,transcriber's ,notes ,the original was printed with the ,latin on verso and ,english on recto pages with sections aligned4 ,to preserve as much as possible of this effect1 ,latin sections are followed immediately by the corresponding translation4 ,obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected4 ,variations in hyphenation spelling and punctuation remain unchanged4 ,italics are represented thus italic1 except in the main ,latin text which is almost entirely printed in italic script4 ,here the italics are unmarked and plain text is indicted thus plain4 ,s4 ,augustinus 7or ,augustini7 in the ,latin text is translated as ,s4 ,austin in the ,english4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,demoniality ,,or ,,incubi ,,and ,,succubi ,a ,,treatise wherein is shown that there are in existence on earth rational creatures besides man1 endowed like him with a body and a soul1 that are born and die like him1 redeemed by our ,lord ,jesus-,christ1 and capable of receiving salvation or damnation1 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,father ,,sinistrari ,,of ,,ameno 7#agth century7 ,published from the original ,latin manuscript discovered in ,london in the year #ahgb1 and translated into ,french by ,,isidore ,,liseux ,now first translated into ,english ,with the ,latin ,text4 ,illustration3 ,colophon ,,paris ,isidore ,,liseux1 #b1 ,rue ,bonaparte4 #ahgi ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,first ,,edition 7,paris1 #ahge1 in-#h7 ,i was in ,london in the year #ahgb1 and ,i hunted after old books3 ,car que faire l bas1 moins qu'on ne bouquine8#a ,they caused me to live in past ages1 happy to escape from the present1 and to exchange the petty passions of the day for the peaceable intimacy of ,aldus1 ,dolet or ,estienne4 #a ,what can one do over there1 unless he hunts up old books8 ,one of my favourite booksellers was ,mr ,allen1 a venerable old gentleman1 whose place of business was in the ,euston road1 close to the gate of ,regent's park4 ,not that his shop was particularly rich in dusty old books2 quite the reverse3 it was small1 and yet never filled4 ,scarcely four or five hundred volumes at a time1 carefully dusted1 bright1 arrayed with symmetry on shelves within reach of one's hand2 the upper shelves remained unoccupied4 ,on the right1 ,theology2 on the left1 the ,greek and ,latin ,classics in a majority1 with some ,french and ,italian books2 for such were ,mr ,allen's specialties2 it seemed as if he absolutely ignored ,shakespeare and ,byron1 and as if1 in his mind1 the literature of his country did not go beyond the sermons of ,blair or ,macculloch4 ,what1 at first sight1 struck one most in those books1 was the moderateness of their price1 compared with their excellent state of preservation4 ,they had evidently not been bought in a lot1 at so much a cubic yard1 like the rubbish of an auction1 and yet the handsomest1 the most ancient1 the most venerable from their size1 folios or quartos1 were not marked higher than #b or #c shillings2 an octavo was sold #a shilling1 the duodecimo six pence3 each according to its size4 ,thus ruled ,mr ,allen1 a methodical man1 if ever there was one2 and he was all the better for it1 since1 faithfully patronized by clergymen1 scholars and collectors1 he renewed his stock at a rate which more assuming speculators might have envied4 ,but how did he get those well bound and well preserved volumes1 for which1 everywhere else1 five or six times more would have been charged8 ,here also ,mr ,allen had his method1 sure and regular4 ,no one attended more assiduously the auctions which take place every day in ,london3 his stand was marked at the foot of the auctioneer's desk4 ,the rarest1 choicest books passed before his eyes1 contended for at often fabulous prices by ,quaritch1 ,sotheran1 ,pickering1 ,toovey1 and other bibliopolists of the ,british metropolis2 ,mr ,allen smiled at such extravagance2 when once a bid had been made by another1 he would not add a penny1 had an unknown ,gutenberg or ,valdarfer's ,boccaccio been at stake4 ,but if occasionally1 through inattention or weariness1 competition slackened 7habent sua fata libelli71 ,mr ,allen came forward3 six pence61 he whispered1 and sometimes the article was left him2 sometimes even1 two consecutive numbers1 joined together for want of having separately met with a buyer1 were knocked down to him1 still for the minimum of six pence which was his maximum4 ,many of those slighted ones doubtless deserved their fate2 but among them might slip some that were not unworthy of the honours of the catalogue1 and which1 at any other time1 buyers more attentive1 or less whimsical might perhaps have covered with gold4 ,this1 however1 did not at all enter into ,mr ,allen's calculation3 the size was the only rule of his estimate4 ,now1 one day when1 after a considerable auction1 he had exhibited in his shop purchases more numerous than usual1 ,i especially noticed some manuscripts in the ,latin language1 the paper1 the writing and the binding of which denoted an ,italian origin1 and which might well be two hundred years old4 ,the title of one was1 ,i believe3 ,de ,venenis2 of another3 ,de ,viperis2 of a third 7the present work73 ,de ,dmonialitate1 et ,incubis1 et ,succubis4 ,all three1 moreover1 by different authors1 and independent of each other4 ,poisons1 adders1 demons1 what a collection of horrors6 yet1 were it but for civility's sake1 ,i was bound to buy something2 after some hesitation1 ,i chose the last one3 ,demons1 true1 but ,incubi1 ,succubi3 the subject is not vulgar1 and still less so the way in which it seemed to me to have been handled4 ,in short1 ,i had the volume for six-pence1 a boon price for a quarto3 ,mr ,allen doubtless deemed such a scrawl beneath the rate of type4 ,that manuscript1 on strong paper of the #agth century1 bound in ,italian parchment1 and beautifully preserved1 has #hf pages of text4 ,the title and first page are in the author's hand1 that of an old man2 the remainder is very distinctly written by another1 but under his direction1 as is testified by autographic side notes and rectifications distributed all through the work4 ,it is therefore the genuine original manuscript1 to all appearances unique and inedited4 ,our dealer in old books had purchased it a few days before at ,sotheby's ,house1 where had taken place 7from the #fth to the #afth of ,december #ahga7 the sale of the books of baron ,seymour ,kirkup1 an ,english collector1 deceased in ,florence4 ,the manuscript was inscribed as follows on the sale catalogue3 ,n #ade4 ,,ameno 7,r4 ,p4 ,ludovicus ,maria ,cotta de74 ,de ,dmonialitate1 et ,incubis1 et ,succubis1 ,manuscript4 ,sc4 ,,xvii-,,xviii4 ,who is that writer8 ,has he left printed works8 ,that is a question ,i leave to bibliographers2 for1 notwithstanding numerous investigations in special dictionaries1 ,i have been unable to ascertain any thing on that score4 ,brunet 7,manuel du libraire1 art4 ,,cotta d',ameno7 vaguely surmises his existence1 but confuses him with his namesake1 most likely also his fellow-townsman1 ,lazaro ,agostino ,cotta of ,ameno1 a barrister and literary man of ,novara4 8,the author10 says he1 8whose real ,christian names would seem to be ,ludovico-,maria1 has written many serious works44440 ,the mistake is obvious4 ,one thing is sure3 our author was living in the last years of the #agth century1 as appears from his own testimony1 and had been a professor of ,theology in ,pavia4 ,be that as it may1 his book has seemed to me most interesting in divers respects1 and ,i confidently submit it to that select public for whom the invisible world is not a chimera4 ,i should be much surprised if1 after opening it at random1 the reader was not tempted to retrace his steps and go on to the end4 ,the philosopher1 the confessor1 the medical man will find therein1 in conjunction with the robust faith of the middle ages1 novel and ingenious views2 the literary man1 the curioso1 will appreciate the solidity of reasoning1 the clearness of style1 the liveliness of recitals 7for there are stories1 and delicately told74 ,all theologians have devoted more or less pages to the question of material intercourse between man and the demon2 thick volumes have been written about witchcraft1 and the merits of this work were but slender if it merely developed the ordinary thesis2 but such is not its characteristic4 ,the ground-matter1 from which it derives a truly original and philosophical stamp1 is an entirely novel demonstration of the existence of ,incubi and ,succubi1 as rational animals1 both corporeal and spiritual like ourselves1 living in our midst1 being born and dying like us1 and lastly redeemed1 as we are1 through the merits of ,jesus-,christ1 and capable of receiving salvation or damnation4 ,in the ,father of ,ameno's opinion1 those beings endowed with senses and reason1 thoroughly distinct from ,angels and ,demons1 pure spirits1 are none other but the ,fauns1 ,sylvans and ,satyrs of paganism1 continued by our ,sylphs1 ,elfs and ,goblins2 and thus is connected anew the link of belief4 ,on this score alone1 not to mention the interest of details1 this book has a claim to the attention of earnest readers3 ,i feel convinced that attention will not be found wanting4 ,i4 ,l4 ,may #ahge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the foregoing advertisement was composed at the printer's1 and ready for the press1 when1 strolling on the quays#b1 ,i met by chance with a copy of the ,index librorum prohibitorum4 ,i mechanically opened it1 and the first thing that struck my eyes was the following article3 ,de ,ameno ,ludovicus ,maria4 ,vide ,sinistrari4 #b ,paris ,embankment4 ,my heart throbbed fast1 ,i must confess4 ,was ,i at last on the trace of my author8 ,was it ,demoniality that ,i was about to see nailed to the pillory of the ,index8 ,i flew to the last pages of the formidable volume1 and read3 ,,sinistrari 7,ludovicus ,maria7 de ,ameno1 ,de ,delictis et ,pnis ,tractatus absolutissimus4 ,donec corrigatur4 ,decret4 #d ,martii #agji4 ,correctus autem juxta editionem ,romanam anni #agec permittitur4 ,it was indeed he4 ,the real name of the ,father of ,ameno was ,sinistrari1 and ,i was in possession of the title of one at least of those 8serious works0 which ,brunet the bibliographer alluded to4 ,the very title1 ,de ,delictis et ,pnis1 was not unconnected with that of my manuscript1 and ,i had reason to presume that ,demoniality was one of the offenses inquired into1 and decided upon1 by ,father ,sinistrari2 in other words1 that manuscript1 to all appearances inedited1 was perhaps published in the extensive work revealed to me2 perhaps even was it to that monography of ,demoniality that the ,tractatus de ,delictis et ,pnis owed its condemnation by the ,congregation of the ,index4 ,all those points required looking into4 ,but it is necessary to have attempted investigations of that kind in order to appreciate the difficulties thereof4 ,i consulted the catalogues of ancient books that came in my way2 ,i searched the back-shops of the dealers in old books1 the antiquaries1 as they say in ,germany1 addressing especially to the two or three firms who in ,paris apply themselves to old ,theology2 ,i wrote to the principal booksellers in ,london1 ,milan1 ,florence1 ,rome1 ,naples3 all to no purpose2 the very name of ,father ,sinistrari of ,ameno seemed to be unknown4 ,i should perhaps have begun by enquiring at our ,national ,library2 ,i was obliged to resort to it1 and there at least ,i obtained an incipient gratification4 ,i was shown two works by my author3 a quarto of #agjd1 ,de incorrigibilium expulsione ab ,ordinibus ,regularibus1 and the first tome of a set of his complete works3 ,r4 ,p4 ,ludovici ,mari ,sinistrari de ,ameno ,opera omnia 7,rom1 in domo ,caroli ,giannini1 #agec-aged1 #c vol4 in-folio74 ,unfortunately that first tome contained but the ,practica ,criminalis ,minorum illustrata2 ,de ,delictis et ,pnis was the subject matter of the third tome1 which1 as well as the second1 was missing at the ,library4 ,yet1 ,i had a positive indication1 and ,i pursued my investigations4 ,i might be more fortunate at the ,library of ,st ,sulpice ,seminary4 ,true1 it is not open to the public2 but then1 the ,sulpician ,fathers are hospitable3 did they not of yore afford a refuge to repentant ,des ,grieux1 and did not ,manon ,lescaut herself tread the flags of their parlour8 ,i therefore ventured into the holy ,house2 it was half past twelve1 dinner was nearly over2 ,i asked for the librarian1 and after a few minutes1 ,i saw coming to me a short old man1 unexceptionably civil1 who1 leading me through the common parlour1 introduced me into another much narrower1 a mere cell1 looking into a gallery and glazed full breadth1 being thus exposed to every eye4 ,an ingenious provision of which ,des ,grieux's escape had fully shown the urgency4 ,i had no small trouble in explaining the object of my visit to the good ,father1 who was deaf and near sighted4 ,he left me to go to the library1 and soon returned1 but empty handed3 there also1 in that sanctuary of ,catholic ,theology1 ,father ,sinistrari of ,ameno was entirely unknown4 ,but one more expedient could ,i try3 namely1 to go to his brothers in ,st ,francis1 the ,capuchin ,fathers1 in their convent of rue de la ,sant6 ,a cruel extremity1 it will be granted1 for ,i had but little chance of meeting there1 as here1 the lovely shadow of ,manon4 ,at last a letter from ,milan put an end to my perplexity4 ,the unfindable book was found2 ,i received at the same time the first edition of ,de ,delictis et ,pnis 7,venetiis1 apud ,hieronymum ,albricium1 #agjj71 and the edition of ,rome1 #aged4 ,it was a complete treatise1 tractatus absolutissimus1 upon all imaginable crimes1 offenses and sins2 but1 let us hasten to say1 in both those voluminous folios1 ,demoniality occupies scarcely five pages1 without any difference in the text between the two editions4 ,and those five pages are not even a summary of the manuscript work which ,i now give forth2 they only contain the proposition and conclusion 7,nrs #a to #bg and #aab to #aae74 ,as for that wherein lies the originality of the book1 to wit the theory of rational animals1 ,incubi and ,succubi1 endowed like ourselves with a body and soul1 and capable of receiving salvation and damnation1 it were vain to look for it4 ,thus1 after so many endeavours1 ,i had settled all the points which ,i had intended to elucidate3 ,i had discovered the identity of the ,father of ,ameno#c2 from the comparison of the two editions of ,de ,delictis et ,pnis1 the first condemned1 the second allowed by the ,congregation of the ,index1 ,i had gathered that the printed fragments of ,demoniality had nothing to do with the condemnation of the book1 since they had not been submitted to any correction2 lastly1 ,i had become convinced that1 save a few pages1 my manuscript was absolutely inedited4 ,a happy event of a bibliographical ,odyssey which ,i shall be excused for relating at length1 for the 8jollification0 of bibliophiles 8and none other04 #c ,vide biographical notice at the end of this volume4 ,,isidore ,,liseux4 ,august #ahge4 ,,demoniality ,,or ,,incubi ,,and ,,succubi ,illustration3 ,decoration ,d,,monialitas ,vocabulum ,dmonialitatis primo inventum reperio a ,jo4 ,caramuele in sua ,theologia fundamentali1 nec ante illum inveni ,auctorem1 qui de hoc crimine tanquam distincto a ,bestialitate locutus sit4 ,omnes enim ,theologi ,morales1 secuti ,d4 ,thomam1 #b4b41 q4 #aed4 in corp41 sub specie ,bestialitatis recensent omnem concubitum cum re non ejusdem speciei1 ut ibi loquitur ,d4 ,thomas2 et proinde ,cajetanus1 in ,commentario illius qustionis et articuli1 #b4b41 q4 #aed41 ad #c4 dub41 coitum cum ,dmone ponit in specie ,bestialitatis2 et ,cajetanum sequitur ,silvester1 v ,luxuria1 ,bonacina1 de ,matrim41 q4 #d41 et alii4 ,the first author who1 to my knowledge1 invented the word ,demoniality is ,john ,caramuel1 in his ,fundamental ,theology1 and before him ,i find no one who distinguished that crime from ,bestiality4 ,indeed1 all ,theological ,moralists1 following in the train of ,s4 ,thomas 7#b1 #b1 question #aed71 include1 under the specific title of ,bestiality1 8every kind of carnal intercourse with any thing whatever of a different species03 such are the very words used by ,s4 ,thomas4 ,cajetanus1 for instance1 in his commentary on that question1 classes intercourse with the ,demon under the description of ,bestiality2 so does ,sylvester1 de ,luxuria1 ,bonacina1 de ,matrimonio1 question #d1 and others4 #b4 ,sed revera ,d4 ,thomas in illo loco considerationem non habuit ad coitum cum ,dmone3 ut enim infra probabimus1 hic coitus non potest in specie specialissima ,bestialitatis comprehendi2 et ut veritati cohreat sententia ,s4 ,doctoris1 dicendum est1 quod in citato loco1 quando ait1 quod peccatum contra naturam1 alio modo si fiat per concubitum ad rem non ejusdem speciei1 vocatur ,bestialitas3 sub nomine rei non ejusdem speciei intellexerit animal vivens1 non ejusdem speciei cum homine3 non enim usurpare potuit ibi nomen rei pro re1 puta1 ente communi ad animatum et inanimatum3 si enim quis coiret cum cadavere humano1 concubitum haberet ad rem non ejusdem speciei cum homine 7maxime apud ,thomistas1 qui formam corporeitatis human negant in cadavere71 quod etiam esset si cadaveri bestiali copularetur2 et tamen talis coitus non esset bestialitas1 sed mollities4 ,voluit igitur ibi ,d4 ,thomas prcise intelligere concubitum cum re vivente non ejusdem speciei cum homine1 hoc est cum bruto1 nullo autem modo comprehendere voluit coitum cum ,dmone4 #b4 ,however it is clear that in the above passage ,s4 ,thomas did not at all allude to intercourse with the ,demon4 ,as shall be demonstrated further on1 that intercourse cannot be included in the very particular species of ,bestiality2 and1 in order to make that sentence of the holy ,doctor tally with truth1 it must be admitted that when saying of the unnatural sin1 8that committed through intercourse with a thing of different species1 it takes the name of ,bestiality01 ,s4 ,thomas1 by a thing of different species1 means a living animal1 of another species than man3 for he could not here use the word thing in its most general sense1 to mean indiscriminately an animate or inanimate being4 ,in fact1 if a man should fornicate cum cadavere humano1 he would have to do with a thing of a species quite different from his own 7especially according to the ,thomists1 who deny the form of human corporeity in a corpse72 similarly si cadaveri bestiali copularetur3 and yet1 talis coitus would not be bestiality1 but pollution4 ,what therefore ,s4 ,thomas intended here to specify with preciseness1 is carnal intercourse with a living thing of a species different from man1 that is to say1 with a beast1 and he never in the least thought of intercourse with the ,demon4 #c4 ,coitus igitur cum ,dmone1 sive ,incubo1 sive ,succubo 7qui proprie est ,dmonialitas71 specie differt a ,bestialitate1 nec cum ea facit unam speciem specialissimam1 ut opinatus est ,cajetanus3 peccata enim contra naturam specie inter se distingui contra opinionem nonnullorum ,antiquorum1 et ,caramuelis1 ,summ41 ,armill41 v4 ,luxur41 n4 #e41 ,jabien41 eo4 v4 n4 #f41 ,asten4 lib4 #b4 tit4 #df4 art4 #g41 ,caram4 ,theol4 fundam4 post ,filliucium1 et ,crespinum a ,borgia1 est opinio communis2 et contraria est damnata in proposit4 #bd4 ex damnatis ab ,alexandro ,,vii42 tum quia singula continent peculiarem1 et distinctam turpitudinem repugnantem castitati1 et human generationi2 tum quia quodlibet ex iis privat bono aliquo secundum naturam1 et institutionem actus venerei1 ordinati ad finem generationis human2 tum quia quodlibet ipsorum habet diversum motivum1 per se sufficiens ad privandum eodem bono diversimode1 ut optime philosophatur ,filliuc41 tom4 #b4 c4 #h4 tract4 #cj4 q4 #c4 n #adb2 ,cresp41 q4 mor4 sel4 contro42 ,caramuel41 q4 #e4 per tot4 #c4 ,therefore1 intercourse with the ,demon1 whether ,incubus or ,succubus 7which is1 properly speaking1 ,demoniality71 differs in kind from ,bestiality1 and does not in connexion with it form one very particular species1 as ,cajetanus wrongly gives it2 for1 whatever may have said to the contrary some ,ancients1 and later ,caramuel in his ,fundamental ,theology1 unnatural sins differ from each other most distinctly4 ,such at least is the general doctrine1 and the contrary opinion has been condemned by ,alexander ,,vii3 first1 because each of those sins carries with itself its peculiar and distinct disgrace1 repugnant to chastity and to human generation2 secondly1 because the commission thereof entails each time the sacrifice of some good by its nature attached to the institution of the venereal act1 the normal end of which is human generation2 lastly1 because they each have a different motive which in itself is sufficient to bring about1 in divers ways1 the deprivation of the same good1 as has been clearly shown by ,fillucius1 ,crespinus and ,caramuel4 #d4 ,ex his autem infertur1 quod etiam ,dmonialitas specie differt a ,bestialitate3 singula enim ipsarum peculiarem et distinctam turpitudinem1 castitati ac human generationi repugnantem1 involvit2 siquidem ,bestialitas est copula cum bruto vivente1 ac sensibus et motu proprio prdito3 ,dmonialitas autem est commixtio cum cadavere 7stando in sententia communi1 quam infra examinabimus71 nec sensum1 nec motum vitalem habente2 et per accidens est1 quod a ,dmone moveatur4 ,quod si immunditia commissa cum brutali cadavere1 vel humano1 differt specie a ,sodomia et ,bestialitate1 ab ista differt pariter specie etiam ,dmonialitas1 in qua1 juxta communem sententiam1 homo cum cadavere concumbit accidentaliter moto4 #d4 ,it follows that ,demoniality differs in kind from ,bestiality1 for each has its peculiar and distinct disgrace1 repugnant to chastity and human generation4 ,bestiality is connexion with a living beast1 endowed with its own peculiar senses and impulses2 ,demoniality1 on the contrary1 is copulation with a corpse 7according at least to the general doctrine which shall be considered hereafter71 a senseless and motionless corpse which is but accidentally moved through the power of the ,demon4 ,now1 if fornication with the corpse of a man1 a woman1 or a beast differs in kind from ,sodomy and ,bestiality1 there is the same difference with regard to ,demoniality1 which1 according to general opinion1 is the intercourse of man with a corpse accidentally set in motion4 #e4 ,et confirmatur3 quia in peccatis contra naturam1 seminatio innaturalis 7hoc est1 ea ad quam regulariter non potest sequi generatio7 habet rationem generis2 subjectum vero talis seminationis est differentia constituens species sub tali genere3 unde si seminatio fiat in terram1 aut corpus inanime1 est mollities2 si fiat cum homine in vase prpostero1 est ,sodomia2 si fiat cum bruto1 est bestialitas3 qu absque controversia inter se specie differunt1 eo quod terra1 seu cadaver1 homo1 et brutum1 qu sunt subjecta talis seminationis1 specie differunt inter se4 ,sed ,dmon a bruto non solum differt specie1 sed plusquam specie3 differunt enim per corporeum1 et incorporeum1 qu sunt differenti generic4 ,sequitur ergo quod seminationes fact cum aliis differunt inter se specie1 quod est intentum4 #e4 ,another proof3 in sins against nature1 the unnatural semination 7which cannot be regularly followed by generation7 is a genus2 but the object of such semination is the difference which marks the species under the genus4 ,thus1 whether semination takes place on the ground1 or on an inanimate body1 it is pollution2 if cum homine in vase prpostero1 it is ,sodomy2 with a beast1 bestiality3 crimes which unquestionably all differ from each other in species1 just as the ground1 the corpse1 the man and the beast1 passive objects talis seminationis1 differ in species from each other4 ,but the difference between the ,demon and the beast is not only specific1 it is more than specific3 the nature of the one is corporeal1 of the other incorporeal1 which makes a generic difference4 ,whence it follows that seminationes practised on different objects differ in species from each other3 and that is substantiated4 #f4 ,pariter1 trita est doctrina ,moralistarum fundata in ,tridentino1 sess4 #ad1 c4 #e4 ,d4 ,th4 in #d4 dist4 #af4 q4 #c4 art4 #b41 ,vasquez1 q4 #ia4 art4 #a4 dub4 #b4 n4 #f41 ,reginald4 ,valenz4 ,medin4 ,zerola4 ,pesant4 ,sajir4 ,sott4 ,pitig4 ,henriquez apud ,bonac4 de ,sac4 disp4 #e4 q4 #e4 sect1 #b4 punct4 #b4 #c4 diffic4 #c4 n4 #e41 et tradita per ,theologos1 quod in confessione manifestand sint tantum circumstanti qu mutant speciem peccatorum4 ,si igitur ,dmonialitas et ,bestialitas sunt ejusdem speciei specialissim1 sufficit in confessione dicere3 ,bestialitatis peccatum commisi1 quantumvis confitens cum ,dmone concubuerit4 ,hoc autem falsum est3 igitur non sunt ejusdem speciei specialissim4 #f4 ,it is also a trite doctrine with ,moralists1 established by the ,council of ,trent1 session #ad1 and admitted by ,theologians1 that in confession it suffices to state the circumstances which alter the species of sins4 ,if therefore ,demoniality and ,bestiality belonged to the same very particular species1 it would be enough that1 each time he has fornicated with the ,demon1 the penitent should say to his confessor3 ,i have been guilty of the sin of ,bestiality4 ,but that is not so3 therefore those two sins do not both belong to the same very particular species4 #g4 ,quod si dicatur1 aperiendum esse in confessione circumstantiam concubitus cum ,dmone ratione peccati contra ,religionem3 peccatum contra ,religionem committitur1 aut ex cultu1 aut ex reverentia1 aut ex deprecatione1 aut ex pacto1 aut ex societate cum ,dmone 7,d4 ,thomas1 #b4 #b4 q4 #ij4 art4 #b4 et q4 #ie4 art4 #d4 in corp472 sed1 ut infra dicemus1 dantur ,succubi1 et ,incubi1 quibus nullum prdictorum exhibetur1 et tamen copula sequitur3 igitur respectu istorum nulla intervenit irreligiositas1 et commixtio cum istis nullam habebit rationem ulteriorem1 quam puri et simplicis coitus1 qui1 si est ejusdem speciei cum ,bestialitate1 sufficienter exprimetur dicendo3 ,bestialitatem commisi2 quod tamen falsum est4 #g4 ,it may be urged that if the circumstances of a sensual intercourse with the ,demon should be revealed to the ,confessor1 it is on account of its offense against ,religion1 an offense which comes either from the worship rendered to the ,demon1 or from the homage or prayers offered up to him1 or from the compact of fellowship entered into with him 7,s4 ,thomas1 quest4 #ij74 ,but1 as will be seen hereafter1 there are ,incubi and ,succubi to whom none of the foregoing applies1 and yet copula sequitur4 ,there is consequently1 in that special case1 no element of irreligion1 no other character quam puri et simplicis coitus2 and1 if of the same species as ,bestiality1 it would be adequately stated by saying3 ,i have been guilty of the sin of ,bestiality2 which is not so4 #h4 ,ulterius in confesso est apud omnes ,theologos ,morales1 quod longe gravior est copula cum ,dmone1 quam cum quolibet bruto2 in eadem autem specie specialissima peccati1 non datur unum peccatum gravius altero1 sed omnia que gravia sunt2 perinde enim est coire cum cane1 aut asina1 aut equa2 sequitur ergo1 quod si ,dmonialitas est gravior ,bestialitate1 non sint ambo ejusdem speciei4 ,nec dicendum gravitatem majorem in ,dmonialitate petendam esse ab irreligiositate1 seu superstitione ex societate cum ,dmone1 ut scribit ,cajetanus ad #b4 #b4 q4 #aed41 ar4 #aa4 ad #c4 in fine1 quia hoc fallit in aliquibus ,succubis et ,incubis1 ut supra dictum est2 tum quia gravitas major statuitur in ,dmonialitate pr ,bestialitate1 in genere vitii contra naturam3 major autem gravitas in illa supra istam ratione irreligiositatis exorbitat ex illo genere1 proinde non facit in illo genere1 et ex se graviorem4 #h4 ,besides1 it is acknowledged by all ,theological ,moralists that copula cum ,dmone is much more grievous than the same act committed with any beast soever4 ,now1 in the same very particular species of sins1 one sin is not more grievous than another2 all are equally so3 it comes to the same whether connection is had with a bitch1 an ass1 or a mare2 whence it follows that if ,demoniality is more grievous than ,bestiality1 those two acts are not of the same species4 ,and let it not be argued1 with ,cajetanus1 that ,demoniality is more grievous on account of the offense to religion from the worship rendered to the ,demon or the compact of fellowship entered into with him3 as has been shown above1 that is not always met with in the connection of man with ,incubi and ,succubi2 moreover1 if in the genus of unnatural sin ,demoniality is more grievous than ,bestiality1 the offense to ,religion is quite foreign to that aggravation1 since it is foreign to that genus itself4 #i4 ,statuta igitur differentia specifica ,dmonialitatis a ,bestialitate1 ut gravitas illius percipiatur in ordine ad pnam de qua principaliter nobis tractandum est1 est necessarium inquirere quotupliciter ,dmonialitas accidat4 ,non desunt qui sibi nimis scioli negant quod gravissimi ,auctores scripsere1 et quod quotidiana constat experientia1 ,dmonem scilicet tum ,incubum1 tum ,succubum1 non solum hominibus1 sed etiam brutis carnaliter conjungi4 ,aiunt proinde esse hominum imaginationem1 phantasmatibus a ,dmone perturbatis lsam1 seu dmoniaca esse prstigia3 sicuti etiam ,sag1 seu ,striges1 sola imaginatione perturbata a ,dmone1 sibi videntur assistere ludis1 choreis1 conviviis1 et conventibus nocturnis1 et carnaliter ,dmoni commisceri2 nullo vero reali modo deferuntur corpore ad ejusmodi loca et actiones1 prout textualiter dicitur in quodam ,capitulo1 ac duobus ,conciliis4 ,cap4 ,episcop4 #bf4 q4 #e41 ,conch4 ,ancyr4 c4 #bd41 ,conc4 ,rom4 #d4 sub ,damaso1 c4 #e4 apud ,laur4 ,epitom4 v ,saga4 #i4 ,now1 having laid down the specific difference between ,demoniality and ,bestiality1 so that the gravity thereof may be duly appreciated in view of the penalty to be inflicted 7and that is our most essential object71 we must inquire in how many different ways the sin of ,demoniality may be committed4 ,there is no lack of people who1 infatuated with their small baggage of knowledge1 venture to deny what has been written by the gravest authors and is testified by every day experience3 namely1 that the ,demon1 whether ,incubus or ,succubus1 unites carnally not only with men and women1 but also with beasts4 ,they allege that it all comes from the human imagination troubled by the craft of the ,demon1 and that there is nothing in it but phantasmagoria and diabolical spells4 ,the like happens1 they say1 to ,witches or ,sagas1 who1 under the influence of an illusion brought on by the ,demon1 fancy that they attend the nightly sports1 dances1 revels and vigils1 and have carnal intercourse with the ,demon1 though in reality they are not bodily transferred to those places nor taking part in those deeds1 as has been defined verbatim by a ,capitule and two ,councils4 #aj4 ,sed non negatur1 quin aliquando muliercul1 illus a ,dmonibus1 videantur nocturnis ,sagarum ludis corporaliter interesse1 dum tamen sola imaginaria visione ipsis hoc accidit3 sicut etiam in somnis videtur nonnullis cum fmina aliqua concumbere1 et semen vere excernitur1 non tamen concubitus ille realis est1 sed tantum phantasticus1 paratus non raro per illusionem diabolicam2 et in hoc verissimum est quod habent citatum ,capitulum et ,concilia4 ,sed hoc non semper est2 sed ut in pluribus1 corpore deferuntur ,sag ad ludos nocturnos1 et vere carnaliter corpore conjunguntur ,dmoni1 et ,malefici non minus ,dmoni succubo miscentur1 et hc est sententia ,theologorum1 et jure consultorum ,catholicorum1 quos abunde citat ,frater ,franciscus ,maria ,guaccius in suo libro intitulato ,compendium ,maleficarum2 ,grilland4 ,remig4 ,petr4 ,damian4 ,sylvest4 ,alphon4 a ,cast4 ,abul4 ,cajet4 ,senon4 ,crespet4 ,spine4 ,anan4 apud ,guaccium1 ,comp4 ,malef41 c4 #ae4 ,altera1 quam verissimam 444 n4 #fi4 lib4 p42 qu sententia confirmatur decem et octo exemplis1 ibidem allatis et relatis per viros doctos et veridicos de quorum fide ambigendum non est1 quibus probatur ,maleficos et ,sagas corporaliter ad ludos convenire1 et cum ,dmonibus succubis et incubis corporaliter turpissime commisceri4 ,et pro omnibus sufficere debet auctoritas ,divi ,augustini1 qui loquens de concubitu hominum cum ,dmonibus1 sic ait lib4 #ae4 de ,civitate ,dei1 c4 #bc43 8,et quoniam creberrima fama est1 multique se expertos1 vel ab eis qui experti essent1 de quorum fide dubitandum non est1 audivisse confirmant1 ,sylvanos et ,faunos1 quos vulgo ,incubos vocant1 improbos spe extitisse mulieribus1 et earum appetiisse et peregisse concubitum4 ,et quosdam ,dmones1 quos ,dusios ,galli nuncupant1 hanc assidue immunditiam et tentare et efficere1 plures talesque asseverant1 ut hoc negare impudentia videatur40 ,hc ,augustinus4 #aj4 ,of course1 it is not contested that sometimes young women1 deceived by the ,demon1 fancy taking part1 in their flesh and blood1 in the nightly vigils of ,witches1 without its being any thing but an imaginary vision4 ,thus1 in a dream1 one sometimes fancies cum fmina aliqua concumbere1 et semen vere excernitur1 non tamen concubitus ille realis est1 but merely fantastic1 and often brought about by a diabolical illusion3 and here the above mentioned ,capitule and ,councils are perfectly right4 ,but this is not always the case2 on the contrary1 it more often happens that ,witches are bodily present at nightly vigils and have with the ,demon a genuine carnal and corporeal connection1 and that likewise ,wizards copulate with the ,succuba or female ,demon4 ,such is the opinion of ,theologians as well as of jurists1 whose names will be found at length in the ,compendium ,maleficarum1 or ,chronicle of ,witches1 by ,brother ,francis ,marie ,guaccius4 ,this doctrine is therein confirmed by eighteen instances adduced from the recitals of learned and truthful men whose testimony is beyond suspicion1 and which prove that ,wizards and ,witches are indeed bodily present at vigils and most shamefully copulate with ,demons1 ,incubi or ,succubi4 ,and1 after all1 to settle the question1 we have the authority of ,s4 ,augustine1 who1 speaking of carnal intercourse between men and the ,demon1 expresses himself as follows1 book #aeth1 chapt4 #bc;d of the ,city of ,god3 8,it is widely credited1 and such belief is confirmed by the direct or indirect testimony of thoroughly trustworthy people1 that ,sylvans and ,fauns1 commonly called ,incubi1 have frequently molested women1 sought and obtained from them coition4 ,there are even ,demons1 whom the ,gauls call ,duses or ,elfs1 who very regularly indulge in those unclean practices3 the fact is testified by so many and such weighty authorities1 that it were impudent to doubt it40 ,such are the very words of ,s4 ,augustine4 #aa4 ,prout autem apud diversos ,auctores legitur1 et pluribus experimentis comprobatur1 duplici modo ,dmon hominibus carnaliter copulatur3 uno modo quo ,maleficis et ,sagis jungitur1 alio modo quo aliis hominibus minime maleficis miscetur4 #aa4 ,now1 several authors profess1 and it is confirmed by numerous experiments1 that the ,demon has two ways of copulating carnally with men or women3 the one which it uses with ,witches or ,wizards1 the other with men or women entirely foreign to witchcraft4 #ab4 ,quantum ad primum modum1 non copulatur ,dmon ,sagis1 seu ,maleficis1 nisi prmissa solemni professione1 qua iniquissimi homines ,dmoni addicuntur2 qu professio1 ut ex variis ,auctoribus referentibus confessiones ,sagarum judiciales in tormentis factas1 quas collegit ,franciscus ,maria ,guaccius1 ,comp4 ,malef41 c4 #g41 lib4 #a41 consistit in undecim ceremoniis4 #ab4 ,in the first case1 the ,demon does not copulate with ,witches or ,wizards until after a solemn profession1 in virtue of which such wretched human beings yield themselves up to him4 ,according to several authors who have related the judicial admissions of ,witches when on the rack1 and whose recitals have been collected by ,francis-,marie ,guaccius1 ,compend4 ,malef41 book #a1 chapt4 #g1 that profession consists of eleven ceremonials3 #ac4 ,primo1 ineunt pactum expressum cum ,dmone1 aut alio ,mago seu ,malefico vicem ,dmonis gerente1 et testibus prsentibus1 de servitio diabolico suscipiendo3 ,dmon vero vice versa honores1 divitias1 et carnales delectationes illis pollicetur4 ,guacc4 loc4 cit4 fol4 #cd4 #ac4 ,firstly1 the ,novices have to conclude with the ,demon1 or some other ,wizard or ,magician acting in the ,demon's place1 an express compact by which1 in the presence of witnesses1 they enlist in the ,demon's service1 he giving them in exchange his pledge for honours1 riches and carnal pleasures4 #ad4 ,secundo1 abnegant catholicam fidem1 subducunt se obedienti ,dei1 renuntiant ,christo1 et protectioni ,beatissim ,virginis ,mari1 ac ,ecclesi omnibus sacramentis4 ,guacc41 loc4 cit4 #ad4 ,secondly1 they abjure the catholic faith1 withdraw from the obedience to ,god1 renounce ,christ and the protection of the most blessed ,virgin ,mary1 and all the ,sacraments of the ,church4 #ae4 ,tertio1 projiciunt a se ,coronam1 seu ,rosarium ,b4 ,v4 ,m41 ,chordam ,s4 ,p4 ,francisci1 aut ,corrigiam ,s4 ,augustini1 aut ,scapulare ,carmelitarum1 si quod habent1 ,crucem1 ,medaleas1 ,agnos ,dei1 et quidquid sacri aut benedicti gestabant1 et pedibus ea proculcant4 ,guacc4 loc4 cit4 fol4 #ce4 ,grilland4 #ae4 ,thirdly1 they cast away the ,crown1 or ,rosary of the most blessed ,virgin ,mary1 the girdle of ,s4 ,francis1 or the strap of ,s4 ,austin1 or the scapular of the ,carmelites1 should they belong to one of those ,orders1 the ,cross1 the ,medals1 the ,agnus ,dei1 whatever other holy or consecrated object may have been about their person1 and trample them all under foot4 #af4 ,quarto1 vovent in manibus ,diaboli obedientiam1 et subjectionem1 eique prstant homagium et vassallagium1 tangendo quoddam volumen nigerrimum4 ,spondent1 quod nunquam redibunt ad fidem ,christi1 nec ,dei prcepta servabunt1 nec ulla bona opera facient1 sed ad sola mandata ,dmonis attendent1 et ad conventus nocturnos diligenter accedent4 ,guacc4 loc4 cit4 fol4 #cf4 #af4 ,fourthly1 in the hands of the ,devil they vow obedience and subjection2 they pay him homage and vassalage1 laying their fingers on some very black book4 ,they bind themselves never to return to the faith of ,christ1 to observe none of the divine precepts1 to do no good work1 but to obey the ,demon alone and1 to attend diligently the nightly conventicles4 #ag4 ,quinto1 spondent se enixe curaturos1 et omni studio ac sedulitate procuraturos adducere alios mares et fminas ad suam sectam1 et cultum ,dmonis4 ,guacc4 loc4 cit4 #ag4 ,fifthly1 they promise to strive with all their power1 and to give their utmost zeal and care for the enlistment of other males and females in the service of the ,demon4 #ah4 ,sexto1 baptizantur a ,diabolo sacrilego quodam baptismo1 et abnegatis ,patrinis et ,matrinis baptismi ,christi1 et ,confirmationis1 et nomine1 quod sibi fuit primo impositum1 a ,diabolo sibi assignantur ,patrinus et ,matrina novi1 qui ipsos instruant in arte maleficiorum1 et imponitur nomen novum1 quod plerumque scurrile est4 ,guacc4 loc4 cit4 #ah4 ,sixthly1 the ,devil administers to them a kind of sacrilegious baptism1 and after abjuring their ,godfathers and ,godmothers of the ,baptism of ,christ and ,confirmation1 they have assigned to them a new ,godfather and a new ,godmother1 who are to instruct them in the arts of witchcraft2 they drop their former name and exchange it for another1 more frequently a scurrilous nickname4 #ai4 ,septimo1 abscindunt partem propriorum indumentorum1 et illam offerunt ,diabolo in signum homagii1 et ,diabolus illam asportat1 et servat4 ,guacc4 loc4 cit4 fol4 #ch4 #ai4 ,seventhly1 they cut off a part of their own garments1 and tender it as a token of homage to the ,devil1 who takes it away and keeps it4 #bj4 ,octavo1 format ,diabolus circulum super terram1 et in eo stantes ,novitii ,malefici et ,sag firmant juramento omnia1 qu ut dictum est promiserunt4 ,guacc4 loc4 cit4 #bj4 ,eighthly1 the ,devil draws on the ground a circle wherein stand the ,novices1 ,witches and ,wizards1 and there they confirm by oath all their aforesaid promises4 #ba4 ,nono1 petunt a ,diabolo deleri a libro ,christi1 et describi in libro suo1 et profertur liber nigerrimus1 quem tetigerunt prstando homagium1 ut dictum est supra1 et ungue ,diaboli in eo exarantur4 ,guacc4 loc4 cit4 #ba4 ,ninthly1 they request the ,devil to strike them out of the book of ,christ1 and to inscribe them in his own4 ,then comes forth that very black book on which1 as has been said before1 they laid hands when doing homage1 and they are inscribed therein with the ,devil's claw4 #bb4 ,decimo1 promittunt ,diabolo statis temporibus sacrificia1 et oblationes2 singulis quindecim diebus1 vel singulo mense saltem1 necem alicujus infantis1 aut mortale veneficium1 et singulis hebdomadis alia mala in damnum humani generis1 ut grandines1 tempestates1 incendia1 mortem animalium1 etc4 ,guacc4 loc4 cit4 fol4 #dj4 #bb4 ,tenthly1 they promise the ,devil sacrifices and offerings at stated times3 once a fortnight or at least each month1 the murder of some child1 or an homicidal act of sorcery1 and other weekly misdeeds to the prejudice of mankind1 such as hailstorms1 tempests1 fires1 cattle plagues1 etc4 #bc4 ,undecimo1 sigillantur a ,dmone aliquo charactere1 maxime ii1 de quorum constantia dubitat4 ,character vero non est semper ejusdem form1 aut figur3 aliquando enim est simile lepori1 aliquando pedi bufonis1 aliquando arane1 vel catello1 vel gliri2 imprimitur autem in locis corporeis magis occultis3 viris quidem aliquando sub palpebris1 aliquando sub axillis1 aut labiis1 aut humeris1 aut sede ima1 aut alibi2 mulieribus autem plerumque in mammis1 aut locis muliebribus4 ,porro sigillum1 quo talia signa imprimuntur1 est unguis ,diaboli4 ,quibus peractis ad instructionem ,magistrorum qui ,novitios initiarunt1 hi promittunt denuo1 se nunquam ,eucharistiam adoraturos2 injuriosos ,sanctis omnibus1 et maxime ,b4 ,v4 ,m4 futuros2 conculcaturos ac conspurcaturos ,sacras ,imagines1 ,crucem1 ac ,sanctorum ,reliquias2 nunquam usuros ,sacramentis1 aut sacramentalibus1 nisi ad maleficia2 integram confessionem sacramentalem sacerdoti nunquam facturos1 et suum cum ,dmone commercium semper celaturos4 ,et ,diabolus vicissim pollicetur1 se illis semper prsto futurum2 se in hoc mundo votis eorum satisfacturum1 et post mortem illos esse beaturum4 ,sic peracta professione solemni1 assignatur singulis eorum ,diabolus1 qui appellatur ,magistellus1 cum quo in partes secedunt1 et carnaliter commiscentur3 ille quidem in specie fmin1 si initiatus est vir2 in forma autem viri1 et aliquando satyri1 aliquando hirci1 si fmina est saga professa4 ,guacc4 loc4 cit4 fol4 #db et #dc4 #bc4 ,eleventhly1 the ,demon imprints on them some mark1 especially on those whose constancy he suspects4 ,that mark1 moreover1 is not always of the same shape or figure3 sometimes it is the image of a hare1 sometimes a toad's leg1 sometimes a spider1 a puppy1 a dormouse4 ,it is imprinted on the most hidden parts of the body3 with men1 under the eye-lids1 or the armpits1 or the lips1 on the shoulder1 the fundament1 or somewhere else2 with women1 it is usually on the breasts or the privy parts4 ,now1 the stamp which imprints those marks is none other but the ,devil's claw4 ,this having been all performed in accordance with the instructions of the ,teachers who have initiated the ,novices1 these promise lastly never to worship the ,eucharist2 to insult all ,saints and especially the most blessed ,virgin ,mary2 to trample under foot and vilify the holy images1 the ,cross and the relics of ,saints2 never to use the sacraments or sacramental ceremonials2 never to make a full confession to the priest1 but to keep always hidden from him their intercourse with the ,demon4 ,the ,demon1 in exchange1 engages to give them always prompt assistance2 to fulfil their desires in this world and to make them happy after their death4 ,the solemn profession being thus performed1 each has assigned to himself a ,devil1 called ,magistellus or ,assistant ,master1 with whom he retires in private for carnal satisfaction2 the said ,devil being1 of course1 in the shape of a woman if the initiated person is a man1 in the shape of a man1 sometimes of a satyr1 sometimes of a buck-goat1 if it is a woman who has been received a witch4 #bd4 ,quod si quratur ab ,auctoribus1 quomodo possit ,dmon1 qui corpus non habet1 corporalem commixtionem habere cum homine3 respondent communiter1 quod ,dmon aut assumit alterius maris aut fmin1 juxta exigentiam1 cadaver1 aut ex mixtione aliarum materiarum effingit sibi corpus1 quod movet1 et mediante quo homini unitur4 ,et subdunt1 quod quando fmin gaudent imprgnari a ,dmone 7quod non fit1 nisi in gratiam fminarum hoc optantium71 ,dmon se transformat in succubam1 et juncta homini semen ab eo recipit2 aut per illusionem nocturnam in somnis procurat ab homine pollutionem1 et semen prolectum in suo nativo calore et cum vitali spiritu conservat1 et incubando fmin infert in ipsius matricem1 ex quo sequitur conceptio4 ,ita multis citatis docet ,guaccius1 l4 i4 c4 #ab41 per totum1 qui prdicta multis exemplis desumptis a variis ,doctoribus confirmat4 #bd4 ,if the authors be asked how it comes to pass that the ,demon1 who has no body1 yet has carnal intercourse with man or woman1 they unanimously answer that the ,demon assumes the corpse of another human being1 male or female as the case may be1 or that1 from the mixture of other materials1 he shapes for himself a body endowed with motion1 and by means of which he is united with the human being2 and they add that when women are desirous of becoming pregnant by the ,demon 7which only occurs by the consent and express wish of the said women71 the ,demon is transformed into a ,succuba1 et juncta homini semen ab eo recipit2 or else he procures pollution from a man during his sleep1 et semen prolectum in suo nativo calore1 et cum vitali spiritu conservat1 et incubando fmin infert in ipsius matricem1 whence follows impregnation4 ,such is the teaching of ,guaccius1 book #a1 chapt4 #ab1 who supports it on a number of quotations and instances taken from various ,doctors4 #be4 ,alio modo jungitur ,dmon tum ,incubus1 tum ,succubus1 hominibus1 fminis aut maribus1 a quibus nec honorem1 nec sacrificia1 oblationes1 maleficia1 qu a ,sagis et ,maleficis1 ut supra dictum est1 prtendit1 recipit2 sed ostendens deperdite amorem1 nil aliud appetit1 quam carnaliter commisceri cum iis quos amat4 ,multa sunt de hoc exempla1 qu ab ,auctoribus referuntur1 ut ,menippi ,lycii1 qui fuit sollicitatus a quadam fmina ad sibi nubendum1 postquam cum ea multoties coivit2 et detecta fmina qunam esset a quodam ,philosopho1 qui convivio nuptiali intererat1 et ,menippo dixit illam esse ,compusam1 puta ,dmonem succubam1 statim ejulans evanuit1 ut narrat ,clius ,rhodiginus1 ,antiq41 lib4 #bi4 c4 #e4 ,pariter adolescens quidam ,scotus a ,dmone succuba omnium gratissima1 quas vidisset1 forma1 qu occlusis cubiculi foribus ad se ventitabat1 blanditiis1 osculis1 amplexibus per multos menses fuit sollicitatus1 ut secum coiret1 ut scribit ,hector ,boethius1 ,hist4 ,scotor4 lib4 #h41 quod tamen a casto juvene obtinere non potuit4 #be4 ,at other times also the ,demon1 whether ,incubus or ,succubus1 copulates with men or women from whom he receives none of the sacrifices1 homage or offerings which he is wont to exact from ,wizards or ,witches1 as aforesaid4 ,he is then but a passionate lover1 having only one desire3 the carnal possession of the loved ones4 ,of this there are numerous instances to be found in the authors1 amongst which the case of ,menippus ,lycius1 who1 after frequent coition with a woman1 was by her entreated to marry her2 but a certain philosopher1 who partook of the wedding entertainment1 having guessed what that woman was1 told ,menippus that he had to deal with a ,compusa1 that is a ,succuba ,demon2 whereupon the bride vanished bewailing3 such is the narrative given by ,clius ,rhodiginus1 ,antiq41 book #bi1 chapt4 #e4 ,hector ,boethius 7,hist4 ,scot47 also relates the case of a young ,scot1 who1 during many months1 with closed doors and windows1 was visited in his bed-room by a ,succuba ,demon of the most bewitching beauty2 caresses1 kisses1 embraces1 entreaties1 she resorted to every blandishment ut secum coiret3 but she could not prevail on the chaste young man4 #bf4 ,similiter1 multas fminas legimus ab ,incubo ,dmone expetitas ad coitum1 ipsisque repugnantibus facinus admittere1 precibus1 fletibus1 blanditiis1 non secus ac perditissimus amasius1 procurasse animum ipsarum demulcere1 et ad congressum inclinare2 et quamvis aliquoties hoc eveniat ob maleficium1 ut nempe ,dmon missus a maleficis hoc procuret3 tamen non raro ,dmon ex se hoc agit1 ut scribit ,guaccius1 ,comp4 ,mal4 lib4 #c4 c4 #h41 et non solum hoc evenit cum mulieribus1 sed etiam cum equabus1 cum quibus commiscetur2 qu si libenter coitum admittunt1 ab eo curantur optime1 ac ipsarum jub varie artificiosis et inextricabilibus nodis texuntur2 si autem illum adversentur1 eas male tractat1 percutit1 macras reddit1 et tandem necat1 ut quotidiana constat experientia4 #bf4 ,we read likewise of numerous women incited to coition by the ,incubus ,demon1 and who1 though reluctant at first of yielding to him1 are soon moved by his entreaties1 tears and endearments2 he is a desperate lover and must not be denied4 ,and although this comes sometimes of the craft of some ,wizard who avails himself of the agency of the ,demon1 yet the ,demon not infrequently acts on his own account2 and it happens not merely with women1 but also with mares2 if they readily comply with his desire1 he pets them1 and plaits their mane in elaborate and inextricable tresses2 but if they resist1 he ill-treats and strikes them1 smites them with the glanders1 and finally puts them to death1 as is shown by daily experience4 #bg4 ,et quod mirum est1 et pene incapabile1 tales ,incubi1 qui ,italice vocantur ,folletti1 ,hispanice ,duendes1 ,gallice ,follets1 nec ,exorcistis obediunt1 nec exorcismos pavent1 nec res sacras reverentur ad earum approximationem timorem ostendendo1 sicuti faciunt ,dmones1 qui obsessos vexant2 quantumvis enim maligni ,spiritus sint obstinati1 nec parere velint ,exorcist prcipienti1 ut exeant a corporibus qu obsident1 tamen ad prolationem ,sanctissimi ,nominis ,jesu1 aut ,mari1 aut aliquorum versuum ,sacr ,scriptur1 impositionem ,reliquiarum1 maxime ,ligni ,sanct ,crucis1 approximationem ,sacrarum ,imaginum1 ad os obsessi rugiunt1 strident1 frendent1 concutiuntur1 et timorem ac horrorem ostendunt4 ,folletti vero nihil horum1 ut dictum est1 ostendunt1 nec a divexatione1 nisi post longum tempus1 cessant4 ,hujus rei testis sum oculatus1 et historiam recito qu reipsa humanam fidem superat3 sed testis mihi sit ,deus quod puram veritatem multorum testimonio comprobatam describo4 #bg4 ,a most marvellous and well nigh incomprehensible fact3 the ,incubi whom the ,italians call ,folletti1 the ,spaniards ,duendes1 the ,french ,follets1 do not obey the ,exorcists1 have no dread of exorcisms1 no reverence for holy things1 at the approach of which they are not in the least overawed2 very different in that respect from the ,demons who vex those whom they possess2 for1 however obstinate those evil ,spirits may be1 however restive to the injunctions of the ,exorcist who bids them leave the body they possess1 yet1 at the mere utterance of the most holy name of ,jesus or ,mary1 or of some verses of ,holy ,writ1 at the mere imposition of relics1 especially of a piece of the wood of the ,holy ,cross1 or the sight of the holy images1 they roar at the mouth of the possessed person1 they gnash1 shake1 quiver1 and display fright and awe4 ,but the ,folletti show none of those signs1 and leave off their vexations but after a long space of time4 ,of this ,i was an eye-witness1 and shall relate a story which verily passes human belief3 but ,i take ,god to witness that ,i tell the precise truth1 corroborated by the testimony of numerous persons4 #bh4 ,viginti quinque abhinc annis1 plus minusve1 dum essem ,lector ,sacr ,theologi in ,conventu ,sanct ,crucis ,papi1 reperiebatur in illa civitate honesta qudam fmina maritata optim conscienti1 et bonum habens ab omnibus eam agnoscentibus1 maxime ,religiosis1 testimonium1 qu vocabatur ,hieronyma2 et habitabat in parochia ,sancti ,michaelis4 ,hc quadam die domi su panem pinserat1 et per furnarium miserat ad illum decoquendum4 ,reportat panes coctos furnarius1 et cum illis grandem quamdam placentam curiose elaboratam1 conditam butyro1 et pastulis ,venetis1 ut in ea civitate solent fieri placent hujusmodi4 ,renuit illa placentam recipere1 dicens se talem nullam fecisse4 ,replicat furnarius1 se illa die alium panem coquendum non habuisse1 nisi illum quem ab ea habuerat2 oportere proinde1 etiam placentam a se fuisse factam1 licet minime de illa recordaretur4 ,acquievit fmina1 et placentam cum viro suo1 filia quam habebat triennem1 et famula comedit4 ,sequenti nocte dum cubaret mulier cum viro suo1 et ambo dormirent1 expergefacta est a quadam tenuissima voce1 velut acutissimi sibili ad ipsius aures susurrante1 verbis tamen distinctis3 interrogavit autem fminam1 num placenta illi placuisset8 ,pavens fmina cpit se munire signo ,crucis1 et invocare spius nomina ,jesu et ,mari4 ,replicabat vox1 ne paveret1 se nolle illi nocere1 immo qucumque illi placerent paratum exsequi1 esse filo captum pulchritudinis su1 et nil amplius desiderare1 quam ejus amplexu frui4 ,tum fmina sensit aliquem suaviantem ipsius genas1 sed tactus ita levis1 ac mollis1 ac si esset gossipium subtilissime carminatum id a quo tacta fuit4 ,respuit illa invitantem1 nec ullum responsum illi dedit3 sed jugiter nomen ,jesu et ,mari repetebat1 et se ,crucis signo muniebat2 et sic per spatium quasi hor dimidi tentata fuit1 et postea abscessit tentator4 ,sequenti mane fuit mulier ad confessarium virum prudentem ac doctum1 a quo fuit in fide confirmata et exhortata1 ut viriliter1 sicut fecerat1 resisteret1 et sacris ,reliquiis se muniret4 ,sequentibus noctibus par priori fuit tentatio1 et verbis1 et osculis1 et par etiam in muliere constantia4 ,hc pertsa talem ac tantam molestiam1 ad ,confessarii consultationem1 et aliorum gravium virorum1 per ,exorcistas peritos fecit se exorcizare ad sciendum num esset obsessa2 et cum invenissent a nullo malo spiritu possideri1 benedixerunt domui1 cubiculo1 lecto1 et prceptum ,incubo fecerunt1 ne auderet molestiam amplius mulieri inferre4 ,sed omnia incassum3 siquidem tentationem inceptam prosequebatur1 ac si pr amore langueret1 ploratus et ejulatus emittebat ad mulierem demulcendam1 qu tamen gratia ,die adjuta semper viriliter restitit4 ,renovavit ,incubus tentationem1 ipsi apparens interdiu in forma pusionis1 seu parvi homunculi pulcherrimi1 csariem habens rutilam et crispam1 barbamque fulvam ac splendentem velut aurum1 glaucosque oculos1 ut flos lini1 incedebatque indutus habitu ,hispanico4 ,apparebat autem illi quamvis cum ea alii morarentur2 et questus1 prout faciunt amantes1 exercens1 et jactando basia1 solitasque preces repetendo tentabat mulierem1 ut ad illius amplexus admitteretur4 ,videbatque1 et audiebat illa sola prsentem ac loquentem1 minime autem cteri adstantes4 ,perseverabat in illa constantia mulier1 donec contra eam iratus ,incubus1 post aliquos menses blanditiarum novum persecutionis genus adortus est4 ,primo abstulit ab ea crucem argenteam plenam ,reliquiis ,sanctorum1 et ceram benedictam1 sive ,agnum papalem ,b4 ,pontificis ,pii ,v1 qu secum semper portabat2 mox etiam annulos et alia jocalia aura et argentea ipsius1 intactis seris sub quibus custodiebantur1 in arca suffuratus est4 ,exinde cpit illam acriter percutere1 et apparebant post verbera contusiones1 et livores in facie1 brachiis1 aliisque corporis partibus1 qu per diem unum vel alterum perdurabant1 mox in momento disparebant contra ordinem contusionis naturalis1 qu sensim paulatimque decrescit4 ,aliquoties ipsius infantulam lactentem cunis eripiebat1 et illam1 nunc super tecta in limine prcipitii locabat1 nunc occultabat1 nihil tamen mali in illa apparuit4 ,aliquoties totam domus supellectilem evertebat2 aliquoties ollas1 paropsides1 et alia vasa testea minutatim frangebat1 subinde fracta restituebat integra4 ,semel dum ipsa cum viro cubaret1 apparens ,incubus in forma solita enixe deprecabatur ab ea concubitum1 et dum ipsa de more constans resisteret1 in furorem actus ,incubus abscessit1 et infra breve temporis spatium reversus est1 secum ferens magnam copiam laminarum saxearum1 quibus ,genuenses in civitate sua et universa ,liguria domos tegunt1 et ex ipsis fabricavit murum circa lectum tant altitudinis1 ut ejus conopeum adquaret1 unde necesse fuit scalis uti1 si debuerunt de cubili surgere4 ,murus autem fuit absque calce1 et ipso destructo1 saxa in angulo seposita1 qu ibi per duos dies remanserunt visa a multis1 qui ad spectaculum convenerant2 et post biduum disparuerunt4 ,invitaverat maritus ejus in die ,s4 ,stephani quosdam amicos viros militares ad prandium1 et pro hospitum dignitate dapes paraverat2 dum de more lavantur manus ante accubitum1 disparet in momento mensa parata in triclinio2 disparent obsonia cuncta1 olla1 caldaria1 patin1 ac omnia vasa in coquina2 disparent amphor1 canthari1 calices parati ad potum4 ,attoniti ad hoc stupent commensales1 qui erant octo1 inter quos ,dux peditum ,hispanus ad alios conversus ait3 8,ne paveatis1 ista est illusio1 sed pro certo mensa in loco in quo erat1 adhuc est1 et modo modo eam tactu percipiam40 ,hisque dictis circuibat cnaculum manibus extentis1 tentans mensam deprehendere1 sed cum post multos circuitus incassum laborasset1 et nil prter aerem tangeret1 irrisus fuit a cteris2 cumque jam grandis esset prandii hora1 pallium proprium eorum unusquisque sumpsit propriam domum petiturus4 ,jam erant omnes prope januam domus in procinctu eundi1 associati a marito vexat mulieris1 urbanitatis causa1 cum grandem quendam strepitum in cnaculo audiunt4 ,subsistunt parumper ad cognoscendum causam strepitus1 et accurrens famula nuntiat in coquina vasa nova obsoniis plena apparuisse1 mensamque in cnaculo jam paratam esse restitutam4 ,revertuntur in cnaculum1 et stupent mensam mappis et manutergiis insolitis1 salino1 et lancibus insolitis argenteis1 salsamentis1 ac obsoniis1 qu domi parata non fuerant1 instructam4 ,a latere magna erecta erat credentia1 supra quam optimo ordine stabant calices crystallinis1 argentini et aurei1 cum variis amphoris1 lagenis1 cantharis plenis vinis exteris1 puta ,cretensi1 ,campano1 ,canariensi1 ,rhenano1 etc4 ,in coquina pariter in ollis1 et vasis itidem in ea domo nunquam visis1 varia obsonia4 ,dubitarunt prius nonnulli ex iis eas dapes gustare1 sed confirmati ab aliis accubuerunt1 et exquisitissime omnia condita repererunt2 ac immediate a prandio1 dum omnes pro usu illius tempores ad ignem sedent1 omnia ustensilia cum reliquiis ciborum disparuere1 et repert sunt antiqu domus supellectiles simul cum dapibus1 qu prius parat fuerant2 et quod mirum est1 conviv omnes saturati sunt1 ita ut nullus eorum cnam sumpserit pr prandii lautitia4 ,quo convincitur cibos appositos reales fuisse1 et non ex prstigio reprsentatos4 ,interea effluxerant multi menses1 ex quos cperat hujusmodi persecutio3 et mulier votum fecit ,b4 ,bernardino ,feltrensi1 cujus sacrum corpus veneratur in ,ecclesia ,s4 ,jacobi prope murum illius urbis1 incedendi per annum integrum indutam panno griseo1 et chordulato1 quo utuntur ,fratres ,minores1 de quorum ordine fuit ,b4 ,bernardinus1 ut per ipsius patrocinium a tanta ,incubi vexatione liberaretur4 ,et de facto die #bh ,septembris1 qui est pervigilium ,dedicationis ,s4 ,michaelis ,archangeli1 et festum ,b4 ,bernardini1 ipsa veste votiva induta est4 ,mane sequenti1 quod est festum ,s4 ,michaelis1 ibat vexata ad ecclesiam ,s4 ,michaelis1 qu ut diximus erat parochialis ipsius1 circa medium mane1 dum frequens populus ad illam confluebat2 et cum pervenisset ad medium plate ecclesi1 omnia ipsius indumenta et ornamenta ceciderunt in terram et rapta vento statim disparuerunt1 ipsa relicta nuda4 ,adfuerunt sorte inter alios duo equites viri longvi1 qui factum videntes1 dejectis ab humero propriis palliis mulieris nuditatem1 ut potuerunt1 velarunt1 et rhed impositam ad propriam domum duxerunt4 ,vestes et jocalia qu rapuerat ,incubus1 non restituit nisi post sex menses4 ,multa alia1 et quidem stupenda operatus est contra eam ,incubus1 qu tdet exscribere1 et per multos annos in ea tentatione permansit2 tandemque ,incubus videns operam in ea perdere1 destitit a tam importuna et insolita vexatione4 #bh4 ,about twenty five years ago1 when ,i was a lecturer on ,sacred ,theology in the convent of the ,holy ,cross1 in ,pavia1 there was living in that city a married woman of unimpeachable morality1 and who was most highly spoken of by all such as knew her1 especially by the ,friars2 her name was ,hieronyma1 and she lived in the parish of ,s4 ,michael4 ,one day1 this woman had kneaded bread at home and given it out to bake4 ,the oven-man brought her back her loaves when baked1 and with them a large cake of a peculiar shape1 and made of butter and ,venetian paste1 as is usual in that city4 ,she declined to take it in1 saying she had not made any thing of the kind4--8,but01 said the oven-man1 8,i had no other bread but yours to bake to-day1 therefore this cake also must have come from your house2 your memory is at fault04 ,the good lady allowed herself to be persuaded1 and partook of the cake with her husband1 her little girl three years old1 and the house servant4 ,the next night1 whilst in bed with her husband1 and both asleep1 she suddenly woke up at the sound of a very slender voice1 something like a shrill hissing1 whispering in her ears1 yet with great distinctness1 and inquiring whether 8the cake had been to her taste80 ,the good lady1 frightened1 set about guarding herself with a sign of the cross and repeatedly calling the names of ,jesus and ,mary4 8,be not afraid10 said the voice1 8,i mean you no harm2 quite1 the reverse3 ,i am prepared to do any thing to please you2 ,i am captivated by your beauty1 and desire nothing more than to enjoy your embraces04 ,and she felt somebody kissing her cheeks1 so lightly1 so softly1 that she might have fancied being grazed by the finest down4 ,she resisted without giving any answer1 merely repeating over and over again the names of ,jesus and ,mary1 and crossing herself2 the tempter kept on thus for nearly half an hour1 when he withdrew4 ,the next morning the dame called on her ,confessor1 a discreet and learned man1 who confirmed her in her faith1 exhorted her to maintain her energetic resistance and to provide herself with some holy relics4 ,on the ensuing nights1 like temptation with the same language and kisses1 like constancy also on the part of the woman4 ,weary however of such painful and persistent molestation1 taking the advice of her ,confessor and other grave men1 she had herself exorcised by experienced ,exorcists1 in order to ascertain whether perchance she was not possessed4 ,having found in her no trace of the evil ,spirit1 they blessed the house1 the bed-room1 the bed1 and enjoined on the ,incubus to discontinue his molestations4 ,all to no purpose3 he kept on worse than ever1 pretending to be love-sick1 weeping and moaning in order to melt the heart of the lady1 who however1 by the grace of ,god1 remained unconquered4 ,the ,incubus then went another way to work3 he appeared in the shape of a lad or little man of great beauty1 with golden locks1 a flaxen beard that shone like gold1 sea-green eyes calling to mind the flax-flower1 and arrayed in a fancy ,spanish dress4 ,besides he appeared to her even when in company1 whimpering1 after the fashion of lovers1 kissing his hand to her1 and endeavouring by every means to obtain her embraces4 ,she alone saw and heard him3 for every body else1 he was not to be seen4 ,the good lady kept persevering in her admirable constancy till1 at last1 after some months of courting1 the ,incubus1 incensed at her disdain1 had recourse to a new kind of persecution4 ,first1 he took away from her a silver cross filled with holy relics1 and a holy wax or papal lamb of the blessed ,pontiff ,pius ,v1 which she always carried on her person2 then1 leaving the locks untouched1 he purloined her rings and other gold and silver jewelry from the casket wherein they were put away4 ,next1 he began to strike her cruelly1 and after each beating bruises and marks were to be seen on her face1 her arms or other parts of her body1 which lasted a day or two1 then suddenly disappeared1 the reverse of natural bruises which decrease slowly and by degrees4 ,sometimes1 while she was nursing her little girl1 he would snatch the child away from on her breast and lay it upon the roof1 on the edge of the gutter1 or hide it1 but without ever harming it4 ,sometimes he would upset all the furniture1 or smash to pieces saucepans1 plates and other earthenware which1 in the twinkling of an eye1 he restored to their former state4 ,one night that she was lying with her husband1 the ,incubus1 appearing in his customary shape1 vehemently urged his demand which she resisted as usual4 ,the ,incubus withdrew in a rage1 and shortly came back with a large load of those flag stones which the ,genoese1 and the inhabitants of ,liguria in general1 use for roofing their houses4 ,with those stones he built around the bed a wall so high that it reached the tester1 and that the couple could not leave their bed without using a ladder4 ,this wall however was built up without lime2 when pulled down1 the flags were laid by in a corner where1 during two days1 they were seen by many who came to look at them2 they then disappeared4 ,on ,s4 ,stephen's day1 the husband had asked some military friends to dinner1 and1 to do honour to his guests1 had provided a substantial repast4 ,whilst they were1 as customary1 washing their hands before taking their seats1 suddenly vanished the table dressed in the dining-room2 all the dishes1 saucepans1 kettles1 plates and crockery in the kitchen vanished likewise1 as well as the jugs1 bottles and glasses4 ,you may imagine the surprise1 the stupor of the guests1 eight in number2 amongst them was a ,spanish ,captain of infantry1 who1 addressing the company1 said to them3 8,do not be frightened1 it is but a trick3 the table is certainly still where it stood1 and ,i shall soon find it by feeling for it04 ,having thus spoken1 he paced round the room with outstretched arms1 endeavouring to lay hold of the table2 but when1 after many circuitous perambulations1 it was apparent that he laboured in vain and grasped at nought but thin air1 he was laughed at by his friends2 and it being already high time for having dinner1 each guest took up his cloak and set about to return home4 ,they had already reached the street-door with the husband1 who1 out of politeness1 was attending them1 when they heard a great noise in the dining-room3 they stood to ascertain the cause thereof1 and presently the servant came up to announce that the kitchen was stocked with new vessels filled with food1 and that the table was standing again in its former place4 ,having gone back to the dining-room1 they were stupefied to see the table was laid1 with cloths1 napkins1 salt-cellars1 and trays that did not belong to the house1 and with food which had not been cooked there4 ,on a large sideboard all were arrayed in perfect order crystal1 silver and gold chalices1 with all kind of amphoras1 decanters and cups filled with foreign wines1 from the ,isle of ,crete1 ,campania1 the ,canaries1 the ,rhine1 etc4 ,in the kitchen there was also an abundant variety of meats in saucepans and dishes that had never been seen there before4 ,at first1 some of the guests hesitated whether they should taste of that food2 however1 encouraged by others1 they sat down1 and soon partook of the meal1 which was found exquisite4 ,immediately afterwards1 as they were sitting before a seasonable fire1 every thing vanished at once1 the dishes and the leavings1 and in their stead reappeared the cloth of the house and the victual which had been previously cooked2 but1 for a wonder1 all the guests were satisfied1 so that no one thought of supper after such a magnificent dinner4 ,a clear proof that the substituted viands were real and nowise fictitious4 ,this kind of persecution had been going on some months1 when the lady betook herself to the blessed ,bernardine of ,feltri1 whose body is worshipped in the church of ,st ,james1 a short distance from the walls of the city4 ,she made a vow to him that she would wear1 during a whole twelve-month1 a grey frock1 tied round her waist with a piece of cord1 and such as is worn by the ,minor ,brethren1 the order to which had belonged the blessed ,bernardine2 this she vowed1 in the hope of being1 through his intercession1 at last rid of the persecution of the ,incubus4 ,and accordingly1 on the #bhth of ,september1 the vigil of the ,dedication of the ,archangel ,s4 ,michael1 and the festival of the blessed ,bernardine1 she assumed the votive robe4 ,the next morning1 which was ,s4 ,michael's festival1 the afflicted woman proceeded to the church of ,st ,michael1 her own parish1 already mentioned2 it was about ten o'clock1 a time when a crowd of people were going to mass4 ,she had no sooner set foot on the threshold of the church1 than her clothes and ornaments fell off to the ground1 and disappeared in a gust of wind1 leaving her stark naked4 ,there happened fortunately to be among the crowd two cavaliers of mature age1 who1 seeing what had taken place1 hastened to divest themselves of their cloaks with which they concealed1 as well as they could1 the woman's nudity1 and having put her into a vehicle1 accompanied her home4 ,the clothes and trinkets taken by the ,incubus were not restored by him before six months had elapsed4 ,i might relate many other most surprising tricks which that ,incubus played on her1 were it not wearisome4 ,suffice it to say that1 for a number of years he persevered in his temptation of her1 but that finding at last that he was losing his pains1 he desisted from his vexatious importunities4 #bi4 ,in hoc casu1 et similibus qui passim audiuntur et leguntur1 ,incubus ad nullum actum contra ,religionem tentat1 sed solum contra castitatem4 ,hinc fit quod ipsi consentiens non peccat irreligiositate1 sed incontinentia4 #bi4 ,in the above case1 as well as in others that may be heard or read of occasionally1 the ,incubus attempts no act against ,religion2 he merely assails chastity4 ,in consequence1 consent is not a sin through ungodliness1 but through incontinence4 #cj4 ,in confesso autem est apud ,theologos et ,philosophos1 quod ex commixtione hominis cum ,dmone aliquoties nascuntur homines1 et tali modo nasciturum esse ,antichristum opinantur nonnulli ,doctores3 ,bellarm4 lib4 #a1 de ,rom4 ,pont41 cap4 #ab2 ,suarez1 tom4 #b1 disp4 #ed1 sec4 #a42 ,maluend41 de ,antichr41 l4 #b41 c4 #h4 ,immo observant1 quod1 qui gignuntur ab hujusmodi ,incubis1 naturali causa etiam evenit1 ut nascantur grandes1 robustissimi1 ferocissimi1 superbissimi1 ac nequissimi1 ut scripsit ,maluenda1 loc4 cit41 ,ad illud2 et hujus rationem recitat ex ,vallesio ,archia4 ,reggio4 ,sac4 ,philosoph41 c4 #h41 dicente quod ,incubi summittant in uteros non qualecumque1 neque quantumcumque semen1 sed plurimum1 crassissimum1 calidissimum1 spiritibus affluens et seri expers4 ,id vero est eis facile conquirere1 deligendo homines calidos1 robustos1 et abondantes multo semine1 quibus succumbant1 deinde et mulieres tales1 quibus incumbant1 atque utrisque voluptatem solito majorem afferendo1 tanto enim abundantius emittitur semen1 quanto cum majori voluptate excernitur4 ,hc ,vallesius4 ,confirmat vero ,maluenda supradicta1 probando1 ex variis et classicis ,auctoribus1 ex hujusmodi concubitu natos3 ,romulum ac ,remum1 ,liv4 decad4 #a2 ,plutarch41 in ,vit4 ,romul4 et ,parallel42 ,servium ,tullium1 sextum regem ,romanorum1 ,dionys4 ,halicar41 lib4 #d1 ,plin41 lib4 #cf41 c4 #bg2 ,platonem ,philosophum1 ,laer4 l4 #i4 de ,vit4 ,philos42 ,d4 ,hyeron41 l4 #a4 ,controvers4 ,jovinian42 ,alexandrum ,magnum1 ,plutarch41 in ,vit4 ,alex4 ,m42 ,quint4 ,curt41 l4 #d1 de ,gest4 ,alex4 ,m42 ,seleucum1 regem ,syri1 ,just41 ,hist41 l4 #ae2 ,appian41 in ,syriac42 ,scipionem ,africanum ,majorem1 ,liv41 decad4 #c1 lib4 #f2 ,csarem ,augustum ,imperatorem1 ,sueton41 in ,octa41 c4 #id2 ,aristomenem ,messenium1 strenuissimum ducem ,grcorum1 ,strabo1 de ,sit4 ,orb41 lib4 #h2 ,pausan41 de ,rebus ,grcor41 lib4 #c2 et ,merlinum1 seu ,melchinum ,anglicum ex ,incubo et ,filia ,caroli ,magni ,moniali1 ,hauller1 volum4 #b1 ,generat4 #g1 quod etiam de ,martino ,luthero1 perditissimo ,heresiarcha scribit ,cochlus apud ,maluendam1 de ,antich41 lib4 #b1 c4 #f1 ,cterum4 #cj4 ,now1 it is undoubted by ,theologians and philosophers that carnal intercourse between mankind and the ,demon sometimes gives birth to human beings2 that is how is to be born the ,antichrist1 according to some ,doctors1 such as ,bellarmin1 ,suarez1 ,maluenda1 etc4 ,they further observe that1 from a natural cause1 the children thus begotten by ,incubi are tall1 very hardy and bold1 very proud and wicked4 ,thus writes ,maluenda2 as for the cause1 he gives it from ,vallesius1 ,archphysician in ,reggio3 8,what ,incubi introduce in uteros1 is not qualecumque neque quantumcumque semen1 but abundant1 very thick1 very warm1 rich in spirits and free from serosity4 ,this moreover is an easy thing for them1 since they have but to choose ardent1 robust men1 et abundantes multo semine1 quibus succumbant1 and then women of a like constitution1 quibus incumbant1 taking care that both shall enjoy voluptatem solito majorem1 tanto enim abundantius emittitur semen1 quanto cum majori voluptate excernitur40 ,those are the words of ,vallesius1 confirmed by ,maluenda who shows1 from the testimony of various ,authors1 mostly classical1 that such associations gave birth to3 ,romulus and ,remus1 according to ,livy and ,plutarch2 ,servius-,tullius1 the sixth king of ,rome1 according to ,dyonisius of ,halicarnassus and ,pliny the ,elder2 ,plato the ,philosopher1 according to ,diogenes ,laertius and ,saint ,hieronymus2 ,alexander the ,great1 according to ,plutarch and ,quintus-,curtius2 ,seleucus1 king of ,syria1 according to ,justinus and ,appianus2 ,scipio ,africanus the ,elder1 according to ,livy2 the emperor ,csar ,augustus1 according to ,suetonius2 ,aristomenes the ,messenian1 an illustrious ,greek commander1 according to ,strabo and ,pausanias2 as also ,merlin or ,melchin the ,englishman1 born from an ,incubus and a nun1 the daughter of ,charlemagne2 and1 lastly1 as shown by the writings of ,cochlus quoted by ,maluenda1 that damned ,heresiarch ycleped ,martin ,luther4 #ca4 ,salva tamen tot1 et tantorum ,doctorum1 qui in ea opinione conveniunt1 reverentia1 non video1 quomodo ipsorum sententia possit subsistere2 tum quia1 ut optime opinatur ,pererius1 tom4 #b1 in ,genes41 cap4 #f1 disp4 #e1 tota vis et efficacia humani seminis consistit in spiritibus1 qui difflantur1 et evanescunt statim ac sunt extra genitalia vasa1 a quibus foventur et conservantur1 ut scribunt ,medici4 ,nequit proinde ,dmon semen acceptum conservare1 ita ut aptum sit generationi1 quia vas1 quodcumque sit illud1 in quo semen conservare tentaret1 oporteret quod caleret calore assimetro a nativo organorum human generationis2 similarem enim a nullo alio prterquam ab organis ipsis habere potest generatio4 ,tum quia generatio actus vitalis est1 per quem homo generans de propria substantia semen defert per organa naturalia ad locum generationi congruentem4 ,in casu autem delatio seminis non potest esse actus vitalis hominis generantis1 quia ab eo non infertur in matricem2 proinde nec dici potest1 quod homo eujus est semen1 generet ftum1 qui ex eo nascitur4 ,neque ,incubus ipsius pater dici potest2 quia de ipsius substantia semen non est4 ,hinc fiet1 quod nascetur homo1 cujus nemo pater sit1 quod est incongruum4 ,tum quia in patre naturaliter generante duplex causalitas concurrit1 nempe materialis1 quia semen1 quod materia generationis1 ministrat1 et efficiens1 quia agens principale est in generatione1 ut communiter statuunt ,philosophi4 ,in casu autem nostro homo ministrando solum semen1 puram materiam exhiberet absque ulla actione in ordine ad generationem2 proinde non posset dici pater filii qui nasceretur3 et hoc est contra id1 quod homo genitus ab ,incubo non est illius filius1 sed est filius ejus viri1 a quo ,incubus semen sumpsit4 #ca4 ,however1 with due deference to so many and such learned ,doctors1 ,i hardly see how their opinion can bear examination4 ,for1 as ,pererius truly observes in his ,commentary on the ,genesis1 chapt4 #f1 the whole strength and efficiency of the human sperm reside in the spirits which evaporate and vanish as soon as issued from the genital vessels wherein they were warmly stored3 all medical men agree on that point4 ,it is consequently not possible that the ,demon should preserve in a fit state for generation the sperm he has received2 for it were necessary that whatever vessel he endeavoured to keep it in should be equally warm with the human genital organs1 the warmth of which is nowhere to be met with but in those organs themselves4 ,now1 in a vessel where that warmth is not intrinsical but extraneous1 the spirits get altered1 and no generation can take place4 ,there is this other objection1 that generation is a vital act by which man1 begetting from his own substance1 carries the sperm through natural organs to the spot which is appropriate to generation4 ,on the contrary1 in this particular case1 the introduction of sperm cannot be a vital act of the man who begets1 since it is not carried into the womb by his agency2 and1 for the same cause1 it cannot be said that the man1 whose sperm it was1 has begotten the fetus which proceeds from it4 ,nor can the ,incubus be deemed its father1 since the sperm does not issue from his own substance4 ,consequentially1 a child would be born without a father1 which is absurd4 ,third objection3 when the father begets in the course of nature1 there is a concurrence of two causalities3 the one1 material1 for he provides the sperm which is the matter of generation2 the other1 efficient1 for he is the principal agent of generation1 as ,philosophers agree in declaring4 ,but1 in this case1 the man who only provided the sperm would contribute but a mere material1 without any action tending to generation2 he could therefore not be regarded as the father of the child begotten under those circumstances2 and this is opposed to the notion that the child begotten by an ,incubus is not his son1 but the son of the man whose sperm the ,incubus has taken4 #cb4 ,prterea omni probabilitate caret quod scribit ,vallesius1 et ex eo recitavimus supra n #cj2 mirorque a doctissimi viri calamo talia excidisse4 ,notissimum enim est apud ,physicos1 quod magnitudo ftus non est a quantitate molis1 sed est a quantitate virtutis1 hoc est spirituum in semine3 ab ea enim tota generationis ratio dependet1 ut optime testatur ,michael ,ettmullerus1 ,instit4 ,medic4 ,physiolog41 car4 #bb1 thes4 #a1 fol4 m41 #ci1 scribens3 ,tota generationis ratio dependet a spiritu genitali sub crassioris materi involucro excreto2 ista materia seminis crassa nullo modo1 vel in utero subsistente1 vel seu materia ftum constituente3 sed solus spiritus genitalis maris unitus cum spiritu genitali mulieris in poros uteri1 seu1 quod rarius fit1 in tubos uteri se insinuat1 indeque uterum fecundum reddit4 ,quid ergo facere potest magna quantitas seminis ad ftus magnitudinem8 ,prterea nec semper verum est1 quod tales geniti ab ,incubis magnitudine molis corpore insignes sint3 ,alexander enim ,magnus1 qui1 ut diximus1 natus taliter scribitur1 statura pusillus erat2 unde carmen1 ,magnus ,alexander corpore parvus erat4 ,item quamvis taliter concepti supra cteros homines excellant1 non tamen hoc semper est in vitiis1 sed aliquando in virtutibus etiam in moralibus1 ut patet in ,scipione ,africano1 ,csare ,augusto1 et ,platone ,philosopho1 de quibus ,livius1 ,suetonius et ,laertius respective scribunt1 quod optimi in moribus fuere2 ut proinde arguere possimus1 quod si alii eodem modo geniti pessimi fuere1 hoc non fuerit ex hoc1 quod fuerint ab ,incubo geniti1 sed quia tales ex proprio arbitrio exstitere4 ,pariter ex textu ,sacr ,scriptur1 ,gen41 c4 #f1 v4 #d1 habemus quod gigantes nati sunt ex concubitu filiorum ,dei cum filiabus hominum1 et hoc ad litteram sacri textus4 ,gigantes autem homines erant statura magna1 ut eos vocat ,baruch1 c4 #c1 v4 #bf1 et excedente communem hominum proceritatem4 ,monstruosa statura1 robore1 latrociniis1 et tyrannide insignes3 unde ,gigantes per sua scelera fuerunt maxima1 et potissima causa ,diluvii1 ait ,cornelius a ,lapid4 in ,gen41 c4 #f1 v4 #d1 ,burgensis4 ,non quadrat autem quorumdam expositio1 quod nomine filiorum ,dei veniant filii ,seth1 et vocabulo filiarum hominum fili ,cain1 eo quod illi erant pietati1 ,religioni1 et cteris virtutibus addicti1 descendentes autem a ,cain vice versa3 nam salva opinantium1 ,chrysost41 ,cyrill41 ,theodor4 ,rupert4 ,ab4 et ,hilar4 in ,psalm4 #acb1 apud ,cornel41 a ,lap41 c4 #f2 ,g41 v4 #b1 ,verum dies1 reverentia1 talis expositio non cohret sensui patenti litter2 ait enim ,scriptura1 quod ex conjunctione talium nati sunt homines monstruos proceritatis corpore3 ante illam ergo tales gigantes non extiterunt3 quod si ex ea orti sunt1 hoc non potuit esse ex eo1 quod filii ,seth coivissent cum filiabus ,cain1 quia illi erant statur ordinari1 prout etiam fili ,cain1 unde oriri ex his naturaliter non potuerunt nisi filii statur ordinari3 si ergo monstruosa statura filii nati sunt ex tali conjunctione1 hoc fuit1 quia non fuerunt prognati ex ordinaria conjunctione viri cum muliere1 sed ex ,incubis dmonibus qui ratione natur ipsorum optime possunt vocari filii ,dei1 et in hac sententia sunt ,philosophi ,platonici1 et ,franciscus ,georgius ,venetus1 tom4 #a1 problem4 #gd3 nec dissentiunt ab eadem ,joseph4 ,hebrus1 ,philo ,judus1 ,s4 ,justinus ,martyr1 ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 et ,tertullianus1 ,joseph4 ,hebrus1 ,antiq41 l4 #a42 ,philo1 l4 de ,gigant42 ,s4 ,justinus ,m41 ,apolog4 #a42 ,clemens ,alex41 lib4 #c2 ,tertull41 lib4 de ,habit4 ,mul41 apud ,cornel41 loc4 cit42 ,hugo de ,s4 ,victor41 ,annot4 in ,gen41 c4 #f1 qui opinantur illos fuisse ,angelos quosnam corporeos qui in luxuriam cum mulieribus delapsi sunt3 ut enim infra ostendemus1 ist du sententi in unam et eamdem conveniunt4 #cb4 ,besides1 there is not a shadow of probability in what written by ,vallesius and quoted from him by us 7,vide supra n #cj72 and ,i wonder that any thing so extravagant should have fallen from the pen of such a learned man4 ,medical men are well aware that the size of the fetus depends1 not indeed on the quantity of matter1 but on the quantity of virtue1 that is to say of spirits held by the sperm2 there lies the whole secret of generation1 as is well observed by ,michael ,ettmuller1 ,institut4 ,medic4 ,physiolog43 8,generation01 says he1 8entirely depends upon the genital spirit contained within an envelope of thicker matter2 that spermatic matter does not remain in the uterus1 and has no share in the formation of the fetus2 it is but the genital spirit of the male1 combined with the genital spirit of the female1 that permeates the pores1 or1 less frequently1 the tubes of the uterus1 which it fecundates by that means40 ,of what moment can therefore the quantity of sperm be for the size of the fetus8 ,besides1 it is not always a fact that men thus begotten by ,incubi are remarkable for the huge proportions of their body3 ,alexander the ,great1 for instance1 who is said to have been thus born1 as we have mentioned1 was very short2 as the poet said of him3 ,magnus ,alexander corpore parvus erat4 ,besides1 although it is generally a fact that those who are thus begotten excel other men1 yet such superiority is not always shown by their vices1 but sometimes by their virtues and even their morals2 ,scipio ,africanus1 for instance1 ,csar ,augustus and ,plato the ,philosopher1 as is recorded of each of them respectively by ,livy1 ,suetonius and ,diogenes ,laertius1 had excellent morals4 ,whence may be inferred that1 if other individuals begotten in the same way have been downright villains1 it was not owing to their being born of an ,incubus1 but to their having1 of their own free will1 chosen to be such4 ,we also read in the ,testament1 ,genesis1 chap4 #f1 verse #d1 that giants were born when the sons of ,god came in unto the daughters of men3 that is the very letter of the sacred text4 ,now1 those giants were men of great stature1 says ,baruch1 chap4 #c1 verse #bf1 and far superior to other men4 ,not only were they distinguished by their huge size1 but also by their physical power1 their plundering habits and their tyranny4 ,through their criminal excesses the ,giants were the primary and principal cause of the ,flood1 according to ,cornelius a ,lapide1 in his ,commentary on ,genesis4 ,some contend that by ,sons of ,god are meant the sons of ,seth1 and by ,daughters of men the daughters of ,cain1 because the former practiced piety1 religion and every other virtue1 whilst the descendants of ,cain were quite the reverse2 but1 with all due deference to ,chrysostom1 ,cyrillus1 ,hilarius and others who are of that opinion1 it must be conceded that it clashes with the obvious meaning of the text4 ,scripture says1 in fact1 that of the conjunction of the above mentioned were born men of huge bodily size3 consequently1 those giants were not previously in existence1 and if their birth was the result of that conjunction1 it cannot be ascribed to the intercourse of the sons of ,seth with the daughters of ,cain1 who being themselves of ordinary stature1 could but procreate children of ordinary stature4 ,therefore1 if the intercourse in question gave birth to beings of huge stature1 the reason is that it was not the common connection between man and woman1 but the performance of ,incubi ,demons who1 from their nature1 may very well be styled sons of ,god4 ,such is the opinion of the ,platonist ,philosophers and of ,francis ,georges the ,venetian2 nor is it discrepant from that of ,josephus the ,historian1 ,philo the ,jew1 ,s4 ,justinus the ,martyr1 ,clement of ,alexandria1 and ,tertullian1 who look upon ,incubi as corporeal ,angels who have allowed themselves to fall into the sin of lewdness with women4 ,indeed1 as shall be shown hereafter1 though seemingly distinct1 those two opinions are but one and the same4 #cc4 ,si ergo ,incubi tales1 ut fert communis sententia1 ,gigantes genuerunt1 accepto semine ab homine1 juxta id1 quod supra dictum est1 non potuerunt ex illo semine nasci nisi homines ejusdem statur plus minusve1 cum eo a quo semen acceptum est3 nec enim facit ad altiorem corporis staturam major seminis quantitas1 ita ut attracta insolite a ,dmone1 dum ,succubus fit homini1 augeat ultra illius staturam enormiter corpus ab eo geniti2 quia1 ut supra diximus1 hoc residet in spiritu1 et non in mole seminis3 ut proinde necesse sit concludere1 quod ab alio semine1 quam humano1 hujusmodi gigantes nati sint1 et proinde ,dmon ,incubus non humano1 sed alio semine utatur ad generationem4 ,quid igitur dicendum8 #cc4 ,if therefore these ,incubi1 in conformity with general belief1 have begotten ,giants by means of sperm taken from man1 it is impossible1 as aforesaid1 that of that sperm should have been born any but men of approximately the same size as he from whom it came2 for it would be in vain for the ,demon1 when acting the part of a ,succubus1 to draw from man an unwonted quantity of prolific liquor in order to procreate therefrom children of higher stature2 quantity has nothing to do here1 since all depends1 as we have said1 upon the vitality of that liquor1 not its quantity4 ,we are therefore bound to infer that ,giants are born of another sperm than man's1 and that1 consequently1 the ,incubus ,demon1 for the purpose of generation1 uses a sperm which is not man's4 ,but then1 what is to be said8 #cd4 ,quantum ad hoc1 sub correctione ,sanct ,matris ,ecclesi1 et mere opinative dico1 ,incubum ,dmonem1 dum mulieribus commiscetur1 ex proprio ipsius semine hominem generare4 #cd4 ,subject to correction by our ,holy ,mother ,church1 and as a mere expression of opinion1 ,i say that the ,incubus ,demon1 when having intercourse with women1 begets the human fetus from his own sperm4 #ce4 ,paradoxa in fide1 et parum sana nonnullis videbitur hc opinio2 sed lectorem meum deprecor1 ut judicium non prcipitet de ea3 ut enim incivile est nondum tota lege perspecta judicare1 ut ,celsus1 lib4 #bd4 ff4 de legib4 et ,s4 ,c41 ait1 ita neque damnanda est opinio1 nisi prius examinatis1 ac solutis argumentis1 quibus innititur4 ,ad probandam igitur supradatam conclusionem1 nonnulla sunt necessario prmittenda4 #ce4 ,to many that proposition will seem heterodox and hardly sensible2 but ,i beg of my reader not to condemn it precipitately2 for if1 as ,celsus says1 it is improper to deliver judgment without having thoroughly inquired into the law1 no less unfair is the rejection of an opinion1 before the arguments upon which it rests have been weighed and confuted4 ,i have therefore to prove the above conclusion1 and must necessarily premise with some statements4 #cf4 ,prmittendum primo de fide est1 quod dentur ,creatur pure spirituales nullo modo de materia corporea participantes1 prout habetur ex ,concilio ,lateranensi1 sub ,innocentio ,tertio1 c4 ,firm4 de ,sum4 ,trin4 et ,fid4 ,cath4 ,conc4 ,eph4 in ,epist4 ,cyrill4 ad ,reggia1 et alibi4 ,hujusmodi autem sunt ,angeli beati1 et ,dmones damnati ad ignem perpetuum4 ,quamvis vero nonnulli ,doctores1 ,bann4 par4 #a4 q4 #e4 ar4 #a4 ,can4 de ,loc4 ,theol4 l4 #e4 c4 #e4 ,sixt4 seu ,bibliot4 ,san4 l4 #e4 annot4 #h41 ,mirand4 ,sum4 ,concil4 v4 ,angelus1 ,molina1 p4 #a4 q4 #ej41 a4 #a41 ,carranz41 ,annot4 ad ,synod4 #g41 etiam post ,concilium illud docuerint spiritualitatem ,angelorum et ,dmonum non esse de fide1 ita ut nonnulli alii1 ,bonav4 in lib4 #b4 sent4 dist4 #c4 q4 #a41 ,scot4 de ,anim4 q4 #ae41 ,cajet4 in ,gen4 c4 #d41 ,franc4 ,georg4 ,problem4 l4 #b4 c4 #eg41 ,august4 ,hyph41 de ,dmon41 l4 #c4 c4 #c41 scripserint illos esse corporeos1 et proinde ,angelos ,dmonesque corpore et spiritu constare non esse propositionem hreticam1 neque erroneam1 probet ,bonaventura ,baro1 ,scot4 ,defens4 tom4 #i4 apolog4 #b41 act4 #a41 p4 #g43 tamen quia ,concilium ipsum statuit de fide tenendum1 ,deum esse ,creatorem omnium visibilium et invisibilium1 spiritualium et corporalium1 qui utramque de nihilo condidit creaturam spiritualem et corporalem ,angelicam1 videlicet ut mundanam3 ideo dico de fide esse quasdam creaturas dari mere spirituales1 et tales esse ,angelos1 non quidem omnes1 sed quosdam4 #cf4 ,firstly1 ,i premise1 as an article of belief1 that there are purely spiritual creatures1 not in any way partaking of corporeal matter1 as was ruled by the ,council of ,lateran1 under the pontificate of ,innocent ,,iii4 ,such are the blessed ,angels1 and the ,demons condemned to ever-lasting fire4 ,some ,doctors1 it is true1 have professed1 subsequently even to this ,council1 that the spirituality of ,angels and ,demons is not an article of belief2 others even have asserted that they are corporeal1 whence ,bonaventure ,baron has drawn the conclusion that it is neither heretical nor erroneous to ascribe to ,angels and ,demons a twofold substance1 corporeal and spiritual4 ,yet1 the ,council having formally declared it to be an article of belief that ,god is the maker of all things visible and invisible1 spiritual and corporeal1 who has raised from nothing every creature spiritual or corporeal4 ,angelic or terrestrial1 ,i contend it is an article of belief that there are certain merely spiritual creatures1 and that such are ,angels2 not all of them1 but a certain number4 #cg4 ,inaudita forsan erit sententia hc1 sed non destituta erit probabilitate4 ,si enim a ,theologis tanta inter ,angelos diversitas specifica1 et proinde essentialis statuitur1 ut in via ,d4 ,thom1 p4 p4 #ej1 ar4 #d1 plures ,angeli nequeant esse in eadem specie1 sed quilibet ,angelus propriam speciem constituat1 profecto nulla invenitur repugnantia1 quod ,angelorum nonnulli sint purissimi spiritus1 et proinde excellentissim natur1 alii autem corporei1 et minus excellentes1 et eorum differentia petatur per corporeum et incorporeum4 ,accedit quod hac sententia facile solvitur alias insolubilis contradictio inter duo ,concilia cumenica1 nempe ,septimam ,synodum generalem1 et dictum ,concilium ,lateranense3 siquidem in illa ,synodo1 qu est secunda ,nicna1 actione quinta1 productus est liber ,joannis ,thessalonicensis scriptus contra quemdam ,philosophum gentilem1 in quo ita habetur3 ,de ,angelis et ,archangelis1 atque eorum ,potestatibus1 quibus nostras ,animas adjungo1 ipsa ,catholica ,ecclesia sic sentit1 esse quidem intelligibiles1 sed non omnino corporis expertes1 et insensibiles1 ut vos ,gentiles dicitis1 verum tenui corpore prditos1 et aereo1 sive igneo1 sicut scriptum est3 qui facit ,angelos suos spiritus1 et ministros suos ignem urentem4 ,et infra3 ,quamquam autem non sint ut nos1 corporei1 utpote ex quatuor elementis1 nemo tamen vel ,angelos1 vel ,dmones1 vel ,animas dixerit incorporeas3 multoties enim in proprio corpore visi sunt ab illis1 quibus ,dominus oculos aperuit4 ,et cum omnia lecta fuissent coram ,patribus synodaliter congregatis1 ,tharasius1 ,patriarcha ,constantinopolitanus1 poposcit adprobationem ,sanct ,synodi his verbis3 ,ostendit ,pater1 quod ,angelos pingi oporteat1 quoniam circumscribi possunt1 et ut homines apparuerunt4 ,synodus autem uno ore respondit3 ,etiam1 ,domine4 #cg4 ,it may seem strange1 yet it must be admitted not to be unlikely4 ,if1 in fact1 ,theologians concur in establishing amongst ,angels a specific1 and therefore essential1 diversity so considerable that1 according to ,st4 ,thomas1 there are not two ,angels of the same species1 but that each of them is a species by himself1 why should not certain ,angels be most pure spirits1 of a consequently very superior nature1 and others corporeal1 therefore of a less perfect nature1 differing thus from each other in their corporeal or incorporeal substance8 ,this doctrine has the advantage of solving the otherwise insoluble contradiction between two cumenical ,councils1 namely the ,seventh ,general ,synod and the above-mentioned ,council of ,lateran4 ,for1 during the fifth sitting of that ,synod1 the second of ,nicea1 a book was introduced written by ,john of ,thessalonica against a pagan ,philosopher1 wherein occur the following propositions3 8,respecting ,angels1 ,archangels and their ,powers1 to which ,i adjoin our own ,souls1 the ,catholic ,church is really of opinion that they are intelligences1 but not entirely bodyless and senseless1 as you ,gentiles aver2 she on the contrary ascribes to them a subtile body1 aerial or igneous1 according to what is written3 ,he makes the spirits ,his ,angels1 and the burning fire ,his ,minister04 ,and further on3 8,although not corporeal in the same way as ourselves1 made of the four elements1 yet it is impossible to say that ,angels1 ,demons and ,souls are incorporeal2 for they have been seen many a time1 invested with their own body1 by those whose eyes the ,lord had opened04 ,and after that book had been read through before all the ,fathers in ,council assembled1 ,tharasius1 the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 submitted it to the approval of the ,council1 with these words3 8,the ,father showeth that ,angels should be pictured1 since their form can be defined1 and they have been seen in the shape of men04 ,without a dissentient1 the ,synod answered3 8,yes1 my ,lord04 #ch4 ,hanc autem ,conciliarem adprobationem de materia ad longum pertractata a ,d4 ,joanne in libro coram ,patribus lecto1 statuere articulum fidei circa corporeitatem ,angelorum1 perspicuum est3 unde ad tollendam contradictionem hujus1 cum allata definitione ,concilii ,lateranensis1 multum desudant ,theologi4 ,unus enim1 ,suarez1 de ,angelis1 ait1 quod ,patres non contradixerunt tali asserto de corporeitate ,angelorum1 quia non de illa re agebatur4 ,alius1 ,bann41 in p4 p4 q4 #aj1 ait1 quod ,synodus adprobavit conclusionem1 nempe ,angelos pingi posse1 non tamen adprobavit rationem1 quia corporei sunt4 ,alius1 ,molin41 in p4 p41 q4 #ej4 a4 #a1 ait1 quod definitiones ,conciliares in illa ,synodo fact sunt solum actione septima1 proinde ea qu habentur in actionibus prcedentibus non esse definitiones de fide4 ,alii1 ,joverc4 et ,mirand41 ,sum4 ,conc41 scribunt nec ,nicnum1 nec ,lateranense ,concilium intendisse definere de fide qustionem2 et ,nicnum quidem locutum fuisse juxta opinionem ,platonicorum1 qu ponit ,angelos corporeos1 et tunc prvalebat2 ,lateranense autem locutum esse juxta mentem ,aristotelis1 qui1 l4 #ab4 ,metaphys41 tex4 #di1 ponit intelligentias incorporeas1 qu sententia contra ,platonicos apud plerosque ,doctores invaluit expost4 #ch4 ,that this approbation by a ,council of the doctrine set forth at length in the book of ,john establishes an article of belief with regard to the corporeity of ,angels1 there is not a shadow of doubt3 so ,theologians toil and moil in order to remove the contradiction apparent between that decision and the definition1 above quoted1 by the ,council of ,lateran4 ,one of them1 ,suarez1 says that if the ,fathers did not disprove such an assertion of the corporeity of ,angels1 it is because that was not the question4 ,another contends that the ,synod did approve the conclusion1 namely that ,angels might be pictured1 but not the motive given1 their corporeity4 ,a third1 ,molina1 observes that the definitions issued in ,council by the ,synod were thus issued only at the seventh sitting1 whence he argues that those of the previous sittings are not definitions of belief4 ,others1 lastly1 write that neither the ,council of ,nicea nor that of ,lateran intended defining a question of belief1 the ,council of ,nicea having spoken according to the opinion of the ,platonists1 which describes ,angels as corporeal beings and was then prevailing1 whilst that of ,lateran went with ,aristoteles1 who1 in his #abth4 book of ,metaphysics1 lays down the existence of incorporeal intelligences1 a doctrine which has since carried the day with most ,doctors over the ,platonists4 #ci4 ,sed quam frigid sint ist responsiones nemo non videt1 ac eas minime satisfacere oppositioni palmariter demonstrat ,bonaventura ,baro1 ,scot4 ,defens41 tom4 #i1 apolog4 #b1 actio #a1 #b per totum4 ,proinde ad tollendam contradictionem ,conciliorum dicendum est1 ,nicnum locutum esse de una1 ,lateranense autem de alia specie ,angelorum1 et illam quidem corpoream1 hanc vero penitus incorpoream2 et sic conciliantur aliter irreconciliabilia ,concilia4 #ci4 ,but any one can discern the invalidity of those answers1 and ,bonaventure ,baro 7,scot4 ,defens41 tome #i7 proves to evidence that they do not bear4 ,in consequence1 in order to agree the two ,councils1 we must say that the ,council of ,nicea meant one species of ,angels1 and that of ,lateran another3 the former1 corporeal1 the latter on the contrary absolutely incorporeal2 and thus are reconciled two otherwise irreconcilable ,councils4 #dj4 ,prmittendum #b1 nomen ,angeli esse nomen officii1 non natur1 ut concorditer scribunt ,s4 ,s4 ,patres3 ,ambros4 in c4 #a epist4 ad ,hebr41 ,hilaris1 l4 #e de ,trin41 ,augustinus1 lib4 #ae de ,civit4 ,dei c4 #bc1 ,gregorius1 ,hom4 #cd in ,evang41 ,isidorus1 l4 de ,sum4 ,bonit41 c4 #ab2 unde prclare ait ,d4 ,ambrosius3 ,angelus non ex eo quod est spiritus1 ex eo quod agit1 ,angelus1 quia ,angelus ,grce1 ,latine ,nuntius dicitur2 sequitur igitur ex hoc1 quod illi1 qui ad aliquod ministerium a ,deo mittuntur1 sive spiritus sint1 sive homines1 ,angeli vocari possunt2 et de facto ita vocantur in ,scripturis ,sacris3 nam de ,sacerdotibus1 ,concionatoribus ac ,doctoribus1 qui tanquam ,nuntii ,dei explicant hominibus divinam voluntatem1 dicitur1 ,malach4 c4 #b4 v4 #g3 ,labia ,sacerdotis custodient scientiam1 et legem requirent ex ore ejus1 quia ,angelus ,domini exercituum est4 ,d4 ,joannes ,baptista ab eodem ,propheta1 c4 #c v4 #a1 vocatur ,angelus1 dum ait3 ,ecce ego mitto ,angelum meum1 et prparabit viam ante faciem meam4 ,et hanc prophetiam esse ad litteram de ,s4 ,joanne ,baptista testatur ,christus ,dominus in ,evangelio ,matthi1 #aa1 v4 #aj4 ,immo et ipse ,deus1 quia fuit missus a ,patre in mundum ad evangelizandum legem grati1 vocatur ,angelus4 ,ita in prophetia ,isai1 c4 #i v4 #f1 juxta versionem ,septuaginta3 ,vocabitur nomen ejus magni consilii ,angelus1 et clarius in ,malachi c4 #c v4 #a3 ,veniet ad templum sanctum suum ,dominator quem vos quritis1 et ,angelus testamenti quem vos vultis4 ,qu prophetia ad litteram est de ,christo ,domino4 ,sequitur igitur nullum absurdum sequi ex hoc1 quod dicimus ,angelos quosdam esse corporeos1 nam et homines1 qui corpore constant1 ,angeli vocabulo efferuntur4 #dj4 ,secondly1 ,i premise that the word ,angel applies1 not indeed to the kind1 but to the office3 the ,holy ,fathers are agreed thereupon 7,st4 ,ambrose1 on the ,epistle to the ,hebrews2 ,st4 ,austin1 ,city of ,god2 ,st4 ,gregory1 ,homily #cd on ,scripture2 ,st4 ,isidorus1 ,supreme ,goodness74 ,an ,angel1 very truly says ,st4 ,ambrose1 is thus styled1 not because he is a spirit1 but on account of his office2 in ,greek1 ,nuntius in ,latin1 that is to say ,messenger2 it follows that whoever is entrusted by ,god with a mission1 be he spirit or man1 may be called an ,angel1 and is thus called in the ,holy ,scriptures1 where the following words are applied to ,priests1 ,preachers and ,doctors1 who1 as ,messengers of ,god1 explain to men the divine will 7,malachi1 chapt4 #b1 v4 #g74 8,the priest's lips should keep knowledge1 and they should seek the law at his mouth1 for he is the ,angel of the ,lord of ,hosts40 ,the same prophet1 chapt4 #c1 v4 #a1 bestows the name of ,angel on ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 when saying3 8,behold1 ,i will send my ,angel and he shall prepare the way before me40 ,that this prophecy literally applies to ,st4 ,john the ,baptist is testified by our ,lord ,jesus-,christ1 in the ,gospel1 according to ,st4 ,matthew1 chapt4 #aa1 v4 #aj4 ,still more3 ,god himself is called an ,angel1 because he has been sent by ,his ,father to herald the law of mercy4 ,to witness1 the prophecy of ,isaiah1 chapt4 #i1 v4 #f1 according to ,septuagint3 8,he shall be called an ,angel of ,wonderful ,counsel40 ,and more plainly still in ,malachi1 chapt4 #c1 v4 #a2 8,the ,lord whom ye seek shall suddenly come to his temple1 even the ,angel of the covenant whom ye delight in01 a prophecy which literally applies to our ,lord ,jesus-,christ4 ,there is consequently nothing absurd in the contention that some ,angels are corporeal1 since men1 who assuredly have a body1 are called ,angels4 #da4 ,prmittendum #c1 nondum rerum naturalium1 qu sunt in mundo1 satis perspectam esse existentiam1 aut naturam1 ut proinde aliquid negandum sit ex eo1 quod de illo nunquam alias dictum1 aut scriptum fuerit4 ,patet enim tractu temporis detectas esse novas terras1 quas ,antiqui nostri ignorarunt1 novaque animalia1 herbas1 plantas1 fructus1 semina nunquam alias visa2 et si pervia esset ,terra ,australis incognita1 cujus indagatio1 et lustratio a multis hucusque incassum tentata est1 adhuc nova nobis alia panderentur4 ,patet adhuc1 quod per inventionem microscopii1 et alias machinas1 et organa ,philosophi experimentalis modern1 sicut etiam per exactiorem indaginem ,anatomistarum1 multarum rerum naturalium existentiam1 vires1 naturamque tum innotuisse1 tum dietim innotescere1 qu prcedentes ,philosophi ignorarunt1 ut patet in auro fulminante1 phosphoro1 et centum aliis chymicis experimentis1 circulatione sanguinis1 venis lacteis1 vasis lymphaticis1 et aliis hujusmodi qu nuper ,anatomist adinvenerunt4 ,proinde ineptum erit aliquod exsibillare ex hoc quod de eo nullus ,antiquorum scripserit1 attento maxime ,logicorum axiomate1 quod locus ab auctoritate negativa non tenet4 #da4 ,thirdly1 ,i premise that neither the existence nor the nature of the natural things in this world has been sufficiently investigated to allow of denying a fact1 merely because it has never been previously spoken of or written about4 ,in the course of time have not new lands been discovered which the ,ancients knew not of8 ,new animals1 herbs1 plants1 fruits and seeds1 never seen elsewhere8 ,and if that mysterious ,austral land came at last to be explored1 as has been to this day vainly tried by so many travellers1 what unforeseen disclosures would be the result6 ,through the invention of the microscope and other instruments used by modern experimental ,philosophy1 combined with the more exact methods of investigation of ,anatomists1 have there not been1 and are there not1 every day1 brought to light the existence1 qualities and characteristics of a number of natural things unknown to ancient ,philosophers1 such as fulminating gold1 phosphorus1 and a hundred other chemical compounds1 the circulation of the blood1 the lacteal vessels1 the lymph-ducts and other recent anatomical discoveries8 ,to deride a doctrine because it does not happen to be mentioned in any ancient author would therefore be absurd1 especially bearing in mind this axiom of ,logic3 locus ab auctoritate negativa non tenet4 #db4 ,prmittendum #d1 quod in ,sacra ,scriptura1 et ,ecclesiasticis traditionibus non traditur nisi id1 quod ad anim salutem necessarium est1 quoad credendum1 sperandum et amandum2 unde inferre non licet ex eo1 quod nec ex ,scriptura1 nec ex traditione aliquod habetur1 proinde negandum sit1 quod illud tale existat3 aut nos quidem ,fides docet1 ,deum per ,verbum suum omnia creasse visibilia1 et invisibilia2 pariterque ex ,jesu ,christi ,domini nostri meritis tum gratiam1 tum gloriam omni1 et cuivis rationali creatur conferri4 ,num autem alius ,mundus a nostro1 quem incolimus1 sit1 et in eo alii homines non ab ,adam prognati1 sed alio modo a ,deo creati existant 7sicut ponunt illi qui lunarem globum habitatum opinantur72 pariterque num in hoc ,mundo1 quem incolimus1 ali existant creatur rationales ultra homines1 et ,spiritus ,angelicos1 qu regulariter hominibus sint invisibiles1 et per accidens1 et earum executiva potentia fiant visibiles3 hoc nullo modo spectat ad fidem1 et hoc scire1 aut ignorare non est ad salutem hominis necessarium1 sicut nec scire rerum omnium physicarum numerum aut naturam4 #db4 ,fourthly1 ,i premise that ,holy ,scripture and ecclesiastical tradition do not teach us any thing beyond what is requisite for the salvation of the soul1 namely ,faith1 ,hope and ,charity4 ,consequently1 from a thing not being stated either by ,scripture or tradition it must not be inferred that that thing is not in existence4 ,for instance1 ,faith teaches us that ,god1 by ,his ,word1 made things visible1 and invisible1 and also that1 through the merits of our ,lord ,jesus-,christ1 grace and glory are conferred on every rational creature4 ,now1 that there be another ,world than the one we live in1 and that it be peopled by men not born of ,adam but made by ,god1 in some other way1 as is implied by those who believe the lunar globe to be inhabited2 or further1 that in the very ,world we dwell in1 there be other rational creatures besides man and the ,angelic ,spirits1 creatures generally invisible to us and whose being is disclosed but accidentally1 through the instrumentality of their own power2 all that has nothing to do with ,faith1 and the knowledge or ignorance thereof is no more necessary to the salvation of man than knowing the number or nature of all physical things4 #dc4 ,prmittendum #e1 nullam inveniri repugnantiam1 nec in ,philosophia1 nec in ,theologia2 quod dari possint creatur rationales constantes spiritu et corpore1 ali ab homine1 quia si esset repugnantia1 hoc esset vel ex parte ,dei 7et hoc non quia ipse omnipotens est71 vel ex parte rei creabilis2 et neque hoc1 quia sicut creatura mere spiritualis1 ut ,angeli1 creata est1 et mere materialis1 ut ,mundus1 et partim spiritualis1 partim corporea1 corporeitate terrestri1 et crassa1 ut homo1 ita creabilis est creatura constans spiritu rationali1 et corporeitate minus crassa1 sed subtiliore1 quam sit homo4 ,et profecto post ,resurrectionem anima ,beatorum erit unita corpori glorioso dote subtilitatis donato3 ut proinde concludi posset1 potuisse ,deum creare creaturam rationalem corpoream1 cui naturaliter indita sit corporis subtilitas1 sicut per gratiam corpori glorioso confertur4 #dc4 ,fifthly1 ,i premise that neither ,philosophy nor ,theology is repugnant to the possible existence of rational creatures having spirit and body and distinct from man4 ,such repugnance could be supported only on ,god1 and that is inadmissible1 since he is all-mighty1 or on the thing to be made1 and that likewise cannot be supported2 for1 as there are purely spiritual creatures1 such as ,angels1 or merely material1 such as the ,world1 or lastly semi-spiritual and semi-corporeal1 of an earthly and gross corporeity1 such as man1 so there may well be in existence a creature endowed with a rational spirit and a corporeity less gross1 more subtile than man's4 ,no doubt1 moreover1 but that after ,resurrection1 the souls of the blessed will be united with a glorious and subtile body2 from which may be inferred that ,god may well have made a rational and corporeal creature whose body naturally enjoys the subtilty which will be conferred by the grace on the glorious body4 #dd4 ,astruitur autem magis talium creaturarum possibilitas ex solutione argumentorum1 qu contra positam conclusionem fieri possunt1 pariterque ex responsione ad interrogationes1 qu possunt circa eam formari4 #dd4 ,but1 the possible existence of such creatures will be still better set forth by solving the arguments which can be adduced against our conclusion1 and replying to the questions it may raise4 #de4 ,prima interrogatio est1 an tales creatur dicend essent animalia rationalia8 ,quod si sic1 quomodo different ab homine1 cum quo communem haberent definitionem8 #de4 ,first question3 should such creatures be styled rational animals8 ,and if so1 in what do they differ from man1 with whom they would have that definition in common8 #df4 ,respondeo quod essent animalia rationalia sensibus et organis corporis prdita1 sicut homo3 differrent autem ab homine non solum ratione corporis tenuioris1 sed etiam materi4 ,homo siquidem ex crassiore elementorum omnium parte1 puta ex luto1 nempe aqua et terra crassa formatus est1 ut constat ex ,scriptura1 ,gen4 #b4 v4 #g42 ista vero formata essent ex subtiliore parte omnium1 aut unius1 seu alterius elementorum2 ut proinde alia essent terrea1 alia aquea1 alia aerea1 et alia ignea2 et ut eorum definitio cum hominis definitione non conveniret1 addendum esset definitioni hominis crassa materialitas sui corporis1 per quam a dictis animalibus differret4 #df4 ,i reply3 ,yes1 they would be rational animals1 provided with senses and organs even as man2 they would1 however1 differ from man not only in the more subtile nature1 but also in the matter of their body4 ,in fact1 as is shown by ,scripture1 man has been made from the grossest of all elements1 namely clay1 a gross mixture of water and earth3 but those creatures would be made from the most subtile part of all elements1 or of one or other of them2 thus1 some would proceed from earth1 others from water1 or air1 or fire2 and1 in order that they should not be defined in the same terms as man1 to the definition of the latter should be added the mention of the gross materiality of his body1 wherein he would differ from said animals4 #dg4 ,secunda interrogatio est1 quandonam hujus modi animalia fuissent condita1 et num cum brutis producta a terra1 aut ab aqua1 ut quadrupedia1 et aves respective2 an vero a ,domino ,deo formata1 ut fuit homo8 #dg4 ,second question3 ,at what period would those animals have been originated1 and wherefrom8 ,from earth1 like the beasts1 or from water1 like quadrupeds1 birds1 etc48 ,or1 on the contrary1 would they have been made1 like man1 by our ,lord ,god8 #dh4 ,respondeo quod de fide est1 quod posito1 quod existant de facto1 creata sint a principio ,mundi3 sic enim definitur a ,concilio ,lateranensi 7,firm4 de sum4 ,trinit4 et fide cathol472 nempe quod ,deus sua omnipotenti virtute simul ab initio temporis utramque de nihilo condidit creaturam1 spiritualem et corporalem4 ,sub illa etenim ,creaturarum generalitate etiam illa animalia essent comprehensa4 ,quo vero ad eorum formationem1 decuisse ipsorum corpus a ,deo ministerio ,angelorum formatum fuisse1 sicut a ,deo formatum legimus corpus hominis1 quia ipsi copulandus erat spiritus immortalis1 quandoquidem spiritus incorporeus et proinde nobilissimus corpori pariter originaliter nobiliori cteris brutis jungendus erat4 #dh4 ,i reply3 ,it is an article of belief1 expressly laid down by the ,council of ,lateran1 that whatever is in fact and at present1 was made in the origin of the world4 ,by ,his all-mighty virtue1 ,god1 from the beginning of time1 raised together from nothing both orders of creatures1 spiritual and corporeal4 ,now1 those animals also would be included in the generality of creatures4 ,as to their formation1 it might be said that ,god ,himself1 through the medium of ,angels1 made their body as he did man's1 to which an immortal spirit was to be united4 ,that body being of a nobler nature than that of other animals1 it was meet that it should be united to an incorporeal and highly noble spirit4 #di4 ,tertia interrogatio1 an talia animalia habuissent originem ab uno solo1 velut omnes homines ab ,adam1 an vero plura simul formata essent sicut fuit de cteris animantibus a terra et aqua productis1 in quibus fuerunt mares et fmin qu speciem per generationem conservant8 ,et si hoc oporteret inter talia animalia esse distinctionem sexus2 ipsa nasci1 et interire2 passionibus sensus affici1 nutriri1 crescere2 et tunc quo alimento vescerentur1 esset qurendum2 prterea an vitam socialem ducerent1 ut homines2 qua politica regerentur2 num urbes ad habitandum struxissent2 num artes1 studia1 possessiones1 et bella inter ea essent1 sicut est in hominibus4 #di4 ,third question3 ,would those animals descend from one individual1 as all men descend from ,adam1 or1 on the contrary1 would many have been made at the same time1 as was the case for the other living things issued from earth and water1 wherein were males and females for the preservation of the kind by generation8 ,would there be amongst them a distinction between the sexes8 ,would they be subject to birth and death1 to senses1 passions1 want of food1 power of growth8 ,if so1 what their nutrition8 ,would they lead a social life1 as men do8 ,by what laws ruled8 ,would they build up cities for their dwellings1 cultivate the arts and sciences1 hold property1 and wage war between themselves1 as men are wont to8 #ej4 ,respondeo3 potuit esse quod omnia ab uno1 velut homines ab ,adam1 sint progenita2 potuit pariter esse1 quod ex iis multi mares1 et plures fmin fuissent format1 a quibus per generationem eorum species essent propagat4 ,ultro admitteremus talia animalia oriri et mori2 mares alios1 alias fminas inter ea esse2 passionibus1 sensibus agitari velut homines2 nutriri et crescere secundum molem sui corporis2 cibum autem ipsorum non crassum qualem requirit crassities corporis humani1 sed substantiam tenuem et vaporosam emanantem per effluvia spirituosa a rebus physicis pollentibus corpusculis maxime volatilibus1 ut nidor carnium maxime assatarum1 vapor vini1 fructuum1 florum1 aromatum1 a quibus copiosa hujusmodi effluvia usque ad totalem partium subtiliorum ac volatilium evaporationem scaturiunt4 ,talia autem animalia civilem vitam ducere posse1 et inter ea distinctos esse gradus dominantium ac servientium pro conditione natur ipsorum1 artesque1 scientias1 ministeria1 exercitia1 loca1 mansiones1 ac alia necessaria ad eorum conservationem1 nullam penitus importat repugnantiam4 #ej4 ,i reply3 ,it may be that all descend from one individual1 as men descend from ,adam2 it may be also that a number of males and females were made initially1 who preserved their kind by generation4 ,we will further admit that they are born and die2 that they are divided into males and females1 and are moved by senses and passions1 as men are2 that they feed and grow according to the size of their body2 their food1 however1 instead of being gross like that required by the human body1 must be delicate and vapoury1 emanating through spirituous effluvia from whatever in the physical world abounds with highly volatile corpuscles1 such as the flavour of meats1 especially of roasts1 the fume of wine1 the fragrancy of fruit1 flowers1 aromatics1 which evolve an abundance of those effluvia until all their subtile and volatile parts have completely evaporated4 ,to their being able to lead a social life1 with distinctions of rank and precedence2 to their cultivating the arts and sciences1 exercising functions1 maintaining armies1 building up cities1 doing in short whatever is requisite for their preservation1 ,i have in the main no objection4 #ea4 ,quarta interrogatio est1 qualis esset eorum corporis figuratio1 an humanam1 an aliam formam1 et qualem haberent1 et an partes corporis ipsorum haberent ordinem essentialem inter se1 ut corpora cterorum animalium1 an vero accidentalem tantum1 ut corpora fluidarum substantiarum1 ut olei1 aqu1 nubis1 fumi1 etc42 et num substanti suarum partium organicarum diversimode constarent1 ut organa hominum1 in quibus sunt ali partes crassissim1 ut ossa1 ali minus crass1 ut cartilagines1 ali tenues1 ut membran4 #ea4 ,fourth question3 ,what would their figure be1 human or otherwise8 ,would the ordering of the divers parts of their body be essential1 as with other animals1 or merely accidental1 as with fluid substances1 such as oil1 water1 clouds1 smoke1 etc48 ,would those organic parts consist of various substances1 as is the case with the organs of the human body1 wherein are to be found very gross parts1 such as the bones1 others less gross1 such as the cartilages1 and others slender1 such as the membranes8 #eb4 ,respondeo1 quod quantum ad figuram corpoream nihil certi affirmare debemus1 aut possumus1 cum talis figura non sit exacte nobis sensibilis1 nec quoad visum1 nec quoad tactum1 pr sui corporis tenuitate1 ac perspicacitate2 qualis proinde vere sit1 noverent ipsi1 aliique1 qui substantias immateriales intuitive cognoscere possunt4 ,quoad congruentiam et probabilitatem dico1 illa referre speciem corporis humani1 cum aliquo distinctivo a corpore humano1 nisi forte ad hoc sufficiat sua ipsorum tenuitas4 ,ducor1 quia corpus humanum plasmatum a ,deo perfectissimum est1 inter animalia quque1 et cum ctera bruta in terram sint prona1 eo quia anima eorum mortalis est1 ,deus1 ut ait poeta ,ovid41 ,metamorphos43 ,os homini sublime dedit1 clumque tueri ,jussit1 et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus2 quia anima hominis immortalis ordinata est ad clestem mansionem4 ,cum igitur animalia1 de quibus loquimur1 spiritum haberent immaterialem1 rationalem1 ac immortalem1 et proinde capacem beatitudinis ac damnationis1 congruum est1 quod corpus1 cui talis spiritus copulatur1 simile sit omnium animalium nobilissimo1 corpori humano4 ,ex hac positione sequitur1 quod ejus corporis partes ordinem inter se essentialem habere deberent2 nec enim pes capiti1 aut ventri manus conjungi deberet3 sed congrua membrorum essentiali dispositione ordinata1 ut essent idonea ministeriis propriis perficiendis4 ,quo autem ad partes componentes ipsarum organa1 dico quod necessarium esset1 ut nonnull ipsarum essent solidiores1 ali minus solid1 ali tenues1 ali tenuissim pro necessitate operationis organic4 ,nec contra hanc positionem facile potest asseri tenuitas ipsorum corporum3 quippe soliditas aut crassities organicarum partium1 de qua dicimus1 non esset talis simpliciter1 sed comparative ad alias partes tenuiores4 ,et hoc patere potest in omnibus corporibus fluidis naturalibus1 ut vino1 oleo1 lacte1 etc42 quantumvis enim omnes partes in ipsis videantur homogene ac similares1 non tamen ita est3 nam in ipsis est pars terrea1 pars aquea1 sal fixum1 sal volatile1 et pars sulfurea1 qu omnia manipulatione spargirica oculis subjici possunt4 ,ita esset in casu nostro3 posito enim quod talium animalium corpora subtilia et tenuia1 ut corpora naturalia fluida1 velut aqua et aer1 essent1 non tamen tolleretur1 quin in ipsorum partibus divers inter se essent qualitates1 et aliqu ipsarum comparative ad alias essent solid1 et ali tenuiores1 quamvis totum corpus ex ipsis compositum tenue dici posset4 #eb4 ,i reply3 ,as regards their figure1 we neither can nor should be affirmative1 since it escapes our senses1 being too delicate for our sight or our touch4 ,that we must leave to themselves1 and to such as have the privilege of intuitive acquaintance with immaterial substances4 ,but1 so far as probability goes1 ,i say that their figure tallies with the human body1 save some distinctive peculiarity1 should the very tenuity of their body not be deemed sufficient4 ,i am led to that by the consideration that of all the works of ,god the human frame is the most perfect1 and that whilst all other animals stoop to the ground1 because their soul is mortal1 ,god1 as ,ovid1 the poet1 says1 in his ,metamorphoses1 ,gave man an erect figure1 bidding him behold the heavens ,and raise his face towards the stars1 man's soul having been made immortal for the heavenly abode4 ,considering that the animals we are speaking of would be gifted with a spirit immaterial1 rational and immortal1 capable therefore of beatitude and damnation1 it is proper to admit that the body to which that spirit is united may be like unto the most noble animal frame1 that is to say to the human frame4 ,whence it follows that in the divers parts of that body there must be an essential order2 that the foot1 for instance1 cannot be an appendage to the head1 nor the hand to the belly1 but that each organ is in its right place1 according to the functions it has to perform4 ,as to the constitutive parts of those organs1 it is1 in my opinion1 necessary that there should be some more or less strong1 others more or less slender1 in order to meet the requirements of the organic working4 ,nor can this be fairly objected to on the ground of the slenderness of the bodies themselves2 for the strength or thickness of the organic parts alluded to would not be absolute1 but merely in comparison with the more slender ones4 ,that1 moreover1 may be observed in all natural fluids1 such as wine1 oil1 milk1 etc42 however homogeneous and similar to each other their component parts may look1 yet they are not so3 for some are clayish1 others aqueous2 there are fixed salts1 volatile salts1 brimstone1 all of which are made obvious by a chemical analysis4 ,so it would be in our case3 for1 supposing the bodies of those animals to be as subtile and slender as the natural fluids1 air1 water1 etc41 there would nevertheless be discrepancies in the quality of their constitutive parts1 some of which would be strong when compared with others more slender1 although the whole body which they compose might be called slender4 #ec4 ,quod si dicatur1 quod hc repugnant positioni supra firmat1 circa partium essentialem ordinationem inter se3 quandoquidem videmus1 quod in corporibus fluidis ac tenuibus una pars non servat ordinem essentialem ad aliam1 sed accidentalem tantum1 ita ut hc pars vini1 qu modo alteri parti contigua est1 mox inverso vase1 aut moto vino1 alteri parti unitur1 et sic omnes partes diversam positionem habent quantumvis semper idem vinum sit1 et ex hoc sequeretur1 quod talium animalium corpora figurata stabiliter non essent1 et consequenter1 nec organica4 #ec4 ,it may be objected that this is repugnant to what was said above concerning the essential ordering of the parts among themselves2 that it is seen that1 in fluid and subtile bodies1 one part is not essentially but only accidentally connected with another2 that a part of wine1 for instance1 just now contiguous with some other1 soon comes in contact with a third1 if the vessel be turned upside down or the wine shaken1 and that all the parts together exchange positions at the same time1 though it be still the same wine4 ,whence it should be inferred that1 the bodies of those animals would have no permanent figure1 and would consequently not be organic4 #ed4 ,respondeo negando assumptum2 etenim in corporibus fluidis1 quamvis non appareat1 manet tamen essentialis partium ordinatio1 qua stante stat in suo esse compositum1 et hoc patet manifeste in vino3 expressum enim ab uvis videtur liquor totaliter homogeneus1 non tamen ita est2 in eo enim sunt partes crass1 qu tractu temporis subsident in doliis3 sunt etiam partes tenues1 qu evaporant3 sunt partes fix1 ut tartarus1 sunt partes volatiles1 ut sulphur1 sive spiritus ardens2 sunt partes medi inter volatile ac fixum1 ut phlegma4 ,partes ist ordinem essentialem inter se mutant2 nam statim ac expressum est ab uvis1 et mustum dicitur sulphur1 sive spiritus volatilis1 ita implicatum manet particulis tartari1 qui fixus est1 ut nullo modo avolare valeat4 #ed4 ,i reply that ,i deny the assumption4 ,in fact1 if in fluid bodies the essential ordering of the parts is not apparent1 it subsists none the less1 and causes a compound to preserve its own state4 ,wine1 for instance1 when expressed from the grapes1 seems a thoroughly homogeneous liquor1 and yet is not so2 for there are gross parts which1 in the long run1 subside in the casks2 there are also slender parts which evaporate2 fixed parts1 such as tartar2 volatile parts1 such as brimstone and alcohol2 others again1 half volatile and half fixed1 such as phlegm4 ,those divers parts do not respectively maintain an essential order2 for no sooner has the must been expressed from the grapes1 and been styled brimstone or volatile spirits1 than it continues so closely involved with the particles of tartar1 which is fixed1 as not to be in any way able to escape4 #ee4 ,hinc est1 quod a musto recenter ab uvis expresso nullo modo potest distillari spiritus sulphureus1 qui communiter vocatur aqua vit3 sed post quadraginta dies fermentationis particul vini ordinem mutant1 ita ut spiritus1 qui alligati erant particulis tartareis1 et propria volatilitate eas suspensas tenebant1 et vicissim ab eis ne possent avolare detinebantur1 ac tartareis particulis separantur1 et divulsi ac confusi remanent cum partibus phlegmaticis1 a quibus per actionem ignis faciliter separantur1 et avolant2 sicque per distillationem fit aqua vit1 qu aliud non est quam sulphur vini volatile cum tenuiore parte phlegmatis simul cum dicto sulphure vi ignis elevata4 ,post quadraginta dies1 alia incipit vini fermentatio1 qu longiori1 aut minus longo tempore perficitur1 pro vini perfectiori aut imperfectiori maturitate1 et alio atque alio modo terminatur1 pro minore aut majore spiritus sulphurei abundantia4 ,si enim abundat in vino sulphur1 acescit fermentatione1 et evadit acetum2 si autem parum sulphuris continet1 lentescit vinum1 et ,italice dicitur vino molle1 aut vino guasto4 ,quod si vinum maturum sit1 ut cteris paribus est1 vinum dulce breviori tempore1 aut acescit1 aut lentescit1 ut quotidiana constat experientia4 ,in dicta autem fermentatione ordo essentialis partium vini mutatur2 non enim ipsius quantitas1 aut materia imminuitur1 aut mutatur3 videmus enim lagenam vino plenam tractu temporis evadere plenam aceto1 nullatenus mutatam circa quantitatem materi1 qu prius ibi extabat1 sed tantum mutato partium essentiali ordine3 nam sulphur1 quod1 ut diximus1 erat phlegmati unitum1 ac a tartaro separatum1 iterum tartaro implicatur1 et cum eo fixatur1 et proinde si distilletur acetum1 primo prodit phlegma insipidum1 et post spiritus aceti1 qui est sulphur vini illaqueatum particulis tartari minus fixi4 ,mutatio autem essentialis partium supradictarum variat substantiam liquoris expressi ab uva1 quod manifeste patet ex variis et contrariis effectibus1 quos causant mustum1 vinum1 et acetum1 et vinum lentum1 quod vocatur corruptum1 ut proinde duo prima apta materia sint ad consecrationem1 secus alia duo4 ,hanc porro vini economiam hausimus ab erudito opere ,nicolai ,lemerii1 ,regis ,galliarum aromatarii1 ,curs4 de ,chimi41 p4 #b4 c4 #i4 #ee4 ,that is the reason why must recently expressed from the grapes is of no use for the distillation of the sulfurous spirits1 commonly called brandy2 but1 after forty days fermentation1 the particles of the wine change places3 the spirits1 no longer bound with the tartaric particles which they kept in suspension through their own volatility1 whilst they were1 in return1 kept down by them and prevented from escaping1 sever from those particles1 and continue confused with the phlegmatic parts from which they become easily released by the operation of fire1 and evaporate3 thus1 by means of distillation1 brandy is made1 which is nothing but the brimstone of wine volatilized by heat with the most slender part of phlegm4 ,at the end of forty days another fermentation begins1 which extends more or less1 according as the maturity of the wine is more or less perfect1 and the termination of which is dependent on the greater or lesser abundance of sulphurous spirits4 ,if abounding with brimstone1 the wine sours and turns to vinegar2 if1 on the contrary1 it holds but little brimstone1 it ropes1 and becomes what the ,italians call vino molle or vino guasto4 ,if the wine is at once ripe1 as happens in other cases1 it sours or ropes in less time1 as is shown by every day experience4 ,now1 in said fermentation the essential order of the parts of wine is altered1 but not so its quantity nor its matter1 which neither changes nor decreases3 a bottle that had been filled with wine is1 after a certain time1 found to be filled with vinegar1 without any alteration in its quantity of matter2 the essential order of its parts has alone been modified3 the brimstone1 which1 as we have said1 was united to the phlegm and separated from the tartar1 becomes again involved and fixed with the tartar2 so that1 on distilling the vinegar1 there issues from it first an insipid phlegm1 and then spirits of vinegar1 which are the brimstone of wine intermixed with particles of tartar that is less fixed4 ,now1 the essential shifting of the aforesaid parts alters the substance of the juice of the grapes1 as is clearly shown by the varied and contrary effects of must1 wine1 vinegar1 and ropy or spoiled wine2 for which cause the two first are fit1 but the two last unfit materials for consecration4 ,we have borrowed the above exposition of the economy of wine from the able work of ,nicholas ,lemery1 perfumer to the ,king of ,france1 ,course of ,chemistry1 p4 #b4 c4 q4 #ef4 ,datam ergo naturalem doctrinam applicando consequenter dico1 quod data dictorum animalium corporeitate subtili et tenui1 sicut corpora liquidorum1 et data pariter eorumdem organizatione et figuratione1 qu partium essentialem ordinationem exigunt1 non sequerentur inconvenientia ex adverso illata3 nam sicut 7quemadmodum dicebamus7 ex confusione partium vini1 et diversa ipsarum accidentali positione non variatur ordinatio earumdem essentialis1 ita esset in corpore tenui dictorum animalium4 #ef4 ,if now we apply that natural doctrine to our subject1 ,i say that1 being given the corporeity of the animals in question1 subtile and slender like the substance of liquids2 being given also their organisation and figure1 which demand an essential order of the various parts1 an adverse supposition could raise no argument contrary to their existence2 for1 just as the jumbling together of the parts of wine and the diversity of their accidental dispositions do not alter their essential order1 even so it would be with the slender frame of our animals4 #eg4 ,quinta interrogatio est1 an talia obnoxia essent gritudinibus1 ac aliis imperfectionibus1 quibus homines laborant1 ut ignorantia1 metu1 segnitie1 sensuum impedimentis1 etc48 ,an laborando lassarentur1 et ad virium reparationem egerent somno1 cibo1 ac potu1 et quo8 et consequenter an interirent1 et subinde1 an a cteris animalibus casu1 aut ruina possent occidi8 #eg4 ,fifth question3 ,would those animals be subject to diseases and other infirmities under which mankind lies1 such as ignorance1 fear1 idleness1 sensual paralysis1 etc8 ,would they be wearied through labour1 and require1 for recruiting their strength1 sleep1 food1 drink8 ,and what food1 what drink8 ,would they be fated to die1 and might they be killed casually1 or by the instrumentality of other animals8 #eh4 ,respondeo1 quod ex quo corpora ipsorum1 quamvis tenuia1 essent materiata1 essent quidem corruptioni obnoxia2 et ex consequenti possent pati ab agentibus contrariis1 et ita grotare1 puta1 aut simpliciter1 aut nisi gre1 perverse1 aut vitiose prstare non posse munera1 ad qu eorum organa essent ordinata2 in hoc siquidem consistit animalium quorumdam gritudo quvis3 ut resolutive docet prstantissimus ,michael ,ettmullerus1 ,physiol4 c4 #e41 thes4 #a4 ,verum est1 quod ex eo1 quod tantam materi crassitatem non haberent1 et forte ex tot elementorum mixtione eorum corpus non constaret1 et minus compositum esset quam humanum1 non tam facile paterentur a contrariis1 et consequenter non tot gritudinibus velut homines essent obnoxia1 et longiorem1 etiam homine1 vitam ducerent3 quo enim perfectius est animal1 a tota specie1 etiam cteris diutius vivit1 ut patet de specie humana1 cujus vita longior cteris animalibus est4 ,nec enim admitto scularem vitam cornicum1 cervorum1 corvorum et similium1 de quibus more suo fabulatur ,plinius1 et ejus somnia sine prvia discussione secuti sunt cteri3 quandoquidem nullus est1 qui talium animalium natale et interitum fideliter adnotaverit1 ut pari modo de eo scripserit2 sed insolitam diu fabulam quisque secutus est2 sicut etiam illud1 quod de phnice dicitur1 quod ut quid fabulosum1 circa ejus vit spatium recenset ,tacitus1 l4 #f4 ,annal4 ,inferendum subinde esset quod illorum animalium vita etiam humana deberet esse diuturnior3 ut enim infra dicemus1 illa essent homine nobiliora2 consequenter dicendum esset1 quod essent obnoxia cteris corporeis pathematis1 et quiete1 et cibo indigerent1 quale diximus supra1 n #ej4 ,quia vero rationalia1 et proinde disciplinabilia essent1 ex consequenti etiam capacia ignoranti1 si eorum ingenia non essent exculta studiis1 et disciplina1 et inter ea pro intellectus eorum majori1 et minori acumine essent aliqua magis1 aliqua minus in scientiis excellentia3 universaliter vero1 et a tota specie essent homine doctiora1 non ob eorum corpoream subtilitatem1 tum forte1 ob majorem spirituum activitatem1 tum ob diuturniorem vit durationem1 in qua plura1 quam homines discere possent1 quas causas assignat ,d4 ,augustinus1 lib4 de ,divin4 ,dm4 c4 #c4 init4 tom4 #c41 et lib4 de ,spir4 et ,anima1 c4 #cg41 pro futurorum prnotione in ,dmonibus4 ,ab agentibus autem naturalibus pati quidem possent1 ac difficulter occidi ratione velocitatis1 qua possunt se subtrahere a nocentibus2 quapropter1 nec a brutis1 nec ab homine armis naturalibus1 seu artificialibus nisi maxima difficultate possent occidi1 aut mutilari1 et maxima eorumdem velocitate in declinando contrarium impetum4 ,possent vero in somno aut in non advertentia occidi1 et mutilari a corpore solido1 ut ense vibrato ab homine1 aut lapide delapso per ruinam1 quia eorum corpus licet tenue1 tamen et quantum1 et divisibile esset1 velut aer qui ferro1 fuste1 aut alio corpore solido dividitur quamvis tenuis sit4 ,eorum autem spiritus impartibilis esset1 et ceu anima hominis totus in toto1 et totus in quavis corporis parte4 ,hinc fieret quod diviso corpore ipsorum1 ut prfertur1 per aliud corpus1 sequi posset mutilatio1 et proinde etiam mors3 non enim fieri posset ut diviso corpore idem spiritus utramque partem informaret1 cum ipse indivisibilis esset4 ,verum est quod sicut partes aeris divis1 per intermedium corpus1 hoc sublato iterum uniuntur1 et evadit idem aer1 possent pariter partes corporis divis1 ut supra ponitur1 reuniri1 et ab eodem spiritu revivificari4 ,sed hoc modo nequirent talia animalia ab agentibus naturalibus aut artificialibus occidi3 sed rationabilior esset prima positio2 ex hoc enim1 quod communicarent cum cteris in materia1 quum est1 ut a cteris etiam usque ad eorum interitum pati possent1 ut fit cum cteris4 #eh4 ,i reply3 ,their bodies1 though subtile1 being material1 they would of course be liable to decay3 they might therefore suffer from adverse agencies1 and consequently be diseased2 that is1 their organs might not perform1 or painfully and imperfectly perform the office assigned to them1 for therein consist all diseases whatever with certain animals1 as has been distinctly explained by the most illustrious ,michael ,ettmuller1 ,physiology1 c4 v4 thesis #a4 ,in sooth1 their body being less gross than the human frame1 comprising less elements mixed together1 and being therefore less composite1 they would not so easily suffer from adverse influences1 and would therefore be less liable to disease than man2 their life would also exceed his2 for1 the more perfect an animal1 as a species1 the longer its days2 thus mankind1 whose existence extends beyond that of other animals4 ,for ,i do not believe in the centenary existence of crows1 stags1 ravens and the like1 of which ,pliny tells his customary stories2 and although his dreams have been reechoed by others without previous inquiry1 it is no less clear that before writing thus1 not one has faithfully noted the birth nor the death of those animals3 they have been content with taking up the strange fable1 as has been the case with the ,phenix1 whose longevity is discarded as a story by ,tacitus1 ,annals1 b4 #f4 ,it were therefore to be inferred that the animals we are speaking of would live longer still than man2 for1 as shall be said below1 they would be more noble than he2 consequently also1 they would be subject to the other bodily affections1 and require rest and food1 as mentioned1 number #ej4 ,now1 as rational beings amenable to discipline1 they might also continue ignorant1 if their minds did not receive the culture of study and instruction1 and some amongst them would be more or less versed in science1 more or less clever1 according as their intelligence had been more or less trained4 ,however1 generally speaking1 and considering the whole of the species1 they would be more learned than men1 not from the subtilty of their body1 but perhaps because of the greater activity of their mind or the longer space of their life1 which would enable them to learn more things than men3 such are indeed the motives assigned by ,s4 ,austin 7,divin4 ,demon4 ch4 #c4 and ,spirit and ,soul1 ch4 #cg71 to the prescience of the future in ,demons4 ,they might indeed suffer from natural agencies2 but they could hardly be killed1 on account of the speed with which they could escape from danger2 it is therefore most unlikely that they could1 without the greatest difficulty1 be put to death or mutilated by beast or by man1 with natural or artificial weapons1 so quick would they be at avoiding the impending blow4 ,yet1 they might be killed or mutilated in their sleep1 or in a moment of inadvertence1 by means of a solid body1 such as a sword brandished by a man1 or the fall of a heavy stone2 for1 although subtile1 their body would be divisible1 just like air which1 though vaporous1 is yet divided by a sword1 a club1 or any other solid body4 ,their spirit1 however1 would be indivisible1 and like the human soul1 entire in the whole and in each and every part of the body4 ,consequently1 the division of their body by another body1 as aforesaid1 might occasion mutilation and even death1 for the spirit1 itself indivisible1 could not animate both parts of a divided body4 ,true1 just as the parts of air1 separated by the agency of a body1 unite again as soon as that body is withdrawn1 and constitute the same air as before1 even so the parts of the body divided1 as above-mentioned1 might unite and be revived by the same spirit4 ,but then1 it must be inferred that those animals could not be slain by natural or artificial agencies3 and it were more rational to keep to our first position2 for1 if sharing matter with other creatures1 it is natural that they should be liable to suffer through those creatures1 according to the common rule1 and even unto death4 #ei4 ,sexta interrogatio est1 an ipsorum corpora possent alia corpora penetrare1 ut parietes1 ligna1 metalla1 vitrum1 etc41 et an multa ipsorum possent in eodem loco materiali consistere1 et ad quantum spatium extenderetur1 seu restringeretur eorum corpus8 #ei4 ,sixth question3 ,could their bodies penetrate other bodies1 such as walls1 wood1 metals1 glass1 etc8 ,could many of them abide together on the same material spot1 and to what space would their body extend or be restrained8 #fj4 ,respondeo1 quod cum in omnibus corporibus quantumvis compactis dentur pori1 ut ad sensum patet in metallis1 de quibus major esset ratio1 quod in ipsis non darentur pori3 microscopio perfecte elaborato discernuntur pori metallorum1 cum suis diversis figuris1 utique possent per poros insinuari quibusvis corporibus1 et hoc modo ista penetrare1 quantumvis tales pori penetrari non possent ab alio liquore1 aut spiritu materiali1 aut vini1 salis ammoniaci1 aut similium1 quia longe tenuiora essent istis liquoribus illorum corpora4 ,quamvis autem plures ,angeli possint esse in eodem loco materiali1 et etiam restringi ad locum minorem minore non tamen in infinitum1 ut probat ,scotus in #b4 dist4 #b4 q4 #f4 ,ad proposi4 et qust4 #h41 per totum1 hoc tamen concedendum non esset de corporibus talium animalium2 tum quia corpora ipsa essent quanta1 et eorum dimensio non esset reciproce penetrabilis2 tum quia si duo corpora gloriosa non possunt esse in eodem loco1 quamvis possent simul esse gloriosum1 et non gloriosum1 ut voluit ,gotofredus de ,fontibus1 quodlibet #f4 q4 #e41 a quo non discordat ,scotus in #b4 distinct4 #b4 q4 #h4 in fine2 multo minus possent simul esse istorum corpora1 qu1 licet subtilia1 non tamen quarent subtilitatem corporis gloriosi4 ,quo autem ad extensionem et restrictionem dicendum esset1 quod sicut ex rarefactione1 et condensatione1 majus aut minus spatium occupatur ab aere1 qui etiam arte potest constringi1 ut in minori loco contineatur1 quam sit su quantitati naturaliter debitus1 ut patet in magnis pilis lusoriis1 qu per fistulam seu tubum inflatorium inflantur3 in his siquidem aer violenter immittitur1 et constringitur1 et ejus major ibi continetur quantitas1 quam naturalis pil capacitas exigat2 ita pariformiter talia corpora ex ipsorum naturali virtute possent ad majus spatium1 non tamen excedens eorum quantitatem1 extendi3 ut pariter etiam restringi1 non tamen circa determinatum locum su quantitati debitum4 ,et quia ipsorum nonnulla1 prout etiam in hominibus est1 essent magna1 et nonnulla parva1 congruum esset1 ut magna possent plus extendi1 quam parva1 et hc ad minorem locum restringi1 quam magna4 #fj4 ,i reply3 ,in all bodies1 however compact1 there are pores1 as is apparent in metals where1 more than in other bodies1 it would seem there should be none2 through a perfect microscope the pores of metals are discerned1 with their different shapes4 ,now1 those animals might1 through the pores1 creep into1 and thus penetrate any other bodies1 although such pores were impervious to other liquors or material spirits1 of wine1 ammoniacal salt1 or the like1 because their bodies would be much more subtle than those liquors4 ,however1 notwithstanding many ,angels may abide together on the same material spot1 and even confine themselves in a lesser and lesser space1 though not infinitely1 as is shown by ,scott1 yet it were rash to ascribe the same power to those animals2 for1 their bodies are determined in substance and impervious to each other2 and if two glorious bodies cannot abide together on the same spot1 though a glorious and a non glorious one may do so1 according to some ,doctors1 much less would it be possible for the bodies of those animals1 which are indeed subtile1 yet do not attain to the subtility of the glorious body4 ,as regards their power of extension or compression1 we may instance the case of air1 which1 rarefied and condensed1 occupies more or less room1 and may even1 by artificial means1 be compressed into a narrower space than would be naturally due to its volume2 as is seen with those large balls which1 for amusement1 one inflates by means of a blow-pipe or tube3 air1 being forced into them and compressed1 is held in larger quantity than is warranted by the capacity of the ball4 ,similarly the bodies of the animals we are speaking of might1 by their natural virtue1 extend to a larger space1 not exceeding however their own substance2 they might also contract1 but not beyond the determined space due to that same substance4 ,and1 considering that of their number1 as with men1 some would be tall and some short1 it were proper that the tall should be able to extend more than the short1 and the short to contract more than the tall4 #fa4 ,septima interrogatio est1 an hujusmodi animalia in peccato originali nascerentur1 et a ,christo ,domino fuissent redempta2 an ipsis conferretur gratia1 et per qu sacramenta2 sub qua lege viverent1 et an beatitudinis et damnationis essent capacia8 #fa4 ,seventh question3 ,would those animals be born in original sin1 and have been redeemed by the ,lord ,christ8 ,would the grace have been conferred upon them and through what sacraments8 ,under what law would they live1 and would they be capable of beatitude and damnation8 #fb4 ,respondeo1 quod articulus ,fidei est1 quod ,christus ,dominus pro universa creatura rationali gratiam et gloriam meruit4 ,pariter articulus ,fidei est1 quod ,creatur rationali gloria non confertur nisi prcedat in ea gratia1 qu est dispositio ad gloriam4 ,similis articulus est quod gloria non confertur nisi per merita4 ,hc vero fundantur in observantia perfecta mandatorum ,dei adimpleta per gratiam4 ,ex his satis fit positis interrogationibus4 ,incertum est an tales ,creatur originaliter peccavissent1 necne4 ,certum tamen est1 quod si ipsarum ,prothoparens peccasset1 sicut peccavit ,adam1 ipsius descendentes in peccato originali nascerentur1 quemadmodum nascuntur homines4 ,et quia ,deus nunquam reliquit ,creaturam rationalem sine remedio1 dum ipsa est in via2 si hujusmodi creatur in peccato originali1 aut actuali inficerentur1 ,deus providisset illis de remedio1 sed quale sit1 an fecisset1 noverit ,deus1 noverint ips4 ,hoc certum est1 si inter ipsas essent eadem1 aut alia sacramenta1 ac sunt in ,ecclesia humana militanti1 ipsa habuissent1 et institutionem1 et efficaciam a meritis ,jesu ,christi1 qui omnium creaturarum rationalium ,redemptor et ,satisfactor universalis est4 ,convenientissimum pariter1 immo necessarium esset quod sub aliqua lege a ,deo sibi data viverent1 ut per ipsius observantiam possent sibi beatitudinem mereri2 qunam autem lex fuisset1 an naturalis tantum1 aut scripta1 ,mosaica1 aut ,evangelica1 aut alia ab his omnibus differens1 prout ,deo placuisset1 hoc nobis incognitum4 ,quoquomodo autem fuisset1 nulla resultaret repugnantia possibilitatem talium creaturarum excludens4 #fb4 ,i reply3 ,it is an article of belief that ,christ has merited grace and glory for all rational creatures without exception4 ,it is also an article of belief that glory is not conferred on a rational creature until such creature has been previously endowed with grace1 which is the disposition to glory4 ,according to a like article1 glory is conferred but by merits4 ,now1 those merits are grounded on the perfect observance of the commands of ,god1 which is accomplished through grace4 ,the above questions are thus solved4 ,whether those creatures did or did not sin originally is uncertain4 ,it is clear1 however1 that if their first ,parent had sinned as ,adam sinned1 his descent would be born in original sin1 as men are born4 ,and1 as ,god never leaves a rational creature without a remedy1 so long as it treads the way1 if those creatures were infected with original or with actual sin1 ,god would have provided them with a remedy2 but whether it is the case1 and of what kind is the remedy1 is a secret between ,god and them4 ,surely1 if they had sacraments identical with or different from those in use in the human ,church militant1 for the institution and efficacy thereof they would be indebted to the merits of ,jesus-,christ1 the ,redeemer and universal ,atoner of all rational creatures4 ,it would likewise be highly proper1 nay necessary1 that they should live under some law given them by ,god1 and through the observance of which they might merit beatitude2 but what would be that law1 whether merely natural or written1 ,mosaic or ,evangelical1 or different from all these and specially instituted by ,god1 that we are ignorant of4 ,whatever it might be though1 there would follow no objection exclusive of the possible existence of such creatures4 #fc4 ,unicum porro argumentum1 et quidem satis debile post longam meditationem mihi subit contra talium creaturarum possibilitatem3 et est quod si tales creatur in ,mundo existerent1 de ipsis notitia aliqua tradita fuisset a ,philosophis1 ,sacra ,scriptura1 ,traditione ,ecclesiastica1 aut ,sanctis ,patribus2 quod cum non fuerit1 tales creaturas minime possibiles esse concludendum est4 #fc4 ,the only argument1 and that a rather lame one1 which long meditations has suggested to me against the possibility of such creatures1 is that1 if they really existed in the ,world1 we should find them mentioned somewhere by ,philosophers1 ,holy ,scripture1 ,ecclesiastical ,tradition1 or the ,holy ,fathers2 such not being the case1 their utter impossibility should be inferred4 #fd4 ,sed hoc argumentum1 quod revera magis pulsat existentiam1 quam possibilitatem illarum1 facili negotio solvitur ex iis qu prmissimus supra n #da4 et #db4 ,argumentum enim ab auctoritate negativa non tenet4 ,prterquam quod falsum est1 quod de illis notitiam non tradiderint tum ,philosophi1 tum ,scriptura1 tum ,patres4 ,plato siquidem1 ut refert ,apuleius de ,deo ,socratis et ,plutarchus de ,isid4 apud ,baronem1 ,scot4 ,defens41 tom4 #i4 ,apparat4 p4 #a4 fol4 #b41 voluit ,dmones esse animalia genere1 animo passiva1 mente rationalia1 corpore aerea1 tempore terna3 creaturasque istas nomine ,dmonum intitulavit2 quod tamen nomen non male sonat ex se3 importat enim plenum sapientia2 unde cum ,diabolum 7,angelum nempe malum7 volunt auctores exprimere1 non simpliciter ,dmonem sed ,cacodmonem vocant3 sicut ,eudmonem1 quando bonum ,angelum volunt intelligi4 ,similiter in ,scriptura ,sacra et ,patribus1 de dictis creaturis habetur mentio1 et de hoc infra dicemus4 #fd4 ,but that argument which1 in fact1 calls in question their existence rather than their possibility1 is easily disposed of by our premises1 ,nrs #da and #db2 for no argument can stand in virtue of a negative authority4 ,besides1 it is not correct to assert that neither the ,philosophers1 nor the ,scriptures1 nor the ,fathers have handed down any notion of them4 ,plato1 as is reported by ,apuleius 7,the ,demon of ,socrates7 and ,plutarch 7,isis and ,osiris71 declared that ,demons were beings of the animal kind1 passive souls1 rational intelligences1 aerial bodies1 everlasting2 and he gave them the name of ,demons1 which of itself is nowise offensive1 since it means replete with wisdom2 so that1 when authors allude to the ,devil 7or ,evil ,angel71 they do not merely call him ,demon1 but ,cacodemon1 and say likewise ,eudemon1 when speaking of a good ,angel4 ,those creatures are also mentioned in ,scripture and by the ,fathers1 as shall be said hereafter4 #fe4 ,stabilita huc usque talium creaturarum possibilitate1 ad earumdem existentiam probandam descendamus4 ,supposita tot historiarum veritate de coitu hujusmodi ,incuborum et ,succuborum cum hominibus et brutis1 ita ut hoc negare impudentia videatur1 ut ait ,d4 ,augustinus quem dedimus supra n #aj41 ita arguo3 ,ubi reperitur propria passio sensus1 ibidem necessario reperitur sensus ipse1 cum juxta principia philosophica propria passio fluat a natura1 sive ubi reperiuntur actiones1 seu operationes sensus1 ibidem reperitur sensus ipse1 cum operationes et actiones sint a forma4 ,atqui in hujusmodi ,incubis aut ,succubis1 sunt actiones1 operationes1 ac propri passiones1 qu sunt a sensibus2 ergo in iisdem reperitur sensus3 sed sensus reperiri nequit nisi adsint organa composita1 nempe ex potentia anim et determinata parte corporis3 ergo in iisdem reperiuntur corpus et anima2 erunt igitur animalia3 sed etiam in ipsis et ab ipsis sunt actiones1 et operationes anim rationalis3 ergo eorum anima erit rationalis3 et ita de primo ad ultimum tales ,incubi sunt animalia rationalia4 #fe4 ,now that we have proved that those creatures are possible1 let us go a step further1 and show that they exist4 ,taking for granted the truth of the recitals concerning the intercourse of ,incubi and ,succubi with men and beasts1 recitals so numerous that it would look like impudence to deny the fact1 as is said by ,st ,austin1 whose testimony is given above 7,nr #aj71 ,i argue3 ,where the peculiar passion of the sense is found1 there also1 of necessity1 is the sense itself2 for1 according to the principles of philosophy1 the peculiar passion flows from nature1 that is to say2 that1 where the acts and operations of the sense are found1 there also is the sense1 the operations and acts being but its external form4 ,now1 those ,incubi and ,succubi present acts1 operations1 peculiar passions1 which spring from the senses2 they are therefore endowed with senses4 ,but senses cannot exist without concomitant composite organs1 without a combination of soul and body4 ,incubi and ,succubi have therefore body and soul1 and1 consequentially1 are animals2 but their acts and operations are also those of a rational soul2 their soul is therefore rational2 and thus1 from first to last1 they are rational animals4 #ff4 ,minor probatur quoad singulas ejus partes4 ,passio siquidem appetitiva coitus est passio sensus2 mror1 ac tristitia1 ac iracundia et furor ex coitu denegato passiones sensus sunt1 ut patet in quibusvis animalibus2 generatio per coitum est operatio sensus1 ut notum est4 ,hc porro omnia in ,incubis sunt3 ut enim probavimus supra a n #be4 et seq41 ipsi coitum muliebrem1 et quandoque virilem appetunt1 tristantur1 et furunt1 ut amantes1 amentes1 si ipsis denegetur2 coeunt perfecte et quandoque generant4 ,concludendum ergo quod polleant sensu1 et proinde corpore2 unde inferendum etiam perfecta animalia esse4 ,pariter clausis ostiis ac fenestris intrant ubivis locorum3 igitur ipsorum corpus tenue est2 item futura prnoscunt1 annuntiant1 componunt1 ac dividunt2 qu operationes sunt propri anim rationalis3 ergo anima rationali pollent2 et ita sunt vera animalia rationalia4 ,respondent communiter ,doctores1 quod malus ,dmon est ille qui tales impudicitias operatur1 quod passiones1 nempe amorem1 tristitiamque simulat ex coitu denegato1 ut animas ad peccandum alliciat1 et eas perdat2 et si coit1 et generat1 hoc est ex semine1 et in corpore alieno1 ut dictum fuit supra n #bd4 #ff4 ,our minor is easy of demonstration in each of its parts4 ,and indeed1 the appetitive passion of coition is a sensual passion2 the grief1 sadness1 wrath1 rage1 occasioned by the denial of coition1 are sensual passions1 as is seen with all animals2 generation through coition is evidently a sensual operation4 ,now1 all that happens with ,incubi1 as has been shown above3 they incite women1 sometimes even men2 if denied1 they sadden and storm1 like lovers3 amantes1 amentes2 they perfectly practice coition1 and sometimes beget4 ,it must therefore be inferred that they have senses1 and consequently a body2 consequently also1 that they are perfect animals4 ,more than that3 with closed doors and windows they enter wherever they please3 their body is therefore slender2 they foreknow and foretell the future1 compose and divide1 all which operations are proper to a rational soul2 they therefore possess a rational soul and are1 in sooth1 rational animals4 ,doctors generally retort that it is the ,evil ,spirit that perpetrates those impure acts1 simulates passions1 love1 grief at the denial of coition1 in order to entice souls to sin and to undo them2 and that1 if he copulates and begets1 it is with assumed sperm and body1 as aforesaid 7,nr #bd74 #fg4 ,sed contra ,incubi nonnulli rem habent cum equis1 equabus1 aliisque etiam brutis1 qu si coitum adversentur1 male ab ipsis tractantur1 ut quotidiana constat experientia2 sed in istis cessat ratio adducta1 nempe quod fingat appetitum coitus1 ut animas perdat1 cum anima brutorum damnationis tern sit incapax4 ,prterea amoris et ir passiones in ipso contrarios effectus reales producunt4 ,si enim aut mulier aut brutum amatum illis morem gerant1 optime ab ,incubis tractantur2 viceversa pessime habentur1 si ex denegato coitu irascantur et furant2 et hoc firmatur quotidiana experientia2 ergo in ipsis sunt ver passiones sensus4 ,insuper mali ,dmones1 ac incorporei1 qui rem habent cum ,sagis et ,maleficis1 ipsas cogunt ad eorum adorationem1 ad denegandam ,fidem ,orthodoxam1 ad maleficia et scelera enormia perpetranda tanquam pensum infamis coitus1 ut supra n #aa4 dictum fuit3 nihil horum prtendunt ,incubi1 ergo mali ,dmones non sunt4 ,ulterius malus ,dmon1 ut ex ,peltano et ,thyreo scribit ,guaccius1 ,compend4 ,malef4 lib4 #a4 c4 #ai4 fol4 #abh41 ad prolationem nominis ,jesu aut ,mari1 ad formationem signi ,crucis1 ad approximationem sacrarum ,reliquiarum1 sive rerum benedictarum1 et ad exorcismos1 adjurationes1 aut prcepta sacerdotum1 aut fugit aut pavet1 concutiturque1 et stridet1 ut conspicitur quotidie in energumenis1 et constat ex tot historiis1 quas recitat ,guaccius1 ex quibus habetur1 quod in nocturnis ludis ,sagarum facto ab aliquo assistentium signo ,crucis1 aut pronuntiato nomine ,jesu1 ,diaboli et secum ,sag omnes disparuerunt4 ,sed ,incubi ad supradicta nec fugiunt1 nec pavent1 quandoque cachinnis exorcismos excipiunt1 et quandoque ipsos ,exorcistas cdunt1 et sacras vestes discerpunt4 ,quod si mali ,dmones1 utpote a ,d4 ,n4 ,j4 ,c4 domiti1 ad ipsius nomen1 ,crucem1 et res sacras pavent3 boni autem ,angeli eisdem rebus gaudent1 non tamen homines ad peccata et ,dei offensam sollicitant3 ,incubi vero sacra non timent1 et ad peccata provocant1 convincitur ipsos nec malos ,dmones1 nec bonos ,angelos esse2 sed patet1 quod nec homines sunt1 cum tamen ratione utantur4 ,quid ergo erunt8 ,si in termino sunt1 et simplices spiritus sunt1 erunt aut damnati aut beati3 non enim in bona ,theologia dantur puri spiritus viatores4 ,si damnati1 nomen et ,crucem ,christi revererentur2 si beati1 homines ad peccandum non provocarent2 ergo aliud erunt a puris spiritus2 et sic erunt corporati1 et viatores4 #fg4 ,but then1 there are ,incubi that have to do with horses1 mares and other beasts1 and1 as shown by every day experience1 ill-treat them if rebel to coition2 yet1 in those cases1 it can no longer be adduced that the ,demon simulates the appetite for coition in order to bring about the ruin of souls1 since those of beasts are not capable of everlasting damnation4 ,besides1 love and wrath with them are productive of quite opposite effects4 ,for1 if the loved woman or beast humours them1 those ,incubi behave very well2 on the contrary1 they use them most savagely when irritated and enraged by a denial of coition3 this is amply proved by daily experience3 those ,incubi therefore have truly sexual passions4 ,besides1 the ,evil ,spirits1 the incorporeal ,demons which have to do with ,sorceresses and ,witches1 constrain them to ,demon-,worship1 to the abjuration of the ,orthodox ,faith1 to the commission of enchantments and foul crimes1 as preliminary conditions to the infamous intercourse1 as has been above-stated 7,nr #aa72 now1 ,incubi pretend to nothing of the kind3 they are therefore no ,evil ,spirits4 ,lastly1 as written by ,guaccius1 at the mere utterance of the name of ,jesus or ,mary1 at the sign of the ,cross1 the approach of ,holy ,relics or consecrated objects1 at exorcisms1 adjurations or priestly injunctions1 the ,evil ,demon either shudders and takes to flight1 or is agitated and howls1 as is daily seen with energumens and is shown by numerous narratives of ,guaccius concerning the nightly revels of ,witches1 where1 at a sign of the ,cross or the name of ,jesus said by one of the assistants1 ,devils and ,witches all vanish together4 ,incubi1 on the contrary1 stand all those ordeals without taking to flight or showing the least fear2 sometimes even they laugh at exorcisms1 strike the ,exorcists themselves1 and rend the sacred vestments4 ,now1 if the evil ,demons1 subdued by our ,lord ,jesus-,christ1 are stricken with fear by his name1 the ,cross and the holy things2 if1 on the other hand1 the good ,angels rejoice at those same things1 without however inciting men to sin nor to give offense to ,god1 whilst the ,incubi1 without having any dread of the holy things1 provoke to sin1 it is clear that they are neither evil ,demons nor good ,angels2 but it is clear also that they are not men1 though endowed with reason4 ,what then should they be8 ,supposing them to have reached the goal1 and to be pure spirits1 they would be damned or blessed1 for correct ,theology does not admit of pure spirits on the way to salvation4 ,if damned1 they would revere the name and the ,cross of ,christ2 if blessed1 they would not incite men to sin2 they would therefore be different from pure spirits1 and thus1 have a body and be on the way to salvation4 #fh4 ,prterea agens materiale non potest agere nisi in passum similiter materiale2 tritum siquidem est axioma philosophorum1 quod agens et patiens debent communicare in subjecto2 nec id quod materiatum est1 potest agere in rem pure spiritualem4 ,dantur autem agentia naturalia1 qu agunt contra hujusmodi ,dmones ,incubos1 sequitur igitur quod isti materiati1 seu corporei sunt4 ,minor probatur ex iis qu scribunt ,dioscorides1 l4 #b4 c4 #afh4 et l4 #a4 c4 #ajj41 ,plinius1 lib4 #ae4 c4 #d41 ,aristoteles1 ,probl4 #cd41 et ,apuleius1 l4 ,de ,virtute ,herbarum1 apud ,guaccium1 ,comp4 ,malef41 l4 #c4 c4 #ac4 fol4 #caf41 et confirmatur experientia1 nempe de pluribus herbis1 lapidibus ac animalibus1 qu ,dmones depellunt1 ut ruta1 hypericon1 verbena1 scordium1 palma ,christi1 centaureum1 adamas1 corallium1 gagates1 jaspis1 pellis capitis lupi aut asini1 menstruum muliebre1 et centum alia2 unde habetur #bf1 q4 #g4 cap4 final43 ,dmonium sustinenti liceat petras1 vel herbas habere sine incantatione4 ,ex quo habetur1 petras aut herbas posse sua vi naturali ,dmonis vires compescere1 aliter ,canon hoc non permitteret1 sed ut superstitiosum vetaret4 ,et de hoc luculentum exemplum habemus in ,sacra ,scriptura1 ubi ,angelus ,raphael dixit ,tobi1 c4 #f1 v4 #h43 ,cordis ejus 7nempe piscis1 quem a ,tigri attraxerat7 particulam1 si super carbones ponas1 fumus ejus extricat omne genus ,dmoniorum4 ,et ejus virtutem experientia comprobavit3 nam incenso jecore piscis1 fugatus est ,incubus1 qui ,saram deperiebat4 #fh4 ,besides1 a material agent cannot act but on an equally material passive4 ,it is indeed a trite philosophical axiom1 that agent and patient must have a common subject3 pure matter cannot act on any purely spiritual thing4 ,now1 there are natural agents which act on those ,incubi ,demons3 these are therefore material or corporeal4 ,our minor is proved by the testimony of ,dioscorides1 ,pliny1 ,aristoteles and ,apuleius1 quoted by ,guaccius1 ,comp4 ,malef4 b4 #c1 ch4 #ac1 fol4 #caf2 it is confirmed by our knowledge of numerous herbs1 stones and animal substances which have the virtue of driving away ,demons1 such as rue1 ,st-,john's wort1 verbena1 germander1 palma ,christi1 centaury1 diamonds1 coral1 jet1 jasper1 the skin of the head of a wolf or an ass1 women's catamenia1 and a hundred others3 wherefore it is written3 ,for such as are assaulted by the ,demon it is lawful to have stones or herbs1 but without recourse to incantations4 ,it follows that1 by their own native virtue1 stones or herbs can bridle the ,demon3 else the above mentioned ,canon would not permit their use1 but would on the contrary forbid it as superstitious4 ,we have a striking instance thereof in ,holy ,scripture1 where the ,angel ,raphael says to ,tobit1 ch4 #f1 v4 #h1 speaking of the fish which he had drawn from the ,tigris3 8,if thou puttest on coals a particle of its liver1 the smoke thereof will drive away all kinds of ,demons40 ,experience demonstrated the truth of those words2 for1 no sooner was the liver of the fish set on fire1 than the ,incubus who was in love with ,sarah was put to flight4 #fi4 ,respondent ad hc communiter ,theologi1 quod talia agentia naturalia inchoative tantum fugant ,dmonem1 completive autem vis supernaturalis ,dei aut ,angeli1 ita ut virtus supernaturalis sit causa primaria1 directa1 et principalis1 naturalis autem secondaria1 indirecta1 et minus principalis4 ,unde ad probationem1 qu supra adducta est de ,dmone fugato a fumo jecoris piscis incensi a ,tobia1 respondet ,vallesius1 ,de ,sac4 ,philosoph41 c4 #bh41 quod tali fumo indita fuit a ,deo vis supernaturalis fugandi ,incubum1 sicut igni materiali ,inferni data est virtus torquendi ,dmones et animas ,damnatorum4 ,ad eamdem autem probationem respondet ,lyranus1 et ,cornelius ad c4 #f4 ,tob4 v4 #h41 ,abulentis in #a4 ,reg4 c4 #af4 q4 #df41 ,pererius in ,daniel41 pag4 #bgb41 apud ,cornel4 loc4 cit41 fumum cordis piscis expulisse ,dmonem inchoate vi naturali1 sed complete vi angelica et clesti3 naturali autem impediendo actionem ,dmonis per dispositionem contrariam1 quia hic agit per naturales causas et humores1 quorum qualitates expugnantur a qualitatibus contrariis rerum naturalium1 qu dicuntur ,dmones fugare2 et in eadem sententia sunt omnes loquentes de arte exorcista4 #fi4 ,to this ,theologians usually retort that such natural agents merely initiate the ejection of the ,demon1 and that the completive effect is due to the supernatural force of ,god or of the ,angel2 so that the supernatural force is the primary1 direct and principal cause1 the natural force being but secondary1 indirect and subordinate4 ,thus1 in order to explain how the liver of the fish burnt by ,tobit drove away the ,demon1 ,vallesius asserts that the smoke thereof had been endowed by ,god with the supernatural power of expelling the ,incubus1 in the same manner as the material fire of ,hell has the virtue of tormenting ,demons and the souls of the ,damned4 ,others1 such as ,lyranus and ,cornelius1 profess that the smoke of the heart of the fish initiated the ejection of the ,demon by native virtue1 but completed it by angelical and heavenly virtue3 by native virtue1 insomuch that it opposed a contrary action to that of the ,demon2 for the ,evil ,spirit applies native causes and humours1 the native qualities of which are combated by the contrary qualities of natural things known to be capable of driving away ,demons2 that opinion is shared by all those who treat of the art of exorcisms4 #gj4 ,sed hc responsio1 que tamen validas habet instantias1 ad plus quadrare potest contra malos ,dmones obsidentes corpora1 aut per maleficia inferentes ipsis gritudines1 aut alia incommoda1 sed nullo modo facit ad propositum de ,incubis3 siquidem isti nec corpora obsident1 nec ipsis officiunt per gritudines habituales1 sed ad plus ictibus et percussionibus torquent4 ,quod si equas coitum adversantes macras reddunt1 hoc faciunt subducendo illis cibum1 et hoc modo macrescere1 et tandem interire eas faciunt4 ,ad hc autem patranda non eget ,incubus alicujus rei naturalis applicatione 7qua tamen eget malus ,dmon inferens agritudinem habitualem71 ea enim potest ex sua vi organica naturali4 ,pariter ,dmon malus plerumque obsidet corpora1 et infert gritudines ad signa cum ipso conventa et posita a ,saga aut ,malefico1 qu signa multoties res naturales sunt prdit vi nativa nocendi1 quibus naturaliter resistunt alia pariter naturalia contrari virtutis4 ,incubus vero non sic2 quia ex se1 et nulla concurrente aut ,saga1 aut ,malefico1 suas vexationes infert4 ,prterea res naturales fugantes ,incubos suam virtutem exercent1 ac effectum sortiuntur absque interventu alicujus exorcismi aut sacr benedictionis2 ut proinde dici non possit1 quod fuga ,incubi inchoative sit a virtute naturali1 completive autem a vi divina1 quia ibi nulla particularis intervenit divini nominis invocatio1 sed est purus effectus rei naturalis1 ad quem non concurrit ,deus1 nisi concursu universali1 tanquam auctor natur1 et causa universalis1 et prima in ordine efficientium4 #gj4 ,but that explanation1 however plausible the facts upon which it rests1 can at most be received as regards the ,evil ,spirits which possess bodies or1 through malefice1 infect them with diseases or other infirmities2 it does not at all meet the case of ,incubi4 ,for1 these neither possess bodies nor infect them with diseases2 they1 at most1 molest them by blows and ill-treatment4 ,if they cause the mares to grow lean because of their not yielding to coition1 it is merely by taking away their provender1 in consequence of which they fall off and finally die4 ,to that purpose the ,incubus need not use a natural agent1 as the ,evil ,spirit does when imparting a disease3 it is enough that it should exert its own native organic force4 ,likewise1 when the ,evil ,spirit possesses bodies and infects them with diseases1 it is most frequently through signs agreed upon with himself1 and arranged by a witch or a wizard1 which signs are usually natural objects1 indued with their own noxious virtue1 and of course opposed by other equally natural objects endowed with a contrary virtue4 ,but not so the ,incubus3 it is of his own accord1 and without the cooperation of either witch or wizard1 that he inflicts his molestations4 ,besides1 the natural things which put the ,incubi to flight exert their virtue and bring about a result without the intervention of any exorcism or blessing2 it cannot therefore be said that the ejection of the ,incubus is initiated by natural1 and completed by divine virtue1 since there is in this case no particular invocation of the divine name1 but the mere effect of a natural object1 in which ,god cooperates only as the universal agent1 the author of nature1 the first of efficient causes4 #ga4 ,duas circa hoc historias do1 quarum primam habui a ,confessario ,monialium1 viro gravi1 ac fide dignissimo4 ,alterius vero sum testis oculatus4 ,in quodam ,sanctimonalium monasterio degebat ad educationem ,virgo qudam nobilis tentata ab ,incubo1 qui diu noctuque ipsi apparebat1 ipsam ad coitum sollicitando eniximis precibus1 tamquam amasius pr amore dementatus2 ipsa tamen semper restitit tentanti gratia ,dei1 ac sacramentorum frequentia roborata4 ,incassum abiere plures devotiones1 jejunia et vota facta a puella vexata1 exorcismi1 benedictiones1 et precepta ab exorcistis facta ,incubo1 ut desisteret a molestia illa2 nec quidquam proficiebatur multitudo reliquiarum1 aliarumque rerum benedictarum disposita in camera virginis tentat1 nec benedict candel noctu ibidem ardentes impediebant1 quominus juxta consuetum appareret ad tentandum in forma speciosissimi juvenis4 ,consultus inter alios viros doctos fuit quidam ,theologus magn eruditionis3 iste advertens virginem tentatam esse temperamenti phlegmatici a toto1 conjectavit ,incubum esse dmonem aqueum 7dantur enim ut scribit ,guaccius1 ,comp4 ,malefic4 l4 #a4 c4 #ai4 fol4 #abi41 ,dmones ignei1 aerei1 phlegmatici1 terrei1 subterranei1 et lucifugi71 et consului1 quod in camera virginis tentat continue fieret suffimentum vaporosum sequens4 ,requirunt ollam novam figulinam vitreatam2 in hac ponitur calami aromatici1 cubebarum seminis1 aristolochi utriusque radicum1 cardamomi majoris et minoris1 gingiberis1 piperis longi1 caryophyllorum1 cinnamomi1 canell caryophyllat1 macis1 nucum myristicarum1 styracis calamit1 benzoini1 ligni ac radicis rodi1 ligni aloes1 triasantalorum una uncia1 semiaqu vit libr tres2 ponitur olla supra cineres calidas ut vapor suffimenti ascendat1 et cella clausa tenetur4 ,facto suffimento advenit denuo ,incubus1 sed ingredi cellam nunquam ausus est3 sed si tentata extra eam ibat1 et per viridarium ac claustra spatiabatur1 aliis invisibilis sibi visus apparebat ,incubus1 et puell collo injectis brachiis violenter1 ac quasi furtive oscula rapiebat3 quod molestissimum honest virgini erat4 ,consultus denuo ,theologus ille ordinavit puell1 ut deferret pixidulas unguentarias exquisitorum odorum1 ut moschi1 ambr1 zibetti1 balsami ,peruviani1 ac aliorum compositorum2 quod cum fecisset1 deambulanti per viridarium puell apparuit ,incubus faci minaci1 ac furenti2 non tamen ad illam approximavit1 sed digitum sibi momordit tanquam meditans vindictam2 tandem disparuit1 nec amplius ab ea visus fuit4 #ga4 ,to illustrate this subject1 ,i give two stories1 the first of which ,i have from a ,confessor of ,nuns1 a man of weight1 and most worthy of credit2 the second ,i was eye-witness to4 ,in a certain monastery of holy ,nuns there lived1 as a boarder1 a young maiden of noble birth1 who was tempted by an ,incubus that appeared to her by day and by night1 and with the most earnest entreaties1 the manners of a most passionate lover1 incessantly incited her to sin2 but she1 supported by the grace of ,god and the frequent use of the sacraments1 stoutly resisted the temptation4 ,but1 all her devotions1 fasts and vows notwithstanding1 despite the exorcisms1 the blessings1 the injunctions showered by exorcists on the ,incubus that he should desist from molesting her2 in spite of the crowd of relics and other holy objects collected in the maiden's room1 of the lighted candles kept burning there all night1 the ,incubus none the less persisted in appearing to her as usual1 in the shape of a very handsome young man4 ,at last1 among other learned men1 whose advice had been taken on the subject1 was a very erudite ,theologian who1 observing that the maiden was of a thoroughly phlegmatic temperament1 surmised that that ,incubus was an aqueous ,demon 7there are in fact1 as is testified by ,guaccius1 igneous1 aerial1 phlegmatic1 earthly1 subterranean demons who avoid the light of day71 and prescribed an uninterrupted fumigation in the room4 ,a new vessel1 made of glass-like earth1 was accordingly brought in1 and filled with sweet cane1 cubeb seed1 roots of both aristolochies1 great and small cardamon1 ginger1 long-pepper1 caryophylle1 cinnamon1 cloves1 mace1 nutmegs1 calamite storax1 benzoin1 aloes-wood and roots1 one ounce of triasandalis1 and three pounds of half brandy and water2 the vessel was then set on hot ashes in order to force up the fumigating vapour1 and the cell was kept closed4 ,as soon as the fumigation was done1 the ,incubus came1 but never dared enter the cell2 only1 if the maiden left it for a walk in the garden or the cloister1 he appeared to her1 though invisible to others and throwing his arms round her neck1 stole or rather snatched kisses from her1 to her intense disgust4 ,at last1 after a new consultation1 the ,theologian prescribed that she should carry about her person pills made of the most exquisite perfumes1 such as musk1 amber1 chive1 ,peruvian balsam1 and others4 ,thus provided1 she went for a walk in the garden1 where the ,incubus suddenly appeared to her with a threatening face1 and in a rage4 ,he did not approach her1 however1 but1 after biting his finger as if meditating revenge1 disappeared and was never more seen by her4 #gb4 ,alia historia est1 quod in ,conventu ,magn ,cartusi ,ticinensis1 fuit quidam ,diaconus1 nomine dictus ,augustinus1 maximas1 ac inauditas1 et pene incredibiles sustinens a quodam ,dmone vexationes2 qu tolli nullo remedio spirituali 7quamvis plura juxta plures exorcistas1 qui liberationem1 sed incassum tentarunt1 fuissent adhibita7 potuerunt4 ,me consuluit illius ,conventus vicarius1 qui curam divexati1 utpote ,clerici1 ex officio habebat4 ,ego videns frustranea fuisse consueta exorcismorum remedia1 exemplo histori suprarecensit consului suffimentum simile superiori1 utque divexatus pixidulas odoramentorum supradictas deferret2 et quia tabacchi usum habebat1 et aqua vit delectabatur1 suasi ut et tabaccho et aqua vit moschata uteretur4 ,dmon illi apparebat diu noctuque ultra alias species1 puta scheleti1 suis1 asini1 ,angeli1 avis1 modo in forma unius1 modo alterius ex suis ,religiosis1 et semel in forma sui ,prlati1 nempe ,prioris1 qui hortatus est vexatum ad puritatem conscienti1 ad confidentiam in ,deum1 et ad frequentiam confessionis2 suasit ut sibi sacramentalem confessionem faceret1 quod etiam fecit2 et expost ,psalmos ,exsurgat ,deus et ,qui habitat1 et mox ,evangelium ,s4 ,joannis simul cum vexato recitavit1 et ad ea verba ,verbum caro factum est genuflexit1 et accepta stola1 qu in cella erat1 et aspergillo aqu benedict benedixit cell1 ac lecto vexati1 et ac si revera fuisset ipsius ,prior prceptum fecit ,dmoni1 ne auderet illum suum subditum amplius divexare1 et post hc disparuit1 sicque prodidit quisnam esset3 aliter vexatus illum suum ,prlatum esse reputaverat4 ,postquam igitur suffimentum1 ac odores1 ut supra dictum est1 consulueram1 non destitit ,dmon juxta solitum apparere2 imo assumpta figura vexati fuit ad cameram ,vicarii1 et ab eo petiit aquam vit1 ac tabaccum moschatum1 dicens sibi talia valde placere4 ,vicarius utrumque illi dedit3 quibus acceptis disparuit in momento1 quo facto cognovit ,vicarius se fuisse illusum a ,dmone tali pacto3 quod magis confirmavit assertum vexati1 qui cum juramento affirmavit1 se illa die nullo modo fuisse in cella ,vicarii4 ,iste mihi totum retulit1 et ex tali facto conjeci ,dmonem illum non fuisse aqueum1 ut erat ,incubus1 qui virginem ad coitum sollicitabat1 ut dictum supra est1 sed igneum1 vel ad minus aereum1 ex quo gaudebat vaporibus1 ac odoribus1 tabacco1 et aqua vit1 qu calida sunt4 ,et conjectur vim addidit temperamentum divexati1 quod erat colericum quo ad prdominium cum subdominio1 tamen sanguineo4 ,dmones enim tales non accedunt nisi ad eos1 qui secum in temperamento symbolizant2 ex quo validatur opinio mea de illorum corporeitate4 ,unde suasi ,vicario1 ut acciperet herbas natura frigidas1 ut nympham1 hepaticam1 portulacam1 mandragoram1 sempervivam1 plantaginem1 hyoscyamum1 et alias similes1 et ex iis compositum fasciculum fenestr1 alium ostio cell suspenderet2 similibusque herbis1 tum cameram1 tum lectum divexati sterneret4 ,mirum dictu6 comparuit denuo ,dmon1 manens tamen extra cameram1 nec ingredi voluit1 et cum divexatus illum interrogasset1 quare de more intrare non auderet1 multis verbis injuriosis jactatis contra me1 qui talia consulueram1 disparuit1 nec amplius reversus est4 #gb4 ,here is the other story4 ,in the great ,carthusian ,friary of ,pavia there lived a ,deacon1 ,austin by name1 who was subjected by a certain ,demon to excessive1 unheard of and scarcely credible vexations2 although many exorcists had made repeated endeavours to secure his riddance1 all spiritual remedies had proved unavailing4 ,i was consulted by the ,vicar of the convent1 who had the cure of the poor clerk4 ,seeing the inefficacy of all customary exorcisms1 and remembering the above-related instance1 ,i advised a fumigation like unto the one that has been detailed1 and prescribed that the ,deacon should carry about his person fragrant pills of the same kind2 moreover1 as he was in the habit of using tobacco1 and was very fond of brandy1 ,i advised tobacco and brandy perfumed with musk4 ,the ,demon appeared to him by day and by night1 under various shapes1 as a skeleton1 a pig1 an ass1 an ,angel1 a bird2 with the figure of one or other of the ,friars1 once even with that of his own ,abbot or ,prior1 exhorting him to keep his conscience clean1 to trust in ,god1 to confess frequently2 he persuaded him to let him hear his sacramental confession1 recited with him the psalms ,exsurgat ,deus and ,qui habitat1 and the ,gospel according to ,st ,john3 and when they came to the words ,verbum caro factum est1 he bent his knee1 and taking hold of a stole which was in the cell1 and of the ,holy-water sprinkle1 he blessed the cell and the bed1 and1 as if he had really been the ,prior1 enjoined on the ,demon not to venture in future to molest his subordinate2 he then disappeared1 thus betraying what he was1 for otherwise the young deacon had taken him for his ,prior4 ,now1 notwithstanding the fumigations and perfumes ,i had prescribed1 the ,demon did not desist from his wonted apparitions2 more than that1 assuming the features of his victim1 he went to the ,vicar's room1 and asked for some tobacco and brandy perfumed with musk1 of which1 said he1 he was extremely fond4 ,having received both1 he disappeared in the twinkling of an eye1 thus showing the ,vicar that he had been played with by the ,demon2 and this was amply confirmed by the ,deacon1 who affirmed upon his oath that he had not gone that day to the ,vicar's cell4 ,all that having been related to me1 ,i inferred that1 far from being aqueous like the ,incubus who was in love with the maiden above spoken of1 this ,demon was igneous1 or1 at the very least1 aerial1 since he delighted in hot substances such as vapours1 perfumes1 tobacco and brandy4 ,force was added to my surmises by the temperament of the young deacon1 which was choleric and sanguine1 choler predominating however2 for1 those ,demons never approach but those whose temperament tallies with their own3 another confirmation of my sentiment regarding their corporeity4 ,i therefore advised the ,vicar to let his penitent take herbs that are cold by nature1 such as water-lily1 liver-wort1 spurge1 mandrake1 house-leek1 plantain1 henbane1 and others similar1 make two little bundles of them and hang them up1 one at his window1 the other at the door of his cell1 taking care to strow some also on the floor and on the bed4 ,marvellous to say6 ,the ,demon appeared again1 but remained outside the room1 which he would not enter2 and1 on the ,deacon inquiring of him his motives for such unwonted reserve1 he burst out into invectives against me for giving such advice1 disappeared1 and never came again4 #gc4 ,ex his duabus historiis apparet tales odores1 et herbas respective sua naturali virtute1 nullaque interveniente vi supernaturali ,dmones propulisse2 unde convincitur quod ,incubi patiuntur a qualitatibus materialibus1 ut proinde concludi debeat1 quod communicant in materia cum iis rebus naturalibus1 a quibus fugantur1 et ex consequenti corpore sint prditi1 quod est intentum4 #gc4 ,the two stories ,i have related make it clear that1 by their native virtue alone1 perfumes and herbs drove away ,demons without the intervention of any supernatural force2 ,incubi are therefore subject to material conditions1 and it must be inferred that they participate of the matter of the natural objects which have the power of putting them to flight1 and consequently they have a body2 that is what was to be shown4 #gd4 ,et magis conclusio firmatur1 si impugnetur sententia ,doctorum supracitatorum1 dicentium1 ,incubum abactum a ,sara fuisse vi ,angeli ,raphaelis1 non vero jecoris piscis callionymi1 qualis fuit piscis a ,tobia apprehensus ad ripam ,tigris1 ut cum ,vallesio1 ,sacr4 ,philos41 c4 #db41 scribit ,cornelius a ,lap4 in ,tob4 c4 #f4 v4 #b41 ,quarto ergo3 salva enim tantorum ,doctorum reverentia1 talis expositio manifeste adversatur sensui patenti ,textus1 a quo nullo modo recedendum est dummodo non sequantur absurda4 ,en verba ,angeli ad ,tobiam3 8,cordis ejus particulam1 si super carbones ponas1 fumus ejus extricat omne genus ,dmoniorum1 sive a viro1 sive a muliere1 ita ut ultra non accedant ad eos1 et fel valet ad unguendos oculos1 in quibus fuerit albugo1 et sanabuntur40 7,tob41 c4 #f4 v4 #h4 et #i47 ,notetur1 quso1 assertio ,angeli absoluta1 et universalis de virtute cordis1 seu jecoris1 et fellis illius piscis3 non enim dicit3 ,si pones particulas cordis ejus super carbones1 fugabis omne genus ,dmoniorum1 et si felle unges oculos1 in quibus fuerit albugo1 sanabuntur3 si enim ita dixisset1 congrua esset expositio1 quod nempe ,raphael supernaturali sua virtute illos effectus patrasset1 ad quos perficiendos inepta esset applicatio fumi1 et fellis3 sed non ita loquitur1 sed ait talem esse virtutem fumi1 et fellis absolute4 #gd4 ,but1 the better to establish our conclusion1 it behoves to impugn the mistake into which have fallen the ,doctors above-quoted1 such as ,vallesius and ,cornelius a ,lapide1 when they say that ,sarah was rid from the ,incubus by the virtue of the ,angel ,raphael1 and not by that of the callionymous fish caught by ,tobit on the banks of the ,tigris4 ,indeed1 saving the reverence due to such great doctors1 such a construction manifestly clashes with the clear meaning of the ,text1 from which it is never justifiable to deviate1 so long as it does not lead to absurd consequences4 ,here are the words spoken by the ,angel to ,tobias3 8,if thou puttest on coals a particle of its heart1 the smoke thereof will expel all kinds of ,demons1 whether from man or woman1 so that they shall never return1 and its gall is good for anointing eyes that have whiteness1 and healing them40 7,tobit1 c4 #f1 v4 #h and #i74 ,pray notice that the ,angel's assertion respecting the virtue of the heart or liver and gall of that fish is absolute1 universal2 for1 he does not say3 8,if thou puttest on coals particles of its heart1 thou wilt put to flight all kinds of ,demons1 and if thou anointest with its gall eyes that have a whiteness1 they shall be healed40 ,if he had thus spoken1 ,i could agree with the construction that ,raphael had brought about1 by his own supernatural virtue1 the effects which the mere application of the smoke and the gall might not have sufficed to produce3 but he does not speak thus1 and1 on the contrary1 says absolutely1 that such is the virtue of the smoke and the gall4 #ge4 ,quro modo1 an ,angelus veritatem puram dixerit de virtute rerum1 an mentiri potuerit2 pariter an albugo ab oculis ,tobi senioris ablata sit vi naturali fellis piscis1 aut virtute supernaturali ,angeli ,raphaelis8 ,angelum mentiri potuisse blasphemia hreticalis est2 sequitur igitur puram veritatem fuisse ab eo assertam2 talis autem non esset1 si omne genus ,dmoniorum non extricaretur a fumo jecoris piscis nisi addita vi supernaturali ,angeli1 maxime1 si hc esset causa principalis talis effectus1 quemadmodum scribunt de hoc casu ,doctores4 ,mentiretur absque dubio medicus qui diceret3 talis herba curat taliter pleuritidem1 sive epilepsiam1 ut amplius non revertatur3 si herba illa non curaret illas gritudines nisi inchoate1 et perfecta illarum sanatio esset ab alia herba conjuncta priori2 sic pari modo mentitus fuisset ,raphael1 asserens fumum jecoris extricare omne genus ,dmoniorum ita ut ultra non accedant1 si talis effectus esset a fumo solum inchoate1 principaliter vero1 et perfecte a virtute ,angeli4 ,prterea talis fuga ,dmonis1 vel secutura erat universaliter1 et semper posito jecore piscis super carbones a quoquam1 vel debebat sequi in illo solummodo casu particulari1 jecore incusso a juniore ,tobia4 ,si primum1 ergo oportet1 quod cuicumque talem fumum per accensionem jecoris paranti1 assistat ,angelus qui supernaturali virtute ,dmonem miraculose abigat regulariter2 et hoc est absurdum2 ad positionem enim rei naturalis deberet regulariter sequi miraculum1 quod est incongruum1 et si absque ,angeli operatione fuga ,dmonis non sequeretur1 mentitus fuisset ,raphael asserens eam esse virtutem jecoris4 ,si autem effectus ille sequi non debeat1 nisi in illo casu particulari1 mentitus fuisset ,angelus enuncians universaliter virtutem piscis1 in fugando omni ,dmoniorum genere1 quod non est dicendum4 #ge4 ,it may be asked whether the ,angel spoke the precise truth regarding the virtue of those things1 or whether he might have lied2 and likewise1 whether the whiteness was withdrawn from the eyes of the elder ,tobit by the native force of the gall of the fish1 or by the supernatural virtue of the ,angel ,raphael8 ,to say that the ,angel could have lied would be an heretical blasphemy2 he therefore spoke the precise truth2 but it would no longer be so if all kinds of ,demons were not expelled by the smoke of the liver of the fish1 unless aided by the supernatural force of the ,angel1 and especially1 if such aid was the principal cause of the effect produced1 as the ,doctors assert in the present case4 ,it would doubtless be a lie if a physician should say3 such an herb radically cures pleurisy or epilepsy1 and if it should only begin the cure1 the completion of which required the addition of another herb to the one first used2 in the same manner1 ,raphael would have lied when averring that the smoke of the liver expelled all kinds of demons1 so that they should not return1 if that result had been only begun by the smoke1 and its completion had been principally due to the virtue of the ,angel4 ,besides1 that flight of the demon was either to take place universally and by any one whomsoever putting the liver of the fish on the coals1 or else it was only to occur in that particular case1 the younger ,tobit putting the liver on4 ,in the first hypothesis1 any person making that smoke by burning the liver should be assisted by an ,angel1 who1 through his supernatural virtue should expel the ,demons miraculously and regularly at the same time2 which is absurd2 for1 either words have no meaning1 or a natural fact cannot be regularly followed by a miracle2 and1 if the ,demon was not put to flight without the assistance of the ,angel1 ,raphael would have lied when ascribing that virtue to the liver4 ,if1 on the contrary1 that effect was only to be brought about in that particular case1 ,raphael would again have lied when assigning to that fish1 universally and absolutely1 the virtue of expelling the ,demon3 now1 to say that the ,angel lied is not possible4 #gf4 ,ulterius albugo oculorum detracta est ab oculis ,tobi senioris1 et ipsius ccitas sanata est a virtute naturali fellis piscis illius1 ut ,doctores affirmant 7,liran4 ,dyonisius2 et ,seraci4 apud ,cornel4 in ,tobi41 c4 #f4 v4 #i74 ,piscis enim ,callionymus1 qui vocatur ,italice bocca in capo1 et quo usus est ,tobias1 fel habet pro celeberrimo remedio ad detegendas albugines oculorum1 ut scribunt concorditer ,dioscorides1 l4 #a4 c4 #if41 ,galenus1 ,de ,simpl4 ,medicam41 ,plinius1 l4 #cb4 c4 #g41 ,aclanius1 ,de ,ver4 ,histor41 l4 #ac4 c4 #ad41 et ,vallesius1 ,de ,sacr4 ,philos41 c4 #dg4 ,textus ,grcus ,tobi1 c4 #aa4 v4 #ac41 habet3 8,inspersit fel super oculos patris sui1 dicens3 ,confide1 ,pater2 ut autem erosi sunt1 detrivit oculos suos1 et disquamat sunt ab angulis oculorum albugines40 ,cum igitur eodem contextu ,angelus aperuerit ,tobi virtutem jecoris1 et fellis piscis1 et hoc sua naturali virtute ccitatem ,tobi senioris curaverit1 concludendum est1 quod etiam fumus jecoris sua naturali vi ,incubum fugaverit3 quod concludenter confirmatur a ,textu ,grco1 qui ad ,tobi c4 #h4 v4 #b41 ubi ,vulgata habet3 8,partem jecoris posuit super carbones vivos01 sic habet3 8,accepit cinerem1 sive prunam thimiamatum1 et imposuit cor piscis1 et hepar1 fumumque fecit1 et quando odoratus est ,dmon odores1 fugit40 ,et ,textus ,hebraicus ita cantat3 8,percepit ,asmodeus odorem1 et fugit40 ,ex quibus textibus apparet1 quod ,dmon fugit ad perceptionem fumi1 sibi contrarii1 ac nocentis1 non autem a virtute ,angeli supernaturali4 ,quod si in tali liberatione ,sar ab impetitione ,incubi ,asmodei1 ultra fumum jecoris intervenit operatio ,raphaelis1 hoc fuit in alligatione ,dmonis in deserto superioris gypti1 ut dicitur c4 #h4 v4 #c4 ,tobi2 fumus quippe jecoris nequibat in tanta distantia agere in ,dmonem1 aut illum alligare4 ,quod inservire potest pro concordia supracitatorum ,doctorum 7qui voluerunt ,saram perfecte liberatam a ,dmone virtute ,raphaelis7 cum sententia1 quam tuemur3 dico enim1 quod ipsi senserint quod perfecta curatio ,sar a ,dmone fuerit in alligatione ejus in deserto1 qu fuit ab ,angelo1 quod et nos concedimus2 sed extricatio1 sive fugatio ejusdem a cubiculo ,sar fuerit a vi innativa jecoris piscis1 quod nos tuemur4 #gf4 ,the whiteness was withdrawn from the eyes of the elder ,tobit1 and his blindness healed1 through the native virtue of the gall of that same fish1 as ,doctors aver4 ,in fact1 that the gall of the callionymous fish1 which the ,italians call bocca in capo1 and of which ,tobias made use1 is a highly renowned remedy for removing the whiteness from the eyes1 all are agreed1 ,dioscorides1 ,galen1 ,pliny1 ,aclanius1 ,vallesius1 etc4 ,the ,greek ,text of ,tobit1 c4 #aa1 v4 #ac1 says3 8,he poured the gall on his father's eyes1 saying3 ,have confidence1 father2 but1 there being erosion1 the old man rubbed his eyes1 and the scales of the whiteness came out at the corners40 ,now1 since1 according to the same text1 the ,angel had disclosed to ,tobias the virtue of the liver and gall of the fish1 and since1 through its native virtue1 the gall cured the elder ,tobit's blindness1 it must be inferred that it was likewise through its native force that the smoke of the liver put the ,incubus to flight2 which inference is conclusively confirmed by the ,greek text1 which1 ,tobit1 c4 #h1 v4 #b1 instead of the reading in the ,vulgate3 8,he laid a part of the liver on burning coals01 says explicitly3 8,he took the ashes of the perfumes1 and put the heart and the liver of the fish thereupon1 and made a smoke therewith2 the which smell when the evil spirit had smelled1 he fled40 ,the ,hebrew text says3 8,asmodeus smelled the smell1 and fled40 ,from all those texts it appears that the ,demon took to flight on smelling a smoke which was prejudicial and hurtful to himself1 and nowise from the supernatural virtue of the ,angel4 ,if1 in ridding ,sarah from the assaults of the ,incubus ,asmodeus1 the operation of the smoke of the liver was followed by the intervention of ,raphael1 it was in order to bind the ,demon in the wilderness of ,high-,egypt1 as related1 ,tobit1 c4 #h1 v4 #c2 for1 at such a distance1 the smoke of the liver could neither operate on the ,demon1 nor bind him4 ,and here we have the means of reconciling our opinion with that of the above-mentioned ,doctors1 who ascribe to ,raphael's power ,sarah's complete riddance from the ,demon3 for1 ,i say with them1 that the cure of ,sarah was completed by the binding of the ,demon in the wilderness1 the deed of the ,angel2 which ,i concede2 but ,i maintain that the deliverance properly called1 that is to say1 the ejection from ,sarah's bed-room1 was the direct effect of the virtue of the liver of the fish4 #gg4 ,probatur tertio principaliter nostra conclusio de existentia talium animalium1 seu de ,incuborum corporeitate1 ex auctoritate ,d4 ,hieronymi1 in vita ,s4 ,pauli primi ,eremit4 ,refert is ,d4 ,antonium iter per desertum arripuisse1 ut ad visendum ,d4 ,paulum perveniret1 et post nonnullas ditas itineris ,centaurum reperiisse1 a quo cum fuisset percontatus mansionem ,d4 ,pauli1 et ille barbarum quid infrendens potius1 quam proloquens1 dextr protensione manus iter ,d4 ,antonio demonstrasset1 in sylvam se abdidit cursu concitatissimo4 ,prosecutus iter ,s4 ,abbas in quadam valle invenit haud grandem quemdam homunculum1 aduncis manibus1 fronte cornibus asperata1 cujus extrema pars corporis in caprarum pedes desinebat4 ,ad ejus aspectum substitit ,antonius1 et timens ,diaboli artes signo ,sanct ,crucis se munivit4 ,ad tale signum nec fugit1 nec metuit homuncio ille1 immo ad sanctum senem actu humili appropinquans1 palmarum fructus ad viaticum quasi pacis obsides illi offerebat4 ,tum ,b4 ,antonius quisnam esset interrogans1 hoc ab eo responsum accepit3 8,mortalis ego sum1 et unus ex accolis ,eremi1 quos vario errore delusa ,gentilitas ,faunos1 ,satyros1 et ,incubos vocans colit2 legatione fungor gregis mei2 precamur1 ut pro nobis communem ,deum depreceris1 quem pro salute mundi venisse cognovimus1 et universam terram exiit sonus ejus40 ,ad qu gaudens ,d4 ,antonius de gloria ,christi1 conversus ad ,alexandriam1 et baculo terram percutiens1 ait3 8,veh tibi1 ,civitas meretrix1 qu pro diis animalia veneraris60 ,hc ,d4 ,hieronymus1 qui late prosequitur hoc factum1 ipsius virtutem longo comprobans sermone4 #gg4 ,a third principal proof of our conclusion regarding the existence of those animals1 in other words1 respecting the corporeity of ,incubi1 is adduced by the testimony of ,st ,hieronymus1 in his ,life of ,st ,paul1 the first ,hermit4 ,st ,anthony1 says he1 set on a journey to visit ,st ,paul4 ,after travelling several days1 he met a ,centaur1 of whom he inquired the hermit's abode2 whereupon the ,centaur1 growling some uncouth and scarcely intelligible answer1 shew the way with his out-stretched hand1 and fled with the utmost speed into a wood4 ,the ,holy ,abbot kept on his way1 and1 in a dale1 met a little man1 almost a dwarf1 with crooked hands1 horned brow1 and his lower extremities ending with goat's feet4 ,at the sight of him1 ,st ,anthony stood still1 and fearing the arts of the ,devil1 comforted himself with a sign of the ,cross4 ,but1 far from running away1 or even seeming frightened at it1 the little fellow respectfully approached the old man1 and tendered him1 as a peace offering1 dates for his journey4 ,the blessed ,st ,anthony having then inquired who he was3 8,i am a mortal10 replied he1 8and one of the inhabitants of the ,wilderness1 whom ,gentility1 under its varied delusions1 worships under the names of ,fauns1 ,satyrs and ,incubi2 ,i am on a mission from my flock3 we request thee to pray for us unto the common ,god1 whom we know to have come for the salvation of the world1 and whose praises are sounded all over the earth40 ,rejoicing at the glory of ,christ1 ,st ,anthony1 turning his face towards ,alexandria1 and striking the ground with his staff1 cried out3 8,woe be unto thee1 thou harlot ,city1 who worshipest animals as ,gods60 ,such is the narrative of ,st ,hieronymus1 who expatiates at length on the fact1 explaining its import in a long discourse4 #gh4 ,de hujus histori veritate dubitare temerarium est1 cum eam constanter referat ,,ss4 ,ecclesi ,doctorum maximus ,d4 ,hieronymus1 de cujus auctoritate nullus ,catholicus dubitabit4 ,addit fol4 #ba4 #be4 ,notand proinde veniunt illius circumstanti1 qu sententiam nostram evidentissime confirmant4 #gh4 ,it were indeed rash to doubt the truth of the above recital1 constantly referred to by the greatest of the ,doctors of the ,holy ,church1 ,st ,hieronymus1 whose authority no ,catholic will ever deny4 ,let us therefore investigate the circumstances thereof which most clearly confirm our opinion4 #gi4 ,primo notandum est1 quod si ullus ,sanctorum artibus ,dmonis impetitus fuit2 si ullus diversas ejus artes nocendi calluit2 si ullus victorias1 ac illustria de eodem trophea reportavit1 is fuit ,d4 ,antonius1 ut constat ex ejus vita a ,d4 ,athanasio descripta4 ,dum igitur ,d4 ,antonius homunculum illum non tanquam ,diabolum agnovit1 sed animal intitulavit1 dicens3 ,veh tibi1 ,civitas meretrix1 qu pro ,diis animalia veneraris6 convincitur1 quod ille nullo modo fuit ,diabolus1 seu purus spiritus de clo dejectus1 ac damnatus1 sed aliquod aliud animal4 ,et confirmatur1 quia ,d4 ,antonius erudiens suos monachos1 eosque animans ad metuendas ,dmonis violentias1 aiebat1 prout habetur in lectionibus ,breviarii ,romani in festo ,s4 ,antonii ,abb4 l4 #a41 qu recitantur in festo ipsius3 8,mihi credite1 ,fratres1 pertimescit ,satanas piorum vigilias1 orationes1 jejunia1 voluntariam paupertatem1 misericordiam1 et humilitatem2 maxime vero ardentem amorem in ,christum ,dominum1 cujus unico ,sanctissim ,crucis signo debilitatus fugit40 ,dum igitur homunculus ille1 contra quem ,d4 ,antonius ,crucis signo se munivit1 ad ejus aspectum nec pavit1 nec fugit1 immo confidenter1 humiliter que accessit ad eum dactalos illi offerens1 signum est1 illum nullo modo ,diabolum fuisse4 #gi4 ,firstly1 we must observe that if ever a ,saint was assailed by the arts of the ,demon1 saw through his infernal devices1 and carried off victories and trophies from the contest1 that ,saint was ,st ,anthony1 as is shown by his life written by ,st ,athanasius4 ,now1 since in that little man ,st ,anthony did not recognize a devil but an animal1 saying3 8,woe be unto thee1 thou harlot ,city1 who worshipest animals as ,gods601 it is clear that it was no devil or pure spirit ejected from heaven and damned1 but some kind of animal4 ,still more3 ,st ,anthony1 when instructing his friars and cautioning them against the assaults of the ,demon1 said to them1 as related in the ,roman ,breviary 7,festival of ,st ,anthony1 ,abbot1 b4 ,i73 8,believe me1 my brethren1 ,satan dreads the vigils of pious men1 their prayers1 fasts1 voluntary poverty1 compassion and humility2 but1 above all1 he dreads their burning love of our ,lord ,christ1 at the mere sign of whose most ,holy ,cross he flies disabled40 ,as the little man1 against whom ,st ,anthony guarded himself with a sign of the ,cross1 neither took fright nor fled1 but approached the ,saint confidently and humbly1 offering him some dates1 it is a sure sign that he was no ,devil4 #hj4 ,secundo notandum1 quod homunculus ille dixit3 ,mortalis et ego sum2 ex quibus verbis docemur1 quod ille erat animal morti obnoxium1 et proinde1 quod per generationem esse accepit3 spiritus enim immaterialis immortalis est1 quia simplex1 et ideo non accipit esse per generationem ex prjacente materia1 sed per creationem2 unde nec amittit esse per corruptionem1 qu dicitur mors1 sed per annihilationem tantum potest desinere esse4 ,quod si ille se mortalem esse dixit1 professus est se esse animal4 #hj4 ,secondly1 we must observe that the little man said3 8,i also am a mortal01 whence it follows that he was an animal subject to death1 and consequently called into being through generation2 for1 an immaterial spirit is immortal1 because simple1 and consequently is not called into being through generation from preexistent matter1 but through creation1 and1 consequently also1 cannot lose it through the corruption called death2 its existence can only come to an end through annihilation4 ,therefore1 when saying he was mortal1 he professed himself an animal4 #ha4 ,tertio notandum1 quod ait se cognovisse communem ,deum in carne humana fuisse passum4 ,ex his verbis convincitur illud fuisse animal rationale3 siquidem bruta nihil agnoscunt1 nisi sensibile et prsens1 unde ab ipsis ,deus nullo modo cognosci potest4 ,quod si homunculus ille ait1 se cum aliis suis cognovisse ,deum in carne humana passum1 hoc probat1 quod aliquo revelante habuit notitiam de ,deo1 sicut etiam nos habemus de illo fidem revelatam2 pariter que ,deum carnem humanam assumpsisse1 et in ea passum3 qu duo sunt articuli nostr ,fidei principales1 nempe ,dei unius1 et trini existentia1 et ipsius ,incarnatio1 ,passio1 et ,resurrectio2 ex quibus omnibus habetur1 ut dicebam1 illud fuisse animal rationale capax divin cognitionis1 per revelationem1 ut nos1 et proinde pollens anima rationali1 et ex consequenti immortali4 #ha4 ,thirdly1 we must observe that he said he knew that the common ,god had suffered in human flesh4 ,those words show him to have been a rational animal1 for brutes know nothing but what is sensible and present1 and can therefore have no knowledge of ,god4 ,if that little man said that he and his fellows were aware of ,god having suffered in human flesh1 it shows that1 by means of some revelation1 he had acquired the notion of ,god1 as we have ourselves the revealed faith4 ,that ,god assumed human flesh and suffered in it1 is the essence of the two principal articles of our ,faith3 the existence of ,god one and threefold1 ,his ,incarnation1 ,passion and ,resurrection4 ,all that shows1 as ,i said1 that it was a rational animal1 capable of the knowledge of ,god through revelation1 like ourselves1 and endowed with a rational1 and consequently1 immortal soul4 #hb4 ,quarto notandum1 quod oraverit nomine omnium gregis sui1 cujus legatione fungi se profitebatur1 ,d4 ,antonium1 ut communem ,deum pro illis deprecaretur4 ,ex his deducitur1 quod homunculus ille capax erat beatitudinis1 et damnationis1 et quod non erat in termino1 sed in via3 ex hoc enim1 quod1 ut supra probatum est1 se prodidit rationalem1 et anima immortali consequenter donatum1 consequens est1 quod et beatitudinis1 et damnationis capax sit3 hc enim propria passio est ,creatur rationalis1 ut constat ex natura angelica1 et humana4 ,item deducitur1 quod ipse erat in via1 et proinde capax meriti1 et demeriti3 si enim fuisset in termino1 fuisset vel beatus1 vel damnatus2 neutrum autem potuit esse1 quia orationes ,d4 ,antonii1 quibus se commendabat1 ipsi nullo modo prodesse potuissent1 si fuisset finaliter damnatus2 et si beatus fuisset1 illis non eguisset4 ,quod ipsi se commendavit1 signum est eas sibi prodesse potuisse1 et proinde ipsum fuisse in statu vi1 et meriti4 #hb4 ,fourthly1 we must observe that1 in the name of his whole flock whose delegate he professed to be1 he besought ,st ,anthony to pray for them to the common ,god4 ,wherefrom ,i infer that that little man was capable of beatitude and damnation1 and that he was not in termino but in via2 for1 from his being1 as has been shown above1 rational and consequently endowed with an immortal soul1 it flows that he was capable of beatitude and damnation1 the proper share of every rational ,creature1 ,angel or man4 ,i likewise infer that he was on the way1 in via1 that is1 capable of merit and demerit2 for1 if he had been at the goal1 in termino1 he would have been either blessed or damned4 ,now1 he could be neither the one nor the other2 for1 ,st ,anthony's prayers1 to which he commended himself1 could have been of no assistance to him1 if finally damned1 and1 if blessed1 he stood in no need of them4 ,since he commended himself to those prayers1 it shows they could be of avail to him1 and1 consequently1 that he was on the way to salvation1 in statu vi et meriti4 #hc4 ,quinto notandum1 quod homunculus ille professus est1 se esse legatum aliorum su speciei1 dum dixit legatione fungor gregis mei1 ex quibus verbis plura deducuntur4 ,unum est1 quod homunculus ille non solus erat1 unde potuisset credi monstrum raro contingens1 sed quod plures erant ejusdem speciei2 tum quia simul congregati gregem faciebant2 tum quia nomine omnium veniebat3 quod esse non posset si multorum voluntates in illum non convenissent4 ,aliud est1 quod isti profitentur vitam socialem3 ex quo nomine multorum unus ex ipsis missus est4 ,aliud est1 quod quamvis dicantur habitare in ,eremo1 non tamen in eo fixa est eorum permanentia3 siquidem cum ,d4 ,antonius in illa eremo alias non fuisset 7distabat enim illa per multas dietas ab eremo ,d4 ,antonii71 scire non potuerunt quisnam ille esset cujusve sanctitatis2 necessarium igitur fuit1 quod alibi eum cognoverint1 et ex consequenti extra desertum illum vagaverint4 #hc4 ,fifthly1 we must observe that the little man professed to be delegated by others of his kind1 when saying3 8,i am on a mission from my flock01 words from which many inferences may be deduced4 ,one is1 that the little man was not alone of his kind1 an exceptional and solitary monster1 but that there were many of the same species1 since congregating they made up a flock1 and that he came in the name of all2 which could not have been1 had not the will of many centred in him4 ,another is1 that those animals lead a social life1 since one of them was sent in the name of many4 ,another again is1 that1 although living in the ,wilderness1 it is not assigned to them as a permanent abode2 for ,st ,anthony having never previously been in that desert1 which was far distant from his hermitage1 they could not have known who he was nor what his degree of sanctity2 it was therefore necessary that they should have become acquainted with him elsewhere1 and1 consequently1 that they should have travelled beyond that wilderness4 #hd4 ,ultimo notandum1 quod homunculus ille ait esse ex iis1 quos cco errore delusa ,gentilitas ,faunos1 ,satyros et ,incubos appellant2 et ex his verbis convincitur nostrum intentum principale1 ,incubos nempe esse animalia rationalia beatitatis1 et damnationis capacia4 #hd4 ,lastly1 we must observe that the little man said he was one of those whom the ,gentiles1 blinded by error1 call ,fauns1 ,satyrs and ,incubi3 and by these words is shown the truth of our principal proposition3 that ,incubi are rational animals1 capable of beatitude and damnation4 #he4 ,talium homuncionum frequens est apparitio in metallorum fodinis1 ut scribit ,gregorius ,agricola1 lib4 ,de ,animal4 subterran41 prope finem4 ,isti nempe coram fossoribus minerarum comparent induti habitu1 qualem habent fossores ipsi1 et jocantur inter se1 tripudiantque1 ac rident et cachinnantur1 parvosque lapides joco mittunt in metallarios1 et tunc signum est1 ait ,auctor prdictus1 optimi proventus1 ac inventionis alicujus rami1 aut trunci principalis arboris mineralis4 #he4 ,the apparition of such little men is of frequent occurrence in metallic mines1 as is written by ,gregorius ,agricola in his book ,de ,animal4 subterran4 ,they appear to the miners1 clothed like themselves1 play and caper together1 laugh and titter1 and throw little stones at them for the sake of amusement3 a sign1 says the above-named ,author1 of excellent success1 and of the finding of some branch or body of a mineral tree4 #hf4 ,tales homunculos subterraneos negat ,petrus ,thyrus ,novesianus1 lib4 ,de ,terrificatio4 ,noctur41 c4 #b41 per totum1 nixus argumentis sane puerilibus1 qu sunt hc3 si darentur hujusmodi homunciones1 ubinam degunt1 et qunam1 et ubi habent sua domicilia1 qua ratione genus suum conservant1 si per generationem1 aut quomodo8 si oriantur1 et intereant1 quo cibo vitam suam sustentent2 si beatitudinis1 et damnationis capaces sint1 et quibus mediis propriam salutem consequantur8 ,hc sunt argumenta ,thyri1 quibus permotus negat talem existentiam4 #hf4 ,peter ,thyrus1 of ,neuss1 in his book ,de ,terrification4 nocturn41 denies the existence of such little men1 and supports his denial upon the following truly puerile arguments3 given such little men1 says he1 where do they live1 how and where do they dwell8 ,how do they keep up their kind1 through generation or otherwise8 ,are they born1 do they die1 with what food do they sustain themselves8 ,are they capable of beatitude and damnation1 and by what means do they procure their salvation8 ,such are the arguments upon which ,thyrus relies for denying that existence4 #hg4 ,sed viri parum cordati est negare id1 quod graves ,auctores1 fideque digni scribunt1 quodque quotidiana constat experientia4 ,argumenta ,thyri nec minimum cogunt1 ac ea solvimus supra a n #de4 et seq4 ,remanet solum satisfacere qustioni ubinam locorum habitent hujusmodi homunculi1 seu ,incubi8 ,ad quod dico1 quod ut supra dedimus n #ga4 ex ,guaccio1 istorum alii sunt terrei1 alii aquei1 alii aerei1 alii ignei1 quorum nempe corpora1 aut constant ex talium elementorum subtiliori parte1 sive licet ex pluribus constent elementis1 prvalet tamen in iis1 aut aqua1 aut aer pro ipsorum natura4 ,mansiones igitur1 et domicilia eorum erunt in elemento illo cujus natura in eorum corporibus prvalet3 ignei enim nisi violenter1 et forte nullomodo in aquis aut locis palustribus morabuntur1 cum hc sint sibi contraria1 nec aquei ad superiorem theris partem ascendere poterunt ob sibi repugnantem regionis illius subtilitatem1 quod etiam videmus accidere hominibus1 qui ad quorumdam ,alpium summa juga pervenire nequeunt pr summa aeris subtilitate1 qu homines crassiori aeri assuetos nutrire nequit4 #hg4 ,but it really shows little judgment in a man1 to deny that which has been written by grave and credible ,authors1 and confirmed by every day experience4 ,thyrus's arguments are worthless and have been already refuted1 ,nrs #de and following4 ,the only question which remains to be answered is this3 where do those little men1 or ,incubi1 dwell8 ,to that ,i reply3 as has been shown above 7,nr #ga71 according to ,guaccius1 some are earthly1 some aqueous1 some aerial1 some igneous1 that is to say1 that their bodies are made of the most subtle part of one of the elements1 or1 if of the combination of many elements1 that yet there is one which predominates1 either water or air1 according to their nature4 ,their dwellings will consequently be found in that element which is prevalent in their bodies3 igneous ,incubi1 for instance1 will only stay forcibly1 may be will not stay at all1 in water or marshes1 which are adverse to them2 and aqueous ,incubi will not be able to rise into the upper part of ether1 the subtlety of which region is repugnant to them4 ,we see the like happen to men who1 accustomed to thicker air1 cannot reach certain lofty ridges of the ,alps where the air is too subtle for their lungs4 #hh4 ,pluribus sanctorum ,patrum auctoritatibus1 quas congerit ,molina in p4 p4 ,d4 ,thom41 q4 #ej41 ar4 #a4 circa med41 probare possemus ,dmonum corporeitatem2 qu tamen stante determinatione ,concilii ,lateranensis de incorporeitate ,angelorum1 ut dictum fuit supra n #cg41 exponi debent de ,dmonibus istis ,incubis1 ac viatoribus adhuc1 non autem de ,damnatis4 ,tamen ne nimis longus sim1 solius ,d4 ,augustini1 summi ,ecclesi ,doctoris1 auctoritates damus1 quibus evidenter convincitur illum fuisse in sententia1 quam nos docemus4 #hh4 ,many testimonies of ,holy ,fathers1 gathered by ,molina1 in his ,commentary of ,st ,thomas1 would go to prove the corporeity of ,demons2 but1 taking into account the above-quoted decision of the ,council of ,lateran 7,nr #cg71 concerning the incorporeity of ,angels1 we must understand that the ,holy ,fathers had in view those ,incubi ,demons which are still on the way to salvation1 and not those that are damned4 ,however1 to make matters short1 we merely give the authority of ,st ,austin1 that eminent ,doctor of the ,church1 and it will be clearly seen how thoroughly his doctrine harmonizes with ours4 #hi4 ,d4 ,augustinus igitur1 lib4 #b4 super ,genesim ad litteram c4 #ag4 de ,dmonibus1 sic habet3 8,qudam vera nosse1 partim quia subtiliore sensus acumine1 partim quia subtilioribus corporibus vigent10 et lib4 #c4 c4 #a41 8etsi ,dmones aerea sunt animalia1 quoniam corporum aereorum natura vigent40 ,et ,epistola #aae4 ad ,hebridium affirmat1 eos esse 8animantia aerea1 seu therea acerrimi sensus40 ,et de ,civit4 ,dei lib4 #aa4 c4 #bc41 affirmat 8,dmonem pessimum habere corpus aereum40 ,et lib4 #ba4 c4 #aj4 scripsit3 8,sunt sua qudam etiam ,dmonibus corpora1 sicut doctis hominibus visum est1 ex isto aere crasso et humido40 ,et lib4 #ag4 c4 #bc4 ait 8se non audere definire1 an ,angeli corpore aereo1 ita corporati possint etiam hanc pati libidinem1 ut quomodo possint1 sentientibus fminis misceantur40 ,et in ,enarrat4 in ,psal4 #he4 ait 8corpora beatorum futura post resurrectionem1 qualia sunt corpora ,angelorum20 et in ,enarrat4 in ,psal4 #de4 ait 8corpus ,angelicum inferius esse anima40 ,et lib4 ,de ,divinit4 ,dmonum1 passim per totum1 maxime c4 #bc41 docet 8,dmones subtilia habere corpora40 #hi4 ,st ,austin1 then1 in his ,commentary on ,genesis1 book #b1 ch4 #ag1 writes as follows concerning ,demons3 8,they have the knowledge of some truths1 partly through the more subtle acumen of their senses1 partly through the greater subtilty of their bodies01 and1 book #c1 ch4 #a3 8,demons are aerial animals1 because they partake of the nature of aerial bodies40 ,in his ,epistle #aae to ,hebridius1 he affirms that they are 8aerial or ethereal animals1 endowed with very sharp senses40 ,in the ,city of ,god1 book #aa1 ch4 #ac1 he says that 8the worst ,demon has an aerial body04 ,book #ba1 ch4 #aj1 he writes3 8,the bodies of certain ,demons1 as has been believed by some learned men1 are even made of the thick and damp air which we breathe40 ,book #ae1 ch4 #bc3 8,he dares not define whether ,angels1 with an aerial body1 could feel the lust which would incite them to communicate with women40 ,in his commentary on ,psalm #he1 he says that 8the bodies of the blessed will1 after resurrection1 be like unto the bodies of ,angels20 ,psalm #ad1 he observes that 8the body of ,angels is inferior to the soul40 ,and1 in his book ,de ,divinit4 ,dmonum1 he every-where1 and especially ch4 #bc1 teaches that 8,demons have subtle bodies04 #ij4 ,potest etiam sententia nostra auctoritatibus ,sacr ,scriptur comprobari1 qu licet ab ,expositoribus aliter declarentur1 non incongrue tamen ad nostrum intentum possunt aptari4 ,prima est ,psalmi #gg41 v4 #bd4 et #be41 ubi habetur3 panem ,angelorum manducavit homo1 panem cli dedit eis4 ,hic loquitur ,david de ,manna1 qua cibatus fuit ,populus ,israel toto tempore quo peregrinus fuit in deserto4 ,qurendum ergo venit1 quo sensu ,manna dici possit panis ,angelorum4 ,scio quidem plerosque ,doctores exponere hunc passum in sensu mystico1 aientes in ,manna figuratam esse ,sacram ,eucharistiam1 qu vocatur panis ,angelorum1 quia ,angeli fruuntur visione ,dei1 qui per concomitantiam in ,eucharistia reperitur4 #ij4 ,our doctrine can also be confirmed by the testimony of the ,holy ,scriptures1 which1 however diversely construed by commentators1 are yet capable of adaptation to our proposition4 ,first1 ,psalm #gg1 v4 #bd and #be1 it is said3 8,the ,lord had given them of the bread of heaven2 man did eat angels' food40 ,david here alludes to ,manna1 which fed the ,people of ,israel during the whole time that they wandered in the wilderness4 ,it will be asked in what sense it can be said of ,manna that it is the ,bread of ,angels4 ,i am aware that most ,doctors construe this passage in a mystical sense1 saying that ,manna figures the ,holy ,eucharist1 which is styled the bread of ,angels1 because ,angels enjoy the sight of ,god who1 by concomitance1 is found in the ,eucharist4 #ia4 ,sed hc expositio aptissima est quidem1 et quam amplectitur ,ecclesia in officio ,sanctissimi ,corporis ,christi1 sed in sensu spirituali est4 ,ego autem quro sensum litteralem3 neque enim in illo ,psalmo ,david loquitur prophetice de futuris1 sicut facit in aliis locis1 ut proinde facile non sit sensum litteralem habere2 sed loquitur historice de prteritis4 ,ille enim ,psalmus1 ut patet legenti1 est pura anacephalestis1 seu compendium omnium beneficiorum1 qu contulit ,deus ,populo ,hebro ab egressu ipsius de gypto1 usque ad tempus ,davidis1 et in eo versu loquitur de ,manna ,deserti1 ut proinde quratur quomodo1 et quo sensu ,manna vocetur ,panis ,angelorum4 #ia4 ,a most proper construction assuredly1 and which is adopted by the ,church in the office of the ,most ,holy ,body of ,jesus-,christ2 but it is in a spiritual sense4 ,now1 what ,i want1 is the literal sense2 for1 in that ,psalm1 ,david does not speak1 as a prophet1 of things to be1 as he does in other places where a literal sense is not easily to be gathered2 he speaks here as a historian1 of things gone by4 ,that ,psalm1 as is evident to whoever reads it1 is a pure anacephalosis1 or summing up of all the benefits conferred by ,god on the ,hebrew ,people from the exodus from ,egypt to the days of ,david1 and the ,manna of the ,wilderness is spoken of in it2 how1 and in what sense is it styled the ,bread of ,angels8 that is the question4 #ib4 ,scio alios1 ,lyran41 ,euthim41 ,bellarm41 ,titelman41 ,genebrard41 in ,psal4 #gg4 v4 #bd4 et #be41 interpretari ,panem ,angelorum ,panem ab ,angelis paratum1 seu ,angelorum ministerio a ,clo demissum2 ,hugonem autem ,cardinalem ,panem ,angelorum exponere3 quia ille cibus hoc efficiebat in ,judis1 quod in ,angelis efficit cibus illorum1 pro parte3 ,angeli enim non incurrunt infirmitatem4 ,voluerunt enim expositores ,hebri1 ut etiam asseverat ,josephus1 quod ,judi in ,deserto vescentes manna1 nec senescerent1 nec grotarent1 nec lassarentur2 proinde illa esset tanquam panis1 quo vescuntur ,angeli1 qui nec senio1 nec gritudine1 nec lassitudine unquam laborant4 #ib4 ,i am aware that others look upon the ,bread of ,angels as bread prepared by ,angels1 or sent down from ,heaven by the ministry of ,angels4 ,but ,cardinal ,hugo explains that qualification by saying that that food partly produced the same effect upon the ,jews1 which the food of ,angels produces upon the latter4 ,angels1 in fact1 are not liable to any infirmity2 on the other hand ,hebrew commentators1 and ,josephus himself1 assert that whilst in the ,wilderness1 living upon ,manna1 the ,jews neither grew old1 nor sickened1 nor tired2 so that ,manna was like unto the bread that ,angels feed upon1 who know neither old age1 nor sickness1 nor fatigue4 #ic4 ,istas quidem expositiones recipere quum est1 utpote tantorum ,doctorum aucthoritate suffultas4 ,facessit tamen difficultatem1 quod ministerio ,angelorum ,hebris non minus parata fuere columna nubis1 et ignis1 coturnices1 et aqua de petra1 quam manna2 nec tamen ista dicta fuere columna1 aqua1 aut potus ,angelorum4 ,cur ergo potius vocari deberet manna1 quia parata ministerio ,angelorum1 ,panis ,angelorum1 quam ,potus ,angelorum aqua eorumdem ministerio saxo educta8 ,insuper in sacra ,scriptura panis dum dicitur panis alicujus1 dicitur panis ejus qui illo vescitur1 non ejus qui illum parat1 aut fabricat1 et de hoc infinita habemus exempla in sacra ,scriptura3 ut ,exod4 c4 #bc4 v4 #be4 ,benedicam panibus tuis1 et aquis2 lib4 #b4 ,reg4 c4 #ab4 v4 #c4 ,de pane illius comedens2 ,tob4 c4 #d1 v4 #ag4 ,panem tuum cum egenis comede2 et v4 #ah4 ,panem tuum super sepulturam ,justi constitue2 ,ecclesiast4 c4 #aa4 v4 #a4 ,mitte panem tuum super transeuntes aquas2 ,isai4 c4 #eh4 v4 #g4 ,frange esurienti panem tuum2 ,jerem4 c4 #aa4 v4 #ai4 ,mittamus lignum in panem ejus2 ,matth4 c4 #ae4 v4 #bf4 ,non est bonum sumere panem filiorum2 ,luc4 c4 #aa4 v4 #c4 ,panem nostrum quotidianum4 ,ex quibus locis patenter habetur1 quod panis dicitur ejus qui eo vescitur1 non vero1 qui ipsum conficit1 affert1 aut parat4 ,commode igitur in loco citato ,psalmi accipi potest ,panis ,angelorum1 cibus quo vescuntur ,angeli non quidem incorporei 7isti enim materiali cibo non egent71 sed corporei1 ista nempe rationalia animalia1 de quibus hucusque disseruimus1 degentia in aere1 et qu ratione tenuitatis suorum corporum1 ac rationalis natur1 quam maxime ad ,angelos immateriales accedunt1 ut proinde nuncupentur4 #ic4 ,these interpretations should indeed be received with the respect due to the authority of such eminent ,doctors4 ,there is however one difficulty in this3 that1 by the ministry of ,angels1 the pillars of the cloud and fire1 the quails1 and the water from the rock were provided for the ,hebrews1 no less than the ,manna2 and yet they were not styled the pillar1 the water or the beverage of ,angels4 ,why therefore should ,manna be called ,bread of ,angels1 because provided by their ministry1 when the qualification ,beverage of ,angels is not given to the water drawn from the rock likewise by their ministry8 ,besides1 in ,holy ,scripture1 when it is said of bread that it is the bread of somebody1 it is always the bread of him who feeds on it1 not of him who provides or makes it4 ,of this there are numberless instances3 thus1 ,exodus1 ch4 #bc1 v4 #be3 8,that ,i may bless thy bread and thy water20 ,kings1 book #b1 ch4 #ab1 v4 #c3 8,eating of his bread20 ,tobit1 ch4 #d1 v4 #ag3 8,give of thy bread to the hungry10 and v4 #ah3 8,pour out thy bread on the burial of the ,just20 ,ecclesiasticus1 ch4 #aa1 v4 #a3 8,scatter thy bread over the flowing waters20 ,isaiah1 ch4 #eh1 v4 #g3 8,deal thy bread to the hungry20 ,jeremiah1 ch4 #aa1 v4 #ai3 8,let us put wood into his bread20 ,matthew1 ch4 #ae1 v4 #bf3 8,it is not meet to take the children's bread20 ,luke1 ch4 #aa1 v4 #c3 8,our daily bread40 ,all those passages clearly show that1 in ,scripture1 the bread of somebody is the bread of him who feeds upon it1 not of him who makes1 brings or provides it4 ,in the passage of the ,psalm we have quoted1 ,bread of ,angels may therefore easily be taken to mean the food of ,angels1 not incorporeal indeed1 since these require no material food1 but corporeal1 that is to say of those rational animals we have discoursed of1 who live in the air1 and1 from the subtlety of their bodies and their rationality1 approximate so closely to immaterial ,angels as to fall under the same denomination4 #id4 ,ducor1 quia cum animalia sint1 et ideo generabilia et corruptibilia1 egent cibo1 ut restauretur substantia corporea1 qu per effluvia deperditur2 vita enim sentientis non consistit nisi in motu partium corporearum qu fluunt1 ac refluunt1 acquiruntur1 ac deperduntur1 ac iterum reparantur2 qu reparatio fit per substantias spirituosas1 materiales tamen1 attractas a vivente1 tum per aeris inspirationem1 tum per fermentationem cibi1 per quam substantia illius spiritualizatur1 ut rationatur doctissimus ,ettmullerus1 ,instit4 ,medic4 ,physiolog41 c4 #b4 #id4 ,i deduce that1 being animals1 consequently reproducible through generation and liable to corruption1 they require food for the restoration of their corporeal substance wasted by effluvia3 for the life of every sensible being consists in nothing else but the motion of the corporeal elements which flow and ebb1 are acquired1 lost and recruited by means of substances spirituous1 yet material1 assimilated by the living thing1 either through the inhalation of air1 or by the fermentation of food which spiritualizes its substance1 as shown by the most learned ,ettmuller 7,instit4 ,medic4 ,physiolog41 ch4 #b74 #ie4 ,quia autem eorum corpus tenue est1 tenui pariter1 et subtili eget alimento4 ,hinc est quod sicut odoribus aliisque substantiis vaporosis1 ac volatilibus su natur contrariis lduntur ac fugantur1 ut constat ex historiis recitatis supra1 n #ga4 et #gb41 ita paribus rebus sibi convenientibus delectantur1 et aluntur4 ,porro 8manna non est aliud1 quam halitus aqu1 terrque1 solis calore exacte attenuatus et coctus1 a frigore secut noctis in unum coactus1 densatusque10 ut scribit ,cornelius2 manna dico1 quam demissam de clo comederunt ,hebri1 qu toto clo differt a manna nostrate1 qu in medicinis adhibetur2 nam hc1 ut scribit ,ettmullerus ,schroder4 ,dilucid4 ,physiolog41 c4 #a4 de ,manna1 fol4 m4 #aed41 8nihil aliud est1 quam succus quarumdam arborum tenuis1 vel earum transsudatio1 qu nocturno tempore permixta cum rore1 matutino tempore superventu caloris solis coagulatur1 et inspissatur40 ,manna autem ,hebrorum diversis orta principii calore solis non coagulabatur1 sed vice versa liquefiebat1 ut patet ex ,scriptura1 ,exod4 c4 #af4 v4 #bb4 ,manna ergo ,hebrorum utpote constans ex halitibus tenuibus terr et aqu1 profecto tenuissim erat substanti1 utpote1 qu a sole solvebatur1 et disparebat2 optime ergo potuit esse talium animalium cibus1 ita ut diceretur a ,david ,panis ,angelorum4 #ie4 ,but1 their body being subtile1 equally subtile and delicate must be its food4 ,and1 just as perfumes and other vaporous and volatile substances1 when adverse to their nature1 offend and put them to flight1 as testified by what we related above 7,nrs #ga and #gb71 in the like manner1 when agreeable1 they delight in and feed upon them4 ,now1 as is written by ,cornelius1 8,manna is nothing but an emanation of water and earth1 refined and baked by the heat of the sun1 and then coagulated and condensed by the cold of the following night20 of course1 ,i am speaking of the ,manna sent down from ,heaven for the nourishment of the ,hebrews1 and which differs all in all from nostrate or medicinal manna2 the latter1 in fact1 according to ,ettmuller 7,dilucid4 ,physiol41 ch4 #a71 8is merely the juice or transudation of certain trees which1 during the night1 gets mixed up with dew1 and1 the next morning1 coagulates and thickens in the heat of the sun40 ,the manna of the ,hebrews1 on the contrary1 derived from other principles1 far from coagulating1 liquefied in the heat of the sun1 as is shown by ,scripture1 ,exodus1 ch4 #af1 v4 #bb4 ,the manna of the ,hebrews was therefore undoubtedly of a most subtile substance1 consisting as it did of emanations of earth and water1 and being dissolved by the sun and made to disappear3 consequently1 it may very well have been the food of the animals we are speaking of1 and thus have been truly called by ,david ,bread of ,angels4 #if4 ,alia auctoritas habetur in ,evangelio ,joannis1 in quo1 ,johannes1 c4 #aj4 v4 #af41 ita dicitur3 ,alias oves habeo1 qu non sunt ex hoc ovili1 et illas oportet me adducere1 et vocem meam audient1 et fiet unum ovile1 et unus ,pastor4 ,si quramus qunam sint oves1 qu non sunt ex hoc ovili1 et qualenam sit ovile de quo loquitur ,christus ,dominus1 respondent communiter ,expositores unum ovile ,christi esse ,ecclesiam1 ad quam perducendi erant per prdicationem ,evangelii ,gentiles1 qui erant oves alterius ovilis1 ab ovili ,hebrorum3 opinantur enim ,synagogam esse ,christi ovile1 quia dicebat ,david1 ,psal4 #id4 v4 #i3 ,nos populus ejus et oves pascu ejus2 et quia ,messias promissus fuerat ,abraham et ,david oriturus ex eorum semine1 et a populo ,hebro expectatus1 et a ,prophetis qui ,hebri erant vaticinatus1 et ejus adventus1 conversatio1 passio1 mors et resurrectio in sacrificiis1 cultu1 et ceremoniis ,hebrorum legis erant prfigurata4 #if4 ,we have another authority in the ,gospel according to ,st ,john1 ch4 #aj1 v4 #af1 where it is said2 8,and other sheep ,i have1 which are not of this fold3 them also ,i must bring1 and they shall hear my voice1 and there shall be one fold and one shepherd40 ,if we inquire what are those sheep which are not of that fold1 and what the fold of which the ,lord ,christ speaketh1 we are answered by all ,commentators that the only fold of ,christ is the ,church to which the preaching of the ,gospel was to bring the ,gentiles1 sheep of another fold than that of the ,hebrews4 ,they are1 in fact1 of opinion that the fold of ,christ was the ,synagogue1 because ,david had said1 ,psalm #ie1 v4 #g3 8,we are the people of his pasture1 and the sheep of his hand01 and also because ,abraham and ,david had been promised that the ,messiah should be born of their race1 because he was expected by the ,hebrew people1 foretold by the ,prophets who were ,hebrews1 and that his advent1 his acts1 his passion1 death and resurrection were prefigured in the sacrifices1 worship and ceremonials of the ,hebrew law4 #ig4 ,sed salva semper ,sanctorum ,patrum1 ac aliorum ,doctorum reverentia1 non videtur talis expositio ad plenum satisfacere4 ,habemus enim quod de fide est a principio mundi ,ecclesiam ,fidelium extitisse unam1 usque ad finem sculi duraturam4 ,cujus ,ecclesi caput est mediator ,dei et hominum ,christus ,jesus1 cujus contemplatione creata sunt universa1 et omnia per ipsum facta4 ,fides enim unius ,dei ,trini 7quamvis non ita explicite71 et ,verbi ,incarnatio revelata fuit primo homini1 et ab ipso edocti ejus filii1 et ab iis descendentes4 ,hinc est quod quamvis plerique homines ad idolatriam deflexerint1 ac veram fidem deseruerint1 multi tamen veram fidem a patribus sibi traditam retinuerunt1 et legem natur servantes in vera ,ecclesia ,fidelium permanserunt1 ut observat ,cardinalis ,toletus in ,job1 c4 #aj4 v4 #af41 et apparet in ,job1 qui inter ,gentiles ,idolatras sanctus fuit4 ,quamvis autem ,deus populo ,hebro speciales favores contulerit1 peculiaremque legem1 ac ceremonias illi prscripserit1 ac a ,gentilibus segregaverit1 non tamen ad eam legem ,gentes tenebantur1 nec fideles ,hebri aliam ,ecclesiam constituebant ab ,ecclesia ,gentilium1 qui fidem unius ,dei et ,messi venturi profitebantur4 #ig4 ,but1 saving always the reverence due to the ,holy ,fathers and other ,doctors1 that explanation does not seem quite satisfactory4 ,for it is an article of belief that the ,church of the ,faithful has been the only one in existence from the beginning of the world1 and will thus endure to the end of time4 ,the head of that ,church is ,jesus-,christ1 the mediator between ,god and men1 by whose contemplation all things were made and created4 ,indeed1 the faith in the divine ,trinity1 though less explicitly1 and the ,incarnation of the ,word were revealed to the first man1 and by him taught his children1 who1 in their turn1 taught them their descendants4 ,and thus1 although most men had strayed into idolatry and deserted the true faith1 many kept the faith they had received from their fathers1 and observing the law of nature1 stayed in the true ,church of the ,faithful1 as is noticed by ,cardinal ,tolet in reference to ,job1 who was a saint among idolatrous ,gentiles4 ,and1 although ,god had conferred especial favours upon the ,hebrew people1 prescribed for them peculiar laws and ceremonials1 and separated them from the ,gentiles1 yet those laws were not obligatory on the ,gentiles1 and the faithful ,hebrews did not constitute a ,church different from that of the ,gentiles who professed their faith in one ,god and the coming of the ,messiah4 #ih4 ,hinc est1 quod etiam ex ,gentilibus fuere1 qui ,christi adventum1 et alia ,christian fidei dogmata prophetarunt1 ut patet de ,balaam1 ,mercurio ,trismegisto1 ,hydaspe1 ac ,sibyllis1 de quibus loquitur ,lactantius1 lib4 #a4 c4 #f41 ut scribit ,cardinalis ,baronius in ,apparatu ,annal4 n #ah4 ,et quod ,messias erat a ,gentilibus expectatus habet ,isaias in pluribus locis1 et luculentum testimonium de hoc est prophetia ,patriarch ,jacob de ,messia1 qu sic ait1 ,gen4 c4 #di4 v4 #aj3 ,non auferetur sceptrum de ,juda1 et dux de femore ejus1 donec veniat qui mittendus est1 et ipse erit expectatio ,gentium4 ,item ,prophetia ,aggi1 c4 #b4 v4 #h3 ,movebo omnes ,gentes1 et veniet desideratus cunctis gentibus1 quem locum explicans ,cornelius a ,lap4 in ,agg4 c4 #b4 v4 #h4 ,denique gentes1 ait3 8,gentes ante ,christum credentes in ,deum lege natur1 que ac ,judi expectabant ac desiderabant ,christum40 ,pariter ,christus ita se prodidit1 et manifestavit ,gentibus1 sicut ,judis3 si enim in ipsius nativitate per ,angelum ejus notitia data fuit ,pastoribus1 per stellam miraculosam ad sui adorationem vocavit ,magos1 qui cum essent ,gentiles fuerunt primiti ,gentium in ,christo agnoscendo1 et adorando1 ut ait ,s4 ,fulgentius1 ,sermon4 #f4 de ,epiph41 sicut ,pastores fuerunt primiti ,judorum4 ,itidem manifestatio adventus ,christi per prdicationem 7non quidem ,apostolorum7 prius facta est ,gentilibus1 quam ,judis2 siquidem ut scribit ,ven4 ,mater ,soror ,maria de ,agreda1 in ,vita ,j4 ,c4 et ,b4 ,m4 ,v41 p4 #a4 l4 #d4 c4 #bf4 n4 #ffd3 8,quando ,b4 ,m4 ,virgo cum ,s4 ,joseph portavit ,puerum ,jesum in gyptum1 fugiendo ,herodis persecutionem1 mansit ibi per septennium3 quo tempore ipsa ,beatissima ,virgo prdicavit gyptiis veri ,dei fidem1 et ,filii ,dei in carne humana adventum40 ,ulterius in ,christi nativitate multa fuere prodigia non solum in ,juda1 sed in gypto1 ubi corruerunt idola1 ac oracula conticuere2 ,rom1 ubi fons olei scaturiit2 visus globus aurei coloris de clo in terram descendere2 apparuere tres soles2 ac contra naturam circulus variegatus ad modum iridis solis discum circumscripsit2 in ,grcia1 ubi oraculum ,delphicum obmutuit1 et interrogatus ,apollo ab ,augusto ipsi sacrificante in proprio palatio1 ubi eidem aram extruxerat1 de causa silentii sui1 respondit1 ut referunt ,nicephorus1 l4 #a c4 #ag41 ,suidas1 verbo ,augustus1 et ,cedrenus1 ,compend4 ,histor43 ,me puer ,hebrus1 ,divos ,deus ipse gubernans1 ,cedere sede jubet1 tristemque redire sub orcum2 ,aris ergo dehinc tacitis abscedito nostris4 ,et multa alia acciderunt prodigia1 quibus prnunciabatur ,gentilibus ,filii ,dei adventus1 qu ex variis ,aucthoribus recitat ,baronius1 ,apparat4 ,annal4 ,eccles4 n #bd4 et seq41 et ,cornelius in ,agg4 c4 #b4 v4 #h4 #ih4 ,and thus it came to pass that even among the ,gentiles there were some who prophesied the advent of ,christ and the other dogmas of the ,christian faith1 to wit ,balaam1 ,mercurius ,trismegistus1 ,hydaspes1 and the ,sibyls mentioned by ,lactantius1 book #a1 ch4 #f1 as written by ,baronius1 ,apparat4 ,annal41 n #ah4 ,that the ,messiah was expected by the ,gentiles is shown by many passages of ,isaiah1 and plainly testified by the prophecy of ,jacob1 the ,patriarch1 thus worded1 ,genesis1 ch4 #di1 v4 #aj3 8,the sceptre shall not depart from ,judah1 nor a law-giver from between his feet1 until ,shiloh 7he who is to be sent7 come1 and unto him shall the gathering of the people be40--,likewise in the prophecy of ,haggai1 ch4 #b1 v4 #h3 8,i will shake all ,nations1 and the desire of all ,nations shall come02 which passage is thus commented by ,cornelius a ,lapide3 8,the ,gentiles before the advent of ,christ1 who believed in ,god and observed the law of nature1 expected and desired ,christ equally with the ,jews40 ,christ himself disclosed and manifested himself to the ,gentiles as well as to the ,jews2 for1 at the same time as the ,angel apprized the shepherds of his nativity1 by means of the miraculous star he called the ,magi to worship him1 who1 being ,gentiles1 were the first among the ,nations1 as the shepherds among the ,jews1 to acknowledge and worship ,christ 7,vide ,st ,fulgentius1 ,sermon #f1 upon ,epiphany74 ,in like manner1 the advent of ,christ was made known by preaching 7,i am not speaking of the ,apostles7 to the ,gentiles before it was to the ,jews4 ,as is written by the ,venerable ,mother1 ,sister ,maria of ,agreda1 in her ,life of ,jesus-,christ and the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary3 8,when the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 fleeing with ,st ,joseph1 from the persecution of ,herod1 carried the ,infant ,jesus into ,egypt1 she tarried there seven years2 and1 during that time1 the ,blessed ,virgin herself preached to the ,egyptians the faith of the true ,god and the advent of the ,son of ,god in human flesh40 ,besides1 the nativity of ,christ was attended by numerous prodigies1 not only in ,juda1 but also in ,egypt1 where the idols tumbled and the oracles were hushed2 in ,rome1 where a spring of oil gushed out1 a gold-coloured globe was seen to descend from the skies on earth1 three suns appeared1 and an extraordinary ring1 variegated like a rainbow1 encircled the disc of the sun2 in ,greece1 where the oracle of ,delphi was struck dumb1 and ,apollo1 asked the reason of his silence by ,augustus1 who was offering up a sacrifice in his own palace where he had raised an altar to him1 answered3 8,a ,hebrew child1 who sways the ,gods1 and himself a ,god1 ,bids me quit my seat and return to the infernal regions2 ,depart therefore from our altars1 henceforward mute40 ,there were many more prodigies warning the ,gentiles of the advent of the ,son of ,god3 they have been collected from various ,authors1 by ,baronius1 and are to be found in his ,apparat4 ,annal4 ,eccles41 and ,cornelius1 ,commentary upon ,haggai4 #ii4 ,ex istis patet1 quod etiam ,gentiles pertinebant ad ovile ,christi idem1 ad quod spectabant ,judi1 puta ad ,ecclesiam eamdem fidelem2 igitur non potest recte dici1 quod illa verba ,christi3 ,alias oves habeo1 qu non sunt ex hoc ovili1 accipienda sint de ,gentilibus1 qui communem cum ,hebris habuerunt de ,deo fidem1 de ,messia spem1 prophetiam1 expectationem1 et signa1 et prdicationem4 #ii4 ,from all this it is clear that the ,gentiles also belonged1 like the ,jews1 to the fold of ,christ1 that is1 to the same ,church of the ,faithful2 it cannot therefore be correctly said that the words of ,christ3 8,other sheep ,i have1 which are not of this fold01 are applicable to the ,gentiles1 who had1 in common with the ,hebrews1 the faith in ,god1 the hope1 prophecy1 expectation1 prodigies and preaching of the ,messiah4 #ajj4 ,dico igitur quod nomine aliarum ovium commode possunt intelligi ,creatur ist rationales1 sive animalia1 de quibus hucusque disseruimus4 ,cum enim1 ut diximus1 capaces sint beatitudinis1 et damnationis1 et ,christus ,jesus sit mediator ,dei1 et hominum1 immo totius rationalis creatur 7creatur enim rationales1 qu beatitudinem consequuntur1 hanc obtinent intuitu meritorum ,christi per ab eo sibi collatam gratiam1 sine qua nequit beatitudo obtineri71 debuit omnis rationalis creatura de eo venturo spem habere1 sicut de uno ,deo fidem1 et de ipsius in carne nativitate1 et de prceptis legis grati manifestationem4 ,ist igitur erant oves1 qu non erant ex hoc ovili humano1 et quas adducere ,christum oportebat1 et qu ejus vocem nempe notitiam de ipsius adventu1 et de evangelica doctrina1 quantum per se1 tum per ,apostolos ,christus erat manifestaturus1 audire debebant1 et ex iis ac hominibus in clo beatificatis fieri unum ovile1 et unus ,pastor4 #ajj4 ,i therefore say that by the words other sheep may very well be understood those rational ,creatures or animals of whom we have been treating hitherto4 ,they being1 as we have said1 capable of beatitude and damnation1 and ,jesus-,christ being the mediator between ,god and man1 as also every rational ,creature 7for rational creatures attain to beatitude in consideration of the merits of ,christ1 through the grace he confers upon them1 without which beatitude is impossible of attainment71 every rational creature must have cherished1 at the same time as the faith in one ,god1 the hope of the advent of ,christ1 and have had the revelation of his nativity in the flesh and of the principles of the law of grace4 ,those were therefore the sheep which were not of that human fold1 and which ,christ had to bring2 the sheep which were to hear ,his voice1 that is1 the announcement of ,his advent and of the evangelical doctrine1 either directly through ,himself1 or through the ,apostles2 the sheep which1 partaking with men of heavenly beatitude1 were to realize one fold and one shepherd4 #aja4 ,huic expositioni quam incongruam non puto1 vim addit id quod supra n #gg4 ex ,d4 ,hieronymo retulimus de homunculo illo qui rogavit ,d4 ,antonium1 ut communem ,deum1 quem in carne humana esse passum cognoverat1 pro se et suis deprecaretur4 ,innuitur enim ex his1 quod illi notitiam habuerunt de adventu et morte ,christi1 quem tamquam ,deum optabant sibi propitium1 ut proinde ad hoc intercessionem ,d4 ,antonii expostularent4 #aja4 ,to this interpretation1 which ,i hold to be in no way improper1 force is added by what we related1 according to ,st ,hieronymus1 of that little man who requested ,st ,anthony to pray1 for him and his fellows1 unto the common ,god1 whom he knew to have suffered in human flesh4 ,for1 it implies that they were aware of the advent and of the death of ,christ1 whom1 as ,god1 they were anxious to propitiate1 since they sought1 to that effect1 the intercession of ,st ,anthony4 #ajb4 ,facit ad idem id1 quod ex ,eusebio de ,prparat4 ,evang4 l4 #e4 c4 #i41 et ,plutarcho l4 de ,defectu ,oracul41 refert ,cardinalis ,baronius1 ,appar4 ,annal4 n #abi41 et recenset inter prodigia1 qu tempore mortis ,christi evenere4 ,recitat igitur ex citatis ,aucthoribus quod ,tiberii ,imperatoris1 sub quo passus est ,christus1 tempore1 navigantibus nonnullis a ,grcia in ,italiam1 circa ,insulas ,echinades1 cessatis ventis1 noctu navigium appulit prope terram4 ,audita fuit ab omnibus vox magna qu vocavit ,tramnum4 ,erat is ,nauclerus navigii1 quo respondente ,adsum1 replicavit vox3 8,quando perveneris prope quandam paludem1 annunciabis ,,magnum ,,pana ,,mortuum ,,esse03 quod cum ,tramnus fecisset1 auditi sunt repente multorum1 imo multitudinis prope infinit gemitus1 et ululatus4 ,profecto isti fuerunt ,dmones1 seu ,angeli corporei1 seu animalia rationalia prope paludem degentia1 utpote aquea1 qu audita morte ,christi1 qui nomine magni ,pan efferebatur1 in lacrymas et lamenta effusa sunt2 prout etiam ,hebri nonnulli visa ,christi morte percutientes pectora sua revertebantur 7,luc4 c4 #bc4 v4 #dh474 ,ex hucusque igitur deductis patet1 quod dantur hujusmodi ,dmones1 succubi et incubi1 constantes sensu1 et ipsius passionibus obnoxii1 ut probatum est2 qui generantur1 corrumpuntur1 et capaces sunt beatitudinis1 et damnationis1 et ratione corporis subtilioris1 nobiliores homine sunt1 et qui si cum hominibus1 maribus aut fminis1 carnaliter commiscentur1 peccant1 et eo peccato1 quo peccat homo jungendo se cum bruto1 quod est homine ignobilius2 proinde non raro hi ,dmones consuetudinem habentes cum homine1 aut equabus1 post longam habitam communicationem eos interficiunt4 ,causa porro hujus est1 quod si inter tales datur peccatum1 cum sint in via1 dari etiam debet pnitentia2 sicut ergo homini peccanti consuetudinaliter cum bruto1 ad tollendam occasionem recidivandi1 ,confessarius injungit1 ut brutum tollat de medio1 ita tali ,dmoni consuetudinario in peccato1 et tandem pnitenti accidit1 ut animal cum quo peccavit1 sive homo1 sive brutum fuerit1 occidat2 nec enim tali ,dmoni mors data homini peccatum erit1 sicut mors data bruto non imputatur tamquam peccatum homini3 ratione enim essentialis differenti inter ,dmonem hujusmodi1 et hominem1 idem erit homo ,dmoni1 quod est homini brutum4 #ajb4 ,thereto tends also the fact mentioned by ,cardinal ,baronius 7,appar4 ,annal4 n #abi71 after ,eusebius and ,plutarch1 as being one of the prodigies which took place at the time of the death of ,christ4 ,he relates that in the reign of the ,emperor ,tiberius1 when ,christ suffered1 whilst mariners bound from ,greece to ,italy1 were by night1 and during a calm1 in the vicinity of the ,echinade ,isles1 their ship was brought close to land4 ,all the crew heard a loud voice calling ,tramnus1 the master of the ship4 ,he having answered to his name1 the voice replied3 8,when near such a marsh1 announce that the great ,pan is dead40 ,which ,tramnus having done1 there arose suddenly1 as from a numberless multitude1 groans and shrieks4 ,doubtless1 they were ,demons1 or corporeal ,angels1 or rational animals living near the marsh on account of their aqueous nature1 and who1 hearing of the death of ,christ1 described by the name of ,great ,pan1 burst into tears and bewailing1 like some of the ,jews who1 after witnessing the death of ,christ1 went home smiting their breasts 7,luke1 ch4 #bc1 v4 #dh74 ,from all that has been deduced above1 it is therefore clear that there are such ,demons1 succubi and incubi1 endowed with senses and subject to the passions thereof1 as has been shown2 who are born through generation and die through corruption1 are capable of beatitude and damnation1 more noble than man1 by reason of the greater subtilty of their bodies1 and who1 when having intercourse with man1 male or female1 fall into the same sin as man when copulating with a beast1 which is inferior to him4 ,also1 it not unfrequently occurs that those ,demons slay the men1 women or mares with whom they have had protracted intercourse2 and the reason is that1 being liable to sin whilst on the way to salvation1 in via1 they must likewise be open to repentance2 and1 in the same manner as a man1 who habitually sins with a beast1 is enjoined by his confessor to destroy that beast1 with a view to suppressing the occasion of relapsing1 it may likewise happen that the penitent demon should slay the animal with which it sinned1 whether man or beast2 nor will death thus occasioned to a man be reckoned a sin to the ,demon1 any more than death inflicted on a beast is imputed as a sin to man2 for1 considering the essential difference between a ,demon of that kind and man1 the man will be the same thing to the ,demon as the beast is to man4 #ajc4 ,scio multos1 et forte plerosque1 qui hc legerent1 dicturos de me1 quod ,epicurei et ,stoici ,philosophi nonnulli dixerunt de ,divo ,paulo1 ,actor4 c4 #ag4 v4 #ah43 ,novorum ,dmoniorum videtur annunciator1 et datam doctrinam exsibillabunt4 ,sed isti tenebuntur solvere argumenta supra posita1 et dicere quinam sint ,dmones isti ,incubi1 vulgo ,folletti1 qui exorcismos1 res sacras1 et ,christi ,crucem non pavent1 ac alios effectus istorum1 ac phnomena salvare1 qu nos ex data doctrina ostendimus4 #ajc4 ,i am aware that many1 perhaps most of my readers1 will say of me what the ,epicureans and some ,stoic ,philosophers said of ,st ,paul 7,acts of the ,apostles1 ch4 #ag1 v4 #ah74 8,he seemeth to be a setter forth of strange gods01 and will deride my doctrine4 ,but they will none the less have to answer the foregoing arguments1 to show what are those ,incubi ,demons1 commonly called ,goblins1 who dread neither exorcisms1 nor the holy things1 nor the ,cross of ,christ1 and to explain the various effects and phenomena related when propounding that doctrine4 #ajd4 ,solvitur ergo ex his1 qu hucusque deducta sunt1 qustio1 quam proposuimus supra n #cj et n #cd3 resolutive innuimus1 quomodo mulier potest ingravidari a dmone ,incubo4 ,non enim hoc prstare potest ex semine sumpto ab homine1 ut fert communis opinio1 quam confutavimus n #ca et #cb3 sequitur ergo1 quod ipsa imprgnatur a semine ,incubi1 cum enim animal sit1 et generet1 proprio pollet semine3 et hoc modo optime salvatur generatio ,gigantum secuta ex commixtione ,filiorum ,dei cum ,filiabus hominum2 nati siquidem sunt ex tali concubitu ,gigantes1 qui licet homini essent similes1 corpore tamen erant majores3 et quamvis a ,dmonibus geniti1 viribus proinde pollerent1 non tamen ,dmonum vires et potentiam quabant1 ut sequitur in mulis1 hinnis et burdonibus1 qui medii quodammodo sunt inter eas species animalium1 a quibus promiscue generantur1 et superant quidem imperfectiorem1 non attingunt autem perfectiorem speciem generantium3 mulus enim superat asinum1 sed non quat perfectionem equ1 a quibus generatur4 #ajd4 ,what we have hitherto deduced accordingly solves the question laid down ,nrs #cj and #cd1 to wit3 how a woman can be got with child by an ,incubus ,demon8 ,in fact1 it cannot be brought about by sperm assumed from a man1 agreeably to the common opinion which we confuted1 ,nrs #ca and #cb2 it follows1 therefore1 that she is directly impregnated by the sperm of the ,incubus1 which1 being an animal and capable of breeding1 has sperm of its own4 ,and thus is fully explained the begetting of ,giants from the intercourse of the ,sons of ,god with the ,daughters of men3 for that intercourse gave birth to ,giants who1 although like unto men1 were of higher stature1 and1 though begotten by ,demons1 and consequently of great strength1 yet equalled them neither in might nor in power4 ,it is the same with mules1 which are intermediate1 as it were1 between the kinds of animals from whose promiscuousness they are sprung1 and which excel indeed the most imperfect1 but never equal the most perfect3 thus1 the mule excels the ass1 but does not attain the perfection of the mare1 which have begotten it4 #aje4 ,confirmat autem hanc sententiam consideratio1 quod animalia genita ex commixtione diversarum specierum non generant2 sed sunt sterilia1 ut patet in mulis4 ,gigantes autem non leguntur ,gigantes generasse1 sed natos a ,filiis ,dei1 puta ,incubis1 et ,filiabus hominum3 cum enim concepti fuerint ex semine ,dmoniaco mixto cum humano1 non potuerunt1 tamquam medi speciei inter ,dmonem et hominem1 generare4 #aje4 ,in confirmation of the above inference1 we observe that animals sprung from the mixing of different kinds do not breed1 but are barren1 as is seen with mules4 ,now we do not read of ,giants having been begotten by other ,giants1 but of their having been born of the ,sons of ,god1 that is ,incubi1 and the ,daughters of men3 being thus begotten of the ,demoniac sperm mixed with the human sperm1 and being1 as it were1 an intermediate species between the ,demon and man1 they had no generative power4 #ajf4 ,dicetur fortasse contra hoc1 non posse1 ex semine ,dmonum1 quod pro sui natura opportet esse tenuissimum1 fieri mixturam cum semine humano1 quod crassum est2 unde nec generatio sequi possit4 #ajf4 ,it may be objected that the sperm of ,demons1 which must1 by nature1 be most fluid1 could not mix with the human sperm1 which is thick1 and that1 consequently1 no generation would ensue4 #ajg4 ,respondeo quod1 ut dictum fuit supra n #cb3 virtus generandi consistit in spiritu1 qui simul cum materia spumosa et viscida deciditur a generante2 sequitur ex hoc1 quod semen ,dmonis quantumvis tenuissimum1 quia tamen materiale1 optime potest commisceri cum spiritu materiali seminis humani1 ac fieri generatio4 #ajg4 ,i reply that1 as has been said above1 ,nr #cb1 the generative power lies in the spirit that comes from the generator at the same time as the spumy and viscous matter2 it follows that1 although most liquid1 the sperm of the ,demon1 being nevertheless material1 can very well mix with the material spirit of the human sperm1 and bring about generation4 #ajh4 ,replicabitur adhuc contra conclusionem1 quod si vere fuisset ,gigantum generatio ex semine ,incuborum et ,mulierum1 nunc quoque ,gigantes nascerentur3 non desunt enim mulieres coeuntes cum ,incubis1 ut patet ex gestis ,,ss4 ,bernardi et ,petri de ,alcantara1 et aliarum historiarum1 qu passim ab auctoribus recitantur4 #ajh4 ,it will be retorted that1 if the generation of ,giants had really come from the combined sperms of ,incubi and ,women1 ,giants would still be born in our time1 since there is no lack of women who have intercourse with ,incubi1 as is shown by the ,acts of ,st ,bernard and ,peter of ,alcantara1 and other stories related by various authors4 #aji4 ,respondeo1 quod prout ex ,guaccio dictum fuit supra n #ha3 alii sunt hujusmodi ,dmones terrei1 alii aquei1 aerei alii1 et alii ignei1 qui respective in propriis eorum elementis habitant4 ,videmus autem animalia eo majora esse quo majus est elementum in quo degunt1 ut patet in piscibus1 inter quos licet multi sint minuti1 ut etiam sunt plura animalia terrestria minutissima1 et tamen quia elementum aqu majus est elemento terr 7utpote continens majus semper est contento71 ideo pisces a tota specie superant in magnitudine molis animalia terrestria1 ut patet in balenis1 orcynis1 pistis seu pistricibus1 thynnis1 ac aliis piscibus cetaceis1 seu viviparis1 qui quodvis animal terrestre longe superant4 ,porro cum ,dmones hujusmodi animalia sint1 ut hucusque probatum est1 eo erunt majores in magnitudine quo elementum majus pro sui natura inhabitabunt4 ,et cum aer excedat aquam1 et ignis aere major sit1 sequitur1 quod ,dmones therei ac ignei longe superabunt terrestres et aqueos1 tum in mole corporis1 tum in virtute4 ,nec contra hoc facit instantia de avibus1 qui licet incolant aerem1 qui major est aqua1 tamen corpore minores sunt a tota specie piscibus et quadrupedibus1 quia aves1 licet per aerem volatu spatientur1 revera tamen pertinent ad elementum terr1 in qua quiescunt2 aliter enim pisces nonnulli qui volant1 ut hirundo marina1 et alii1 dici deberent animalia aerea1 quod falsum est4 #aji4 ,i reply that1 as has been said above1 ,nr #ha1 from ,guaccius1 some of those ,demons are earthly1 some aqueous1 some aerial1 some igneous1 and they all dwell in their respective element4 ,now1 it is well known that animals are of larger size1 according to the element they live in2 thus with fishes1 many of which are diminutive1 it is true1 as happens with animals that live on land2 but1 the element water being larger than the element earth1 since the container is always larger than the contents1 fishes as a species1 surpass in size the animals that dwell on land1 as shown by whales1 tunnies1 cachalots1 and other cetaceous and viviparous fish which surpass by far all animals that live on land4 ,consequently1 these ,demons being animals1 as has been shown1 their size will be proportionate to the extent of the element they dwell in1 according to their nature4 ,and1 air being more extensive than water1 and fire than air1 it follows that ethereal and igneous ,demons will by far surpass their earthly and aqueous fellows1 both in stature and might4 ,it would be to no purpose to instance1 as an objection1 birds which1 although inhabitants of the air1 a more extensive element than water1 are smaller1 as a species1 than fishes and quadrupeds2 for1 if birds do indeed travel through the air by means of their wings1 they no less belong to the element earth1 where they rest2 otherwise1 some fishes that fly1 such as the sea swallow1 would have to be classed among aerial animals1 which is not4 #aaj4 ,advertendum autem1 quod post diluvium aer iste terraqueo globo citissimus magis incrassatus est ex humiditate aquarum1 quam fuerit ante diluvium1 et hinc forte est1 quod ex tali humido1 quod est principium corruptionis1 fiat1 quod homines non tatem ita producant1 ut faciebant ante diluvium4 ,ex ista autem aeris crassitie fit1 quod ,dmones therei1 ac ignei1 cteris corpulentiores1 nequeunt diutius manere in hoc aere crasso1 et si descendunt aliquando hoc fit violenter1 et eo modo quo urinatores ad ima maris descendunt4 #aaj4 ,now1 it must be observed that1 after the flood1 the air which surrounds our earthy and aqueous globe1 became1 from the damp of the waters1 thicker than it had been before2 and1 damp being the principle of corruption1 that may be the reason why men do not live as long as they did before the flood4 ,it is also on account of that thickness of the air that ethereal and igneous ,demons1 more corpulent than the others1 can no longer dwell in that thick atmosphere1 and if they do descend into it occasionally1 do so only by force1 much as divers descend into the depths of the sea4 #aaa4 ,ante diluvium autem1 cum adhuc aer non ita crassus erat1 veniebant ,dmones1 et cum mulieribus miscebantur1 et gigantes procreabant1 qui magnitudinem corpoream ,dmonum generantium mulabantur4 ,nunc vero ita non est3 ,dmones enim ,incubi1 qui fminas incessunt1 sunt aquei quorum corporis moles magna non est3 et proinde in forma homuncionum apparent1 et quia aquei etiam salacissimi sunt2 luxuria enim in humido est3 ut proinde ,venerem e mari natam ,poet finxerint1 quod ,mythologi explicant de libidine1 qu oritur ab humiditate4 ,cum ergo ,dmones1 qui corpore parvi sunt his temporibus mulieres imprgnent1 non gigantes1 sed statur ordinari filii nascuntur4 ,sciendum porro quod si miscentur corporaliter cum mulieribus ,dmones in sua ipsorum corpulentia naturali1 nulla facta immutatione aut artificio1 mulieres illos non vident1 nisi tanquam umbram pne incertam1 ac quasi insensibilem1 ut patet in muliere illa1 de qua diximus supra n #bh41 qu osculabatur ab incubo1 cujus tactus vix ab ea sentiebatur4 ,quando vero volunt se visibiles amasiis reddere1 atque ipsis delectationem in congressu carnali afferre1 sibi indumentum visibile assumunt1 et corpus crassum reddunt4 ,qua vero hoc arte fiat1 ipsi norunt4 ,nobis curta nostra ,philosophia hoc non pandit4 ,unum scire possumus1 et est1 quod tale indumentum seu corpus ex solo aere concreto constare nequiret1 hoc enim esse deberet per condensationem1 et proinde per frigus2 unde oporteret1 quod corpus illud ad tactum esset veluti glacies1 et ita in coitu mulieres non delectaret1 sed torqueret1 cum tamen contrarium eveniat4 #aaa4 ,before the flood1 when the air was not yet so thick1 ,demons came upon earth and had intercourse with women1 thus procreating ,giants whose stature was nearly equal to that of the ,demons1 their fathers4 ,but now it is not so2 the ,incubi ,demons who approach women are aqueous and of small stature2 that is why they appear in the shape of little men1 and1 being aqueous1 they are most lecherous4 ,lust and damp go together3 ,poets have depicted ,venus as born of the sea1 in order to show1 as explained by ,mythologists1 that lust takes its source in damp4 ,when1 therefore1 ,demons of short stature impregnate women nowadays1 the children that are born are not giants1 but men of ordinary size4 ,it should1 moreover1 be known that when ,demons have carnal intercourse with women in their own natural body1 without having recourse to any disguise or artifice1 the women do not see them1 or if they do1 see but an almost doubtful1 barely sensible shadow1 as was the case with the female we spoke of1 ,nr #bh1 who1 when embraced by an ,incubus1 scarcely felt his touch4 ,but1 when they want to be seen by their mistresses1 atque ipsis delectationem in congressu carnali afferre1 they assume a visible disguise and a palpable body4 ,by what means this is effected1 is their secret1 which our short-sighted ,philosophy is unable to discover4 ,the only thing we know is that such disguise or body could not consist merely in concrete air1 since this must take place through condensation1 and therefore by the influence of cold2 a body thus formed would feel like ice1 et ita in coitu mulieres non delectaret1 but would give them pain2 and it is the reverse that takes place4 #aab4 ,visa igitur differentia ,dmonum spiritualium1 qui cum sagis coeunt1 et ,incuborum1 qui cum fminis minime sagis rem habent1 perpendenda est gravitas hujus criminis in utroque casu4 #aab4 ,being admitted the distinction between spiritual ,demons1 which have intercourse with witches1 and ,incubi1 who have to do with women that are nowise witches1 we have to weigh the grievousness of the crime in both cases4 #aac4 ,in coitu sagarum cum ,dmonibus1 eo quia non fit nisi cum apostasia a ,fide1 et ,diaboli cultu1 et tot aliis impietatibus quas recensuimus supra a n #ab4 ad #bd41 est maximum quorumque peccatorum1 qu ab hominibus fieri possunt3 et ratione tant enormitatis contra ,religionem1 qu prsupponitur coitu cum ,diabolo1 profecto ,dmonialitas maximum est criminum carnalium4 ,sed spectato delicto carnis ut sic1 et ut abstracto a peccatis contra ,religionem1 ,dmonialitas redigenda est ad simplicem pollutionem4 ,ratio1 et quidem convincentissima1 est quia ,diabolus1 qui rem habet cum sagis1 purus spiritus est1 et est in termino ac damnatus ut dictum supra fuit2 proinde si cum sagis coit1 hoc facit in corpore assumpto1 aut a se formato1 ut sentiunt communiter ,theologi4 ,porro corpus illud quamvis moveatur1 non tamen vivens est2 sequitur ergo quod coiens cum tali corpore1 sive mas sive fmina fuerit1 idem delictum committit1 ac si cum corpore inanimato aut cadavere coiret1 quod esset simplex mollities1 ut alias demonstravimus4 ,verum est1 quod1 ut observavit etiam ,cajetanus1 talis coitus effective potest habere deformitates aliorum criminum juxta corpus a ,diabolo assumptum1 et vas3 si enim assumeret corpus virginis consanguine1 aut sacr1 effective esset tale crimen incestus aut sacrilegium1 et si in figura bruti coiret1 aut in vase prpostero1 evaderet ,bestialitas aut ,sodomia4 #aac4 ,the intercourse of witches with ,demons1 from its accompanying circumstances1 apostasy from the ,faith1 worshipping of the ,devil1 and so many other ungodly things related above1 ,nrs #ab to #bd1 is the greatest of all sins which can be committed by man2 and1 considering the enormity against ,religion which is presupposed by coition with the ,devil1 ,demoniality is assuredly the most heinous of all carnal crimes4 ,but1 taking the sin of the flesh as such1 exclusive of the sins against ,religion1 ,demoniality should be reduced to simple pollution4 ,the reason is1 and a most convincing one1 that the ,devil who has to do with witches is a pure spirit1 has reached the goal and is damned1 as has been said above2 if1 therefore1 he copulates with witches1 it is in a body assumed or made by himself1 according to the common opinion of ,theologians4 ,though set in motion1 that body is not a living one2 and it follows that the human being1 male or female1 coiens cum tali corpore1 is guilty of the same offence as if copulating with an inanimate body or a corpse1 which would be simple pollution1 as we have shown elsewhere4 ,it has1 moreover1 been truly observed by ,cajetanus1 that such intercourse can very well carry with it the disgraceful characteristics of other crimes1 according to the body assumed by the ,devil1 and the part used3 thus1 if he should assume the body of a kinswoman or of a nun1 such a crime would be incest or sacrilege2 if coition took place in the shape of a beast1 or in vase prpostero1 it would be ,bestiality or ,sodomy4 #aad4 ,in coitu autem cum ,incubo1 in quo nulla habetur qualitas1 vel minima1 criminis contra ,religionem1 difficile est rationem invenire1 per quam tale delictum ,bestialitate et ,sodomia gravior esset4 ,siquidem gravitas ,bestialitatis pr ,sodomia1 prout supra diximus1 consistit in hoc1 quod homo vilificat dignitatem su speciei jungendo se cum bruto quod est speciei longe inferioris sua4 ,in coitu autem cum ,incubo diversa est ratio3 nam ,incubus ratione spiritus rationalis1 ac immortalis1 qualis est homini2 ratione vero corporis nobilioris1 nempe subtilioris1 est perfectior1 et dignior homine2 et hoc modo homo jungens se ,incubo non vilificat1 immo dignificat suam naturam1 et ita1 juxta hanc considerationem1 ,dmonialitas nequit esse gravior ,bestialitate4 #aad4 ,as for intercourse with an ,incubus1 wherein is to be found no element1 not even the least1 of an offence against ,religion1 it is hard to discover a reason why it should be more grievous than ,bestiality and ,sodomy4 ,for1 as we have said above1 if ,bestiality is more grievous than ,sodomy1 it is because man degrades the dignity of his kind by mixing with a beast1 of a kind much inferior to his own4 ,but1 when copulating with an ,incubus1 it is quite the reverse3 for the ,incubus1 by reason of his rational and immortal spirit1 is equal to man2 and1 by reason of his body1 more noble because more subtile1 he is more perfect and more dignified than man4 ,consequently1 when having intercourse with an ,incubus1 man does not degrade1 but rather dignifies his nature2 and1 taking that into consideration1 ,demoniality cannot be more grievous than ,bestiality4 #aae4 ,tamen gravior communiter censetur1 et ratio1 meo videri1 potest esse3 quia peccatum contra ,religionem est1 quvis communicatio cum ,diabolo1 sive ex pacto1 sive non2 puta habendo cum eo consuetudinem aut familiaritatem1 seu ab eo petendo auxilium1 consilium1 favorem1 aut ab ipso qurendo revelationem futurorum1 relationem prteritorum1 absentium aut alias occultorum4 ,hujusmodi autem homines1 seu mulieres1 concumbendo cum ,incubis1 quos nesciunt animalia esse1 sed putant esse diabolos1 contra conscientiam erroneam delinquunt2 et hoc modo ex conscientia erronea ita peccant cum ,incubis se jungendo1 ac si cum diabolis coirent3 unde et gravitatem ejusdem criminis incurrunt4 #aae4 ,it is1 however1 commonly held to be more grievous1 and the reason ,i take to be this3 that it is a sin against ,religion to hold any communication with the ,devil1 either with or without compact1 for instance by being habitually or familiarly connected with him1 by asking his assistance1 counsel or favor1 or by seeking from him the revelation of things to be1 the knowledge of things gone by1 absent1 or otherwise hidden4 ,thus1 men and women1 by mixing with ,incubi1 whom they do not know to be animals but believe to be devils1 sin through intention1 ex conscientia erronea1 and their sin is intentionally the same1 when having intercourse with ,incubi1 as if such intercourse took place with devils2 in consequence1 the grievousness of their crime is exactly the same4 ,,finis ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,appendix ,the manuscript of ,demoniality breaks off with the conclusion just given4 ,in a purely philosophical and theoretical acception1 the work is complete3 for it was enough that the author should define1 in general terms1 the grievousness of the crime1 without concerning himself with the proceedings which were to make out the proof1 nor with the penalty to be inflicted4 ,both those questions1 on the contrary1 had1 as a matter of course1 a place assigned to them in the great work ,de ,delictis et ,pnis1 which is a veritable ,code for the ,inquisitor2 and ,father ,sinistrari of ,ameno could not fail to treat them there with all the care and conscientiousness he has so amply shown in the foregoing pages4 ,the reader will be happy to find here that practical conclusion to ,demoniality4 7,note by the ,editor47 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,probatio ,d,,monialitatis ,,summarium #a4 ,de probatione criminis ,dmonialitatis1 distinguendum est4 #b4 ,indicia probantia coitum ,sag cum ,diabolo4 #c4 ,requiritur confessio ipsius malefici ad plenam probationem4 #d4 ,historia de ,moniali habente consuetudinem cum ,incubo4 #e4 ,si adsint indicia visa in recitata historia1 potest ad torturam deveniri4 ,,proof ,,of ,,demoniality ,,summary #a4 ,distinctions to be made in the proof of the crime of ,demoniality4 #b4 ,signs proving the intercourse of a ,witch with the ,devil4 #c4 ,the confession of the ,sorcerer himself is requisite for a full eviction4 #d4 ,tale of a ,nun who had an intimacy with an ,incubus4 #e4 ,if the indictment is supported by the recitals of eye-witnesses1 torture may be resorted to4 #a4 ,quantum ad probationem hujus criminis attinet1 distinguendum est de ,dmonialitate1 puta1 vel ejus1 qu a ,sagis seu ,maleficis fit cum ,diabolis2 sive de ea1 qu ab aliis fit cum ,incubis4 #a4 ,as regards the proof of that crime1 a distinction must be made of the kind of ,demoniality1 to wit3 whether it is that which is practiced by ,witches or ,wizards with the ,devil1 or that which other persons perpetrate with ,incubi4 #b4 ,quoad primam1 probato crimine pacti facti cum ,diabolo1 probata remanet ,dmonialitas ex consequentia necessaria2 nam scopus tum ,sagarum1 tum ,maleficorum in ludis nocturnis1 ultra convivia1 et choreas1 est hujusmodi infamis congressus3 aliter1 illius criminis nullus potest esse testis1 quia ,diabolus1 qui ,sag visibilis est1 aliorum oculos effugit4 ,verum est1 quod aliquoties vis sunt mulieres in sylvis1 agris1 et nemoribus1 supin jacentes1 ad umbilicum tenus denudat1 et juxta dispositionem actus venerei1 divaricatis et adductis cruribus1 clunes agitare1 prout scribit ,guacc41 lib4 #a1 cap4 #ab1 v4 ,sciendum est spius1 fol4 #fe4 ,tali casu emergeret suspicio vehemens talis criminis1 dummodo esset aliunde adminiculata1 et crederem talem actum per testes sufficienter probatum1 sufficere ,judici ad indagandam tormentis veritatem2 et hoc maxime1 si post aliqualem moram in illo actu1 visus fuisset a muliere elevari quasi fumus niger1 et tunc mulierem surgere1 prout ibidem scribit ,guaccius2 talis enim fumus1 aut umbra1 ,dmonem fuisse concumbentem cum fmina inferre potest4 ,sicut etiam1 si mulier visa fuisset concumbere cum homine1 qui post actum de repente evanuit1 ut non semel accidisse idem auctor ibidem narrat4 #b4 ,in the first case1 the compact entered into with the ,devil being proved1 the evidence of ,demoniality follows as a necessary consequence2 for1 the purpose1 both of ,witches and ,wizards1 in the nightly revels that take place after feasting and dancing1 is none other but that infamous intercourse2 otherwise there can be no witness of that crime1 since the ,devil1 visible to the ,witch1 escapes the sight of others4 ,sometimes1 it is true1 women have been seen in the woods1 in the fields1 in the groves1 lying on their backs1 ad umbilicum tenus nudat1 et juxta dispositionem actus venerei1 their legs divaricatis et adductis1 clunes agitare1 as is written by ,guaccius1 book ,i1 chap4 #ab1 v4 ,sciendum est spius1 fol4 #fe4 ,in such a case there would be a very strong suspicion of such a crime1 if supported by other signs2 and ,i am inclined to believe that such action1 sufficiently proved by witnesses1 would justify the ,judge in resorting to torture in order to ascertain the truth2 especially if1 shortly after that action1 a sort of black smoke had been seen to issue from the woman1 and she had been noticed to rise1 as is also written by ,guaccius2 for it might be inferred that that smoke or shadow had been the ,devil himself1 concumbens cum fmina4 ,likewise if1 as has more than once happened1 according to the same author1 a woman had been seen concumbere cum homine1 who1 the action over1 suddenly disappeared4 #c4 ,cterum ad probandum concludenter aliquem esse ,maleficum1 seu ,maleficam1 requiritur propria confessio2 nullus enim haberi potest de hoc testis1 nisi forte sint alii ,malefici1 qui in judicio deponunt de complicibus2 sed quia socii criminis sunt1 eorum dictum non concludit1 nec etiam ad torturam sufficit1 nisi alia existent indicia1 puta1 sigillum ,diaboli impressum in eorum corpore1 prout diximus supra num4 #bc42 et in eorum domibus1 facta perquisitione1 inveniant signa1 ac instrumenta artis diabolic1 ut ossa mortuorum1 prsertim calvariam2 crines artificiose contextos2 nodos plumarum intricatos2 alas1 aut pedes1 aut ossicula vespertilionum1 aut bufonum1 aut serpentium2 ignotas seminum species2 figuras cereas2 vasculos plenos incognito pulvere1 aut oleo1 aut unguentis minime notis1 etc41 ut ordinarie contingit reperiri a ,judicibus1 qui1 accepta accusatione de hujusmodi ,sagis1 ad capturam1 et domus visitationem deveniunt1 ut scribit ,delbene1 de ,off4 ,s4 ,inquis41 par4 #b4 dub4 #bjf1 num4 #g4 #c4 ,moreover1 in order to prove conclusively that a person is a ,wizard or a ,witch1 the own confession of such person is requisite3 for there can be no witnesses to the fact1 unless perhaps other ,sorcerers giving evidence at the trial against their accomplices2 from their being confederates in the crime1 their statement is not conclusive and does not justify the recourse to torture1 should not other indications be forthcoming1 such as the seal of the ,devil stamped on their body1 as aforesaid1 ,nr #bc1 or the finding in their dwelling1 after a search1 of signs and instruments of the diabolic art3 for instance1 bones and1 especially1 a skull1 hair artfully plaited1 intricate knots of feathers1 wings1 feet or bones of bats1 toads or serpents1 unfamiliar seeds1 wax figures1 vessels filled with unknown powder1 oil or ointments1 etc41 as are usually detected by ,judges who1 upon a charge being brought against ,sorcerers1 proceed to their apprehension and the search of their houses4 #d4 ,quantum vero ad probationem congressus cum ,incubo1 par est difficultas2 non minus enim ,incubus1 ac alii ,diaboli effugiunt1 quando volunt1 visum aliorum1 ut videri se faciunt a sola amasia4 ,tamen non raro accidit1 quod etiam visi sint ,incubi modo sub una1 modo sub alia specie in actu carnali cum mulieribus4 ,in quodam ,monasterio 7nomen ejus et urbis taceo1 ne veterem ignominiam memori refricem7 qudam fuit ,monialis1 qu cum alia ,moniali1 qu cellam habebat su contiguam1 simultatem ex levibus causis1 ut assolet inter mulieres1 maxime ,religiosas1 habebat4 ,hc sagax in observando quascumque actiones ,monialis sibi advers1 per plures dies vidit1 quod ista in diebus stivis1 statim a prandio non spatiabatur per viridarium cum aliis1 sed ab iis sequestra1 se retrahebat in cellam1 quam sera obserabat4 ,observatrix igitur mula curiositate investigans1 quid tali tempore illa facere posset1 etiam ipsa in propriam cellam se recipiebat2 cpit autem audire submissam quasi duorum insimul colloquentium vocem 7quod facile erat1 nam cella parvo simplicis1 scilicet lateris unius1 disterminio dividebatur71 mox sonitum poppysmatum#d1 concussionis lecti1 gannitus1 ac anhelitus1 quasi duorum concubentium2 unde aucta in mula curiositate stetit in observatione1 ut sciret1 quinam in illa cella essent4 ,postquam autem per tres vices vidit1 nullam aliam ,monialem egressam e cella illa1 prter mulam1 dominam cell1 suspicata est ,monialem in camera absconditum aliquem virum1 clanculum introductum1 retinere2 unde et rem detulit ad ,abbatissam1 qu consilio habito cum discretis1 voluit audire sonitus1 et observare indicia relata ab accusatrice1 ne prcipitanter et inconsiderate ageret4 ,abbatissa igitur cum discretis se receperunt in cellam observatricis1 et audierunt strepitus1 et voces1 quas accusatrix detulerat4 ,facta igitur inquisitione1 an ulla ,monialium potuisset secum in illa cella clausa esse1 et reperto quod non1 ,abbatissa cum discretis fuit ad ostium cell claus2 et pulsato frustra pluries ostio1 cum ,monialis nec respondere1 nec aperire vellet1 ,abbatissa minata est1 se velle ostium prosterni facere1 et vecte aggredi opus fecit a quadam conversa4 ,tunc aperuit ostium ,monialis1 et facta perquisitione1 nullus inventus est in camera4 ,interrogata ,monialis cum quonam loqueretur1 et de causa concussionis lecti1 anhelituum1 etc41 omnia negavit4 ,cum vero res perseveraret1 accuratior1 ac curiosior reddita ,monialis mula perforavit tabulas lacunaris1 ut posset cellam introspicere2 et vidit elegantem quemdam juvenem cum ,moniali concumbentem1 quem etiam eodem modo ab aliis ,monialibus videndum curavit4 ,delata mox accusatione ad ,episcopum1 ipsaque ,moniali omnia negante1 tandem metu tormentorum comminatorum adacta1 confessa est se cum ,incubo consuetudinem habuisse4 #d4 ,the proof of intimacy with an ,incubus offers the same difficulty2 for1 no less than other ,demons1 the ,incubus is1 at will1 invisible to all but his mistress4 ,yet1 it has not seldom happened that ,incubi have allowed themselves to be surprised in the act of carnal intercourse with women1 now in one shape1 now in another4 ,in a ,monastery 7,i mention neither its name nor that of the town where it lies1 so as not to recall to memory a past scandal71 there was a ,nun1 who1 about trifles1 as is usual with women and especially with nuns1 had quarrelled with one of her mates who occupied a cell adjoining to hers4 ,quick at observing all the doings of her enemy1 this neighbour noticed1 several days in succession1 that instead of walking with her companions in the garden after dinner she retired to her cell1 where she locked herself in4 ,anxious to know what she could be doing there all that time1 the inquisitive ,nun betook herself also to her cell4 ,soon she heard a sound1 as of two voices conversing in subdued tones1 which she could easily do1 since the two cells were divided but by a slight partition71 then a peculiar friction#d1 the cracking of a bed1 groans and sighs1 quasi duorum concumbentium2 her curiosity was raised to the highest pitch1 and she redoubled her attention in order to ascertain who was in the cell4 ,but having1 three times running1 seen no other nun come out but her rival1 she suspected that a man had been secretly introduced and was kept hidden there4 ,she went and reported the thing to the ,abbess1 who1 after holding counsel with discreet persons1 resolved upon hearing the sounds and observing the indications that had been denounced her1 so as to avoid any precipitate or inconsiderate act4 ,in consequence1 the ,abbess and her confidents repaired to the cell of the spy1 and heard the voices and other noises that had been described4 ,an inquiry was set on foot to make sure whether any of the ,nuns could be shut in with the other one2 and the result being in the negative1 the ,abbess and her attendants went to the door of the closed cell1 and knocked repeatedly1 but to no purpose3 the ,nun neither answered1 nor opened4 ,the ,abbess threatened to have the door broken in1 and even ordered a convert to force it with a crow-bar4 ,the ,nun then opened her door3 a search was made and no one found4 ,being asked with whom she had been talking1 and the why and wherefore of the bed cracking1 of the sighs1 etc41 she denied every thing4 ,but1 matters going on just the same as before1 the rival ,nun1 become more attentive and more inquisitive than ever1 contrived to bore a hole through the partition1 so as to be able to see what was going on inside the cell2 and what should she see but an elegant youth lying with the ,nun1 and the sight of whom she took care to let the others enjoy by the same means4 ,the charge was soon brought before the bishop3 the guilty ,nun endeavoured still to deny all2 but1 threatened with the torture1 she confessed having had an intimacy with an ,incubus4 #d ,poppysmatum4--,that word being but little used1 it may be useful to record here the definition given of it by the ,glossarium eroticum lingu latin 7auctore ,p4 ,p41 ,paris1 #ahbf73 ,,poppysma4--,oris pressi sonus1 similis illi quo permulcentur equi et canes4 ,obscene vero de susurro cunni labiorum1 quum frictu madescunt4 ,father ,sinistrari1 well versed in classical literature1 had turned to account the following epigram of ,martial 7book ,,vii1 #ah73 ,,in ,,gallam ,quum tibi sit facies1 de qua nec fmina possit ,dicere1 quum corpus nulla litura notet2 ,cur te tam rarus cupiat1 repetatque fututor1 ,miraris8 ,vitium est non leve1 ,galla1 tibi4 ,accessi quoties ad opus1 mixtisque movemur ,inguinibus1 cunnus non tacet1 ipsa taces4 ,di facerent1 ut tu loquereris1 et ipse taceret6 ,offendor cunni garrulitate tui4 ,pedere te mallem3 namque hoc nec inutile dicit ,symmachus1 et risum res movet ista simul4 ,quis ridere potest fatui poppysmata cunni8 ,quum sonat hic1 cui non mentula mensque cadit ,dic aliquid saltem1 clamosoque obstrepe cunno3 ,et si adeo muta es1 disce vel inde loqui4 7,editorial ,note47 #e4 ,quando igitur adessent talia indicia1 sicut in recitata historia intervenerunt1 posset utique in rigoroso examine rea constitui2 sine tamen ejus confessione1 non censendum est delictum plene probatum1 quantumvis a testibus visus fuisset congressus2 siquidem aliquando accidit1 quod ,diabolus1 ut infamiam alicui innocenti pararet1 prstigiose talem concubitum reprsentaverit4 ,unde in his casibus debet ,judex ,ecclesiasticus esse perfecte oculatus4 #e4 ,when1 therefore1 indications are forthcoming1 such as those recited above1 a charge might be brought after a searching inquiry2 yet1 without the confession of the accused1 the offence should not be regarded as fully proved1 even if the intercourse were testified by eye-witnesses2 for it sometimes happens that1 in order to undo an innocent female1 the ,devil feigns such intercourse by means of some delusion4 ,in those cases1 the ,ecclesiastical ,judge must consequently trust but his own eyes4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,p,n ,quantum ad pnas ,dmonialitatis1 nulla lex civilis1 aut canonica1 quam legerim1 reperitur1 qu pnam sanciat contra crimen hujusmodi4 ,tamen1 quia crimen hoc supponit pactum1 ac societatem cum ,dmone1 ac apostasiam a fide1 ultra veneficia1 atque alia infinita propemodum damna1 qu a ,maleficis inferuntur1 regulariter1 extra ,italiam1 suspendio et incendio punitur4 ,in ,italia autem1 rarissime traduntur hujusmodi ,malefici ab ,inquisitoribus ,curi sculari4 ,,penalties ,as regards the penalties applicable to ,demoniality1 there is no law that ,i know of1 either civil or canonical1 which inflicts a punishment for a crime of that kind4 ,since1 however1 such a crime implies a compact and fellowship with the ,demon1 and apostasy of the faith1 not to speak of the malefices and other almost numberless outrages perpetrated by ,sorcerers1 as a rule it is punished1 out of ,italy1 by the gallows and the stake4 ,but1 in ,italy1 it is but very seldom that offenders of that kind are delivered up by the ,inquisitors to the secular power4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,biographical ,,notice#e #e ,this ,notice is an extract from tome #a of the complete works of ,father ,sinistrari1 ,rom1 #agec4 ,father ,ludovico ,maria ,sinistrari1 of the ,order of ,reformed ,minors of the strict ,observance of ,st4 ,francis1 was born in ,ameno1 a small town of the district of ,st4 ,julius1 in the diocese of ,novara1 on the #bfth of ,february #afbb4 ,he received a liberal education and went through a course of humanities in ,pavia1 where1 in the year #afdg1 he entered the ,order of ,franciscans4 ,devoting himself henceforward to tuition1 he was first a professor of ,philosophy2 he then1 during fifteen successive years1 taught ,theology in the same town1 amidst a numerous concourse of students attracted from all parts of ,europe by his high repute4 ,his sermons preached in the principal cities of ,italy1 at the same time as they caused his eloquence to be admired1 were productive of the most happy results for piety4 ,equally endeared to the ,world and to ,religion1 he had been favoured by nature with the most brilliant gifts3 square frame1 high stature1 open countenance1 broad forehead1 sparkling eyes1 high-coloured complexion1 pleasant conversation replete with sallies of wit#f2 more valuable still1 he was in possession of the gifts of grace1 through which he was enabled to sustain1 with unconquerable resignation1 the assaults of an arthritical disease he was subject to2 he was1 moreover1 remarkable for his meekness1 candour and absolute submission to the rules of his ,order4 ,a man of all sciences#g1 he had learnt foreign languages without any master1 and often1 in the general ,meetings of his ,order1 held in ,rome1 he supported1 in public1 theses de omni scibili4 ,he1 however1 addicted himself more particularly to the study of ,civil and ,canon laws4 ,in ,rome he filled the appointment of ,consulter to the supreme ,tribunal of the ,holy-,inquisition2 was some time ,vicar general of the ,archbishop of ,avignon1 and then ,theologian attached to the ,archbishop of ,milan4 ,in the year #afhh1 charged by the general ,meeting of ,franciscans with the compilation of the statutes of the ,order1 he performed this task in his treatise entitled ,practica criminalis ,minorum illustrata4 ,he died in the year of our ,lord #agja1 on the #fth of ,march1 at the age of seventy-nine#h4 #f ,quadrato corpore1 statura procera1 facie liberali1 fronte spatiosa1 oculis rutilantibus1 colore vivido1 jucund conversationis1 ac lepidorum salium4 #g ,omnium scientiarum vir4 #h ,the complete works of ,p4 ,sinistrari 7,rome1 ,giannini1 #agec-aged1 #c vol4 in-folio7 include the following books3 ,practica criminalis ,minorum illustrata1--,formularium criminale1--,de incorrigibilium expulsione ab ,ordinibus ,regularibus1--,de ,delictis et ,pnis1 to which should be added the present work3 ,de ,dmonialitate1 published for the first time in the year #ahge4 ,illustration3 ,decoration ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,index ,pages ,preface4 v ,demoniality3 origin of the word4--,wherein that crime differs from those of ,bestiality and ,sodomy4--,opinion of ,st ,thomas4 ,nrs #a to #h4 #a ,material intercourse with ,incubi and ,succubi is not a thing of imagination2 testimony of ,st ,austin4 ,nrs #i and #aj4 #ae ,wizards and ,witches2 their relations with the ,devil2 ceremonials of their profession4 ,nrs #aa to #bc4 #ba ,artifices resorted to by the ,devil for the assumption of a body4 ,nr #bd4 #ca ,incubi do not assail but women4 ,nr #bf4 #ce ,goblins have no dread of exorcisms4 ,nr #bg4 #cg ,humorous story of signora ,hieronyma3 the enchanted repast4 ,nr #bh4 #cg ,men begotten by ,incubi3 ,romulus and ,remus1 ,plato1 ,alexander the ,great1 ,csar-,augustus2 ,merlin the ,enchanter1 ,martin ,luther4--,the ,antechrist to be born of an ,incubus4 ,nr #cj4 #ec ,incubi are not pure spirits3 they beget1 and therefore have a body of their own4--,remark concerning ,giants4 ,nrs #ca to #cc4 #eg ,angels are not all pure spirits3 decision to that effect of the second ,council of ,nicea ,nr #cg4 #ga ,existence of rational creatures or animals other than man1 and endowed1 like him1 with a body and a soul4 ,nrs #ch to #dc4 #he ,wherein do those animals differ from man8 ,what their origin8 ,do they all descend from one individual1 as men descend from ,adam8 ,is there between them a distinction of the sexes8 ,what are their manners1 laws1 social customs8 ,nrs #dd to #ej4 #hg ,what are the shape and organisation of their body8 ,a comparison drawn from the composition of wine4 ,nrs #ea to #ef4 #ie ,are those animals subject to diseases1 to physical and moral infirmities1 to death8 ,nrs #eg and #eh4 #ajg ,are they born in the original sin8 ,have they been redeemed by ,jesus-,christ1 and are they capable of beatitude and damnation8 ,nrs #fa and #fb4 #aai ,proofs of their existence4 ,nrs #fe to #gj4 #abc ,story of an ,incubus and of a young ,nun4 ,nr #ga4 #aci ,story of a young deacon4 ,nr #gb4 #ade ,incubi are affected by material substances3 they therefore participate of the matter of those substances4 ,nr #gc4 #adi ,instance drawn from the history of ,tobit2 ejection of the ,incubus which vexed ,sarah2 cure of old ,tobias4 ,nrs #gd to #gf4 #aea ,st ,anthony falls in with a ,faun in the wilderness3 their conversation4 ,nr #gg to #hd4 #afa ,other proofs of the corporeity of ,incubi1 especially the ,manna of the ,hebrews or ,bread of ,angels4 ,nrs #ij to #ie4 #agi ,in what sense are to be understood the words of ,christ3 8,other sheep ,i have which are not of this fold80 ,apollo's address to the ,emperor ,augustus3 the end of the ,gods4 ,nrs #if to #aja4 #aia 8,,the ,,great ,,pan ,,is ,,dead01 or the death of ,christ announced to ,fauns1 ,sylvans and ,satyrs3 their bewailing4 ,nr #ajb4 #bjc ,solving of the problem3 ,how can a woman be impregnated by an ,incubus8--,comparison of ,giants with mules4 ,nrs #ajd and #aje4 #bjg ,wherein lies the generating virtue2 why no more ,giants are born4 ,luxuria in humido4 ,nrs #ajf to #aaa4 #baa ,appreciation of the crime of ,demoniality3 #a committed with the ,devil2 #b committed with an ,incubus4 ,nrs #aab to #aad4 #bai ,is ,demoniality more grievous than ,bestiality8--,conclusion4 ,nr #aae4 #bbc ,,appendix #bbg ,,biographical ,,notice #bde ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,letter ,,of ,,the ,,rev4 ,,father ,,provincial ,,of ,,capuchins ,,for ,,the ,,province ,,of ,p4444 ,p4441 ,friday 7#h ,october #ahge74 ,pax ,,mons4 ,,isidore ,,liseux1 ,paris4 ,i have gone through the work you sent me yesterday1 and have1 indeed1 been satisfied with the edition2 the time has not yet arrived for me to give my opinion on the value of the work itself4 ,here you would have met with no other works of the ,rev4 ,father ,sinistrari of ,ameno than his book3 ,practica criminalis ,minorum2 ,de ,delictis et ,pnis is to be found1 ,i believe1 in another of our convents2 but you would have been given a most welcome reception4 ,i believe that ,des ,grieux can hardly have resided in the present ,st-,sulpice1 which dates but from the year #ahaf4444 ,so far as a superficial glance has enabled me to ascertain1 there are some other mistakes2 but1 altogether1 the work is a good one1 and you may accept of the congratulations of ,your very little servant1 ,fr4 ,a444 o4m4c4 m4p4 ,convent of ,capuchins1 rue 4444 ,paris1 imprimerie ,d4 ,,jouaust1 rue ,saint-,honor1 #cch4 ,,isidore ,,liseux1 ,,libraire-,,diteur ,rue ,bonaparte1 n #b1 ,,paris ,,catalogue ,,complet ,,au #a;er ,,avril #ahgi ,,petite ,,collection ,,elzevirienne ,ouvrages curieux1 rares ou indits1 tirs petit nombre sur papier de ,hollande4 ,thologie ,,histoire ,,eccl,,siastique1 ,,protestantisme ,,sinistrari 7,le ,r4 ,p474 ,de la ,dmonialit et des animaux ,incubes et ,succubes1 publi pour la premire fois1 d'aprs le manuscrit original dcouvert ,londres en #ahgb1 et traduit du ,latin par ,isidore ,liseux2 avec le texte en regard4 #e fr4 ,,valla 7,laurent74 ,la ,donation de ,constantin1 premier titre du pouvoir temporel des ,papes1 o il est prouv que cette ,donation n'a jamais exist1 et que l',acte attribu ,constantin est l'uvre d'un faussaire4 ,traduit en ,franais pour la premire fois et prcd d'une tude historique par ,alcide ,bonneau1 avec le texte ,latin4 #aj fr4 ,,les ,,eccl,,siastiques de ,france1 leur nombre1 celuy des religieux et des religieuses1 ce dont ils subsistent et quoy ils servent 7,,xviie sicle74 #b fr4 ,,hutten 7,ulrich de74 ,julius1 dialogue entre ,saint ,pierre et le ,pape ,jules ,,ii la porte du ,paradis2 traduction nouvelle par ,edmond ,thion1 texte ,latin en regard4 #c fr4 #ej ,,luther4 ,la ,confrence entre ,luther et le ,diable au sujet de la ,messe4 #d fr4 ,,th,,odore ,,de ,b,,ze4 ,eptre de matre ,benot ,passavant2 traduit pour la premire fois du ,latin macaronique de ,thodore de ,bze1 par ,isidore ,liseux1 avec le texte en regard4 #c fr4 #ej ,,passevent ,,parisien respondant ,pasquin ,romain3 ,de la vie de ceux qui sont allez demourer ,genve2 fait en forme de ,dialogue 7#aeef74 #c fr4 #ej ,philosophie ,m,,urs ,,et ,,usages1 ,,histoire ,,la ,,mothe ,,le ,,vayer4 ,soliloques sceptiques4 #b fr4 #ej ,,pogge4 ,un vieillard doit-il se marier8 traduit par ,alcide ,bonneau4 #c fr4 ,,pogge4 ,les ,bains de ,bade au ,,xve sicle1 scne de murs de l'ge d'or2 traduit en ,franais pour la premire fois par ,antony ,mray4 #b fr4 ,,rasme4 ,la ,civilit purile1 traduction nouvelle1 texte ,latin en regard1 par ,alcide ,bonneau4 #d fr4 ,,henri ,,estienne4 ,la ,foire de ,francfort 7,exposition universelle et permanente au ,,xvie sicle72 traduit pour la premire fois par ,isidore ,liseux1 texte ,latin en regard4 #d fr4 ,,gesner 7,j4-,m474 ,socrate et l',amour ,grec 7,socrates sanctus 72 traduit en ,franais pour la premire fois1 texte ,latin en regard1 par ,alcide ,bonneau4 #c fr4 #ej ,,tacite4 ,la ,germanie1 traduction entirement nouvelle1 texte ,latin en regard1 par ,e4-,p4 ,dubois-,guchan4 #c fr4 #ej ,,ulrich ,,de ,,hutten4 ,arminius1 dialogue1 traduit pour la premire fois par ,edmond ,thion1 texte ,latin en regard4 #b fr4 ,,remonstrance ,,aux ,,fran,,ois1 pour les induire vivre en paix l'advenir 7#aegf74 #a fr4 ,posie ,,du ,,bellay 7,joachim74 ,divers jeux rustiques4 #c fr4 #ej ,,du ,,bellay 7,joachim74 ,les ,regrets4 #c fr4 #ej ,,bonnefons 7,jean74 ,pancharis4 #d;fr4 ,,boulmier 7,joseph74 ,villanelles1 avec eau-forte de ,lalauze4 #e fr4 ,contes et ,nouvelles ,,aristenet4 ,les pistres amoureuses d',aristenet1 tournes de ,grec en ,franois par ,cyre ,foucault1 sieur de la ,coudrire 7#aeig72 avec notice par ,a4-,p4 ,malassis4 #e fr4 ,,boccace4 ,dcamron1 traduit par ,antoine ,le ,maon1 #f vol4 #cj fr4 ,,pogge4 ,facties1 #b vol4 7publi #bj fr47 puis4 ,l',,abb ,,favre4 ,histoire de ,jean-l'ont-pris1 conte ,languedocien du ,,xviiie sicle1 traduit et prcd d'une notice par ,jules ,troubat4 #c fr4 ,,vivant ,,denon4 ,point de ,lendemain1 conte ddi la ,reine1 avec fleurons dessins par ,marillier2 notice par ,a4 ,p4-,malassis 7publi #d fr474 puis4 ,,casti4 ,la ,papesse4 #aj fr4 ,philologie1 ,histoire littraire ,,gabriel ,,naud1 ,parisien4 ,advis pour dresser une ,bibliothque4 #d fr4 ,,la ,,mothe ,,le ,,vayer4 ,hexamron rustique 7publi #c fr4 #ej74 puis4 ,,grimarest4 ,la ,vie de ,mr ,molire2 notice par ,a4 ,p4-,malassis 7publi #e fr474 puis4 ,,les ,,intrigues ,,de ,,moli,,re et celles de sa femme1 avec notes par ,ch4-,l4 ,livet 7publi #f fr474 puis4 ,,moli,,re ,,jug par ses contemporains2 notice par ,a4 ,p4-,malassis4 #d fr4 ,,elomire ,,hypocondre1 comdie 7contre ,molire71 avec une note sur les ,ennemis de ,molire1 par ,ch4-,l4 ,livet4 #aj fr4 ,,collection ,,in-#h ,,estienne 7,henri74 ,apologie pour ,hrodote1 avec ,introduction et ,notes par ,p4 ,ristelhuber1 #b vol4 #be fr4 ,,sinistrari 7,le ,r4 ,p474 ,de la ,dmonialit et des animaux ,incubes et ,succubes1 premire dition 7publie #aj fr474 puis4 ,,loiseleur4 ,les ,points obscurs de la vie de ,molire 7publi #ab fr474 puis4 ,,les ,,intrigues ,,de ,,moli,,re et de sa femme1 avec ,prface et ,notes par ,ch4-,l4 ,livet4 #ab fr4 ,,format ,,grand ,,in-#ah ,,saint-,,pierre 7,bernardin de74 ,paul et ,virginie1 avec huit eaux-fortes de ,lalauze4 #be fr4 -- ,les huit eaux-fortes tires part1 sur papier de ,chine ou de ,hollande4 #aj fr4 ,,pogge4 ,facties1 deuxime dition complte1 avec le texte ,latin1 #b vol4 #ae fr4 ,,piedagnel4 ,avril1 posies1 avec un frontispice de ,giacomelli1 grav l'eau-forte par ,lalauze4 #e fr4 ,,boulmier 7,joseph74 ,villanelles1 premire dition 7avec eau-forte de ,lalauze74 #e fr4 ,,boutmy 7,eugne74 ,dictionnaire de la ,langue verte typographique4 #c fr4 ,,sinistrari4 ,demoniality1 or ,incubi and ,succubi1 now first translated into ,english1 with the ,latin text4 ,,poggio4 ,the 8,faceti01 or ,jocose ,tales1 now first translated into ,english1 with the ,latin text4 ,,troubat 7,jules74 ,plume et ,pinceau1 tudes de littrature et d'art4 #c fr4 ,,desmarets4 ,l'ancienne ,jonction de l',angleterre la ,france1 ou le ,dtroit de ,calais1 avec deux cartes topographiques4 #c fr4 ,,envoi ,,franco ,,recommand ,contre le prix en ,mandat de ,poste4 ,paris4--,imp4 ,motteroz1 rue du ,dragon1 #ca4