,,/&>d ,,measures ,,( ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,great ,,brita91 ,,& ,,france4 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,actual ,,comp>isons4 ,,) ,,app5dix ,,on ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,m,,tre4 ,,by ,,ar?ur ,s4 ,c4 ,,wurtele1 ,,ass',t ,,eng41 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,h4 ,r4 ,r4 ,illu/ration ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,new ,,york3 #dd ,,murray ,,/reet4 ,,london3 #af ,,*>+ ,,cross4 #ahhb4 ,,copyright1 #ahhb1 ,,by ,,ar?ur ,s4 ,c4 ,,wurtele4 ,,introduction4 ,dur+ ! prep>ation ( ?is inve/igation ( ,/&>d ,measures a l>ge numb] ( au?orities 7 exam9$1 includ+ ! foll[+3 ,kelly's 8,univ]sal ,cambi/10 ,maund]'s 8,weights & ,measures10 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 8,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia10 ,williams' 8,geodesy10 ,hym]'s works1 8,smi?sonian ,reports10 8,coa/ ,survey ,reports10 ,h]s*el's 8,a/ronomy10 etc4 ,! only concise & cle> /atem5t ,i f\nd 0 ,j4 ,e4 ,hilg>d's report to ! ,coa/ ,survey on /&>ds 9 #ahgf1 :i* ,i 0 gratifi$ to f9d co9cides ) my d$uctions4 ,,ar?ur ,s4 ,c4 ,,wurtele4 ,,albany1 ,novemb] #bf1 #ahha4 ,,/&>d ,,measures4 ,a /&>d measure ( l5g? at fir/ sight appe>s to be v simple--m]ely a b> ( metal ( any l5g?1 accord+ to ! unit ( any c\ntry2 & comp>isons ( diff]5t /&>ds d n seem to pres5t any difficulty4 ,b on look+ fur!r into ! ?+1 we f9d t /&>ds are ref]r$ to "s natural inv>iable l5g?1 & we are at once confront$ ) a mass ( sci5tific r$uctions giv+ diff]5t values to ! same ?+1 accord+ to successively improv$ means ( obs]vation4 ,we f9d1 also1 t comp>isons ( "o /&>d ) ano!r diff]1 z giv5 by r$uctions c>ri$ to great app>5t exactness4 ,e au?or appe>s to assume ! "r ( us+ 8 own judgm5t z to :at r$uction is to be consid]$ ! mo/ exact1 & ! result is a v confus+ diff]5ce 9 app>5tly exact figures1 ) no?+ to %[ h[ ^! diff]5ces arise4 ,i h endeavor$ to indicate :at may be ! cause ( ?is confusion by giv+ ! figures ( actually obs]v$ comp>isons & r$uctions2 9 a mann]1 ! roots ( ! figures us$ z /atem5ts ( l5g?4 ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor? gives #a_/djjjj ( an in* z ! smalle/ l5g? t c be measur$ ) c]ta9ty1 ) an ultimate possibility ( #a_/ajjjjjj ( an in*2 b imp]ceptible v>iations ( temp]ature affect ^! inf9itesimal l5g?s to su* an ext5t t he believes ! limit c only be rea*$ at a /&>d temp]ature ( #he ,f41 to avoid ! effect ( heat ( ! body4 ,x appe>s to me t comp>isons %\ld be made ( d\ble y>ds & mtres ) ! old ,fr5* toise1 z ! limit ( exactness w\ld be !reby d\bl$4 ,ano!r great defect 9 /atem5ts ( relative values is ! omission ( necess>y facts--! mat]ial ( :i* ! b>s or /&>ds are made1 ! temp]ature at :i* comp>ison 0 made1 & ! /&>d temp]atures us$ z to ! f9al r$uction1 ) ! coeffici5t ( expansion adopt$4 ,aga91 b>s ( diff]5t metals appe> 9 "t to s5sibly *ange _! relative l5g?4 ,,engli% ,,/&>ds ,,( ,,l5g?4 ,! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( a uni=m /&>d appe>s to h be5 made 9 #aaja by ,h5ry ,i41 :o is said to h fix$ ! ulna 7n[ ! y>d7 at ! l5g? ( 8 arm2 b no?+ def9ite 0 done till #agcf1 :5 ! ,royal ,society took /eps t[>d secur+ a g5]al /&>d1 & 9 #agdb !y _h a /&>d y>d made by ,graham f a comp>ison ( v>i\s y>ds & ells ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 & ,elizabe?1 t 7 kept 9 ! ,ex*equ]4 ,two copies ( ! ,royal ,society /&>d y>d 7 made by ,bird 9 #ageh = a committee ( ,p>liam5t1 "o ( :i* 0 m>k$ 8/&>d ( #ageh10 & ! o!r #agfj4 ,b no exact legal /&>d 0 yet e/abli%$1 z %[n by comp>isons 9 #ahjb ( ! v>i\s /&>d measures 9 use :i* ,pictet1 ( ,g5eva1 made ) an accurate scale by ,tr\ghton1 us+ means exact to ! t5 ?\s&? "p ( an in*1 ) ! foll[+ results at ! temp]ature ( #fb ,f43 ,tr\ghton ,scale #cfjjjjj in*es4 ,p>liam5t>y ,/&>d 7#ageh1 ,bird7 #cfjjjbc 8 ,royal ,society 8 7#agfj1 8 7 #ceiiiee 8 8 8 7,graham7 #cfjjacj 8 ,ex*equ] 8 #ceiiccj 8 ,t[] 8 #cfjjdjj 8 ,g54 ,roy 8 7,trig4 ,survey7 #cfjjjcf 8 ,p>liam5t f9ally und]took to re=m ! measures ( ,engl&1 & appo9t$ a commission 9 #ahah1 "u ^: au?ority ,capt4 ,kat] comp>$ ! /&>d y>ds !n 9 use ) ! foll[+ results1 z ref]r$ to ! ,indian ,survey /&>d3 ,col4 ,lambton ,/&>d 7,indian ,survey7 #cfjjjjjj in*es4 ,bird's ,/&>d 7#agfj7 #cfjjjfei 8 ,sir ,geo4 ,s*uckburgh's ,/&>d #cfjjjfdb 8 ,ramsd5's ,b>4 ,ordnance ,survey #cfjjcadg 8 ,g54 ,roy's ,scale #cfjjaecg 8 ,royal ,society ,/&>d #cfjjbjjg 8 ,! commission report$ 9 favor ( adopt+ ,bird's /&>d ( #agfj1 z x diff]$ s slightly f ,sir ,george ,s*uckburgh's /&>d 7:i* _h be5 us$ 9 d$uc+ ! value ( ! ,fr5* mtre7 t ^? values c\ld be assum$ z correct4 ,!y also e/abli%$ ! l5g? ( ! seconds p5dulum at level ( sea 9 ,london & 9 vacuo z #ciacibi in*es4 ,! seconds p5dulum _h be5 previ\sly fix$ by ,wolla/on & ,playfair 9 #ahad z #ciacjdg in*es4 ,on ?is report1 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 9 #ahbc decl>$ ! only /&>d measure ( l5g? = ! ,unit$ ,k+dom to be ! y>d z giv5 by ! di/ance at #cb ,f4 betwe5 two po9ts 9 gold /uds on ! brass b>1 made by ,bird1 & m>k$ 8,/&>d ( #agfj10 & 9 ! keep+ ( ! ,cl]k ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons2 also x ref]r$ ?is /&>d y>d to ! natural /&>d ( a p5dulum vibrat+ seconds ( mean sol> "t at ! level ( ! sea1 9 vacuo at ,london & temp]ature ( #cb ,f41 z 9 ! proportion ( #cf to #ciacibi2 s t a p5dulum #cf in*es long ought to make #ijjhhdb vibrations 9 #bd h\rs4 ,! ,royal ,society _h a copy ( ! legal /&>d made by ,bailey 9 #ahcd2 & 9 ! same ye> ! ,p>liam5t>y /&>d 0 de/roy$ by fire at ! burn+ ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 leav+ ! k+dom aga9 )\t a legal /&>d4 ,all attempts made by a commission consi/+ ( ,airy1 ,bailey1 ,h]s*el1 ,lubbock1 & ,%eep%anks1 to re/ore ! /&>d by means ( ! seconds p5dulum fail$ 9 exactness1 on acc\nt ( ! _m conditions ( a vibrat+ p5dulum1 & rec\rse 0 _h to ! ,royal ,society /&>d1 :i* _h be5 c>efully comp>$ by ,capta9 ,kat] 9 #ahah1 & f ?is 9 #ahch ,bailey & ,%eep%anks made six bronze b>s1 "o in* squ>e1 & #ch in*es long1 :i* 9 #ahee 7 legaliz$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 & ! ,engli% /&>d ( l5g? def9$ z foll[s3 8,t ! /raight l9e on di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! transv]se l9es 9 ! two gold plugs on ! bronze b> deposit$ 9 ! ,ex*equ] %all be ! g5u9e /&>d y>d at ! temp]ature ( #fb ,fahr5heit2 & if lo/1 x %all be replac$ by means ( its copies40 ,! ,fr5* metrical sy/em 0 made legal p]missively 9 #ahfd1 at ! l5g? e/abli%$ by ,capta9 ,kat]1 ref]r$ to 9 ,act ( ,p>liam5t ( #ahbc1 ( #a mtre equal to #cicgjgi in*es1 or #cbhjhiiaf feet4 ,^! are ! /&>ds n[ 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,congress is *>g$ ) fix+ ! /&>d ( measures 7,art4 #a1 sec4 #h72 b z no enactm5t has be5 made by ,congress1 ! /&>d y>d 9 ,engl&1 :i* 0 legal previ\s to #aggf 9 ! ,colonies1 is ! /&>d y>d ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & does n diff] ) ! ,engli% /&>d y>d4 ,"u resolution ( ,congress 9 #ahcj1 ,mr4 ,hassl] 0 employ$ to exam9e ! /&>ds 9 use4 ,consid]able discrepancies 7 f\nd1 b ! mean ( all exam9$ correspond$ v ne>ly ) ! ,engli% /&>d1 & 9 #ahcb ! recomm5dation ( ,mr4 ,hassl] 0 adopt$1 & ! /&>d y>d def9$ z ! di/ance betwe5 ! #bg? & #fc;d in* m>ks1 at ! temp]ature ( #fb ,f41 on ! brass scale #hb in*es long1 be+ an exact copy ( ,sir ,george ,s*uckburgh's /&>d1 made by ,tr\ghton1 ( ,london1 = ! ,coa/ ,survey1 & deposit$ 9 ! ,(fice ( ,weights & ,measures at ,wa%+ton4 ,9 #ahcf an ,act ( ,congress ord]$ /&>ds to be s5t to ea* ,gov]nor ( a ,/ate1 & ! "w 0 done "u direction ( ,mr4 ,hassl]4 ,9 #ahef1 two copies ( ! ,engli% /&>d y>d1 z re/or$ aft] de/ruction ( ! orig9al /&>d by fire 9 #ahcd1 ,no4 #aa ( bronze1 & ,no4 #eg ( ,l[ ,moor wr\ght iron1 7 pres5t$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,airy4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,tr\ghton /&>d b> be+ comp>$ ) ,no4 #aa 0 f\nd to be long] by #jjjjhe in*1 or 9 proportion ( #a to #ajjjjbcgbaf1 ab\t #a in*es 9 a mile1 accord+ to ,report ( ,secret>y ( ,treasury 9 #aheg4 ,lat] comp>isons made by ,j4 ,e4 ,hilg>d1 ( ! ,coa/ ,survey1 at ! ,briti% ,/&>ds ,(fice1 betwe5 ,no4 #aa & ! /&>d imp]ial y>d1 give ,no4 #aa z #jjjjjhh in* %ort]1 or x w\ld be ( /&>d l5g? at temp]ature ( #fbbe ,f4 ,we may inf] t ! ,tr\ghton /&>d is too long by #jjjjgfb in*1 or w\ld be /&>d l5g? at temp]ature #eigg ,f4 in/ead ( at #fb by mak+ expansion r$uction ) ,airy's coeffici5t = ! bronze ( ! imp]ial /&>ds1 #jjjjcdb in* p] y>d = #a ,f4 ,! mtre 0 made a legal /&>d p]missively 9 #ahff2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates mtre /&>d be+ "o ( ! #ab iron mtre b>s made & v]ifi$ = ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 9 #agii on ! adoption ( ! metrical sy/em1 & br\ght to ,am]ica by ,mr4 ,hassl] 9 #ahjj1 ! relative value be+ fix$ by ,act ( ,congress at #cicg in*es4 ,! relative value ( #cicfhejaed ,unit$ ,/ates in*es1 z obta9$ by ,mr4 ,hassl]1 correct$ to #fb ,f41 0 us$ by ! ,coa/ ,survey till #ahfh1 :5 x 0 f\nd advisable to use ! relative value ( #cicgjd z d$uc$ by ,cl>ke4 ,s9ce #ahjj sev]al /&>d mtre b>s 7 s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 & on comp>ison1 !re appe>+ to be a slight discrepancy1 ! orig9al iron /&>d mtre b> 0 s5t to ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,p4 ,b>n>d 9 ,p>is1 & 9 #ahfg x 0 comp>$ ) ! ,fr5* plat9um /&>d1 :i* is only us$ once 9 t5 ye>s to v]ify o!r /&>ds4 ,a diff]5ce 0 f\nd by ?is comp>ison ( only #jjjag millimtre or #a_/afjjjj in*1 :i* be+ only #a_/ajj ( an in* 9 a mile is inappreciable4 ,,france4 ,! /&>d ( l5g? ( ! sy/me anci5t 0 ! toise ( #f pi$s1 divid$ into #ab p\ces ( #ab lignes ea*4 ,! orig9 ( ! toise is n kn[n1 b x 0 probably legally e/abli%$ by ,philip ,le ,bel1 ab\t #acjj1 z he fir/ appe>s to h tak5 /eps t[>d a uni=m sy/em ( measures 9 ,france4 ,9 ! #ac? c5tury ! toise is m5tion$ by ,*4 ,le ,ra9s4 ,9 ! #ad? c5tury ,m5ongi] writes t1 9 m>*+1 ! sight %\ld /rike ! gr\nd #d toises 9 front4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,p]e=e/ br+s 9 ! toise1 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,contume de ,b]ry says1 8,we use 9 ?is c\ntry two toises2 "o = c>p5t]s ( #e pi$s & a half1 ! o!r = masons ( #f pi$s40 ,pic>d us$ ! toise 9 8 measurem5t ( an arc ( m]idian f ,malvois9 to ,london 9 #affi4 ,! m]idians measur$ by ! ,academy 9 #agce to settle ! "q ( ! figure ( ! e>? 7 made by means ( two /&>d toises1 kn[n z ! 8,toise du ,nord10 & ! 8,toise du ,sud40 ,! fir/1 us$ by ,maup]tuis1 ,clairault1 & ,le ,monni]1 9 ,lapl&1 0 de/roy$ by imm]sion 9 sea-wat]1 :5 _! %ip 0 wreck$ on ! return voyage4 ,! second1 ) :i* ,la ,condam9e1 ,b\rgn]1 & ,god9 op]at$ 9 ,p]u1 0 ! orig9al ( ! toise ,canivet made 9 #agfh1 & ( ! /&>ds us$ 9 det]m9+ ! mtre4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! move = a sci5tific /&>d ( l5g? 9 ,france :i* result$ 9 ! mtre 0 9 #agij1 :5 ! revolution>y gov]nm5t propos$ to ,engl& ! =mation ( a commission ( equal numb]s f ! ,engli% ,royal ,society & ! ,fr5* ,academy1 = ! purpose ( fix+ ! l5g? ( ! seconds p5dulum at latitude #de z ! basis ( a new sy/em ( measures4 ,?is proposal 0 n favorably receiv$1 & ! ,academy1 at ! reque/ ( gov]nm5t1 appo9t$ z a commission ,borda1 ,lagrange1 ,laplace1 ,monge1 & ,condorcet1 to decide :e!r ! seconds p5dulum1 ! qu>t] ( ! equator1 or ! qu>t] ( a m]idian1 %\ld be us$ z ! natural /&>d = ! new sy/em ( measures4 ,!y settl$ on ! la/ z be/ = ! purpose1 & resolv$ t ! t5 million? ( ! m]idian quadrant1 or di/ance f equator to pole1 measur$ at sea level1 be tak5 = basis ( ! new sy/em1 & be call$ a mtre4 ,delambre & ,me*9 7 at once *>g$ ) re-measurem5t ( ! m]idian survey$ 9 #agci by ,la ,caille & ,cass9i1 f ,dunkirk to ,p]pignan1 & its ext5sion to ,b>celona4 ,op]ations 7 comm5c$ 9 #agib1 & c>ri$ on ) great accuracy to completion 9 #agii2 ,delambre work+ betwe5 ,dunkirk & ,p>is1 & ,me*9 betwe5 ,p>is & ,b>celona4 ,! di/ance measur$ f ,dunkirk to ,b>celona 0 #i #dj #bdbd ( arc1 or #a1jge1jei mtres1 z r$uc$ to ! new /&>d4 ,! 8toise de ,p]u0 0 ! /&>d us$ 9 ! "w at a temp]ature ( #ac ,r4 ,two base-l9es 7 measur$ ) ,borda's comp5sat+ b>s ( brass & plat9um2 "o at ,melun1 ne> ,p>is1 #fjgf toises long1 & ! second at ,p]pignan1 #fjbh toises long1 & ?\gh ov] #ijj1jjj mtres ap>t1 ! calculat$ l5g? diff]$ by only #aj p\ces4 ,?is m]idian 0 aft]w>d1 9 #ahjf1 ext5d$ by ,g54 ,roy to ,gre5wi*1 on ! nor?1 & by ,biot & ,arago to ,=m5t]a1 on ! s\?4 ,! results1 z giv5 by ,laplace 9 c5tesimal degrees & mtres1 are z foll[s3 ,gre5wi* #egaigec #j mtres4 ,pan!on1 ,p>is #edbgdca #bib1gaic 8 ,=m5t]a #dbifagh #a1dbc1fcfa 8 ,! middle ( ! arc be+ #ejjgifee ,c5t41 or #de #d #ahjhbb ,sexa41 & ! middle degree c5tesimal be+ v ne>ly #ajj1jjj mtres4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! f9al result ( ^! geodetic measurem5ts 0 ref]r$ to a committee ( #bj memb]s2 #i nam$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 & ! o!rs by ! gov]nm5ts ( ,holl&1 ,savoy1 ,d5m>k1 ,spa91 ,tuscany1 & ( ! ,cisalp9e1 ,ligurian1 & ,swiss republics1 on ! invitation ( ,france4 ,?is committee e/abli%$ ! m]idian quadrant at #e1acj1gdj toises2 mak+ ! mtre #jeacjgd ( ! toise1 or #cfidac p\ces1 or #ddcbif lignes1 & ! toise #aidijcfei mtres4 ,iron /&>d mtre b>s1 #ab 9 numb] 7 made by ,borda1 also #b ( plat9um & #d /&>d toise b>s4 ,! #ab /&>d iron mtre b>s 7 s5t to diff]5t c\ntries1 aft] be+ v]ifi$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 & on ! #b;d ( ,novemb]1 #ahja1 ! mtrical sy/me 0 legaliz$ by ,france1 & ! /&>d unit ( l5g? decl>$ to be ! t5 million? "p ( a m]idian quadrant ( ! e>?1 z def9$ by ! di/ance at a temp]ature ( #j ,c5tigrade 7#cb ,f47 betwe5 two po9ts on a plat9um b> 9 ! keep+ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce at ,p>is4 ,?is /&>d b> is us$ only once e t5 ye>s = exact comp>isons1 z /at$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,p4 ,b>n>d4 ,ab\t #ahcg ,bessel1 by a comb9ation ( #aa measur$ arcs ( m]idian1 d$uc$ ! quadrant ( m]idian z #e1aca1agiha toises in/ead ( #e1acj1gdj toises1 z fix$ by law4 ,?is w\ld make to quadrant #aj1jjj1efebgh legal mtres1 or w\ld increase ! mtre l5g? f #ddcbif lignes to #ddcccd lignes1 agree+ v ne>ly ) result obta9$ by ,airy 9 #ahcj1 f a comb9ation ( #ac measur$ arcs4 ,! foll[+ are ! measur$ arcs us$ by ,bessel & ,airy2 ! comb9ations be+ indicat$ by initial lett]s1 ,a & ,b4 ,measur]4 ,mid4 ,lat4 ,arc4 ,l5g?4 ,b4--,svanb]g1 ,sw$5 #ff #bj #ajj #a #cg #aif #eic1bgg feet ,a4--,maup]tuis1 ,sw$5 #ff #ai #cgj #j #eg #cjd #cea1hcb 8 ,a4--,/ruve1 ,russia #eh #ag #cgj #c #ce #eb #a1cji1gdb 8 ,b4--,/ruve & ,t5n]1 ,russia #ef #c #eee #h #b #bhi #b1icg1dci 8 ,b4--,bessel & ,bay]1 ,prussia #ed #eh #bfj #a #cj #bij #eea1jgc 8 ,b4--,s*uma*]1 ,d5m>k #ed #h #acg #a #ca #ecc #eei1aba 8 ,a1 ,b4--,ganss1 ,hanov] #eb #cb #aff #b #j #egd #gcf1dbe 8 ,a4--,roy & ,kat]1 ,engl& #eb #ce #dej #c #eg #aca #a1ddb1iec 8 ,b4-- 8 8 8 #eb #b #aij #b #ej #bce #a1jcf1dji 8 ,a4--,lacaille & ,cass9i1 ,france #df #eb #bj #h #bj #jc #c1jdj1fje 8 ,a1 ,b4--,delambre & ,me*91 ,france #dd #ea #be #ab #bb #abg #d1eji1hcb 8 ,a4--,boscovi*1 ,rome #db #ei #j #b #i #dgj #ghg1iai 8 ,a4--,mason & ,dixon1 ,am]ica #ci #ab #j #a #bh #dej #ech1ajj 8 ,a1 ,b4--,lambton1 ,india #af #h #bae #ae #eg #djg #e1gid1eih 8 ,a1 ,b4--,lambton & ,ev]e/1 ,india #ab #cb #bjh #a #cd #efd #egd1cah 8 ,a1 ,b4--,lacondam9e1 ,p]u - #a #ca #jd #c #g #ce #a1aca1jej 8 ,a4--,lacaille1 ,cape ,good ,hope -#cc #ah #cjj #a #ac #age #dde1ejf 8 ,b4--,macle>1 8 8 -#ce #dc #bjj #c #cd #cdg #a1cja1iic 8 ,a4--,plana & ,c>tessi1 ,pi$mont -------------- #a #g #caa ------------ ,! foll[+ diff]5t l5g?s ( ! mtre h be5 obta9$3 ,z adopt$ by ,france1 #ahja #ddcbif lignes4 ,accord+ to ,delambre #ddcbfd 8 8 ,bessel #ddccccid 8 8 ,airy #ddccbchg 8 8 ,cl>ke #ddccfadf 8 ,f ,p]u ,m]idian #ddcddj 8 ,! l5g? ( a p5dulum vibrat+ #ajj1jjj times 9 a mean sol> day 0 det]m9$ 9 num]\s c>eful exp]im5ts by ,biot1 ,arago1 & ,ma?ieu1 9 mtres ( #ddcbif lignes1 z foll[s3 ,dunkirk #effg lat4 ,c5t4 #j above sea #jgdaijgf mtres4 ,p>is #edbf 8 #fe 8 #jgdahhgj 8 8 by ,borda #edbf 8 #j 8 #jgdafbgd 8 ,bordeau #dihb 8 #j 8 #jgdabfae 8 ,=m5t]a #dbif 8 #aif 8 #jgdabjfa 8 ,borda also det]m9$ ! l5g? ( ! seconds p5dulum at ,p>is1 9 vacuo3 ,fir/ result #ddjeeie lignes #jiichbfg mtre4 ,second result 8 8 #jiichdfj 8 ,z giv5 by ,ganot 8 8 #jiice 8 ,9 #ahab ! sy/me usuelle 0 e/abli%$1 ( :i* ! unit 0 "o ?ird ( ! mtre1 ) ! old "n ( pi$1 & duodecimally divid$ into p\ces & lignes4 ,?is sy/em cont9u$ 9 use till #ahdj1 :5 x 0 aboli%$ by law1 & ! names ( pi$1 p\ce1 & ligne =bidd5 "u p5alties4 ,s ! mtre1 decimally divid$1 rema9s ! only legal measure ( l5g? 9 ,france4 ,,comp>isons ,,( ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,engli% ,,/&>ds4 ,9 #ahcb1 "u resolution ( ,congress1 ,mr4 ,hassl] comp>$ ! diff]5t /&>d y>ds 9 ,am]ica1 ) ! foll[+ results1 us+ ! y>d betwe5 ! tw5ty-sev5? & sixty-?ird in*es on ! scale made ( bronze by ,tr\ghton1 ( ,london1 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey1 z ! ref]5ce1 t be+ id5tical ) ,sir ,george ,s*uckburg's /&>d3 ,tr\ghton ,scale1 mid4 y>d #cfjjjjjjj in*es4 8 8 betwe5 plat9um po9ts #ceiihigeh 8 ,jones y>d 9 ,/ate ,dep>tm5t #ceiiijbhe 8 ,iron y>d 9 ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t #ceiihggfj 8 ,brass y>d1 ,albany1 ,sec4 ( ,/ate #cfjjjbdfe 8 ,gilb]t y>d1 ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia #ceiiebcah 8 ,9 #ahef ! ,tr\ghton /&>d bronze scale 0 comp>$ ) ! bronze /&>d y>d ,no4 #aa1 :i* 0 s5t ov] by ,airy z a copy ( ! ,engli% imp]ial /&>d1 z re/or$ aft] de/ruction ( ! orig9al /&>d by fire 9 #ahcd1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d 0 f\nd to be long] by #jjjjhe in*4 ,lat] comp>isons by ,j4 ,e4 ,hilg>d1 ( ! ,coa/ ,survey1 ( ! bronze /&>d ,no4 #aa ) ! imp]ial /&>d y>d1 at ! ,briti% ,/&>ds ,(fice1 gave ,no4 #aa z #jjjjjhh %ort] ?an ! imp]ial /&>d4 ,hassl]'s r$uction ( ! mtre1 z d$uc$ by ,bea* at #fb ,f41 #cicfhejaed1 comp>$ ) ! ,engli% r$uction ( ! mtre1 #cicgjgi in*es1 gives an excess to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/&>d ( #jjjbjbi in*4 ,! foll[+ r$uctions h be5 giv5 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates y>d 9 ,engli% in*es3 ,report ( ,sec4 ( ,treas41 #aheg #cfjjjhg #ajjjjbdaf ,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia1 #ahgb #cfjjjhg 8 8 8 #cfjjbjhib #ajjjjehjccd ,trautw9e #cfjjbjhid #ajjjjehjch ,ma!wson1 ,u4 ,s4 surveyor #cfjjbjhidd #ajjjjehjd ,hassl] & ,bea* #cfjjbjib #ajjjjehaa ,j4 ,e4 ,hilg>d1 ,coa/ ,survey #cfjjjgf #ajjjjba ,to ,mr4 ,hassl]'s r$uction ! "n ( ,unit$ ,/ates in* has be5 appli$2 b 8 r$uction is n correct1 z he us$ a rate ( expansion = brass d$uc$ by himself ( #jjjjcghc in* 9 "o y>d = #a ,f41 & lat] exp]im5ts %[ t ! small] rate ( #jjjjcdb1 d$uc$ by ,airy1 is m correct4 ,by correct+ ,hassl]'s r$uction ) ! lat] rate ( expansion1 ,j4 ,e4 ,hilg>d %[s t ! diff]5ce w\ld be v small1 or only #cfjjjbbhf #ajjjjjfce1 or ab\t ( an in* 9 a mile4 ,9 ,coa/ ,survey report = #ahgf1 ,j4 ,e4 ,hilg>d calls att5tion to ano!r difficulty 9 ! matt] ( extreme accuracy1 9 ! unc]ta9ty ) reg>d to ! p]man5ce 9 ! l5g? ( a b>1 & /ates t ! bronze /&>d b> ,no4 #aa & ! ,l[ ,moor iron /&>d b> ,no4 #eg1 pres5t$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,great ,brita91 are f\nd to h *ang$ _! relative l5g? by #jjjjbe in* 9 #be ye>s2 ! bronze b> be+ n[ relatively %ort] by t am\nt4 ,?is subject1 he /ates1 is und]go+ fur!r inve/igation4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,fr5* ,,/&>ds4 ,9 #ahag ,mr4 ,hassl] exam9$ ! ,fr5* /&>ds 9 ,am]ica1 = ! ,coa/ ,survey1 us+ ! ,tr\ghton bronze /&>d scale1 :i* is id5tical ) ,sir ,george ,s*uckburg's /&>d1 z ! ref]5ce1 ) ! foll[+ results1 all be+ r$uc$ to temp]ature ( #cb ,f4 ,orig9al ,iron ,mtre1 #agii #cichajbbgjh in*es4 ,l5oir ,iron ,mtre1 ,coa/ ,survey #cicgigbjae 8 8 ,brass 8 8 #cichjbdgigb 8 8 8 8 ,eng4 ,dept4 #cichjebgci 8 ,canivet ,iron ,toise1 #agfh #gfgdccddgb 8 ,l5oir 8 8 #gfgdaibgaj 8 ,9 #ahad ,tr\ghton _h comp>$ ) 8 own scale 9 ,london two ( ! above4 ,l5oir ,iron ,mtre1 ,c4 ,s4 #cichjbejf in*es4 8 ,brass 8 8 #cichjcccc 8 ,9 #ahcb1 "u resolution ( ,congress1 ,hassl] aga9 comp>$ ! ,fr5* /&>ds 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 us+ z be=e ! ,tr\ghton scale1 & r$uc+ all to temp]ature ( #cb ,f4 z foll[s3 ,orig9al ,iron ,mtre1 #agii #cichjhfdc in*es4 ,l5oir 8 8 ,c4 ,s4 #cicgiiabj 8 8 ,brass ,mtre ,c4 ,s4 #cichjddg 8 8 8 ,eng4 ,dept4 #cichjagad 8 8 8 8 9 #ahbi #cichjgjie 8 ,=t9 8 ,/ate ,dept4 #cicgifjhd 8 8 ,treas4 8 #cicgieihc 8 ,iron ,mtre 8 8 #cichjghbg 8 ,gilb]t 8 ,univ4 ( ,virg4 #cicfedjh 8 ,plat9um ,mtre #cichjcbgh 8 8 7,nicollet7 #cichjeaa 8 ,canivet ,iron ,toise1 #agfh #gfgdbijeaa 8 ,l5oir 8 #agii #gfgdjdgeii 8 ,f ! mean ( 8 comp>isons betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates brass ,tr\ghton /&>d y>d & ! au!ntic ,fr5* /&>d mtres us$ by ! ,coa/ ,survey1 ,hassl]1 9 #ahcb1 d$uc$ ! value ( ! mtre at #cichjiagb in*es1 at #cb ,f41 & by correction = expansion to ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d temp]ature ( #fb ,f41 he made ! mtre at #cb equal to #cicfhejaed in*es at #fb ,f4 ,! ,briti% imp]ial /&>d & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,tr\ghton /&>d diff] by only #jjjjgfb in*1 :i* appli$ to ! ,engli% r$uction ( #cicgjgi1 w\ld give #cicfiif z ! relative value accord+ to ,tr\ghton /&>d4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! r$uctions is probably to be attribut$ to ! use ( diff]5t rates ( expansion1 9 correct+ = /&>d temp]atures1 :i* v>y consid]ably1 accord+ to high au?ority z foll[s = brass at #a ,f4 ,:itwor?1 #ahgf #jjjjjjief #jjjjcddaf 94 p] y>d4 ,borda1 #agii #jjjjjjiiac #jjjjcefhg 8 ,smeaton1 #agej #jjjjjajdag #jjjjcgeja 8 ,hassl] #jjjjjajejh #jjjjcghc 8 ,ramsd51 #agfj #jjjjjajeaf #jjjjcghf 8 ,f>aday1 #ahcj #jjjjjajei #jjjjchabd 8 ,& = ! bronze ( :i* ! ,briti% imp]ial /&>ds are made3 ,airy & ,%eep%anks #jjjjjjie #jjjjcdb 94 p] y>d4 ,fizeau #jjjjjjige #jjjjcea 8 ,! correction at ,ramsd5's rate is ne>ly id5tical ) ,hassl]'s1 & gives #cicfhdicc2 at ,:itwor?'s rate x w\ld give #cicfifb1 v ne>ly ! same z d$uc$ f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,briti% ,imp]ial /&>d & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,tr\ghton /&>d4 ,! results ( ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor? 7 obta9$ by use ( all late improvem5ts = sci5tific precision1 & !y mu/ be accept$ z mo/ reliable4 ,x w\ld appe> pref]able to give comp>isons at ! same temp]ature 9 connection ) ! correct$ result1 s t int]national comp>isons ( sci5tific measurem5ts may n be vitiat$ by accid5tal v>iations4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,engli% ,,& ,,fr5* ,,/&>ds4 ,:5 ! mtre /&>d 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,france1 #agii1 x 0 comp>$ ) ,sir ,george ,s*uckburg's /&>d y>d by ,capta9 ,kat]4 ,! quadrant ( #aj1jjj1jjj mtres1 or #e1acj1gdj toises1 0 det]m9$ to be #cb1hjh1iib ,engli% feet1 giv+ ! mtre equal to #cbhjhiib ,engli% feet1 or #cicgjgi in*es1 & ! toise equal to #fcideibeiba ,engli% feet4 ,9 #ahad ,wolla/on & ,playfair1 by comp>ison ) ! plat9um mtre /&>d at #ee ,f41 d$uc$ ! mtre z equal to #cichbh ,engli% in*es4 ,dur+ ! geodetic op]ations ( ,g5]al ,roy 9 #ahjb1 :o us$ #fj ,f4 z /&>d temp]ature1 ,pictet's comp>isons1 us+ means capable ( measur+ ! #aj1jjj? "p ( an in*1 gave ! mtre /&>d1 :i* is us$ at #cb ,f4 z /&>d temp]ature1 at #cichbh ,engli% in*es2 ?is correct$ = temp]ature by ,dr4 ,"y1 gave #cicga ,engli% in*es at #fb ,f42 :i* result 0 confirm$ by ,bird1 ,maskelyne & ,laudale4 ,9 #ahbc1 by ,act ( ,p>liam5t on report ( committee1 ! mtre is fix$ z #cicgjgi ,engli% in*es4 ,9 #ahjj ! ,royal ,society1 by comp>ison ) two toise /&>ds s5t by ,lal&e to ,maskelyne1 d$uc$ ! mtre z #cicgjb ,engli% in*es4 ,lat] comp>isons by ,cl>ke 9 ! ,ordnance ,survey ,(fice at ,s\?ampton1 9 #ahff1 give ! mtre z #cicgjdc in*es4 ,! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces by comp>ison ) ,sir ,george ,s*uckburg's /&>d at temp]ature ( #cb ,f41 d$uc$ ! mtre z #cichbd ,engli% in*es1 :i* r$uc$ to /&>d temp]ature ( #fb ,f41 w\ld be #cicgaa1 or slightly 9 excess ( ! value d$uc$ by ,dr4 ,"y f ,pictet's comp>isons4 ,! legal value 9 ,engl& is "o mtre equal to #cicgjgi1 & ! late/ r$uction is #cicgjdc in*es by ,cl>ke 9 #ahff1 :i* is probably ! mo/ exact r$uction4 ,,diff]5t ,,r$uctions ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,toise ,,into ,,engli% ,,feet4 ,capta9 ,kat]1 #agii #fcideibeiba feet4 ,hassl]1 #ahcb #fcieadji 8 ,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia #fcidef 8 8 ,ma!matics #fcidffb 8 ,wallace #fcidfb 8 ,ny/rom #fcifbe 8 ,alex&] #fcidce 8 ,dana #fcidf 8 ,! foll[+ table ( r$uctions z us$ %[s cle>ly h[ great a confusion exi/s 9 ! matt] ( comp>isons3 ,m,,tre ,,9 ,,in*es4 ,phnixville ,h&-book #cicfh in*es4 ,hassl] #cicfhejaed 8 8 #cicgjghh 8 8 #cichjiagb 8 ,trautw9e #cicfheje 8 8 #cicgjgi 8 ,silliman #cicfheje 8 8 #cicgjgi 8 ,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia #cicfhejece 8 8 8 #cicgjgijd 8 ,act ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,congress1 #ahff #cicg 8 ,smi?sonian ,report #cicg 8 ,y\mans #cicg 8 ,davies #cicg 8 ,homan's ,encyclopdia #cicgjjh 8 ,weale #cicgjb 8 ,ordnance ,survey 7,engl&1 #ahff7 #cicgjdc 8 ,cl]k ,maxwell #cicgjdc 8 ,capt4 ,cl>ke #cicgjdcaf 8 ,j4 ,m4 ,rank9e 7#ahgj7 #cicgjdcaf 8 8 7#ahff7 #cicgjgijd 8 ,alex&] 7weights & measures7 #cicgjfh 8 ,ganot #cicgjghh 8 ,vose #cicgjghh 8 ,act ( ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 #ahbc #cicgjgi 8 ,encyclopdia ,britannica #cicgjgi 8 ,hym] #cicgjgi 8 ,davies & ,peck #cicgjgi 8 ,j4 ,w4 ,cl>ke #cicgjgi 8 ,dana #cicgjgi 8 ,:ittak] #cicgjgi 8 ,somm]ville #cicgjgijd 8 ,*amb]s' ,ma!matics #cicgjgijd 8 ,gwilt's ,encyclopdia #cicgjgijd 8 ,gillespie #cicgjgijd 8 ,capt4 ,kat] #cicgjh 8 ,appleton's ,encyclopdia #cicgjgi 8 ,van ,no/r& #cicgjh 8 ,d',aubuisson #cicgjh 8 ,johnson 7draftsman7 #cicgjh 8 ,encyclopdia ,am]icana #cicga 8 ,jameson's ,diction>y #cicga 8 ,h]b]t's ,encyclopdia #cicga 8 ,popul> 8 #cicga 8 ,moleswor? #cicga 8 ,dr4 ,"y 7#ahjb7 #cicga 8 ,wallace 7eng9e]7 #cicga 8 ,ny/rom #cichjia 8 ,h5cke #cichjiagb 8 ,act ( ,canadian ,p>liam5t1 #ahgc #cichai 8 ,p>is ,academy #cichbd 8 ,,l5g? ,,( ,,! ,,seconds ,,p5dulum ,,z ,,giv5 ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,writ]s4 ,,new ,,york4--,h5cke #ciajab in*es4 ,b>tlet #ciaabef 8 ,ny/rom #ciajag 8 ,ganot #ciajab 8 ,byrne #ciajaec 8 ,wallace #ciajaec 8 ,,london4--,h5cke #ciacijh 8 ,gillespie #ciacibi 8 ,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia #ciacibi 8 ,williams' ,geodesy #ciacibi 8 ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 #ahbc #ciacibi 8 ,wallace 7eng9e]7 #ciacic 8 ,*amb]s' ,ma!matics #ciacic 8 ,hym] ,a/ronomy #ciacgcd 8 ,b>tlet #ciacijh 8 ,vose #ciacic 8 ,somm]ville #ciacic 8 ,ny/rom #ciacic 8 ,davies & ,peck #ciacijh 8 ,ganot #ciacih 8 ,wolla/on 7#ahad7 #ciacjdg 8 ,galbrai? #ciaci 8 ,byrne #ciacic 8 ,capt4 ,kat] #ciachbi 8 ,,p>is4--,h5cke #ciabhdc 8 ,ganot #ciabhe 8 ,galbrai? #ciabh 8 ,byrne #ciabhdc 8 ,wallace #ciabhdc 8 ,,app5dix4 ,hav+ %[n 9 ! prec$+ pages t 9 ! po9t ( view ( sci5tific accuracy ! y>d1 mtre1 & toise /&>ds are on a common level1 & t 9 ! matt] ( comp>isons !re is no extreme accuracy1 ,i w n[ ref] to ! propos$ *ange ( our /&>d f ! y>d to ! mtre4 ,!oretically ! mtre is ! #aj1jjj1jjj? "p ( ! e>?'s quadrant1 & ! y>d ! #cf_/ciacibi? "p ( a seconds p5dulum at ,london4 ,practically1 nei!r ! mtre nor y>d c\ld be recov]$ ) exactness f _! natural basis4 ,! legal ,fr5* mtre diff]s f ! late/ r$uction en\gh to give an excess ( ov] ?ree miles to ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?4 ,9 fact1 ! mtre & y>d are only ! l5g?s ( b>s ( metal kept 9 c]ta9 (fices1 f :i* copies are made4 ,decimally consid]$1 x is z easy to divide "o z ! o!r into t5?s1 hundr$?s1 etc41 & ! y>d /&>d is (t5 s divid$4 ,z to nom5clature1 ! metrical sy/em is ov]load$ ) ,greek & ,lat9 prefixes1 :i* are 9 no way s easy & conv5i5t 9 expression z ! %ort1 %>p ,anglo-,saxon words y>d1 foot1 in*4 ,9 all sci5ces ,lat9 & ,greek names are giv5 = easi] purposes ( classification2 b ! diff]5t peoples inv>iably keep _! own h\sehold names = daily purposes1 leav+ prefix & affix to speciali/s1 probably ) advantage to bo? p>ties4 ,! units us$ = diff]5t purposes are entirely di/9ct f ! base ( any sy/em1 & ?\gh always ref]able to su* base1 are n practically s ref]r$4 ,x !re=e seems useless to burd5 ! p ) long sci5tific names 9 ! ord9>y transactions ( daily life4 ,= long di/ances ! units 9 ! y>d & metrical sy/ems are respectively ! mile & ! kilomtre4 ,! mile has a def9ite mean+ 9 our m9ds1 be+ associat$1 f ! days ( y\?1 ) ! measur$ di/ances 9 race-c\rses1 spe$ 9 walk+1 railway & /eam] travel1 l5g? ( survey$ lots--! same be+ 9 use among ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj p4 ,= me*anical /ructures1 ! units are respectively ! foot & ! mtre4 ,! foot is us$ in/ead ( ! y>d1 z be+ ! mo/ conv5i5t 9 practice1 & is fix$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p by con/ant association ) l5g? ( foot-rules1 size ( build+s1 doors1 w9d[s1 etc41 all ( :i* are always be=e u4 ,= comm]cial purposes ! units are respectively ! y>d & ! mtre4 ,! y>d is associat$ ) l5g? ( y>d-/icks1 di/ance betwe5 brass nails on c\nt]s1 s _m f+]-l5g?s by ladies4 ,probably ?ree f\r?s ( ! bus9ess ( ! _w is conduct$ on ! y>d /&>d4 ,= ma*9e & %op "w ! ,engli% unit is ! in* & fractions1 & c\ntries hav+ ! metrical /&>d h univ]sally adopt$ ! millimtre4 ,! in* is well fix$ 9 ! m9ds ( all me*anics by con/ant use1 & ! ease ) :i* ! fractions are _h by halv+ only r5d]s ! sy/em v conv5i5t4 ,z m figures mu/ be us$ to indicate a size by millimtres ?an by in*es & fractions1 x appe>s t ! metrical sy/em _c %ort5 ! "w ( ari?metical computation 9 %op "w1 & is !re=e ( no advantage to ! me*anic or draftsman1 b r ! rev]se4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,coleman ,sell]s1 ! di/+ui%$ ,philadelphia eng9e] & manufactur]1 :o1 aft] a trial ( ! millimtre 9 8 %ops = "s ye>s1 return$ to ! use ( ! in*1 & writes 9 ,eng9e]+ ,news3 8,! loss f ! use ( a small unit requir+ _m figures to express :at is ne$$1 takes away f ! o!r advantages ( ! sy/em :5 consid]$ f a labor-sav+ po9t ( view40 ,9 ,france itself ! metrical sy/em is n :olly decimal 9 actual practice1 z we f9d ! foll[+ measures 9 use 9 addition to ! decimal divisions3 d\ble decamtre1 demi-decamtre1 d\ble mtre1 demi-mtre1 & d\ble decimtre4 ,! metrical sy/em has be5 adopt$ 9 ! foll[+ c\ntries3 ,france & colonies1 ,holl& & colonies1 ,belgium1 ,spa9 & colonies1 ,portugal1 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,greece1 ,r\mania1 ,briti% ,india1 ,mexico1 ,new ,granada1 ,ecuador1 ,p]u1 ,brazil1 ,uruguay1 ,arg5t9e ,conf$]acy1 ,*ili1 ,v5ezuela2 & p>tially 9 ,wurtemburg1 ,bav>ia1 ,bad51 ,hesse1 ,switz]l&1 ,d5m>k1 ,au/ria1 & ,turkey4 ,9 ! pa/ c5turies all ! "w & records ( ,engli%-speak+ peoples--n[ numb]+ ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj1 & increas+ & progress+ fa/] ?an all o!r nationalities1 z well z be+ closely connect$ by desc5t & bus9ess--h be5 done & record$ "u ! y>d /&>d1 & any *ange n[ w\ld inevitably r5d] necess>y cont9ual r$uctions1 to ! great detrim5t & inconv5i5ce ( ! mass ( our p1 & ) little or no practical b5efit1 except p]haps to a small class ( sci5tific & pseudo-sci5tific m51 :o c & d amuse !mselves ) ! fanci$ uni=mity ( ! mtre4 ,all our num]\s text-books & tables1 me*anical & sci5tific1 w\ld be r5d]$ entirely useless by ! *ange1 & ?is is a s]i\s f9al consid]ation4