1 #bj ne> sub-surface irrigation field1 #ca mat]ials = & con/ruction (1 #bj op]ation (1 #cb p>tial treatm5t only provid$ by1 #af wat]-tight1 con/ruction (1 #bd ,sewage1 composition & "* (1 #d disposal--an eng9e]+ problem1 #a ,sewage disposal3 by dilution1 #c 9 soils1 ?ree ess5tial conditions =1 #h ne$ (1 #b plants1 p]missible rates ( op]ation (1 #h prelim9>y & f9al me?ods (1 #aa ,sewage filt]s1 #gc prop] op]ation necess>y to success (1 #if relative effici5cy ( v>i\s types (1 #gc ,sew]1 size & gradi5t ( efflu5t1 #fc1 #gg ,siphon *amb]1 dep? ( sewage 91 #ch ,siphon *amb]s1 #ba1 #fj necessity =1 #cg ,siphon1 ,mill]1 #de simple/ =m (1 #dd ,van ,vrank51 #dd ,siphons1 alt]nat+ air-lock1 #eb dis*>g+ dep? or draught (1 #gg = automatic dis*>ge ( sewage efflu5t1 #db h[ to place1 9 position1 #be1 #fd1 #gg ,m]ritt1 #ej plac+ two 9 "o *amb] = alt]nat+ fl[1 #dg plural alt]nat+1 #dh sket*es ( & directions = sett+ furni%$ by manufactur]s (1 #ec ,size ( dose 9 disposal plants1 #aj ,sludge pipe f settl+ tank1 #bg ,soils & _! suitability 9 purify+ sewage1 #g ,spr9kl+ filt]s1 #ic con/ruction & op]ation (1 #id ,sub-surface irrigation1 conditions favorable to1 #ga description (1 #ee fields1 location (1 #eh soils suitable =1 #eg special advantages (1 = c\ntry home1 #eg sy/em--advantages ov] cesspools1 #ef sy/ems1 alt]nate use ( diff]5t portions (1 #fh details ( con/ruction (1 #eh1 #fc value ( und]dra9age 91 #fi tables = use 9 con/ruct+1 #ei und]dra9s =1 #fi ,sub-surface til+1 dep? bel[ gr\nd surface (1 #fg gradi5t or fall (1 #fg h[ to lay1 #fd necess>y l5g? (1 #ff ,tim$ siphons = dis*>g+ contact b$s1 #ia ,valves1 ,engli% slide1 #dj flap atta*$ to sew] pipe1 #da ) loose-l9k h+es1 #db ) metallic seat1 #da h&1 #ci ord9>y gate1 #dj sluice gate1 #dj ,,%ort-,,title ,,catalogue ,,( ,,! ,,publications ,,( ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons ,,new ,,york ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,limit$ ,,arrang$ ,,"u ,,subjects ,descriptive circul>s s5t on application4 ,books m>k$ ) an a/]isk 7997 are sold at net prices only4 ,all books are b\nd 9 clo? unless o!rwise /at$4 ,,agriculture--,,horticulture--,,=e/ry4 ,armsby's ,pr9ciples ( ,animal ,nutrition #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,b[man's ,=e/ ,physiography #hvo1 #e #jj ,budd & ,hans5's ,am]ican ,horticultural ,manual3 ,"p ,i4 ,propagation1 ,culture1 & ,improvem5t #abmo1 #a #ej ,"p ,,ii4 ,sy/ematic ,pomology #abmo1 #a #ej ,elliott's ,eng9e]+ = ,l& ,dra9age #abmo1 #b #jj ,practical ,f>m ,dra9age4 7,second ,edition1 #abmo1 #a #ej ,rewritt57 ,full]'s ,wat] ,supplies = ! ,f>m4 7,9 ,press47 ,graves's ,=e/ ,m5suration #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,pr9ciples ( ,h&l+ ,woodl&s ,l>ge #abmo1 #a #ej ,gre5's ,pr9ciples ( ,am]ican ,=e/ry #abmo1 #a #ej ,grot5felt's ,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n ,dairy ,practice4 #abmo1 #b #jj 7,woll47 ,hawley & ,hawes's ,practical ,=e/ry = ,new ,engl&4 7,9 ,press47 99 ,h]rick's ,d5atur$ or ,indu/rial ,alcohol #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,kemp & ,waugh's ,l&scape ,g>d5+4 7,new ,edition1 #abmo1 #a #ej ,rewritt547 99 ,mc,kay & ,l>s5's ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( #hvo1 #a #ej ,butt]-mak+ ,mayn>d's ,l&scape ,g>d5+ z ,appli$ to ,home #abmo1 #a #ej ,decoration ,record's ,id5tification ( ! ,economic ,woods ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,9 ,press47 ,s&]son's ,insects ,injuri\s to ,/aple ,crops #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,insect ,pe/s ( ,f>m1 ,g>d51 & ,or*>d #abmo1 #c #jj 99 ,s*w>z's ,longleaf ,p9e 9 ,virg9 ,=e/ #abmo1 #a #be 99 ,solot>(f's ,field ,book = ,/reet-tree ,mapp+ #abmo1 #j #ge ,9 lots ( "o doz5 #h #jj 99 ,%ade ,trees 9 ,t[ns & ,cities #hvo1 #c #jj ,/ockbridge's ,rocks & ,soils #hvo1 #b #ej ,w9ton's ,microscopy ( ,vegetable ,foods #hvo1 #g #ej ,woll's ,h&book = ,f>m]s & ,dairym5 #afmo1 #a #ej ,,ar*itecture4 99 ,atk9son's ,ori5tation ( ,build+s or ,plann+ = #hvo1 #b #jj ,sunlight ,baldw9's ,/eam ,heat+ = ,build+s #abmo1 #b #ej ,b]g's ,build+s & ,/ructures ( ,am]ican ,railroads #dto1 #e #jj ,birkmire's ,ar*itectural ,iron & ,/eel #hvo1 #c #ej ,comp\nd ,rivet$ ,gird]s z ,appli$ 9 ,build+s #hvo1 #b #jj ,plann+ & ,con/ruction ( ,high ,(fice #hvo1 #c #ej ,build+s ,skeleton ,con/ruction 9 ,build+s #hvo1 #c #jj ,briggs's ,mod]n ,am]ican ,s*ool ,build+s #hvo1 #d #jj ,byrne's ,inspection ( ,mat]ials & ,workman%ip #afmo1 #c #jj ,employ$ 9 ,con/ruction4 ,c>p5t]'s ,heat+ & ,v5tilat+ ( ,build+s #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,cor!ll's ,all[able ,pressure on ,deep ,f\ndations #abmo1 #a #be 99 ,eckel's ,build+ ,/ones & ,clays #hvo1 #c #jj ,freitag's ,ar*itectural ,eng9e]+ #hvo1 #c #ej ,fire ,prev5tion & ,fire ,protection4 7,9 ,press47 ,firepro(+ ( ,/eel ,build+s #hvo1 #b #ej ,g]h>d's ,guide to ,sanit>y ,inspections4 7,f\r? #abmo1 #a #ej ,edition1 ,entirely ,revis$ & ,enl>g$47 99 ,mod]n ,ba?s & ,ba? ,h\ses #hvo1 #c #jj ,sanitation ( ,public ,build+s #abmo1 #a #ej ,!atre ,fires & ,panics #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,! ,wat] ,supply1 ,sew]age & ,plumb+ ( #hvo1 #d #jj ,mod]n ,city ,build+s1 ,johnson's ,/atics by ,algebraic & ,graphic ,me?ods #hvo1 #b #jj ,kellaway's ,h[ to ,lay ,out ,suburban ,home ,gr\nds #hvo1 #b #jj ,kidd]'s ,ar*itects' & ,build]s' ,pocket-book #afmo1 mor4 #e #jj ,m]rill's ,/ones = ,build+ & ,decoration #hvo1 #e #jj ,monckton's ,/air-build+ #dto1 #d #jj ,patton's ,practical ,treatise on ,f\ndations #hvo1 #e #jj ,peabody's ,naval ,ar*itecture #hvo1 #g #ej ,rice's ,concrete-block ,manufacture #hvo1 #b #jj ,ri*ey's ,h&book = ,sup]9t5d5ts ( ,con/ruction #afmo1 mor4 #d #jj ,build+ ,=eman's ,pocket ,book & ,ready #afmo1 mor4 #e #jj ,ref]5ce 99 ,build+ ,me*anics' ,ready ,ref]5ce ,s]ies3 99 ,c>p5t]s' & ,woodwork]s' ,edition #afmo1 mor4 #a #ej 99 ,cem5t ,work]s' & ,pla/]]s' ,edition #afmo1 mor4 #a #ej 99 ,plumb]s'1 ,/eam-,fitt]s'1 & ,t9n]s' #afmo1 mor4 #a #ej ,edition 99 ,/one-& ,brick-masons' ,edition #afmo1 mor4 #a #ej ,sab9's ,h\se ,pa9t+ #abmo1 #a #jj ,sieb]t & ,bigg9's ,mod]n ,/one-cutt+ & ,masonry #hvo1 #a #ej ,sn['s ,pr9cipal ,species ( ,wood #hvo1 #c #ej ,wait's ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itectural ,jurisprud5ce #hvo1 #f #jj ,%eep1 #f #ej ,law ( ,contracts #hvo1 #c #jj ,law ( ,op]ations ,prelim9>y to ,con/ruction 9 #hvo1 #e #jj ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itecture ,%eep1 #e #ej ,wilson's ,air ,condition+ #abmo1 #a #ej ,worce/] & ,atk9son's ,small ,hospitals1 #abmo1 #a #be ,e/abli%m5t & ,ma9t5ance1 ,sugge/ions = ,hospital ,ar*itecture1 ) ,plans = a ,small ,hospital ,,army ,,& ,,navy4 ,b]nad\'s ,smokeless ,p[d]1 ,nitro-cellulose1 & ! #abmo1 #b #ej ,!ory ( ! ,cellulose ,molecule ,*ase's ,art ( ,patt]n ,mak+ #abmo1 #b #ej ,screw ,propell]s & ,m>9e ,propulsion #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,cloke's ,enli/$ ,speciali/s' ,exam9] #hvo1 #b #jj 99 ,gunn]'s ,exam9] #hvo1 #a #ej ,craig's ,azimu? #dto1 #c #ej ,crehore & ,squi]'s ,pol>iz+ ,photo-*ronograph #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,davis's ,elem5ts ( ,law #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,treatise on ! ,milit>y ,law ( ,unit$ ,/ates #hvo1 #g #jj 99 ,dudley's ,milit>y ,law & ! ,proc$ure ( ,l>ge #abmo1 #b #ej ,c\rts-m>tial ,dur&'s ,resi/ance & ,propulsion ( ,%ips #hvo1 #e #jj 99 ,dy]'s ,h&book ( ,light ,artill]y #abmo1 #c #jj ,eissl]'s ,mod]n ,high ,explosives #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,fiebeg]'s ,text-book on ,field ,=tification ,l>ge #abmo1 #b #jj ,hamilton & ,bond's ,! ,gunn]'s ,cate*ism #ahmo1 #a #jj 99 ,h(f's ,elem5t>y ,naval ,tactics #hvo1 #a #fj ,+alls's ,h&book ( ,problems 9 ,direct ,fire #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,int]ior ,balli/ics #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,lissak's ,ordnance & ,gunn]y #hvo1 #f #jj 99 ,ludl['s ,log>i?mic & ,trigonometric ,tables #hvo1 #a #jj 99 ,lyons's ,treatise on ,electromagnetic ,ph5om5a4 #hvo1 ea*1 #f #jj ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 99 ,mahan's ,p]man5t ,=tifications4 7,m]cur47 #hvo1 half #g #ej mor4 ,manual = ,c\rts-m>tial #afmo1 mor4 #a #ej 99 ,m]cur's ,attack ( ,=tifi$ ,places #abmo1 #b #jj 99 ,elem5ts ( ! ,art ( ,w> #hvo1 #d #jj ,nixon's ,adjutants' ,manual #bdmo1 #a #jj ,peabody's ,naval ,ar*itecture #hvo1 #g #ej 99 ,phelps's ,practical ,m>9e ,survey+ #hvo1 #b #ej ,putnam's ,nautical ,*>ts #hvo1 #b #jj ,ru/'s ,ex-m]idian ,altitude1 ,azimu? & ,/>-,f9d+ #hvo1 #e #jj ,tables 99 ,selkir's ,cate*ism ( ,manual ( ,gu>d ,duty #bdmo1 #j #ej ,%>pe's ,art ( ,subsi/+ ,armies 9 ,w> #ahmo1 mor4 #a #ej 99 ,taylor's ,spe$ & ,p[] ( ,%ips4 #b vols4 ,text #hvo1 #g #ej plates oblong #dto1 99 ,tupes & ,poole's ,manual ( ,bayonet ,ex]cises & #bdmo1 #j #ej ,musketry ,f5c+4 lea!r1 99 ,weav]'s ,milit>y ,explosives #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,woodhull's ,milit>y ,hygi5e = ,(fic]s ( ! ,l>ge #abmo1 #a #ej ,l9e ,,assay+4 ,betts's ,lead ,ref9+ by ,electrolysis #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,butl]'s ,h&book ( ,bl[pipe ,analysis #afmo1 #j #ge ,flet*]'s ,practical ,in/ructions 9 ,quantitative #afmo1 mor4 #a #ej ,assay+ ) ! ,bl[pipe ,furman & ,p>doe's ,manual ( ,practical ,assay+ #hvo1 #c #jj ,lodge's ,notes on ,assay+ & ,metallurgical #hvo1 #c #jj ,laboratory ,exp]im5ts ,l['s ,te*nical ,me?ods ( ,ore ,analysis #hvo1 #c #jj ,mill]'s ,cyanide ,process #abmo1 #a #jj ,manual ( ,assay+ #abmo1 #a #jj ,m9et's ,production ( ,alum9um & its ,indu/rial #abmo1 #b #ej ,use4 7,waldo47 ,ricketts & ,mill]'s ,notes on ,assay+ #hvo1 #c #jj ,rob9e & ,l5gl5's ,cyanide ,indu/ry4 7,le ,cl]c47 #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,seamon's ,manual = ,assay]s & ,*emi/s ,l>ge #abmo1 #b #ej ,ulke's ,mod]n ,electrolytic ,copp] ,ref9+ #hvo1 #c #jj ,wilson's ,*lor9ation ,process #abmo1 #a #ej ,cyanide ,processes #abmo1 #a #ej ,,a/ronomy4 ,com/ock's ,field ,a/ronomy = ,eng9e]s #hvo1 #b #ej ,craig's ,azimu? #dto1 #c #ej ,cr&all's ,text-book on ,geodesy & ,lea/ ,squ>es #hvo1 #c #jj ,doolittle's ,treatise on ,practical ,a/ronomy #hvo1 #d #jj ,hay=d's ,text-book ( ,geodetic ,a/ronomy #hvo1 #c #jj ,hosm]'s ,azimu? #afmo1 mor4 #a #jj 99 ,text-book on ,practical ,a/ronomy #hvo1 #b #jj ,m]riman's ,elem5ts ( ,precise ,survey+ & ,geodesy #hvo1 #b #ej 99 ,mi*ie & ,h>l['s ,practical ,a/ronomy #hvo1 #c #jj ,ru/'s ,ex-m]idian ,altitude1 ,azimu? & ,/>-,f9d+ #hvo1 #e #jj ,tables 99 ,:ite's ,elem5ts ( ,!oretical & ,descriptive #abmo1 #b #jj ,a/ronomy ,,*emi/ry4 99 ,abd]hald5's ,physiological ,*emi/ry 9 ,?irty #hvo1 #e #jj ,lectures4 7,hall & ,defr547 99 ,abegg's ,!ory ( ,electrolytic ,dissociation1 7von #abmo1 #a #be ,ende47 ,alexeyeff's ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,organic ,syn!ses4 #hvo1 #c #jj 7,mat!ws47 ,all5's ,tables = ,iron ,analysis #hvo1 #c #jj ,armsby's ,pr9ciples ( ,animal ,nutrition #hvo1 #d #jj ,arnold's ,comp5dium ( ,*emi/ry4 7,m&el47 ,l>ge #abmo1 #c #ej ,association ( ,/ate & ,national ,food & ,dairy #hvo1 #c #jj ,dep>tm5ts1 ,h>t=d ,meet+1 #aijf ,jame/[n ,meet+1 #aijg #hvo1 #c #jj ,au/5's ,notes = ,*emical ,/ud5ts #abmo1 #a #ej ,b]nad\'s ,smokeless ,p[d]4--,nitro-cellulose1 & #abmo1 #b #ej ,!ory ( ! ,cellulose ,molecule 99 ,biltz's ,introduction to ,inorganic ,*emi/ry4 7,hall #abmo1 #a #be & ,phelan47 ,laboratory ,me?ods ( ,inorganic ,*emi/ry4 7,hall #hvo1 #c #jj & ,blan*>d47 99 ,b+ham & ,:ite's ,laboratory ,manual ( ,inorganic #abmo1 #a #jj ,*emi/ry 99 ,blan*>d's ,syn!tic ,inorganic ,*emi/ry #abmo1 #a #jj 99 ,bottl]'s ,g]man & ,am]ican ,v>ni% ,mak+4 ,l>ge #abmo1 #c #ej 7,sab947 ,br[ne's ,h&book ( ,sug> ,analysis4 7,9 ,press47 99 ,br[n+'s ,introduction to ! ,r>] ,elem5ts #hvo1 #a #ej 99 ,butl]'s ,h&book ( ,bl[pipe ,analysis #afmo1 #j #ge 99 ,claass5's ,beet-sug> ,manufacture4 7,hall & #hvo1 #c #jj ,rolfe47 ,class5's ,quantitative ,*emical ,analysis by #hvo1 #c #jj ,electrolysis4 7,boltwood47 ,cohn's ,indicators & ,te/-pap]s #abmo1 #b #jj ,te/s & ,reag5ts #hvo1 #c #jj ,cohnheim's ,functions ( ,enzymes & ,f]m5ts4 7,9 ,press47 99 ,danneel's ,electro*emi/ry4 7,m]riam47 #abmo1 #a #be ,dann]?'s ,me?ods ( ,textile ,*emi/ry #abmo1 #b #jj ,duhem's ,!rmodynamics & ,*emi/ry4 7,burgess47 #hvo1 #d #jj ,effront's ,enzymes & _! ,applications4 #hvo1 #c #jj 7,prescott47 ,eissl]'s ,mod]n ,high ,explosives #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,fis*]'s ,o$ema #hvo1 #b #jj 99 ,physiology ( ,alim5tation ,l>ge #abmo1 #b #jj ,flet*]'s ,practical ,in/ructions 9 ,quantitative #afmo1 mor4 #a #ej ,assay+ ) ! ,bl[pipe ,f[l]'s ,sewage ,works ,analyses #abmo1 #b #jj ,fres5ius's ,manual ( ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 #hvo1 #e #jj 7,wells47 ,manual ( ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 ,"p ,i4 #hvo1 #c #jj ,descriptive4 7,wells47 ,quantitative ,*emical ,analysis4 7,cohn47 #b vols4 #hvo1 #ab #ej ,:5 ,sold ,sep>ately1 ,vol4 ,i1 #f4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #h4 ,fu]tes's ,wat] & ,public ,heal? #abmo1 #a #ej ,furman & ,p>doe's ,manual ( ,practical ,assay+ #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,getman's ,ex]cises 9 ,physical ,*emi/ry #abmo1 #b #jj ,gill's ,gas & ,fuel ,analysis = ,eng9e]s #abmo1 #a #be ,goo*'s ,summ>y ( ,me?ods 9 ,*emical ,analysis4 7,9 ,press47 99 ,goo* & ,br[n+'s ,outl9es ( ,qualitative ,l>ge #abmo1 #a #be ,*emical ,analysis ,grot5felt's ,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n ,dairy ,practice4 #abmo1 #b #jj 7,woll47 ,gro?'s ,introduction to ,*emical ,cry/allography #abmo1 #a #be 7,m>%all47 99 ,hamm>/5's ,text-book ( ,physiological ,*emi/ry4 #hvo1 #d #jj 7,m&el47 ,hanausek's ,microscopy ( ,te*nical ,products4 #hvo1 #e #jj 7,w9ton47 99 ,hask9s & ,macleod's ,organic ,*emi/ry #abmo1 #b #jj 99 ,h]rick's ,d5atur$ or ,indu/rial ,alcohol #hvo1 #d #jj ,h9ds's ,inorganic ,*emi/ry #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,laboratory ,manual = ,/ud5ts #abmo1 #a #jj 99 ,holleman's ,laboratory ,manual ( ,organic ,*emi/ry #abmo1 #a #jj = ,beg9n]s4 7,walk]47 ,text-book ( ,inorganic ,*emi/ry4 7,coop]47 #hvo1 #b #ej ,text-book ( ,organic ,*emi/ry4 7,walk] & #hvo1 #b #ej ,mott47 ,holley's ,analysis ( ,pa9t & ,v>ni% ,products4 7,9 ,press47 99 ,lead & ,z9c ,pigm5ts ,l>ge #abmo1 #c #jj ,hopk9s's ,oil-*emi/s' ,h&book #hvo1 #c #jj ,jackson's ,directions = ,laboratory ,"w 9 #hvo1 #a #be ,physiological ,*emi/ry ,johnson's ,rapid ,me?ods = ! ,*emical ,analysis ( ,l>ge #abmo1 #c #jj ,special ,/eels1 ,/eelmak+ ,alloys & ,graphite ,l&au]'s ,spectrum ,analysis4 7,t+le47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,lass>-,cohn's ,application ( ,"s ,g5]al ,reactions #abmo1 #a #jj to ,inve/igations 9 ,organic ,*emi/ry4 7,t+le47 ,lea*'s ,inspection & ,analysis ( ,food ) ,special #hvo1 #g #ej ,ref]5ce to ,/ate ,control ,lob's ,electro*emi/ry ( ,organic ,comp\nds4 #hvo1 #c #jj 7,lor5z47 ,lodge's ,notes on ,assay+ & ,metallurgical #hvo1 #c #jj ,laboratory ,exp]im5ts ,l['s ,te*nical ,me?od ( ,ore ,analysis #hvo1 #c #jj ,l[e's ,pa9t = ,/eel ,/ructures #abmo1 #a #jj ,lunge's ,te*no-*emical ,analysis4 7,cohn47 #abmo1 #a #jj 99 ,mc,kay & ,l>s5's ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( #hvo1 #a #fj ,butt]-mak+ ,maire's ,mod]n ,pigm5ts & _! ,vehicles #abmo1 #b #jj ,m&el's ,h&book = ,bio-*emical ,laboratory #abmo1 #a #fj 99 ,m>t9's ,laboratory ,guide to ,qualitative ,analysis #abmo1 #j #fj ) ! ,bl[pipe ,mason's ,exam9ation ( ,wat]4 7,*emical & #abmo1 #a #be ,bact]iological47 ,wat]-supply4 7,consid]$ ,pr9cipally f a #hvo1 #d #jj ,sanit>y ,/&po9t47 99 ,ma!wson's ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,*emical ,!ory #hvo1 #a #jj ,mat!ws's ,laboratory ,manual ( ,dye+ & ,textile #hvo1 #c #ej ,*emi/ry ,textile ,fibres4 #b;d ,edition1 ,rewritt5 #hvo1 #d #jj 99 ,mey]'s ,det]m9ation ( ,radicles 9 ,c>bon #abmo1 #a #be ,comp\nds4 7,t+le47 ,?ird ,edition ,mill]'s ,cyanide ,process #abmo1 #a #jj ,manual ( ,assay+ #abmo1 #a #jj ,m9et's ,production ( ,alum9um & its ,indu/rial #abmo1 #b #ej ,use4 7,waldo47 99 ,mittel/a$t's ,te*nical ,calculations = ,sug> #abmo1 #a #ej ,works4 7,b\rbakis47 ,mixt]'s ,elem5t>y ,text-book ( ,*emi/ry #abmo1 #a #ej ,morgan's ,elem5ts ( ,physical ,*emi/ry #abmo1 #c #jj 99 ,physical ,*emi/ry = ,electrical ,eng9e]s #abmo1 #a #ej 99 ,moore's ,exp]im5ts 9 ,organic ,*emi/ry #abmo1 #j #ej 99 ,outl9es ( ,organic ,*emi/ry #abmo1 #a #ej ,morse's ,calculations us$ 9 ,cane-sug> ,factories #afmo1 mor4 #a #ej 99 ,muir's ,hi/ory ( ,*emical ,!ories & ,laws #hvo1 #d #jj ,mullik5's ,g5]al ,me?od = ! 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,l>ge #abmo1 #a #ej ,l9e 99 ,p]sonal ,hygi5e #abmo1 #a #jj ,worce/] & ,atk9son's ,small ,hospitals #abmo1 #a #be ,e/abli%m5t & ,ma9t5ance4 & ,sugge/ions = ,hospital ,ar*itecture1 ) ,plans = a ,small ,hospital ,,metallurgy4 ,betts's ,lead ,ref9+ by ,electrolysis #hvo1 #d #jj ,boll&'s ,encyclop$ia ( ,f\nd+ & ,diction>y ( #abmo1 #c #jj ,f\ndry ,t]ms us$ 9 ! ,practice ( ,m\ld+ ,iron ,f\nd] #abmo1 #b #ej ,iron ,f\nd] ,supplem5t #abmo1 #b #ej 99 ,bor*]s's ,metallurgy4 7,hall & ,hayw>d47 #hvo1 #c #jj 99 ,burgess & ,le ,*ateli]'s ,measurem5t ( ,high #hvo1 #d #jj ,temp]atures4 ,?ird ,edition ,d\glas's ,unte*nical ,addresses on ,te*nical ,subjects #abmo1 #a #jj ,goesel's ,m9]als & ,metals3 ,a ,ref]5ce ,book #afmo1 mor4 #c #jj 99 ,iles's ,lead-smelt+ #abmo1 #b #ej ,johnson's ,rapid ,me?ods = ! ,*emical ,analysis ( ,l>ge #abmo1 #c #jj ,special ,/eels1 ,/eel-mak+ ,alloys & ,graphite ,keep's ,ca/ ,iron #hvo1 #b #ej ,metcalf's ,/eel4 ,a ,manual = ,/eel-us]s #abmo1 #b #jj ,m9et's ,production ( ,alum9um & its ,indu/rial #abmo1 #b #ej ,use4 7,waldo47 99 ,palm]'s ,f\ndry ,practice ,l>ge #abmo1 #b #jj 99 ,price & ,meade's ,te*nical ,analysis ( ,brass #abmo1 #b #jj 99 ,ru]'s ,elem5ts ( ,metallography4 7,ma!wson47 #hvo1 #c #jj ,smi?'s ,mat]ials ( ,ma*9es #abmo1 #a #jj ,tate & ,/one's ,f\ndry ,practice #abmo1 #b #jj ,?ur/on's ,mat]ials ( ,eng9e]+4 ,9 ,?ree ,p>ts #hvo1 #h #jj ,"p ,i4 ,non-metallic ,mat]ials ( ,eng9e]+1 see ,civil ,eng9e]+1 page #i ,"p ,,ii4 ,iron & ,/eel #hvo1 #c #ej ,"p ,,iii4 ,a ,treatise on ,brasses1 ,bronzes1 & #hvo1 #b #ej ,o!r ,alloys & _! 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