,,an ,,icelandic ,,primer ,with ,grammar1 ,notes1 and ,glossary ,by ,henry ,sweet1 ,m4,a4 ,,second ,,edition #ahie ,,preface ,the want of a short and easy introduction to the study of ,icelandic has been felt for a long time--in fact1 from the very beginning of that study in ,england4 ,the ,icelandic ,reader1 edited by ,messrs4 ,vigfusson and ,powell1 in the ,clarendon ,press ,series1 is a most valuable book1 which ought to be in the hands of every student2 but it still leaves room for an elementary primer4 ,as the engagements of the editors of the ,reader would have made it impossible for them to undertake such a work for some years to come1 they raised no objections to my proposal to undertake it myself4 ,meanwhile1 ,i found the task was a more formidable one than ,i had anticipated1 and accordingly1 before definitely committing myself to it1 ,i made one final attempt to induce ,messrs4 ,vigfusson and ,powell to take it off my hands2 but they very kindly encouraged me to proceed with it2 and as ,i myself thought that an ,icelandic primer1 on the lines of my ,anglo-,saxon one1 might perhaps be the means of inducing some students of ,old ,english to take up ,icelandic as well1 ,i determined to go on4 ,in the spelling ,i have not thought it necessary to adhere strictly to that adopted in the ,reader1 for the editors have themselves deviated from it in their ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 in the way of separating from 1 etc4 ,my own principle has been to deviate as little as possible from the traditional spelling followed in normalized texts4 ,there is1 indeed1 no practical gain for the beginner in writing tme for tmi1 discarding 1 etc41 although these changes certainly bring us nearer the oldest ,,mss41 and cannot be dispensed with in scientific works4 ,the essential thing for the beginner is to have regular forms presented to him1 to the exclusion1 as far as possible1 of isolated archaisms1 and to have the defective distinctions of the ,,mss4 supplemented by diacritics4 ,i have not hesitated to substitute 77 for 77 as the mark of length2 the latter ought in my opinion to be used exclusively--in ,icelandic as well as in ,old ,english and ,old ,irish--to represent the actual accents of the ,,mss4 ,in the grammar ,i have to acknowledge my great obligations to ,noreen's ,altislndische ,grammatik1 which is by far the best ,icelandic grammar that has yet appeared--at least from that narrow point of view which ignores syntax1 and concentrates itself on phonology and inflections4 ,the texts are intended to be as easy1 interesting1 and representative as possible4 ,with such a language1 and such a master of it as ,snorri to choose from1 this combination is not difficult to realise4 ,the beginner is indeed to be envied who makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mythological tales of the ,north1 told in an absolutely perfect style4 ,as the death of ,olaf ,tryggvason is given in the ,reader only from the longer recension of the ,heimskringla1 ,i have been able to give the shorter text1 which is admirably suited for the purposes of this book4 ,the story of ,auun is not only a beautiful one in itself1 but1 together with the preceding piece1 gives a vivid idea of the ,norse ideal of the kingly character1 which was the foundation of their whole political system4 ,as the ,reader does not include poetry 7except incidentally71 ,i have added one of the finest of the ,eddaic poems1 which is at the same time freest from obscurity and corruption--the song of ,thor's quest of his hammer4 ,in the glossary ,i have ventured to deviate from the very inconvenient ,scandinavian arrangement1 which puts 1 1 1 right at the end of the alphabet4 ,i have to acknowledge the great help ,i have had in preparing the texts and the glossary from ,wimmer's ,oldnordisk ,lsebog1 which ,i consider to be1 on the whole1 the best reading-book that exists in any language4 ,so excellent is ,wimmer's selection of texts1 that it was impossible for me to do otherwise than follow him in nearly every case4 ,in conclusion1 it is almost superfluous to say that this book makes no pretension to originality of any kind4 ,if it contributes towards restoring to ,englishmen that precious heritage--the old language and literature of ,iceland--which our miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto defrauded them of1 it will have fulfilled its purpose4 ,,henry ,,sweet ,london1 ,february1 #ahhf ,,grammar #a4 ,this book deals with ,old ,icelandic in its classical period1 between #abjj and #acej4 ,,pronunciation #b4 ,the ,icelandic alphabet was founded on the ,latin1 with the addition of and 1 and of the modified letters 1 1 1 which last is in this book written 1 4 ,vowels #c4 ,the vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in ,old ,english4 ,long vowels were often marked by 774 ,in this book long vowels are regularly marked by 77#a4 ,the following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs1 with examples1 and key-words from ,english1 ,french 7,f471 and ,german 7,g473-- ,footnote #a3 ,note that the longs of 1 are written 1 1 respectively4 a as in mann 7,g47 halda 7hold7 father r 7advice7 e t 7,f47 gekk 7went7 #b 4 4 4 lt 7let pret47 men mnn 7men7 ,footnote #b3 ,where no keyword is given for a long vowel1 its sound is that of the corresponding short vowel lengthened4 as in there sr 7sea7 i fini 7,f47 mikill 7great7 4 4 4 ltill 7little7 o beau 7,f47 or 7word7 4 4 4 tk 7look7 not hnd 7hand7 peu 7,f47 kmr 7comes7 4 4 4 fra 7bring7 peur 7,f47 gra 7make7 u sou 7,f47 upp 7up7 4 4 4 hs 7house7 y tu 7,f47 systir 7sister7 4 4 4 lsa 7shine7 au haus 7,g47 lauss 7loose7 ei i bein 7bone7 ey y leysa 7loosen7 #d4 ,the unaccented i in systir1 etc4 7which is generally written e in the ,,mss47 probably had the sound of y in pity1 which is really between i and e4 ,the unacc4 u in fru 7they went71 etc4 7which is generally written o in the ,,mss47 probably had the sound of oo in good4 ,note that several of the vowels go in pairs of close and open1 thus3 close 3 e o open 3 - - ,consonants #e4 ,double consonants followed by a vowel must be pronounced really double1 as in ,italian4 ,thus the kk in drekka 7to drink7 must be pronounced like the kc in bookcase1 while the k in drki 7dragon7 is single1 as in booking4 ,when final 7or followed by another cons47 double conss4 are pronounced long1 as in munn 7mouth acc471 hamarr 7hammer nom471 steinn 7stone nom471 distinguished from mun 7will vb471 and the accusatives hamar1 stein4 #f4 k and g had a more front 7palatal7 sound before the front vowels e1 1 i1 1 1 y1 and their longs1 as also before j1 as in knna 7known71 keyra 7drive71 gra 7make71 liggja 7lie74 #g4 kkj1 ggj were probably pronounced simply as double front kk1 gg1 the j not being pronounced separately4 #h4 99f99 had initially the sound of our f1 medially and finally that of v1 as in gefa 7give71 gaf 7gave71 except of course in such combinations as ft1 where it had the sound of f4 #i4 99g99 was a stopped 7back or front--guttural or palatal7 cons4 initially and in the combination ng1 the two g's in ganga 7go7 being pronounced as in go4 ,it had the open sound of ,g4 g in sagen medially before the back vowels a1 o1 1 u1 and all conss4 except j1 and finally3--saga 7tale71 dgum 7with days72 sagi 7he said72 lag 7he lay74 ,before the front vowels and j it had the sound of ,g4 g in liegen1 or nearly that of j 7our y71 as in sgir 7says71 sgja 7to say74 #aj4 ,before voiceless conss4 7t1 s7 g seems to have been pronounced k1 as in sagt 7said71 dags 7day's74 #aa4 ,the g was always sounded in the combination ng1 as in single1 not as in singer4 #ab4 99h99 was sounded before j in such words as hjarta 7heart7 much as in ,e4 hue 7 hj74 hl1 hn1 hr1 hv probably represented voiceless l1 n1 r1 w respectively1 hv being identical with ,e4 wh3 hlaupa 7leap71 hnga 7bend71 hringr 7ring71 hvat 7what74 #ac4 99j99 is not distinguished from i in the ,,mss4 ,it had the sound of ,e4 y in young3 jr 7earth71 stja 7to set74 #ad4 99p99 in pt probably had the sound of f3 lopt 7air74 #ae4 99r99 was always a strong point trill1 as in ,scotch4 #af4 99s99 was always sharp4 #ag4 99v99 7which was sometimes written u and w7 had the sound of ,e4 w3 vel 7well71 hggva 7hew74 #ah4 99z99 had the sound of ts3 bztr 7best74 #ai4 9999 and 9999 were used promiscuously in the older ,,ms41 the very oldest using almost exclusively4 ,in ,modern ,icelandic is written initially to express the sound of ,e4 hard th1 medially and finally to express that of soft th2 as there can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old pronunciation1 it is retained in this book3 ing 7parliament71 fair 7father71 vi 7against74 ,in such combinations as p the must of course be pronounced 4 ,stress #bj4 ,the stress 7accent7 is always on the first syllable4 ,,phonology ,vowels #ba4 ,the vowels are related to one another in different ways1 the most important of which are mutation 7umlaut71 fracture 7brechung71 and gradation 7ablaut74 ,mutation #bb4 ,the following changes are 99i99-mutations 7caused by an older i or j following1 which has generally been dropped7#c3 ,footnote #c3 ,many of the i's which appear in derivative and inflectional syllables are late weakenings of a and other vowels1 as in bani 7death7 ,old ,english bana2 these do not cause mutation4 99a99 799997 444 9999 3-- mann 7man acc471 mnn 7men72 hnd 7hand71 hndr 7hands74 9999 444 9999 3-- ml 7speech71 mla 7speak74 99e99 799ja991 99j997 444 99i99 3-- verr 7worth71 vira 7estimate74 99u99 799o997 444 99y99 3-- fullr 7full71 fylla 7to fill72 lopt 7air71 lypta 7lift74 9999 444 9999 3-- brn 7eyebrow71 pl4 brnn4 99o99 444 9999 3-- koma 7to come71 kmr 7comes74 9999 444 9999 3-- fr 7went71 fra 7bring74 99au99 444 99ey99 3-- lauss 7loose71 leysa 7loosen74 99j99 799j997 444 9999 3-- sjkr 7sick71 ski 7sickness72 ljsta 7strike71 lstr 7strikes74 #bc4 ,the change of a into is sometimes the result of a following k1 g1 or ng1 as in dgi dat4 sg4 of dagr 7day71 tkinn 7taken71 gnginn 7gone71 inf4 taka1 ganga4 i appears instead of e1 and u instead of o before a nasal followed by another cons43 cp4 binda 7to bind71 bundinn 7bound7 with bresta 7burst7 ptc4 prt4 brostinn4 #bd4 ,there is also a 99u99-mutation1 caused by a following u1 which has often been dropped3 99a99 444 9999 3-- dagr 7day7 dat4 pl4 dgum2 land 7land7 pl4 lnd4 #be4 ,unaccented becomes u1 as in sumur pl4 of sumar 7summer71 klluu 7they called71 infin4 kalla4 ,fracture #bf4 ,the only vowel that is affected by fracture is e3 when followed by original a it becomes ja1 when followed by original u it becomes j1 as in jarar gen4 of jr 7earth7#d4 ,when followed by original i1 the e is1 of course1 mutated to i1 as in skildir plur4 nom4 of skjldr 7shield71 gen4 skjaldar4 ,footnote #d3 ,cp4 ,german erde4 ,gradation #bg4 ,by gradation the vowels are related as follows3-- 99a99 444 9999 3-- fara 7go7 pret4 fr1 whence by mut4 fra 7bring74 99e99 7i1 ja7 444 99a99 444 99u99 7o7 3-- bresta 7burst71 prt4 brast1 prt4 pl4 brustu1 ptc4 prt4 brostinn2 finna 7find71 fundinn 7found ptc471 fundr 7meeting74 99e99 444 99a99 444 9999 444 99o99 3-- stela 7steal71 prt4 stal1 prt4 pl4 stlu1 ptc4 prt4 stolinn4 99e99 444 99a99 444 9999 444 99e99 3-- gefa 7give71 gaf 7he gave71 gfu 7they gave71 gefinn 7given71 gjf 7gift71 u-fracture of gef-1 gfa 7luck7 mut4 of gf-4 9999 444 99ei99 444 99i99 3-- skna 7shine71 skein 7he shone71 skinu 7they shone74 sl-skin 7sunshine74 99j99 7j7 444 99au99 444 99u99 444 99o99 3-- ljga 7tell a lie71 prt4 laug1 prt4 pl4 lugu1 ptc4 prt4 loginn4 lygi 7lie sbst47 mut4 of lug-4 skjta 7shoot71 skjtr 7swift71 skotinn 7shot ptc471 skot 7shot subst474 ,other changes #bh4 ,all final vowels are long in accented syllables3 7then71 n 7now74 #bi4 ,inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after long accented vowels3 cp4 ganga 7to go7 with f 7to get71 the dat4 plurals knjm 7knees7 with hsum 7houses74 #cj4 ,vowels are often lengthened before l cons43 hlfr 7half adj471 flk 7people72 cp4 flginn 7hidden7 with brostinn 7burst ptc474 ,consonants #ca4 v is dropped before o and u3 vaxa 7to grow71 prt4 x1 vinna 7to win71 unninn 7won ptc471 svelta 7to starve71 soltinn 7starved1 hungry74 ,final r is often assimilated to a preceding cons4 #cb4 99-lr1 99-nr1 99-sr always become -ll1 -nn1 -ss after a long vowel or diphthong1 as in stll 7chair nom471 acc4 stl1 steinn 7stone nom471 acc4 stein1 vss 7wise masc4 nom4 sg471 vs fem4 nom4 sg41 and in unacc4 syllables1 as in the masc4 sg4 nominatives mikill 7great71 fem4 mikil1 borinn 7carried71 fem4 borin1 miss 7various7 fem4 mis4 #cc4 ,words in which l1 n1 r1 s are preceded by a cons4 drop the r entirely1 as in the masc4 nominatives jarl 7earl71 hrafn 7raven71 vitr 7wise71 urs 7giant71 lax 7salmon74 #cd4 ,if l and n are preceded by a short accented vowel1 the r is generally kept1 as in stelr 7steals71 vinr1 7friend71 sr becoming ss1 as elsewhere4 #ce4 r is kept after ll1 and generally after nn1 as in the masc4 nom4 allr 7all71 and in brnnr 7burns74 #cf4 z often stands for s as well as ts1 as in r ykkizk 7ye seem7 99ykki-sk1 ,vest-firzkr 7belonging to the ,west ,firths7 -99firskr 7frr1 firth74 #cg4 ,inflectional t is generally doubled after a long accented vowel3 fr 7few7 neut4 ftt 7cp4 allr 'all1' neut4 allt71 s 7,i saw71 stt 'thou sawest4' ,,inflections ,nouns #ch4 99,gender994 ,there are three genders in ,icelandic--masculine1 feminine1 and neuter4 ,the gender is partly natural1 partly grammatical1 generally agreeing with the gender in ,old ,english4 ,compound words follow the gender of their last element4 #ci4 99,strong and ,weak994 ,all weak nouns end in a vowel in the nom4 sg4 and in most of the other cases as well4 ,most strong nouns end in a cons4 in the nom4 sg4 #dj4 99,cases994 ,there are four cases--nominative1 accusative1 dative1 genitive4 ,all nouns 7except a few contractions7 have the gen4 pl4 in -a 7fiska1 of fishes71 and the dat4 pl4 in -um 7fiskum74 ,all strong masculines 7fiskr7 and some strong feminines 7brr1 bride7 take r#e in the nom4 sg4 ,most strong feminines show the bare root in the nom4 sg4 with u-mutation1 if possible 7st1 favour1 fr1 journey74 ,the nom4 pl4 of all strong masc4 and fem4 nouns ends in r 7fiskar1 stir74 ,the acc4 pl4 of fem4 nouns is the same as the nom4 pl4 7stir74 ,the acc4 pl4 of masc4 strong nouns always ends in a vowel 7fiska74 ,the plur4 nom4 and acc4 of neuters is the same as the sing4 nom4 and acc41 except that in the plur4 nom4 and acc4 they take u-mutation1 if possible 7hs1 houses1 lnd1 lands74 ,footnote #e3 ,subject1 of course1 to the assimilations described above4 #da4 ,the declensions are most conveniently distinguished by the acc4 plur4 ,strong ,masculines 7#a7 a-plurals ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 fisk-r 7fish7 fisk-ar ,acc4 fisk fisk-a ,dat4 fisk-i fisk-um ,gen4 fisk-s fisk-a #db4 ,so also heimr 7home1 world72 konungr 7king72 rr 7,thor71 acc4 r1 gen4 rs2 steinn 7stone71 acc4 stein1 gen4 steins1 pl4 nom4 steinar2 hrafn 7raven71 acc4 hrafn1 pl4 nom4 hrafnar2 urs 7giant71 acc4 gen4 urs1 pl4 nom4 ursar4 #dc4 ,dissyllables in -r1 -l1 -n generally throw out the preceding vowel before a vowel-inflection3 hamarr 7hammer71 dat4 hamri2 jtunn 7giant71 pl4 nom4 jtnar4 ktill 7kettle7 and lykill 7key7 show unmutated vowels in the contracted forms1 as in the acc4 plur4 katla1 lukla4 #dd4 ,some nouns of this decl4 take -ar in the gen4 sing41 especially proper names1 such as ,hkon1 gen4 ,hkonar4 #de4 ,some nouns add v before vowels3 sr 7sea71 gen4 svar4 #df4 ,the dat4 sometimes drops the i3 s 7sea71 r4 dagr 7day7 mutates its vowel in the dat4 dgi4 #dg4 ,nouns in -ir keep the i in the sing41 and drop it in the plur43 ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 hlli-r 7cave7 hll-ar ,acc4 hlli hll-a ,dat4 hlli hll-um ,gen4 hlli-s hll-a #dh4 ,so also a number of proper names1 such as ,skrmir1 rir4 7#b7 i-plurals ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 sta-r 7place7 sta-ir ,acc4 sta sta-i ,dat4 sta st-um ,gen4 sta-ar sta-a #di4 ,so also gripr 7precious thing71 salr 7hall74 #ej4 gstr 7guest7 takes -i in the dat4 sg41 and -s in the gen4 sg4 #ea4 ,those ending in g or k 7together with some others7 insert j before a and u3 bkkr 7bench71 bkk1 bkk1 bkkjar2 bkkir1 bkki1 bkkjum1 bkkja4 ,so also mrgr 7marrow71 strngr 7string74 7#c7 u-plurals ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 skjld-r 7shield7 skild-ir ,acc4 skjld skjld-u ,dat4 skild-i skjld-um ,gen4 skjald-ar skjald-a #eb4 ,so also vndr 7twig71 vllr 7plain71 vir 7wood74 ss 7god7 has plur4 nom4 sir1 acc4 su4 sonr 7son7 has dat4 sg4 syni1 plur4 nom4 synir4 ,it regularly drops its r of the nom4 in such compounds as ,tryggva-son 7son of ,tryggvi74 7#d7 r-plurals ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 ft-r 7foot7 ft-r ,acc4 ft ft-r ,dat4 ft-i ft-um ,gen4 ft-ar ft-a #ec4 ,so also fingr 7finger71 gen4 fingrar1 pl4 fingr2 vetr 7winter71 pl4 vetr4 mar 7man7 is irregular3 mar1 mann1 manni1 manns2 mnn1 mnn1 mnnum1 manna4 ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 fair 7father7 fr ,acc4 fur fr ,dat4 fur frum ,gen4 fur fra #ed4 ,so also brir 7brother71 pl4 brr4 #ee4 ,pres4 participles used as nouns follow this decl4 in the pl41 following the weak class in the sg43 ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 bndi 7yeoman7 bndr ,acc4 bnda bndr ,dat4 bnda bndum ,gen4 bnda bnda #ef4 ,so also frndi 7kinsman71 pl4 frndr4 ,strong ,neuters ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 skip 7ship7 skip ,acc4 skip skip ,dat4 skip-i skip-um ,gen4 skip-s skip-a #eg4 ,so also or 7word71 land 7land7 pl4 lnd1 sumar 7summer7 pl4 sumur 7 #be74 #eh4 mn 7necklace71 kyn 7race71 grey 7dog7 insert j before a and u3 greyjum4 hgg 7stroke7 inserts v before a vowel3 hggvi4 kn 7knee71 kn1 kn1 kns2 kn1 kn1 kjm1 knj4 ,so also tr 7tree74 #ei4 f 7money7 is contracted3 gen4 fjr1 dat4 f4 ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 kvi 7poem7 kvi ,acc4 kvi kvi ,dat4 kvi kvum ,gen4 kvi-s kva #fj4 ,so also kli 7cloth74 ,those in k insert j before a and u3 mrki 7mark71 mrkjum1 mrkja4 ,so also rki 7sovereignty74 ,strong ,feminines 7#a7 ar-plurals ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 gjf 7gift7 gjaf-ar ,acc4 gjf gjaf-ar ,dat4 gjf gjf-um ,gen4 gjaf-ar gjaf-a #fa4 ,so also mn 7mane71 gjr 7girdle71 r 7oar74 #fb4 7river7 contracts3 1 1 1 r2 r1 r1 m1 4 #fc4 ,many take -u in the dat4 sg43 krling 7old woman71 krling1 krlingu1 krlingar2 krlingar1 krlingar1 krlingum1 krlinga4 ,so also laug 7bath74 #fd4 ,those with a mutated root-vowel 7or i7 insert j in inflection3 ey 7island71 ey1 eyju1 eyjar2 eyjar1 eyjar1 eyjum1 eyja4 ,so also ,frigg1 ,hl4 mr 7maid71 mey1 meyju1 meyjar2 meyjar1 meyjar1 meyjum1 meyja4 #fe4 ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 hei-r 7heath7 hei-ar ,acc4 hei-i hei-ar ,dat4 hei-i hei-um ,gen4 hei-ar hei-a 7#b7 ir-plurals ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 t t-ir ,acc4 t t-ir ,dat4 t t-um ,gen4 t-ar t-a #ff4 ,so also sorg 7sorrow71 skipun 7arrangement71 hfn 7harbour7 pl4 hafnir1 and the majority of strong feminines4 #fg4 ,many have -u in the dat4 sg43 sl 7sun71 sl1 slu1 slar2 slir1 slir1 slum1 sla4 ,so also jr 7earth71 stund 7period of time74 #fh4 ,one noun has r in the nom4 sg41 following heir in the sg43 brr 7bride71 bri1 bri1 brar2 brir1 brir1 brum1 bra4 7#c7 r-plurals ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 bk 7book7 bk-r ,acc4 bk bk-r ,dat4 bk bk-um ,gen4 bk-ar bk-a #fi4 ,so also ntt 7night7 pl4 ntr1 bt 7compensation7 pl4 btr1 tnn 7tooth7 gen4 tannar pl4 tnnr4 #gj4 hnd 7hand7 pl4 hndr has dat4 sg4 hndi4 #ga4 kr 7cow7 has acc4 k1 pl4 kr4 #gb4 brn 7eyebrow7 assimilates the r of the pl43 brnn4 ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 mir 7mother7 mr ,acc4 mur mr ,dat4 mur mrum ,gen4 mur mra #gc4 ,so also dttir 7daughter7 pl4 dtr2 systir 7sister7 pl4 systr4 ,weak ,masculines ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 bog-i 7bow7 bog-ar ,acc4 bog-a bog-a ,dat4 bog-a bog-um ,gen4 bog-a bog-a #gd4 ,so also mni 7moon71 flagi 7companion74 #ge4 hfingi 7chief7 and some others insert j in inflection3 hfingja1 hfingjar1 hfingjum4 #gf4 l 7scythe7 is contracted2 its gen4 sg4 is lj4 #gg4 oxi 7ox7 has pl4 xn4 #gh4 herra 7lord7 is indeclinable in the sg4 ,weak ,neuters ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 hjart-a 7heart7 hjrt-u ,acc4 hjart-a hjrt-u ,dat4 hjart-a hjrt-um ,gen4 hjart-a hjart-na #gi4 ,so also auga 7eye74 ,weak ,feminines ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 tung-a 7tongue7 tung-ur ,acc4 tung-u tung-ur ,dat4 tung-u tung-um ,gen4 tung-u tung-na #hj4 ,so also stjarna 7star7 pl4 stjrnur1 kirkja 7church71 gen4 plurals stjarna1 kirkna4 ,sg4 ,nom4 lli 7old age7 ,acc4 lli ,dat4 lli ,gen4 lli #ha4 ,so also gli 7joy7 and many abstract nouns4 #hb4 lygi 7falsehood7 has pl4 lygar2 so also grsimi 7precious thing74 ,adjectives #hc4 ,adjectives have three genders1 and the same cases as nouns1 though with partly different endings1 together with strong and weak forms4 ,strong ,adjectives ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 ung-r 7young7 ung-t ung ,acc4 ung-an ung-t ung-a ,dat4 ung-um ung-u ung-ri ,gen4 ung-s ung-s ung-rar ,pl4 ,nom4 ung-ir ung ung-ar ,acc4 ung-a ung ung-ar ,dat4 ung-um ung-um ung-um ,gen4 ung-ra ung-ra ung-ra #hd4 ,so also fagr 7fair71 fem4 fgr1 neut4 fagrt4 #he4 ,some insert j before a and u3 nr 7new71 njum1 njan4 #hf4 ,some insert v before a vowel3 hr 7high71 hvan1 dkkr 7dark71 dkkvir1 kykr 7alive71 kykvir4 #hg4 ,the t of the neut4 is doubled after a long vowel3 ntt1 htt4 ,monosyllables in 1 dd1 tt form their neut4 in -tt3 breir 7broad71 breitt2 leiddr 7led71 leitt4 gr 7good7 has neut4 gott4 sannr 7true7 has neut4 satt4 ,in unaccented syllables or if a cons4 precedes1 tt is shortened to t3 kallar 7called71 kallat2 blindr 7blind71 blint1 harr 7hard71 hart1 fastr 7firm71 fast4 #hh4 l and n assimilate a following r3 gamall 7old71 fem4 gmul1 fem4 acc4 gamla1 dat4 gamalli4 vnn 7beautiful71 gen4 pl4 vnna4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 mikill 7great7 mikit mikil ,acc4 mikinn mikit mikla ,dat4 miklum miklu mikilli ,gen4 mikils mikils mikillar ,pl4 ,nom4 miklir mikil miklar ,acc4 mikla mikil miklar ,dat4 miklum miklum miklum ,gen4 mikilla mikilla mikilla #hi4 ,so also ltill 7little74 #ij4 ,dissyllables in -inn have -it in the neut41 and -inn in the masc4 sg4 acc43 tginn 7distinguished71 tgit1 tginn1 pl4 tgnr4 ,so also kominn 7come74 #ia4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 annarr 7other7 annat nnur ,acc4 annan annat ara ,dat4 rum ru annarri ,gen4 annars annars annarrar ,pl4 ,nom4 arir nnur arar ,acc4 ara nnur arar ,dat4 rum rum rum ,gen4 annarra annarra annarra ,weak ,adjectives ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 ung-i ung-a ung-a ,acc4 ung-a ung-a ung-u ,dat4 ung-a ung-a ung-u ,gen4 ung-a ung-a ung-u ,pl4 ,nom4 ung-u ung-u ung-u ,acc4 ung-u ung-u ung-u ,dat4 ung-u ung-u ung-u ,gen4 ung-u ung-u ung-u #ib4 ,so also fagri1 hvi1 mikli1 etc4 ,sg4 ,nom4 yngri 7younger7 yngra yngri ,acc4 yngra yngra yngri ,dat4 yngra yngra yngri ,gen4 yngra yngra yngri ,pl4 ,nom4 yngri yngri yngri ,acc4 yngri yngri yngri ,dat4 yngrum yngrum yngrum ,gen4 yngri yngri yngri #ic4 ,so also all comparatives1 such as meiri 7greater71 and pres4 partic4 when used as adjectives1 such as gefandi 7giving71 dat4 pl4 gefndum4 ,comparison #id4 7#a7 with -ari1 -astr3 rkr 7powerful71 rkari1 rkastr2 gfugr 7distinguished71 gfgari1 gfgastr4 #ie4 7#b7 with -ri1 -str and mutation3 langr 7long71 lngri1 lngstr2 strr 7big71 strri1 strstr2 ungr 7young71 yngri1 yngstr4 #if4 ,the following are irregular3 gamall 7old7 llri lztr gr 7good7 btri bztr illr 7bad7 vrri vrstr ltill 7little7 minni minstr margr 7many7 fleiri flestr mikill 7great7 meiri mestr ,numerals #ig4 ,,cardinal ,,ordinal #a4 einn 7one7 fyrstr 7first7 #b4 tveir annarr #c4 rr rii #d4 fjrir fjri #e4 fimm fimmti #f4 sex stti #g4 sjau sjaundi #h4 tta tti #i4 nu nundi #aj4 tu tundi #aa4 ellifu ellifti #ab4 tlf tlfti #ac4 rettn rettndi #ad4 fjrtn #ae4 fimmtn #af4 sextn #ag4 sjautn #ah4 tjn #ai4 ntjn #bj4 tuttugu #ba4 einn ok tuttugu1 etc4 #cj4 rr tigir1 etc4 #ajj4 tu tigir #aaj4 ellifu tigir #abj4 hundra #abjj4 sund einn is declined like other adjectives3-- #ih4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,nom4 einn eitt ein ,acc4 einn eitt eina ,dat4 einum einu einni ,gen4 eins eins einnar ,it also has a pl4 einir1 einar1 ein2 gen4 einna1 etc4 in the sense of 'some4' ,the next three show various irregularities4 #ii4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,nom4 tveir tvau tvr ,acc4 tv tvau tvr ,dat4 tveim tveim tveim ,gen4 tvggja tvggja tvggja ,similarly bir 7both73 #ajj4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,nom4 bir bi bar ,acc4 ba bi bar ,dat4 bum bum bum ,gen4 bggja bggja bggja #aja4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,nom4 rr rj rjr ,acc4 rj rj rjr ,dat4 rim rim rim ,gen4 riggja riggja riggja #ajb4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,nom4 fjrir fjogur fjrar ,acc4 fjra fjogur fjrar ,dat4 fjrum fjrum fjrum ,gen4 fjogurra fjogurra fjogurra #ajc4 ,the others are indeclinable up to rr tigir1 etc42 the tigir being declined regularly as a plural strong u-masculine tigir1 tigu1 tigum1 tiga4 #ajd4 hundra is a strong neut43 tvau hundru 7#bdj71 tveim hundruum1 etc4 ,it governs the gen4 7as also does sund73 fimm hundru glfa1 'five 7six7 hundred chambers4' #aje4 sund is a strong ir-feminine3 tvr sundir 7#bdjj74 #ajf4 hundra and sund are rarely #ajj and #ajjj4 #ajg4 ,of the ordinals fyrstr and annarr 7 #ia7 are strong1 the others weak adjectives4 rii inserts a j3 rija1 etc4 ,pronouns #ajh4 ,personal ,sg4 ,nom4 ek 7,i7 7thou7 -- ,acc4 mik ik sik 7oneself7 ,dat4 mr r sr ,gen4 mn n sn ,dual ,nom4 vit it -- ,acc4 okkr ykkr sik ,dat4 okkr ykkr sr ,gen4 okkar ykkar sn ,pl4 ,nom4 vr 7we7 r 7ye7 -- ,acc4 oss yr sik 7oneselves7 ,dat4 oss yr sr ,gen4 vr yar sn ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 hann 7he7 at 7it7 hon 7she7 ,acc4 hann at hana ,dat4 honum v hnni ,gen4 hans ess hnnar ,pl4 ,nom4 eir 7they7 au r ,acc4 au r ,dat4 eim eim eim ,gen4 eira eira eira #aji4 ek was often suffixed to its verb1 especially in poetry1 being sometimes added twice over3 mtta-k 7,i might71 s-k-a-k 7,i saw not2 a'not'74 ,so also 3 er-tu 7art thou71 skalt-u 7shalt thou7 99skalt-tu4 ,possessive ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 minn 7my7 mitt mn ,acc4 minn mitt mna ,dat4 mnum mnu minni ,gen4 mns mns minnar ,pl4 ,nom4 mnir mn mnar ,acc4 mna mn mnar ,dat4 mnum mnum mnum ,gen4 minna minna minna #aaj4 ,so also inn 7thy71 sinn 7his1 etc41 reflexive74 #aaa4 vrr1 vrt1 vr 7our7 is regular3 acc4 masc4 vrn1 masc4 plur4 vrir1 vra1 vrum1 vrra1 etc4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 yarr 7your7 yart yur ,acc4 yarn yart yra ,dat4 yrum yru yarri ,gen4 yars yars yarrar ,pl4 ,nom4 yrir yur yrar ,acc4 yra yur yrar ,dat4 yrum yrum yrum ,gen4 yarra yarra yarra #aab4 ,so also okkarr 7our two7 and ykkarr 7your two74 #aac4 hans 7his71 ess 7its71 hnnar 7her71 and eira 7their7 are indeclinable4 ,demonstrative #aad4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 s 7that7 at s ,acc4 ann at ,dat4 eim v eiri ,gen4 ess ess eirar ,pl4 ,nom4 eir au r ,acc4 au r ,dat4 eim eim eim ,gen4 eira eira eira #aae4 hinn1 hitt1 hin 7that7 is inflected like minn 7except that its vowel is short throughout73 acc4 masc4 hinn1 plur4 masc4 hinir1 hina1 hinum1 hinna4 #aaf4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 essi 7this7 etta essi ,acc4 enna etta essa ,dat4 essum essu essi ,gen4 essa essa essar ,pl4 ,nom4 essir essi essar ,acc4 essa essi essar ,dat4 essum essum essum ,gen4 essa essa essa ,definite ,the prefixed definite article is declined thus3 #aag4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 inn it in ,acc4 inn it ina ,dat4 inum inu inni ,gen4 ins ins innar ,pl4 ,nom4 inir in inar ,acc4 ina in inar ,dat4 inum inum inum ,gen4 inna inna inna #aah4 ,when suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes4 ,in its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after a short 7un-accented7 vowel1 as in auga-t 7the eye71 but keeps it after a long vowel1 as in -in 7the river71 tr-it 7the tree74 ,the dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost everywhere2 not1 however1 after the -ar1 -r1 of the gen4 sg41 nor in mnninir 7men1 nom471 mnn-ina 7men1 acc474 ,the -m of the dat4 pl4 is dropped before the suffixed -num4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 fiskr-inn skip-it gjf-in ,acc4 fisk-inn skip-it gjf-ina ,dat4 fiski-num skipi-nu gjf-inni ,gen4 fisks-ins skips-ins gjafar-innar ,pl4 ,nom4 fiskar-nir skip-in gjafar-nar ,acc4 fiska-na skip-in gjafar-nar ,dat4 fisku-num skipu-num gjfu-num ,gen4 fiska-nna skipa-nna gjafa-nna ,sg4 ,nom4 bogi-nn auga-t tunga-n ,acc4 boga-nn auga-t tungu-na ,dat4 boga-num auga-nu tungu-nni ,gen4 boga-ns auga-ns tungu-nnar ,pl4 ,nom4 bogar-nir augu-n tungur-nar ,acc4 boga-na augu-n tungur-nar ,dat4 bogu-num augu-num tungnu-num ,gen4 boga-nna augna-nna tungna-nna ,relative #aai4 ,the ordinary relative pron4 is the indeclinable er1 often preceded by s3 s er he who1 who1 s er who fem4 ,interrogative #abj4 ,the neut4 hvat has gen4 hvess1 dat4 hv1 which last is chiefly used as an adverb 'why4' #aba4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 hvrr 7which hvrt hvr of two7 ,acc4 hvrn hvrt hvra ,dat4 hvrum hvru hvrri ,gen4 hvrs hvrs hvrrar ,pl4 ,nom4 hvrir hvr hvrar ,acc4 hvra hvr hvrar ,dat4 hvrum hvrum hvrum ,gen4 hvrra hvrra hvrra #abb4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 hvrr 7which1 hvrt hvr who7 ,acc4 hvrn hvrt hvrja ,dat4 hvrjum hvrju hvrri ,gen4 hvrs hvrs hvrrar ,pl4 ,nom4 hvrir hvr hvrjar ,acc4 hvrja hvr hvrjar ,dat4 hvrjum hvrjum hvrjum ,gen4 hvrra hvrra hvrra ,indefinite #abc4 einn-hvrr1 eitthvrt1 einhvr 7some one7 keeps an invariable ein- in the other cases1 the second element being inflected as above4 #abd4 sumr 7some7 is declined like an ordinary adjective4 #abe4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 nakkvarr nakkvat nkkur 7some7 ,acc4 nakkvarn nakkvat nakkvara ,dat4 nkkurum nkkuru nakkvarri ,gen4 nakkvars nakkvars nakkvarrar ,pl4 ,nom4 nakkvarir nkkur nakkvarar ,acc4 nakkvara nkkur nakkvarar ,dat4 nkkurum nkkurum nkkurum ,gen4 nakkvarra nakkvarra nakkvarra #abf4 ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,,fem4 ,sg4 ,nom4 engi 7none1 ekki engi no7 ,acc4 engan ekki enga ,dat4 engum engu engri ,gen4 engis engis engrar ,pl4 ,nom4 engir engi engar ,acc4 enga engi engar ,dat4 engum engum engum ,gen4 engra engra engra #abg4 ,in hvr-tvggja 7each of the two1 both7 the first element is declined as above1 the second is left unchanged4 ,verbs #abh4 ,there are two classes of verbs1 strong and weak4 ,strong verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation1 weak verbs by adding 7d1 t74 #abi4 ,the of the #b pl4 is dropt before it 7ye two7 and r 7ye73 gefi r1 gfu it4 #acj4 ,there is a middle voice1 which ends in -mk in the #a pers4 sg4 and pl41 the rest of the verb being formed by adding sk to the active endings1 r being dropt1 the resulting ts1 s being written z 7 #cf73 kvezk 7active kver 'says'71 u fekkzk 7fekkt 'gottest'74 #aca4 ,the following is the conjugation of the strong verb gefa 7give71 which will show those endings which are common to all verbs3 ,active ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,present sg4 #a4 gef gef-a #b4 gef-r gef-ir #c4 gef-r gef-i pl4 #a4 gef-um gef-im #b4 gef-i gef-i #c4 gef-a gef-i ,preterite sg4 #a4 gaf gf-a #b4 gaf-t gf-ir #c4 gaf gf-i pl4 #a4 gf-um gf-im #b4 gf-u gf-i #c4 gf-u gf-i ,imperative sg4 #b gef2 pl4 #a gef-um1 #b gef-i4 ,participle pres4 gef-andi2 pret4 gef-inn4 ,infin4 gefa4 ,middle ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,pres4 sg4 #a4 gef-umk gef-umk #b4 gef-sk gef-isk #c4 gef-sk gef-isk pl4 #a4 gef-umk gef-imk #b4 gef-izk gef-izk #c4 gef-ask gef-isk ,pret4 sg4 #a4 gf-umk gf-umk #b4 gaf-zk gf-isk #c4 gaf-sk gf-isk pl4 #a4 gf-umk gf-imk #b4 gf-uzk gf-izk #c4 gf-usk gf-isk ,impers4 sg4 #b gef-sk2 pl4 #a gef-umk1 #b gef-izk4 ,partic4 pres4 gef-andisk2 pret4 gef-izk neut4 ,infin4 gef-ask4 ,strong ,verbs #acb4 ,in the strong verbs the plur4 of the pret4 indic4 generally has a different vowel from that of the sing4 ,the #a sg4 pret4 of the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl4 pret43 gfumk4 ,the pret4 subj4 has the vowel of the pret4 indic4 plur4 mutated3 skaut 7he shot71 skutu 7they shot71 skyti 7he might shoot74 ,but there is no mutation in verbs of the first conj43 hljpi1 inf4 hlaupa 7leap74 #acc4 ,the pres4 indic4 sing4 mutates the root-vowel in all three persons3 ek skt1 sktr1 hann sktr1 infin4 skjta 7shoot74 e however is not mutated3 ek gef1 gefr4 ,the inflectional r is liable to the same modifications as the r of nouns 7 #cb73 sknn1 vx1 infin4 skna 7shine71 vaxa 7grow74 #acd4 ,verbs in ld change the d into t in the #a1 #c sg4 pret4 indic4 and in the imper4 sg43 helt 7held71 halt 7hold671 infin4 halda4 nd becomes tt1 and ng becomes kk under the same conditions3 binda 7bind71 ganga 7go71 pret4 batt1 gekk1 imper4 bitt1 gakk4 #ace4 ,the t of the #b sg4 pret4 indic4 is doubled after a long accented vowel3 stt 7thou sawest74 ,if the #a sg4 pret4 indic4 ends in t or 1 the #b sg4 ends in zt3 lt 7,i let71 lzt1 bau 7,i offered7 bauzt4 #acf4 ,there are seven conjugations of strong verbs1 distinguished mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites4 #acg4 ,i4 ',fall'-conjugation ,,infin4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,prt4 ,,sing4 ,,prt4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,prt4 falla 7fall7 fllr fell fellu fallinn lta 7let7 ltr lt ltu ltinn ra 7advise7 rr r ru rinn heita 7call7 heitr ht htu heitinn halda 7hold7 hldr helt heldu haldinn ganga 7go7 gngr gekk gengu gnginn f 7get7 fr fekk fengu fnginn ----------------- auka 7increase7 eykr jk jku aukinn ba 7dwell7 br bj bjoggu binn hggva 7hew7 hggr hj hjoggu hggvinn hlaupa 7leap7 hleypr hljp hljpu hlaupinn #ach4 ,the following have weak preterites in r3 gra 7grow7 grr grri grru grinn ra 7row7 rr rri rru rinn sna 7twist7 snr snri snru sninn #aci4 heita in the passive sense of 'to be named1 called' has a weak present3 ek heiti1 heitir4 #adj4 ,,ii4 ',shake'-conjugation ,,infin4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,prt4 ,,sing4 ,,prt4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,prt4 fara 7go7 frr fr fru farinn grafa 7dig7 grfr grf grfu grafinn hlaa 7load7 hlr hl hlu hlainn vaxa 7grow7 vx x xu vaxinn standa 7stand7 stndr st stu stainn aka 7drive7 kr k ku kinn taka 7take7 tkr tk tku tkinn draga 7draw7 drgr dr drgu drginn fl 7flay7 flr fl flgu flginn sl 7strike7 slr sl slgu slginn #ada4 ,the following have weak presents3 hfja 7lift7 hfr hf hfu hafinn deyja 7die7 deyr d d dinn hlja 7laugh7 hlr hl hlgu hlginn #adb4 ,,iii4 ',bind'-conjugation ,,infin4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,prt4 ,,sing4 ,,prt4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,prt4 bresta 7burst7 brestr brast brustu brostinn hverfa 7turn7 hverfr hvarf hurfu horfinn svelga 7swallow7 svelgr svalg sulgu slginn vera 7become7 verr var uru orinn skjlfa 7shake7 skelfr skalf skulfu skolfinn drekka 7drink7 drekkr drakk drukku drukkinn finna 7find7 finnr fann fundu fundinn vinna 7win7 vinnr vann unnu unninn binda 7bind7 bindr batt bundu bundinn springa 7spring7 springr sprakk sprungu sprunginn stinga 7pierce7 stingr stakk stungu stunginn brega 7pull7 bregr br brugu bruginn skkva 7sink7 skkr skk sukku sokkinn stkkva 7spring7 stkkr stkk stukku stokkinn #adc4 ,the following have weak presents 7which makes however no difference in their conjugation73 brnna 7burn7 brnnr brann brunnu brunninn rnna 7run7 rnnr rann runnu runninn #add4 ,,iv4 ',bear'-conjugation ,,infin4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,prt4 ,,sing4 ,,prt4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,prt4 bera 7carry7 berr bar bru borinn nema 7take7 nemr nam nmu numinn fela 7hide7 felr fal flu flginn koma 7come7 kmr kom kvmu kominn sofa 7sleep7 sfr svaf svfu sofinn #ade4 ,v4 ',give'-conjugation ,,infin4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,prt4 ,,sing4 ,,prt4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,prt4 drepa 7kill7 drepr drap drpu drepinn gefa 7give7 gefr gaf gfu gefinn kvea 7say7 kver kva kvu kveinn meta 7estimate7 metr mat mtu metinn reka 7drive7 rekr rak rku rekinn eta 7eat7 etr t tu etinn sj 7see7 sr#f s s#g snn ,footnote #f3 s1 sr1 sr2 sjm1 s1 sj4 ,subj4 s1 sr1 s2 sm1 s1 s4 ,footnote #g3 sm1 si1 s4 #adf4 ,the following have weak presents3-- bija 7ash7 bir ba bu beinn sitja 7sit7 sitr sat stu setinn liggja 7lie7 liggr l lgum leginn iggja 7receive7 iggr gu eginn #adg4 ,,vi4 ',shine'-conjugation ,,infin4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,prt4 ,,sing4 ,,prt4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,prt4 bta 7bite7 btr beit bitu bitinn drfa 7drive7 drfr dreif drifu drifinn grpa 7grasp7 grpr greip gripu gripinn la 7go7 lr lei liu liinn lta 7look7 ltr leit litu litinn ra 7ride7 rr rei riu riinn sga 7sink7 sgr seig sigu siginn slta 7tear7 sltr sleit slitu slitinn stga 7advance7 stgr steig stigu stiginn ba 7wait7 br bei biu beinn #adh4 ,the following has a weak present3 vkja 7move7 vkr veik viku vikinn #adi4 ,,vii4 ',choose'-conjugation ,,infin4 ,,third ,,pres4 ,,prt4 ,,sing4 ,,prt4 ,,pl4 ,,ptc4 ,,prt4 bja 7offer7 br bau buu boinn brjta 7break7 brtr braut brutu brotinn fljta 7float7 fltr flaut flutu flotinn hljta 7receive7 hltr hlaut hlutu hlotinn kjsa 7choose7 kss kaus kusum kosinn njta 7enjoy7 ntr naut nutu notinn skjta 7shoot7 sktr skaut skutu skotinn drjpa 7drop7 drpr draup drupu dropinn ljga 7tell lies7 lgr laug lugu loginn lka 7close7 lkr lauk luku lokinn lta 7bend7 ltr laut lutu lotinn fljga 7fly7 flgr fl flugu floginn ,weak ,verbs #aej4 ,there are three conjugations of weak verbs4 ,all those of the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the pres41 and form their pret4 with 7d1 t73 heyra 7hear71 heyra4 ,those of the second form their pret4 in the same way1 but have unmutated vowels in the pres43 hafa 7have7 hafa4 ,those of the third form their pret4 in -aa3 kalla 7call71 kallaa4 ,i4 ',hear'-conjugation ,active #aea4 ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,pres4 sg4 #a4 heyr-i heyr-a #b4 heyr-ir heyr-ir #c4 heyr-ir heyr-i pl4 #a4 heyr-um heyr-im #b4 heyr-i heyr-i #c4 heyr-a heyr-i ,pret4 sg4 #a4 heyr-a heyr-a #b4 heyr-ir heyr-ir #c4 heyr-i heyr-i pl4 #a4 heyr-um heyr-im #b4 heyr-u heyr-i #c4 heyr-u heyr-i ,imper4 sg4 #a4 heyr2 pl4 #a4 heyr-um1 #b4 heyr-i4 ,partic4 pres4 heyr-andi2 pret4 heyr-r4 ,infin4 heyr-a4 ,middle ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,pres4 sg4 #a4 heyr-umk heyr-umk #b4 heyr-isk heyr-isk #c4 heyr-isk heyr-isk pl4 #a4 heyr-umk heyr-imk #b4 heyr-izk heyr-izk #c4 heyr-ask heyr-isk ,pret4 sg4 #a4 heyr-umk heyr-umk #b4 heyr-isk heyr-isk #c4 heyr-isk heyr-isk pl4 #a4 heyr-umk heyr-imk #b4 heyr-uzk heyr-izk #c4 heyr-usk heyr-isk ,imper4 sg4 #b4 heyr-sk2 pl4 #a4 heyr-umk1 #b4 heyr-izk4 ,partic4 pres4 heyr-andisk2 pret4 heyr-zk neut4 ,infin4 heyr-ask4 ,a4 ,without vowel-change #aeb4 ,the inflectional becomes d after long syllables ending in l or n3 sigla 7sail71 siglda2 nfna 7name71 nfnda1 nfndr4 #aec4 - becomes dd3 leia 7lead71 leidda4 #aed4 after s and t becomes t3 reisa 7raise71 reista2 mta 7meet71 mtta4 ,also in a few verbs in l1 n3 mla 7speak71 mlta2 spnna 7buckle71 spnta4 #aee4 ,after nd and pt it is dropped3 snda 7send71 snda1 sndr2 lypta 7lift71 lypta4 #aef4 ,it is preserved in such verbs as the following3 dma 7judge71 dma2 fra 7lead71 fra2 hra 7harden71 hra2 hleypa 7gallop71 hleypa4 ,b4 ,with vowel-change #aeg4 ,all these verbs have j preceded by a short syllable 7tlja71 or a long vowel without any cons4 after it 7dja71 or gg 7lggja72 the j being kept before a and u1 as in the pres4 ind4 of spyrja 7ask73 spyr1 spyrr1 spyrr2 spyrjum1 spyri1 spyrja1 pres4 subj4 #a sg4 ek spyrja2 they unmutate their vowel in the pret4 and ptc4 pret4 7spura1 spurr71 the mutation being restored in the pret4 subj4 spyra1 spyrir1 etc4 ,the ptc4 pret4 often has an i before the 4 brja 7strike7 bara barr lggja 7lay7 laga lag7i7r tlja 7tell7 tala tal7i7r vkja 7wake7 vaka vakr flytja 7remove7 flutta fluttr dja 7shake7 da dr #aeh4 ,the following keep the mutated vowel throughout3 slja 7sell7 slda sldr stja 7set7 stta sttr ,c4 #aei4 ,the following are irregular3 skja 7seek7 stta sttr ykkja 7seem7 tta ttr ,subj4 pret4 stta1 tta4 #afj4 ,the following has an adj4 for its partic4 pret43 gra 7make7 gra grr4 ,,ii4 ',have'-conjugation #afa4 ,the few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of conj4 ,i1 except that some of them have imperatives in -i3 vaki1 fi2 uni4 lifa1 sgja have imper4 lif1 sg4 ,they mutate the vowel of the pret4 subj4 7yna74 ,their partic4 pret4 generally occurs only in the neut42 sometimes the a is dropped4 lifa 7live7 lifi lifa lifat una 7be contented7 uni una unat skorta 7be wanting7 skorti skorta skort ola 7endure7 oli ola olat ora 7dare7 ori ora orat n 7attain7 ni na nr1 nit #afb4 ,the following show mutation3 sgja 7say7 sgi saga sagr gja 7be silent7 gi aga agat hafa 7have7 hfi hafa hafr kaupa 7buy7 kaupi keypta keyptr #afc4 ,the present indic4 of the first three is as follows3 ,sing4 #a4 hfi sgi gi #b1 #c4 hfir sgir gir ,plur4 #a4 hfum sgjum gjum #b4 hafi sgi gi #c4 hafa sgja gja #afd4 ,the rest of hafa is regular4 ,pres4 subj4 hafa1 hafir1 hafi2 hafim1 hafi1 hafi4 ,pret4 indic4 hafa1 hafir1 hafi2 hfdum1 hfu1 hfu4 ,pret4 subj4 hfa1 hfir1 hfi2 hfim1 hfi1 hfi4 ,imper4 haf1 hfum1 hafi4 ,ptc4 hafandi1 hafr4 ,,iii4 ',call'-conjugation ,active ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,pres4 sg4 #a4 kall-a kall-a #b4 kall-ar kall-ir #c4 kall-ar kall-i pl4 #a4 kll-um kall-im #b4 kall-i kall-i #c4 kall-a kall-i ,pres4 sg4 #a4 kall-aa kall-aa #b4 kall-air kall-air #c4 kall-ai kall-ai pl4 #a4 kll-uum kall-aim #b4 kll-uu kall-ai #c4 kll-uu kall-ai ,imper4 sing4 #b4 kall-a2 plur4 #a4 kll-um1 #b4 kall-i4 ,partic4 pres4 kall-andi2 pret4 kallar 7neut4 kallat74 ,infin4 kalla4 ,middle ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,pres4 sg4 #a4 kll-umk kll-umk #b4 kall-ask kall-isk #c4 kall-ask kall-isk pl4 #a4 kll-umk kall-imk #b4 kall-izk kall-izk #c4 kall-ask kall-isk ,pret4 sg4 #a4 kll-uumk kll-uumk #b4 kall-aisk kall-aisk #c4 kall-aisk kall-aisk pl4 #a4 kll-uumk kall-aimk #b4 kll-uuzk kall-aizk #c4 kll-uusk kall-aisk ,imper4 sing4 #b4 kall-ask2 pl4 #a4 kll-umk1 #b4 kall-izk4 ,partic4 pres4 kall-andisk2 pret4 kall-azk neut4 ,infin4 kall-ask4 #afe4 ,so also byrja 7begin71 hrja 7make war71 vakna 7awake74 ,strong-,weak ,verbs #aff4 ,these have old strong preterites for their presents1 from which new weak preterites are formed4 ,,infin4 ,,pres4 ,,sg4 ,,pres4 ,,pl4 ,,prt4 ,,ptc4 eiga 7possess7 eigu tta ttr kunna 7can7 kann kunnu kunna kunnat n4 mega 7can7 m megu mtta mtt n4 muna 7remember7 man munu muna munat n4 munu 7will7 mun munu muna ---- skulu 7shall7 skal skulu skylda skyldr urfa 7need7 arf urfu urfta urft n4 unna 7love7 ann unnu unna unnt n4 vita 7know7 veit vitu vissa vitar #afg4 ,of these verbs munu and skulu have preterite infinitives3 mundu1 skyldu4 ,anomalous ,verbs #afh4 ,vilja 7will73 ,present ,sing4 ,plur4 #a4 vil viljum #b4 vill vili #c4 vill vilja ,subj4 pres4 vili4 ,pret4 ind4 vilda4 ,ptc4 prt4 viljat4 #afi4 ,vera 7be73 ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,pres4 sg4 #a4 em s #b4 ert sr #c4 er s pl4 #a4 erum sm #b4 eru s #c4 eru s ,pret4 sg4 #a4 var vra #b4 vart vrir #c4 var vri pl4 #a4 vrum vrim #b4 vru vri #c4 vru vri ,imper4 sg4 ver2 pl4 veri4 ,ptc4 prt4 verit n4 ,,composition #agj4 ,composition with the genitive is very frequent in ,icelandic4 ,thus by the side of skip-stjrn 7ship-steering7 we find skips-brot 7ship's breaking1 shipwreck71 skipa-hrr 7army of ships1 fleet74 ,genitival composition often expresses possession1 as in konungs-skip 7king's ship74 ,,derivation ,prefixes #aga4 ,prefixes are much less used in ,icelandic than in ,old ,english4 99al-99 'quite1' 'very'3 al-binn 'quite ready1' al-snotr 'very clever4' 99all-99 'all1' 'very'3 all-valdr 'all-ruler1 monarch1' all-harr 'very hard1' all-strum 'very greatly4' 99and-99 'against'3 and-lit 'countenance' 7lita1 look71 and-svar 'answer4' 99fjl-99 'many'3 fjl-mnni 'multitude' 7mar1 man74 99mis-99 'mis-'3 mis-lka 'displease4' 99-99 'un-'3 -frir 'war' 7frir1 peace71 -happ 'misfortune' 7happ luck74 ,endings 7a7 ,nouns ,personal #agb4 99-ingr991 99-ingi991 99-ing993 vkingr 'pirate1' hfingi 'chief1' krling 'old woman4' ,abstract #agc4 99-991 fem4 with mutation3 fgr 'beauty' 7fagr1 fair71 fr 'journey' 7fara1 go71 lng 'length' 7langr1 long74 99-ing991 fem43 svipting 'pulling1' vking 'piracy1' viring 'honour4' 99-leikr991 masc43 kr-leikr 'affection' 7hrr1 dear71 skjt-leikr 'speed' 7skjtr1 swift74 99-an991 99-un991 fem43 skipan 'arrangement1' skmtun 'amusement4' 7b7 ,adjectives #agd4 99-ugr993 rugr 'sagacious1' rugr 'strong4' 99-ttr993 kollttr 'bald1' ndttr 'fierce4' 99-lauss99 '-less'3 f-lauss 'moneyless1' tta-lauss 'without fear4' 99-ligr99 '-ly'3 undr-ligr 'wonderful1' sann-ligr 'probable' 7sannr1 true74 99-samr993 lkn-samr 'gracious1' skyn-samr 'intelligent4' 99-verr99 '-ward'3 ofan-verr 'upper4' 7c7 ,verbs #age4 99-na993 brotna 'be broken' 7brotinn1 broken71 hvtna 'become white1' vakna 'awake4' ,used to form intransitive and inchoative verbs of the third conj4 7d7 ,adverbs #agf4 99-liga99 '-ly'3 undar-liga 'wonderfully1' strk-liga 'strongly' 7strkr1 strong74 99-um991 dat4 pl43 strum 'greatly' 7strr1 great74 ,,syntax #agg4 ,icelandic syntax greatly resembles ,old ,english1 but has several peculiarities of its own4 ,concord #agh4 ,concord is carried out very strictly in ,icelandic3 allir mnn vru bnir 'all the men were ready1' allir vru drepnir 'all were killed4' #agi4 ,a plural adj4 or pronoun referring to two nouns of different 7natural or grammatical7 gender is always put in the neuter3 gekk hann upp1 ok me honum ,loki 7masc471 ok jlfi 7masc471 ok ,rskva 7fem474 er au 7neut47 hfu ltla hri gngit444 'he landed1 and with him ,l41 and 41 and ,r4 ,when they had walked for some time444' ,cases #ahj4 ,the extensive use of the instrumental dative is very characteristic of ,icelandic3 whenever the direct object of a verb can be considered as the instrument of the action expressed by the verb1 it is put in the dative1 as in kasta spjti 'throw a spear' 7lit4 'throw with a spear'71 hann helt hamarskaptinu 'he grasped the handle of the hammer1' heita v 'promise that1' jta v 'agree to that4' ,adjectives #aha4 ,the weak form of adjectives is used as in ,o4,e4 after the definite article1 essi and other demonstratives4 annarr 7other7 is always strong4 #ahb41 ,an adj4 is often set in apposition to a following noun to denote part of it3 eiga hlft drit 'to have half of the animal1' nnur au 'the rest of them1' of mija ntt 'in the middle of the night4' ,pronouns #ahc4 s is often put pleonastically before the definite article inn1 both before and after the subst43 s inn ungi mar 'that young man1' hafit at it djpa 'the deep sea4' #ahd4 ,the definite article is generally not expressed at all1 or else einn1 einnhvrr is used4 #ahe4 ,a noun 7often a proper name7 is often put in apposition to a dual pron4 of the first and second persons1 or a plur4 of the third person3 it flagar1 'thou and thy companions1' me eim ka 'with him and ki4' ,similarly stndr rr upp ok eir flagar ',thor and his companions get up4' #ahf4 ,the plurals vr1 r are sometimes used instead of the singulars ek1 1 especially when a king is speaking or being spoken to4 #ahg4 sik and sr are used in a strictly reflexive sense1 referring back to the subject of the sentence1 like se in ,latin3 orr bau honum til matar me sr ',thor asked him to supper with him4' ,verbs #ahh4 ,the tenses for which there is no inflection in the active1 and all those of the passive1 are formed by the auxiliaries skal 7shall71 hafa 7have71 vera 7be7 with the infin4 and ptc4 pret41 much as in modern ,english4 #ahi4 ,the historical present is much used1 often alternating abruptly with the preterite4 #aij4 ,the middle voice is used3 7#a7 in a purely reflexive sense3 spara 'spare1' sparask 'spare oneself1 reserve one's strength4' 7#b7 intransitively3 ba 'prepare1' bask 'become ready1 be ready'2 stja 'set1' stjask 'sit down'2 sna 'show1' snask 'appear1 seem4' 7#c7 reciprocally3 brja 'strike1' brjask 'fight'2 hitta1 'find1' hittask 'meet4' ,in other cases it specializes the meaning of the verb1 often emphasizing the idea of energy or effort3 koma 'come1' komask 'make one's way4' #aia4 ,the impersonal form of expression is widely used in ,icelandic3 rak storm 7acc47 fyrir eim 'a storm was driven in their face4' #aib4 ,the indef4 'one' is expressed in the same way by the third pers4 sg41 and this form of expression is often used when the subject is perfectly definite3 ok freista skal essar rttar 'and this feat shall be tried 7by you74' #aic4 ,the abrupt change from the indirect to the direct narration is very common3 ,haraldi konungi var sagt at ar var komit bjarndri1 'ok slnzkr mar1' ',king ,harold was told that a bear had arrived1 and that an ,icelander owned it4' ,the direct narration is also used after at 7that73 hann svarar at 'ek skal ra til ,hljar' 'he answers that he will ride to ,hel4' ,,texts ,note3 ,the asterisks are to help find the spots mentioned in the notes4 7,i took out the line numbers to keep the line width as close to #fe characters as possible47 --,b4,c4 ,i4 ,,thor rr er sanna framastr1 s er kallar er sa-rr ea ku-rr2 hann er strkastr allra guanna ok manna4 ,hann ar rki er r-vangar heita1 en hll hans heitir 99 ,bilskrnir2 eim sal eru fimm hundru glfa ok fjrir tigir2 at er hs mest1 sv at mnn hafa grt4 99 rr hafra tv1 er sv heita1 ,tann-gnjstr ok ,tann- grisnir1 ok rei er hann kr1 en hafrarnir draga reiina2 v er hann kallar kurr4 ,hann ok rj kost-gripi4 ,einn eira er hamarrinn ,mjllnir1 er hrm-ursar ok berg- risar knna1 er hann kmr lopt1 ok er at eigi undarligt3 hann hfir lamit margan haus frum ea frndum eira4 ,annan grip hann bztan1 mgin-gjarar2 ok er hann spnnir eim um sik1 vx honum s-mgin hlfu4 ,en 99 rija hlut hann ann er mikill gripr er 1 at eru jrn- glfar2 eira m hann eigi missa vi hamarskaptit4 ,en engi er sv frr at tlja kunni ll str-virki hans4 ,,ii4 ,,thor ,,and ,,gar,,aloki at er upp-haf essa mls at kurr fr me hafra sna 99 ok rei1 ok me honum s ss er ,loki er kallar2 koma eir at kveldi til eins bnda ok f ar ntt-sta4 ,en um kveldit tk rr hafra sna1 ok skar ba2 ptir at vru eir flgnir ok bornir til ktils2 en er soit var1 sttisk 99 rr til ntt-verar ok eir lags-mnn4 rr bau til matar me sr bndanum1 ok konu hans1 ok brnum eira2 sonr bnda ht jlfi1 en ,rskva dttir4 lagi rr hafr- stkurnar utar fr eldinum1 ok mlti at bndi ok heima-mnn hans skyldu kasta hafrstkurnar beinunum4 jlfi1 sonr bnda1 helt lr-lgg hafrsins1 ok sprtti knfi snum1 ok 99 braut til mrgjar4 rr dvalisk ar of nttina2 en ttu 99 fyrir dag st hann upp1 ok klddi sik1 tk hamarinn ,mjllni ok br upp1 ok vgi hafrstkurnar2 stu upp hafrarnir1 ok var annarr haltr ptra fti4 at fann rr1 ok tali at bndinn ea hans hjn mundi eigi skynsamliga hafa farit me beinum hafrsins3 knnir hann at brotinn var lrlggrinn4 ,eigi arf langt fr v at sgja3 vita mgu at allir hvrsu hrddr bndinn mundi vera1 er hann s at rr lt sga brnnar ofan fyrir augun2 en at er s augnanna1 99 hugisk hann falla mundu fyrir sjninni einni samt2 hann 99 hri hndrnar at hamar-skaptinu sv at hvtnuu knarnir4 ,en bndinn gri sem vn var1 ok ll hjnin3 klluu ka- fliga1 bu sr friar1 buu at fyrir kvmi alt at er au ttu4 ,en er hann s hrzlu eira1 gekk af honum mrinn1 ok sefaisk hann2 ok tk af eim stt brn eira1 jlfa ok ,rsku1 ok grusk au skyldir jnustu- mnn rs1 ok fylgja au honum jafnan san4 ,lt hann ar ptir hafra1 ok byrjai frina austr ,jtun-heima1 ok alt til hafsins2 ok fr hann t yfir hafit at it djpa2 en er hann kom til lands1 gekk hann upp1 ok me honum ,loki1 ok jlfi1 ok ,rskva4 er au hfu ltla hr gngit1 var fyrir eim mrk str2 gengu au ann dag allan til myrkrs4 jlfi var allra manna 99 ft-hvatastr2 hann bar kl rs1 en til vista var eigi gott4 er myrkt var orit1 leituu eir sr til nttstaar1 ok 99 fundu fyrir sr skla nakkvarn mjk mikinn1 vru dyrr nda1 ok jafn-breiar sklanum2 ar leituu eir sr ntt- bls4 ,en of mija ntt var land-skjlfti mikill1 gekk jrin undir eim skykkjum1 ok skalf hsit4 st rr upp1 ok ht lagsmnn sna2 ok leituusk fyrir1 ok fundu af-hs til hgri handar i mijum sklanum1 ok gengu annig2 sttisk rr dyrrin1 en nnur au vru innar fr honum1 ok vru au hrdd1 en rr helt hamarskaptinu1 ok hugi at vrja sik2 heyru au ym mikinn ok gn4 ,en er kom at dagan1 gekk rr t1 ok sr hvar l mar skamt fr 99 honum skginum1 ok var s eigi ltill2 hann svaf1 ok hraut strkliga4 ttisk rr ski,ija hvat ltum verit hafi of nttina2 hann spnnir sik mgingjrum1 ok x honum smgin2 en v vaknar mar s1 ok st skjtt upp2 en er sagt at r var bilt einu sinni at sl hann me ham- 99 rinum2 ok spuri hann at nafni1 en s nfndisk ,skrmir3 99 'en eigi arf ek1' sagi hann1 'at spyrja ik at nafni3 knni ek at ert sarr2 en hvrt hfir drgit braut hanzka minn8' ,seildisk ,skrmir til1 ok tk upp hanzka sinn2 sr rr at at hafi hann haft of nttina fyrir skla1 en afhsit at var umlungrinn hanzkans4 ,skrmir spuri ef rr vildi hafa fru-neyti hans1 en rr jtti v4 tk ,skrmir ok leysti nestbagga sinn1 ok bjsk til at eta dgur1 en rr rum sta ok hans flagar4 ,skrmir bau at eir lgi mtu-neyti sitt1 en rr jtti v2 batt ,skrmir nest eira alt einn bagga1 ok lagi bak sr2 hann gekk fyrir of daginn1 ok steig hldr strum1 en san at kveldi leitai ,skrmir eim nttstaar undir eik nakkvarri mikilli4 mlti ,skrmir til rs at hann vill lggjask nir at sofna2 'en r taki nest-baggann1 ok bi til ntt-verar 99 yr4' v nst sofnar ,skrmir1 ok hraut fast2 en rr tk nest-baggann ok skal leysa2 en sv er at sgja1 sem -trligt mun ykkja1 at engi knt fekk hann leyst1 ok engi lar- ndann hreyft1 sv at vri lausari en r4 ,ok er hann sr at etta verk m eigi ntask1 var hann reir1 greip hamarinn ,mjllni tveim hndum1 ok steig fram rum fti at ar er ,skrmir l1 ok lstr hfu honum2 en ,skrmir vaknar1 ok spyrr hvrt laufs-bla nakkvat felli hfu honum1 ea hvrt eir hfi matazk1 ok s bnir til rkkna4 rr sgir at eir munu sofa ganga4 ,ganga au undir ara eik4 ,er at r satt at sgja1 at ekki var 99 ttalaust at sofa4 ,en at miri ntt heyrir rr at ,skrmir hrtr1 ok sfr fast1 sv at dunar skginum4 stndr hann upp1 ok gngr til hans1 reiir hamarinn ttt ok hart1 ok lstr ofan mijan hvirfil honum2 hann knnir at hamars-murinn skkr djpt hfuit4 ,en v bili vaknar ,skrmir1 ok mlti3 'hvat er n8 fell akarn nakkvat hfu mr8 ea hvat er ttt um ik1 rr8' ,en rr gekk aptr skyndiliga1 ok svarar at hann var nvaknar1 sagi at var mi ntt1 ok enn vri ml at sofa4 hugsai rr at1 ef hann kvmi sv fri at sl hann it rija hgg1 at aldri skyldi hann sj sik san2 liggr n ok gtir ef ,skrmir 99 sofnai fast4 ,en ltlu fyrir dagan heyrir hann at ,skrmir mun sofnat hafa2 stndr upp1 ok hleypr at honum1 reiir hamarinn af llu afli ok lstr unn-vangann ann er upp vissi2 skkr hamarrinn upp at skaptinu4 ,en ,skr- mir sttisk upp1 ok strauk of vangann1 ok mlti3 'hvrt munu fuglar nakkvarir sitja trnu yfir mr8 mik grunai1 er ek vaknaa1 at tros nakkvat af kvistunum felli hfu mr2 hvrt vakir 1 rr8 ,ml mun vera upp at standa ok klask1 en ekki eigu r n langa lei fram til borgar- innar er kllu er t-garr4 ,heyrt hfi ek at r hafi kvisat milli yvar at ek vra ekki ltill mar vxti1 en sj skulu r ar strri mnn1 er r komi tgar4 ,n mun ek ra yr heil-ri3 lti r eigi strliga yfir yr1 ekki munu hirmnn tgara-loka vel ola vlkum kgur- sveinum kpur-yri2 en at rum kosti hverfi aptr1 ok ann tla ek yr btra af at taka4 ,en ef r vili fram 99 fara1 stfni r austr1 en ek n norr lei til fjalla essa er n munu r sj mega4' ,tkr ,skrmir nest-bag- garm1 ok kastar bak sr1 ok snr vrs braut skginn fr eim1 ok er ess eigi getit at sirnir bi heila 99 hittask4 rr fr fram lei ok eir flagar1 ok gekk fram til mis dags2 s eir borg standa vllum nkkurum1 ok sttu 99 hnakkann bak sr aptr1 r eir fengu st yfir upp2 ganga til borgarinnar1 ok var grind fyri borg-hliinu1 ok lokin aptr4 rr gekk grindina1 ok fekk eigi upp lokit2 en er eir reyttu at komask borgina1 smugu eir milli spalanna ok kmu sv inn2 s hll mikla1 ok gengu annig2 var hurin opin2 gengu eir inn1 ok s ar marga mnn tv bkki1 ok flesta rit stra4 v nst koma eir fyrir 99 konunginn1 tgaraloka1 ok kvddu hann1 en hann leit seint til eira1 ok glotti um tnn1 ok mlti3 'seint er um langan 99 veg at spyrja tinda1 ea er annan veg en ek hygg1 at essi 99 svein-stauli s kurr8 en meiri muntu vera en mr lzk 2 ea hvat rtta er at er r flagar ykkizk vera vi bnir8 ,engi skal hr vera me oss s er eigi kunni nakkvars konar list ea kunnandi um fram flesta mnn4' sgir s er sast gekk1 er ,loki heitir3 'kann ek rtt1 er ek em al-binn at reyna1 at engi er hr s inni er skjtara skal eta 99 mat sinn en ek4' svarar tgaraloki3 'rtt er at1 ef fnir1 ok freista skal essar rttar2' kallai utar 99 bkkinn at s er ,logi heitir skal ganga glf fram1 ok freista sn mti ,loka4 var tkit trog eitt1 ok borit inn hallar- glfit1 ok fylt af sltri2 sttisk ,loki at rum nda1 en ,logi at rum1 ok t hvrr-tvggja sem tast1 ok mttusk miju troginu2 hafi ,loki etit sltr alt af beinum1 en ,logi hafi ok etit sltr alt ok beinin me1 ok sv trogit2 ok sndisk n llum sem ,loki hfi ltit leikinn4 spyrr tgaraloki hvat s inn ungi mar kunni leika4 ,en jlfi sgir at hann mun freista at rnna skei nkkur vi einn-hvrn ann er tgaraloki fr til4 ,hann sgir1 tgaraloki1 at etta er g rtt1 ok kallar ess meiri vn at hann s vel at sr 99 binn of skjtleikinn1 ef hann skal essa rtt inna2 en ltr hann skjtt essa skulu freista4 ,stndr upp tgara- loki1 ok gngr t1 ok var ar gott skei at rnna ptir slttum vlli4 kallar tgaraloki til sn sveinstaula nakkvarn1 er nfndr er ,hugi1 ok ba hann rnna kpp vi jlfa4 taka eir it fyrsta skei1 ok er ,hugi v framar at hann snsk aptr mti honum at skeis nda4 mlti tgara- loki3 'urfa muntu1 jlfi1 at lggja ik meir fram1 ef skalt vinna leikinn2 en er at satt1 at ekki hafa hr komit eir mnn er mr ykkja fthvatari en sv4' taka eir 99 aptr annat skei1 ok er ,hugi er kominn til skeis nda1 ok hann snsk aptr1 var langt klf-skot til jlfa4 mlti tgaraloki3 'vel ykkir mr jlfi rnna2 en eigi tri ek honum n at hann vinni leikinn1 en n mun reyna1 er eir rnna it rija skeiit4' taka eir nn skei2 en er ,hugi er kominn til skeis nda ok snsk aptr1 ok er 99 jlfi eigi kominn mitt skeiit2 sgja allir at reynt er um enna leik4 spyrr tgaraloki r1 hvat eira rtta mun vera er hann muni vilja birta fyrir eim1 sv miklar sgur sem mnn hafa grt um strvirki hans4 mlti rr at hlzt vill hann at taka til1 at reyta drykkju vi einnhvrn mann4 tgaraloki sgir at at m vel vera2 ok gngr inn hllina1 ok kallar skutil-svein sinn1 bir at hann taki vtis-horn at1 er hirmnn eru vanir at drekka af4 v nst kmr fram skutilsveinn me horninu1 ok fr r hnd4 mlti tgaraloki3 'af horni essu ykkir vel drukkit1 ef einum drykk gngr af1 en sumir mnn drekka af tveim drykkjum1 en engi er sv ltill drykkju- mar1 at eigi gangi af rimr4' rr ltr hornit1 ok snisk ekki mikit1 ok er hldr langt1 en hann er mjk yrstr2 tkr at drekka1 ok svelgr allstrum1 ok hyggr at eigi skal urfa at lta optar at sinni hornit4 ,en er hann raut 99 rindit1 ok hann laut r horninu1 ok sr hvat lei drykkinum1 99 ok lzk honum sv1 sem all-ltill munr mun vera at n s lgra horninu en r4 mlti tgaraloki3 'vel er drukkit1 ok eigi til mikit2 eigi munda-k tra1 ef mr vri sagt fr1 at sarr mundi eigi meira drykk drekka2 en veit ek at munt vilja drekka af rum drykk4' rr svarar engu1 str hornit munn sr1 ok hyggr n at hann skal drekka meira drykk1 ok reytir drykkjuna1 sem honum vannsk til rindi1 ok sr nn at stikillinn hornsins vill ekki upp sv mjk sem honum lkar2 ok er hann tk hornit af munni sr ok sr1 lzk honum n sv1 sem minna hafi orrit en inu fyrra sinni2 er n gott beranda bor horninu4 mlti tgaraloki3 'hvat er n1 rr8 muntu n eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira en r mun hagr vera8 ,sv lzk mr1 ef skalt n drekka af horninu inn rija drykkinn1 sem essi mun mestr tlar2 en ekki 99 muntu mega hr me oss heita sv mikill mar sem sir kalla ik1 ef grir eigi meira af r um ara leika en mr lzk sem um enna mun vera4' var rr reir1 str hornit munn sr1 ok drekkr sem kafligast m hann1 ok reytir sem lngst drykkinn2 en er hann s hornit1 hafi n hlzt nakkvat munr fngizk1 ok br hann upp hornit1 ok vill eigi drekka meira4 mlti tgaraloki3 'au-st er n at mttr inn er ekki sv mikill sem vr hugum2 en vill-tu freista um fleiri leika8 ,sj m n1 at ekki ntir hr af4' rr svarar3 'freista m ek nn of nakkvara leika1 en undarliga mundi mr ykkja1 er ek var heima me sum1 ef vlkir drykkir vri sv ltlir kallair4 ,en hvat leik vili r n bja mr8' mlti tgaraloki3 'at gra hr ungir sveinar er ltit mark mun at ykkja1 at hfja upp af jru ktt minn2 en eigi munda-k kunna at mla vlkt vi sar1 ef ek hfa eigi st fyrr at ert miklu minni fyrir r en ek huga4' v nst hljp fram kttr einn grr hallarglfit1 ok hldr mikill2 en rr gekk til1 ok tk hndi sinni nir undir mijan kviinn1 ok lypti upp1 en kttrinn beygi knginn1 sv sem rr rtti upp hndina2 en er rr seildisk sv langt upp sem hann mtti lngst1 ltti kttrinn einum fti1 ok fr rr eigi framit enna leik4 mlti tgaraloki3 'sv fr essi leikr sem mik vari2 kttrinn er hldr mikill1 en rr er lgr ok ltill hj str- mnni v sem hr er me oss4' mlti rr3 'sv ltinn sem pr kalli mik1 gangi n til einnhvrr1 ok fisk vi mik2 n em ek reir4' svarar tgaraloki1 ok litask um bkkina1 ok mlti3 'eigi s ek ann mann hr inni1 er eigi mun ltil-ri ykkja at fsk vi ik2' ok nn mlti hann3 'sjm fyrst1 kalli mr hingat krlinguna1 fstru mna 99 lli1 ok fisk rr vi hana1 ef hann vill2 flt hfir hon mnn er mr hafa litizk eigi -strkligri en rr er4' v nst gekk hllina krling ein gmul4 mlti tgar- aloki1 at hon skal taka fang vi sar4 ,ekki er langt um4 at gra3 sv fr fang at at v harara er rr knisk at fanginu1 v fastara st hon2 tk krling at leita til raga1 ok var rr lauss ftum1 ok vru r svip- tingar all-harar1 ok eigi lngi r en rr fell kn rum fti4 gekk til tgaraloki1 ba au htta fanginu1 ok sagi sv1 at rr mundi eigi urfa at bja fleirum mnnum fang hans hll2 var ok liit ntt1 vsai tgaraloki r ok eim flgum til stis1 ok dvljask ar ntt-langt gum fagnai4 ,en at morgni1 egar dagai1 stndr rr upp ok eir flagar1 kla sik1 ok eru bnir braut at ganga4 kom ar tgaraloki1 ok lt stja eim bor2 skorti eigi gan fagna1 mat ok drykk4 ,en er eir hafa matazk1 snask eir til frar4 tgaraloki fylgir eim t1 gngr me eim braut r borginni2 en at skilnai mlti tgar- aloki til rs1 ok spyrr hvrnig honum ykkir fr sn orin1 ea hvrt hann hfir hitt rkara mann nakkvarn en sik4 rr svarar at eigi mun hann at sgja1 at eigi hafi hann mikla -sm farit eira vi-skiptum2 'en veit 99 ek at r munu kalla mik ltinn mann fyrir mr1 ok uni ek v illa4' mlti tgaraloki3 'n skal sgja r it sanna1 er ert t kominn r borginni--ok ef ek lifi ok mega-k ra1 skaltu aldri optar hana koma2 ok at veit tra mn1 at aldri hfir hana komit1 ef ek hfa vitat r at hfir sv mikinn krapt me r1 ok hafir sv nr haft oss mikilli -fru4 ,en sjn-hvrfingar hfi ek grt r1 sv at fyrsta sinn1 er ek fann ik skginum1 kom ek til fundar vi yr2 ok er skyldir leysa nestbaggann1 hafa-k bundit me gres-jrni1 en fannt eigi hvar upp skyldi lka4 ,en v nst laust mik me hamrinum rj hgg1 ok var it fyrsta minst1 ok var sv mikit1 at mr mundi ndask til bana1 ef hfi komit2 en ar er stt hj hll minni set-berg1 ok ar stt-u ofan rj dala fer- skeytta ok einn djpastan1 at vru hamarspor in2 setber- ginu br ek fyrir hggin en eigi stt at4 ,sv var ok of leikana1 er r reyttu vi hirmnn mna4 var at it fyrsta1 er ,loki gri2 hann var mjk soltinn1 ok t ttt2 en s er ,logi ht1 at var villi-eldr1 ok brndi hann eigi seinna sltrit en trogit4 ,en er jlfi reytti rsina vi ann er ,hugi ht1 at var hugi minn1 ok var jlfa eigi vnt at reyta skjt-fri vi hann4 ,en er drakkt af horninu1 ok tti r seint la1--en at veit tra mn1 at var at undr1 er ek munda eigi tra at vera mtti2 annarr ndir hornsins var t hafi1 en at sttu eigi2 en n1 er kmr til svarins1 mun-tu sj mega1 hvrn ur hfir drukkit snum4' at eru n fjrur kallaar4 ,ok nn mlti hann3 'eigi tti mr hitt minna vera vert1 er lyptir upp kt- tinum1 ok r satt at sgja1 hrddusk allir eir er s1 er lyptir af jru einum ftinum2 en s kttr var eigi sem r sndisk2 at var ,migars-ormr1 er liggr um lnd ll1 ok vannsk honum varliga lngin til1 at jrina tki sporr ok hfu2 ok sv langt seildisk upp at skamt var til himins4 ,en hitt var ok mikit undr um fangit1 er fekkzk vi lli2 fyrir v at engi hfir s orit1 ok engi mun vera1 ef sv gamall er at lli br1 at eigi komi llin llum til falls4 ,ok er n at stt at sgja1 at vr munum skiljask1 ok mun btr hvrratvggju handar at r komi eigi optar mik at hitta2 ek mun nn annat sinn vrja borg mna me vlkum vlum ea rum1 sv at ekki vald munu r mr f4' ,en er rr heyri essa tlu1 greip hann til hamarsins1 ok bregr lopt2 en er hann skal fram reia1 sr hann ar hvrgi tgaraloka1 ok snsk hann aptr til borgarinnar1 ok tlask fyrir at brjta borgina2 sr hann ar vllu va ok fagra1 en enga borg4 ,snsk hann aptr1 ok frr lei sina1 til ess er hann kom aptr r- vanga4 ,,iii4 ,,balder ,annarr sonr ins er ,baldr1 ok er fr honum gott at sgja3 hann er bztr1 ok hann lofa allir4 ,hann er sv fagr -litum ok bjartr sv at lsir af honum2 ok eitt gras er sv hvtt at jafnat er til ,baldrs brr1 at er allra grasa hvtast2 ok ar ptir mttu marka hans fgr1 bi hr ok lki2 hann er vitrastr sanna1 ok fgrstr talir ok lknsamastr4 ,en s nttra fylgir honum at engi m haldask dmr hans4 99 ,hann br ar sem heitir ,breia-blik1 at er himni2 eim sta m ekki vera -hreint1 sv sem hr sgir3 ,breiablik heita1 ar er ,baldr hfir sr of grva sali2 v landi er ek liggja veit fsta feikn-stafi4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,balder at er upphaf essar sgu1 at ,baldr inn ga dreymi drauma stra ok httliga um lf sitt4 ,en er hann sagi sunum draumana1 bru eir saman r sn1 ok var at grt at beia gria ,baldri fyrir alls konar hska2 ok ,frigg tk svardaga til ess1 at eira skyldu ,baldri eldr ok vatn1 jrn ok alls konar mlmr1 steinar1 jrin1 viirnir1 sttirnar1 drin1 fuglarnir1 eitr1 ormar4 ,en er etta var grt ok vitat1 var at skmtun ,baldrs ok sanna at hann skyldi standa upp ingum1 en allir arir skyldu sumir skjta hann1 sumir hggva til1 sumir brja grjti4 ,en hvat sem at var grt1 sakai hann ekki1 ok tti etta llum mikill frami4 ,en er 99 etta s ,loki ,laufeyjar-son1 lkai honum illa er ,baldr sakai ekki4 ,hann gekk til ,fn-salar til ,friggjar1 ok br sr konu lki2 spyrr ,frigg ef s kona vissi hvat sir hfusk at inginu4 ,hon sagi at allir skutu at ,baldri1 ok at1 at hann sakai ekki4 mlti ,frigg3 'eigi munu vpn ea viir granda ,baldri2 eia hfi ek git af llum eim4' spyrr konan3 'hafa allir hlutir eia unnit at eira ,baldri8' svarar ,frigg3 'vx viar-teinungr einn fyrir vestan ,val-hll2 s er ,mistilteinn kallar2 s tti mr ungr 99 at krfja eisins4' v nst hvarf konan braut2 en ,loki tk ,mistiltein ok sleit upp1 ok gekk til ings4 ,en ,hr st utarliga mannhringinum1 v at hann var blindr4 mlti ,loki vi hann3 'hv sktr ekki at ,baldri8' ,hann svarar3 'v at ek s eigi1 hvar ,baldr er1 ok at annat1 at ek em vapnlauss4' mlti ,loki3 'gr-u lking annarra1 manna1 ok veit ,baldri sm sem arir mnn2 ek mun vsa r til1 hvar hann stndr2 skjt at honum vndi essum4' ,hr tk ,mistiltein1 ok skaut at ,baldri at tilvsun ,loka2 flaug skotit ggnum hann1 ok fell hann daur til jarar2 ok hfir at mest -happ verit unnit me goum ok mnnum4 99 er ,baldr var fallinn1 fellusk llum sum or-tk1 ok sv hndr at taka til hans2 ok s hvrr til annars1 ok vru 99 allir me einum hug til ess er unnit hafi verkit2 en engi mtti hfna3 ar var sv mikill gria-star4 ,en er sirnir freistuu at mla1 var hitt fyrr1 at grtrinn 99 kom upp1 sv at engi mtti rum sgja me orunum fr snum harmi4 ,en inn bar eim mun vrst enna skaa1 sem hann kunni mesta skyn1 hvrsu mikil af-taka ok missa sunum var fr-falli ,baldrs4 ,en er goin vitkuusk1 mlti ,frigg ok spuri1 hvrr s vri me sum1 er eignask vildi allar stir hennar ok hylli1 ok vili hann ra hl-veg 99 ok freista ef hann fi fundit ,baldr1 ok bja ,hlju t-lausn1 ef hon vill lta fara ,baldr heim s-gar4 ,en s er nfndr ,hrmr inn hvati1 sonr ins1 er til eirar farar var4 var tkinn ,sleipnir1 hestr ins1 ok leiddr fram1 ok steig ,hrmr ann hest1 ok hleypi braut4 ,en sirnir tku lk ,baldrs ok fluttu til svar4 ,hring- horni ht skip ,baldrs1 hann var allra skipa mestr2 hann vildu goin fram stja1 ok gra ar bl-fr ,baldrs2 en skipit gekk hvrgi fram4 var snt ,jtunheima ptir ggi eiri er ,hyrrokin ht2 en er hon kom1 ok rei vargi1 ok hafi hgg-orm at taumum1 hljp hon af hestinum1 en inn kallai til ber-srki fjra at gta hestsins1 ok fengu eir eigi haldit1 nema eir fldi hann4 gekk ,hyrrokin 99 fram-stafn nkkvans1 ok hratt fram fyrsta vi-bragi1 sv at eldr hraut r hlunnunum1 ok lnd ll skulfu4 var rr reir1 ok greip hamarinn1 ok mundi brjta hfu hnnar1 r en goin ll bu hnni friar4 var borit t skipit lk ,baldrs2 ok er at s kona hans1 ,nanna1 ,neps dttir1 sprakk hon af harmi1 ok d2 var hon borin blit1 ok slgit eldi4 st rr at1 ok vgi blit me ,mjllni2 en fyrir ftum hans rann dvergr nakkvarr1 s er ,litr nfndr2 en rr spyrndi fti snum hann1 ok hratt honum eldinn1 ok brann hann4 ,en at essi brnnu stti margs konar j3 fyrst at sgja fr ni1 at me honum fr ,frigg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar hans2 en ,freyr k krru me glti eim er ,gullin-bursti heitir ea ,slrug-tanni2 en ,heimdallr rei hesti eim er ,gull-toppr heitir2 en ,freyja kttum snum4 ar kmr ok mikit flk hrmursa1 ok berg- risar4 inn lagi blit gullhring ann er ,draupnir heitir2 honum fylgi san s nttra1 at hina nundu hvrja ntt drupu af honum tta gullhringar jafn-hfgir4 ,hestr ,baldrs var leiddr blit me llu reii4 ,en at er at sgja fr ,hrmi1 at hann rei nu ntr dkkva dala ok djpa1 sv at hann s ekki1 fyrr en hann kom til rinnar ,gjallar1 ok rei ,gjallar-brna2 hon er k lsi-gulli4 ,mgur er nfnd mr s er gtir brar- innar2 hon spuri hann at nafni ea tt1 ok sagi at hinn fyrra dag riu um brna fimm fylki daura manna2 'en eigi dynr brin minnr undir einum r1 ok eigi hfir lit daura manna2 hv rr hr hlveg8' ,hann svarar at 'ek skal ra til hljar at leita ,baldrs1 ea hvrt hfir nakkvat st ,baldr hlvegi8' ,en hon sagi at ,baldr hafi ar riit um ,gjallarbr2 'en nir ok norr liggr hlvegr4' rei ,hrmr ar til er hann kom at hl-grindum2 steig hann af hestinum1 ok gyri hann fast1 steig upp1 ok keyri hann sporum1 en hestrinn hljp sv hart1 ok yfir grindina1 at hann kom hvrgi nr4 rei ,hrmr heim til hallar- 99 innar1 ok steig af hesti1 gekk inn hllina1 s ar sitja ndvegi ,baldr1 brur sinn2 ok dvalisk ,hrmr ar um nttina4 ,en at morgni beiddisk ,hrmr af ,hlju at ,baldr skyldi ra heim me honum1 ok sagi hvrsu mikill grtr var me sum4 ,en ,hl sagi at at skyldi sv reyna1 99 hvrt ,baldr var sv st-sll sem sagt er2 'ok ef allir hlutir heiminum1 kykvir ok dauir1 grta hann1 skal hann fara til sa aptr1 en haldask me ,hlju1 ef nakkvarr mllr vi1 ea vill eigi grta4' st ,hrmr upp1 en ,baldr leiir hann t r hllinni1 ok tk hringinn ,draupni1 ok sndi ni til minja1 en ,nanna sndi ,frigg ripti ok nn fleiri gjafar1 ,fullu fingr-gull4 rei ,hrmr aptr lei sna1 ok kom sgar1 ok sagi ll tindi au er hann hafi st ok heyrt4 v nst sndu sir um allan heim rind-reka1 at bija at ,baldr vri grtinn r hlju2 en allir gru at1 mnninir1 ok kykvendin1 ok jrin1 ok steinarnir1 ok tr1 ok allr mlmr2 sv sem munt st hafa1 at essir hlutir grta1 er eir koma r frosti ok hita4 er sndi-mnn fru heim1 ok hfu vel rekit sn rindi1 finna eir hlli nkkurum hvar 99 ggr sat2 hon nfndisk kk4 eir bija hana grta ,baldr r hlju4 ,hon svarar3 'kk mun grta urrum trum ,baldrs blfarar2 kyks n daus naut-k-a-k karls sonar2 99 haldi ,hl v es hfir6' ,en ess geta mnn1 at ar hafi verit ,loki ,laufeyjar-son1 er flest hfir ilt grt me sum4 ,v4 ,,he,,inn ,,and ,h,,gni ,konungr s er ,hgni er nfndr tti dttur1 er ,hildr ht4 ,hana tk at hr-fangi konungr s er ,hinn ht1 ,hjarranda- son4 var ,hgni konungr farinn konunga-stfnu2 en er hann spuri at hrjat var rki hans1 ok dttir hans var braut tkin1 fr hann me snu lii at leita ,hins1 ok spuri til hans at ,hinn hafi siglt norr me landi4 99 er ,hgni konungr kom ,noreg1 spuri hann at ,hinn hafi siglt vestr um haf4 siglir ,hgni ptir honum allt til ,orkn-eyja2 ok er hann kom ar sem heitir ,h-ey1 99 var ar fyrir ,hinn me li sitt4 fr ,hildr fund fur sns1 ok bau honum mn at stt af hndi ,hins1 en ru ori sagi hon at ,hinn vri binn at brjask1 ok tti ,hgni af honum engrar vgar vn4 ,hgni svrar stirt dttur sinni2 en er hon hitti ,hin1 sagi hon honum1 at ,hgni vildi enga stt1 ok ba hann bask til orrostu1 ok sv gra eir hvrir-tvggju1 ganga upp eyna1 ok fylkja liinu4 kallar ,hinn ,hgna1 mg sinn1 ok bau honum stt ok mikit gull at btum4 svarar ,hgni3 'of s bauzt-u etta1 ef vill sttask1 v at n hfi ek drgit ,dins-leif1 er dvergarnir gru1 er manns bani skal vera1 hvrt sinn er brt er1 ok aldri bilar hggvi1 ok ekki sr grr1 ef ar skeinisk af4' svarar ,hinn3 'sveri hlir ar1 en eigi sigri2 at kalla ek gott hvrt er drttin- holt er4' hfu eir orrostu er ,hjaninga-vg er kallat1 ok brusk ann dag allan1 ok at kveldi fru konungar til skipa4 ,en ,hildr gekk of nttina til valsins1 ok vaki upp me fjlkyngi alla er dauir vru2 ok annan dag gengu konungarnir vg-vllinn ok brusk1 ok sv allir eir er fellu hinn fyrra daginn4 ,fr sv s orrosta hvrn dag ptir annan1 at allir eir er fellu1 ok ll vpn au er lgu vgvlli1 ok sv hlfar1 uru at grjti4 ,en er dagai1 stu upp allir dauir mnn1 ok brusk1 ok ll vpn vru n4 ,sv er sagt kvum1 at ,hjaningar skulu sv ba ragna-rkrs4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,olaf ,,tryggvason ,sveinn konungr tjgu-skgg tti ,sigri hina str-ru4 ,sigrr var hinn mesti -vinr lfs konungs ,tryggva-sonar2 ok fann at til saka at lfr konungr hafi slitit einka-mlum vi hana1 ok lostit hana and-lit4 ,hon ggjai mjk ,svein konung til at halda orrostu vi lf konung ,tryggvason1 ok kom hon sv snum for-tlum at ,sveinn konungr var full- kominn at gra etta r4 ,ok snimma um vrit sndi ,sveinn konungr mnn austr til ,sv-jar fund lfs konungs ,sva-konungs1 mgs sns1 ok ,eirks jarls2 ok lt sgja eim at lfr1 ,noregs konungr1 hafi leiangr ti1 ok tlai at fara um sumarit til ,vind-lands4 ,fylgi at or-snding ,dana-konungs1 at eir ,svakonungr ok ,eirkr jarl skyldi hr ti hafa1 ok fara til mts vi ,svein konung1 skyldu eir allir samt lggja til orrostu vi lf konung ,tryggva- son4 ,en lfr ,svakonungr ok ,eirkr jarl vru essar frar al-bnir1 ok drgu saman skipa-hr mikinn af ,sva- vldi1 fru v lii sur til ,dan-markar ok kvmu ar sv1 99 at lfr konungr ,tryggvason hafi r austr siglt4 eir ,svakonungr ok ,eirkr jarl heldu til fundar vi ,danakonung1 ok hfu allir saman -grynni hrs4 ,sveinn konungr1 er hann hafi snt ptir hrinum1 sndi hann ,sigvalda jarl til ,vindlands at njsna um fr lfs konungs ,tryggvasonar1 ok gildra sv til1 at fundr eira ,sveins konungs mtti vera4 ,frr ,sigvaldi jarl lei sna1 ok kom fram ,vindlandi1 fr til ,jmsborgar1 ok san fund lfs konungs ,tryggvasonar4 ,vru ar mikil vinttu-ml eira meal1 kom jarl sr hinn mesta krleik vi lf konung4 strr kona jarls1 dttir ,burizleifs konungs1 var vinr mikill lfs konungs1 ok var at mjk af hinum fyrrum tngum1 er lafr konungr hafi tt ,geiru1 systur 99 hnnar4 ,sigvaldi jarl var mar vitr ok rugr2 en er hann kom sr ra-gr vi lf konung1 dvali hann mjk frina hans austan at sigla1 ok fann til ess mjk msa hluti4 99 ,en li lfs konungs lt geysi illa1 ok vru mnn mjk heim-fsir1 er eir lgu albnir1 en ver byr-vn4 ,sigvaldi jarl fekk njsn leyniliga af ,danmrk1 at var austan kominn hrr ,svakonungs1 ok ,eirkr jarl hafi ok binn sinn hr1 ok eir hfingjarnir mundu koma austr undir ,vindland1 ok eir hfu kveit1 at eir mundu ba lfs konungs vi ey er ,svlr heitir1 sv at1 at jarl skyldi sv til stilla 99 at eir mtti ar finna lf konung4 kom pati nakkvarr til ,vindlands1 at ,sveinn ,dana- konungr hfi hr ti1 ok grisk brtt s kurr1 at ,sveinn ,danakonungr mundi vilja finna lf konung4 ,en ,sigvaldi jarl sgir konungi3 'ekki er at r ,sveins konungs at lggja til bardaga vi ik me ,dana-hr einn saman1 sv mikinn hr sem r hafi4 ,en ef yr er nakkvarr grunr v1 at -frir muni fyrir1 skal ek fylgja yr me mnu 99 lii1 ok tti at styrkr vera fyrr1 hvar sem ,jms-vkingar fylgu hfingjum2 mun ek f r ellifu skip vel skipu4' ,konungr jtti essu4 ,var ltit ver ok hag-sttt2 lt konungr leysa flotann1 ok blsa til brott-lgu4 ,drgu mnn segl sn1 ok gengu meira sm-skipin ll1 ok sigldu 99 au undan haf t4 ,en jarl sigldi nr konungs-skipinu1 ok kallai til eira1 ba konung sigla ptir sr3 'mr er kunnast1' sgir hann1 'hvar djpast er um eyja-sundin1 en r munu ess urfa me au in stru skipin4' ,sigldi jarl fyrir me snum skipum4 ,hann hafi ellifu skip1 en konungr sigldi ptir honum me sinum str-skipum1 hafi hann ar ok ellifu skip1 en allr annarr hrrinn sigldi t hafit4 ,en er ,sigvaldi jarl sigldi utan at ,svlr1 rri mti eim skta ein4 eir sgja jarli at hrr ,dana- konungs l ar hfninni fyrir eim4 lt jarl hlaa seglunum1 ok ra eir inn undir eyna4 ,sveinn ,danakonungr ok lfr ,svakonungr ok ,eirkr jarl vru ar me allan hr sinn2 var fagrt ver ok bjart sl-skin4 ,gengu eir n upp hlminn allir hfingjar me miklar sveitir manna1 ok s er skipin sigldu t hafit mjk mrg saman4 ,ok n sj eir hvar siglir eitt mikit skip ok glsiligt2 mltu bir konungarnir3 'etta er mikit skip ok kafliga fagrt1 etta mun vera ,ormrinn langi4' ,eirkr jarl svarar ok sgir3 'ekki er etta ,ormr hinn langi4' ,ok sv var sem hann sagi2 etta skip tti ,eindrii af ,gimsum4 ,ltlu sar s eir hvar annat skip sigldi miklu meira en hit fyrra4 mlti ,sveinn konungr3 'hrddr er lfr ,tryggvason n1 eigi orir hann at sigla me hfuin skipi snu4' sgir ,eirkr jarl3 'ekki er etta konungs skip1 knni ek etta skip ok seglit1 v at stafat er seglit1 at ,erlingr ,skjlgsson2 ltum sigla 1 btra er oss skar ok missa flota lfs konungs en etta skip ar sv bit4' ,en stundu sar s eir ok kndu skip ,sigvalda jarls1 ok viku an annig at hlmanum4 s eir hvar sigldu rj skip1 ok var eitt mikit skip4 ,mlti ,sveinn konungr1 bir ganga til skipa sinna1 sgir at ar frr ,ormrinn langi4 ,eirkr jarl mlti3 'mrg hafa eir nnur str skip ok glsilig en ,orm hinn langa1 bum nn4' mltu mjk margir mnn3 'eigi vill ,eirkr jarl n brjask1 ok hfna fur sns2 etta er skmm mikil1 sv at spyrjask mun um ll lnd1 ef vr liggjum hr me jafn-miklu lii1 en lfr konungr sigli hafit t hr hj oss sjlfum4' ,en er eir hfu etta talat um hr1 s eir hvar sigldu fjogur skip1 ok eitt af eim var drki all-mikill ok mjk gull-binn4 st upp ,sveinn konungr1 ok mlti3 'htt mun ,ormrinn bera mik kveld1 honum skal ek stra4' mltu margir1 at ,ormrinn var furu mikit skip ok frtt1 ok rausn mikil at lta gra slkt skip4 mlti ,eirkr jarl1 sv at nakkvarir mnn heyru3 'tt lfr konungr hfi ekki meira skip en etta1 mundi ,sveinn konungr at aldri f af honum me einn saman ,danahr4' ,dreif flkit til skipanna1 ok rku af tjldin1 ok tluu at bask skjtliga4 ,en er hfingjar rddu etta milli sn1 sem n er sagt1 s eir1 hvar sigldu rj skip all-mikil1 ok fjra sast1 ok var at ,ormrinn langi4 ,en au hin stru skip1 er r hfu siglt1 ok eir hugu at ,ormrinn vri1 at var hit fyrra ,traninn1 en hit sara ,ormrinn skammi4 ,en er eir s ,orminn langa1 kndu allir1 ok mlti engi mt1 at ar mundi sigla lfr ,tryggvason2 gengu til skipanna1 ok skipuu til at- lgunnar4 ,vru at einkaml eira hfingja1 ,sveins konungs1 lfs konungs1 ,eirks jarls1 at sinn rijung ,noregs skyldi eignask hvrr eira1 ef eir fldi lf konung ,tryggvason2 en s eira hfingja er fyrst gengi ,orminn1 skyldi eignask alt at hlut-skipti er ar fengisk1 ok hvrr eira au skip er sjlfr hryi4 ,eirkr jarl hafi bara einn geysi mikinn1 er hann var vanr at hafa viking2 ar var skgg ofan- veru barinu hvrutvggja1 en nir fr jrn-spng ykk ok sv brei sem barit1 ok tk alt s ofan4 er eir ,sigvaldi jarl rru inn undir hlminn1 s at eir orkll dyrill af ,trananum ok arir skip-stjrn- ar-mnn1 eir er me honum fru1 at jarl snri skipum undir hlmann2 hlu eir ok seglum1 ok rru ptir honum1 ok klluu til eira1 spuru1 hv eir fru sv4 ,jarl sgir1 at hann vill ba lfs konungs3 'ok er meiri vn at frir s fyrir oss4' ,ltu eir fljta skipin1 ar til er orkll nfja kom me ,orminn skamma1 ok au rj skip er honum fylgu4 ,ok vru eim sg hin smu tindi2 hlu eir ok snum seglum1 ok ltu fljta1 ok biu lfs konungs4 ,en er konungrinn sigldi innan at hl- manum1 rri allr hrrinn t sundit fyrir 4 ,en er eir s at1 a bu eir konunginn sigla lei sna1 en lggja eigi til orrostu vi sv mikinn hr4 ,konungr svarar htt1 ok st upp lyptingunni3 'lti ofan seglit1 ekki skulu mnir mnn hyggja fltta1 ek hfi aldri flit orrostu1 ri ,gu fyrir lfi mnu1 en aldri mun ek fltta lggja4' ,var sv grt sem konungr mlti4 lfr konungr lt blsa til sam-lgu llum skipum snum4 ,var konungs skip miju lii1 en ar annat bor ,ormrinn skammi1 en annat bor ,traninn4 ,en er eir tku at tngja stafna ,orminum langa ok ,orminum skamma1 ok er konungr s at1 kallai hann htt1 ba lggja fram btr hit mikla skipit1 ok lta at eigi aptast vera allra skipa hrinum4 svarar lfr hinn raui3 'ef ,orminn skal v lngra fram lggja1 sem hann er lngri en nnur skip1 mun -vint vera um sxin dag4' ,konungr sgir3 'eigi vissa ek at ek tta stafnbann bi rauan ok ragan4' lfr mlti3 'vr eigi meir baki lyptingina en ek mun stafninn4' ,konungr helt boga1 ok lagi r strng1 ok snri at lfi4 lfr mlti3 'skjt annan veg1 konungr annig sem meiri er rfin2 r vinn ek at er ek vinn4' lfr konungr st lyptingu ,orminum1 bar hann htt 99 mjk2 hann hafi gyltan skjld ok gull-roinn hjlm2 var hann au-kndr fr rum mnnum3 hann hafi rauan kyrtil stuttan utan yfir brynju4 ,en er lfr konungr s at riluusk flotarnir1 ok upp vru stt mrki fyrir hfingjum1 spyrr hann3 'hvrr er hfingi fyrir lii v er ggnt oss er8' ,honum var sagt at ar var ,sveinn konungr tjguskgg me ,danahr4 ,konungr svarar3 'ekki hrumk vr bleyur r1 engi er hugr ,dnum4 ,en hvrr hfingi fylgir eim mrkjum er ar eru t fr hgra veg8' ,honum var sagt at ar var lfr konungr me ,sva-hr4 lfr konungr sgir3 'btra vri ,svum heima at sleikja um blt- bolla sna en ganga ,orminn undir vpn yur4 ,en hvrir eigu au hin stru skip1 er ar liggja t bak-bora ,dnum8' 'ar er1' sgja eir ',eirkr jarl ,hkonar-son4' svarai lfr konungr3 'hann mun ykkjask eiga vi oss skapligan fund1 ok oss er vn snarpligrar orrostu af v lii2 eir eru ,nor-mnn1 sem vr erum4' ,san greia konungar at-rr4 ,lagi ,sveinn konungr sitt skip mti ,orminum langa1 en lfr konungr ,snski lagi t fr1 ok stakk stfnum at yzta skipi lfs konungs ,tryggvasonar1 en rum megin ,eirkr jarl4 ,tksk ar hr orrosta4 ,sigvaldi jarl lt skotta vi sn skip1 ok lagi ekki til orrostu4 essi orrosta var hin snarpasta ok all-mann-sk4 ,fram- byggjar ,orminum langa ok ,orminum skamma ok ,trananum fru akkeri ok stafn-lj skip ,sveins konungs1 en ttu vpnin at bera nir undir ftr sr2 hruu eir ll au skip er eir fengu haldit4 ,en konungrinn ,sveinn ok at li er undan komsk fli nnur skip1 ok ar nst lgu eir fr r skot-mli4 ,ok fr essi hrr sv sem gat lfr konungr ,tryggvason4 lagi ar at stainn lfr ,svakonungr2 ok egar er eir koma nr strskipum1 fr eim sem hinum1 at eir ltu li mikit ok sum skip sn1 ok lgu fr vi sv bit4 ,en ,eirkr jarl s-byri ,baranum vi hit yzta skip lfs konungs1 ok hrau hann at1 ok hj egar at r tngslum1 en lagi at v1 er ar var nst1 ok barisk til ess er at var hroit4 ,tk liit at hlaupa af hinum smrum skipunum1 ok upp strskipin4 ,en ,eirkr jarl hj hvrt r tngslunum1 sv sem hroit var4 ,en ,danir ok ,svar lgu skotml ok llum megin at skipum lfs konungs1 en ,eirkr jarl l valt sbyrt vi skipin1 ok tti hgg-orrostu4 ,en sv sem mnn fellu skipum hans1 gengu arir upp stainn1 ,svar ok ,danir4 var orrosta hin snarpasta1 ok fell mjk liit1 ok kom sv at lykum1 at ll vru hroin skip lfs konungs ,tryggvasonar nema ,ormrinn langi2 var ar alt li komit1 at er vgt var hans manna4 lagi ,eirkr jarl ,baranum at ,orminum langa sbyrt1 ok var ar hggorrosta4 ,eirlkr jarl var fyrir-rmi skipi snu1 ok var ar fylkt me skjald-borg4 ,var bi hggorrosta1 ok spjtum lagit1 ok kastat llu v er til vpna var1 en sumir skutu boga-skoti ea hand-skoti4 ,var a sv mikill vpnaburr ,orminn1 at varla mtti hlfum vi koma1 er sv ykt flugu spjt ok rvar2 v at llum megin lgu hrskip at ,orminum4 ,en mnn lfs konungs vru sv ir1 at eir hljpu upp borin1 til ess at n me svers-hggum at drepa flkit4 ,en margir lgu eigi sv undir ,orminn1 at eir vildi hggorrostu vera4 ,en lfs mnn gengu flestir t af borunum1 ok gu eigi annars en eir brisk slttum vlli1 ok sukku nir me vpnum snum4 ,einarr ambar-sklfir var ,orminum aptr krappa-rmi2 hann skaut af boga1 ok var allra manna har-skeytastr4 ,einarr skaut at ,eirki jarli1 ok laust stris-hnakkann fyrir ofan hfu jarli1 ok gekk alt upp reyr-bndin4 ,jarl leit til1 ok spuri ef eir vissi1 hvrr skaut4 ,en jafn-skjtt kom nnur r sv nr jarli1 at flaug milli sunna ok handarinnar1 ok sv aptr hfa-fjlina1 at langt st t broddrinn4 mlti jarl vi mann ann er sumir nfna ,finn1 en sumir sgja at hann vri ,finskr1 s var hinn mesti bog-mar3 'skjt-tu mann ann hinn mikla krapparminu6' ,finnr skaut1 ok kom rin boga ,einars mijan1 v bili er ,einarr dr it rija sinn bogann4 ,brast boginn tv hluti4 mlti lfr konungr3 'hvat brast ar sv htt8' ,einarr svarar3 ',noregr r hndi r1 konungr6' ',eigi mun sv mikill brestr at orinn1' sgir konungr1 'tak boga minn1 ok skjt af1' ok kastai boganum til hans4 ,einarr tk bogann1 ok dr egar fyrir odd rvarinnar1 ok mlti3 'ofveikr1 ofveikr allvalds boginn6' ok kastai aptr boganum2 tk skjld sinn ok sver1 ok barisk4 lfr konungr ,tryggvason st lypting ,orminum1 ok skaut optast um daginn1 stundum bogaskoti1 en stundum gaflkum1 ok jafnan tveim snn4 ,hann s fram skipit1 ok s sna mnn reia sverin ok hggva ttt1 ok s at illa bitu2 mlti htt3 'hvrt reii r sv slliga sverin1 er ek s at ekki bta yr8' ,mar svarar3 'sver vr eru sl ok brotin mjk4' gekk konungr ofan fyrirrmit ok lauk upp hstis-kistuna1 tk ar r mrg sver hvss1 ok fekk mnnum4 ,en er hann tk nir hinni hgri hndi1 s mnn at bl rann ofan undan bryn-stkunni2 en engi vissi hvar hann var srr4 ,mest var vrnin ,orminum ok mannskust af fyrirrms- mnnum ok stafnbum2 ar var hvrttvggja1 valit mest mann-flkit ok hst borin4 ,en li fell fyrst um mitt skipit4 ,ok er ftt st manna upp um siglu-skei1 r ,eirkr jarl til upp-gngunnar1 ok kom upp ,orminn vi fimtnda 99 mann4 kom mt honum ,hyrningr1 mgr lfs konungs1 me sveit manna1 ok var ar inn harasti bardagi1 ok lauk sv1 at jarl hrkk ofan aptr ,barann2 en eir mnn er honum hfu fylgt fellu sumir1 en sumir vru srir4 ar var nn in snarpasta orrosta1 ok fellu margir mnn ,orminum4 ,en er yntisk skipan ,orminum til varnarinnar1 r ,eirkr jarl annat sinn til uppgngu ,orminn4 ,var nn hr vi-taka4 ,en er etta s stafnbar ,orminum1 gengu eir aptr skipit1 ok snask til varnar mti jarli1 ok veita hara vitku4 ,en fyrir v at var sv mjk fallit li ,orminum1 at va vru au borin1 tku jarls mnn va upp at ganga4 ,en alt at li er st upp til varnar ,orminum stti aptr skipit1 ar sem konungr var4 ,kolbjrn stallari gekk upp lypting til konungs2 eir hfu mjk lkan kla-bna ok vpna1 ,kolbjrn var ok 99 allra manna mestr ok frastr4 ,var n nn fyrirrminu in snarpasta orrosta4 ,en fyrir sk at var sv mikit flk komit upp ,orminn af lii jarls sem vera mtti skipinu1 en skip hans lgu at llum megin utan at ,orminum1 en ltit fjl-mnni til varnar mti sv miklum hr1 n tt eir mnn vri bi strkir ok frknir1 fellu n flestir ltilli stundu4 ,en lfr konungr sjlfr ok eir ,kolbjrn bir hljpu fyrir bor1 ok sitt bor hvrr4 ,en jarls mnn hfu lagt utan at sm-sktur1 ok drpu er kaf hljpu4 ,ok er konungr sjlfr hafi kaf hlaupit1 vildu eir taka hann hndum1 ok fra ,eirki jarli4 ,en lfr konungr br yfir sik skildinum1 ok steypisk kaf2 en ,kolbjrn stallari skaut undir sik skildinum1 ok hlfi sr sv vi vpnum er lagt var af skipum eim er undir lgu1 ok fell hann sv sinn at skjldrinn var undir honum1 ok komsk hann v eigi kaf sv skjtt1 ok var hann hand-tkinn ok drginn upp sktuna1 ok hugu eir at ar vri konungrinn4 ,var hann leiddr fyrir jarl4 ,en er ess var jarl varr at ar var ,kolbjrn1 en eigi lfr konungr1 vru ,kolbirni gri gefin4 ,en essi svipan hljpu allir fyrir bor af ,orminum1 eir er vru lfi1 lfs konungs mnn2 ok sgir ,hall- frer vandra-skld1 at orkll nfja1 konungs brir1 hljp sast allra manna fyrir bor4 ,sv var fyrr ritat1 at ,sigvaldi jarl kom til fruneytis vi lf konung ,vindlandi1 ok hafi tu skip1 en at hit ellifta1 er vru mnn strar konungs-dttur1 konu jarls4 ,en er lfr konungr hafi fyrir bor hlaupit1 pi hrrinn allr sigr-p1 ok lustu eir rum s ,sigvaldi jarl ok hans mnn1 ok rru til bardaga4 ,en s ,vinda- snkkjan1 er strar mnn vru 1 rri brott ok aptr undir ,vindland2 ok var at margra manna ml egar1 at lfr konungr mundi hafa steypt af sr brynjunni kafi1 ok kafat sv t undan langskipunum1 lagizk san til ,vindasnkkj- unnar1 ok hfi mnn strar flutt hann til lands4 ,ok eru ar margar fr-sagnir um frir lfs konungs grvar san af sumum mnnum4 ,en hvrn veg sem at hfir verit1 kom lfr konungr ,tryggvason aldri san til rkis ,noregi4 ,,vii4 ,,au,,un ,mar ht ,auun1 ,vest-firzkr at kyni ok f-ltill2 hann fr utan vestr ar fjrum me um-ri orsteins bnda gs1 ok ris stri-manns1 er ar hafi egit vist of vetrinn me orsteini4 ,auun var ok ar1 ok starfai fyrir honum ri1 ok essi laun af honum--utan-frina ok hans um-sj4 ,hann ,auun lagi mestan hluta fjr ess er var fyrir mur sna1 r hann stigi skip1 ok var kveit riggja vetra bjrg4 ,ok n fara eir utan hean1 ok frsk eim vel1 ok var ,auun of vetrinn ptir me ri strimanni2 hann tti b ,mri4 ,ok um sumarit ptir fara eir t til ,grn-lands1 ok eru ar of vetrinn4 ess er vi getit at ,auun kaupir ar bjarn-dri eitt1 grsimi mikla1 ok gaf ar fyrir alla eigu sna4 ,ok n of sumarit ptir fara eir aptr til ,noregs1 ok vera vel rei-fara2 hfir ,auun dr sitt me sr1 ok tlar n at fara sur til ,danmrkr fund ,sveins konungs1 ok gefa honum drit4 ,ok er hann kom sur landit1 ar sem konungr var fyrir1 gngr hann upp af 99 skipi1 ok leiir ptir sr drit1 ok leigir sr hr-brgi4 ,haraldi konungi var sagt brtt at ar var komit bjarndri1 grsimi mikil1 'ok s-lnzkr mar4' ,konungr sndir egar mnn ptir honum1 ok er ,auun kom fyrir konung1 kvr hann konung vel2 konungr tk vel kvju hans1 ok spuri san3 'ttu grsimi mikla bjarndri8' ,hann svarar1 ok kvezk eiga drit eitthvrt4 ,konungr mlti3 'villtu slja oss drit vi slku veri sem keyptir8' ,hann svarar3 'eigi vil ek at1 herra6' ',villtu 1' sgir konungr1 'at ek gefa r tvau 99 ver slk1 ok mun at rttara1 ef hfir ar vi gefit alla na eigu4' ',eigi vil ek at1 herra6' sgir hann4 ,konungr mlti3 'villtu gefa mr 8' ,hann svarar3 'eigi1 herra6' ,konungr mlti3 'hvat villtu af gra8' ,hann svarar3 'fara1' sgir hann1 'til ,danmrkr1 ok gefa ,sveini konungi4' ,haraldr konungr sgir3 'hvrt er1 at ert mar sv vitr at hfir eigi heyrt fri ann er milli er landa essa1 ea tlar giptu na sv mikla1 at munir ar komask me grsimar1 er arir f eigi komizk klakk-laust1 at nau-syn eigi til8' ,auun svarar3 'herra6 at er yru valdi1 en engu jtum vr ru en essu er vr hfum r tlat4' mlti konungr3 'hv mun eigi at til1 at farir lei na1 sem vill1 ok kom til mn1 er frr aptr1 ok sg mr1 hvrsu ,sveinn konungr launar r drit1 ok kann at vera1 at sr gfu-mar4' 'v heit ek r1' sagi ,auun4 ,hann frr n san sur me landi1 ok ,vk austr1 ok til ,danmrkr2 ok er uppi hvrr pnningr fjrins1 ok verr hann bija matar bi fyrir sik ok fyrir drit4 ,hann kmr fund r-manns ,sveins konungs1 ess er ki ht1 ok ba hann vista nakkvarra bi fyrir sik ok fyrir drit3 'ek tla1' sgir hann1 'at gefa ,sveini konungi drit4' ki lzk slja mundu honum vistir1 ef hann vildi4 ,auun kvezk ekki til hafa fyrir at gefa2 'en ek vilda 1' sgir hann1 'at etta kvmisk til leiar at ek mtta drit fra konungi4' ',ek mun f r vistir1 sem it urfi til konungs fundar2 en ar mti vil ek eiga hlft drit1 ok mttu at lta1 at drit mun deyja fyrir r1 ars it urfu vistir miklar1 en f s farit1 ok er bit vi at hafir ekki drsins4' ,ok 99 er hann ltr etta1 snisk honum nakkvat ptir sem 99 rmarinn mlti fyrir honum1 ok sttask eir etta1 at hann slr ka hlft drit1 ok skal konungr san meta alt saman4 ,skulu eir fara bir n fund konungs2 ok sv gra eir3 fara n bir fund konungs1 ok stu fyrir borinu4 ,konungr hugi1 hvrr essi mar myndi vera1 er hann kndi eigi1 ok mlti san til ,auunar3 'hvrr er-tu8' sgir hann4 ,hann svarar3 'ek em slnzkr mar1 herra1' sgir hann1 'ok kominn n utan af ,grnlandi1 ok n 99 af ,noregi1 ok tlaa-k at fra yr bjarndri etta2 keypta-k at me allri eigu minni1 ok n er orit mikit fyrir mr2 ek n hlft eitt drit1' ok sgir konungi san1 hvrsu farit hafi me eim ka rmanni hans4 ,konungr mlti3 'er at satt1 ki1 er hann sgir8' ',satt er at1' sgir hann4 ,konungr mlti3 'ok tti r at til liggja1 ar sem ek stta-k ik mikinn mann1 at hpta at ea tlma er mar grisk til at fra mr grsimi1 ok gaf fyrir alla eign1 ok s at ,haraldr konungr at ri at lta hann fara frii1 ok er hann vrr vinr8 ,hygg at 1 hv sannligt at var innar handar1 ok at vri makligt1 at vrir drepinn2 en ek mun n eigi at gra1 en braut skaltu fara egar r landinu1 ok koma aldri aptr san mr aug-sn6 ,en r1 ,auun6 kann ek slka kk1 sem gefir mr alt drit1 ok ver hr me mr4' at kkisk hann1 ok er me ,sveini konungi um hr4 ,ok er liu nakkvarir stundir1 mlti ,auun vi konung3 'braut fsir mik n1 herra6' ,konungr svarar hldr seint3 'hvat villtu 1' sgir hann1 'ef vill eigi me oss vera8' ,hann sgir3 'sur vil ek ganga4' ',ef vildir eigi sv gott r taka1' sgir konungr1 ' myndi mr fyrir ykkja 1 er fsisk braut'2 ok n gaf konungr honum silfr mjk mikit1 ok fr hann sur san me ,rm-frlum1 ok skipai konungr til um fr hans1 ba hann koma til sn1 er kvmi aptr4 ,n fr hann frar sinnar1 unz hann kmr sur ,rma-borg4 ,ok er hann hfir ar dvalizk1 sem hann tir1 frr hann aptr2 tkr stt mikla1 grir hann kafliga magran2 gngr upp alt fit at1 er konungr hafi gefit honum til frarinnar2 tkr san upp staf-karls stg1 ok bir sr matar4 ,hann er kollttr ok hldr -slligr2 hann kmr aptr ,danmrk at pskum1 angat sem konungr er staddr2 en ei ori hann at lta sj sik2 ok var kirkju- skoti1 ok tlai til fundar vi konung1 er hann gengi til kirkju um kveldit2 ok n er hann s konunginn ok hirina fagrliga bna1 ori hann eigi at lta sj sik4 ,ok er konungr gekk til drykkju hllina1 mataisk ,auun ti1 sem sir er til ,rmfrla1 mean eir hafa eigi kastat staf ok skreppu4 ,ok n of aptaninn1 er konungr gekk til kveld- sngs1 tlai ,auun at hitta hann1 ok sv mikit sem honum tti fyrr fyrir1 jk n miklu 1 er eir vru druknir hirmnninir2 ok er eir gengu inn aptr1 ki konungr mann1 ok ttisk finna at eigi hafi frama til at ganga fram at hitta hann4 ,ok n er hirin gekk inn1 veik konungr t1 ok mlti3 'gangi s n fram1 er mik vill finna2 mik grunar at s muni vera marinn4' gekk ,auun fram1 ok fell til fta konungi1 ok varla kndi konungr hann2 ok egar er konungr veit1 hvrr hann er1 tk konungr hnd honum ,auuni1 ok ba hann vel kominn1 'ok hfir mikit skipazk1' segir hann1 'san vit smk'2 leiir hann ptir sr inn1 ok er hirin s hann1 hlgu eir at honum2 en konungr sagi3 'eigi urfu r at honum at hlja1 v at btr hfir hann st fyr sinni sl hldr en r4' lt konungr gra 99 honum laug1 ok gaf honum san hli1 ok er hann n me honum4 at er n sagt einhvrju sinni of vrit at konungr br ,auuni at vera me sr -lngar1 ok kvezk myndu gra hann skutil-svein sinn1 ok lggja til hans ga viring4 ,auun sgir3 ',gu akki yr1 herra6 sma ann allan er r vili til mn lggja2 en hitt er mr skapi at fara t til slands4' ,konungr sgir3 'etta snisk mr undarliga kosit4' ,auun mlti3 'eigi m ek at vita1 herra6' sgir hann1 'at ek hafa hr mikinn sma me yr1 en mir mn 99 troi stafkarls stg t slandi2 v at n er lokit bjrg eiri er ek laga til1 r ek fra af slandi4' ,konungr svarar3 'vel er mlt1' sgir hann1 'ok mannliga1 ok muntu vera giptu-mar2 essi einn var sv hlutrinn1 at mr myndi eigi 99 mis-lka at frir braut hean2 ok ver n me mr ar til er skip bask4' ,hann grir sv4 ,einn dag1 er lei vrit1 gekk ,sveinn konungr ofan bryggjur1 ok vru mnn at1 at ba skip til missa landa1 austr-veg ea ,sax-land1 til ,svjar ea ,noregs4 koma eir ,auun at einu skipi fgru1 ok vru mnn at1 at ba skipit4 spuri konungr3 'hvrsu lzk r1 ,auun6 etta skip8' ,hann svarar3 'vel1 herra6' ,konungr mlti3 'etta skip vil ek r gefa1 ok launa bjarndrit4' ,hann akkai gjfina ptir sinni kunnustu2 ok er lei stund1 ok skipit var albit1 mlti ,sveinn konungr vi ,auun3 ' villtu n braut1 mun ek n ekki ltja ik1 en at hfi ek spurt1 at ilt er til hafna fyrir landi yru1 ok eru va rfi ok htt skipum2 n brtr 1 ok tnir skipinu ok fnu2 ltt sr at 1 at hafir fundit ,svein konung1 ok gefit honum grsimi4' ,san sldi konungr honum ler-hosu fulla af silfri1 'ok ertu nn eigi f-lauss me llu1 tt brjtir skipit1 ef fr haldit essu4 ,vera m sv nn1' sgir konungr1 'at tnir essu f2 ltt ntr ess1 er fannt ,svein konung1 ok gaft honum grsimi4' ,san dr konungr hring af hndi sr1 ok gaf ,auuni1 ok mlti3 ' at sv illa veri1 at brjtir skipit ok tnir fnu1 eigi ertu flauss1 ef kmsk land1 v at margir mnn hafa gull sr skips-brotum1 ok sr at hfir fundit ,svein konung1 ef hldr hringinum2 en at vil ek ra r1' sgir hann1 'at gefir eigi hringinn1 nema ykkisk eiga sv mikit gott at launa nkkurum gfgum manni1 gef eim hringinn1 v at tignum mnnum smir at iggja1 ok far n heill6' ,san ltr hann haf1 ok kmr ,noreg1 ok ltr flytja upp varna sinn1 ok urfti n meira vi at en fyrr1 er hann var ,noregi4 ,hann frr n san fund ,haralds konungs1 ok vill fna at er hann ht honum1 r hann fr til ,danmrkr1 ok kvr konung vel4 ,haraldr konungr tk vel kvju hans1 ok 'szk nir1' sgir hann1 'ok drekk hr me oss'2 ok sv grir hann4 spuri ,haraldr kon- ungr3 'hvrju launai ,sveinn konungr r drit8' ,auun svarar3 'v1 herra6 at hann at mr4' ,konungr sagi3 'launat mynda ek r v hafa2 hvrju launai hann nn8' ,auun svarar3 'gaf hann mr silfr til sur-gngu4' sgir ,haraldr konungr3 'mrgum mnnum gefr ,sveinn konungr silfr til surgngu ea annarra hluta1 tt ekki fri honum grsimar2 hvat er nn fleira8' ',hann bau mr1' sgir ,auun1 'at grask skutilsveinn hans1 ok mikinn sma til mn at lggja4' ',vel var at mlt1' sgir konungr1 'ok launa1 myndi hann nn fleira4' ,auun sagi3 'gaf hann mr knrr me farmi eim er hingat er bzt varit ,noreg4' at var str-mannligt1' sgir konungr1 'en launat mynda ek r v hafa4 ,launai hann v fleira8' ,auun svarai3 'gaf hann mr lerhosu fulla af silfri1 ok kva mik eigi flausan1 ef ek helda v1 at skip mitt bryti vi sland4' ,konungr sagi3 'at var -gtliga grt1 ok at mynda ek ekki grt hafa2 lauss mynda ek ykkjask1 ef ek gfa er skipit2 hvrt launai hann fleira8' ',sv var vst1 herra6' sgir ,auun1 'at hann launai3 hann gaf mr hring enna er ek hfi hndi1 ok kva sv mega at berask1 at ek tnda fnu llu1 ok sagi mik eigi flausan1 ef ek tta hringinn1 ok ba mik eigi lga1 nema ek tta nkkurum tignum manni sv gott at launa1 at ek vilda gefa2 en n hfi ek ann fundit1 v at ttir kost at taka hvrttvggja fr mr1 drit ok sv lf mitt1 en lzt mik fara angat frii1 sem arir nu eigi4' ,konungr tk vi gjfinni me blu1 ok gaf ,auuni mti gar gjafir1 r en eir skilisk4 ,auun vari fnu til slands-frar ok fr t egar um sumarit til slands1 ok tti vera inn mesti gfumar4 ,,vii4 ,,ryms-,,kvi,a #a4 ,vreir var ,ving-rr1 er hann vaknai1 ok sns hamars of saknai3 skgg nam at hrista1 skr nam at dja1 r ,jarar burr um at reifask4 #b4 ,ok hann at ora alls fyrst of kva3 'heyr-u n1 ,loki6 hvat ek n mli1 er engi veit jarar hvrgi 99 n upp-himins3 ss er stolinn hamri6' #c4 ,gengu eir fagra ,freyju tna1 99 ok hann at ora alls fyrst of kva3 'muntu mr1 ,freyja6 fjar-hams lj1 ef ek minn hamar mtta-k hitta8' ,freyja kva3 #d4 munda-k gefa r1 tt r gulli vri1 ok- slja at vri r silfri4' 99 #e4 ,fl ,loki1 fjarhamr duni1 unz fyr utan kom sa gara1 ok fyr innan kom jtna heima4 #f4 rymr sat haugi1 ursa drttinn1 greyjum snum gull-bnd snri ok mrum snum mn jafnai4 rymr kva3 #g4 ',hvat er me sum8 hvat er me lfum8 hv er-tu einn kominn ,jtunheima8' ,loki kva3 ',ilt er me sum1 ilt er me lfum2 hfir ,hl-ria hamar of flginn8' rymr kva3 #h4 ',ek hfi ,hlria hamar of flginn tta rstum fyr jr nean2 hann engi mar aptr of heimtir1 nema fri mr ,freyju at kvn4' 99 #i4 ,fl ,loki1 fjarhamr duni1 unz fyr utan kom jtna heima ok fyr innan kom sa gara2 mtti hann r mira gara1 ok hann at ora alls fyrst of kva3 #aj4 ',hfir rindi sem rfii8 sg-u lopti lng tindi3 opt sitjanda sgur of fallask1 ok liggjandi lygi of bllir4' ,loki kva3 #aa4 ',hfi-k rfii ok rindi3 rymr hfir inn hamar1 ursa drttinn2 hann engi mar aptr of heimtir1 nema honum fri ,freyju at kvn4' #ab4 ,ganga eir fagra ,freyju at hitta1 ok hann at ora alls fyrst of kva3 'bitt-u ik1 ,freyja1 brar lni6 vit skulum aka tvau ,jtunheima4' #ac4 ,vrei var ,freyja ok fnsai1 allr sa salr undir bifisk1 stkk at it mikla mn ,brsinga3 'mik veizt-u vera ver-gjarnasta1 ef ek k me r ,jtunheima4' #ad4 ,snn vru sir allir ingi ok synjur allar mli1 ok of at ru rkir tvar1 hv eir ,hlria hamar of stti4 #ae4 kva at ,heimdallr1 hvtastr sa 7vissi hann vel fram1 sem vanir arir73 'bindum vr r brar lni1 hafi hann it mikla mn ,brsinga6 #af4 ,ltum und honum hrynja lukla ok kvenn-vir of kn falla1 en brjsti breia steina1 ok hagliga of hfu typpum6' #ag4 kva at rr1 rugr ss3 'mik munu sir argan kalla1 ef ek bindask lt brar lni4' #ah4 kva at ,loki1 ,laufeyjar sonr3 'gi n1 rr6 eira ora2 egar munu jtnar sgar ba1 nema inn hamar r of heimtir4' #ai4 ,bundu eir r brar lni ok inu mikla mni ,brsinga4 #bj4 ,ltu und honum hrynja lukla ok kvenn-vir of kn falla1 en brjsti breia steina1 ok hagliga of hfu typu4 #ba4 kva at ,loki1 ,laufeyjar sonr3 'mun ek ok me r ambtt vera1 vit skulum aka tvr ,jtunheima4' #bb4 ,snn vru hafrar heim of reknir1 skyndir at skklum1 skyldu vel rnna3 bjrg brotnuu1 brann jr loga1 k ins sonr ,jtunheima4 #bc4 kva at rymr1 ursa drttinn3 'standi upp1 jtnar6 ok stri bkki6 n fra mr ,freyju at kvn1 ,njarar dttur1 r ,na-tnum4 #bd4 ,ganga hr at gari gull-hyrndar kr1 xn al-svartir jtni at gamni2 fjl ek meima1 fjl ek mnja1 einnar mr ,freyju vant ykkir4' #be4 ,var ar at kveldi of komit snimma1 ok fyr jtna l fram borit2 einn t oxa1 tta laxa1 krsir allar1 r er konur skyldu1 drakk ,sifjar verr sld rj mjaar4 #bf4 kva at rymr1 ursa drttinn3 'hvar sttu brir bta hvassara8 sk-a-k brir bta breiara1 n inn meira mj mey of drekka4' #bg4 ,sat in al-snotra ambtt fyrir1 er or of fann vi jtuns mli3 't vtr ,freyja tta nttum1 sv var hon -fs ,jtunheima4' #bh4 ,laut und lnu1 lysti at kyssa1 en hann utan stkk nd-langan sal3 'hv eru ndtt augu ,freyju8 ykkir mr r augum eldr of brnna4' #bi4 ,sat in alsnotra ambtt fyrir1 er or of fann vi jtuns mli3 'svaf vtr ,freyja tta nttum1 sv var hon fs ,jtunheima4' #cj4 ,inn kom in arma jtna systir1 hin er br-fjr of bija ori3 'lttu r af hndum hringa raua1 ef lask vill stir mnar1 stir mnar1 alla hylli6' #ca4 kva at rymr1 ursa drttinn3 'beri inn hamar bri at vgja1 lggi ,mjllni meyjar kn1 vgi okkr saman ,vrar hndi6' #cb4 ,hl ,hlria hugr brjsti1 er har-hugar hamar of ki2 rym drap hann fyrstan1 ursa drttin1 ok tt jtuns alla lami4 #cc4 ,drap hann ina ldnu jtna systur1 hin er brfjr of beit hafi2 hon skell of hlaut fyr skillinga1 en hgg hamars fyr hringa fjl4 ,sv kom ins sonr ndr at hamri4 ,,notes ,the references marked ,gr4 are to the paragraphs of the ,grammar4 ,i4 ,,thor ,line #c4 99,hann ar rki er r-vangar heita991 'he reigns 7there7 where it is called 41' i4e4 in the place which is called 4 ,the plur4 heita agrees with rvangar1 as in l4 #ad below3 at eru jrnglfar 'that is 7his7 iron gloves4' l4 #e4 99at er hs mest1 sv at mnn hafa grt991 'that is the largest house1 so that men have made 7it71' i4e4 the largest house that has been built4 ,note the plur4 hs of a single house2 each chamber was originally regarded as a house1 being often a detached building4 l4 #ac4 99spnnir eim991 ,gr4 #aed2 cp4 #b4 #di4 ,,ii4 ,,thor ,,and ,,tgar,,aloki l4 #a4 99fr me hafra sna444ok me honum s1 ss er44499 ,we see here that me generally takes an acc4 to denote passive1 and a dat4 to denote voluntary accompaniment4 l4 #e4 99soit99 refers to some such subst4 as sltr 7meat7 understood4 l4 #aa4 99sprtti 44499 is here an adv4 l4 #ab4 99til mrgjar499 til here implies intention--to get at the marrow4 l4 #bj4 99at er s augnanna991 'the little he saw of the eyes4'-- ,thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered his eyes1 and the man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight of them4 l4 #ba4 ,the second 99hann99 refers1 of course1 to ,thor4 l4 #cd4 99til myrkrs991 till it was dark4 l4 #cf4 99eir991 the masc4 instead of the neut4 pl41 as in l4 #cb 99foll4991 showing that leituu is meant to refer only to the men of the party1 and not to include ,rskva4 7,gr4 #agi47 l4 #df4 99sr hvar l mar991 'saw where a man lay1' i4e4 saw a man lying4 l4 #ea4 99einu sinni991 for once in his life4 l4 #eb4 99nfndisk ,skrmir991 said his name was ,skr4 l4 #ff4 99bi til99 7prp47 99ntt-verar yr991 prepare supper for yourselves4 l4 #gg4 99,er at r satt at sgja994 satt is in apposition to at--'that is to be told you as the truth1 7namely7 that444' l4 #hh4 99sj sik991 see himself alive4 l4 #ajd4 99ann99 ann veg1 that way1 course4 l4 #ajh4 99at sirnir bi heila hittask994 ,the full sense is1 'that ,thor and ,loki expressed a wish that they and ,skrmir might meet again safe and sound4' ll4 #aaa1 #aab4 99sttu hnakkann bak sr aptr991 threw back the backs of their heads till they touched their backs1 i4e4 threw back their heads4 l4 #aah4 99rit stra991 'rather big1' i4e4 very big4 l4 #abj4 99glotti um tnn991 'grinned round a tooth1' i4e4 showed his teeth in a malicious grin4 ,two ,,mss4 read vi instead of um4 l4 #aba4 99er annan veg en ek hygg1 at444899 is it otherwise than as ,i think1 namely that4448 i4e4 am ,i not right in thinking that4448 l4 #abg4 99engi er hr s inni er44499 engi er hr-inni s-er444 l4 #abi4 99freista skal991 ,gr4 #aib4 l4 #adj4 99kallar ess meiri vn at hann s44499 'says that there is more probability of that1 namely that he is444than of the contrary1' i4e4 says that he will have to be444 l4 #aej4 99fthvatari en sv991 'more swift-footed than so--under these circumstances1' i4e4 than you4 l4 #aef4 99ok er jlfl eigi kominn44499 er jlfi eigi kominn444 l4 #agb4 99at sinni991 this time4 l4 #agb4 99hann991 acc4 l4 #agc4 99laut r horninu991 bent back from the horn4 l4 #ahh4 99mestr99 refers to drykkr understood4 l4 #bah4 99kalli991 ,gr4 #aib4 l4 #bda4 9999 refers to uni4 ,,iii4 ,,balder l4 #g4 99engi99 agrees with dmr4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,balder l4 #aa4 99hann991 acc4 l4 #bj4 99ungr991 too young4 l4 #ca4 99-happ99 is in apposition to at2 cp4 #c4 #g4 ll4 #cc1 #cd4 99vru me einum hug til44499 had the same feelings towards4 l4 #cf4 99var444fyrr991 was beforehand1 prevented4 l4 #db4 99vili991 subj4 'whether he will'2--change of construction4 l4 #ee4 99nema991 'unless1' here 'until4' l4 #hi4 99heim994 ,this use of heim in the sense of 'someone else's home4' is frequent4 ,cp4 our 'drive a nail home4' l4 #id4 99sv99 refers to ok ef allir hlutir4441 the ok being pleonastic4 l4 #ajh4 99hvar991 cp4 #b4 #df4 l4 #aac4 99karl991 'old man1' here ,odin4 ,v4 ,h,,inn ,,and ,,hegni l4 #f4 99,hinn99 hann2 this use of a proper name instead of a pronoun is frequent4 l4 #i4 99ar994 ,cp4 #a4 #c4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,olaf ,,tryggvason l4 #ag4 99sv at991 so that1 i4e4 just when4 l4 #cj4 99er991 namely that4 l4 #cc4 99austan at sigla991 is in a kind of apposition to frina4 l4 #dj4 99sv991 also4 l4 #dh4 99muni fyrir991 awaits you1 is impending4 l4 #ec4 99meira991 adv41 better1 faster4 l4 #adi4 99bar hann htt991 impers4 w4 acc42 he was in a conspicuous place4 l4 #bdd4 99vi fimtnda mann991 one of fifteen1 with fourteen men4 l4 #bei4 99vpna99 is governed by the second half of the genitival compound kla-bna1 which is here considered as two independent words4 ,,vii4 ,,au,,un l4 #ag4 99var fyrir991 was to be found4 l4 #bf4 99tvau ver slk991 double the price you gave4 l4 #ee4 99f99 is probably dat4 here1 but may be nom4 l4 #ef4 99ptir sem444991 according as1 in accordance with what4 l4 #fd4 99n444n991 lately444just now4 l4 #aaf4 99hldr99 is here used pleonastically in a kind of apposition to the preceding btr4 l4 #abe4 99en991 and while4 l4 #abi4 99essi einn var sv hlutrinn1 at444991 this single thing is the case1 namely that444 i4e4 the only thing is that444 ,,viii4 ,,rymskvi,a l4 #g4 99jarar99 is governed by hvrgi4 l4 #i4 99tna994 ,poetical construction of gen4 to denote goal of motion4 l4 #ae4 9999 goes with the following at ok slja1 at 7tt7 vri r silfri4 l4 #cb4 99fri99 may be either sg4 or pl4 #c pers4 ,,glossary follows a1 follows d1 follows e1 follows o1 follows o1 follows 1 follows t4 ,the declensions of nouns are only occasionally given4 7-rs7 etc4 means that the r of the nom4 is kept in inflection4 ,a -a adv4 not4 sf4 river4 see 99eiga994 prp4 w4 acc4 and dat4 on1 in4 r adv41 cj4 before4 arir see 99annar994 sir see 99ss994 tla wv4 #c1 consider1 deem3 'tlask fyrir1' intend4 tt sf4 #b1 race1 descent1 family4 tta see 99eiga994 af prp4 w4 dat4 from2 of2 with2 adv4 'drekka af1' drink off4 af-hs sn4 out-house1 side room4 afl sn4 strength1 might4 af-taka wf4 damage1 injury4 gtliga adv4 splendidly4 aka sv4 #b1 drive 7a chariot1 etc474 kafliga adv4 vehemently1 hard--'kalla a4' call loudly4 akarn sn4 acorn4 akkeri sn4 anchor4 lar-ndir sm4 thong-end1 end of a strap4 al-binn adj4 w4 gen4 quite ready4 aldinn adj4 old4 aldri adv4 never4 -lngar adv4 for some time4 lfr sm4 elf4 -lit snpl4 appearance1 countenance lta4 all-harr adj4 very hard1 very violent4 all-ltill adj4 very little4 all-mann-skr adj4 7very injurious to men71 very murderous 7of a battle7 skai1 'injury'4 all-mikill adj4 very great4 allr adj4 all1 whole2 'me llu1' entirely2 'alls fyrst1' first of all4 all-strum adv4 very greatly4 all-valdr sm4 monarch1 king4 al-snotr adj4 very clever4 al-svartr adj4 very black1 coal-black4 alt adv4 quite4 ambtt sf4 #b1 female slave1 maid4 and-lit sn4 face lta4 annarr prn4 second2 following1 next2 other2 one of the two-- 'annar444annarr1' one444the other4 aptann sm4 evening4 aptastr adj4 most behind4 aptr adv4 back1 backwards1 behind4 r sf4 oar4 r sn4 year4 r see 99994 argr adj4 cowardly1 base4 r-mar sm4 steward4 armr adj4 wretched4 s-mgin sn4 divine strength4 ss sm4 #c1 7,scandinavian7 god4 st sf4 #b1 affection1 love1 often in pl4 st-sll adj4 beloved1 popular4 sll1 'happy'4 synja wf4 7,scandinavian7 goddess ss4 t see 99eta994 at prp4 w4 dat4 at1 by2 to1 towards1 up to2 for2 in accordance with1 after4 at adv4 to4 -at adv4 not4 at-laga wf4 attack lggja4 at-rr 7-rar7 sm4 #b1 rowing against1 attack4 tta num4 eight4 tta see 99eiga994 au-kndr adj4 easy to be recognized1 easily distinguishable4 aur adj4 desert1 deserted1 without men4 au-snn adj4 evident4 auga wn4 eye4 aug-sn sf4 sight4 auka sv4 #a1 increase2 impers41 w4 dat4 of what is added 'jk n miklu 1' much was added to it 7his hesitation increased74 austan adv4 from the east4 aust-mar sm4 ,easterner1 ,norwegian4 austr sn4 the east--' au41' eastwards4 austr adv4 eastwards4 austr-vegr sm4 the ,east1 especially ,russia4 valt adv4 continually1 all the time4 -vanr adj4 wanting2 impers4 neut4 in 'einnar mr ,freyju vant ykkir1' ,freyja alone ,i seem to want4 -vinnr adj4 toilsome1 only in the impers4 neut4 'mun -vint vera um sxin1' it will be a hard fight at the prow4 ,b ba see 99bija994 bir prn4 both1 neut4 as adv4 in 'bi444ok1' both444and4 bu see 99bija994 ba see 99bija994 bi see 99bir994 baggi wm4 bag2 bundle4 bak sn4 back1 'vrja eitt baki1' defend a thing with the back1 i4e4 turns one's back to it be a coward4 bak-bori wm4 larboard4 bl sn4 flame2 funeral pile4 bl-fr sf4 funeral4 bani wm4 death4 bar see 99bera994 bardagi wm4 battle4 bar sn4 edge1 rim2 projection in the prow of a ship formed by the continuation of the keel4 bara see 99brja994 bari wm4 war-ship with a sharp prow1 ram4 barn sn4 child4 batt see 99binda994 bau see 99bja994 beia wv4 #a1 w4 gen4 of thing and dat4 of pers4 benefited1 ask1 demand4 bein sn4 bone4 bkkr sm4 #b1 bench4 blla wv4 #a1 occupy oneself with1 deal in1 generally in a bad sense4 bera sv4 #d1 carry1 take2 bear1 endure4 berask at1 happen4 b4 fram1 bring forward1 out4 b4 vpn nir1 shoot down4 b4 r sn saman1 hold council1 deliberate4 berg-risi wm4 hill-giant4 brja wv4 #a;b1 strike--'b4 grjti1' stone4 99brjask991 fight4 brr adj4 bare1 unsheathed 7of a sword74 ber-srkr sm4 #b1 wild fighter1 champion4 ,literally 'bear-shirt1' i4e4 one clothed in a bear's skin4 btr see 99vel994 btri see 99gr994 bzt see 99vel994 bztr see 99gr994 beygja wv4 #a1 bend1 arch4 ba sv4 #f1 w4 gen4 wait for2 w4 acc4 abide1 undergo4 bija sv4 #e1 ask1 beg1 pray1 w4 gen4 of thing1 acc4 of the pers4 asked1 and dat4 of the person benefited2 express a wish1 bid--'ba hann vel kominn' 7vera understood71 bad him welcome2 call on1 challenge1 command1 tell4 bifask wv4 #a1 tremble1 shake4 bil sn4 moment of time4 bila wv4 #b1 fail4 bilt neut4 adj4 only in the impers4 'einum verr bilt1' one hesitates1 is taken aback1 is afraid4 binda sv4 #c1 bind1 tie up2 dress4 birta wv4 #a1 show bjartr4 bta sv4 #f1 bite2 cut4 bittu see 99binda994 bitu see 99bta994 bjarn-dri sn4 bear4 bjartr adj4 bright1 clear4 bj see 99ba994 bja sv4 #g1 w4 acc4 and dat4 offer1 propose--'b4 einum fang1' challenge to wrestling2 invite4 b4 upp1 give up4 bjrg sf4 help2 means of subsistence1 store of food4 blsa sv4 #a1 blow2 blow trumpet as signal4 bleya wf4 coward4 bla wf4 gentleness1 friendliness4 blindr adj4 blind4 bl sn4 blood4 blt-bolli wm4 sacrificial bowl4 btr see 99bt994 boga-skot sn4 bowshot4 bogi wm4 bow4 bog-mar sm4 bowman1 archer4 bndi sm4 #d1 yeoman1 householder1 7free7 man ba4 bor sn4 side of a ship1 board2 rim1 the margin between the rim of a vessel and the liquid in it--'n er gott beranda b4 horninu1' now there is a good margin for carrying the horn1 i4e4 its contents are so diminished that it can be lifted without spilling4 borg sf4 fortress1 castle4 borg-hli sn4 castle gate4 bt sf4 #c1 mending1 improvement2 plur4 99btr991 compensation4 brn see 99barn994 br sf4 eyelid4 br see 99brega994 brag sn4 trick1 stratagem brega4 brann see 99brnna994 brast see 99bresta994 brtt adv4 quickly4 braut sf4 way--99 braut991 adv4 away4 braut see 99brjta994 braut1 brott adv4 away4 brega sv4 #c1 w4 dat4 jerk1 pull1 push2 b4 upp1 lift1 raise 7to strike74 change1 transform4 breir adj4 broad4 brnna wf4 burning2 incremation4 brnna sv4 #c1 burn intr4 brnna wv4 #a1 burn trans4 bresta sv4 #c1 break1 crack1 burst4 brestr sm4 crack2 loss4 brjst sn4 breast4 brjta sv4 #g1 break--'b4 7skip7' suffer shipwreck1 also impers4 'skip 7acc47 brtr1' the ship is wrecked4 broddr sm4 point4 brir sm4 #d1 brother4 brotinn see 99brjta994 brotna wv4 #c1 break intr4 brott see 99braut994 brott-laga sf4 retreat4 br sf4 bridge4 br-f sn4 bridal gift4 brr sf4 #b1 bride4 brn sf4 #c1 eyebrow4 bryggja wf4 pier4 brynja wf4 corslet4 brnn see 99brn994 bryn-stka wf4 corslet-sleeve4 bryti see 99brjta994 brtr see 99brjta994 b sn4 dwelling1 home4 ba sv4 #a1 dwell2 inhabit1 possess1 prepare4 99bask991 get ready1 prepare intr4 'er bit vi at444' it is likely to be that4441 there is danger of444 buu see 99bja994 binn adj4 ready2 in a certain condition--'7vi7 sv bit' adv4 under such circumstances2 capable1 fit for--'vel at sr binn1' very capable1 very good 7at74 bundu see 99binda994 burr sm4 son4 br see 99bja994 br see 99ba994 byrja wv4 #c1 begin4 byr-vnn adj4 promising a fair wind4 ,d daga wv4 #c1 dawn4 dagan sf4 dawn4 dagr sm4 day4 dalr sm4 valley4 daur adj4 dead4 dgi see 99dagr994 deyja sv4 #b1 die4 djpr adj4 deep4 d see 99deyja994 dmr sm4 decision4 dttir sf4 #c1 daughter4 dgurr sm4 breakfast -ur -verr1 cp4 nttverr4 dkkr 7-vir7 adj4 dark4 draga sv4 #b1 draw1 drag4 d4 saman1 collect4 drakk see 99drekka994 drap see 99drepa994 draumr sm4 dream4 drginn see 99draga994 dreif see 99drfa994 drki wm4 dragon2 dragon-ship1 ship with a dragon's head as a beak4 drekka sv4 #c1 drink4 drepa sv4 #e1 strike2 kill4 dreyma wv4 #a1 impers4 w4 acc4 of pers4 and acc4 of the thing dream draumr4 drfa sv4 #f1 drive2 hasten4 drjpa sv4 #g1 drop4 dr see 99draga994 drgu see 99draga994 drttinn sm4 lord4 drttin-hollr adj4 faithful to its master4 drukkinn adj4 7ptc47 drunk4 drupu see 99drjpa994 drykkja wf4 drinking drekka4 drykkju-mar sm4 drinker4 drykkr sm4 #b1 draught4 duna wv4 #c1 resound4 duni see 99dynja994 dvala see 99dvlja994 dvlja wv4 #a;b1 delay4 99dvljask991 dwell1 stop4 dvergr sm4 dwarf4 dyrill sm4 7874 dja wv4 #a;b1 shake4 dynja wv4 #a;b1 resound4 dr sn4 animal1 beast4 dyrr sfnpl4 door4 ,e ea cj4 or4 ef cj4 if4 fna wv4 #a1 perform1 carry out4 ggja wv4 #c1 incite4 eir sm4 oath4 eiga wf4 property4 eiga swv4 possess1 have3 have as wife1 be married to2 have in the sense of must4 eigi adv4 not2 no4 eign sf4 property4 eignask wv4 #c1 appropriate1 gain4 eik sf4 #c1 oak4 einka-ml snpl4 personal agreement1 special treaty4 einn num41 prn4 one2 the same2 a certain1 a2 alone1 only-- 'einn saman1' alone1 mere4 einn-hvrr prn4 a certain1 some1 a4 eira wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 spare4 eitr sn4 poison4 ek prn4 ,i4 k see 99aka994 ekki prn4 neut4 nothing2 adv4 not4 eldr sm4 fire4 lli wf4 old age4 ellifti adj4 eleventh4 ellifu num4 eleven4 em see 99vera994 en cj4 but2 and4 en adv4 than1 after compar4 ndask wv4 #a1 end1 suffice for4 ndi1 ndir sm4 end4 nd-langr adj4 the whole length--'ndlangan sal1' the whole length of the hall4 ndr adv4 again4 engi prn4 none1 no4 nn adv4 yet1 still2 besides2 after all4 ptir prp4 w4 acc4 after 7of time74 w4 dat4 along1 over2 in quest of1 after2 according to1 by4 adv4 afterwards2 behind aptr4 ptri adj4 compar4 hind4 er prn4 rel4 who1 which1 rel4 adv4 where2 when2 because1 that4 er see 99vera994 er see 99994 rfii sn4 work2 trouble4 ert see 99vera994 eru see 99vera994 eta sv4 #e1 eat4 ey sf4 island4 ,f f sv4 #a1 grasp2 receive1 get2 give2 be able4 99fsk991 wrestle4 99fsk 991 be obtained1 be4 fair sm4 #d1 father4 fr see 99f994 fstr see 99fr994 fagnar sm4 #b1 joy2 entertainment1 hospitality4 fagr adj4 beautiful1 fair1 fine4 fagrliga adv4 finely4 fall sn4 fall4 falla sv4 #a1 fall4 99fallask991 be forgotten1 fail4 fang sn4 embrace1 grasp2 wrestling4 fann see 99finna994 fr adj4 few--neut4 ftt w4 gen43 'ftt manna1' few men4 fara go1 travel--w4 gen4 in such constr4 as 'f4 frar sinnar1' go his way2 fare 7well1 ill72 happen1 turn out2 experience2 'f4 me einu1' deal with1 treat2 destroy1 use up w4 dat4 99farask99 impers4 in 'frsk eim vel1' they have a good passage4 farmr sm4 lading1 cargo4 fastr adj4 firm1 fast1 strong4 f sn4 property1 money4 frum see 99fair994 fekk see 99f994 fgr sf4 beauty fagr4 fgrstr see 99fagr994 feikn-stafir smpl4 #b1 wickedness4 fela sv4 #c1 hide4 flagi wm4 companion4 f-lauss adj4 penniless4 f-ltill adj4 with little money1 poor4 fell see 99falla994 flla wv4 #a1 fell1 throw down2 kill falla4 fengu1 fnginn see 99f994 fr see 99fara994 fr sf4 #b1 journey fara4 fer-skeyttr adj4 four-cornered4 fimm num4 five4 fimtndi adj4 fifteenth4 finna sv4 #c1 find2 meet1 go to see2 notice1 see4 fjar-hamr sm4 feathered 7winged7 coat4 fjall sn4 mountain4 fjr see 99f994 fjara sf4 ebb-tide2 beach4 fjogur see 99fjrir994 fjri adj4 fourth4 fjrir num4 four4 fjl wf4 quantity4 fjl-kyngi sn4 magic4 fjl-mnni sn4 multitude2 troop mar4 fjrr sm4 #c1 firth4 fjrur see 99fjara994 fl sv4 #b1 flay1 skin4 flaug see 99fljga994 flginn see 99fl994 flestr see 99margr994 fljta sv4 #g1 float1 drift4 fljga sv4 #g1 fly4 fl see 99fljga994 floti wm4 fleet fljtal4 fltti wm4 flight flja4 flugu see 99fljga994 fluttu see 99flytja994 flja wv4 #a1 flee4 flytja wv4 #a;b4 remove1 bring4 fnsa wv4 #c1 snort4 fra wv4 #a1 bring1 take2 fasten fara4 frir see 99fara994 fti see 99ft994 flginn see 99fela994 flk sn4 multitude1 troop2 people4 fr see 99fara994 for-tlur wpl4 representations1 arguments tala4 fstra wf4 nurse4 ft-hvatr adj4 swift-footed4 ftr sm4 foot2 leg4 fur see 99fair994 fr sf4 journey fara4 fru-neyti sn4 company njta4 fr prp4 from1 away from2 about1 concerning4 ' fr' adv4 away4 frndi sm4 #d1 relation4 fr-fall sn4 death4 fram adv4 forward1 forth4 compar4 99framar991 ahead4 framastr adj4 superl4 chief1 most distinguished4 frami wm4 advantage1 courage4 framir see 99frmja994 fram-stafn sm4 prow4 fr-sgn sf4 narrative1 relation4 freista wv4 #c1 w4 gen4 try1 test4 frmja wv4 #a;b1 perform fram4 frir sm4 #b1 peace4 frr adj4 beautiful1 fine4 frr adj4 learned1 wise4 frkn adj4 bold1 daring4 frost sn4 frost4 fugl sm4 bird4 full-kominn adj4 7ptc47 complete2 ready 7for74 fullr adj4 full4 fundr sm4 #b1 meeting finna4 fundu see 99finna994 furu adv4 awfully1 very4 fss adj4 eager4 fylgja wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 follow2 accompany4 fylki sn4 troop flk4 fylkja wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 draw up 7troops7 flk4 fylla wv4 #a1 fill fullr4 fyr1 fyrir prp4 w4 acc4 and dat4 before2 beyond1 over--'f4 bor1' overboard2 instead of--'koma f4' adv4 be given as compensation2 for2 because of4 'f4 v at1' because4 'ltill4 f4 sr1' insignificant4 fyrir-rm sn4 fore-hold1 chief-cabin4 fyrirrms-mar sm4 man in the fore-hold4 fyrr adv4 compar4 before1 formerly4 superl4 99fyrst991 first4 fyrri adj4 compar4 former4 superl4 99fyrstr991 first4 fsa wv4 #a1 hasten trans4--impers4 'braut fsir mik1' ,i feel a desire to go away fss4 ,g g wv4 #a1 w4 gen4 heed1 care for4 gfa wf4 luck gefa4 gta wv4 #a1 watch1 take care of geta4 gaf see 99gefa994 gfu-mar sm4 lucky man4 gaflak sn4 javelin4 gamall adj4 old4 gaman sn4 amusement1 joy4 ganga sv4 #a1 go1 with gen4 of goal in poetry2 attack--'g4 skip1' board a ship4 g4 af1 be finished4 g4 til1 come up4 g4 upp1 land2 board a ship2 be used up1 expended 7of money74 garr sm4 enclosure1 court2 dwelling4 gat see 99geta994 gefa sv4 #e1 give4 ggnum1 ggnum prp4 w4 gen4 through4 gekk see 99ganga994 glti see 99gltr994 gnginn1 gngr1 gengu see 99ganga994 geta sv4 #e1 w4 gen4 mention1 speak of2 guess1 suppose4 geysi adv4 excessively4 gipta wf4 luck gefa4 giptu-mar sm4 lucky man4 gjafar see 99gjf994 gjf sf4 gift4 glotta wv4 #b1 smile maliciously1 grin4 glsiligr adj4 magnificent4 gnr sm4 din1 noise4 gr adj4 good--'gott er til eins1' it is easy to get at1 obtain4 glf sn4 floor2 apartment1 room4 gott see 99gr994 gfugr adj4 distinguished gefa4 gltr sm4 #c1 boar4 gmul see 99gamall994 gra wv4 #a;c1 do1 make4 99grask991 set about doing2 be made into1 become4 99gra at991 accomplish1 carry out4 grsimi wf4 article of value1 treasure4 granda wv4 #c1 w4 dat4 injure4 grr adj4 gray4 gras sn4 grass2 plant1 flower4 grta sv4 #a1 weep1 mourn for4 grtr sm4 weeping4 greia wv4 #a1 put in order1 arrange4 greip see 99grpa994 gres-jrn sn4 iron wire 7874 grey sn4 dog4 gri snpl4 peace1 security4 gria-star sm4 sanctuary4 grind sf4 #c1 lattice door1 wicket4 grpa sv4 #f1 seize4 gripr sm4 #b1 article of value1 treasure4 grjt sn4 stone 7collectively74 gra sv4 #a1 grow2 heal4 grr see 99gra994 gruna wv4 #c1 impers4--'mik grunar1' ,i suspect1 think4 grunr sm4 #b1 suspicion4 gull sn4 gold4 gull-band sn4 gold band4 gull-binn adj4 adorned with gold4 gull-hringr sm4 gold ring4 gull-hyrndr adj4 7ptc47 with gilt horns4 gull-roinn adj4 7ptc47 gilt4 ggr sf4 giantess4 gyltr adj4 7ptc47 gilt4 gyra wv4 #a1 gird4 ,h hstr see 99hr994 htta wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 desist from1 stop4 httligr adj4 dangerous1 threatening4 httr adj4 dangerous4 haf sn4 sea4 hafa wv4 #a1 have2 'h4 einn nr einu1' bring near to1 expose to2 use1 utilize4 at hafask1 undertake4 til hafa1 have at hand4 hafna see 99hfn994 hafr sm4 goat4 hafr-staka wf4 goatskin4 hagliga adv4 neatly4 hagr sm4 condition2 advantage--'r mun h4 vera1' will avail thee1 be profitable to you4 hag-str adj4 favourable4 halda sv4 #a1 w4 dat4 hold 7also with prp4 72 keep4 w4 acc4 observe1 keep 7laws1 etc474 intr4 take a certain direction1 go4 hlfr adj4 half4 hlfu adv4 by half1 half as much again4 hallar see 99hll994 hallar-glf sn4 hall floor4 haltr adj4 lame4 hamarr sm4 hammer4 hamars-mur sm4 thin end of hammer4 hamar-skapt sn4 handle of a hammer4 hamar-spor sn4 mark made by a hammer4 hana see 99hann994 handar see 99hnd994 hand-skot sn4 throwing with the hand4 hand-tkinn ptc4 pret4 taken by hand1 taken alive4 hann prn4 he4 hr sn4 hair4 hr adj4 high4 har-hugar adj4 stern of mood4 harr adj4 hard2 strong4 har-skeytr adj4 strong-shooting skjta4 harmr sm4 grief4 hski wm4 danger4 h-sti sn4 high seat1 dais sitja4 hstis-kista sf4 chest under the dais4 htt adv4 high2 loudly4 haugr sm4 mound4 hauss sm4 skull4 hean adv4 hence4 hfi see 99hafa994 hfja sv4 #b1 raise1 lift2 begin4 hfna wv4 #a1 w4 gen4 revenge1 avenge4 heill adj4 sound1 safe1 prosperous4 heil-ri sn4 sound advice1 good advice r4 heim adv4 to one's home1 home 7domum74 heima adv4 at home 7domi74 heima-mar sm4 man of the household4 heim-fss adj4 longing to go home1 homesick4 heimr sm4 home1 dwelling2 world4 heimta wv4 #a1 fetch1 obtain1 get back4 heita sv4 #a1 call2 w4 dat4 of pers4 and dat4 of thing promise2 intr4 7pres4 heiti7 be named1 called4 hldr see 99halda994 hldr adv4 compar4 more willingly1 rather1 sooner1 more2 rather1 very4 hl-grindr sf4 the doors of hell4 hllir sm4 cave4 helt see 99halda994 hl-vegr sm4 road to hell4 hlzt adv4 superl4 most willingly1 soonest1 especially1 most hldr4 hndi1 hndr see 99hnd994 hnnar1 hnni see 99hann994 hpta wv4 #a1 bind2 hinder1 stop4 hr adv4 here--'h4 af1' etc4 here-of4 hr-bergi sn4 quarters1 lodgings4 hra wv4 harden1 clench4 hr-fang sn4 booty4 hrja wv4 #c1 make war1 ravage hrr4 hrr sm4 army1 fleet4 herra sm4 lord4 hr-skip sn4 war-ship4 hestr sm4 horse4 ht see 99heita994 heyra wv4 #a1 hear4 himinn sm4 heaven4 hingat adv4 hither4 hinn prn4 that4 hir sf4 court4 hir-mar sm4 courtier4 hiti wm4 heat4 hitta wv4 come upon1 find1 meet2 trans4 go to4 99hittask991 meet1 intr4 hj prp4 w4 dat4 by1 at2 in comparison with4 hjlmr sm4 helmet4 hjn snpl4 household4 hlaa sv4 #b1 load1 heap up2 'h4 seglum1' take in sails4 hlja sv4 #b1 laugh4 hlaupa sv4 #a1 jump1 leap2 run4 hlaut see 99hljta994 hleyp see 99hlaupa994 hleypa wv4 #a1 make to run 7i4e4 the horse71 gallop4 hlf sf4 shield4 hlfa wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 shelter1 cover1 protect4 hljp see 99hlaupa994 hljta sv4 #g1 get1 receive4 hlu see 99hlaa994 hlgu see 99hlja994 hlunnr sm4 roller 7for launching ships74 hluti wm4 portion hljta4 hlutr sm4 #b1 share2 portion1 part1 piece2 thing hljta4 hlut-skipti sn4 booty4 hnakki wm4 back of head4 hf see 99hfja994 hollr adj4 gracious1 faithful4 hlmr sm4 small island4 hon see 99hann994 honum see 99hann994 horn sn4 horn4 hgri adj4 compar4 right 7hand74 hla wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 praise1 boast of4 hfingi wm4 chief hfu4 hfa-fjl sf4 head-board 7especially of a bedstead74 hfu see 99hafa994 hfn sf4 harbour4 hfu sn4 head4 hgg sn4 stroke4 hgg-ormr sm4 viper4 hgg-orrosta wf4 'cutting-fight1' hand-to-hand fight4 hggva sv4 #a1 hew1 cut1 strike4 hll sf4 hall4 hnd sf4 #c1 hand2 side--'hvrra-tvggju handar1' on both sides1 for both parties4 hrddr adj4 frightened1 afraid ptc4 of hrask4 hrask wv4 #a1 be frightened1 fear4 hrzla wf4 fear hrask4 hrafn sm4 raven4 hratt see 99hrinda994 hrau see 99hrja994 hraut see 99hrjta994 hreyfa wv4 #a1 move4 hr sf4 period of time4 hrm-urs sm4 frost giant4 hrinda sv4 #c1 push1 launch 7ship74 hrista wv4 #a1 shake4 hrja sv4 #g1 strip1 clear1 disable4 hrjta sv4 #g1 start1 burst out4 hrkk see 99hrkkva994 hrkkva sv4 #c1 start back4 hryi see 99hrjta994 hrynja wv4 #a;b4 fall down4 hrtr see 99hrjta994 huga see 99hyggja994 hugi wm4 thought4 hugr sm4 mind1 heart2 courage1 spirit4 hugsa wv4 #c1 consider1 think4 hundra sn4 hundred4 hur sf4 #b1 door4 hs sn4 room2 house4 hvar adv4 where2 that4 hvrr prn4 which of two2 each of the two1 both4 hvrr-tvggja prn4 each of the two1 both4 hvrt adv4 whether1 both in direct and indirect questions4 hvrt-tvggja adv4 'hv444ok1' both444and4 hvass adj4 sharp4 hvat prn4 neut4 what4 hvart adj4 brisk1 bold4 hv adv4 how4 hverfa sv4 #c1 turn1 go4 hvr-gi adv4 nowhere--'hv4 jarar1' nowhere on earth2 in no respect1 by no means4 hvrnig adv4 how hvrn veg44 hvrr prn4 who4 hvrsu adv4 how4 hv adv4 why4 hvirfill sm4 crown of head4 hvtna wv4 #b1 whiten4 hvtr adj4 white4 hyggja wv4 #a;b4 think1 mean1 determine hugr4 hylli wf4 favour hollr4 ,i prp4 in4 -huga wv4 #c1 try to remember1 consider hugr4 illa adv4 ill1 badly4 illr adj4 ill1 bad4 inn art4 the4 inn adv4 in compar4 99innar991 further in4 inna wv4 #a1 accomplish4 innan adv4 within1 inside4 99fyrir innan99 prp4 w4 gen4 within1 in4 inni adv4 in4 it see 99994 it see 99inn994 -rtt sf4 feat4 ,j jafn-breir adj4 equally broad4 jafn-hfugr adj4 equally heavy hfja4 jafn-mikill adj4 equally great4 jafn-skjtt adv4 equally quick4 jafna wv4 #c1 smooth2 compare w4 dat4 of thing compared4 jafnan adv4 always4 jarl sm4 earl4 jrn sn4 iron4 jrn-glfi sm4 iron gauntlet4 jrn-spng sf4 iron plate4 jta wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 agree to4 jk see 99auka994 jr sf4 earth4 jtun-heimar smpl4 home1 world of the giants4 jtunn sm4 giant4 ,k kr-leikr sm4 love1 affection krr1 'dear'4 kaf sn4 diving2 deep water1 water under the surface4 kafa wv4 #c1 dive4 kalla wv4 #c1 cry out1 call2 assert1 maintain2 name1 call4 kann see 99kunna994 kapp sn4 competition4 karl sm4 man2 old man4 kasta wv4 #c1 cast1 throw4 kaupa wv4 #b1 buy4 kngr sm4 bend4 knna wv4 #a1 know2 perceive4 krling sf4 old woman karl4 krra wf4 chariot4 ktill sm4 kettle4 keypta see 99kaupa994 keyra wv4 #a1 drive4 kirkja wf4 church4 kirkju-skot sn4 wing of a church4 kjsa sv4 #g1 choose4 klakk-laust adv4 uninjured4 kla wv4 #a1 clothe4 kla-bnar sm4 apparel4 kli snpl4 clothes4 kn sn4 knee4 knfr sm4 knife4 knrr sm4 merchant-ship4 kni see 99knja994 kni wm4 knuckle4 kntr sm4 knot4 knja wv4 #a;b1 press with knuckles or knees2 exert oneself kni4 klf-skot sn4 7distance of a7 bolt-shot4 kollttr adj4 bald4 koma sv4 #d4 come2 happen1 turn out2 w4 dat4 bring into a certain condition4 99k4 fyrir991 be paid in atonement4 99komask991 make one's way 7by dint of exertion74 kona wf4 woman2 wife4 konr sm4 kind--'alls konar1' all kinds2 'nakkvars konar1' of some kind4 konunga-stfna wf4 congress of kings4 konungr sm4 king4 konungs-dttir sf4 king's daughter4 konungs-skip sn4 king's ship4 kosinn see 99kjsa994 kost-gripr sm4 precious thing1 treasure4 kostr sm4 #b1 choice--'at ru kosti1' otherwise2 power kjsa4 kgur-sveinn sm4 little boy1 urchin4 kpp see 99kapp994 kpur-yri sn4 boasting or4 kttr sm4 #c1 cat4 km see 99koma994 krappa-rm sn4 back cabin4 krappr adj4 narrow4 kraptr sm4 strength4 krs sf4 #b1 delicacy4 krfja wv4 #a;b1 w4 acc4 of pers4 and gen4 of thing1 demand4 kunna swv4 know2 feel2 venture2 like to4 kunnandi wf4 knowledge1 accomplishments4 kunnusta wf4 knowledge1 power4 kunnr adj4 known4 kurr sm4 murmur1 rumour4 kvi sn4 poem4 kvma see 99koma994 kvn sf4 wife4 kvea sv4 #e1 say4 99kv4 99 settle1 agree on4 kvja wf4 salutation kvea4 kvja wv4 #a;b1 greet4 kveld sn4 evening--' kv41' this evening4 kveld-sngr sm4 vespers4 kvenn-vir sfpl4 woman's clothes4 kvir sm4 #c1 stomach1 belly4 kvisa wv4 #c1 whisper4 kvistr sm4 #c1 branch1 twig4 kvddu see 99kvja994 kykr 7-vir7 adj4 living4 kykvendi sn4 living creature1 animal4 kll sm4 bag4 kyn sn4 race1 lineage4 kr sf4 #c1 cow4 kyssa wv4 #a1 kiss4 ,l l see 99liggja994 lgri see 99lgr994 lr-lggr sm4 thigh-bone4 lt see 99lta994 laga see 99lggja994 lgr adj4 low2 short of stature liggja4 lags-mar sm4 companion4 lagu see 99liggja994 lama1 lamit see 99lmja994 land sn4 land1 country4 land-skjlfti wm4 earthquake4 langr adj4 long1 far4 lt snpl4 noise4 lta sv4 #a1 let go2 leave2 lose2 allow2 cause1 let2 behave1 act2 say4 lauf sn4 foliage4 laufs-bla sn4 7blade of foliage71 leaf4 laug sf4 bath4 laun snpl4 reward4 launa wv4 #c1 reward1 requite w4 dat4 of the thing given and of the pers41 and acc4 of the thing requited4 lauss adj4 loose2 shaky1 unsteady2 free from obligation4 laust see 99ljsta994 laut see 99lta994 lax sm4 salmon4 ler-hosa wf4 leather bag4 lggja wv4 #a;b1 lay1 put2 'l4 eitt fyrir einn1' give1 settle on2 'l4 sik fram1' exert oneself2 intr4 w4 skip understood sail1 row--99l4 at991 land2 attack2 99l4 fr991 retreat1 draw off2 pierce1 make a thrust4 99lggjask991 set out1 proceed2 swim liggja4 lei sf4 way--'koma einu til leiar1' carry out la4 lei see 99la994 leia wv4 #a1 lead1 conduct la4 leiangr 7-rs7 sm4 levy lei4 leiga wv4 #a1 borrow4 leikr sm4 game2 athletic sports1 contest4 leita wv4 #c1 w4 gen4 and dat4 seek2 take to1 have recourse to4 99leitask991 feel one's way lta4 lmja wv4 #a;b1 break4 lng sf4 length langr4 lngi adv4 long 7of time7 langr4 lngstr see 99langr994 lt see 99lta994 ltja wv4 #a;b1 w4 acc4 of pers4 and gen4 of thing1 hinder1 dissuade4 ltta wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 lift4 leyniliga adv4 secretly4 leysa wv4 #a1 loosen1 untie1 open lauss4 li sn4 troop4 la sv4 #f1 go2 pass 7of time72 impers4 99lr991 w4 dat4 fare1 get on4 impers4 'lr 7nttina71' 7the night7 is drawing to a close4 lf sn4 life--' lfi1' alive4 lifa wv4 #b1 live4 liggja sv4 #e1 lie4 99l4 til991 be fitting4 lk sn4 body2 corpse4 lka wv4 #c1 w4 dat4 please4 lki sn4 form lk4 lking sf4 likeness1 similarity lkr4 lknsamr adj4 gracious4 lkr adj4 like4 ln sn4 linen2 linen headdress4 list sf4 art4 lta sv4 #f1 look at2 regard1 consider--'l4 til eins4' turn to1 acknowledge greeting4 99ltask99 impers4 w4 dat4 seem4 litask wv4 #c1 look round one lta4 ltill adj4 little1 small--'ltit ver1' not very windy weather4 99ltlu99 adv4 by a little1 a little4 ltil-ri sm4 degradation r4 litr sm4 #c1 colour1 complexion2 appearance lta4 lzk see 99lta994 lj wv4 #a1 w4 gen4 and dat4 lend4 ljsta sv4 #g1 strike1 w4 dat4 of instr4 and acc4 of the thing struck--'l4 rum s1' dip the oars into the sea1 begin to row4 lofa wv4 #c1 praise4 lga wv4 #c1 w4 dat4 part with4 logi wm4 flame4 lokinn see 99lka994 lopt sn4 air--' l41' up4 lka sv4 #g1 lock1 close2 impers4 'lkr einu1' it is finished1 exhausted4 'l4 upp1' unlock1 open4 lukla see 99lykill994 lustu see 99ljsta994 lta sv4 #g1 bend1 bow4 lygi wf4 lie1 falsehood4 lyk sf4 ending--'at lykum1' finally4 lykill sm4 key lka4 lypta wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 lift lopt4 lypting sf4 raised place 7castle7 on the poop of a warship lypta4 lsa wv4 #a1 shine4 lsi-gull sn4 bright gold4 lst see 99ljsta994 lysta wv4 #a1 impers4 w4 acc4 desire4 ,m m see 99mega994 mar sm4 #d1 man4 mla 7mlta7 wv4 #a1 speak--'m4 vi einu1' refuse2 suggest4 mr sf4 virgin1 maid4 mtta see 99mega994 magr 7-ran7 adj4 thin4 mgr sm4 kinsman1 relation1 connection4 makligr adj4 fitting4 ml sn4 narrative2 in plur4 poem2 proper time1 time4 mlmr sm4 metal4 mann see 99mar994 mann-flk sn4 troops1 crew4 mann-hringr sm4 ring of men4 mannliga adv4 manlily4 margr adj4 many1 much4 mark sn4 mark2 importance4 marka wv4 #c1 infer4 marr sm4 horse4 mart see 99margr994 matask wv4 #c1 eat a meal4 matr sm4 #b1 food4 mtta see 99mega994 mttr sm4 #b1 might1 strength4 me prp4 w4 acc4 and dat4 with4 meal s4 middle-- m4 w4 gen4 between4 mean adv4 whilst4 mega swv4 can1 may4 megin --'rum m41' on the other side2 'llum m41' on all sides corruption of vegum4 mgin-gjarar sfpl4 girdle of strength mega4 meimar sfpl4 treasures4 meiri see 99mikill994 mn sn4 necklace1 piece of jewelry4 mnn see 99mar994 mr see 99ek994 mrgr sm4 #b1 marrow4 mrki sn4 mark2 banner mark4 mest see 99mikill994 meta sv4 #e1 measure2 estimate4 mey see 99mr994 mi-garr sm4 7middle enclosure71 world4 migars-ormr sm4 world-serpent4 mir adj4 middle4 mik see 99ek994 mikill adj4 big1 tall1 great4 99mikit99 adv4 much1 very4 miklu adv4 7instr47 much4 milli1 milli prp4 between1 among4 minjar sfpl4 remembrance1 memorial4 minn see 99ek994 minni see 99ltill994 minnr adv4 less4 mis-lka wv4 #c1 w4 dat4 displease1 not please4 missa wf4 loss1 want4 missa wv4 #a1 w4 gen4 lose2 do without4 mistil-teinn sm4 mistletoe teinn1 'twig'4 mitt see 99ek994 mjr sm4 #c1 mead4 mjk adv4 very4 mir sf4 #c1 mother4 mr sm4 anger4 mtask wv4 #a1 meet intr4 mt4 mn sf4 mane4 morginn sm4 morning4 mrk sf4 #c1 forest4 mrum see 99marr994 mt sn4 meeting4 99 mti99 prp4 w4 dat4 against4 mtu-neyti sn4 community of food--'lggja m4 sitt1' make their provision into a common store matr2 njta4 mundu see 99munu994 munnr sm4 mouth4 munr sm4 difference--'eim mun1' to that extent4 munu swv4 will1 may 7of futurity and probability74 myndi see 99munu994 myrkr sn4 darkness4 myrkr adj4 dark4 ,n n wv4 #a1 reach1 obtain2 succeed in4 nr adv4 w4 dat4 near2 nearly4 superl4 99nst99--'v n41' thereupon4 ntr see 99ntt994 nafn sn4 name4 nakkvarr prn4 some1 a certain4 99nakkvat99 adv4 somewhat2 perhaps4 ntt sf4 #c1 night4 ntt-bl sn4 night-quarters4 ntt-langt adv4 the whole night long4 ntt-star sm4 night-quarters4 nttra wf4 nature1 peculiarity4 ntt-verr sm4 #b1 supper4 nau-syn sf4 necessity4 naut see 99njta994 nean adv4 below4 99fyrir n499 prp4 w4 dat4 below4 nfja adj4 long-nosed 7874 nfna wv4 #a1 name1 call4 99nfnask991 name oneself1 give one's name as nafn4 nema sv4 #d1 take2 begin4 nema adv4 except1 unless4 nest sn4 provisions4 nest-baggi sm4 provision-bag4 nir adv4 down1 downwards4 nundi adj4 ninth4 njsn sf4 spying2 news4 njsna wv4 #c1 spy2 get intelligence4 njta sv4 #g1 enjoy1 profit4 norr adv4 northwards4 nkkvi wm4 vessel1 small ship4 n adv4 now2 therefore1 so4 n-vaknar adj4 7ptc47 newly awoke4 nr adj4 new4 nta wv4 #a1 profit njta4 ,o oddr sm4 point4 -fss adj4 madly eager4 r adj4 mad1 furious4 pa wv4 #a1 shout p1 'shout'4 rit adv4 enough2 very4 of prp4 w4 dat4 over2 during2 with respect to1 about4 adv4 too 7of excess74 of adv41 often used in poetry as a mere expletive4 of-veikr adj4 too weak4 ofan adv4 above2 down4 ofan-verr adj4 upper1 on the top4 k see 99aka994 ok conj4 and2 also--'ok444ok1' both444and2 but4 okkr see 99994 opt adv4 often4 compar4 99optar991 oftener1 again4 r prp4 w4 dat4 out of4 or sn4 word--' ru ori1' otherwise4 orinn see 99vera994 or-snding sf4 verbal message4 or-tak sn4 expression1 word4 ormr sm4 serpent1 dragon2 ship with a dragon's head4 orrosta wf4 battle4 oss see 99ek994 tta wf4 the end of night1 just before dawn4 ttalaust adj4 without fear4 x see 99vaxa994 oxi wm4 ox4 lask wv4 #c1 obtain4 ru see 99annarr994 l sn4 ale4 ldnu see 99aldinn994 ndttr adj4 fierce4 nd-vegi sn4 high seat1 dais4 nnur see 99annar994 r sf4 arrow4 r-fi sn4 harbourless coast4 rendi sn4 errand4 rendi sn4 holding the breath1 breath4 rind-reki sm4 messenger reka4 xn see 99oxi994 ,p pati sm4 rumour4 pnningr sm4 penny4 ,r r sn4 advice2 what is advisable--'sj eitt at ri1' consider advisable2 plan1 policy1 resolution4 ra sv4 #a1 advise1 w4 acc4 of thing and dat4 of pers42 consider1 deliberate2 undertake1 begin w4 prp4 til or infin42 dispose of1 have control over w4 prp4 fyrir4 ra-gr sf4 deliberation1 decision4 rugr adj4 sagacious4 ragna-rkr sn4 twilight of the gods1 end of the world4 ragna gen4 of rgin neut4 plur4 'gods4' ragr adj4 cowardly4 rku see 99reka994 rann see 99rnna994 rs sf4 race4 raur adj4 red4 rausn sf4 magnificence1 anything magnificent4 r see 99ra994 rei sf4 chariot4 rei see 99ra994 reia wv4 #a1 swing1 wield1 brandish4 rei-fara adj4--'vera vel r41' have a good passage4 reii sn4 trappings1 harness4 reir adj4 angry4 reka sv4 #g1 drive2 carry out2 perform4 'r4 af tjld1' take down awning4 rkkja wf4 bed4 rnna sv4 #c1 run4 rtta wv4 #a1 direct2 reach1 stretch4 99r4 upp991 pull up4 rttr adj4 right1 correct2 equitable1 fair4 reyna wv4 #a1 try1 test4 reyr-bnd supl4 the wire with which the arrow-head was bound to the shaft4 ra sv4 #f1 w4 dat4 ride4 riu see 99ra994 rilask wv4 #c1 set oneself in motion4 rki sn4 power2 sovereignty1 reign4 rkr adj4 powerful1 distinguished4 ripti sn4 linen cloth4 rita wv4 #c1 write4 ra sv4 #a1 row4 ra wv4 #a1 talk about1 discuss4 rra see 99ra994 rst sf4 league4 ,s s prn4 that2 he2 such1 such a one4 s see 99sj994 sr sm4 sea4 sra wv4 #a1 wound sr4 sti sn4 seat sitja4 stt sf4 #b1 reconciliation1 peace4 sttask wv4 #a1 be reconciled1 agree4 saga wf4 narrative1 history1 story4 saga see 99sgja994 saka wv4 impers4 w4 acc4--'hann 7acc47 sakai ekki1' he was not injured4 sakna wv4 #c1 w4 gen4 miss4 sl sf4 #b1 soul4 sld sn4 gallon4 salr sm4 #b1 hall4 saman adv4 together4 sami weak adj4 same4 sam-laga wf4 laying ships together for battle4 samt adv4 together4 sannligr adj4 probable2 suitable1 right4 sannr adj4 true4 sr sn4 wound4 srr adj4 wounded4 sat see 99sitja994 satt see 99sannr994 s see 99vera994 s see 99sj994 sefask wv4 #c1 be pacified4 sgja wv4 #a;b1 say1 relate saga4 segl sn4 sail4 seilask wv4 #a1 stretch intr4 seinn adj4 late1 slow1 tedious4 99seint99 adv4 slowly4 slja wv4 #a1 give2 sell4 sem adv4 as2 w4 subj4 as if2 to strengthen the superl4--'sem mest1' the most possible1 as much as possible4 snda wv4 #a1 send4 sndi-mar sm4 messenger4 snn adv4 at the same time1 at once2 immediately1 forthwith4 snn see 99sj994 sr see 99sik994 sr see 99sj994 st see 99sj994 set-berg sn4 seat-shaped rock1 crag sitja4 stja wv4 #a1 set1 place4 99s4 fram991 launch 7a ship74 99stjask991 sit down4 99stjask upp991 sit up sitja4 s-byra wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 lay a ship alongside another4 neut4 ptc4 99sbyrt991 close up to bor4 s adv4 late4 comp4 sar1 later1 afterwards4 superl4 99sast991 latest1 last4 sa wf4 side4 san adv4 afterwards1 then2 since4 sari adj4 comp4 later1 second 7in order74 sir sm4 #c1 custom4 sga sv4 #f1 sink4 sigla wf4 mast segl4 sigla wv4 #a1 sail4 siglu-skei sn4 middle of a ship4 sigr 7-rs7 sm4 victory4 sigr-p shout of victory4 sik prn4 oneself4 silfr sn4 silver4 sn see 99sik994 sinn sn4 time 7of repetition7--'einu sinni1' once1 for once4 'eigi optar at sinni1' not oftener than that time1 i4e4 only once4 sinn see 99sik994 sitja sv4 #e1 sit4 99s4 fyrir991 sit in readiness4 sj essi4 sj sv4 #e1 see2 's4 fyrir einu1' look after1 take care of4 impers4 'ltt sr at 1 at'444it will hardly be seen that444 99sjsk991 see one another1 meet4 sjlfr prn4 self4 sja sv4 #g1 boil2 cook4 sjn sf4 sight4 sjn-hvrfing sf4 ocular delusion4 skal see 99skulu994 skalf see 99skjlfa994 skli wm4 hall4 skammr adj4 short4 skap sn4 state1 condition2 state of mind1 mood1 humour4 skapligr adj4 suitable1 fit4 skapt sn4 shaft1 handle4 skar see 99skera994 skar sn4 notch1 gap2 defect4 skaut see 99skjta994 skgg sn4 beard2 beak 7of a ship74 skei sn4 race-course1 running-ground2 race--'taka sk41' start in a race4 skeina wv4 #a1 graze4 skellr sm4 knock4 skmtun sf4 amusement1 entertainment skammr1 literally 'shortening 7of time7'4 skera sv4 #d1 cut1 cut up2 kill 7animal74 skiljask wv4 #a1 separate1 part intr4 skillingr sm4 shilling1 coin4 skilnar sm4 separation1 parting4 skip sn4 ship4 skipa wv4 #c1 order1 arrange1 prepare1 fit out4 'sk4 til um eitt1' make arrangements for4 99skipask991 take one's place2 change1 alter intr4 skipa-hrr sm4 fleet4 skipan sf4 arranging2 ship's crew4 skips-brot sn4 shipwreck4 skip-stjrnar-mar sm4 7steerer71 commander of a ship1 captain4 skjald-borg sf4 wall of shields1 testudo4 skjlfa sv4 #c1 shake intr4 skjta sv4 #g1 w4 dat4 shoot1 throw1 push4 skjt-fri sn4 swiftness4 skjt-leikr sm4 swiftness4 skjt-liga adv4 swiftly1 quick4 skjtr adj4 swift1 quick4 99skjtt99 adv4 quickly4 skjldr sm4 #c1 shield4 skgr sm4 forest1 wood4 skorta wv4 #a1 impers4 w4 acc4 of pers4 and of thing1 want1 fail4 skot sn4 shot2 missile skjta4 skot-ml sn4 shot-measure1 range4 skotta wv4 #c1 dangle--sk4 vi drift 7of ships74 skkull sm4 shaft 7of a cart74 skmm sf4 disgrace1 shame4 skr sf4 hair of the head4 skreppa wf4 bag1 wallet4 skulfu see 99skjlfa994 skulu swv4 shall4 skuta wf4 small ship1 cutter4 skutill sm4 trencher1 small table4 skutil-sveinn sm4 page1 chamberlain4 skutu see 99skjta994 skykkr sm4 shake--'ganga skykkjum1' shake4 skylda see 99skulu994 skyldr adj4 obliged1 obligatory1 bound skulu4 skyn sn4 understanding1 insight--'kunna1 sk4' understand4 skynda wv4 #a1 hasten1 bring in haste4 skyndiliga adv4 hastily1 quickly4 skynsamliga adv4 intelligently1 carefully4 skt see 99skjta994 sl sv4 #b1 strike4 'sl eldi 1' light a fire4 slliga adv4 sluggishly1 weakly4 slr adj4 blunt4 slr see 99sl994 sltr sn4 meat4 sleikja wv4 lick4 sleit see 99slta994 slttr adj4 level1 smooth2 comfortable1 easy4 slkr adj4 such4 slta sv4 #f1 tear--99sl4 upp991 pull up2 w4 dat4 break 7agreement74 smri see 99smr994 smr adj4 small1 insignificant4 sm-skip snpl4 small ships4 sm-skta wf4 small cutter4 smjga sv4 #g1 squeeze through1 slip4 smugu see 99smjga994 snarpligr adj4 vigorous4 snarpr adj4 sharp2 vigorous4 snimma adv4 early4 snra see 99sna994 sna sv4 #a1 w4 dat4 turn or 7trans47 direct2 twist1 plait4 99snask991 turn 7intr474 soinn see 99sja994 skja wv4 #a;c1 seek2 go--'s4 aptr1' retreat4 sm sf4 honour sma4 stti see 99skja994 sofa sv4 #d1 sleep4 sofna wv4 #c1 go to sleep4 sgur see 99saga994 sk sf4 cause--'fyrir s4 at'4441 because4 skkva sv4 #c1 sink4 sl sf4 sun4 sl-skin sn4 sunshine4 soltinn adj4 hungry ptc4 of 'svelta1' starve4 sma wv4 #b1 w4 dat41 be suitable1 befitting4 smi wm4 honour4 sonr sm4 son4 stt sf4 illness4 stta see 99skja994 sx snpl4 raised prow of a war-ship4 spala see 99splr994 sparask wv4 #b1 spare oneself1 reserve one's energy4 spnna 7spnta7 wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 of thing1 gird1 buckle on4 spjt sn4 spear4 sporr sm4 tail4 spori sm4 spur4 splr sm4 rail4 sprakk see 99springa994 sprtta wv4 #a1 split4 springa sv4 #c1 burst4 spura see 99spyrja994 spyrja wv4 #a;b1 ask2 hear of1 learn--'sp4 til eins1' have news of1 hear of his arrival4 99spyrjask991 be known4 spyrna wv4 #a1 kick4 staddr adj4 placed1 staying ptc4 of 'stja1' place4 star sm4 place--' stainn1' instead4 stafar adj4 7ptc47 striped4 staf-karl sm4 7staff-man71 beggar4 stafn sm4 prow4 stafn-bi wm4 prow-man4 stafn-l wm4 grappling-hook4 stafr sm4 #b 7gen4 sg4 stafs71 staff1 stick4 stakk see 99stinga994 stallari sm4 marshall4 standa sv4 #b1 stand4 99st4 upp991 stand up1 rise4 starfa wv4 #c1 work4 stfna wv4 #a1 steer2 take a course1 go4 steig see 99stga994 steinn sm4 stone2 jewel4 stela sv4 #d1 w4 dat4 of thing and acc4 of pers4 steal1 rob4 stndr see 99standa994 strkliga adv4 vigorously4 strkr adj4 strong4 steypa wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 of thing1 throw2 pull off4 99steypask991 throw oneself4 stga sv4 #f1 advance1 walk1 go4 99st4 upp991 mount 7horse74 stgr sm4 path1 way4 stikill sm4 point4 stilla 7stilta7 wv4 #a1 arrange4 99st4 til991 arrange1 dispose4 stinga sv4 #c1 pierce2 'st4 stfnum at skipi1' run the prow against a ship's side4 stirt adv4 harshly neut4 of 'stirr1' stiff4 st see 99standa994 strri see 99str994 stkkva sv4 #c1 spring1 rebound1 start back4 stolinn see 99stela994 strliga adv4 bigly1 arrogantly4 str-mannligr adj4 magnificent1 aristocratic4 str-mnni sn4 great men 7collective71 aristocracy4 strr adj4 big1 great4 99strum99 adv4 greatly4 str-rr adj4 7great of plans71 ambitious4 str-skip sn4 big ship1 str-virki sn4 great deed4 str wv4 #a1 strew1 cover with straw4 strauk see 99strjka994 strngr sm4 #b1 string4 strjka sv4 #g1 stroke4 stund sf4 period of time1 time4 stutt adv4 shortly1 abruptly neut4 of 'stuttr' short4 stra wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 steer4 stri sn4 rudder4 stris-hnakki wm4 top piece of rudder4 styrkr sm4 strength2 help4 s see 99s994 sur adv4 southward4 sur-ganga wf4 journey south 7to ,rome74 sukku see 99skkva994 sumar sn4 summer4 sumr prn4 some4 sund sn4 sound1 channel4 sv adv4 so1 as2 as soon as4 'ok sv1' also4 svaf see 99sofa994 svara wv4 #c1 w4 dat4 of thing1 answer4 svardagi sm4 oath4 sveinn sm4 boy4 sveinn-stauli wm4 small boy4 sveit sf4 troop4 svelga sv4 #c1 swallow1 gulp4 sver sn4 sword4 svers-hgg sn4 swordstroke4 svipan sf4 jerk2 moment4 svipting sf4 pull1 struggle4 snask wv4 #a1 seem sjn4 syni see 99sonr994 systir sf4 #c1 sister4 ,t taka wv4 #b1 w4 acc4 take1 seize1 take possession of2 w4 inf4 begin2 w4 dat4 receive 7well1 ill1 etc474 99takask991 take place1 begin4 99t4 at991 choose4 99t4 til991 engage in1 try4 99t4 upp991 take to1 choose4 tala wf4 talk1 speech4 tala wv4 #c1 speak1 talk about1 discuss4 talir see 99tlja994 tlma wv4 #c1 hinder4 tr sn4 tear4 taumar smpl4 reins4 tkinn see 99taka994 tlja wv4 #a;b1 count1 recount2 account1 consider2 relate1 say tala4 tngir sfpl4 relationship1 connection by marriage4 tngja wv4 #a1 bind1 fasten together4 tngsl snpl4 cable4 ta wv4 #a1 impers4 w4 acc4 desire4 tindi snpl4 tidings1 news4 tr adj4 usual1 happening--'hvat er ttt um ik8' what is the matter with you8 99ttt99 adv4 often1 quickly--'sem tast1' as quickly as possible4 tiginn adj4 of high rank4 tigr sm4--'fjrir tigir1' forty4 til prp4 w4 gen4 to2 till2 for 7of use7--'alt er t4 vpna var1' everything that could be used as a missile2 for 7of object1 intention7--'brjta lgg til mrgjar1' break a leg to get at the marrow2 with respect to--'til vista var eigi gott1' they were not well off for provisions4 til adv4 too 7of excess74 til-vsan sf4 direction1 guidance4 ttt see 99tr994 tvi wm4 god4 tjald sn4 tent4 tjgu-skgg sn4 forked beard4 tka see 99taka994 tk see 99taka994 tnn sf4 #c1 tooth4 trani wm4 crane4 tr sn4 tree4 troa sv4 tread4 trog sn4 trough4 tros sn4 droppings1 rubbish4 tra wf4 faith--'at veit tr4 mn at4441' by my faith4 tra wv4 #b1 w4 dat4 of pers4 believe1 trust1 rely on4 tn sn4 enclosure1 dwelling4 tveir num4 two4 tna wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 lose4 typpa wv4 tie in a top-knot4 see 99s994 see 99iggja994 adv4 then4 r see 99s994 akr see 99kja994 akka wv4 #c1 w4 acc4 of thing and dat4 of pers4 thank2 requite1 reward4 ambar-sklfir sm4 bowstring-shaker 7874 ann see 99s994 annig adv4 thither2 so ann veg4 ar adv4 there2 then2 '4 af1' etc41 thereof4 'ar sem1' since1 because4 'ar til1' until4 arf see 99urfa994 at see 99s994 au see 99s994 egar adv4 at once4 '4 er1' as soon as4 ginn see 99iggja994 gja wv4 #a;b1 be silent4 eim see 99s994 eir1 eirra see 99s994 kja wv4 #a;b1 roof4 kkja wv4 #a1 notice4 99kkjask991 take pleasure in2 accept4 r see 99994 ess see 99s994 ess adv4 w4 comp4 the1 so much the4 essi prn4 this4 iggja sv4 #e1 receive4 ik see 99994 ing sn4 meeting1 parliament4 inn see 99994 it see 99994 j sf4 nation1 race4 adv4 though1 yet4 k see 99kja994 kk sf4 thanks1 gratitude akka4 ola wv4 #b1 endure1 put up with4 ora wv4 #b1 dare4 rf sf4 need4 orrinn see 99verra994 tt adv4 though at4 tta see 99ykkja994 raut see 99rjta994 reifask wv4 #c1 grope1 feel4 reyta wv4 #a1 make exertions1 try4 rii adj4 third4 rijungr sm4 third4 rr num4 three4 rjta sv4 #g1 impers4 w4 acc4 of pers4 come to an end1 fail4 rugr adj4 mighty4 prn4 thou4 umlungr sm4 thumb of glove4 unn-vangi wm4 temple 7of head74 urr sm4 diminution4 urfa swv4 often impers4 require1 need4 urr adj4 dry4 urs sm4 giant4 verra sv4 #c1 diminish4 vers adv4 across4 v see 99s994 v adv4 therefore2 w4 compar4 the1 so much the more4 vlikr adj4 such4 ykkja wv4 #a;c1 seen1 be considered4 'ykkir einum fyrir1' there seems to be something in the way1 one hesitates4 'myndi mr fyrir 4 1' ,i should be displeased4 99ykkjask991 think4 ykkr adj4 thick1 close4 ynna wv4 #a1 make thin4 99ynnask99 get thin4 yrstr adj4 7ptc47 thirsty4 ,u -fra wf4 impassable place2 fix1 difficulty4 -frir sm4 hostility1 war4 -grynni sn4 countless number grunnr1 'bottom'4 -happ sn4 misfortune4 -hreinn adj4 impure4 um prp4 w4 acc4 around1 about1 over2 of time in1 at2 of superiority beyond2 concerning1 about4 um-r sn4 advice1 help4 um-sj sf4 care4 una wv4 #a1 w4 dat4 be contented--'u4 illa1' be discontented4 undan prp4 w4 dat41 adv4 away 7from74 undarliga adv4 strangely4 undarligr adj4 strange4 undir prp4 w4 acc4 and dat4 under4 undr sn4 wonder4 ungr adj4 young4 unninn see 99vinna994 unz adv4 until4 upp adv4 up4 upp-ganga wf4 boarding 7ship74 upp-haf sn4 beginning hfja4 upp-himinn sm4 high heaven4 uppi adv4 up2 at an end4 uru see 99vera994 t adv4 out4 comp4 99utar991 outer1 outwards1 farther away4 utan adv4 outside2 outwards4 utan-fr sf4 journey abroad4 utar see 99t994 ti adv4 outside1 out on the sea4 t-lausn sf4 ransom4 -vinr sm4 enemy4 ,v vg sf4 forbearance4 vnn adj4 likely1 to be expected4 vri see 99vera994 vtr neut4 nothing4 vaka wv4 #c1 be awake1 wake up4 vakna wv4 #c1 awake4 vald sn4 power1 control4 val-kyrja sf4 chooser of the slain1 war-goddess kjsa4 valr sm4 corpses on the battle-field4 vn1 sf4 hope1 expectation1 probability4 vandra-skld sn4 the 'awkward' poet1 the poet who is difficult to deal with4 vandri snpl4 difficulty4 vangi wm4 cheek4 vanr adj4 accustomed4 vpn sn4 weapon4 vpna-bur sm4 bearing weapons1 shower of missiles4 vpn-lauss adj4 without weapons4 var see 99vera994 vr sn4 spring4 vr see 99ek994 vara wv4 #b1 impers4 w4 acc4 of pers4--'mik vari1' ,i expected4 var see 99vera994 vari see 99vrja994 vargr sm4 wolf4 varir see 99vrja994 varla adv4 scarcely4 varnar sm4 goods1 merchandise4 vru see 99vera994 vatn sn4 water4 vaxa sv4 #b1 grow2 increase4 ver sn4 weather4 vegr sm4 road2 way1 manner2 direction1 side2 in composition1 region1 tract1 land4 veik see 99vikja994 veit see 99vita994 veita wv4 #a1 give1 grant2 make 7resistance1 etc474 vkja wv4 #a;b1 wake vaka4 vl sf4 artifice1 cunning4 vlja wv4 #a;b1 choose4 vndi see 99vndr994 vr see 99ek994 vera sv4 exist2 remain1 stay1 happen2 be4 'hvat ltum hafi verit1' what had caused the noise4 99v4 at991 be occupied with4 ver sn4 worth1 value2 price4 vera sv4 #c1 happen2 happen to come4 'v4 fyrir einum1' come in one's way1 appear before one2 become2 come into being1 be2 'v4 til eins1' be ready for1 undertake2 w4 infin4 be obliged1 must4 'n er orit mikit fyrir mr1' now ,i have come into a great perplexity1 difficulty4 99v4 at991 happen4 verr adj4 worth2 important4 ver-gjarn adj4 desirous of a husband1 loose4 verit see 99vera994 vert see 99verr994 vrja wv4 #a;b1 defend--'v4 baki1' defend with the back1 turn one's back on4 vrja wv4 #a;b1 dress2 lay out money1 invest4 verk sn4 work1 job4 verr sm4 man2 husband4 vrr adv4 comp4 worse4 superl4 99vrst991 worst4 verld sf4 world4 vestan adv4 from the west4 'v4 fyrir' w4 gen4 or acc41 west of4 vestr adv4 westwards4 vetr sm4 winter2 year4 vx see 99vaxa994 vxti see 99vxtr994 vi prp4 w4 acc4 by1 near2 towards 7of place and time72 with 7of various relations74 w4 dat4 towards1 at 7laugh at1 etc472 in exchange for1 for4 va adv4 widely1 far and wide1 on many sides4 viar-teinungr sm4 tree-shoot1 plant4 vi-brag sn4 push4 vir sm4 #c1 tree4 vr adj4 wide1 broad4 vi-skipti snpl4 dealings4 vi-taka wf4 reception2 resistance4 vgja wv4 #a1 consecrate1 hallow4 vgr adj4 warlike1 able-bodied4 vking sf4 piracy1 piratical expedition4 vkingr sm4 pirate4 vkja sv4 #f1 turn1 move1 go4 vilja swv4 will4 villi-eldr sm4 wildfire1 conflagration4 vintta wf4 friendship4 vinttu-ml snpl4 assurances of friendship4 vinna sv4 #c1 do1 perform2 win1 conquer4 99vinnask til991 suffice4 vinr sm4 #b1 friend4 viring sf4 honour verr4 vsa wv4 #b1 w4 dat4 show1 guide4 vss adj4 wise2 certain4 vissa see 99vita994 vist sf4 #b1 board and lodging2 provisions4 vit see 99ek994 vita swv4 know2 be turned in a certain direction4 99v4 fram991 see into futurity4 vti sn4 punishment1 penalty4 vtis-horn sn4 penalty-horn 7whose contents were drunk as a punishment74 vitkask wv4 #c1 come to one's senses4 vitr 7-ran7 adj4 wise4 vllr sm4 #c1 plain1 field4 vndr sm4 #c1 twig1 rod4 vrn sf4 defence1 resistance4 vxtr sm4 #c1 growth1 stature4 vreir reir4 ,y yr see 99994 yfir prp4 w4 acc4 and dat4 over ofan4 miss adj4 various1 different4 ymr sm4 rumbling noise4 ytri adj4 comp4 outer4 superl4 99yztr991 outside7st7 t4 ,,proper ,,names ki sm4 sa-rr sm4 7divine7 ,thor4 strr sf4 ,auun sm4 ,baldr 7-rs7 sm4 ,bari wm4 'the ,ram' 7name of a ship74 ,bil-skrnir sm4 ,brsinga-mn sn4 ,freyja's necklace4 ,burizleifr sm4 ,dins-leif sf4 relic of ,dinn 'leif1' leaving1 heritage4 ,dana-konungr sm4 king of the ,danes4 ,danir smpl4 the ,danes4 ,dan-mrk sf4 #c1 ,denmark4 ,draupnir sm4 ,einarr sm4 ,eindrii wm4 ,eirkr sm4 ,erlingr sm4 ,fn-salr sm4 #b4 ,finnr sm4 ,finskr adj4 ,finnish4 ,freyja wf4 ,freyr sm4 ,frigg sf4 wife of ,odin4 ,fulla wf4 ,frigg's handmaid4 ,geira wf4 ,gimsar fpl4 ,gjallar-br sf4 the bridge over the river ,gjll4 ,gjll sf4 'the ,resounder1' the river of ,hell4 ,grn-land sn4 ,greenland4 ,gullin-bursti wm4 ',golden-bristle4' ,gull-toppr sm4 ',gold-top4' ,h-ey sf4 ',high-island4' ,hkon sm4 ,hall-frer sm4 ,haraldr sm4 ,hinn sm4 ,heim-dallr sm4 ,hl sf4 the goddess of the infernal regions4 ,hr-mr sm4 ,hildr sf4 'hildr1' war4 ,hjaninga-vg sn4 battle of the ,hjanings4 ,hjarrandi wm4 ,hlrii wm4 the ,thunderer1 ,thor4 ,hgni wm4 ,hring-horni wm4 ',ring-prowed4' ,hyrningr sm4 ,hyrrokin sf4 ,hr sm4 s-land sn4 ,iceland4 sland-fr sf4 journey to ,iceland4 slnzkr adj4 ,icelandic4 ,jms-borg sf4 ,jms-vkingar smpl4 the pirates of ,jmsborg4 ,kol-bjrn sm4 ,laufey sf4 ,litr sm4 ,loki wm4 ,m-gur sf4 ,mri wf4 ,nanna wf4 ,nepr sm4 ,njarar see 99,njrr994 ,njrr sm4 ,na-tn snpl4 ,noregr sm4 ,norway nor-vegr4 ku-rr sm4 ,thor 7the driver7 aka4 lfr sm4 inn sm4 ,odin4 ,orkn-eyjar sfpl4 ,orkneys4 ,rma-borg sf4 ,rome4 ,rm-frli wm4 pilgrim to ,rome fara4 ,rskva wf4 ,sax-land sn4 ,saxony1 ,germany4 ,sif sf4 ,sigrr sf4 ,sig-valdi wm4 ,skjlgr sm4 ,skrmir sm4 ,sleipnir sm4 ,slrug-tanni wm4 tnn4 ,snskr adj4 ,swedish4 ,sveinn sm4 ,sva-konungr sm4 king of ,sweden4 ,svar smpl4 ,swedes4 ,sva-vldi sn4 ,sweden vald4 ,sv-j sf4 ,sweden4 ,svlr 7-rar7 sf4 island of ,svolder1 near ,rgen4 ,tann-gnjstr sm4 tnn4 ,tann-grisnir sm4 tnn4 ,tryggvi wm4 ',trusty4' jlfi wm4 rir sm4 or-kll sm4 rr sm4 ,thor4 or-steinn sm4 r-vangar smpl4 'plains of strength4' rymyr sm4 kk sf4 lfr sm4 tgara-loki wm4 t-garr sm4 99t-garar99 pl4 'outer enclosure1' world of the giants4 ,vanir smpl4 race of ,gods4 ,vr sf4 goddess of betrothal and marriage4 ,vest-firzkr adj4 of the west firths 7in ,iceland74 ,vk sf4 'the ,bay1' the ,skagerak and the ,christiania fjord4 ,vinda-snkkja wf4 ,wendish ship4 ,vind-land sn4 ,wendland4 ,vindr smpl4 the ,wends4 ,ving-rr sm4 name of ,thor4 ,,the ,,end4