,transcrib$ f ! #ahca ,eff+ham ,wilson edition by ,david ,price1 email ccx#jgdpglaf4org ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,propos$ ,,railway ,,betwe5 ,,birm+ham ,,& ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,eff+ham ,,wilson1 ,,royal ,,ex*ange3 ,,sold ,,also ,,by ,r4 ,,wrightson1 ,,birm+ham2 ,,eb5ez] ,,?ompson ,,sons1 ,,man*e/]2 ,,& ,g4 ,j4 ,,rob9son1 ,,liv]pool4 #ahca4 ,price ,"o ,%ill+4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,taylor1 ,,r$ ,,lion ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet-,,/reet4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rem>ks1 c4 ,,)\t m9utely inquir+ into ! orig9 ( ! diff]5t modes ( conveyance at pres5t exi/+ 9 ?is c\ntry & o!rs = pass5g]s & goods1 ,i %all cont5t myself ) ask+1 ,:y 7 canals fir/ e/abli%$8 & ,:at 0 ! great b5efit aris+ f !m1 :i* caus$ s mu* z fifte5 hundr$ miles 9 ext5t to be execut$ 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 at a co/ ( ne>ly tw5ty millions ( money1 & = ! mo/ "p dur+ a "t ( w>1 :5 ! highe/ rate ( taxation prevail$8 ,previ\sly to ! e/abli%m5t ( canals1--roads1 waggons & horses 7 ! means employ$ = ! conveyance ( goods2 & ! spe$ :i* !y accompli%$ 0 great] ?an ! av]age spe$ aft]w>ds obta9$ by canals4 ,b not)/&+ ?is advantage1 x 0 f\nd1 t to c>ry a ton weight ( gra91 coal1 or m]*&ize "o hundr$ miles co/ upw>ds ( #fl4 ,h5ce mat]ials & goods1 ^: weight bore a great proportion to _! value1 c\ld only be convey$ a few miles f ! spot :]e !y 7 rais$ or manufactur$2 & ?us1 s\rces ( weal? t h s9ce be5 highly productive & pr(itable 7 %ut up & useless4 ,b>on ,dup9 9 8 excell5t "w on ! ,comm]cial ,p[] ( ,great ,brita91 publi%$ #ahbe1 /ates1 8,up to #agef ,engl& _h n a s+le l9e ( artificial navigation2 %e possess$ = communication by l&1 only a small numb] ( roads injudici\sly cut & ill kept up4 ,( a sudd5 an individual conceives ! idea to pr(it by ! g5]al impulsion :i* indu/ry _h receiv$1 by cutt+ a canal to c>ry to ,man*e/] ! product ( 8 m9es4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 a t[n :i* ?rives1 & ( :i* ! exub]ant weal? seeks ev]y:]e productive outlets1--,liv]pool1--aspires to /ill high] designs4 ,%e is ! fir/ to =m & realize ! project ( op5+ a navigable *annel betwe5 ! ,iri% ,sea & ! ,g]man ,ocean4 ,o!r *annels ev5 m ext5d$ are op5$ by degrees3 ?us1 )9 ! %ort space ( half a c5tury1 a d\ble r[ ( canals is =m$1 bo? = great & small navigation1 = ! purpose ( unit+ toge!r opposite seas2 bas9s sep>at$ by numb]less *a9s ( hills & m\nta9s2 opul5t ports2 indu/ri\s t[ns2 f]tile pla9s2 & inexhau/ible m9es2--& ?is pres5ts a developm5t ( m ?an a ?\s& leagues 9 l5g?1 ^u a portion ( t]ritory n equal to "o-f\r? ( ,france6 ,! roads :i* already exi/$ are enl>g$1 are recon/ruct$ ) m art1 & kept up ) m c>e4 ,new *annels are ?r[n op5 to comm]ce1 & a sy/em ( roads is n[ be+ =m$1 ( :i* ! total l5g? is at pres5t 7#ahbe7 m ?an #df1jjj leagues 9 ,engl& alone4 ,?anks to ^! works1 at ?is mom5t1 9 ! ?ree k+doms1 #bb1cjj m]*ant-vessels1 mann$ by #afj1jjj m51 & capable ( c>ry+ two millions ( tons ( m]*&ize1 are sc>cely suffici5t = ! exportation ( ! sup]fluity ( int]ior circulation1 = ! trade along ! coa/1 & = ! importation ( ^? =eign products necess>y to keep up a circulation s imm5se40 ,z fur!r in/ances ( ! effect produc$ by ! same causes1--9 #agdj1 be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( canals1 ! iron manufactur$ 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& employ$ #ei furnaces1 :i* produc$ annually #ag1jjj tons4 ,9 #ahbg !re 7 upw>ds ( #bhj furnaces1 ) an annual produce ( #fij1jjj tons2 dur+ ! int]v5+ p]iod canals 7 cut1 connect+ ! iron di/ricts ) l>ge t[ns & ! ports4 ,9 #agej !re 0 b "o smelt+ furnace 9 ,/af=d%ire1 mak+ less ?an #b1jjj tons ( iron p] annum4 ,9 #ahbg !re 7 #ig furnaces 9 t di/rict only1 mak+ #baf1jjj tons p] annum4 ,! population ( ,/af=d%ire 9 #agej 0 #afj1jjj2 x is n[ upw>ds ( #cej1jjj4 ,9 ,engl& 9 #agej x 0 #f1jag1jjj2 x is n[ upw>ds ( #ac1jjj1jjj4 ,! total am\nt ( ! exports 9 #agej 0 #g1ggb1jcil42 9 #ahbd x 0 #ef1bcd1ffcl4 ,9 #agfj ! numb] ( %ips assess$ 9 ,liv]pool 0 #a1bde2 9 #ahbd1 x 0 #aj1jja4 ,^! /atem5ts are suffici5t to %[ ! *anges consequ5t ^u ! introduction ( canals4 ,x 0 f\nd1 t "o horse ^u a canal c\ld convey tw5ty times :at he c\ld ^u a road2 & t :at =m]ly co/ six p\nds to s5d a hundr$ miles1 c\ld by canals be s5t = little m ?an "o p\nd4 ,su* is ! traffic ^u ! ,birm+ham ,canal alone1 t at "s p]iods !re is a weight ( goods & mat]ials br\ght by #aej horses & boats1 9 "o day1 :i* by ! roads w\ld require #c1jjj horses & #a1jjj waggons4 ,we f9d aga9 t ! population has m ?an d\bl$ itself 9 ?ree pr9cipal inl& t[ns1 viz4 ,birm+ham1 ,man*e/]1 & ,le$s1 s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( canals4 ,b not)/&+ ! advantages t h att5d$ ^u ! introduction ( canals1 !re are limits )9 :i* _! utility is conf9$1 &1 z reg>ds despat*1 mu* conf9$4 ,! canals z !y are n[ con/ruct$ are adapt$ only to horse p[]1 & are subject to ! inconv5i5ce ( t sl[ness ( travell+ :i* arises f ! great increas$ resi/ance ( fluids to bodies mov+ 9 !m1 ) only a v slight increase ( velocity4 ,two horses may take a load$ boat ( tw5ty-five tons at ! rate ( f\r miles p] h\r2 b to obta9 a velocity ( twelve miles p] h\r1 x w\ld require tw5ty-sev5 horses4 ,x is f\nd t ) a velocity ( six miles p] h\r s great a surge or swell is produc$ 9 ! wat] z to haz>d ! s9k+ ( any boats t are pass+4 ,! /oppages aris+ at ! locks is v consid]able4 ,9 ! canals betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,london1 e means are us$ to effect despat*2 b /ill ! quicke/ passage = ! fly-boats is sixty h\rs4 ,! di/ance is #aec miles1 & !re are #adb locks2 ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! "t is lo/ 9 pass+ !m2 & :ile ?is is be+ done1 "o horse & f\r m5 are comp>atively idle2 ! exp5ses ( wages & keep h[ev] are go+ on4 ,^! exp5ses are incurr$ m p>ticul>ly by ! haulage2 b 9 addition to !m ! tonnages are v high1 & ( necessity s1 s9ce ! repairs ( s _m locks1 clean+ & repair+ canal1 & above all1 ! rais+ ( wat] to ! summit-levels by /eam-eng9es1 mu/ incur a great exp5se4 ,! co/ ( ?is la/ op]ation may be guess$ at1 :5 x is kn[n t = e boat t passes f ,london to ,birm+ham1 a body ( wat] ( #abj tons weight has to pass ?r\gh a diff]5ce ( level ( #a1adj feet4 ,& yet 9 dry summ]s1 not)/&+ ! pa9s ?us be/[$1 ! boats are frequ5tly deta9$1 = want ( wat]1 twelve1 eighte51 & tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 "o trip4 ,mu*1 !n1 z ! canals surpass ! common roads1 x appe>s t mu* rema9s to be done1 if _! peculi> disadvantages c be got rid (4 ,! economy ( /eam comp>$ ) horse p[] is too well e/abli%$ to ne$ _m comm5ts4 ,! exp5se ( work+ a tw5ty-horse p[] /eam-eng9e is kn[n to be less ?an "o-six? ( ! co/ ( tw5ty horses & m5 to att5d !m4 ,i appeal to ! proprietors ( ! ?\s&s ( /eam-eng9es n[ 9 use = ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t4 ,does n1 !n1 a "q at once arise1 ,:e!r x is n possible to con/ruct a road ( "s k9d ^u :i* ?is great & *eap p[] may be made to act1 in/ead ( horses1 & ) z great a degree ( pr(it8 ,we rejoice t ! "q has sugge/$ itself1 & t x has receiv$ an answ]4 ,! application ( /eam to ! purpose ( locomotion has be5 prov$ ^u a rail-road betwe5 ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool4 ,moreov]1 ! economy ( /eam p[] :5 appli$ to rapid progression is f\nd to be mu* great] ?an :5 x is employ$ to sup]s$e ! horse-mill4 ,9 ?is ! animal is n driv5 beyond 8 spe$1 b is all[$ to move at a rate ( two miles & a half p] h\r1--a spe$ :i* he c cont9ue to p]=m = eight or t5 h\rs p] day4 ,a horse is f\nd to p]=m ! greate/ quantum ( "w :5 mov+ at ?is rate1 & to be employ$ mo/ economically4 ,b ev5 comp>$ ) ?is1 we h se5 t an equal effect may be produc$ by /eam p[] at "o-six? ! co/4 ,) h[ mu* great] advantage & pr(it1 !n1 c /eam be appli$1 :]e x is made to sup]s$e ! use ( horses 9 rapid motion1 ( eight or t5 miles p] h\r6 at :i* "w x is kn[n !y c cont9ue b "o h\r p] day1 & ev5 !n !y d n live to half ! age ( ! horse employ$ at ! sl[] spe$4 ,x is a fact1 t horses employ$ 9 ! fa/ coa*es & = ! fly-boats require r5ew+ e f\r ye>s4 ,c /eam p[]1 !n1 be us$ to produce ?is rapid motion8 ,"o hundr$ ?\s& p]sons t h pass$ f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/] 9 less ?an two h\rs s9ce ,septemb] la/1 c answ] ?is "q 9 ! affirmative4 ,ano!r great advantage ( ! railway ov] ! common road is ! mu* great] safety t x (f]s4 ,! above numb] ( pass5g]s h be5 convey$ ) sc>cely an accid5t4 ,is !re a l9e ( turnpike-road 9 ! k+dom t c make ! same boa/1 :]e an equal numb] ( pass5g]s h travell$8 ,! g5]al causes ( accid5t ^u a common road1 su* = in/ance z ! horses tak+ fright1 ! coa*man los+ comm& ov] !m1 ! coa* runn+ aga9/ "s ob/acle 9 ! road1 or upsett+1 _c happ5 ^u a railway4 ,! eng9e c ex]t no additional =ce )\t ! cons5t ( ! man :o sup]9t5ds x2 "o c>riage _c meet ano!r1 z !re is a sep>ate l9e = c>riages travell+ 9 ! opposite direction2 & ev5 if a :eel breaks1 ! c>riage is s l[ t x w\ld n upset4 ,! only objection t is />t$ on ?is head1 is ! bur/+ ( ! boil]3 ?is is n[ con/ruct$ ) a numb] ( small tubes1 ?r\gh :i* ! fire passes1 & :i* are all inclos$ 9 a /rong iron case2 s t if "o ( ^! small tubes bur/1 x imm$iately acts z a safety-valve1 dis*>g+ ! /eam ( ! boil] into ! *imney1 & remov+ ! appreh5d$ dang]4 ,"h !n we h safety & despat*1 & we may next consid] economy 9 travell+4 ,9 ?is respect ! public h also f\nd an advantage4 ,! *>ges by ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] railway are n half :at ! coa*es =m]ly *>g$1 ! f>es be+ b #cs4 #f;d4 & #es4 ea*4 ,& ! effect produc$ is1 t ! av]age numb] ( pass5g]s by ! railway is upw>ds ( #a1jjj p] day4 ,! av]age numb] by ! coa*es ! prec$+ ye> 0 only ab\t #ejj p] day1 pay+ #gs4 outside & #abs4 inside4 ,goods are n[ tak5 9 ?ree h\rs1 & at a *>ge ( #aas4 p] ton2 !y 7 be=e ?irty-six h\rs on ! wat]-conveyance1 at a *>ge ( #aes4 p] ton4 ,hav+ !n ref]r$ to :at has be5 done ^u a l9e ( railway f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/]1 ) a pr(it to ! proprietors & great b5efit to ! public1 let u inquire :e!r !re is ! same want ( an improv$ conveyance f ,birm+ham to ,london4 ,we w fir/ consid] ! am\nt t is n[ paid1 & ! "t t is n[ requir$ = convey+ bo? goods & pass5g]s4 ,! am\nt paid = ! conveyance ( pass5g]s & goods betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,london is upw>ds ( #hjj1jjjl4 p] annum2 m ?an half ( :i* is comp>atively at a high rate1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ /atem5ts4 ,! *>ges by coa*es = pass5g]s are #dbs4 inside1 & #bas4 outside1 & = p>cels #a;d4 p] p\nd4 ,by waggon1 ! *>ge is #es4 p] cwt4 ,by fly-boat1 = packages & g5]al m]*&ise1 #fjs4 p] ton2 & = iron-ca/+s 9 boat-loads1 #cbs42 = pig-iron1 #bes4 p] ton4 ,?us ! coa* *>ge = luggage1 at t5 miles p] h\r1 is #as4 #i;d4 p] ton p] mile2 waggon *>ge1 = a rate ( ?ree miles & a half p] h\r1 is #aj;d4 p] ton p] mile2 & goods by fly-boat1 at two miles p] h\r1 #f;d4 p] ton p] mile2 & ! l[e/ rate = pig-iron #b;d4 p] ton p] mile4 ,^! *>ges are calculat$ ^u a di/ance ( #aaj miles4 ,tw5ty-two coa*es pass daily ea* way1 :i*1 at #bbg1fjj #ael4 p] coa* 7! exp5se ( work+ x71 co/ p] annum ,goods p] van & waggon #cf1cjj ,goods p] canal1 pay+ f #djs4 to #fjs4 p] ton1 #adf1jjj ab\t #ahj tons p] day ,mak+ a total annual am\nt ( #dji1ijj = only a portion ( ! bus9ess2 z 9 ! above /atem5t none ( ! coa*+ or po/+ t falls ^u ! ,holyhead road1 at ,cov5try1 ,nor?ampton1 & _m ( ! t[ns ne>] ,london1 is tak5 into ! acc\nt4 ,! above am\nt is calculat$ f :at passes ?r\gh ,birm+ham only1 & t exclusive ( po/+4 ,9 addition to ! above traffic1 !re are upw>ds ( #b1jjj tons t pass daily ?r\gh ,birm+ham1 besides an equal am\nt ^u ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal4 ,!re is also ! :ole ( ! bus9ess t arrives at ! diff]5t t[ns ^u ! l9e2 & x is asc]ta9$ t ! pass5g]s by /age-coa*es only t pass ?r\gh ! t[ns ne> ,london1 are upw>ds ( f\r times ! numb] t pass ?r\gh ,birm+ham4 ,b if x appe>s t a consid]able pr(it w\ld arise f convey+ b a portion ( ! bus9ess by a railway1 x w be mu* m satisfactory ?an if x 7 dep5d5t ^u ! :ole = an adequate return4 ,& yet1 z x appe>s t pass5g]s are tak5 by ?is mode ( conveyance 9 half ! "t 9 :i* !y c be tak5 by any o!r1 & at half ! co/1 & t goods are convey$ 9 "o-six? ( ! "t & at a l[] *>ge1 ! great probability is t a consid]able portion w imm$iately be s5t by x4 ,we w n[ inquire :at w\ld be ! co/ ( convey+ by a railway betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,london1 ! pass5g]s & goods :i* are n[ pay+ by ! roads & canals #dji1ijjl4 p] annum4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ ^u ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 t ! :ole exp5ses ( "o eng9e1 capable ( convey+ tw5ty-five tons ( goods #aje miles p] day1 at a rate ( f t5 to fifte5 miles p] h\r1 includ+ fuel1 att5dance1 repairs1 oil1 grease1 c41 is #ejjl4 p] annum4 ,its eight waggons 7! numb] requir$ = #be tons7 at #cjl4 p] annum ea*1 involve a ye>ly exp5se ( #bdjl4 ,?is1 ) ! #ejjl41 makes a total co/ ( #gdjl4 ,we w take x at #hjjl4 p] annum1 :i* gives ! foll[+ co/1 on ! supposition t ea* eng9e takes b tw5ty tons3 ,= convey+ #ahj tons p] day x w\ld require t5 #h1jjj eng9es1 :i*1 ) ! waggons1 co/ #hjjl4 ea* p] annum ,suppos+ ! pres5t coa*es to c>ry two tons ea* ( #d1jjj pass5g]s & p>cels1 or a :ole weight daily ( =ty-f\r tons1 :i* we w suppose requires f\r eng9es2 & tak+ ! repairs ( ! coa*es to be d\ble t ( ! waggons1 or #fjl4 p] annum ea*2 x w make a total am\nt ( #ihjl41 or say #ajjjl4 p] annum1 = ! f\r eng9es & f\r sets ( coa*es ,goods p] van & waggon tw5ty-six tons p] day1 :i* #a1fjj we w also suppose require two eng9es #ac1fjj ,suppos+ !y are b two-?irds load$1 we w add to #d1djj ! exp5ses #ah1jjj ,we !n h a total co/ ( only #ah1jjjl41 exclusive ( railway dues1 = convey+ t by /eam p[] :i* ! public are n[ pay+ #dji1ijjl4 = convey+ by horses ^u roads & canals 9 "o di/rict only4 ,?is1 z be=e /at$1 is only a portion ( ! bus9ess4 ,suppos+ #b1jjj tons ( goods to be convey$ daily at #bjs4 p] ton1 :i* is less ?an two-?irds ( ! pres5t av]age *>ge2 & tak+ #cjj days p] annum1 we h #fjj1jjjl42 t might be tak5 by #bjj eng9es1 :i* ) ! waggons w\ld co/1 at ! rate ( #hjjl4 ea*1 #afj1jjjl4 p] annum4 ,no?+ is calculat$ "h = ! conveyance ( cattle1 :i* may be reckon$ ^u1 :5 x is kn[n t ! pres5t co/ ( convey+ an ox f ,dav5try or ,leice/] to ,london1 includ+ ! loss ( weight by driv+1 is #cjs42 & :5 x is also kn[n t a weight equal to an ox may be tak5 t di/ance 9 five h\rs = #gs4 ,%eep may also be tak5 at a proportionately l[ rate4 ,ano!r great s\rce ( income & pr(it w arise f ! conveyance ( c>riages & horses1 z bo? w be tak5 ) ease & safety 9 vehicles con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,! "q we w next consid] is ! am\nt ( capital requir$ = mak+ su* a road4 ,! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway is /at$ at #c1jjj1jjjl4 ,?is is tak5 f ! mo/ accurate e/imates2 b = ! satisfaction ( ^? :o w\ld l to h corroborative /atem5ts1 we w comp>e x ) ! co/ ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway4 ,?is und]tak+1 x is /at$1 may co/1 includ+ its c>ry+ dep>tm5t & eng9es1 c>riages1 c41 #a1jjj1jjjl42 & ! railway is ?irty-two miles 9 l5g?4 7,= p>ticul>s see ,app5dix1 ,no4 ,i47 ,! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway w be #aje miles 9 l5g?2 & !re=e1 con/ruct$ on ! same scale1 & its co/ calculat$ at ! same rate p] mile1 x w\ld require1 includ+ e exp5se1 r m ?an #c1jjj1jjjl4 ,b x mu/ be recollect$ t mat]ials & wages are at lea/ tw5ty p] c5t4 l[] n[ ?an at ! "t ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 con/ruct+4 ,! co/ ( ! rails = ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 #abl4 #ajs4 p] ton2 !y may n[ be pur*as$ = #hl4 #ajs4 p] ton4 ,! consid]able r$uction t has tak5 place 9 ! wages ( lab\r mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 p>ticul>ly z ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole co/ w be 9 an exp5diture ( ?is nature ^u ! l9e4 ,! great r$uction t has tak5 place 9 all k9ds ( ironwork w t5d to r$uce ! co/ ( ! eng9es1 & ! ma*9]y requir$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! road4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 t ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] be+ ! fir/ l9e ( ! same magnitude t _h ev] be5 con/ruct$1 _m exp5ses occurr$1 :i* are always att5dant ^u works ( a new k9d1 & :i* are mu* r$uc$ :5 ! same k9d ( "w has to be execut$ aga94 ,x 0 =m]ly ! op9ion ( ^? :o are be/ acqua9t$ ) ^! subjects1 t railways might be con/ruct$ at z little exp5se z canals3 & :5 we consid] t a canal requires a p]fect level2 occupies an equal wid? ( l& ) a railway2 mu/ h its embankm5ts made ( mat]ials imp]vi\s to wat]2--& :51 aga91 x is kn[n t an exp5sive lock is requir$ at almo/ e mile1 z well z num]\s dra9s & res]voirs to collect ! wat] f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & p[]ful eng9es to raise ! wat] f ! l[] to ! summit levels2--x does appe> a natural supposition1 t su* a "w mu/ require a great] outlay ?an a road1 :i*1 to a degree1 has ! incl9ation suit$ to ! level ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* x passes2 ^: embankm5ts1 in/ead ( be+ wa%$ by a riv]1 h only to c>ry two or f\r b>s ( iron2 &1 moreov]1 9 ^: banks no injury f leakage c arise to ! c\ntry ly+ bel[ x2 :i* inv>iably happ5s to l& at ! foot ( canal embankm5ts4 ,t funds w be provid$ = ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway f> beyond any am\nt exp5d$ 9 canals1 w be se5 by ! foll[+ /atem5t3--,9 #ahbe1 x is /at$1 !re 7 9 ,engl& n9ety-sev5 canals1 ! total ext5t ( :i* 0 #b1dga miles1 & ! co/ ( :i* 0 #cj1jjj1jjjl42 giv+ an av]age co/ ( ab\t #ab1ejjl4 p] mile4 ,! railway f ,london to ,birm+ham w be #aje miles 9 l5g?1 & capital to ! am\nt ( #c1jjj1jjjl4 w be provid$ = x3 ?is gives an av]age ( upw>ds ( #bh1jjjl4 p] mile4 ,t ! l& 9 ?is direction is m fav\rable to works ( ?is k9d ?an t 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 is kn[n by ! canals t run 9 ?is di/rict co/+ less p] mile ?an ! av]age rate ( o!rs4 ,b ev5 if ! ,railway co/s twice or ?ree times z mu* z a canal1 ! advantages t x has ov] a canal 9 its am\nt ( traffic1 & ! economy att5d+ x1 are 9 a mu* great] proportion ?an ! increase ( its co/4 ,!re are v few canals ( any ext5t t c pass m ?an two hundr$ tons ( goods p] h\r4 ,! locks 9 g5]al admit ( b "o boat pass+ at a "t1 c>ry+ f tw5ty to tw5ty-five tons4 ,:]e ! greate/ despat* is us$1 ! av]age is n m ?an eight boats pass$ p] h\r4 ,"h at once is a limit to ! despat* ( canal conveyance4 ,eight boats p] h\r1 at an av]age load ( tw5ty tons1 gives only #afj tons p] h\r z ! greate/ quantity t c be pass$4 ,! av]age load ( a fly-boat is b sixte5 tons4 ,let u n[ inquire :at might be convey$ along a s+le l9e ( railway1 on ! supposition t a spe$ ( t5 miles p] h\r only may be p]=m$ ^u x4 ,! numb] ( y>ds 9 a mile 7#a1gfj7 multipli$ by ! spe$1 gives #ag1fjj4 ,a c>riage = ?ree tons ( goods occupies a space ( f\r y>ds & a half2 b we w suppose a space ( six y>ds is requir$1 :i* gives two y>ds = ea* ton4 ,!n #ag1fjj 7! numb] ( y>ds p] mile multipli$ by ! velocity7 divid$ by #b y>ds1 gives #h1hjj tons p] h\r1 on ! supposition t ! c>riages mov$ 9 a cont9u\s tra92 b ) a space betwe5 ea* tra9 ( c>riages equal 9 l5g? to ! tra91 we h half t am\nt1 or #d1djj tons1 t might if necess>y be convey$ ^u a s+le l9e ( railway3 or1 :at requires tw5ty-f\r h\rs to pass ?r\gh ! canal locks at ,birm+ham1 might be s5t along a railway 9 "o h\r4 ,?us x appe>s1 t canals are limit$1 9 respect ( ! quantity ( goods t c be convey$ ^u !m1 to less ?an #bjj tons p] h\r2 _! greate/ av]age spe$ is less ?an ?ree miles p] h\r1 & = ! sl[ boats "o mile & a half p] h\r2 ! g5]al exp5se ( haulage is #a;d4 p] ton p] mile2 !y are subject to /oppages av]ag+ five weeks p] annum1 f fro/1 dr\ght1 & repairs4 ,a railway1 on ! contr>y1 may convey #d1jjj tons p] h\r1 at a velocity ( fifte5 miles3 /eam propell+ p[] co/s only "o f>?+ p] ton p] mile1 exclusive ( ! waggons2 & ! /oppage t w\ld arise f ! break+ ( a rail1 w\ld n be m ?an "o ( half an h\r4 ,does n ?is %[1 !n1 t an inf9itely sup]ior conveyance is n[ (f]$ to ! public1 bo? = !mselves & _! goods8 ,an in/ance ( ! support :i* ! public give to quick conveyance1 is af=d$ by ! facts1 t 9 #ahjj !re 7 sev5 coa*es f ,birm+ham to ,london1 & ! av]age "t 0 eighte5 & tw5ty h\rs2 t at pres5t !re are tw5ty-two coa*es1 & ! av]age "t is twelve h\rs4 ,la/ ye> ! numb] ( pass5g]s f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/] 0 #ejj p] day1 & ! "t occupi$ by ! j\rney f\r h\rs4 ,s9ce ! op5+ ( ! ,railway 9 ,septemb] la/1 ! av]age numb] has be5 ne>ly #a1jjj p] day1 & ! "t two h\rs4 ,! increase ( pass+ betwe5 ! t[ns t h _h /eam communication has be5 9 a mu* great] proportion ?an ! above4 ,betwe5 ,london & ,m>gate1 ,dov] & ,calais1 ,liv]pool & ,dubl91 ,liv]pool & ,gre5ock1 ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton1 ! pass+ has increas$ ne>ly t5-fold s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( su* improv$ conveyance4 ,x is calculat$ t ! :ole numb] ( pass5g]s by /eam-boats is "o million & a qu>t] p] annum4 ,c x !n be expect$ t a /eam communication f ,birm+ham to ,london w be an exception8 = !re is n a l9e to be f\nd ( equal ext5t 9 ! k+dom on :i* ! population is s great1 or on :i* ! comm]cial & agricultural transactions are s important4 ,z ! utility ( railroads may be consid]$ e/abli%$ by ! "o n[ 9 op]ation1 x mu/ be evid5t h[ desirable x is to connect ,liv]pool1 ,man*e/]1 & ,birm+ham1 & ultimately o!r t[ns 9 ! ,nor?1 ) ! ,metropolis4 ,suppos+ a railroad connect+ ^! important t[ns to exi/1 :i* might be consid]$ z ! *ief l9e ( communication f ! ,nor? to ! ,s\?1 !re is a reasonable hope1 t %ortly o!r roads w\ld be propos$ & execut$1 connect+ ! rema9+ influ5tial t[ns4 ,an exp$iti\s1 *eap1 & secure conveyance w\ld ?us be e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 s t 9 all probability1 ! bus9ess t w\ld be br\ght ^u ! ma9 l9e by ^! side *annels w\ld increase ! :ole traffic beyond :at c n[ be calculat$ ^u4 ,x may be object$1 t railroads w\ld ?r[ out ( employm5t a great numb] ( p1 :o are n[ actively engag$1 z coa*m51 gu>ds1 horse-keep]s1 boatm51 waggon]s1 c43 b z all improvem5ts :i* t5d to r$uce ! price ( travell+ & quick communication h l$ to a diff]5t result1 we may inf] t ! numb] ( cross coa*es & %ort conveyances ( all k9ds t w\ld be e/abli%$ to br+ up pass5g]s & goods to ! railway1 w\ld at once give employm5t to ^! m54 ,we may take z a pro( ! pres5t po/+ & travell+ ^u ! road f ,london to ,dov]1 :i* 0 great] 9 #ahbi ?an ev] x 0 kn[n to be be=e1 al?\gh 9 ! same ye> upw>ds ( #a1jjj pass5g]s 7 convey$ weekly f ,london to ,calais by /eam4 ,if inde$ !re are "s p]sons t w be ?r[n out ( employm5t = a %ort "t1 we mu/ set aga9/ ?is ! va/ increase ( lab\r t w be giv5 to me*anics & o!rs employ$ 9 manufactur+ ! eng9es & ma*9es us$ on railways2 = if ^! works g =w>d1 !re w be imm$iate employm5t = t5s ( ?\s&s ( lab\r]s1 & con/ant occupation 9 ! work%op = d\ble ! numb] ( h&s t = a "t may be ?r[n out ( "w ^u ! roads or canals4 ,& ,i w\ld ask1 ,:i* is ! m important memb] ( ! community1 ! +5i\s me*anic or ! w&]+ boatman8 ,let u aga9 consid]1 t we are g5]at+ a new p[]1 ) ! consumption only ( a m9]al drawn f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 :ile we are sav+ ! surface l& to produce t su/5ance :i* our increas+ population requires4 ,e horse t is disp5s$ )1 saves ! produce t w\ld support six m52 & x is calculat$ t "o-?ird ( ! gra9 consum$1 is by horses #ba4 ,! imm5se surface t is n[ requir$ = ! support ( cattle may be conjectur$1 :5 x is kn[n t 9 ,engl& & ,wales alone we h upw>ds ( ?irty millions ( acres 9 tillage1 & t "o acre may gr[ z mu* corn z is consum$ by ?ree m5 9 a ye>4 ,& yet we are 9 ! habit ( import+ a consid]able quantity ( gra96 ,x is unnecess>y to e/abli% by reason+ :at is borne out by facts2 & ,i ref] aga9 to ! railroad betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]1 on :i* goods & m]*&ise are n[ tak5 9 "o-t5? ( ! "t & at two-?irds ( ! =m] co/1 & pass5g]s 9 half ! "t & at half ! =m] *>ges by coa*4 ,may n ! same support be look$ = betwe5 ,london1 & ,birm+ham1 :5 ! same advantages are (f]$8 ,may n also ! support ( ,gov]nm5t be expect$1 :5 its sanction only is ask$ to e/abli% su* a communication f "o side ( ! k+dom to ! o!r1 n a f>?+ to defray exp5ses be+ requir$ f x2 at ! same "t t ! capability is (f]$ x1 ( s5d+ despat*es f ,london to ,liv]pool 9 sev5 h\rs1 or ( transport+ tw5ty ?\s& troops ! same di/ance )9 twelve h\rs1 9 case ( ne$8 ,?\gh ! capital requir$ is consid]able1 yet ,i ?9k ! public may be tru/$ 9 seek+ out _! own means ( inve/m5t2 !y are 9 fact only c>ry+ t pr9ciple to ! e/abli%m5t ( an improv$ conveyance at ! co/ ( an old "o1 7an improvem5t 9 :i* _m ( !m are deeply int]e/$17 ^u :i* 9 _! manufactories !y con/antly act1 :5 a ma*9e t co/s #ajjl4 is supplant$ by "o t may co/ #ejjl41 b :i* is f\nd to p]=m t5 times ! "w4 ,:y1 ,i ask1 may n #c1jjj individuals associate !mselves toge!r to apply to a public und]tak+ ! me*anical p[] :i* !y h f\nd s advantage\s 9 _! private e/abli%m5ts8 ,:y n ext5d to ! purpose ( locomotion ! p[] :i* has rais$ ! manufactures ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& to _! pres5t high /ate ( improvem5t8 ,i w\ld ask ^? :o oppose its ext5sion to ?is new purpose1 :e!r ! me*anical ag5cies ( ?is k+dom1 n[ am\nt+ to ! physical =ce ( t5 times ! population ( ,engl&1 w\ld ev] h be5 call$ into action if ! application ( kn[n p[]s & pr9ciples to fre% purposes & uses _h n at all times met ) ! fulle/ support ( ! ,legislature & ! ,public8 ,i w\ld ask aga91 ,:e!r ! /eam p[] t has be5 g5]at$ )9 ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 = propell+ vessels exce$+ ! :ole physical =ce ( ! ,briti% navy1 w\ld h _h bir?1 _h ! pr9ciple be5 act$ ^u1 ( ?+s rema9+ z !y are8 99 99 99 99 99 ,m>* #d?1 #ahca4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,i4 ,g5]al ,ab/ract ( ,exp5diture ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 to ! #ca/ ( ,may #ahcj1 f ,mr4 ,boo?'s ,pamphlet4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,adv]tis+ ,acc\nt #ccb #a #d ,brick-mak+ ,acc\nt #i1gbd #d #d ,bridge ,acc\nt ,bridges 9 numb] #fc #ii1jfe #aa #i ,*>ge = ,direction #a1iaa #j #j ,*>ge = ,f5c+ #aj1bjb #af #e ,c>t ,e/abli%m5t #dfa #f #c ,*at ,moss ,acc\nt #bg1gai #aa #aj ,cutt+s & ,embankm5ts #aii1gfc #h #j ,c>ry+ ,dep>tm5t1 #ce1ech #j #j compris+--,am\nt exp5d$ 9 ,l& & ,build+s = ,/ations & ,depts1 ,w>eh\ses1 ,(fices1 c4 at ! ,liv]pool end ,exp5d$ at ! #f1aei #j #j ,man*e/] ,/ation ,side ,tunnel1 be+ ! #b1dhe #j #j approa* to ! ,cr[n-/reet ,/ation ,gas-light ,acc\nt1 #a1jdf #j #j includ+ co/ ( ,pipes1 ,gasomet]1 c4 ,eng9es1 ,coa*es1 #aj1iia #aa #d ,ma*9es1 c4 #ef1bai #aa #d ,=mation ( ,road #bj1efh #ae #e ,iron ,rail ,acc\nt #fg1iab #j #b ,int]e/ ,acc\nt 7balance7 #c1fbi #af #g ,l& ,acc\nt #ie1cje #h #h ,(fice ,e/abli%m5t #d1ibi #h #e ,p>liam5t>y & ,law ,exp5diture #bh1dfe #f #aa ,/one ,blocks & ,sleep]s #bj1ebj #ad #e ,survey+ ,acc\nt #ai1hbi #h #g ,travell+ ,exp5ses #a1dbc #a #e ,tunnel ,acc\nt #cd1gia #d #i ,tunnel ,comp5sation ,acc\nt #i1igg #e #g ,waggon ,acc\nt #bd1ahe #e #g ,sundry ,paym5ts = ,timb]1 ,iron1 ,petty #b1bbg #ag #c ,disbursem5ts1 c4 n includ$ 9 ! =ego+ ,acc\nts #gci1afe #e #j ,extracts f ! 8,obs]vations0 ( ,mr4 ,boo?4 8,,cutt+s ,,& ,,embankm5ts4--,! ,excavations consi/ ( ab\t #gbb1jjj cubic y>ds ( rock & %ale1 & ab\t #b1jjf1jjj cubic y>ds ( m>le1 e>?1 & s&4 ,?is aggregate mass has be5 remov$ to v>i\s di/ances1 f a few furlongs to betwe5 ?ree & f\r miles2 & no inconsid]able portion ( x has be5 hoi/$ up by ma*9]y1 f a dep? ( ?irty to fifty feet1 to be deposit$ on ! surface above1 ei!r to rema9 9 p]man5t spoil banks1 z at ,k5yon1 or to be aft]w>ds c>ri$ to ! next embankm5t1 z at ! deep rock cutt+ ?r\gh ,olive ,m\nt2 ! process 9 ?is latt] case be+ r5d]$ exp$i5t f consid]ations ( increas$ exp$ition4 ,:]e l& = ! deposit ( spoil banks has be5 pur*as$1 ! co/ ( ! l& =ms "p ( ! exp5diture "u ?is head1 & a good deal ( sub/antial & l(ty wall+ 9 ! deep cutt+s is also includ$40 8,,iron ,,rail ,,acc\nt4--,?is exp5diture comprises ! foll[+ items3-- 4 s4 d4 ,rails = a d\ble way f ,liv]pool to #dh1jjj #j #j ,man*e/]1 ) occasional l9es ( communication1 & additional side l9es at ! diff]5t ,depts1 be+ ab\t ?irty-five miles ( d\ble way1#chdg tons1 at prices av]ag+ some?+ less ?an #abl4 #ajs4 p] ton ,ca/-iron ,*airs1 #adbh tons1 at an #ae1jjj #j #j av]age ( #ajl4 #ajs4 ,co/ ( ,spikes & ,keys to fa/5 ! #c1hcj #j #j ,*airs to ! ,blocks1 & ! ,rails to ! ,*air ,co/ ( ,oak ,plugs = ! ,blocks #fae #j #j ,sundry ,freights1 ,c>tages1 c4 c4 #dfg #j #b #fg1iab #j #b ,,l&4--,?is is a heavy item ( exp5diture4 ,! price ( l& 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge t[ns is usually high2 & ! outlay 0 fur!r enhanc$ by num]\s claims = comp5sation1 ow+ to ! prejudice :i* a few ye>s s9ce exi/$ aga9/ ,railways1 & especially aga9/ :at n[ appe>s _! peculi> recomm5dation--! ,locomotive ,eng9e4 ,a great *ange has tak5 place 9 ?is respect4 ,at ! close ( #ahbh1 ! *>ge "u ?is head 0 ne>ly #ajb1jjjl41 b a portion ( ?is am\nt be+ = ! depts1 has be5 transf]r$ to ! c>ry+ dep>tm5t40 8,! ,directors1 9 _! ,report1 dat$ ! #be? ( ,m>* la/1 e/imat$ ! total exp5diture1 includ+ ,w>eh\ses1 ,ma*9]y & ,c>riages1 at #hbj1jjjl41 :i* may be apportion$ z foll[s3-- 4 s4 d4 ,exp5diture1 z above1 9 actual #gci1afe #e #j paym5ts1 to ! #ca/ ( ,may #ahcj ,out/&+ engagem5ts to ! same #g1ejj #j #j date ,= ,wall+ ! ,slopes 9 sundry #f1gej #j #j places1 & complet+ p]man5t ,road ,= complet+ ! ,bridges1 includ+ #i1ejj #j #j ! ,irwell1 #fjjjl41 & ,p>apets ( ! ,sankey ,viaduct #adjjl41 & comp5sation 9 lieu ( ,bridges ,additional ,eng9es1 ,waggons1 & #ag1jjj #j #j ,ma*9]y1 "p "u contract = deliv]y ,complet+ ,/ations1 ,:>fs1 #be1jjj #j #j ,w>eh\ses1 ,(fices1 c4 ,f5c+ at sundry places #c1jjj #j #j ,cont+5cies #ab1jhd #ae #j ,mak+ total co/ ( ,railway #hbj1jjj #j #j ,no4 ,,ii4 ,! ,spee* ( ! ,rev4 ,,john ,,corrie1 ,f4,r4,s41 tak5 f ! ,report ( ! ,t[n's ,meet+1 held 9 ,birm+ham1 ,m>* #d?1 #ahca1 9 support ( ,railways4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,corrie said1 t hav+ be5 desir$ to introduce ! bus9ess ( ! ,meet+1 he _h und]tak5 ! task1 f a conviction t x w\ld be no difficult ?+ to %[ ! sup]iority ( railways to all ! e/abli%$ modes ( communication1 & ! b5efits :i* ! t[n ( ,birm+ham 9 p>ticul> w\ld d]ive f t great national l9e1 :i* ?is ,meet+ _h assembl$ to support4 ,x 0 q unnecess>y to dwell ^u ! importance ( safe1 easy1 & especially *eap means ( int]c\rse4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( human civilization atte/$ x4 ,:y did population fir/ spread along ! banks ( great riv]s8 ,:y 7 ! banks ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,nile ! seats ( ! e>lie/ civilization8 ! cradles ( sci5ce & ! arts ( life8 ,pr9cipally1 if n entirely1 f ! facilities !y af=d$ ( *eap & easy communication4 ,:at rais$ ,phnicia to su* high celebrity among anci5t nations8 ,n a n>r[ /rip ( rocky t]ritory1 b its position on ! sea %ore2 n its abundant h>ve/s1 b its memorable ports1 its ,tyre & ,sidon4 ,! "n & language ( ! ,greeks 7 mo/ widely diffus$2 _! numb]s1 _! civilization1 _! progress 9 ! sci5ces1 9 ! elegant & useful arts1 7 mo/ m>k$1 :5 9 ! days ( ! ,ptolemies !y possess$ ! fir/ m]cantile city ( ! _w--,alex&ria1--& _h colonies on e little isl& & rocky promontory 9 ! :ole circuit ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,or if we desc5d to mod]n times1 ,:at rais$ ,italy to its e>ly comm]cial em95ce b ! l5g? ( its ind5t$ coa/8 ,:at rais$ great cities on ! banks ( ! ,elbe1 or ! ,rh9e1 & c>ri$ manufactures into ! he>t ( ,g]many1 b ^? great riv]s8 ,:at rais$ ,fl&]s1--especially :at rais$ ,holl&1 b its canals & sea-ports8 ,:at 9 m rec5t times has occasion$ ! rapid ext5sion ( p1 weal?1 & prop]ty ?r\gh ! wide circuit ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! ext5t ( its navigable riv]s2 ^? riv]s on :i* ! transc5d5t utility ( /eam navigation 0 fully e/abli%$8 ,or to come ne>] home1 ,:at w\ld ,engl& be )\t h] ext5t ( coa/1 )\t h] facility ( c>riage8 ,!re are _m /ill 9 ! vig\r ( _! faculties :o h witness$ ! progress ( ?is c\ntry dur+ ! memorable reign ( ,george ,,iii4--a p]iod ( rapid progress 9 numb]s1 9 weal?1 9 p[]1 & 9 all ! arts1 ) :i* no o!r p]iod w be> "o mom5t's comp>ison4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is 0 ow+ to our turnpike-roads--to our canals8 ,:at w\ld ,birm+ham1 9 p>ticul>1 be )\t !m8 ,:at w\ld be ! value ( ! m9es ( ,/af=d%ire1 9 ! v c5tre ( ! isl&1 & )\t a navigable riv]8 ,b ! art & indu/ry ( man has surm\nt$ e difficulty4 ,birm+ham is n only connect$ ) all ! k+dom by a sy/em ( excell5t roads1 b has a wat]-communication ) ,london1 ) ,liv]pool1 ) ,bri/ol1 ) ,hull2 & x is f ! op5+ ( ^! canals t y mu/ date its great prosp]ity4 ,9 #agfj1 ,birm+ham _h less ?an #cj1jjj inhabitants3 by ! la/ c5sus x _h #ajf1jjj2 x has n[ probably #acj1jjj4 ,connect$ ) ! ocean1 x is connect$ ) ! _w2 its "n is kn[n :]ev] ! "n ( ,engl& is kn[n2 its useful & +5i\s productions are spread ov] ! civiliz$ & ! unciviliz$ regions ( ! globe4 ,b h[ is x t roads1--h[ is x t canals1 h produc$ su* wond]ful effects8 ,solely by af=d+ ! means ( easy1 ( safe1 ( regul>1 ( rapid1 ( economical communication4 ,:i* ( y\r productions c\ld h be5 s5t ov] ,europe1 :i* to ,am]ica1 to ,india1 to ,*9a1 load$ ) ! weight ( l&-c>riage f h5ce to ! ne>e/ ( our ports8 ,at lea/ h[ few c\ld h be5 ei!r s5t or sold6 ,b h[ sup]ior 9 all ! p>ticul>s ,i h m5tion$ are railways to canals or turnpike roads6 ,! ease1 ! smoo?ness1 is t ( "o smoo? b> ( iron revolv+ on ano!r2 ! motion ( ! be/ built c>riage1 on ! be/ con/ruct$ road1 is comp>atively r\gh & j>r+4 ,y move ) no m fatigue ?an f sitt+ 9 y\r *amb]4 ,!n = regul>ity1--"h are no int]ruptions f dr\ght1 none f fro/1 none f sn[1 none f t$i\s p]iodical repairs4 ,9 safety1--inquire1 & y f9d 9 ! la/ six mon?s upw>ds ( #ajj1jjj p]sons h pass$ betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] )\t an accid5t4 ,c y say ! same ( any equal l5g? ( turnpike-road8 ,z = rapidity1 ?is is truly a/oni%+1--?is sets all competition at defiance2 ?is almo/ realises ! extravagant dem& ( ! poet1 t ! gods w\ld annihilate bo? space & "t4 ,x w cond5se ! :ole population ( ! k+dom1 z to all purposes ( int]c\rse = bus9ess or amusem5t2 :ile x spreads x ov] ! :ole surface = purposes ( heal?ful air & beautiful c\ntry sc5]y2 & we "k n yet its maximum rapidity2 b our g>d5s1 our f>ms1 above all1 our m9es & manufactories1 w be plac$ z ne> ! great sea-ports & ! sea z if ,birm+ham 0 only #cj or #dj miles f ,liv]pool or ,london4 ,b ! great po9t ( all is ! economy3 & "h1 :ile we claim ! "r to ass]t a great economy1 we may readily all[ t !re may n h be5 suffici5t "t to e/imate all ! exp5ses ) :i* railways & eng9es ( rapid motion may be att5d$4 ,b w\ld ! l[ prices h be5 fix$ betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] if ! manag]s ( ?is int]e/+ e/abli%m5t _h n f\nd !y c\ld ) ju/ice to ! proprietors take ^? r$uc$ prices8 ,! repair ( eng9es appe>s great3 av]age ?is on ! quantity ( "w p]=m$1 & y f9d ! *>ge p] pass5g] or p] ton is a m]e trifle1--a fraction ( a f>?+4 ,we w h[ev] admit t m "t is necess>y to asc]ta9 ! exact exp5se4 ,b we mu/ n =get t no great improvem5t is ev] p]fect$ at once3 :atev] be ! exp5se at fir/1 may we n ju/ly expect x w be r$uc$8--,a curi\s pap] has be5 publi%$ on ! p[]1 or :at is call$ ! duty1 ( ! /eam-eng9e 9 ,cornwall4 ,y "k t in/rum5t is !re us$ mo/ ext5sively to dra9 ! deep & valuable m9es4 ,at ! e>lie/ record 9 ! docum5t to :i* ,i am ref]r+1 ! quantity ( wat] rais$ by a bu%el ( coals is d5ot$ by ! numb] #e4 ,! att5tion ( ! greate/ eng9e]s 0 drawn to ?is c\nty4 ,! celebrat$ ,smeaton made consid]able improvem5ts2 ! memorable discov]y :i* plac$ our late illu/ri\s neighb\r ,mr4 ,watt 9 ! v fir/ rank ( b5efactors to 8 c\ntry & mank9d1 rais$ ! effici5cy ( a s+le bu%el to #be2 subsequ5tly1 ,i believe1 /ill high]4 ,b s9ce 8 "t1 m]ely by a pati5t att5tion to e m9ute circum/ance 9 ! con/ruction & ! work+ ( ! eng9e1 )\t any new discov]y1 ! duty has be5 rais$ f #be to #he or #ie4 ,"h is a progress1 dur+ no v long p]iod3 & ev5 7 ! exp5se ( ! locomotive eng9e t5 or tw5ty times great] ?an x is1 !re w\ld be no reason to despair ( its economy4 ,am ,i n ju/ifi$ !n 9 cont5d+ t ?is t[n is mo/ deeply int]e/$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a railway to ,liv]pool & to ,london8 ,x nev] 0 m deeply int]e/$ 9 any contrivance to dim9i% ! exp5se ( c>riage ?an at ?is mom5t4 ,:at is ! /ate ( ! iron trade ( ,/af=d%ire8 ,:at ! prospect ( t indu/ri\s population :i* dep5ds ^u x8 ,a r$uction ( "o half 9 ! exp5se ( c>riage1 :i* ! railways appe> ju/ly to promise1 w\ld conv]t a bad trade into a good "o2 w\ld give ,/af=d%ire a sup]iority ov] all competitors4 ,at ?is mom5t ! remission ( ! duty on sea-borne coals w n>r[ ! m>ket ( ! ,/af=d%ire coal trade4 ,! railway may n only re/ore ! balance1 b incl9e x 9 fav\r ( ,/af=d%ire1 ^: m9es lie ne>e/ ( any to ! metropolis4 ,b ! sup]iority ( railways is a "q ( fact2 x mu/ be decid$ by actual exp]im5t2 & x has be5 decid$ by exp]im5t betwe5 ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool4 ,b x is said1 ! railway may be a good ?+ = ! c\ntry2 b :at w x be = ^? :o consume _! capitals 9 =m+ x2 :at does x promise to its proprietors8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i w\ld obs]ve t ! common expression1--x may be good = ! c\ntry & bad = ! proprietors1--expresses :at nev] c be true3 x nev] c be = ! good ( ! c\ntry t any capital %\ld be s inve/$ z n to make an adequate return4 ,?is is a matt] ( calculation4 ,numb]less railways h be5 con/ruct$1 7?\gh ! application ( ! locomotive eng9e is a comp>atively rec5t improvem5t72 & x mu/ be possible to =m "s judgm5t ( ! capital requir$4 ,x is true t 9 all great works ?is is difficult1 & we are (t5 rem9d$ ( ! orig9al e/imate & ultimate exp5se ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] railway4 ,b are railways ! only works 9 :i* e/imates h be5 errone\s8 ,has x nev] happ5$ 9 build+s1 9 roads1 9 bridges1 9 canals8 ,& is x impossible = any c>e1 & any caution1 to avoid gross mi/akes8 ,be assur$ t no c>e w be sp>$ on ?is subject by ^? :o are invit+ ! public to inve/ a capital ( ?ree millions2 _! calculations are f\nd$1 n on ! e/imate1 b on ! actual exp5diture ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] railway3 !y suppose !irs w co/ z mu* z ! o!r actually has co/4 ,is t an objectionable basis to build ^u8 ,!y pl$ge !mselves to asc]ta9 ! probable exp5se1 & w n re/ on ! judgm5t ( any "o man1 h[ev] sup]ior !y may ju/ly & confid5tly ?9k him4 ,b a suspicion is :isp]$ abroad1 t ! public are ill in=m$ respect+ ! actual exp5ses1 ! pr(its1 & ! prospects ( t railway1 on :i* we gr\nd all our plans & expectations2 ! /atem5ts circulat$ are said n to be op51 c&id1 & above-bo>d4 ,sir1 ,i %\ld be a%am$ to ent] on a ju/ification ( m5 s well kn[n to ! _w1 ( su* high hon\r1 su* unsulli$ integrity z ^? g5tlem51 :o are be/ kn[n among ! projectors & support]s ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] railway4 ,b if any "o %\ld /ill *]i% 8 suspicions1--:at has be5 _! conduct8 ,if !y h deceiv$ ! public1 :y did !y cont9ue to hold _! %>es aft] !y _h rea*$ #ajjl4 p] c5t4 premium8 ,:5 !y began to decl9e1--& !y h decl9$1--:y did !y /ill hold !m8 ,:y are !y among ! fir/ to enc\rage simil> und]tak+s 9 fav\rable situations8 ,:y 7 !y among ! e>lie/1 :y are !y among ! greate/ %>ehold]s 9 ^? railways1 :i* are ! object ( our pres5t meet+8 ,b !y are en?usia/s2 !y are bl9d$ by _! pre-conceiv$ op9ions1 or by "s feel+ ( hon\r4 ,b are !re n m5 at ,liv]pool1 n connect$ ) !m1 & able to expose _! mis/atem5ts1 to unmask _! artifices8 ,_m2--& h[ are ^! disclos+ _! s5tim5ts respect+ railways8 ,by emb>k+ 9 a new railway1 c>ri$ v ne>ly ?r\gh ! same l9e ( c\ntry ) t n[ at "w2 = su* is t project$ betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,le$s4 ,) reg>d to ! traffic on ! l9es connect$ ) ,birm+ham1 ,i am n prep>$ on ?is occasion to g into detail2 o!r p]sons well in=m$ on ?is subject w address y4 ,b look = a mom5t at ! canals betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,london1 ! ,duke ( ,bridgewat]'s1 ! ,tr5t & ,m]sey1 ! ,/af=d%ire & ,worce/]%ire1 ! great ,birm+ham canal1 ! ,w>wick1 ! ,napton1 ! ,cov5try1 ! ,ox=d1 ! ,gr& ,junction1--all ( :i* h paid ! proprietors amply1 "s enorm\sly4 ,!y suffici5tly indicate ! ext5t ( traffic4 ,add to ?is ! l&-conveyance by coa*es1 *aises1 private c>riages1 waggons1 vans1 am\nt+ at lea/ to #cjj1jjjl4 p] annum1 betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,london2--add ! cattle s5t f ,leice/]%ire1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 c4 to ! ,london m>kets1 & :i* ! railways w convey = less ?an ! value ( ! fle% lo/ 9 driv+2--add ^? k9ds ( agricultural produce :i* require a smoo? & rapid transport4 ,9 %ort1 /atem5ts h be5 made out by p]sons ( no mean capacity1 :i* %[ a pr(it s ample z to r5d] ! read] incr$ul\s f its magnitude4 ,!re probably may be error1 b aft] rigid correction ! return mu/ be ample4 ,railways w no d\bt be ext5d$2 & if !y are :at !y pr(ess to be1 ! soon] ! bett]3 !y w be ext5d$ :]ev] ! traffic & int]c\rse are great2 & if we 7 to attempt to e/imate ! sum n[ paid = c>riage on all ^? great l9es1--,i "k n :at x is1 :at x is suppos$ to be2--b be x a million1 be x a million & a half1 or two millions1 if we are rejoic$ at ! remission ( a tax ( f\r or five hundr$ ?\s& p] annum1--w ! c\ntry d]ive no b5efit f be+ reliev$ f a tax ( half a million or a million on ! exp5ses ( conveyance8 ,! railways1 :i* we are n[ consid]+1 re/+ ) "o extremity on ! metropolis1 ext5d+ !nce by way ( ,birm+ham1 ?r\gh ,/af=d%ire to ,liv]pool1 & by ,liv]pool connect$ ) all ! nor? ( ,irel& & we/ ( ,scotl&1 to ! nor? ( ,birm+ham s5d+ (f a bran* ?r\gh ,man*e/] to ,le$s & ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1--w connect all ! greate/ t[ns1 all ! greate/ manufactur+ di/ricts ) ea* o!r & ) ! metropolis2 & on ! o!r h&1 w ?us connect ! metropolis ) !m2 !y w s]ve z ! means ( int]c\rse among a population1 :i* 0 ( ,,f\r ,,millions1 :5 ! :ole k+dom conta9$ less ?an ,,twelve1 & ?is )\t any wide deviation f ! mo/ direct c\rse4 ,! di/ance by ,birm+ham is n m ?an ?ree miles m ?an ! di/ance 9 a /raight l9e f ,london to ,liv]pool1 n m ?an n9e miles m ?an ! direct di/ance betwe5 ,man*e/] & ,london4 ,he _h mu* m to say1 b _h already trespass$ s long ^u _! pati5ce1 t he w\ld leave o!r topics to ! _m o!r well-in=m$ g5tlem5 :o 7 prep>$ to address !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t$ by ,,ri*>d ,,taylor1 ,r$ ,lion ,c\rt1 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,,footnotes4 #ba ,gra9 consum$ 9 #ahad3-- ,qu>t]s4 ,man #ah1gej1jjj ,animals #aa1hbi1jjj ,be] & spirits #d1bej1jjj ,manufactur+ purposes #aga1jjj ,mak+ a total ( #ce1jjj1jjj