,illu/ration3 ,maya ,sculpture 7portion7 f ,pi$ras ,negras ,frontispiece ,,vision ,,& ,,design ,,by ,,rog] ,,fry ,,london ,,*atto ,,w9dus #aibj ,all rights res]v$ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,engl& ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$ ,,london ,,& ,,beccles ,,preface ,?is book conta9s a selection f my writ+s on ,art ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,"s essays h nev] be=e be5 publi%$ 9 ,engl&2 & ,i h also add$ a good deal ( new matt] & made slight corrections ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ! labori\s "w ( hunt+ up lo/ & =gott5 publications1 & 9 ! "w ( selection1 revision1 & arrangem5t ,i owe ev]y?+ to ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,tatlock's devot$ & pati5t lab\r4 ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,my ,,si/] ,,m>g]y ,,)\t ,,^: ,,g5tle ,,b ,,p]si/5t ,,pressure ,,?is ,,book ,,w\ld ,,nev] ,,h ,,be5 ,,made ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,art ,,& ,,life #a ,,an ,,essay ,,9 ,,/hetics #aa ,,! ,,ottoman ,,& ,,! ,,:atnot #bf ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,vision #ca ,,art ,,& ,,socialism #cf ,,art ,,& ,,sci5ce #eb ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,bu%m5 #ef ,,negro ,,sculpture #fe ,,anci5t ,,am]ican ,,art #fi ,,! ,,muni* ,,exhibition ,,( ,,mohamm$an ,,art #gf ,,giotto #hg ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,flor5ce #aag ,,! ,,jacquem>t-,,&r ,,collection #abc ,d,,r] ,,& ,,8 ,,contempor>ies #abg ,,el ,,greco #acd ,,?ree ,,pictures ,,9 ,,temp]a ,,by ,,william ,,blake #adj ,,claude #ade ,,aubrey ,,be>dsley',s ,,draw+s #aec ,,! ,,fr5* ,,po/-,,impressioni/s #aef ,,draw+s ,,at ,,! ,,burl+ton ,,f9e ,,arts ,,club #afj ,,paul ,c,,zanne #afh ,,r5oir #age ,a ,,possible ,,dome/ic ,,ar*itecture #agi ,,jean ,,m>*& #ahd ,,retrospect #ahh ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,to ,,face ,,page ,,maya ,,sculpture 7,,portion7 ,,f ,,pi$ras ,,negras ,frontispiece ,,?irte5?-,,c5tury ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,! ,,cloi/] ,,( ,,/4 ,,john ,,lat]an #i ,,gr\p ,,f ,,! ,,burgh]s ,,( ,,calais4 ,,by ,,augu/e ,,rod9 #i ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,pla/]4 ,,by ,,h5ri-,,matisse #i ,,la ,,donna ,,gravida4 ,,by ,,raphael #aj ,,portrait ,,( ,,miss ,,g]trude ,,/e94 ,,by ,,pablo ,,picasso #aj ,,negro ,,sculpture #ff ,,fatimite ,,bronzes #hj ,,p]sian ,,pa9t+1 ,,end ,,( ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury #hf ,,piet4 ,,by ,,giotto #ajh ,,crucifixion4 ,,by ,,ca/agno #aag ,,/4 ,,george ,,& ,,! ,,dragon4 ,,by ,,ucello #abc ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild4 ,,by ,,baldov9etti #abe ,,holy ,,family4 ,,by ,,signorelli #abf ,,! ,,calumny ,,( ,,apelles4 ,,by ,,rembr&t1 ,,mantegna1 ,d,,r] #aca ,,cele/ial ,,sph]e4 ,,t>oc*i ,,pr9t #acb ,,cele/ial ,,sph]e4 ,,by ,d,,r] #acb ,,allegory4 ,,by ,,el ,,greco #acf ,,ba?%eba4 ,,by ,,william ,,blake #adb ,,l&scape4 ,,by ,,claude #adh ,,l&scape ,,9 ,,wat]-,,col\r4 ,,by ,,claude #aej ,,tea ,,p>ty4 ,,by ,,h5ri-,,matisse #aef ,,/ill ,,life4 ,,by ,,pablo ,,picasso #aef ,,pr(ile4 ,,by ,,georges ,,r\ault #aei ,,apo!osis ,,( ,,napoleon4 ,,by ,,+res #afc ,,p5cil ,,draw+4 ,,by ,,corot #afe ,,p5 ,,draw+4 ,,by ,,h5ri-,,matisse #aff ,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,arti/4 ,,by ,c,,zanne #afh ,,g>danne4 ,,by ,c,,zanne #agj ,,sc,,ne ,,de ,,ple9 ,,air4 ,,by ,c,,zanne #agb ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,wife4 ,,by ,c,,zanne #agb ,,le ,,ruisseau4 ,,by ,c,,zanne #agd ,,judgem5t ,,( ,,p>is4 ,,by ,,r5oir #agf ,,/ill ,,life4 ,,by ,,m>*& #ahd ,,la ,,baignade4 ,,by ,,seurat #aij ,,/ill ,,life4 ,,by ,,d]a9 #aib ,,! ,,transfiguration4 ,,by ,,raphael #aif ,,vision ,,& ,,design ,,art ,,& ,,life#a ,:5 we look at anci5t works ( art we habitually treat !m n m]ely z objects ( /hetic enjoym5t b also z successive deposits ( ! human imag9ation4 ,x is inde$ ?is view ( works ( art z cry/allis$ hi/ory t acc\nts = mu* ( ! int]e/ felt 9 anci5t art by ^? :o h b little /hetic feel+ & :o f9d no?+ to int]e/ !m 9 ! "w ( _! contempor>ies :]e ! hi/orical motive is lack+ & !y are left face to face ) b>e /hetic values4 ,i once knew an old g5tleman :o _h retir$ f 8 city (fice to a c\ntry h\se--a fussy1 feeble little be+ :o _h cut no great figure 9 life4 ,he _h built himself a h\se :i* 0 pret]naturally hide\s2 8 ta/e 0 deplorable & 8 mann]s indiff]5t2 b he _h a dream1 ! dream ( himself z an exquisite & ref9$ intellectual d&y liv+ 9 a society ( elegant frivolity4 ,to realise ?is dream he _h sp5t l>ge sums 9 buy+ up e scrap ( eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5* furniture :i* he c\ld lay h&s on4 ,^! he /or$ 9 an imm5se upp] floor 9 8 h\se :i* 0 always lock$ except :5 he w5t up to indulge 9 8 dream & to become = a "t a c\rti] at ,v]sailles do+ homage to ! du ,b>ry1 ^: toilet-tables & :at-nots 7 /rewn pell-mell ab\t ! room )\t ord] or effect ( any k9d4 ,su* is an extreme in/ance ( ! hi/orical way ( look+ at works ( art4 ,= ?is old g5tleman1 z = h[ _m an ,am]ican millionaire1 art 0 m]ely a help to an imag9$ dream life4 ,to _m p !n x seems an easy ?+ to pass ?us directly f ! "w ( art to ! life ( ! "t :i* produc$ x4 ,we all 9 fact weave an imag9$ ,middle ,ages ar\nd ! p>i% *ur* & an imag9$ ,r5aissance haunts u 9 ! college c\rts ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,we don't1 ,i fancy1 /op to consid] v closely h[ true ! imag9$ life is3 we are satisfi$ ) ! prospect ( ano!r sort ( life :i* we might h liv$1 :i* we (t5 ?9k we might h pref]r$ to our actual life4 ,we don't /op to consid] mu* h[ f> ! pictur$ pa/ corresponds to any reality1 c]ta9ly n to consid] :at proportion ( ! :ole reality ( ! pa/ life gets itself embalm$ 9 ?is way 9 works ( art4 ,?us we picture our ,middle ,ages z almo/ entirely occupi$ ) religion & w>1 our ,r5aissance z occupi$ 9 le>n+1 & our eighte5? c5tury z occupi$ 9 gallantry & wit4 ,:]eas1 z a matt] ( fact1 all ( ^! ?+s 7 go+ on all ! "t :ile ! art ( ea* p]iod has = "s reason be5 ma9ly tak5 up ) ! expression ( "o or ano!r activity4 ,!re is inde$ a c]ta9 dang] 9 accept+ too navely ! g5]al atmosph]e--! e?os1 :i* ! works ( art ( a p]iod exhale4 ,?us :5 we look at ! ?irte5?-c5tury sculpture ( ,*>tres or ,beauvais we feel at once ! expression ( a peculi> graci\s piety1 a smil+ & gay dev\tness :i* we are tempt$ to take = ! prevail+ mood ( ! "t--& :i* we p]haps associate ) ! revelation ( j su* a type ( "* 9 ,s4 ,francis ( ,assisi4 ,a /udy ( ,salimb5i's *ronicle ) its int]m9able record ( squalid av>ice & meanness1 or ( ! fi]ce brutalities ( ,dante's ,inf]no are necess>y correctives ( su* a pleasant dream4 ,x w\ld seem !n t ! correspond5ce betwe5 art & life :i* we s habitually assume is n at all con/ant & requires mu* correction be=e x c be tru/$4 ,let u approa* ! same "q f ano!r po9t & see :at result we obta94 ,let u consid] ! great revolutions 9 art & ! revolutions 9 life & see if !y co9cide4 ,& "h let me try to say :at ,i mean by life z contra/$ ) art4 ,i mean ! g5]al intellectual & in/9ctive reaction to _! surr\nd+s ( ^? m5 ( any p]iod ^: lives rise to complete self-consci\sness4 ,_! view ( ! univ]se z a :ole & _! conception ( _! relations to _! k9d4 ,( c\rse _! conception ( ! nature & function ( art w itself be "o ( ! mo/ v>y+ aspects ( life & may 9 any p>ticul> p]iod pr(\ndly modify ! correspond5ce ( art to life4 ,p]haps ! greate/ revolution 9 life t we "k ( at all intimately 0 t :i* effect$ ! *ange f ,paganism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,t ?is 0 no m]e accid5t is evid5t f ! fact t ,*ri/ianity 0 only "o ( _m compet+ religions1 all ( :i* repres5t$ a closely simil> direction ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,any "o ( ^! w\ld h produc$ practically ! same effect1 t ( focuss+ m5's m9ds on ! spiritual life z oppos$ to ! mat]ial life :i* _h pre-occupi$ !m = s long4 ,"o _c d\bt !n t "h 0 a *ange :i* d5ot$ a long prep>$ & inevitable readju/m5t ( m5's attitude to _! univ]se4 ,n[ ! art ( ! ,roman ,empire %[$ no trace :atev] ( ?is influ5ce2 x w5t on ) precisely ! same motives & pr9ciples :i* _h satisfi$ ,paganism4 ,! subjects *ang$ & became ma9ly ,*ri/ian1 b ! treatm5t 0 s exactly simil> t x requires m ?an a cursory glance to say if ! figure on a s>cophagus is ,*ri/ or ,orpheus1 ,moses or sculapius4 ,! next great turn+-po9t 9 hi/ory is t :i* m>ks ! triumph ( ! =ces ( reaction t[>ds ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury--a reaction :i* de/roy$ ! promis+ hopes ( fre$om ( ?\ght & mann]s :i* make ! twelf? c5tury appe> z a =eta/e ( mod]n enlight5m5t4 ,"h und\bt$ly ! *ange 9 life corresponds v closely ) a great *ange 9 art--! *ange f ! ,romanesque to ! ,go?ic1 & at fir/ sight we might suppose a causal connection betwe5 ! two4 ,b :5 we consid] ! nature ( ! *anges 9 ! two sequ5ces1 ?is becomes v d\btful4 ,= :]eas 9 ! life ( ! ,middle ,ages ! *ange 0 "o ( reaction--! %>p repression by ! reaction>y =ces ( a gradual gr[? ( fre$om--! *ange 9 art is m]ely ! effloresc5ce ( c]ta9 long prep>$ & anticipat$ effects4 ,! =ms ( ,go?ic ar*itecture 7 m]ely ! answ] to c]ta9 eng9e]+ problems :i* _h long occupi$ ! inv5tive +5uity ( twelf?-c5tury ar*itects1 :ile 9 ! figurative arts ! *ange m]ely %[$ a new self-confid5ce 9 ! r5d]+ ( ! human figure1 a newly develop$ ma/]y 9 ! h&l+ ( mat]ial4 ,9 %ort1 ! *ange 9 art 0 9 ! opposite direction to t 9 life4 ,:]eas 9 life ! direction ( movem5t 0 %>ply b5t backw>ds1 9 art ! direction foll[$ on 9 a cont9u\s /raight l9e4 ,x is true t 9 "o small p>ticul> ! reaction did h a direct effect on art4 ,! prea*+ ( ,s4 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux did impose on ! ar*itects :o work$ = ! ,ci/]cian ord] a peculi> ar*itectural hypocrisy4 ,!y 7 b\nd by 8 traditional influ5ce to make _! *ur*es h an appe>ance ( extreme simplicity & au/]ity1 b !y want$ nev]!less to make !m z magnific5t & impos+ z possible4 ,! result 0 a peculi> /yle ( o/5tati\s simplicity4 ,p>ay le ,monial is ! only *ur* left /&+ 9 :i* ?is curi\s &1 9 po9t ( fact1 depress+ evid5ce ( ! direct influ5ce ( ! religi\s reaction on art is to be se51 &1 z a curiosity 9 psy*ological expression1 x is well wor? a visit4 ,= ! re/ ! movem5t ( art w5t on entirely unaffect$ by ! new ori5tation ( ?\ght4 ,we come n[ to ! ,r5aissance1 & "h = ! fir/ "t 9 our survey we may1 ,i ?9k1 safely admit a true correspond5ce betwe5 ! *ange 9 life & ! *ange 9 art4 ,! *ange 9 life1 if "o may g5]alise on su* a va/ subject1 0 t[>ds ! recognition ( ! rights ( ! individual to complete self-realisation & ! recognition ( ! objective reality ( ! mat]ial univ]se :i* impli$ ! :ole sci5tific attitude--& 9 bo? ^! ?+s ! exempl> :i* m5 put be=e !mselves 0 ! civilisation ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,9 art ! *ange w5t p>i passu ) ! *ange 9 life1 ea* assi/+ & direct+ ! o!r--! fir/ m5 ( sci5ce 7 arti/s l ,brunelles*i1 ,ucello1 ,pi]o della ,francesca & ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,! /udy ( classical lit]ature 0 foll[$ 9 /rict connection ) ! /udy ( classical canons ( art1 & ! great] s5se ( individual importance f\nd its expression 9 ! new naturalism :i* made portraiture 9 ! mod]n s5se possible4 ,= once !n art & ! o!r functions ( ! human _s f\nd !mselves 9 p]fect h>mony & direct alliance1 & to t h>mony we may attribute mu* ( ! int5sity & self-assurance ( ! "w ( ! great ,r5aissance arti/s4 ,x is "o ( ! r>e/ ( good =tunes = an arti/ to f9d himself actually und]/ood & appreciat$ by ! mass ( 8 educat$ contempor>ies1 & n only t1 b mov+ alongside ( & 9 /ep ) !m t[>ds a simil> goal4 ,! ,ca?olic reaction ret>d$ & imp$$ ! ma9 movem5t ( ,r5aissance ?\ght1 b x did n really succe$ ei!r 9 suppress+ x or *ang+ ! ma9 direction ( its curr5t4 ,9 art x und\bt$ly _h "s direct effect1 x creat$ a new k9d ( ins9c]ity ( expression1 a florid & s5tim5tal religiosity--a new v>iety ( bad ta/e1 ! rhetorical & ov]-emphatic4 ,& ,i suspect t art 0 already prep>$ = ?is /ep by a c]ta9 exhau/ion ( ! impulsive en]gy ( ! ,r5aissance--s t "h too we may admit a correspond5ce4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury %[s u no viol5t *ange 9 life1 b r ! gradual work+ out ( ! pr9ciples implicit 9 ! ,r5aissance & ! ,ca?olic reaction4 ,b "h we come to ano!r curi\s want ( correspond5ce betwe5 art & life1 = 9 art we h a viol5t revolution1 foll[$ by a bitt] int]nec9e /ruggle among arti/s4 ,?is revolution 0 inaugurat$ by ,c>avaggio1 :o fir/ discov]$ ! surpris+ emotional possibilities ( *i>oscuro & :o comb9$ ) ?is a new idea ( realism--realism 9 ! mod]n s5se1 viz41 ! lit]al acceptance ( :at is co>se1 common1 squalid or undi/+ui%$ 9 life--realism 9 ! s5se ( ! noveli/s ( ,zola's "t4 ,to ,c>avaggio's influ5ce we might trace n only a great deal ( ,rembr&t's art b ! :ole ( t movem5t 9 fav\r ( ! extravagantly impressive & picturesque1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! romantic movem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,"h1 !n1 is ano!r surpris+ want ( correspond5ce betwe5 art & life4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury we get a curi\s ph5om5on4 ,art goes to c\rt1 id5tifies itself closely ) a small ari/ocratic clique1 becomes ! expon5t ( _! mann]s & _! ta/es4 ,x becomes a luxury4 ,x is no long] 9 ! ma9 /ream ( spiritual & intellectual ef=t1 & ?is seclusion ( art may acc\nt = ! fact t ! next great *ange 9 life--! ,fr5* ,revolution & all its accompany+ intellectual f]m5t--f9ds no s]i\s correspond5ce 9 art4 ,we get a *ange1 x is true2 ! ,fr5* ,republicans believ$ !y 7 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,romans1 & s ,david _h to inv5t = !m t peculi>ly di/ress+ type ( ! anci5t ,roman--always 9 h]oic attitudes1 always immaculate1 spotless & ) a highly poli%$ #8,mme4 ,tussaud' surface4 ,by-!-by1 ,i 0 almo/ =gett+ t we d owe ,mme4 ,tussaud to ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,b ! real movem5t ( art lay 9 q o!r directions to ,david--lay 9 ! gradual unfold+ ( ! ,romantici/ conception ( ! _w--a _w ( viol5t emotional effects1 ( picturesque accid5ts1 ( wild nature1 & ?is 0 a long prep>$ reaction f ! complac5t sophi/ication ( eighte5?-c5tury life4 ,x is possible t "o may associate ?is ) ! g5]al /ate ( m9d t produc$ ! ,revolution1 s9ce bo? 7 a revolt aga9/ ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 b curi\sly en\gh x f\nd its *ief ally 9 ! reaction :i* foll[$ ! ,revolution1 9 ! neo-,*ri/ianism ( ,*ateaubri& & ! new s5tim5tal respect = ! age ( fai?--:i*1 incid5tally1 appe>$ s mu* m picturesque ?an ! age ( reason4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ at ?is po9t to consid] h[ f> dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury reaction>y political & religi\s ?\ght 0 inspir$ prim>ily by /hetic consid]ations--a curi\s in/ance ( ! c\nt]-influ5ce ( art on life might p]haps be discov]$ 9 ! devotees ( ! ,ox=d movem5t4 ,b ?is w\ld take u too f> afield4 ,! =ego+ viol5tly =e%ort5$ view ( hi/ory & art w %[1 ,i hope1 t ! usual assumption ( a direct & decisive connection betwe5 life & art is by no means correct4 ,x may1 ,i hope1 give pause to ^? num]\s p :o h already promis$ !mselves a great new art z a result ( ! pres5t w>1 ?\gh p]haps x is z well to let !m enjoy x 9 anticipation1 s9ce x is1 ,i fancy1 ! only way 9 :i* !y are likely to enjoy a great art ( any k9d4 ,:at ?is survey sugge/s to me is t if we consid] ?is special spiritual activity ( art we f9d x no d\bt op5 at times to influ5ces f life1 b 9 ! ma9 self-conta9$--we f9d ! rhy?mic sequ5ces ( *ange det]m9$ mu* m by its own int]nal =ces--& by ! readju/m5t )9 x1 ( its own elem5ts--?an by ext]nal =ces4 ,i admit1 ( c\rse1 t x is always condition$ m or less by economic *anges1 b ^! are r conditions ( its exi/5ce at all ?an directive influ5ces4 ,i also admit t "u c]ta9 conditions ! rhy?ms ( life & ( art may co9cide ) great effect on bo?2 b 9 ! ma9 ! two rhy?ms are di/9ct1 & z (t5 z n play aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,we h1 ,i hope1 ga9$ "s exp]i5ce ) :i* to h&le ! real subject ( my inquiry1 ! relation ( ! mod]n movem5t 9 art to life4 ,to und]/& x we mu/ g back to ! impressioni/ movem5t1 :i* dates f ab\t #ahgj4 ,! arti/s :o call$ !mselves impressioni/s comb9$ two di/9ct ideas4 ,on ! "o h& !y upheld1 m categorically ?an ev] be=e1 ! complete deta*m5t ( ! arti/ic vision f ! values impos$ on vision by ev]yday life--!y claim$1 z ,:i/l] did 9 8 8#aj o'clock10 to be pure arti/s4 ,on ! o!r h& a gr\p ( !m us$ ?is fre$om = ! quasi-sci5tific description ( new effects ( atmosph]ic col\r & atmosph]ic p]spective1 !reby end[+ pa9t+ ) a q new s]ies ( col\r h>monies1 or at lea/ ( h>monies :i* _h n be5 cultivat$ by ,european pa9t]s = _m hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,!y did m ?an ?is--! effects ?us explor$ 7 completely unfamili> to ! ord9>y man1 ^: vision is limit$ to ! m]e recognition ( objects ) a view to ! uses ( ev]yday life4 ,he 0 =c$1 9 look+ at _! pictures1 to accept z arti/ic repres5tation some?+ v remote f all 8 previ\s expectations1 & !reby he also acquir$ 9 "t a new tol]ance 9 8 judgm5ts on works ( art1 a tol]ance :i* 0 de/9$ to be> a /ill fur!r /ra9 9 succe$+ developm5ts4 ,z aga9/ ^! great advantages :i* art owes to impressionism we mu/ set ! fact t ! pseudo-sci5tific & analytic me?od ( ^! pa9t]s =c$ arti/s to accept pictures :i* lack$ design & =mal co-ord9ation to a degree :i* _h nev] be=e be5 p]mitt$4 ,!y1 or r "s ( !m1 r$uc$ ! arti/ic vision to a cont9u\s pat*work or mosaic ( col\r$ pat*es )\t ar*itectural framework or /ructural coh]5ce4 ,9 ?is1 impressionism m>k$ ! climax ( a movem5t :i* _h be5 go+ on m or less /eadily f ! ?irte5? c5tury--! t5d5cy to approximate ! =ms ( art m & m exactly to ! repres5tation ( ! totality ( appe>ance4 ,:5 once repres5tation _h be5 pu%$ to ?is po9t :]e fur!r developm5t 0 impossible1 x 0 inevitable t arti/s %\ld turn r\nd & "q ! validity ( ! fundam5tal assumption t art aim$ at repres5tation2 & ! mom5t ! "q 0 fairly pos$ x became cle> t ! pseudo-sci5tific assumption t fidelity to appe>ance 0 ! measure ( art _h no logical f\ndation4 ,f t mom5t on x became evid5t t art _h arriv$ at a critical mom5t1 & t ! greate/ revolution 9 art t _h tak5 place s9ce ,grco-,roman impressionism became conv]t$ into ,byzant9e =malism 0 inevitable4 ,x 0 ?is revolution t ,czanne inaugurat$ & t ,gaugu9 & van ,go* cont9u$4 ,!re is no ne$ "h to give 9 detail ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is new movem5t3 !y are suffici5tly famili>4 ,b we may summ>ise !m z ! re-e/abli%m5t ( purely /hetic crit]ia 9 place ( ! crit]ion ( con=mity to appe>ance--! r$iscov]y ( ! pr9ciples ( /ructural design & h>mony4 ,! new movem5t has1 also1 l$ to a new canon ( criticism1 & ?is has *ang$ our attitude to ! arts ( o!r times & c\ntries4 ,s long z repres5tation 0 reg>d$ z ! end ( art1 ! skill ( ! arti/ & 8 pr(ici5cy 9 ?is p>ticul> feat ( repres5tation 7 reg>d$ ) an admiration :i* 0 9 fact ma9ly non-/hetic4 ,) ! new indiff]5ce to repres5tation we h become mu* less int]e/$ 9 skill & n at all int]e/$ 9 k4 ,we are ?us no long] cut (f f a great deal ( b>b>ic & primitive art ! v mean+ ( :i* escap$ ! und]/&+ ( ^? :o dem&$ a c]ta9 /&>d ( skill 9 repres5tation be=e !y c\ld give s]i\s consid]ation to a "w ( art4 ,9 g5]al ! effect ( ! movem5t has be5 to r5d] ! arti/ int5sely consci\s ( ! /hetic unity ( ! "w ( art1 b s+ul>ly nave & simple z reg>ds o!r consid]ations4 ,x rema9s to be consid]$ :e!r ! life ( ! pa/ fifty ye>s has %[n any su* viol5t reori5tation z we h f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n art4 ,if we look back to ! days ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,huxley1 :at *anges are !re 9 ! g5]al t5d5cies ( life8 ,! ma9 ideas ( rationalism seem to me to h /eadily made way--!re h be5 m9or c\nt] revolutions1 x is true1 b ! ma9 curr5t ( active ?\ght has surely mov$ /eadily along ! l9es already laid d[n4 ,i mean t ! sci5tific attitude is m & m widely accept$4 ,! prote/s ( organis$ religion & ( v>i\s my/icisms seem to gr[ gradually weak] & to c>ry less weight4 ,h>dly any writ]s or ?9k]s ( fir/-rate calibre n[ appe> 9 ! reaction>y camp4 ,i see1 9 %ort1 no big *ange 9 direction1 no evid5t revulsion ( feel+4 ,none ! less ,i suppose t a ,sp5c] w\ld be impossible n[ & t ! mat]ialism ( to-day is recognisably diff]5t f ! mat]ialism ( ,sp5c]4 ,x w\ld be v mu* less navely ,illu/ration3 #ac? ,c5t4 ,sculpture 9 ! ,cloi/] ( ,s4 ,john ,lat]an ,illu/ration3 ,augu/e ,rod94 ,gr\p f 8,! ,burgh]s ( ,calais0 ,illu/ration3 ,h5ri ,matisse4 ,sculpture 9 ,pla/] ,prop]ty ( ! ,arti/ ,plate ,i4 self-confid5t4 ,x w\ld admit f> great] difficulties 9 pres5t+ its picture ( ! univ]se ?an w\ld h occurr$ to ,sp5c]4 ,! fact is t scepticism has turn$ on itself & has gone beh9d a great _m ( ! axioms t seem$ self-evid5t to ! e>li] rationali/s4 ,i d n see t x has at any po9t ?reat5$ ! sup]/ructure ( ! rationali/ position1 b x has l$ u to recognise ! necessity ( a cont9ual revision & recon/ruction ( ^! data4 ,rationalism has become less arrogant & less n>r[ 9 its vision4 ,& ?is is p>tly due also to ! adv5ture ( ! sci5tific _s into new regions4 ,i ref] to all t imm5se body ( /udy & speculation :i* />ts f ,rob]tson ,smi?'s 8,religion ( ! ,israelites40 ,! discov]y ( natural law 9 :at seem$ to e>li] rationali/s ! *aotic fancies & caprices ( ! human imag9ation4 ,! assumption t man is a ma9ly rational animal has giv5 place to ! discov]y t he is1 l o!r animals1 ma9ly in/9ctive4 ,?is modifies imm5sely ! attitude ( ! rationali/--x gives him a new *>ity & a new tol]ance4 ,:at seem$ l ! wilful follies ( mad or wick$ m5 to ! e>li] rationali/s are n[ se5 to be inevitable responses to fundam5tal in/9ctive ne$s4 ,by obs]v+ mank9d ! man ( sci5ce has lo/ 8 contempt = him4 ,n[ ?is ,i ?9k has _h an important be>+ on ! new movem5t 9 art4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i f9d some?+ analog\s 9 ! new ori5tation ( sci5tific & arti/ic endeav\r4 ,sci5ce has turn$ its in/rum5ts 9 on human nature & begun to inve/igate its fundam5tal ne$s1 & art has also turn$ its vision inw>ds1 has begun to "w ^u ! fundam5tal necessities ( man's /hetic functions4 ,b besides ?is analogy1 :i* may be m]ely accid5tal & n causal1 ,i ?9k !re c be little d\bt t ! new sci5tific developm5t 7= x is 9 no s5se a revolution7 has modifi$ m5's attitude to art4 ,to ,h]b]t ,sp5c] religion 0 primitive fe> ( ! unkn[n & art 0 sexual attraction--he mu/ h contemplat$ ) p]fect equanimity1 almo/ ) satisfaction1 a _w 9 :i* bo? ^! functions w\ld disappe>4 ,i suppose t ! sci5tific man ( to-day w\ld be mu* m ready to admit n only ! necessity b ! great importance ( /hetic feel+ = ! spiritual exi/5ce ( man4 ,! g5]al conception ( life 9 ! mid-n9ete5? c5tury rul$ out art z noxi\s1 or at be/1 a useless frivolity1 & above all z a m]e survival ( m primitive /ages ( evolution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! arti/ ( ! new movem5t is mov+ into a sph]e m & m remote f t ( ! ord9>y man4 ,9 proportion z art becomes pur] ! numb] ( p to :om x appeals gets less4 ,x cuts out all ! romantic ov]tones ( life :i* are ! usual bait by :i* m5 are induc$ to accept a "w ( art4 ,x appeals only to ! /hetic s5sibility1 & t 9 mo/ m5 is comp>atively weak4 ,9 ! mod]n movem5t 9 art1 !n1 z 9 s _m cases 9 pa/ hi/ory1 ! revolution 9 art seems to be out ( all proportion to any correspond+ *ange 9 life z a :ole4 ,x seems to f9d its s\rces1 if at all1 9 :at at pres5t seem l m9or movem5ts4 ,:e!r ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? c5turies w 9 retrospect seem z great 9 life z !y already d 9 art ,i _c guess--at lea/ x is curi\s to note h[ mu* m consci\s we are ( ! *ange 9 art !n we are 9 ! g5]al *ange 9 ?\ght & feel+4 ,,note4--,! orig9al lecture 0 n illu/rat$1 b ! opportunity ( publi%+ ?is summ>y ( x has sugge/$ ! possibility ( introduc+ a few examples to illu/rate "o po9t1 viz41 ! ext5t to :i* ! works ( ! new movem5t correspond 9 aim ) ! works ( e>ly art :ile be+ %>ply contra/$ ) ^? ( ! p5ultimate p]iod4 ,?is w be1 p]haps1 mo/ evid5t 9 ,plate ,i1 :]e ,i h plac$ a figure f ! cloi/]s ( ,s4 ,john ,lat]an1 c>v$ by a ?irte5?-c5tury sculptor--!n "o ( ,rod9's ,burgh]s ( ,calais1 & !n ,matisse's unf9i%$ alto-rilievo figure4 ,"h !re is no ne$ to und]l9e ! />tl+ diff]5ce %[n by ,rod9's descriptive me?od f ! m purely pla/ic feel+ ( ! two o!r arti/s4 ,matisse & ! ?irte5?-c5tury arti/ are mu* clos] toge!r ?an ,matisse & ,rod94 ,9 ,plate ,,ii ,i h plac$ ,picasso beside ,raphael4 ,"h ! obvi\s fact is ! common preoccupation ( bo? arti/s ) c]ta9 problems ( pla/ic design & ! simil>ity ( _! solutions4 ,_h ,i _h space to put a ,s>g5t beside ^! ! same viol5t contra/ w\ld h be5 produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,raphael4 8,la ,donna ,gravida0 ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce ,illu/ration3 ,pablo ,picasso4 ,portrait ( ,miss ,g]trude ,/e9 ,miss ,g]trude ,/e9 ,plate ,,ii4 ,,an ,,essay ,,9 ,,/hetics#b ,a c]ta9 pa9t]1 n )\t "s reputation at ! pres5t day1 once wrote a little book on ! art he practises1 9 :i* he gave a def9ition ( t art s succ9ct t ,i take x z a po9t ( dep>ture = ?is essay4 8,! art ( pa9t+10 says t em95t au?ority1 8is ! art ( imitat+ solid objects ^u a flat surface by means ( pigm5ts40 ,x is delightfully simple1 b prompts ! "q--,is t all8 ,&1 if s1 :at a deal ( unnecess>y fuss has be5 made ab\t x4 ,n[1 x is useless to d5y t our mod]n writ] has "s v respectable au?orities beh9d him4 ,plato1 inde$1 gave a v simil> acc\nt ( ! affair1 & himself put ! "q--is x !n wor? :ile8 ,&1 be+ scrupul\sly & rel5tlessly logical1 he decid$ t x 0 n wor? :ile1 & proce$$ to turn ! arti/s out ( 8 ideal republic4 ,= all t1 ! _w has cont9u$ ob/9ately to consid] t pa9t+ 0 wor? :ile1 & ?\gh1 inde$1 x has nev] q made up its m9d z to :at1 exactly1 ! graphic arts did = x1 x has p]si/$ 9 hon\r+ & admir+ its pa9t]s4 ,c we arrive at any conclusions z to ! nature ( ! graphic arts1 :i* w at all expla9 our feel+s ab\t !m1 :i* w at lea/ put !m into "s k9d ( relation ) ! o!r arts1 & n leave u 9 ! extreme p]plexity1 eng5d]$ by any !ory ( m]e imitation8 ,=1 ,i suppose1 x mu/ be admitt$ t if imitation is ! sole purpose ( ! graphic arts1 x is surpris+ t ! works ( su* arts are ev] look$ ^u z m ?an curiosities1 or +5i\s toys1 are ev] tak5 s]i\sly by gr[n-up p4 ,moreov]1 x w be surpris+ t !y h no recognisable aff9ity ) o!r arts1 su* z music or ar*itecture1 9 :i* ! imitation ( actual objects is a negligible quantity4 ,to =m su* conclusions is ! aim ,i h put be=e myself 9 ?is essay4 ,ev5 if ! results are n decisive1 ! inquiry may lead u to a view ( ! graphic arts t w n be altoge!r unfruitful4 ,i mu/ beg9 ) "s elem5t>y psy*ology1 ) a consid]ation ( ! nature ( in/9cts4 ,a great _m objects 9 ! _w1 :5 pres5t$ to our s5ses1 put 9 motion a complex n]v\s ma*9]y1 :i* ends 9 "s in/9ctive appropriate action4 ,we see a wild bull 9 a field2 q )\t our consci\s int]f]5ce a n]v\s process goes on1 :i*1 unless we int]f]e =cibly1 ends 9 ! appropriate reaction ( flight4 ,! n]v\s me*anism :i* results 9 flight causes a c]ta9 /ate ( consci\sness1 :i* we call ! emotion ( fe>4 ,! :ole ( animal life1 & a great "p ( human life1 is made up ( ^! in/9ctive reactions to s5sible objects1 & _! accompany+ emotions4 ,b man has ! peculi> faculty ( call+ up aga9 9 8 m9d ! e*o ( pa/ exp]i5ces ( ?is k9d1 ( go+ ov] x aga91 89 imag9ation0 z we say4 ,he has1 !re=e1 ! possibility ( a d\ble life2 "o ! actual life1 ! o!r ! imag9ative life4 ,betwe5 ^! two lives !re is ?is great di/9ction1 t 9 ! actual life ! processes ( natural selection h br\ght x ab\t t ! in/9ctive reaction1 su*1 = in/ance1 z flight f dang]1 %all be ! important "p ( ! :ole process1 & x is t[>ds ?is t ! man b5ds 8 :ole consci\s endeav\r4 ,b 9 ! imag9ative life no su* action is necess>y1 &1 !re=e1 ! :ole consci\sness may be focuss$ ^u ! p]ceptive & ! emotional aspects ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is way we get1 9 ! imag9ative life1 a diff]5t set ( values1 & a diff]5t k9d ( p]ception4 ,we c get a curi\s side glimpse ( ! nature ( ?is imag9ative life f ! c9ematograph4 ,?is resembles actual life 9 almo/ e respect1 except t :at ! psy*ologi/s call ! conative "p ( our reaction to s5sations1 t is to say1 ! appropriate resultant action is cut (f4 ,if1 9 a c9ematograph1 we see a runaway horse & c>t1 we d n h to ?9k ei!r ( gett+ out ( ! way or h]oically int]pos+ ourselves4 ,! result is t 9 ! fir/ place we see ! ev5t mu* m cle>ly2 see a numb] ( q int]e/+ b irrelevant ?+s1 :i* 9 real life c\ld n /ruggle into our consci\sness1 b5t1 z x w\ld be1 entirely ^u ! problem ( our appropriate reaction4 ,i rememb] see+ 9 a c9ematograph ! arrival ( a tra9 at a =eign /ation & ! p desc5d+ f ! c>riages2 !re 0 no plat=m1 & to my int5se surprise ,i saw sev]al p turn "r r\nd aft] rea*+ ! gr\nd1 z ?\gh to ori5tate !mselves2 an almo/ ridicul\s p]=mance1 :i* ,i _h nev] notic$ 9 all ! _m hundr$ occasions on :i* su* a sc5e _h pass$ be=e my eyes 9 real life4 ,! fact be+ t at a /ation "o is nev] really a spectator ( ev5ts1 b an actor engag$ 9 ! drama ( luggage or prospective seats1 & "o actually sees only s mu* z may help to ! appropriate action4 ,9 ! second place1 ) reg>d to ! visions ( ! c9ematograph1 "o notices t :atev] emotions are ar\s$ by !m1 ?\gh !y are likely to be weak] ?an ^? ( ord9>y life1 are pres5t$ m cle>ly to ! consci\sness4 ,if ! sc5e pres5t$ be "o ( an accid5t1 our pity & horror1 ?\gh weak1 s9ce we "k t no "o is really hurt1 are felt q purely1 s9ce !y _c1 z !y w\ld 9 life1 pass at once into actions ( assi/ance4 ,a some:at simil> effect to t ( ! c9ematograph c be obta9$ by wat*+ a mirror 9 :i* a /reet sc5e is reflect$4 ,if we look at ! /reet itself we are almo/ sure to adju/ ourselves 9 "s way to its actual exi/5ce4 ,we recognise an acqua9tance1 & wond] :y he looks s deject$ ?is morn+1 or become int]e/$ 9 a new fa%ion 9 hats--! mom5t we d t ! spell is brok51 we are react+ to life itself 9 h[ev] slight a degree1 b1 9 ! mirror1 x is easi] to ab/ract ourselves completely1 & look ^u ! *ang+ sc5e z a :ole4 ,x !n1 at once1 takes on ! vision>y quality1 & we become true spectators1 n select+ :at we w see1 b see+ ev]y?+ equally1 & !reby we come to notice a numb] ( appe>ances & relations ( appe>ances1 :i* w\ld h escap$ our vision be=e1 ow+ to t p]petual economis+ by selection ( :at impressions we w assimilate1 :i* 9 life we p]=m by unconsci\s processes4 ,! frame ( ! mirror !n1 does1 to "s ext5t1 turn ! reflect$ sc5e f "o t belongs to our actual life into "o t belongs r to ! imag9ative life4 ,! frame ( ! mirror makes its surface into a v rudim5t>y "w ( art1 s9ce x helps u to atta9 to ! arti/ic vision4 ,= t is :at1 z y w already h guess$1 ,i h be5 com+ to all ?is "t1 namely t ! "w ( art is intimately connect$ ) ! second>y imag9ative life1 :i* all m5 live to a great] or less] ext5t4 ,t ! graphic arts are ! expression ( ! imag9ative life r ?an a copy ( actual life might be guess$ f obs]v+ *ildr54 ,*ildr51 if left to !mselves1 nev]1 ,i believe1 copy :at !y see1 nev]1 z we say1 8draw f nature10 b express1 ) a delightful fre$om & s9c]ity1 ! m5tal images :i* make up _! own imag9ative lives4 ,art1 !n1 is an expression & a /imulus ( ?is imag9ative life1 :i* is sep>at$ f actual life by ! abs5ce ( responsive action4 ,n[ ?is responsive action implies 9 actual life moral responsibility4 ,9 art we h no su* moral responsibility--x pres5ts a life fre$ f ! b9d+ necessities ( our actual exi/5ce4 ,:at !n is ! ju/ification = ?is life ( ! imag9ation :i* all human be+s live m or less fully8 ,to ! pure morali/1 :o accepts no?+ b e?ical values1 9 ord] to be ju/ifi$1 x mu/ be %[n n only n to h9d] b actually to =w>d "r action1 o!rwise x is n only useless b1 s9ce x absorbs our en]gies1 positively h>mful4 ,to su* a "o two views are possible1 "o ! ,puritanical view at its n>r[e/1 :i* reg>ds ! life ( ! imag9ation z no bett] or worse ?an a life ( s5sual pleasure1 & !re=e entirely repreh5sible4 ,! o!r view is to argue t ! imag9ative life does subs]ve morality4 ,& ?is is inevitably ! view tak5 by morali/s l ,rusk91 to :om ! imag9ative life is yet an absolute necessity4 ,x is a view :i* leads to "s v h>d special plead+1 ev5 to a self-deception :i* is 9 itself morally undesirable4 ,b "h comes 9 ! "q ( religion1 = religion is also an affair ( ! imag9ative life1 &1 ?\gh x claims to h a direct effect ^u conduct1 ,i d n suppose t ! religi\s p]son if he 7 wise w\ld ju/ify religion entirely by its effect on morality1 s9ce t1 hi/orically speak+1 has n be5 by any means uni=mly advantage\s4 ,he w\ld probably say t ! religi\s exp]i5ce 0 "o :i* correspond$ to c]ta9 spiritual capacities ( human nature1 ! ex]cise ( :i* is 9 itself good & desirable ap>t f _! effect ^u actual life4 ,& s1 too1 ,i ?9k ! arti/ might if he *ose take a my/ical attitude1 & decl>e t ! fullness & complet5ess ( ! imag9ative life he leads may correspond to an exi/5ce m real & m important ?an any t we "k ( 9 mortal life4 ,& 9 say+ t1 8 appeal w\ld f9d a sympa!tic e*o 9 mo/ m9ds1 = mo/ p w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 say t ! pleasures d]iv$ f art 7 ( an altoge!r diff]5t "* & m fundam5tal ?an m]ely s5sual pleasures1 t !y did ex]cise "s faculties :i* are felt to belong to :atev] "p ( u !re may be :i* is n entirely ephem]al & mat]ial4 ,x might ev5 be t f ?is po9t ( view we %\ld r ju/ify actual life by its relation to ! imag9ative1 ju/ify nature by its lik5ess to art4 ,i mean ?is1 t s9ce ! imag9ative life comes 9 ! c\rse ( "t to repres5t m or less :at mank9d feels to be ! complete/ expression ( its own nature1 ! free/ use ( its innate capacities1 ! actual life may be expla9$ & ju/ifi$ 9 its approximation "h & !re1 h[ev] p>tially & inadequately1 to t fre] & full] life4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "q ( ! ju/ification ( art1 let me put x 9 ano!r way4 ,! imag9ative life ( a p has v diff]5t levels at diff]5t times1 & ^! levels d n always correspond ) ! g5]al level ( ! morality ( actual life4 ,?us 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury we read ( b>b>ity & cruelty :i* w\ld %ock ev5 u2 we may ,i ?9k admit t our moral level1 our g5]al humanity is decid$ly high] to-day1 b ! level ( our imag9ative life is incomp>ably l[]2 we are satisfi$ !re ) a grossness1 a %e] b>b>ity & squalor :i* w\ld h %ock$ ! ?irte5? c5tury pr(\ndly4 ,let u admit ! moral ga9 gladly1 b d we n also feel a loss2 d we n feel t ! av]age bus9ess man w\ld be 9 e way a m admirable1 m respectable be+ if 8 imag9ative life 7 n s squalid & incoh]5t8 ,&1 if we admit any loss !n1 !re is "s function 9 human nature o!r ?an a purely e?ical "o1 :i* is wor?y ( ex]cise4 ,n[ ! imag9ative life has its own hi/ory bo? 9 ! race & 9 ! individual4 ,9 ! individual life "o ( ! fir/ effects ( free+ exp]i5ce f ! necessities ( appropriate responsive action is to indulge recklessly ! emotion ( self-aggr&isem5t4 ,! day-dreams ( a *ild are fill$ ) extravagant romances 9 :i* he is always ! inv9cible h]o4 ,music--:i* ( all ! arts supplies ! /ronge/ /imulus to ! imag9ative life1 & at ! same "t has ! lea/ p[] ( controll+ its direction--music1 at c]ta9 /ages ( p's lives1 has ! effect m]ely ( ar\s+ 9 an almo/ absurd degree ?is egoi/ic elation1 & ,tol/oy appe>s to believe t ?is is its only possible effect4 ,b ) ! tea*+ ( exp]i5ce & ! gr[? ( "* ! imag9ative life comes to respond to o!r in/9cts & to satisfy o!r desires1 until1 inde$1 x reflects ! highe/ aspirations & ! deepe/ av]sions ( :i* human nature is capable4 ,9 dreams & :5 "u ! influ5ce ( drugs ! imag9ative life passes out ( our own control1 & 9 su* cases its exp]i5ces may be highly undesirable1 b :5ev] x rema9s "u our own control x mu/ always be on ! :ole a desirable life4 ,t is n to say t x is always pleasant1 = x is pretty cle> t mank9d is s con/itut$ z to desire mu* besides pleasure1 & we %all meet among ! great arti/s1 ! great expon5ts1 t is1 ( ! imag9ative life1 _m to :om ! m]ely pleasant is v r>ely a "p ( :at is desirable4 ,b ?is desirability ( ! imag9ative life does di/+ui% x v %>ply f actual life1 & is ! direct result ( t fir/ fundam5tal diff]5ce1 its fre$om f necess>y ext]nal conditions4 ,art1 !n1 is1 if ,i am "r1 ! *ief organ ( ! imag9ative life1 x is by art t x is /imulat$ & controll$ )9 u1 &1 z we h se51 ! imag9ative life is di/+ui%$ by ! great] cle>ness ( its p]ception1 & ! great] purity & fre$om ( its emotion4 ,fir/ ) reg>d to ! great] cle>ness ( p]ception4 ,! ne$s ( our actual life are s imp]ative1 t ! s5se ( vision becomes highly specialis$ 9 _! s]vice4 ,) an admirable economy we le>n to see only s mu* z is ne$ful = our purposes2 b ?is is 9 fact v little1 j en\gh to recognise & id5tify ea* object or p]son2 t done1 !y g into an entry 9 our m5tal catalogue & are no m really se54 ,9 actual life ! normal p]son really only reads ! labels z x 7 on ! objects ar\nd him & tr\bles no fur!r4 ,almo/ all ! ?+s :i* are useful 9 any way put on m or less ?is cap ( invisibility4 ,x is only :5 an object exi/s 9 our lives = no o!r purpose ?an to be se5 t we really look at x1 z = in/ance at a ,*9a ornam5t or a preci\s /one1 & t[>ds su* ev5 ! mo/ normal p]son adopts to "s ext5t ! arti/ic attitude ( pure vision ab/ract$ f necessity4 ,n[ ?is specialisation ( vision goes s f> t ord9>y p h almo/ no idea ( :at ?+s really look l1 s t oddly en\gh ! "o /&>d t popul> criticism applies to pa9t+1 namely1 :e!r x is l nature or n1 is "o :i* mo/ p are1 by ! :ole t5\r ( _! lives1 prev5t$ f apply+ prop]ly4 ,! only ?+s !y h ev] really look$ at be+ o!r pictures2 ! mom5t an arti/ :o has look$ at nature br+s to !m a cle> report ( some?+ def9itely se5 by him1 !y are wildly indignant at its untru? to nature4 ,?is has happ5$ s con/antly 9 our own "t t !re is no ne$ to prove x4 ,"o in/ance w suffice4 ,monet is an arti/ ^: *ief claim to recognition lies 9 ! fact ( 8 a/oni%+ p[] ( fai?fully reproduc+ c]ta9 aspects ( nature1 b 8 really nave innoc5ce & s9c]ity 0 tak5 by ! public to be ! mo/ audaci\s humbug1 & x requir$ ! tea*+ ( m5 l ,ba/i5-,lepage1 :o clev]ly compromis$ betwe5 ! tru? & an accept$ conv5tion ( :at ?+s look$ l1 to br+ ! _w gradually r\nd to admitt+ tru?s :i* a s+le walk 9 ! c\ntry ) purely unbiass$ vision w\ld h e/abli%$ beyond d\bt4 ,b ?\gh ?is cl>ifi$ s5se p]ception :i* we discov] 9 ! imag9ative life is ( great int]e/1 & al?\gh x plays a l>g] "p 9 ! graphic arts ?an 9 any o!r1 x might p]haps be d\bt$ :e!r1 int]e/+1 curi\s1 fasc9at+ z x is1 ?is aspect ( ! imag9ative life w\ld ev] by itself make art ( pr(\nd importance to mank9d4 ,b x is diff]5t1 ,i ?9k1 ) ! emotional aspect4 ,we h admitt$ t ! emotions ( ! imag9ative are g5]ally weak] ?an ^? ( actual life4 ,! picture ( a sa9t be+ sl[ly flay$ alive1 revolt+ z x is1 w n produce ! actual physical s5sations ( sick5+ disgu/ t a mod]n man w\ld feel if he c\ld assi/ at ! actual ev5t2 b !y h a comp5sat+ cle>ness ( pres5tm5t to ! consci\sness4 ,! m poignant emotions ( actual life h1 ,i ?9k1 a k9d ( numb+ effect analog\s to ! p>alys+ influ5ce ( fe> 9 "s animals2 b ev5 if ?is exp]i5ce be n g5]ally admitt$1 all w admit t ! ne$ = responsive action hurries u along & prev5ts u f ev] realis+ fully :at ! emotion is t we feel1 f co-ord9at+ x p]fectly ) o!r /ates4 ,9 %ort1 ! motives we actually exp]i5ce are too close to u to enable u to feel !m cle>ly4 ,!y are 9 a s5se un9telligible4 ,9 ! imag9ative life1 on ! contr>y1 we c bo? feel ! emotion & wat* x4 ,:5 we are really mov$ at ! !atre we are always bo? on ! /age & 9 ! auditorium4 ,yet ano!r po9t ab\t ! emotions ( ! imag9ative life--s9ce !y require no responsive action we c give !m a new valuation4 ,9 real life we mu/ to "s ext5t cultivate ^? emotions :i* lead to useful action1 & we are b\nd to appraise emotions accord+ to ! resultant action4 ,s t1 = in/ance1 ! feel+s ( rivalry & emulation d get an enc\ragem5t :i* p]haps !y sc>cely des]ve1 :]eas c]ta9 feel+s :i* appe> to h a high intr9sic value get almo/ no /imulus 9 actual life4 ,= in/ance1 ^? feel+s to :i* ! "n ( ! cosmic emotion has be5 some:at unhappily giv5 f9d almo/ no place 9 life1 b1 s9ce !y seem to belong to c]ta9 v deep spr+s ( our nature1 d become ( great importance 9 ! arts4 ,morality1 !n1 appreciates emotion by ! /&>d ( resultant action4 ,art appreciates emotion 9 & = itself4 ,?is view ( ! ess5tial importance 9 art ( ! expression ( ! emotions is ! basis ( ,tol/oy's m>vell\sly orig9al & yet p]v]se & ev5 exasp]at+ book1 8,:at is ,art10 & ,i will+ly confess1 :ile disagree+ ) almo/ all 8 results1 h[ mu* ,i owe to him4 ,he gives an example ( :at he means by call+ art ! means ( communicat+ emotions4 ,he says1 let u suppose a boy to h be5 pursu$ 9 ! =e/ by a be>4 ,if he returns to ! village & m]ely /ates t he 0 pursu$ by a be> & escap$1 t is ord9>y language1 ! means ( communicat+ facts or ideas2 b if he describes 8 /ate fir/ ( he$lessness1 !n ( sudd5 al>m & t]ror z ! be> appe>s1 & f9ally ( relief :5 he gets away1 & describes ?is s t 8 he>]s %>e 8 emotions1 !n 8 description is a "w ( art4 ,n[ 9 s f> z ! boy does ?is 9 ord] to urge ! villag]s to g out & kill ! be>1 ?\gh he may be us+ arti/ic me?ods1 8 spee* is n a pure "w ( art2 b if ( a w9t] ev5+ ! boy relates 8 exp]i5ce = ! sake ( ! enjoym5t ( 8 adv5ture 9 retrospect1 or bett] /ill1 if he makes up ! :ole /ory = ! sake ( ! imag9$ emotions1 !n 8 spee* becomes a pure "w ( art4 ,b ,tol/oy takes ! o!r view1 & values ! emotions ar\s$ by art entirely = _! reaction ^u actual life1 a view :i* he c\rage\sly ma9ta9s ev5 :5 x leads him to condemn ! :ole ( ,mi*elangelo1 ,raphael & ,titian1 & mo/ ( ,bee?ov51 n to m5tion ne>ly ev]y?+ he himself has writt51 z bad or false art4 ,su* a view w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 give pause to any less h]oic _s4 ,he w\ld wond] :e!r mank9d c\ld h always be5 s radically wrong ab\t a function t1 :atev] its value be1 is almo/ univ]sal4 ,& 9 po9t ( fact he w h to f9d "s o!r ^w to d5ote :at we n[ call art4 ,nor does ,tol/oy's !ory ev5 c>ry him safely ?r\gh 8 own book1 s9ce1 9 8 examples ( morally desirable & !re=e good art1 he has to admit t ^! are to be f\nd1 = ! mo/ "p1 among works ( inf]ior quality4 ,"h1 !n1 is at once ! tacit admission t ano!r /&>d ?an morality is applicable4 ,we mu/ !re=e give up ! attempt to judge ! "w ( art by its reaction on life1 & consid] x z an expression ( emotions reg>d$ z ends 9 !mselves4 ,& ?is br+s u back to ! idea we _h already arriv$ at1 ( art z ! expression ( ! imag9ative life4 ,if1 !n1 an object ( any k9d is creat$ by man n = use1 = its fitness to actual life1 b z an object ( art1 an object subs]v+ ! imag9ative life1 :at w its qualities be8 ,x mu/ 9 ! fir/ place be adapt$ to t dis9t]e/$ int5sity ( contemplation1 :i* we h f\nd to be ! result ( cutt+ (f ! responsive action4 ,x mu/ be suit$ to t height5$ p[] ( p]ception :i* we f\nd to result !refrom4 ,& ! fir/ quality t we dem& 9 our s5sations w be ord]1 )\t :i* our s5sations w be tr\bl$ & p]plex$1 & ! o!r quality w be v>iety1 )\t :i* !y w n be fully /imulat$4 ,x may be object$ t _m ?+s 9 nature1 su* z fl[]s1 possess ^! two qualities ( ord] & v>iety 9 a high degree1 & ^! objects d und\bt$ly /imulate & satisfy t cle> dis9t]e/$ contemplation :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! /hetic attitude4 ,b 9 our reaction to a "w ( art !re is some?+ m--!re is ! consci\sness ( purpose1 ! consci\sness ( a peculi> relation ( sympa?y ) ! man :o made ?is ?+ 9 ord] to ar\se precisely ! s5sations we exp]i5ce4 ,& :5 we come to ! high] works ( art1 :]e s5sations are s arrang$ t !y ar\se 9 u deep emotions1 ?is feel+ ( a special tie ) ! man :o express$ !m becomes v /rong4 ,we feel t he has express$ some?+ :i* 0 lat5t 9 u all ! "t1 b :i* we nev] realis$1 t he has reveal$ u to ourselves 9 reveal+ himself4 ,& ?is recognition ( purpose is1 ,i believe1 an ess5tial "p ( ! /hetic judgm5t prop]4 ,! p]ception ( purposeful ord] & v>iety 9 an object gives u ! feel+ :i* we express by say+ t x is beautiful1 b :5 by means ( s5sations our emotions are ar\s$ we dem& purposeful ord] & v>iety 9 !m also1 & if ?is c only be br\ght ab\t by ! sacrifice ( s5sual beauty we will+ly ov]look its abs5ce4 ,?us1 !re is no excuse = a *9a pot be+ ugly1 !re is e reason :y ,rembr&t's & ,degas' pictures %\ld be1 f ! purely s5sual po9t ( view1 supremely & magnific5tly ugly4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 w expla9 ! app>5t contradiction betwe5 two di/9ct uses ( ! ^w beauty1 "o = t :i* has s5su\s *>m1 & "o = ! /hetic approval ( works ( imag9ative art :]e ! objects pres5t$ to u are (t5 ( extreme ugl9ess4 ,beauty 9 ! =m] s5se belongs to works ( art :]e only ! p]ceptual aspect ( ! imag9ative life is ex]cis$1 beauty 9 ! second s5se becomes z x 7 sup]s5sual1 & is conc]n$ ) ! appropriat5ess & int5sity ( ! emotions ar\s$4 ,:5 ^! emotions are ar\s$ 9 a way t satisfies fully ! ne$s ( ! imag9ative life we approve & delight 9 ! s5sations ?r\gh :i* we enjoy t height5$ exp]i5ce1 because !y possess purposeful ord] & v>iety 9 relation to ^? emotions4 ,"o *ief aspect ( ord] 9 a "w ( art is unity2 unity ( "s k9d is necess>y = our re/ful contemplation ( ! "w ( art z a :ole1 s9ce if x lacks unity we _c contemplate x 9 its entirety1 b we %all pass outside x to o!r ?+s necess>y to complete its unity4 ,9 a picture ?is unity is due to a balanc+ ( ! attractions to ! eye ab\t ! c5tral l9e ( ! picture4 ,! result ( ?is balance ( attractions is t ! eye re/s will+ly )9 ! b\nds ( ! picture4 ,dr4 ,d5man ,ross ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity has made a mo/ valuable /udy ( ! elem5t>y consid]ations ^u :i* ?is balance is bas$ 9 8 8,!ory ( ,pure ,design40 ,he sums up 8 results 9 ! =mula t a composition is ( value 9 proportion to ! numb] ( ord]ly connections :i* x displays4 ,dr4 ,ross wisely re/ricts himself to ! /udy ( ab/ract & mean+less =ms4 ,! mom5t repres5tation is introduc$ =ms h an entirely new set ( values4 ,?us a l9e :i* indicat$ ! sudd5 b5d ( a head 9 a c]ta9 direction w\ld h f> m ?an its m]e value z l9e 9 ! composition because ( ! attraction :i* a m>k$ ge/ure has = ! eye4 ,9 almo/ all pa9t+s ?is di/urbance ( ! purely decorative values by reason ( ! repres5tative effect takes place1 & ! problem becomes too complex = geometrical pro(4 ,?is m]ely decorative unity is1 moreov]1 ( v diff]5t degrees ( int5sity 9 diff]5t arti/s & 9 diff]5t p]iods4 ,! necessity = a closely wov5 geometrical texture 9 ! composition is mu* great] 9 h]oic & monum5tal design ?an 9 g5re pieces on a small scale4 ,x seems also probable t our appreciation ( unity 9 pictorial design is ( two k9ds4 ,we are s accu/om$ to consid] only ! unity :i* results f ! balance ( a numb] ( attractions pres5t$ to ! eye simultane\sly 9 a fram$ picture t we =get ! possibility ( o!r pictorial =ms4 ,9 c]ta9 ,*9ese pa9t+s ! l5g? is s great t we _c take 9 ! :ole picture at once1 nor are we int5d$ to d s4 ,sometimes a l&scape is pa9t$ ^u a roll ( silk s long t we c only look at x 9 successive segm5ts4 ,z we unroll x at "o end & roll x up at ! o!r we trav]se wide /ret*es ( c\ntry1 trac+1 p]haps1 all ! vicissitudes ( a riv] f its s\rce to ! sea1 & yet1 :5 ?is is well done1 we h receiv$ a v ke5 impression ( pictorial unity4 ,su* a successive unity is ( c\rse famili> to u 9 lit]ature & music1 & x plays its "p 9 ! graphic arts4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! =ms be+ pres5t$ to u 9 su* a sequ5ce t ea* successive elem5t is felt to h a fundam5tal & h>moni\s relation ) t :i* prec$$ x4 ,i sugge/ t 9 look+ at draw+s our s5se ( pictorial unity is l>gely ( ?is nature2 we feel1 if ! draw+ be a good "o1 t ea* modulation ( ! l9e z our eye passes along x gives ord] & v>iety to our s5sations4 ,su* a draw+ may be almo/ entirely lack+ 9 ! geometrical balance :i* we are accu/om$ to dem& 9 pa9t+s1 & yet h1 9 a rem>kable degree1 unity4 ,let u n[ see h[ ! arti/ passes f ! /age ( m]ely gratify+ our dem& = s5su\s ord] & v>iety to t :]e he ar\ses our emotions4 ,i w call ! v>i\s me?ods by :i* ?is is effect$1 ! emotional elem5ts ( design4 ,! fir/ elem5t is t ( ! rhy?m ( ! l9e ) :i* ! =ms are del9eat$4 ,! drawn l9e is ! record ( a ge/ure1 & t ge/ure is modifi$ by ! arti/'s feel+ :i* is ?us communicat$ to u directly4 ,! second elem5t is mass4 ,:5 an object is s repres5t$ t we recognise x z hav+ in]tia we feel its p[] ( resi/+ movem5t1 or communicat+ its own movem5t to o!r bodies1 & our imag9ative reaction to su* an image is gov]n$ by our exp]i5ce ( mass 9 actual life4 ,! ?ird elem5t is space4 ,! same siz$ squ>e on two pieces ( pap] c be made by v simple means to appe> to repres5t ei!r a cube two or ?ree in*es high1 or a cube ( hundr$s ( feet1 & our reaction to x is proportionately *ang$4 ,! f\r? elem5t is t ( light & %ade4 ,our feel+s t[>ds ! same object become totally diff]5t accord+ z we see x /rongly illum9at$ aga9/ a black backgr\nd or d>k aga9/ light4 ,a fif? elem5t is t ( col\r4 ,t ?is has a direct emotional effect is evid5t f su* words z gay1 dull1 melan*oly 9 relation to col\r4 ,i w\ld sugge/ ! possibility ( ano!r elem5t1 ?\gh p]haps x is only a comp\nd ( mass & space3 x is t ( ! incl9ation to ! eye ( a plane1 :e!r x is imp5d+ ov] or lean+ away f u4 ,n[ x w be notic$ t ne>ly all ^! emotional elem5ts ( design are connect$ ) ess5tial conditions ( our physical exi/5ce3 rhy?m appeals to all ! s5sations :i* accompany muscul> activity2 mass to all ! inf9ite adaptations to ! =ce ( gravity :i* we are =c$ to make2 ! spatial judgm5t is equally pr(\nd & univ]sal 9 its application to life2 our feel+ ab\t incl9$ planes is connect$ ) our necess>y judgm5ts ab\t ! con=mation ( ! e>? itself2 light1 aga91 is s necess>y a condition ( our exi/5ce t we become int5sely s5sitive to *anges 9 its int5sity4 ,col\r is ! only "o ( our elem5ts :i* is n ( critical or univ]sal importance to life1 & its emotional effect is nei!r s deep nor s cle>ly det]m9$ z ! o!rs4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t ! graphic arts ar\se emotions 9 u by play+ ^u :at "o may call ! ov]tones ( "s ( our prim>y physical ne$s4 ,!y h1 inde$1 ?is great advantage ov] poetry1 t !y c appeal m directly & imm$iately to ! emotional accompanim5ts ( our b>e physical exi/5ce4 ,if we repres5t ^! v>i\s elem5ts 9 simple diagrammatic t]ms1 ?is effect ^u ! emotions is1 x mu/ be confess$1 v weak4 ,rhy?m ( l9e1 = in/ance1 is incomp>ably weak] 9 its /imulus ( ! muscul> s5se ?an is rhy?m address$ to ! e> 9 music1 & su* diagrams c at be/ ar\se only fa9t gho/-l e*oes ( emotions ( diff]+ qualities2 b :5 ^! emotional elem5ts are comb9$ ) ! pres5tation ( natural appe>ances1 above all ) ! appe>ance ( ! human body1 we f9d t ?is effect is indef9itely height5$4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we look at ,mi*elangelo's 8,j]emiah10 & realise ! irresi/ible mom5tum 8 movem5ts w\ld h1 we exp]i5ce p[]ful s5tim5ts ( rev]5ce & awe4 ,or :5 we look at ,mi*elangelo's 8,tondo0 9 ! ,uffizi1 & f9d a gr\p ( figures s arrang$ t ! planes h a sequ5ce comp>able 9 bread? & dignity to ! m\ld+s ( ! e>? m\nt+ by cle>ly-felt gradations to an ov]topp+ summit1 innum]able in/9ctive reactions are br\ght into play4#c ,at ?is po9t ! adv]s>y 7z ,leon>di da ,v9ci calls him7 is likely en\gh to retort1 8,y h ab/ract$ f natural =ms a numb] ( s-call$ emotional elem5ts :i* y y\rself admit are v weak :5 /at$ ) diagrammatic purity2 y !n put !m back1 ) ! help ( ,mi*elangelo1 into ! natural =ms :5ce !y 7 d]iv$1 & at once !y h value1 s t aft] all x appe>s t ! natural =ms conta9 ^! emotional elem5ts ready made up = u1 & all t art ne$ d is to imitate ,nature40 ,b1 alas6 ,nature is he>tlessly indiff]5t to ! ne$s ( ! imag9ative life2 ,god causes ,8 ra9 to fall ^u ! j & ^u ! unju/4 ,! sun neglects to provide ! appropriate limelight effect ev5 ^u a triumphant ,napoleon or a dy+ ,cs>4#d ,assur$ly we h no gu>antee t 9 nature ! emotional elem5ts w be comb9$ appropriately ) ! dem&s ( ! imag9ative life1 & x is1 ,i ?9k1 ! great occupation ( ! graphic arts to give u fir/ ( all ord] & v>iety 9 ! s5su\s plane1 & !n s to arrange ! s5su\s pres5tm5t ( objects t ! emotional elem5ts are elicit$ ) an ord] & appropriat5ess altoge!r beyond :at ,nature h]self provides4 ,let me sum up = a mom5t :at ,i h said ab\t ! relation ( art to ,nature1 :i* is1 p]haps1 ! greate/ /umbl+-block to ! und]/&+ ( ! graphic arts4 ,i h admitt$ t !re is beauty 9 ,nature1 t is to say1 t c]ta9 objects con/antly d1 & p]haps any object may1 compel u to reg>d x ) t int5se dis9t]e/$ contemplation t belongs to ! imag9ative life1 & :i* is impossible to ! actual life ( necessity & action2 b t 9 objects creat$ to ar\se ! /hetic feel+ we h an add$ consci\sness ( purpose on ! "p ( ! creator1 t he made x on purpose n to be us$ b to be reg>d$ & enjoy$2 & t ?is feel+ is *>act]i/ic ( ! /hetic judgm5t prop]4 ,:5 ! arti/ passes f pure s5sations to emotions ar\s$ by means ( s5sations1 he uses natural =ms :i*1 9 !mselves1 are calculat$ to move our emotions1 & he pres5ts ^! 9 su* a mann] t ! =ms !mselves g5]ate 9 u emotional /ates1 bas$ ^u ! fundam5tal necessities ( our physical & physiological nature4 ,! arti/'s attitude to natural =m is1 !re=e1 inf9itely v>i\s accord+ to ! emotions he wi%es to ar\se4 ,he may require = 8 purpose ! mo/ complete repres5tation ( a figure1 he may be int5sely reali/ic1 provid$ t 8 pres5tm5t1 9 spite ( its clos5ess to natural appe>ance1 dis5gages cle>ly = u ! appropriate emotional elem5ts4 ,or he may give u ! m]e/ sugge/ion ( natural =ms1 & rely almo/ entirely ^u ! =ce & int5sity ( ! emotional elem5ts involv$ 9 8 pres5tm5t4 ,we may1 !n1 disp5se once = all ) ! idea ( lik5ess to ,nature1 ( correctness or incorrectness z a te/1 & consid] only :e!r ! emotional elem5ts inh]5t 9 natural =m are adequately discov]$1 unless1 inde$1 ! emotional idea dep5ds at any po9t ^u lik5ess1 or complet5ess ( repres5tation4 ,,! ,,ottoman ,,& ,,! ,,:atnot#e ,su* 7 ! outl&i% names ( ! two great clans t m>*$ "u ! flag ( ! ,antimacass> to ! res\nd+ p]iods ( ,mr4 ,podsnap's rhetoric4 ,= all ! appe>ance ( leisure1 = all ! abs5ce ( hu/le1 ^? 7 /r5u\s days4 ,respectability & 8! "y p]son0 7 p]petually m5ac$ by invet]ate human nature1 & 7 always or ne>ly always j be+ sav$ z by a miracle4 ,b 9 ! end x 0 ! boa/ ( ! ,victorians t !y _h e/abli%$ a sy/em ( taboos almo/ z complicat$ & z all-p]vad+ z t ( ! ,ojibbeways or ! ,w>amunga4 ,! ,ottoman1 :i* seat$ two s conv5i5tly1 0 liable to prove a traitor1 b :at ! ,ottoman risk$ c\ld be sav$ by ! ,:atnot1 ) ,t5nyson & ,john ,gre5leaf ,:itti] to c\nsel & assuage4 ,"o ( ! ?+s !y us$ to say 9 ^? days1 q l\dly & di/9ctly1 03 8,di/ance l5ds en*antm5t to ! view40 ,x seem$ s appropriate at ! frequ5t & admirably organis$ picnics t at la/ x 0 repeat$ too (t51 & ! "t came :51 "u pa9 ( social degradation1 x 0 =bidd5 to utt] ! hat$ words4 ,b n[ t we are busy br++ back ! ,ottoman & ! ,:atnot f ! g>ret & ! s]vants' hall to ! draw+-room1 we may once m repeat ! phrase ) impunity1 & inde$ ?is article has no o!r purpose ?an to repeat once m 7& ) h[ new a reli%673 8,di/ance l5ds en*antm5t to ! view40 ,also1 ) our passion = sci5ce & exact measurem5t1 we %all wi% to discov] ! exact di/ance at :i* en*antm5t beg9s4 ,& ?is is easi] ?an might be suppos$2 = any "o :o has liv$ long en\gh w h notic$ t a c]ta9 di/ance l5ds a viol5t disgu/ to ! view--t z we rec$e !re comes a p]iod ( oblivion & total unconsci\sness1 to be succe$$ :5 consci\sness returns by ! ec/asy1 ! nature ( :i* we are consid]+4 ,i1 alas6 c rememb] ! "t :5 ! ,ottoman & ,:atnot /ill l+]$ 9 ! draw+-rooms ( ! less fa%ionable & m cons]vative b\rgeoisie2 l+]$ despis$1 reject$1 & m]ely await+ _! sub/itutes4 ,i c rememb] ! %am ,*ipp5dale & ! %am old oak :i* replac$ !m4 ,i c rememb] a /ill worse horror--a g5u9e mod]n /yle :i* z yet has no "n1 a p]iod ( black poli%$ wood ) spid]y l9es ( conv5tional fl[]s incis$ 9 ! wood & !n gilt4 ,^! ?+s mu/ h belong$ to ! eighties--,i ?9k !y w5t ) ! bu/le2 b z !y are precisely at ! di/ance :]e unconsci\sness has set 91 x is m difficult to me to write ! hi/ory ( ?is p]iod ?an x w\ld be to tell ( ! sequ5ce ( /yles 9 ! ,tang dyna/y4 ,& n[1 hav+ wat*$ ! ,:atnot disappe>1 ,i h ! privilege ( wat*+ its resurrection4 ,i h pass$ f disgu/1 ?r\gh total =getfulness1 into ! joys ( retrospection4 ,n[ my belief is t none ( ^! feel+s h any?+ to d ) our /hetic reactions to ! objects z works ( art4 ,! odd ?+ ab\t ei!r real or w\ld-be works ( art1 t is to say1 ab\t any works made ) some?+ beyond a purely utilit>ian aim--! odd ?+ is t !y c ei!r affect our /hetic s5sibilities or !y c become symbols ( a p>ticul> way ( life4 ,9 ?is aspect !y affect our hi/orical imag9ation ?r\gh our social emotions4 ,t ! hi/orical images !y conjure up 9 u are probably false has v little to d ) x2 ! po9t is t !y exi/ = u1 & exi/ = mo/ p1 f> m vividly & poignantly ?an any possible /hetic feel+s4 ,& someh[ ! works ( ea* p]iod come to /& = u z symbols ( "s p>ticul> & special aspect ( life4 ,a ,limoges casket evokes ! idea ( a life ( *ivalr\s adv5ture & romantic devotion2 an ,italian cassone gives "o a life ( intellectual f]m5t & ,boccaccian fre$om2 be=e a ,caffi]i bronze or a ,ries5] bureau "o imag9es oneself an exquisite ari/ocrat pro( aga9/ ! deep] passions1 & gift$ ) a s5suality s ref9$ & a wit s ready t gallantry w\ld be a suffici5t occupation = a lifetime4 ,:oev] h&l+ a ,l\is ,,xv4 tabatire reflect$ h[ few ( ! fri5ds ( its orig9al own] ev] wa%$1 & h[ _m ( !m 7 m>k$ ) smallpox8 ,! fun ( ^! hi/orical evocations is precisely 9 :at !y leave out4 ,& 9 ord] t ?is process ( selection & elim9ation may take place1 precise & detail$ k mu/ h fad$ f ! collective memory1 & ! blurr$ b exquisite outl9es ( a g5]alisation mu/ h be5 e/abli%$4 ,we h j got to ?is po9t ) ! ,victorian epo*4 ,x has j got its vague & g5]alis$ ,/immung4 ,we ?9k z we look at ,lee*'s draw+s1 or sit 9 a bead-"w *air1 ( a life :i* 0 ! p]fect fl[] ( b\rgeoisie4 ,! ari/ocracy ) _! odd irregul> ways1 ! ,m]$i? h]o9es & h]oes1 are away 9 ! backgr\nd2 ! ,victorian life is ( ! upp] b\rgeoisie4 ,x is imm5sely leisur$1 untr\bl$ by social problems1 unblu%+ly s5tim5tal1 imp5it5tly un9tellectual1 & devot$ to sport4 ,! wom5 are exquisitely tra9$ to _! social functions2 !y respond unfail+ly to e s5tim5tal appeal2 !y are beautifully ill-in=m$1 & yet ye>n+ = in/ruction2 !y h adorable temp]s & are ev] s mildly mis*iev\s4 ,! m5 c af=d1 )\t fe> ( impi% criticism1 to flaunt _! :isk]s 9 ! sea breeze1 & to expatiate on _! contempt = ev]y?+ t is n correct4 ,"h1 ,i suppose1 is some?+ l ! outl9e ( t g5]alis$ hi/orical fancy t by n[ emanates s fragrantly f ! m>ble inlaid tables & ! beadwork scre5s ( ! p]iod4 ,h[ *>m+ & h[ false x is1 "o sees at once :5 "o reflects t we imag9e ! ,victorians = ev] play+ croquet )\t ev] los+ _! temp]s4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t we h j arriv$ at ! po9t :]e our ignorance ( life 9 ! ,victorian p]iod is su* z to all[ ! incurable optimism ( memory to build a q peculi> little e>?ly p>adise out ( ! bor$oms1 ! snobb]ies1 ! cruel repressions1 ! mean calculations & rapaci\s speculations ( ! mid-n9ete5? c5tury4 ,g a little lat]1 & ! imag9ation is hopelessly hamp]$ by famili>ity ) ! facts ( life :i* ! roseate mi/ has n yet begun to transmute4 ,b let ^? ( u :o are h>d at "w collect+ ,victorian pap]-weights1 /uff$ humm+birds & wax fl[]s reflect t our successors w be able to create q z amus+ & wond]ful int]iors out ( ! black wood cab9ets & 8/hetic0 crewel-"w ( ! eighties4 ,!y w n be able to d ?is until !y h con/ruct$ ! appropriate social picture1 ! outl9es ( :i* we _c dimly conceive4 ,we h at ?is mom5t no inkl+ ( ! k9d ( lies !y w inv5t ab\t ! eighties to amuse !mselves2 we only "k t :5 ! "t comes ! leg5d w h tak5 %ape1 & t1 f t mom5t on1 ! objects ( ! "t w h ! prop]ty ( emanation4 ,s f> x has be5 unnecess>y ev5 to consid] :e!r ! objects ( ! ,victorian p]iod are works ( art or n2 all t is necess>y is t !y %\ld h "s m>g9 ( fre$om f utility1 "s scope = ! fancy ( _! creators4 ,& ! ,victorian epo* is1 ,i ?9k1 unusually ri* 9 its capacity = emanation1 = x 0 ! great p]iod ( fancy "w4 ,z ! age-long traditions ( craftsman%ip & /ructural design1 :i* _h l+]$ on f ! ,middle ,ages1 f9ally fad$ out "u ! impact ( ! new indu/rialism1 ! amateur /epp$ 91 8 bra9 teem+ ) fancies4 ,craftsman%ip 0 dead1 ! craftsman replac$ ei!r by ! ma*9e or by a purely s]vile & me*anical human be+1 a man )\t tradition1 )\t ideas ( 8 own1 :o 0 ready to accompli% :atev] caprices ! amateur or ! arti/ might set him to4 ,x 0 an age ( inv5tion & exp]im5t1 an age ( wildly irresponsible frivolity1 curiosity & s5tim5tality4 ,to gratify s5tim5t1 nature 0 oppos$ to ! hamp]+ conv5tions ( art2 to gratify fatu\s curiosity1 ! mo/ improbable & ill-suit$ mat]ials conceivable 7 us$4 ,:at !y call 9 ,france le /yle coco is exactly expressive ( ?is4 ,a draw+ ( a pheasant is col\r$ by cutt+ up little pieces ( real pheasant's fea!rs & /ick+ !m on 9 ! appropriate places4 ,reali/ic fl[]s are made out ( %ells glu$ toge!r1 or1 ) less ( ! pleasant %ock ( ! unexpect$1 out ( wax or spun glass4 ,!y exp]im5t 9 col\r1 us+ ! new results ( *emi/ry boldly1 gre5s f ars5ic1 mag5ta & m>oons f coal-t>1 ) results sometimes happy1 sometimes disa/r\s2 b always we feel beh9d ev]y?+ ! caprici\s fancy ( ! amateur ) 8 desire to contribute by "s joke or conjur+ trick to ! social am5ities4 ,! g5]al gr\ndwork ( design1 s f> z any tradition rema9s at all1 is a k9d ( ba/>d b>oque pass+ at times into a flimsy c>icature ( rococo1 b almo/ always s ov]laid & transfigur$ by ! fancies ( ! amateur z to be h>dly recognisable1 & yet all1 by n[1 s ri*ly r$ol5t ( its social leg5d z to h become a g5u9e /yle4 ,!re is reason en\gh1 !n1 :y we %\ld amuse ourselves by collect+ ,victorian objects ( art1 or at lea/ ^? ( u :o h ! special social-hi/orical s5sibility highly develop$4 ,b s curi\sly int]twi/$ are our emotions t we are always apt to put a wrong label on !m1 & ! label 8beauty0 comes curi\sly h&y = almo/ any ( ! m spiritual & dis9t]e/$ feel+s4 ,s our collector is likely en\gh to ask u to admire 8 objects1 n = _! social emanations1 b = _! intr9sic /hetic m]it1 :i*1 to tell ! tru?1 is f> m problematical4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! use ( mat]ial at ?is p]iod seems to be less discrim9at+1 & ! s5se ( quality feebl]1 ?an at any previ\s p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory1 at all ev5ts s9ce ,roman times--,pompeii1 by-!-by1 0 a ?or\ghly ,victorian city4 ,! s5se ( design 0 also *aotically free f all ! limitations ( purpose & mat]ial1 & ,i d\bt if x atta9$ to t p]fect ab/ract s5se ( h>mony :i* might ju/ify any disreg>d ( ^? conditions4 ,no1 on ! :ole x w be bett] to recognise fully h[ ende>+1 h[ fancy-free1 h[ ri*ly evocative are ! objects ( ! ,victorian p]iod ?an to tr\ble our heads ab\t _! /hetic value4 ,! discov]y ( ,victorian art is due to a few ent]pris+ & orig9al arti/s4 ,9 a future article ,i hope to %[ :y x is to ! arti/ r ?an to ! collector t we always owe su* discov]ies1 & also :y arti/s are ( all p ! mo/ indiff]5t to ! /hetic value ( ! objects !y recomm5d to our admiration4 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,vision#f ,9 ! prec$+ article ,i /at$ t arti/s always lead ! way 9 awak5+ a new admiration = =gott5 & despis$ /yles1 & t 9 do+ s !y anticipate bo? ! ar*ologi/ & ! collector4 ,i also sugge/$ t !y 7 ( all p ! lea/ fitt$ to report ^u ! /hetic value ( ! objects !y press$ ^u u4 ,biologically speak+1 art is a blasphemy4 ,we 7 giv5 our eyes to see ?+s1 n to look at !m4 ,life takes c>e t we all le>n ! lesson ?or\ghly1 s t at a v e>ly age we h acquir$ a v consid]able ignorance ( visual appe>ances4 ,we h le>n$ ! mean+ = life ( appe>ances s well t we und]/& !m1 z x 71 9 %or?&4 ,! subtle/ diff]5ces ( appe>ance t h a utility value /ill cont9ue to be appreciat$1 :ile l>ge & important visual *>act]s1 provid$ !y are useless = life1 w pass unnotic$4 ,) all ! +5uity & res\rce :i* manufactur]s put into _! bus9ess1 !y c sc>cely prev5t ! ord9>y eye f seiz+ on ! m9ute visual *>act]i/ics t di/+ui% m>g>9e f butt]4 ,"s ( u c tell ,canadian *$d> at a glance1 & no "o 0 ev] tak5 9 by %am sude gloves4 ,! s5se ( sight supplies prophetic k ( :at may affect ! inn] =tifications1 ! m intimate s5ses ( ta/e & t\*1 :]e x may already be too late to av]t disa/]4 ,s we le>n to read ! prophetic message1 &1 = ! sake ( economy1 to neglect all else4 ,*ildr5 h n le>n$ x fully1 & s !y look at ?+s ) "s passion4 ,ev5 ! gr[n man keeps some?+ ( 8 unbiological1 dis9t]e/$ vision ) reg>d to a few ?+s4 ,he /ill looks at fl[]s1 & does n m]ely see !m4 ,he also keeps objects :i* h "s m>k$ peculi>ity ( appe>ance t cat*es 8 eye4 ,^! may be natural1 l preci\s /ones1 fossils1 incru/ations & su* l2 or !y may be manufactur$ entirely ) a view to pleas+ by peculi>ities ( col\r or %ape1 & ^! are call$ ornam5ts4 ,su* articles1 :e!r natural or artificial1 are call$ by ^? :o sell !m #8curios1' & ! "n is n an unhappy "o to d5ote ! k9d ( int]e/ :i* !y ar\se4 ,z ,i %[$ 9 a previ\s article1 su* objects get atta*$ to !m a second>y int]e/1 aris+ f ! k9d ( social milieu t !y 7 made =1 s t !y become n m]ely curi\s = ! eye1 b /imulat+ to our social-hi/orical imag9ation4 ,! vision ) :i* we reg>d su* objects is q di/9ct f ! practical vision ( our in/9ctive life4 ,9 ! practical vision we h no m conc]n aft] we h read ! label on ! object2 vision ceases ! mom5t x has s]v$ its biological function4 ,b ! curiosity vision does contemplate ! object dis9t]e/$ly2 ! object ex hypo!si has no significance = actual life2 x is a play or fancy object1 & our vision dwells mu* m consci\sly & delib]ately ^u x4 ,we notice to "s ext5t its =ms & col\rs1 especially :5 x is new to u4 ,b human p]v]sity goes fur!r ev5 ?an ?is 9 its misapplication ( ! gift ( sight4 ,we may look at objects n ev5 = _! curiosity or oddity1 b = _! h>mony ( =m & col\r4 ,to ar\se su* a vision ! object mu/ be m ?an a #8curio'3 x has to be a "w ( art4 ,i suspect t su* an object mu/ be made by "s "o 9 :om ! impulse 0 n to please o!rs1 b to express a feel+ ( 8 own4 ,x is probably ?is fundam5tal diff]5ce ( orig9 betwe5 ! #8curio' or ornam5t & ! "w ( art t makes x impossible = any comm]cial sy/em1 ) its eye necess>ily on ! cu/om]1 ev] to produce works ( art1 :atev] ! +5uity ) :i* x is attempt$4 ,b we are conc]n$ "h n ) ! orig91 b ) ! vision4 ,?is is at once m int5se & m deta*$ f ! passions ( ! in/9ctive life ?an ei!r ( ! k9ds ( vision hi!rto discuss$4 ,^? :o indulge 9 ?is vision are entirely absorb$ 9 appreh5d+ ! relation ( =ms & col\r to "o ano!r1 z !y coh]e )9 ! object4 ,suppose1 = example1 t we are look+ at a ,sung b[l2 we appreh5d gradually ! %ape ( ! outside cont\r1 ! p]fect sequ5ce ( ! curves1 & ! subtle modifications ( a c]ta9 type ( curve :i* x %[s2 we also feel ! relation ( ! concave curves to ! outside cont\r2 we realise t ! precise ?ickness ( ! walls is consi/5t ) ! p>ticul> k9d ( matt] ( :i* x is made1 its appe>ance ( d5sity & resi/ance2 & f9ally we recognise1 p]haps1 h[ satisfactory = ! display ( all ^! pla/ic qualities are ! col\r & ! dull lu/re ( ! glaze4 ,n[ :ile we are ?us occupi$ !re comes to u1 ,i ?9k1 a feel+ ( purpose2 we feel t all ^! s5sually logical con=mities are ! outcome ( a p>ticul> feel+1 or ( :at1 = want ( a bett] ^w1 we call an idea2 & we may ev5 say t ! pot is ! expression ( an idea 9 ! arti/'s m9d4 ,:e!r we are "r or n 9 mak+ ?is d$uction1 ,i believe x ne>ly always occurs 9 su* /hetic appreh5sion ( an object ( art4 ,b 9 all ?is no elem5t ( curiosity1 no ref]5ce to actual life1 comes 92 our appreh5sion is uncondition$ by consid]ations ( space or "t2 x is irrelevant to u to "k :e!r ! b[l 0 made sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ,*9a1 or 9 ,new ,york ye/]day4 ,we may1 ( c\rse1 at any mom5t swit* (f f ! /hetic vision1 & become int]e/$ 9 all sorts ( quasi-biological feel+s2 we may inquire :e!r x is g5u9e or n1 :e!r x is wor? ! sum giv5 = x1 & s =?2 b 9 proportion z we d ?is we *ange ! focus ( our vision2 we are m likely to exam9e ! bottom ( ! b[l = traces ( m>ks ?an to look at ! b[l itself4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! nature ( ! /hetic vision1 ! vision ) :i* we contemplate works ( art4 ,x is to su* a vision1 if to any?+ outside himself1 t ! arti/ appeals1 & ! arti/ 9 8 sp>e h\rs may himself indulge 9 ! /hetic vision2 & if "o c get him to d s1 8 v]dict is likely to be z good z any "o's4 ,! arti/'s ma9 bus9ess 9 life1 h[ev]1 is c>ri$ on by means ( yet a f\r? k9d ( vision1 :i* ,i w call ! creative vision4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! fur!/ p]v]sion ( ! gifts ( nature ( :i* man is guilty4 ,x dem&s ! mo/ complete deta*m5t f any ( ! mean+s & implications ( appe>ances4 ,almo/ any turn ( ! kaleidoscope ( nature may set up 9 ! arti/ ?is deta*$ & impassion$ vision1 &1 z he contemplates ! p>ticul> field ( vision1 ! 7/hetically7 *aotic & accid5tal conjunction ( =ms & col\rs beg9s to cry/allise into a h>mony2 & z ?is h>mony becomes cle> to ! arti/1 8 actual vision becomes di/ort$ by ! emphasis ( ! rhy?m :i* has be5 set up )9 him4 ,c]ta9 relations ( directions ( l9e become = him full ( mean+2 he appreh5ds !m no long] casually or m]ely curi\sly1 b passionately1 & ^! l9es beg9 to be s /ress$ & /& out s cle>ly f ! re/ t he sees !m f> m di/9ctly ?an he did at fir/4 ,simil>ly col\rs1 :i* 9 nature h almo/ always a c]ta9 vagu5ess & elusiv5ess1 become s def9ite & cle> to him1 ow+ to _! n[ necess>y relation to o!r col\rs1 t if he *ooses to pa9t 8 vision he c /ate !m positively & def9itely4 ,9 su* a creative vision ! objects z su* t5d to disappe>1 to lose _! sep>ate unities1 & to take _! places z s _m bits 9 ! :ole mosaic ( vision4 ,! texture ( ! :ole field ( vision becomes s close t ! coh]5ce ( ! sep>ate pat*es ( tone & col\r )9 ea* object is no /rong] ?an ! coh]5ce ) e o!r tone & col\r ?r\gh\t ! field4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! greate/ object ( art becomes ( no m significance ?an any casual piece ( matt]2 a man's head is no m & no less important ?an a pumpk91 or1 r1 ^! ?+s may be s or n accord+ to ! rhy?m t obsesses ! arti/ & cry/allises 8 vision4 ,s9ce x is ! habitual practice ( ! arti/ to be on ! look out = ^! peculi> arrangem5ts ( objects t ar\se ! creative vision1 & become mat]ial = creative contemplation1 he is liable to look at all objects f ?is po9t ( view4 ,9 s f> z ! arti/ looks at objects only z "p ( a :ole field ( vision :i* is 8 own pot5tial picture1 he c give no acc\nt ( _! /hetic value4 ,e solid object is subject to ! play ( light & %ade1 & becomes a mosaic ( visual pat*es1 ea* ( :i* = ! arti/ is relat$ to o!r visual pat*es 9 ! surr\nd+s4 ,x is irrelevant to ask him1 :ile he is look+ ) ?is g5]alis$ & all-embrac+ vision1 ab\t ! nature ( ! objects :i* compose x4 ,he is likely ev5 to turn away f works ( art 9 :i* he may be tempt$ to relapse into an /hetic vision1 & s see !m z unities ap>t f _! surr\nd+s4 ,by pref]5ce he turns to objects :i* make no /rong /hetic appeal 9 !mselves4 ,b he may l objects :i* attract by "s oddity or peculi>ity ( =m or col\r1 & !reby sugge/ to him new & intrigu+ rhy?ms4 ,9 8 cont9ual & re/less preoccupation ) appe>ance he is capable ( look+ at objects f :i* bo? /hetic & ev5 curi\s vision may turn in/9ctively1 or :i* !y may nev] notice1 s little prospect ( satisfaction d !y hold out4 ,b ! arti/ may always f9d 8 satisfaction1 ! mat]ial = 8 picture1 9 ! mo/ unexpect$ qu>t]s4 ,objects ( ! mo/ despis$ p]iods1 or objects saturat$ = ! ord9>y man ) ! mo/ vulg> & repulsive associations1 may be gri/ to 8 mill4 ,& s x happ5$ t :ile ! man ( culture & ! connoisseur firmly believ$ t art end$ ) ! bro!rs ,adam1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,sick]t 0 already busy gett+ hold ( /uff$ birds & wax fl[]s j = 8 own que] game ( tones & col\rs4 ,& n[ ! collector & ! art-deal] w be knock+ at ,mr4 ,sick]t's door to buy ! treasures at tw5ty times ! price ! arti/ paid = !m4 ,p]haps !re are already y\ng] arti/s :o are gett+ excit$ ab\t ! tiles 9 ! refre%m5t room at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 &1 :5 ! social leg5d has ga!r$ r\nd ! names ( ,sir ,ar?ur ,sullivan & ,connie ,gil*ri/1 w inspire 9 ! cultur$ a deep admiration = ! 8/hetic0 p]iod4 ,! arti/ is ( all m5 ! mo/ con/antly obs]vant ( 8 surr\nd+s1 & ! lea/ affect$ by _! intr9sic /hetic value4 ,he is m likely on ! :ole to pa9t a slum 9 ,soho ?an ,/4 ,paul's1 & m likely to d a lodg+-h\se int]ior ?an a room at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,he may1 ( c\rse1 d ei!r1 b 8 necess>y deta*m5t comes m easily 9 "o case ?an ! o!r4 ,! arti/ is1 ,i believe1 a v good critic if y c make him drop 8 own job = a m9ute1 & really att5d to "s "o else's "w ( art2 b d n g to him :5 he is on duty z an arti/ if y want a s\nd judgm5t ab\t objects ( art4 ,! diff]5t visions ,i h discuss$ are l ! diff]5t ge>s ( a motor-c>1 only t we sometimes /ep f "o ge> into ano!r )\t kn[+ x1 & ! arti/ may be on ! wrong ge> = answ]+ u truly4 ,mr4 ,walt] ,sick]t is likely to h a ,sick]t 9 8 eye :5 he gives u a panegyric on a b$room c&le/ick4 ,,art ,,& ,,socialism#g ,i am n a ,sociali/1 z ,i und]/& t ^w1 nor c ,i pret5d to h work$ out ^? complex e/imates ( economic possibility :i* are ne$$ be=e "o c endorse ! hopeful =eca/s ( ,lady ,w>wick1 ,mr4 ,money1 & ,mr4 ,wells4 ,:at ,i propose to d "h is fir/ to discuss :at effect plutocracy1 su* z x is to-day1 has _h ( late1 & is likely to h 9 ! ne> future1 ^u "o ( ! ?+s :i* ,i %\ld l to imag9e cont9u+ ^u our planet--namely1 art4 ,& !n briefly to progno/icate its *ances "u su* a regime z my colleagues h sket*$4 ,z ,i und]/& x1 art is "o ( ! *ief organs ( :at1 = want ( a bett] ^w1 ,i mu/ call ! spiritual life4 ,x bo? /imulates & controls ^? indef9able ov]tones ( ! mat]ial life ( man :i* all ( u at mom5ts feel to h a quality ( p]man5ce & reality t does n belong to ! re/ ( our exp]i5ce4 ,nature dem&s ) no unc]ta9 voice t ! physical ne$s ( ! body %all be satisfi$ fir/2 b we feel t our real human life only beg9s at ! po9t :]e t is accompli%$1 t ! man :o works at "s uncreative & uncong5ial toil m]ely to e>n en\gh food to enable him to cont9ue to "w has n1 prop]ly speak+1 a human life at all4 ,x is ! argum5t ( comm]cialism1 z x once 0 ( ari/ocracy1 t ! accumulation ( surplus weal? 9 a few h&s enables ?is spiritual life to ma9ta9 its exi/5ce1 t no really valuable or useless "w 7= f ?is po9t ( view only useless "w has value7 c\ld exi/ 9 ! community )\t su* accumulations ( weal?4 ,! argum5t has be5 employ$ = ! dis9t]e/$ "w ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,a doctor ( naturally lib]al & g5]\s impulses told me t he 0 becom+ a reaction>y simply because he fe>$ t public bodies w\ld nev] give ! money necess>y = rese>* ) any?+ l ! same g5]osity z is n[ %[n by ! great plutocrats4 ,b ,sir ,ray ,lanke/] does n f9d t g5]osity suffici5t1 & is prep>$ at lea/ to consid] a ,/ate m ample-spirit$4 ,! situation z reg>ds art & z reg>ds ! dis9t]e/$ love ( tru? is s simil> t we might expect ?is argum5t 9 fav\r ( a plutocratic social ord] to hold equally well = bo? art & sci5ce1 & t ! arti/ w\ld be a f]v5t uphold] ( ! pres5t sy/em4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! m repres5tative arti/s h r>ely be5 su*1 & n a few1 ?\gh work+ _! life long = ! plutocracy1 h be5 vehem5t ,sociali/s4 ,despair+ ( ! conditions due to mod]n comm]cialism1 x is n unnatural t lov]s ( beauty %\ld look back ) no/algia to ! age :5 society 0 controll$ by a l&$ ari/ocracy4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t f ! po9t ( view ( ! enc\ragem5t ( great creative art !re is n mu* diff]5ce betwe5 an ari/ocracy & a plutocracy4 ,! ari/ocrat usually _h ta/e1 ! plutocrat frequ5tly has n4 ,n[ ta/e is ( two k9ds1 ! fir/ consi/+ 9 ! negative avoidance ( all t is ill-consid]$ & discordant1 ! o!r positive & a by-product2 x is t h>mony :i* always results f ! expression ( int5se & dis9t]e/$ emotion4 ,! ari/ocrat1 by means ( 8 good ta/e ( ! negative k9d1 0 able to come to t]ms ) ! arti/2 ! plutocrat has n4 ,b bo? alike desire to buy some?+ :i* is incomm5surate ) money4 ,bo? want art to be a backgr\nd to _! radiant self-consci\sness4 ,!y want to buy beauty z !y want to buy love2 & ! pa9t]1 picture-deal]1 & ! p&] try p]5nially to p]suade !m t x is possible4 ,b liv+ beauty _c be b\ght2 x mu/ be won4 ,i h said t ! ari/ocrat1 by 8 ta/e1 by 8 feel+ = ! accid5tals ( beauty1 did manage to get on to "s k9d ( t]ms ) ! arti/4 ,h5ce ! art ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 an art t is prone be=e ! di/+ui%$ patron1 subtly & delici\sly flatt]+ & yet always f9e4 ,9 contra/ to t ! art ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is co>se1 turbul5t1 clumsy4 ,x m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a revolt4 ,! arti/ j manag$ to let himself be coax$ & cajol$ by ! ari/ocrat1 b :5 ! ari/ocratic 0 succe$$ by ! plutocratic patron ) less conciliatory mann]s & no ta/e1 ! arti/ rebell$2 & ! hi/ory ( art 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury is ! hi/ory ( a b& ( h]oic ,i%maelites1 ) no secure place 9 ! social sy/em1 ) no?+ to support !m 9 ! unequal /ruggle b a dim s5se ( a new idea1 ! idea ( ! fre$om ( art f all trammels & tyrannies4 ,! place t ! arti/s left vacant at ! plutocrat's table _h to be fill$1 & x 0 fill$ by a race new 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 a race = :om no "n has yet be5 f\nd1 a race ( pseudo-arti/s4 ,z ! pro/itute pr(esses to sell love1 s ^! g5tlem5 pr(ess$ to sell beauty1 & !y & _! patrons rollick$ good-hum\r$ly ?r\gh ! ,victorian era4 ,!y adopt$ ! "n & some?+ ( ! mann] ( arti/s2 !y int]cept$ n only ! money1 b ! titles & fame & glory :i* 7 int5d$ = ^? :om !y _h supplant$4 ,b1 :ile !y 7 yet fea/+1 !re came an ev5t :i* seem$ at ! "t ( no importance1 b :i* 0 de/9$ to *ange ultimately ! face ( ?+s1 ! exhibition ( anci5t art at ,man*e/] 9 #aheg4 ,& ) ?is came ,rusk9's address on ! ,political ,economy ( ,art1 a "w :i* surprises by its prophetic =esight :5 we read x half a c5tury lat]4 ,^! two ?+s 7 ! ,m5e ,tekel ( ! orgy ( ,victorian ,phili/9ism4 ,! plutocrat saw ?r\gh ! deception2 x 0 n beauty ! pseudo-arti/ sold him1 any m ?an x 0 love :i* ! pro/itute gave4 ,he turn$ f x 9 disgu/ & decid$ t ! only beauty he c\ld buy 0 ! dead beauty ( ! pa/4 ,!reupon set 9 ! wor%ip ( pat9e & ! age ( =g]y & ! detection ( =g]y4 ,i once rem>k$ to a ri* man t a /atue by ,rod9 might be wor?y ev5 ( 8 collection4 ,he repli$1 8,%[ me a ,rod9 ) ! pat9e ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ,i w buy x40 ,pat9e1 !n1 ! adv5titi\s mat]ial beauty :i* age alone c give1 has come to be ! object ( a rev]5ce great] ?an t devot$ to ! idea :i* is en%r9$ )9 ! "w ( art4 ,p are "r to admire pat9e4 ,no?+ is m beautiful ?an gild$ bronze ( :i* "t has tak5 toll until x is no?+ b a fad$ %imm]+ spl5d\r ov] dep?s ( inscrutable gloom2 no?+ f9] ?an ! dull gl[ :i* ,p5telic m>ble has ga!r$ f pa/ c5turies ( sunlight & w>m ,m$it]ranean breezes4 ,pat9e is good1 b x is a surface *>m add$ to ! ess5tial beauty ( expression2 its beauty is lit]ally sk9-deep4 ,x c nev] come into be+ or exi/ 9 or = itself2 no pat9e c make a bad "w good1 or ! =g]s w\ld be ju/ifi$4 ,x is an adjectival & ancill>y beauty sc>cely wor?y ( our prolong$ contemplation4 ,!re is to ! philosoph] some?+ pa!tic 9 ! ,plutocrat's wor%ip ( pat9e4 ,x is1 z x 71 a comp5sation = 8 own want ( x4 ,on himself all ! r\gh ?umb & *isel m>ks ( 8 mak]--& he is self-made--/& z yet unpoli%$ & raw2 b 8 furniture1 at lea/1 %all h ! di/9ction ( age-long acqua9tance ) good mann]s4 ,b ! net result ( all ?is is t ! arti/ has no?+ to hope f ! plutocrat4 ,to him we mu/ be grateful inde$ = t brusque disillusionm5t ( ! real arti/1 ! real arti/ :o might h rubb$ along uneasily = yet ano!r c5tury ) 8 pr$ecessor1 ! ari/ocrat4 ,let u be grateful to him = ?is2 b we ne$ n look to him = fur!r b5efits1 & if we decide to keep him ! arti/ mu/ be cont5t to be paid aft] he is dead & vic>i\sly 9 ! p]son ( an art-deal]4 ,! arti/ mu/ be cont5t to look on :ile sums are giv5 = dead beauty1 ! t5? "p ( :i*1 prop]ly direct$1 w\ld irrigate :ole nations & /imulate once m ! production ( vital arti/ic expression4 ,i w\ld n wi% to appe> to blame ! plutocrat4 ,he has (t5 hone/ly done 8 be/ = art2 ! tr\ble is n ( 8 mak+ m ?an ( ! arti/'s1 & ! misund]/&+ betwe5 art & comm]ce is b\nd to be complete4 ,! arti/1 h[ev] mean & av>ici\s he may appe>1 kn[s t he _c really sell himself = money any m ?an ! philosoph] or ! sci5tific inve/igator c sell himself = money4 ,he takes money 9 ! hope t he may secure ! opportunity = ! free function+ ( 8 creative p[]4 ,if ! patron c\ld give him t in/ead ( money he w\ld bless him2 b he _c1 & s he tries to get him to "w n q freely = money2 & 9 rev5ge ! arti/ indulges 9 all mann] ( insol5ces1 ev5 p]haps 9 %>p practices1 :i* make ! patron feel1 ) "s ju/ification1 t he is ! victim ( +ratitude & wanton caprice4 ,x is impossible t ! arti/ %\ld "w = ! plutocrat2 he mu/ "w = himself1 because x is only by s do+ t he c p]=m ! function = :i* he exi/s2 x is only by work+ = himself t he c "w = mank9d4 ,if1 !n1 ! p>ticul> k9d ( accumulation ( surplus weal? :i* we call plutocracy has fail$1 z surely x has signally fail$1 to /imulate ! creative p[] ( ! imag9ation1 :at disposition ( weal? might be conceiv$ t w\ld succe$ bett]8 ,fir/ ( all1 a great] di/ribution ( weal?1 ) a l[] /&>d ( o/5tation1 w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 d a great deal to improve ?+s )\t any great *ange 9 o!r conditions4 ,x is n en\gh kn[n t ! patronage :i* really c\nts to-day is ex]cis$ by q small & humble p4 ,^! p ) a few hundr$s a ye> ex]cise a g5u9e patronage by buy+ pictures at t51 tw5ty1 or occasionally ?irty p\nds1 ) real insight & und]/&+1 !reby enabl+ ! "y ,i%maelite to live & function f ! age ( tw5ty to ?irty or s1 :5 p]haps he becomes kn[n to ri*] buy]s1 ^? exp]i5c$ sp5d]s ( money :o are always m cauti\s1 m anxi\s to buy an inve/m5t ?an a picture4 ,^! poor1 intellig5t fir/ patrons to :om ,i allude belong ma9ly to ! pr(essional classes2 !y h none ( ! pret5sions ( ! plutocrat & none ( 8 ambitions4 ,! "w ( art is n = !m1 z = him1 a decorative backclo? to 8 /age1 b an idol & an inspiration4 ,m]ely to increase ! numb] & pot5cy ( ^! p w\ld already accompli% mu*2 & ?is is to be notic$1 t if weal? 7 m ev5ly di/ribut$1 if no "o _h a great deal ( weal?1 ^? :o really c>$ = art w\ld become ! sole patrons1 s9ce = all x w\ld be an appreciable sacrifice1 & = none an impossibility4 ,! man :o only buys pictures :5 he has z _m motor-c>s z he c conceivably want w\ld drop out z a patron altoge!r4 ,b ev5 ?is w\ld only fo/] ! m9or & private arts2 & :at ! hi/ory ( art def9itely elucidates is t ! greate/ art has always be5 communal1 ! expression--9 highly individualis$ ways1 no d\bt--( common aspirations & ideals4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t society 7 s arrang$ t consid]able surplus weal? lay 9 ! h&s ( public bodies1 bo? national & local2 c we h any reasonable hope t !y w\ld %[ m skill 9 c>ry+ out ! delicate task ( /imulat+ & us+ ! creative p[] ( ! arti/8 ,! imm$iate prospect is c]ta9ly n enc\rag+4 ,no?+1 = in/ance1 is m deplorable ?an to wat* ! patronage ( our prov9cial museums4 ,! g5tlem5 :o adm9i/] ^! public funds naturally h n realis$ s acutely z private buy]s ! lesson s admirably taught at ,*ri/ie's1 t pseudo or ,royal-,academic art is a bad inve/m5t4 ,nor is x bett] if we turn to national patronage4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 at lea/1 we _c get a po/age /amp or a p5ny ev5 respectably design$1 mu* less a public monum5t4 ,inde$1 ! tradition t all public ,briti% art %all be crassly m$iocre & inexpressive is s firmly root$ t x seems to h almo/ ! pre/ige ( con/itutional prec$5t4 ,nor w any "o :o has wat*$ a committee commission+ a pres5tation portrait1 or ev5 buy+ an old ma/]1 be 9 dang] ( tak+ too optimi/ic a view4 ,) r>e & %9+ exceptions1 committees seem to be at ! m]cy ( ! l[e/ common d5om9ator ( _! individual natures1 :i* is dom9at$ by fe> ( criticism2 & fe> & its att5dant1 compromise1 are bad ma/]s ( ! arts4 ,speak+ rec5tly at ,liv]pool1 ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw plac$ ! pres5t situation z reg>ds public art 9 its true light4 ,he decl>$ t ! corruption ( ta/e & ! emotional ins9c]ity ( ! mass ( ! p _h gone s f> t any picture :i* pleas$ m ?an t5 p] c5t4 ( ! population %\ld be imm$iately burn$4444 ,?is1 !n1 is ! fundam5tal fact we h to face4 ,& x is ?is t gives u pause :5 we try to con/ruct any conceivable sy/em ( public patronage4 ,= ! mod]n arti/ puts ! "q ( any sociali/ic--or1 inde$1 ( any completely ord]$--/ate 9 its acute/ =m4 ,he dem&s z an ess5tial to ! prop] use ( 8 p[]s a fre$om f re/ra9t su* z no o!r workman expects4 ,he mu/ "w :5 he feels incl9$2 he _c "w to ord]4 ,h5ce 8 frequ5t qu>rels ) ! burgh] :o kn[s he has to "w :5 he is dis9cl9$1 & _c conceive :y ! arti/ %\ld n d likewise4 ,! burgh] wat*es ! arti/'s wayw>d & app>5tly q unme?odical activity1 & envies 8 job4 ,n[1 9 any ,sociali/ic ,/ate1 if c]ta9 m5 are lic5s$ to pursue ! arti/ic call+1 !y are likely to be reg>d$ by ! o!r work]s ) "s envy4 ,!re may be a competition = su* s(t jobs among ^? :o are naturally "w-%y1 s9ce x w be evid5t t ! arti/ is n call$ to acc\nt 9 ! same way z o!r work]s4 ,if we suppose1 z seems n unlikely1 9 view ( ! imm5se numb]s :o become arti/s 9 our pres5t social /ate1 t !re w\ld be ?is competition = ! arti/ic "w ( ! community1 :at me?ods w\ld be devis$ to select ^? requir$ to fill ! covet$ po/s8 ,frankly1 ! hi/ory ( art 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury makes u %udd] at ! results t w\ld foll[4 ,"o sc>cely kn[s :e!r !y w\ld be worse if ,bumble or ! ,academy 7 judge4 ,we only "k t "u any su* conditions none ( ! arti/s ^: "w has ultimately c\nt$ 9 ! spiritual developm5t ( ! race w\ld h be5 all[$ to practise ! covet$ pr(ession4 ,!re is 9 tru?1 z ,rusk9 po9t$ out 9 8 8,political ,economy ( ,art10 a gross & wanton wa/e "u ! pres5t sy/em4 ,we h ?\s&s ( arti/s :o are only s by accid5t & by "n1 on ! "o h&1 & c]ta9ly _m--"o _c tell h[ _m--:o h ! special gift b h nev] _h ! peculi> opportunities :i* are to-day necess>y to all[ x to exp& & function4 ,b !re is1 :at 9 an odd way consoles u1 a bl9d *ance t ! gift & ! opportunity may co9cide2 t ,%elley & ,br[n+ may h a compet5ce1 & ,czanne a f>m-h\se he c\ld retire to4 ,bureaucratic ,socialism w\ld1 x seems1 take away ev5 ?is bl9d *ance t mank9d may b5efit by its lea/ appreciable1 mo/ elusive treasures1 & w\ld c>efully organise ! complete suppression ( orig9al creative p[]2 w\ld organise into a univ]sal & all-embrac+ tyranny ! already ov]we5+ & disa/r\s p[] ( end[$ (ficial art4 ,= we mu/ face ! fact t ! av]age man has two qualities :i* w\ld make ! prop] selection ( ! arti/ almo/ impossible4 ,he has1 fir/ ( all1 a t\*+ proclivity to awe-/ruck admiration ( :atev] is pres5t$ to him z noble by a con/itut$ au?ority2 &1 secondly1 a complete abs5ce ( any imm$iate reaction to a "w ( art until 8 judgm5t has ?us be5 hypnotis$ by ! voice ( au?ority4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 he sees1 or swe>s he sees1 ^? adorable ,emp]or's clo!s t he is always agape =4 ,i am speak+1 ( c\rse1 ( pres5t conditions1 ( a populace ^: emotional life has be5 drugg$ by ! sug>$ poison ( pseudo-art1 a populace saturat$ ) snobbi%ness1 & reg>d+ art *iefly = its value z a symbol ( social di/9ctions4 ,!re h be5 times :5 su* a sy/em ( public patronage z we are discuss+ might n h be5 altoge!r disa/r\s4 ,times :5 ! guilds repres5t$ m or less adequately ! g5u9e arti/ic intellig5ce ( ! "t2 b ! creation1 fir/ ( all1 ( ari/ocratic art1 & f9ally ( pseudo-art1 h br\ght x ab\t t almo/ any (ficially organis$ sy/em w\ld at ! pres5t mom5t /]eotype all ! wor/ features ( mod]n art4 ,n[1 9 ?us putt+ =w>d ! extreme difficulties ( any sy/em ( publicly controll$ art1 we are emphasis+ p]haps too mu* ! idea ( ! arti/ z a creator ( purely ideal & ab/ract works1 z ! m$ium ( inspiration & ! s\rce ( revelation4 ,x is ! arti/ z prophet & prie/ t we h be5 consid]+1 ! arti/ :o is ! articulate s\l ( mank9d4 ,n[1 9 ! pres5t comm]cial ,/ate1 at a "t :5 su* h&iwork z is n admirably fitt$ to "s purely utilit>ian purpose has become inanely fatu\s & grotesque1 ! arti/ 9 ?is s5se has und\bt$ly become ( supreme importance z a prote/ant1 z "o :o proclaims t art is a reasonable function1 & "o t proce$s by a nice adju/m5t ( means to ends4 ,b if we suppose a /ate 9 :i* all ! ord9>y objects ( daily life--our *airs & tables1 our c>pets & pott]y--express$ some?+ ( ?is reasonabl5ess in/ead ( a crazy & vapid fantasy1 ! arti/ z a pure creator might become1 n inde$ ( less importance--r m--b a less acute necessity to our g5]al liv+ ?an he is to-day4 ,some?+ ( ! sanity & purposefulness ( 8 attitude might conceivably become infus$ into ! "w ( ! ord9>y craftsman1 some?+1 too1 ( 8 creative en]gy & delight 9 "w4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 turn = a mom5t f ! ab/ractly creative arti/ to ! appli$ arts & ^? :o practise !m4 ,we are s f> oblig$ to protect ourselves f ! implications ( mod]n life t )\t a special ef=t x is h>d to conceive ! enorm\s quantity ( 8art0 t is annually produc$ & consum$4 ,= ! special purpose ( realis+ x ,i take ! pa9s to write ! succe$+ p>agraphs 9 a railway refre%m5t-room1 :]e ,i am actually look+ at ^? t]ribly famili> b =tunately fleet+ images :i* su* places af=d4 ,& "o mu/ rememb] t public places ( ?is k9d m]ely reflect ! av]age citiz5's s\l1 z express$ 9 8 home4 ,! space my eye travels ov] is a small "o1 b ,i am appall$ at ! am\nt ( 8art0 t x h>b\rs4 ,! w9d[ t[>ds :i* ,i look is fill$ 9 its l[] "p by /a9$ glass2 )9 a highly elaborate bord]1 design$ by "s "o :o knew ! conv5tions ( ?irte5?-c5tury glass1 is a patt]n ( yell[ & purple v9e leaves ) bun*es ( grapes1 & flitt+ ab\t among ^! _m small birds4 ,9 front is a lace curta9 ) patt]ns tak5 f at lea/ f\r c5turies & z _m c\ntries4 ,on ! walls1 up to a height ( f\r feet1 is a cov]+ ( l9cru/a walton /amp$ ) a complicat$ patt]n 9 two col\rs1 ) %am silv] m$allions4 ,above t a m\ld+ b an in* wide1 & yet creep+ ?r\gh\t its :ole ) a deg5]ate desc5dant ( a ,grco-,roman c>v$ guillo*e patt]n2 ?is has evid5tly be5 cut out ( ! wood by ma*9e or /amp$ out ( "s composition--its nature is s p]fectly conceal$ t x is h>d to say :i*4 ,above ?is is a wall-pap] 9 :i* an effect ( eighte5?-c5tury sat9 brocade is imitat$ by %ad$ /a9+ ( ! pap]4 ,ea* ( ! little refre%m5t-tables has two clo?s1 "o arrang$ symmetrically ) ! table1 ! o!r a highly ornate pr9t$ cotton arrang$ 8arti/ically0 9 a diagonal position4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* table is a l>ge pot 9 :i* e beautiful quality 9 ! mat]ial & mak+ ( pots has be5 c>efully oblit]at$ by me?ods ea* ( :i* implies pr(\nd sci5tific k & great inv5tive tal5t4 ,)9 ea* pot is a plant ) l>ge d>k-gre5 leaves1 app>5tly made ( india-rubb]4 ,?is pa9ful catalogue makes up only a small "p ( ! inv5tory ( ! 8art0 ( ! re/aurant4 ,if ,i 7 to g on to tell ( ! legs ( ! tables1 ( ! electric-light fitt+s1 ( ! *airs into ! wood5 seats ( :i* "s trem5d\s me*anical =ce has deeply impress$ a l>ge di/ort$ an!mion--if ,i 7 to tell ( all ^! ?+s1 my read] & ,i might bo? beg9 to realise ) pa9ful acut5ess some?+ ( ! horrible toil involv$ 9 all ?is display4 ,display is inde$ ! end & explanation ( x all4 ,n "o ( ^! ?+s has be5 made because ! mak] enjoy$ ! mak+2 n "o has be5 b\ght because its contemplation w\ld give any "o any pleasure1 b solely because ea* ( ^! ?+s is accept$ z a symbol ( a p>ticul> social /atus4 ,i say _! contemplation c give no "o pleasure2 !y are !re because _! abs5ce w\ld be res5t$ by ! av]age man :o reg>ds a l>ge am\nt ( futile display z 9 "s way insep>able f ! conditions ( t well-to-d life to :i* he belongs or aspires to belong4 ,if ev]y?+ 7 m]ely clean & s]viceable he w\ld proclaim ! place b>e & uncom=table4 ,! doctor :o l9es 8 wait+-room ) bad photogravures & worse et*+s is act+ on exactly ! same pr9ciple2 9 %ort1 ne>ly all our 8art0 is made1 b\ght1 & sold m]ely = its value z an indication ( social /atus4 ,n[ consid] ! case ( ^? m5 ^: life-"w x is to /imulate ?is eczemat\s eruption ( patt]n on ! surface ( mod]n manufactures4 ,!y are by f> ! mo/ num]\s 8arti/s0 9 ! c\ntry4 ,ea* ( !m has n only le>n$ to draw b has le>n$ by %e] application to put =ms toge!r ) a similitude ( t coh]5ce :i* creative impulse gives4 ,probably ea* ( !m has some:]e )9 him some?+ ( t creative impulse :i* is ! inspiration & delight ( e savage & primitive craftsman2 b 9 ^! manufactur]'s design]s ! pressure ( comm]cial life has cru%$ & atrophi$ t creative impulse completely4 ,_! bus9ess is to produce1 n expressive design1 b dead patt]ns4 ,!y are compell$1 !re=e1 to sp5d _! lives behav+ 9 an entirely idiotic & s5seless mann]1 & t ) ! c]ta9ty t no "o w ev] get positive pleasure f ! result2 = "o may haz>d ! /atem5t t until ,i made ! ef=t j n[1 no "o ( ! ?\s&s :o use ! refre%m5t-rooms ev] really look$ at ! designs4 ,?is "q ( ! creation & consumption ( art t5ds to become m & m press+4 ,i h %[n j n[ :at an imm5se mass ( art is consum$1 b ?is is n ! same art z t :i* ! g5u9e arti/ produces4 ,! "w ( ! truly creative arti/ is n m]ely useless to ! social man--x appe>s to be noxi\s & inassimilable4 ,be=e art c be 8consum$0 ! arti/ic idea mu/ und]go a process ( dis9fection4 ,x mu/ h extract$ & remov$ f x all1 or ne>ly all1 t makes x /hetically valuable4 ,:at occurs :5 a great arti/ creates a new idea is some:at z foll[s3 ,we "k ! process well en\gh1 s9ce x has tak5 place 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,an arti/ atta9s to a new vision4 ,he grasps ?is ) su* conviction t he is able to express x 9 8 "w4 ,^? few p 9 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s :o h ! faculty ( /hetic p]ception become v mu* excit$ by ! new vision4 ,! av]age man1 on ! o!r h&1 lacks ?is faculty &1 moreov]1 in/9ctively protects ! r\nd$ p]fection ( 8 univ]se ( ?\ght & feel+ f ! intrusion ( new exp]i5ce2 9 consequ5ce he becomes extremely irritat$ by ! sight ( works :i* appe> to him completely un9telligible4 ,! misund]/&+ betwe5 ?is small m9ority & ! public becomes viol5t4 ,!n "s ( ! m intellig5t writ]s on art recognise t ! new idea is really relat$ to pa/ /hetic expressions :i* h become recognis$4 ,!n a clev] arti/1 )\t any individual vision ( 8 own1 sees ! possibility ( us+ a modification ( ! new idea1 makes an +5i\s compromise betwe5 x & ! old1 g5]ally accept$ notions ( art4 ,! public1 :i* has be5 irritat$ by its incompreh5sion ( ! new idea1 f9d+ ! compromise j intelligible1 & delight$ to f9d itself clev]] ?an x ?\ght1 acclaims ! compromis+ int]m$i>y z a g5ius4 ,! process ( dis9fection ?us begun goes on ) increas+ en]gy & rapidity1 & be=e long ! trave/y ( ! new idea is completely assimilable by ! social organism4 ,! public1 aft] swall[+ innum]able imitations ( ! new idea1 may ev5 at la/ reluctantly accept ! orig9al creator z a great man1 b g5]ally n until he has be5 dead = "s "t & has become a vague & my?ical figure4 ,x is lit]ally true to say t ! imitations ( works ( art are m assimilable by ! public ?an orig9als1 & !re=e always t5d to fet* a high] price 9 ! m>ket at ! mom5t ( _! production4 ,! fact is t ! av]age man uses art entirely = its symbolic value4 ,art is 9 fact ! symbolic curr5cy ( ! _w4 ,! possession ( r>e & mu* covet$ works ( art is reg>d$ z a sign ( national greatness4 ,! gr[? & developm5t ( ! ,kais] ,fri$ri* museum 0 due to ! active support ( ! late ,emp]or1 a man ^: di/a/e = g5u9e art is notori\s1 b ^: s5se ( ! symbolic 0 highly develop$4 ,l>ge & exp5sively ornam5t$ build+s become symbols ( municipal greatness4 ,! am\nt ( useless ornam5ts on faades ( _! (fices is a valuable symbol ( ! f9ancial exub]ance ( big comm]cial und]tak+s2 &1 f9ally1 ! social /atus ( ! individual is express$ to ! admir+ or envi\s out] _w by ! /reaml9es ( an ari/ocratic motor-c>1 or ! sup]fluity ( lace curta9s 9 ! front w9d[s ( a g5teel suburban villa4 ,! social man1 !n1 lives 9 a _w ( symbols1 & ?\gh he presses o!r ?+s into 8 s]vice1 su*1 = in/ance1 z k+s1 footm51 dogs1 wom51 he f9ds 9 art 8 ri*e/ res]voir ( symbolic curr5cy4 ,b 9 a _w ( symboli/s ! creative arti/ & ! creative man ( sci5ce appe> 9 /range isolation z ! only p :o are n symboli/s4 ,!y alone are up aga9/ c]ta9 relations :i* d n /& = some?+ else1 b appe> to h ultimate value1 to be real4 ,art z a symbolic curr5cy is an important means ( ! in/9ctive life ( man1 b art z creat$ by ! arti/ is 9 viol5t revolt aga9/ ! in/9ctive life1 is an expression ( ! reflective & fully consci\s life4 ,x is natural en\gh1 !n1 t be=e x c be us$ by ! in/9ctive life x mu/ be depriv$ by trave/y ( its too viol5t ass]tion ( its own reality4 ,trave/y is necess>y at fir/ to make x assimilable1 b 9 ! end long famili>ity may rob ev5 orig9al works ( art ( _! insi/5ce1 s t1 f9ally1 ev5 ! great ma/]pieces may become ! mo/ *]i%$ symbols ( ! lords ( ! in/9ctive life1 may1 z 9 fact !y frequ5tly d1 become ! prop]ty ( millionaires4 ,a great deal ( misund]/&+ & ill-feel+ betwe5 ! arti/ & ! public comes f a failure to realise ! necessity ( ?is process ( assimilation ( ! "w ( art to ! ne$s ( ! in/9ctive life4 ,i suspect t a v simil> process takes place ) reg>d to tru?4 ,9 ord] t tru? may n outrage too viol5tly ! passions & egoisms ( ! in/9ctive life x1 too1 mu/ und]go a process ( de=mation4 ,society1 = example1 accepts z mu* ( ! asc]ta9able tru? z x c /& at a giv5 p]iod 9 ! =m ( ! doctr9e ( its organis$ religion4 ,n[ :at effect w\ld ! developm5t ( ! ,great ,/ate :i* ?is book anticipates h ^u all ?is8 ,fir/1 ,i suppose t ! fact t e "o _h to "w might produce a new rev]5ce1 especially 9 ! gov]n+ body1 = "w1 a new s5se ( disgu/ & horror at wa/eful & purposeless "w4 ,mr4 ,money has writt5 ( wa/e ( "w2 "h 9 unwant$ pseudo-art is ano!r colossal wa/e4 ,add to ?is ideal ( economy 9 "w ! presumption t ! work]s 9 e craft w\ld be m ?or\ghly organis$ & w\ld h a m decisive voice 9 ! nature & quality ( _! productions4 ,"u ! pres5t sy/em ( comm]cialism ! "o object1 & ! complete ju/ification1 ( produc+ any article is1 t x c be made ei!r by its intr9sic value1 or by ! fictiti\s value put ^u x by adv]tisem5t1 to sell ) a suffici5t pr(it to ! manufactur]4 ,9 any sociali/ic /ate1 ,i imag9e--& to a l>ge ext5t ! ,great ,/ate w be sociali/ic at lea/--!re w\ld n be ?is same automatic ju/ification = manufacture2 p w\ld n be induc$ artificially to buy :at !y did n want1 & 9 ?is way a m g5u9e scale ( values w\ld be develop$4 ,moreov]1 ! workman w\ld be 9 a bett] position to say h[ ?+s %\ld be made4 ,aft] ye>s ( a purely comm]cial /&>d1 !re is left ev5 n[1 9 ! av]age workman1 a c]ta9 bias 9 fav\r ( s\nd & reasonable workman%ip z oppos$ to ! +5i\s manufacture ( fatu\s & fraudul5t objects2 &1 if we suppose ! imm$iate pressure ( %e] necessity to be remov$1 x is probable t ! craftsman1 act+ ?r\gh 8 guild organisations1 w\ld det]m9e to "s ext5t ! me?ods ( manufacture4 ,guilds might1 inde$1 rega9 some?+ ( ! political influ5ce t gave u ! ,go?ic ca!drals ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is q probable t ?is guild influ5ce w\ld act z a *eck on "s innovations 9 manufacture :i*1 ?\gh br++ 9 a pr(it1 are really disa/r\s to ! community at l>ge4 ,( su* a nature are all ! s-call$ improvem5ts :]eby decoration1 ! :ole value ( :i* consi/s 9 its expressive p[]1 is multipli$ indef9itely by ma*9]y4 ,:5 once ! "q ( ! desirability ( any & e production came to be discuss$1 z x w\ld be 9 ! ,great ,/ate1 x w\ld inevitably foll[ t "s reasonable & sci5tific classifications w\ld be und]tak5 ) reg>d to ma*9]y4 ,t is to say1 x w\ld be consid]$ 9 :at processes & to :at degree ma*9]y ought to replace h&iwork1 bo? f ! po9t ( view ( ! community z a :ole & f t ( ! produc]4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ?is has nev] be5 und]tak5 ev5 ) reg>d to m]e economy1 no "o hav+ calculat$ ) precision h[ f> ! long] life ( c]ta9 h&-made articles does n m ?an comp5sate = increas$ co/ ( production4 ,& ,i suppose t 9 ! ,great ,/ate o!r ?+s besides m]e economy w\ld come into ! calculation4 ,! ,great ,/ate w live1 n ho>d4 ,x is probable t 9 _m directions we %\ld ext5d me*anical op]ations imm5sely1 t su* ?+s z ! actual con/ruction ( build+s1 ! m]e lay+ & plac+ ( ! walls might become increas+ly me*anical4 ,su* me?ods1 if conf9$ to purely /ructural elem5ts1 are capable ( beauty ( a special k9d1 s9ce !y c express ! ord]$ ideas ( proportion1 balance1 & int]val z conceiv$ by ! creative m9d ( ! ar*itect4 ,b 9 process ( "t "o might hope to see a %>p l9e ( division betwe5 "w ( ?is k9d & su* purely expressive & non-utilit>ian design z we call ornam5t2 & x w\ld be felt cle>ly t into ?is field no me*anical device %\ld intrude1 t1 :ile ornam5t might be disp5s$ )1 x c\ld nev] be imitat$1 s9ce its only reason = be+ is t x conveys ! vital expressive p[] ( a human m9d act+ con/antly & directly ^u matt]4 ,f9ally1 ,i suppose t 9 ! ,great ,/ate we might hope to see su* a consid]able levell+ ( social conditions t ! false values put ^u art by its symbolis+ ( social /atus w\ld be l>gely de/roy$ &1 ! pressure ( m]e op9ion be+ reliev$1 p w\ld develop "s m imm$iate reaction to ! "w ( art ?an !y c at pres5t a*ieve4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t "u ! ,great ,/ate x 0 f\nd impossible1 at all ev5ts at fir/1 to /imulate & organise ! ab/ract creative p[] ( ! pure arti/1 ! balance might aft] all be 9 fav\r ( ! new ord] if ! :ole practice ( appli$ art c\ld once m become rational & purposeful4 ,9 a _w :]e ! objects ( daily use & ornam5t 7 made ) practical common s5se1 ! /hetic s5se w\ld ne$ f> less to seek consolation & repose 9 works ( pure art4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! long run mank9d w n all[ ?is function1 :i* is necess>y to its spiritual life1 to lapse entirely4 ,i imag9e1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld be mu* saf] to p5alise r ?an to /imulate su* activity1 & t simply 9 ord] to sift out ^? ) a g5u9e passion f ^? :o are m]ely attract$ by ! app>5t ease ( ! pursuit4 ,i imag9e t ! arti/ w\ld naturally turn to "o ( ! appli$ arts z 8 means ( livelihood2 & we %\ld get ! arti/ com+ out ( ! bottega1 z he did 9 fifte5?-c5tury ,flor5ce4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 innum]able crafts1 ev5 besides ^? t are def9itely arti/ic1 :i*1 if pursu$ = %ort h\rs 7,sir ,leo ,money has %[n h[ %ort ^! h\rs might be71 w\ld leave a man free to pursue o!r call+s 9 8 leisure4 ,! majority ( poets to-day are arti/s 9 ?is position4 ,x is comp>atively r>e = any "o to make ( poetry 8 actual means ( livelihood4 ,our poets are1 fir/ ( all1 cl]ks1 critics1 civil s]vants1 or po/m54 ,i v mu* d\bt if x w\ld be a s]i\s loss to ! community if ! pure graphic arti/ 7 9 ! same position4 ,t is to say1 t all our pictures w\ld be made by amateurs4 ,x is q possible to suppose t ?is w\ld be n a loss1 b a great ga94 ,! pa9t]'s means ( livelihood w\ld probably be "s craft 9 :i* 8 arti/ic p[]s w\ld be con/antly occupi$1 ?\gh at a l[] t5sion & 9 a humbl] way4 ,! ,great ,/ate aims at human fre$om2 ess5tially1 x is an organisation = leisure--out ( :i* art gr[s2 x is only a purely bureaucratic ,socialism t w\ld attempt to control ! /hetic lives ( m54 ,s ,i conceive t ^? 9 :om ! in/9ct = ab/ract creative art 0 /ronge/ w\ld f9d ample opportunities = its ex]cise1 & t ! temptation to simulate ?is p>ticul> activity w\ld be easily resi/$ by ^? :o _h no p[]ful inn] compulsion4 ,9 ! ,great ,/ate1 moreov]1 & 9 any sane ,socialism1 !re w\ld be opportunity = a l>ge am\nt ( purely private buy+ & sell+4 ,mr4 ,wells's ,mod]n ,utopia1 = example1 hypo!cates a va/ sup]/ructure ( private trad+4 ,a pa9t] might sell 8 pictures to ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 m lucrative employm5t1 ?\gh "o supposes t ) ! mu* m equal di/ribution ( weal? ! sums available = ?is w\ld be incomp>ably small] ?an at pres5t2 a picture w\ld n be a speculation1 b a pleasure1 & no "o w\ld become an arti/ 9 ! hope ( mak+ a =tune4 ,ultimately1 ( c\rse1 :5 art _h be5 purifi$ ( its pres5t unreality by a prolong$ contact ) ! crafts1 society w\ld ga9 a new confid5ce 9 its collective arti/ic judgm5t1 & might ev5 boldly assume ! responsibility :i* at pres5t x kn[s x is unable to face4 ,x might *oose its poets & pa9t]s & philosoph]s & deep inve/igators1 & make ( su* m5 & wom5 a new k9d ( k+s4 ,,art ,,& ,,sci5ce#h ,! au?or ( an illum9at+ article1 8,! ,place ( ,sci5ce10 9 ,! ,a!num = ,april #aa?1 di/+ui%es betwe5 two aspects ( intellectual activity 9 sci5tific "w4 ,( ^! two aspects "o d]ives its motive p[] f curiosity1 & ?is deals ) p>ticul> facts4 ,x is only :51 ?r\gh curiosity1 man has accumulat$ a mass ( p>ticul> obs]vations t ! second intellectual activity manife/s itself1 & 9 ?is ! motive is ! satisfaction :i* ! m9d gets f ! contemplation ( inevitable relations4 ,to secure ?is end ! utmo/ possible g5]alisation is necess>y4 ,9 a lat] article ,s4 says boldly t ?is satisfaction is an /hetic satisfaction3 8,x is 9 its /hetic value t ! ju/ification ( ! sci5tific !ory is to be f\nd1 & ) x ! ju/ification ( ! sci5tific me?od40 ,i %\ld l to pose to ,s4 at ?is po9t ! "q ( :e!r a !ory t disreg>d$ facts w\ld h equal value = sci5ce ) "o :i* agre$ ) facts4 ,i suppose he w\ld say ,no2 & yet1 s f> z ,i c see1 !re w\ld be no purely /hetic reason :y x %\ld n4 ,! /hetic value ( a !ory w\ld surely dep5d solely on ! p]fection & complexity ( ! unity atta9$1 & ,i imag9e t _m sy/ems ( s*ola/ic !ology1 & ev5 "s m rec5t sy/ems ( metaphysic1 h only ?is /hetic value4 ,i suspect t ! /hetic value ( a !ory is n really adequate to ! intellectual ef=t entail$ unless1 z 9 a true sci5tific !ory 7by :i* ,i mean a !ory :i* embraces all ! kn[n relevant facts71 ! /hetic value is re9=c$ by ! curiosity value :i* comes 9 :5 we believe x to be true4 ,b n[1 return+ to art1 let me try to describe r m cle>ly its analogies ) sci5ce4 ,bo? ( ^! aspects--! p>ticul>is+ & ! g5]alis+--h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 art4 ,curiosity impels ! arti/ to ! consid]ation ( e possible =m 9 nature3 "u its /imulus he t5ds to accept ea* =m 9 all its p>ticul>ity z a giv51 unalt]able fact4 ,! o!r k9d ( intellectual activity impels ! arti/ to attempt ! r$uction ( all =ms1 z x 71 to "s common d5om9ator :i* w make !m comp>able ) "o ano!r4 ,x impels him to discov] "s /hetically intelligible pr9ciple 9 v>i\s =ms1 & ev5 to envisage ! possibility ( "s k9d ( ab/ract =m 9 ! /hetic contemplation ( :i* ! m9d w\ld atta9 satisfaction--a satisfaction curi\sly p>allel to t :i* ! m9d gets f ! intellectual recognition ( ab/ract tru?4 ,if we consid] ! effects ( ^! two k9ds ( intellectual activity1 or r _! exact analogues1 9 art1 we h to note t 9 s f> z ! arti/'s curiosity rema9s a purely intellectual curiosity x int]f]es ) ! p]fection & purity ( ! "w ( art by introduc+ an ali5 & non-/hetic elem5t & appeal+ to non-/hetic desires2 9 s f> z x m]ely supplies ! arti/ ) new motives & a ri*] mat]ial out ( :i* to build 8 designs1 x is useful b subsidi>y4 ,?us ! objection to a 8subject picture10 9 s f> z "o rema9s consci\s ( ! subject z some?+ outside (1 & ap>t f1 ! =m1 is a valid objection to ! intrusion ( intellect1 ( h[ev] rudim5t>y a k9d1 into an /hetic :ole4 ,! ord9>y hi/orical pictures ( our annual %[s w furni% p]fect examples ( su* an intrusion1 s9ce !y exhibit innum]able appeals to intellectual recognitions )\t :i* ! pictures w\ld be mean+less4 ,)\t "s previ\s k ( ,caligula or ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots we are likely to miss our way 9 a great deal ( :at passes = art to-day4 ,! case ( ! g5]alis+ intellect1 or r its analogue1 9 art is m difficult4 ,"h ! recognition ( relations is imm$iate & s5sational--p]haps we ought to consid] x z curi\sly ak9 to ^? cases ( ma!matical g5iuses :o h imm$iate intuition ( ma!matical relations :i* x is beyond _! p[]s to prove--s t x is by analogy t we may talk ( x at all z intellectual4 ,b ! analogy is s close t ,i hope x may ju/ify ! use ,i "h sugge/4 ,= 9 bo? cases ! utmo/ possible g5]alisation is aim$ at1 & 9 bo? ! m9d is held 9 delight$ equilibrium by ! contemplation ( ! inevitable relations ( all ! p>ts 9 ! :ole1 s t no ne$ exi/s to make ref]5ce to :at is outside ! unity1 & ?is becomes = ! "t be+ a univ]se4 ,x w be se5 h[ close ! analogies are betwe5 ! me?ods & aims ( art & sci5ce1 & yet !re rema9s an ob/9ate d\bt 9 ! m9d :e!r at any po9t !y are id5tical4 ,probably 9 ord] to get mu* fur!r we mu/ wait = ! psy*ologi/s to solve a numb] ( problems2 mean:ile ?is at lea/ mu/ be po9t$ out--t1 all[+ t ! motives ( sci5ce are emotional1 _m ( its processes are purely intellectual1 t is to say1 me*anical4 ,!y c\ld be p]=m$ by a p]fectly non-s5ti5t1 emotionless bra91 :]eas at no po9t 9 ! process ( art c we drop feel+4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! common phraseology by :i* we talk ( see+ a po9t or an argum5t1 :]eas we feel ! h>mony ( a "w ( art2 & = "s reason we atta* a m con/ant emotional quality to feel+ ?an to see+1 :i* is s con/antly us$ = coldly practical ends4 ,f ! m]e/ rudim5ts ( pure s5sation up to ! highe/ ef=ts ( design ea* po9t 9 ! process ( art is inevitably accompani$ by pleasure2 x _c proce$ )\t x4 ,if we describe ! process ( art z a logic ( s5sation1 we mu/ rememb] t ! premises are s5sations1 & t ! conclusion c only be drawn f !m by "o :o is 9 an emotional /ate ) reg>d to !m4 ,?us a h>mony 9 music _c be p]ceiv$ by a p]son :o m]ely he>s accurately ! notes :i* compose x--x c only be recognis$ :5 ! relations ( ^? notes to "o ano!r are accompani$ by emotion4 ,x is q true t ! recognition ( inevitability 9 ?\ght is normally accompani$ by a pleasurable emotion1 & t ! desire = ?is m5tal pleasure is ! motive =ce :i* impels to ! mak+ ( sci5tific !ory4 ,b ! inevitability ( ! relations rema9s equally def9ite & demon/rable :e!r ! emotion accompanies x or n1 :]eas an /hetic h>mony simply does n exi/ )\t ! emotional /ate4 ,! h>mony is n true 7to use our analogy7 unless x is felt ) emotion4 ,none ! less1 p]haps1 ! highe/ pleasure 9 art is id5tical ) ! highe/ pleasure 9 sci5tific !ory4 ,! emotion :i* accompanies ! cle> recognition ( unity 9 a complex seems to be s simil> 9 art & 9 sci5ce t x is difficult n to suppose t !y are psy*ologically ! same4 ,x is1 z x 71 ! f9al /age ( bo? processes4 ,?is unity-emotion 9 sci5ce sup]v5es ^u a process ( pure me*anical reason+2 9 art x sup]v5es ^u a process ( :i* emotion has all along be5 an ess5tial concomitant4 ,x may be t 9 ! complete appreh5sion ( a "w ( art !re occurs m ?an "o k9d ( feel+4 ,!re is g5]ally a basis ( purely physiological pleasure1 z 9 see+ pure col\rs or he>+ pure s\nds2 !n !re is ! specifically /hetic emotion by means ( :i* ! necessity ( relations is appreh5d$1 & :i* corresponds 9 sci5ce to ! purely logical process2 & f9ally !re is ! unity-emotion1 :i* may n improbably be ( an id5tical k9d 9 bo? art & sci5ce4 ,9 ! art ( pa9t+ we may di/+ui% betwe5 ! unity ( texture & ! unity ( design4 ,i "k q well t ^! are n really completely sep>able1 & t !y are to "s ext5t mutually dep5d5t2 b !y may be reg>d$ z sep>ate = ! purpose ( focuss+ our att5tion4 ,c]ta9ly we c ?9k ( pictures 9 :i* ! g5]al ar*itecture ( ! design is 9 no way /rik+ or rem>kable :i* yet please u by ! p]fection ( ! texture1 t is to say1 ! ease ) :i* we appreh5d ! necess>y relation%ip ( "o %ape1 tone or col\r ) its imm$iately surr\nd+ %apes1 tones or col\rs2 our /hetic s5se is cont9ually ar\s$ & satisfi$ by ! succession ( inevitable relation%ips4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k ( works ( art 9 :i* ! unity & complexity ( ! texture /rike u f> less ?an ! inevitable & significant relation%ip ( ! ma9 divisions ( ! design--pictures 9 :i* we %\ld say t ! composition 0 ! mo/ /rik+ beauty4 ,x is :5 ! composition ( a picture1 adequately support$ z x mu/ be by significance ( texture1 reveals to u ! mo/ surpris+ & yet inevitable relation%ips t we get mo/ /rongly ! f9al unity-emotion ( a "w ( art4 ,x is ^! pictures t are1 z ,s4 w\ld say ( c]ta9 !ories1 ! mo/ significant = contemplation4 ,nor be=e su* works c we help implicitly attribut+ to _! au?ors ! same k9d ( p[] :i* 9 sci5ce we %\ld call 8great intellect10 ?\gh p]haps 9 bo? ! t]m 8great imag9ative organisation0 w\ld be bett]4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,bu%m5#i ,9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d draw+ has at diff]5t times & among diff]5t races express$ s _m diff]5t conceptions1 & has us$ su* v>i\s means1 t x w\ld seem to be n "o art1 b _m4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 t x has its orig9s 9 sev]al q di/9ct in/9cts ( ! human race1 & x may n be altoge!r unimportant ev5 = ! mod]n draughtsman to inve/igate ^! in/9cts 9 _! simpl] manife/ations 9 ord] to *eck & control 8 own me?ods4 ,! primitive draw+ ( our own race is s+ul>ly l t ( *ildr54 ,its mo/ /rik+ peculi>ity is ! ext5t to :i* x is dom9at$ by ! concepts ( language4 ,9 a *ild's draw+ we f9d a numb] ( =ms :i* h sc>cely any ref]5ce to actual appe>ances1 b :i* directly symbolise ! mo/ significant concepts ( ! ?+ repres5t$4 ,= a *ild1 a man is ! sum ( ! concept's head 7:i* 9 turn consi/s ( eyes1 nose1 m\?71 arms1 h&s 7five f+]s71 legs1 feet4 ,torso is n a concept :i* int]e/s him1 & x is1 !re=e1 usually r$uc$ to a s+le l9e :i* s]ves to l9k ! concept-symbol head ) ^? ( ! legs4 ,! *ild does1 ( c\rse1 "k t ! figure ?us drawn is n l a man1 b x is a k9d ( hi]oglyphic script = a man1 & satisfies 8 desire = expression4 ,precisely ! same ph5om5on occurs 9 primitive art2 ! symbols = concepts gradually take on m & m ( ! lik5ess to appe>ances1 b ! mode ( approa* rema9s ev5 9 comp>atively advanc$ p]iods ! same4 ,! arti/ does n seek to transf] a visual s5sation to pap]1 b to express a m5tal image :i* is col\r$ by 8 conceptual habits4 ,pr(4 ,loewy#aj has inve/igat$ ! laws :i* gov]n repres5tation 9 e>ly art1 & has %[n t ! influ5ce ( ! e>ly arti/'s ideas ( repres5tation p]si/ 9 ,greek sculpture d[n to ! "t ( ,lysippus4 ,he enum]ates sev5 peculi>ities ( e>ly draw+1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are t ! figures are %[n ) ea* ( _! p>ts 9 its broade/ aspect1 & t ! =ms are /ylis$--i4e4 pres5t l9e> =mations t are regul> or t5d to regul>ity4 ,( ! fir/ ( ^! peculi>ities ,egyptian & ,assyrian sculpture1 ev5 ( ! late/ & mo/ develop$ p]iods1 af=d con/ant examples4 ,we see !re ! head 9 pr(ile1 ! eye full face1 ! %\ld]s & brea/ full face1 & by a sudd5 twi/ 9 ! body ! legs & feet aga9 9 pr(ile4 ,9 ?is way ea* "p is pres5t$ 9 t aspect :i* mo/ cle>ly expresses its correspond+ visual concepts4 ,?us a foot is mu* m cle>ly d5ot$ by its pr(ile view ?an by ! r5d]+ ( its frontal appe>ance--:ile no "o :o 0 ask$ to ?9k ( an eye w\ld visualise x to himself 9 any o!r ?an a full-face view4 ,9 su* art1 !n1 ! body is twi/$ ab\t s t ea* "p may be repres5t$ by t aspect :i* ! m5tal image ar\s$ by ! "n ( ! "p w\ld h1 & ! figure becomes an +5i\s comp\nd ( typical conceptual images4 ,9 ! case ( ! head two aspects are accept$ z symbolic ( ! concept 8head10 ! pr(ile & ! full-face2 b x is v late 9 ! developm5t ( art be=e m5 are will+ to accept any int]m$iate position z intelligible or satisfactory4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t e>ly art avoids =e%ort5+ because ( its difficulty4 ,"o may suppose r t x is because ! =e%ort5$ view ( a memb] corresponds s ill ) ! normal conceptual image1 & is !re=e n accept$ z suffici5tly expressive ( ! idea4 ,yet ano!r ( ! peculi>ities nam$ by ,pr(4 ,loewy mu/ be m5tion$1 namely1 t ! 8con=mation & movem5t ( ! figures & _! p>ts are limit$ to a few typical %apes40 ,& ^! movem5ts are always ( ! simple/ k9ds1 s9ce !y are gov]n$ by ! necessity ( display+ ea* memb] 9 its broade/ & mo/ explicit aspect4 ,9 p>ticul> ! cross+ ( "o limb ov] ano!r is avoid$ z confus+4 ,su* 9 brief outl9e are "s ( ! ma9 pr9ciples ( draw+ bo? among primitive peoples & among our own *ildr54 ,x is n a little surpris+ !n to f9d1 :5 we turn to ,miss ,tongue's c>eful copies ( ! draw+s execut$ by ! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa#aa t ! pr9ciples are m (t5 contradict$ ?an exemplifi$4 ,we f9d1 x is true1 a c]ta9 b>b>ic crudity & simplicity :i* give ^! draw+s a sup]ficial resemblance to *ildr5's draw+s or ^? ( primitive times1 b a c>eful exam9ation w %[ h[ diff]5t !y are4 ,! draw+s are ( diff]5t p]iods1 ?\gh none ( !m probably are ( any consid]able antiquity1 s9ce ! habit ( pa9t+ ov] an arti/'s "w :5 once he 0 =gott5 obta9$ among ! bu%m5 no less ?an ) m civilis$ p4 ,^! draw+s are also ( v diff]5t degrees ( skill4 ,!y repres5t = ! mo/ "p sc5es ( ! *ase & w>1 dances & fe/ivals1 & 9 "o case !re is an illu/ration to a bu%man /ory & "o figure is suppos$ to repres5t a gho/4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( delib]ate decorative purpose 9 ^! pa9t+s4 ,! figures are ca/ ^u ! walls ( ! cave 9 su* a way z to repres5t1 r\ghly1 ! actual sc5es4#ab ,no?+ c\ld be m unlike primitive art ?an "s ( ^! sc5es4 ,= in/ance1 ! battle f\ght betwe5 two tribes ov] ! possession ( "s cattle1 is entirely unlike battle sc5es su* z we f9d 9 e>ly ,assyrian reliefs4 ,!re ! battle is s*ematic1 all ! soldi]s ( "o side are 9 pr(ile to "r1 all ! soldi]s ( ! oppos+ side are 9 pr(ile to left4 ,! :ole sc5e is p]fectly cle> to ! intellig5ce1 x foll[s ! m5tal image ( :at a battle ought to be1 b is entirely unlike :at a battle ev] is4 ,n[1 9 ! ,bu%man draw+1 !re is no?+ truly s*ematic2 x is difficult to f9d out ! soldi]s ( ! two sides2 !y are all mix$ up 9 a confus$ hurly-burly1 "s *>g+1 o!rs fly+1 & "h & !re s+le combats go+ on at a di/ance f ! ma9 battle4 ,b m ?an ?is1 ! m5 are 9 e conceivable attitude1 runn+1 /&+1 kneel+1 cr\*+1 or turn+ %>ply r\nd 9 ! middle ( flight to face ! enemy once m4 ,9 fact we h1 9 all its confusion1 all its indet]m9ate v>iety & accid5t1 a r\gh silh\ette ( ! actual appe>ance ( su* a sc5e z view$ f above1 = ! ,bu%man makes ?is sacrifice ( actual appe>ance to lucidity ( /atem5t--t he repres5ts ! figures z spread out ov] ! gr\nd1 & n z se5 "o beh9d ano!r4 ,or take aga9 ,plate ,,xi ( ,miss ,tongue's album2 ! sc5e is ! ,veldt ) el&s & rheboks scatt]$ ov] its surface4 ,! animals are arrang$ 9 ! mo/ natural & casual mann]2 sometimes 9 ?is case "p ( "o animal is hidd5 by ! animal 9 front2 b :at /rikes "o mo/ is ! fact t extremely complicat$ poses are r5d]$ ) ! same ease z ! m frequ5t pr(ile view1 & t mom5t>y actions are treat$ ) photographic v]isimilitude4 ,see ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,ano!r surpris+ in/ance ( ?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 tak5 f ,plate ,,xix ( ,miss ,tongue's book1 & giv+ a rhebok se5 f beh9d 9 a mo/ difficult & complicat$ attitude4 ,or aga91 ! man runn+ 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,"h is ! silh\ette ( a mo/ complicat$ ge/ure ) =e%ort5+ ( "o ?igh & cross+ ( ! arm hold+ ! b[ ov] ! torso1 r5d]$ ) app>5t c]ta9ty & /rik+ v]isimilitude4 ,mo/ curi\s ( all are ! cases ( :i* ,fig4 #d is an example1 ( animals trott+1 9 :i* ! ge/ure is se5 by u to be true only because our sl[ & imp]fect vision has be5 help$ out by ! in/antane\s photograph4 ,fifty ye>s ago we %\ld h reject$ su* a r5d]+ z absurd2 we n[ "k x to be a correct /atem5t ( "o movem5t 9 ! action ( trott+4 ,ano!r po9t to be notic$ is t 9 primitive & 9 *ildr5's art su* features z eyes1 e>s1 horns1 tails1 s9ce !y correspond to well-m>k$ concepts1 always t5d to be drawn disproportionately l>ge & prom95t4 ,n[1 9 ! ,bu%man draw+s1 ! eye1 ! mo/ significant ( all1 is frequ5tly omitt$1 & :5 repres5t$ be>s its true proportion to ! head4 ,simil>ly1 horns1 e>s1 & tails are nev] exagg]at$4 ,inde$1 h[ev] faulty ^! draw+s may be1 !y h "o great quality1 namely1 t ea* figure is se5 z a s+le entity1 & ! g5]al "* ( ! silh\ette is aim$ at r ?an a sum ( ! p>ts4 ,^? :o h taught draw+ to *ildr5 w "k ) :at inf9ite pa9s civilis$ man arrives at ?is p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,by way ( contra/ to ^! extraord9>y p]=mances ( ! ,bu%man draughtsman1 ,i give 9 outl9e1 ,fig4 #f1 ! two horses ( a *>iot on an e>ly 7,dipylon7 ,greek vase4 ,! man :o drew x 0 incomp>ably m ( an arti/2 b h[ entirely 8 intellectual & conceptual way ( h&l+ ph5om5a has obscur$ 8 vision6 ,8 two horses are a sum ( concept-symbols1 arrang$ ) great ord]l9ess & ) a decorative feel+1 b )\t any sort ( lik5ess to appe>ance4 ,mr4 ,balf\r1 9 8 preface to ,miss ,tongue's book1 notices briefly "s ( ^! /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,bu%man draw+s4 ,he says3-- 8,! pa9t+s are rem>kable n only = ! realism exhibit$ by s _m1 b also = a fre$om f ! limitation to del9eation 9 pr(ile :i* *>act]ises = ! mo/ "p ! draw+s ( primitive peoples1 especially :]e animals are conc]n$4 ,attitudes ( a k9d difficult to r5d] 7 v5tur$ ^u )\t hesitation1 & an appreciation ev5 ( ! rudim5ts ( p]spective is occasionally to be not$1 ?\gh only 9 a crude & unc]ta9 =m4 ,! practice ( endeav\r+ to repres5t m ?an c\ld be se5 at "o "t1 a habit s *>act]i/ic ( ! art ( primitive peoples z also ( civilis$ *ildr51 is f> less noticeable 9 ,bu%man art ?an might h be5 expect$ f ! rudim5t>y g5]al culture ( ^! p1 & "o does n see in/ances ( bo? eyes be+ indicat$ ^u a pr(ile face1 or a m\? 9 pr(ile on a full face1 su* z are s famili> 9 ! undevelop$ art ( *ildr5 & ( mo/ backw>d races40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ,bu%man draw+ has little analogy to ! primitive art ( our own races1 to :at c we relate x8 ,! ,bu%m5 ( ,au/ralia h app>5tly some?+ ( ! same p[] ( transcrib+ pure visual images1 b ! mo/ /rik+ case is t ( ,paloli?ic man4 ,9 ! caves ( ! ,dordogne & ( ,altamira 9 ,spa91 ,paloli?ic man has left pa9t+s :i* date f ab\t #aj1jjj ,b4,c41 9 :i*1 z f> z m]e naturalism ( repres5tation ( animals goes1 he has surpass$ any?+ t n only our own primitive peoples1 b ev5 ! mo/ accompli%$ animal draughtsm5 h ev] a*iev$4 ,fig4 #g %[s 9 outl9e a bison f ,altamira4 ,! c]ta9ty & complet5ess ( ! pose1 ! p]fect rhy?m & ! a/oni%+ v]isimilitude ( ! movem5t are evid5t ev5 9 ?is4 ,! ,altamira draw+s %[ a mu* high] level ( accompli%m5t ?an ^? ( ! ,bu%m51 b ! g5]al lik5ess is s great z to h sugge/$ ! idea t ! ,bu%m5 are desc5dants ( ,paloli?ic man :o h rema9$ at ! same rudim5t>y /age z reg>ds ! o!r arts ( life1 & h reta9$ some?+ ( _! unique p[] ( visual transcription4 ,:e!r ?is be s or n1 x is to be not$ t all ! peoples ^: draw+ %[s ?is peculi> p[] ( visualisation belong to :at we call ! l[e/ ( savages2 !y are c]ta9ly ! lea/ civilisable1 & ! ,s\? ,african ,bu%m5 are reg>d$ by o!r native races 9 mu* ! same way t we look ^u negroes4 ,x w\ld seem n impossible t ! v p]fection ( vision1 & presumably ( ! o!r s5ses#ac ) :i* ! ,bu%m5 & ,paloli?ic man 7 end[$1 fitt$ !m s p]fectly to _! surr\nd+s t !re 0 no necessity to develop ! me*anical arts beyond ! elem5t>y in/rum5ts ( ! *ase4 ,we mu/ suppose t ,neoli?ic man1 on ! o!r h&1 0 less p]fectly adapt$ to 8 surr\nd+s1 b t 8 s5sual defects 7 m ?an comp5sat$ = by increas$ intellectual p[]4 ,?is great] intellectual p[] manife/$ itself 9 8 desire to classify ph5om5a1 & ! conceptual view ( nature began to pr$om9ate4 ,& x 0 ?is habit ( ?9k+ ( ?+s 9 t]ms ( concepts :i* depriv$ him = ages ( ! p[] to see :at !y look$ l4 ,) ,neoli?ic man draw+ came to express man's ?\ght ab\t ?+s r ?an 8 s5sations ( !m1 or r1 :5 he tri$ to reproduce 8 s5sations1 8 habits ( ?\ght int]v5$1 & dictat$ to 8 h& ord]ly1 lucid1 b entirely non-naturali/ic =ms4 ,h[ deeply ^! visual-conceptual habits ( ,neoli?ic man h sunk into our natures may be se5 by _! effects ^u hy/]ical pati5ts1 a /atem5t :i* ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,h5ry ,head1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,if ! ^w 8*e/0 is m5tion$ mo/ p see a vague image ( a flat surface on :i* are m>k$ ! /]num & ! pectoral muscles2 :5 ! ^w 8back0 is giv51 !y see ano!r flat or almo/ flat surface ) m>k+s ( ! sp9e & ! %\ld]-blades2 b sc>cely any "o1 hav+ ^! two m5tal images call$ up1 ?9ks ( !m z p>ts ( a cont9u\s cyl9drical body4 ,n[1 9 ! case ( "s hy/]ical pati5ts an/hesia is f\nd j ov] "s "p ( ! body :i* has be5 isolat$ f ! re/ 9 ?\ght by means ( ! conceptual image4 ,x w occur1 = in/ance1 9 ! *e/1 b w n g beyond ! limits :i* ! conceptualis$ visual image ( a *e/ def9es4 ,or x w be associat$ ) ! concept h&1 & w /op %ort at ! wri/s4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t a mode ( h&l+ ! cont9uum ( natural appe>ance1 :i* dictates ev5 ! behavi\r ( disease1 %\ld h pr(\ndly modifi$ all arti/ic repres5tations ( nature s9ce ! conceptual habit fir/ became /rongly m>k$ 9 ,neoli?ic man4 ,an actual def9ition ( draw+ giv5 by a *ild may be quot$ 9 ?is connection1 8,fir/ ,i ?9k & !n ,i draw a l9e r\nd my ?9k40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,x w\ld be an exagg]ation to suppose t ,paloli?ic & ,bu%man draw+s are entirely un9flu5c$ by ! concepts :i* ev5 ! mo/ primitive p mu/ =m4 ,inde$1 ! pref]5ce = ! pr(ile view ( animals--?\gh z we h se5 o!r aspects are frequ5t--w\ld alone indicate ?is1 b !y appe> to h be5 at a /age ( intellectual developm5t :]e ! concepts 7 n s cle>ly grasp$ z to h begun to int]f]e ) p]ception1 & :]e !re=e ! ret9al image pass$ into a cle> memory picture ) sc>cely any int]v5+ m5tal process4 ,9 ! art ( ev5 civilis$ man we may1 ,i ?9k1 f9d great v>iations 9 ! ext5t to :i* ! conceptualis+ ( visual images has proce$$4 ,egyptian & ,assyrian art rema9$ int5sely conceptual ?r\gh\t1 no s]i\s attempt 0 made to give great] v]isimilitude to ! symbols employ$4 ,! ,myc5an arti/s1 on ! o!r h&1 seem to h be5 appreciably m p]ceptual1 b ! ,greeks return$ to an int5sely conceptualis$ symbolism 9 :i* "s ( _! greate/ works ( art 7 express$1 & only v gradually did !y modify _! =mul s z to admit ( "s approa* to v]isimilitude1 & ev5 s ! appeal to vision 0 r by way ( correct+ & revis+ accept$ conceptual images ?an z ! f\ndation ( a "w ( art4 ,! art ( ,*9a1 & /ill m ( ,japan1 has be5 di/9ctly m p]ceptual4 ,inde$1 ! ,japanese draw+s ( birds & animals approa* m ne>ly ?an ^? ( any o!r civilis$ p to ! imm$iacy & rapidity ( transcription ( ,bu%man & ,paloli?ic art4 ,! ,bu%man silh\ettes ( cranes 7,fig4 #h7 might almo/ h come f a ,japanese scre5 ,l ,japanese draw+s1 !y %[ an al]tness to accept ! silh\ette z a s+le :ole in/ead ( recon/ruct+ x f sep>ately appreh5d$ p>ts4 ,x is p>tly due to ,japanese influ5ce t our own ,impressioni/s h made an attempt to get back to t ultra-primitive directness ( vision4 ,inde$ !y delib]ately s\ght to deconceptualise art4 ,! arti/ ( to-day has !re=e to "s ext5t a *oice be=e him ( :e!r he w ?9k =m l ! e>ly arti/s ( ,european races or m]ely see x l ! ,bu%m54 ,:i*ev] 8 *oice1 ! /udy ( ^! draw+s c h>dly fail to be ( pr(\nd int]e/4 ,! ,bu%m5 pa9t+s on ! walls ( caves & %elt]$ rocks are fa/ disappe>+2 ! race itself1 ( :i* ,miss ,bleek gives a fasc9at+ acc\nt1 is n[ no?+ b a remnant4 ,! treatm5t t !y h receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! :ite settl]s does n seem to h be5 conspicu\sly m sympa!tic or intellig5t ?an t met$ out to !m by negro conqu]ors1 & ?us ! opportunity ( solv+ "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ problems ( human developm5t has be5 = ev] lo/4 ,! gratitude ( all /ud5ts ( art is due to ,miss ,tongue & ,miss ,bleek1 by ^: zeal & indu/ry ^! rema9s ( a mo/ curi\s phase ( primitive art h be5 adequately record$4 ,,negro ,,sculpture#ad ,:at a com=table m5tal furniture ! g5]alisations ( a c5tury ago mu/ h af=d$6 ,:at a "r little1 tight little1 r\nd little _w x 0 :5 ,greece 0 ! only s\rce ( culture1 :5 ,greek art1 ev5 9 ,roman copies1 0 ! only indisputable art1 except = "s ,r5aissance repetitions6 ,philosophy1 ! love ( tru?1 lib]ty1 ar*itecture1 poetry1 drama1 & = all we knew music--all ^! 7 ! fruits ( a special k9d ( life1 ea* assi/$ ! developm5t ( ! o!r1 ea* 0 really dep5d5t on all ! re/4 ,consequ5tly if we c\ld only le>n ! ,greek lessons ( political fre$om & intellectual self-consci\sness all ! re/ w\ld be add$ unto u4 ,& n[1 9 ! la/ sixty ye>s1 k & p]ception h p\r$ ^u u s fa/ t ! :ole well-ord]$ sy/em has be5 bl[n away1 & we /& b>e to ! bla/1 sc>cely able to snat* a ha/y g5]alisation or two to cov] our nak$ness = a mom5t4 ,our desp]ate plight comes home to "o at ! ,*elsea ,book ,club1 :]e are "s ?irty *os5 specim5s ( negro sculpture4 ,if to our ance/ors ! poor ,indian _h 8an untutor$ m9d10 ! ,congolese's ignorance & savag]y mu/ h seem$ too abject = discussion4 ,"o w\ld l to "k :at ,dr4 ,johnson w\ld h said to any "o :o _h (f]$ him a negro idol = sev]al hundr$ p\nds4 ,x w\ld h seem$ !n %e] lunacy to li/5 to :at a negro savage _h to tell u ( 8 emotions ab\t ! human =m4 ,& n[ "o has to g all ! way to ,*elsea 9 a *a/5$ _s & pro/rate oneself be=e 8 8/ocks & /ones40 ,we h ! habit ( ?9k+ t ! p[] to create expressive pla/ic =m is "o ( ! greate/ ( human a*ievem5ts1 & ! names ( great sculptors are h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 s t x seems unfair to be =c$ to admit t c]ta9 nameless savages h possess$ ?is p[] n only 9 a high] degree ?an we at ?is mom5t1 b ?an we z a nation h ev] possess$ x4 ,& yet t is :]e ,i f9d myself4 ,i h to admit t "s ( ^! ?+s are great sculpture--great]1 ,i ?9k1 ?an any?+ we produc$ ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,c]ta9ly !y h ! special qualities ( sculpture 9 a high] degree4 ,!y h inde$ complete pla/ic fre$om2 t is to say1 ^! ,african arti/s really conceive =m 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,n[ ?is is r>e 9 sculpture4 ,all ar*aic ,european sculpture--,greek & ,romanesque1 = in/ance--approa*es pla/icity f ! po9t ( view ( bas-relief4 ,! /atue be>s traces ( hav+ be5 conceiv$ z ! comb9ation ( front1 back1 & side bas-reliefs4 ,& ?is cont9ues to make itself felt almo/ until ! f9al developm5t ( ! tradition4 ,complete pla/ic fre$om ) u seems only to come at ! end ( a long p]iod1 :5 ! art has atta9$ a high degree ( repres5tational skill & :5 x is g5]ally already decad5t f ! po9t ( view ( imag9ative significance4 ,n[1 ! /range ?+ ab\t ^! ,african sculptures is t !y be>1 z f> z ,i c see1 no trace ( ?is process4 ,)\t ev] atta9+ any?+ l repres5tational accuracy !y h complete fre$om4 ,! sculptors seem to h no difficulty 9 gett+ away f ! two-dim5sional plane4 ,! neck & ! torso are conceiv$ z cyl9d]s1 n z masses ) a squ>e section4 ,! head is conceiv$ z a pe>-%ap$ mass4 ,x is conceiv$ z a s+le :ole1 n arriv$ at by approa* f ! mask1 z ) almo/ all primitive ,european art4 ,! mask itself is conceiv$ z a concave plane cut out ( ?is o!rwise p]fectly unifi$ mass4 ,& "h we come ^u ano!r curi\s diff]5ce betwe5 negro sculpture & our own1 namely1 t ! emphasis is utt]ly diff]5t4 ,our emphasis has always be5 affect$ by our pref]5ces = c]ta9 =ms :i* appe>$ to u to m>k ! nobility ( man4 ,?us we %r9k f giv+ ! head its full developm5t2 we l to l5g!n ! legs & g5]ally to =ce ! =m into a p>ticul> type4 ,^! pref]5ces seem to be dictat$ n by a pla/ic bias1 b by our read+ ( ! physical symbols ( c]ta9 qualities :i* we admire 9 our k9d1 su*1 = in/ance1 z agility1 a comm&+ pres5ce1 or a p5sive br[4 ,! negro1 x seems1 ei!r has no su* ,illu/ration3 ,negro ,sculpture ,collection ,guillaume ,plate ,,iii4 pref]5ces1 or 8 pref]5ces happ5 to co9cide m ne>ly ) :at 8 feel+ = pure pla/ic design w\ld dictate4 ,= in/ance1 ! l5g?1 ?9ness1 & isolation ( our limbs r5d] !m extremely refractory to f9e pla/ic treatm5t1 & ! negro scores heavily by 8 will+ness to r$uce ! limbs to a succession ( ovoid masses sometimes sc>cely long] ?an !y are broad4 ,g5]ally speak+1 "o may say t 8 pla/ic s5se leads him to give its utmo/ amplitude & relief to all ! protub]ant p>ts ( ! body1 & to get !reby an extraord9>ily emphatic & impressive sequ5ce ( planes4 ,s f> f cl++ to two dim5sions1 z we t5d to d1 he actually und]l9es1 z x 71 ! ?ree-dim5sionalness ( 8 =ms4 ,x is 9 "s su* way1 ,i suspect1 t he manages to give to 8 =ms _! disconc]t+ vitality1 ! sugge/ion t !y make ( be+ n m]e e*oes ( actual figures1 b ( possess+ an inn] life ( _! own4 ,if ! negro arti/ want$ to make p believe 9 ! pot5cy ( 8 idols he c]ta9ly set ab\t x 9 ! "r way4 ,besides ! logical compreh5sion ( pla/ic =m :i* ! negro %[s1 he has also an exquisite ta/e 9 8 h&l+ ( mat]ial4 ,no d\bt 9 ?is matt] 8 endless leisure has some?+ to d ) ! m>vell\s f9i% ( ^! works4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is se5 9 ! treatm5t ( ! tattoo cicatrices4 ,^! are always r5d]$ 9 relief1 :i* means t ! arti/ has cut away ! :ole surface ar\nd !m4 ,i fancy mo/ sculptors w\ld h f\nd "s less labori\s me?od ( int]pret+ ^! m>k+s4 ,b ?is pati5t elaboration ( ! surface is *>act]i/ic ( mo/ ( ^! works4 ,x is se5 to p]fection 9 a wood5 cup cov]$ all ov] ) a design ( faces & objects t look l clubs 9 v l[ relief4 ,! galbe ( ?is cup %[s a subtlety & ref9em5t ( ta/e comp>able to t ( ! f9e/ ,ori5tal craftsm54 ,x is curi\s t a p :o produc$ su* great arti/s did n produce also a culture 9 our s5se ( ! ^w4 ,?is %[s t two factors are necess>y to produce ! cultures :i* di/+ui% civilis$ peoples4 ,!re mu/ be1 ( c\rse1 ! creative arti/1 b !re mu/ also be ! p[] ( consci\s critical appreciation & comp>ison4 ,if we imag9$ su* an app>atus ( critical appreciation z ! ,*9ese h possess$ f ! e>lie/ times appli$ to ?is negro art1 we %\ld h no difficulty 9 recognis+ its s+ul> beauty4 ,we %\ld nev] h be5 tempt$ to reg>d x z savage or unref9$4 ,x is = want ( a consci\s critical s5se & ! intellectual p[]s ( comp>ison & classification t ! negro has fail$ to create "o ( ! great cultures ( ! _w1 & n f any lack ( ! creative /hetic impulse1 nor f lack ( ! mo/ exquisite s5sibility & ! f9e/ ta/e4 ,no d\bt also ! lack ( su* a critical /&>d to support him leaves ! arti/ mu* m at ! m]cy ( any outside influ5ce4 ,x is likely en\gh t ! negro arti/1 al?\gh capable ( su* pr(\nd imag9ative und]/&+ ( =m1 w\ld accept our *eape/ illusioni/ art ) humble en?usiasm4 ,,anci5t ,,am]ican ,,art#ae ,no?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( our ,we/]n civilisation is m romantic nor = u m tantalis+ ?an ! /ory ( ! discov]y & ! wanton de/ruction ( ! anci5t civilisations ( ,am]ica4 ,"h 7 two complex civilisations :i* _h develop$ 9 complete indep5d5ce ( ! re/ ( ! _w2 ev5 s completely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r t1 = all _! g5]al racial lik5ess1 !y took on almo/ opposite *>act]s4 ,if only we c\ld "k ^! alt]native ef=ts ( ! human animal to come to t]ms ) nature & himself ) some?+ l ! same fulness ) :i* we "k ! civilisations ( ,greece & ,rome1 :at might we n le>n ab\t ! fundam5tal necessities ( mank9d8 ,!y w\ld h be5 = u ! opposite po9t ( our orbit2 !y w\ld h giv5 u a p>allax f :i* we might h e/imat$ ! movem5ts ( t dimme/ & mo/ di/ant ph5om5on1 ! social nature ( man4 ,& z x is1 :at scraps ( ill-dige/$ & ill-arrang$ in=mation & :at fragm5ts ( ru9$ t[ns h to suffice u6 ,/ill1 s fasc9at+ is ! subject t we owe ,mr4 ,joyce#af a debt ( gratitude = ! c>eful & ?or\gh accumulation ( all ! mat]ial :i* ! ar*ological rema9s af=d4 ,^! by !mselves w\ld be only curi\s or beautiful z ! case may be2 _! full value & significance c only come out :5 !y are illu/rat$ by :atev] is kn[n ( _! place 9 ! hi/orical sequ5ce ( ! civilisations4 ,mr4 ,joyce gives u :at is kn[n ( ! outl9es ( ,mexican & ,p]uvian hi/ory z f> z x c be deciph]$ f ! e>ly acc\nts ( ,spani% invad]s & f ! orig9al docum5ts1 & he br+s ! facts ?us e/abli%$ to be> on ! antiquities4 ,un=tunately = ! read] ( ^! books1 ! /ory is t]ribly involv$ & complicat$ ev5 :5 x is n dubi\s4 ,?us 9 ,mexico we h to deal ) an almo/ inextricable confusion ( tribes & languages hav+ mu* 9 common1 b ea* int]pret+ _! common my?ology & religion 9 a special mann]4 ,ev5 ,greek my?ology1 :i* we once seem$ to "k fairly well1 takes on "u ! pressure ( mod]n rese>* an unfamili> =mlessness--becomes indi/9ct & %ift+ 9 its outl9es2 & ! v>i\s civilisations ( ,mexico1 ea* ) its innum]able gods & goddesses ) v>y+ names & v>y+ attributes1 produce on ! m9d a s5se ( bewild]+ & helpless wond]1 & /ill m a s5se ( p]vad+ horror at ! und]ly+ nature ( ! human imag9ation4 ,= "o quality em]ges 9 all ! diff]5t aspects ( _! religions1 its hide\s inhumanity & cruelty1 its direct inspiration ( all ! mo/ +5i\s tortures bo? 9 peace & w>--above all1 ! close alliance betwe5 religion & w>1 & go+ ) bo? ( ^! ! wor%ip ( suff]+ z an end 9 itself4 ,only at "o po9t 9 ?is nightm>e ( inhumanity d we get a mom5t>y s5se ( pleasure--itself a savage "o--t is 9 ! k t at c]ta9 sacr$ p]iods ! prie/s1 ^: ma9 bus9ess 0 ! tortur+ ( o!rs1 7 !mselves subject$ to ! purificatory treatm5t4 ,a bas-relief 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %[s ) grim realism ! figure ( a kneel+ prie/ ) pi]c$ tongue1 pull+ a rope ?r\gh ! hole4 ,"u su* circum/ances "o w\ld at lea/ hesitate to accuse ! prie/hood ( hypocrisy4 ,:5 we turn to ,p]u ! picture is less grim4 ,! ,incas d n seem to h be5 s abjectly religi\s z ! ,aztecs2 !y _h at lea/ aboli%$ human sacrifice1 :i* ! ,aztecs practis$ on a colossal scale1 & ?\gh ! tyranny ( ! gov]n+ classes 0 m highly organis$1 x 0 inspir$ by a fairly humane conception4 ,b we mu/ leave ! speculations on su* g5]al que/ions1 :i* are z reg>ds ^! books incid5tal to ! ma9 object1 & turn to ! consid]ation ( ! ar*ological rema9s & ! inve/igation ( _! probable sequ5ce & dat+4 ,our attitude to ! arti/ic rema9s ( ^! civilisations has a curi\s hi/ory4 ,! wond] ( ! ,spani% invad]s at ! sight ( va/ & highly organis$ civilisations :]e only savag]y 0 expect$ has nev] inde$ ceas$1 b ! int]e/ 9 _! rema9s has *ang$ f "t to "t4 ,! fir/ emotion !y excit$ besides wond] 0 ! gre$ ( ! conqu]ors = ! accumulat$ treasure4 ,!n among ! m cultivat$ ,spani>ds sup]v5$ a purely sci5tific curiosity to :i* we owe mo/ ( our k ( ! indig5\s leg5d & hi/ory4 ,!n came ! "q ( orig9s1 :i* is /ill z fasc9at+ & unsettl$ z ev]1 & to ! belief t ! ,mexicans 7 ! lo/ t5 tribes ( ,israel we owe ,"l ,k+sbor\gh's monum5tal "w 9 n9e volumes on ,mexican antiquities4 ,to su* odd impulses p]haps1 r ?an to any s]i\s appreciation ( _! arti/ic m]its1 we owe ! magnific5t collection ( ,mexican antiquities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,inde$1 x is only 9 ?is c5tury t1 aft] contemplat+ !m f e o!r po9t ( view1 we h begun to look at !m s]i\sly z works ( art4 ,probably ! fir/ works to be admitt$ to ?is k9d ( consid]ation 7 ! ,p]uvian pots 9 ! =m ( highly reali/ic human heads & figures4#ag ,/ill m rec5tly we h come to recognise ! beauty ( ,aztec & ,maya sculpture1 & "s ( our mod]n arti/s h ev5 gone to !m = inspiration4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 "o result ( ! g5]al /hetic awak5+ :i* has foll[$ on ! revolt aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! ,grco-,roman tradition4 ,bo? 9 ,mexico & ,p]u we h to deal ) at lea/ two1 possibly f\r1 great cultures1 ea* ov]?r[n 9 turn by ! invasion ( less civilis$1 m w>like tribes1 :o gradually adopt ! g5]al s*eme ( ! old] civilisation4 ,9 ,mexico !re is no d\bt ab\t ! sup]iority1 f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 ( ! e>li] culture--! ,aztecs _h ev]y?+ to le>n f ! ,maya1 & !y nev] rose to ! level ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,! relation is1 9 fact1 curi\sly l t ( ,rome to ,greece4 ,un=tunately we h to le>n almo/ all we "k ( ,maya culture ?r\gh _! ,aztec conqu]ors1 b ! ru9s ( ,yucatan & ,guatemala are by f> ! f9e/ & mo/ complete ve/iges left to u4 ,9 ,p]u also we f9d 9 ! ,tihuanaco gateway a monum5t ( "s pre-,inca civilisation1 & "o t 9 reg>d to ! art ( sculpture f> surpasses any?+ t ! lat] culture reveals4 ,x is ( special int]e/1 moreov]1 = its /rong /yli/ic lik5ess to ! ,maya sculpture ( ,yucatan4 ,?is simil>ity prompts ! int]e/+ speculation t ! e>li] civilisations ( ! two cont95ts _h ei!r a common orig9 or po9ts ( contact1 :]eas ! ,inca & ,aztec cultures seem to drift entirely ap>t4 ,! ,aztecs c>ry on at a l[] level ! ,maya art ( sculpture1 :]eas ! ,incas seem to drop sculpture almo/ entirely1 a curi\s fact 9 view ( ! ambiti\s nature ( _! ar*itectural & eng9e]+ works4 ,"o seems to guess t ! comp>atively humane sociali/ic tyranny ( ! ,incas develop$ m & m along purely practical l9es1 :il/ ! hide\s religiosity ( ! ,aztecs left a c]ta9 fre$om to ! imag9ative arti/4 ,9 look+ at ! arti/ic rema9s ( s remote & /range a civilisation "o sometimes wond]s h[ f> "o c tru/ "o's /hetic appreciation to int]pret truly ! feel+s :i* inspir$ x4 ,9 c]ta9 works "o _c d\bt t ! arti/ felt j z we feel 9 appreciat+ 8 "w4 ,?is mu/1 ,i ?9k1 hold on ! "o h& ( ! ri* ornam5tal arabesques ( ,maya build+s or ! m>vell\s inlaid fea!r & jewel "w ( ei!r culture2 & on ! o!r h&1 :5 we look at ! c>icatural reali/ic figures ( ,truxillo pott]y we ne$ sc>cely d\bt t ! arti/'s int5tion agrees ) our appreciation1 = su* a use ( ! figure is m or less common to all civilisations4 ,b :5 we look at ! /yli/ic sculpture ( ,maya & ,aztec art1 are we1 "o wond]s1 read+ 9 an int5tion :i* 0 n really pres5t8 ,"o wond]s1 = in/ance1 h[ f> ext]nal & accid5tal factors may n h ent]$ 9 to help produce :at seems to u ! p]fect & delicate balance betwe5 repres5tational & purely =mal consid]ations4 ,:e!r ! arti/ 0 n held back bo? by rituali/ic tradition & ! difficulty ( 8 m$ium f pu%+ fur!r ! actuality ( 8 pres5tation--:e!r1 9 fact1 ! arti/ deplor$ or himself approv$ j t retic5ce :i* causes our admiration4 ,at times ,maya sculpture has a c]ta9 simil>ity to ,indian religi\s sculptural reliefs1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! use ( flat surfaces entirely incru/$ ) ornam5ts 9 l[ relief2 b on ! :ole ! comp>ison is all 9 fav\r ( ! high] /hetic s5sibility ( ! ,maya arti/s1 ^: co-ord9ation ( ev5 ! mo/ complicat$ =ms comp>es fav\rably ) ! incoh]5t luxuriance ( mo/ ,indian "w4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 s _m ( its *>act]i/ics1 ,maya art comes mu* ne>] to e>ly ,*9ese sculpture2 & aga9 "o wond]s t su* a civilisation %\ld h produc$ su* s5sitive & reason$ designs--designs :i* seem to imply a highly develop$ self-consci\s /hetic s5sibility4 ,nor d ! ,maya = all _! hi]atic ritualism seem to fall into ! dead1 me*anical repetition :i* ! endless multiplication ( religi\s symbols usually entails1 z1 = in/ance1 mo/ m>k$ly 9 ,egyptian art4 ,b ?is /range diff]5ce betwe5 :at we "k ( ,mexican civilisation & :at we might h int]pret$ f ! art alone is only "o m in/ance ( ! isolation ( ! /hetic f all o!r human activities4 ,! ,frontispiece to ?is book gives an example ( ,maya sculpture f ,pi$ras ,negras4 ,mr4 ,joyce1 9 8 le>n$ & plausible !ory ( ! dat+ ( ,mexican monum5ts1 ascribes ^! rema9s to a date ( ab\t #ej-bjj ,a4,d4 ,!y are c]ta9ly among ! f9e/ rema9s ( ,maya sculpture1 & ?is example %[s at once ! extreme ri*ness ( ! decorative effect & ! admirable ta/e ) :i* ?is is co-ord9at$ 9 a pla/ic :ole 9 :i* ! figure has its due pr$om9ance4 ,?\gh ! relief ( ! ornam5tal "p is kept flat & g5]ally squ>e 9 section1 x has no?+ ( ! dryness & tightness t su* a treatm5t (t5 implies4 ,mr4 ,joyce's books are compil$ ) amaz+ indu/ry1 & conta9 a va/ accumulation ( in=mation4 ,if we h a compla9t1 x is t = ^? :o are n speciali/s ?is in=mation is p\r$ out 9 almo/ too uni=m a flood1 ) too little by way ( g5]al ideas to enable ! m9d to grasp or relate !m prop]ly4 ,if "s ( ! m9or details ( obscure prop] names _h be5 relegat$ to ! notes1 x w\ld h be5 possible to seize ! g5]al outl9es m readily4 ,! books are r = ref]5ce ?an adapt$ to consecutive read+4 ,9 8 judgm5ts on ! v>i\s speculations to :i* ^! civilisations h giv5 rise ,mr4 ,joyce is1 z "o w\ld expect f s c>eful a s*ol>1 cauti\s & negative4 ,he does n1 z f> z ,i rememb]1 ev5 allude to ! !ory ( ! ,lo/ ,t5 ,tribes1 b he does condesc5d to discuss ! !ory ( cultural influ5ce f ,ea/]n ,asia :i* has m ?an once be5 put =w>d by respectable e?nologi/s4 ,he decides aga9/ ?is fasc9at+ hypo!sis m def9itely ?an "o w\ld expect--m ,illu/ration def9itely1 ,i %\ld say1 ?an ! facts be=e u all[4 ,he decl>es1 = in/ance1 t ! cal5drical sy/em ( ,mexico %[s no simil>ity ) ^? ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 :]eas ,dr4 ,lehmann gives a circum/antial acc\nt ( a v curi\s lik5ess1 ! almo/ exact correspond5ce ( two q peculi> sy/ems ( reckon+4 ,my own bias 9 fav\r ( ! !ory ( ,ea/]n ,asiatic influ5ce is1 ,i confess1 bas$ on :at may seem v insuffici5t gr\nds1 namely1 ! curi\s lik5ess ( ! g5]al treatm5t ( naturali/ic =ms & ! peculi> "* ( ! /ylisation ( natural =ms 9 e>ly ,*9ese & ,am]ican art4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible to def9e a lik5ess ( g5]al "* :i* dep5ds s l>gely on feel+1 b x consi/s to "s ext5t 9 ! pr$ilection = /raight l9es & rectangles--a spiral 9 nature becom+ 9 bo? e>ly ,*9ese & ,am]ican art a sequ5ce ( rectangul> =ms ) r\nd$ corn]s4 ,:at is m rem>kable is t ! fur!r back we g 9 ,*9ese art ! great] ! resemblance becomes1 s t a ,*\ bronze1 or /ill m ! c>v$ horns :i* h surviv$ f ! ,%ang dyna/y1 are extraord9>ily l ,maya or ,tihuanaco sculpture4 ,aga91 x is curi\s to note h[ ne> to e>ly ,*9ese bronzes are ! tripod vases ( ! ,guet> ,indians4 ,all ^! may ( c\rse be ( q indep5d5t orig91 b _! simil>ity _c be dismiss$ lightly 9 view ( ! long p]si/5ce 9 any civilisation ( su* g5]al habits ( design4 ,?us ! g5]al habits ( design ( ! ,cretan civilisation p]si/$ into ,greek & ev5 ,roman & ,*ri/ian art2 ! habits ( design ( ,*9ese arti/s h p]si/$1 ?\gh ?r\gh great modifications1 = m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,"o o!r fact :i* may seem almo/ too isolat$ & insignificant may p]haps be put =w>d "h4 ,9 a hi/ory ( ! ,mormons1 publi%$ 9 #ahea1 !re is giv5 a figure ( an inscrib$ bronze 7see ,figure7 :i* 0 dug up by ! ,mormons 9 ,utah 9 #ahdc4 ,s9ce ,brigham ,"y pret5d$ to h dug up ! orig9al book ( ,mormon 8 foll[]s _h a sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = all su* treasure trove1 & probably ! bronze /ill exi/s & might be wor? inve/igation4 ,n[ ?is draw+1 "h reproduc$1 looks to me l an extremely bad & un9tellig5t reproduction ( an e>ly ,*9ese object1 9 g5]al appe>ance n unlike c]ta9 e>ly pieces ( jade4 ,x is fairly c]ta9 t at ! "t ! ,mormons discov]$ ?is1 no su* objects _h f\nd _! way out ( ,*9a1 s9ce ! int]e/ 9 & k ( ?is p]iod ( ,*9ese art is ( mu* lat] gr[?4 ,s x appe>s conceivable t ! object1 :atev] its nature1 is a relic ( "s e>ly cultural invasion f ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,! physical possibilities ( su* invasions f ! ,f> ,ea/ c]ta9ly seem to be "u-e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,joyce4 ,,! ,,muni* ,,exhibition ,,( ,,mohamm$an ,,art#ah ,x w\ld be h>d to exagg]ate ! importance ( ?is exhibition = ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory n alone ( ,ori5tal b ( ,european art4 ,p]haps ! mo/ fasc9at+ problem t pres5ts itself to ! art hi/orian is t ( ! orig9s ( m$ival art4 ,until we und]/& m or less completely h[ 9 ! dim c5turies ( ! lat] ,empire & e>ly middle age ! great trans=mation ( ,grco-,roman into m$ival art 0 accompli%$1 we _c q und]/& ! ,r5aissance itself1 nor ev5 ! =m :i* ! :ole mod]n art ( ,europe has come 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies to assume4 ,& on ?is problem ! ,muni* exhibition ?r[s _m illum9at+ sidelights4 ,e>ly ,mohamm$an art is se5 "h to be a meet+ po9t ( _m influ5ces4 ,!re are /ill traces ( ! once widespread ,hell5i/ic tradition1 ?\gh ?is is se5 to be retreat+ be=e ! reflu5t wave ( aborig9al ideas4 ,sassanid art _h already be5 ! outcome ( ^! cont5d+ =ces1 & ! pre-em95ce ( ,sassanid art 9 =m+ e>ly ,mohamm$an /yles is cle>ly br\ght out 9 ?is exhibition4 ,!n !re is a con/ant ex*ange ) ,byzantium1 & f9ally cont9ual waves ( influ5ce1 sometimes f]tilis+1 sometimes de/ructive1 f t great res]voir ( ,c5tral ,asian civilisation1 ! importance ( :i* is n[ at la/ be+ gradually reveal$ to u by ! discov]ies ( ,dr4 ,/e91 ,drs4 ,lecoq & ,grunw$el1 & ,m4 ,pelliot4 ,& ?r\gh ?is great cle>+-h\se ( e>ly ,mohamm$an art !re are signs ( influ5ces pass+ f ,we/ to ,ea/4 ,! mo/ /rik+ example is t ( ! plate 9 cloisonne enamel f ! ,l&es ,museum at ,innsbruck4 ,"h we h ! "o c]ta9 example ( ,mohamm$an cloisonne enamel e/abli%$ by its d$ication to a pr9ce ( ! ,or?okid dyna/y ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x is extraord9>y t ?is solit>y example %\ld alone h surviv$ f :at mu/1 judg+ f ! te*nical excell5ce ( ?is specim51 h once be5 a fl\ri%+ craft4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! intricate patt]n ( animal =ms ^u a :itei% gr\nd sugge/s1 on ! "o h&1 ! e>lie/ examples ( ,limoges enamels1 & on ! o!r ! e>ly ,*9ese1 & !re c be little d\bt t ! ,*9ese did 9 fact d]ive _! k ( cloisonne1 :i* !y !mselves call$ 8,we/]n w>e10 f ^! e>ly ,mohamm$an craftsm51 :o _h !mselves le>n$ ! te*nique f ,byzantium4 ,b on ! :ole ! /ream ( influ5ce is 9 ! opposite direction1 f ,ea/ to ,we/1 & "o realises at ,muni* t 9 ! great p]iod ( arti/ic discov]y & =mation ( /yles ! ne> ,ea/ & ! ,we/ 7 develop+ 9 close/ contact & h>mony4 ,inde$ ! mo/ f]tile1 if n actually ! mo/ respl5d5t1 p]iod ( bo? arts1 0 atta9$ :il/ !y 7 /ill almo/ indi/+ui%able4 ,if x 7 n = ! habit ( ^! e>ly ,mohamm$an craftsm5 ( int]weav+ inscriptions into _! designs1 a habit :i* ende>s !m q especially to art-hi/orians1 h[ _m works ( ,ori5tal manufacture w\ld h be5 ascrib$ to ,europe8 ,9 spite ( ^! inscriptions1 inde$1 su* an au?ority z ,m4 ,babelon has s\ght to place to ! acc\nt ( ,we/]n arti/s ! sup]b cut cry/al vessels1 ( :i* ! noble/ example is ! inscrib$ ew] ( ! t5? c5tury 9 ! treasury ( ,s4 ,m>k's4 ,or take aga9 ! textiles4 ,9 ! exhibition !re are a numb] ( fragm5ts ( textiles ( ! t5? to ! twelf? c5turies1 9 :i* ! g5]al pr9ciple ( design is ! same2 = ! mo/ "p ! surface is cov]$ by circul> res]ves 9 :i* sev]ely conv5tionalis$ figures ( hunt]s1 lions1 or mon/]s are plac$ 9 pairs symmetrically confront$4 ,only m9ute /udy has enabl$ speciali/s to say t "s 7 made 9 ,sassanid1 ,p]sia1 "s 9 ,byzantium1 "s 9 ,sicily1 & "s 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! dom9ant /yle 9 all ^! is aga9 d]iv$ f ,sassanid art4 ,& "h once m "o mu/ note ! /range recrudesc5ce aft] s long ( ,assyrian types & motives1 & its invasion ( ,we/]n ,europe1 ?r\gh ,byzantium1 ,sicily1 & ,spa94 ,:at /rikes u mo/ 9 comp>+ ,grco-,roman art ) ! new art :i* gradually em]ges 9 ! middle ages is t1 on ! "o h&1 we h a s]ies ( decorative designs nev] s rem>kable = vitality z = _! elegance1 & become by ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire only less p]functory & me*anical ?an ! patt]ns ( mod]n times2 & on ! o!r h& an art 9 :i* ! smalle/ piece ( patt]n-mak+ %[s a t5se vitality ev5 9 its mo/ purely geometrical manife/ations1 & ! figure is us$ ) a new dramatic expressiv5ess unh9d]$ by ! arti/'s ignorance ( actual =m4 ,n[ 9 ! spl5did photographs ( ! ,sassanid rock c>v+s :i* ,dr4 ,s>re has tak5 & :i* are expos$ at ,muni*1 we c see some?+ ( ?is process ( ! creation ( ! new vital sy/em ( design4 ,9 ! e>li] reliefs1 ^? ( ! "t ( ,sapor1 we h1 x is true1 a c]ta9 !atrical spl5d\r ( pose & sett+1 b 9 ! actual =ms "s flaccidity & inflation4 ,! arti/s :o wr\ght !m %[ /ill ! pr$om9ance ( ! worn-out ,hell5i/ic tradition :i* spread 9 ,alex&]'s wake ov] ,asia4 ,9 ! /up5d\s relief ( ,*osroes at ,tak-i-,bo/an1 on ! o!r h&1 we h all ! dramatic en]gy1 ! h]aldic spl5d\r ( ! f9e/ m$ival art1 & ! s\rce ( ?is new inspiration is se5 to be ! well+ up once m ( ! old indig5\s ,mesopotamian art4 ,we h once m t s+ul> feel+ = /ress1 = muscul> t5sion1 & = dramatic oppositions1 :i* di/+ui% ! bas-reliefs ( ,babylon & ,n9eveh f all o!r arti/ic expressions ( ! antique _w4 ,x w\ld be possible by ! help ( exhibits at ,muni* to trace c]ta9 ,assyrian =ms "r ?r\gh to ,m$ival ,european art4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! lion heads on ! pre-,babylonian mace f ,g\dea 9 ! ,l\vre2 "o f9ds a precisely simil> conv5tion = ! lion head on ! ,sassanid rep\ss metalwork f\nd 9 ,russia4 ,once aga9 x occurs 9 ! sup]b c>v$ rock cry/al wat]sp\t l5t by ! ,k>lsruhe ,museum 7,room #ed71 & "o f9ds x aga9 on ! font ( ,l9coln ,ca!dral & 9 ! lions t support ! doorway columns ( ,italian ca!drals4 ,9 all ^! !re is a c]ta9 community ( /yle1 a c]ta9 way ( symbolis+ ! leon9e nature :i* "o may look = 9 va9 9 ,greek & ,grco-,roman art4 ,ev5 if ?is seem too =c$ an int]pretation ( facts1 x is none ! less cle> t ev]y:]e 9 e>ly ,mohamm$an art ?is recrudesc5ce ( ,assyrian =ms may be trac$1 & t _! influ5ce 0 sc>cely less ^u ,europe ?an ^u ! ne> ,ea/4 ,dr4 ,s>re has tak5 a trac+ ( ! patt]n :i* is repres5t$ 9 l[ relief ^u ! robes ( ,*osroes 9 ! ,tak-i-,bo/an relief4 ,9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum !re is an almo/ id5tical piece ( silk brocade :i* actually comes f ! ru9s ( ,khorsabad1 & 9 ! same museum "o may f9d m ?an "o ,byzant9e imitation ( ?is design & closely simil> ones made 9 ,sicily2 & ! conv5tional w+$ mon/] :i* =ms ! basis ( ^! designs has a purely ,assyrian air4 ,9 ,egypt1 too1 x w\ld seem t !re 0 be=e ! ,arab invasion a m>k$ recrudesc5ce ( indig5\s native design :i* enabl$ ! ,coptic craftsm5 gradually to trans=m ! motives giv5 to !m by ,roman conqu]ors into some?+ entirely non-,hell5i/ic4 ,& ! incr$ible beauty ( ! ,fatimite textiles ( ! t5?1 elev5?1 & twelf? c5turies1 ( :i* a few preci\s relics are %[n 9 ,room #ag1 pres]ve some?+1 especially 9 ! bird =ms1 ( ?is antique d]ivation4 ,b to return once m to ,sassanid art4 ,! specim5s f ! ,h]mitage & ,pr9ce ,bobr9sky's collections =m an object lesson ( extraord9>y int]e/ 9 ! developm5t ( e>ly ,mohamm$an art4 ,!y h inh]it$ & /ill reta9 t extreme realisation ( massive spl5d\r1 t fi]ce ass]tion ( =m & positive /atem5t ( relief :i* belongs to ! art ( ! great primitive ,empires1 & mo/ ( all to ! art ( ,mesopotamia1 & yet !y already adumbrate ! =ms ( ,mohamm$an art into :i* !y pass by ins5sible degrees4 ,"h1 too1 we f9d ve/iges ( ! dy+ ,hell5i/ic tradition4 ,"o ( ,pr9ce ,bobr9sky's bronzes1 a great plate1 has1 = in/ance1 a design compos$ ( classic vases1 f :i* spr+ /ems :i* b5d r\nd into a s]ies ( circles1 a design :i* might almo/ be mat*$ z reg>ds =m1 ?\gh n z reg>ds _s1 9 ! wall decorations ( ,pompeii4 ,or take aga9 ! sup]b rep\ss silv] plate repres5t+ a ,sassanid k+ spe>+ a lion4 ,"h ! float+ drap]y ( ! k+ & ! edge ( 8 tunic %[ a delib]ately s*ematis$ r5d]+ ( ! traditional folds ( ! ,greek peplos4 ,b h[ mu* m ,assyrian ?an ,greek is ! :ole effect--! dramatic t5sion ( ! figures express$ by an emphasis on all ! l9es ( muscul> ef=t1 z 9 ! legs ( ! horse & ! lions4 ,h[ ,assyrian1 too1 is ! feel+ = relief1 & ! pr$ilection = imbricat$ or closely set p>allel l9es z 9 ! lions' manes4 ,9 ! conv5tional rock "u "o ( ! lions "o seems to see also a h9t ( ,*9ese =ms4 ,/ill m ,assyrian is ano!r plate1 ! arrangem5t ( :i* recalls ! reliefs ( ,assurbanipal or ,s5na*]ib1 & yet already !re are =ms :i* anticipate ,mohamm$an art2 ! gate ( ! city1 its cr5elations1 & ! =ms ( ! helmets ( ! soldi]s1 all h an air ( simil>ity ) f> lat] ,mohamm$an types4 ,ano!r plate1 n reproduc$ "h1 %[s a ,sassanid k+ regal+ himself ) w9e & music1 & gives already m ?an a h9t ( ! fav\rite designs ( ! ,rhages pott]s or ! bronze work]s ( ,moss\l4 ,among ,pr9ce ,bobr9sky's bronzes :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! ,caucasus is a late ,sassanid aquamanile 9 ! =m ( a bird4 ,x is already almo/ ,mohamm$an1 ?\gh reta9+ some?+ ( ! extreme solidity & weight ( e>li] art4 ,once m1 9 ! aggressive s*ematisation ( ! =m ( ! tail & ! sugge/ion ( fea!rs by a s]ies ( deeply m>k$ p>allel l9es1 we get a rem9isc5ce ( ,assyrian art1 :ile 9 ! treatm5t ( ! cre/ !re is ! m florid int]weav+ ( curves :i* adumbrate n only ,mohamm$an b ,indian =ms4 ,9 ! aquamanile 9 ! =m ( a horse 7see ,plate7 ! ,sassanid influ5ce is /ill pr$om9ant1 b !re c be no d\bt t ?is is already ,mohamm$an1 probably ( ! eigh? or n9? c5tury4 ,we h already "h ! *>act]i/ics ( ,fatimite bronzes1 ( :i* a few specim5s are %[n at ,muni*4 ,! great griff9 ( ,pisa c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be mov$ f ! ,campo ,santo1 nor are ! two specim5s 9 ! ,l\vre %[n1 b ! /ag f ! ,bav>ian ,national ,museum is !re & af=ds a mo/ int]e/+ comp>ison ) ,pr9ce ,bobr9sky's horse4 ,bo? h ! same l>ge g5]alisation ( =m1 & 9 bo? we h ! curi\s effect ( solidity & mass produc$ by ! %ort5$ h9d legs1 ) ! half-squatt+ movem5t to :i* t gives rise4 ,! ,bobr9sky horse is obvi\sly m primitive1 & probably indicates ! beg9n+s ( a s*ool ( bronze pla/ic 9 ,mesopotamia ,illu/ration3 ,fatimite ,bronzes ,bobr9sky ,collection ,plate ,,iv4 ne>ly p>allel to t ( ,egypt4 ,?is s*ool1 h[ev]1 nev] develop$ z fully along sculptural l9es1 & at a comp>atively e>ly date ab&on$ sculpture = ! art ( bronze inlay1 ( :i* ,moss\l 0 ! great c5tre 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,9 ! incis$ designs on ! horse we h an example ( ! e>ly =ms ( ! palmette ornam5t & ( ! int]lac+ curves :i* =m ! basis ( mo/ subsequ5t ,mohamm$an patt]ns4 ,)9 ! res]ves =m$ by ! intreccie are small figures1 ( :i* "o--t ( a man seat$ & play+ ! lute--c j be made out 9 ! reproduction4 ,x is already typical ( ! figure design :i* ! ,mohamm$an arti/s develop$ 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,by way ( comp>ison ) ?is ,mesopotamian example1 ,plate1 ,fig4 #b1 %[s a supreme example ( ,fatimite sculpture ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x is1 inde$1 a matt] = regret t ,mohamm$an arti/s s soon ab&on$ an art = :i* !y %[$ su* extraord9>y aptitude4 ,! lion :i* comes f ! ,kassel ,museum has already be5 publi%$ by ,m4 ,migeon1#ai b is ( su* r>e beauty & int]e/ 9 relation to ! ,sassanid works "h describ$ t x seem$ desirable to reproduce x aga94 ,x %[s ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( all ! art produc$ = ! ,fatimite c\rt1 its exquisite p]fection & ref9em5t ( ta/e1 its m9ut5ess ( detail & f9i% toge!r ) a l>ge co-ord9ation ( p>ts1 a rhy?mic feel+ = cont\r & ! sequ5ce ( planes1 :i* h sc>cely ev] be5 equall$4 ,& all ^! qualities ( ref9em5t1 almo/ ( sophi/ication1 :i* ,fatimite art possesses1 d n1 z we see "h1 de/roy ! elem5t>y imag9ative feel+ = ! vitality ( animal =ms4 ,9 ! case 9 :i* ?is ma/]piece ( ,mohamm$an sculpture is %[n !re is also se5 ! celebrat$ lion :i* once belong$ to ! pa9t] ,=tuny4 ,noble ?\gh ?is is 9 g5]al conception1 ! co>s5ess ( its workman%ip & ! want ( subtlety 9 its proportions1 9 comp>ison ) ! ,kassel lion1 makes x evid5t t x is n f ! same s*ool ( ,egyptian craftsm51 b probably ( ,spani% orig94 ,yet ano!r ( ! ,bobr9sky bronzes ( ab\t ! same date z ! horse is already typically ,mohamm$an z may be se5 by ! leaf =ms & ! intreccie ( ! cre/1 b h[ mu* ( ! antique ,sassanid proportions & s5se ( relief is /ill reta9$6 ,x is believ$ to be f ,we/]n ,turke/an & ( ! eigh? or n9? c5tury4 ,"o mu/ suppose t ,sassanid =ms travell$ ,nor? & ,ea/ z well z ,s\? & ,we/1 & help$ 9 ! =mation ( t ,c5tral ,asian art :i* becomes ! dom9ant factor 9 ! lat] c5turies ( ,mohamm$an1 m especially ( ,p]sian1 art4 ,be=e leav+ ! "q ( ,sassanid influ5ces ,i mu/ m5tion ! s]ies ( bronze jugs 9 ! ,bobr9sky & ,s>re collections4 ,! g5]al =m is obvi\sly d]iv$ f classic orig9als1 b !y h a peculi> sp\t ( a rectangul> %ape plac$ at "r angles on ! top ( ! ma9 op5+4 ,! effect ( ?is is to give two op5+s1 "o = p\r+ ! wat] 91 ! o!r = p\r+ x out at "r angles4 ,n[ 9 ! e>ly ,moss\l wat] jugs we see num]\s examples ( :at are cle>ly d]ivations ( ?is =m pass+ by gradual degrees into ! famili> neck ) sp\t atta*$ b n sep>at$1 :i* is typical ( lat] ,mohamm$an wat] jugs4 ,?is evolution c be trac$ /ep by /ep 9 ! ,muni* ,exhibition1 & leaves no d\bt ( ! p]fect cont9uity ( ,sassanid & ,mohamm$an =ms4#bj ,"o ( ! features ( e>ly ,mohamm$an art is ! vitality ( its floral & geometrical ornam5t1 ! sy/em ( :i* is uni=mly spread ?r\gh\t ! ,mohamm$an _w4 ,! "q ( :]e & h[ ?is sy/em ( ornam5t arose is n easily solv$1 b !re are indications t ,egypt 0 ! place ( its e>lie/ developm5t4 ,its *>act]i/ic =ms seem c]ta9ly d]iv$ f ! univ]sal palmette ( ,grco-,roman decoration4 ,! palmette1 s rigid1 unv>y+ & frequ5tly s lifeless 9 ! h&s ( ,grco-,roman arti/s1 became ! s\rce ( ! flexible & inf9itely v>i$ sy/ems ( ,mohamm$an design1 s skilfully int]wov51 s subtly adapt$ to _! purpose1 t ! supremacy ( ,mohamm$an art 9 ?is p>ticul> has be5 recognis$ & p]petuat$ 9 ! ^w ,arabesque4 ,x is curi\s to note t ! hi/ory ( ?is developm5t is almo/ a repetition ( :at occurr$ _m c5turies be=e 9 ! =mation ( ! sy/em ( ,celtic ornam5t4 ,!re1 too1 ! ,greek palmette 0 ! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,! ,celtic bronze-work]s adopt$ a cursive abbreviation ( x :i* all[$ ( an almo/ too unre/ra9$ flexibility 9 _! patt]ns1 b "o peculi>ly adapt$ to _! bronze te*nique4 ,9 ! case ( ,mohamm$an art x w\ld seem t ! *ange f ! palmette 0 effect$ by ,coptic wood-c>v]s & by ! arti/s :o decorat$ 9 pla/] ! e>lie/ ,egyptian mosques4 ,inde$1 "o may suspect t ! trans=mation ( ,grco-,roman ornam5t _h already be5 initiat$ by ,coptic work]s 9 pre-,mohamm$an times4 ,"o or two exhibits ( ,coptic reliefs 9 woodwork 9 ,room #dh %[ h[ f> ?is process _h already gone4 ,! ,coptic wood-c>v]s arriv$ at an extremely simple & economical me?od ( decoration by incisions ) a g\ge1 ea* end+ 9 a spiral curve1 & s set z to leave 9 relief a sequ5ce ( =ms resembl+ a half-palmette1 & at times approa*+ v closely to ! *>act]i/ic int]lac+ 8trumpet0 =ms ( ,celtic ornam5t4 ,a simil> me?od 0 employ$ ) ev5 great] fre$om & ) a surpris+ ri*ness & v>iety ( effect 9 ! pla/] decorations ( ! e>lie/ mosques1 su* z t ( ,ibn ,tulun4 ,9 ?is way !re 0 develop$ a s+ul>ly easy & rhy?mic mann] ( fill+ any giv5 space ) int]lac$ & conflu5t =ms suit$ to ! caligraphic "* ( ,mohamm$an design4 ,x _c be d5i$ t 9 c\rse ( "t x p&]$ to ! besett+ s9 ( ! ori5tal craftsman1 8 intol]able pati5ce & ?\ghtless indu/ry1 & became 9 consequ5ce z dead 9 its m]e intricacy & complexity z ! ,grco-,roman orig9al 9 its frigid correctness4 ,! p]iods ( creation 9 ornam5tal design seem inde$ to be ev5 r>] ?an ^? ( creation 9 ! figurative arts1 & if ! great] "p ( ,mohamm$an art %[s1 along ) increas+ te*nical facility1 a con/ant degradation 9 ornam5tal design x is no exception to a univ]sal rule4 ,at any rate1 up to ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury its vitality 0 z /rong & its adaptability ev5 great] ?an ! ornam5tal design ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,! design bas$ on ! half-palmette adapt$ itself easily to o!r mat]ials ?an wood & pla/]4 ,9 an ev5 m cursive =m x 0 us$ alike by m9iaturi/s & ! closely alli$ pa9t]s on pott]y4 ,( ! =m] a good in/ance is t ( a manuscript ( ,dioscorides1 writt5 & pa9t$ by ,abdullah b5 el-,fadhl 9 ! ye> #abbc ,a4,d4 ,x is ( ,mesopotamian orig9 & %[s 9 ! decorative treatm5t ( ! figures a close aff9ity ) ! pa9t+ on contempor>y pott]y f ,rakka4 ,x is surpris+ h[ mu* "* & ev5 hum\r ! arti/ gives to figures :i* are conceiv$ 9 a purely calligraphic & ab/ract mann]1 & :at ri*ness & nobility ( /yle !re is 9 ! s+ul>ly economical & rapid indications ( brocad$ patt]ns 9 ! robes4 ,"h we see h[1 9 ! h&s ( ! m9iaturi/s1 ! half-palmette ornam5t becomes ev5 m cursive & flexible1 m readily adapt$ to any requir$ space ?an 9 ! h&s ( ! wood-c>v] & pla/]]4 ,! :ole ( ! figure-design ( ?is p]iod1 z se5 9 ! pott]y ( ,rakka1 ,rhages1 & ,sultanabad1 %[s ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,x is all calligraphic r ?an naturali/ic1 b x is notable h[ mu* expression is atta9$ )9 ! flexible =mula :i* ^! ,mohamm$an arti/s _h evolv$4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! pott]'s craft /imulat$ ! be/ elem5ts ( su* a s*ool ( draughtsman%ip1 & = _! p[] ( creat+ an illusion ( real exi/5ce by ! %e] swiftness & assurance ( _! rhy?m1 few draughtsm5 h surpass$ ! unkn[n ma/]s :o ?rew _! indications ( sc5es f contempor>y life ^u ! fragile b[ls & lu/r$ cups ( e>ly ,syrian & ,p]sian pott]y4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ n[ t n only 9 c]amics & metal "w1 b ev5 9 glass1 ,fatimite culture 0 pre-em95t4 ,probably no su* collection ( enamell$ ori5tal glass has ev] be5 br\ght toge!r z t at ,muni*4 ,an example ( glass ( ,egyptian orig9 be>+ ! date #gcg ,a4,d41 belong+ to ,dr4 ,f\quet1 %[s h[ e>ly ! manufacture ( glass 0 already e/abli%$ 9 ,egypt4 ,to ,egypt1 too1 mu/ be ascrib$ ! spl5did cry/als & c>v$ glass-"w 9 :i* ! ,muni* ,exhibition is p>ticul>ly ri*4 ,"o ( ^! is ! s-call$ ,h$wig glass f ! ,rijksmuseum1 at ,am/]dam4 ,x has two f9ely conv5tionalis$ lions & eagles :i* resemble ! types ( ,fatimite sculpture4 ,x is describ$ by ,migeon 78,manuel10 p4 #cgh7 z be+ ( m\ld$ glass1 b ! design is probably cut on ! :eel 9 ! mann] employ$ = rock-cry/al4 ,among ! examples ( c>v$ cry/al "o ( ! f9e/ is ! less well-kn[n example ( a wat]sp\t 9 ! %ape ( a lion's head1 l5t by ! ,k>lsruhe ,museum4 ,9 all ^! figures ! di/9ctive quality ( ,fatimite art1 its comb9ation ( massive gr&eur ( design ) extreme ref9em5t1 are app>5t4 ,none ! less1 ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,syrian & ,mesopotamian c5tres ( glass-indu/ry is v /rong1 & if _m ( ! pieces1 especially ! e>lie/ ones1 are /ill relegat$ to ,egypt1 "s ( ! f9e/ are /ill ascrib$1 ?\gh on no v conclusive gr\nds1 to ! ,syrian work%ops4 ,! f9e/ ( ^! belong to ! late twelf? & e>ly ?irte5? c5turies1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! "w ( ! f\rte5? c5tury %[s a decl9e4 ,p]haps ! mo/ spl5did specim5 kn[n is ! l>ge bottle f ! treasury ( ,s4 ,/eph5's1 ,vi5na4 ,! glass 9 ?is & ! k9dr$ piece f ! same place %[s a peculi> br[ni% yell[ tone almo/ ( ! col\r ( honey1 :i* gives ! mo/ p]fect backgr\nd to ! enamell$ figure-decoration4 ,9 ! *oice ( subjects ) a pr$om9ance ( sc5es f ! *ase !re is und\bt$ly a consid]able resemblance to ! sc5es on ! encru/$ bronze "w ( ,moss\l1 & ?is1 s f> z x goes1 makes 9 fav\r ( a ,syrian orig94 ,b :atev] _! orig91 ! f9e/ ( ^! pieces %[ a decorative spl5d\r & a p]fection ( ta/e :i* has assur$ _! appreciation f ! days ( ! ,crusad]s4 ,already 9 ! inv5tory ( ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france su* pieces1 frequ5tly m\nt$ on silv] /&s1 figure among ! ,k+'s *oice/ treasures4 ,nor 0 ! appreciation ( ?is beautiful craft conf9$ to ,europe4 ,"o ( ! _m pro(s ( a cont9ual int]*ange betwe5 ! ,mohamm$an & ,*9ese civilisations is se5 9 ! numb] ( examples ( ?is glass :i* h come f ,*9a4 ,9 ,muni* !re is a magnific5t b[l l5t by ,dr4 ,s>re :i* is ( ,*9ese prov5ance1 & num]\s o!r pieces h be5 record$4 ,! collection ( incru/$ bronzes at ,muni* is extremely ri*1 rang+ f ! twelf?-c5tury "w1 9 :i* pla/ic relief is /ill us$1 accompani$ by sp>se incru/ations ( r$ copp] ^u ! almo/ /rawy yell[ bronze1 to ! f\rte5? & fifte5?-c5tury "w1 9 :i* pla/ic relief has altoge!r disappe>$1 & elaborate incru/ations ( silv] & ev5 gold give to ! surface an extreme pr(usion ( delicate int]wov5 trac]ies4 ,"h1 too1 ! e>lie/ "w %[s ! f9e/ s5se ( design4 ,! specim5 f ! ,piet ,lataud]ie collection1 /ill reta9s 9 its relief ( /yli/ic animals a feel+ = mass & gr&eur inh]it$ f ,sassanid metal-work]s1 & ! incru/ations1 ?\gh exquisitely wr\ght1 are kept 9 due subord9ation to ! g5]al design4 ,"s ( ! ?irte5?-c5tury pieces1 ?\gh already t5d+ to too great intricacy1 /ill atta9 to a f9ely co-ord9at$ effect by ! use ( res]ves fill$ ) boldly design$ figures4 ,"s ( ! be/ ( ^! conta9 sc5es borr[$ f ,*ri/ian my?ology1 among :i* ,i may m5tion1 z a sup]b example1 ! great b[l belong+ to ! ,duc d',ar5b]g4 ,i h allud$ at v>i\s po9ts to ! influ5ce ( ,*9ese art ^u ,mohamm$an4 ,among ! mo/ decisive & curi\s in/ances ( ?is is a bronze mirror ) ! signs ( ! ,zodiac 9 relief4 ,r\nd ! edge is an inscription ( d$ication to "o ( ! ,or?okid pr9ces4 ,x is ( ,mesopotamian workman%ip4 ,"h ! d]ivation f ,*9ese mirrors1 :i* date back to ,han times1 is unmi/akable1 & is se5 9 e detail1 ev5 to ! griff9-head 9 ! c5tre1 pi]c$ to all[ ( ! /r+ by :i* x 0 c>ri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,p]sian ,pa9t+1 end ( #ac? c5tury ,morgan ,collection ,plate ,v4 ,,giotto#ba ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,s4 ,,francesco ,,at ,,assisi ,we f9d abundant evid5ces 9 /udy+ e>ly ,*ri/ian art t ,*ri/ianity at its orig9 ex]cis$ no new /imulat+ influ5ce ^u its developm5t1 b if x 7 claim$ = ! ,franciscan movem5t t x br\ght ab\t ! great outbur/ ( ,italian art ! position w\ld be h>d] to refute3 & inde$ :at ,s4 ,francis accompli%$1 ! lit]al acceptance by (ficial ,*ri/5dom ( ,*ri/'s tea*+1 0 tantam\nt to ! f\ndation ( a new religion1 & ! h]esy ( "s ( 8 foll[]s1 :o reg>d$ 8 z a f9al disp5sation sup]s$+ t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 c sc>cely h seem$ unreasonable to ^? :o witness$ ! *ange 9 ! temp] ( society :i* 8 example br\ght ab\t4 ,s4 ,francis 0 ! great or?odox h]etic4 ,:at he effect$ )9 ! b\nds ( ! ,*ur*1 = a "t at all ev5ts1 0 only accompli%$ = lat] times by a rupture ) ! ,papal p[]4 ,he e/abli%$ ! idea ( ! equality ( all m5 be=e ,god & ! imm$iate relation%ip ( ! individual s\l to ! ,deity4 ,he enabl$ e man to be 8 own prie/4 ,to ! f]v\r ) :i* ^! ideas 7 grasp$ by 8 c\ntrym5 we may ascribe to "s ext5t ! extreme individualism ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ! abs5ce ( ! b>ri]s ( social ca/e to ! aspirations ( ! individual & ! passionate ass]tion on 8 "p ( ! "r to ! free use ( all 8 activities4 ,no d\bt ! individualism (1 say1 a ,sigismondo ,malate/a 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 v diff]5t to any?+ :i* ,s4 ,francis w\ld h approv$2 none ! less su* a view ( life 0 r5d]$ possible by ! solv5t action ( 8 tea*+ on ! fix$ =ms ( society4 ,b ( m imm$iate importance to our purpose is ! /hetic elem5t 9 ,s4 ,francis' tea*+4 ,to say t 9 8 actions ,s4 ,francis aim$ at arti/ic effect w\ld p]haps give a wrong impression ( 8 "*1 b x is true t 8 conception ( hol9ess 0 almo/ z mu* an /hetic z a moral "o4 ,to ^? :o "k ,s4 ,bonav5tura's life a numb] ( /ories w sugge/ !mselves1 :i* indicate a p]fectly h>moni\s attitude to life r ?an a purely moral "o3 /ories su* z t ( ! %eep :i* 0 giv5 to him1 & :i* he receiv$ joyfully because ( its simplicity & innoc5ce1 8& hold+ x 9 8 h&s he admoni%$ x to be int5t to praise ,god & to keep itself f (f5d+ ! bre?r52 & ! %eep obs]v$ fully ! comm&m5t ( ! ,bless$ ,francis1 & :5 x he>d ! bre?r5 s++ 9 ! *oir ran ?i!r quickly1 & )\t any tea*+ b5t be=e ! alt> ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & bleat$1 z ?\gh x _h human reason40 ,s4 ,francis1 ! 8,jongleur de ,dieu10 0 actually a poet be=e 8 conv]sion1 & 8 :ole life _h ! p]vad+ unity & rhy?m ( a p]fect "w ( art4 ,n t he 0 a consci\s arti/4 ,! :ole keynote ( ! ,franciscan tea*+ 0 its spontaneity1 b 8 feel+s = moral & /hetic beauty 7 intimately unit$4 ,inde$1 8 life1 l ! ,italian art :i* 9 a s5se arose f x1 l ! ,go?ic ,fr5* art :i* 0 a simultane\s expression ( ! same _s1 implies an attitude1 z r>e 9 life z 9 art1 9 :i* spiritual & s5su\s beauty are s inextricably int]wov5 t in/ead ( conflict+ !y mutually int5sify _! effects4 ,n only 0 ! leg5d ( ,s4 ,francis' life full ( sugge/ions ( poetical & arti/ic mat]ial1 b 8 foll[]s rewrote ! ,new ,te/am5t f ! ,franciscan po9t ( view1 emphasis+ ! poetical & dramatic elem5ts ( ! /ory4 ,9 p>ticul> !y %ift$ ! focus ( int]e/ by mak+ ! relation%ip ( ! ,virg9 to h] son ! c5tral motive ( ! :ole4 ,x w be se5 t ,italian arti/s d[n to ,raphael turn$ r to ! ,franciscan ?an ! ,vulgate v]sion4#bb ,9 fact1 ,s4 ,bonav5tura & ! great poet ( ! movem5t1 ! cultivat$ & ec/atic ,jacopone di ,todi1 did = ! ,*ri/ian leg5d v mu* :at ,p9d> did = classical my?ology2 )\t alt]+ ! doctr9e !y br\ght into full relief its human & poetical significance4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 to f9d t ! great *ur* at ,assisi1 built ) all ! magnific5ce t ! :ole ( ,italy c\ld contribute to hon\r ! sp\se ( ,div9e ,pov]ty1 %\ld be ! cradle ( ! new art ( ,italy--! neo-,*ri/ian or ,franciscan art1 z we might almo/ call x4 ,! l[] *ur* ( ,s4 ,francesco 0 probably decorat$ almo/ imm$iately aft] ! build+ 0 f9i%$1 betwe5 #abdj & #abej1 b ^! e>ly works are almo/ oblit]at$ by a second decoration und]tak5 aft] #acjj4 ,we mu/ !re=e turn to ! upp] *ur*1 ! pa9t+s ( :i* 7 probably complet$ be=e #acjj1 z ! *ief s\rce ( our k ( ! em]g5ce ( ! new ,italian /yle4 ,x 0 !re t ! ,italian g5ius fir/ atta9$ to self-expression 9 ! language ( monum5tal pa9t+--a language :i* no o!r nation ( mod]n ,europe has ev] be5 able to comm& except 9 r>e & isolat$ in/ances4 ,& "h we plunge at once into a v difficult1 p]haps an insoluble problem3 :o 7 ! pa9t]s :o c>ri$ out ?is imm5se s*eme ( decoration8 ,! ar*ives ( ! *ur* h be5 se>*$ 9 va91 & we are left ) a s5t5ce ( ,ghib]ti's comm5t>y1 & ,vas>i1 :o "h proves an unc]ta9 guide1 s t we are ?r[n *iefly on ! res\rces ( int]nal evid5ce4 ,! pa9t+s ( ! upp] *ur* may be briefly enum]at$ ?us3 ,9 ! *oir are fa9t rema9s ( frescoes ( ! life ( ! ,virg92 9 ! "r transept a ,crucifixion & o!r subjects almo/ oblit]at$2 9 ! left transept ano!r ,crucifixion1 bett] pres]v$1 & ar*angels 9 ! tri=ium4 ,! nave is divid$ into an upp] & l[] s]ies2 ! upp] s]ies conta9s sc5es ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 ! l[] is devot$ to ! leg5d ( ,s4 ,francis1 & 9 alt]nate vaults ( ! ro( are pa9t+s ( s+le figures4 ,x w\ld be out ( place to discuss all ^! frescoes 9 detail1 b x may be wor? :ile to select c]ta9 typical ones1 ar\nd :i* ! re/ may be gr\p$1 & see h[ f> !y be> out :at little docum5t>y & traditional au?ority we h4 ,we w beg9 ) ! ,crucifixion ( ! left transept1 :i* is cle>ly by an arti/ ( decid$ & m>k$ p]sonality4 ,x is c]ta9ly less pleas+ & less accompli%$ ?an ! works ( ! lat] ,byzant9e s*ool1 & 9 spite ( c]ta9 motives1 su* z ! float+ drap]y ( ! ,*ri/1 :i* %[ ,byzant9e rem9isc5ces1 x is d]iv$ 9 ! ma9 f ! native ,italian tradition4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! /umpy proportions ( ! figures & ! crude1 n to say hide\s1 realism ( ! faces ( ! cr[d4 ,! classical orig9 ( ! tradition is /ill traceable 9 ! s&all$ feet & ! rem9isc5ce ( ! toga 9 "s ( ! drap]ies4 ,b ! *ief int]e/ lies 9 ! s]i\s attempt made by ! arti/ to give dramatic reality to ! sc5e 9 a way nev] attempt$ by ! less human ,byzant9es4 ,! action ( ! ,magdal5 ?r[+ up bo? arms 9 despair is really impressive1 & ?is is a m vivaci\s r5d]+ ( a ge/ure traditional 9 ,we/]n e>ly ,*ri/ian art2 an in/ance occurs 9 ! fif? c5tury ,,ms4 ( ,g5esis at ,vi5na4 ,b ! arti/ %[s 8 orig9ality m 9 ! expressive & sometimes beautiful poses ( ! weep+ angels & ! natural movem5ts ( ! ,virg9 & ,s4 ,john4 ,v ne>ly alli$ to ?is are ! ar*angels ( ! tri=ium1 & "s ( ! frescoes ( ! upp] sc5es 9 ! nave1 su* z ! ,nativity & ! ,betrayal4 ,^! belong to ! same gr\p1 ?\gh !y are n necess>ily by ! ma/] ( ! ,crucifixion himself4 ,z we proce$ along ! nave1 /ill keep+ to ! upp] s]ies1 we come ^u ano!r di/9ct p]sonality1 ^: "w is typifi$ 9 ! ,deception ( ,isaac4 ,9 c]ta9 qualities ?is ma/] is n altoge!r unlike ! ma/] ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,l him1 he replaces ! purely s*ematic l9e> r5d]+ ( drap]y by long /reaks ( light & d>k pa9t1 s arrang$ z to give ! idea ( actual modell+ 9 relief4 ,b he does ?is n only ) great] naturalism1 b ) a greatly increas$ s5se ( pure beauty4 ,! pa9t+ is n hi]atic & =mal1 z ! ,byzant9e w\ld h made x1 nor has x t ov]/ra9$ attempt at dramatic vehem5ce :i* we saw 9 ! ,crucifixion4 ,! faces h rem>kable beauty1 & ?r\gh\t !re is a s5se ( placid & dignifi$ repose :i* is r>e 9 m$ival "w4 ,x is1 9 fact1 decid$ly classical1 & classical1 too1 9 a s5se diff]5t f ! vague rem9isc5ces ( classic orig9 :i* p]meate e>ly ,*ri/ian art1 & 7 fa9tly e*o$ 9 ! ,crucifixion4 ,ra*el especially1 ) h] full1 well-r\nd$ eyes1 wide ap>t & set deep 9 _! sockets1 h] /raight nose & small m\?1 might almo/ h come /raight f a ,pompeian picture4 ,! hair1 too1 in/ead ( be+ 9 tangl$ masses1 z 9 ! ,crucifixion1 or r5d]$ by p>allel l9es1 z 9 ! ,sacrifice ( ,isaac1 is drawn into elegantly dispos$ curls1 :i* yet h some?+ ( ! quality ( hair1 & :i* rem9d u ( ! treatm5t 9 classic bronzes4 ,! la/ vault ( ! nave1 ) ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 is by an arti/ :o is extremely simil> to ! la/1 & cle>ly belongs to ! same gr\p4 ,! level br[s ne>ly meet+ ov] ! bridge ( ! nose1 ! /raight pr(ile & ! curl$ hair %[ ! simil>ity1 z does also ! drap]y4 ,! classic t5d5cies ( ?is arti/ may be se5 9 ! amor9i c>yatides 9 ! extreme corn]s ( ! sp&ril1 :ile ! decoration ( "o ( ! ar*es ( ! *ur* by ! same h& has1 aris+ f an urn ( pure classic design1 a foliat$ scrollwork1 9 :i* c5taurs disport !mselves4 ,9 ! l[] s]ies repres5t+ ! ,life ( ,s4 ,francis we are at once /ruck by ! resemblances to ! la/ two pa9t+s4 ,! ,pope1 :o is approv+ ! rule ( ,s4 ,francis1 is almo/ a repetition ( "o ( ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,we h ! same peculi> drap]y ) %9y1 slipp]y1 high lights1 broadly wa%$ on 9 well-dispos$ folds4 ,! faces1 too1 ?\gh !y are m individual & f> m expressive1 are1 nev]!less1 built on ! same l9es4 ,!y h simil> /raight pr(iles1 ! same deeply-cut level br[s1 :i* t5d to meet 9 a l9e across ! nose4 ,! g5]al impression x makes is t x is by a y\ng] arti/ ?an ! ma/] ( ! ,esau fresco1 b "o :o has a ke5] feel+ = reality & a f> deep] s5se ( ! dramatic situation4 ,we w n[ turn to ! hi/orical evid5ce4 ,! e>lie/ & be/ is t ( ,ghib]ti 7e>ly fifte5? c5tury71 :o tells u simply t ,giotto pa9t$ ! ,s4 ,francis leg5d4 ,vas>i says t ,cimabue work$ fir/ 9 ! l[] *ur* ) ,greek arti/s1 & !n did ! :ole ( ! upp] *ur*1 except ! ,s4 ,francis leg5d1 :i* he ascribes to ,giotto4 ,9 addition to ^! we h a sixte5?-c5tury ,,ms4 & an acc\nt ( ! *ur* by ,petrus ,rudolphus ( ! same p]iod1 :i* agree t bo? ,giotto & ,cimabue pa9t$ 9 ! upp] *ur*4 ,we may take x1 !n1 t we h fairly good evid5ce = ascrib+ ! ,s4 ,francis s]ies 9 ! ma9 to ,giotto1 & a cons5sus ( traditional op9ion t some:]e 9 ! o!r frescoes we ought to discov] ,cimabue4 ,! "n ( ,cimabue is fraught ) t5d] associations4 ,to ! la/ g5]ation1 happy 9 its innoc5ce1 x 0 famili> z a h\sehold ^w4 ,br[n+ c\ld s+ )\t a qualm3 8,my pa9t]--:o1 b ,cimabue80 ,! cult ( ,cimabue became fa%ionable2 x (f5d$ ,phili/9e no/rils & receiv$ its due ca/igation f ,mr4 ,pun*4 ,& n[1 alas1 he w\ld be a bold man :o d>$ to say t he admir$ ,cimabue1 :o d>$ to d m ?an pr(ess a pi\s belief 9 8 exi/5ce4 ,only rec5tly a di/+ui%$ critic#bc has endeav\r$ to h& ov] to ,duccio di ,buon9segna ! v /ronghold ( ! ,cimabue fai?1 ! alt>-piece ( ! ,rucellai ,*apel 9 ,/a4 ,m>ia ,novella4 ,b ! my? dies h>d1 & ,flor5t9e guides w /ill po9t out ! portraits ( all ,cimabue's relations 9 ! little figures r\nd ! frame4 ,ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,rumohr1 h[ev]1 :o consid]$ him to be little m ?an an emanation ( ,vas>i's bra9 heat$ by patriotic f]v\r1 x has be5 e/abli%$ t we h no docum5t>y evid5ce = any s+le picture by him4 ,we d "k1 h[ev]1 t at ! v end ( 8 life he execut$ ! mosaic ( ! apse 9 ! ca!dral at ,pisa4 ,b ?is is a mu* re/or$ "w1 & orig9ally c h be5 little b an adaptation ( a ,byzant9e design1 & x ?r[s no light on 8 "w z a pa9t]4 ,9 any case1 all criticisms ( 8 reputation 9 8 own day1 :e!r des]v$ or n1 mu/ fall to ! gr\nd be=e ,dante's celebrat$ l9es1 8,cr$ette ,cimabue nella pittura ,t5] lo campo1 ed ora ha ,giotto il grido10 = on ?is po9t ,dante is fir/-rate evid5ce4 ,& t be+ ! case1 !re is a probability1 almo/ am\nt+ to c]ta9ty1 t ! man :o 8held ! field0 9 pa9t+ w\ld be requisition$ = ! greate/ national und]tak+ ( 8 day1 ! decoration ( ,s4 ,francesco at ,assisi1 ev5 ?\gh1 z we h se51 x w\ld be impossible to accept ,vas>i's /atem5t t he did ! :ole4 ,9 look+ = ,cimabue among ! gr\ps ( ! upp] *ur* :i* we h select$1 x w be wor? :ile to take z an exp]im5tal guide o!r works ascrib$ traditionally to our arti/4 ,if ^! %\ld agree 9 _! arti/ic qualities ) "o ano!r & ) any "o gr\p at ,assisi1 we %all h "s probability 9 fav\r ( our view4 ,& ! result ( su* a process is to f9d 9 ! ma/] ( ! ,crucifixion our elusive & celebrat$ pa9t]4 ,x w\ld be we>isome to g 9 detail ?r\gh all ^! works2 x w suffice to say t 9 c]ta9 m>k$ peculi>ities !y all agree ) "o ano!r & ) ! ,crucifixion4 ,! mo/ /rik+ lik5ess w be f\nd betwe5 ! heads :i* appe> "u ! ,virg9's ?rone 9 ! picture 9 ! ,academy at ,flor5ce1 :i* ,vas>i attributes to ,cimabue1 & ! grotesque heads to ! "r ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,!re is ! same crude attempt at realism1 ! same peculi> matt$ hair1 ! same curi\s draw+ ( ! eye-socket :i* gives ! appe>ance ( spectacles4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is picture w aga9 be f\nd 9 ! ,cimabue ( ! ,l\vre :i* comes f ,pisa1 :]e he is kn[n to h work$4 ,v simil>1 too1 9 innum]able details ( ar*itectural sett+1 ( movem5t ( h&s & heads1 & ( drap]y is ! fresco ( ! ,madonna ,en?ron$ & ,s4 ,francis1 9 ! l[] *ur* at ,assisi4 ,f9ally1 ! ,rucellai ,madonna1 9 spite ( its v sup]ior qualities1 :i* mu/ be due to its be+ a lat] "w1 answ]s 9 _m detail$ te/s to ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is gr\p ( pa9t+s4#bd ,& n[1 hav+ f\nd our ,cimabue 9 ! ma/] ( ! ,crucifixion1 :at mu/ our v]dict be on 8 "* z an arti/8 ,frankly we mu/ admit t he is n to be ?\ght ( 9 ! same category ) ! ma/] ( ! ,esau fresco1 mu* less ) ,duccio or ,giotto4#be ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 8 "w t sp>k ( vitality :i* ! ,italians rightly priz$ above ,byzant9e accompli%m5t4 ,he gave to 8 hi/orical compositions a rude dramatic vig\r1 & to 8 ,madonnas & ,angels a sugge/ion ( s5tim5tal *>m :i* bord]s on affectation2 he 01 9 fact1 a s5tim5tal reali/ ^: relation to ! ,byzant9e ma/]s mu/ h be5 some?+ l t ( ,c>avaggio to ! academic s*ool ( ! ,c>acci4 ,we come next to ! ma/] ( ! ,deception ( ,isaac1 & ! closely alli$1 if n id5tical1 pa9t] :o did ! ,f\r ,doctors ( ! vault4 ,we h already notic$ ! lik5ess ( ^! works to ! leg5d ( ,s4 ,francis1 :i* we may take provisionally to be ,giotto's2 b1 9 spite ( ! simil>ity ( te*nique1 !y are inspir$ by a v div]se s5tim5t4 ,!y are n dramatic & int5se z ,giotto's2 !y %[ a m consci\s aspiration aft] /yle2 ! arti/ w n all[ ! requirem5ts ( =mal beauty to be di/urb$ by ! desire = expressive & life-l ge/ures4 ,:]e1 !n1 c\ld an arti/ ( ?is p]iod acquire su* a s5se ( pure classic beauty 9 pa9t+8 ,9 sculpture x might be possible to f9d classic models ?r\gh\t ,italy z ,niccolo did at ,pisa1 b ,rome 0 ! only place :i* c\ld fulfil ! requirem5ts = a pa9t]4 ,!re mu/ at ?is "t h be5 _m m rema9s ( classical pa9t+ among ! ru9s ( ! ,palat9e ?an are n[ to be se51 & x is a natural conclusion t ! arti/ :o pa9t$ ! figure ( ,ra*el 0 directly inspir$ by !m4 ,nor is !re any?+ difficult 9 ! assumption t ?is unkn[n precursor ( ,giotto 0 a ,roman arti/1 = ! ,roman s*ool ( pa9t+ 0 by f> ! mo/ precoci\s ( any 9 ,italy4 ,at ,subiaco !re are frescoes1 "s ( :i* mu/ date f ! lifetime ( ,s4 ,francis1 :i* already1 z 9 ! portrait ( ,s4 ,francis himself1 %[ a c]ta9 fre$om f ,byzant9e =malism4 ,b x is 9 ! works ( ! ,cosmati1 ,jacopo ,torriti1 ,rusutti1 & ,cavall9i 9 ! latt] half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury t we see h[ vigor\s & progressive an art 0 spr++ up 9 ,rome4#bf ,_h n ! removal ( ! ,popes to ,avignon 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury left ! city a prey to int]nal discord1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! ,roman w\ld h be5 "o ( ! greate/ & e>lie/ develop$ s*ools ( ,italian pa9t+4 ,z x is1 we f9d 9 ! mosaics "u ! apse ( ,/a4 ,m>ia 9 ,tra/ev]e1 execut$ ab\t ! ye> #abij1 compositions 9 e way comp>able to ,giotto's frescoes4 ,^! mosaics1 too1 h ar*itectural accessories :i* are v simil> to ! ar*itecture ( ! 8,doctors ( ! ,*ur*0 at ,assisi4 ,! ar*itecture bas$ on a /udy ( classic =ms is ( ! k9d always associat$ ) ! ,cosmati family4 ,x w be se5 t x is q di/9ct f ! ar*itecture ( ,cimabue's & ,duccio's ,madonnas1 b t x becomes ! normal treatm5t 9 ,giotto's frescoes4 ,!re is1 !n1 a curi\sly close analogy betwe5 ! orig9s ( neo-,*ri/ian pa9t+ & neo-,*ri/ian sculpture 9 ,italy2 j z ,giovanni ,pisano's "w 0 prec$$ by ! purely classic revival :i* culm9at$ 9 ,niccolo's ,bapti/]y pulpit1 s 9 pa9t+ ,giotto's "w em]ges f a simil> classic revival bas$ on ! /udy ( ,roman wall-pa9t+s4 ,! p]fect simil>ity betwe5 ,niccolo ,pisano's s5tim5t & t ( ! ma/] ( ! ,esau fresco may be realis$ by comp>+ ! action ( ,ra*el's h& 9 ! fresco ) t ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,annunciation ( ! ,bapti/]y pulpit4 ,9 bo? we h ! same aut>*ic conception ( "* convey$ by ! same measur$ ease ( ge/ure1 :i* contra/s vividly ) ! m expansive ideals ( neo-,*ri/ian art1 ( :i* ,giotto appe>s f ! fir/ z ! mo/ p]fect repres5tative4 ,9 exam9+ ! s]ies ( frescoes describ+ ! life ( ,s4 ,francis we f9d v>ieties 9 ! proportions ( ! figures & 9 ! types ( features :i* sugge/ ! co-op]ation ( m ?an "o arti/1 b ! _s t inspires ! compositions ?r\gh\t is "o4 ,& ?is afflatus :i* sudd5ly quick5s s mu* t 0 ei!r t5tative or n>r[ly accompli%$ into a new fulness ( life1 a new ri*ness ( expression1 is1 we may feel c]ta91 due to ! g5ius ( ,giotto4 ,if we look at "o ( ^! frescoes1 su*1 = example1 z ! ,presepio at ,greccio1 & at ! same "t endeav\r to transport ourselves into ! position ( a contempor>y spectator1 :at w /rike u mo/ imm$iately & make ! mo/ />tl+ g5]al impression is its actuality4 ,"h at la/1 aft] s _m c5turies ( copy+ ! traditional =ms h&$ d[n f a moribund ,pagan art--c5turies dur+ :i* ^! ab/ractions _h become entirely divorc$ f ! life ( ! "t--"h at la/ 0 an arti/ :o gave a sc5e z x mu/ h happ5$1 ) e circum/ance evid5tly & lit]ally r5d]$4 ,! sc5e ( ! in/itution ( ! ,presepio takes place 9 a little *apel divid$ f ! body ( ! *ur* by a m>ble wall4 ,! pulpit & crucifix are !re=e se5 f beh9d1 ! latt] lean+ =w>d into ! *ur* & %[+ f ! *apel only ! wood5 batt5s & fa/5+s ( ! back4 ,! s++-desk 9 ! c5tre is drawn ) e detail ( screws & adju/m5ts1 :ile ! co/ume ( ! by/&]s is m]ely ! ord9>y fa%ionable dress ( ! day4 ,! rese>* = actuality c\ld n be c>ri$ f>!r ?an ?is4 ,:5 "s ye>s ago a ,fr5* pa9t] pa9t$ ! sc5e ( ,*ri/ at ! h\se ( ! ,ph>isee ) ! figures 9 ev5+ dress x ar\s$ ! mo/ vehem5t prote/s1 & produc$ = a "t a %ock ( bewild]m5t & surprise4 ,?is is n to sugge/ any real analogy betwe5 ! works ( ! two arti/s1 b m]ely t ! innovation made by ,giotto mu/ h be5 9 e way z surpris+ to 8 contempor>ies4 ,nor 0 ,giotto's1 l ,m4 ,braud's1 a succs de sc&ale2 on ! contr>y1 x 0 imm$iately recognis$ z satisfy+ a want :i* _h be5 felt ev] s9ce ! leg5d ( ,s4 ,francis1 ! sett+ ( :i* belong$ to _! own "t & c\ntry1 _h be5 incorporat$ by ! ,italians 9 _! my?ology4 ,! e>lie/ arti/s _h tri$ to treat ! subject accord+ to ! =mulas ( ,byzant9e biblical sc5es1 b ) su* unsatisfactory results z may be se5 9 ! alt>-piece ( ! ,b>di ,*apel ( ,/a4 ,croce at ,flor5ce4 ,9 ,giotto's frescoes at ,assisi x acquir$ = ! fir/ "t a treatm5t 9 :i* ! desire = actuality 0 fully recognis$4 ,b actuality alone w\ld n h satisfi$ ,giotto's patrons2 x 0 necess>y t ! ev5ts %\ld be pres5t$ z sc5es ( ev]yday life1 b x 0 also necess>y t !y %\ld possess t quality ( univ]sal & et]nal significance :i* di/+ui%es a my? f a m]e hi/orical ev5t4 ,x 0 ev5 m necess>y t !y %\ld be h]oic ?an t !y %\ld be actual4 ,& x 0 9 8 p[] to satisfy su* app>5tly self-contradictory conditions t ,giotto's unique g5ius manife/$ itself4 ,x 0 ?is t made him ! greate/ /ory-tell] 9 l9e1 ! supreme epic-pa9t] ( ! _w4 ,! reconciliation ( ^! two aims1 actuality & univ]sality1 is inde$ ! sev]e/ /ra9 on ! p[] ( expression4 ,to :at a temp]ature mu/ ! imag9ation be rais$ be=e x c fuse 9 its crucible ^? refractory squalid trivialities unconsecrat$ by "t & unt+$ by romance ) :i* ! arti/ mu/ deal if he is to be at once 8topical0 & h]oic1 to be at "o & ! same "t 9 8,ercles' ve90 & ,mrs4 ,gamp's4 ,ev5 9 lit]ature x is a r>e feat4 ,hom] c\ld accompli% x1 & ,dante1 b mo/ poets mu/ f9d a way r\nd4 ,9 ,dante ! p[] is con/antly felt4 ,he c\ld n only introduce ! politics & p]sonalities ( 8 own "t1 b he c\ld use su* similes z t ( old tailors pe]+ = _! ne$les' eyes1 a half-burnt piece ( pap]1 dogs nozzl+ = fleas1 & /ill m unsav\ry trivialities1 )\t = a mom5t l[]+ ! high key 9 :i* 8 com$y 0 pit*$4 ,! poet deals1 h[ev]1 ) ! vague & blurr$ m5tal images :i* words call up1 b ! pa9t] mu/ actually pres5t ! semblance ( ! ?+ 9 all its drab famili>ity4 ,& yet ,giotto succe$$4 ,he c\ld make ! local & p>ticul> /& = a univ]sal idea4 ,b1 )\t detract+ 9 any way f :at 0 due to ,giotto's sup]lative g5ius1 x may be admitt$ t some?+ 0 giv5 by ! propiti\s mom5t ( 8 adv5t4 ,= ! optics ( ! imag9ation are v>iable3 9 an age l ! pres5t1 m5 & ev5ts gr[ l>g] z !y rec$e into ! mi/ ( ! pa/2 x is r>ely t we ?9k ( a man z truly great till he has = long receiv$ ! consecration ( dea?4 ,b !re mu/ be p]iods :5 m5 h a sur] confid5ce 9 _! own judgm5ts--p]iods ( su* creative activity t m5 c d>e to measure ! reputations ( _! contempor>ies1 :i* are ( _! own creation1 aga9/ ! reputations ( antiquity--& 9 su* p]iods ! magnify+1 my?opoetical effect1 :i* = u comes only ) "t1 takes place at once1 & swells _! contempor>ies to h]oic proportions4 ,x 0 ?us t ,dante saw ^? ( 8 own "t--c\ld ev5 see himself--9 ! proportions !y mu/ always be>4 ,! fact t ,s4 ,francis 0 canonis$ two ye>s aft] dea?1 & )9 tw5ty ye>s 0 commemorat$ by ! gr&e/ monum5t 9 ,italy1 is a /rik+ pro( ( t sup]b self-confid5ce4 ,we w return to ! frescoes3 ! evid5ce = _! be+ 9 ! ma9 by ,giotto himself re/s n only on ! g5]al cons5sus ( tradition1 b ^u ! te*nical *>act]i/ics &1 mo/ ( all1 ^u ! imag9ative conception ( ! subjects4 ,none ! less1 9 s big a "w x is probable t assi/ants 7 employ$ to c>ry out ,giotto's designs1 & ?is w acc\nt = _m slight discrepancies ( /yle4 ,c]ta9 frescoes1 h[ev]--notably ! la/ ?ree ( ! s]ies--%[ su* m>k$ diff]5ces t we mu/ suppose t "o ( ^! assi/ants rose to ! level ( an orig9al creative arti/4 ,9 ! fresco ( ,s4 ,francis kneel+ be=e ! ,pope1 we h already notic$ ,giotto's close connection ) ! arti/s ( ! ,roman s*ool4 ,_! influ5ce is n conf9$ to ! figures & drap]y2 ! ar*itecture--9 :i* x may be not$1 by ! way1 t ,giotto has already arriv$ in/9ctively at ! ma9 ideas ( l9e> p]spective--) its m9ute geometrical inlays1 its brackets & m\ld+s1 d]iv$ f classic =ms1 is entirely 9 ! mann] ( ! ,cosmati4 ,b ! composition illu/rates1 none ! less1 ! diff]5ces :i* sep>ate him f ! ma/] ( ! ,esau fresco4 ,giotto is at ?is /age ( 8 c>e] n only less accompli%$1 b he has no?+ ( t pa9t]'s elegant classical grace4 ,he has1 in/ead1 ! greate/ & r>e/ gift ( dramatic expressiv5ess4 ,= ?\gh ! poses1 especially ( ! bi%op seat$ on ! ,pope's left1 lack grace1 & ! faces %[ b little rese>* = positive beauty or regul>ity ( feature1 ! actual sc5e1 ! dramatic situation1 is giv5 9 an entirely new & surpris+ way4 ,( :at ov]:elm+ importance = ! hi/ory ( ! _w ?is situation 01 p]haps ,giotto himself c\ld sc>cely realise4 ,= ?is probably repres5ts1 n ! approbation ( ! ord] ( m9or bre?r5 by ,honorius ,,iii41 :i* 0 a =egone conclusion1 b ! p]mission to prea* giv5 by ,innoc5t ,,iii41 a f> m critical mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! movem5t4 ,= ,innoc5t ,,iii41 9 :om ! ,papacy rea*$ ! z5i? ( its p[]1 _h already begun ! iniquit\s ,albig5sian crusade1 & 0 likely to be suspici\s ( any un(ficial religi\s tea*+4 ,x _c h be5 ) unmix$ pleasure t he saw be=e him ?is pov]ty-/rick5 gr\p ( ,francis & 8 elev5 foll[]s1 ^: appe>ance decl>$ 9 ! pla9e/ t]ms _! belief 9 t primitive communi/ic ,*ri/ianity :i*1 9 ! case ( ,petrus ,waldus1 _h be5 br&$ by excommunication4 ,9 fact1 ! man :o n[ ask$ = ! ,papal bless+ on 8 mission 0 9 mo/ respects a ,wald5sian4 ,francis 7! "n ,francesco is itself significant7 0 probably by bir?1 c]ta9ly by pr$ilection#bg & temp]am5t1 half a ,fr5*man2 8 "m came f ,prov5ce1 & 8 fa!r _h bus9ess connections at ,lyons2 s t x is n impossible t ,francis 0 influ5c$ by :at he knew1 ?r\gh !m1 ( ! ,wald5sian movem5t4 ,9 any case1 8 tea*+ 0 ne>ly id5tical ) t ( ,petrus ,waldus2 bo? taught religi\s individualism &1 by precept at all ev5ts1 communism4 ,x 01 !re=e1 n unnatural t ,innoc5t %\ld n respond at once to ,s4 ,francis' application4 ,accord+ to "o leg5d1 ! ,pope's fir/ advice to him 0 to consort ) sw9e1 z befitt$ "o ( 8 mis]able appe>ance4 ,b1 :atev] 8 spontane\s impulses may h be51 he _h ! good s5se to accept ! "o man ?r\gh :om ! ,*ur* c\ld aga9 become popul> & democratic4 ,( all t ?is acceptance involv$1 no "o :o liv$ be=e ! ,re=mation c\ld und]/& ! full significance1 b ,giotto has "h express$ some?+ ( ! dramatic contra/s involv$ 9 ?is meet+ ( ! greate/ ( sa9ts & ! mo/ dom9at+ ( popes--some?+ ( ! importance ( ! mom5t :5 ! great h]etic 0 recognis$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! fresco ( ,s4 ,francis be=e ! ,sultan we h a means ( comp>+ ,giotto at ?is p]iod ) ! lat] ,giotto ( ! ,b>di ,*apel1 9 ,flor5ce :]e ! same sc5e is treat$ ) m intimate psy*ological imag9ation2 b "h already ! /ory is told ) a vividness & simplicity :i* none b ,giotto c\ld comm&4 ,! weak & s9u\s curves ( ! discomfit$ sages1 ! pond]\s & massive cont\r ( ! indignant ,sultan1 %[ t ,giotto's comm& ( ! direct symbolism ( l9e is at lea/ z great z ,duccio's 9 ! ,?ree ,m>ies1 :ile 8 s5se ( ! r\ndness & solid relief ( ! =m is1 z ,mr4 ,b]5son#bh has ably po9t$ out1 f> great]4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,sultan1 inde$1 ! type = :i* ,giotto %[$ a con/ant pr$ilection--a well-=m$1 massive body1 ) high r\nd$ %\ld]s & %ort neck1 b ) small & %apely h&s4 ,z is natural 9 ! "w ( an arti/ :o set himself s def9itely to ext]nalise ! t5sion ( a critical mom5t1 8 h&s are always eloqu5t2 x is impossible to f9d 9 8 "w a case :]e ! ge/ures ( ! h&s are n explicit indications ( a p>ticul> emotion4 ,! ar*itecture 9 ?is fresco is a rem>kable evid5ce ( ! classical t5d5cies :i* he inh]it$ f ! ,cosmati s*ool4 ,! ,sultan's ?rone has1 x is true1 a quasi-,go?ic gable1 b ! c(f]$ s(fit1 & ! :ole ( ! canopy opposite to x1 ) its w+$ g5ii1 pila/]s1 & g>l&s are d]iv$ f classic s\rces4 ,we h already consid]$ ! ,presepio z an example ( ,giotto's p[] ( giv+ ! actual sett+ ( a sc5e )\t los+ its h]oic quality4 ,x is also an example ( 8 p[] ( visualis+ ! psy*ological situation2 "h1 ! sudd5 ?rill :i* p]meates an assembly at a mom5t ( unwont$ exaltation4 ,x depicts ! fir/ repres5tation ( ! ,nativity in/itut$ at ,greccio by ,s4 ,francis2 x is ! mom5t at :i* he takes ! image ( ! ,infant ,*ri/ 9 8 arms1 :51 to ! ec/atic imag9ations ( ! by/&]s1 x appe>$ = an in/ant trans=m$ into a liv+ *ild ( transc5d5t beauty4 ,! monks at ! back are /ill s++ ! ,lauds 7"o c almo/ tell :at note ea* is s++1 s p]fect is ,giotto's comm& ( facial expression71 b ! imm$iate by/&]s & ! prie/ are lo/ 9 wrapt contemplation ( ,s4 ,francis & ! ,*ild4#bi ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! :ole s]ies is ! fresco :i* repres5ts ! nuns ( ,s4 ,cl>e meet+ ! ,sa9t's body z x is borne to burial4 ,?r\gh\t ! s]ies ,giotto took ,bonav5tura's life z 8 text1 & x is int]e/+ to see h[ ne> ak9 ! two r5d]+s are1 bo? alike inspir$ by t new humanity ( feel+ :i* ,s4 ,francis' life _h ar\s$4 ,hav+ describ$ ! beauty ( ! ,sa9t's dead body1 8( :i* ! limbs 7 s s(t & delicate to ! t\* t !y seem$ to h return$ to ! t5d]ness ( a *ild's1 & appe>$ by _m manife/ signs to be innoc5t z nev] hav+ done wrong1 s l a *ild's 7 !y10 he adds1 ,!re=e x is n to be m>vell$ at if see+ a body s :ite & see+ !re9 ^? black nails & t w\nd 9 ! side :i* seem$ to be a fre% r$ rose ( spr+1 if ^? t saw x felt !re= great wond] & joy4 ,& 9 ! morn+ :5 x 0 day ! companies & p ( ! city & all ! c\ntry r\nd came toge!r1 & be+ in/ruct$ to translate t mo/ holy body f t place to ! city ( ,assisi1 mov$ ) great solemnity ( hymns & songs & div9e (fices1 & ) a multitude ( tor*es & ( c&les light$ & ) bran*es ( trees 9 _! h&s2 & ) su* solemnity go+ t[>ds ! city ( ,assisi & pass+ by ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,damiano1 9 :i* /ay$ ,cl>a ! noble virg9 :o is to-day a sa9t on e>? & 9 heav51 !y re/$ !re a little4 ,%e & h] holy virg9s 7 com=t$ to see & kiss t mo/ holy body ( _! fa!r ! bless$ ,francis adorn$ ) ^? holy /igmata & :ite & %9+ z has be5 said4 ,bonav5tura1 we see1 _h already conceiv$ ! sc5e ) su* consummate arti/ic skill t x 01 z x 71 ready made = ,giotto4 ,he _h only to translate t description into l9e & col\r2 & 9 do+ s he has lo/ no?+ ( its beauty4 ,giotto1 l ,bonav5tura1 is app>5tly p]fectly simple1 p]fectly direct & lit]al1 & yet ! result is 9 bo? cases a "w ( ! r>e/ imag9ative p[]4 ,nor is x easy to analyse its my/]i\s *>m4 ,giotto 0 a great pa9t] 9 ! /ricte/ & mo/ te*nical s5se ( ! ^w1 b 8 te*nical p]fection is n easily appreciat$ 9 ^! damag$ works1 & "o _c expla9 ! effect ?is produces by any actual beauty ( ! surface quality ( ! pa9t+2 x dep5ds r on our p]ception1 ?r\gh ! g5]al disposition & action ( ! figures1 ( ,giotto's attitude to life1 ( ! in/9ctive rightness ( feel+ ?r\gh :i* he 0 enabl$ to visualise ! sc5e 9 its simple/ & mo/ inevitable =m4 ,we come n[ to ! ?ree la/ frescoes ( ! s]ies :i* %[ su* m>k$ diff]5ces f ! re/1 ?\gh "s ( ! peculi>ities1 ! m9ute h&s & elegant features1 appe> 9 p>ts ( "s ( ! prec$+ frescoes1 notably 9 our la/3 we may imag9e t an assi/ant work+ "u ,giotto 01 z ! "w progress$1 giv5 a l>g] & l>g] %>e 9 ! execution1 & f9ally c>ri$ out ! ?ree la/ frescoes alone4 ,b ?is is pure hypo!sis2 all we c d at pres5t is to note ! diff]5ce n only ( types1 b ev5 to "s ext5t 9 ! mann] ( conception1 t !y ev9ce4 ,"o ( !m rec\nts ! /ory ( a woman ( ,b5ev5to devot$ to ,s4 ,francis1 :o di$ aft] =gett+ "o ( h] s9s 9 h] la/ confession4 ,at ! int]cession ( ! dead ,sa9t %e 0 all[$ to come to life aga91 f9i% h] confession1 & s defeat ( 8 prey ! black devil :o _h already come = h] s\l4 ,"h ! :ole spac+ out ( ! composition indicates a peculi> feel+1 v diff]5t f ,giotto's4 ,! arti/ cr[ds 8 figures into n>r[1 closely-pack$ gr\ps1 & leaves va/ spaces ( b>e wall betwe54 ,9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance ! result is v impressive2 x int5sifies ! supreme importance ( ! confession & emphasises ! lonel9ess & isolation ( ! s\l t has already once pass$ away4 ,:5 we look at ! individual figures ! diff]5ces are ev5 m /rik+2 ! long ?9 figures1 ! repetition ( p]p5dicul> l9es1 ! want ( v>iety 9 ! poses ( ! heads1 a c]ta9 timidity 9 ! movem5ts1 ! long masks1 too big 9 proportion = ! heads1 ! t9y elegant features1 elongat$ necks1 & m9ute h&s--all ^! *>act]i/ics contra/ ) ,giotto's t5d5cy to massive proportions & easy expansive movem5ts4 ,n t ^! figures h n great beauty2 only x is ( a recondite & exquisite k9d4 ,! arti/ t creat$ ^! types mu/ h lov$ :at 0 s\ght out & preci\s2 ?\gh liv+ s long be=e ,raphael1 he mu/ h be5 some?+ ( a 8pre-,raphaelite40 ,we h no clue to ! id5tity ( ?is pseudo-,giotto2 he is q di/9ct f ,giotto's kn[n pupils1 & inde$ may r h be5 a contempor>y arti/ :o came "u ,giotto's influ5ce ?an "o tra9$ by him4 ,besides ! frescoes at ,assisi1 we are =tunate en\gh to possess "o o!r picture by ?is int]e/+ arti/4 ,x is a small alt>-piece d$icat$ to ,s4 ,cecilia1 :i* hangs 9 ! corridor ( ! ,uffizi1 & has be5 attribut$ bo? to ,cimabue & to ,giotto4 ,! long ,rosetti-l necks & heads1 ! poses1 9 :i* elegance is pref]r$ to expressiv5ess1 & ! conc5tration ( ! figures s z to leave l>ge empty spaces ev5 9 ^! small compositions1 are suffici5t gr\nds = attribut+ x to ,giotto's fell[-work] at ,assisi4#cj ,9 ! ye> #abih ,giotto ent]$ into a contract ) ,c>d9al ,/efanes*i to execute = him ! mosaic ( ! 8,navicella10 n[ 9 ! por* ( ,s4 ,pet]'s4 ,we h 9 ?is ! fir/ asc]ta9able date ( ,giotto's life4 ,x is "o :i*1 h[ev]1 fits v well ) ! int]nal evid5ces ( 8 /yle1 z x w\ld give ! great] "p ( ! la/ decade ( ! ?irte5? c5tury z ! p]iod ( ,giotto's activity 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur* at ,assisi4 ,"o o!r "w on ! evid5ce ( /yle we may attribute to ! ma/]'s pre-,roman p]iod1 & t is ! ,madonna ( ! ,academy at ,flor5ce4 ,"h ,giotto foll[$ ! l9es ( ,cimabue's en?ron$ ,madonnas1 ?\gh ) 8 own greatly increas$ s5se ( solidity 9 ! modell+ & vivacity 9 ! poses4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ z a prepossess+ "w4 ,x may be due to re/oration t ! picture %[s no signs ( ,giotto's peculi> feel+ = tonality2 b ev5 ! design is sc>cely satisfactory1 ! relation ( ! ,madonna to ! ?rone is su* t h] massive proportions leave an impression ( unga9l9ess r ?an ( gr&eur4 ,9 ! ?rone itself he has made an exp]im5t 9 ! new ,go?ic ar*itecture1 b he has h>dly manag$ to h>monise x ) ! e>li] classic =ms ( ! ,cosmati1 :i* /ill gov]n ! ma9 design4 ,we %all see t 9 8 "w at ,rome he ov]came all ^! difficulties4 ,9 ,rome ,giotto work$ *iefly = ,c>d9al ,/efanes*i4 ,?is is significant ( ,giotto's close relations ) ! ,roman s*ool1 = x 0 ,b>tolo1 ano!r memb] ( ! same family1 :o commission$ ! rem>kable mosaics ( ,/a4 ,m>ia 9 ,tra/ev]e1 execut$ 9 #abij1 mosaics :i* %[ h[ f> ! ,roman s*ool _h already advanc$ t[>ds ! new art1 ( :i* ,giotto's "w 0 ! consummation4 ,! mosaic ( ! 8,navicella10 :i* 0 ! greate/ und]tak+ ( ,giotto's activity 9 ,rome1 is un=tunately t]ribly re/or$4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 /ill recognise ! a/oni%+ dramatic =ce ( ! conception & ! unique p[] :i* ,giotto possess$ ( giv+ a vivid pres5tation ( a p>ticul> ev5t1 accompani$ by ! mo/ circum/antial details1 & at ! same "t sugge/+ to ! imag9ation a symbolical int]pretation ( univ]sal & ab/ract significance4 ,ev5 ! surpris+ intrusion ( a g5re motive 9 ! fi%]man peacefully angl+ on ! %ore does n di/urb our recognition ( ?is univ]sal int]pretation1 :i* puts s cle>ly ! relation ( ! %ip ( ! ,*ur*1 drift+ helplessly ) its di/raught crew1 to ! despair+ ,pet]1 :o has "h ! "* ( an emiss>y & int]m$i>y1 & ! impassive & unapproa*able figure ( ,*ri/ himself4 ,! d>+ orig9ality :i* ,giotto %[s 9 plac+ ! pr$om9ant figure at ! extreme edge ( ! composition1 ! feel+ = p]spective :i* enabl$ him to give v]isimilitude to ! sc5e by ?r[+ back ! %ip into ! middle di/ance1 ! new fre$om & v>iety 9 ! movem5ts ( ! ,apo/les 9 ! boat1 by :i* ! monotony ( ! elev5 figures cr[d$ into s limit$ a space is evad$1 are pro(s ( ,giotto's r>e p[] ( inv5tion1 a p[] :i* enabl$ him to treat ev5 ! mo/ difficult ab/ractions ) ! same vivid s5se ( reality z ! dramatic incid5ts ( contempor>y life4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t ?is %\ld be ! "w mo/ frequ5tly m5tion$ by ! ,italian writ]s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! /orm-gods bl[+ _! ,triton's horns are a /rik+ in/ance ( h[ mu* ,giotto assimilat$ at ?is "t f ,pagan art4 ,b ( f> great] beauty are ! panels = ! high alt> ( ,s4 ,pet]'s1 also pa9t$ = ,c>d9al ,/efanes*i1 & n[ to be se5 9 ! sacri/y1 :]e ! m obvi\s beauties ( ,melozzo da ,=li's music-mak+ angels too (t5 lead to _! be+ ov]look$4 ,& yet1 unnotic$ 9 ! d>k corn]s ( ! room1 !y h escap$ ! att5tions ( re/or]s & gl[ ) all ! r>e transluc5cy ( ,giotto's temp]a4 ,^! are ! fir/ pictures we h exam9$ by ,giotto 9 :i* we are able to appreciate at all ! beauty & subtlety ( 8 tone contra/s1 = n only h ! frescoes ( ! upp] *ur* at ,assisi & ! 8,madonna0 ( ! ,academy suff]$ sev]ely f re/oration1 b x is probable t 9 8 y\?ful works he _h n fre$ himself altoge!r f ! h>%] tonality ( e>li] art4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ,giotto %[s t p[] :i* is di/9ctive ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( pa9t1 ( develop+ a =m )9 a /rictly limit$ scale ( tone1 draw+ out ( ! slighte/ contra/s _! fulle/ expressiv5ess = ! r5d]+ ( =m2 a me?od :i*1 ?\gh adopt$ f an intuitive feel+ = pure beauty1 gives a result :i* c only be describ$ z t ( an envelop+ atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! =ms4#ca ,! kneel+ figure1 presumably ,c>d9al ,/efanes*i himself1 9 ! 8,*ri/ en?ron$0 is an admirable in/ance ( ?is quality4 ,) :at t5d]1 sc>cely p]ceptible gradations1 ) :at a limit$ range f d>k to light is ! figure express$2 & yet x is n flat1 ! =m is p]fectly realis$ betwe5 ! two sweep+ curves ^: simplicity w\ld seem1 b = ! ma/]ly modell+1 to prev5t ! possibility ( _! conta9+ a human figure4 ,! portrait is z rem>kable 9 s5tim5t z 9 execution4 ,! v conception ( introduc+ a donor into su* a composition 0 new4#cb ,x 0 a sign ( ! new individualism :i* m>k$ ! :ole ( ! great p]iod ( ,italian art1 & f9ally develop$ into extravagance4 ,! donor hav+ once f\nd 8 way into pictures ( sacr$ c]emonial rema9$1 b he n infrequ5tly f\nd x difficult to comport himself becom+ly amid cele/ial surr\nd+s2 z he became m important1 & heav5 itself became less s1 he ass]t$ himself ) unseemly self-assurance1 until at la/ 8 matt]-(-fact c\nt5ance1 r5d]$ ) prosaic fidelity1 />es out at ! spectator 9 contemptu\s indiff]5ce to ! ma9 action ( ! composition1 ! illusion ( :i* x effectually de/roys4 ,b "h1 :]e ! idea is new1 x has no su* j>r+ effect2 x is n yet a /]eotyp$ =mula1 an excuse = self-adv]tisem5t or social display1 b ! direct outcome ( a poetical & pi\s ?\ght2 & ,giotto1 ) 8 unique rightness ( feel+1 has express$1 by ! h& cl++ to ! ?rone & ! slightly b5t head1 j ! appropriate attitude ( humble adoration1 :i* he contra/s ) ! almo/ non*alant ease & confid5ce ( ! angels4 ,ev5 9 s purely c]emonial a composition z ?is ,giotto contrives to create a human situation4 ,9 ! plann+ ( ?is picture ,giotto has surpass$ n only ,duccio's & ,cimabue's v]sions ( ! ,en?ronem5t motive b 8 own e>li] "w at ,flor5ce4 ,! ?rone1 simil> 9 con/ruction to t 9 ! ,academy picture1 no long] %[s ! inconsi/5cies ( two conflict+ /yles1 b is ( pure & exquisitely proportion$ ,go?ic2 ! difficult p]spective ( ! ar*es at ! side is r5d]$ ) extraord9>y skill ?\gh )\t ma!matical accuracy4 ,! relation ( ! figure ( ,*ri/ to ! ?rone is "h entirely satisfactory1 ) ! result t ! great size ( ! figure no long] appe>s unnatural1 b z an easily accept$ symbol ( div9ity4 ,9 ! draw+ ( ! face ( ! ,*ri/ he has reta9$ ! hi]atic solemnity giv5 by ! rigid del9eation ( ,byzant9e art4 ,b if ! 8,*ri/ en?ron$0 is a triumph ( well-calculat$ proportions1 ! 8,crucifixion ( ,s4 ,pet]0 :i* =m$ "o side ( ! tripty*1 is ev5 m rem>kable = ! beauty ( its spac+ & ! +5uity ( its arrangem5t4 ,9 design+ su* a panel ) its n>r[ cusp$ ar* & gold backgr\nd1 ! arti/'s fir/ consid]ation mu/ be its effect z m]e patt]n :5 se5 on ! alt> at ! end ( a *ur*4 ,9 8 frescoes1 ,giotto's fir/ preoccupation 0 ) ! drama to be pres5t$2 "h x 0 ) ! effect ( sumptu\s patt]n4 ,& ! giv5 data out ( :i* ! patt]n 0 to be made 7 by no means tractable4 ,! subject ( ! ,crucifixion ( ,s4 ,pet] 0 naturally n a fav\rite "o ) arti/s1 & sc>cely any succe$$ 9 x entirely1 ev5 9 ! small dim5sions ( a pr$ella piece1 to :i* x 0 g5]ally relegat$4 ,= x is almo/ impossible to d away ) ! unpleasant effect ( a figure se5 ?us upside d[n4 ,! out/ret*$ arms1 :i* 9 ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/ give a c\nt]balanc+ l9e to ! long horizontal ( ! spectators1 "h only increases ! difficulty ( ! s+le upright4 ,b ,giotto1 by a brilliant inspiration1#cc f\nd 8 solution 9 ! o!r fact giv5 by 8 subject--namely1 t ! m>tyrdom took place betwe5 ! goals ( ! ,circus ( ,n]o4 ,by mak+ ^! huge pyramids adapt$ f two well-kn[n ,roman monum5ts 7! ,septizonium & ! pyramid ( ,ce/ius71 he has obta9$ f ! gold backgr\nd j t dignifi$ effect ( spread+ out above & contract+ bel[ :i* is s effective 9 r5d]+s ( ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 an effect :i* he /ill fur!r emphasises by ! two angels1 ^: spread+ w+s & float+ drap]ies increase ! brocade-l ri*ness ( ! symmetrical patt]n4 ,nor1 ! patt]n once assur$1 has ,giotto fail$ ( vivid dramatic pres5tation4 ,x is surpris+ to f9d cr[d$ into s small a space s _m new poses all beautifully expressive ( ! individual %ades ( a common feel+3 ! woman to ! left ( ! cross lean+ h] head on h] h& z ?\gh sorr[ _h become a physical pa92 ! beautiful figure ( ! y\?1 ) long wav+ hair1 :o ?r[s back bo? arms ) a despair+ ge/ure2 ! woman lift+ h] robe to wipe h] te>s2 &1 mo/ exquisite ( all1 & mo/ surpris+1 9 its novelty & tru? to life1 ! figure ( ! girl to ! left1 drawn t[>ds ! t]rible sc5e by a motion ( sympa?y & yet %r9k+ back ) in/9ctive %yness & t]ror4 ,9 ! *ild alone ,giotto has1 z 0 usually ! case1 fail$ ( a rhy?mical & expressive pose4 ,& :at an entirely new /udy ( life is se5 "h 9 ! v>iety ( ! types6 ,9 "o--! man ^: pr(ile cuts ! sky to ! left--he seems to h be5 indebt$ to "s ,roman portrait-bu/2 ano!r1 on horseback to ! left1 is cle>ly a ,mongolian type1 ) slant eyes & pigtail1 a curi\s pro( ( ! int]c\rse ) ! extreme ,ea/ :i* ! ,franciscan mission>ies _h already e/abli%$4 ,9 ! draw+ ( ! nude figure ( ,s4 ,pet]1 9 spite ( ! un=tunate proportion ( ! head1 ! same direct /udy ( nature has enabl$ ,giotto to realise ! /ructure ( ! figure m adequately ?an any arti/ s9ce ,roman times4 ,"o c well und]/& ! a/oni%m5t & delight ( ,giotto's contempor>ies at ?is unfold+ ( ! new possibilities ( art1 :i* c\ld n[ int]pret all ! v>iety & ri*ness ( human life & c\ld s int5sify its appeal to ! emotions4 ,"o o!r peculi>ity ( ?is picture is int]e/+ & *>act]i/ic ( ,giotto's attitude4 ,9 pa9t+ ! frame ( 8 panel he did n m]ely add figures z decorative & symbolic accessories1 he br\ght !m into relation ) ! c5tral action1 = ea* ( !m gazes at ,s4 ,pet] ) a diff]5t expression ( pity & grief4 ,giotto _h to be dramatic ev5 9 8 frames4#cd ,t ,giotto rema9$ 9 ,rome till aft] ! great ,jubilee ( #acjj is %[n by ! fragm5t ( 8 fresco ( ! ,papal ,b5$iction :i* /ill rema9s on a pill> ( ,s4 ,john ,lat]an4 ,!re is e probability t at ?is "t he met ,dante1 :o 0 collect+ ! mat]ials = ! t]rible portrait ( ,boniface ,,viii4 :i* he drew 9 ! 8,inf]no40 ,! next asc]ta9able date 9 ,giotto's life is t ( ! decoration ( ! ,ar5a *apel at ,padua1 begun 9 #acje4 ,"h at la/ we are on indisputable gr\nd4 ,! decoration ( ?is *apel 0 conceiv$ by ,giotto z a s+le :ole1 & 0 entirely c>ri$ out by him1 ?\gh d\btless ) ! help ( assi/ants1 & al?\gh x has suff]$ f re/oration x rema9s ! complete/ monum5t to 8 g5ius4 ,! g5]al effect ( ^! ample silh\ettes ( gold5 yell[ & r$ on a gr\nd ( cle> ultram>9e is extraord9>ily h>moni\s1 & almo/ gay4 ,b ess5tially ! design is made up ( ! sum ( a numb] ( sep>ate compositions4 ,! "t _h n come = co-ord9at+ ^! into a s+le s*eme1 z ,mi*elangelo did 9 ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e4 ,9 ! composition ( ! sep>ate sc5es ,giotto "h %[s = ! fir/ "t 8 full p[]s4 ,ne>ly e "o ( ^! is an entirely orig9al discov]y ( new possibilities 9 ! relation ( =ms to "o ano!r4 ,! cont\rs ( ! figures evoke to ! utmo/ ! ideal compreh5sion ( volume & mass4 ,! space 9 :i* ! figures move is treat$ almo/ z 9 a bas-relief1 ( :i* !y occupy a prepond]ant "p4 ,z comp>$ ) ! designs at ,assisi ! space is re/rict$1 & ! figures amplifi$ s t ! pla/ic unity ( ! :ole design is m imm$iately appreh5d$4 ,i d\bt :e!r 9 any s+le build+ "o c see s _m a/oni%+ discov]ies ( =mal relations z ,giotto has "h made4 ,almo/ e composition gives "o ! %ock ( a discov]y at ,illu/ration3 ,giotto4 ,piet ,ar5a ,*apel1 ,padua ,plate ,,vi4 once simple1 inevitable1 & in/antly appreh5d$1 & yet utt]ly un=eseeable4 ,9 mo/ compositions "o c guess at "s ( ! /eps by :i* ! =mal relations 7 e/abli%$4 ,"h "o is at a loss to conceive by :at flight ( imag9ation ! syn!sis has be5 atta9$4 ,we w consid] a few 9 great] detail4 ,giotto 01 ,i believe1 ! fir/ arti/ to repres5t ! ,resurrection by ! ,noli me tang]e4 ,! ,byzant9es almo/ inv>iably introduc$ ! ,desc5t into ,hades or ! ,?ree ,m>ies at ! ,tomb4 ,9 any case x is *>act]i/ic ( ,giotto to *oose a subject :]e ! human situation is s intimate & ! emotions express$ are s poignant4 ,"h1 z 9 ! 8,navicella10 :]e he 0 free to inv5t a new composition1 he disc>ds ! bilat]al arrangem5t1 :i* 0 almo/ inv>iable 9 ,byzant9e art1 & conc5trates all ! int]e/ 9 "o corn] ( ! composition4 ,! angels on ! tomb are damag$ & di/ort$1 b 9 ! head & h&s ( ! ,magdal5e we c realise ,giotto's greatly increas$ p[] & delicacy ( modell+ z comp>$ ) ! frescoes at ,assisi4 ,x is impossible = art to convey m int5sely ?an ?is ! beauty ( su* a movem5t ( impetu\s ye>n+4 ,! action ( ! ,*ri/ is z vividly realis$2 almo/ too obvi\sly1 inde$1 does he seem to be edg+ out ( ! composition 9 ord] to escape ! ,magdal5e's out/ret*$ h&s4 ,?is is a /rik+ in/ance ( t p[] :i* ,giotto possess$ m ?an any o!r ,italian1 m inde$ ?an any o!r arti/ except ,rembr&t1 ! p[] ( mak+ p]ceptible ! fla% ( mutual recognition :i* passes betwe5 two s\ls at a mom5t ( sudd5 illum9ation4 ,9 ! 8,piet0 7,plate7 a m epic conception is realis$1 = ! impression convey$ is ( a univ]sal & cosmic disa/]3 ! air is r5t ) ! %rieks ( desp]ate angels ^: bodies are contort$ 9 a rag+ fr5zy ( compassion4 ,& ! effect is due 9 "p to ! increas$ comm&1 :i* ! ,paduan frescoes %[1 ( simplicity & logical directness ( design4 ,^! massive b\ld]-l =ms1 ^! drap]ies cut by only a few l>ge sweep+ folds1 :i* suffice to give ! g5]al movem5t ( ! figure ) un]r+ precision1 all %[ ?is new t5d5cy 9 ,giotto's art z comp>$ ) ! m v>i$ detail1 ! m individual *>act]isation1 ( 8 e>ly works4 ,x is by ?is consci\sly acquir$ & ma/]ly simplicity t ,giotto keeps "h1 9 spite ( ! unre/ra9$ extravagance ( passion1 ! consol+ dignity ( /yle4 ,if "o comp>es x1 = example1 ) ! works ( ,flemi% pa9t]s1 :o explor$ ! dep?s ( human emotion ) a simil> p5etrat+ & sympa!tic curiosity1 "o realises ! importance ( :at all ! great ,italians inh]it$ f ,grco-,roman civilisation--! urbanity ( a great /yle4 ,& n[h]e is x felt m ?an "h1 :]e ,giotto is deal+ ) emotions :i* classical art sc>cely t\*$4 ,x is int]e/+ t ,giotto %\ld fir/ h atta9$ to ?is p]fect und]/&+ ( /yle at ,padua1 :]e he 01 z we "k1 9 con/ant int]c\rse ) ,dante4 ,dante mu/ h (t5 wat*$ him1 p]haps help$ him by sugge/ions1 9 decorat+ ! *apel built ) ! ill-gott5 weal? ( t ,scrovegni :om he aft]w>ds seat$ amid ! usur]s on ! burn+ s&s ( ,hell4 ,x is ma9ly by means ( ! composition & ! g5]al conception ( pose & movem5t t ,giotto expresses ! dramatic idea4 ,& reg>d$ f t po9t ( view1 ^! frescoes are an a/\nd+ pro( ( ,giotto's infallible intuitions4 ,! *>act]s he has creat$ "h are z conv9c+1 z ineffaceable1 z any t h be5 creat$ by poets4 ,! sad figure ( ,joa*im is "o nev] to be =gott54 ,9 e incid5t ( 8 soj\rn 9 ! wild]ness1 aft] ! rejection ( 8 (f]+ 9 ! temple1 8 appe>ance indicates exactly 8 m5tal condition4 ,:5 he fir/ comes to ! %eepfold1 he gazes ) su* set melan*oly on ! gr\nd t ! greet+ ( 8 dog & 8 %eph]ds _c ar\se 8 att5tion2 :5 he makes a sacrifice he crawls on h&s & knees 9 ! susp5se ( expectation1 wat*+ = a sign f heav52 ev5 9 8 sleep we guess at 8 melan*oly dreams2 & 9 ! sc5e :]e he meets 8 wife at ! ,gold5 ,gate on 8 return1 ,giotto has t\*$ a *ord ( feel+ at lea/ z pr(\nd z c be rea*$ by ! mo/ consummate ma/] ( ! art ( words4 ,x is true t 9 speak+ ( ^! "o is l$ inevitably to talk ( elem5ts 9 ! "w :i* mod]n criticism is apt to reg>d z ly+ outside ! doma9 ( pictorial art4 ,x is cu/om>y to dismiss all t conc]ns ! dramatic pres5tation ( ! subject z lit]ature or illu/ration1 :i* is to be %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! qualities ( design4 ,b c ?is cle> di/9ction be drawn 9 fact8 ,! imag9+s ( a playwright1 a dramatic poet1 & a dramatic pa9t] h mu* 9 common1 b !y are nev] at any po9t id5tical4 ,let u suppose a /ory to be treat$ by all ?ree3 to ea*1 z he dwells on ! leg5d1 ! imag9ation w pres5t a succession ( images1 b ^? images1 ev5 at _! fir/ =mation1 w be q diff]5t 9 ea* case1 !y w be condition$ & col\r$ by ! art :i* ! creator practises1 by 8 pa/ obs]vation ( nature ) a view to pres5tm5t 9 t p>ticul> art4 ,! pa9t]1 l ,giotto1 !re=e1 actually imag9es 9 t]ms ( figures capable ( pictorial pres5tm5t1 he does n m]ely translate a poetically dramatic vision into pictorial t]ms4 ,& to be able to d ?is implies a con/ant obs]vation ( natural =ms ) a bias t[>ds ! discov]y ( pictorial beauty4 ,to be able1 !n1 to conceive j ! appropriate pose ( a h& to express ! "r idea ( "* & emotion 9 a picture1 is surely z mu* a matt] ( a pa9t]'s vision z to appreciate ! relative 8values0 ( a tree & cl\d s z to convey ! mood prop] to a p>ticul> l&scape4 ,be=e leav+ ! ,paduan frescoes1 ,i mu/ allude to ^? allegorical figures ( ! virtues & vices 9 :i* ,giotto has1 z x 71 di/ill$ ! ess5ce ( 8 und]/&+ ( human nature4 ,^! p]sonifi$ virtues & vices 7 ! rhetorical commonplaces ( ! day1 b ,giotto's intuitive und]/&+ ( ! expression ( emotion enabl$ him to give !m a pr(\nd significance4 ,he has 9 "s succe$$ 9 giv+ n m]ely a p]son "u ! influ5ce ( a giv5 passion1 b ! ab/ract passion itself1 n m]ely an angry woman1 b ang]4 ,to conceive ?us a figure possess$ absolutely by a s+le passion impli$1 an excursion beyond ! regions ( exp]i5ce2 no m]ely sci5tific obs]vation ( ! effects ( emotion w\ld h enabl$ him to conceive ! figure ( ,ang]4 ,x requir$ an imag9ation t c\ld range ! remote/ spaces ?us to cond5se 9 visible =m ! be/ial madness ( ! passion1 to depict :at ,blake w\ld h call$ ! 8diabolical ab/ract0 ( ang]4 ,we come n[ to ! la/ great s]ies ( frescoes by ,giotto :i* we possess1 ^? ( ! ,b>di & ,p]uzzi *apels ( ,/a4 ,croce1 8 mature/ & mo/ consummate works4 ,f ! v fir/ ,giotto _h to ! full ! p[] ( seiz+ ^u :atev] 9 ! =ms ( nature express$ life & emotion1 b ! p]fect und]/&+ ( ! conditions ( a suave & graci\s /yle 0 only sl[ly acquir$4 ,9 ! ,flor5t9e frescoes x is ! g5iality1 ! p]suasiv5ess ( ! /yle :i* fir/ /rikes u4 ,!y h1 inde$1 an almo/ academic p]fection ( design4 ,! comp>ison ( ! 8,dea? ( ,s4 ,francis0 "h ) ! e>ly fresco ( ! subject at ,assisi %[s h[ f> ,giotto has mov$ f ! lit]al realism ( 8 fir/ works4 ,at ,assisi cr[ds ( p pu% r\nd ! bi]1 soldi]s & citiz5s come 9 to see1 !re is all ! %ift+ v>iety ( ! actual ev5t4 ,"h ! composition is sublimat$ & ref9$1 r$uc$ to its pure/ elem5ts4 ,! sc5e is /ill vividly1 int5sely real1 b x is appreh5d$ 9 a m p5sive & m$itative ve94 ,!re is 9 ! composition a feel+ = space :i* imposes a new mood ( placidity & repose4 ,?is composition became ! typical =mula = su* subjects ?r\gh\t ! ,r5aissance1 b x 0 nev] aga9 equall$4 ,9 spite ( its app>5t ease & simplicity1 x is really by ! subtle/ art t all ^! figures are gr\p$ 9 su* readily appreh5d$ masses )\t any s5se ( cr[d+ & ) su* v>iety ( ge/ure 9 ! figures4 ,! fresco1 :i* _h rema9$ = m ?an a c5tury "u a coat ( :itewa%1 0 discov]$ 9 #ahda & imm$iately disfigur$ by utt] re/oration4 ,! arti/1#ce ) a vague idea t ,giotto 0 a decorative arti/1 & t decoration meant some?+ ugly & unnatural1 surr\nd$ ! figures ) h>d inexpressive l9es4 ,we c1 !re=e1 only guess1 by our k ( ,giotto else:]e1 & by ! g5]al idea ( pose1 h[ p]fect 0 ! *>act]isation ( ! actors 9 ! sc5e1 h[ ea* respond$ accord+ to 8 temp]am5t to ! g5]al sorr[1 "s 9 humble pro/ration1 "o ) a m intimate & p]sonal affection1 & "o1 to :om ! vision ( ! asc5d+ s\l is app>5t1 wrapt 9 my/ic ec/asy4 ,an int]e/+ *>act]i/ic ( ^! late frescoes is ! revival :i* !y decl>e ( ,giotto's e>ly love = classical ar*itecture4 ,he may well h recognis$ ! pictorial value ( ! l>ge untr\bl$ rectangul> spaces :i* x all[$4 ,9 ! 8,salome0 he has approa*$ ev5 m ne>ly to purely classic =ms ?an 9 8 e>lie/ frescoes at ,assisi4 ,! build+ has an almo/ ,palladian effect ) its squ>e p>apets surm\nt$ by /atues1 "s ( :i* are cle>ly d]iv$ f ! antique4 ,9 ! soldi] :o br+s 9 ! ,bapti/'s head he has rev]t$ to ! co/ume ( ! ,roman soldi]1 :]eas1 9 ! allegory ( ,*a/ity1 ! soldi]s we> m$ival w+$ helmets4 ,! fact t !re is a free copy ( ?is fresco by ! ,lor5zetti at ,si5a made 9 #acca gives u ! p]iod be=e :i* ?is mu/ h be5 f9i%$4 ,"h aga9 ! mood is s+ul>ly placid1 b ! int5sity ) :i* ,giotto realis$ a p>ticul>ly dramatic mom5t is %[n by a curi\s detail 9 :i* ?is diff]s f ! usual r5d]+ ( ! sc5e4 ,mo/ arti/s1 wi%+ to express ! ess5tials ( ! /ory1 make ,salome cont9ue h] dance :ile ! head is br\ght 94 ,b ,giotto 0 too deep a psy*ologi/ to make su* an error4 ,at ! tragic mom5t %e /ops danc+ & makes sad music on h] lyre1 to %[ t %e1 too1 is n want+ 9 prop] s5sibility4 ,!re is evid5ce 9 ^! frescoes ( an arti/ic quality :i* we c\ld sc>cely h believ$ possible1 & yet1 z x is mo/ evid5t 9 ^? p>ts :i* are lea/ damag$1 x is impossible n to believe t ,giotto possess$ x2 & t is ! real feel+ = *i>oscuro :i* ^! pa9t+s %[4 ,x is n m]ely t ! light falls 9 "o direction1 ?\gh ev5 t 0 a conception :i* 0 sc>cely grasp$ be=e ,masaccio1 b t ,giotto actually composes by light & %ade1 subord9ates figures or gr\ps ( figures by lett+ !m rec$e into gloom & br+s o!rs into prom95t light4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly well se5 9 ! 8,asc5sion ( ,s4 ,john0 :]e ! %ad[ ( ! build+ is made use ( to unify ! composition & give dep? & relief to ! imag9$ space4 ,x is also an example ( t beautiful atmosph]ic tonality ( :i* ,i h already spok54 ,9 ! figure ( ,s4 ,john himself1 ,giotto seems to h ! fre$om & ease :i* we associate ) art ( a mu* lat] date4 ,!re is sc>cely a h9t ( ar*aism 9 ?is figure4 ,! head1 ) its p]fect fusion ( tones1 its atmosph]ic envelopm5t1 seems already ne>ly z mod]n z a head by ,titian4 ,ev5 ! col\r s*eme1 ! ri* e>?y r$s1 ! int5se sweet blues ( ! figures reliev$ aga9/ a brok5 gre5-grey1 is a /range anticipation ( ,c9quec5to art4 ,x seems z ?\gh ,giotto 9 ^! works _h himself explor$ ! :ole ( ! promis$ l& to :i* he l$ ,italian pa9t+4 ,x is true t we are consci\s ( a c]ta9 ar*aism "h 9 ! relations ( ! figures & ! ar*itecture4 ,a c]ta9 viol5ce is done to t dem& = v]isimilitude :i*1 p]haps wrongly1 we n[ inv>iably make4 ,b 9 ! 8,rais+ ( ,drusiana10 ev5 ?is dem& is met4 ,"h ! figures all h _! j proportions to "o ano!r1 & to ! build+s1 & to ! t[n wall :i* /ret*es beh9d !m4 ,! sc5e is imag9$1 n m]ely accord+ to ! conditions ( ! dramatic idea1 b accord+ to ! possibilities & limitations ( actual figures mov+ 9 a ?ree dim5sional space2 ev5 ! p]spective ( ! gr\nd is und]/ood4 ,su* an imag9ative con/ruction ( ?ree dim5sional space _h its disadvantages z well z its advantages = art1 b 9 any case x is an a/oni%+ indication ( ,giotto's g5ius t he ?us =esaw ! conditions :i* 9 ! end w\ld be accept$ univ]sally 9 ,european art4 ,!re is sc>cely any?+ "h t ,raphael w\ld h _h to alt] to adapt ! composition to "o ( 8 tape/ry c>toons4 ,( ! dramatic p[] ( ?is ,i ne$ add no?+ to :at has already be5 said1 b z ?is is ! la/ ( 8 works :i* we %all exam9e x may af=d an example ( "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,giotto's draughtsman%ip4 ,= ,giotto 0 "o ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( l9e t ! _w has se51 & ! fact t 8 k ( ! =ms ( ! figure 0 comp>atively elem5t>y 9 no way int]f]es ) 8 greatness4 ,x is n h[ _m facts ab\t an object an arti/ c record1 b h[ incisive & h[ h>moni\s ) itself ! record is1 t con/itutes ! ess5ce ( draughtsman%ip4 ,9 consid]+ ! qualities ( l9e1 ?ree ma9 elem5ts are to be reg>d$3 ,fir/1 ! decorative rhy?m1 our s5se ( sight be+ con/ruct$ l our s5se ( s\nd1 s t c]ta9 relations1 probably ^? :i* are capable ( ma!matical analysis1 are pleas+1 & o!rs discordant4 ,secondly1 ! significance ( l9e z enabl+ u imag9atively to recon/ruct a real1 n necess>ily an actual1 object f x4 ,! greate/ excell5ce ( ?is quality w be ! cond5sation ( ! greate/ possible sugge/ion ( real =m into ! simple/1 mo/ easily appreh5d$ l9e2 ! abs5ce ( confus+ sup]fluity on ! "o h&1 & me*anical1 & !re=e mean+less simplicity1 on ! o!r4 ,f9ally1 we may reg>d l9e z a ge/ure1 :i* impresses u z a direct revelation ( ! arti/'s p]sonality 9 ! same way t h&writ+ does4 ,n[1 ) ,giotto1 beautiful z 8 l9e und\bt$ly is1 x is n ! fir/ quality1 ! decorative rhy?m1 t mo/ imm$iately impresses u4 ,t is n ! object ( su* delib]ate & consci\s rese>* z ) "s arti/s4 ,x is 9 its significance = ! expression ( =m ) ! utmo/ lucidity1 ! mo/ logical int]relation ( p>ts t 8 l9e is s impressive4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 9 ! figure ( ! kneel+ woman1 ! =m is express$ ) p]fect cle>ness2 we feel at once ! relation ( ! %\ld]s to "o ano!r1 ! relation ( ! torso to ! pelvis1 ! ma9 position ( ! ?ighs1 & all ?is is convey$ by a curve ( incr$ible simplicity capable ( in/ant appreh5sion4 ,to record s mu* ) su* economy requires n only a r>e imag9ative grasp ( /ructure1 b a manual dext]ity :i* makes ! /ory ( ,giotto's ,o p]fectly cr$ible %\ld "o c>e to believe x4 ,giotto's l9e1 reg>d$ z an habitual ge/ure1 is *iefly /rik+ = its bread? & dignity4 ,x has ! directness1 ! abs5ce ( preciosity1 :i* belongs to a g5]\s & manly nature4 ,! l>ge sweep+ curves ( 8 loose & full drap]ies are 9 "p ! direct outcome ( ?is attitude4 ,x is difficult to avoid ! temptation to say ( ,giotto t he 0 ! greate/ arti/ t ev] liv$1 a phrase :i* has be5 us$ ( too _m ma/]s to reta9 its full emphasis4 ,b at lea/ he 0 ! mo/ prodigi\s ph5om5on 9 ! kn[n hi/ory ( art4 ,/>t+ ) little b ! crude realism ( ,cimabue1 temp]$ by ! effete accompli%m5t ( ! ,byzant9es1#cf to h creat$ an art capable ( express+ ! :ole range ( human emotions2 to h f\nd1 almo/ )\t a guide1 h[ to treat ! raw mat]ial ( life itself 9 a /yle s direct1 s pliant to ! idea1 & yet s ess5tially gr&iose & h]oic2 to h guess$ intuitively almo/ all ! pr9ciples ( repres5tation :i* x requir$ ne>ly two c5turies ( en?usia/ic rese>* to e/abli% sci5tifically--to h accompli%$ all ?is is surely a m a/\nd+ p]=mance ?an any o!r "o arti/ has ev] a*iev$4 ,b ! fasc9ation ,giotto's art ex]cises is due 9 "p to 8 position 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n culture4 ,com+ at ! same "t z ,dante1 he %>es ) him ! privilege ( see+ life z a s+le1 self-consi/5t1 & sy/ematic :ole4 ,x 0 a mom5t ( equilibrium betwe5 ! conflict+ t5d5cies ( human activity1 a mom5t :5 su* m5 z ,dante & ,giotto c\ld ex]cise to ! full _! critical & analytical p[]s )\t de/roy+ ! unity ( a cosmic !ory bas$ on !ology4 ,su* a mom5t 0 9 its nature transitory3 ! free use ( all ! faculties :i* ! awak5+ to a new self-consci\sness _h ar\s$1 0 b\nd to br+ ab\t anti!ses :i* became m & m irreconcilable z "t w5t on4 ,only "o o!r arti/ 9 lat] times 0 able aga9 to rise1 by means ( ! conception ( natural law1 to a po9t :5ce life c\ld be view$ z a :ole4 ,ev5 s1 x 0 by a m purely intellectual ef=t1 & ,leon>do da ,v9ci c\ld n keep ! same g5ial b %rewd sympa?y = common humanity :i* makes ,giotto's "w s et]nally refre%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,ca/agno4 ,crucifixion ,fresco 9 ,/4 ,apollonia1 ,flor5ce ,plate ,,vii4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,flor5ce#cg ,! 8arti/ic temp]am5t0--z us$ 9 ! press & ! police c\rt1 ^! words betray a g5]al misund]/&+ ( ! nature ( art1 & ( ! arti/ :5ev] he becomes fully consci\s ( its purpose4 ,! idea ( ! arti/ z ! play?+ ( :im & caprice1 a hyp]s5sitive & incoh]5t emotionali/1 is1 no d\bt1 true ( a c]ta9 class ( m51 _m ( :om practise ! arts2 no?+ c\ld be fur!r f a true acc\nt ( ^? arti/s ^: "w has _h ! deepe/ influ5ce on ! tradition ( art2 no?+ c\ld be less true ( ! great arti/s ( ! ,flor5t9e ,s*ool4 ,f ! rise ( mod]n art 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury till n[ ,flor5ce & ,france h be5 ! decisive factors 9 ! art ( ,europe4 ,)\t !m our art might h reflect$ innum]able pa!tic or dramatic moods1 x might h illu/rat$ v>i\s curi\s or mov+ situations1 x w\ld n h atta9$ to ! conception ( g5]alis$ tru? ( =m4 ,to ,flor5ce ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies & to ,france ( ! sev5te5? & succe$+ c5turies we owe ! creation ( g5]alis$ or :at1 = want ( a bett] ^w1 we may call 8intellectual0 art4 ,9 speak+ ( intellect x is necess>y to discrim9ate betwe5 two di/9ct modes ( its op]ation4 ,! intellect may seek to satisfy curiosity by obs]vation ( ! di/9ctions betwe5 "o object & ano!r by means ( analysis2 b x may conc]n itself ) ! discov]y ( fundam5tal relations betwe5 ^! objects1 by ! con/ruction ( a syn!tic sy/em :i* satisfies ! m9d1 bo? = its tru? to facts & its logical coh]5ce4 ,! arti/ may employ bo? ^! modes4 ,8 curiosity ab\t ! ph5om5a ( nature may lead him to accurate obs]vation & recognition ( ! v>iety & di/9ctness ( *>act]s1 b he also seeks to con/rue ^! di/9ct =ms into su* a coh]5t :ole z w satisfy ! /hetic desire = unity4 ,p]haps ! processes employ$ by ! arti/ may n be id5tical ) ! intellectual processes ( sci5ce1 b x is evid5t t !y pres5t a v close analogy to !m4 ,x is a curi\s fact t at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,italy1 art 0 deeply affect$ by bo? k9ds ( intellectual activity4 ,curiosity ab\t natural =ms 9 all _! v>iety & complexity--naturalism 9 ! mod]n s5se--fir/ manife/$ itself 9 ,european art 9 ,fl&]s1 ,france1 & ,nor? ,italy ab\t ! second decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x appe>s t ,italy actually l$ ! way 9 ?is movem5t1 & t ,lomb>dy 0 ! po9t ( orig94 ,pisanello & ,jacopo ,bell9i are ! great exempl>s 9 ,italy ( ?is idea ( explor+ indefatigably & some:at recklessly all ^? detail$ aspects ( nature :i* _! pr$ecessors1 occupi$ 9 ! gr& ,giottesque /yle1 _h scorn$ to notice4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 too1 ?is impulse 0 und\bt$ly felt1 b x is ! great di/9ction ( ! ,flor5t9e arti/s t1 h[ev] mu* _! curiosity ab\t p>ticul> =ms may h be5 excit$1 _! high intellectual passion = ab/ract ideas impell$ !m m to ! /udy ( "s g5]al pr9ciples und]ly+ all appe>ance4 ,!y refus$ to admit ! giv5 facts ( nature except 9 s f> z !y c\ld become am5able to ! g5]alis+ p[] ( _! art4 ,facts _h to be dige/$ into =m be=e !y 7 all[$ into ! sy/em4 ,we c get an idea ( :at ,flor5ce ( ! fifte5? c5tury meant = ! subsequ5t tradition ( ,european art if we consid] t if x _h n be5 = ,flor5ce ! art ( ,italy might h be5 n altoge!r unlike ! art ( ,fl&]s & ! ,rh9e--a little m rhy?mical1 a little m graci\s1 p]haps1 b fundam5tally h>dly m significant4 ,al?\gh ?is typically ,flor5t9e attitude def9$ itself mo/ cle>ly "u ! /ress ( naturalism x 01 ( c\rse1 already *>act]i/ic ( e>li] ,flor5t9e art4 ,giotto1 inde$1 _h left ! tradition ( =mal complet5ess s firmly fix$ 9 ,flor5ce t :atev] new mat]ial _h to be introduc$ x c\ld only be introduc$ into a cle>ly recognis$ sy/em ( design4 ,( ,giotto's own "w we r>ely get a sight 9 ,engl&1 ! ,national ,gall]y hav+ miss$ ! "o great *ance ( gett+ him repres5t$ "s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,b ?\gh ,lady ,jekyll's s+le figure ( ,*ri/ c by its nature give no idea ( 8 amaz+ & almo/ unequall$ p[] ( discov]+ unexpect$ inevitabilities ( =mal relations1 x gives none ! less some?+ ( ,giotto's peculi> beauty ( draw+1 :]e9 ! complete/ reality is atta9$ )\t any attempt$ v]isimilitude4 ,9 ,mr4 ,h>ris's ,b]n>do ,daddi we get ne>] p]haps to ,giotto z a compos]1 & ev5 9 8 ,giovanni da ,milano1 9 spite ( "s ,lomb>d grossness & s5tim5tality1 ! great tradition /ill lives4 ,masaccio1 repres5t$ "h by ,mr4 ,rickett's s+le figure1 is "o ( ! mo/ my/]i\s p]sonalities 9 art1 & typically ,flor5t9e4 ,8 my/]y lies p>tly 9 our ignorance ab\t him1 p>tly 9 ! difficulty ( grasp+ ! rapidity ( action1 ! precocity1 ( g5ius su* z 84 ,com+ at ! v beg9n+ ( ! naturali/ic movem5t he seiz$ ) a /range complac5cy & ease ^u ! new mat]ial x (f]$1 b 7& ?is is :at a/\nds "o7 he in/antly discov]$ h[ to assimilate x p]fectly to ! =mal requirem5ts ( design4 ,s t n only ! discov]y ( ! new mat]ial1 b its dige/ion 0 ) him a simultane\s & almo/ in/antane\s process4 ,he 0 help$ p]haps by ! fact t ! new naturalism 0 z yet only a g5]al p]ception ( new aspects ( natural =m4 ,x 0 left = 8 y\ng] contempor>ies to map out ! new c\ntry me?odically--to ! gr\p ( adv5tur\s spirits--,brunelles*i1 ,donatello1 ,ca/agno1 & ,uccello--:o f\nd$ mod]n sci5ce1 & gave to ! und]/&+ ( classic art a me?odical basis4 ,x is 9 ?is gr\p t ! fi]ce intellectual passion ( ! ,flor5t9e g5ius manife/s itself mo/ cle>ly4 ,p]spective & anatomy 7 ! two /udies :i* promis$ to reveal to !m ! secrets ( natural =m4 ,! /udy ( anatomy exemplifies ma9ly ! aspect ( curiosity1 ?\gh ev5 9 ?is ! desire to f9d ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( appe>ance is evid5t--on ! o!r h& p]spective1 to its fir/ discov]]s1 appe>$ to promise f> m ?an an aid to v]isimilitude1 x may h seem$ a visual revelation ( ! /ructure ( space & ?r\gh t a key to ! con/ruction ( pictorial space4 ,to our m p5etrat+ /udy ( /hetic 7= ( all sci5ces1 /hetic has be5 ! greate/ lagg>d7 x is evid5t t nei!r p]spective nor anatomy h any v imm$iate be>+ ^u art--bo? ( !m are means ( asc]ta9+ facts1 & ! "q ( art beg9s :]e ! "q ( fact ends4 ,b arti/s h always _h to excite !mselves ) "s k9d ( subsidi>y intoxicant1 & p]spective & anatomy1 :ile !y 7 /ill 9 _! infancy1 act$ admirably z /imulants4 ,t !y h by n[ become1 = mo/ arti/s1 ! dre>ie/ ( s$atives may make x difficult to conceive ?is4 ,b at all ev5ts 9 t fir/ g5]ation !y excit$ _! devotees to an ard5t se>* = ab/ract unity ( design4 ,& ?is excitem5t w5t on to ! next g5]ation z exemplifi$ by ! works ( ! ,umbro-,flor5t9es--,pi]o della ,francesca & ,signorelli--& 9 ,flor5ce itself ( ,pollajuolo4 ,b ! sci5tific _s once ar\s$ 0 de/9$ n to rema9 = long s /imulat+ & helpful an assi/ant to ! creation ( design4 ,x 0 b\nd 9 ! end to />t tra9s ( ?\ght too complex & too absorb+ to occupy a subord9ate place4 ,already 9 ! rank & file ( ,flor5t9e arti/s1 ! ,ghirl&ajos1 ,filipp9o ,lippis1 & _! k9dr$1 m]e curiosity--nave lit]alism--_h und]m9$ ! tradition1 s t t[>ds ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury h>dly any arti/ knew h[ to design intelligibly on ! scale ( a fresco1 :]eas ! m]e/ duff] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury c\ld be c]ta9 ( ! volumes & quantities ( 8 divisions4 ,b x is ) ,leon>do da ,v9ci t ! high] aspects ( ! sci5tific _s fir/ came into conflict ) art4 ,d\btless ?is conflict is n fundam5tal nor f9al1 b only an app>5t result ( human limitations2 b to "o :o1 l ,leon>do1 fir/ _h a ,pisgah prospect ( t imm5se t]ritory1 to ! exploration ( :i* f\r c5turies ( ! int5se/ human ef=t h be5 devot$ )\t yet gett+ 9 sight ( its b\nd>ies--to su* a man x 0 almo/ inevitable t ! sci5tific cont5t ( art %\ld assume an undue significance4 ,up till ,leon>do "o c say t ! process ( dige/+ ! new f\nd mat]ial into /hetic =m _h kept pace ) obs]vation1 ?\gh already 9 ,v]roc*io !re is a sign ( yield+ to ! crude ph5om5on4 ,b ) ,leon>do himself ! organis+ faculty beg9s to break d[n "u ! /ress ( new matt]4 ,leon>do himself %>$ to ! full ! ,flor5t9e passion = ab/raction1 b x 0 inevitable t he %\ld be dazzl$ & fasc9at$ by ! va/ prospects t op5$ be=e 8 intellectual gaze4 ,x 0 inevitable t :]e su* va/ masses ( new p>ticul>s reveal$ !mselves to 8 curiosity _! claim = inve/igation %\ld be ! mo/ insi/5t4 ,n b :at ,leon>do did recognise ! necessity = 8 art ( "s re/riction & *oice4 ,8 ke5 obs]vation _h reveal$ to him ! :ole gamut ( atmosph]ic col\r :i* fir/ became a mat]ial = design "u ,monet & 8 foll[]s4 ,b hav+ describ$ a picture :i* w\ld exactly correspond to a ,fr5* pa9t+ ( #ahgj1 he rejects ! :ole ( ?is new mat]ial z unsuitable = art4 ,b ev5 8 rejection 0 n really a recognition ( ! claims ( =m1 b only1 alas6 ( ano!r sci5tific tr5d ) :i* 8 m9d _h become possess$4 ,x 0 8 almo/ prophetic vision ( ! possibilities ( psy*ology :i* det]m9$ m ?an any?+ else ! l9es ( 8 "w4 ,9 ! end almo/ ev]y?+ 0 subord9at$ to ! idea ( a k9d ( psy*ological illu/ration ( dramatic !mes--an illu/ration :i* 0 n to be arriv$ at by an in/9ctive recon/ruction f )91 b by delib]ate analytic obs]vation4 ,n[ 9 s f> z ! movem5ts ( ! s\l c\ld be int]pret$ by movem5ts ( ! body z a :ole1 ! new mat]ial might l5d itself readily to pla/ic con/ruction1 b ! m9ut] & ev5 m psy*ologically significant movem5ts ( facial expression dem&$ a treatm5t :i* h>dly work$ = /hetic unity4 ,x involv$ a new use ( light & %ade1 :i* 9 itself t5d$ to break d[n ! fundam5tal divisions ( design1 ?\gh lat] on ,c>avaggio & ,rembr&t manag$1 n v successfully1 to pull x r\nd s z to become ! mat]ial = ! basic rhy?m4 ,& 9 any case ! analytic tr5d ( ,leon>do's m9d became too mu* acc5tuat$ to all[ ( a successful syn!sis4 ,mi*elangelo1 to "s ext5t1 & ,raphael /ill m1 did1 ( c\rse1 d mu* to re-e/abli% a sy/em ( design on an enl>g$ basis :i* w\ld admit ( "s ( ,leon>do's new cont5t1 b "o might haz>d ! speculation t ,european art has h>dly yet recov]$ f ! %ock :i* ,leon>do's passion = psy*ological illu/ration deliv]$4 ,c]ta9ly lit]alism & illu/ration h ?r\gh all ^! c5turies be5 press+ dang]s to art--dang]s :i* x has be5 ! h>d] to resi/ 9 t !y all[ ( an appeal to t va/ public to :om ! language ( =m is mean+less4 ,9 ,flor5t9e art1 !n1 "o may see at happy mom5ts ( equilibrium ! supreme advantages ( intellectual art & at o!r & less =tunate mom5ts ! dang]s :i* beset s difficult an endeav\r4 ,x 0 aft] all a ,flor5t9e :o made ! be/ prophecy ( ! results ( mod]n /hetic :5 he said3 8,f9ally good pa9t+ is a music & a melody :i* intellect only c appreciate & t ) difficulty40 ,illu/ration3 ,paolo ,ucello4 ,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon ,collection ,jacquem>t-,&r ,plate ,,viii4 ,,! ,,jacquem>t-,,&r ,,collection#ch ,! ,jacquem>t-,&r collection is n m]ely "o ( ^? accumulations ( ! art ( ! pa/ by :i* x has become ! fa%ion = ri* p to impose !mselves on ! wond] ( an ignorant public4 ,x %[s t ! lady :o creat$ x did s p>tly1 at all ev5ts1 because ( a q p]sonal & intimate love ( beautiful ?+s1 a love :i* did n h to seek = its ju/ification & support 9 ! op9ion ( ! _w4 ,! ?ree pictures reproduc$ "h are pro( ( ! s9c]ity & c\rage ( ,mdme4 ,&r's arti/ic convictions4 ,!y (f] sc>cely any foo?old = ! s5tim5tal & associative und]/&+ ( pictures4 ,! 8,s4 ,george0 ( ,paolo ,uccello 7see ,plate7 might1 x is true1 be tak5 z a 8nave10 8qua9t10 or 8primitive0 r5d]+ ( an 8old _w0 leg5d--inde$1 :il/ ,i 0 admir+ x ,i ga!r$ f ! comm5ts ( ^? :o l+]$ be=e x = a few seconds t ?is 0 ! g5]al attitude--b to d s w\ld be to misund]/& ! picture completely4 ,uccello1 9 fact1 l5ds himself to misund]/&+1 & ,vas>i1 ) 8 eye to lit]>y picturesqu5ess1 has done 8 be/ to put u (f ! sc5t4 ,he made him an 8orig9al10 a h>mless1 +5i\s1 slightly ridicul\s crank1 gift$1 no d\bt1 b "o ^: gifts 7 wa/$ by reason ( 8 crank9ess4 ,& ! leg5d creat$ by ,vas>i has /uck4 ,uccello has always seem$ to be a little aside f ! ma9 road ( art1 an agreeable1 amus+ div]sion1 "o t we c enjoy ) a c]ta9 humor\s & patronis+ deta*m5t1 z we enjoy ! innoc5ce ( "s m$ival *ronicl]4 ,uccello1 ,i admit1 has l5t himself to ?is misund]/&+ because f e o!r po9t ( view b t ( pure design he comes up to ! "* ,vas>i has made curr5t4 ,no arti/ 0 ev] s helpless z he at ! dramatic pres5tm5t ( 8 !me4 ,no?+ c well be imag9$ less l a battle ?an 8 battle pieces1 nor if we ?9k ( ! ,deluge w\ld our wilde/ fancies h ev] conceiv$ any?+ remotely resembl+ ! sc5e :i* he pa9t$ ) su* lit]al precision1 ) su* a mass ( inconclusive & improbable inv5tion1 9 ! ,*io/ro ,v]de ( ,/a4 ,m>ia ,novella4 ,! idea ( v]isimilitude is entirely =eign to him4 ,& "h comes 9 ! oddity & irony ( 8 situation4 ,he 0 ! fir/ or almo/ ! fir/ great ma/] ( l9e> p]spective4 ,! /udy ( p]spective became s engross+ to him t accord+ to ,vas>i x wa/$ 8 tal5t z an arti/4 ,n[ p]spective is ! sci5tific /atem5t ( ! nature ( visual appe>ance4 ,to ! mod]n arti/ x becomes an occasional assi/ance 9 giv+ to 8 images an air ( v]isimilitude4 ,:]ev] a /rict adh]5ce to ! laws ( p]spective w\ld give to 8 objects a /range or unlikely look he frankly neglects x4 ,b to ,uccello p]spective seem$1 p]haps wrongly1 to h an altoge!r diff]5t value4 ,to him x appe>s to h be5 a me?od ( recreat+ a visual _w4 ,t is to say1 he took c]ta9 data ( appe>ance f obs]vation1 & by h&l+ !m accord+ to ! laws ( p]spective he creat$ a _w1 :i*1 ow+ to ! simplicity ( 8 data & ! rigid application ( 8 laws1 has f> less resemblance to :at we see ?an 8 contempor>ies & pr$ecessors _h contriv$ by rule ( ?umb4 ,_h he tak5 ! :ole ( ! data ( obs]v$ =m ! application ( ! laws ( p]spective w\ld h become impossible1 & he w\ld h be5 ?r[n back ^u imitative realism & ! lit]al acceptance ( appe>ance4 ,su* 0 inde$ :at happ5$ to ! pa9t]s ( ,fl&]s & ! nor?1 & su* has become ! usual me?od ( mod]n reali/ic art4 ,b no?+ 0 m abhorr5t to ! _s ( fifte5?-c5tury ,flor5ce ?an su* an acceptance ( ! m]ely casual1 & no?+ is m fundam5tally oppos$ to ! empirical realism ( a ,van ,eyck or a ,fri? ?an ! sci5tific & ab/ract realism ( ,paolo ,uccello4 ,?is passion1 !n1 = an ab/ract & !oretical complet5ess ( r5d]+ l$ ,uccello to simplify ! data ( obs]v$ =m to an extraord9>y ext5t1 & 8 simplification anticipates 9 a curi\s way t ( ! mod]n cubi/s1 z "o may see f ! treatm5t ( 8 horses 9 ! ,national ,gall]y battle-piece4 ,x is "o ( ! curiosities ( ! psy*ology ( ! arti/ t he is g5]ally try+ v h>d to d some?+ :i* has no?+ to ,illu/ration3 ,baldov9etti4 ,virg9 & ,*ild ,collection ,jacquem>t-,&r ,plate ,,ix4 d ) :at he actually accompli%es2 t ! fundam5tal quality ( 8 "w seems to come out unconsci\sly z a by-product ( 8 consci\s activity4 ,& s x 0 9 ,uccello's case4 ,if "o _h ask$ him :at 8 p]spective 0 =1 he w\ld probably h said t :5 once x 0 completely ma/]$ x w\ld enable ! arti/ to create at w any k9d ( visual :ole1 & t ?is w\ld h ! same complet5ess1 ! same au!nticity z an actual sc5e4 ,z a matt] ( fact su* a conception is unrealisable2 ! problem is too complex = solution 9 ?is way1 & :at happ5$ to ,uccello 0 t ! simplifications & ab/ractions impos$ ^u 8 obs]vation ( nature by ! desire to con/ruct 8 :ole sc5e p]spectively1 really set free 9 him 8 p[] ( a purely /hetic organisation ( =m4 ,& x is ?is1 9 fact1 t makes 8 pictures s rem>kable4 ,9 ! ,jacquem>t-,&r picture1 = in/ance1 we see h[ ! complex :ole :i* su* a sc5e z ! leg5d ( ,s4 ,george sugge/s is r$uc$ to t]ms ( a/\nd+ simplicity2 sa9t1 horse1 dragon1 pr9cess are all se5 9 pr(ile because ! problems ( repres5tation _h to be approa*$ f _! simple/ aspect4 ,! l&scape is r$uc$ to a sy/em ( rectil9e> =ms se5 at "r angles to ! picture plane = ! same reason4 ,& out ( ! play ( ^! almo/ ab/ract =ms ma9ly rectangul>1 ) a few elem5t>y curves repeat$ aga9 & aga91 ,uccello has con/ruct$ ! mo/ p]fect1 ! mo/ amaz+ly subtle h>mony4 ,9 ,uccello's h&s pa9t+ becomes almo/ z ab/ract1 almo/ z pure an art z ar*itecture4 ,& z 8 feel+ = ! int]play ( =ms1 ! rhy?mic disposition ( planes1 0 ( ! r>e/ & f9e/1 ! mo/ remov$ f any?+ trivial or m]ely decorative 79 ! vulg> s5se71 he passes by means ( ?is p[] ( =mal organisation into a region ( feel+ entirely remote f t :i* is sugge/$ if we reg>d 8 "w z m]e illu/ration4 ,judg$ z illu/ration ! 8,s4 ,george0 is qua9t1 innoc5t & slightly *ildi%2 z design x mu/ rank among ! great ma/]pieces4 ,two o!r pictures 9 ! ,jacquem>t-,&r collection illu/rate ! same _s ( uncompromis+ /hetic adv5ture :i* di/+ui%es "o bran* ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & lifts x above almo/ all t 0 be+ attempt$ else:]e 9 ,italy ev5 at ?is p]iod ( creative exub]ance4 ,baldov9etti 0 at "o "t 9 close contact ) ,uccello1 & ( all 8 works ! 8,madonna & ,*ild0 9 ! ,jacquem>t-,&r collection is ! mo/ h]oically uncompromis+ 7,plate ,,ix74 ,no d\bt he accept$ m mat]ial directly f nature ?an ,uccello did4 ,he 0 beg9n+ to explore ! pr9ciples ( atmosph]ic p]spective :i* 7 de/9$ ultimately to break up ! unity ( pictorial design1 b ev]y?+ t he takes is us$ ) ! same _s ( ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ar*itectonic h>mony4 ,! spac+ ( ?is design1 ! relations ( volume ( ! upright mass ( ! ,virg9's figure to ! spaces ( sky & l&scape h ! unmi/akable int]dep5d5ce ( great design4 ,only a great creative arti/ c\ld h discov]$ s def9ite a relation%ip4 ,! great mass ( ! rocky hill 9 ! l&scape & ! horizontal l9es ( ! ,*ild's figure play into ! c5tral idea ) spl5did effect4 ,only 9 ! some:at r\nd$ & ins5sitive modell+ ( ! ,virg9's face does ! weakness ( ,baldov9etti's g5ius betray itself4 ,! cont\rs are ev]y:]e magnific5tly pla/ic2 only :5 he tries to create ! illusion ( pla/ic relief by modell+1 ,baldov9etti becomes lit]al & un9spir$4 ,9 8 pr(ile portrait 9 ! ,national ,gall]y he relies =tunately almo/ entirely on ! pla/icity ( ! cont\r--9 8 late 8,tr9it0 at ! ,accademia 9 ,flor5ce ! increas+ desire = imitative realism has already gone f> to de/roy ?is quality4 ,! ?ird picture 7see ,plate7 :i* ,i h tak5 z illu/rat+ my !me is n1 x is true1 ,flor5t9e1 b its au?or1 ,signorelli1 kept s con/antly 9 t\* ) ! sci5tific reali/s ( ,flor5ce t he may be c\nt$ almo/ z "o ( !m1 nor inde$ did any ( !m surpass him 9 uncompromis+ fidelity to ! necessities ( pure design4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no?+ ( ! flatt]+ or s$uctive qualities ( ! common run ( ,umbrian art 9 ?is robu/ & audaci\s composition1 9 :i* ev]y?+ is arrang$ z x 7 conc5trically ar\nd ! impos+ mass ( ! ,virg9's figure4 ,! ge/ures int]pret$ psy*ologically are n on ! same imag9ative plane z ! design itself4 ,signorelli 0 ill at ease 9 int]pret+ any /ates b ^? ( great t5sion1 & "h ! ge/ures are meant to be playful & intimate4 ,z 9 ! ,uccello1 ! illu/rative pretext is at v>iance ) ! design :i* x s]ves2 & z 9 ! ,uccello1 ! design itself1 ! scaffold+ ( ! ar*itectonic /ructure1 is really :at c\nts4 ,illu/ration3 ,signorelli4 ,holy ,family ,collection ,jacquem>t-,&r ,plate ,x4 ,d,,r] ,,& ,,8 ,,contempor>ies#ci ,x is a habit ( ! human m9d to make to itself symbols 9 ord] to abbreviate its admiration = a class4 ,s ,dr] has come to /& = ,g]man art some:at z ,raphael once /ood = ,italian4 ,su* symbols attract to !mselves mu* ( ! adoration :i* m c>eful wor%ipp]s w\ld di/ribute ov] ! ,pan!on1 & x becomes difficult to appreciate !m ju/ly )\t incurr+ ! *>ge ( iconoclasm4 ,b ?is1 9 ,dr]'s case1 is ! m difficult because1 :atev] "o's f9al e/imate ( 8 art1 8 p]sonality is at once s impos+ & s attractive1 & has be5 s ende>$ to u by famili>ity1 t some?+ ( ?is p]sonal atta*m5t has transf]r$ itself to our /hetic judgm5t4 ,! lett]s f ,v5ice & ! ,di>y ( 8 j\rney 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* =m ! matt] ( ?is volume1 are inde$ ! s+ul>ly =tunate means = ?is pleasant disc\rse ) ! man himself4 ,!y reveal ,dr] z "o ( ! di/9ctively mod]n m5 ( ! ,r5aissance3 int5sely1 b n arrogantly1 consci\s ( 8 own p]sonality2 accept+ ) a pleasant ease ! univ]sal admiration ( 8 g5ius--a p]sonal admiration1 too1 ( an altoge!r mod]n k9d2 c>eful ( 8 fame z "o :o =esaw its immortality4 ,!y %[ him z hav+1 ?\gh 9 a f> less degree1 some?+ ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci's sci5tific int]e/1 c]ta9ly z hav+ a quick1 ?\gh nave curiosity ab\t ! _w & a q mod]n fre$om f sup]/ition4 ,x is cle> t 8 dom9at+ & yet k9dly p]sonality1 no less ?an 8 physical beauty & di/9ction1 made him ! c5tre ( int]e/ :]ev] he w5t4 ,8 easy & humor\s good-fell[%ip1 ( :i* ! lett]s to ,pirkheim] are eloqu5t1 won = him ! admir+ fri5d%ip ( ! be/ m5 ( 8 "t4 ,to all ^! *>act]i/ics we mu/ add a deep & s9c]e religi\s feel+1 :i* l$ him to side ) ! lead]s ( ! ,re=mation1 a feel+ t comes out 9 8 passionate s5se ( loss :5 he ?9ks t ,lu!r is ab\t to be put to dea?1 & t prompt$ him to write a /irr+ lett] to ,erasmus1 9 :i* he urg$ him to cont9ue ! "w ( re=m4 ,= all t1 !re is no trace 9 him ( ei!r ,prote/antism or ,puritanism4 ,he 0 p]haps =tunate--c]ta9ly z an arti/ he 0 =tunate--9 liv+ at a "t :5 ! l9e ( cleavage betwe5 ! ,re=m]s & ! ,*ur* 0 n yet s m>k$ z to compel a decisive *oice4 ,! symbolism ( ! ,*ur* /ill _h = him its old significance1 z yet quick5$ & n discr$it$ by ! re=m]'s en]gy4 ,b int5se z ,dr]'s devotion 01 8 religi\s feel+ f\nd its way to effective arti/ic expression only ^u "o side1 namely1 ! brood+ s5se :i* accompani$ x1 ( ! imm95ce & t]ror ( dea?4 ,h[ mu* m def9ite is ! inspiration 9 ! draw+ ( 8,dea? on a ,horse0 79 ! ,briti% ,museum71 9 ! 8,knight1 ,dea? & ! ,devil10 & 9 ! alli$ 8,melan*olia10 ?an x is 9 8 r5d]+s ( ! ,virg9 or inde$ ( any ( ! sc5es ( ,*ri/ian leg5d6 ,x is ?is feel+1 too1 :i* gives to 8 description ( 8 "m's dea? its almo/ t]rible lit]>y beauty & p[]4 ,nor 9 ! e/imate ( ,dr]'s "* mu/ "o leave out ! t\*+ affection & piety :i* ! family hi/ory writt5 by him 9 #aebd reveals4 ,s mu* t is attractive & ende>+ 9 ! man _c b react ^u our attitude to 8 "w--has done s1 p]haps1 ev] s9ce 8 own day2 & x is difficult to get f> en\gh away f ,dr] ! man to be p]fectly j to ,dr] ! arti/4 ,b if we make ! attempt1 x becomes cle>1 ,i ?9k1 t ,dr] _c take rank 9 ! highe/ class ( creative g5iuses4 ,8 position is none ! less ( great importance & int]e/ = 8 relation on ! "o h& to ! ,go?ic tradition ( 8 c\ntry1 & on ! o!r to ! newly p]ceiv$ spl5d\rs ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,mu* mu/ dep5d on our e/imate ( 8 la/ "w1 ! 8,f\r ,apo/les10 at ,muni*4 ,9 t he summ$ up all t ! pati5t & en?usia/ic lab\r ( a lifetime _h taught him4 ,if we reg>d t z a "w ( ! highe/ beauty1 if we c consci5ti\sly put x beside ! figures ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 beside ! ,sa9ts ( ,mantegna1 or ,signorelli1 or ,pi]o della ,francesca1 !n inde$ ,dr]'s lab\r 0 cr[n$ ) success2 b if we f9d 9 x r a c>eful exposition ( c]ta9 !oretical pr9ciples1 if we f9d t ! matt] is n entirely transfus$ ) ! /yle1 if we f9d a conflict betwe5 a c]ta9 nave crudity ( vision & a /ra9+ aft] ! gr& mann]1 !n we h to say t ,dr]'s art 0 ! outcome ( a magnific5t & h]oic b miscalculat$ endeav\r4 ,x is "o ( ! ironies ( hi/ory t ! ,romans1 ! only ,phili/9e p among ,m$it]ranean races1 %\ld h be5 ! great means ( transmitt+ to ! mod]n _w t culture :i* !y !mselves despis$1 & t ! ,g]mans %\ld h lab\r$ s long & h>d to atone = ! h]oism ( _! ance/ors 9 resi/+ t b5efic5t loss ( lib]ty4 ,nuremb]g ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 c]ta9ly giv5 ov] to ! practice ( f9e art ) a pa!tic en?usiasm1 & x rema9s z a sad b in/ructive pro( ( h[ little good-w & indu/ry avail by !mselves 9 su* matt]s4 ,! wor%ip ( m]e pr(essional skill & undirect$ craftsman%ip is !re se5 pu%$ to its la/ conclusions1 & ! t\ri/'s wond] is prompt$ by ! sight ( /one c>v$ into ! %apes ( twi/$ metal1 & wood simulat+ ! intricacies ( confection]y1 8 admiration is canvass$ by e possible p]v]sion ( te*nical dext]ity4 ,n 8,:at a ?+ is done60 b1 8,h[ difficult x mu/ h be5 to d x60 is ! exclamation dem&$4 ,( all t p]v]t$ te*nical +5uity :i* flaunts itself 9 ! wav]+ /onework ( a ,kraft or ! crackl+ woodwork ( a ,/orr1 ,dr] 0 inevitably ! heir4 ,he grew up 9 an atmosph]e :]e ! acrobatic feats ( te*nique 7 look$ on ) admiration r ?an contempt4 ,some?+ ( ?is clung to him ?r\gh life1 & he is always recognis$ z ! pr9ce ( craftsm51 ! consummate te*nician4 ,9 all ?is side ( ,dr]'s art we recognise ! la/ ov]-bl[n effloresc5ce ( ! m$ival craftsman%ip ( ,g]many1 ( ! appr5tice sy/em & ! 8ma/]0 piece2 b t ,go?ic tradition _h /ill left 9 x mu* t 0 s\nd & s9c]e4 ,draw+ /ill reta9$ some?+ ( ! blunt1 almo/ brutal frankness ( /atem5t1 toge!r ) ! s5se ( ! *>act]i/ic :i* m>k$ its e>li] p]iod4 ,& x is p]haps ?is inh]itance ( ,go?ic directness ( /atem5t1 ?is ,go?ic realism1 t acc\nts = :at is ultimately ( mo/ value 9 ,dr]'s "w4 ,!re exi/s 9 ! ,kun/hi/oris*es ,akademie at ,vi5na a pa9t+ ( a man1 dat$ #acid1 :i* %[s h[ mu* ( ,dr]'s portraiture 0 already implicit 9 ! ,nuremb]g s*ool4 ,9 ?is rem>kable "w1 execut$1 if we may tru/ ! date1 ne>ly a c5tury be=e ,dr]1 !re is almo/ ev]y?+ t int]e/s u 9 ,dr]'s portraits4 ,inde$1 x has to an ev5 great] ext5t t half-humor\s /atem5t ( ! *>act]i/ic1 t outrage\s realism t makes ! vivid appeal ( ! ,oswold ,krell1 & ! abs5ce ( :i* 9 ,dr]'s la/ ye>s makes ! ,holts*u] su* a tiresome piece ( brilliant del9eation4 ,dr] 0 p]haps ! greate/ infant prodigy among pa9t]s1 & ! draw+ ( himself at ! age ( twelve %[s h[ e>ly he _h ma/]$ t simple & abrupt s9c]ity ( ,go?ic draughtsman%ip4 ,"o is incl9$ to say t 9 none ( 8 subsequ5t "w did he ev] surpass ?is 9 all t really matt]s1 9 all t conc]ns ! ess5tial vision & its adequate pres5tm5t4 ,he increas$ 8 skill until x became ! wond] ( ! _w & entangl$ him 9 its s$uctions2 8 intellectual appreh5sion 0 indef9itely height5$1 & 8 k ( natural appe>ances became encyclopdic4 ,:at1 !n1 lies at ! root ( ,dr]'s art is ?is ,go?ic s5se ( ! *>act]i/ic1 already m5ac$ by ! pr(essional bravura ( ! late ,go?ic craftsman4 ,! sup]/ructure is :at ,dr]'s indu/ry & intellectual acquisitiv5ess1 act+ 9 ! peculi> conditions ( 8 day1 br\ght =?4 ,x is 9 %ort :at di/+ui%es him z ! pione] ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,g]many4 ,?is new endeav\r 0 9 two directions1 "o due ma9ly to ! tr5d ( native ideas1 ! o!r to ,italian influ5ce4 ,! =m] 0 conc]n$ ma9ly ) a new k9d ( realism4 ,9 place ( ! old] ,go?ic realism ) its nave & self-confid5t /atem5t ( ! sali5t *>act]i/ic ( ?+s se51 ?is new realism /rove at complete repres5tation ( appe>ance by means ( p]spective1 at a m se>*+ & complete inve/igation ( =m1 & a full] relief 9 light & %ade4 ,to "s ext5t ^! aims 7 foll[$ also by ! ,italians1 & ) ev5 great] sci5tific ard\r3 all ! arti/s ( ,europe 7 inde$ /riv+ to ma/] ! complete p[] ( repres5tation4 ,b 9 ,italy ?is aim 0 nev] foll[$ exclusively2 x 0 con/antly modifi$ & controll$ by ! idea ( design1 t is to say1 ( expression by means ( ! pure disposition ( cont\rs & masses1 & by ! p]fection & ord]+ ( l9e> rhy?m4 ,?is notion ( design z some?+ o!r ?an repres5tation 0 inde$ ! common inh]itance ( ,european art f ! m$ival _w1 b ,illu/ration3 ,rembr&t4 ,calumny ( ,apelles1 aft] ,mantegna ,briti% ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,mantegna4 ,calumny ( ,apelles ,briti% ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,dr]4 ,calumny ( ,apelles ,briti% ,museum ,plate ,,xi4 9 ,italy ! pr9ciples ( design 7 m pr(\ndly emb$d$ 9 tradition1 its dem&s 7 m cle>ly felt1 & ea* succe$+ g5]ation 0 q z deeply conc]n$ ) ! p]fection ( design z ) ! ma/]y ( repres5tation4 ,9 ! full ,r5aissance1 inde$1 ?is idea ( design became ! object ( fully consci\s & delib]ate /udy1 & ! decad5ce ( ,italian art came ab\t1 n ?r\gh indiff]5ce to ! claims ( arti/ic expression1 b ?r\gh a too purely intellectual & consci\s /udy ( !m4 ,! nor!rn & especially ! ,teutonic arti/s1 :o _h n inh]it$ s /rongly ?is ar*itectonic s5se1 made inde$ h]oic ef=ts to acquire x1 sometimes by ! futile me?od ( direct imitation ( a p>ticul> /yle1 sometimes--& ?is is ! case ) ,dr]--by a s]i\s ef=t ( /hetic intellig5ce4 ,b on ! :ole ! attempt mu/ be judg$ to h fail$1 & nor!rn art has drift$ gradually t[>ds ! m]ely photographic vision4 ,dr] /rove /r5u\sly 9 bo? ^! directions4 ,he unque/ionably add$ imm5sely to ! k ( actual =m & to ! p[] ( repres5tation1 b 8 eag]ness l$ him to reg>d quantity ( =m r ?an its quality4 ,) him draw+ became a means ( mak+ manife/ ! greate/ possible am\nt ( =m1 ! utmo/ r\ndness ( relief1 & 8 /udies 9 pure design fail$ to keep pace ) ?is4 ,9 ! end he c\ld n use to significant purpose ! increas$ mat]ial at 8 disposal1 & f ! po9t ( view ( pure design 8 "w actually falls %ort ( t ( 8 pr$ecessor1 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 :o inde$ 0 b5efit$ by lack+ ,dr]'s p[] ( repres5tation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x may be wor? :ile to exam9e 9 "s detail ,dr]'s relations to ,italian art4 ,! e>lie/ def9ite example ( 8 /udy ( ,italian art is 9 #adid1 :5 he 0 probably 9 ,v5ice = ! fir/ "t4 ,x is a copy 9 p5 & ink ( an engrav+ ( ! 8,dea? ( ,orpheus0 by "s foll[] ( ,mantegna4 ,! engrav+ is n ! "w ( a great arti/1 & ,dr]'s copy %[s 8 sup]ior skill 9 ! r5d]+ ( =m2 b ev5 "h he has fail$ to realise ! beauty ( spatial arrangem5t 9 ! orig9al1 & 8 desire to enri* ! design ) _m skilfully drawn & conv9c+ details results 9 a di/9ct weak5+ ( ! dramatic effect4 ,aga91 9 ! same ye> we h two draw+s f engrav+s1 ?is "t by ,mantegna himself4 ,x is easy to und]/& t ( all ,italians1 ,mantegna %\ld h be5 ! mo/ sympa!tic to ,dr]1 & t he %\ld h regrett$ m ?an any o!r ill-=tune ( 8 life1--m ev5 ?an ! simil> fate t prev5t$ 8 meet+ ,s*ongau]1--,mantegna's dea? j :5 he 0 sett+ out to ,mantua to le>n f ! great ma/]4 ,:at ,dr] saw 9 ,mantegna 0 8 cle> decision ( l9e & 8 ri*ly patt]n$ effect4 ,9 8 p5-&-ink copies he tries to surpass ! orig9al 9 bo? ^! ways1 & inde$ ! effect is ( great] complexity1 ) m fullness & r\ndness ( =m4 ,:]e ,mantegna is cont5t ) a firm /atem5t ( ! g5]alis$ cont\r ( a limb1 ,dr] w give a curve = ea* muscle4 ,!re is 9 ,dr]'s copies a mass ( brilliant detail2 ea* "p is 9 a s5se m conv9c+ly real2 b 9 do+ ?is some?+ ( ! unity ( rhy?m & ! easy relations ( planes has be5 lo/1 & on ! :ole ! balance is aga9/ ! copyi/4 ,x is curi\s t :5 9 "t ,rembr&t came to copy ,mantegna he took ! o!r way1 & actually height5$ ! dramatic effect by m9ute readju/m5ts ( plann+1 & by a wilful simplification ( ! l9e4#dj ,dr] evid5tly felt a pr(\nd rev]5ce = ,mantegna's designs1 = he has alt]$ !m b little1 & "o might well imag9e t ev5 ,dr] c\ld sc>cely improve ^u su* orig9als4 ,b x is ev5 m in/ructive to /udy 8 "w ^u ! s-call$ ,t>oc*i engrav+s4 ,"h ! orig9als 7 n execut$ by an arti/ ( fir/-rate ability1 ?\gh ! designs h mu* ( ,cossa's spl5did /yle4 ,dr] seems1 !re=e1 to h felt no p>ticul> con/ra9t ab\t alt]+ !m4 ,8 alt]ations 7see ,plate7 %[ u cle>ly :at x 0 t he saw 9 ! orig9als & :at he miss$4 ,9 all ^! figures ,dr] gives increas$ v]isimilitude3 8 feet are l actual feet1 n ! s*ematic ab/ract ( a foot t cont5ts ! ,italian engrav]2 8 poses are m casual1 less =mal & symmetrical2 & 8 drap]ies are m +5i\sly dispos$2 b none ! less1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! expression ( imag9ative tru?1 !re is n "o ( ,dr]'s figures :i* equals ! orig9al1 n "o 9 :i* "s ess5tial "p ( ! idea is n miss$ or at lea/ less cle>ly /at$4 ,9 g5]al ! cont9uity ( ! cont\r is lo/ sight ( & ! rhy?m fritt]$ away4 ,9 ! ,pope1 = in/ance1 ,dr] loses all ! grave s$at5ess ( ! orig9al by break+ ! symmetry ( ! pose1 its ,illu/ration3 ,t>oc*i pr9t4 ,cele/ial sph]e ,illu/ration3 ,dr]3 aft] same ,plate ,,xii4 squ>5ess & immovable aplomb4 ,& ) ?is goes1 9 spite ( ! increas$ v]isimilitude1 ! s5se ( reality4 ,9 ! 8,knight & ,page0 n only is ! movem5t ( ! knight miss$ by correct+ a di/ortion 9 ! orig9al1 b ! balance ( ! composition is lo/ by displac+ ! page4 ,9 ! 8,primum ,mobile0 7see ,plate7 ! ec/atic ru% ( ! figure is lo/ by slight corrections ( ! pose & by giv+ to ! float+ drap]y too complicat$ a design4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to g ?r\gh ^! copies 9 detail1 b en\gh has be5 said to %[ h[ h>d x 0 = ,dr]1 absorb$ by 8 new curiosity 9 repres5tation1 to grasp ^? prim>y & elem5tal pr9ciples ( design :i* 7 inh]5t 9 ! ,italian tradition4 ,ab\t ! same "t we f9d ,dr] /udy+ bo? ,pollajuolo & ,lor5zo di ,cr$i4 ,! copy ( ,pollajuolo is n a good example ( ,dr]'s art2 x c]ta9ly misses ! t5sion & inn] life ( ,pollajuolo's nudes4 ,! ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 z might be expect$1 is 9 _m ways m ?an adequate to ! orig9al1 ?\gh z comp>$ ev5 ) ,cr$i1 ,dr] has n a cle> s5se ( ! correlation ( l9e> elem5ts 9 ! design4 ,! next /age 9 ,dr]'s connection ) ,italian art is 8 intimacy ) ,jacopo de' ,b>b>i1 :o 0 settl$ 9 ,nuremb]g4 ,f #aejj to #aeje ?is influ5ce manife/s itself cle>ly 9 ,dr]'s "w4 ,un=tunately ,b>b>i 0 too second-rate an arti/ to help him mu* 9 ! pr9ciples ( design1 ?\gh he d\btless /imulat$ him to pursue ^? sci5tific inve/igations into ! !ory ( human proportions :i* held out ! delusive hope ( r$uc+ art to a bran* ( ma!matics4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until 8 second visit to ,v5ice t ,dr] realis$ ! inf]iority1 at all ev5ts1 ( ,b>b>i1 & x 0 !n t1 ?r\gh 8 amiable relations ) ,giovanni ,bell9i1 he came ne>] ?an at any o!r mom5t ( 8 life to p5etrat+ ! my/]ies ( ,italian design4 ,x is 9 ! lett]s f ,v5ice1 writt5 at ?is "t1 t 8 connection ) ! ,v5etian arti/s is made cle>1 & a /udy ( ^? writ+s w be f\nd to illum9ate 9 a mo/ int]e/+ way ,dr]'s arti/ic consci\sness1 & help to answ] ! "q ( h[ he reg>d$ 8 own "w :5 se5 9 comp>ison ) ! ,v5etians1 & 9 :at mann] ! ,v5etians reg>d$ ?is wond] work] f ! nor?4 ,,el ,,greco#da ,mr4 ,holmes has risk$ a good deal 9 acquir+ = ! nation ! new ,el ,greco4 ,! =esight & und]/&+ necess>y to br+ (f su* a c\p are n ! qualities t we look = f a ,director ( ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,patriotic p may ev5 be incl9$ to ?9k t ! :ole proce$+ smacks too mu* ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,dr4 ,bode 9 pa/ ages built up ! ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum1 l>gely at ! exp5se ( ,engli% collections4 ,ev5 be=e ! acquisition ( ! ,el ,greco !re 7 signs t ,mr4 ,holmes did n fully und]/& ! importance ( 8muddl+ ?r\gh40 ,& n[ ) ! ,el ,greco he has giv5 ! ,briti% public an electric %ock4 ,p ga!r 9 cr[ds 9 front ( x1 !y argue & discuss & lose _! temp]s4 ,?is might be intelligible en\gh if ! price 7 kn[n to be fabul\s1 b1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! price has n be5 made kn[n1 s t x is really ab\t ! picture t p get excit$4 ,& :at is m1 !y talk ab\t x z !y might talk ab\t "s contempor>y picture1 a ?+ ) :i* !y h a "r to feel delight$ or infuriat$ z ! case may be--x is n l mo/ old pictures1 a ?+ classifi$ & museumifi$1 set altoge!r ap>t f life1 an object = vague & li/less rev]5ce1 b an actual liv+ ?+1 express+ some?+ ) :i* "o has got ei!r to agree or disagree4 ,ev5 if x %\ld n be ! sup]b ma/]piece :i* mo/ ( u ?9k x is1 almo/ any sum w\ld h be5 well sp5t on a picture capable ( provok+ su* fi]ce /hetic int]e/ 9 ! cr[d4 ,t ! arti/s are excit$--nev] m s--is no wond]1 = "h is an old ma/] :o is n m]ely mod]n1 b actually appe>s a good _m /eps ahead ( u1 turn+ back to %[ u ! way4 ,immortality if y l6 ,b ! public--:at is x t makes !m 8sit up0 s surpris+ly1 "o wond]s4 ,:at makes ?is ,el ,greco 8c\nt0 ) !m z surely no ,old ,ma/] ev] did )9 memory8 ,fir/1 ,i suspect1 ! extraord9>y complet5ess ( its realisation4 ,ev5 ! mo/ casual spectator1 pass+ among pictures :i* retire discreetly beh9d _! canvases1 mu/ be /ruck by ! viol5t attack ( ^! =ms1 by a relief s out/&+ t by comp>ison ! actual sc5e1 ! gall]y & "o's neighb\rs are r$uc$ to ! key ( a ,:i/l]ian ,nocturne4 ,p>tly1 = we mu/ face ! fact1 ! melodramatic app>atus2 ! 8horrid0 rocks1 ! veil$ moon1 ! ec/atic ge/ures4 ,n ev5 ! c9ema /> c pu% expression fur!r ?an ?is4 ,p>tly1 no d\bt1 ! cl>ity & ! balanc$ rhy?m ( ! design1 ! assurance & grace ( ! h&l+2 =1 h[ev] little p may be consci\s ( x1 =mal qualities d affect _! reaction to a picture1 ?\gh !y may pass f !m almo/ imm$iately to its o!r implications4 ,& c]ta9ly "h1 if any:]e1 =mal consid]ations mu/ obtrude !mselves ev5 on ! mo/ unobs]vant4 ,! extraord9>y emphasis & amplitude ( ! rhy?m1 :i* ?us ga!rs up into a few sweep+ diagonals ! :ole complex ( ! vision1 is directly excit+ & /imulat+4 ,x affects "o l an irresi/ible melody1 & makes t organisation ( all ! p>ts into a s+le :ole1 :i* is g5]ally s difficult = ! un9itiat$1 an easy matt] = once4 ,el ,greco1 inde$1 puts ! problem ( =m & cont5t 9 a curi\s way4 ,! arti/1 ^: conc]n is ultimately &1 ,i believe1 exclusively ) =m1 w no d\bt be s c>ri$ away by ! int5sity & complet5ess ( ! design1 t he w nev] ev5 notice ! melodramatic & s5tim5tal cont5t :i* %ocks or delights ! ord9>y man4 ,x is none ! less an int]e/+ "q1 ?\gh x is r "o ( arti/s' psy*ology ?an ( /hetics1 to inquire 9 :at way ^! two ?+s1 ! melodramatic expression ( a high-pit*$ religiosity & a peculi>ly int5se feel+ = pla/ic unity & rhy?mic amplitude1 7 comb9$ 9 ,el ,greco's "w2 ev5 to ask :e!r !re c h be5 any causal connection betwe5 !m 9 ! work+s ( ,el ,greco's _s4 ,/range & extravagantly individual z ,el ,greco seems1 he 0 n really an isolat$ figure1 a miracul\s & mon/r\s app>ition ?ru/ into ! ev5 curr5t ( arti/ic movem5t4 ,he really takes 8 place alongside ( ,b]n9i z ! greate/ expon5t ( ! ,b>oque idea 9 figurative art4 ,& ! ,b>oque idea goes back to ,mi*elangelo4 ,=mally1 its ess5ce bo? 9 art & ar*itecture 0 ! utmo/ possible enl>gem5t ( ! unit ( design4 ,"o c see ?is mo/ easily 9 ar*itecture4 ,to ,bramante ! faade ( a palace 0 made up ( a s]ies ( /oreys1 ea* ) its pila/]s & w9d[s relat$ proportionally to "o ano!r1 b ea* a co-ord9ate unit ( design4 ,to ! ,b>oque ar*itect a faade 0 a s+le /orey ) pila/]s go+ ! :ole height1 & only divid$1 z x 71 by an aft]?\ght into subord9ate gr\ps correspond+ to ! sep>ate /oreys4 ,:5 x came to sculpture & pa9t+ ! same t5d5cy express$ itself by ! discov]y ( su* movem5ts z w\ld make ! p>ts ( ! body1 ! head1 trunk1 limbs1 m]ely s _m subord9ate divisions ( a s+le unit4 ,n[ to d ?is impli$ extremely emphatic & m>k$ poses1 ?\gh n necess>ily viol5t 9 ! s5se ( display+ great muscul> /ra94 ,su* poses correspond z expression to m>k$ & excessive m5tal /ates1 to conditions ( ec/acy1 or agony or int5se contemplation4 ,b ev5 m ?an to any actual poses result+ f su* /ates1 !y correspond to a c]ta9 accept$ & p>tly conv5tional language ( ge/ure4 ,!y are :at we may call rhetorical poses1 9 t !y are n s mu* ! result ( ! emotions z ( ! desire to express ^! emotions to ! onlook]4 ,:5 ! figure is drap$ ! ,b>oque idea becomes p>ticul>ly evid5t4 ,! arti/s seek volum9\s & massive g>m5ts :i* "u ! /ress ( an emphatic pose take heavy folds pass+ 9 a s+le diagonal sweep f top to bottom ( ! :ole figure4 ,9 ! figure ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y picture ,el ,greco has e/abli%$ su* a diagonal1 & has s arrang$ ! light & %ade t he gets a /atem5t ( ! same g5]al direction twice ov]1 9 ! sleeve & 9 ! drap]y ( ! ?igh4 ,b]n9i 0 a consummate ma/] ( ?is me?od ( amplify+ ! unit1 b hav+ once set up ! great wave ( rhy?m :i* held ! figure 9 a s+le sweep1 he gratifi$ 8 florid ta/e by all[+ elaborate embroid]y 9 ! subord9ate divisions1 feel+ p]fectly secure t no am\nt ( exub]ance w\ld de/roy ! firmly e/abli%$ scaffold+ ( 8 design4 ,?\gh ! psy*ology ( bo? ^! great rhetoricians is inf9itely remote f u1 we tol]ate m easily ! gloomy & ,illu/ration3 ,el ,greco4 ,allegory ,collection ,zuloaga ,plate ,,xiii4 t]rible extravagance ( ,el ,greco's melodrama ?an ! radiant effusiv5ess & amiability ( ,b]n9i's op]as4 ,b !re is ano!r cause :i* acc\nts = our pr(\nd diff]5ce ( feel+ t[>ds ^! two arti/s4 ,b]n9i und\bt$ly _h a great s5se ( design1 b he 0 also a prodigi\s arti/ic acrobat1 capable ( feats ( dizzy+ audacity1 & un=tunately he lov$ popul>ity & ! success :i* came to him s inevitably4 ,he 0 n f9e en\gh 9 gra9 to di/+ui% betwe5 8 great imag9ative gifts & ! sup]ficial virtuosity :i* made ! cr[d1 includ+ 8 ,popes1 gape ) a/oni%m5t4 ,consequ5tly he express$ great inv5tions 9 a horribly impure te*nical language4 ,el ,greco1 on ! o!r h&1 _h ! good =tune to be almo/ entirely out ( t\* ) ! public--"o picture pa9t$ = ! k+ 0 suffici5t to put him out ( c\rt = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,& 9 any case he 0 a s+ul>ly pure arti/1 he express$ 8 idea ) p]fect s9c]ity1 ) complete indiff]5ce to :at effect ! "r expression might h on ! public4 ,at no po9t is !re ! slighte/ compromise ) ! _w2 ! only issue = him is betwe5 him & 8 idea4 ,n[h]e is a viol5t =m s(t5$1 n[h]e is ! expressive quality ( bru%work blurr$ 9 ord] to give v]isimilitude ( texture2 no h>%ness ( acc5t is %irk$1 no crudity ( col\r opposition avoid$1 :]ev] ,el ,greco felt su* ?+s to be necess>y to ! realisation ( 8 idea4 ,x is ?is magnific5t c\rage & purity1 ?is total indiff]5ce to ! expectations ( ! public1 t br+ him s ne> to u to-day1 :5 m ?an ev] ! arti/ reg>ds himself z work+ = ends unguess$ at by ! mass ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,x is ?is also :i* acc\nts = ! fact t :ile ne>ly e "o %udd]s involunt>ily at ,b]n9i's s5tim5tal sug>9ess1 v few arti/s ( to-day h ev] realis$ = a mom5t h[ unsympa!tic to !m is ! lit]>y cont5t ( an ,el ,greco4 ,!y simply fail to notice :at 8 pictures are ab\t 9 ! illu/rative s5se4 ,b to return to ! nature ( ,b>oque art4 ,! old "q "h turns up4 ,did ! dog wag 8 tail because he 0 pleas$1 or 0 he pleas$ because 8 tail wagg$8 ,did ! ,b>oque arti/s *oose ec/atic subjects because !y 7 excit$ ab\t a c]ta9 k9d ( rhy?m1 or did !y elaborate ! rhy?m to express a feel+ = extreme emotional /ates8 ,!re is yet ano!r fact :i* complicates ! matt]4 ,b>oque art corresponds well en\gh 9 "t ) ! ,ca?olic reaction & ! rise ( ,jesuitism1 ) a religi\s movem5t :i* t5d$ to dwell p>ticul>ly on ^! extreme emotional /ates1 &1 9 fact1 ! ,b>oque arti/s work$ 9 entire h>mony ) ! religi\s lead]s4 ,?is w\ld look z ?\gh religion _h inspir$ ! arti/s ) a passion = c]ta9 !mes1 & ! ne$ to express ^! _h creat$ ,b>oque art4 ,i d\bt if x 0 z simple z t4 ,"s action & reaction betwe5 ! religi\s ideas ( ! "t & ! arti/s' conception !re may h be51 b ,i ?9k ! arti/s w\ld h elaborat$ ! ,b>oque idea )\t ?is ext]nal pressure4 ,= "o ?+1 ! idea goes back beh9d ,mi*elangelo to ,signorelli1 & 9 8 case1 at lea/1 "o c see no trace ( any preoccupation ) ^? psy*ological /ates1 b r a pure passion = a p>ticul> k9d ( rhy?mic design4 ,moreov]1 ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! cont9u$ enl>gem5t ( ! unit ( design 0 b\nd to occur ! mom5t arti/s recov]$ f ! debau* ( naturalism ( ! fifte5? c5tury & became consci\s aga9 ( ! dem&s ( ab/ract design4 ,9 try+ ?us to place ,el ,greco's art 9 p]spective1 ,i d n 9 ! lea/ disp>age 8 a/oni%+ individual =ce4 ,t ,el ,greco _h to an extreme degree ! quality we call g5ius is obvi\s1 b he 0 nei!r s miracul\s nor s isolat$ z we are (t5 tempt$ to suppose4 ,! exub]ance & ab&onm5t ( ,b>oque art 7 natural expressions bo? ( ! ,italian & ,spani% natures1 b !y 7 =eign to ! intellectual sev]ity ( ! ,fr5* g5ius1 & x 0 f ,france1 & 9 ! p]son ( ,p\ss91 t ! c\nt]bla/ came4 ,he1 inde$1 c\ld tol]ate no su* rapid simplification ( design4 ,he impos$ on himself endless scruples & compunctions1 mak+ arti/ic unity ! rew>d ( a long process ( selection & discov]y4 ,8 art became difficult & esot]ic4 ,p wond] sometimes at ! div]sity ( mod]n art1 b x is impossible to conceive a %>p] opposition ?an t betwe5 ,p\ss9 & ! ,b>oque4 ,x is curi\s1 !re=e1 t mod]n arti/s %\ld be able to look back ) almo/ equal rev]5ce to ,p\ss9 & to ,el ,greco4 ,9 "p1 ?is is due to ,czanne's influ5ce1 =1 f "o po9t ( view1 8 art may be reg>d$ z a syn!sis ( ^! two app>5tly adv]se conceptions ( design4 ,= ,czanne consci\sly /udi$ bo?1 tak+ f ,p\ss9 8 discretion & ! subtlety ( 8 rhy?m1 & f ,el ,greco 8 great discov]y ( ! p]meation ( e "p ( ! design ) a uni=m & cont9u\s pla/ic !me4 ,! lik5ess is inde$ sometimes />tl+4 ,"o ( ! greate/ critics ( our "t1 von ,ts*udi--( ,swiss orig91 ,i ha/5 to add1 & an enemy ( ! ,kais]--0 %[+ me ,el ,greco's 8,laocoon10 :i* he _h j b\ght = ,muni*1 :5 he :isp]$ to me1 z be+ too dang]\s a doctr9e to be spok5 al\d ev5 9 8 private room1 8,d y "k :y we admire ,el ,greco's h&l+ s mu*8 ,because x rem9ds u ( ,czanne40 ,no wond]1 !n1 t = ! arti/ ( to-day ! new ,el ,greco is ( capital importance4 ,= x %[s u ! ma/] at ! height ( 8 p[]s1 at la/ p]fectly aw>e ( 8 p]sonal conception & d>+ to give x ! complete/1 mo/ uncompromis+ expression4 ,t ! picture is 9 a m>vell\s /ate ( pres]vation & has be5 admirably clean$ adds greatly to its value4 ,dirty yell[ v>ni% no long] int]poses "h its hall[+ influ5ce betwe5 ! spectator & ! arti/'s orig9al creation4 ,s9ce ! eye c foll[ e /roke ( ! bru%1 ! m9d c recov] ! arti/'s ge/ure & almo/ ! movem5ts ( 8 m9d4 ,= nev] 0 "w m p]fectly transp>5t to ! idea1 nev] 0 an arti/'s int5tion m delib]ately & precisely record$4 ,,?ree ,,pictures ,,9 ,,temp]a ,,by ,,william ,,blake#db ,blake's f9i%$ pictures h nev] receiv$ ! same att5tion nor ar\s$ ! same admiration z 8 wa%-draw+s1 8 wood-cuts1 or 8 engrav+s4 ,x is difficult to acc\nt = ?is comp>ative neglect1 s9ce !y n only %[ comm& ( a te*nique :i* admits ( ! complete/ realisation ( ! idea1 b !y seem actually to express :at 0 p]sonal to ,blake 9 a pur] =m ?an _m ( 8 o!r works1 ) less admixture ( ^? un=tunate caprices :i* ! false romantic ta/e ( 8 day impos$ too (t5 ev5 on s orig9al & indep5d5t a g5ius4 ,! explanation may p]haps lie 9 ! fact t to mo/ p ,blake1 = all 8 inimitable gifts1 appe>s z a div9ely inspir$ amateur r ?an z a f9i%$ ma/] ( 8 art1 & !y are will+ to tol]ate :at !y reg>d z 8 imp]fect control ( =m 9 m$ia :i* admit only ( h9ts & sugge/ions ( ! arti/'s vision4 ,!re assur$ly nev] 0 a m s+ul>1 m inexplicable ph5om5on ?an ! intrusion1 z ?\gh by direct int]v5tion ( ,provid5ce1 ( ?is ,assyrian _s into ! vapidly polite circles ( eighte5?-c5tury ,london4 ,! fact t1 z f> z ! middle classes ( ,engl& 7 conc]n$1 ,puritanism _h = a c5tury & a half block$ e inlet & outlet ( poetical feel+ & imag9ative conviction save "o1 may give u a clue to ! causes ( su* a ph5om5on4 ,x 0 ! devotion ( ,puritan ,engl& to ! ,bible1 to ! ,old ,te/am5t especially1 t f$ su* a _s z ,blake's directly f ! s\rces ( ! mo/ primeval1 ! va/e/ & mo/ ab/ract imag]y :i* we possess4 ,brood+ on ! vague & trem5d\s images ( ,hebrew & ,*aldan poetry1 he arriv$ at su* indiff]5ce to ! actual mat]ial _w1 at su* an intimate p]ception ( ! elem5tal =ces :i* sway ! _s ) immortal hopes & inf9ite t]rors :5 x is mo/ )drawn f its bodily conditions1 t :at 0 giv5 to 8 int]nal vision became incomp>ably m def9ite1 m precisely & m cle>ly articulat$1 ?an any?+ pres5t$ to 8 s5ses4 ,8 =ms are ! visible c\nt]p>ts to ^? words1 l ! deep1 _m wat]s1 firmam5t1 ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 pit & ho/1 ^: resonant ov]tones blur & enri* ! s5se ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,blake's art moves u1 if at all1 by a simil> evocation ( va/ elem5tal =ces4 ,he deals directly ) ^! spiritual s5sations1 br++ 9 f ext]nal nature ! lea/ possible cont5t :i* w enable him to create visible =ms at all4 ,b ?\gh he pu%$ !m to _! fur!/ limits1 ev5 he c\ld n transc5d ! b\nds :i* beset pictorial language2 ev5 he 0 =c$ to take some?+ ( ext]nal nature ) him into 8 vision>y _w1 & 8 wilde/ inv5tions are b recomb9ations & di/ort$ memories ( ! actual objects ( s5se4 ,by ! /range/ irony1 too1 ! =ms :i* came to 8 h& z ! readie/ means ( express+ 8 /up5d\s conceptions 7 9 !mselves ! lea/ expressive1 ! lea/ gr&iose1 t ev] art has dealt )4 ,x 0 ) ! worn-out rags ( an effete classical tradition long ago empti$ ( all mean+1 & giv5 ov] to turgid rhetorical display1 t ,blake _h to piece toge!r ! visible g>m5ts ( 8 maje/ic & pr(\nd ideas4 ,! complete obsession ( 8 nature by ^! ideas 9 itself compell$ him to ?is3 he 0 entirely )\t curiosity ab\t su* trivial & ephem]al ?+s z ! e>? conta9$4 ,8 0 ! mo/ anti-,hell5ic temp]am5t2 he _h no conc]n1 ei!r gay or s]i\s1 ) ph5om5a2 !y 7 too transp>5t to arre/ 8 eye1 & t pati5t & sci5tific qu>ry+ f ! inf9ite possibilities ( nature ( j ! appropriate =ms to convey 8 ideas 0 beyond ! p[]s ) :i* nature & ! poor traditions ( 8 day suppli$ him4 ,t9toretto1 :o _h 9 "s respects a simil> temp]am5t1 :o felt a simil> ne$ ( convey+ directly ! revelations ( 8 int]nal vision1 0 m happily situat$4 ,he 01 by comp>ison1 a trivial & vulg> se]1 b ! ri*ness & expressive p[] ( ! =ms :i* lay to 8 h& 9 ,titian's & ,mi*elangelo's art enabl$ him to atta9 a m unque/ionable a*ievem5t4 ,b1 all[+ = circum/ances1 :at ,blake did 0 surely m consid]able & impli$ a great] %e] lift ( imag9ative ef=t4 ,t x 0 an attempt :i* rema9$ almo/ )\t consequ5ces1 isolat$ & incomplete--m>r$1 too1 by a c]ta9 incoh]5ce & want ( reasonable co-ord9ation--mu/ be all[$1 & may p]haps expla9 :y ,blake is n univ]sally admitt$ among our greate/4 ,! ,byzant9e /yle1 he decl>es1 0 directly & div9ely reveal$ to him2 & :e!r ?is 7 s1 or :e!r he obta9$ x by ! dim indications ( ,ottley's pr9ts1 or ?r\gh illum9at$ manuscripts1 ! m>vell\s fact rema9s t he did succe$ 9 recov]+ = a mom5t t pri/9e directness & gr&eur ( expression :i* puts him beside ! great ,byzant9e design]s z ! only fit int]pret] ( ,hebrew my?ology4 ,8 8,flight into ,egypt0#dc w at once recall ,giotto's treatm5t ( ! subject 9 ! ,ar5a *apel at ,padua2 b ! lik5ess is1 9 a s5se1 deceptive1 = ,giotto 0 work+ away f ,byzant9ism z fa/ z ,blake 0 work+ t[>ds x1 & ! two pass "o ano!r on ! road4 ,= !re is "h b little ( ,giotto's t5d] human feel+1 less /ill ( 8 robu/ rationalism2 :at !y h 9 common1 :at ,blake r$iscov]$ & ,giotto inh]it$1 is ! s5tim5t ( sup]natural dignity1 ! hi]atic solemnity & sup]human purposefulness ( ! ge/ures4 ,ev5 m ?an 9 ,giotto's v]sion1 ! ,virg9 "h sits on ! ass z ?\gh en?ron$ 9 monum5tal /ate1 h] limbs fix$ 9 ! rigid symmetry :i* ori5tal art has us$ to express complete )drawal f ! _w ( s5se4 ,no less p]fect 9 its expressiv5ess ( ! /range & exalt$ mood is ! movem5t1 repeat$ ) su* impressive monotony1 9 ! figures ( ,joseph & ! ar*angel4 ,x is absurd1 we ?9k1 to d5y to ! man :o discov]$ ! l9es ( ^! figures ! p[] ( draughtsman%ip4 ,s9ce ,giotto's day sc>cely any "o has drawn ?us--simplification has be5 possible only z ! la/ ef=t ( consummate sci5ce ref9+ away ! sup]flu\s2 b "h ! simplification ( ! =ms is ! result ( an in/9ctive passionate rea*+ out = ! direct symbol ( ! idea4 ,blake's art inde$ is a te/ case = our !ories ( /hetics4 ,x boldly makes ! plea = art t x is a language = convey+ impassion$ ?\ght & feel+1 :i* takes up ! objects ( s5se ,illu/ration3 ,blake4 ,ba?%eba ,tate ,gall]y ,plate ,,xiv4 z a means to ?is end1 ow+ !m no allegiance & accept+ f !m only ! s]vice t !y c r5d] = ?is purpose4 8,poetry10 says ,blake1 8consi/s 9 bold1 d>+1 & ma/]ly conceptions2 & %all pa9t+ be conf9$ to ! sordid drudg]y ( facsimile repres5tations ( m]ely mortal & p]i%+ sub/ances1 & n be1 z poetry & music are1 elevat$ into its own prop] sph]e ( inv5tion & vision>y conception80 ,! !ory t art appeals solely by ! associat$ ideas ( ! natural objects x imitates is easily refut$ :5 we consid] music & ar*itecture2 9 ^? at lea/ ! appeal to ! _s is made directly 9 a language :i* has no o!r use ?an t ( convey+ its own prop] ideas & feel+s4 ,b 9 pictorial art ! fallacy t nature is ! mi/ress in/ead ( ! s]vant seems almo/ in]adicable1 & x is difficult to conv9ce p t increas$ sci5tific inve/igation ( ph5om5a1 increas$ k ( h[ ?+s pres5t !mselves to our sight1 *anges ! mode1 b does n necess>ily increase ! p[]1 ( pictorial expression4 ,! ,byzant9e arti/s1 ) a k ( appe>ances inf9itely less ?an t ( ! av]age art /ud5t ( to-day1 c\ld compass ! expression ( imag9ative tru?s :i* our mo/ accompli%$ reali/s d>e n attempt4 ,! ess5tial p[] ( pictorial z ( all o!r arts lies 9 its use ( a fundam5tal & univ]sal symbolism1 & :oev] has ! in/9ct = ?is c convey 8 ideas1 ?\gh possess$ ( only ! mo/ rudim5t>y k ( ! actual =ms ( nature2 :ile he :o has x n c by no accumulation ( obs]v$ facts add any?+ to ! spiritual treasure ( mank9d4 ,( ?is language ( symbolic =m 9 :i* ! _s communicates its mo/ secret & indef9able impulses ,blake 0 an eloqu5t & p]suasive ma/]4 ,he c\ld use x1 too1 to ! mo/ div]se ends2 & ?\gh ! sublimity :i* is bas$ ^u dread came mo/ readily to 8 m9d1 he c\ld express1 z we h se5 9 ! 8,flight into ,egypt10 ! sublimity ( div9e introspection4 ,9 ! 8,david & ,ba?%eba0 7see ,plate7 he t\*es a diff]5t note1 & he %[s 8 true p[] ( symbolic expression 9 ?is1 t x is n by ! treatm5t ( ! figure itself1 n by any ord9>y s5sual enticem5ts1 t he gives ! atmosph]e ( voluptu\s ab&onm5t4 ,x is r 9 ! extravagant tropical fl[]s1 9 ! ar*itecture :i* itself blossoms ) ori5tal exub]ance1 9 ! fi]y orange ( ! cl\ds se5 beh9d trees pret]naturally virid1 t ! _s is bewild]$ ) anticipations ( extravagant bliss4 ,! picture might be describ$ 9 ,blake's own t]m9ology z ! m5tal ab/ract ( voluptu\sness4 ,all art gives u an exp]i5ce fre$ f ! di/urb+ conditions ( actual life4 ,blake's art1 m conc5trat$ ?an mo/1 gives u an exp]i5ce :i* is remov$ m entirely f bodily & physiological accompanim5ts1 & our exp]i5ce has ! purity1 ! int5sity1 & ! ab/raction ( a dream4 ,,claude#dd ,9 spite ( all ! attacks ( critics1 9 spite ( ! developm5t ( emphasis & high flav\r 9 mod]n romantic l&scape1 :i* might well h spoilt u = 8 cool simplicity1 ,claude /ill lives1 n1 inde$1 z "o ( ! gods ( ! sale-room1 b 9 ! he>ts ( contemplative & undemon/rative p4 ,?is is surely an int]e/+ & enc\rag+ fact4 ,x means t a v purely arti/ic & poetical appeal /ill f9ds its response 9 ! abs5ce ( all subsidi>y int]e/s & attractions4 ,! appeal is1 inde$1 a v limit$ "o1 t\*+ only c]ta9 highly self-consci\s & sophi/icat$ moods1 b x is1 )9 its limits1 s s9c]e & s poignant t ,claude's v fail+s become1 z x 71 an ess5tial "p ( its expression4 ,^! fail+s are1 inde$1 s _m & s obvi\s t x is n to be wond]$ at if1 n[ & aga91 !y bl9d ev5 a s5sitive nature l ,rusk9's to ! fundam5tal beauty & gr&eur ( ,claude's revelation4 ,b we mu/ be c>eful n to c\nt z fail+s qualities :i* are ess5tial to ! p>ticul> k9d ( beauty t ,claude envisages1 ?\gh1 to be q frank1 x is sometimes h>d to make up "o's m9d :e!r a p>ticul> *>act]i/ic is a lucky defect or a calculat$ negation4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! peculi> gau*]ie ( 8 articulations4 ,claude kn[s less1 p]haps1 ?an any consid]able l&scape pa9t]--less ?an ! mo/ m$iocre ( mod]n l&scapi/s--h[ to lead f "o object to ano!r4 ,8 =egr\nds are cov]$ ) clumsily arrang$ leaves :i* h no organic gr[?1 & :i*1 z (t5 z n1 lie on ! gr\nd in/ead ( spr++ f x4 ,8 trees frequ5tly isolate !mselves helplessly f _! p>5t soil4 ,9 p>ticul>1 :5 he wants a rep\ssoir 9 ! =egr\nd at ei!r end ( 8 composition he has rec\rse to a clumsily con/ruct$ old b>e trunk1 :i* has little m mean+ ?an a /age prop]ty4 ,ev5 9 8 composition !re are navets :i* may or may n be int5tional3 sometimes !y h ! happie/ effect1 at o!rs !y seem n *ildlike b *ildi%4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is 8 frequ5t habit ( divid+ spaces equally1 bo? v]tically & horizontally1 ei!r plac+ 8 horizontal l9e half-way up ! picture1 or a pr9cipal build+ on ! c5tral v]tical l9e4 ,at times ?is seems ! la/ ^w ( a highly subtilis$ simplicity1 ( an artifice :i* conceals itself2 at o!rs "o _c be sure t x is n due to incapacity4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a real excuse = ,rusk9's exagg]at$ p>adox t ,claude's draw+s look l ! "w ( a *ild ( t54 ,!re is a :ole _w ( beauty :i* "o mu/ n look = at all 9 ,claude4 ,all t beauty ( ! sudd5 & unexpect$ revelation ( an unsuspect$ tru? :i* ! ,go?ic & ,e>ly ,r5aissance art provides is abs5t f ,claude4 ,z ! eye foll[s 8 l9e x is n[h]e arre/$ by a s5se ( surprise at its repres5tative p[]1 nor by t peculi> ?rill :i* comes f ! communication ( "s vital creative =ce 9 ! arti/4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ,claude's draw+ ( m\nta9s1 :i* he knew & /udi$ con/antly1 ) ,rembr&t's4 ,rembr&t _h probably nev] se5 m\nta9s1 b he obta9$ a m intimate und]/&+ by ! light ( 8 inn] vision ?an ,claude c\ld ev] atta9 to by famili>ity & /udy4 ,we ne$ n g to ,claude's figures1 :]e he is notori\sly feeble & sup]ficially ,raphaelesque1 9 ord] to f9d h[ weak 0 8 hold ^u "*1 :atev] ! object he set himself to int]pret4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a mo/ c>eful & elaborate /udy ( ! rocky %ores ( a /ream4 ,claude has ev5 attempt$ "h to r5d] ! contort$ /ratification ( ! riv]-b$1 b )\t any ( t intimate imag9ative grasp ( ! t5sion & /ress :i* und]lie ! appe>ance :i* ,turn] c\ld give 9 a few hurri$ scrat*es4 ,no "o1 we may surmise1 ev] lov$ trees m deeply ?an ,claude1 & we "k t he prid$ himself on 8 c>eful obs]vation ( ! diff]5ce ( _! specific *>act]s2 & yet he w articulate _! bran*es 9 ! mo/ haphaz>d1 p]functory mann]4 ,!re is no?+ 9 all ,claude's innum]able draw+s :i* reveals ! inn] life ( ! tree itself1 its aspirations t[>ds air & light1 its /ruggle ) gravitation & w9d1 z "o little draw+ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci does4 ,all ^! defects might pass m easily 9 a turbul5t romantici/1 hurry+ pell mell to get express$ "s mov+ & dramatic sc5e1 c>eless ( details s long z ! ma9 movem5t 7 asc]ta9$1 b !re is none ( ?is fire 9 ,claude4 ,x is ) sl[ pond]ation & delib]ate c>e t he places be=e u 8 p]functory & g5]alis$ /atem5ts1 f9i%+ & poli%+ !m ) rel5tless assiduity1 & n infrequ5tly giv+ u details t we d n desire & :i* add no?+ b platitude to ! too prolix /atem5t4 ,all ?is & mu* m ! admir] ( ,claude w be wise to conc$e to ! adv]s>y1 & if ! latt] ask :]e9 ! beauty ( a ,claude lies he may ) m ju/ice ?an 9 any o!r case fall back on ! reply ( "o ( ,du ,mauri]'s /hetes1 89 ! picture40 ,= !re is assur$ly a k9d ( beauty :i* is n only compatible ) ^! defects b p]haps 9 "s degree dep5ds on !m4 ,we "k & recognise x well en\gh 9 lit]ature4 ,to take a r&om in/ance4 ,rac9e makes ,titus say 9 8,brnice03 8,de mon aimable erreur je suis dsabus40 ,?is may be a dull1 weak1 & col\rless mode ( expression1 b if he _h said ) ,%akespe>e1 8,n[ old desire do? 9 8 dea?-b$ lie1 & "y affection gapes to be 8 heir10 we %\ld feel t x w\ld de/roy ! p>ticul> k9d ( ev5 & unacc5t$ h>mony at :i* ,rac9e aim$4 ,rob]t ,bridges1 9 8 essay on ,keats1 v aptly describes = lit]ature ! k9d ( beauty :i* we f9d 9 ,%akespe>e3 8! p[] ( conc5trat+ all ! f>-rea*+ res\rces ( language on "o po9t1 s t a s+le & app>5tly ef=tless expression rejoices ! /hetic imag9ation at ! mom5t :5 x is mo/ expectant & exact+40 ,t1 cet]is p>ibus1 applies admirably to c]ta9 k9ds ( design4 ,x corresponds to ! n]v\s t\* ( a ,pollajuolo or a ,rembr&t4 ,b ,claude's l9e is almo/ n]veless & dull4 ,ev5 :5 x is mo/ rapid & free x nev] surprises u by any intimate revelation ( "*1 any summ>y indications ( ! c5tral tru?4 ,b x has a c]ta9 inexpressive beauty ( its own4 ,x is nev] elegant1 nev] florid1 &1 above all1 nev] has any o/5tation ( clev]ness4 ,! beauty ( ,claude's "w is n to be s\ght prim>ily 9 8 draw+3 x is n a beauty ( expressive p>ts b ! beauty ( a :ole4 ,x corresponds 9 fact to ! poetry ( 8 c5tury--to ,milton or ,rac9e4 ,x is 9 ! cumulative effect ( ! p]fect co-ord9ation ( p>ts none ( :i* is by itself capable ( absorb+ our att5tion or fasc9at+ our imag9ation t ! p[] ( a picture by ,claude lies4 ,x is ! unity & n ! cont5t t affects u4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 cont5t1 b ! cont5t is only adequate to its purpose & nev] claims our att5tion on its own acc\nt4 ,! objects he pres5ts to u h no claim on him b z p>ts ( a s*eme4 ,!y h no life & purpose ( _! own1 & = t v reason x is "r t !y %\ld be /at$ 9 vague & g5]al t]ms4 ,he wi%es a tree to convey to ! eye only :at ! ^w 8tree0 might sugge/ at once to ! inn] vision4 ,we ?9k fir/ ( ! mass ( wav+ %ade held up aga9/ ! brilliance ( ! sky1 & ?is1 ev5 ) all 8 detail$ elaboration1 is ab\t :]e ,claude1 :e!r by good =tune or design1 leaves u4 ,x is ! same ) 8 rocks1 8 wat]1 8 animals4 ,!y are all made = ! m5tal imag]y ( ! contemplative w&]]1 n ( ! acute & ard5t obs]v]4 ,b :]e ,claude is supreme is 9 ! m>vell\s inv5tion ) :i* he comb9es & recomb9es ^! ab/ract symbols s z to ar\se 9 u m purely ?an nature h]self c ! mood ( pa/oral delight4 ,t ,claude 0 deeply influ5c$ by ,virgil "o w\ld naturally suppose f 8 antiqu>ian classicism1 & a draw+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %[s t he _h ! idea ( illu/rat+ ! neid4 ,9 any case 8 pictures translate into ! language ( pa9t+ mu* ( ! s5tim5t ( ,virgil's ,eclogues1 & t ) a purity & grace t rival 8 orig9al4 ,9 8 l&scapes ,melibu always leaves 8 goats to repose ) ,daphnis "u ! murmur+ %ade1 wait+ till 8 h]ds come ( !mselves to dr9k at ! =d1 or 9 sadd] moods ( passionless regret "o he>s ! la/ murmurs ( ! lam5t = ,gallus z ! well-pa/ur$ goats turn homew>ds b5ea? ! ev5+ />4 ,claude is ! mo/ ard5t wor%ipp] t ev] 0 ( ! g5ius loci4 ,( 8 l&scapes "o always feels t 8"s god is 9 ?is place40 ,nev]1 x is true1 "o ( ! great] gods3 no my/]i\s & fe>ful ,pan1 no s\l-/irr+ ,bac*us or all-embrac+ ,demet]2 sc>cely1 ?\gh he tri$ m ?an once delib]ately to invoke !m1 ,apollo & ! ,muses1 b "s mild local deity1 ! inhabitant ( a ru/ic %r9e ^: pres5ce only height5s ! glam\r ( ! sc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,claude4 ,l&scape ,prado1 ,madrid ,plate ,,xv4 ,x is ! s9c]ity ( ?is wor%ip1 & ! purity & directness ( its expression1 :i* makes ! lov] ( l&scape turn ) su* con/ant affection to ,claude1 & ! *ief means by :i* he communicates x is ! unity & p]fection ( 8 g5]al design2 x is n by =m consid]$ 9 itself1 b by ! plann+ ( 8 tone divisions1 t he appeals1 & "h1 at lea/1 he is a pa/ ma/]4 ,?is spl5did ar*itecture ( ! tone masses is1 inde$1 ! really great quality 9 8 pictures2 its p]fection & solidity are :at enables !m to be> ! weight ( s meticul\s &1 to our m9ds1 tiresome an elaboration ( detail )\t loss ( unity1 & enables u ev5 to accept ! enamell$ h>dness & tightness ( 8 surface4 ,b _m p ( to-day1 accu/om$ to our m elliptical & quick-witt$ modes ( expression1 are s impati5t ( ^! qualities t !y c only appreciate ,claude's greatness ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 draw+s1 :]e ! g5]al skeleton ( ! design is se5 )\t its adornm5ts1 & 9 a m$ium :i* he us$ ) p]fect ease & und5iable beauty4 ,?us to reject ! pictures is1 ,i ?9k1 an error1 because x 0 only :5 a design _h be5 expos$ to con/ant correction & purification t ,claude got out ( x its utmo/ expressiv5ess1 & 8 improvisations /eadily gr[ "u 8 critical revision to _! full p]fection4 ,b 9 ! draw+s1 at all ev5ts1 ,claude's great p[]s ( design are readily se51 & ! /udy ( ! draw+s has ?is advantage also1 t ?r\gh !m we come to "k ( a ,claude ^: exi/5ce we c\ld nev] h suspect$ by exam9+ only 8 f9i%$ pictures4 ,9 speak+ ( ! draw+s x is well to recognise t !y fall into diff]5t classes ) diff]5t purposes & aims4 ,we ne$ n1 = in/ance1 "h consid] ! records ( f9i%$ compositions 9 ! 8,lib] ,v]itatis40 ,!re rema9 designs = pa9t+s 9 all /ages ( complet5ess1 f ! fir/ sugge/ive idea to ! f9i%$ c>toon & ! draw+s f nature4 ,x is1 p]haps1 sc>cely necess>y to rem>k t x w\ld h be5 q =eign to ,claude's conception ( 8 art to h pa9t$ a picture f nature4 ,he1 himself1 cle>ly di/+ui%$ %>ply betwe5 8 /udies & 8 compositions4 ,8 /udies1 !re=e1 7 n incipi5t pictures1 b ex]cises done = 8 own pleasure or = ! f]tility !y gave to 8 subsequ5t inv5tion1 & !y h ! un*eck$ spontaneity & fre$om ( h& t "o w\ld expect 9 su* unreflect+ "w4 ,^! /udies aga9 fall into two gr\ps3 fir/1 /udies ( detail1 g5]ally ( foliage or ( tree =ms1 & occasionally ( rocks & fl[]s2 & secondly1 /udies ( g5]al effects4 ,( ! /udies ( detail ,i h already said some?+4 ,!y h ! *>m ( an easy & di/+ui%$ calligraphy1 & ( a ref9$ selection ( ! decorative possibilities ( ! ?+s se51 b )\t any ( t p5etrat+ inve/igation ( _! vital nature :i* gives its *ief beauty to ! be/ "w ( ?is k9d4 ,x is1 inde$1 9 ! second gr\p ( /udies f nature t we come f "t to "t ^u motives t />tle & surprise u4 ,we f9d 9 ^! a susceptibility to natural *>ms :i*1 9 its wid? ( range & fre$om f ! traditional limitations ( ! art ( l&scape1 is mo/ rem>kable4 ,"h we f9d n only ,claude ! prim sev5te5?-c5tury classic1 b ,claude ! romantici/1 anticipat+ ! *ief ideas ( ,corot's lat] developm5t1#de & ,claude ! impressioni/1 anticipat+ ,:i/l] & ! discov]y ( ,*9ese l&scape1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! m>vell\s ap]u ( a mi/ effect1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#df ,or1 aga91 9 a view :i* is q diff]5t f any ( ^!1 b q z remote f ! ,claude ( ! oil-pa9t+s1 9 ! great view ( ! ,tib]1 a ma/]piece ( hurri$1 almo/ unconsci\s plann+ ( bold contra/s ( transp>5t gloom & dazzl+ light on wat] & pla94 ,! impression "o gets f look+ ?r\gh a collection ( ,claude's draw+s l t at ! ,briti% ,museum is ( a man )\t any ke5 feel+ = objects 9 !mselves1 b s+ul>ly op5 to impressions ( g5]al effects 9 nature1 wat*+ always = ! %ift+ patt]ns ( foliage & sky to arrange !mselves 9 "s beautifully significant patt]n & *oos+ x ) f9e & critical ta/e4 ,b at ! same "t he 0 a man ) vigor\s ideas ( ! laws ( design & ! necessity ( p]fectly realis$ unity1 & to ?is ,i suppose "o mu/ ascribe ! curi\s contra/ betwe5 ! n>r[ limits ( 8 "w 9 oil z comp>$ ) ! wide range1 ! fre$om ,illu/ration3 ,claude4 ,wat]-col\r ,briti% ,museum ,plate ,,xvi4 & ! pr(\nd orig9ality ( 8 "w z a draughtsman4 ,among all ^! innum]able effects :i* 8 ready susceptibility l$ him to record he f\nd b a few :i* 7 capable ( be+ r$uc$ to t logical & ma!matical =mula :i* he dem&$ be=e complete realisation c\ld be tol]at$4 ,9 8 draw+s he composes sometimes ) /rong diagonal l9es1 sometimes ) free & un/able balance4 ,9 8 pictures he has rec\rse to a regul> sy/em ( pol>ity1 balanc+ 8 masses c>efully on ei!r side ( ! c5tre1 sometimes ev5 fram+ x 9 l a !atrical sc5e ) two rep\ssoirs pu%$ 9 on ei!r side4 ,"o mu/ suppose1 !n1 t he approa*$ ! composition ( 8 pictures ) a c]ta9 timidity1 t he felt t safety :5 work+ on a l>ge scale c\ld only be secur$ by a c]ta9 recognis$ type ( /ructure1 s t out ( all ! v>i\s moods ( nature to :i* 8 s5sitive _s answ]$ only "o l5t itself to complete expression4 ,"o wi%es at times t he _h tri$ m4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a half-effac$ draw+ on blue pap]1 an idea = treat+ ! ,noli me tang]e :i*1 _h he work$ x out1 w\ld h add$ to 8 complete ma/]y ( bucolic l&scape a ma/]piece ( :at "o may call tragic l&scape4 ,x is true t "h1 z else:]e1 ! figures are 9 !mselves totally inadequate1 b !y sugge/$ an unusual & int5se key to ! l&scape4 ,on ! outskirts ( a dimly sugge/$ wood1 ! figures meet & hold conv]se2 to ! "r ! m\nd ( ,calv>y glimm]s pale & gho/-l aga9/ ! night sky1 :ile ov] ! di/ant city ! fir/ p9k flu% ( dawn beg9s4 ,x is an int5sely poetical conception4 ,claude has "h creat$ a l&scape 9 h>mony ) deep]1 m my/ical aspirations ?an else:]e1 &1 _h he giv5 free re9 to 8 s5sibilities1 we %\ld look to him ev5 m ?an we d n[ z ! greate/ inv5tor ( ! motives ( pure l&scape4 ,z x is1 ! only ideas to :i* he gave complete ?\gh con/antly v>i$ expression are ^? ( pa/oral repose4 ,claude's view ( l&scape is false to nature 9 t x is entirely an?ropoc5tric4 ,8 trees exi/ = pleasant %ade2 8 peasants to give u ! illusion ( pa/oral life1 n to toil = a liv+4 ,8 _w is n to be liv$ 91 only to be look$ at 9 a mood ( pleas+ melan*oly or suave rev]ie4 ,x is1 !re=e1 z true to "o aspect ( human desire z x is false to ! facts ( life4 ,x may be admitt$ t ?is is n ! f9e/ k9d ( art--x is ! art ( a self-c5tr$ & ref9$ luxury :i* looks on nature z a g>d5 to its own pleasure-h\se--b few w d5y its g5ial & mod]at+ *>m1 & few ( u live s /r5u\sly z nev] to feel a s5se ( no/algia = t ,saturnian reign to :i* ,virgil & ,claude c waft u4 ,,aubrey ,,be>dsley',s ,,draw+s#dg ,messrs4 ,c>fax h on view ! mo/ complete collection ( ,be>dsley's draw+s t has hi!rto be5 %[n4 ,! developm5t ( 8 precoci\s & ecc5tric g5ius c "h be /udi$ 9 typical examples4 ,we h ! draw+s ( 8 *ildhood--draw+s inspir$ by ,dicky ,doyle & ,robida1 b 9 :i* is already app>5t 8 proclivity to ! expression ( moral depravity4 ,we pass at a leap f ^! crude & arti/ically feeble works to ! a/oni%+ 8,siegfri$10 9 :i* he is already a complete & assur$ ma/] ( an entirely p]sonal /yle4 ,f ?is "t onw>ds1 = ! rema9+ six ye>s ( 8 life1 ,be>dsley kept on produc+ ) ! f]tility ( ^? arti/s :om ! presage ( an e>ly dea? /imulates to a desp]ate activity4 ,8 /yle 0 con/antly *ang+ 9 accid5tals1 b always ! same 9 ess5tials4 ,he 0 a confirm$ eclectic1 borr[+ f all ages & all c\ntries4 ,& true eclectic & g5u9e arti/ z he 01 he conv]t$ all 8 borr[+s to 8 own purposes4 ,x matt]$ no?+ :at he f$ on2 ! /range & p]v]se economy ( 8 nature conv]t$ ! food into a poison4 ,8 l9e is bas$ ^u t ( ,antonio ,pollajuolo4 ,aga9 & aga9 9 8 draw+s ( ! nude we see h[ c>efully he mu/ h copi$ t ma/] ( /ructural & n]v\s l9e4 ,b he uses x = some?+ q o!r ?an its orig9al purpose2 he conv]ts x f a l9e expressive ( muscul> t5sion & virile =ce into "o expressive ( corruption & decay4 ,mantegna1 too1 0 a fav\rite ) ,be>dsley1 :o seems to h _h a k9d ( crav+ = ! opposites to 8 own pr$om9ant qualities2 & f ,mantegna1 ! mo/ au/]e ( ,italians1 he d]iv$ aga9 & aga9 motives = 8 illu/rations ( depravity4 ,! eighte5? c5tury1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ev5 ! pure/ ,greek art1 7 all press$ into 8 s]vice2 ! only ?+ he c\ld d no?+ ) 0 nature itself4 ,"h he 0 entirely at a loss1 & :5ev] he yield$ to ! pressure ( contempor>y fa%ions & attempt$ to record impressions ( ?+s se51 z 9 ! topical illu/rations ( plays :i* he contribut$ to ! ,pall ,mall ,magaz9e1 he fail$ to be ev5 m$iocre4 ,ev]y?+ t 0 to be 9 ! lea/ expressive _h to come entirely f )91 f ! nightm>es ( 8 own imag9ation4 ,8 amaz+ gift ( h& is p]haps ! quality :i* mo/ obvi\sly attracts att5tion1 ! quality :i* ende>$ him mo/ to publi%]s & process-block mak]s4 ,x 0 ! "o indisputable quality he possess$1 n to be d5i$ by ! mo/ adv]se critic1 & yet 9 itself x is no m ?an ?\s&s ( j\rneym5 arti/s--engrav]s1 die-cutt]s1 & su* l--h always possess$4 ,nor1 to be p]fectly frank1 is ! quality ( 8 l9e ( a v high ord]2 its precision is n unfrequ5tly me*anical4 ,:i/l] call$ him ! la/ ( ! writ+-ma/]s1 & !re 0 a tru? 9 ?is1 if we may add t ! /yle ( writ+ :i* he fav\r$ 0 deg5]ate4 ,8 long1 me&]+ fl\ri%es end+ 9 %>p spikes & dots1 h[ev] firm & precise ! l9e1 are (t5 mean 9 int5tion & poor 9 quality4 ,:at is des]v+ ( real admiration is ! f]tility ( 8 inv5tion1 ! skill ) :i* he f9ds ! =mula :i* corresponds1 9 8 peculi> language1 ) :at he wants to describe4 ,z an in/ance1 "o may take ! g>d5 backgr\nd to ! 8,platonic ,lam5t0 9 ! ,salome s]ies1 :]e ! rose trellis & cut yew-tree beh9d are brilliant examples ( ?is k9d ( epitomis$ description4 ,/ill m important arti/ically1 & closely connect$ ) ?is p[] ( inv5tion1 is ! real beauty ( 8 spac+1 ! admirable plann+ ( masses ( black & :ite4 ,at times1 z 9 ! 8,danc]'s ,rew>d10 he rises almo/ to ! height ( ! great ,greek vase-pa9t]s 9 ?is respect1 ?\gh1 if we look ev5 at ?is 9 detail1 ! l9e has an intricacy1 a mesqu9]ie1 :i* is ! v opposite ( ! ,greek ideal ( draughtsman%ip4 ,no less rem>kable is 8 success 9 ! decorative plann+ ( ?ree tones1 ( black1 :ite1 & grey1 & he divides ^! ) su* subtle skill t = once x is n a m]e false analogy to talk ( ! col\r effect ( designs 9 black & :ite2 = he s disposes ! ?ree tones1 gett+ ! grey by an ev5ly di/ribut$ network ( f9e black l9es1 t ea* tone produces ! s5sation ( some?+ z di/9ct f ! o!rs z d flat wa%es ( diff]5t t9ts4 ,! 8,frontispiece to ,salome0 is an excell5t example ( ?is4 ,be>dsley _h1 !n1 9 an extraord9>y degree ! decorative impulse1 ! motive :i* made ! m$ival scribe fl\ri% 8 p5 all ov] ! m>g9s ( 8 vellum page2 &1 spurr$ by ?is impulse1 he _h ! pati5ce ( an ,indian craftsman1 cov]+ :ole %eets ) m9ute dots & sc>cely p]ceptible l9es4 ,?is in/9ct 9 its pure/ =m r>ely makes = ! f9e/ art2 x is only :5 controll$ by a l>g]1 m g5ial s5tim5t = ar*itectural mass t x becomes ennobl$1 & ) ,be>dsley1 9 spite ( ! bold oppositions ( 8 blacks & :ites1 9 spite ( 8 occasional wilful simplification1 ?is r>ely occurr$4 ,"o might ev5 argue t to "s ext5t ,be>dsley's moral p]v]sity actually prev5t$ him1 9 spite ( 8 extraord9>y specific tal5t = design1 f ev] becom+ a great design]4 ,x is j t mesqu9]ie ( l9e1 t littl5ess & intricacy ( ! m]e decorator1 t love ( elegance r ?an beauty1 :i* on purely arti/ic gr\nds "o f9ds to be 8 great fail+1 t he *]i%$ z a means ( express+ 8 diabolism4 ,b if ,be>dsley 0 corrupt1 he 0 c]ta9ly s9c]e 9 8 corruption4 ,!re is no sugge/ion 9 8 "w1 z 9 t ( "s mod]n arti/s1 l ,seor ,zuloaga1 t corruption is an affectation tak5 up 9 ord] to a/oni% ! b\rgeoisie4 ,be>dsley is nev] funny or amus+ or witty2 8 attempts 9 ?is direction are contemptible2 /ill less is he voluptu\s or s$uctive2 he is v s]i\s1 v mu* 9 e>ne/4 ,!re is ev5 a t\* ( hi]atic au/]ity & pomp 9 8 /yle1 z becomes ! ar*-prie/ ( a ,satanic cultus4 ,he has1 inde$1 all ! /igmata ( ! religi\s arti/--! love ( pure decoration1 ! pati5t elaboration & enri*m5t ( surface1 ! pr$ilection = flat tones & precision ( cont\r1 ! want ( ! s5se ( mass & relief1 ! extravagant ri*ness ( inv5tion4 ,x is z ! ,fra ,angelico ( ,satanism t 8 "w w always h an int]e/ = ^? :o are curi\s ab\t ?is recurr5t phase ( complex civilisations4 ,b if we are "r 9 our analysis ( 8 "w1 ! f9e/ qualities ( design c nev] be appropriat$ to ! expression ( su* morbid & p]v]t$ ideals2 nobility & g5iality ( design are atta9$ only by ^? :o1 :atev] _! actual temp]am5t1 *]i% ^! qualities 9 _! imag9ation4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,po/-,,impressioni/s#dh ,:5 ! fir/ ,po/-,impressioni/ ,exhibition 0 held 9 ^! ,gall]ies two ye>s ago ! ,engli% public became = ! fir/ "t fully aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( a new movem5t 9 art1 a movem5t :i* 0 ! m disconc]t+ 9 t x 0 no m]e v>iation ^u accept$ !mes b impli$ a reconsid]ation ( ! v purpose & aim z well z ! me?ods ( pictorial & pla/ic art4 ,x 0 n surpris+1 !re=e1 t a public :i* _h come to admire above ev]y?+ 9 a picture ! skill ) :i* ! arti/ produc$ illusion %\ld h res5t$ an art 9 :i* su* skill 0 completely subord9at$ to ! direct expression ( feel+4 ,accusations ( clums9ess & incapacity 7 freely made1 ev5 aga9/ s s+ul>ly accompli%$ an arti/ z ,czanne4 ,su* d>ts1 h[ev]1 fall wide ( ! m>k1 s9ce x is n ! object ( ^! arti/s to exhibit _! skill or proclaim _! k1 b only to attempt to express by pictorial & pla/ic =m c]ta9 spiritual exp]i5ces2 & 9 convey+ ^!1 o/5tation ( skill is likely to be ev5 m fatal ?an d[nright incapacity4 ,inde$1 "o may fairly admit t ! accusation ( want ( skill & k1 :ile ridicul\s 9 ! case ( ,czanne is p]fectly ju/ifi$ z reg>ds "o arti/ repres5t$ 7= ! fir/ "t 9 ,engl&7 9 ! pres5t ,exhibition1 namely1 ,r\sseau4 ,r\sseau 0 a cu/omh\se (fic] :o pa9t$ )\t any tra9+ 9 ! art4 ,8 pret5sions to pa9t made him ! butt ( a great deal ( ironic wit1 b sc>cely any "o n[ w\ld d5y ! au!ntic quality ( 8 inspiration or ! c]ta9ty ( 8 imag9ative conviction4 ,"h !n is "o case :]e want ( skill & k d n completely obscure1 ?\gh !y may m>1 expression4 ,& ?is is true ( all p]fectly nave & primitive art4 ,b mo/ ( ! art "h se5 is nei!r nave nor primitive4 ,x is ! "w ( highly civilis$ & mod]n m5 try+ to f9d a pictorial language appropriate to ! s5sibilities ( ! mod]n outlook4 ,illu/ration3 ,h5ri-,matisse4 ,! ,tea ,p>ty ,plate ,,xvii4 ,illu/ration3 ,pablo ,picasso4 ,/ill ,life ,miss ,/e9 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,ano!r *>ge t is frequ5tly made aga9/ ^! arti/s is t !y all[ :at is m]ely caprici\s1 or ev5 :at is extravagant & ecc5tric1 9 _! "w--t x is n s]i\s1 b an attempt to impose on ! good-natur$ tol]ance ( ! public4 ,?is *>ge ( ins9c]ity & extravagance is inv>iably made aga9/ any new manife/ation ( creative art4 ,x does n ( c\rse foll[ t x is always wrong4 ,! desire to impose by su* means c]ta9ly occurs1 & is sometimes tempor>ily successful4 ,b ! feel+ on ! "p ( ! public may1 & ,i ?9k 9 ?is case does1 arise f a simple misund]/&+ ( :at ^! arti/s set out to d4 ,! difficulty spr+s f a deep-root$ conviction1 due to long-e/abli%$ cu/om1 t ! aim ( pa9t+ is ! descriptive imitation ( natural =ms4 ,n[1 ^! arti/s d n seek to give :at c1 aft] all1 be b a pale reflex ( actual appe>ance1 b to ar\se ! conviction ( a new & def9ite reality4 ,!y d n seek to imitate =m1 b to create =m2 n to imitate life1 b to f9d an equival5t = life4 ,by t ,i mean t !y wi% to make images :i* by ! cle>ness ( _! logical /ructure1 & by _! closely-knit unity ( texture1 %all appeal to our dis9t]e/$ & contemplative imag9ation ) some?+ ( ! same vividness z ! ?+s ( actual life appeal to our practical activities4 ,9 fact1 !y aim n at illusion b at reality4 ,! logical extreme ( su* a me?od w\ld und\bt$ly be ! attempt to give up all resemblance to natural =m1 & to create a purely ab/ract language ( =m--a visual music2 & ! lat] works ( ,picasso %[ ?is cle>ly en\gh4 ,!y may or may n be successful 9 _! attempt4 ,x is too e>ly to be dogmatic on ! po9t1 :i* c only be decid$ :5 our s5sibilities to su* ab/ract =ms h be5 m practis$ ?an !y are at pres5t4 ,b ,i w\ld sugge/ t !re is no?+ ridicul\s 9 ! attempt to d ?is4 ,su* a picture z ,picasso's 8,head ( a ,man0 w\ld und\bt$ly be ridicul\s if1 hav+ set out to make a direct imitation ( ! actual model1 he _h be5 incapable ( gett+ a bett] lik5ess4 ,b ,picasso did no?+ ( ! sort4 ,he has %[n 9 8 8,portrait ( ,mlle4 ,l4 ,b40 t he c\ld d s at lea/ z well z any "o if he wi%$1 b he is "h attempt+ to d some?+ q diff]5t4 ,no su* extreme ab/raction m>ks ! "w ( ,matisse4 ,! actual objects :i* /imulat$ 8 creative inv5tion are recognisable en\gh4 ,b "h1 too1 x is an equival5ce1 n a lik5ess1 ( nature t is s\ght4 ,9 opposition to ,picasso1 :o is pre-em95tly pla/ic1 ,matisse aims at conv9c+ u ( ! reality ( 8 =ms by ! cont9uity & fl[ ( 8 rhy?mic l9e1 by ! logic ( 8 space relations1 &1 above all1 by an entirely new use ( col\r4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 8 m>k$ly rhy?mic design1 he approa*es m ?an any o!r ,european to ! ideals ( ,*9ese art4 ,8 "w has to an extraord9>y degree t decorative unity ( design :i* di/+ui%es all ! arti/s ( ?is s*ool4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes we may f9d rang$ almo/ all ! rema9+ arti/s4 ,on ! :ole ! influ5ce ( ,picasso on ! y\ng] m5 is m evid5t ?an t ( ,matisse4 ,) ! exception ( ,braque none ( !m pu% _! attempts at ab/raction ( =m s f> z ,picasso1 b simplification along ^! l9es is app>5t 9 ! "w ( ,d]a91 ,h]b91 ,m>*&1 & ,l',hote4 ,o!r arti/s1 su* z ,d\cet & ,assel91 are cont5t ) ! ideas ( simplification ( =m z exi/+ 9 ! g5]al tradition ( ! ,po/-,impressioni/ movem5t1 & in/ead ( feel+ = new me?ods ( expression devote !mselves to express+ :at is mo/ poignant & mov+ 9 contempor>y life4 ,b h[ev] v>i\s ! directions 9 :i* diff]5t gr\ps are explor+ ! newly-f\nd regions ( expressive =m !y all alike d]ive 9 "s measure f ! great orig9ator ( ! :ole idea1 ,czanne4 ,& s9ce "o mu/ always ref] to him to und]/& ! orig9 ( ^! ideas1 x has be5 ?\ght well to include a few examples ( 8 "w 9 ! pres5t ,exhibition1 al?\gh ?is ye> x is ma9ly ! mod]ns1 & n ! old ma/]s1 t are repres5t$4 ,to "s ext5t1 also1 ! abs5ce ( ! e>li] ma/]s 9 ! exhibition itself is made up = by ! retrospective exhibition ( ,monsieur ,druet's admirable photographs4 ,"h ,czanne1 ,gaugu91 & ,van ,gogh c be /udi$ at lea/ 9 ! ma9 phases ( _! developm5t4 ,f9ally1 ,i %\ld l to call att5tion to a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,fr5* arti/s se5 "h1 namely1 ! m>k$ly ,classic _s ( _! "w4 ,?is w be not$ z di/+ui%+ !m to "s ext5t f ! ,engli%1 ev5 m p]haps f ! ,russians1 & mo/ ( all f ! great mass ( mod]n pa9t+ 9 e c\ntry4 ,i d n mean by ,classic1 dull1 p$antic1 traditional1 ,illu/ration3 ,georges ,r\ault4 ,pr(ile ,au?or's ,collection ,plate ,,xix4 res]v$1 or any ( ^? simil> ?+s :i* ! ^w is (t5 made to imply4 ,/ill less d ,i mean by call+ !m ,classic t !y pa9t 8,visits to sculapius0 or 8,n]o at ! ,colosseum40 ,i mean t !y d n rely = _! effect ^u associat$ ideas1 z ,i believe ,romantic & ,reali/ic arti/s inv>iably d4 ,all art dep5ds ^u cutt+ (f ! practical responses to s5sations ( ord9>y life1 !reby sett+ free a pure & z x 7 disembodi$ function+ ( ! _s2 b 9 s f> z ! arti/ relies on ! associat$ ideas ( ! objects :i* he repres5ts1 8 "w is n completely free & pure1 s9ce romantic associations imply at lea/ an imag9$ practical activity4 ,! disadvantage ( su* an art ( associat$ ideas is t its effect really dep5ds on :at we br+ ) u3 x adds no entirely new factor to our exp]i5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! fir/ %ock ( wond] or delight is exhau/$ ! "w produces an ev] less5+ reaction4 ,classic art1 on ! o!r h&1 records a positive & dis9t]e/$ly passionate /ate ( m9d4 ,x communicates a new & o!rwise unatta9able exp]i5ce4 ,its effect1 !re=e1 is likely to increase ) famili>ity4 ,su* a classic _s is common to ! be/ ,fr5* "w ( all p]iods f ! twelf? c5tury onw>ds1 & ?\gh no "o c\ld f9d direct rem9isc5ces ( a ,ni*olas ,p\ss9 "h1 8 _s seems to revive 9 ! "w ( arti/s l ,d]a94 ,x is natural en\gh t ! int5sity & s+l5ess ( aim ) :i* ^! arti/s yield !mselves to c]ta9 exp]i5ces 9 ! face ( nature may make _! "w appe> odd to ^? :o h n ! habit ( contemplative vision1 b x w\ld be ra% = u1 :o z a nation are 9 ! habit ( treat+ our emotions1 especially our /hetic emotions1 ) a c]ta9 levity1 to accuse !m ( caprice or ins9c]ity4 ,x is because ( ?is classic conc5tration ( feel+ 7:i* by no means implies ab&onm5t7 t ! ,fr5* m]it our s]i\s att5tion4 ,x is ?is t makes _! art s difficult on a fir/ approa* b gives x its la/+ hold on ! imag9ation4 ,,note4--,at lea/ "o ,fr5* arti/ ( great m]it 0 un-repres5t$ at ! ,po/-,impressioni/ ,exhibitions--,georges ,r\ault1 a fell[ pupil ) ,matisse ( ,gu/ave ,moreau4 ,he /&s alone 9 ! movem5t z be+ a vision>y1 ?\gh1 unlike mo/ vision>ies1 8 expression is bas$ on a pr(\nd k ( natural appe>ances4 ,! pr(ile "h reproduc$ 7see ,plate7 w give an idea ( 8 /rangely individual & p[]ful /yle4 7#aibj47 ,,draw+s ,,at ,,! ,,burl+ton ,,f9e ,,arts ,,club#di ,! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club h arrang$ a mo/ int]e/+ collection ( draw+s by dead ma/]s4 ,ab&on+ ! club's usual me?od ( tak+ a p>ticul> p]iod or c\ntry1 ! committee h ?is "t all[$ _! *oice to range ov] _m p]iods & c\ntries1 exclud+ only liv+ arti/s1 & admitt+ "o s rec5tly dead z ,degas4 ,?is v>iety ( mat]ial naturally /imulates "o to haz>d "s g5]al speculations on ! nature ( draw+ z an art4 8,h4 ,t410 :o writes ! preface to ! catalogue1 already po9ts ! way 9 ?is direction by "s obit] dicta4 ,he po9ts out t ! ess5ce ( draw+ is n ! l9e1 b its cont5t4 ,he says3 ,a s+le l9e may mean no?+ beyond a l9e2 add ano!r alongside & bo? disappe>1 & we are aw>e only ( ! cont5ts1 & a =m is express$4 ,! beauty ( a l9e is 9 its result 9 ! =m :i* x helps to br+ into be+4 ,"h ! au?or has und\bt$ly po9t$ out ! mo/ ess5tial quality ( good draw+4 ,i %\ld dispute1 r by way ( excessive caution1 8 fir/ /atem5t1 8,a s+le l9e may mean no?+ beyond a l9e10 s9ce a l9e is always at its lea/ ! record ( a ge/ure1 indicat+ a good deal ab\t its mak]'s p]sonality1 8 ta/es & ev5 probably ! p]iod :5 he liv$2 b ,i entirely agree t ! ma9 po9t is always ! effect ( two l9es to evoke ! idea ( a c]ta9 volume hav+ a c]ta9 =m4 ,:5 8,h4 ,t40 adds t 8,draughtsm5 "k ?is1 b writ]s on art d n seem to10 he seems to be too sweep+4 ,ev5 s bad a writ] on art z ,pl9y _h pick$ up ! idea f a ,greek art critic1 = 9 describ+ ! draw+ ( ,p>rhasios he says3#ej ,by ! admission ( arti/s he 0 supreme 9 cont\r4 ,?is is ! la/ subtlety ( pa9t+2 = to pa9t ! ma9 body & c5tres ( objects is inde$ some?+ ( an a*ievem5t1 b "o 9 :i* _m h be5 fam\s1 b to pa9t ! edges ( bodies & express ! disappe>+ planes is r>e 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,= ! cont\r mu/ g r\nd itself & s end t x promises o!r ?+s beh9d & %[s t :i* x hides4 ,?is is an admirable acc\nt1 s9ce x gives ! clue to ! di/9ction betwe5 descriptive draw+ & draw+ 9 :i* ! cont\r does n arre/ ! =m1 b creates pla/ic relief ( ! :ole enclos$ volume4 ,n[1 ?is pla/ic draw+ c nev] be atta9$ by a m]e description ( ! edges ( objects4 ,su* a description1 h[ev] exact1 c at ! utmo/ d no m ?an recall vividly ! orig9al object2 x _c enable ! spectator to realise its pla/ic volume m cle>ly ?an ! orig9al object w\ld4 ,n[1 :5 we look at a really good draw+ we d get a mu* m vivid s5se ( a pla/ic volume ?an we get f actual objects4 ,un=tunately ?is is a v sev]e te/ to apply1 & w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 relegate to an inf]ior class ! va/ majority ( draw+s1 ev5 ( ^? 9 ! pres5t exhibition4 ,! va/ majority ( draw+s ev5 by ! celebrat$ ma/]s d appeal ma9ly by o!r m subsidi>y qualities1 by ! brightness ( _! descriptive p[]1 & by ! elegance & facility ( _! execution4 ,!re is an und\bt$ pleasure 9 ! contemplation ( m]e skill1 & !re are few ways ( demon/rat+ %e] skill ( h& m conv9c+ly ?an ! draw+ ( a complex s]ies ( curves ) p]fect exactitude & great rapidity4 ,& :5 ! curves ?us brilliantly drawn describe vividly "s object 9 life t[>ds :i* we h pleas+ associations we get a complex pleasure :i* is only too likely to be reg>d$ z an /hetic exp]i5ce :5 9 fact x is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! au?or ( ! preface has q cle>ly se5 t ?is elem5t ( brilliance 9 ! execution ( ! l9e does frequ5tly come into play1 & he consid]s ?is calligraphic quality to be always a sign ( a l[]$ /hetic purpose1 cit+ ,tiepolo q rightly z a great ma/] ( su* qualities4 ,& he q rightly po9ts out t ) ! delib]ate pursuit ( calligraphy !re is always a t5d5cy to sub/itute type =ms = individual =ms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all good draw+ also t5ds to create types1 s9ce a type results f ! syn!tic unity ( ! design4 ,! real "q "h w\ld seem to be ! fulness or empt9ess ( ! type creat$1 & x w\ld be fair to say t ! calligraphic draughtsman accept$ mo/ readily an empty type4 ,= in/ance1 "o w\ld h to admit t ,+res creat$ a type1 & repeat$ x z mu* z ,tiepolo1 only ,+res cont9ually g5]at$ 8 type ( =m ^u actual mat]ial1 :]eas ,tiepolo t5d$ m]ely to repeat 8 )\t enri*+ x ) fre% mat]ial4 ,! exhibition has be5 to "s ext5t arrang$ ar\nd ,+res1 & z _m ( 8 draw+s z possible h be5 collect$4 ,+res has long be5 accept$ 9 ! s*ools z p> excell5ce ! great mod]n ma/] ( draw+4 ,8 great say+1 8,le dess9 c'e/ la probit de l'art10 has inde$ become a wat*word ( ! s*ools & an excuse = indulg5ce 9 a great deal ( gratuit\s & misplac$ moral feel+4 ,x has l$ to ! display ( all k9ds ( p$agogic folly4 ,art is a passion or x is no?+4 ,x is c]ta9ly a v bad moral gymnasium4 ,x is useless to try to make a k9d ( moral p>allel b>s out ( ! art ( draw+4 ,y w c]ta9ly spoil ! draw+1 & x is d\btful if y w get ! morals4 ,draw+ is a passion to ! draughtsman j z mu* z col\r is to ! col\ri/1 & ! draughtsman has no reason to feel moral sup]iority because ( ! nature ( 8 passion4 ,he is =tunate to h x1 & !re is an end ( ! matt]4 ,+res himself _h ! passion = draughtsman%ip v int5sely1 ?\gh p]haps "o w\ld sc>cely guess x f ! specim5s %[n 9 ?is exhibition4 ,^! un=tunately are1 ) few exceptions1 tak5 f t l>ge class ( draw+s :i* he did z a "y man 9 ,rome4 ,he 0 already m>ri$1 & 0 poor4 ,he 0 engag$ on "s ( 8 bigge/ & mo/ important compositions1 on :i* he 0 det]m9$ to sp>e no pa9s or lab\r2 consequ5tly he f\nd himself =c$ to e>n 8 liv+ by do+ ^! brilliant & m9utely accurate portraits ( ! ari/ocratic t\ri/s & _! families1 :o happ5$ to pass ?r\gh ,rome4 ,^! draw+s be> ! unmi/akable m>k ( _! orig9s4 ,!y are commissions1 & !y are done to satisfy ! sitt]4 ,any?+ l s]i\s rese>* = =m is out ( ! "q2 !re is little "h b ,+res's extreme facility & a c]ta9 negative good ta/e4 ,probably ! only draw+ ,illu/ration3 ,+res4 ,apo!osis ( ,napoleon ,le ,vicomte d',arcy ,plate ,,xx4 "h :i* %[s ,+res's m s]i\s p[]s is ! tight1 elaborate & r repell5t /udy = ! 8,apo!osis ( ,napoleon10 :i* is a spl5did discov]y ( composition )9 a r\nd 7see ,plate74 ,b ! real fact is1 ,i believe1 t ,+res's p[] z a draughtsman h>dly ev] comes out fully 9 8 draw+s2 "o mu/ turn to 8 pa9t+s to see h[ great & s9c]e a rese>*] he 04 ,9 8 draw+s he 0 too mu* pre-occupi$ ) ! p]fect description ( facts2 :5 he came to ! pa9t+ he began t endless process ( readju/m5t & balance ( cont\rs :i* make him s great & orig9al a design]4 ,if "o places 8 draw+s & /udies f ! nude =1 say1 8 8,v5us ,anadyom5e0 beside ! photograph ( ! picture "o gets "s idea ( ! tireless & passionate rese>* = ! exact correspond5ce ( ! cont\rs on ei!r side ( ! figure :i* ,+res und]took4 ,he ?r[s ov] "o by "o all ! brilliant notations ( natural =m 9 ! /udies1 & arrives bit by bit at an int5sely ab/ract & simplifi$ /atem5t ( ! g5]al relations4 ,b ?\gh ! new /atem5t is empti$ ( its factual cont5t1 x has n[ become f> m compact1 f> m int5se 9 its pla/icity4 ,"h & !re among ,+res's innum]able draw+s "o may f9d a nude /udy 9 :i* already ?is process ( elim9ation & balance has tak5 place1 b ! examples are r>e1 & if "o w\ld und]/& :y ,+res is "o ( ! great ma/]s ( design1 "o mu/ face ! slightly repell5t quality ( 8 oil pa9t+s r ?an all[ oneself to be s$uc$ by ! elegance & ease ( 8 draw+s4 ,x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be possible to %[ t v few great design]s h atta9$ to full expression 9 l9e4 ,i suspect1 inde$1 t ! :ole tradition ( art 9 ,europe1 s9ce ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 has be5 aga9/ su* complete expression4 ,if we comp>e ! great ma/]pieces ( pure draw+ su* z ! draw+s ( figures on ,p]sian pots ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 & ! few rema9+ examples ( draw+s by ! ,italian primitives ( ! f\rte5? & e>ly fifte5? c5turies1 ) ! va/ mass ( ,european draw+s subsequ5t to t date1 we see1 ,i ?9k1 ! contra/ ( aims & purpose ( ! two gr\ps4 ,some:]e ab\t ! "t ( ,filipp9o ,lippi !re 0 =mulat$ an idea ( draw+ :i* has m or less held ! field ev] s9ce 9 art s*ools4 ,z mo/ draw+ has c5tr$ 9 ! human figure we may describe x 9 relation to t1 ! m s t ?is view ( draw+ und\bt$ly came 9 ) ! /udy ( anatomy4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple is t !re are c]ta9 c>d9al facts ab\t ! figure1 or po9ts ( c>d9al importance 9 ! r5d]+ ( /ructure--! arti/ is tra9$ to obs]ve ^! ) special c>e1 s9ce !y become ! po9ts de repre = 8 draw+4 ,& s9ce !y are ?us specially obs]v$ !y are not$ ) a special acc5t4 ,:5 once ! arti/ has le>n$ to grasp ! relations ( ^! po9ts de repre firmly he le>ns also to pass f "o to ! o!r ) great ease & rapidity1 n to say ) a c]ta9 indiff]5ce z to :at happ5s 9 ! passage4 ,by ?is me?od ! ess5tials ( /ructure & movem5t ( a figure are accurately giv5 & ! :ole /atem5t c be made ) t easy facility & rapidity ( l9e :i* gives a peculi> pleasure4 ,su* draw+ has ! m]it ( be+ at once /ructurally accurate & m or less calligraphically pleas+4 ,! mo/ admir$ ma/]s1 su* z ,v&yke1 ,watteau1 ev5 to "s ext5t ,rub5s1 all exhibit ! *>act]i/ics ( su* a conception4 ,n[ 9 ! e>li] k9d ( draw+ !re 7 no recognis$ po9ts de repre1 no p>ticul> mom5ts ( emphasis2 ! l9e 0 s drawn t at e po9t its relation to ! oppos$ cont\r 0 equally close1 ! t5sion s to speak 0 always across ! l9e & n along its direction4 ,! ess5tial ?+ 0 ! position ( ! l9e1 n its quality1 s t !re 0 ! less incl9ation to aim at t easy rapidity :i* m>ks ! lat] draughtsman%ip4 ,ess5tially1 !n1 ?is e>li] draw+ 0 less descriptive & m purely evocative ( =m4 ,x may well be t ! dem&s made ^u ! arti/ by ! clos] /udy ( nature br\ght 9 by ! ,r5aissance became an almo/ insup]able b>ri] to arti/s 9 ! attempt to f9d any su* completely syn!tic vision ( =m z lay to h& = _! pr$ecessors4 ,we see1 = in/ance1 9 ,alb]t ,dr]'s 8,beetle0 an example ( purely descriptive & analytic draw+ ) no attempt at inn] coh]5ce ( =m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ( c\rse1 all ! great =mali/s made delib]ate ef=ts to come ?r\gh ! complex ( ph5om5a to "s ab/ract syn!sis4 ,fra ,b>tolomeo & ,raphael cle>ly made su* ab/raction a matt] ( delib]ate /udy1#ea b z ,i h po9t$ out 9 ! case ( ,+res1 ! ,illu/ration3 ,corot4 ,p5cil draw+ ,j4 ,p4 ,heselt9e1 ,esq4 ,plate ,,xxi4 obsession ( fact has g5]ally =c$ ! arti/ to su* a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts t[>ds ! f9al syn!tic =m t x is only 9 ! f9i%$ picture t x em]ges fully4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s mod]n ma/]s h also f\nd _! way ?r\gh1 m or less completely1 & f ?is po9t ( view few draw+s 9 ! exhibition are z rem>kable z ! draw+ ( a seat$ woman by ,corot 7see ,plate74 ,"h "o supposes x may be a k9d ( navet ( vision r ?an ! exhau/ive process ( an ,+res1 t has l$ ,corot to ?is vividly realis$ pla/icity ( =m4 ,i f9d ! ess5tials ( good draw+ m completely realis$ "h ?an 9 almo/ any o!r draw+ 9 ! exhibition1 & yet h[ little ( a pr(essional draughtsman ,corot 04 ,x is h>d to speak "h ( ,degas's works z draw+s4 ,) "o exception !y are pa/els & ess5tially pa9t+s1 b !y are ( great beauty & %[ him victori\s ov] 8 own =midable clev]ness1 8 unrivall$ b dang]\s p[] ( witty notation4 ,at ! opposite pole to ,corot's draw+ ) its spl5did revelation ( pla/ic significance we mu/ put ,m5zel ) 8 fussy preoccupation ) undige/$ fact4 ,x is h>d inde$ to see q h[ ,m5zel's draw+s f\nd _! way into ?is good company1 except p]haps z drunk5 helots1 = !y are conspicu\sly devoid ( any /hetic quality :atev]4 ,!y are )\t any rhy?mic unity1 )\t any glimm]+ ( a s5se ( /yle1 & /yle ?\gh x be z *eap z ,r[l&son's is /ill victori\s ov] %e] mis9=m$ lit]alness4 ,some:]e betwe5 ,m5zel & ,corot we mu/ place ,*>les ,keane1 & ,i fe>1 9 spite ( ! r exagg]at$ claims made = him 9 ! preface1 he is ne>] to ,m5zel1 ?\gh ev5 s1 h[ mu* bett]6 ,! e>ly ,millais draw+ is ( c\rse an a/\nd+ attempt by a man ( prodigi\s gift & no s5sibility to pret5d t he _h ! latt]4 ,x is a pity !re are no ,rossettis "h to %[ ! au!ntic inspiration ( :i* ?is is ! e*o4 ,i come n[ to ! ,rembr&ts1 ( :i* !re are sev]al good examples4 ,rembr&t always intrigues "o by ! multiplicity & div]sity ( 8 gifts & ! /ruggle betwe5 8 pr(\nd imag9ative insight & 8 excessive tal5ts4 ,! fact is1 ,i believe t ,rembr&t 0 nev] a l9eali/1 t he nev] _h ! conception ( cont\r cle>ly pres5t to him4 ,he 0 too int5sely & too invet]ately a pa9t] & a *i>oscuri/4 ,! la/ ?+ he saw 0 a cont\r1 & m ?an any?+ else x elud$ 8 vision4 ,8 vision 0 9 fact s int5sely fix$ on ! int]play ( planes1 _! modulation into "o ano!r1 & on ! balance ( directions1 t ) him ! drawn l9e has a q peculi> & p]sonal mean+4 ,x is us$ fir/ to indicate directions ( /ress & movem5t1 z1 = in/ance1 a /raight l9e w be da%$ d[n to indicate1 n ! cont\r ( a limb1 b its direction1 ! l9e along :i* /ress ( action takes place4 ,he seems almo/ to dread ! cont\r1 to pref] to make /rokes ei!r inside or outside ( x1 & to tru/ to ! imag9ation to discov] its :]eab\ts1 any?+ r ?an a f9al def9ite /atem5t :i* w\ld arre/ ! int]play ( planes4 ,! l9e is also us$ to sugge/ v vaguely & t5tatively ! division ( planes2 b almo/ always :5 he comes to use wa% on top ( ! l9e 8 wa%es g across ! l9es1 s t "h too "o c h>dly say ! l9e indicates ! division s mu* z ! approximate position ( a plane4 ,9 conclusion ,i w\ld sugge/ t1 ! art ( pure cont\r is comp>atively r>e 9 mod]n art4 ,= :at ,i %\ld cite z great & conv9c+ examples ( t art ,i w\ld ask ! read] to turn to ! 8,morgan ,byzant9e ,enamels0 7,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxi4 pp4 #c1 #fe1 #abg1 #bai1 #bij71 ! 8,manafi-i-,heiwan0 7,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxiii4 pp4 #bbd1 #bfa71 & to ,vigni]1 8,p]sian ,pott]y0 7,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxv4 p4 #baa71 :ile o!r examples might be f\nd among ,byzant9e & ,c>ol+ian m9iaturi/s4 ,n[1 ?is art dep5ds ^u a peculi>ly syn!tic vision & a peculi> sy/em ( di/ortion1 )\t :i* ! outl9e w\ld arre/ ! movem5t ( planes too def9itely4 ,!re inde$ is ! :ole crux ( ! art ( l9e draw+2 ! l9e g5]ates a volume1 b x also arre/s ! planes too def9itely3 t is :y 9 "s great mod]n arti/s1 z we saw 9 ! case ( ,rembr&t1 !re is a peculi> k9d ( dread ( ! actual cont\r4 ,x is felt by ^? :o are s5sitive to ! int]play & movem5t ( planes t ! l9e mu/ 9 "s way1 by its quality or its position1 or by breaks or repetitions1 avoid arre/+ ! imag9ation by too positive a /atem5t4 ,x 0 almo/ a peculi>ity ( ! e>ly art t ,i h cit$ t x 0 able to express a =m 9 a q complete1 ev5ly drawn cont\r )\t ?is t]rible negative effect ( ! l9e4 ,i say almo/ a peculi>ity1 because ,i ?9k ,illu/ration3 ,h5ri-,matisse4 ,p5 draw+ ,plate ,,xxii4 a few q mod]n arti/s1 su* z ,matisse 7see ,plate7 & p]haps ,modigliani1 h recov]$ su* a p[]1 b 9 ! great mass ( po/ ,r5aissance draw+ ! art ( ! pure cont\r 9 l9e has brok5 d[n1 & ! ess5tial qualities ev5 ( ! great l9eali/s are only to be se5 fully 9 _! pa9t+s2 ! drawn l9e itself has _h to take on o!r functions4 ,,paul ,c,,zanne#eb ,9 a society :i* is z indiff]5t to works ( art z our mod]n indu/rialism x seems p>adoxical t arti/s ( all k9ds %\ld loom s l>ge 9 ! g5]al consci\sness ( mank9d--t !y %\ld be rememb]$ ) rev]5ce & boa/$ ( z national assets :5 /atesm51 lawy]s1 & soldi]s are =gott54 ,! great mass ( mod]n m5 c\ld rub along happily en\gh )\t works ( art or at lea/ )\t new ones1 b society w\ld be s5sibly m bor$ if ! arti/ di$ out altoge!r4 ,! fact is t e hone/ b\rgeois1 h[ev] s$ate & correct 8 life1 keeps a hidd5 & sc>ce-admitt$ ye>n+ = t o!r life ( complete individualism :i* h>d necessity or ! desire = success has d5i$ him4 ,9 contemplat+ ! arti/ he ta/es vic>i\sly ^! =bidd5 joys4 ,he reg>ds ! arti/ z a /range species1 half idiot1 half div9e1 b above all irresponsibly & irr$eemably himself4 ,he seems equally /range 9 8 outrage\s egoism & 8 sup]b devotion to an idea4 ,also 9 a _w :]e ! individual is squeez$ & m\ld$ & poli%$ by ! pressure ( 8 fell[-m5 ! arti/ rema9s irreclaimably individual--9 a _w :]e e "o else is be+ p]petually educat$ ! arti/ rema9s in$ucable--:]e o!rs are %ap$ he gr[s4 ,czanne realis$ ! type ( ! arti/ 9 its pure/ mo/ unmitigat$ =m1 & ,m4 ,voll>d has _h ! wit to write a book ab\t ,czanne & n ab\t ,czanne's pictures4 ,! "t may come :5 we %all require a complete /udy ( ,czanne's "w1 a measur$ judgm5t ( 8 a*ievem5t & position--x w\ld probably be ra% to attempt x z yet4 ,mean:ile we h ,m4 ,voll>d's portrait1 at once docum5t$ & captivat+4 ,%\ld ! book ev] become z well kn[n z x des]ves !re w\ld be1 "o guesses1 ,illu/ration3 ,czanne4 ,portrait ( ! ,arti/ ,collection ,pell]9 ,plate ,,xxiii4 t5 p fasc9at$ by ,czanne = "o :o w\ld walk d[n ! /reet to see 8 pictures4 ,! art hi/orian may sometimes regret t ,vas>i did n give u m ( ! /hetics ( 8 "t2 b ,vas>i knew 8 bus9ess1 knew1 p]haps1 t ! /hetics ( an age are quickly sup]s$$ b t ! human docum5t rema9s ( p]5nial int]e/ to mank9d4 ,m4 ,voll>d has play$ ,vas>i to ,czanne & done s ) ! same directness & simplicity1 ! same n>rative ease1 ! same insatiable delight 9 ! oddities & idiosyncrasies ( 8 subject4 ,& :at a model he _h to pa9t6 ,e ^w & e ge/ure he records /ick out ) ! rugg$ relief ( a "* 9 :i* ev]y?+ is due to ! compulsion ( inn] =ces1 9 :i* no?+ has be5 plan$ d[n or smoo!d away by ext]nal pressure--n t ext]nal pressure 0 abs5t b t ! inn] compulsion--! inevitable b5t ( ,czanne's temp]am5t1 0 irresi/ible4 ,9 "o v important detail ,czanne 0 sp>$ by life--he always _h en\gh to live on4 ,! ?\ght ( a ,czanne hav+ to e>n 8 liv+ is altoge!r too tragic4 ,b if life sp>$ him 9 ?is respect 8 temp]am5t sp>$ him no?+--= ?is r\gh ,prov5al c\ntryman _h s exasp]at$ a s5sibility t ! smalle/ detail ( daily life1 ! b>k+ ( a dog1 ! noise ( a lift 9 a neighb\r+ h\se1 ! dread ( be+ t\*$ ev5 by 8 own son might produce at any mom5t a n]v\s explosion4 ,at su* times 8 fir/ relief 0 9 curs+ & swe>+1 b if ?is fail$ ! *ances 7 t 8 ang] v5t$ itself on 8 pictures--he w\ld cut "o to pieces ) 8 palette knife1 or fail+ t roll x up & ?r[ x into ! /ove4 ,m4 ,voll>d describes ) delightful hum\r ! tortures he endur$ 9 ! innum]able sitt+s :i* he gave ,czanne = 8 portrait--) :at c>e he avoid$ any subject ( conv]sation :i* might lead to misund]/&+4 ,b ) all 8 adroitness !re 7 "o or two crises 9 :i* ! portrait 0 ?reat5$ ) ! dread$ knife--=tunately ,czanne always f\nd "s o!r "w on :i* to v5t 8 indignation1 & ! portrait surviv$1 ?\gh aft] a hundr$ & fifte5 sitt+s1 9 :i* ,czanne exact$ ! immobility ( an apple1 ! portrait 0 left incomplete4 8,i am n displeas$ ) ! %irt front10 0 ,czanne's *>act]i/ic appreciation4 ,two phrases cont9ually recur 9 ,czanne's conv]sation :i* %[ 8 curi\s idiosyncrasies4 ,"o ! (t5-quot$ "o ( 8 dread t any "o might 8lui jet] le grapp9 dessus0 & ! o!r 8moi qui suis faible dans la vie40 ,!y express 8 con/ant attitude ( di/ru/ ( 8 k9d--= him all wom5 7 8des veaux et des calculatrices0--8 dread ( any possible invasion ( 8 p]sonality1 & 8 s5se ( impot5ce 9 face ( ! =ces ( life4 ,none ! less1 ?\gh he pa!tically exagg]at$ 8 weakness he nev] seems to h _h ! lea/ d\bt ab\t 8 supreme greatness z an arti/2 :at tr\bl$ & irritat$ him 0 8 incapacity to express 8 8s5sation0 9 su* t]ms z w\ld make its mean+ evid5t to ! _w4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t he /ruggl$ s ob/9ately & hopelessly to get into ! 8,salon de ,m4 ,b\g]eau40 ,8 attitude to conv5tional art 0 a /range mixture ( admiration at its skill & ( an ov]:elm+ horror ( its empt9ess--( its s 8horrible resemblance40 ,! fact is t ,czanne _h accept$ uncritically all ! conv5tions 9 ! pa!tic belief t x 0 ! only way ( safety = "o 8s feeble 9 life40 ,s he cont9u$ to believe 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* n f any religi\s conviction b because 8,rome 0 s /rong0--s1 too1 he believ$ 9 ! p[] & importance ( ! 8,salon de ,b\g]eau0 :i* he hat$ z mu* z he fe>$4 ,s1 too1 ) :at seems a p>adoxical humility he let x be kn[n1 :5 8 fame _h already be5 e/abli%$ among ! intellig5t1 t he w\ld be glad to h ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,b "h1 too1 he 0 de/9$ to fail4 ,! weighty influ5ce & di/+ui%$ position ( 8 fri5ds c\ld avail no?+ aga9/ ! undisguis$ horror ) :i* any (ficial he>d ! dread$ "n ( ,czanne4 ,& x appe>$ t ,czanne 0 ! only arti/ 9 ,france = :om ?is di/9ction 0 inaccessible1 ev5 ?r\gh 8influ5ce40 ,no?+ is /rang] 9 8 life ?an ! contra/ betwe5 ! idea ! public =m$ ( ,czanne & ! reality4 ,he 0 "o ( ^? m5 de/9$ to give rise to a leg5d :i* completely obscur$ ! reality4 ,he 0 spok5 ( z ! mo/ viol5t ( revolution>ies--,commun>d & ,an>*i/ 7 ! fav\rite epi!ts--& all ! "t he 0 a timid little c\ntry g5tleman ( immaculate respectability :o subscrib$ :ole-he>t$ly to any reaction>y op9ion :i* c\ld e/abli% 8 8s\ndness40 ,he 0 a timid man :o really believ$ ,illu/ration3 ,czanne4 ,g>danne ,plate ,,xxiv4 9 only "o ?+1 88 little s5sation02 :o lab\r$ incessantly to express ?is peculi> quality & :o _h n ! fa9te/ notion ( do+ any?+ t c\ld %ock ! feel+s ( any mortal man or woman4 ,no wond] !n t :5 he look$ up f 8 "w & survey$ ! _w ) 8 tr\bl$ & imp]fect intellectual vision he 0 amaz$ & p]turb$ at ! viol5t antagonism :i* he _h all unconsci\sly provok$4 ,no wond] t he became a %y1 di/ru/ful misan?rope1 almo/ incapable ( any association ) 8 k9d4 ,i h sugge/$ t ,czanne 0 ! p]fect realisation ( ! type ( ! arti/--,i d\bt :e!r 9 ! :ole ( ,vas>i's great picture gall]y !re is a m complete type ( 8orig9al40 ,b 9 ord] to accept ?is we mu/ bani% f our m9d ! conv5tional idea ( ! arti/ z a man ( flamboyant habits & calculat$ pose4 ,no?+ is less possible to ! real arti/ ?an pose--he is less capable ( x ?an ! ord9>y man ( bus9ess because m ?an any "o else 8 ext]nal activities are det]m9$ f )9 by ne$s & in/9cts :i* he himself b>ely recognises4 ,on ! o!r h& ! imitation arti/ is a pa/ ma/] ( pose1 he poses z ! sport ( natural incl9ations :il/ he is really delib]ately exploit+ 8 caprices2 & z he has a natural in/9ct = ! limelight ?is v>iety ( ! 8,cabot90 g5]ally manages to sit = ! portrait ( ! arti/4 ,czanne1 !n1 ?\gh 8 ext]nal life 0 t ( ! mo/ irreproa*able ( c\ntry g5tlem51 ?\gh he w5t to mass e ,sunday & nev] will+ly left ! intimacy ( family life1 0 none ! less ! pure/ & mo/ unadult]at$ ( arti/s1 ! mo/ n>r[ly conf9$ to 8 s+le activity1 ! mo/ purely dis9t]e/$ & ! mo/ frankly egoi/ic ( m54 ,czanne _h no intellectual indep5d5ce4 ,i d\bt if he _h ! fa9te/ conception ( intellectual tru?1 b ?is is n to d5y t he _h a p[]ful m9d4 ,on ! contr>y he _h a pr(\nd intellig5ce ( :atev] came )9 8 n>r[ outlook on life1 & above all he _h ! gift ( expression1 s t h[ev] fanta/ic1 absurd1 or nave 8 op9ions may h be51 !y 7 always express$ 9 su* racy & picturesque language t !y become int]e/+ z revelations ( a v human & g5u9e p]sonality4 ,"o ( ! tragi-com$ies ( ,czanne's life 0 ! /ory ( 8 e>ly fri5d%ip ) ,zola1 foll[$ 9 middle life by a gradual e/rangem5t1 & at la/ a total sep>ation4 ,x is p]haps ! only blot 9 ,m4 ,voll>d's book t he has tak5 too absolutely ,czanne's po9t ( view1 & has h>dly done ju/ice to ,zola's goodness ( he>t4 ,! cause ( friction1 ap>t f ,czanne's habitual te/9ess & ill-hum\r1 0 t ,zola's feel+ = art1 :i* _h l$ him 9 8 y\? to a h]oic *ampion%ip ( ! y\ng] m51 fad$ away 9 middle life4 ,8 own practice ( lit]ature l$ him fur!r & fur!r away f any conc]n ) pure art1 & he fail$ to recognise t 8 own e>ly prophecy ( ,czanne's greatness _h come true1 simply because he himself _h become a popul> au?or1 & ,czanne _h fail$ ( any k9d ( success4 ,un=tunately ,zola1 :o _h evid5tly lo/ all real /hetic feel+1 cont9u$ to talk ab\t art1 & worse ?an t he _h made ! h]o ( 8,l'uvre0 a m or less recognisable portrait ( 8 old fri5d4 ,czanne c\ld n tol]ate ,zola's gradual acquiesc5ce 9 worldly ideals & ways ( life1 & :5 ! ,dreyfus>d "q came up n only did 8 natural reaction>y bias make him a vehem5t anti-,dreyfus>d b he _h no compreh5sion :atev] ( ! h]oism ( ,zola's actions2 he f\nd him m]ely ridicul\s1 & believ$ him to be engag$ 9 an ill-conceiv$ s*eme ( self-adv]tisem5t4 ,b = all 8 contempt ( ,zola 8 affection rema9$ deep] ?an he knew1 & :5 he he>d ! news ( ,zola's dea? ,czanne %ut himself alone up 9 8 /udio1 & 0 he>d sobb+ & groan+ ?r\gh\t ! day4 ,czanne's is n ! only portrait 9 ,m4 ,voll>d's ent]ta9+ book--!re are sket*es ( _m *>act]s1 among !m ! few /range & sympa!tic m5 :o appreciat$ & enc\rag$ ,czanne 9 8 e>ly days4 ,( ,caban] ! musician ,m4 ,voll>d has collect$ "s *>m+ notes4 ,caban] 0 a 8philosoph]10 & s+ul>ly indiff]5t to ! *ances ( life4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is he met ,coppe1 & notic+ ! %ells :i* 7 fall+ he became curi\s4 8,:]e d all ^! bullets come f80 ,coppe3 8,x w\ld seem t x is ! besieg]s :o s5d !m40 ,caban]1 aft] a sil5ce3 8,is x always ! ,prussians80 ,coppe1 impati5tly3 8,:o on e>? c\ld x be80 ,caban]3 8,i don't "k 444 o!r nations60 ,b ! book is s full ( good /ories t ,i mu/ resi/ ! temptation to quote4 ,illu/ration3 ,czanne4 ,! ,arti/'s ,wife ,plate ,,xxv4 ,=tunately ,m4 ,voll>d has collect$ also a l>ge numb] ( ,czanne's obit] dicta on art4 ,^! h all ,czanne's pregnant wisdom & racy /yle4 ,!y (t5 conta9 a :ole sy/em ( /hetics 9 a s+le phrase1 z1 = in/ance3 8,:at's want$ is to d ,p\ss9 ov] aga9 f ,nature40 ,!y %[1 moreov]1 ! natural bias ( ,czanne's feel+s & _! gradual modification z 8 und]/&+ became m pr(\nd4 ,:at comes out cle>ly1 & x mu/ nev] be =gott5 9 consid]+ 8 art1 is t 8 po9t ( dep>ture 0 f ,romanticism4 ,delacroix 0 8 god & ,+res1 9 8 e>ly days1 8 devil--a devil he le>n$ increas+ly to respect1 b nev] "o imag9es really to love1 8ce ,dom9ique e/ trs =t mais il m'emm----40 ,t ,czanne became a supreme ma/] ( =mal design e "o w\ld n[adays admit1 b !re is "s excuse = ^? contempor>ies :o compla9$ ( 8 want ( draw+4 ,he 0 n a ma/] ( l9e 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,+res 04 8,! cont\r escapes me10 z he said4 ,t is to say he arriv$ at ! cont\r by a /udy ( ! int]ior planes2 he 0 always pla/ic be=e he 0 l9e>4 ,9 8 e>ly works1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! 8,scne de ple9 air0 7see ,plate71 he is evid5tly inspir$ by ,delacroix2 he is almo/ a romantici/ himself 9 su* "w1 & 8 design is built ^u ! contra/s ( l>ge & r loosely drawn silh\ettes ( d>k & light4 ,9 fact x is ! me?od ( ,t9toretto1 ,rub5s1 & ,delacroix4 ,9 ! 8,ba!rs re/+10 pa9t$ 9 #ahgg1 !re is already a great *ange4 ,x is r by ! exact plac+ ( pla/ic units ?an by cont9u\s fl[+ silh\ettes t ! design holds4 ,giorgione1 p]haps1 is beh9d ?is1 b no long] ,t9toretto1 &1 above all1 ,p\ss9 has int]v5$4 ,9 lat] works1 su* z ! portrait ( 8,mme4 ,czanne 9 a gre5h\se10 ! pla/icity has become all-important1 !re is no long] any sugge/ion ( a romantic decor2 all is r$uc$ to ! pure/ t]ms ( /ructural design4 ,^! notes on ,czanne's developm5t are prompt$ by ! illu/rations 9 ,m4 ,voll>d's book4 ,^! are num]\s & excell5t1 & af=d a bett] opportunity = a g5]al /udy ( ,czanne's uvre ?an any o!r book4 ,9 fact1 :5 ! "t comes = ! complete appreciation ( ,czanne ,m4 ,voll>d's book w be ! mo/ important docum5t exi/+4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 h a f> wid] appeal ?an t4 ,i hope t aft] ! w> ,m4 ,voll>d w br+ out a small *eap edition#ec--;x %\ld become a classic biography4 ,to say1 z ,i w\ld1 t ,m4 ,voll>d's book is a monum5t wor?y ( ,czanne himself is to give x ! highe/ praise4 ,illu/ration3 ,czanne4 ,le ruisseau ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,,r5oir ,:at a lov] ( ! commonplace ,r5oir 06 ,x is a r>e quality among arti/s4 ,a !oretically pure arti/ exi/s no m ?an a ,euclidean po9t1 b if su* a be+ c\ld exi/1 e possible actual sight w\ld be equally suitable z a po9t ( dep>ture = 8 arti/ic vision4 ,ev]y?+ w\ld /ir 9 him ! impulse to creation4 ,he w\ld h no pr$ilections1 no ta/es = ?is or t k9d ( ?+4 ,9 practice e arti/ is set go+ by "s p>ticul> k9d ( sc5e 9 nature1 & = ! mo/ "p arti/s h to se>* out "s unusual or unexplor$ aspect ( ?+s4 ,gaugu91 = in/ance1 _h to g z f> z ,tahiti4 ,:5 ,r5oir he>d ( ?is1 he said1 9 a phrase :i* reveal$ 8 own "*3 8,p\rquoi8 ,on pe9t si bi5 a ,batignolles40 ,b !re are pl5ty ( arti/s :o pa9t m or less well at ,batignolles or ,bloomsbury & yet are n lov]s ( ! commonplace4 ,l ,walt] ,sick]t1 = in/ance1 !y f9d _! ,tahiti 9 ,morn+ton ,cresc5t4 ,?\gh !y pa9t 9 commonplace surr\nd+s1 !y g5]ally contrive to cat* !m at an unexpect$ angle4 ,some?+ odd or exotic 9 _! ta/e = life seems to be normal to arti/s4 ,! few arti/s or writ]s :o h %>$ ! ta/es ( ! av]age man h1 z a rule1 be5 l ,dick5s--to take an obvi\s case--v imp]fect & v impure arti/s1 h[ev] great _! g5ius4 ,among great arti/s "o ?9ks at once ( ,rub5s z ! mo/ rem>kable example ( a man ( common ta/es1 a lov] ( all t 0 ri*1 exub]ant & ev5 florid4 ,titian1 too1 comes ne>ly up to ! same /&>d1 except t 9 y\? 8 :ole tr5d ( feel+ 0 di/ort$ by ! ov]p[]+ influ5ce ( ,giorgione1 ^: ta/es 7 recondite & /range4 ,r5oir1 9 ! frankness ( 8 col\r h>monies1 9 8 feel+ = design & ev5 9 ! quality ( 8 pigm5t1 con/antly rem9ds u ( ^! two4 ,n[ x is easi] to see h[ an arti/ ( ! sixte5? or sev5te5? c5tury c\ld develop commonplace ta/es ?an "o ( our own times4 ,= ) ! n9ete5? c5tury came 9 a gradual process ( diff]5tiation ( ! arti/ f ! av]age man4 ,! mod]n arti/ f9ds himself s little und]/ood by ! cr[d1 9 8 aims & me?ods1 t he t5ds to become di/9ct 9 8 :ole attitude to life4 ,:at1 !n1 is s peculi> ab\t ,r5oir is t he has ?is p]fectly ord9>y ta/e 9 ?+s & yet rema9s s int5sely1 s purely1 an arti/4 ,! fact is p]haps t he 0 s mu* an arti/ t he nev] _h to g r\nd ! corn] to get 8 inspiration2 ! imm$iate1 obvi\s1 front view ( ev]y?+ 0 m ?an suffici5t to />t ! creative impulse4 ,he enjoy$ in/9ctively1 almo/ animally1 all ! common good ?+s ( life1 & yet he always kept j en\gh deta*m5t to feel 8 delight /hetically--he kept1 z x 71 j out ( rea* ( appetite4 ,m ?an any o!r great mod]n arti/ ,r5oir tru/$ implicitly to 8 own s5sibility2 he impos$ no b>ri] betwe5 8 own delight 9 c]ta9 ?+s & ! delight :i* he communicates4 ,he lik$ passionately ! obvi\sly good ?+s ( life1 ! "y human animal1 sun%9e1 sky1 trees1 wat]1 fruit2 ! ?+s t e "o likes2 only he lik$ !m at j ! "r di/ance ) j en\gh deta*m5t to replace appetite by emotion4 ,he c\ld rely on ?is deta*m5t s ?or\ghly t he c\ld d>e1 :at h>dly any o!r g5u9e mod]n has d>$ to say h[ mu* he lik$ ev5 a pretty sight4 ,b :at gives 8 art s imm$iate1 s univ]sal an appeal is t 8 deta*m5t w5t no fur!r ?an 0 j necess>y4 ,8 s5sibility is kept at ! exact po9t :]e x is transmut$ into emotion4 ,& ! emotion1 ?\gh x has ( c\rse ! g5]alis$ /hetic feel+1 keeps some?+ ( ! fulness & imm$iacy ( ! simpl] attitude4 ,n t ,r5oir 0 ei!r nave or /upid4 ,:5 he *ose he %[$ t he 0 capable ( logical con/ruction & vigor\s design4 ,b = 8 own pleasure he w\ld1 z he himself said1 h be5 satisfi$ to make little isolat$ records ( 8 delight 9 ! detail ( a fl[] or a lock ( hair4 ,) ! exception ( 8,les ,p>apluies0 at ! ,national ,gall]y we h r>ely se5 8 m delib]ate compositions 9 ,engl&4 ,b 9 all 8 "w alike ,r5oir rema9s ! man :o c\ld tru/ recklessly 8 in/9ctive reaction to life4 ,let me confess t ^! *>act]i/ics--?is way ( keep+1 ,illu/ration3 ,r5oir4 ,judgem5t ( ,p>is4 ,collection ,halvoss5 ,plate ,,xxvii4 z x 71 j out ( rea* ( appetite--makes ,r5oir to me1 p]sonally1 a peculi>ly difficult arti/4 ,my ta/e = exotic arti/s su* z ,cosima ,tura & 8 k9 am\nts at times to a vice4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i am sometimes 9 dang] ( n do+ ,r5oir ju/ice1 because at ! fir/ approa* to "o ( 8 pictures ,i miss ! purely accessory delight ( an unexpect$ attitude4 ,! fir/ approa* to "o ( 8 pictures may inde$ rem9d "o ( pictures t w\ld be ! delight ( ! s]vants' hall1 s unaffect$ly simple is 8 acceptance ( ! *>m ( rosy-*eek$ girls1 ( pretty posies & dappl$ sunlight4 ,& yet "o kn[s well en\gh t ,r5oir 0 z 8artful0 z "o c\ld wi%4 ,?\gh he _h n ! bit+ wit ( a ,degas1 he _h a peculi> love ( mis*iev\s hum\r2 he 0 any?+ b a h>mless or innoc5t "*4 ,all 8 simplicity is on ! surface only4 ,! long] "o looks1 ! deep] does ,r5oir retire beh9d veil aft] veil ( subtlety4 ,& yet1 comp>$ ) "s mod]n arti/s1 he 01 aft] all1 easy & in/9ctively simple4 ,ev5 8 pla/ic unity 0 arriv$ at by :at seems a m natural me?od ?an1 say1 ,czanne's4 ,:]eas ,czanne und]took 8 indefatigable rese>* = ! p]spective ( ! rec$+ planes1 ,r5oir seems to h accept$ a v simple g5]al pla/ic =mula4 ,:atev] ,czanne may h meant by 8 celebrat$ say+ ab\t cones & cyl9d]s1 ,r5oir seems to h ?\ght ! sph]e & cyl9d] suffici5t = 8 purpose4 ,! figure pres5ts itself to 8 eye z an arrangem5t ( m or less hemisph]ical bosses & cyl9d]s1 & he appe>s g5]ally to arrange ! light s t ! mo/ prom95t "p ( ea* boss receives ! highe/ light4 ,f ?is ! planes rec$e by ins5sible gradations t[>ds ! cont\r1 :i* g5]ally rema9s ! vague/1 lea/ asc]ta9$ "p ( ! modell+4 ,:atev] lies imm$iately beh9d ! cont\r t5ds to become drawn into its sph]e ( influ5ce1 to =m an undef9$ recession envelop+ & receiv+ ! rec$+ planes4 ,z ! eye passes away f ! cont\r1 new b less m>k$ bosses =m !mselves & fill ! backgr\nd ) repetitions ( ! g5]al !me4 ,! picture t5ds ?us to take ! =m ( a bas-relief 9 :i* ! recessions are n into ! pr(\nd di/ances ( pictorial space1 b only back1 z x 71 to ! block out ( :i* ! boss$ reliefs em]ge1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 by means ( atmosph]ic col\r ! eye may int]pret ^! recessions z di/ance4 ,?is is cle>ly 9 m>k$ contra/ to ,czanne's me?od ( sugge/+ endless recessions ( planes ) ! mo/ complicat$ int]wov5 texture4 ,r5oir's draw+ takes on ! same fundam5tal simplicity4 ,an ,+res arriv$ at ! simplifi$ /atem5t necess>y = great design by a process ( gradual elim9ation ( all ! sup]flu\s s9uosities :i* 8 h& _h record$ 9 ! fir/ draw+ f nature4 ,r5oir seems nev] to h all[$ 8 eye to accept m ?an ! l>g] elem5ts ( mass & direction4 ,8 full1 r\nd$ curves embrace ! =m 9 its mo/ g5]al aspect4 ,) advanc+ ye>s & cont9ually gr[+ sci5ce he 0 able1 at la/1 to /ate ?is ess5tial syn!sis ) amaz+ bread? & ease4 ,he cont9ually increas$ ! amplitude ( 8 =ms until1 9 8 late/ nudes1 ! :ole design is fill$ ) a few p]fectly relat$ bosses4 ,l ,titian's1 ,r5oir's p[] ( design increas$ visibly up to ! v end ( 8 life4 ,true1 he 0 capable at all p]iods ( conceiv+ l>ge & f9ely co-ord9at$ compositions1 su* z 8,les ,p>apluies0 & ! 8,*>p5ti] family02 b at ! end ev5 ! smalle/ /udies h /ructural complet5ess4 ,a ,,possible ,,dome/ic ,,ar*itecture#ed ,h\ses are ei!r build]s' h\ses or ar*itects' h\ses4 ,n t speculative build]s d n employ ar*itects1 b !y g5]ally employ ar*itects :o efface !mselves beh9d ! deadly conv5tionality & bewild]+ fantasy ( _! faades4 ,ar*itects' h\ses are g5]ally built to ! ord] ( a g5tleman :o wi%es 8 h\se to h "s di/9ctive "*1 to /& out f ! common h]d ( h\ses1 ei!r by its great] spl5d\r or its great] discretion4 ,! build]'s h\se1 l ! dresses ( ! l[] middle class1 is g5]ally an imitation ( ! g5tleman's1 only ( a fa%ion t has j gone out ( date & imitat$ badly 9 *eap] mat]ials4 ,no "o def5ds x4 ,x is made s because y mu/ make a h\se someh[1 & b\ght because x is ! usual & !re=e inevitable ?+4 ,no "o enjoys x1 no "o admires x1 x is accept$ z "p ( ! use & wont ( ord9>y life4 ,! g5tleman's & ar*itect's h\se is diff]5t4 ,"h "t & ?\ght1 & p]haps great +5uity & ta/e are employ$ 9 giv+ to ! h\se an individual "*4 ,un=tunately ?is individual "* is g5]ally t]ribly consci\s ( its social aspect1 ( h[ ! h\se w look1 n to ^? :o live 9 x s mu* z to ^? :o come to visit4 ,we h no d\bt outliv$ ! m vulg> =ms ( ?is social consci\sness1 ^? :i* l$ to ! gross display ( m]ely exp5sive massiv5ess & pr(usion4 ,few mod]n h\ses w\ld satisfy ,mr4 ,podsnap4 ,b its subtl] =ms are /ill app>5t4 ,!y g5]ally make !mselves felt 9 ! desire to be romantic4 ,z x requires mu* too mu* imag9ation to f9d romance 9 ! pres5t1 "o looks = x 9 ! pa/1 & s a dive is made into "s p]iod ( hi/ory1 & its monum5ts /udi$ & copi$1 & f9ally 8adapt$0 to ! m elaborate exig5cies ( mod]n life4 ,b1 alas1 ^! div]s into ! pa/ seem nev] to h be5 able to f9d ! pe>l ( romance1 =1 ev] s9ce ! craze began 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 !y h be5 div+ n[ "h1 n[ !re1 n[ into ,romanesque1 n[ into ,go?ic1 n[ into ,jacobean1 n[ into ,que5 ,anne4 ,!y h br\ght up innum]able ar*itectural 8features0 :i* h be5 duly copi$ by mod]n ma*9]y1 & c>efully glu$ on to ! h\ses1 & /ill ! own]s & ! ar*itects1 to d !m ju/ice1 feel re/less1 & are 9 se>* ( "s new old /yle to try4 ,! se>* has flagg$ ( late1 p "k x is useless1 & "h & !re ar*itects h set to "w m]ely to build s well & ) su* a f9e s5se ( ! mat]ial employ$ t ! result %\ld satisfy ! desire = comel9ess )\t ! use ( any /yle4 ,i am ?9k+ ( "s ( ,mr4 ,bl['s e>li] works :]e a peculi> *>m result$ f ! un/9t+ c>e ) :i* e piece ( mat]ial _h be5 *os5 & ! :ole fitt$ toge!r almo/ z ?\gh ! /ones _h be5 preci\s /ones in/ead ( fl9ts or bricks4 ,b on ! :ole ! problem appe>s to be /ill unsolv$1 & ! ar*itects g on us+ /yles ( v>i\s k9ds ) great] or less degrees ( correctness4 ,?is !y no long] d ) ! old ze/ & hope ( discov]y1 b r ) a languid indiff]5ce & ) evid5t m>ks ( disc\ragem5t4 ,n[ /yle is an admirable ?+1 x is ! result ( ease & coh]5ce ( feel+1 b un=tunately a borr[$ /yle is an ev5 /rong] pro( ( muddl$ & befogg$ emotions ?an ! total abs5ce ( /yle4 ,! desire = a /yle at all co/s1 ev5 a borr[$ /yle1 is "p ( t exagg]at$ social consci\sness :i* 9 o!r respects manife/s itself z snobb]y4 ,:at if p 7 j to let _! h\ses be ! direct outcome ( _! actual ne$s1 & ( _! actual way ( life1 & all[ o!r p to ?9k :at !y l4 ,:at if !y behav$ 9 ! matt] ( h\ses z all p wi% to behave 9 society )\t any undue or fussy self-consci\sness4 ,w\ldn't su* h\ses h really a great deal m "*1 & !re=e int]e/ = o!rs1 ?an ^? :i* are delib]ately made to look l some?+ or o!r4 ,in/ead ( look+ l some?+1 !y w\ld !n be some?+4 ,! h\se :i* ,i plann$ & built = myself 0 ! result ( c]ta9 p>ticul> ne$s & habits4 ,i _h orig9ally no idea ( build+ a h\se3 ,i _h s (t5 he>d ! prov]b t 8,fools build h\ses = wise m5 to live 910 t ,i _h come to believe x1 b ,i requir$ a h\se ( a c]ta9 size = my family )9 easy rea* ( ,london4 ,i look$ at a great _m h\ses & f\nd t ^? :i* _h a suffici5t numb] ( rooms 7 all g5tlem5's e/abli%m5ts1 ) lodge1 /abl+1 & gre5-h\ses4 ,n[ x 0 *>act]i/ic ( my purse t ,i c\ld n af=d to keep up a g5tleman's e/abli%m5t & ( my ta/es t ,i c\ld n endure to4 ,i 0 a t[n dwell]1 & ,i want$ a t[n h\se & a little g>d5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,z ,i c\ld n f9d :at ,i want$1 ! idea came into my head t ,i mu/ build x or g )\t4 ,! means at my disposal 7 def9itely limit$2 ! "q 0 !re=e :e!r ,i c\ld build a h\se ( ! requir$ size ) t sum4 ,i made a plan conta9+ ! numb] ( rooms ( ! sizes ,i requir$1 & got an e/imate4 ,x 0 l>gely 9 excess ( ! sum ,i possess$ = ! purpose4 ,i fe>$ ,i mu/ give up my s*eme :5 ,i met a fri5d :o _h exp]im5t$ 9 build+ *eap cottages on 8 e/ate1 & le>n$ f him t ! secret ( economy 0 conc5tration ( plan4 ,i also discov]$ 9 discuss+ my fir/ e/imate t ro(s 7 *eap] ?an walls4 ,i !reupon />t$ on a q diff]5t plan1 9 :i* ,i arrang$ ! rooms to =m z ne>ly z possible a solid block1 & plac$ a numb] ( ! rooms 9 a hipp$ or ,mans>d ro(4 ,x w be se5 t1 s f>1 ! plann+ ( ! h\se 0 m]ely ! discov]y ( a possible equation betwe5 my ne$s & ! sum at my disposal4 ,b 9 try+ to e/abli% ?is equation ,i _h f\nd x necess>y to make ! rooms r small] ?an ,i %\ld h lik$1 & hav+ a great lik+ = l>ge & p>ticul>ly high int]iors--,i hate ,elizabe?an rooms ) _! l[ ceil+s 9 spite ( _! prett9ess1 & ,i love ! int]iors ( ! b>oque palaces ( ,italy--,i det]m9$ to h "o room ( g5]\s dim5sions & p>ticul>ly ( great height4 ,?is l>ge room surr\nd$ by small rooms 0 naturally made into a g5]al liv+-place1 ) arrangem5ts by means ( a lift to enable x to be us$ z a d9+ hall if !re 7 m 9 ! h\se ?an c\ld be accommodat$ 9 ! small breakfa/ room4 ,! e/imate = ?is new conc5trat$ plan1 9 spite ( ! l>ge dim5sions ( ! liv+ place1 came to little m ?an half ! e/imate = ! =m] plan1 & made my project feasible1 provid$ t ,i c\ld calculate all details & did n run into extras4 ,s f> !n !re has be5 no "q ( ar*itecture2 x has be5 m]ely solv+ ! problem ( p]sonal ne$s & habits1 & ( co/1 & if ar*itecture !re is to be1 x %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 come directly out ( ! solution ( ^! problems4 ,! size & disposition ( ! plan hav+ ?us be5 fix$1 ! elevations are giv5 9 outl9e1 & ! only "q is h[ ! rectangle ( ea* elevation is to be treat$4 ,doors & w9d[s are ! elem5ts ( ! design1 & "h aga9 some?+ w already be det]m9$ by ne$s or ta/es4 ,!re is ne$ ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( light1 & my own ta/e is to h z mu* z possible1 s t ! w9d[s _h to be l>ge rectangles4 ,b :5 all ^! ?+s are det]m9$ by ne$ !re is /ill a wide m>g9 ( *oice--! size ( ! panes 9 ! w9d[s1 ! dep? ( recess ( ! w9d[s )9 ! wall1 ! flatness or relief ( ea* elem5t4 ,all ^! & _m m are /ill matt]s ( *oice1 & x is ?r\gh ! arti/'s s5se ( proportion & 8 feel+ = ! pla/ic relief ( ! :ole surface t a "w ( m]e utility may become a "w ( art4 ,9 ! case ( ! ma9 elevation ( my h\se ,i f\nd t :5 all ! w9d[s1 includ+ ! long w9d[s ( ! high liv+-place1 7 duly arrang$1 !re 0 a want ( unity ow+ to ! ne>ly equal balance betwe5 ! horizontal & v]tical memb]s4 ,i !re=e und]l9$ ! slight projection ( ! c5tral "p 7a projection en=c$ by by-laws7 by v>y+ ! mat]ial1 replac+ at ?is po9t ! pla/] ( ! walls by two b&s ( r$ brick4 ,9 ?is way ! v]tical effect ( ! c5tral "p 0 made to dom9ate ! :ole faade4 ,! arti/ic or ar*itectural "p ( ?is h\se 0 conf9$1 !n1 m]ely to ! c>eful *oice ( proportions )9 c]ta9 fix$ limits def9$ by ne$s1 & nei!r "t1 money1 nor ?\ght 7 exp5d$ on giv+ ! h\se ! appe>ance ( any p>ticul> /yle4 ,i h gone ?us at l5g? into ! hi/ory ( my own h\se m]ely z an example ( ! way 9 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 a g5u9e ar*itecture1 & 9 ! end1 no d\bt1 an ar*itectural /yle1 might arise4 ,x requires a c]ta9 c\rage or indiff]5ce to public op9ion on ! "p ( ! own]4 ,my own h\se is neighb\r$ by h\ses ( ! mo/ g5tlemanly picturesqu5ess1 h\ses f :i* t9y gables ) w9d[ slits jut out at any unexpect$ angle1 & naturally x is reg>d$ z a mon/r\s eyesore by _! inhabitants4 ,inde$1 :5 ,i fir/ came "h x 0 suppos$ t ! ugl9ess ( my h\se 0 s app>5t t ,i myself c\ld n be bl9d to x1 & %\ld n res5t its be+ criticis$ 9 my pres5ce4 ,!y 7 q "r1 ,i did n res5t x2 ,i 0 only v mu* amus$4 ,to arrive at su* a g5u9e dome/ic ar*itecture z ,i conceive1 requires1 !n1 ?is social indiff]5ce to surr\nd+ snobbi%ness on ! "p ( ! own]1 & x requires a nice s5se ( proportion & a feel+ = values ( pla/ic relief on ! "p ( ! arti/ :o designs ! h\se1 b x does n require g5ius or ev5 any extraord9>y tal5t to make a g5u9e & hone/ piece ( dome/ic ar*itecture :i* w cont9ue to look di/+ui%$ :5 ! la/ 8/yle0 b "o hav+ j become dmod already /9ks 9 ! no/rils ( all cultur$ p4 ,,jean ,,m>*&#ee ,!re are "s ?irty pictures by ,m4 ,jean ,m>*& n[ on view at ! ,c>fax ,gall]y 9 ,bury ,/reet4 ,?is gives "o an occasion = review+ ! "w ( ?is comp>atively "y arti/4 ,m4 ,m>*& belongs1 ( c\rse1 to ! revolution>y movem5t ( ?is c5tury 9 t he d]ives ! g5]al pr9ciples ( 8 art f ,czanne1 b he is ! mo/ traditional ( revolution>ies4 ,n by ! wilde/ /ret* ( ! imag9ation c\ld "o conceive ( ,m4 ,m>*& delib]ately or consci\sly do+ any?+ to a/oni% ! public4 ,x is q true t no g5u9e arti/ ev] did1 b "s arti/s h f\nd an add$ piquancy 9 ! ?\ght t inv5tions t occurr$ to !m w\ld 9 po9t ( fact h ?is adv5titi\s *>m4 ,b ) ,m4 ,m>*& su* possibilities seem m remote ?an ) mo/ ( 8 compe]s4 ,an extreme simplicity & directness ( outlook & a t\*+ s9c]ity 9 all he does are ! mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ics ( 8 "w4 ,n t he makes "o suppose him to be too nave to play tricks ) 8 art2 on ! contr>y1 "o sees t he is highly self-consci\s & intellectual1 b t he kn[s ! utt] futility ( any delib]ate emphasis on ! arti/'s "p4 ,he kn[s t any effect ( p]man5t value mu/ fl[ directly f ! matt] 9 h&2 t x is useless to make any?+ appe> m int]e/+ or impressive ?an x is2 t1 :atev] 8 vision is1 x mu/ be accept$ lit]ally1 & )\t any attempt to add to its importance or effectiv5ess4 ,9 %ort1 ,m4 ,m>*& is a classic arti/--"o might almo/ 9 ^! days say a ,fr5* arti/1 & c\nt x z synonym\s1 b t "o rememb]s t ! ,fr5*1 too1 h _h _! orgies ( romantic emphasis1 & h always ready to h& a conv5tion ( coldly exagg]at$ rhetoric4 ,moreov]1 if "o ?9ks ( a ne>ly alli$ pa9t] ,illu/ration3 ,m>*&4 ,/ill ,life ,au?or's ,collection ,plate ,,xxviii4 su* z ,d]a91 ^: "w is s t]ribly int]e/+1 "o sees t to a q peculi> degree ,m4 ,m>*& exemplifies ! s5tim5tal hone/y ( ! ,fr5*4 ,i leave ! "q op5 :e!r ?is is a moral trait1 or is n r ! result ( a cle>] p]ception ?an we (t5 atta9 to ( ! extreme futility ( ly+ :]e art is conc]n$4 ,c]ta9ly "o c imag9e ! temptations = a man ( ,m4 ,m>*&'s great te*nical ability to *oose "s slightly wilful or fanta/ic =mula ( vision & to exploit x = :at x might br+ out2 = ,m4 ,m>*& 0 h&icapp$ 9 any competition = notoriety by ! v normality & sanity ( 8 vision4 ,comp>$ to ! descriptions ( sket*es 9 8,jane ,eyre10 8 pictures w\ld be judg$ to be entirely lack+ 9 imag9ation4 ,he nev] tries to inv5t :at he has n actually se54 ,almo/ any ( ! ord9>y ?+s ( life suffice = 8 !me--a loaf ( bread or a hat left on ! table1 a r vulg> ,fr5* *teau re/or$ by ,viollet-le-,duc ) a prim g>d5 & decor\s lake1 a pot ( aspidi/ra 9 a suburban w9d[4 ,^! & ! l are ! subjects ( 8 pictures1 & he pa9ts ! objects !mselves 9 all _! vulg> ev]ydayness4 ,!y d n become excuses = ab/ract designs2 !y reta9 9 8 pictures all _! bleak commonplac5ess4 ,any "o unfamili> ) 8 pictures :o read su* an acc\nt ( 8 "w might ?9k ,m4 ,m>*& 0 a dull lit]ali/1 ^: m]e accompli%m5t x is to r5d] ! similitude ( objects4 ,b su* a conclusion w\ld be entirely wrong4 ,h[ev] frankly ,m4 ,m>*& accepts ! =ms ( objects1 h[ev] little 8 normal vision di/orts or idealises !m1 h[ev] consci\sly & delib]ately he *ooses ! arrangem5t1 he does build up by %e] me?od & arti/ic sci5ce a unity :i* has a s+ul>ly impressive quality4 ,i he>d "s "o say1 9 front ( a /ill life :i* repres5t$ a :ite tableclo?1 a glass tumbl]1 an e>!nw>e wat]-bottle & a loaf ( bread1 t x 0 l ,buddha4 ,) su* a description z ,i give ( ! picture ! appreciation s\nds preci\s & absurd2 be=e ! picture x seems p]fectly j4 ,= ,m4 ,m>*& has atta9$ ! rew>d ( 8 inflexible hone/y2 8 con/ruction is s solid & unfalt]+1 he builds up 8 designs ) su* massive & direct h&l+1 t )\t ! slighte/ sugge/ion ( emphasis1 )\t any und]l9+1 ! effect comes ?r\gh2 ! mat]ial becomes expressive2 he becomes a creator1 & n a m]e adapt] ( =m4 ,= ! und]/&+ ( 8 p]sonality x is int]e/+ to consid] 8 ,cubi/ p]iod1 s9ce ,m>*&'s reaction to ,cubism is typical ( 8 nature4 ,cubism1 l ,s4 ,paul1 has be5 all ?+s to all m5--at lea/ to almo/ all arti/s ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,to "s x has be5 a doctr9e & a revelation2 to "s x has be5 a conv5i5t =m ( arti/ic j\rnalism2 to "s x has be5 a quick road to notoriety1 to "s an aid to melodramatic effect4 ,to ,m4 ,m>*& x 0 j a useful me?od & a gymna/ic4 ,he us$ x = j :at x c\ld give him z an ex]cise 9 ! organisation ( =m4 ,x 0 to him l a sy/em ( notation to a ma!matician1 a means ( h&l+ quantities :i* )\t x w\ld h be5 too elusive & too inf9ite to grasp4 ,by means ( ,cubism ! inf9ity ( a sph]e c\ld be r$uc$ to half a doz5 planes1 ea* ( :i* he c\ld le>n to relate to all ! o!r planes 9 ! picture2 & ! s+ul> ease & directness ( 8 pla/ic con/ruction seem to be due to 8 e>ly practice ( ,cubi/ me?ods4 ,hav+ once le>n$ by ?is process ( will$ & delib]ate analysis h[ to h&le complex =ms1 he has be5 able to ?r[ away ! scaffold+ & to con/ruct palpably relat$ & completely unifi$ designs ) some?+ approa*+ ! full complexity ( natural =ms1 ?\gh ! lucid /atem5t & ! ease ( h&l+ :i* x actuates te/ify to ! effect ( 8 appr5tice%ip 9 ,cubism4 ,su* a use ( a !ory--z a me?od1 n z a doctr9e--seems to me typical ( ,m4 ,m>*&'s balanc$ judgm5t1 ( 8 al]t read9ess to use any & e means t c\ld conduce to 8 sl[ & me?odical developm5t1 & hold out hopes ( a cont9u$ gr[?4 ,m4 ,m>*&1 s assur$1 s settl$ an arti/1 is /ill "y4 ,9 ! l&scapes :i* he did 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france j be=e ! w> he explor$ a peculi>ly p]suasive & h>moni\s s*eme ( col\r1 bas$ on w>m o*res1 e>? r$s1 & dull blues4 ,^! pictures h ! envelopm5t & ! sonor\s h>mony ( "s e>ly ,italian ma/]s 9 spite ( ! frank oppositions & ! vigor\s scaffold+ ( mod]n design4 ,9 ! lat] "w done 9 ! la/ ye> he %[s a new s5se ( col\r1 a new %>pness & almo/ an audacity1 if "o c imag9e s well-balanc$ a nature capable ( audacity4 ,he uses dull neutral col\rs1 ! dirty :ite ( a cl\dy sky1 h>% dull gre5s & blacks1 ! obvi\s & unattractive col\rs t s frequ5tly occur 9 nature2 b he uses !m 9 su* comb9ations1 & ) su* acc5ts ( tone & su* subtly prep>$ accordances & oppositions1 t ^! obvi\s dull col\rs /rike "o z fasc9at+ discov]ies4 ,?is is ! height ( arti/ic sci5ce1 s to accept ! obvi\s & commonplace t x gives "o ! pleasant %ock ( p>adox4 ,x seems h>dly ra% to =etell = him a solid & cont9ually gr[+ fame4 ,,retrospect#ef ,! "w ( re-read+ & select+ f ! mass ( my writ+s z an art critic has inevitably br\ght me up aga9/ ! "q ( its consi/5cy & coh]5ce4 ,al?\gh ,i d n ?9k t ,i h republi%$ "h any?+ ) :i* ,i entirely disagree1 ,i _c b recognise t 9 _m ( ^! essays ! emphasis lies 9 a diff]5t place f :]e ,i %\ld n[ put x4 ,=tunately ,i h nev] prid$ myself ^u my un*ang+ con/ancy ( attitude1 b unless ,i flatt] myself ,i ?9k ,i c trace a c]ta9 tr5d ( ?\ght und]ly+ v diff]5t expressions ( op9ion4 ,n[ s9ce t tr5d seems to me to be symptomatic ( mod]n /hetic1 & s9ce x may p]haps expla9 mu* t seems p>adoxical 9 ! actual situation ( art1 x may be int]e/+ to discuss its nature ev5 at ! co/ ( be+ autobiographical4 ,9 my "w z a critic ( art ,i h nev] be5 a pure ,impressioni/1 a m]e record+ in/rum5t ( c]ta9 s5sations4 ,i h always _h "s k9d ( /hetic4 ,a c]ta9 sci5tific curiosity & a desire = compreh5sion h impell$ me at e /age to make g5]alisations1 to attempt "s k9d ( logical co-ord9ation ( my impressions4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i h nev] work$ out = myself a complete sy/em su* z ! metaphysicians d$uce f a priori pr9ciples4 ,i h nev] believ$ t ,i knew :at 0 ! ultimate nature ( art4 ,my /hetic has be5 a purely practical "o1 a t5tative exp$i5t1 an attempt to r$uce to "s k9d ( ord] my /hetic impressions up to date4 ,x has be5 held m]ely until su* "t z fre% exp]i5ces might confirm or modify x4 ,moreov]1 ,i h always look$ on my sy/em ) a c]ta9 suspicion4 ,i h recognis$ t if x ev] =m$ too solid a cru/ x might /op ! inlets ( fre% exp]i5ce1 & ,i c c\nt v>i\s occasions :5 my pr9ciples w\ld h l$ me to condemn1 & :5 my s5sibility has play$ ! "p ( ,balaam ) ! effect ( mak+ tempor>y *aos ( my sy/em4 ,t has1 ( c\rse1 always re>rang$ itself to take 9 ! new exp]i5ce1 b ) ea* su* cataclysm x has suff]$ a loss ( pre/ige4 ,s t ev5 9 its late/ =m ,i d n put =w>d my sy/em z m ?an a provisional induction f my own /hetic exp]i5ces4 ,i h c]ta9ly tri$ to make my judgm5t z objective z possible1 b ! critic mu/ "w ) ! only in/rum5t he possesses--namely1 8 own s5sibility ) all its p]sonal equations4 ,all t he c consci\sly endeav\r is to p]fect t tool to its utmo/ by /udy+ ! traditional v]dicts ( m5 ( /hetic s5sibility 9 ! pa/1 & by con/ant comp>ison ( 8 own reactions ) ^? ( 8 contempor>ies :o are specially gift$ 9 ?is way4 ,:5 he has done all t he c 9 ?is direction--& ,i w\ld all[ him a slight bias 9 fav\r ( agreem5t ) tradition--he is b\nd to accept ! v]dict ( 8 own feel+s z hone/ly z he c4 ,ev5 pla9 hone/y 9 ?is matt] is m difficult to atta9 ?an w\ld be admitt$ by ^? :o h nev] tri$ x4 ,9 s delicate a matt] z ! arti/ic judgm5t "o is liable to _m accid5tal di/urb+ influ5ces1 "o c sc>cely avoid tempor>y hypnotisms & halluc9ations4 ,"o c only wat* = & try to disc\nt ^!1 tak+ e opportunity to cat* "o's s5sibility unaw>es be=e x c take cov] beh9d prejudices & !ories4 ,:5 ! critic holds ! result ( 8 reaction to a "w ( art cle>ly 9 view he has next to translate x into words4 ,"h1 too1 di/ortion is inevitable1 & x is "h t ,i h probably fail$ mo/ ( accuracy1 = language 9 ! h&s ( "o :o lacks ! ma/]y ( a poet has its own tricks1 its p]v]sities & habits4 ,!re are ?+s :i* x %ies at & goes r\nd1 !re are places :]e x runs away &1 leav+ ! reality :i* x pr(esses to c>ry tumbl$ out at ! tail ( ! c>t1 arrives 9 a great po!r1 b )\t ! goods4 ,b 9 spite ( all ^! limitations & ! errors !y entail x seems to me t ! attempt to atta9 objective judgm5ts has n altoge!r fail$1 & t ,i seem to myself to h be5 always grop+ my way t[>ds "s k9d ( a reason$ & practical /hetic4 ,_m m9ds h be5 engag$ alongside ( m9e 9 ! same pursuit4 ,i ?9k we may claim t p>tly z a result ( our common ef=ts a r m intellig5t attitude exi/s 9 ! educat$ public ( to-day ?an obta9$ 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,art 9 ,engl& is sometimes insul>1 sometimes prov9cial4 ,! pre-,raphaelite movem5t 0 ma9ly an indig5\s product4 ,! dy+ e*oes ( ?is rem>kable explosion rev]b]at$ ?r\gh ! ye>s ( my nonage1 b :5 ,i fir/ began to /udy art s]i\sly ! vital movem5t 0 a prov9cial "o4 ,aft] ! usual tw5ty ye>s ( delay1 prov9cial ,engl& _h become aw>e ( ! ,impressioni/ movem5t 9 ,france1 & ! y\ng] pa9t]s ( promise 7 work+ "u ! influ5ce ( ,monet4 ,"s ( !m ev5 =mulat$ !ories ( naturalism 9 its mo/ lit]al & extreme =m4 ,b at ! same "t ,:i/l]1 ^: ,impressionism 0 ( a v diff]5t /amp1 _h put =w>d ! purely decorative idea ( art1 & _h tri$ 9 8 8,t5 o'clock10 p]haps too cavali]ly1 to sweep away ! web ( e?ical que/ions1 di/ort$ by /hetic prejudices1 :i* ,rusk9's exub]ant & ill-regulat$ m9d _h spun = ! ,briti% public4 ,! ,naturali/s made no attempt to expla9 :y ! exact & lit]al imitation ( nature %\ld satisfy ! human _s1 & ! 8,decorators0 fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 agreeable s5sations & imag9ative significance4 ,aft] a brief p]iod dur+ :i* ,i 0 int]e/$ 9 ! new possibilities op5$ up by ! m sci5tific evaluation ( col\r :i* ! ,impressioni/s practis$1 ,i came to feel m & m ! abs5ce 9 _! "w ( /ructural design4 ,x 0 an innate desire = ?is aspect ( art :i* drove me to ! /udy ( ! ,old ,ma/]s &1 9 p>ticul>1 ^? ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 9 ! hope ( discov]+ f !m ! secret ( t ar*itectonic idea :i* ,i miss$ s badly 9 ! "w ( my contempor>ies4 ,i ?9k n[ t a c]ta9 am\nt ( 8cuss$ness0 l$ me to exagg]ate :at 0 none ! less a g5u9e p]sonal reaction4 ,f9d+ myself out ( t\* ) my g5]ation ,i took a c]ta9 pleasure 9 emphasis+ my isolation4 ,i always recognis$ fully t ! only vital art ( ! day 0 t ( ! ,impressioni/s ^: !ories ,i disbeliev$1 & ,i 0 always able to admit ! greatness ( ,degas & ,r5oir4 ,b _m ( my judgm5ts ( mod]n art 7 too mu* affect$ by my attitude4 ,i d n ?9k ,i ev] prais$ ,mr4 ,wilson ,/e] or ,mr4 ,walt] ,sick]t z mu* z !y des]v$1 & ,i look$ ) too ,illu/ration3 ,seurat4 ,la ,baignade ,plate ,,xxix4 great indulg5ce on "s w\ld-be imitators ( ! ,old ,ma/]s4 ,b my mo/ s]i\s lapse 0 ! failure to discov] ! g5ius ( ,seurat 7see ,plate71 ^: supreme m]its z a design] ,i _h e reason to acclaim4 ,i _c ev5 tell n[ :e!r ,i ev] saw 8 "w 9 ! exhibitions ( ! e>ly n9eties1 b if ,i did 8 qualities 7 hidd5 f me by ! n[ transp>5t veil ( po9tillism--a pseudo-sci5tific sy/em ( atmosph]ic col\r notation 9 :i* ,i took no int]e/4 ,i ?9k ,i c claim t my /udy ( ! ,old ,ma/]s 0 nev] mu* ta9t$ by ar*ological curiosity4 ,i tri$ to /udy !m 9 ! same _s z ,i might /udy contempor>y arti/s1 & ,i always regrett$ t !re 0 no mod]n art capable ( satisfy+ my pr$ilections4 ,i say !re 0 no mod]n art because none su* 0 kn[n to me1 b all ! "t !re 0 "o :o _h already work$ out ! problem :i* seem$ to me insoluble ( h[ to use ! mod]n vision ) ! con/ructive design ( ! old] ma/]s4 ,by "s extraord9>y ill luck ,i manag$ to miss see+ ,czanne's "w till "s consid]able "t aft] 8 dea?4 ,i _h he>d ( him vaguely f "t to "t z a k9d ( hidd5 oracle ( ultra-impressionism1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ,i expect$ to f9d myself entirely unreceptive to 8 art4 ,to my int5se surprise ,i f\nd myself deeply mov$4 ,i h discov]$ ! article 9 :i* ,i record$ ?is enc\nt]1 & ?\gh ! praise ,i gave w\ld s\nd grudg+ & feeble to-day--= ,i 0 /ill obsess$ by ideas ab\t ! cont5t ( a "w ( art--,i am glad to see t ,i 0 s ready to scrap a long-*]i%$ hypo!sis 9 face ( a new exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! next few ye>s ,i became increas+ly int]e/$ 9 ! art ( ,czanne & ( ^? l ,gaugu9 & van ,go* :o at t "t repres5t$ ! fir/ effects ( 8 pr(\nd influ5ce on mod]n art1 & ,i gradually recognis$ t :at ,i _h hop$ = z a possible ev5t ( "s future c5tury _h already occurr$1 t art _h begun to recov] once m ! language ( design & to explore its s long neglect$ possibilities4 ,?us x happ5$ t :5 at ! end ( #aiaa1 by a curi\s s]ies ( *ances1 ,i 0 9 a position to organise an exhibition at ! ,grafton ,gall]ies1 ,i seiz$ ! opportunity to br+ be=e ! ,engli% public a selection ( works con=m+ to ! new direction4 ,= purposes ( conv5i5ce x 0 necess>y to give ^! arti/s a "n1 & ,i *ose1 z be+ ! vague/ & mo/ non-committal1 ! "n ( ,po/-,impressioni/4 ,?is m]ely /at$ _! position 9 "t relatively to ! ,impressioni/ movem5t4 ,9 con=mity ) my own previ\s prejudices aga9/ ,impressionism1 ,i ?9k ,i und]l9$ too mu* _! divorce f ! p>5t /ock4 ,i see n[ m cle>ly _! affiliation ) x1 b ,i 0 none ! less "r 9 recognis+ _! ess5tial diff]5ce1 a diff]5ce :i* ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ,cubism has r5d]$ m evid5t4 ,( late ! !sis ( _! fundam5tal opposition has be5 aga9 en=c$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,m4 ,lhote4 ,if ,i may judge by ! discussions 9 ! press to :i* ?is exhibition gave rise1 ! g5]al public fail$ to see t my position ) reg>d to ?is movem5t 0 capable ( a logical explanation1 z ! result ( a consi/5t s5sibility4 ,i tri$ 9 va9 to expla9 :at appe>$ to me s cle>1 t ! mod]n movem5t 0 ess5tially a return to ! ideas ( =mal design :i* _h be5 almo/ lo/ sight ( 9 ! f]vid pursuit ( naturali/ic repres5tation4 ,i f\nd t ! cultur$ public :i* _h welcom$ my expositions ( ! works ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance n[ reg>d$ me z ei!r incr$ibly flippant or1 = ! m *>itable explanation 0 usually adopt$1 slightly insane4 ,9 fact1 ,i f\nd among ! cultur$ :o _h hi!rto be5 my mo/ eag] li/5]s ! mo/ invet]ate & exasp]at$ enemies ( ! new movem5t4 ,! accusation ( an>*ism 0 con/antly made4 ,f an /hetic po9t ( view ?is 01 ( c\rse1 ! exact opposite ( ! tru?1 & ,i 0 = long puzzl$ to f9d ! explanation ( s p>adoxical an op9ion & s viol5t an enmity4 ,i n[ see t my crime _h be5 to /rike at ! ve/$ emotional int]e/s4 ,^! p felt in/9ctively t _! special culture 0 "o ( _! social assets4 ,t to be able to speak glibly ( ,tang & ,m+1 ( ,amico di ,s&ro & ,baldov9etti1 gave !m a social /&+ & a di/9ctive ca*et4 ,?is %[$ me t we _h all along be5 lab\r+ "u a mutual misund]/&+1 i4e4 t we _h admir$ ! ,italian primitives = q diff]5t reasons4 ,x 0 felt t "o c\ld only appreciate ,amico di ,s&ro :5 "o _h acquir$ a c]ta9 consid]able mass ( erudition & giv5 a great deal ( "t & att5tion1 b to admire a ,matisse requir$ only a c]ta9 s5sibility4 ,"o c\ld feel fairly sure t "o's maid c\ld n rival "o 9 ! =m] case1 b might by a m]e haphaz>d gift ( ,provid5ce ,illu/ration3 ,d]a94 ,/ill ,life ,au?or's ,collection ,plate ,,xxx4 surpass "o 9 ! second4 ,s t ! accusation ( revolution>y an>*ism 0 due to a social r ?an an /hetic prejudice4 ,9 any case ! cultur$ public 0 det]m9$ to look ^u ,czanne z an incompet5t bungl]1 & ^u ! :ole movem5t z madly revolution>y4 ,no?+ ,i c\ld say w\ld induce p to look calmly en\gh at ^! pictures to see h[ closely !y foll[$ tradition1 or h[ great a famili>ity ) ! ,italian primitives 0 display$ 9 _! "w4 ,n[ t ,matisse has become a safe inve/m5t = p]sons ( ta/e1 & t ,picasso & ,d]a9 h delight$ ! miscellane\s audi5ce ( ! ,london ,music ,halls ) _! designs = ! ,russian ,ballet1 x w be difficult = p to believe 9 ! vehem5ce ( ! indignation :i* greet$ ! fir/ sight ( _! works 9 ,engl&4 ,9 contra/ to its effect on ! cultur$ public ! ,po/-,impressioni/ exhibition ar\s$ a ke5 int]e/ among a few ( ! y\ng] ,engli% arti/s & _! fri5ds4 ,) !m ,i began to discuss ! problems ( /hetic t ! contemplation ( ^! works =c$ ^u u4 ,b be=e expla9+ ! effects ( ^! discussions ^u my /hetic !ory ,i mu/ return to consid] ! g5]alisations :i* ,i _h made f my /hetic exp]i5ces up to ?is po9t4 ,9 my y\? all speculations on /hetic _h revolv$ ) we>isome p]si/5ce ar\nd ! "q ( ! nature ( beauty4 ,l our pr$ecessors we s\ght = ! crit]ia ( ! beautiful1 :e!r 9 art or nature4 ,& always ?is se>* l$ to a tangle ( contradictions or else to metaphysical ideas s vague z to be inapplicable to concrete cases4 ,x 0 ,tol/oy's g5ius t deliv]$ u f ?is impasse1 & ,i ?9k t "o may date f ! appe>ance ( 8,:at is ,art80 ! beg9n+ ( fruitful speculation 9 /hetic4 ,x 0 n inde$ ,tol/oy's prepo/]\s valuation ( works ( art t c\nt$ = u1 b 8 lum9\s criticism ( pa/ /hetic sy/ems1 above all1 8 sugge/ions t art _h no special or necess>y conc]n ) :at is beautiful 9 nature1 t ! fact t ,greek sculpture _h run prematurely to decay ?r\gh an extreme & non-/hetic admiration ( beauty 9 ! human figure af=d$ no reason :y we %\ld = ev] rema9 victims ( _! error4 ,x became cle> t we _h confus$ two di/9ct uses ( ! ^w beautiful1 t :5 we us$ beauty to describe a fav\rable /hetic judgm5t on a "w ( art we meant some?+ q diff]5t f our praise ( a woman1 a sunset or a horse z beautiful4 ,tol/oy saw t ! ess5ce ( art 0 t x 0 a means ( communication betwe5 human be+s4 ,he conceiv$ x to be p> excell5ce ! language ( emotion4 ,x 0 at ?is po9t t 8 moral bias l$ him to ! /range conclusion t ! value ( a "w ( art correspond$ to ! moral value ( ! emotion express$4 ,=tunately he %[$ by an application ( 8 !ory to actual works ( art to :at absurdities x l$4 ,:at rema9$ ( imm5se importance 0 ! idea t a "w ( art 0 n ! record ( beauty already exi/5t else:]e1 b ! expression ( an emotion felt by ! arti/ & convey$ to ! spectator4 ,! next "q 01 ,( :at k9d ( emotions is art ! expression8 ,is love poetry ! expression ( ! emotion ( love1 trag$y ! expression ( pity & fe>1 & s =?8 ,cle>ly ! expression 9 art has "s simil>ity to ! expression ( ^! emotions 9 actual life1 b x is nev] id5tical4 ,x is evid5t t ! arti/ feels ^! emotions 9 a special mann]1 t he is n entirely "u _! influ5ce1 b suffici5tly )drawn to contemplate & compreh5d !m4 ,my 8,essay 9 /hetic0 "h repr9t$1 elaborates ?is po9t ( view1 & 9 a c\rse ( unpubli%$ lectures ,i endeav\r$ to divide works ( visual art accord+ to ! emotional po9t ( view1 adopt+ ! classification already exi/+ 9 poetry into ,epic1 ,dramatic1 ,lyric1 & ,com$ic4 ,i conceiv$ ! =m ( ! "w ( art to be its mo/ ess5tial quality1 b ,i believ$ ?is =m to be ! direct outcome ( an appreh5sion ( "s emotion ( actual life by ! arti/1 al?\gh1 no d\bt1 t appreh5sion 0 ( a special & peculi> k9d & impli$ a c]ta9 deta*m5t4 ,i also conceiv$ t ! spectator 9 contemplat+ ! =m mu/ inevitably travel 9 an opposite direction along ! same road :i* ! arti/ _h tak51 & himself feel ! orig9al emotion4 ,i conceiv$ ! =m & ! emotion :i* x convey$ z be+ inextricably b\nd toge!r 9 ! /hetic :ole4 ,ab\t ! "t ,i _h arriv$ at ^! conclusions ! discussion ( /hetic /imulat$ by ! appe>ance ( ,po/-,impressionism began4 ,x became evid5t ?r\gh ^! discussions t "s arti/s :o 7 peculi>ly s5sitive to ! =mal relations ( works ( art1 & :o 7 deeply mov$ by !m1 _h almo/ no s5se ( ! emotions :i* ,i _h suppos$ !m to convey4 ,s9ce x 0 impossible 9 ^! cases to d\bt ! g5u95ess ( ! /hetic reaction x became evid5t t ,i _h n pu%$ ! analysis ( works ( art f> en\gh1 _h n dis5tangl$ ! purely /hetic elem5ts f c]ta9 accompany+ accessories4 ,x 01 ,i ?9k1 ! obs]vation ( ^! cases ( reaction to pure =m t l$ ,mr4 ,clive ,bell 9 8 book1 8,art10 to put =w>d ! hypo!sis t h[ev] mu* ! emotions ( life might appe> to play a "p 9 ! "w ( art1 ! arti/ 0 really n conc]n$ ) !m1 b only ) ! expression ( a special & unique k9d ( emotion1 ! /hetic emotion4 ,a "w ( art _h ! peculi> prop]ty ( convey+ ! /hetic emotion1 & x did ?is 9 virtue ( hav+ 8significant =m40 ,he also decl>$ t repres5tation ( nature 0 entirely irrelevant to ?is & t a picture might be completely non-repres5tative4 ,?is la/ view seem$ to me always to g too f> s9ce any1 ev5 ! slighte/1 sugge/ion ( ! ?ird dim5sion 9 a picture mu/ be due to "s elem5t ( repres5tation4 ,:at ,i ?9k has result$ f ,mr4 ,clive ,bell's book1 & ! discussions :i* x has ar\s$ on ?is po9t is t ! arti/ is free to *oose any degree ( repres5tational accuracy :i* suits ! expression ( 8 feel+4 ,t no s+le fact1 or set ( facts1 ab\t nature c be held to be obligatory = arti/ic =m4 ,also "o might add z an empirical obs]vation t ! greate/ art seems to conc]n itself mo/ ) ! univ]sal aspects ( natural =m1 to be ! lea/ pre-occupi$ ) p>ticul>s4 ,! greate/ arti/s appe> to be mo/ s5sitive to ^? qualities ( natural objects :i* are ! lea/ obvi\s 9 ord9>y life precisely because1 be+ common to all visible objects1 !y d n s]ve z m>ks ( di/9ction & recognition4 ,) reg>d to ! expression ( emotion 9 works ( art ,i ?9k t ,mr4 ,bell's %>p *all5ge to ! usually accept$ view ( art z express+ ! emotions ( life has be5 ( great value4 ,x has l$ to an attempt to isolate ! purely /hetic feel+ f ! :ole complex ( feel+s :i* may & g5]ally d accompany ! /hetic feel+ :5 we reg>d a "w ( art4 ,let u take z an example ( :at ,i mean ,raphael's 8,transfiguration10 :i* a hundr$ ye>s ago 0 p]haps ! mo/ admir$ picture 9 ! _w1 & tw5ty ye>s ago 0 "o ( ! mo/ neglect$4 ,x is at once app>5t t ?is picture makes a v complex appeal to ! m9d & feel+s4 ,to ^? :o are famili> ) ! ,gospel /ory ( ,*ri/ x br+s toge!r 9 a s+le composition two diff]5t ev5ts :i* occurr$ simultane\sly at diff]5t places1 ! ,transfiguration ( ,*ri/ & ! unsuccessful attempt ( ! ,disciples dur+ ,8 abs5ce to heal ! lunatic boy4 ,?is at once ar\ses a numb] ( complex ideas ab\t :i* ! intellect & feel+s may occupy !mselves4 ,goe!'s rem>k on ! picture is in/ructive f ?is po9t ( view4 8,x is rem>kable10 he says1 8t any "o has ev] v5tur$ to qu]y ! ess5tial unity ( su* a composition4 ,h[ c ! upp] "p be sep>at$ f ! l[]8 ,! two =m "o :ole4 ,bel[ ! suff]+ & ! ne$y1 above ! p[]ful & helpful--mutually dep5d5t1 mutually illu/rative40 ,x w be se5 at once :at an imm5se complex ( feel+s int]p5etrat+ & mutually affect+ "o ano!r su* a "w sets up 9 ! m9d ( a ,*ri/ian spectator1 & all ?is m]ely by ! cont5t ( ! picture1 its subject1 ! dramatic /ory x tells4 ,n[ if our ,*ri/ian spectator has also a k ( human nature he w be /ruck by ! fact t ^! figures1 especially 9 ! l[] gr\p1 are all extremely incongru\s ) any idea he is likely to h =m$ ( ! p :o surr\nd$ ,*ri/ 9 ! ,gospel n>rative4 ,& accord+ to 8 prepossessions he is likely to be %ock$ or pleas$ to f9d in/ead ( ! poor & unsophi/icat$ peasants & fi%]folk :o foll[$ ,*ri/1 a numb] ( noble1 dignifi$1 & academic g5tlem5 9 impossible g>m5ts & purely !atrical poses4 ,aga9 ! repres5tation m]ely z repres5tation1 w set up a numb] ( feel+s & p]haps ( critical ?\ghts dep5d5t ^u innum]able associat$ ideas 9 ! spectator's m9d4 ,n[ all ^! reactions to ! picture are op5 to any "o :o has en\gh und]/&+ ( natural =m to recognise x :5 repres5t$ adequately4 ,!re is no ne$ = him to h any p>ticul> s5sibility to =m z su*4 ,let u n[ take = our spectator a p]son highly end[$ ) ! special s5sibility to =m1 :o feels ! int]vals & relations ( ,illu/ration3 ,raphael4 ,! ,transfiguration ,vatican ,plate ,,xxxi4 =ms z a musical p]son feels ! int]vals & relations ( tones1 & let u suppose him ei!r completely ignorant (1 or indiff]5t to1 ! ,gospel /ory4 ,su* a spectator w be likely to be imm5sely excit$ by ! extraord9>y p[] ( co-ord9ation ( _m complex masses 9 a s+le inevitable :ole1 by ! delicate equilibrium ( _m directions ( l9e4 ,he w at once feel t ! app>5t division into two p>ts is only app>5t1 t !y are co-ord9at$ by a q peculi> p[] ( grasp+ ! possible correlations4 ,he w almo/ c]ta9ly be imm5sely excit$ & mov$1 b 8 emotion w h no?+ to d ) ! emotions :i* we h discuss$ s9ce 9 ! =m] case1 ex-hypo!si1 our spectator has no clue to !m4 ,x is evid5t !n t we h ! possibility ( inf9itely div]se reactions to a "w ( art4 ,we may imag9e1 = in/ance1 t our pagan spectator1 ?\gh entirely unaffect$ by ! /ory1 is yet consci\s t ! figures repres5t m51 & t _! ge/ures are indicative ( c]ta9 /ates ( m9d &1 9 consequ5ce1 we may suppose t accord+ to an int]nal bias 8 emotion is ei!r height5$ or h9d]$ by ! recognition ( _! rhetorical ins9c]ity4 ,or we may suppose him to be s absorb$ 9 purely =mal relations z to be indiff]5t ev5 to ?is aspect ( ! design z repres5tation4 ,we may suppose him to be mov$ by ! pure contemplation ( ! spatial relations ( pla/ic volumes4 ,x is :5 we h got to ?is po9t t we seem to h isolat$ ?is extremely elusive /hetic quality :i* is ! "o con/ant quality ( all works ( art1 & :i* seems to be indep5d5t ( all ! prepossessions & associations :i* ! spectator br+s ) him f 8 pa/ life4 ,a p]son s entirely pre-occupi$ ) ! purely =mal mean+ ( a "w ( art1 s entirely bl9d to all ! ov]tones & associations ( a picture l ! ,transfiguration is extremely r>e4 ,ne>ly e "o1 ev5 if highly s5sitive to purely pla/ic & spatial appe>ances1 w inevitably ent]ta9 "s ( ^? ?\ghts & feel+s :i* are convey$ by implication & by ref]5ce back to life4 ,! difficulty is t we frequ5tly give wrong explanations ( our feel+s4 ,i suspect1 = in/ance1 t ,goe! 0 deeply mov$ by ! m>vell\s discov]y ( design1 :]eby ! upp] & l[] p>ts coh]e 9 a s+le :ole1 b ! explanation he gave ( ?is feel+ took ! =m ( a moral & philosophical reflection4 ,x is evid5t also t ow+ to our difficulty 9 recognis+ ! nature ( our own feel+s we are liable to h our /hetic reaction int]f]$ ) by our reaction to ! dramatic ov]tones & implications4 ,i h *os5 ?is picture ( ! ,transfiguration precisely because its hi/ory is a /rik+ example ( ?is fact4 ,9 ,goe!'s "t rhetorical ge/ure 0 no b> to ! appreciation ( /hetic unity4 ,lat] on 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! /udy ( ! ,primitives _h reveal$ to u ! *>m ( dramatic s9c]ity & naturalness1 ^! ge/iculat+ figures appe>$ s false & unsympa!tic t ev5 p ( /hetic s5sibility 7 unable to disreg>d !m1 & _! dislike ( ! picture z illu/ration actually oblit]at$ or prev5t$ ! purely /hetic approval :i* !y w\ld probably o!rwise h exp]i5c$4 ,x seems to me t ?is attempt to isolate ! elusive elem5t ( ! pure /hetic reaction f ! comp\nds 9 :i* x occurs has be5 ! mo/ important advance ( mod]n times 9 practical /hetic4 ,! "q :i* ?is simile sugge/s is full ( problems2 are ^! *emical comp\nds 9 ! normal /hetically gift$ spectator1 or are !y m]ely mixtures due to our confus$ recognition ( :at goes on 9 ! complex ( our emotions8 ,! picture ,i h *os5 is also valuable1 j at ! pres5t "t1 f ?is po9t ( view4 ,s9ce x pres5ts 9 vivid opposition = mo/ ( u a v /rong positive 7pleasurable7 reaction on ! purely /hetic side1 & a viol5tly negative 7pa9ful7 reaction 9 ! realm ( dramatic association4 ,b "o c\ld easily po9t to pictures :]e ! two sets ( emotions seem to run s p>allel t ! idea t !y re9=ce "o ano!r is inevitably ar\s$4 ,we might take1 = in/ance1 ,giotto's 8,piet40 ,9 my description ( t 7p4 #aaj71 x w be se5 t ! two curr5ts ( feel+ ran s toge!r 9 my own m9d t ,i reg>d$ !m z be+ completely fus$4 ,my emotion ab\t ! dramatic idea seem$ to height5 my emotion ab\t ! pla/ic design4 ,b at pres5t ,i %\ld be incl9$ to say t ?is fusion ( two sets ( emotion 0 only app>5t & 0 due to my imp]fect analysis ( my own m5tal /ate4 ,probably at ?is po9t we mu/ h& ov] ! "q to ! exp]im5tal psy*ologi/4 ,x is = him to discov] :e!r ?is fusion is possible1 :e!r1 = example1 su* a ?+ z a song really exi/s1 t is to say1 a song 9 :i* nei!r ! mean+ ( ! words nor ! mean+ ( ! music pr$om9ates2 9 :i* music & words d n m]ely set up sep>ate curr5ts ( feel+1 :i* may agree 9 a g5]al p>allelism1 b really fuse & become indivisible4 ,i expect t ! answ] w be 9 ! negative4 ,if on ! o!r h& su* a complete fusion ( diff]5t k9ds ( emotion does take place1 ?is w\ld t5d to sub/antiate ! ord9>y op9ion t ! /hetic emotion has great] value 9 highly complicat$ comp\nds ?an 9 ! pure /ate4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t we are able to isolate 9 a "w ( art ?is purely /hetic quality to :i* ,mr4 ,clive ,bell gives ! "n ( 8significant =m40 ,( :at nature is x8 ,& :at is ! value ( ?is elusive &--tak+ ! :ole mass ( mank9d--r uncommon /hetic emotion :i* x causes8 ,i put ^! que/ions )\t mu* hope ( answ]+ !m1 s9ce x is ( ! greate/ importance to recognise cle>ly :at are ! que/ions :i* rema9 to be solv$4 ,i ?9k we are all agre$ t we mean by significant =m some?+ o!r ?an agreeable arrangem5ts ( =m1 h>moni\s patt]ns1 & ! l4 ,we feel t a "w :i* possesses x is ! outcome ( an endeav\r to express an idea r ?an to create a pleas+ object4 ,p]sonally1 at lea/1 ,i always feel t x implies ! ef=t on ! "p ( ! arti/ to b5d to our emotional und]/&+ by means ( 8 passionate conviction "s intractable mat]ial :i* is ali5 to our _s4 ,i seem unable at pres5t to get beyond ?is vague adumbration ( ! nature ( significant =m4 ,flaub]t's 8expression ( ! idea0 seems to me to correspond exactly to :at ,i mean1 b1 alas6 he nev] expla9$1 & probably c\ld n1 :at he meant by ! 8idea40 ,z to ! value ( ! /hetic emotion--x is cle>ly inf9itely remov$ f ^? e?ical values to :i* ,tol/oy w\ld h conf9$ x4 ,x seems to be z remote f actual life & its practical utilities z ! mo/ useless ma!matical !orem4 ,"o c only say t ^? :o exp]i5ce x feel x to h a peculi> quality ( 8reality0 :i* makes x a matt] ( inf9ite importance 9 _! lives4 ,any attempt ,i might make to expla9 ?is w\ld probably l& me 9 ! dep?s ( my/icism4 ,on ! edge ( t gulf ,i /op4 ,,index ,albig5sian crusade1 #ii ,am]ican & ,*9ese art1 #gd ,ar*itecture1 dome/ic1 #ahc ----1 /yles 91 #ahj ,art & ,*ri/ianity1 #hg ---- & ! ,franciscan movem5t1 #hg1 #hh ---- & ,poetry1 #aid ----1 associat$ ideas 91 #aei ----1 classic1 #aei ----1 emotion & =m 91 #aid ----1 public indiff]5ce to1 #afh ----1 ,reali/ic1 #aei ----1 ,romantic1 #aei ,arti/ & ! community1 #afh ----1 pure1 #age ,assel91 #aeh ,associat$ ideas 9 art1 #aei ,assisi1 upp] *ur* at1 #ajc ----1 great *ur* at1 #hg ,assyrian art1 #hj 8,a!num10 #eb ,au?or & ,czanne1 #aia ---- & ,gaugu91 #aia ---- & ,impressioni/s1 #aij ---- & ! public1 #aib ---- & ,old ,ma/]s1 #aij1 #aia ---- & ,seurat1 #aia ---- & van ,go*1 #aia ---- & ,mr4 ,walt] ,sick]t1 #aij ---- & ,mr4 ,wilson ,/e]1 #aij ,au?or's /hetic1 #ahh1 #ahi ---- h\se1 #ahj ,aztecs & ,incas1 #gj ,babelon1 ,m41 #gg ,babylon & ,n9eveh bas-reliefs1 #gh ,baldov9etti1 #abf ---- & ,ucello1 #abf ,baldov9etti's ,madonna & ,*ild1 #abf ---- portrait 9 ,nat4 ,gall41 #abf ---- ,tr9ity2 ,accademia1 ,flor5ce1 #abf ,balf\r1 ,mr41 #fj ,b>oque ar*itect1 #acf ---- art & ,ca?olic reaction1 #ach ---- art & ,p\ss91 #ach ---- idea & ,el ,greco1 #ace-aci ---- idea & ,mi*elangelo1 #acf1 #ach ---- idea & ,signorelli1 #ach ---- 9 ,spani% & ,italian art1 #ach ,b>tolommeo1 ,fra1 #afd ,ba/i5-,lepage1 #ag ,be>dsley & ,antonio ,pollajuolo1 #aec ---- & ,mantegna1 #aec ---- & ,nature1 #aec ,be>dsley's art1 influ5ces on1 #aec ,beauty1 nature (1 #aic1 #aid ,bee?ov51 #ai ,bell1 ,mr4 ,clive1 book on art1 #aie1 #aii ,bell9i1 ,giovanni1 & ,dr]1 #acc ,b]5son1 ,mr41 #ajj ,b]n9i & ,el ,greco1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg ,besn>d1 ,m41 #if1 #ig ,blake & ! ,byzant9e /yle1 #adb ---- & ,giotto1 #aaa1 #adb ---- & ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #adj1 #ada ---- & ,mi*elangelo1 #ada ---- & ,t9toretto1 #ada ---- on poetry1 #adc ,blake's temp]am5t1 #ada ,bleek1 ,miss1 #fd ,bl[1 ,mr41 #ahj ,bobr9sky1 ,pr9ce1 #gi1 #hj ,bode1 ,dr41 #acd ,b\rgeois attitude to art1 #afh ,bramante1 #acf ,braque1 #aeh ,bridges1 ,rob]t1 #adg ,briti% public1 #aij ,br[n+1 #db ,brunelles*i1 #d ,bumble1 #db ,bu%man & ,assyrian art1 #eh ---- & ,paloli?ic art1 #fa-fc ,byzant9e /yle & ,blake1 #adb ,caban]1 #agb ,c>avaggio1 #e ,czanne1 #db1 #aeh ---- & ,delacroix1 #agc ---- & ,el ,greco1 #aci ---- & ,+res1 #agc ---- & ,m>*&1 #ahd ---- & ,p\ss91 #agc ---- & ,r5oir1 #agg1 #agh ---- & ,rub5s' me?od1 #agc ---- & ,t9toretto's me?od1 #agc ---- & ,zola1 #agb ----1 criticism (1 #aef ---- misund]/ood by 8 contempor>ies1 #afi ----1 ,p\ss9 & ,el ,greco1 #ach1 #aci ---- ! p]fect type ( arti/1 #afh1 #aga ,czanne's "*1 #afi1 #agj1 #aga ,*ateaubri&1 #f ,*>p5ti] family1 by ,r5oir1 #agh ,*elsea ,book ,club1 #fe ,*9ese & ,am]ican art1 #gd ---- & ,negro cultures1 #fg ---- art & ,matisse1 #aeh ---- l&scape1 ,claude &1 #aej ---- pa9t+1 #ba ,*osroes relief1 #gh1 #gi ,*ri/ianity & art1 #hg ,cimabue & ,giotto1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #ajgn ,c9ematograph1 #ac ,c9quec5to art & ,giotto1 #aad ,classic art1 #aei ,claude & ,*9ese l&scape1 #aej ---- & ,corot1 #aej ---- & ,turn]1 #adf ,claude & ,:i/l]1 #aej ----1 ,rusk9 on1 #ade1 #adf ---- & ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #adf ---- & ,rembr&t1 #adf ---- 8,lib] ,v]itatis10 #adi ----1 influ5ce ( ,virgil on1 #adh1 #aeb ,claude's articulations1 #ade ---- figures1 #adf ---- romanticism1 #aej ,coco /yle1 #bi ,col\r1 ,giotto's1 #aad ,conceptual art1 #fb1 #fc ,cont\r 9 pa9t+1 #afj1 #afa ,cope1 #agb ,corot & ,claude1 #aej ---- z a draughtsman1 #afe ,corot's draw+ ( a seat$ woman1 #afe ,cosima ,tura1 #agf ,cosmati1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajd ,cossa1 #acb ,cr$i1 ,lor5zo di1 & ,dr]1 #acc ,critic's function1 #ahi ,cubism1 #aib ---- & ,m>*&1 #ahf ---- & ,ucello1 #abd ,daddi1 ,b]n>do1 & ,giotto1 #ajhn ,dante1 #b1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aaf ,david1 #e 8,decorators10 #aij ,degas1 #bj1 #agf1 #aij ---- z a draughtsman1 #afe ,delacroix & ,czanne1 #agc ,d]a91 #aeh1 #aei1 #aic ---- & ,m>*&1 #ahe ,dick5s1 #age ,dickey ,doyle1 #aec ,d\cet1 #aeh ,drama1 ,italian1 beg9n+ (1 #ajan ,draw+ ( cont\rs1 great examples1 #aff ---- ( ! figure1 #afd ---- ( ,italian ,primitives1 #afc ---- ( ,r5oir & ,+res comp>$1 #agh ----1 ,p]sian1 #afc ,druet's1 ,m41 photographs1 #aeh ,duccio & ,giotto1 #ajf ,dr] & ! ,go?ic tradition1 #abi ---- & ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #abg ---- & ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 #acc ---- & ,giovanni ,bell9i1 #acc ,dr] & ,jacopo de',b>b>i1 #acc ---- & ,mantegna1 #aca1 #acb ---- & ,pollajuolo1 #acc ---- & ,raphael1 #abg ---- & ,s*ongau]1 #acb ,dr]'s 8,beetle10 #afd ---- lett]s & di>y1 #abg ,el ,greco & ,b>oque idea1 #ace-aci ---- & ,b]n9i1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg ---- & ,briti% public1 #acd ---- & ,czanne1 #aci ----1 ,p\ss9 & ,czanne1 #ach1 #aci ,emotion & =m 9 art1 #aid1 #aig ,engl& & ,fr5* ,impressionism1 #aij ,engli% ,art consid]$1 #aij ,fatimite textiles1 #gi ,figure draw+1 #afd ,filipp9o ,lippi1 #afc ,flaub]t1 #aii ,flemi% & ,flor5t9e art1 #abd ---- pa9t+ & ,giotto1 #aaj ,flor5t9e art1 a *>act]i/ic (1 #abe ---- & ,flemi% art1 #abd ,=li1 ,melozzo da1 #ajd ,=m 9 art1 #ajg ,francesca1 ,pi]o della1 #d ,franciscan movem5t & art1 #hg1 #hh ,francis1 ,/41 #b1 #hg1 #hh1 #aab ,fr5* art classic1 #aeh1 #aei1 #ahd ,fr5*1 ,engli% & ,russian art comp>$1 #aeh ,gamp1 ,mrs41 #ig ,gaugu91 #aeh1 #age ,g]mans1 !1 #abi ,ghib]ti's comm5t>y1 #hg ,giorgione1 #age ,giotto & ,b>n>do ,daddi1 #ajhn ---- & ,blake1 91 #adb ---- & ,cimabue1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #ajgn ---- & ,c9quec5to art1 #aad ---- & classical ar*itecture1 #aac ---- & ,duccio1 #ajf ---- & ,european art1 #aae ---- & ,flemi% pa9t+1 #aaj ---- & ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aaf ---- & ,lor5zetti1 #aac ---- & ,masaccio1 #aac ---- & pre-,raphaelitism1 #ajc ,giotto & ,raphael1 #aae ---- & ,rembr&t1 #aaj ---- z draughtsman1 #aae1 #aaf ,giotto's col\r1 #aad ---- figure ( ,joa*im1 #aaa ---- inv5tion ( ,temp]a1 #aje ---- ,piet1 #aaj1 #aih ---- place z an arti/1 #aaf ,goe!1 #aig1 #aih ,go?ic tradition & ,dr]1 #abi1 #acj ,grco-,roman art1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh ,grunw$el1 ,dr41 #gf ,guatemala & ,yucatan1 #ga ,head1 ,h5ry1 ,f4,r4,s41 #fb ,h]b91 #aeh ,h]mitage1 #gi ,holmes1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,j41 #acd ,hom]1 #ig ,h\se1 au?or's1 #ahj ,h\ses1 ar*itects'1 #agi ----1 build]s'1 #agi ----1 dwell+1 #ahj ,huxley1 #h ,jacquem>t-,&r collection1 #abc-abf 8,jane ,eyre10 #ahe ,j]emiah ( ,mi*elangelo1 #bc ,johnson1 ,dr41 #fe ,joyce1 ,mr41 #fi1 #gc1 #ge ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum1 #dg1 #acd ----1 !1 #dg ,k>lsruhe ,museum1 #gh ,keats1 #adg ,ke5e1 ,*>les1 z a draughtsman1 #afe ,k+sbor\gh1 ,"l1 #ga ,kraft's /onework1 #abi ,krell1 ,oswald1 #acj ,kun/hi/oris*es ,akademie1 ,vi5na1 #abi ,incas & ,aztecs1 #gj ,+res1 #afd ---- & ,czanne1 #agc ---- z a design]1 #afc ---- z a draughtsman1 #afb ----1 effect ( pov]ty on 8 art1 #afb ,+res' draw+1 ,! ,apo!osis ( ,napoleon1 #afc ---- pa9t+ & draw+ comp>$1 #afc ,lecoq1 ,dr41 #gf ,lee*e's draw+s1 #bh ,lehmann1 ,dr41 #gd ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #d1 #bd ---- & ,claude1 #adf ---- & ,dr]1 #abg ---- & ,giotto1 #aaf ,l',hote1 #aeh ----1 ,m41 writ+s (1 #aib 8,lib] ,v]itatis0 ( ,claude1 #adi ,limoges enamels1 #gg ,l9coln ,ca!dral1 #gh ,l9e1 ! function (1 9 draw+1 #afj ----1 qualities (1 #aae ----1 r>ity ( great design express$ 91 #afc ,loewy1 ,pr(41 #ef1 #eg ,lor5zetti & ,giotto1 #aac ,malate/a1 ,sigismondo1 #hg ,mantegna & ,be>dsley1 #aec ---- & ,dr]1 #aca1 #acb ---- & ,rembr&t1 #acb ,m>*&1 #aeh ----1 a classic arti/1 #ahd ---- & ,czanne1 #ahd ---- & ,cubism1 #ahf ---- & ,d]a91 #ahe ,masaccio & ,giotto1 #aac ,matisse1 #aeh1 #aic ---- & ,*9ese art1 #aeh ---- z a draughtsman1 #afg ,maya art1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc ,melozzo da ,=li1 #aje ,m]$i?1 #bh ,mesopotamian art1 #gi ,mi*elangelo1 #ai1 #bc1 #bd1 #aji ---- & ,b>oque idea1 #acf1 #ach ---- & ,blake1 #ada ,middle ,ages1 #bi ,millais' draw+1 #afe ,milton1 #adg ,m9zel z a draughtsman1 #afe ,modigliani z a draughtsman1 #afg ,monet1 #ag1 #aij ,money1 ,mr41 #dh ,music1 #ae ----1 psy*ology (1 #aii ,national ,gall]y1 #acd ,nature1 #bd1 #be ,naturali/s1 #aij ,navicella mosaic1 #ajd ,negro & ,european sculpture1 #ff ,neoli?ic art1 #fc ,nuremb]g s*ool1 #acj ,old ,te/am5t & ,blake1 #adj1 #ada ,ottley's pr9ts1 #adb ,ox=d movem5t1 #f ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 #aed ,p>apluies1 ,les1 by ,r5oir1 #agf ,pat9e1 #ch1 #ci ,pelliot1 ,m41 #gf ,p]spective1 #abd1 #abe ,picasso1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aic ,piet1 by ,giotto1 #aaj ,p9d>1 #hg ,pl9y on pa9t+1 #afj1 #afa ,podsnap1 ,mr41 #agi ,poetry & art1 #aid ----1 ,blake on1 #adc ,pollajuolo1 ,antonio & ,be>dsley1 #aec ----1 #adg ---- & ,dr]1 #acc ,pompeii1 #cj1 #gi ,po/-,impressionism1 #aid ,po/-,impressioni/s at ! ,grafton ,gall]y1 #aia1 #aic ----1 criticism (1 #aef1 #aeg ,p\ss91 #aei ---- & ,b>oque art1 #ach ---- & ,czanne1 #agc ----1 ,el ,greco1 & ,czanne1 #ach ,pre-,raphaelite movem5t1 #aij ,primitives1 /udy (1 9 ,engl&1 #aih ,primum ,mobile 9 ,t>oc*i pr9ts1 #acc ,psy*ologi/s & art1 #ed ,public indiff]5ce to art1 #afh ,rac9e1 #adg ,raphael1 #ai1 #afd ---- & ,dr]1 #abg ,raphael's 8,transfiguration10 #aif1 #aih ,reali/ic art1 #aei ,rembr&t1 #e1 #bj1 #adg ---- & ,claude1 #adf ---- & ,giotto1 #aaj ---- & ,mantegna1 #acb ---- z a draughtsman1 #afe1 #aff ,rembr&t's *>act]i/ics1 #afe ,r5aissance1 #gf ,r5oir & ,czanne1 #agg1 #agh1 #aij ---- & ,titian1 #agh ,r5oir comp>$ to ,giorgione & ,titian1 #age ,r5oir's 8,*>p5ti] ,family10 #agh ---- 8,les ,p>apluies10 #agf1 #agh ,robida1 #aec ,rod91 #ch ,romans1 !1 #abi ,romantic art1 #aei ,romanticism1 ,claude's1 #aej ,ross1 ,dr4 ,d5man1 #ba ,rossetti's relation%ip to ,millais1 #afe ,r\sseau1 #aef ,r[l&son's /yle 9 draw+1 #afe ,rub5s1 #afd1 #age ,rusk91 #ad1 #ch ---- on ,claude1 #ade1 #adf ,s4 ,bonav5tura1 #hg1 #aja1 #ajb ,s4 ,francis1 #b1 #hg1 #hh1 #aab ,s4 ,pet]'s ,crucifixion1 by ,giotto1 #ajg ,sassanid art1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj ,s*ongau] & ,dr]1 #acb ,scrovegni1 #aaj ,sculpture1 ,greek1 #eg ,%akespe>e1 #adg ,%aw1 ,mr4 ,b]n>d1 #da ,%elley1 #db ,sick]t1 ,mr4 ,walt]1 #age ,sicily1 #gg ,siegfri$1 #aec ,sigismondo ,malate/a1 #hg 8,significant ,=m10 #aii ,signorelli & ,b>oque idea1 #ach ---- & ,flor5ce1 #abf ---- & ,ucello1 #abf ---- & ,umbrian art1 #abf ,signorelli's ,holy ,family1 #abf ,smi?1 ,rob]tson1 #i ,song1 psy*ology (1 #aii ,spectator ( a picture1 psy*ology (1 #aif1 #aig ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #h1 #i ,/efanes*i1 ,c>d9al1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajhn ,/e91 ,dr41 #gf ,/orr's woodwork1 #abi1 #acj ,subject picture1 #ec ,sung1 #cb ,tahiti1 #age ,t>roc*i engrav+s1 #acb ,temp]a1 ,giotto's inv5tion1 #aje ,t5nyson1 #bd1 #bf ,tiepolo1 #afa1 #afb ,t9toretto & ,blake1 #ada ,titian1 #ai1 #age ---- & ,r5oir comp>$1 #agh ,tol/oy1 #af1 #ah1 #ai ,tol/oy's 8,:at is ,art80 #aic1 #aii ,todi1 ,jacopone di1 #hg ,tondo ( ,mi*elangelo1 #bc ,tongue1 ,miss1 #eg1 #ei ,tura1 ,cosima1 #agg ,turn] & ,claude1 #adf ,tussaud1 ,mme41 #e ,ucello1 #d ---- & ,baldov9etti1 #abf ---- & ,cubism1 #abd ,ucello & ,van ,eyck1 #abd ---- & p]spective1 #abd1 #abe ---- & ,signorelli1 #abf ,ucello's 8,/4 ,george10 #abc1 #abe ,v&yke1 #afd ,van ,eyck & ,ucello1 #abd ---- ,gogh1 #aeh ,v>ni%1 #aci ,vas>i1 #hg1 #afi ---- & ,ucello1 #abc ,victorians & art1 #fe ,viollet-le-,duc1 #ahe ,virgil's influ5ce on ,claude1 #adh1 #aeb ,von ,ts*udi1 #aci ,waldus1 ,petrus1 #ii1 #ajj ,watteau1 #afd ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #cf 8,:at is ,art80 by ,tol/oy1 #ah ,:i/l]1 #g ---- & ,be>dsley1 #aed ---- & ,claude1 #aej ---- & ,rusk91 #aij ,:i/l]'s ,impressionism1 #aij ,:itti]1 #bf ,"y1 ,brigham1 #gd ,yucatan & ,guatemala1 #ga ,zola1 #e ---- & ,czanne1 #agb ,zuloaga1 ,seor1 #aee ,,! ,,end ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,engl& ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,beccles4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,f notes ( a lecture giv5 to ! ,fabian ,society1 #aiag4 #b ,new ,qu>t]ly1 #aiji4 #c ,rod9 is report$ to h said1 8,a woman1 a m\nta91 a horse--!y are all ! same ?+2 !y are made on ! same pr9ciples40 ,t is to say1 _! =ms1 :5 view$ ) ! dis9t]e/$ vision ( ! imag9ative life1 h simil> emotional elem5ts4 #d ,i d n =get t at ! dea? ( ,t5nyson ! writ] 9 ! ,daily ,telegraph av]r$ t 8level beams ( ! sett+ moon /ream$ 9 ^u ! face ( ! dy+ b>d02 b !n1 aft] all1 9 its way ! ,daily ,telegraph is a "w ( art4 #e ,a!num1 #aiai4 #f ,a!num1 #aiai4 #g ,repr9t$ ) consid]able alt]ations f 8,! ,great ,/ate40 7,h>p]4 #aiab47 #h ,a!num1 #aiai4 #i ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 #aiaj4 #aj 8,! ,r5d]+ ( ,nature 9 ,e>ly ,greek ,art40 ,by ,emmanuel ,loewy4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,fo!rgill4 ,duckwor?4 #aijg4 #aa 8,bu%man ,draw+s10 copi$ by ,m4 ,hel5 ,tongue1 ) a preface by ,h5ry ,balf\r4 ,ox=d3 ,cl>5don ,press4 #aiji4 #c #cs4 net4 #ab ,?is abs5ce ( decorative feel+ may be due to ! irregul> & vague outl9es ( ! picture space4 ,x is :5 ! picture mu/ be fitt$ )9 det]m9$ limits t decoration beg9s4 ,i h notic$ t *ildr5's draw+s are nev] decorative :5 !y h ! :ole surface ( a %eet ( pap] to draw on1 b !y w design a frieze ) well-m>k$ rhy?m :5 !y h only a n>r[ /rip4 #ac ,?is is c]ta9ly ! case ) ! ,au/ralian ,bu%m54 #ad ,a!num1 #aibj4 #ae ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 #aiah4 #af ,?omas ,a4 ,joyce1 7#a7 8,s\? ,am]ican ,ar*ology10 ,london 7,macmillan71 #aiab2 7#b7 8,mexican ,ar*ology10 ,london 7,lee ,w>n]71 #aiad2 7#c7 8,c5tral ,am]ican ,ar*ology10 ,london & ,new ,york 7,putnam71 #aiaf4 #ag ,! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 vol4 xvii41 p4 #bb 7,april1 #aiaj74 #ah ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 #aiaj4 #ai ,g4 ,migeon1 ,gazette des ,beaux-,arts1 ,june1 #aije1 & 8,manuel d',art ,musulman10 p4 #bbf4 #bj ,i _c help call+ att5tion1 ?\gh )\t any attempt at expla9+ x1 to ! /rik+ simil>ity to ^! ,sassanid & e>ly ,mohamm$an wat] jugs %[n by an example ( ,sung pott]y l5t by ,mr4 ,eumorfop\los to ! rec5t exhibition at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club1 ,case ,a1 ,no4 #dc4 ,"h a v simil> =m ( sp\t is modell$ into a phnix's head4 #ba ,! foll[+1 f ! ,mon?ly ,review1 #aija1 is p]haps m ?an any o!r article "h repr9t$1 at v>iance ) ! m rec5t expressions ( my /hetic ideas4 ,x w be se5 t great emphasis is laid on ,giotto's expression ( ! dramatic idea 9 8 pictures4 ,i /ill ?9k ?is is p]fectly true s f> z x goes1 nor d ,i d\bt t an arti/ l ,giotto did envisage su* an expression4 ,:]e ,i %\ld be incl9$ to disagree is t !re und]lies ?is article a tacit assumption n only t ! dramatic idea may h inspir$ ! arti/ to ! creation ( 8 =m1 b t ! value ( ! =m = u is b\nd up )\t recognition ( ! dramatic idea4 ,x n[ seems to me possible by a m se>*+ analysis ( our exp]i5ce 9 front ( a "w ( art to dis5tangle our reaction to pure =m f our reaction to its impli$ associat$ ideas4 #bb ,cf4 ,h4 ,?ode3 8,franz von ,assisi40 #bc ,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,ri*t]3 8,lectures on ! ,national ,gall]y40 #bd ,"o picture1 h[ev]1 ascrib$ by ,vas>i to ,cimabue1 namely1 ! ,madonna ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 does n be> ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is gr\p4 ,dr4 ,ri*t]'s argum5t = giv+ ! ,rucellai pa9t+ to ,duccio dep5ds l>gely on ! lik5ess ( ?is to ! ,mae/a1 b !re is no reason to cl+ s closely to ,vas>i's attributions4 ,if we except ! ,national ,gall]y ,madonna1 :i* %[s ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,si5nese s*ool1 ^! pictures1 includ+ ! ,rucellai ,madonna1 w be f\nd to coh]e by _m common peculi>ities n %>$ by ,duccio4 ,among ^! we may notice ! foll[+3 ,! eye has ! upp] eyelid /rongly m>k$2 x has a peculi> langui%+ expression1 due 9 "p to ! l>ge elliptical iris 7,duccio's eyes h a small1 bright1 r\nd iris ) a ke5 expression72 ! nose is di/9ctly articulat$ into ?ree segm5ts2 ! m\? is g5]ally slew$ r\nd f ! p]p5dicul>2 ! h&s are curi\sly curv$1 & 9 all ! ,madonnas clut* ! supports ( ! ?rone2 ! hair b[s se5 ^u ! halos h a con/ant & q peculi> %ape2 ! drap]y is design$ 9 rectil9e> triangul> folds1 v diff]5t f ,duccio's m s9u\s & fl[+ l9e4 ,! folds ( ! drap]y :]e !y come to ! cont\r ( ! figure h no effect ^u ! =m ( ! outl9e1 an error :i* ,duccio nev] makes4 ,f9ally1 ! ?rones 9 all ^! pictures h a con/ant =m2 !y are made ( turn$ wood ) a high foot/ool1 & are se5 f ! side2 ,duccio's is ( /one & se5 f ! front4 ,t ! ,rucellai ,madonna has a morbidezza :i* is want+ 9 ! e>li] works c h>dly be consid]$ a suffici5t di/9ction to set aga9/ ! =mal *>act]i/ics4 ,x is cle>ly a lat] "w1 pa9t$ probably ab\t ! ye> #acjj1 & ,cimabue1 l all ! o!r arti/s ( ! "t1 0 /riv+ con/antly 9 ! direction ( great] fusion ( tones4 #be ,i %\ld speak n[ bo? ) great] confid5ce & mu* great] en?usiasm ( ,cimabue4 ,! attempt ( c]ta9 s*ol>s to dispose ( him z a my? has brok5 d[n4 ,! late ,mr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,horne f\nd t ! docum5ts cit$ by ,dr4 ,ri*t] to prove t ,duccio execut$ ! ,rucellai ,madonna ref]r$ to ano!r picture4 ,i _h also fail$ 9 my e/imate to consid] fully ! sup]b crucifix by ,cimabue 9 ! ,museum ( ,/a4 ,croce1 a "w ( supreme arti/ic m]it4 ,9 g5]al my def5ce ( ,cimabue1 ?\gh "r en\gh z f> z x goes1 appe>s to me too timid & my e/imate ( 8 arti/ic quality f> too l[ 7#aibj74 #bf ,! important position "h assign$ to ! ,roman s*ool has be5 confirm$ by ! subsequ5t discov]y ( ,cavall9i's frescoes 9 ,/a4 ,cecilia at ,rome 7#aibj74 #bg 8,drunk5 ) ! love ( compassion ( ,*ri/1 ! bless$ ,francis w\ld at times d su*-l ?+s z ?is2 = ! pass+ sweet melody ( ! _s )9 him1 see?+ ov] outw>dly1 did (t5 f9d utt]ance 9 ! ,fr5* tongue1 & ! /ra9 ( ! div9e :isp] t 8 e> _h caught w\ld break =? into a ,fr5* song ( joy\s exult+40 ,!n pret5d+ ) two /icks to play a viol1 8& mak+ befitt+ ge/ures1 7he7 w\ld s+ 9 ,fr5* ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/40--8,! ,mirror ( ,p]fection10 edit$ by ,p4 ,sabati]1 transl4 by ,s4 ,evans4 #bh 8,flor5t9e ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance & ,c5tral ,italian ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance10 by ,b4 ,b]5son4 #bi ,?is 0 ! fir/ 8repres5tation0 ( ! k9d 9 ,italy1 & is ( int]e/ z be+ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,italian ,drama1 & also ( t inf9ite s]ies ( allegorical pageants1 sometimes sacr$1 sometimes secul>1 :i* = ?ree c5turies play$ su* a prom95t "p 9 city life & affect$ ,italian art v intimately4 #cj ,! ,ma/] ( ! ,cecilia alt>-piece has be5 ! object ( mu* rese>* s9ce ?is article 0 writt51 & a consid]able numb] ( important works are n[ ascrib$ to him ) "s confid5ce4 ,he has be5 t5tatively id5tifi$ ) ,buffalonaceo by ,dr4 ,sir54 ,see ,burl4 ,mag41 ,decemb]1 #aiai2 ,janu>y1 ,octob]1 #aibj4 #ca ,?is quality is to be di/+ui%$ f t consci\s naturali/ic /udy ( atmosph]ic envelopm5t :i* engross$ ! att5tion ( "s arti/s ( ! c9quec5to2 x is a decorative quality :i* may occur at any p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( pa9t+ if only an arti/ arises gift$ ) a suffici5tly delicate s5sitiv5ess to ! surface-quality ( 8 "w4 #cb ,i _c recall any example 9 pre-,giottesque art4 #cc ,d]iv$1 no d\bt1 b greatly modifi$1 f ,cimabue's treatm5t ( ! subject at ,assisi4 #cd ,! attribution ( ! ,/efanes*i alt>-piece to ,giotto is mu* disput$ & "s au?orities give x to ,b]n>do ,daddi4 ,i /ill incl9e to ! idea t x is ! "w ( ,giotto & ! />t+ po9t ( ,b]n>do ,daddi's /yle 7#aibj74 #ce ,8 "n 0 ,bian*i4 #8,faut il se pla9dre1' says ,m4 ,maurice ,d5is 9 8 ,?ories1 #8qu'un ,bian*i1 plutt que les laiss] prir1 ait aj\t un peu de la froidure de ,fl&r9 aux fresques de ,giotto ,santa ,croce4' #cf ,?is passage n[ seems to me to und]e/imate ! "w ( ,giotto's pr$ecessors ) :i* we are n[ mu* bett] acqua9t$ 7#aibj74 #cg ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club ,exhibition ( ,flor5t9e ,pa9t+s1 #aiai4 #ch ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 #aiad4 #ci ,introduction to ,dr]'s ,lett]s & ,di>y4 ,m]rym\nt ,press1 ,bo/on 7#aiji74 #dj ,see ,plate1 :]e ,i h also add$ ,dr]'s v]sion ( ! subject4 ,?is is ( c\rse a new design & n a copy ( ,mantegna's draw+1 ?\gh ,i suspect x is bas$ on a vague memory ( x4 ,9 any case x %[s admirably ! di/+ui%+ po9ts ( ,dr]'s me?ods ( conception1 8 love ( complexity1 & 8 accumulation ( decorative detail4 #da ,a!num1 #aibj4 #db ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 #aijd4 #dc ,n[ 9 ! possession ( ,w4 ,graham ,rob]tson1 ,esq4 #dd ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 #aijg4 #de ,z1 = in/ance1 9 a wond]ful draw+1 8,on ! ,banks ( ! ,tib]10 9 ,mr4 ,heselt9e's collection4 #df ,x is n impossible t ,claude got ! h9t = su* a treatm5t z ?is f ! impressioni/ ef=ts ( ,grco-,roman pa9t]s4 ,t he /udi$ su* works we "k f a copy ( "o by him 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #dg ,a!num1 #aijd4 #dh ,preface to ,catalogue ( second ,po/-,impressioni/ ,exhibition1 ,grafton ,gall]ies1 #aiab4 #di ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 #aiab4 #ej ,i h _h to p>aphrase ?is passage1 b add ! orig9al4 ,:e!r my p>aphrase is correct 9 detail or n1 ,i ?9k !re c be little d\bt ab\t ! g5]al mean+4 ,pl941 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xxxv4 #fg3 8,p>rhasius 444 confessione artificum 9 l9iis extremis palmam adeptus4 ,hc e/ pictur summa sublimitas2 corpora enim p+]e et m$ia r]um e/ quidem magni op]is1 s$ 9 quo multi gloriam tul]9t4 ,extrema corporum fac]e et des95tis pictur modum includ]e r>um 9 successu artis inv5itur4 ,ambire enim debet se extremitas ipsa1 et sic des9]e ut promittat alia po/ se o/5datque etiam quae occultat40 #ea ,see ,no4 #fb1 :]e1 s f> z possible1 all ! =ms are r$uc$ to a common measure by int]pret+ !m all 9 t]ms ( an elongat$ ovoid4 #eb ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 #aiag3 8,paul ,czanne10 by ,ambroise ,voll>d 7,p>is1 #aiae74 #ec ,?is has be5 done4 8,paul ,czanne10 by ,ambroise ,voll>d 7,p>is74 #ed ,vogue1 #aiah4 #ee ,a!num1 #aiai4 #ef #aibj4