,illu/ration3 ,specim5 palimpse/i vaticani4 ,imb]t's ,li?ographic ,facsimile4 ,,! ,,republic ,,( ,,cic]o1 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,lat92 ,,& ,,accompani$ ,,) ,a ,,critical ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,introduction4 ,,by ,g4 ,w4 ,,fea!r/onhaugh1 ,,esq4 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,society ,,( ,,london2 ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,philosophical ,,society2 ,,( ,,! ,,lyceum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,new-,,york1 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,illu/ration ,,new-,,york3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,g4 ,c4 ,,c>vill1 #ajh ,,broadway4 #ahbi4 ,,s\!rn ,,di/rict ,,( ,,new-,,york1 ss4 ,be x rememb]$1 t on ! #bc;d day ( ,janu>y1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahbi1 9 ! fifty-?ird ye> ( ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,g4 ,c4 ,c>vill1 ( ! said di/rict1 ha? deposit$ 9 ?is (fice ! title ( a book1 ! "r :]e( !y claim z proprietors1 9 ! words foll[+1 to wit3 8,! ,republic ( ,cic]o1 translat$ f ! ,lat92 & accompani$ ) a ,critical & ,hi/orical ,introduction4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,fea!r/onhaugh1 ,esq41 ,fell[ ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london2 ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society2 ( ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,new-,york1 c4 c4 c40 ,9 con=mity to ! ,act ( ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 entitl$1 8,an ,act = ! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+1 by secur+ ! copies ( maps1 *>ts1 & books1 to ! au?ors & proprietors ( su* copies1 dur+ ! times !re9 m5tion$20 & also1 to an ,act1 entitl$1 8,an ,act1 supplem5t>y to an ,act1 entitl$ an ,act = ! enc\ragem5t ( le>n+1 by secur+ ! copies ( maps1 *>ts1 & books1 to ! au?ors & proprietors ( su* copies1 dur+ ! times !re9 m5tion$1 & ext5d+ ! b5efits !re( to ! arts ( design+1 engrav+1 & et*+ hi/orical & o!r pr9ts40 ,,fr$4 ,i4 ,,betts1 ,cl]k ( ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new-,york4 ,,errata4 ,,introduction1 p4 #bb1 l9e #ab1 dele 8!n40 ,,d4 p4 #bg1 l9e #af1 = 8requires10 read 8require40 ,sleight ,george1 ,pr9t]s1 ,jamaica1 ,l4 ,i4 ,,to ,,rod]ick ,,impey ,,mur*ison1 ,,esq4 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 c4 c4 c4 ,i d$icate ^! pages to y1 my de> ,,mur*ison1 t y may h a r5ew$ assurance ( my great e/eem & fri5d%ip = y4 ,i %\ld h _h a liveli] satisfaction 9 do+ s1 if ! "p ,i h _h 9 ! production ( !m1 7 m wor?y ( y\r ref9$ ta/e4 ,i hope to (f] "s comp5sation1 h[ev]1 9 ! assurance1 t y w f9d 9 !m _m cong5ial op9ions & pr9ciples4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,fea!r/onhaugh4 ,new-,york1 ,janu>y #ba1 #ahbi4 ,,preface4 ,i am n aw>e t any translation ( ! ,republic ( ,cic]o into ! ,engli% tongue has be5 made4 ,believ+ t x _c b excite a deep int]e/ ) g5]\s m9ds1 z well on acc\nt ( ! high nature ( ! subject1 ! illu/ri\s "n ( ,cic]o1 z ( ! great motives :i* l$ him to compose ?is "w1 ,i v5ture to (f] a translation ( x to ! public4 ,9 ?is ext5sive republic1 :]e e individual reads1 x appe>s peculi>ly prop]1 t an ,engli% dress %\ld be giv5 to a "w1 ( :i* almo/ e page tea*es t public happ9ess dep5ds ^u individual virtue4 ,cic]o's def9ition ( a republic1 t x is an association ( ! p = ! def5ce & advancem5t ( ! common int]e/2 w be und]/ood "h1 :i* may be d\bt+ly said ( any o!r republics n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,a b>e translation ( ! fragm5ts ( ?is mutilat$ "w1 unassi/$ by any comm5t>y1 c\ld n b h be5 unsatisfactory4 ,! defici5cies ( ! orig9al are some:at comp5sat$ to u1 n alone 9 ! gr&eur ( ?\ght :i* p]vades x1 b 9 ! maje/y ( diction1 precise1 elevat$1 z x frequ5tly is1 & always gov]n$ by ! mo/ ref9$ ta/e4 ,x w\ld be a va9 ef=t to attempt ! dignity ( ! ,lat9 tongue1 :5 adorn$ ) ! elegancies ( ! ,cic]onian /yle4 ,humbly z ! translation may des]ve to be consid]$1 x w p]haps be deem$ suffici5tly fai?ful3 & t ! translator has n altoge!r fail$ 9 po9t+ out to grave & reflect+ m9ds1 ! imm$iate cause ( ! ru9 ( a noble ,republic4 ,he has !re=e prefix$ a brief hi/orical introduction2 ! :i*1 :e!r x w be ?\ght too long1 or n suffici5tly detail$1 w probably dep5d ^u ! read]'s hi/orical recollections4 ,! motive = draw+ x up 0 to r5d] ! "w m g5]ally useful & acceptable4 ,,introduction4 ,! imp]fect manuscript1 a translation ( :i* is n[ pres5t$ to ! ,am]ican public1 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,vatican1 by ,pr(essor ,angelo ,mai2 a p]son ( s+ul> +5uity 9 ! detection ( ^? ,palimpse/s ^: cont5ts 7 writt5 ^u anci5t writ+s p>tially eras$4 ,a fac simile ( "p ( ! ,,mss4 accompanies ?is "w4 ,! ,republic ( ,cic]o 0 greatly *]i%$ by ^? :o liv$ 9 & ne> 8 times2 ( :i* occasional evid5ces are f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( antiquity4 ,b ! tyranny ( ! emp]ors bridl$ ! ,romans s soon aft] its appe>ance1 t ,horace1 ,virgil1 ,s5eca1 ,qu9tilian1 ,pl9y1 & ev5 ,tacitus1 h n d>$ to praise x1 le/ !y %\ld br+ d[n v5geance ^u !mselves4 ,x is rem>kable t :ile despotism 0 rapidly ext+ui%+ philosophy & lett]s1 & ! v exi/5ce ( ^! preci\s monum5ts ( bett] times 0 sc>cely ?\ght (2 ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 gradually rais+ up amid/ ! p]secutions ( ! primitive *ur*1 new *ampions = tru? & ju/ice2 to ^: works we are indebt$ = _m valuable fragm5ts ( ! be/ writ]s ( antiquity1 & = almo/ all ! passages ( ,cic]o's ,republic :i* we 7 acqua9t$ )1 until ! late discov]y ( pr(essor ,mai4 ,x is 9 ! works ( ,/4 ,augu/9 & ( ,lactantius t ^! passages mo/ ab\nd2 & !y are appeal$ to by !m z mo/ eloqu5t argum5ts1 9 support ( j gov]nm5t1 & virtu\s conduct4 ,scipio's ,dream1 =m+ ! only "p ( ! six? book :i* has be5 pres]v$1 & :i* is "o ( ! mo/ spl5did passages t has be5 sav$ f antiquity1 has long _h a place 9 ! works ( ,macrobius1 a writ] at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 addict$ to ! ,py?agorean my/icisms2 & :o has pres]v$ x probably on acc\nt ( ! occult a/ronomical relation ( numb]s conta9$ 9 x4 ,not)/&+ ! mutilat$ /ate ( ! ,,mss41 ! ord] ( ! books is di/9ctly pres]v$1 ! g5]al plan ( ! "w is obvi\s1 & we h mu* great] reason to rejoice at :at we possess1 ?an to regret :at is want+4 ,! disord]$ /ate ( ! gov]nm5t & ! republic at l>ge1 evid5tly sugge/$ to ,cic]o ?is patriotic & bold attempt to /em ! influ5ce ( bad m51 & raise ! fall+ lib]ties ( 8 c\ntry4 ,9 ?is highly philosophical disc\rse he s\ght to recall ! ,romans f ! int]e/s ( ambiti\s individuals1 & fix _! att5tion ^u ! great] int]e/s ( ! c\ntry1 :]e ea* man _h a /ake3 to revive _! v5]ation = ! simplicity ( ! e>ly in/itutions ( ,rome1 & = ! m5 :o _h made !mselves illu/ri\s by _! virtues3 & to gu>d ! p m effectually aga9/ ! innovations & factions n[ succe$+ ea* o!r ) s mu* rapidity1 he inve/s ^? anci5t times ) a p]fection1 t ! attractions ( 8 eloqu5ce alone c excuse4 ,( ! orig9al simplicity ( ! gov]nm5t1 "s evid5ces are af=d$ by ?is "w2 z :]e x is /at$ t l&s 7 assign$ to ! sov]eign1 & cultivat$ = him by ! p1 t he might h no?+ to d b adm9i/] ju/ice4 ,! pr9cipal m5 too ( ! /ate 9 ^? e>ly times liv$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,rome1 cultivat+ a small possession4 ,! illu/ri\s names ( ,fabius1 ,l5tulus1 ,cic]o1 c41 7 p]haps giv5 to ^? husb&m5 :o excell$ 9 ! cultivation ( ^? vegetables2 su* 0 ! op9ion ( ,pl9y4#a ,! c5sor _h ! p[] ( reprim&+ ^? ^: fields 7 slov5ly cultivat$4 ,_m cu/oms ( ^? antique times are f\nd 9 ,cato's curi\s ,treatise on ,rural ,affairs4 8,our ance/ors con/itut$ & orda9$ ?us 9 _! ,laws3 ,a ?ief 0 condemn$ to d\ble re/itution2 an usur] to quadruple4 ,y may judge f ?is h[ mu* worse a citiz5 !y deem$ ! usur] to be ?an ! ?ief4 ,& :5 !y prais$ a wor?y man1 !y spoke ?us ( him3 #8t he 0 a good f>m]1 an excell5t husb&man4' ,he t 0 comm5d$ 9 ^! t]ms1 0 ?\ght to be prais$ en\gh40#b ,& aga9 speak+ ( a good husb&man1 he says1 8,he %\ld "p ) 8 old cattle1 8 wean$ calves & lambs1 8 wool1 8 sk9s1 8 old c>ts & worn out irons1 8 old slaves1 & 8 sick ones2 & if he has got any ?+ else he does n want1 let him sell x4 ,a fa!r ( a family ought always to sell & nev] to buy40 ,dion says t a mess5g] summon$ ! patricians by "n1 b t ! p 7 conv5$ by ! bl[+ ( a horn4#c ,b ! spl5did milit>y gov]nm5t :i* soon grew up1 gave bo? /ate employm5t & ri*es to t class once di/+ui%$ = _! indu/ry & frugality4 ,agriculture 0 ab&on$ to slaves1 & m5 br&$ = crimes3 x 0 no long] deem$ an hon\rable employm5t4 ,luxury & habits ( pr(usion made x necess>y = conspicu\s m5 to acquire ! means ( indulg+ 9 !m1 at ! exp5se ( pr9ciple & patriotism4 ,at l5g? :5 s5sual gratifications became de>] to a majority ( ! ,romans ?an lib]ty1 ! republic 0 ov]?r[n1 & milit>y despotism accompli%$ ! circle ( milit>y influ5ce2 ext+ui%$ e sp>k ( light & lib]ty2 /ripp$ ! empire ( its moral & physical p[]1 & left x unm9dful ( its pa/ glori\s exi/5ce1 to p]i% 9 a bl9d & helpless old age4 ,m>cus ,tullius ,cic]o 0 born at ,arp9um1 a city ( ! ,samnites1 :i* _h long enjoy$ ! fre$om ( ,rome4 ,8 family 0 an anci5t "o1 & ( ! eque/rian ord]2 :i* compreh5d$ ! mo/ respectable g5try ( ! empire1 :o 7 only inf]ior 9 rank to ! patricians4 ,hav+ assum$ ! manly g[n at 8 sixte5? ye>1 he imm$iately began to acquire a k ( ! laws ( 8 c\ntry1 "u ! two ,scvolas1 em95t p]sons ( t day4 ,! ,m>sian w>1 & ! civil broils ( ,m>ius & ,sylla1 ! =m] ( :om 0 also a native ( ,arp9um1 occurr$ dur+ ! prosecution ( 8 civil /udies2 & al?\gh !y gave "s int]ruption to !m1 yet ^! viol5t cont5tions fall+ imm$iately "u 8 obs]vation1 he became at an e>ly p]iod accu/om$ to consid] ! political situation ( 8 c\ntry4 ,^! circum/ances no d\bt _h "s influ5ce 9 decid+ 8 future c>e]2 al?\gh ! r>e natural activity ( 8 m9d w\ld p]haps h l$ him "u any situation to ! inve/igation ( all moral & physical relations4 ,prompt$ by ?is impulse1 he n[ began ! /udy ( ,grecian philosophy "u ! le>n$ ,a!nians :o fl$ to ,rome f ! p]secutions ( ,mi?ridates1 & aft]w>ds p]fect$ himself 9 x "u ,molo ! ,rhodian2 a man s di/+ui%$1 t he 0 p]mitt$ to address ! ,roman ,s5ate 9 ! ,greek tongue )\t an int]pret]4 ,ab\t ! age ( tw5ty-six1 ) 8 m9d fill$ ) all ! k taught at t p]iod1 he fir/ began to plead at ! ,=um4 ,8 celebrat$ successful def5ce ( ,s4 ,roscius 0 made soon aft]1 9 :i* he brav$1 :at ! o!r ,roman orators _h n d>$ to d1 ! res5tm5t ( ,sylla4 ,by ?is bold measure1 ! g5]osity ( 8 "*1 z well z ! =ce ( 8 tal5ts1 7 develop$1 & 8 reputation e/abli%$ z ! mo/ p[]ful orator ( ,rome4 ,he visit$ ,a!ns n long aft] ?is p]iod1 p>tly to avoid ! displeasure ( ,sylla1 & p>tly to r5ew ! /udy ( philosophy1 :i* he "h pursu$ ) great ard\r4 ,8 fri5d ,atticus1 :o 0 at ,a!ns at ! same "t1 _h embrac$ ! ,epicurean doctr9es2 b ,cic]o appe>s at ?is e>ly p]iod to h believ$ 9 a future /ate2 a doctr9e :i* at a lat] p]iod he has mo/ eloqu5tly record$ 9 8 celebrat$ ,dream ( ,scipio4 ,at ! end ( two ye>s1 he return$ to ,rome1 greatly improv$ by 8 int]c\rse ) ! philosoph]s & orators ( ,greece & ,asia4 ,9 8 ?irty-fir/ ye>1 & n long aft] 8 m>riage1 he 0 elect$ to ! qu/or%ip1 :i* op5$ 8 way to ! ,s5ate4 ,"o ( ! prov9ces ( ,sicily fell to him by lot1 & he ex]cis$ 8 qu/orial functions ) su* mod]ation & ability1 z to induce ! ,sicilians to conf] extraord9>y hon\rs ^u him at ! t]m9ation ( 8 ye>2 :5 he return$ to ,rome1 det]m9$ h5ce=w>d to )draw himself z little z possible f ! eyes ( ! ,roman p4 ,9 8 ?irty-sev5? ye> he receiv$ ! unanim\s suffrages ( all ! tribes = ! edile%ip1 :i* introduc$ him into ! magi/racy4 ,! exhibition ( ! %[s & games1 :i* 0 ! prov9ce ( ! ediles1 0 conduct$ by ,cic]o ) great satisfaction to ! p1 & )\t injur+ mat]ially 8 own private =tune4 ,9 ?is he a*iev$ a difficult po9t1 :i* m>ks 8 great prud5ce & address4 ,s great _h ! affection ( ! p n[ become = him1 t at ?ree diff]5t elections = prtor1 he 0 ea* "t plac$ at ! head ( ! li/ by ! unanim\s vote ( all ! c5turies4 ,9 8 =ty-?ird ye>1 hav+ be5 v dilig5t 9 /r5g!n+ 8 int]e/1 he became a c&idate = ! consul%ip ) o!rs2 among :om 7 ,l4 ,s]gius ,catal9e3 b su* 0 8 popul>ity t he 0 salut$ consul by acclamation ( ! p be=e ! votes 7 c\nt$4 ,he receiv$ also a /rong support f ! patricians1 :o _h uni=mly be5 oppos$ to 8 advancem5t2 b ,cic]o's reputation = k & probity 0 s great1 & ! times 7 becom+ s critical1 t !y deem$ ! gov]nm5t safe 9 8 h&s4 ,! patricians at ?is "t 7 ( ! faction ( ,sylla1 to :i* also ,catal9e belong$3 & ! ,tribunes & ! p 7 ( ! ,m>ian faction2 at ! head ( :i* 0 ,julius ,cs>1 a ne> relation to ,m>ius4 ,al?\gh ,cs>1 & ,cic]o 7 bo? on ! popul> side1 yet !y 7 n unit$ ^u any common pr9ciples ( ord]4 ,cs> 0 always individually oppos$ to him3 & :5 ,cic]o be+ consul1 0 endeav\r+ 9 ! s5ate to br+ ! associates ( ,catal9e to puni%m5t2 ,cs> def5d$ !m1 & ev5 indirectly enc\rag$ _! cause1 by decl>+ 8 disbelief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! suppression ( ?is conspiracy ( ,catal9e1 ,ce!gus1 ,l5tulus & _m o!rs1 among :om ,cs> 0 g5]ally numb]$1 rais$ ! reputation ( ,cic]o to ! greate/ height4 ,by 8 incessant vigilance1 ,rome 0 sav$ f ! horrors ( a g5]al massacre & pillage4 ,! greate/ hon\rs 7 paid him by ! s5ate & eque/rian ord]3 & = ! fir/ "t ! sublime epi!t ( 8,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry0 0 address$ to a ,roman citiz5 9 ! s5ate1 9 ! p]son ( ,cic]o4#d ,?is great action ( 8 life he mo/ feel+ly alludes to 9 ! introduction to 8 fir/ book ( ! ,republic4 8,nor is my "n =gott510 c4 ,! feel+s too :i* ! circum/ances att5d+ ! v la/ act ( 8 consul%ip excit$ 9 him1 are eloqu5tly p\rtray$ 9 a passage imm$iately foll[+4 ,x 0 ! cu/om = ! consul at ! expiration ( 8 (fice1 to make a spee* 9 ! assembly ( ! p1 & to swe> t he _h execut$ 8 duties ) fidelity4 ,:5 he 0 already 9 ! ro/ra1 & 0 ab\t to address ! :ole p assembl$ on ?is int]e/+ occasion2 ,metellus1 a new tribune1 prompt$ by ! (fici\s _s ( popul> au?ority1 :i* (t5 delights to mortify ! great & good1 =bade ! consul to address ! p1 alleg+ t ,cic]o hav+ caus$ ,l5tulus & ! re/ to suff] dea? )\t be+ he>d 9 _! def5ce1 did n des]ve to be he>d himself4 ,:]eat ) an en?usia/ic pres5ce ( m9d peculi> to himself1 he swore ) a l\d voice t he _h sav$ ! republic3 & ! multitude mov$ by a g5]\s feel+ :i* ! demagogues _h no "t to tamp] )1 m ?an aton$ to him = ! int5d$ affront f _! tribune1 by a simultane\s %\t t he _h sworn no?+ b ! tru?1#e & by accompany+ him f ! ,=um to 8 own h\se4 ,9 ?is mo/ glori\s ye> ( 8 life1 & at ! v "t :5 he 0 occupi$ 9 sav+ 8 c\ntry1 ,octavius ,cs> 0 born2 by ^: arts & influ5ce ,cic]o1 z well z ! republic1 7 n m ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] de/roy$4 ,& al?\gh he _h act$ s noble a "p t[>d 8 c\ntry1 :i* "u 8 gov]nm5t _h be5 sav$ f ! mo/ pr(ligate attempt t _h yet be5 made ^u its lib]ties2 & enjoy$ ! highe/ rank 9 ! s5ate1 & ! fir/ consid]ation f all good m52 corruption _h n[ rea*$ su* a height1 t pre-em95ce 9 virtue1 %9+ =? 9 s active a citiz5 z ,cic]o1 :o 0 con/antly ?w>t+ ! designs ( bad m51 s]v$ b to unite _! ef=ts aga9/ him4 ,he became h5ce=w>d ! object ( _! hatr$ & v5geance4 ,cs>1 :o did n believe 9 a future /ate1 & :o consequ5tly _h no pr9ciple to re/ra9 him1 0 con/antly plott+ means to usurp ! gov]nm5t4 ,pompey1 9 ^: int]e/ ,cic]o _h always be51 & :o at ! close ( ! ,mi?ridatic w> _h become ! mo/ p[]ful man 9 ! ,republic1 0 afraid to disoblige ! num]\s enemies ( ,cic]o1 & decl9$ ev5 to /r5g!n him by a public approbation ( ! measures he _h tak5 to suppress ! conspiracy ( ,catil9e4 ,! luxuri\s & ! corrupt1 :o f> outnumb]$ ! re/1 7 will+ to sell ! republic & !mselves to ! highe/ bidd]s4 ,! p 7 z usual ! tools ( demagogues4 ,e ?+ conspir$ to accel]ate ! d[nfall ( ! republic4 ,9 ! face ( ^! fe>ful odds /ood ,cic]o1 a l>ge majority ( ! s5ate1 & ( ! eque/rian ord]1 :i* compreh5d$ ! indep5d5t l&hold]s & g5try ( ! ,roman nation3 & ) b little o!r support ?an ! satisfaction ( be+ engag$ 9 ! noble/ ( causes1 ! ma9t5ance ( regul> gov]nm5t4 ,x is mo/ pa9ful to look back ^u ! hi/ory ( ! degradation ( su* a p2 corrupt$ & ru9$ by _! bl9d admiration ( t false/ ( all idols1 milit>y glory4 ,an ev5t occurr$ ! ye> aft] 8 consulate1 :i* br\ght him into a new conflict ) "s ( ! wor/ ( ^! m54 ,p4 ,clodius1 at ?is "t a qu/or1 a vici\s & debau*$ "y man ( family1 & :o possess$ _m p]sonal advantages1 _h an intrigue ) ,cs>'s wife ,pompeia4 ,satiat$ ) ord9>y voluptu\sness1 he disguis$ himself z a woman1 & ent]$ ! h\se ( ,pompeia 9 ! night "t1 :5 %e ) o!r di/+ui%$ ,roman matrons1 0 celebrat+ ! my/]ies ( ! ,bona ,dea1 or ,patroness ( ,*a/ity4 ,he 0 discov]$ & fl$4 ,su* 0 ! respect 9 :i* ^! my/]ies1 at :i* wom5 alone (ficiat$1 7 held1 t ! pr(anation excit$ ! utmo/ indignation ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,ev5 ,cs> f\nd x necess>y to put away 8 wife4 ,! s5ate direct$ ! consuls to prep>e a law = ! trial ( ,clodius be=e ! p1 :i* 0 resi/$ by "o ( ! tribunes fri5dly to ,clodius4 ,at l5g? x 0 agre$ t a law %\ld be pass$ to try him be=e ! prtor & a select numb] ( judges4 ,clodius re/$ 8 def5ce ^u an alibi1 :i* he endeav\r$ to su/a9 by witnesses4 ,:5 ,cic]o 0 call$ to give 8 deposition1 he 0 insult$ by ! mob :i* adh]$ to ,clodius2 b su* 0 ! v5]ation 9 :i* he 0 held1 t ! judges /ood up1 & receiv$ him ) great hon\r4 ,he te/ifi$ t ,clodius _h be5 ) him 9 8 h\se 9 ,rome on ! v day ( ! pollution4 ,cs> :o 0 also call$1 said t he 0 ignorant ( ! :ole affair2 al?\gh x occurr$ 9 8 own h\se1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 "m & si/]1 :o _h depos$ to ! tru? ( ! accusation4 ,be+ ask$1 :y !n he _h put away 8 wife8 he answ]$1 8,because ^? :o are connect$ ) me1 mu/ be z free f suspicion z f crime40#f ,t ! wife ( ,cs> mu/ be free ev5 f suspicion1 is a say+ t has pass$ d[n to our days3 yet too _m :o h he>d x are ignorant ( ! circum/ances att5d+ its orig94 ,we read ! comm5t>ies ( ,cs> at s*ool1 & are fir$ ) admiration at 8 tal5ts & successes4 ,we are ?us prep>$ to pity 8 dea? & ! mann] ( x4 ,b ! milit>y & political glories ( ,cs>1 c nev] furni% an apology = a pr(ligate private life2 & a memorable say+ is /ripp$ ( e attraction1 :5 we "k t x 0 utt]$ by ! lips ( a p]jur$ a!i/4 ,9 a lett] to ,atticus1 ,cic]o draws a curi\s picture ( ! judges select$ to try ?is fam\s cause2 a majority ( :om appe>s to h be5 pack$ f ! outca/s ( all ! ord]s1 & to h be5 paid = ! occasion4 ,clodius 0 acquitt$ by a majority ( ?irty-"o voices ov] tw5ty-five4 ,^u _! appo9tm5t "s ( !m _h reque/$ a gu>d f ! s5ate to protect !m f ! mob4 ,^u :i* occasion1 ,catulus a di/+ui%$ memb] ( ! s5ate1 v faceti\sly ask$ "o ( ! judges1 8:y !y want$ a gu>d1 & :e!r x 0 to protect ! money :i* ,clodius _h brib$ !m )80 ,aft] 8 acquittal1 ,clodius 0 wont to attempt to ?r[ ridicule ^u ,cic]o 9 ! s5ate1 f9d+ x va9 to enc\nt] him 9 argum5t1 & hop+ to div]t 9 "s degree ! =ce ( 8 attacks4 8,s ! judges0 said ,clodius1 8w\ld give no cr$it to y\r oa?40 8,tw5ty-five ( !m did10 repli$ ,cic]o3 8! re/ w\ld give y none x seems1 b made y pay be=eh&40 ,aft] ! return ( ,pompey to ,rome1 z well z ( ,cs> f ,spa91 a triumvirate ( int]e/s 0 =m$ betwe5 ^! two & ,crassus3 ea* hav+ 8 own asc5dancy 9 view4 ,cs>1 to make ! int]e/ x 0 ?us int5d$ to direct aga9/ ! indep5d5ce ( ! republic1 /ill /rong]1 made ov]tures to ,cic]o1 :o decl9$ connect+ himself ) !m4 ,at l5g? ,cs> op5ly decl>$ aga9/ him1 & fav\r$ ! election ( ,clodius to ! tribunate1 9 ! :i* he succe$$4 ,be+ n[ 9 au?ority1 he br\ght =w>d ! law1 t :oev] _h tak5 away ! life ( a ,roman citiz51 uncondemn$1 %\ld be int]dict$ bread & wat]4 ,?is 0 direct$ aga9/ ,cic]o1 9 relation to 8 consul> acts respect+ ! conspirators2 & affect$ him s mu*1 t al?\gh ! law 0 9 g5]al t]ms1 & 8 "n 0 n m5tion$ 9 x1 he *ang$ 8 g>m5ts1 & appe>$ abroad sordidly dress$ to attract ! compassion ( ! p4 ,! "y ,romans ( lib]al "*1 to ! numb] ( tw5ty ?\s& also *ang$ _! dress1 & accompani$ him2 solicit+ ! fav\r ( all 9 au?ority1 & ( ! p1 aga9/ ! passage ( ?is law4 ,b ! comb9ation ( bad m5 prov$ too /rong aga9/ him1 & ,pompey hav+ refus$ 8 protection1 ,cic]o 0 induc$ by ! advice ( 8 fri5ds1 to )draw himself into a tempor>y exile f ,rome4 ,?is humiliat+ ev5t took place 9 8 =ty-n9? ye>4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce 8 resid5ces bo? 9 t[n & c\ntry1 :i* 7 ^u a scale comm5surate ) 8 dignity1 7 despoil$2 & toge!r ) ! furniture appropriat$ by ! consuls & by ,clodius4 ,at l5g? ! d>+ insol5ce ( t tribune1 & ! p]petual broils he occasion$1 began to indispose all m5 aga9/ him1 except 8 imm$iate pr(ligate reta9]s4 ,advantage 0 tak5 ( ?is to propose 9 ! s5ate ! recall ( ,cic]o2 :i* f9ally prevail$ at a v num]\s convocation ( ! s5ators & magi/rates2 ,clodius alone giv+ a diss5t+ voice4 ,at its f9al passage into a law by ! ,roman p1 ! field ( ,m>s 0 cr[d$ ) _! assembl$ c5turies4 ,su* 0 ! public v5]ation = him1 t vot]s f e t[n 9 ,italy 7 pres5t to insure ! passage ( a law :i* re/or$ s great a b5efactor to 8 c\ntry4 ,all ! c5turies concurr$ 9 an act ?us mo/ solemnly pass$ by ! :ole ,roman p4 ,9 anticipation ( ! ev5t1 he left ,dyrrha*ium 9 ,mac$onia1 & soon aft] 8 arrival at ,brundisium1 :]e 8 daught] ,tullia _h come to meet him1 he receiv$ ! welcome news f ,rome4 ,8 j\rney 0 a cont9u$ triumph1 & he 0 receiv$ on 8 arrival at ! city 9 ! mo/ en?usia/ic mann]4 ,an insuffici5t sum ( money 0 vot$ to him to rebuild 8 mansions4 ,:5 he _h almo/ f9i%$ 8 palat9e h\se1 x 0 attack$ by "o ( ,clodius' mobs1 & de/roy$4 ,broils & slaught]s 7 n[ s common 9 ! /reets ( ,rome1 t gladiators 7 reta9$ to assi/ 9 ^! feuds2 9 :i* ! consuls ( ! same ye> 7 sometimes oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,cic]o :o _h n[ rea*$ 8 fifty-fir/ ye>1 0 aga9 made to feel h[ unremitt+ is ! hatr$ ( enemies1 & unc]ta9 ! support ( fri5ds4 ,public virtue appe>$ to him to h no long] any value 9 ! eyes ( ! ,romans4 ,he saw t e man att5d$ m to 8 private safety & advancem5t1 ?an to ! public peace & dignity ( ! city2 & p]ceiv+ ! necessity ( a p[]ful protector = himself & family 9 8 old age1 he appe>s f "o ( 8 lett]s to h det]m9$ to con=m himself 9 e ?+ to ! pleasure ( ,pompey4 ,we also see him f "t to "t engag$ 9 agreeable s]vices to ,cs>1 ) :om ,pompey 0 yet connect$4 ,exp]i5ce & p]secution appe> to h induc$ him to adopt a c\rse =eign to ! "* ( ! p]fect citiz5 he has p\rtray$ 9 8 republic4 ,9 8 f\r? epi/le to ,atticus1 he says#g 8,if !y w n be fri5dly to me :o possess no p[]1 ,i mu/ endeav\r to make ^? l me :o h ! p[] ( be+ useful4 #8,i told y s long ago1' y w say2 ,i "k t y did1 & ,i 0 an ass = n tak+ y\r advice40 ,! op9ion too ( 8 fri5d ,clius1 w\ld h great weight ) mo/ m51 9 su* di/urb$ times4 8,x _c h escap$ y1 t ! duty ( m5 amid/ dome/ic diss5sions1 is to esp\se ! hone/e/ side1 z long z ! cont5tion is ( a civil nature1 & =ce is n us$4 ,b :5 x comes to w>s & camps1 !y %\ld take ! /ronge/ side1 & consid] t ! be/ :i* is ! mo/ safe40#h ,! influ5ce ( ,cs> 0 n[ becom+ v conspicu\s4 ,8 milit>y c>e] 9 ,gaul1 8 g5]osity1 & ! univ]sality ( 8 tal5ts1 gave him at l5g? a pre-em95ce ov] ,pompey 9 ! public e/imation4 ,pompey & ,crassus _h ent]$ into ! consul%ip ) little obs]vance ( con/itutional =ms2 &1 ) z little def]5ce to ! s5ate1 _h caus$ prov9ces to be assign$ to !m = five ye>s4 ,spa9 & ,africa to ,pompey4 ,syria & ! fatal ,p>?ian w> to ,crassus4 ,?is triumvirate _h n[ almo/ ! :ole ,roman milit>y =ce at _! comm&4 ,x 0 9 ! spr+ ( ! next ye>1 t ,cic]o at 8 ,cuman villa1 began 8 fam\s "w on gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 n[ advanc+ into 8 fifty-f\r? ye>1 & x appe>s t he _h complet$ 8 "w be=e he ent]$ ^u 8 comm& 9 ,cilicia4 ,8 milit>y c>e] 0 di/+ui%$ by great activity & judgm5t4 ,he 0 salut$ emp]or by ! army ^u "o ( 8 milit>y successes1 & return$ gladly to ,rome at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 ev5tful life1 he appe>s to h f\nd com=t only 9 ! cultivation ( philosophy & lett]s4 ,! corruption ( ! ,romans1 ! ru9 ( ! republic1 ! dea? ( 8 belov$ daught]1 & 8 sep>ation f ! wife he _h liv$ ) ?irty ye>s1 embitt]$ 8 days4 ,he 0 too conspicu\s a man n to be affect$ by all ! political *anges :i* took place4 ,crassus p]i%$ 9 ! ,p>?ian w>2 & ,cs>1 z soon z he felt himself /rong en\gh1 cross$ ! ,rubicon1 :i* 0 ! limit ( 8 milit>y comm&1 & m>*$ ^u ,rome1 f :i* ,pompey & ! s5ate +lori\sly fl$4 ,cic]o at l5g? felt himself also con/ra9$ to foll[ ! =tunes ( ,pompey1 because he believ$ ! dignity ( ! ,roman "n 0 alone to be f\nd "u 8 bann]s4 ,& :5 ! battle ( ,ph>salia left ,cs> sole ma/] ( ! ,roman _w1 he submitt$ to ,cs>1 because !re 0 no o!r gov]nm5t to submit to4 ,b he rejoic$ 9 8 dea?1 ( :i* he 0 a spectator1 & to ! la/1 gave all ! aid 9 8 p[] to ! patriots :o s\ght to raise ! lib]ties ( 8 c\ntry4 ,9 8 latt] days1 he %[$ an inv9cible _s1 defy+ ! pr(ligate ,an?ony 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 p[]4 ,& :5 ! assass9s ( ! second & m bloody triumvirate surpris$ him1 he ord]$ 8 s]vants to set d[n ! litt] 9 :i* !y 7 c>ry+ him1 & =bade !m to def5d him4 ,!n undaunt$ly /ret*+ out 8 neck1 he bade 8 execution]s d _! pleasure2 happy to escape f s mu* mis]y1 to ! immortality he _h always believ$ 94 ,?is occurr$ :5 he 0 j ent]+ 8 sixty-f\r?-ye>4 ,?is rapid sket* ( ! transactions ( ,cic]o's times1 w1 x is hop$1 n be deem$ imp]t95t1 b may r be consid]$ z assi/+ ! g5]al read] to =m an adequate e/imate ( ! great object :i* ,cic]o _h 9 view1 :5 he drew up ?is celebrat$ treatise1 :i* 0 to revive ! v5]ation ( ! ,roman p = _! anci5t in/itutions1 n[ 9 dang] f ! ma*9ations ( lawless m51 at ! head ( :om 0 ,cs>1 :o d5y+ 9 ! s5ate a future exi/5ce1 express$ 8 contempt = all religion4 ,b x has be5 object$ to ,cic]o t he 0 ins9c]e1 & t he call$ ^u 8 c\ntrym5 to v5]ate :at 0 (t5 ! object ( 8 ridicule4 ,! lead+ m5 ( ,rome :o =m$ ! sac]dotal ord]1 f ! e>lie/ p]iods & "u all circum/ances ma9ta9$ _! influ5ce ov] ! p1 *iefly by t religion !y _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! v5]ation (1 & especially by ! obs]vance ( auspices4 ,b 9 "t ! cr$ulity ( ! ,romans began to relax4 ,m5 l ,cic]o _h = _! religion ! glori\s doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & a great majority ( 8 enlight5$ equals no d\bt ent]ta9$ 8 op9ions4 ,o!rs1 & among !m 0 8 bro!r ,qu9tus1 f v>i\s motives1 z has always be5 ! case 9 ! hi/ory ( sup]/itions1 p]sev]$ 9 ! prejudices !y _h receiv$ f education4 ,prejudices acquir$ 9 infancy f our e>lie/ & de>e/ protectors1 & to rel9qui% :i*1 seems to require ! rel9qui%m5t ( all rev]5ce = ^? we mo/ v5]ate4 ,:5 !re=e ,cic]o ridicules ! religi\s obs]vances ( 8 times1 x is to enlight5$ m5 he sometimes addresses himself2 j z m5 h 9 all times laugh$ at absurdities !y d n c>e publicly to assail3 & at o!r times he may h us$ 8 ridicule to expose ! mo/ /upid sup]/itions indiscrim9ately to all4 ,:5 9 8 ,republic he praises ! in/itution ( auspices1 h[ev] he may be *>g$ ) inconsi/5cy1 x 0 done f great & public motives1 & n f selfi% ones4 ,!re is no hypocrisy 9 ?is conduct1 z we und]/& ! ^w2 & if we exam9e ! :ole be>+ ( ,cic]o's life1 ! policy :i* ! circum/ances ( x1 sometimes oblig$ him to1 w n (f5d lib]al m9ds4 ,9 e/imat+ !re=e ! "* ( ,cic]o1 x is well to rememb] ,dr4 ,middleton's rem>k 9 8 preface 8& 9 e ?+ especially t relates to ,cic]o1 ,i w\ld recomm5d ! read] to contemplate ! :ole "*1 be=e he ?9ks himself qualifi$ to judge ( its sep>ate p>ts1 on :i* ! :ole w always be f\nd ! sure/ comm5t40 ,! fir/ book is ! mo/ complete ( ! :ole six3 ! op5+ h[ev] is imp]fect4 ,cic]o 9 8 own p]son ent]s into a discussion :e!r gov]nm5ts %\ld be adm9i/]$ by contemplative philosoph]s1 or by active practical m54 ,he recapitulates ! argum5ts on bo? sides ( ! "q1 (t5 discuss$ by ! anci5ts1 & decides ! "q 9 consonance ) ^? feel+s :i* _h gov]n$ 8 v active life4 ,! eloqu5ce & =ce ( "s ( ! passages are inimitable4 ,!y w be applicable to all times z long z civil gov]nm5t exi/s among m54 ,b 9 ?is c\ntry :]e ! exp]im5t ( a popul> gov]nm5t is try+ ^u s compreh5sive a scale1 ! gr&eur ( ! s5tim5ts des]ves ! att5tion ( e man4 ,z :]e he /ates z an argum5t ( ^? :o %un active occupations1 t x is dang]\s to m$dle ) public affairs 9 turbul5t times1 & disgraceful to associate ) ! l[ & disreputable m5 :o are conspicu\s at ^? p]iods2 t x is va9 to hope to re/ra9 ! mad viol5ce ( ! vulg>1 or to )draw f su* a conte/ )\t injury2 8,z if10 he adds ) a g5]\s en?usiasm1 8!re c\ld be a m j cause = good & firm m51 end[$ ) noble m9ds1 to /& =? 9 aid ( _! c\ntry1 ?an t !y may n be subject to bad m52 nor suff] ! republic to be lac]at$ by !m1 be=e ! desire ( sav+ x may come too late40 ,aft] dispos+ ( ?is "q1 he proce$s ) great address to op5 ! plan ( 8 "w1 & pres5ts 9 all ! beautiful simplicity ( ! times1 ,scipio1 8 fri5d ,llius1 ) "s ( _! mo/ accompli%$ cotempor>ies1 seat$1 n 9 ! gorge\s saloon ( a ,lucullus or ,crassus1 b 9 ! sunny "p1 because x 0 ! w9t] season1 ( ! lawn ( ,scipio's c\ntry place2 :]e !y _h conv5$ to pass ! ,lat9 holidays 9 discuss+ philosophical que/ions4 ,"h1 ^u an inquiry be+ in/itut$ into ! cause ( two suns report$ to h be5 se5 9 ! heav5s1 occasion is f\nd to introduce 9 a v pleas+ mann]1 ! a/ronomical k ( ! day1 :i* ,cic]o 0 well v]s$ 94 ,scipio is made "h to deliv] a magnific5t passage1 beg9n+ at ! #ag? section4 8,:o c p]ceive any gr&eur 9 human affairs10 c4#i ,?is inquiry ab\t cele/ial ph5om5a1 :i* appe>$ s =eign to a philosophical inve/igation on ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 is admirably clos$ & )\t ! abruptness be+ p]ceiv$1 by ,llius ask+ h[ x c int]e/ him t ,scipio %\ld be solicit\s ab\t ! two suns1 8:5 he does n inquire ! cause :y two s5ates1 & almo/ two p exi/ 9 "o republic40 ,at ! g5]al reque/ ,scipio cons5ts to deliv] 8 op9ion ( gov]nm5t4 ,he def9es a republic to be ! 8public ?+10 or common int]e/ ( all3 & he %ews mo/ satisfactorily t human be+s congregate n on acc\nt ( _! weakness1 b t !y are l$ !reto by ! social pr9ciple1 :i* is innate 9 man1 & leads him ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ abundance to seek 8 fell[4 ,he successively exam9es ! despotic1 ! ari/ocratic1 & democratic =ms ( gov]nm5t3 _! advantages & disadvantages2 & concludes t a f\r? k9d ( gov]nm5t1 mod]at$ & comp\nd$ f ^? ?ree is mo/ to be approv$4 ,?is is subsequ5tly recurr$ to & enl>g$ ^u4 ,_m p]sons w be surpris$ t ! balanc$ repres5tative =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* has b 9 mod]n times receiv$ ! sanction ( ! wise/ nations1 %\ld h be5 %ad[$ =? 9 an app>5tly speculative op9ion1 two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,we mu/ h[ev] rememb]1 t 9 ! num]\s small indep5d5t /ates ( ,greece2 _! v>i\s =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ! tyranny ( _! k+s1 ! oppression ( ! ari/ocracies1 & ! viol5ce ( ! p1 _h produc$ _m discussions among _! writ]s4 ,few ( ^! h come d[n to u4 ,yet ,cic]o 0 famili> ) !m1 & x is evid5t t 8 plan ( a mix$ gov]nm5t 0 drawn f ?is s\rce4 ,!re is a passage to ?is effect pres]v$ 9 ! ,an?ology ( ,/obu1 ( ,hyppodamus4 ,he says t royalty1 :i* is a copy ( div9ity1 is insuffici5t1 on acc\nt ( ! deg5]acy ( human nature4 ,t x mu/ be limit$ by an ari/ocracy1 :]e ! pr9ciple ( emulation leads m5 to excel ea* o!r3 & t ! citiz5 also %\ld be admitt$ into t mix$ gov]nm5t z ( "r3 b cauti\sly1 z ! p are apt to fall into disord]s4 ,^! op9ions also flatt]$ ! ,romans1 = 9 fact x 0 sub/antially _! own =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* consi/$ ( consuls1 patricians1 & ! p & _! tribunes4 ,scipio 9 ! #dc;d section1 gives an eloqu5t passage f ,plato1 :]e ! excesses ( ! multitude are pa9t$ 9 ! /ronge/ language2 a passage :i* might well h be5 inspir$ by ! ,fr5* revolution4 ,scipio op5s ! second book ) ! orig9 ( ! ,roman p1 adopt+ ! receiv$ op9ions conc]n+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,rome1 ( ,romulus1 & ! succe$+ k+s4 ,^! op9ions h ( late1 be5 mu* controv]t$4 ,niebuhr ^: erudition appe>s to be inimitable1 :atev] success he may be ?\ght to h _h 9 %ak+ !m1 has sub/itut$ no?+ satisfactory 9 _! place1 at lea/ z f> z we may ga!r f 8 fir/ volume4 ,"o ?+ may be safely ass]t$1 t ,cic]o might well pres5t 9 8 republic1 ^? traditions ( ! times1 z ! real hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry1 because ! ,roman p 7 acqua9t$ ) no o!r4 ,he c\ld n call ^u !m to v5]ate ! f\nd]s ( ,rome & _! in/itutions1 & tell !m at ! same "t !y _h nev] exi/$4 ,niebuhr himself /r5g!ns ! acc\nt giv5 at section #ai1 ,book ,,ii41 ( ! ,greek desc5t ( ! fir/ ,t>qu91 by obs]v+ t ! clay vases made at ,t>qu9ii 7 pa9t$1 & resembl$ 9 col\r & draw+ "s discov]$ ne> ,cor9?4 ,he says !y are f\nd only 9 ! di/rict ( ,t>qu9ii1 & t ! circum/ance implies a peculi> int]c\rse betwe5 ,cor9? & ,t>qu9ii4 ,9 ! #bb;d section ( ! #b;d ,book1 is ano!r passage ) :i* ,niebuhr is n satisfi$1 & :i* ev5 ,pr(essor ,mai t]ms 8vexatissimum locum40 ,cic]o says ! ,roman p 7 di/ribut$ by ,s]vius into six classes1 ^: entire elective =ce 0 "o hundr$ & n9ety-?ree c5turies4 ,to give ! l&$ proprietors :o 7 rat$ 9 ! fir/ class1 a majority ( ?is numb]1 or n9ety-sev5 votes1 ?ree c5turies ( horse ) six suffrages1 mean+ ^? inscrib$ 9 ! great c5sus or regi/]1 9 contradi/9ction to ! horsem5 set ap>t f ! mass ( ! :ole p2 ! c5tury ( c>p5t]s1 & ! fir/ class1 con/itut$ toge!r eighty-n9e c5turies4 ,eight m c5turies tak5 f ! o!r five classes & add$ to ?is numb]1 made n9ety-sev51 be+ a majority ( "o ov] n9ety-six1 & ?us 9 ,cic]o's words 8,confecta e/ vis1 populi univ]sa40 ,! unwe>i$ erudition ( ,niebuhr1 to :i* great def]5ce is due1 is n satisfi$ ) ! simplicity ( ?is /atem5t ( ! ,roman ,con/itution1 b assails x ) an unusual bitt]ness ( critical _s4 ,he supposes ! passage f its g5u9e /ate to h be5 corrupt$ by successive transcrib]s & comm5tators1 to ! ord] 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,mai has ?\ght prop] to give x to ! public1 & t 9 its orig9al /ate x /ood ?us4 8,nunc rationem videtis esse talem ut prima classis1 addita c5turia qu ad summum usum urbis fabris tign>iis e/ data3 ,,lxxxi c5turias habeat2 quibus ex ,,cxiv c5turiis1 tot enim reliqu sunt1 equitum c5turi cum sex suffragiis sol si access]unt10 c4 8,n[ y w p]ceive ! plan 0 su*1 t ! fir/ class1 a c5tury be+ add$ f ! c>p5t]s on acc\nt ( _! great utility to ! city1 consi/$ ( eighty-"o c5turies2 to :i* if f ! "o hundr$ & f\rte5 c5turies1 = s _m rema91 only ! c5turies ( horse ) six suffrages are add$10 c4 ,i =be> to add 8 v curi\s reasons = ?is propos$ re/oration1 & :i*1 n to be deem$ extravagant1 require to be judg$ by ^? famili> ) ! em5dations ( anci5t ,,mss4 ,x w be p]ceiv$1 h[ev]1 t he makes ! :ole numb] ( c5turies to consi/ ( "o hundr$ & n9ety-five2 & t he gives ! l&$ proprietors a majority ( n9ety-n9e ov] ! n9ety-six c5turies belong+ to ! o!r five classes1 :i* appe>s sup]flu\s 9 a sy/em :i* aim$ at ! appe>ance ( mod]ation1 8ne sup]bum esset40 ,sub/antially ! sy/em appe>s to h be5 ?is4 ,! ,roman p 7 di/ribut$ into six classes1 hav+ "o hundr$ & n9ety-?ree c5turies or votes4 ,! fir/ class consi/+ ( m5 ( rank & prop]ty1 ) ! c5turies ( horse1 _h n9ety-six votes2 leav+ n9ety-sev5 votes to ! o!r five classes4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to give ! asc5dancy to ! fir/ class 9 ! lea/ (f5sive way1 ! c5tury ( blacksmi?s & c>p5t]s 0 add$ to ! fir/ class1 "u pret5ce ( _! great utility to ! city2 b really because !y 7 dep5d5t ^u ! fir/ class & ! cavalry = employm5t1 & c\ld be reli$ ^u4 ,9 ?is mann] ! fir/ class secur$ a majority ( n9ety-sev5 votes4 ,! second book closes ) a decl>ation f ,scipio1 t unless ! mo/ p]fect ju/ice is obs]v$1 no gov]nm5t c prosp]4 ,! ?ird book op5s ) a philosophical analysis ( ! faculties ( man1 introductory to ! great pr9ciple ( ! immutable nature ( ju/ice1 :i* x appe>s 0 fully discuss$ 9 ?is book1 ( :i* s small a portion is pres]v$4 ,a spl5did picture is drawn 9 ! second section ( an accompli%$ /atesman1 su* z ,cic]o himself _h aim$ to be1 & :i* f a passage 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,atticus1 appe>s to h be5 f>!r elaborat$ 9 ! six? book4 ,x relates to a triumph ab\t :i* he felt "s anxiety aft] 8 gov]nm5t ( ,cilicia4 8,if ?is idea ( a triumph :i* ev5 y approve1 _h n be5 infus$ into me1 y w\ld n h _h to look f> = ! p]fect citiz5 describ$ 9 ! six? book40#aj ,philus is call$ ^u to def5d ! cause ( inju/ice aft] ! mann] ( ,c>neades ! ,greek sophi/4 ,! p[]ful passage conta9$ 9 ! sev5te5? section is deliv]$ by him4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,llius to close ! discussion z ! advocate ( ju/ice4 ,sc>ce any "p ( 8 disc\rse is pres]v$4 ,"s fragm5ts h1 h[ev]1 be5 collect$ by ,pr(essor ,mai1 pres]v$ by ,nonius ! ,philologi/1 & by ,lactantius4 ,9 ! "o1 ,llius is made to decl>e1 t ! ,roman y\? ought n to be p]mitt$ to li/5 to ,c>neades1 :o if he ?\ght z he spoke1 0 a bad man2 & if he 0 n1 z he pref]r$ to believe1 8 disc\rse 0 nev]!less dete/able4 ,"o ( ! passages f ,lanctantius is t well kn[n exposition ( et]nal "r1 or natural law ( ju/ice ( :i* consci5ce is ! voice4 8,!re is inde$ a law1 "r reason1 :i* is 9 accordance ) nature2 exi/+ 9 all1 un*angeable1 et]nal4 ,comm&+ u to d :at is "r1 =bidd+ u to d :at is wrong4 ,x has dom9ion ov] good m51 b possesses no influ5ce ov] bad ones4 ,no o!r law c be sub/itut$ = x1 no "p ( x c be tak5 away1 nor c x be abrogat$ altoge!r4 ,nei!r ! p or ! s5ate c absolve u f x4 ,x wants no comm5tator or int]pret]4 ,x is n "o ?+ at ,rome1 & ano!r ?+ at ,a!ns3 "o ?+ to-day1 & ano!r ?+ to-morr[2 b x is a law et]nal & immutable = all nations & = all "t4 ,god1 ! sole ,rul]1 & univ]sal ,"l1 has fram$ & proclaim$ ?is law4 ,he :o does n obey x1 r5\nces himself1 & is false to 8 own nature3 he br+s ^u himself ! dire/ tortures1 ev5 :5 he escapes human puni%m5ts40#aa ,! f\r? book ( :i* a m]e fragm5t is pres]v$1 appe>s to h treat$ ( dome/ic mann]s1 ! education ( y\?1 & ( ,roman life1 public & private4 ,we h lo/ "h _m f9e pictures ( ! simplicity ( ,roman mann]s1 at t fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ! republic1 z well z ( ! progress ( luxury1 :i* 0 n inconsid]able4 ,a fragm5t ( ?is book is pres]v$ 9 ,nonius1 :]e ,scipio opposes ! collection ( a rev5ue1 necess>y p]haps to make good ^? defici5cies :i* extravagance _h produc$4 8,nolo enim eundem populum imp]atorem et portitorem esse t]r>um4 ,optimum autem et 9 privatis familiis et 9 republica vectigal duco esse p>simoniam40 8,i am n will+ t ! same p %\ld be ! sov]eigns & ! toll-ga!r]s ( ! _w4 ,i look ^u economy to be ! be/ rev5ue = ! republic1 & = private individuals40 ,! fif? book is also a m]e fragm5t4 ,/4 ,augu/9 has pres]v$ "s notices ( x1 f :i* x appe>s t x treat$ v mu* ( ! anci5t ,roman in/itutions1 ) a view to %[ ! deg5]acy ( ! times 9 :i* ,cic]o wrote4 ,9 ! fif? section ( ?is book1 he speaks ( ! com=table enjoym5t ( life dep5d+ ^u legal m>riages & lawful *ildr52 f :5ce p]haps we may ga!r ! obligation :i* ! dissolute mann]s ( ! times _h laid him "u1 ( ass]t+ ! value ( ^! ties1 z well z 8 own v5]ation = !m4 ,( ! six? book no "p :atev] has come d[n to u ) ?is ,,mss3 b ! important fragm5t on a future /ate pres]v$ 9 ,macrobius1 w>rants our suppos+ t he 0 naturally l$ 9 a treatise s highly philosophical1 to pass f ! consid]ation ( human morals1 to ! great object :i* moral conduct has 9 view3 ! resi/+ ( human weakness1 = ! sake ( fitt+ ! immortal "p ( our nature = a high] condition ( be+4 ,! dream ( ,scipio1 encumb]$ z x is by "s ( ! p$antry ( ! s*ools1 is a production ( ! highe/ ord]1 ^u ?is mo/ sublime ( all subjects4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,84 ,nat4 #ah4 #c4 #a4 ,footnote #b3 ,cato de ,re ,ru/ica4 ,majores enim no/ri1 c4 ,footnote #c3 ,dio4 #aa4 #h4 ,gellius xv4 #bg4 ,footnote #d3 ,roma patrem patri ,cic]onem lib]a dixit4 ,juv4 #h4 ,footnote #e3 ,magna ,voce me v]e jurasse juravit4 ,ep4 fam4 #e4 #b4 ,footnote #f3 ,quoniam1 inquit1 meos tam suspicione quam crim9e judico c>]e oport]e4 ,suet4 ,j4 ,cs4 #gd4 ,footnote #g3 ,s$ quoniam qui nihil possunt1 c4 ,footnote #h3 ,ep4 fam4 #h4 #ad4 ,footnote #i3 8,quid porro aut prcl>um putet 9 rebus humanis40 ,lib4 #a4 xvii4 ,footnote #aj3 ,let4 to ,att4 vii4 #c4 ,footnote #aa3 ,lact4 ,in/4 vi4 #h4 ,,cic]o',s ,,republic4 ,illu/ration ,,book ,i4 ,i4 ,= )\t ! /rong feel+ ( patriotism1 nei!r _h ,g4 ,duelius1 ,aulus ,atilius or ,l4 ,metellus fre$ u f ! t]ror ( ,c>?age2 or ! two ,scipios ext+ui%$ ) _! blood ! ris+ flame ( ! second punic w>4 ,qu9tus ,maximus w\ld n h weak5$1 nor ,m4 ,m>cellus h cru%$ ! "o :i* 0 spr++ up ) /ill great] /r5g?3 or ,p4 ,africanus turn+ x f ! gates ( ?is city1 h borne x amid ! walls ( our enemies4 ,yet x 0 n ?\ght unbecom+ 9 ,m4 ,cato1 an unkn[n & a new man1 by :om all ( u :o emulate 8 c\rse are l$ z a bright example ( indu/ry & virtue1 to enjoy ! repose ( ,tusculum1 t heal?y & conv5i5t situation4 ,t insane man1 h[ev]1 z "s h consid]$ him1 pref]r$ :5 urg$ by no necessity1 to cont5d amid ^? waves & tempe/s to extreme old age2 r ?an pass 8 days 9 ! mo/ agreeable mann]1 amid s mu* ease & tranquillity4 ,m5 )\t numb] ,i omit1 ea* ( :om 7 b5efactors to ! ,/ate1 & :o are n f> remov$ f ! remembrance ( ?is g5]ation4 ,i =be> to commemorate !m1 le/ any "o %\ld reproa* me ) neglect+ to speak ( himself or 8 imm$iate fri5ds4 ,?is "o tru? ,i w\ld m>k1 t nature has s /rongly implant$ 9 man ! necessity ( virtue1 & s p[]ful an incl9ation to def5d ! common welf>e1 t ?is pr9ciple ov]comes all ! bl&i%m5ts ( voluptu\sness & ease4 ,,ii4 ,yet to possess virtue1 l "s art1 )\t ex]cis+ x1 is insuffici5t4 ,art inde$1 :5 n effective1 is /ill compreh5d$ 9 sci5ce4 ,! efficacy ( all virtue consi/s 9 its use4 ,its greate/ end is ! gov]nm5t ( /ates1 & ! p]fection n 9 words b 9 de$s1 ( ^? v ?+s :i* are taught 9 ! halls4 ,= no?+ is prop\nd$ by philosoph]s1 conc]n+ :at is e/eem$ to be j & prop]1 t is n confirm$ & assur$ by ^? :o h legislat$ = /ates4 ,= f :5ce spr+s piety1 or f :om religion8 ,:5ce ! law1 ei!r ( nations1 or t :i* is call$ civil8 ,:5ce ju/ice1 fai?1 equity8 ,:5ce mode/y1 cont95ce1 ! dread ( turpitude1 ! love ( praise & e/eem8 ,:5ce =titude 9 tr\ble & dang]s8 ,f ^? :o hav+ laid a f\ndation = ^! ?+s 9 e>ly education1 h /r5g!n$ "s ( !m by ! influ5ce ( mann]s1 & sanction$ o!rs by ! influ5ce ( laws4 ,( ,x5ocrates1 "o ( ! noble/ ( philosoph]s1 x is said1 t :5 he 0 ask$ :at 8 disciples le>nt ( him1 he repli$ 8to d t ( _! own *oice1 :i* ! laws enjo9$ !m to d10 !re=e ! citiz5 :o obliges e "o by ! au?ority & fe> ( ! law to d t1 :i* philosoph]s by reason+1 ) difficulty p]suade a few to d1 is to be pref]r$ to ^? le>n$ m5 :o only dispute ab\t ^! ?+s4 ,= :i* ( _! orations1 h[ev] exquisite1 c be comp>$ 9 value to a well con/itut$ /ate1 to public "r & to morals4 ,truly z great & p[]ful cities1 z ,ennius says1 are z ,i ?9k1 to be pref]r$ to villages & ca/les2 s ^? :o /& pre-em95t 9 ^? cities1 9 au?ority & c\nsel1 are to be e/eem$ f> be=e ^? 9 wisdom1 :o are altoge!r ignorant ( ! conduct ( public affairs4 ,& s9ce we are *iefly urg$ by a desire to increase ! possessions ( ! human race1 & seek by our c\nsels & lab\rs1 to surr\nd ! life ( man ) gratification & security1 & are incit$ by ! in/9cts ( nature to ^! enjoym5ts2 let u hold ! c\rse :i* 0 always t ( ! be/ m53 nor att5d to ^? signals :i* speculative philosoph]s make f _! retirem5t1 to allure back ^? :o are already f> advanc$4 ,,iii4 ,aga9/ ^! reasons s c]ta9 & s cle>1 x is urg$ by ^? :o are oppos$ to u3 fir/1 ! lab\r to be und]gone 9 pres]v+ ! public welf>e2 a slight imp$im5t to ! zeal\s & indu/ri\s1 n alone 9 matt]s ( su* high import1 b 9 inf]ior ?+s3 :e!r 9 /udies or 9 (ficial /ations2 & to be despis$ ev5 9 affairs ( bus9ess4 ,to ?is !y add ! dang]s to :i* life is expos$1 & ! dread ( dea?1 :i* brave m5 scorn2 be+ wont to view x z m wret*$ to wa/e away by infirmity & old age1 ?an to seize an occasion to devote t life to ! advantage ( _! c\ntry1 :i* "o day mu/ be r5d]$ to nature4 ,x is "h h[ev] !y deem !mselves mo/ successful & eloqu5t1 :5 !y br+ =w>d ! calamities ( em95t m51 & ! injuries heap$ ^u !m by _! ungrateful c\ntrym54 ,"h come ! in/ances 9 ,grecian hi/ory4 ,miltiades1 ! conqu]or & subdu] ( ! ,p]sians1 ) ^? w\nds yet /ream+1 :i* he receiv$ 9 front1 9 ! height ( victory3 pres]v$ f ! weapons ( ! enemy1 to wa/e away 8 life 9 ! *a9s ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,& ,!mi/ocles proscrib$ & driv5 f ! c\ntry he _h fre$1 fly+1 n to ! h>b\rs ( t ,greece he _h pres]v$1 b to ! b>b>\s %ores he _h h>rass$4 ,nor inde$ are in/ances want+ among ! ,a!nians ( levity & cruelty t[>ds great numb]s ( _! citiz5s2 in/ances :i* spr++ up repeat$ly among !m1 are said also to h ab\nd$ too conspicu\sly 9 our city4 ,= ei!r ! exile ( ,camillus1 ! mis=tune ( ,ahala1 ! ill w t[>ds ,nasica1 or ! expulsion ( ,l5as1 or ! condemnation ( ,opimus is rememb]$3 or ! flight ( ,metellus1 ! sad ov]?r[ ( ,c4 ,m>ius1 ! cutt+ (f ( ! mo/ em95t citiz5s1 or ! de/ruction ( _m ( !m1 :i* soon aft] foll[$4 ,nor inde$ is my "n =gott54 ,& ,i judge t deem+ !mselves to owe bo? life & ease to my p]il & c\nsel1 !y h a m deep & t5d] remembrance ( me4 ,b x is n easy to expla9 h[ !y :o cross ! seas = ! sake ( obs]v+ or describ+ 99 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,iv4 99 99 99 99 ,at ! expiration ( my consul%ip1 :5 9 ! assembly ( ! ,roman p1 ,i swore t ! republic _h be5 sav$ by my ex]tions1 :i* !y confirm$ by univ]sal acclamation1 ,i 0 requit$ = ! c>es & vexations ( e injury4 ,albeit my rev]ses _h m hon\r ?an pa9 atta*$ to !m1 & less disquietude ?an glory4 ,great] 0 my pleasure at receiv+ ! approbation ( good m51 ?an my regret at obs]v+ ! satisfaction ( ! bad4 ,b _h x happ5$ o!rwise1 z ,i said1 :at compla9t c\ld ,i make8 ,no?+ un=ese5 c\ld h occurr$1 nor m griev\s ?an ,i might h expect$ = s _m ( my de$s4 ,= ,i 0 "o :o c\ld well h ga!r$ great] fruits f ease ?an o!rs1 on acc\nt ( ! agreeable v>iety ( ! /udies ,i _h pursu$ f my *ildhood2 & if any disa/] _h ov]tak5 ! republic1 ,i ne$ n h su/a9$ a great] %>e ( x1 b h divid$ x equally ) ! re/4 ,i hesitat$ n to oppose myself to ^? /ormy tempe/s1 & almo/ rag+ waves1 = ! sake ( pres]v+ my fell[ citiz5s1 & ( accompli%+ at my own risk ! common safety ( all4 ,= our c\ntry has n produc$ u1 or educat$ u "u a law1 t %e is entitl$ to no support on our "p1 l5d+ h]self z x 7 to our conv5i5ce only2 furni%+ a secure refuge1 & a tranquil & peaceful asylum to our indol5ce3 b r holds z pl$ges to h]1 to be employ$ = h] b5efit1 ! _m & great faculties ( our m9d1 g5ius1 & reason2 & only p]mits u to appropriate to our private purposes1 t portion ( !m1 ( :i* %e /&s 9 no ne$4 ,v4 ,! pret5ces :i* are urg$ = ! enjoym5t ( indol5ce are n to be li/5$ to4 ,z :5 x is /at$ t ! public affairs are m$dl$ ) by m5 wor?y ( no confid5ce1 ) :om x is disgraceful to associate3 yet to cont5d aga9/ :om is a mis]able & dang]\s ef=t1 especially :5 ! multitude is excit$4 ,= :i* reason a prud5t man ought n to take ! re9s1 :5 he is n able to re/ra9 ! mad & untameable viol5ce ( ! vulg>3 or a g5]\s man expose himself to ! la%es ( contumely 9 a /rife ) l[ & outrage\s adv]s>ies3 or a wise man hope to )draw f su* a conte/ )\t injury4 ,z if !re c\ld well be a m j cause = good & firm m51 end[$ ) noble m9ds1 to /& =? 9 aid ( _! c\ntry1 ?an t !y may n be subject to bad m52 nor suff] ! republic to be lac]at$ by !m1 be=e ! desire ( sav+ x may come too late4 ,,vi4 ,b :o c approve ( _! exception1 t a wise man ought n to take ^u him any "p ( ! public affairs1 unless an occasion ( extraord9>y ne$ %\ld drive him to x8 z if inde$ a great] necessity c\ld ev] h happ5$ to any "o1 ?an occurr$ to myself4 ,h[ c\ld ,i h be5 useful !n1 _h ,i n be5 consul8 & h[ c\ld ,i h be5 consul1 _h ,i n pursu$ t c\rse ( life f my y\?1 :i* belong+ to ! eque/rian rank1 9 :i* ,i 0 born1 enabl$ me to atta9 ! fir/ hon\rs ( ! /ate8 ,no man !re=e c assume at pleasure ! ability ( aid+ 9 ! public s]vice1 h[ev] urg5t ! dang] may be1 unless he /&s 9 t relation to 8 c\ntry1 :i* fits him = ! occasion4 ,& x appe>s to me mo/ m>vell\s1 t 9 ! disc\rse ( le>n$ m51 !y :o decl>e !mselves unable to /e] 9 a calm sea1 because !y h nev] be5 taught1 nor h ev] /udi$ ! subject1 talk ( tak+ ! helm 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ /orms4 ,= ^! v m5 op5ly decl>e1 & pride !mselves greatly ^u x1 t !y h nev] /udi$ or taught ! mode ( e/abli%+ or protect+ ! public int]e/2 :i* !y ?9k ! exclusive prov9ce1 n ( le>n$ & erudite m51 b ( ^? :o are practis$ 9 ^! matt]s4 ,:at consi/5cy is !re !n 9 promis+ to aid ! republic 9 times ( p]il1 :5 !y are incapable ( ! easi] task ( direct+ x 9 ! calme/ mom5ts8 ,& al?\gh1 9 tru?1 ! philosoph] is n wont ( 8 own accord1 to consid] ! details ( /ate affairs1 unless call$ ^u by ! times to d x1 :5 inde$ he w n decl9e :at duty imposes on him2 nev]!less1 ,i judge ! k ( /ate affairs is lea/ to be neglect$ by a wise man2 t e ?+ may be famili> to him1 = he _c tell ! mom5t1 :5 x may be necess>y = him to avail himself ( 8 k4 ,,vii4 ,^! ?+s ,i h some:at enl>g$ ^u1 because ! discussion propos$ & und]tak5 by me 9 ?is "w1 0 on gov]nm5t3 & 9 ord] to prev5t its be+ )\t effect1 x 0 necess>y 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to remove e d\bt z to ! duty ( engag+ 9 ! public s]vice4 ,nev]!less if !re are any :o are gov]n$ by ! op9ions ( philosoph]s1 let !m turn _! att5tion = a :ile1 & li/5 to ^? :o enjoy a pr\d pre-em95ce among le>n$ m51 ev5 :5 !y h n borne any *>ge 9 ! republic2 /ill :om ,i deem f ! ext5t ( _! /udies1 & _! writ+s on gov]nm5t1 to h be5 inve/$ ) functions app]ta9+ to ! public int]e/4 ,b ^? sev51 :om ! ,greeks call wise1 ,i p]ceive h almo/ all be5 greatly engag$ 9 public affairs4 ,= !re is no "o ?+ 9 :i* human wor? is m ne>ly alli$ to ! p[] ( ! gods1 ?an to f\nd new /ates1 or to pres]ve ^? already f\nd$4 ,,viii4 ,conc]n+ :i* matt]s1 s9ce x ha? happ5$ to me1 to be deem$ some?+ wor?y ( memory 9 my adm9i/ration ( public affairs1 & to possess "s tal5t = unfold+ !m2 n only 9 practice1 b be+ v]s$ too 9 ! art ( speak+ & tea*+3 :ile ( ^? be=e me1 "s 7 p]fect 9 debate1 yet unkn[n by _! de$s2 o!rs ( respectable p>ts = bus9ess1 )\t ! tal5t ( oratory4 ,/ill x is n my int5tion "h to br+ =w>d any new sy/em inv5t$ by myself1 b to repeat a discussion1 t took place at a c]ta9 p]iod ( our hi/ory1 among our mo/ illu/ri\s & wise m51 :i* 0 relat$ to me a long "t ago 9 my y\?1 by ,p4 ,rutilius ,rufus1 :5 we 7 at ,smyrna toge!r3 9 ! :i* ,i ?9k sc>ce any po9t 0 omitt$ t belongs to ! consid]ation ( ^! great matt]s4 ,,ix4 ,:5 ,p4 ,africanus1 ! son ( ,paulus1 e/abli%$ ,lat9 holidays 9 8 g>d5s1 dur+ ! consulate ( ,tuditanus1 & ,aquilius2 & 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds _h promis$ to visit him frequ5tly at t season4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! fir/ day1 ,q4 ,tub]o1 ! elde/ son ( 8 si/]1 came4 ,pleas$ ) 8 visit1 & k9dly address+ him 8,:at6 ,tub]o10 said he1 8is x y s e>ly8 ,i %\ld h ?\ght ^! holidays w\ld h giv5 y a fav\rable opportunity ( pursu+ y\r lit]>y inquiries40 8,:y 9 tru?10 repli$ he1 8,i c apply all my leisure to my books1 = !y are always dis5gag$4 ,b to f9d y at leisure1 is v rem>kable2 especially at ?is "t s critical = ! republic40 8,s help me ,h]cules10 said ,scipio1 8h[ev] y f9d me1 x is m idle 9 appe>ance ?an 9 tru?40 8,y mu/ n[10 said ,tub]o1 8relax y\r m9d a little also1 = sev]al ( u h det]m9$ if x is n inconv5i5t to y1 to sp5d "s ( our leisure ) y40 8,) all my he>t10 repli$ ,scipio1 8provid$ we may acquire "s in=mation !reby on philosophical subjects40 ,x4 8,s9ce y invite & enc\rage me to x y\rself10 said ,tub]o1 8let u fir/ conv]se1 ,africanus1 be=e ! o!rs come1 ab\t ! mean+ ( ?is d\ble sun :i* has be5 spok5 ( 9 ! s5ate4 ,= ^? :o decl>e t !y h se5 two suns1 are nei!r few 9 numb]1 nor insignificant p]sons3 s t x appe>s to be ( less importance to d\bt ! fact1 ?an to inquire into ! cause ( x40 8,w\ld t we _h ) u our excell5t ,pantius10 said ,scipio1 8:o among o!r objects ( k1 0 s dilig5t an inquir] ab\t cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,z to myself1 ,tub]o--= to y ,i w freely decl>e :at ,i ?9k2 ,i am n drawn 9 to adopt 9 matt]s ( ?is sort1 ! op9ions ( our fri5d1 :o pron\nces ?+s :i* are sc>cely )9 ! rea* ( conjecture1 to be z manife/1 z if he beheld !m ) 8 eyes1 or c\ld lay 8 h&s ^u !m4 ,on :i* acc\nt ,i am accu/om$ to consid] ,socrates mu* wis]1 :o leaves ! consid]ation ( su* ?+s aside1 & tea*es t ! ph5om5a ab\t :i* nature may be int]rogat$1 are ei!r beyond ! =ce ( human reason1 or irrelevant to ! conduct ( human affairs40 8,i "k n10 rejo9$ ,tub]o1 8:at au?ority !re is = ! fact1 t ,socrates reject$ all discussion ^u su* matt]s1 & conf9$ himself to ! moral conduct ( human life4 ,= :at au?or is to be comm5d$1 z m ample on t head ?an ,plato2 9 ^: writ+s1 9 _m places1 x is ! cu/om ( ,socrates 9 discuss+ morals1 ! virtues1 & f9ally public affairs2 to allude /udi\sly to ! sci5ce ( numb]s1 to geometry1 & to h>mony1 aft] ! ,py?agorean mode40 ,scipio answ]$1 8^! ?+s are z y say2 b ,i d>e say y h he>d1 ,tub]o1 t ,plato aft] ! dea? ( ,socrates1 0 c>ri$ by ! love ( k fir/ into ,egypt1 aft]w>ds into ,italy & ,sicily1 t he might obta9 an insight into ! discov]ies ( ,py?agoras4 ,t he associat$ mu* ) ,ar*ytas ! ,t>5t9e1 & ) ,timu ( ,locram4 ,t he acquir$ ! comm5t>ies ( ,philolaus1 & p]ceiv+ t ! "n ( ,py?agoras 0 at t "t 9 great reputation 9 ^? places1 he d$icat$ 8 "t to ! disciples ( ,py?agoras & to _! op9ions4 ,b z he _h lov$ ,socrates alone1 & wi%$ to make all ?+s conducive to 8 reputation1 he int]wove v skilfully ! subtlety & hum\r ( ! ,socratic /yle ) ! my/]ies ( ,py?agoras1 & ) _m bran*es ( ! arts40 ,z ,scipio ceas$ to speak1 he sudd5ly saw ,l4 ,furius approa*+1 & z soon z he _h k9dly salut$ him1 he took him by ! h&1 & plac$ him on 8 c\*4 ,& z ,p4 ,rutilius ! accompli%$ pres]v] ( ?is conv]sation appe>$ at ! same "t1 salut+ him also 9 ! same mann]1 he bade him be seat$ ne> to ,tub]o4 8,:at are y engag$ 910 said ,furius2 8ha? our arrival brok5 9 ^u y\r conv]sation80 8,n 9 ! lea/10 repli$ ,africanus1 8= x is precisely ab\t matt]s1 su* z ,tub]o has j be5 introduc+1 t ?\ art wont dilig5tly to inquire into1 & to inve/igate4 ,& inde$ our fri5d ,rutilius 0 9 ! habit occasionally ( discuss+ ?+s ( ?is k9d ) me1 :5 we 7 "u ! walls ( ,numantia40 8,:at is ! subject y h fall5 ^u80 said ,philus4 8,^! two suns10 repli$ he1 8respect+ :i* ,i am desir\s ( he>+ y\r op9ion40 ,,xii4 ,z he spoke ?is1 a boy ann\nc$ t ,llius 0 approa*+1 hav+ already left 8 h\se2 ^u :i* ,scipio hav+ dress$ himself1 left 8 *amb]1 & _h made b a few paces 9 ! portico1 :5 he salut$ ,llius :o 0 approa*+1 & ^? :o 7 ) him3 ,spurius ,mummius1 to :om he 0 p>ticul>ly atta*$2 ,fannius1 & ,qu9tus ,scvola1 sons-9-law ( ,llius1 highly gift$ "y m5 ( ! qu/orial age4 ,& hav+ welcom$ !m all1 he made ano!r turn on ! portico1 plac+ ,llius 9 ! middle2 = 9 _! fri5d%ip x 0 a sort ( law betwe5 !m1 t ,llius did homage to ,scipio z to a god1 on acc\nt ( 8 glori\s pre-em95ce 9 w>2 :ile 9 8 turn ,scipio1 9 private life1 paid to ,llius all ! rev]5ce due to a p>5t1 on acc\nt ( 8 sup]ior ye>s4 ,& hav+ *att$ a little toge!r 9 v>i\s places1 ,scipio1 :o 0 v mu* enliv5$ & gratifi$ ) _! arrival1 0 pleas$ to h !m seat$ 9 a sunny place 9 a little mead[1 on acc\nt ( its be+ ! w9t] season2 :i* z !y 7 ab\t to d1 ,m4 ,manilius came1 a prud5t & agreeable p]son1 & v de> to !m all2 :o be+ cordially salut$ by ,scipio & ! re/1 took 8 seat next to ,llius4 ,,xiii4 8,x does n seem to me necess>y10 said ,philus 8t we %\ld seek ano!r subject ( conv]sation on acc\nt ( ^? :o are arriv$1 b t we %\ld obs]ve m accuracy1 & say some?+ wor?y ( _! e>s40 8,:at subject 7 y ^u10 said ,llius1 8& :at discussion are we come to be pres5t at80 8,scipio 0 inquir+ ( me10 repli$ ,philus1 8:at my op9ion 0 respect+ ! fact ( two suns hav+ be5 se540 ,llius4 8,:y truly ,philus1 is !re no long] any ?+ left = u to inquire ab\t1 t\*+ our own dome/ic affairs1 or ^? app]ta9+ to ! republic1 t we mu/ be explor+ ! ?+s t are pass+ 9 ! heav5s80 8,do/ ?\ !n ?9k10 repli$ he1 8t x does n conc]n our own mansions1 to "k :at is pass+1 & :at is done 9 t va/ "o1 n ! "o surr\nd$ by our walls1 b t :i* con/itutes ! univ]se1 & :i* ! gods h giv5 to u = a domicile1 & a common c\ntry ) !mselves4 ,especially :5 if we are ignorant ( !m1 _m & v high matt]s w be hidd5 f u4 ,z to myself1 ! contemplation & k ( ^! ?+s delight me1 z c]ta9ly z x does y1 ,llius1 & all :o are eag] 9 ! pursuit ( k40 8,i (f] no imp$im5t10 said ,llius1 especially at ?is holiday "t2 b %all we he> any ?+1 or are we come too late80 ,philus4 8,no?+ has be5 discuss$ yet1 & z ! subject is entire1 ,i freely conc$e to y1 ,llius1 ! "r ( express+ y\r s5tim5ts fir/40 ,llius4 8,let u r he> y1 unless ,manilius ?9ks1 t "s decree by way ( compromise betwe5 ^! two suns may be adju/$2 s t ea* may keep possession ( its own "p ( ! firmam5t40 8,y love /ill to bant] t sci5ce1 ,llius1 9 :i* ,i am pr\d to excel10 repli$ ,manilius1 8& )\t :i* no "o c\ld "k 8 own possession f ano!rs4 ,b ( t by & by4 ,let u n[ li/5 to ,philus1 :o ,i p]ceive has a case ( great] difficulty ref]r$ to him1 ?an ev] came be=e me or ,p4 ,mucius40 ,,xiv4 8,i %all lay no?+ new be=e y10 said ,philus1 8nor any ?+ discov]$ or ?\ght ( by myself4 ,i rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ,c4 ,sulpicius ,gallus1 a v le>n$ man z y "k2 :5 ?is same ph5om5on 0 /at$ to h be5 se51 be+ by *ance 9 ! h\se ( ,m4 ,m>cellus1 :o _h be5 9 ! consulate ) him2 ord]$ a sph]e to be plac$ be=e him1 :i* ! ance/or ( ,m4 ,m>cellus _h tak5 f ! conqu]$ ,syracusans1 & br\ght out ( _! weal?y & embelli%$ city2 ! only ?+ he _h possess$ himself ( among s great a spoil4 ,i _h he>d a great deal ( ?is sph]e1 on acc\nt ( ! fame ( ,ar*im$es1 b did n admire ! con/ruction ( x s mu*2 = ano!r :i* ,ar*im$es also _h made1 & :i* ! same ,m>cellus _h plac$ 9 ! temple ( virtue1 0 m elegant & rem>kable 9 ! g5]al op9ion4 ,b subsequ5tly1 :5 ,gallus began v sci5tifically to expla9 ! nature ( ! me*anism2 ! ,sicilian appe>$ to me to possess m g5ius1 ?an human nature w\ld seem to be capable (4 ,gallus said1 t ! o!r solid & full sph]e 0 an old inv5tion1 & 0 fir/ wr\ght by ,?ales ( ,miletas3 b aft]w>ds 0 del9eat$ ov] ) ! fix$ />s 9 ! heav5s by ,eudoxus1 ! ,cnidian1 a disciple ( ,plato4 ,! :i* adorn$ & embelli%$ z x 0 by ,eudoxus1 ,aratus :o _h no k ( a/ronomy1 b a c]ta9 poetical faculty1 _m ye>s aft]w>ds extoll$ 9 8 v]ses4 ,! me*anism ( ?is sph]e1 h[ev]1 on :i* ! motions ( ! sun1 moon1 & ^? five />s :i* are call$ w&]+ & irregul>1 are %[n2 c\ld n be illu/rat$ on t solid sph]e4 ,b :at appe>$ v admirable 9 ?is inv5tion ( ,ar*im$es 01 t he _h discov]$ a me?od ( produc+ ! unequal & v>i\s c\rses1 ) _! dissimil> velocities1 by "o revolution4 ,:5 ,gallus put ?is sph]e 9 motion1 ! moon 0 made to succe$ ! sun by z _m revolutions ( ! brass circle1 z x actually took days to d 9 ! heav5s4 ,f :i* ! same sett+ ( ! sun 0 produc$ on ! sph]e z 9 ! heav5s3 & ! moon fell on ! v po9t1 :]e x met ! %ad[ ( ! e>?1 :5 ! sun f ! region 99 99 99 99 ,ab\t t5 pages want+4 ,,xv4 99 99 99 99 99 = he 0 a man ,i 0 v mu* atta*$ to1 & ,i "k t my fa!r ,paulus e/eem$ & plac$ ! highe/ value on him4 ,i rememb] :5 ,i 0 b a boy1 be+ ) my fa!r1 :o 0 !n consul 9 ,mac$onia2 t :ile we 7 encamp$1 our army 0 /ruck ) a religi\s dread1 because ! full & spl5did moon 9 ! s]5ity ( ! night1 0 sudd5ly eclips$4 ,he be+ !n our lieut5ant1 ! ye> j be=e t 9 :i* he 0 decl>$ consul1 did n hesitate ! foll[+ day1 to pron\nce op5ly 9 ! camp1 t x 0 no prodigy4 ,& t :at _h !n tak5 place1 w\ld always occur 9 future at ^? p>ticul> p]iods1 :5 ! position ( ! sun 0 su*1 t its rays c\ld n fall ^u ! moon4 8,b h[ c\ld he10 ask$ ,tub]o1 8make m5 half wild1 compreh5d su* matt]s1 or v5ture to speak ( !m be=e ! un5light5$80 ,scipio4 8,inde$ he did1 & ) great 99 99 99 99 ,ab\t two pages want+4 99 99 99 99 99 !re 0 nei!r a haughty o/5tation1 nor any ?+ 9 8 spee* unbecom+ a grave p]sonage2 & he accompli%$ a po9t ( great importance1 9 remov+ f ! di/urb$ m9ds ( ! m51 ! influ5ce ( an idle & fe>ful sup]/ition4 ,,xvi4 ,!re 0 an occurr5ce simil> to ?is dur+ ! great w>1 :i* ! ,a!nians & ,lac$emonians wag$ aga9/ ea* o!r ) s mu* invet]acy4 ,d>kness be+ sudd5ly produc$ by ! obscuration ( ! sun1 & a prodigi\s fe> tak+ possession ( ! m9ds ( ! ,a!nians4 ,p]icles1 ! fir/ man 9 ! city1 9 au?ority1 9 eloqu5ce1 & 9 c\ncil2 taught ! citiz5s :at he _h himself le>nt f ,anaxagoras1 ^: pupil he _h be53 t x 0 an unavoidable appe>ance at ! p>ticul> p]iod1 :5 ! moon _h plac$ h]self imm$iately be=e ! orb ( ! sun3 & al?\gh x did n take place e lun> p]iod2 x c\ld nev]!less be occasion$ only by ! moon's motion4 ,hav+ conv9c$ !m by reason+1 he deliv]$ ! p f _! appreh5sion4 ,= x 0 !n a /range & unkn[n reason to give = an eclipse1 t ! sun & moon 7 9 opposition to ea* o!r1 :i* x is said1 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,?ales ! ,milesian4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ?is _h n escap$ our ,ennius1 :o wrote ab\t ! ye> #cej ( ! build+ ( ,rome1 9 ! nones ( ,june2 t 8! moon & night /ood be=e ! sun40 ,s great1 h[ev]1 is ! advancem5t ( k 9 ^! matt]s1 t f ?is day1 :i* we f9d not$ 9 ! pr9cipal annals1 & by ,ennius2 ! previ\s occultations ( ! sun are fix$ up to t :i* took place 9 ! reign ( ,romulus1 9 ! nones ( ! fif? mon?4 ,dur+ :i* d>kness1 ,romulus1 :om ! laws ( nature inde$ w\ld h c>ri$ to ! tomb1 is said to h be5 borne by 8 virtue to heav54 ,,xvii4 ,!n ,tub]o1 8,do/ ?\ n p]ceive ,africanus1 t :at appe>$ o!rwise to !e a :ile ago 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,ab\t two pages want+4 99 99 99 99 99 99 8,:o c p]ceive any gr&eur 9 human affairs1 ^: eyes are accu/om$ to survey ! empire ( ! gods8 ,:at are temporal ?+s 9 ! eyes ( ^? conv]sant ) et]nal ones8 ,:at is !re glori\s to ! contemplation ( him1 :o looks at ! small size ( ! e>?2 fir/ z to its :ole ext5t1 !n to t "p ( x :i* m5 inhabit8 ,& yet we1 conf9$ to s small a portion ( x1 unkn[n to mo/ nations1 hope our "n w be diffus$ to its utmo/ limits4 ,:at are l&s1 & h\ses1 & flocks1 & imm5se masses ( gold & silv] to him :o nei!r consid]s !m desirable nor calls !m s3 ! fruition ( :i* appe>s to him trifl+1 ! use unsatisfactory1 ! possession unc]ta93 & :i* are (t5 9 ! h&s ( ! mo/ contemptible ( m58 ,h[ =tunate may t man be e/eem$1 :o alone claims a %>e 9 all ?+s1 n z ! privilege ( a citiz51 b ( a philosoph]3 n by civil rights1 b by ! common law ( nature1 :i* =bids any "o to be ! proprietor ( aught1 ( ! prop] use ( :i* he is ignorant6 ,:o consid]s our consul%ips & high (fices1 n to be s\ght aft] = ! sake ( p]sonal advantage or glory2 n z ?+s to be covet$1 b to be und]tak5 z duties4 ,! man f9ally :o c say t ( himself :i* my ance/or ,africanus1 z ,cato writes1 0 wont to say1 8t he nev] 0 m busy ?an :5 he 0 do+ no?+2 & t he nev] 0 less alone1 ?an :5 nobody 0 ) him40 ,= :o c deem ,dionysius to h accompli%$ a great] ?+1 :5 by ! greate/ ex]tion he snat*$ _! lib]ties f ! citiz5s1 ?an ,ar*im$es 8 c\ntryman1 :o appe>+ to be occupi$ 9 no?+1 produc$ ?is sph]e ( :i* we 7 b n[ conv]s+8 ,are !y n m alone1 :o f9d no "o 9 ! =um or 9 ! cr[d :o *ooses to talk ) !m1 ?an ^? :o )\t any witness c conv]se ) !mselves2 or z x 71 be pres5t at ! c\ncils ( ! mo/ le>n$ m51 :5 !y solace !mselves ) _! discov]ies & writ+s8 ,:o 9 tru? c imag9e any "o to be m ri*1 ?an ! man :o has no wants1 beyond ! simple calls ( nature2 or m p[]ful ?an him1 :o has atta9$ ! possession ( al t he desires2 or m bless$ ?an him :o is fre$ f all anxiety ( m9d8 or :at man's =tune is bett] e/abli%$ ?an 81 :o c c>ry along ) him1 or out ( a %ipwreck z m5 are wont to say1 all 8 possessions8 ,:at comm&1 :at (fice1 :at k+dom c be pref]r$ to t condition ( m9d1 :i* look+ d[n ^u all ?+s human1 & e/eem+ !m to be ! objects ( an inf]ior wisdom1 turns ev] to ! contemplation ( ^? ?+s t are div9e & et]nal3 p]suad$ t !y only des]ve to be call$ m51 :o are ref9$ by ! sci5ces ( humanity8 ,t :i* has be5 said ( ,plato1 or ( "s o!r sage1 appe>s to me !re=e v excell5t4 ,:o be+ borne by a tempe/ to unkn[n l&s1 & ca/ on a des]t %ore1 :ile 8 companions 7 appreh5sive on acc\nt ( _! ignorance ( ! place1 is said to h p]ceiv$ geometrical figures describ$ on ! s&4 ,:i* :5 he saw1 he bade !m all be ( good he>t1 = he _h se5 ve/iges ( m54 ,n t he judg$ s f ! cultivation ( ! fields :i* he beheld1 b f ^! indications ( sci5ce4 ,= all ^! reasons1 ,tub]o1 le>n+1 & le>n$ m51 & ^! ?y /udies h always be5 pleas+ to me4 ,,xviii4 ,!n said ,llius1 8,i am n bold en\gh1 ,scipio1 to speak ( ^! ?+s3 nor ev5 to !e1 or ,philus1 or ,manilius 99 99 99 99 99 ,two pages want+ 99 99 99 99 9 8 pat]nal h\se we h _h a fri5d1 wor?y to be imitat$ by him4 8lius ,sextus1 conspicu\sly discreet & wise40 ,t he 0 conspicu\sly discreet & wise1 is said by ,ennius1 n because he s\ght aft] :at he 0 n able to discov]1 b because he answ]$ ^? :o made inquiries ( him1 9 a mann] to solve _! difficulties & anxieties1 9 ^: m\? :5 argu+ aga9/ ! /udies ( ,gallus1 7 always ^! words ( ,a*illes1 9 ,iphig5ia4 8,a/rology1 its signs2 h[ are !y read 9 heav58 ,:5 goat or scorpion1 or f]oci\s names arise1 ,! obvi\s e>? is %unn$1 to scrut9ize ! skies40 ,he also said1 = _m times & will+ly ,i li/5$ to him1 t ,ze?us ! au?or ( ,pacuvius1 0 too great an enemy to sci5ce4 ,! ,neoptolemus ( ,ennius pleas$ him m2 :o says t he likes to philosophize b only ) a few2 n will+ to give himself up to x altoge!r4 ,b if ! /udies ( ! ,greeks delight y s mu*1 !re are o!rs fre] & m easily diffus$1 :i* we may br+ to ! use ( life1 or ev5 to t ( ! republic4 ,z = ^! arts1 _! value consi/s1 if 9 any ?+1 9 /imulat+ & %>p5+ ! g5ius ( "y boys2 enabl+ !m 9 ?is mann] ! bett] to compreh5d great] ?+s4 ,,xix4 8,i d n diss5t f y1 ,llius10 said ,tub]o1 8b ask :at y und]/& by great] ?+s80 ,llius4 8,i w tell y 9 good fai?1 al?\gh y may some:at despise me = x2 s9ce x is y :o are ask+ ,scipio ab\t ^! cele/ial matt]s4 ,z = myself1 ,i ?9k ^? ?+s mo/ wor?y ( our att5tion1 :i* lay imm$iately be=e our eyes4 ,h[ c x int]e/ me t ! gr&son ( ,l4 ,paulus by ! "m's side1 born ( su* a noble & illu/ri\s family 9 ?is republic1 %\ld seek = reasons :y two suns h be5 se51 :5 he does n inquire ! cause :y two s5ates1 & almo/ two p exi/ 9 "o republic8 ,= z y p]ceive ! dea? ( ,tib]ius ,grac*us1 & ev5 be=e t ev5t1 ! :ole proce$+s ( 8 tribunate 7 divid+ "o p into two p>ties3 ^? :o are ! detractors ( ,scipio also1 & are envi\s ( him1 urg$ on at fir/ by ,p4 ,crassus & ,appius ,claudius1 keep up not)/&+ _! dea?1 an opposition to u 9 ! s5ate1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,metellus & ,p4 ,mucius4 ,nor w !y suff] him to come =w>d1 :o is alone equal to s dang]\s a crisis1 amid/ ! facti\s & dang]\s associations made "u ! ,roman "n3 amid/ violat$ compacts1 & ! new matt]s daily /irr+ by ! s$iti\s triumvirs1 to ! con/]nation ( good & respectable m54 ,:]e=e "y m51 if y w li/5 to me1 ent]ta9 no appreh5sions ab\t ?is d\ble sun3 = ei!r x is no?+ at all1 or if x is a reality1 z f> z x has be5 obs]v$1 !re is no?+ injuri\s 9 x4 ,ei!r we c "k no?+ ab\t su* matt]s1 or ev5 if we c\ld "k all ab\t !m1 we %\ld n be bett] or happi] = t k4 ,b "o s5ate & "o p we may h2 t is practicable4 ,& if x is n done1 we %all suff] = x4 ,& we "k x is o!rwise1 & t if x 7 effect$1 we %\ld h m /ability1 & be happi] & bett]40 ,,xx4 ,!n ,mucius4 8,:at is x we h to le>n1 9 y\r op9ion1 ,llius1 t we may be able to effect :at y require ( u80 ,llius4 8,^? sci5ces ^: t5d5cy is to enable u to be useful to ! /ate2 = ,i deem t to be ! mo/ pre-em95t gift ( wisdom1 z well z ! noble/ fruit ( virtue & duty4 ,:]e=e t ^! holidays may be productive ( conv]sations 9 an especial mann] useful to ! republic1 let u entreat ,scipio to imp>t to u1 :at he deems to be ! happie/ condition ( a /ate4 ,aft]w>ds we c consid] o!r matt]s1 ! k ( :i* ,i hope w br+ u to ! subject be=e u1 & w unfold ! causes ( ! pres5t condition ( ?+s4 ,two pages want+4 ,,xxi4 99 99 99 99 99 n = t cause alone ,i wi%$ x1 b because ,i ?\ght x prop] t ! fir/ p]son 9 ! republic %\ld fir/ speak on public affairs2 & because ,i rememb]$ t y 7 accu/om$ frequ5tly to discuss ) ,pantius be=e ,polybius1 two ,greeks extremely v]s$ 9 civil affairs2 & t y _h prov$ by v>i\s reason+s ! excell5ce ( t =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* our ance/ors _h transmitt$ to u f s di/ant a p]iod4 ,9 ! :i* matt]1 y1 be+ m compet5t to x1 w d an agreeable ?+ to u all1 7= ,i speak also = ! re/17 if y w unfold to u y\r op9ion ( ! commonweal?40 ,,xxii4 8,i _c10 he began1 8say t ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( turn+ my m9d m int5sely & dilig5tly to ! consid]ation ( any subject1 ?an ! v "o :i* y n[ propose to me1 ,llius4 ,= :5 ,i p]ceive t e artific] :o truly excels 9 8 vocation1 is fill$ ) anxiety1 c>e1 & zeal1 le/ any "o %\ld surpass him 9 8 art4 ,i1 ^: *ief duty1 bequea!d to me by my p>5ts & ance/ors1 is ! conduct & adm9i/ration ( ! republic1 mu/ confess myself m indol5t ?an any artisan1 if ,i be/[$ less att5tion on ! greate/ ( arts1 ?an he does on ! mo/ insignificant4 ,b nei!r am ,i satisfi$ ) ! writ+s on ?is subject :i* ! fir/ & wise/ among ! ,greeks h left to u2 :ile ,i hesitate to e/abli% my own conclusions 9 pref]5ce to !irs4 ,:]e=e ,i intreat y1 n to li/5 to me z "o entirely ignorant ( ! affairs ( ! ,greeks1 nor z "o :o gives !m ! pref]5ce to our own writ]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d2 b z "o lib]ally br\ght up by ! dilig5ce ( di/+ui%$ p>5ts1 & ard5t 9 ! love ( k f 8 y\?2 yet nev]!less mu* m =m$ by dome/ic exp]i5ce1 ?an by lit]>y /udies40 ,,xxiii4 8,i d\bt10 said ,philus "h1 8:e!r any "o has ev] excell$ y 9 g5ius4 ,we "k to :at /udies y h always be5 p>tial1 & t 9 y\r acqua9tance ) ! great affairs ( ! /ate1 y h surpass$ e "o3 :]e=e if z y say1 y\r m9d has be5 p>ticul>ly turn$ to matt]s :i* h n[ become almo/ a sci5ce3 ,i feel v mu* indebt$ to ,llius1 feel+ a hope t :at y w say w be m in/ructive1 ?an all ^? ?+s :i* ! ,greeks h writt5 = u40 8,y are creat+0 repli$ he1 8mu* expectation f my disc\rse1 :i* is a v great weight ^u "o1 :o is ab\t to speak ( matt]s ( importance40 8,h[ev] great x may be10 said ,philus1 8y w ?r[ x (f z y are accu/om$ to d2 nor is !re any dang] t a diss]tation f y on gov]nm5t w be defici5t 9 any requisite40 ,,xxiv4 8,i w d :at y desire1 z well z ,i am able10 rejo9$ ,scipio1 8& w beg9 ! discussion 9 con=mity ) ! rule :i* ,i ?9k ought to be obs]v$ 9 ! exam9ation ( all ?+s1 if y w\ld avoid error4 ,t ! "n ( ! subject 9 discussion be+ agre$ ^u1 ! mean+ ( ! "n %all be def9$4 ,if ?is be f\nd to be appropriate1 ! matt] c be ent]$ ^u at once2 = unless ?is be p]fectly und]/ood at fir/1 we nev] c und]/& :at we are disput+ ab\t4 ,:]e=e s9ce x is ( ! republic we are inquir+1 let u fir/ exam9e :at t is we are inquir+ ab\t40 ,llius hav+ %[n 8 acquiesc5ce4 8,i d n int5d1 h[ev]10 said ,africanus1 89 a matt] s cle> & famili>1 to beg9 ) ! v orig9 ( ?+s2 ! fir/ conjunction ( ! sexes2 !n _! prog5y & desc5dants1 z "s ( our le>n$ m5 are accu/om$ to d3 nor %all ,i g into cont9ual def9itions ( t]ms--:at !y are--& h[ _m v>ieties ( !m4 ,:5 ,i address wise m51 :o 9 w> & 9 peace1 h tak5 a glori\s "p 9 ! affairs ( a great republic1 ,i %all n expose myself 9 su* a mann]1 t ! v ?+ "u discussion %all be m intelligible1 ?an my own explanation ( x4 ,nei!r d ,i take ^u me to pursue ! subject 9 e direction1 z a ma/] w\ld3 nor c ,i promise to d x s effectually1 t no omission :atev] %all escape me40 8,x is exactly su* a disc\rse z y promise1 t ,i am 9 expectation (10 said ,llius4 ,,xxv4 8,a republic or commonweal? !n10 said ,scipio1 8is ! weal? or common int]e/ ( ! p4 ,e assemblage ( m5 h[ev]1 ga!r$ toge!r )\t an object1 is n ! p1 b only an assemblage ( ! multitude associat$ by common cons5t1 = reciprocal rights1 & reciprocal usefulness4 ,! lead+ cause ( ?is congregat+1 is n to be ascrib$ s mu* to 8 weakness1 z to ! social pr9ciple innate ) man4 ,our species is n a solit>y & w&]+ "o1 b is s creat$ t ev5 :5 enjoy+ ! greate/ afflu5ce 99 99 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,xxvi4 99 99 99 99 r intuitive2 = no orig9al in/itution ( ! social /ate has be5 f\nd1 nor ( ! o!r moral virtues4 ,^! congregations !re=e made = ! purposes ,i h expla9$1 e/abli%$ _! fir/ seat 9 "s p>ticul> place = a resid5ce4 ,:i* aft] be+ =tifi$ by _! lab\rs & by its position1 & fitt$ ) temples & public squ>es1 ! re-union ( dwell+s con/ruct$ aft] ?is mann]1 !y call$ a t[n or city4 ,e p !re=e1 =m$ by ! assemblage ( su* a multitude z ,i h describ$1 e city :i* is ! settlem5t ( a p1 e commonweal? :i* z ,i h said1 is ! weal? ( ! p1 mu/ 9 ord] to be p]man5t1 be gov]n$ by "s au?ority4 ,t au?ority h[ev] mu/ always h a /rong relation to ! causes f :5ce ! commonweal? d]iv$ its orig94 ,x may !n be delegat$ to "o1 or to "s select$ p]sons2 or x may be borne by ! :ole multitude ( ! p4 ,:5 !re=e au?ority ov] all ?+s1 is 9 ! control ( "o man1 we call him k+2 & a commonweal? s ord]$1 8 k+dom4 ,:5 ! au?ority is ex]cis$ by select$ p]sons1 !n su* a /ate is said to be "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! bett] class4 ,b !re is also a popul> =m ( gov]nm5t1 = s x is call$1 :]e all ?+s are rul$ by ! p4 ,& ( any ( ^! ?ree modes1 if ! *a9 is 9 any mann] kept toge!r1 :i* at fir/ unit$ m5 into ! social pact = ! sake ( ! common int]e/1 ,i w\ld n inde$ call ! mode p]fect1 nor say t 9 my op9ion x 0 ! be/1 b t x 0 to be tol]at$1 & t "o might be pref]able to ano!r4 ,= :e!r "u a j & wise k+1 or *os5 em95t citiz5s1 or ! p !mselves1 al?\gh ?is la/ is lea/ to be approv$ (1 sett+ aside ! irregul>ities occasion$ by ! bad passions ( "s m51 any "o may see t a /eady gov]nm5t might be pres]v$4 ,,xxvii4 ,9 k+doms h[ev]1 ! gov]n$ are too mu* depriv$ ( common rights1 & ( p[]4 ,"u ! bett] class1 ! multitude c sc>cely be p>tak]s ( lib]ty1 z !y are n admitt$ ei!r to ! public c\ncils or (fices3 & :5 ! gov]nm5t is conduct$ by ! p1 al?\gh x be ju/ly & mod]ately adm9i/]$1 yet equality itself becomes inju/ice1 see+ t x admits ( no degrees ( rank4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ,cyrus ! ,p]sian1 0 a mo/ j & wise k+1 yet su* a commonweal?1 7= z ,i said be=e1 x is ! common prop]ty17 gov]n$ by ! nod ( "o man1 does n appe> to me v desirable4 ,& al?\gh ! ,massilians our cli5ts are gov]n$ ) great ju/ice1 by _! *os5 *ief m51 nev]!less 9 t condition ( a p1 !re is some?+ resembl+ slav]y4 ,& ! ,a!nians at a c]ta9 p]iod hav+ aboli%$ ! ,areopagus1 conduct$ e ?+ by ord9ances1 & decrees ( ! p2 yet z !y _h no di/9ctions 9 dignity1 _! /ate 0 )\t its ornam5t4 ,,xxviii4 ,& ?is ,i say ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 n ( ! agitations & di/urbances incid5tal to !m1 b ( _! tranquil & regul> /ate4 ,^? v>ieties are pr9cipally rem>kable = ! defects ,i h allud$ to4 ,!n !y h o!r p]nici\s fail+s1 = e "o ( ^! gov]nm5ts is travell+ a dang]\s road1 bord]+ on a slipp]y & precipit\s pa?4 ,to a k+ s comm5dable1 or if y *oose1 s9ce ,i especially "n him2 to ! amiable ,cyrus2 a p>allel spr+s up 9 ! cruel ,phal>is1 ) all 8 caprici\s tyranny2 into ^: similitude ! gov]nm5t ( "o man s easily slides ) a d[nw>d c\rse4 ,to ! adm9i/ration ( ! city ( ! ,massilians by _! select *iefs1 may be oppos$ ! plot & faction ( ! ,?irty1 :i* took place at a c]ta9 p]iod among ! ,a!nians4 ,nor ne$ we look f>!r2 ! v ,a!nian p hav+ assum$ ! p[] ov] all ?+s1 & giv+ lic5se to ! fury ( ! multitude 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,xxix4 99 99 99 99 99 99 & ?is great mis*ief arises :e!r "u ! rule ( ! bett] class1 or "u a tyrannical faction1 or "u ! regal gov]nm5t2 & ev5 frequ5tly "u ! popul> =m4 ,at ! same "t f ! v>i\s =ms ( gov]nm5t ( :i* ,i h spok51 some?+ excell5t is wont to emanate4 ,= ! *anges & vicissitudes 9 public affairs1 appe> to move 9 a circle ( revolutions2 :i* :5 recogniz$ by a wise man1 z soon z he beholds !m imp5d+1 if he c mod]ate _! c\rse 9 ! adm9i/ration ( affairs1 & re/ra9 !m "u 8 control2 he acts truly ! "p ( a great citiz51 & almo/ ( a div9e man4 ,!re=e ,i ?9k a f\r? k9d ( gov]nm5t1 mod]at$ & mix$ f ^? ?ree ( :i* ,i fir/ spoke1 is mo/ to be approv$40 ,,xxx4 8,i "k0 said ,llius1 8t su* is y\r op9ion ,africanus1 = ,i h (t5 he>d y say s4 ,nev]!less1 unless x is tr\blesome to y1 ,i %\ld be glad to le>n :i* y judge be/ ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( gov]nm5t4 ,= ei!r x w ?r[ "s light ^u 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,xxxi4 99 99 99 99 99 99 e gov]nm5t p>takes ( ! nature & w ( him :o adm9i/]s x4 ,s t 9 no o!r /ate1 save :]e ! p[] ( ! p pr$om9ates1 has lib]ty any home4 ,lib]ty ! sweete/ ( all bless+s1 & :i* if x is n equal = all1 is n lib]ty4 ,= :at equality c !re be1 ,i d n mean 9 k+doms :]e slav]y has no d\btful "*3 b 9 ^? /ates :]e all are nom9ally free3 !re inde$ !y give _! votes1 conf] comm&s1 magi/racies & are solicit$ & intreat$4 ,b 9 tru? !y only "p ) t1 h[ev] repugnant x may be to !m1 :i* mu/ be conf]r$3 ?+s :i* !y _c reta91 :i* is ! reason :y o!rs seek to possess !m4 ,= !y are inve/$ ) no comm&1 h no public au?ority1 nor are call$ to be judges 9 ! tribunals3 privileges :i* belong ei!r to anci5t families1 or are pur*as$ by money4 ,among a free p h[ev]1 z at ,rhodes or ,a!ns1 !re is no citiz5 :o 99 99 99 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,xxxii4 ,"s ass]t1 t :5 "o or m 9 a /ate becomes conspicu\s by 8 opul5ce or ri*es1 disda9 & pride soon break out3 & ! weak & indol5t yield & b5d "u ! arrogance ( ri*es4 ,b if ! p are able to pres]ve _! rights1 !y ?9k no condition ( ?+s c\ld be m excell5t1 m free1 or m happy4 ,= 9 _! h&s w\ld be ! laws1 ! tribunals1 w>1 peace1 treaties1 & ! prop]ties & lives ( all ! citiz5s4 ,?is sort ( gov]nm5t !y ?9k is prop]ly call$ "o republic1 t is ! common int]e/ ( ! p4 ,:]e=e x is1 t ! p are wont to re/ore commonweal?s to lib]ty f ! dom9ation ( k+s1 & patricians2 n t k+s are believ$ to be necess>y to a free p1 or t ! bett] class are ! s\rce ( p[] & weal?4 ,& !y d5y t ^! advantages %\ld n be conc$$ to a free p on acc\nt ( ! excesses ( unciviliz$ nations3 = :]e ! p are unanim\s1 & e ?+ t5ds to ! public safety & lib]ty1 no?+ c be m un*angeable1 no?+ m firm4 ,unanimity 9 su* a commonweal? is v easy1 :]e ! common ef=t is = ! public good4 ,b f oppos+ int]e/s1 :]e "o man cla%es ) ano!r1 discord arises4 ,:]e=e :5 ! s5ate _h possession ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! condition ( ! /ate 0 nev] s\nd4 ,9 k+doms ! disadvantages are /ill great]2 ( !m ,ennius said 8,no holy confid5ce or fell[%ip reigns !re40 ,:]e=e z ! law is ! bond ( civil society1 & equal rights =m t ( ! law1 by :at p[] c a community ( citiz5s be ma9ta9$1 :]e _! condition is n an equal "o8 ,if !re=e x is n exp$i5t to equalize =tunes2 if ! p[]s ( m9d _c be equaliz$ 9 all1 c]ta9ly !n an equality ( rights ought to exi/1 among ^? :o are citiz5s ( ! same republic4 ,= :at is a /ate b a community ( rights8 99 99 99 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,xxxiii4 99 99 o!r gov]nm5ts h[ev] are deem$ by !m n to des]ve ^? names1 :i* !y h *os5 to arrogate to !mselves4 ,= :y %\ld ,i call a man :o is gre$y ( rule1 or ( ! sole comm&1 & :o is trampl+ ^u an oppress$ p1 k+1 :i* is ! title ( ! good ,jupit]1 r ?an tyrant8 ,a tyrant may be clem5t z well z a k+ may be oppressive2 ! matt] really int]e/+ to ! p is1 :e!r !y are to s]ve "u a g5tle or a sev]e ma/]3 = z to be+ any ?+ b s]vants1 t is n to be avoid$4 ,h[ c\ld ,lac$emon1 :5 %e 0 ?\ght to excel 9 ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t1 possess only good & j k+s1 :5 %e 0 oblig$ to take any k+ :o 0 sprung f ! royal blood8 ,& ! bett] class1 :o c endure !m1 :o h arrogat$ to !mselves 9 _! own assemblies1 a "n n conc$$ to !m by ! p8 ,= :o is ! man to be pron\nc$ be/1 9 le>n+1 9 ! arts1 9 /udies8 99 99 99 99 99 ,f\r pages want+4 ,,xxxiv4 99 99 99 99 ,if x 0 done by lot1 ! gov]nm5t w\ld be ov]?r[n2 l a %ip1 at ^: helm1 "s pass5g] tak5 at haz>d 0 plac$4 ,a nation c entru/ its affairs to :om x may *oose2 & if x wi%es to rema9 free1 x w *oose f among ! be/4 ,= c]ta9ly ! security ( /ates is f\nd 9 ! c\nsels ( ! be/ citiz5s2 especially z nature has n only orda9$ t !y %\ld pres]ve an influ5ce ov] ! weak by _! conspicu\s virtue & c\rage1 b also t ! weak %\ld resign !mselves to ! gov]nm5t ( great m9ds4 ,?is mo/ desirable /ate ( ?+s1 !y say1 is prev5t$ by ! errone\s op9ions ( m5 :o1 ?r\gh ignorance ( t virtue1 :i* belongs to b few1 & is se5 & appreciat$ only by few1 deem ^? :o are sprung f a noble race1 or :o are opul5t & weal?y1 to be ! be/ m54 ,"u ?is vulg> error1 :5 ! p[]1 n ! virtues ( a few1 h got possession ( ! gov]nm5t2 ^? *iefs t5aci\sly pres]ve ! title ( bett] class2 a "n h[ev] to :i* ! sub/ance is want+4 ,= ri*es1 titles1 & p[]1 devoid ( wisdom1 ( ! k ( self-gov]nm5t1 & t ( ! gov]nm5t ( o!rs1 exhibit no?+ b insol5t & disgraceful pride4 ,nor c ! condition ( any city be m deplorable1 ?an :]e ! ri*e/ m5 pass = ! be/4 ,b :at c be m delightful ?an a /ate virtu\sly gov]n$8 ,:at m illu/ri\s ?an ! man1 :o :ile he gov]ns o!rs1 is himself ! slave ( no bad passions8 ,:o1 :ile he calls ^u ! citiz5s to obs]ve ! regulations he has =m$1 lives up to !m all himself8 ,nor imposes any laws ^u ! p1 :i* he himself obeys n1 b :o pres5ts 8 :ole life to 8 fell[ citiz5s z "o unbrok5 law4 ,if "o man c\ld suffice to all ?+s1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( _m2 & if all m5 c\ld p]ceive :at is be/1 & cons5t to x1 no "o w\ld require any *iefs to be elect$4 ,! difficulty ( com+ to wise det]m9ations1 has transf]r$ ! rule f "o k+ to _m p]sons2 & ! error & ra%ness ( ! p1 f ! multitude to a few4 ,?us betwe5 ! ob/9acy ( "o1 & ! tem]ity ( _m1 ! bett] class h possess$ !mselves ( ! middle & lea/ turbul5t ( all ! situations3 by :om if ! commonweal? is well adm9i/]$1 ! p reliev$ f all c>e & ?\ght1 mu/ necess>ily be happy3 enjoy+ _! indep5d5ce ?r\gh ! lab\rs ( ^?1 ^: duty x is to pres]ve x to !m2 & :o ought nev] to p]mit ! p to ?9k t _! int]e/s are neglect$ by _! rul]s4 ,z to t exact equality ( rights1 :i* is held s de> by a free p2 x _c be pres]v$3 = ! p !mselves1 h[ev] free & unre/ra9$ !y may be1 are rem>kable = _! def]5ce to _m p]sons2 & ex]cise a great pref]5ce z x respects m5 & dignities4 ,t :i* is call$ equality also1 is a mo/ unju/ ?+ 9 itself3 = :5 ! same hon\r is enjoy$ by ! high & by ! l[1 ?r\gh a :ole p1 t v equality mu/ be unju/2 & 9 ^? /ates :i* are gov]n$ by ! bett] class1 x c nev] happ54 ,^!1 ,llius1 & "s o!r reasons resembl+ !m1 are wont to be urg$ by ^? :o *iefly praise t =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,,xxxv4 8,b :i*1 ,scipio1 among ^? ?ree1 d y *iefly approve (80 said ,llius4 ,scipio4 8,y d well to ask1 :i* *iefly ( ! ?ree1 s9ce sep>ately ,i d n approve ( any ( !m2 b %\ld pref] to e "o ( !m1 a gov]nm5t con/itut$ out ( all ?ree4 ,b if "o ( !m = its simplicity may be admir$1 ,i %\ld approve ( ! k+ly =m1 & give x ! highe/ praise4 ,= ! "n ( k+ calls up at once ! idea ( a fa!r1 consult+ ) 8 citiz5s z if !y 7 8 own *ildr52 & m anxi\s to pres]ve !m1 ?an to r$uce !m to slav]y3 x be+ a great advantage to ! weak to be su/a9$ by ! ex]tions & by ! =esight ( "o pre-em95t & good man4 ,"h h[ev] ! bett] class pr(ess to d ! same ?+ to m advantage1 & say !re is m wisdom ) numb]s ?an ) "o1 & at ! same "t equal ju/ice & fai?4 ,b ! p call out ) a l\d voice1 t !y *oose nei!r to obey "o nor _m2 t no?+ is sweet] to ! bea/s ( ! field ?an lib]ty1 :i* is want+ to all :o s]ve ei!r "u ! bett] class or "u a k+4 ,?us on ! score ( p]sonal atta*m5t1 k+s attract u4 ,! bett] class by _! wisdom2 & lib]ty on ! side ( ! p4 ,s t 9 mak+ ! comp>ison1 x is difficult to say :i* is pref]able40 ,l4 8,i believe x10 said he1 8b if y leave ?is po9t unf9i%$1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! subject c sc>cely be cle>$ up40 ,,xxxvi4 ,s4 8,let u imitate !re=e ,aratus1 :o 9 8 introduction to a disc\rse ^u high matt]s1 ?\ght x be/ to beg9 ) ,jupit]40 ,l4 8,:y ) ,jupit]8 & :at has ?is discussion to d ) ! v]ses ( ,aratus80 ,s4 8,insomu*1 t ! op5+ ( our debate may be hon\r$ ) ! "n ( him1 :om all1 le>n$ & unle>n$1 cons5t ) "o voice1 to be ! "o k+ ( all ! gods & m540 8,:at !n60 said ,llius4 8,:at d y believe 9 b ! ?+s :i* are be=e y\r eyes80 repli$ he4 8,?is op9ion has be5 e/abli%$ = ! conduct ( life1 by ^? :o h _h ! direction ( public affairs2 t ! belief might prevail1 t "o k+ rul$ 9 heav51 :o ) 8 nod1 z ,hom] says1 c\ld tumble d[n ,olympus2 & t he %\ld be consid]$ z ! ,k+ & ,fa!r ( all4 ,great is ! au?ority = x1 & _m ! witnesses1 inasmu* z all h concurr$ 9 x4 ,nations too h agre$1 z we f9d 9 ! decrees ( pr9ces1 t ! regal =m ( gov]nm5t 0 mo/ excell5t1 s9ce !y imag9e ! gods !mselves to be "u ! gov]nm5t ( "o k+4 ,& if we h be5 told t ?is & simil> op9ions h sprung f fables & ! errors ( ! ignorant1 let u li/5 to ^? :o may be consid]$ almo/ ! common tea*]s ( erudite m52 :o z x 71 saw ^! v ?+s ) _! eyes1 :i* we sc>cely are acqua9t$ )1 :5 we he> ( !m40 8,& :o are !y80 said ,llius4 8,!y10 repli$ he1 :o 9 _! inve/igations ( ! nature ( all ?+s1 h p]ceiv$ a design 9 ! univ]sal /ructure ( ?is _w 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,f\r pages want+4 ,,xxxvii4 99 99 99 99 99 99 8,b if y desire x ,llius1 ,i c give y au?orities 9 no wise b>b>\s1 nor ( too remote an antiquity40 ,l4 ,i %\ld be glad to h !m4 ,s4 ,y are aw>e t x is n[ some:at less ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s s9ce ?is city has be5 gov]n$ )\t k+s4 ,l4 ,t is true2 r less4 ,s4 ,:at !n are f\r hundr$ ye>s1 = ! age ( a city or /ate2 is x su* a long p]iod8 ,l4 ,x c h>dly be call$ an adult age4 ,s4 ,!n !re 0 a k+ 9 ,rome f\r hundr$ ye>s ago8 ,l4 ,& a v sup]b "o4 ,s4 ,:o be=e him8 ,l4 ,a mo/ j "o2 & f t p]iod up to ,romulus1 :o reign$ six hundr$ ye>s f ! pres5t "t4 ,s4 ,!n he is n s v remote4 ,l4 ,n at all4 ,! in/itutions ( ,greece 7 already on ! wane4 ,s4 ,i submit to y n[1 :e!r ,romulus 0 ! k+ ( a b>b>\s p8 ,l4 ,if z ! ,greeks say1 all m5 7 ei!r ,greeks or ,b>b>ians2 !n ,i am afraid he mu/ be e/eem$ a k+ ( a b>b>\s p4 ,b if t epi!t is appropriate to a diff]5ce ( mann]s1 r ?an to languages1 ,i ?9k ! ,greeks n less b>b>ians ?an ! ,romans40 8,9 relation to ! matt] ( :i* we speak10 said ,scipio1 8x is intellig5ce we are look+ =1 r ?an m54 ,if a discreet p !re=e1 n ( a v anci5t p]iod1 h pref]r$ ! gov]nm5t ( k+s1 ,i am avail+ myself ( te/imony :i* _c be deem$ savage1 unciviliz$1 or ( a b>b>\s antiquity40 ,,xxxviii4 8,i p]ceive ,scipio10 said ,llius1 8t y are suffici5tly provid$ ) te/imony4 ,b ) me1 z ) good judges1 s\nd argum5t prevails m ?an witnesses40 8,make use ( an argum5t !n10 repli$ ,scipio1 8:i* y\r k ( y\rself c sugge/ to y40 8,:at k10 said he4 ,s4 ,:y z :5 by *ance x happ5s to y to be angry ) "s "o4 ,l4 ,t occurs (t5] ?an ,i c\ld wi%4 ,s4 ,:at6 :5 y are 9 ang]1 d y suff] y\r m9d to fall "u ! dom9ation ( t passion8 ,l4 ,no1 s help me ,h]cules4 ,i r imitate ,ar*ytas1 ! ,t>5t9e2 :o on arriv+ at 8 c\ntry h\se1 & be+ greatly (f5d$ at p]ceiv+ 8 ord]s _h be5 disobey$1 8,y are a mis]able wret*10 said he to 8 f>m]1 8& ,i w\ld h y flogg$ to dea? if ,i 7 n angry40 8,excell5t10 said ,scipio4 8,ar*ytas wi%$ to calm 8 ang] by reflection1 consid]+ t degree ( x :i* 0 n "u ! control ( reason1 to be lead+ on to a sort ( s$ition ( ! m9d4 ,to x add av>ice1 ambition1 ! passion = glory1 & = s5sual pleasures2 & x w appe> t !re exi/s 9 ! m9ds ( m51 a sort ( regal controll+ p[]1 to wit1 reflection4 ,= t is ! be/ "p ( ! m9d1 & :]e its au?ority prevails1 !re is no room = s5suality1 = ang]1 or = ra%ness4 ,l4 ,s x is4 ,s4 ,d y approve !re=e ( a m9d s dispos$8 ,l4 ,!re is no?+ ,i admire m4 ,s4 ,!n y really d n ?9k1 reflection be+ driv5 away2 t voluptu\sness or ! angry passions1 :i* are )\t end1 %\ld h ! ma/]y 9 all ?+s4 ,l4 ,inde$ ,i c conceive ( no?+ m wret*$1 ?an su* a /ate ( m9d2 nor ( a man m debas$ ?an :5 "u su* gov]nm5t4 ,s4 ,y pref] !n all p>ts ( ! m9d1 to be "u "s gov]nm5t1 ! gov]nm5t ( reflection8 ,l4 ,i c]ta9ly pref] x4 ,s4 ,:y !re=e d y hesitate 9 y\r op9ion ab\t public affairs2 :]e if ! adm9i/ration is transf]r$ to _m1 !re w be no "o1 z ,i n[ und]/& x1 to take ! comm&4 ,& x seems t if au?ority is n "o ?+1 x is no?+ at all4 ,,xxxix4 8,i w\ld ask10 said ,llius1 8( :at consequ5ce x is to u1 :e!r "o or _m1 if ju/ice is disp5s$ by ! latt]40 8,s9ce ,i f9d ,llius10 said ,scipio1 8t my witnesses h made no great impression on y1 ,i %all n desi/ f mak+ use ( y\rself z a witness to prove :at ,i say40 8,me10 said he1 89 :at way80 ,s4 ,:y adv]t+ to ! directions y s e>ne/ly gave to y\r family1 :5 we 7 lately at ,=mianum2 to obey only ! ord]s ( "o p]son4 ,l4 ,oh6 my f>m]6 ,s4 ,well1 at home1 ,i suppose1 sev]al are entru/$ ) ! managem5t ( y\r affairs8 ,l4 ,no1 only "o4 ,s4 ,:at1 y\r :ole e/abli%m5t6 does no "o b y\rself manage x8 ,l4 ,j s4 ,s4 ,d n y !re=e acc$e to ! same conclusion 9 public affairs3 t ! gov]nm5t ( a s+le p]son1 if x is a j "o1 is ! be/8 ,l4 ,i am br\ght to ! conclusion1 & mu/ almo/ ass5t to x4 ,,xl4 ,y w be m incl9$ to t op9ion1 said ,scipio1 :5 omitt+ ! analogies ( "o pilot1 "o physician1 :o if !y are any way skill$ 9 _! arts1 ought "o to h ! control ( ! %ip2 ! o!r ( ! pati5t1 9 pref]5ce to _m2 ,i come to ! consid]ation ( great] matt]s4 ,l4 ,:at are !y8 ,s4 ,are y n aw>e t ! "n ( k+ became odi\s to ?is p1 on acc\nt ( ! oppression & pride ( "o man1 ,t>qu98 ,l4 ,yes1 ,i am aw>e4 ,s4 ,!n y are aw>e ( :at haply 9 ! c\rse ( ?is discussion1 ,i may f9d occasion to speak4 ,t>qu9 be+ driv5 out1 ! p exult$ ) a m>vell\s sort ( insol5ce ( fre$om4 ,at "o "t driv+ innoc5t p into exile2 at ano!r1 confiscat+ ! prop]ty ( _m4 ,next came annual consuls4 ,!n ! fasces pro/rat$ be=e ! p--appeals 9 all cases4 ,!n ! mut9y ( ! plebeians--!n a complete revolution 9 e ?+1 plac+ all ?+s 9 ! p[] ( ! p4 ,l4 ,x is z y say4 8,x is true10 said ,scipio--89 peace & tranquillity1 "s lic5se may be p]mitt$ :5 !re is no?+ to fe>1 z at sea sometimes1 or 9 a slight fev]3 b l him :o is at sea1 :5 sudd5ly ! ocean puts on its t]rors1 or ! sick man1 :5 8 compla9t oppresses him1 & ! assi/ance ( "o is implor$3 s our p 9 "t ( peace1 int]f]e 9 int]nal affairs1 ?reat5 ! magi/rates1 refuse submission to !m1 d5\nce !m & provoke !m2 yet 9 w> obey !m z !y w\ld a k+1 pref]r+ _! safety to ! indulg5ce ( _! passions4 ,also 9 our m important w>s1 our c\ntrym5 h con/antly pref]r$ ! comm& to be 9 ! h&s ( "o1 )\t any colleague2 ! ext5t ( ^: p[] is indicat$ by 8 "n4 ,= a dictator is s call$ on acc\nt ( e ?+ be+ dictat$ by him4 ,b 9 our books1 ,llius1 y see also t he is call$ ma/] ( ! p40 ,l4 ,x is s4 8,wisely !re=e did ^? anci5ts10 said ,scipio 99 99 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,xli4 99 99 99 ,:5 a p is depriv$ ( a j k+1 z ,ennius says1 aft] ! dea? ( "o ( ! be/ ( k+s1 8,long 7 _! bosoms mov$ ) deep regret2 ,(t !y toge!r call ^u 8 manes4 ,oh1 godlike ,romulus6 ! b\nte\s gods ,:at a protector did !y give 9 !e8 ,oh fa!r1 p>5t1 blood d]iv$ f heav560 ,^? :om ! laws enjo9$ !m to obey1 !y did n call lords or ma/]s2 f9ally1 n ev5 k+s1 b gu>dians ( ! c\ntry1 fa!rs & gods4 ,nor )\t cause1 = :at is add$1 8,?\ br\ghte/ u into ! realms ( light60 ,!y ?\ght t life1 hon\r1 & e com=t 0 giv5 to !m by ! ju/ice ( a k+4 ,& ! same incl9ations w\ld h rema9$ ) _! po/]ity1 if ! "* ( _! k+s _h n *ang$4 ,b y p]ceive t k9d ( gov]nm5t 0 ru9$ by ! inju/ice ( "o man4 ,l4 ,i d p]ceive x1 & ,i am desir\s ( kn[+ ! c\rse ( ^! *anges1 n only 9 our own c\ntry1 b 9 all gov]nm5ts4 ,,xlii4 8,x w be = y10 said ,scipio1 8:5 ,i %all h giv5 my op9ion ( t k9d ( gov]nm5t :i* ,i pref]1 to give a m accurate acc\nt ( ! mutations 9 gov]nm5ts2 al?\gh ,i d n ?9k !m mu* to be appreh5d$ 9 ! =m ,i am incl9$ to4 ,b a regal =m ( gov]nm5t is p>ticul>ly & mo/ c]ta9ly expos$ to *ange4 ,:5 a k+ beg9s to be unju/1 t =m ( gov]nm5t p]i%es at once4 ,! tyrant is1 at ! same "t1 ! wor/ ( all conditions ( gov]nm5t1 & ! ne>e/ to ! be/4 ,:om1 if ! bett] class h ov]turn$1 :i* = ! mo/ "p happ5s1 ! commonweal? possesses t second class ( ! ?ree4 ,& ?is is a sort ( royalty2 a pat]nal gov]nm5t ( ! pr9cipal p1 = ! b5efit ( ! re/4 ,b if ! p ca/ out or slay ! tyrant2 rejoic+ 9 _! own de$1 !y are m mod]ate1 z long z !y "k & feel ! value ( be+ s1 9 _! endeav\r to protect ! commonweal? con/itut$ by !mselves4 ,b :5 ! populace h b5t _! =ce aga9/ a j k+1 & h /ripp$ him ( 8 k+dom2 or ev51 z x happ5s v (t51 h ta/$ ! blood ( ! bett] class1 & h pro/rat$ ! :ole republic 9 _! madness2 ?9k n t ! vex$ ocean or ! wilde/ conflagration1 c be m easily kept d[n1 ?an ! unbridl$ insol5ce ( ! multitude4 ,,xliii4 ,!n is produc$ :at 9 ,plato is s cle>ly describ$1 if ,i c 9 any mann] express x 9 ,lat91 a ?+ difficult to be done1 b ,i w endeav\r4 8,x is !n10 he says1 8:5 ! insatiable ?roats ( ! p1 p>*$ ) ! ?ir/ ( lib]ty1 & l$ on by ra% demagogues1 h gre$ily drank1 n temp]ate b too unalloy$ draughts ( fre$om4 ,!n ! magi/rates & *iefs1 unless !y are too l5i5t & indulg5t1 p]mitt+ !m e excess ( lib]ty2 are pursu$1 impea*$1 insult$1 & call$ oppressors1 k+s1 & tyrants40 ,i ?9k ?is "p ( 8 works is kn[n to y4 ,l4 ,i am well acqua9t$ ) x4 ,s4 ,!n foll[s1 8,^? :o pay ob$i5ce to ! magi/rates1 are torm5t$ by ! p1 are call$ volunt>y slaves4 ,b ^? magi/rates :o affect to be on an equality ) ! l[e/2 & o!r individuals :o /rive to aboli% all di/9ction betwe5 citiz5s & magi/rates1 are exalt$ ) praises1 & ov]:elm$ ) hon\rs4 ,& 9 ?is condition ( ?+s1 x foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t !re is an unre/ra9$ lic5se 9 a gov]nm5t ( ?is k9d2 s t e private family is )\t any gov]nm5t3 & ?is evil ext5ds ev5 to ! bea/s4 ,at l5g? ! fa!r fe>s ! son--! son disreg>ds ! fa!r3 e sort ( dec5cy is ext+ui%$1 t an op5 lic5se may prevail4 ,no?+ di/+ui%es ! citiz5 f ! /rang]4 ,! ma/] pays c\rt to 8 s*ol>s1 t he may be flatt]$ by !m4 ,tea*]s are despis$ by _! disciples4 ,"y p]sons take ^u !mselves ! au?ority ( ag$ ones1 :o abase !mselves to m+le 9 _! games1 le/ !y become odi\s & burd5some to !m4 ,at la/ slaves give !mselves all sorts ( lib]ties4 ,wives assume ! privileges ( _! husb&s4 ,nay ! dogs1 ! horses1 ! asses at l5g? are s infect$ ) lib]ty1 & run kick+ ab\t s1 t x is absolutely necess>y to get out ( _! way4 ,:]e=e f ?is inf9ite lic5se ^! ?+s result1 t ! m9ds ( ! citiz5s become s scornful & impati5t1 t if ! lea/ p[] ( gov]nm5t is ex]cis$1 !y become exasp]at$ & w n endure x2 :5ce !y come to despise e k9d ( law1 t !y may be )\t ! lea/ re/ra9t :atev]40 ,,xliv4 8,y h10 said ,llius1 8precisely express$ ,plato's s5tim5ts40 ,s4 ,return+ !re=e to ! subject ( my disc\rse4 8,x is f ?is v lic5se10 he says1 8:i* !y deem to be lib]ty itself1 t a tyrant spr+s up z a sapl+ f a root4 ,= z ! de/ruction ( ! bett] class arises f _! ov]we5+ p[]1 s ?is excess ( lib]ty1 effects ! slav]y ( ?is free p4 ,?us all extremes ( an agreeable nature1 :e!r 9 ! seasons1 or 9 ! f]tility ( ! fields1 or 9 our natural feel+s1 are (t5 conv]t$ into _! opposites4 ,especially x occurs 9 public affairs1 :]e excess ( lib]ty deg5]ates into public & individual slav]y4 ,out ( su* lic5ti\s fre$om a tyrant arises1 & ! mo/ unju/ & sev]e bondage4 ,= by a p s untameable1 or r s outrage\s1 "s lead] is *os5 out ( ! multitude1 9 opposition to ! bett] class1 n[ p]secut$ & driv5 f _! (fices3 bold & di%one/1 p]v]sely p]secut+ ^? :o h frequ5tly des]v$ well ( _! c\ntry1 & gratify+ ! p f 8 own means & f ^? ( o!rs4 ,to :om1 t he may be fre$ f all appreh5sions on acc\nt ( 8 private condition1 au?ority is giv5 & cont9u$ to him4 ,surr\nd$ too by gu>ds1 z 0 ! case ) ,pisi/ratus at ,a!ns1 at l5g? he becomes ! tyrant ( ! v citiz5s :o br\ght him =w>d4 ,:o1 if he is subdu$ by ! good1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! /ate is reg5]at$4 ,if by ! bad1 !n a faction is e/abli%$1 ano!r k9d ( tyranny4 ,! same /ate ( ?+s too frequ5tly occurs 9 t goodly =m ( gov]nm5t ( ! bett] class1 :5 ! vices ( ! *iefs h caus$ !m to deviate f _! integrity4 ,?us d !y snat* ! gov]nm5t ( ! commonweal? f ea* o!r l a ball--tyrants f k+s--*iefs or ! p f tyrants2 & factions or tyrants f !m1 nor does ! same mode ( gov]nm5t ev] la/ a long "t4 ,,xlv4 ,^! ?+s be+ s1 ! regal =m ( gov]nm5t is 9 my op9ion mu* to be pref]r$ ( ^? ?ree k9ds4 ,nev]!less "o :i* %all be well temp]$ & balanc$ out ( all ^? ?ree k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 is bett] ?an t2 yet !re %\ld be always some?+ royal & pre-em95t 9 a gov]nm5t1 at ! same "t t "s p[] %\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! bett] class1 & o!r ?+s res]v$ = ! judgm5t & w ( ! multitude4 ,n[ we are /ruck fir/ ) ! great equability ( su* a con/itution1 )\t :i* a p _c be free long2 next ) its /ability4 ,! ?ree o!r k9ds ( gov]nm5t easily fall into ! contr>y extremes3 z a ma/] gr[s out ( a k+2 factions f ! bett] class2 & mobs & confusion f ! p4 ,! *anges too are p]petual :i* are tak+ place4 ,?is _c well happ5 9 su* a comb9$ & mod]ately balanc$ gov]nm5t1 unless by ! great vices ( ! *ief p]sons4 ,= !re is no cause = *ange1 :]e e "o is firmly plac$ 9 8 prop] /ation1 & nev] gives way1 :atev] may fall d[n or be displac$4 ,,xlvi4 ,b ,i am afraid1 ,llius1 & y too my v discreet & respect$ fri5ds1 if ,i cont9ue long 9 ?is /ra91 my disc\rse w appe> m l t ( a ma/] or tea*] to y1 ?an z a conv]sation ) y4 ,:]e=e ,i w speak ( matt]s kn[n to u all1 & :i* we h all inquir$ into long ago4 ,= ,i am conv9c$1 & believe1 & decl>e1 t no k9d ( gov]nm5t1 ei!r 9 ! con/itution1 ! plann+1 or ! practice1 is to be comp>$ ) t :i* our fa!rs h left to u1 & :i* 0 adopt$ by our ance/ors4 ,:i* if y please1 s9ce y h be5 desir\s t ,i %\ld repeat ?+s kn[n to y\rselves1 ,i w %ew n only :at x is1 b t x is ! be/4 ,& ) our own gov]nm5t 9 view1 ,i w if ,i c1 h a ref]5ce to x1 9 :atev] ,i may say respect+ ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! :i* if ,i c foll[ up & effect1 ,i %all1 z ,i ?9k1 amply fulfil ! task :i* ,llius has impos$ on me4 ,,xlvii4 8,x is y\r task inde$1 ,scipio10 said ,llius1 8mo/ truly y\rs4 ,= :o 9 pref]5ce to y\rself may speak ( ! in/itutions ( our =efa!rs2 y be+ sprung f su* illu/ri\s ance/ors2 or ( ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! :i* if we n[ possess x1 w\ld h>dly be s1 if any "o /ood 9 a m conspicu\s situation ?an y\rself4 ,or :o may v5ture to advise measures = po/]ity1 :5 ?\1 hav+ deliv]$ ! city f its greate/ t]rors1 ha/ =ese5 = ! late/ times80 ,,cic]o',s ,,republic4 ,illu/ration ,,book ,,ii4 ,i4 ,p]ceiv+ !m all n[ eag] to li/5 to him1 ,scipio ?us began to speak4 8,x 0 old ,cato1 to :om z y "k ,i 0 s+ul>ly atta*$1 & :om ,i admir$ 9 ! highe/ degree3 to :om1 ei!r ?r\gh ! advice ( bo? my p>5ts1 or f my own prepossession1 ,i devot$ myself entirely f my y\?2 ^: conv]sation nev] c\ld satiate me4 ,su* 0 ! exp]i5ce ( ! man 9 public affairs1 :i* he _h = a long "t successfully conduct$ 9 peace & w>4 ,8 mann] ( speak+ too1 a faceti\sness mix$ ) gravity3 8 con/ant desire also to improve himself & o!rs2 inde$ 8 :ole life 9 h>mony ) 8 maxims4 ,he 0 wont to say1 t ! condition ( our c\ntry 0 pre-em95t above all o!rs = ?is cause4 ,t among o!r p1 individuals g5]ally _h respectively con/itut$ ! gov]nm5t by _! laws & by _! in/itutes1 z ,m9os 9 ,crete1 ,lycurgus 9 ,lac$emon4 ,at ,a!ns1 :]e ! *anges 7 frequ5t1 at fir/ ,!seus1 !n ,draco1 !n ,solon1 !n ,cli/h5es2 aft]w>ds _m o!rs4 ,f9ally exhau/$ & pro/rat$1 x _h be5 upheld by t le>n$ man ,demetrius1 ( ,phal]a4 ,b t ! con/itution ( our republic 0 n ! "w ( "o1 b ( _m2 & _h n be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! life ( "o man1 b dur+ sev]al g5]ations & ages4 ,= he said s p[]ful a m9d _h nev] exi/$2 f :i* no?+ _h escap$2 nor t all m9ds collect$ into "o1 c\ld =esee s mu* at "o "t1 z to compreh5d all ?+s )\t ! aid ( practice & "t4 ,= :i* reason1 z he 0 wont1 s %all my disc\rse n[ repeat ! orig9 ( ! p2 = ,i h a pleasure 9 us+ ! v words ( ,cato4 ,b ,i %all m easily foll[ up my proposition 9 describ+ our own republic to y1 9 its infancy1 its gr[?1 9 its adult1 & its pres5t firm & robu/ /ate2 ?an if ,i 7 to create an imag9>y "o1 z ,socrates is made to d 9 ,plato4 ,,ii4 ,:5 all _h approv$ ( ?is1 he proce$$4 8,:at beg9n+1 !re=e1 h we ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a republic s illu/ri\s & s kn[n to y all1 z ! orig9 ( ! build+ ( ?is city by ,romulus1 born ( 8 fa!r ,m>s8 ,= let u conc$e to ! common op9ion ( m51 especially z x is n only well e/abli%$1 b also wisely record$ by our ance/ors1 t ^? :o h des]v$ well ( u on acc\nt ( our common int]e/1 be deem$ n only to h possess$ a div9e g5ius1 b also a div9e orig94 ,he !re=e aft] 8 bir?1 ) ,remus 8 bro!r1 is said to h be5 ord]$ to be expos$ on ! ,tib]1 by ! ,alban k+1 ,amulius1 appreh5sive le/ 8 k+dom %\ld be %ak54 ,9 :i* place1 hav+ be5 su/a9$ by ! teats ( a wild bea/1 ! %eph]ds took him1 & br\ght him up 9 ! lab\r & cultivation ( ! fields4 ,x is said1 t :5 he _h gr[n up1 he 0 di/+ui%$ above ! re/ by 8 corporeal /r5g?1 & ! d>+ness ( 8 m9d4 ,s t all :o !n inhabit$ ! fields1 :]e at ?is day /&s ! city1 obey$ him will+ly & )\t diss5t4 ,& be+ con/itut$ _! lead]1 t we may n[ come f fables to facts1 ) a /rong =ce he took ,alba-longa1 a p[]ful & well con/ruct$ city 9 ^? times1 & put ! k+ ,amulius to dea?4 ,,iii4 ,hav+ acquir$ :i* glory1 he is said fir/ to h auspici\sly ?\ght ( build+ a city1 & ( e/abli%+ a gov]nm5t4 ,9 reg>d to ! situation ( ! city1 a circum/ance :i* is mo/ c>efully to be consid]$ by him1 :o endeav\rs to e/abli% a p]man5t gov]nm5t2 he *ose x ) incr$ible skill4 ,= nei!r did he remove to ! sea1 al?\gh x 0 a v easy ?+ = him ) 8 =ces1 to m>* ?r\gh ! t]ritory ( ! ,rutulians & ,aborig9es2 nei!r w\ld he build a city at ! m\? ( ! ,tib]1 to :i* place ! k+ ,ancus l$ a colony _m ye>s aft]4 ,= he p]ceiv$1 ) an admirable =esight1 t m>itime situations 7 n prop] = ^? cities :i* 7 f\nd$ 9 ! hope ( cont9uance1 or ) a view to empire4 ,fir/1 because m>itime t[ns 7 n only expos$ to _m dang]s1 b to unse5 ones4 ,= ! gr\nd ov] :i* an expect$ enemy moves1 z well z an unexpect$ "o1 ann\nces 8 approa* be=eh& by _m indications3 by s\nd itself ( a peculi>ly tumultu\s k9d4 ,no enemy c make a m>*1 h[ev] =c$1 )\t our n only kn[+ him to be !re1 b ev5 :o he is1 & :5ce he comes4 ,b a m>itime enemy & a naval =ce may be be=e y1 ere any "o c suspect him to be come4 ,nor ev5 :5 he does come1 does he c>ry be=e him any indication ( :o he is1 or f :5ce he comes1 or ev5 :at he wants4 ,f9ally by no k9d ( sign c x be disc]n$ or det]m9$ :e!r he is a fri5d or an enemy4 ,,iv4 ,9 m>itime cities1 too1 a sort ( debas+ & *angeable mann]s prevail4 ,new languages & new cu/oms are m+l$ toge!r1 & n only productions b mann]s are import$ f abroad2 s t no?+ rema9s entire ( ! pri/9e in/itutions4 ,ev5 !y :o inhabit ^? cities are n fai?ful to _! homes1 b ) caprici\s incl9ations & long+s are c>ri$ f> f !m2 & al?\gh _! p]sons rema91 _! m9ds are rambl+ & w&]+ abroad4 ,nor did ,c>?age or ,cor9?1 long be=e %ak51 owe _! ru9 to any ?+ m ?an to ! unsettl$ scatt]+ ( ! citiz5s1 :o ab&on$ ! /udy ( agriculture & arms ?r\gh _! cupidity ( ga9 & love ( roam+4 ,_m p]nici\s excitem5ts too to luxury1 are br\ght ov] ! sea to cities by comm]cial importation or by conque/4 ,ev5 ! v am5ity ( ! situation sugge/s _m co/ly & en]vat+ allurem5ts4 ,:at ,i h said ( ,cor9?1 ,i "k n if ,i may z truly say ( all ,greece2 = almo/ all ,peloponnessus lies on ! sea1 & except ! ,phliuntians1 !re are none ^: l&s d n ext5d to ! coa/4 ,beyond ,peloponnessus1 ! ,enianes1 ! ,dorians1 & ! ,dolopians are ! only p 9 ! int]ior4 ,:at %all ,i say ( ! isl&s ( ,greece8 :i* surr\nd$ ) bill[s1 float ab\t z x 7 ) ! in/itutions & mann]s ( _! cities4 ,^! ?+s z ,i said be=e1 relate to anci5t ,greece2 b ( ! colonies br\ght by ! ,greeks into ,asia1 ,?race1 ,italy1 ,sicily1 & ,africa1 except ,magnesia alone1 :i* ( !m is n wa%$ by ! ocean8 ,?us a "p ( ! ,grecian %ores seem$ to be jo9$ to ! l&s ( ! b>b>ians4 ,= among ! b>b>ians !mselves1 none 7 a m>itime p1 except ! ,etruscans & ! ,c>?ag5ians2 ! "o = ! sake ( comm]ce1 ! o!r = ! sake ( piracy4 ,a mo/ obvi\s cause ( ! evils & revolutions ( ,greece1 aris+ f ! vices ( ^! m>itime cities1 :i* a:ile ago ,i slightly t\*$ ^u4 ,nev]!less among ^! evils !re is a great conv5i5ce4 ,! products ( e di/ant nation c be waft$ to ! city y inhabit2 & 9 return ! productions ( y\r own l&s c be s5t or c>ri$ into :atev] c\ntries y *oose4 ,v4 ,:o !n m inspir$ly ?an ,romulus c\ld secure all ! m>itime conv5i5ces1 & avoid all ! defects8 plac+ ! city on ! banks ( a p]5nial riv]1 broadly fl[+ ) an equal c\rse to ! sea4 ,by :i* ! city might receive :at x want$ f ! ocean1 & return :atev] 0 sup]flu\s4 ,receiv+ by ! same *annel all ?+s ess5tial to ! wants & ! ref9em5ts ( life1 n only f ! sea1 b likewise f ! int]ior4 ,s t x appe>s to me1 he _h =ese5 ?is city1 at "s p]iod1 w\ld be ! seat & capital ( a mighty empire3 = a city plac$ 9 any o!r "p ( ,italy w\ld n easily h be5 able to acquire su* a p[]ful influ5ce4 ,,vi4 ,z to ! native def5ces ( ! city1 :o is s unobs]vant z n to h !m m>k$ & fix$ 9 8 m9d8 ,su* is ! alignm5t & direction ( ! wall1 :i* by ! wisdom ( ,romulus1 z well ( succe$+ k+s1 0 b\nd$ on e "p by l(ty & craggy hills3 s t ! only entrance1 :i* 0 betwe5 ! ,esquil9e & ! ,quir9al hills1 0 def5d$ by a huge m\nd1 & a v wide dit*4 ,! citadel1 surr\nd$ by ?is craggy & seem+ly hewn rock1 _h su* a gallant position1 t 9 t furi\s invasion ( ! t]rible ,gauls1 x rema9$ safe & intact4 ,he *oose also a place ab\nd+ 9 spr+s1 & salubri\s ev5 9 a pe/il5t region4 ,= !re are hills :i* :ile !y enjoy ! breezes1 at ! same "t ?r[ a cool %ade ^u ! vallies4 ,,vii4 ,^! ?+s 7 done too ) great cel]ity4 ,= he n only f\nd$ a city1 :i* he ord]$ to be call$ ,rome1 f 8 own "n2 b to e/abli% x1 & /r5g!n ! p[] ( ! p & 8 k+dom1 he adopt$ a /range & some:at cl[ni% plan1 b wor?y ( a great man1 ^: provid5ce ext5d$ f> into futurity4 ,:5 ! ,sab9e virg9s1 desc5d$ f respectable families1 7 come to ,rome to see ! games1 ^: fir/ anniv]s>y he _h !n ord]$ to be celebrat$ 9 ! circus1 he ord]$ !m to be seiz$ dur+ ! sports1 & gave !m 9 m>riage to ! mo/ hon\rable families4 ,= :i* cause1 :5 ! ,sab9es _h made w> ^u ! ,romans1 & :5 ! success ( ! battle 0 v>i\s & d\btful1 he /ruck a league ) ,tatius1 k+ ( ! ,sab9es1 at ! entreaty ( ! v matrons :o _h be5 seiz$3 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he admitt$ ! ,sab9es into ! city3 & mutually hav+ embrac$ ea* o!rs sacr$ rites1 he associat$ _! k+ ) him 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,,viii4 ,aft] ! dea? h[ev] ( ,tatius1 all ! p[] came back into 8 h&s3 al?\gh he _h admitt$ "s *iefs into ! royal c\ncil ) ,tatius1 :o 7 call$ fa!rs1 on acc\nt ( ! affection borne to !m4 ,he also divid$ ! p into ?ree tribes1 nam$ aft] himself1 aft] ,tatius1 & aft] ,lucumon1 a companion ( ,romulus1 :o _h be5 sla9 9 ! ,sab9e w>3 & into ?irty curia1 :i* curia he call$ by ! names ( ^? f among ! ,sab9e virg9s seiz$1 at ^: entreaties ! peace & league _h be5 =m$4 ,b al?\gh ^! ?+s 7 done be=e ! dea? ( ,tatius1 yet aft] t ev5t1 8 gov]nm5t became mu* bett] e/abli%$1 aid$ by ! au?ority & c\nsel ( ! fa!rs4 ,,ix4 ,9 ! :i* he saw & judg$ z ,lycurgus at ,sp>ta _h done1 a little :ile be=e him3 t /ates 7 bett] gov]n$ by individual comm& & royal p[]1 if ! au?ority ( "s ( ! bett] class 7 add$ to ! en]gy ( t k9d ( gov]nm5t4 ,?us su/a9$1 & z x 7 propp$ up by ! s5atorial au?ority1 he c>ri$ on _m w>s v successfully ) 8 neighb\rs2 & appropriat+ to himself no "p ( ! spoil1 he nev] ceas$ to enri* ! citiz5s4 ,at t "t ,romulus paid 9 mo/ ?+s att5tion to auspices1 a cu/om we /ill reta91 & greatly advantage\s to ! republic4 ,= he built ! city "u ! obs]vance ( auspices at ! v beg9n+ ( ! republic2 & 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( all public affairs1 he *ose an augur f ea* ( ! tribes to assi/ him 9 ! auspices4 ,he also _h ! common p assign$ z cli5ts to ! pr9cipal m51 ! utility ( :i* measure ,i w aft]w>ds consid]4 ,f9es 7 paid 9 %eep & cattle3 = !n all prop]ty consi/$ 9 flocks1 & 9 possessions ( l&s1 :5ce ! t]ms pecuni>y#ab & l&hold]s#ac 7 d]iv$4 ,he did n attempt to gov]n by sev]ity or ! infliction ( puni%m5ts4 ,x4 ,:5 ,romulus _h reign$ ?irty-sev5 ye>s1 & _h e/abli%$ ^? two excell5t f\ndations ( ! /ate1 ! auspices & ! s5ate1 he obta9$ ?is great me$3 = :5 he _h disappe>$ ^u a sudd5 obscuration ( ! sun1 he 0 deem$ to h be5 plac$ among ! numb] ( ! gods4 ,a belief :i* no mortal _h ev] inspir$ )\t ! greate/ pre-em95ce 9 virtue4 ,& ?is is mo/ to be admir$ 9 ,romulus1 t o!rs :o are said to h be5 deifi$ out ( ! mortal /ate1 liv$ 9 ! less civiliz$ ages ( man1 :5 ! pron5ess to fiction 0 great1 & ! un5light5$ 7 easily l$ to believe 9 x4 ,b dur+ ! p]iod ( ,romulus1 n q six hundr$ ye>s ago1 we "k t le>n+ & lit]ature exi/$1 & t ! anci5t errors peculi> to ! uncultivat$ ages ( mank9d 7 remov$4 ,= if ,rome1 accord+ to an inve/igation ( ! annals ( ! ,greeks1 0 built 9 ! second ye> ( ! sev5? olympiad2 ! reign ( ,romulus occurr$ at t p]iod :5 ,greece 0 full ( poets & musicians2 & :5 b little fai? w\ld be giv5 to fabul\s /ories1 unless !y 7 conc]n+ v anci5t ?+s4 ,= "o hundr$ & eight ye>s aft] ,lycurgus orda9$ laws to be writt51 ! fir/ olympiad 0 e/abli%$3 :i* ?r\gh a mi/ake 9 ! "n1 "s h ?\ght to be f\nd$ by ,lycurgus4 ,hom]1 h[ev]1 by ^? :o take ! l[e/ p]iod1 is made to prec$e ,lycurgus ab\t ?irty ye>s4 ,f :i* x may be ga!r$ t ,hom] fl\ri%$ _m ye>s be=e ,romulus4 ,s t !re 0 sc>ce room 9 s intellig5t an age1 & amid s _m le>n$ m51 = any "o to e/abli% fictions4 ,antiquity sometimes has receiv$ fables crudely devis$1 b t age already ref9$1 & especially d]id+ improbable ev5ts1 has reject$ 99 99 99 ,ab\t #bcj lett]s want+4 99 99 99 99 ,simonides 0 born 9 ! fifty-six? olympiad1 by :i* ! cr$it giv5 to ! immortality ( ,romulus may be m easily und]/ood1 see+ t ! in/itutions ( society 7 !n s well e/abli%$1 organiz$1 & kn[n4 ,b really s great 0 ! =ce ( 8 g5ius & virtue1 t :at m5 w\ld h giv5 no cr$it to = _m ages 9 fav\r ( any o!r man1 0 believ$ ( ,romulus ^u ! evid5ce ( ,proculus ,julius1 a c\ntryman1 :o at ! in/igation ( ! fa!rs1 9 ord] to repel f !mselves e suspicion ( ! dea? ( ,romulus1 is said to h decl>$ 9 ! assembly1 t he _h se5 ,romulus on t m\nt :i* is n[ call$ ,quir9al2 & t he _h comm&$ him to reque/ ! p to erect a temple = him ^u t hill2 t he 0 a god1 & 0 call$ ,quir9us4 ,,xi4 8,d n y p]ceive !re=e a new p n only sprung f ! wisdom ( "o man1 & n left cry+ 9 lead+ /r+s1 b already gr[n up1 & almo/ an adult80 8,inde$ we p]ceive x10 said ,llius1 8& t y h ent]$ ^u a new me?od ( discussion1 :i* is no :]e to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,greeks4 ,= t pre-em95t p]son1#ad :om no "o has excell$ 9 writ+1 has imag9$ to himself a situation1 9 :i* he might con/ruct 8 city aft] 8 own pleasure3 admirable en\gh p]haps1 b =eign to ! conduct & ! mann]s ( m54 ,o!rs h discuss$ ! subject 9 relation to ! k9ds & causes ( gov]nm5ts1 b n "u any p>ticul> example ( a =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,y seem to me to be ab\t to d bo?1 = accord+ to y\r me?od1 y appe> to pref] to attribute to o!rs :at y y\rself h obs]v$1 ?an to imag9e a /ate ( ?+s1 z ,socrates is made to d 9 ,plato4 ,& ^! matt]s respect+ ! f\ndation ( ! city1 y suppose to be "p ( a sy/em1 :i* 7 only adopt$ by ,romulus ?r\gh necessity or *ance4 ,& y\r disc\rse is n ( a desultory k9d1 b conc]n+ a p>ticul> commonweal?4 ,:]e=e proce$ z y h begun1 = already ,i p]ceive y are ab\t to foll[ on ) ! o!r k+s1 z p]fect+ ! gov]nm5t40 ,,xii4 8,:]e=e10 said ,scipio1 8:5 ! s5ate1 :i* ,romulus _h in/itut$ out ( ! bett] class1 & :i* _h be5 s mu* fav\r$ by ! k+1 z to cause !m to be call$ fa!rs1 & _! *ildr5 patricians2 endeav\r$ aft] ! dea? ( ,romulus1 to c>ry on ! gov]nm5t itself )\t any k+2 ! p w\ld n endure x1 & 9 _! regret = ,romulus did n cease to dem& a k+4 ,^u :i* ! lead+ m5 prud5tly imag9$ a mode ( int]regnum1 new & unkn[n to o!r nations4 ,s t until a regul> k+ 0 proclaim$1 nei!r ! city %\ld be )\t a k+1 nor ) "o too long a p]iod4 ,fe>+ le/ f too long an enjoym5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! int]rex %\ld be reluctant to lay x d[n1 or /rong en\gh to ma9ta9 himself 9 x4 ,ev5 9 ^! times1 ?is new p p]ceiv$ :at _h escap$ ! ,lac$emonian ,lycurgus2 :o e/eem$ x be/ n to *oose a k+1 if ?is 7 inde$ 9 ! p[] ( ,lycurgus to d1 b r to be gov]n$ by any "o :atev] desc5d$ f ! race ( ,h]cules4 ,b our ance/ors1 rude z !y appe> to h be51 ?\ght x behov$ !m r to look to royal wisdom & virtue1 ?an to desc5t4 ,,xiii4 ,:5 ! great fame ( ,numa ,pompilius _h rea*$ !m1 ! p1 leav+ aside _! own citiz5s1 call$ 9 by ! au?ority ( ! fa!rs1 a k+ n born among !m1 & s5t to ! ,curians = a ,sab9e to reign ov] ,rome4 ,:5 he arriv$1 al?\gh ! p _h decid$ t he %\ld be k+ 9 ! conv5tions ( ! curia1 nev]!less he himself _h a law pass$ 9 ! curia conc]n+ 8 own p[]2 & z he saw ! ,romans ?r\gh ! in/itutions ( ,romulus 7 eag] aft] w>like pursuits1 he deem$ x prop] to wean !m some:at f t prop5sity4 ,,xiv4 ,& fir/1 ! l&s :i* ,romulus _h acquir$ 9 w>1 he divid$ equally among ! citiz5s2 & po9t$ out to !m1 t )\t depopulat+ & pillag+1 !y might possess all ! necess>ies ( life1 by ! cultivation ( _! l&s4 ,he inspir$ !m also ) ! love ( peace & repose1 "u :i* ju/ice & good fai? mo/ k9dly fl\ri%2 & "u ! protection ( :i*1 ! cultivation ( ! fields1 & ! ga!r+ ( ! h>ve/ are mo/ secure4 ,! same ,pompilius hav+ e/abli%$ auspices ( a sup]ior k9d1 add$ two augurs to ! anci5t numb]1 & plac$ five prie/s ov] sacr$ ?+s f ! class ( ! *ief m54 ,& hav+ e/abli%$ ^? laws :i* we possess 9 our monum5ts1 he s(t5$1 by ! c]emonies ( religion1 m9ds :i* 7 inflam$ by ! habit & incl9ation ( mak+ w>4 ,he add$ also ,flam5s1 ,salii1 & ,ve/al ,virg9s2 & e/abli%$ ) great solemnity all ! bran*es ( religion3 orda9+ _m c]emonies to be le>nt & obs]v$1 b )\t any exp5se4 ,?us he increas$ ! duty ( religi\s obs]vances & dim9i%$ ! co/ ( !m4 ,9 l mann] he e/abli%$ m>kets1 games1 & all ! /at$ occasions ( assembl+ ! p toge!r4 ,"u :i* in/itutions1 he recall$ ! m9ds ( m5 become fi]ce & wild 9 w>like pursuits1 to humanity & g5tl5ess4 ,:5 he _h reign$ ?irty-n9e ye>s 9 ! mo/ p]fect peace & concord1 79 ?is we foll[ pr9cipally our fri5d ,polybius1 ?an :om no "o 0 m accurate 9 asc]ta9+ p]iods17 he dep>t$ f life2 hav+ /r5g!n$ e ?+ = ! endurance ( ! gov]nm5t1 by ^? two conspicu\s virtues1 religion & clem5cy4 ,,xv4 ,:5 ,scipio _h spok5 ^! words4 8,is x true1 ,africanus10 said ,manilius1 8:at tradition has br\ght d[n to u1 t ?is k+ ,numa 0 a disciple ( ,py?agoras1 or is x c]ta9 he 0 a ,py?agorean8 ,= (t5 we h he>d ?is1 z hav+ be5 decl>$ by old p1 & und]/& x also to be ! common op9ion2 yet we d n see x suffici5tly prov$ by ! au?ority ( ! public annals40 8,x is false10 repli$ ,scipio1 8entirely s ,manilius6 ,n false alone1 b ignorantly & absurdly false2 = ! m5dacity ( ^? ass]tions is n to be endur$1 :i* we n only see are n true1 b :i* c\ld nev] h be5 s4 ,x 0 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ! reign ( ,lucius ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus1 t ,py?agoras is asc]ta9$ to h come to ,syb>is & ,crotona1 & ^? p>ts ( ,italy4 ,= ! sixty-second ,olympiad ann\nces t v arrival ( ,py?agoras1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,sup]bus4 ,f :i* x may be und]/ood by a calculation ( ! reigns1 t ,py?agoras t\*$ fir/ at ,italy ab\t a hundr$ & =ty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,numa4 ,nor has ?is fact1 by ^? :o h v dilig5tly inve/igat$ ! annals ( ! times1 ev] be5 ?r[n into any d\bt40 8,immortal gods10 said ,manilius1 8h[ invet]ate & great is ! error ( m56 ,nev]!less1 ,i c be v well pleas$ 9 ! belief1 t our intellig5ce has n be5 d]iv$ f abroad1 & ?r\gh =eign arts1 b f natural & dome/ic virtues40 ,,xvi4 8,y w di/+ui% t m cle>ly10 said ,africanus1 8:5 y p]ceive h[ ! commonweal? advances & comes to ! greate/ p]fection by a /raight =w>d & natural c\rse4 ,= 9 ?is also ! wisdom ( our ance/ors is to be prais$2 t _m ?+s d]iv$ f abroad1 h be5 r5d]$ mu* m p]fect by u1 ?an !y 7 f :5ce !y 7 br\ght1 & :]e !y fir/ _h exi/5ce4 ,y w see also t ! greatness ( ! ,roman p has n be5 confirm$ by *ance1 b by wisdom & discipl9e4 ,=tune inde$ be+ propiti\s to u4 ,,xvii4 ,k+ ,pompilius be+ dead1 ! p ^u ! proposition ( an int]rex1 creat$ ,tullus ,ho/ilius k+1 9 ! conv5tions ( ! curia2 & he1 aft] ! example ( ,pompilius1 consult$ ! p 9 ! curia1 conc]n+ 8 p[]4 ,8 milit>y glory 0 great1 & important w>like affairs took place4 ,he con/ruct$ edifices = ! s5ate & ! curia1 & surr\nd$ !m ) milit>y trophies4 ,he e/abli%$ a law also = ! decl>ation ( w>1 :i* mo/ ju/ly decre$ by him1 he made m sacr$ by ! solemnity ( ,h]alds3 s t e w> :i* 0 n proclaim$ & decl>$1 0 deem$ to be impi\s & unju/4 ,& obs]ve h[ wisely our k+s saw t "s sort ( def]5ce mu/ be paid to ! p4 ,i might say _m ?+s on t head4 ,tullus inde$ did n v5ture to appe> ) royal insignia unless at ! comm& ( ! p4 ,= 9 ord] t x might be lawful = him to be prec$$ by twelve lictors ) _! fasces 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,xviii4 99 99 99 99 99 8,! gov]nm5t :i* y\r disc\rse is e/abli%+1 does n creep1 b r flies t[>ds p]fection40 ,s4 8,aft] him1 ,ancus ,m>tius1 gr&son to ,numa ,pompilius by 8 daught]1 0 made k+ by ! p1 :o _h 8 elevation sanction$ by a law ( ! curia4 ,:o hav+ conqu]$ ! ,lat9s 9 a w>1 incorporat$ !m into ! /ate4 ,he also add$ ! ,av5t9e & ,clian ,m\nts to ! city4 ,! l&s too :i* he _h conqu]$ he di/ribut$1 & made a public doma9 ( all ! =e/s he _h tak5 on ! sea coa/4 ,he built a city at ! m\? ( ! ,tib]1 & plant$ a colony !re4 ,:5 he _h ?us reign$ tw5ty-?ree ye>s1 he di$4 8,?is k+ also is to be prais$10 said ,llius1 8b ! ,roman hi/ory is obscure3 = al?\gh we "k :o 0 ! "m ( ?is k+1 we d n "k :o 0 8 fa!r40 ,s4 8,s x is0 said he1 8b g5]ally ! names ( ! k+s only ( ^? times are conspicu\s40 ,,xix4 8,b x is "h t we fir/ p]ceive ! city to h become m intellig5t by extr9sic in=mation4 ,= n a g5tle /ream fl[$ f ,greece into ?is city1 b an abundant flood ( arts & k4 ,x is /at$ t "o ,dem>atus1 a ,cor9?ian1 a pr9cipal man1 & ( mu* hon\r & au?ority 9 8 own city1 & ( an easy =tune1 n be+ able to endure ,cypselus1 ! tyrant ( ! ,cor9?ians1 fl$ ) a great deal ( money1 & betook himself to a fl\ri%+ city ( ,etruria1 among ! ,t>qu9ians4 ,:5 he _h he>d t ! dom9ation ( ,cypselus 0 confirm$1 be+ an indep5d5t & p[]ful man1 he r5\nc$ 8 c\ntry1 & 0 receiv$ a citiz5 by ! ,t>qu9ians3 & 9 t city he fix$ 8 home & e/abli%m5t4 ,:]e :5 he _h begott5 two sons f "o ( ! ,t>qu9ian matrons1 he in/ruct$ !m 9 all ! arts aft] ! mann] ( ! ,greeks 99 99 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,xx4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he 0 well receiv$ 9 ! city1 & became intimate ) k+ ,ancus on acc\nt ( 8 le>n+ & lib]al k4 ,s mu* s t he %>$ all 8 c\nsels1 & might be deem$ ev5 a p>tn] 9 8 k+dom4 ,= !re 0 a great affability 9 him1 & an extreme read9ess 9 aid+1 protect+1 & do+ lib]al acts to e citiz54 ,m>tius !re=e be+ dead1 ,l4 ,t>qu9ius 0 creat$ k+ by ! unit$ suffrages ( ! p2 = ?us he _h *ang$ 8 "n f 8 ,grecian "o1 t 9 e ?+ he might be se5 to imitate ! mann]s ( ! p4 ,hav+ caus$ 8 accession to be confirm$ by a law1 he d\bl$ ! pri/9e numb] ( ! fa!rs2 call+ ^? ^: op9ions he fir/ ask$1 anci5t fa!rs ( ! great] families2 & ^? :om he _h admitt$1 he call$ ! less] families4 ,!n he e/abli%$ ! knights2 aft] ! mann] t has obta9$ unto our day4 ,he c\ld n *ange ! names ( ! ,titi5ses1 ( ! ,rhamn5sians1 or ! ,luc]es1 :5 he wi%$ to d s2 because ,attus ,nvius be+ !n ,augur 9 great reputation1 w\ld n cons5t to x4 ,we see ! ,cor9?ians *ose =m]ly to assign cavalry = ! public s]vice1 & to h _! exp5ses defray$ by taxes on orphans & wid[s4 ,b to ! old troops ( horse he add$ o!rs1 & made twelve hundr$ knights4 ,he d\bl$ ?is numb] aft] he _h subdu$ ! ,equi 9 w>1 a p[]ful & f]oci\s race1 :i* ?reat5$ ! affairs ( ! ,roman p4 ,& :5 he _h driv5 ! ,sab9es f ! walls ( ! city1 he scatt]$ !m ) 8 horse & conqu]$ !m4 ,x is he :om we und]/& to h in/itut$ ! great games1 :i* we call ,roman1 & to h made a v[ dur+ ! ,sab9e w>1 :ile 9 battle1 t he w\ld raise a temple on ! capitol to ! great & good ,jupit]4 ,he di$ :5 he _h reign$ ?irty-eight ye>s4 ,,xxi4 8,n[10 said ,llius1 8is t say+ ( ,cato v c]ta91 t ! con/itution ( ! /ate is n ! "w ( "o mom5t or "o man3 = x is evid5t h[ great an accession ( good & useful in/itutions occurr$ "u ea* reign4 ,b he comes next1 :o appe>s to me to h look$ f>!r ?an !m all into ! nature ( gov]nm5t40 8,s x is10 said ,scipio1 8= aft] him ,s]vius ,sulpicius is /at$ fir/ to h reign$ )\t ! comm& ( ! p4 ,he is said to h be5 born ( a ,t>qu9ian slave3 %e hav+ conceiv$ him by "s cli5t ( ! k+4 ,br\ght up among ! numb] ( ! s]vants1 :5 he att5d$ at ! royal table1 he did n suppress ^? sp>ks ( g5ius1 :i* ev5 !n %one =? 9 ! boy3 s %rewd 0 he 9 e ?+1 :e!r 9 bus9ess or conv]sation4 ,:]e=e ,t>qu91 :o at t "t _h only "y *ildr51 became s atta*$ to ,s]vius1 t he 0 g5]ally ?\ght to be 8 son2 & ) great pa9s in/ruct$ him 9 all ^? arts1 :i* he himself _h be5 taught1 aft] ! v sup]ior mann] ( ! ,greeks4 ,b :5 ,t>qu9 _h p]i%$ by ! plots ( ! sons ( ,ancus1 ,s]vius1 z ,i be=e said1 began to reign1 n by ! comm&1 b by ! ass5t & suff]ance ( ! p4 ,= :5 ,t>qu9 0 falsely said to be alive1 & sick f ! effects ( 8 w\nd2 he decl>$ ! law 9 royal pomp1 & dis*>g$ debtors ) 8 own money4 ,conduct+ himself ) mu* c\rtesy1 he decl>$ t he pron\nc$ ! law at ! comm& ( ,t>qu94 ,he did n commit himself to ! fa!rs1 b ,t>qu9 be+ buri$1 he conf]r$ ) ! p ab\t himself1 & be+ au?oris$ to reign1 he _h 8 accession confirm$ by a law ( ! curia4 ,& fir/ he av5g$ himself by w>1 = injuries receiv$ f ! ,etruscans1 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,xxii4 99 99 he inscrib$ eighte5 c5turies ( horse 9 ! great regi/]4 ,aft]w>ds hav+ set ap>t a great numb] ( eque/rians f ! mass ( ! :ole p1 he di/ribut$ ! re/ ( ! citiz5s into five classes1 & divid$ ! old f ! "y3 & class$ !m 9 su* a mann]1 t ! suffrages 7 n 9 ! p[] ( ! multitude1 b ( ! l&$ proprietors4 ,he 0 c>eful ( :at ought always to be obs]v$ 9 gov]nm5t2 t numb]s alone %\ld n h ! asc5d5cy4 ,:i* classification if x 7 unkn[n to y1 %\ld be expla9$ by me4 ,y w p]ceive ! plan 0 su*1 t ! c5turies ( horse ) six suffrages1 7a c5tury be+ add$ f ! c>p5t]s on acc\nt ( _! great utility to ! city17 & ! fir/ class1 make eighty-n9e c5turies3 to :i* f ! "o hundr$ & f\r c5turies1 = s _m rema92 if only eight are add$1 ! :ole p[] ( ! p is obta9$3 & ! mu* great] multitude compreh5d$ 9 ! n9ety-six c5turies rema9+1 is nei!r exclud$ f vot+1 le/ x %\ld seem disda9ful2 nor is x made too effective1 le/ x %\ld be dang]\s4 ,9 ! :i* matt] he 0 v circumspect ev5 z to t]ms & names4 ,^? f among ! weal?y he call$ 8assiduos0#ae f pay+ _! taxes 9 money4 ,^? :o possess$ no m ?an "o ?\s& five hundr$ pieces ( brass1 or ^? :o 7 poll$ 9 ! regi/] )\t any possessions :atev]1 he call$ prolet>ies2 z if prog5y only2 t is1 z if no?+ b population might be expect$ f !m4 ,b ( ^? n9ety six c5turies1 m 7 enum]at$ 9 "o c5tury1 ?an almo/ 9 ! :ole fir/ class4 ,?us ! "r ( suffrage 0 n prohibit$ to any "o by law1 & t class _h a great] weight ( suffrage1 :i* _h mo/ at /ake 9 ! pres]vation ( good gov]nm5t4 ,z to public cri]s1 m5 hir$ = p>ade1 cl>ion play]s1 horn play]s1 & prolet>ies1 99 99 99 99 ,f\r pages want+4 ,,xxiii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,0#af sixty-five ye>s m anci5t1 be+ built ?irty-n9e ye>s be=e ! fir/ olympiad4 ,& ! v anci5t ,lycurgus _h ! same ?+ 9 view4 ,?is equality !re=e1 & ?is triple nature ( public affairs appe>s to me to h be5 common to u & to ^? p4 ,b :at is peculi> 9 our republic1 & ?an :i* no?+ c be m admirable1 ,i w look v critically into if ,i am able2 z no?+ simil> is to be f\nd 9 any gov]nm5t4 ,= ^! ?+s :i* ,i h adv]t$ to1 7 s m+l$ 9 ?is /ate1 & among ! ,lac$emonians1 & ! ,c>?ag5ians1 t !y 7 n prop]ly balanc$4 ,= 9 :atev] gov]nm5t any "o man enjoys p]petual p[]1 especially royalty1 al?\gh ev5 a ,s5ate may exi/ 9 x1 z 0 ! case at ,rome "u ! k+s1 & 9 ! laws ( ,lycurgus at ,sp>ta2 & ev5 grant+ ! p "s %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 z 0 ! fact "u our k+s3 /ill t royal "n w /& pre-em95t1 nor c a gov]nm5t ( t k9d be any ?+ b a k+dom1 or be call$ o!rwise4 ,b su* a =m ( gov]nm5t is especially subject to *ange = ?is reason2 t x easily falls into ! mo/ unpr(itable c\rses1 precipitat$ !reunto by ! vices ( "o man4 ,= ! royal =m ( gov]nm5t itself1 n only is n to be condemn$1 b ,i "k n :e!r x is n greatly to be pref]r$ to ! o!r simple =ms1 if ,i c\ld approve ( any simple =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,b only z long z x pres]ves its prop] "*1 :i* is t ! safety1 ! equality1 & tranquillity ( ! citiz5s1 are to be pres]v$ by ! ju/ice1 ! wisdom1 & ! p]petual p[] ( "o man4 ,_m ?+s h[ev] are altoge!r want+ to a p subject to a k+4 ,lib]ty among ! fir/3 :i* is n t we may live "u a j ma/]1 b "u none at all4 99 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,xxiv4 ,= "s "t =tune prosp]\sly accompani$ ?is unju/ & cruel ma/] 9 ! adm9i/ration ( affairs4 ,he subdu$ all ,latium 9 w>1 & took ,suessa1 an opul5t & well /or$ ,pometian city4 ,enri*$ ) great spoils ( gold & silv]1 he accompli%$ ! v[ ( 8 ance/or 9 ! build+ ( ! capitol4 ,he e/abli%$ colonies1 & accord+ to ! in/itutions ( ^? f :om he _h d]iv$ 8 orig91 he s5t magnific5t gifts1 z (f]+s ( 8 spoils1 to ,apollo at ,delphos4 ,,xxv4 ,"h ! v circle is set 9 motion1 ^: natural movem5t & revolution y le>n to di/+ui% f ! beg9n+4 ,= ! v head ( discretion 9 civil matt]s1 ^u :i* all our disc\rse turns1 is to obs]ve ! ways & b5d+s ( public affairs2 s t :5 y p]ceive :at way any ?+ incl9es1 y may ei!r keep x back1 or meet x by oppos+ o!r ?+s to x4 ,= ! k+ ( :om ,i speak1 hav+ /a9$ himself fir/ ) ! murd] ( a good k+1 no long] pres]v$ 8 integrity ( m9d1 & wi%$ to inspire fe> himself1 because he dread$ e sort ( puni%m5t = 8 wick$ness4 ,aft]w>ds borne up ) 8 victories & ri*es1 he exult$ ) insol5ce1 & impos$ no re/ra9t on 8 own conduct1 or ! lic5ti\sness ( 8 foll[]s4 ,:]e=e :5 8 elde/ son _h us$ viol5ce ) ,lucretia1 ! wife ( ,collat9us1 & daught] ( ,tricipit9us1 & ! noble & *a/e woman _h inflict$ dea? ^u h]self on acc\nt ( t injury2 ,l4 ,brutus1 a man pre-em95t 9 m9d & c\rage1 releas$ 8 fell[ citiz5s f t unju/ yoke ( a cruel slav]y3 :o1 al?\gh he 0 a private citiz51 su/a9$ ! :ole gov]nm5t1 & 0 ! fir/ :o taught 9 ?is city1 t no man 0 to be consid]$ insignificant1 :5 ! public lib]ties 7 to be pres]v$4 ,"u :i* lead] & head1 ! :ole city be+ 9 commotion1 z well ) ! rec5t compla9ts ( ! family & k9dr$ ( ,lucretia1 z ) ! remembrance ( ! _m wrongs done by ! haught9ess ( ,t>qu9 himself1 & 8 sons2 ! bani%m5t ( ! k+1 8 *ildr51 & 8 :ole race 0 pron\nc$4 ,,xxvi4 ,d n y p]ceive !n h[ a ma/] may spr+ out ( a k+1 & h[ a =m ( gov]nm5t f be+ good1 may become ! v wor/1 ?r\gh ! vice ( "o man4 ,?is is t ma/] ov] ! p1 :om ! ,greeks call tyrant2 him only !y e/eem a k+1 :o consults l a p>5t ) ! p1 & pres]ves ^? ov] :om he is plac$1 9 ! mo/ prosp]\s condition ( life4 ,a sort ( gov]nm5t v good z ,i h said1 b bord]+ ^u & incl9+ to a v p]nici\s "o4 ,= :5 ?is k+ deviates into unju/ rule1 at once he becomes a tyrant1 & an animal m hide\s1 m de/ructive1 & m odi\s1 9 ! eyes ( gods & m5 _c be conceiv$3 surpass+1 al?\gh 9 ! human =m1 ! mo/ mon/r\s wild bea/s 9 cruelty4 ,h[ c he be rightly call$ a man1 :o obs]ves no fell[%ip ( humanity ) 8 fell[ citiz5s1 no communion ( law ) ! :ole race ( man8 ,b a m prop] place to speak ( ?is w occur1 :5 circum/ances w sugge/ to u to speak ( ^?1 :o h s\ght to usurp ! ,gov]nm5t ov] free cities4 ,,xxvii4 ,y h "h !n ! orig9 ( a tyrant1 = ! ,greeks w\ld h ?is to be ! "n ( an unju/ k+4 ,our ance/ors inde$ h call$ all :o h _h an exclusive & p]petual dom9ion ov] ! p1 k+s4 ,?us ,spurius ,cassius1 ,m4 ,manilius1 & ,spurius ,mlius1 are said to h wi%$ to e/abli% a k+dom1 & ev5 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,xxviii4 ,lycurgus gave ! "n ( anci5ts#ag at ,lac$emon1 to t too small numb] ( tw5ty-eight1 to :om he wi%$ ! :ole au?ority ( c\nsel to be confid$1 :ile ! sole comm& %\ld be held by ! k+4 ,:]e=e our ance/ors translat+ & adopt+ t t]m1 ^? :om he call$ anci5ts1 !y call$ a s5ate3 z we h already /at$ ,romulus to h done ) ! select fa!rs4 ,nev]!less1 ! royal title1 & its /r5g? & p[] 7 always pre-em95t4 ,imp>t too some?+ ( p[] to ! p1 z 0 done by ,lycurgus & ,romulus1 & y w n satisfy !m ) fre$om1 b y w inflame !m ) ! passion ( lib]ty1 :5 y h only p]mitt$ !m to ta/e ( p[]4 ,! fe> inde$ w always hang ov] !m1 le/ !y %\ld h an unju/ k+1 :i* g5]ally happ5s4 ,! =tune !re=e ( a p is1 z ,i said be=e1 v unc]ta91 :i* is plac$ 9 ! w or conduct ( "o man4 ,,xxix4 ,:]e=e ?is fir/ =m1 example1 & orig9 ( a tyrant1 is f\nd by u 9 t v gov]nm5t :i* ,romulus in/itut$ ) auspices1 & n 9 t1 :i* ,plato says ,socrates imag9$ to himself 9 t p]ipatetic disc\rse4 ,& z ,t>qu9 subv]t$ ! :ole fabric ( royalty1 n because he grasp$ a new sort ( au?ority1 b because he made a bad use ( x2 s let u oppose to him ano!r2 a good man1 wise & exp]t 9 e ?+ useful & dignifi$ 9 civil life3 a tutor & /ew>d z x 7 ( ! commonweal?1 = s may be call$ :oev] is ! rul] & gov]nor ( a /ate4 ,imag9e to y\rselves t y recognise su* a man2 "o :o c protect ! /ate1 bo? by 8 c\nsel & conduct4 ,& s9ce ! "n ( su* a man has n be5 allud$ to 9 ?is disc\rse1 & t a "* ( ?is k9d w be frequ5tly treat$ ( 9 :at rema9s to be said 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,twelve pages want+4 ,,xxx4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,plato describ$ a /ate m to be desir$1 ?an to be hop$ = ^u ! smalle/ scale4 ,he did n con/itute ?+s z !y might exi/1 b 9 su* a mann] z ! nature ( civil affairs might be consid]$4 ,z to myself1 if 9 any way ,i am able to accompli% x1 ) ! same pr9ciples :i* he _h 9 view1 ,i w look1 n into ! picture & %ad[ ( a /ate1 b into a mo/ p[]ful republic2 t ,i may appe> to t\*1 z x 71 ! true cause ( e public good & evil4 ,aft] ^! two hundr$ & =ty ye>s ( regal gov]nm5t1 & inde$ a little m1 includ+ ! int]regnums1 ,t>qu9 be+ bani%$1 ! royal title 0 z odi\s to ! ,roman p1 z x _h be5 regrett$ aft] ! dea?1 or r ! disappe>ance ( ,romulus1 & z mu* z !y want$ a k+ !n1 9 l mann]1 aft] ! expulsion ( ,t>qu91 !y c\ld n endure ! "n ( "o4 ,,xxxi4 ,"u ?is feel+ our ance/ors !n expell$ ,collat9us1 :o 0 innoc5t1 ?r\gh appreh5sion ( 8 family connexions1 & ! o!r ,t>qu9s f disgu/ at _! names4 ,f ! same cause too ,p4 ,val]ius ord]$ ! fasces to be l[]$ :5 he began to speak be=e ! p2 & _h 8 build+ mat]ials tak5 to ! foot ( ! ,velia1 z soon z he p]ceiv$ ! suspicions ( ! p to be rais$ on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ begun to build 9 a m conspicu\s "p ( ! ,velia1 ! v place :]e ,k+ ,tullus _h dwelt4 ,he also1 9 ! :i* he greatly des]v$ ! "n ( ,publicola1 _h t law pass$ = ! p1 :i* 0 fir/ c>ri$ 9 ! meet+s ( ! c5turies1 t no unfri5dly magi/rate %\ld put to dea?1 or flog any ,roman citiz5 = appeal+4 ,! pontifical books h[ev] decl>e appeals to h exi/$ "u ! k+s2 ! augural records %[ x also4 ,! twelve tables too 9 _m laws indicate t x 0 lawful to appeal f e judgm5t & puni%m5t4 ,:at is br\ght d[n to u by tradition1 ( ! ,decemvirs :o wrote ! laws1 be+ creat$ )\t any appeal1 suffici5tly %[s t ! o!r magi/rates _h n ! p[] ( judg+ )\t appeal4 ,! law1 too1 :i* = ! sake ( concord pass$ 9 ! consulate ( ,lucius ,val]ius ,potitus1 & ,m4 ,horatius ,b>batus1 m5 v ju/ly popul>2 sanction$ ! pr9ciple1 t no magi/rate %\ld be creat$ )\t appeal4 ,nor did ! ,portian laws1 :i* are ?ree z y "k ( ! ?ree ,portii1 conta9 any ?+ new except ! confirmation ( x4 ,publicola !re=e1 ^u ! law 9 fav\r ( appeal be+ publi%$1 imm$iately ord]$ ! axes to be tak5 f (f ! fasces1 & ! next day _h ,sp4 ,lucretius appo9t$ to him z 8 colleague3 be+ 8 sup]ior 9 age1 he ord]$ 8 own lictors to g to him2 & fir/ e/abli%$ ! cu/om t lictors %\ld prec$e ea* ( ! consuls1 alt]nate mon?s1 le/ ! ensigns ( comm& among a free p1 %\ld be z num]\s z 9 a k+dom4 ,!re 0 some?+ m ?an m$iocrity 9 ?is man1 z ,i consid] him3 :o hav+ giv5 a mod]ate lib]ty to ! p1 pres]v$ m easily ! au?ority ( ! *iefs4 ,nor d ,i repeat ^! ?+s1 n[ s old & obsolete to y1 )\t cause4 ,i select examples ( m5 & ?+s drawn f illu/ri\s p]sons & times1 to :i* ! rema9d] ( my disc\rse %all be appli$4 ,,xxxii4 ,9 su* a mann] ! s5ate gov]n$ ! commonweal? 9 ^? days1 t ?\gh ! p 7 free1 /ill !y int]f]$ 9 b few ?+s4 ,public affairs 7 pr9cipally manag$ "u ! au?ority1 & by ! rules & cu/oms ( ! s5ate4 ,& al?\gh ! consuls possess$ _! p[] only = a ye>1 x 0 royal 9 its nature & effect4 ,& ?is 0 /r5u\sly pres]v$1 z necess>y to ! pres]vation ( ! influ5ce ( ! nobles & pr9cipal *iefs1 t no?+ %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 ! meet+s ( ! p1 :i* 0 n sanction$ by ! au?ority ( ! fa!rs4 ,9 ^! v times too1 ,t4 ,l>cius 0 appo9t$ dictator1 ab\t t5 ye>s aft] ! fir/ consuls4 ,a new k9d ( au?ority1 v mu* resembl+1 z we p]ceive1 ! royal p[]4 ,b all great matt]s 7 conduct$ by ! au?ority ( ! pr9cipal m51 ! p submitt+ to x4 ,& great ev5ts took place 9 ^? times 9 w>1 "u r5[n$ m5 9 ! supreme comm&1 f among ^? v dictators & consuls4 ,,xxxiii4 ,b :at belongs to ! v nature ( ?+s1 z t a p emancipat$ f k+s1 %\ld take a little m p[] to !mselves2 0 br\ght ab\t n long aft]1 ab\t ! sixte5? ye>1 9 ! consulate ( ,po/umus ,com9us1 & ,sp4 ,cassius4 ,n 9 ! "r way p]haps1 b x is ( ! nature ( public affairs frequ5tly to deviate f :at is "r4 ,= obs]ve :at ,i said 9 ! beg9n+1 t unless an equable comp5sation prevails 9 a /ate1 9 ! laws1 9 (fices1 9 emolum5ts2 s t ! magi/rates enjoy _! prop] degree ( p[]2 ! *ief m5 _! au?ority 9 c\ncil1 & ! p _! lib]ties1 su* a /ate ( ! gov]nm5t _c rema9 un*ang$4 ,= :5 ! city 0 9 commotion on acc\nt ( ! pressure ( _! debts1 ! p fir/ occupi$ ! ,sacr$ ,m\nt1 !n ! ,av5t9e4 ,nor c\ld ! discipl9e ev5 ( ,lycurgus keep ! ,greeks )9 ^? re/ra9ts4 ,9 ! reign ( ,!opompus1 at ,sp>ta1 ^? five :om !y call ,ephori2 ! t5 too 9 ,crete1 :o are call$ ,cosmoi2 arose aga9/ ! royal p[]1 z ! tribunes ( ! p did aga9/ ! consul> au?ority4 ,,xxxiv4 ,p]haps !re 0 a mode by :i* our ance/ors might h reliev$ ! pressure ( ! law ( debt1 :i* _h n escap$ ,solon1 ! ,a!nian1 "s %ort "t be=e1 & :i* our s5ate adopt$ n long aft]1 :5 on acc\nt ( ! infam\s conduct ( a cr$itor1 ! citiz5s 7 lib]at$ f ! g5]al oppression1 & volunt>y bondage on acc\nt ( debt aboli%$ 9 future4#ah ,& always at su* p]iods1 :5 ! common p are exhau/$ by contributions 9 times ( public calamity1 "s relief & rem$y is to be devis$ = ! common safety4 ,:i* ! s5ate hav+ neglect$ to d1 suffici5t cause 0 giv5 to ! p to create two tribunes dur+ a s$ition ( ! plebeians1 ) int5t to weak5 ! p[] & au?ority ( ! s5ate2 :i* nev]!less rema9$ a grave & great body1 br++ =w>d 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate ! wise/ & brave/ m51 & /r5g!n+ x by arms & c\nsel4 ,& _! au?ority 0 ! great]1 because f> excell+ all o!rs 9 hon\r1 !y 7 less conspicu\s = voluptu\sness1 & n mu* signaliz$ by _! weal?4 ,_! high wor? also 0 ! m e/eem$ 9 ! /ate1 because 9 private life !y dilig5tly assi/$ individuals by _! advice1 & by sub/antial s]vices4 ,,xxxv4 ,9 :i* situation ( ! republic1 ! qu/or accus$ ,sp4 ,cassius1 :o enjoy$ ! highe/ degree ( fav\r ) ! p1 & 0 contriv+ a usurpation ( ! gov]nm5t2 & z y h he>d1 :5 8 own fa!r /at$ himself to be satisfi$ ( 8 guilt1 ! p ass5t+ to x1 he put him to dea?4 ,x 0 a grateful ?+ also to ! p1 :5 ,sp4 ,t>peius1 & ,a4 ,at]nius1 consuls1 ab\t fifty-f\r ye>s aft] ! fir/ consuls1 c>ri$ a law 9 ! meet+s ( ! c5turies conc]n+ f9es4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds :5 ,l4 ,papirius1 & ,p4 ,p9>ius1 c5sors1 by pron\nc+ f9es1 conv]t$ ! /r5g? ( ! flocks ( _m private individuals to ! public use2 a light valuation ( cattle 0 orda9$ 9 ! law on f9es1 dur+ ! consulate ( ,c4 ,julius & ,p4 ,papirius4 ,,xxxvi4 ,b "s ye>s be=e1 :5 ! s5ate enjoy$ ! greate/ au?ority1 ! p be+ v pati5t & ob$i5t1 a new plan 0 in/itut$4 ,! consuls & ! tribunes ( ! p abdicat$ ! magi/racy1 & t5 m5 7 creat$ ) ! greate/ au?ority1 & )\t appeal1 :o 7 to possess ! supreme p[]1 & to inscribe ! laws4 ,:o :5 !y ) great equity & prud5ce1 _h writt5 t5 tables ( laws1 appo9t$ t5 o!r decemvirs = ! foll[+ ye>1 ^: fai? & ju/ice are n 9 l mann] prais$4 ,f :i* college1 h[ev]1 comes t praisewor?y act ( ,c4 ,julius1 :o /at$ t 9 8 pres5ce a body _h be5 dug out ( ! *amb] ( a patrician1 ,l4 ,se/ius4 ,al?\gh he _h supreme p[]1 & z decemvir 0 )\t appeal1 he admitt$ him to bail1 refus+ to lose sight ( t mo/ excell5t law1 :i* =bids s5t5ce to be pron\nc$ on ! head ( a ,roman citiz51 unless 9 ! meet+s ( ! c5turies4 ,,xxxvii4 ,a ?ird decemviral ye> foll[$ "u ! same m51 !y be+ unwill+ to appo9t o!rs4 ,9 ?is condition ( ! commonweal?1 :i* ,i h (t5 already /at$ n to be la/+1 because x is n equable to all ! ord]s ( ! /ate1 ! *ief m5 _h ! :ole gov]nm5t 9 _! h&s2 ! mo/ noble decemvirs be+ always pref]r$4 ,no tribunes ( plebeians oppos$ to !m1 no o!r magi/rates associat$ ) !m1 & no appeal left to ! p aga9/ dea? & /ripes4 ,:]e=e on acc\nt ( ! inju/ice ( ^! m51 a great di/urbance sudd5ly arose1 & a revolution took place 9 ! :ole commonweal?4 ,!y add$ two tables ( iniquit\s laws1 9 :i* ! v m>riages :i* 7 ev5 p]mitt$ to /rang]s1 7 =bidd5 by an inhuman law1 le/ ! plebeians %\ld connect !mselves ) ! fa!rs2 :i* law 0 aft]w>ds abrogat$ by ! plebici/ ,canuleius4 ,9 all ?+s !y conduct$ !mselves libid9\sly1 cruelly1 & av>ici\sly t[>ds ! p4 ,^u t celebrat$ & well kn[n affair conta9$ 9 _m lit]>y records1 9 :i* "o ,decimus ,virg9ius on acc\nt ( ! outrage ( "o ( ! decemvirs1 slew 8 virg9 daught] ) 8 own h& 9 ! ,=um1 & fl$ lam5t+ to ! army :i* 0 !n on ,m\nt ,algide2 ! soldi]s ab&on$ ! w> !y 7 !n engag$ 91 & z 0 be=e done = a simil> cause1 fir/ came to ! sacr$ m\nt1 & next to ! ,av5t9e 99 99 99 99 99 ,eight pages want+4 ,,xxxviii4 ,:5 ,scipio _h spok5 ^! ?+s1 & all by _! sil5ce 7 expect+ ! rema9d]4--8,s9ce my s5iors "h1 ,africanus10 said ,tub]o1 8ask y no que/ions1 he> f me :at ,i /ill f9d want+ 9 y\r disc\rse40 8,mo/ *e]fully10 repli$ ,scipio4 8,y appe> to me10 said he 8to h be5 pron\nc+ ! eulogium ( our republic1 :5 ,llius 0 inquir+ n respect+ ours1 b ( gov]nm5t 9 g5]al4 ,nor h ,i le>nt f y\r disc\rse1 by :at discipl9e1 or by :at cu/oms or laws1 a republic l ! "o y praise1 c be con/itut$ or pres]v$40 ,,xxxix4 8,i ?9k10 said ,africanus1 8we %all by & by h a m appropriate occasion1 ,tub]o1 ( discuss+ ! e/abli%m5t & pres]vation ( /ates4 ,9 respect to ! be/ k9d ( gov]nm5t1 ,i deem myself to h suffici5tly answ]$ ! inquiries :i* ,llius made4 ,fir/ ,i po9t$ out ?ree k9ds ( gov]nm5t t might be endur$1 & to ^! ?ree _! v p]nici\s opposites3 t no "o among !m 0 ! be/1 b t "o mod]ately balanc$ f all ?ree1 0 pref]able to ei!r ( !m4 ,t ,i h avail$ myself ( our /ate = an example1 0 n ) a view to def9e ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 = t c\ld be done )\t an example4 ,b 9 tru?1 t a great /ate might pres5t ! v picture1 su* z reason & language might describe x to be4 ,b if )\t go+ to ! example ( any p1 y are desir\s ( f9d+ t p]fect condition ( gov]nm5t1 !n look at ! image :i* nature pres5ts to u 99 99 99 ,a great numb] ( pages want+ "h4 ,,xl4 ,s4 99 99 99 a "* ,i h be5 look+ =1 & h be5 desir\s ( arriv+ at4 ,l4 ,! discreet /atesman1 p]haps8 ,s4 ,! v same4 ,l4 ,y h all ^? pres5t :o are s num]\s3 or y c beg9 ) y\rself4 8,i wi%10 said ,scipio1 8x 0 proportionally s 9 ! :ole s5ate4 ,h[ev]1 he is a discreet man1 :o z we h frequ5tly se5 9 ,africa1 seat$ on a mon/r\s wild & f]oci\s animal1 gov]ns & directs him2 mak+ him kneel d[n1 n ) bl[s1 b ) a slight sign40 ,l4 ,i "k1 & h (t5 se5 x :5 ,i 0 ,lieut5ant to y4 ,s4 ,s ! ,indian or ,c>?ag5ian gov]ns a wild bea/1 & r5d]s x docile & g5tle ) humane conduct4 ,b t intellectual pr9ciple :i* is hidd5 9 ! s\ls ( m51 & :i* is call$ a "p ( ! s\l1 does n bridle or tame "o easily subdu$1 :5ev] x accompli%es x1 :i* r>ely happ5s4 ,= t f]oci\s animal mu/ be re/ra9$#ai 99 99 99 99 ,ei!r f\r or eight pages are want+ "h4 ,,xlii4 8,already10 said ,llius1 8,i see ! man ,i expect$1 s greatly end[$1 & *>g$ ) su* duties40 8,) ?is duty only10 repli$ ,africanus1 8= 9 ?is "o almo/ all ! re/ are includ$4 ,t 9 8 ?\ghts & actions he nev] deviate f himself1 s t he may call ^u o!rs to imitate him1 & t he may (f] himself 9 ! purity ( 8 m9d & 8 life1 z a mirror to 8 fell[ citiz5s4 ,= z 9 /r+$ in/rum5ts or pipes1 z well z 9 s++ ) voices1 a c]ta9 h>mony is to be =m$ ) di/9ct s\nds1 an int]ruption to :i* _c be borne by ref9$ e>s2 ?is k9dr$ & h>moni\s conc]t be+ produc$ by ! modification ( dissimil> voices4 ,s a gov]nm5t temp]ately organiz$ f ! upp]1 ! l[] & middle ord]s bl5d$ toge!r1 h>monizes l music by ! agreem5t ( dissimil> s\nds4 ,& t :i* 9 song is call$ by musicians1 h>mony1 is concord 9 a /ate2 ! /ronge/ & be/ bond ( safety 9 e republic2 yet :i* )\t ju/ice _c be pres]v$4#bj ,_m pages want+4 ,,xliv4 8,i ass5t entirely to x10 said ,scipio1 8& decl>e freely to y1 t we mu/ e/eem 9 no?+ all t we h said ^u gov]nm5t1 or t may rema9 f>!r to be said1 unless x be e/abli%$1 n only t x is false1 t inju/ice is necess>y1 b t ?is is mo/ true2 t )\t ! mo/ p]fect ju/ice1 no gov]nm5t c prosp] 9 any mann]4 ,b if y please1 ?us f> = to day4 ,! rema9d]1 = _m ?+s rema9 yet to be said1 we w def] until to-morr[40 ,:5 ?is 0 approv$1 an end 0 put to ! discussion = t day4 ----- ,footnote #ab3 ,pecuniosi4 ,footnote #ac3 ,locupletes4 ,footnote #ad3 ,plato4 ,footnote #ae3 ,asses d>e4 ,footnote #af3 ,c>?age4 ,footnote #ag3 9 ! ,,mss4 ,footnote #ah3 ,?is passage appe>s to des]ve a note4 ,! words 8nexa0 & 8necti]0 are us$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,& at ! fir/ glance1 ! passage1 connect+ x ) ! well kn[n cu/om ( keep+ debtors 9 *a9s1 z well z ! memorable occasion :i* produc$ ?is insurrection>y movem5t1 w\ld appe> to decl>e1 t all k9ds ( bondage = debt 7 aboli%$ 9 future4 ,9 e>ly p]iods1 :oev] 0 unable to pay 8 debts1 0 adjudg$ by a decree ( ! prtor1 to dis*>ge !m 9 p]sonal s]vices3 = :i* purpose 8 p]son 0 deliv]$ to 8 cr$itor2 ^: slave 9 e s5se ( ! ^w he ?us became1 until ! debt 0 dis*>g$4 ,a debtor ?us situat$ 0 t]m$ 8addictus0 or s5t5c$4 ,livy1 vi4 #cf41 relates 8t ^? aga9/ :om judgm5ts _h be5 giv51 7addictos7 7 l$ out daily 9 h]ds f ! ,=um1 to ! mansions ( ! patricians1 :i* 7 fill$ ) en*a9$ debtors3 & t :]ev] a patrician dwelt1 !re 0 a private prison40 ,t all debtors 7 subject to actual bonds1 appe>s f e indebt$ p]son "u volunt>y judgm5t1 be+ call$ 8nexus10 mean+ l9k$ or *a9$2 & probably :5 judgm5t 0 pass$1 debtors 7 deliv]$ 9 t condition to ! cr$itors4 ,b 8nexus0 *ang$ its mean+1 z ! ^w 8bond0 has done 9 our language1 :]e we b9d ourselves only ) =ms4 ,! urg5t necessity ( ! plebeians1 aris+ out ( ! exactions ( ! patricians1 oblig$ !m to borr[ money at usury2 & ^u su* occasions1 = money weigh$ out to him 8p] s et libram10 be=e witnesses1 ! borr[] pl$g$ 8 p]son & lib]ty to ! l5d] z security = ! debt4 ,?is volunt>y act1 :i* 0 equival5t to a mod]n confession ( judgm5t1 con/itut$ ! debtor a 8nexus20 be=e ! p]iod ( paym5t _h expir$1 at :i* "t only he 0 liable to fett]s4 ,^u ! occasion ( ! insurrection m5tion$ 9 ! passage2 a "y man ( respectable plebeian family1 ,c4 ,publilius1 surr5d]$ himself to ,papirius1 a patrician usur]1 9 ! place ( 8 fa!r :o _h fail$ to r$eem himself f 8 8nexus40 ,reject+ ! infam\s propositions made to him1 ,papirius caus$ him to be cruelly sc\rg$4 ,?is transaction hav+ r\s$ ! p1 ! s5ate 0 oblig$ to cons5t to ! lib]ation ( all p]sons :o _h become 8nexi0 by _! volunt>y act1 & to ord] ! practice to be discont9u$ 9 future4 ,i h translat$ ! passage 9 accordance ) ?is view ( ! subject4 ,niebuhr1 vol4 i4 #ejf4 ,livy1 vi4 #cf4 viii4 #bh4 c4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! cont9uation ( ?is passage is1 p]haps1 f\nd 9 ,nonius ,voc4 ,exsult>e1 8:i* n\ri%es itself ) blood1 & :i* s delights 9 e k9d ( cruelty1 t x sc>cely c be satiat$ ) ! sad de/ruction ( human be+s40 ,footnote #bj3 ,pr(essor ,mai quotes ! foll[+ passage f ,/4 ,augu/91 ,de4 ,civ4 ,dei1 z conta9+ a summ>y ( t "p ( ! discussion int]rupt$ "h4 8,& :5 ,scipio _h 9 a m compreh5sive & diffuse way1 %[n h[ advantage\s ju/ice 0 to a /ate1 & h[ injuri\s ! abs5ce ( x 03 ,philus1 :o 0 "o ( ^? pres5t at ! discussion1 took x up1 & propos$ t t subject %\ld be v c>efully inve/igat$1 on acc\nt ( ! op9ion :i* 0 obta9+1 t gov]nm5ts c\ld n be adm9i/]$ )\t inju/ice40 ,,cic]o',s ,,republic4 ,illu/ration ,,book ,,iii4 ,f\r or eight pages want+4 ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 ,! intellig5t pr9ciple hav+ f\nd man end[$ ) ! faculty ( utt]+ rude & imp]fect s\nds1 enabl$ him to sep>ate & di/+ui% !m into articulations4 ,?us words 7 affix$ to ?+s z signs ( !m1 & man1 once solit>y1 became unit$ to man1 by ! sweet bond ( conv]sation4 ,by ! same intellig5ce1 ! inflexions ( ! voice1 :i* we f9d to be inf9ite 9 numb]1 are all di/+ui%$ & express$1 by ! inv5tion ( a few m>ks1 :i* enable u to hold a correspond5ce ) ! abs5t1 to indicate our incl9ations1 & to pres]ve a record ( ?+s pa/4 ,to ?is ! k ( numb]s 0 add$1 a ?+ n only necess>y to life1 b at once immutable & et]nal4 ,:i* fir/ l$ u to consid] ! heav5s1 to look ^u ! motion ( ! planets ) int]e/1 & ! numb]+ ( ! nights & days 99 99 99 99 ,eight or t5 pages want+4 ,,iii4 99 99 99 99 ,^: m9ds rose to a l(ti] pit* z ,i be=e said1 t !y might execute or discov] some?+ wor?y ( ! gift !y _h receiv$ f ! gods4 ,:]e=e let ^? :o h treat$ ^u ! moral conduct ( life1 be deem$ by u1 great m51 z !y are2 le>n$ m52 ma/]s ( tru? & virtue4 ,yet let x be admitt$ t civil rights1 & ! gov]nm5t ( a p1 :e!r !y are ! fruits ( m5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs1 or1 z ! fact has be51 ! result ( _! lit]>y leisure1 be lea/ despis$2 caus+ z !y d to spr+ up 9 great m9ds1 z we h (t5 se51 an incr$ible & div9e virtue4 ,= if any "o to ^? faculties :i* ! m9d has f nature1 & to ^? tal5ts :i* civil in/itutions produce1 ha? add$ also ! le>n+1 & ! m v>i\s k ( ?+s1 9 :i* m5 engag$ 9 ! discussion ( ^? books are v]s$1 !re is no "o :o ought n to pref] su* a man to all o!rs4 ,= :at c be m excell5t1 ?an :5 ! practice & habit ( great affairs is jo9$ to a p]fect k ( ! !ory ( ! sci5ce ( !m8 ,or :at m p]fect c be imag9$ ?an ,p4 ,scipio1 ,c4 ,llius1 & ,l4 ,philus2 :o t !y might omit no?+ app]ta9+ to ! high "* ( enlight5$ m51 to ! k ( our dome/ic & anci5t cu/oms1 unit$ ! le>n+ receiv$ f ,socrates8 ,:]e=e he :o det]m9$ & effect$ bo?1 t is1 in/ruct$ himself z well 9 ! in/itutions1 z 9 ! philosophy ( ! anci5ts1 ,i ?9k has accompli%$ e ?+ ) praise4 ,b if a *oice mu/ be made betwe5 ^? two pa?s to excell5ce1 & if to any "o1 t tranquil way ( life pass$ 9 ! be/ /udies & sci5ces may appe> happi]1 /ill c]ta9ly an active1 civil life is m illu/ri\s & m laudable4 ,! greate/ m5 d]ive _! glory f su* a life1 z ,m4 ,curius 99 99 99 99 8,:om none c\ld ov]come ) arms or gold40 ,six pages want+4 ,,iv4 99 99 99 ,nev]!less ?is diff]5ce exi/$ 9 _! two diff]5t modes3 ! "o unfold$ ! pr9ciples ( nature by _! /udies & by _! eloqu5ce2 ! o!rs by _! in/itutions & by _! laws4 ,?is commonweal? alone has produc$ _m1 if n altoge!r to be deem$ sages1 s9ce t title is s cauti\sly be/[$1 yet wor?y ( ! greate/ praise2 = !y cultivat$ ! precepts & discov]ies ( sages4 ,:]e=e civil gov]nm5ts are to be extoll$ & ev] w be1 s9ce 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 to con/itute a commonweal? :i* %all be la/+1 is "o ( ! greate/ ef=ts ( m9d3 & ?us if we only enum]ate "o = e c\ntry1 :at a multitude ( excell5t m5 d we f9d4 ,= if we p]mit our m9ds to take a survey ( t fam\s ,greece1 ( ,italy1 ,latium1 or ! ,sab9e & ,volscian p2 ! ,samnites1 ! ,etrurians2 next ! ,assyrians1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,c>?ag5ians4 ,if ^! 99 99 99 ,twelve pages want+4 ,v4 99 99 99 8,truly10 said ,philus1 8y h impos$ a f9e task ^u me1 wi%+ me to und]take ! ju/ification ( :at is wrong40 8,surely10 said ,llius1 8y are afraid le/ 9 us+ ! same argum5ts :i* are wont to be br\ght =w>d aga9/ ju/ice1 y may appe> to hold su* op9ions y\rself2 y :o are almo/ ! only example left ( anci5t probity & fai?4 ,b y\r habit ( discuss+ bo? sides ( ! "q1 9 ord] m easily to get at ! tru?1 is v well kn[n40 8,well1 well10 said ,philus1 8,i w d z y wi%1 & defile myself ) my eyes op53 = s9ce ^? :o se>* = gold d n refuse to d x2 we :o are look+ = :at is "r1 a ?+ mu* m preci\s ?an gold1 assur$ly ought n to avoid any ?+ t is disagreeable4 ,& ,i wi%1 s9ce ,i am ab\t to make use ( ano!r man's op9ions1 x 0 possible = me to make use ( 8 tongue also4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ,l4 ,furius ,philus1 mu/ say :at ,c>neades1 a ,greek 9 ! habit ( say+ :atev] he pleas$ 99 99 99 ,f\r pages want+4 ,,viii4 99 99 99 ,b ! o!r has fill$ f\r pretty l>ge books ) ! subject ( ju/ice4 ,f ,*rysippus ,i h nev] look$ = any ?+ v great or magnific5t2 s9ce he reasons 9 a p>ticul> way ( 8 own1 & exam9es ?+s r by ! =ce ( words1 ?an ! weight ( facts4 ,x 0 = ^? di/+ui%$ m51 to raise up t pro/rate virtue1 & elevate x to ! div9e heights ( wisdom4 ,a virtue :i* /&s alone z x 71 greatly munific5t & lib]al2 :i* loves e ?+ bett] ?an itself1 & is born m = o!rs1 ?an = its own int]e/s4 ,nor 0 ! incl9ation want+ to !m3 = :at o!r cause _h !y = writ+1 or :at motive soev]8 ,9 g5ius !y excell$ all4 ,b ! cause 0 great] ev5 ?an _! incl9ation & /r5g?4 ,! "r inde$ conc]n+ :i* we inquire1 is some?+ civil1 n natural3 if x 71 ju/ice & inju/ice w\ld be ! same ?+s to all m51 z hot & cold1 bitt] & sweet ?+s are4 ,,ix4 ,n[ h[ev]1 if any "o borne ^u ! *>iot ) w+$ s]p5ts1 ( :i* ,pacuvius speaks1 c\ld survey ) 8 eyes1 & look d[n ^u ! _m & v>i\s nations & cities2 he might see *iefly among t un*ang+ race ( ! ,egyptians1 :i* pres]ves 9 its records ! memory ( s _m ev5ts & ages1 an ox e/eem$ z a god1 :i* ! ,egyptians call ,apis2 & _m o!r /range ?+s among !m1 among :i* wild bea/s consecrat$ into ! numb] ( ! gods4 ,!n 9 ,greece1 :]e z ) u1 magnific5t temples are consecrat$ conta9+ human images1 :i* ! ,p]sians consid]$ impi\s4 ,= :i* cause alone1 ,x]xes is said to h ord]$ ! temples ( ! ,a!nians to be burnt2 consid]+ x to be wick$ to %ut ! gods up )9 walls1 ^: resid5ce 0 ! :ole univ]se4 ,aft]w>ds ,philip :o _h x 9 contemplation1 & ,alex&] :o c>ri$ x into effect1 gave z reasons = mak+ w> aga9/ ! ,p]sians1 t !y av5g$ ! temples ( ,greece2 :i* ! ,greeks did n ?9k ( repair+1 t ! deva/ation might be an et]nal monum5t to po/]ity ( ! infamy ( ! ,p]sians4 ,h[ _m1 z ! ,taurians 9 ,ax9um1 z ,busiris ! k+ ( ,egypt1 z ! ,gauls1 ! ,c>?ag5ians1 h ?\ght x a grateful & pi\s duty to ! gods1 to immolate m54 ,b ! in/itutions ( life diff] s mu*1 t ! ,cretans & ,etolians e/eem x hon\rable to /eal3 ! ,lac$emonians us$ to say t all l&s 7 !irs :i* !y c\ld rea* ) a %aft4 ,! ,a!nians 7 wont to swe> ev5 publicly1 t e soil 0 !irs1 :i* produc$ oil & corn4 ,! ,gauls consid] x %ameful to produce gra9 by lab\r1 & !re=e g arm$ to h>ve/ o!r p's l&s4 ,b we1 ! mo/ j ( m51 to make our own olive & v9ey>ds m valuable1 d n p]mit ! transalp9e nations to plant !m3 9 do+ :i* we are said to act prud5tly2 x is n call$ act+ ju/ly4 ,by :i* y may und]/& !re is a wide di/ance betwe5 prud5ce & equity4 ,lycurgus1 ! f\nd] ( ! be/ laws1 & ! mo/ equal rights1 gave ! l&s ( ! weal?y to be cultivat$ by ! l[] class 9 ! /ate ( s]vitude4 ,x4 ,b if ,i 7 to describe ! v>i\s k9ds ( laws1 ( in/itutions1 ( cu/oms & mann]s1 n only s diff]5t among su* div]s nations1 b ev5 9 a s+le city1 or 9 ?is1 ,i c\ld demon/rate !m to h be5 *ang$ a ?\s& times4 ,our fri5d ,manilius "h1 an int]pret] ( laws1 w tell y t o!r laws exi/ n[ conc]n+ ! legacies & inh]itances ( wom51 ?an ^? he 0 wont to speak ( 9 8 y\?1 be=e ! ,voconian law 0 pass$2 :i* v law1 inde$ propos$ = ! advantage ( ! m51 is full ( inju/ice t[>ds ! wom54 ,= :y %\ld a woman n h possessions8 ,:y %\ld a ve/al appo9t an heir1 & h] "m n8 ,:y if limits 7 to be put to ! possessions ( wom51 %\ld ! daught] ( ,crassus1 if %e 7 an only daught]1 possess ?\s&s legally1 :5 m9e c\ld n possess two or ?ree hundr$ 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,two pages want+4 ,,xi4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ^! rights 7 ?us sanction$ 9 u1 all m5 w\ld h ! same rights1 & w\ld n h diff]5t rights at diff]5t p]iods4 ,b if x is ! duty ( a j & good man to obey ! laws1 ,i w\ld ask :i* are !y to be8 ,or %all he obey all indiscrim9ately8 ,b virtue does n admit ( unc]ta9ty1 nor nature endure incon/ancy4 ,! /r5g? ( law consi/s 9 puni%m5t1 n 9 our natural ju/ice4 ,natural "r !re=e does n exi/4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t m5 are n made j by nature4 ,b x is said1 al?\gh !re are v>i\s laws1 /ill good m51 by natural incl9ation1 pursue :at is j 9 itself1 & n :at is assum$ to be s2 because x is ! "p ( a good & j man1 to r5d] t ju/ice to e "o :i* he is des]v+ (4 ,n[1 fir/1 are we 9 any wise j to ! dumb bea/s8 ,= m51 n ( m$iocrity1 b great & le>n$2 ,py?agoras & ,emp$ocles1 decl>e t all animals possess ! same degree ( "r1 & d5\nce unaton+ puni%m5ts to hang ov] ^? by :om any animal is outrag$4 ,x is wick$ !re=e to injure ! brutes4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,eight pages want+4 ,,xii4 99 99 99 99 99 99 :at we call wisdom1 urges u to increase our weal?1 our ri*es1 & to ext5d our possessions4 ,h[ c\ld t great comm&]#ba :o =m]ly c>ri$ ! limits ( 8 empire into ,asia2 h[ c\ld he gov]n1 be> sway1 reign1 h dom9ion1 & ! full enjoym5t ( voluptu\sness1 unless he took some?+ f o!rs8 ,b ju/ice ord]s u to sp>e all1 to consult ! welf>e ( mank9d1 to give to e "o 8 own1 & to ab/a9 f e ?+ t is sacr$1 e ?+ t is public1 e ?+ :i* is n our own4 ,:at !re=e is to be done8 ,if wisdom is consult$1 ri*es1 p[]1 weal?1 hon\rs1 au?ority1 empire1 are op5 to individuals & nations4 ,b s9ce x is ! public int]e/ we are discuss+1 in/ances ( a public nature w illu/rate bett]2 & z ! same degree ( "r is 9 bo?1 ,i %all adv]t to ! wisdom ( a nation1 & ,i %all omit ! re/4 ,our own nation1 :i* ,africanus 9 8 disc\rse ye/]day1 trac$ to its orig91 ^: empire already ext5ds ov] ! e>?1 has x1 once lea/ ( !m all1 become s by ju/ice or wisdom8 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,f\r or eight pages want+4 ,,xiv4 ,= all :o possess ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] a p are tyrants1 yet !y pref] to be call$ k+s by ! "n ( ! good ,jupit]4 ,:5 c]ta9 p]sons ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( _! ri*es1 _! class1 or o!r circum/ances1 possess !mselves ( ! gov]nm5t1 x is a faction4 ,yet !y call !mselves1 ! bett] class4 ,if ! p h[ev] are upp]mo/ & rule e ?+ at _! own pleasure1 t is call$ lib]ty2 nev]!less x is lic5ti\sness4 ,b :5 "o fe>s ano!r1 man mi/ru/+ man1 & "o class ano!r1 !n because no "o confides1 a sort ( pact is made betwe5 ! p & ! great1 f :5ce t comb9$ =m ( gov]nm5t spr+s1 :i* ,scipio has prais$4 ,s t nei!r nature1 or ! w is ! "m ( ju/ice1 b weakness4 ,= :5 "o ?+ is to be *os5 out ( ?ree1 ei!r to d inju/ice )\t p]mitt+ x to be done to y2 or to d x & p]mit x also2 or nei!r "o or ! o!r3 ! be/ is to d x ) impunity#bb if y c2 ! second be/ is nei!r to d x1 nor suff] x to be done to y3 ! wor/ ( all is to be et]nally fight+ n[ on acc\nt ( y\r own aggressions1 n[ on acc\nt ( ^? ( o!rs 99 99 99 99 99 ,an unkn[n numb] ( pages want+4 99 99 99 ,except ! ,arcadians & ! ,a!nians1 :o1 ,i suppose1 fe>+ le/ at "s p]iod ?is decree#bc ( ju/ice might appe>1 h feign$ !mselves to be sprung f ! e>?1 l ! little mice we see 9 ! fields4 ,,xvi4 ,to ^! ?+s1 o!rs are wont to be add$ pr9cipally by ^?1 di/+ui%$ = _! hone/y 9 discussion1 & hav+ m weight = t reason4 ,:o :5 engag$ 9 ! inquiry ( :at con/itutes a good man1 frank & pla9 z we wi% to f9d him1 are n !mselves crafty1 h>d5$1 & malici\s 9 argum5t4 ,!y d5y t ! wise man is good only because goodness & ju/ice are pleas+ to him f _! nature2 b because ! lives ( good m5 are free f appreh5sion1 c>e1 solicitude & dang]4 ,:]eas bad m5 h always a /+ goad+ _! s\ls1 & judgm5t & puni%m5t are always pres5t to _! eyes4 ,t !re is no emolum5t1 no advantage aris+ f inju/ice1 s great z to comp5sate ! fe>1 & ! con/ant ?\ght t "s puni%m5t is imp5d+ 99 99 99 99 99 ,f\r or eight pages want+4 ,,xvii4 ,i ask if !re be two m51 "o ( !m ( ! v be/ k9d2 equitable1 p]fectly j1 ( exempl>y fai?3 ! o!r s+ul> = 8 wick$ness & audacity3 & suppose ! community 9 su* an error1 t ! good man passes = a wick$ & di%one/ "o2 :ile ! bad "o has ! reputation ( p]fect probity & good fai?4 ,& ?r\gh ?is g5]al delusion ( ! citiz5s1 ! good man is h>ass$1 arre/$1 b\nd1 8 eyes put out1 condemn$1 ?r[n 9 *a9s1 tortur$ 9 ! fire1 bani%$4 ,want+ e ?+1 at la/ he appe>s to all to be des]v$ly ! mo/ wret*$ ( m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bad man is prais$1 s\ght aft]1 c>ess$ by all4 ,hon\rs ( e k9d1 au?ority1 p[]1 & e advantage conf]r$ ^u him f all sides4 ,a man1 f9ally1 9 ! e/imation ( all deem$ ! v be/1 & wor?y ( ! highe/ gifts ( =tune4 ,:o w\ld be s insane z to hesitate :i* ( ^! two he w\ld *oose to be8 ,,xviii4 ,z x is ) individuals1 s x is ) nations4 ,no community is s /upid1 z n to pref] comm&+ by inju/ice1 to s]v+ accord+ to ju/ice4 ,i %all n g f> back = examples4 ,be+ consul1 y assi/+ me 9 c\ncil2 ,i _h to exam9e ! ,numant9e treaty4 ,:o is ignorant t ,pompey made t treaty1 & t ,manc9us 0 conc]n$ 9 ! same affair8 ,?is la/ mo/ excell5t man support$ ! proposition ,i c>ri$ f ! consultation 9 ! s5ate2 ! o!r mo/ e>ne/ly oppos$ x4 ,^? :o valu$ mode/y1 integrity1 & good fai? pref]r$ ,manc9us3 yet = 8 reason+1 c\nsel1 & policy1 ,pompey took ! lead ( him 99 99 99 99 ,an unkn[n numb] ( pages want+4 ,,xxix4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ti4 ,grac*us 0 vigilant = ! int]e/s ( ! p1 b neglect$ ! rights ( ! ,lat9s & ! treaties ) ! allies4 ,if su* cu/oms & lic5se %\ld spread !mselves wid]1 & our empire be *ang$ f "r to =ce1 s t ^? :o until n[ volunt>ily obey u1 %\ld be rul$ only by t]ror2 al?\gh x has be5 vigilantly pres]v$ = u1 :o are ( ! pres5t age2 yet ,i %\ld be v solicit\s ab\t our po/]ity1 & ab\t ! immortality ( ! republic1 :i* might be p]petual1 if ! in/itutions & mann]s ( our =efa!rs 7 pres]v$4 ,,xxx4 ,:5 ,llius _h ?us spok51 all pres5t express$ !mselves to h be5 v mu* delight$ by him1 b ,scipio1 among ! re/1 z if q elat$ ) pleasure1 8_m causes10 said he1 8inde$ ,llius1 ha/ ?\ (t5 def5d$1 9 su* a mann] t ,i c by no means comp>e our colleague ,s]vius ,galba to !e2 :om :5 he liv$ ?\ pref]r$e/ to all2 nor 9 tru? any ( ! attic orators 99 99 99 ,twelve pages want+4 ,,xxxi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re=e t common int]e/1 t is ! commonweal?1 :o c recognize x :5 all are oppress$ by ! cruelty ( "o2 :5 no bond ( ,law exi/s1 nor t cons5t ( congregat$ society1 :i* con/itutes a p4 ,& ?is v condition ( ! ,syracusans3 a celebrat$ city1 z ,timu says1 ! fir/ among ! ,greeks1 & ! mo/ beautiful ( !m all3 its h>b\r embosom$ )9 ! walls1 its canals runn+ ?r\gh ! city3 its broad /reets1 its porticoes1 temples1 =tifications1 all ^! did n help to con/itute a commonweal?1 :ile ,dionysius reign$4 ,! p _h no "p 9 !m1 = ! v p belong$ to "o man4 ,!re=e :]e !re is a tyrant1 x is n a vitiat$ commonweal?1 z ,i said ye/]day1 b reason compels u to decl>e pla9ly t no commonweal? at all exi/s4 ,,xxxii4 8,inde$0 said ,llius1 8y speak v cle>ly1 & ,i already p]ceive ! drift ( y\r disc\rse4 ,s4 ,y see !re=e1 t :5 e ?+ is 9 ! p[] ( a faction1 nei!r c t be prop]ly call$ a commonweal?4 ,l4 ,i judge x pla9ly s4 ,s4 ,& mo/ rightly d y judge1 = :at 0 ! condition ( ! ,a!nians1 :5 aft] t great ,pelopponesian w>1 ?irty m5 7 mo/ unju/ly plac$ 9 ! comm& ( t city8 ,did ! anci5t glory ( ! city1 ! admirable nature ( its build+s1 its !atre1 gymnasia1 its noble porticoes1 its citadel1 or ! admirable works ( ,phidias1 or ! magnific5t port ( ,piru1 did !y con/itute a commonweal?8 8,n 9 ! lea/0 said ,llius1 8because inde$ ! common int]e/ 0 n ?\ght (40 ,s4 ,h[ 0 x at ,rome1 :5 ! ,decemvirs exi/$ )\t appeal1 9 t ?ird ye>1 :5 lib]ty itself _h p>t$ ) its privileges8 ,l4 ,no?+ 0 left to ! p1 & truly x 0 necess>y to br+ !m to t po9t1 t !y might recov] _! rights4 ,,xxxiii4 ,s4 ,i come n[ to ! ?ird k9d1 t 9 :i* "s inconsi/5cy w p]haps be p]ceiv$1 :]e all ?+s are said to be done by ! p1 & to be 9 ! p[] ( ! p4 ,:5 ! multitude ord]s puni%m5ts to be inflict$ 9 any mann] t x pleases1 ord]+1 seiz+1 keep+1 dissipat+ e ?+ :atev] !y *oose1 c y !n ,llius1 d5y t to be a republic1 :]e all ?+s belong to ! p1 & :5 inde$ we def9e a republic to be a commonweal?80 8,!re is no?+10 said ,llius1 8,i w\ld soon] d5y to be a republic1 ?an :]e all ?+s are 9 ! p[] ( ! multitude4 ,we did n consid] t !y _h a republic among ! ,syracusans1 or at ,agrig5tum1 or at ,a!ns :5 !y 7 "u tyrants1 or at ,rome :5 "u ! decemvirs4 ,nor d ,i see h[ ! "n ( republic is appropriate :5 ! multitude rules4 ,because fir/1 z y h happily def9$ x to me1 ,scipio1 a p does n exi/1 b :]e x is held toge!r by cons5t ( law2 & ?is sort ( mob1 is z mu* a tyrant z if x 7 "o man4 ,inde$ x is m mis*iev\s1 = no?+ is m f]oci\s ?an ! wild bea/ :i* assumes ! "n & =m ( ! p4 ,nor is x "r1 :5 ! prop]ty ( maniacs is plac$ by law "u ! gu>dian%ip ( k9dr$1 t 99 99 99 ,eight pages want+4 ,,xxxiv4 99 99 99 ( x1#bd x may ) z mu* propriety be said t x is a republic & a commonweal?1 z x may be said ( a k+dom4 8,& mu* m10 said ,mummius1 8= a k+ be+ "o1 is m l a ma/]2 b :]e _m good m5 are at ! head ( affairs 9 a republic1 no?+ c be m happily con/itut$4 ,b ,i c]ta9ly pref] a k+dom to ! sway ( a democracy2 :i* ?ird & mo/ vici\s k9d ( gov]nm5t rema9s = y to expla940 ,,xxxv4 ,to ?is ,scipio repli$1 8,i recognize well ,spurius1 y\r /eady av]sion to ! popul> mode1 & al?\gh x might be treat$ ) less av]sion ?an y are wont to d1 nev]!less ,i agree1 t ( all ^! ?ree k9ds1 no "o is less to be approv$ (4 ,i d n h[ev] agree ) y t ! bett] class are to be pref]r$ to a k+2 = if x is wisdom :i* gov]ns a /ate1 ( :at consequ5ce is x1 :e!r x resides 9 "o1 or 9 _m8 ,b 9 our discussion we are l$ into a sort ( error4 ,:5 we call !m ! bett] class1 no?+ c be conceiv$ m excell5t1 = :at c be imag9$ m desirable ?an ! be/8 ,:5 h[ev] a k+ is m5tion$1 an unju/ k+ occurs to our m9ds4 ,we d n nev]!less int5d to speak ( an unju/ k+1 9 our exam9ation ( ?is royal k9d ( gov]nm5t4 ,?9k ( ,romulus1 ,pompilius1 & ,tullus z k+s1 & p]haps y w n be s displeas$ ) t k9d ( gov]nm5t4 ,m4 ,:at sort ( praise !n is left = a democratic gov]nm5t8 ,s4 ,:at did y ?9k1 ,spurius1 ( ! ,rhodians1 ) :om we 7 toge!r2 did y see no?+ l a commonweal? !re8 ,m4 ,inde$ ,i did1 & lea/ ( all to be blam$4 ,s4 ,y say well4 ,b if y rememb] all 7 alike2 sometimes plebeians1 sometimes s5ators2 & by turns dis*>g+ dur+ c]ta9 mon?s _! functions z s5ators2 ! o!r mon?s !y rema9$ 9 ! ranks ( ! p4 ,9 bo? capacities h[ev] !y _h ! privilege ( be+ pres5t at ! meet+s = delib]ation1 & equally 9 ! !atres & 9 ! c\rts1 great matt]s & all o!rs 7 judg$2 s num]\s 0 ! multitude & s great its p[] t 99 99 99 99 99 ----- ,footnote #ba3 ,alex&]4 ,footnote #bb3 ,^! are sophisms br\ght =w>d 9 fav\r ( inju/ice4 ,vide ,lact4 ,in/4 #e4 ,footnote #bc3 ,to re/ore ?+s unju/ly acquir$4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! bett] class4 ,,cic]o',s ,,republic4 ,illu/ration ,,book ,,iv4 ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ conv5i5tly ! ord]s are set d[n2 ! ages1 ! classes4 ,! eque/rian ord] :]e ! s5ate votes4 ,too _m fooli%ly seek to aboli% t useful in/itution1 hop+ t ?r\gh "s ,plebeci/s procur+ ! sale ( ! horses1 !y may get a l>gess4 ,,iii4 ,look n[ at ! o!r provisions s wisely made1 t ! citiz5s may enjoy a happy & hone/ /ate ( society1 = t is ! v motive = _! union2 & :i* gov]nm5t ought to secure to m51 by in/itutions & laws4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z to pu]ile discipl9e = free-born "y m51 respect+ :i* ! ,greeks h lab\r$ s mu* 9 va92 & ! only matt] ab\t :i* our gue/ ,polybius reproa*es ! neglig5ce ( our in/itutions4 ,no def9$ sy/em1 or ( a public nature1 or uni=m = all1 0 decre$ by ! laws4 ,f\r or eight pages want+4 ,,iv4 99 99 99 99 99 99 nor nak$ :5 at an age ( pub]ty4 ,s deep did !y seek z x 7 to lay ! f\ndations ( mode/y4 ,b h[ absurd ! ex]cises ( y\? 9 ! ,grecian ,gymnasia2 h[ trifl+ t drill+ ( "y boys3 :at loose & unre/ra9$ mann]s p]mitt$ to !m4 ,i say no?+ ( ! ,eleans & ,!bans1 among :om free lic5se & p]mission 0 giv5 to ! "y p to indulge 9 s5suality4 ,! ,lac$emonians too1 :5 !y all[$ e s5sual indulg5ce %ort ( viol5ce1 among _! y\?1 7 de/roy+ :at !y 7 grant+ su* a slight protection to4 8,i cle>ly und]/&1 ,scipio10 said ,llius1 8t 9 ^! practices ( ! ,greeks1 :i* y repreh5d1 y _h r attack ! mo/ illu/ri\s p1 ?an y\r fav\rite ,plato1 :om y d n assail at all1 especially 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cic]o',s ,,republic4 ,illu/ration ,,book ,v4 ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,no pr]ogative m royal ?an ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 9 :i* 0 compreh5d$ ! exp\nd+ ( rights1 = individuals 7 accu/om$ to seek ju/ice f k+s4 ,on :i* acc\nt ! l&s1 ! fields1 ! groves1 ! ext5sive & ri* graz+ di/ricts 7 def9$1 :i* belong$ to ! sov]eign1 & 7 all manag$ )\t any c>e or lab\r on 8 "p2 t none ( ! c>es ( private bus9ess1 might ab/ract him f ! affairs ( ! public4 ,nor 0 any man an umpire or arbitrator ( any legal cont5tion1 b all ?+s 7 decid$ by royal judgm5ts4 ,& x seems to me1 t our ,numa *iefly adopt$ ?is anci5t cu/om f ! k+s ( ,greece4 ,= ! o!rs1 al?\gh !y also dis*>g$ ?is function1 yet a great _m ( !m wag$ w>s1 & occupi$ !mselves 9 e/abli%+ ! rules ( w>4 ,b t long peace ( ,numa1 0 ! p>5t ( law & religion to ?is city4 ,he also 0 ! writ] ( ^? laws :i* y "k to be extant3 all :i* is appropriate to ! v citiz5 ^: "* we are draw+ 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,an unkn[n numb] ( pages want+4 ,,iii4 ,s4 ,d y ?9k !re is any h>m 9 8 be+ acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( roots & se$s8 ,m4 ,none1 if only 8 "w is n neglect$4 ,s4 ,b d y ?9k x to be prop]ly ! /udy ( a f>m]8 ,m4 ,n 9 ! lea/2 = ! cultivation ( ! l& w\ld (t5 be unatt5d$ to4 ,s4 ,!re=e1 z a f>m] is acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( 8 soil1 a /ew>d ) ! nature ( lett]s1 & ea* c turn f ! amusem5t ( !ory to ! great] utility ( practice2 s ?is our rul] may be ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! k ( rights & ( laws2 he may h look$ ev5 into ! v f\nta9s ( !m3 b let n 8 consultations1 8 con/ant read+s1 & 8 writ+s occupy him too mu*2 b let him be z x 7 bo? /ew>d & f>m] to ! commonweal?4 ,let him be skill$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( law )\t :i* no man c be j2 let him n be ignorant ( civil law3 b let x be z ! pilot :o /udies ! />s2 ! physician :o /udies ! nature ( plants & m9]als2 ea* turn+ 8 k to ! b5efit ( 8 art1 )\t p]mitt+ x to imp$e ! practical use ( 8 vocation 99 99 99 ,an unkn[n numb] ( pages want+4 ,,iv4 99 99 99 99 ,9 ^? /ates :]e ! good look = praise & hon\r1 & fly f ignom9y & disgrace4 ,n s mu* re/ra9$ by appreh5sion ( ! p5alties e/abli%$ by law1 b by a s5tim5t ( self-respect1 :i* nature has plant$ 9 man1 a sort ( dread ( des]v$ c5sure4 ,?is s5tim5t ! rul] ( a /ate /r5g!ns by public op9ion1 & confirms by education1 & by in/itutions1 t %ame may det] ! citiz5 f crime z mu* z fe>4 ,b ^! consid]ations prop]ly belong to r5[n1 & %all be m abundantly consid]$4 ,v4 ,life1 h[ev]1 & ! com=table enjoym5t ( x1 are con/itut$ by legal m>riages1 lawful *ildr52 ! keep+ hall[$ ! seats ( ! p5ate gods1 & ! dome/ic l>es2 t all may enjoy public & private com=ts4 ,)\t good gov]nm5t1 private life _c be agreeable1 nor c any "o be m happy ?an 9 a well regulat$ /ate 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,correct$ items not$ 9 ! ,errata4 #b4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors 9 ! ,preface1 ,introduction1 & footnotes4 #c4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d spell+s z pr9t$ 9 ! ,preface1 ,introduction1 & footnotes4 #d4 ,did n alt] punctuation or spell+s 9 ! ,translation ) ! exception ( jo9+ words split by pages4 #e4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4