,,bamboo1 ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,,mat]ial4 ,,) ,,rem>ks ,,^u ,,its ,,cultivation ,,& ,,treatm5t4 ,,supplem5t$ ,,by ,a ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,pap] ,,trade ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,supply ,,( ,,raw ,,mat]ial4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,r\tl$ge4 ,illu/ration3 logo ,,london3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #dh1 ,,*>+ ,,cross1 ,,new ,,york3 #ddf1 ,,broome ,,/reet4 #ahge4 ,?is ,pamphlet is pr9t$ on ,pap] made by ! ,au?or f ,bamboo4 ,,bamboo1 ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,pap] ,,rem>ks ,,^u ,,its ,,cultivation ,,& ,,treatm5t4 ,( all ! fibre-yield+ plants kn[n to botanical sci5ce !re is n "o s well calculat$ to meet ! press+ requirem5ts ( ! ,pap]-trade z ,,bamboo1 bo? z reg>ds facility & economy ( production1 z well z ! quality ( ! ,pap]-,/ock :i* c be manufactur$ !refrom3 gr[n "u fav\rable conditions ( climate & soil1 !re is no plant :i* w give s heavy a crop ( available fibre to ! acre1 no plant :i* requires s little c>e = its cultivation & cont9u\s production4 ,! rapidity ( ! gr[? ( ,,bamboo is unequall$4 ,at ,gehzireh1 ! g>d5s ( ! ,kh$ive ( ,egypt at ,cairo1 x has be5 kn[n to gr[ n9e in*es 9 a s+le night4 ,at ,syon ,h\se1 ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&'s1 /ems ( ,bambusa ,gigantea h atta9$ ! height ( #fj feet 9 #ab weeks2 & ,i h made ,pap]-,/ock f a /em ( ,bambusa ,vulg>is1 s5t me by ,dr4 ,hook]1 f ! ,royal ,botanical ,g>d5s at ,kew1 :i*1 z measur$ by ! g>d5] 9 ! ,palm-h\se1 grew at ! rate ( ?ree feet 9 a s+le week2 at ,*atswor?1 ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire's1 ?is same v>iety 7! ,bambusa ,vulg>is7 has atta9$ ! height ( #dj feet 9 #dj days4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ ,indies ! ,bamboo fl\ri%es1 =m+ inde$ 9 _m di/ricts imp5etrable jungles4 ,x gr[s abundantly also 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,brazils1 9 ,africa & ,asia2 9 ,*9a especially1 & 9 ,japan1 ! plant is indig5\s1 & ! natives cultivate x c>efully1 employ+ x = almo/ e article ( conv5i5ce & luxury2 9 fact1 :]ev] heat & moi/ure exi/1 "s species ( ! ,bamboo w be f\nd1 or may be readily cultivat$4 ,attempts h f "t to "t be5 made 9 ,engl&1 & else:]e1 to obta9 f ! ,,bamboo ,half-/uff or ,pulp suitable = ! manufacture ( pap]1 & pap] inde$ has be5 made !refrom1 b hi!rto ^! attempts h nei!r indu/rially nor comm]cially atta9$ successful results1 & = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,hi!rto ! ,,bamboo has be5 collect$ & treat$ 9 a condition m or less ( maturity1 or )\t reg>d to its age2 & :5 ! plant has atta9$ its full gr[? ! woody fibre is extremely d5se & indurat$2 :5 old1 inde$1 ! ext]ior portion ( ! /em ( _m v>ieties ( ! plant becomes s h>d & silici\s t x w1 l fl9t1 /rike fire ) /eel4 ,ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ?is l>ge quantity ( silica1 & ! extreme h>dness ( ! /em :5 develop$ & matur$1 x has be5 f\nd by all ^? :o h hi!rto exp]im5tally treat$ ,,bamboo t ! only possible means ( conv]t+ x into ,pulp = ,pap]-mak+1 has be5 to subject x to long-cont9u$ boil+1 or dige/+1 9 v /rong solutions ( cau/ic alkali1 at an elevat$ temp]ature--9 o!r words1 at or "u a pressure ( t5 to elev5 atmosph]es 7#aej to #afj lb4 pressure p] squ>e in*7--by :i* means a ,pulp has c]ta9ly be5 produc$1 b at a great co/1 & ! dang] & practical difficulties ( work+ "u su* high pressure1 h det]r$ fur!r progress 9 ?is direction4 ,i h f\nd t :5 ! /ems ( ,bamboo1 are cut d[n at an e>ly /age ( _! gr[?1 :5 ! plant is full ( sap1 & be=e ! cellulose or cellul> tissue1 & ! lign9e h become indurat$1 & silica deposit$2 :ile1 9 fact1 s to speak1 ! plant may be t]m$ a succul5t vegetable1 & be=e x has become conv]t$ into wood1 t a v mild sy/em ( treatm5t 9 successive weak alkal9e ba?s1 at atmosph]ic pressure only1 suffices to decompose & r5d] soluble ! mucilag9\s & o!r extractive comp\nds comb9$ naturally ) ! fibr\s tissue ( ! plant1 s t !y may be readily elim9at$1 or sep>at$ !refrom1 by subsequ5t wa%+1 leav+ ! residu>y fibres pure & free4 ,a comp>ative illu/ration ( ! transitional /age ( gr[? above ref]r$ to1 %[+ ! conv]sion ( succul5t vegetable fibr\s tissue1 into h>% woody fibre1 may be rem>k$ ) ,asp>agus1 ! "y & gre5 /ems ( :i*1 are us$ z a delicacy = ! table1 a few weeks fur!r gr[? conv]t+ !m into h>d woody fibre1 :i* no am\nt ( boil+ w\ld1 or c\ld1 r5d] palatable2 ! ,asp>agus1 inde$1 has its p>allel 9 ! ,bambusa ,edulis1 a v>iety ( ,,bamboo1 ! "y /ems ( :i* are eat5 & consid]$ v n\ri%+4 ,! ,,bamboo1 be+ an endog5\s plant1 7t is to say1 gr[+ f inside7 compos$ ma9ly ( fibr\s tissue1 comb9$ ) ! ord9>y sappy & o!r extractive matt] common to all vegetable gr[?1 ! /ems d n require ! elaborate prep>atory manipulation :i* is necess>y to sep>ate ! fibr\s1 f ! extrane\s & woody matt]1 :i* 9 exog5\s plants 7i4 e4 gr[+ f1 or on ! outside7 mu/ be remov$1 z x is only ! true fibre :i* is useable = ,textile ,manufactures4 ,su* plants kn[n to comm]ce z ,,flax1 ,,hemp1 ,,jute1 ,,rhea1 c4 c41 aft] hav+ become mature1 & be+ dri$1 h to und]go a process ( rett+1 or /eep+1 foll[$ by scut*+ & heckl+1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! ultimate fibres f ! woody /em & b>k to :i*1 :ile 9 _! normal condition1 !y are atta*$4 ,! co/ !re=e1 ( produc+ m]*antable fibre f ?is class ( plants is v consid]able1 & ! produce or yield ( fibre1 to ! plant cultivat$1 v small1 t ( ,,flax be+ comput$ at f #e to #f cwt41 ,,hemp #g cwt41 & ,,jute #e to #f cwt4 p] acre1 ,,cotton be+ mu* less2 ,,bamboo1 z ,i w pres5tly %[1 produc+ tons z comp>$ ) cwts4 ( ! =ego+1 &1 be x not$1 ) f> less co/ = cultivation1 & ! subsequ5t prep>ation ( ! fibre4 ,! /ems ( ! ,,bamboo1 cut "y1 z ,i propose to use !m1 conta9 f #fj to #ge p] c5t4 ( moi/ure2 x w be obvi\s1 !re=e1 t to ensure a regul> & cont9u\s supply1 "u economical conditions1 to a c5tral factory = ! manufacture ( ,pap]-,/ock1 plantations w\ld h to be =m$ contigu\s !reto1 z practis$ ) ,,sug> ,,cane1 or 9 a simil> mann] to ,osi] b$s1 9 ,engl&4 ,i h m5tion$ ! latt]1 z 9 ord] to /imulate a rapid1 aque\s1 & sappy gr[?1 z also to provide = ! dry seasons common to hot c\ntries1 a sy/em ( irrigation w\ld be necess>y1 su* a sy/em inde$ be+ at pres5t practis$ ) ! ,,sug> ,,cane1 9 ,egypt1 ,spa91 & else:]e4 ,) plantations ( ,sug> ,cane1 to :i* plant ! ,,bamboo some:at assimilates 9 "* & gr[?1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to rip5 ! canes & develop sac*>9e1 to all[ free v5tilation to ! gr[+ plant1 & ?us ! gr\nd is n fully occupi$2 ?is w\ld n be ! case ) ,,bamboo1 :i* %\ld be plant$ & gr[n closely toge!r to fav\r ! /ems %oot+ upw>ds1 z practis$ ) ,,hemp & ,,flax1 :]e f9e /aple ( fibre is desir$4 ,by foll[+ su* a sy/em1 ! /ools or roots once e/abli%$1 a sy/ematical & regul> cropp+1 or cutt+1 w\ld ensue1 ! /ems be+ all cut d[n simultane\sly1 by sections or b$s1 9 regul> succession1 num]\s cropp+s annually w\ld ?us be obta9$1 & :5 necess>y1 fre% b$s w\ld be =m$1 ! old] gr[? be+ available = fuel = ! manufactory4 ,! ,sug> ,cane f ! "t ( plant+1 to cutt+1 takes f n9e to twelve mon?s to gr[ & mature2 b ev5 ?us gr[n1 ! produce ( canes 7ready dress$ = ! mill7 g5]ally ranges f #cj to #ce tons to ! acre1 x sometimes exce$s #dj tons2 all[+ sev]al crops or cutt+s annually = ! ,,bamboo1 x may fairly be assum$ t at lea/ ?is latt] quantity w\ld be obta9$ p] acre4 ,all[+ #bjh feet squ>e to repres5t "o acre2 divid$ into twelve b$s1 ea* #if #bf feet1 ) twelve pa?s #if #h #h wide1 & "o int]sect+ road #bjh #af feet wide1 leaves a space = plant+ equal to #bdif feet1 or #bi1ieb feet 9 ! twelve b$s2 all[+ ! /ems to be #b feet ap>t1 & say only #ab feet high1 we h #gdhh /ems1 :i* at #ab lb4 ea* #dj tons p] acre4 ,! /em ( ! ,bambusa ,vulg>is be=e m5tion$1 gr[n 9 ! ,palm-h\se at ,kew1 0 ( an av]age size1 #aj to #aa in*es circumf]5ce1 & weigh$ gre5 #a-a_/b lb4 p] foot run2 & al?\gh no d\bt by d5s] gr[?1 induc$ by frequ5t cropp+1 ! /ems ev5 ( ! l>g] v>ieties ( ,,bamboo w\ld decrease 9 size1 /ill an equal tonnage to ! acre w\ld be produc$1 ) long] jo9ts or int]nodes1 & a f9] /aple ( fibre4 ,! /ems ( ! ,,bamboo 7tak5 z dry7 treat$ by my process1 w yield #fj p] c5t4 ( unblea*$ ,fibr\s ,pap]-,/ock1 bal$ up 9 m]*antable condition2 assum+ !re=e an annual cropp+ ( #dj tons1 gre5 /ems1 :i* w lose #ge p] c5t4 moi/ure 9 dry+1 we h #aj tons dry /ems p] acre2 ^! at #fj p] c5t4 yield1 w give #f tons p] acre ( ,pap]-,/ock1 an enorm\s product z comp>$ ) any o!r fibr\s mat]ial ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,all[+ ! plantation to be cr$it$ at ! rate ( #es4 p] ton1 = ! gre5 /ems1 deliv]$ to ! c5tral factory1 & #dj tons to be produc$ p] acre1 we h ! sum ( #ajl4 p] acre to cov] all *>ges2 once1 h[ev]1 ! plantation =m$1 b little co/ 9 ! way ( cultivation ne$ be incurr$4 ,! ma9 outlay w\ld be = r5t1 irrigation1 & cutt+1 & c>ry+ to ! manufactory4 ,i may "h rem>k t ,i propose :]e possible1 to return to ! ,plantation1 mix$ ) ! wat] employ$ = irrigation1 ! mucilag9\s & o!r extractive con/itu5ts1 or matt]s1 7am\nt+ to #dj p] c5t47 ab/ract$ f ! /ems dur+ ! process ( manufactur+ ! ,pap]-,/ock1 z ,manure1 ?us ma9ta9+ f]tilization to ! gr[+ plant4 ,,details ,,( ,,my ,,sy/em ,,( ,,treat+ ,,bamboo ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,fibr\s ,pap]-,/ock4 ,an ess5tial po9t 9 my sy/em = treat+ ,,bamboo to produce !refrom fibr\s ,pap]-,/ock1 consi/s 9 op]at+ ^u ! /ems ( ! plant :5 "y1 & pref]ably :5 fre%1 z1 & :51 cut & collect$4 ,br\ght !re=e to a c5tral factory 9 ?is condition1 ! /ems are pass$ ?r\gh heavy cru%+ rolls1 9 ord] to split & flatt5 !m1 & at ! same "t cru%1 or sma%1 ! knots1 or nodes4 ,! /ems ?us flatt5$1 are !n pass$ ?r\gh a second s]ies ( rolls1 :i* are *annell$1 or groov$1 9 ord] fur!r to split1 or p>tially divide !m longitud9ally into /rips1 or ribbons2 ^! be+ cut transv]sely1 into conv5i5t l5g?s by a guillot9e knife or %e>s1 are deliv]$ by a c>ri]1 or automatic fe$]1 direct to ! boil+ pans1 or else:]e1 z desir$4 ,z ! /ems :5 fre% & gre51 conta9 f #fj to #ge p] c5t4 ( sappy & mucilag9\s matt]1 mu* ( ?is is express$ by ! cru%+1 :ile at ! same "t ! fibr\s mass1 be+ p>tially dis9tegrat$1 is ?us m readily act$ ^u 9 ! succe$+ processes4 ,if desir$1 ! cru%$ /ems may be dri$ & /or$2 su* dry+1 h[ev]1 mu/ be v c>efully conduct$ & wat*$ to avoid de/ructive f]m5tation4 ,i h 9 ! prec$+ ,rem>ks ref]r$ to ,,flax1 ,,hemp1 ,,jute1 & simil> ,,fibres kn[n to comm]ce1 su* fibres be+ import$ into ?is c\ntry 9 _! prep>$ condition1 suitable = ,textile purposes4 ,!y h1 9 fact1 pass$ ?r\gh a process ( semi-manufacture1 su* process1 z ,i h expla9$1 be+ requir$ to sep>ate ! ultimate fibres f ! int]ior woody /em to :i* :5 gr[+ !y are atta*$2 & x is obvi\s t x w\ld n be 7economically7 possible to import any ( ^! fibr\s plants z gr[n or produc$1 ow+ to _! enorm\s bulk 9 t condition4 ,n[ al?\gh ! /ems ( ! ,,bamboo1 aft] cutt+ & cru%+1 may1 z ,i h %[n1 be dri$ 7& w :5 dri$ give a yield ( #fj p] c5t4 ( fibre71 /ill _! bulk & extreme lightness w\ld preclude import+ !m to ?is c\ntry 9 _! raw condition1 n m]ely f _! heavy co/ = c>riage1 b f _! liability to damage f f]m5tation4 ,= ^! economical consid]ations1 !re=e1 ,i propose to r$uce ! ,,bamboo into ,fibr\s-,/ock :]e gr[n or produc$4 ,x may be well1 be=e ent]+ into details ( ! process1 briefly to expla9 ! ord9>y sy/em employ$ = prep>+ fibres1 or fibr\s mat]ials1 z also rags1 = ,pap]-mak+4 ,?is consi/s 9 sort+1 cutt+1 clean+1 &1 if ne$ be1 r\ghly op5+ !m1 foll[$ by boil+ 9 alkal9e leys1 aft] :i* !y are well wa%$ until cleans$ f impurities 9 :at is te*nically t]m$ ! rag or break] eng9e1 dur+ :i* op]ation !y are dis9tegrat$ or r$uc$ into ,half-/uff1 or semi-pulp1 ?is be+ subsequ5tly blea*$ & conv]t$ into pulp & pap]4 ,z ! object ( my process is to produce a fibr\s or t[-l ,/ock1 reta9+ z f> z possible ! normal or natural condition ( ! fibre1 & n ,half-/uff or ,pulp1 my sy/em ( treatm5t diff]s mat]ially f ! =ego+1 m especially 9 ! boil+ & wa%+ processes4 ,bo? ( ^! processes ,i conduct 9 a batt]y1 or s]ies ( vessels 7#af1 #bj1 or m 9 numb]71 su* vessels be+ connect$ toge!r by pipes1 or *annels1 furni%$ ) valves1 or cocks1 s t communication betwe5 ! individual vessels may be ma9ta9$1 disconnect$1 & regulat$ z desir$1 9 su* mann] t ! vessels1 be+ me?odically *>g$ 9 succession ) ! mat]ial to be op]at$ ^u1 ! heat$ leys 7compos$ ( cau/ic alkali7 c be progressively conduct$ f vessel to vessel ( ! s]ies1 pass+ ov] & ?r\gh ! mat]ial plac$ !re94 ,! leys are ?us us$ aga9 & aga91 7ea* successive *ange1 or *>ge ( ley1 c>ry+ =w>d ! extractive matt]s x has dissolv$ f ! fibre ) :i* x has be5 9 contact7 until exhau/$ or neutraliz$1 7:5 !y are dis*>g$71 fre% leys be+ me?odically1 & successively1 suppli$1 until by degrees1 ! extractive matt]s comb9$ ) ! fibre or fibr\s mat]ial h be5 r5d]$ suffici5tly soluble1 :5 hot wat] = wa%+1 or r9s+1 is 9 ! same cont9u\s mann] run successively f vessel to vessel1 ov]1 & ?r\gh1 ! mat]ial conta9$ !re91 until ! extractive matt]s r5d]$ soluble by ! previ\s alkal9e ba?s h be5 c>ri$ =w>d & dis*>g$1 leav+ ! residu>y fibre suffici5tly cleans$4 ,by ?is sy/em ( boil+ 9 cont9uity1 until all ! effective alkali 9 ! leys is exhau/$ or neutraliz$1 ,i realize an economy ( f #cj p] c5t4 to #dj p] c5t4 ( soda ov] ! ord9>y process ( boil+1 & by ! subsequ5t wa%+1 or r9s+1 9 ! same cont9u\s mann]1 )\t remov+ ! mat]ial f ! vessels1 ! normal /ructure ( ! fibre is 9 a great measure reta9$1 wa/e is m9imiz$1 & ?us1 :ile be+ ?or\ghly cleans$ & fre$ f extrane\s matt]1 ! /r5g? & /aple ( ! fibre are pres]v$2 a consid]able sav+ ( fuel results f ! heat$ liquors be+ us$ aga9 & aga91 less /eam be+ requir$1 z also less wat]1 :ile at ! same "t economy ( bo? lab\r & p[] is effect$ ov] ! ord9>y sy/em4 ,assum+ ! boil+ & succe$+ wa%+ processes to be conclud$1 & ! mat]ial 7,,bamboo7 9 "o ( ! vessels ( ! s]ies 9 its regul> succession1 to be f\nd suffici5tly treat$ & cleans$1 a f9al cool+ wat] is run on & ?r\gh ! fibre1 :i* is !n dra9$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! vessel 7disconnect$ = ! "t be+ f ! s]ies7 empti$ into a waggon runn+ on a railway1 by :i* x is conduct$ to a press or o!rwise to ab/ract all ! rema9+ moi/ure possible4 ,! dry1 or semi-dry fibre1 is !n submitt$ to ! action ( a will[1 or devil1 by means ( :i* x is op5$ or teaz$ out1 & conv]t$ readily into a t[-l condition1 :5 x is dri$ by a curr5t ( heat$ air1 induc$ by a fan-bla/1 & f9ally bal$ up = /orage or transport1 9 a simil> mann] to ,,cotton or ,,jute4 ,9 ?is condition ( ,pap]-,/ock1 x may be kept an indef9ite l5g? ( "t )\t injury1 & :5 receiv$ by ! ,pap]-manufactur] requires m]ely soak+ d[n & blea*+1 to fit x = mak+ into pap]1 ei!r by itself1 or us$ z a bl5d ) o!r mat]ials1 z desir$4 ,! m9ut] details ( my process = treat+ raw fibres1 or fibr\s mat]ial1 = ! manufacture !refrom ( ,fibr\s ,pap]-,/ock1 are fully describ$ 9 my sev]al ,pat5ts1 ! only v>iation s f> z relates to ,bamboo be+ ! prelim9>y prep>ation ( ! "y /ems1 ! o!r portions ( ! process be+ sub/antially ! same z 9 daily op]ation at ! ,=d ,works1 ,sund]l&1 = ! treatm5t ( ,esp>to1 & o!r raw fibres4 ,i h only n[ fur!r to rem>k t ! ,plant requir$ to manufacture ,pap]-,/ock f ,bamboo on an economical & practical work+ scale1 w\ld consi/ ( a batt]y ( boil+ pans1 ) ! o!r necess>y adjuncts & ma*9]y1 /eam eng9es & /eam boil]s1 su* ,plant be+ on a scale adequate to ! manufacture ( #ajj tons ,bamboo weekly1 produc+ !refrom say #fj tons m]*antable ,pap]-,/ock4 ,z ! above scale ( op]ations1 viz4 ! ,manufacture ( #ajj tons 7,,bamboo7 weekly into ,pap]-,/ock1 may appe> some:at l>ge1 x is necess>y ,i %\ld expla9 t ow+ to ! nature ( ! ,process1 ! desir$ effect be+ produc$ by ! reit]at$ & cont9u\s action ( repeat$ weak ,alkal9e ,ba?s or ,leys1 9 a ,s]ies ( ,vessels1 su* an op]ation involves ! treatm5t ( a l>ge quantity ( ,raw ,mat]ial1 at "o "t1 & _c ei!r conv5i5tly or economically be conduct$ ^u a mu* small] scale4 ,! co/ ( ! ,plant & ,ma*9]y requir$ = su* a ,factory w\ld am\nt to ab\t 9999991 pack$ ready = %ipm5t 9 ,engl&1 to :i* w\ld h to be add$ ! c>riage & co/ ( erection1 ) ! necess>y build+s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld be ( a v simple & inexp5sive "*4 ,i d n feel myself compet5t to det]m9e :at quantity ( ,l& w\ld be requir$ = a plantation to supply su* a factory1 :i* w\ld absorb #ajj tons dry1 say #djj tons gre51 ,bamboo /ems weekly1 b assum+ #dj tons produce to ! acre1 ) only once annual cropp+1 #ejj acres %\ld be ample4 ,?is calculation d\btless w\ld be influ5c$ by ! v>y+ conditions ( climate & soil1 z also by ! v>iety ( ,bamboo cultivat$4 ,x may be expect$ t ,i %\ld 9 ^! ,,rem>ks include "s ref]5ce to ! ,v>iety ( ,,bamboo :i* c\ld be mo/ economically & pr(itably cultivat$ = ! supply ( su* a ,factory1 on ! scale ,i propose4 ,9 respect to ?is portion ( my subject ,i exp]i5ce "s difficulty1 inasmu* z ! ,v>ieties ( ,bamboo are s num]\s1 & s widely di/ribut$4 ,a ,monograph by ,colonel 7n[ ,g5]al7 ,munro1 ,c4,b41 publi%$ 9 ! ',transactions ( ! ,l9nean ,society1' af=ds ! mo/ elaborate & compreh5sive description ( ! ,bamboo3 9 ?is pap] upw>ds ( #agj species are describ$4 ,! ,bambusa ,vulg>is1 z its "n inde$ d5otes1 appe>s to be ! mo/ g5]ally di/ribut$1 z x is f\nd 9 bo? ,hemisph]es1 ,g5]al ,munro be+ 9 consid]able d\bt z to :i* x is a native (4 ,i quote f 8 ,monograph3 ,i h se5 x collect$ by ,walli*1 9 ,silhet1 by ,hook]1 9 ,*ittagong 7bo? ,nor?-ea/ ,india71 f ,ceylon wild1 9 ! ,mauritius cultivat$ abundantly1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies naturaliz$1 & cultivat$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?is is ! only ?or\ghly cosmopolitan species4 ,bambusa ,gigantea1 gr[+ to ! height ( #abj feet & f #be to #cj in*es circumf]5ce2 ,b4 ,edulis1 or edible ,bamboo2 ,b4 ,arund9acea2 ,b4 ,balcooa2 ,b4 ,br&isii1 c41 all v>y+ 9 gr[? to f #fj to #gj1 to #abj feet high1 ab\nd ?r\gh\t ,india1 & all our ,asiatic ,dep5d5cies4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies also1 :]e n n[ indig5\s1 d\btless any v>iety select$ c\ld readily be introduc$ & cultivat$4 ,to conclude1 x w\ld appe> t ) ! ,raw ,mat]ial ,bamboo1 we h "u our control an emb>rassm5t ( ri*es1 & ,i h only fur!r to add t ,i "k ( no o!r t c at all approa* x 9 economy ( production1 & ,i believe v few if any 9 ! quality ( ! ,/ock produc$ !refrom suitable = ,pap]-mak+ purposes4 ,,bamboo1 ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,,mat]ial4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,pap] ,,trade ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,supply ,,( ,,raw ,,mat]ial4 ,! defici5t supply (1 & ! increas+ price =1 ! mat]ials = mak+ pap] & ! prospect ( a /ill great] consumption has = "s "t excit$ ! att5tion ( manufactur]s & ! public4 ,! above ,,rem>ks prefac+ a ,,memor&um drawn up by ,dr4 ,=bes ,royle1 report+ = ,,! ,,commission]s ,,= ,,! ,,affairs ,,( ,,india1 at ! desire ( ,,! ,,lords ,,( ,,h] ,,maje/y',s ,,treasury1 & ( ,,! ,,lords ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,privy ,,c\ncil ,,= ,,trade1 9 #ahed1 & subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 8 valuable "w1 ,,! ,,fibr\s ,,plants ,,( ,,india1 9 #ahee--tw5ty ye>s ago--truly repres5t ! position ( ! ,pap]-,trade at ! pres5t "t4 ,! ext5sion ( education & lit]ature1 ! necessity = *eap newspap]s & s]ial publications1 ! increas$ dem& = pap] = writ+1 z also = manufactur+ & comm]cial purposes g5]ally1 h greatly /imulat$ consumption1 & x is believ$ t s9ce ! abolition ( ! ,excise duty 9 #ahfa1 ! annual production ( pap] has m ?an d\bl$4 ,previ\s to #ahfa1 raw fibr\s mat]ial1 ) ! exception p]haps ( ,/raw1 0 b little us$ 9 pap]-mak+1 ! wa/e ( cotton1 flax1 hemp1 & jute mills1 hav+ und]gone a process ( semi-manufacture1 be+ compris$ "u ! g5]ic t]m (--,rags4 ,! ,am]ican w>1 imm$iately foll[+ ! repeal ( ! pap] duty1 ?reat5+ a cotton fam9e1 ! ,pap]-mak]s gladly avail$ !mselves ( a new mat]ial1 ,esp>to1 :i* ,i _h = "s "t previ\sly be5 ineffectually endeav\r+ to introduce1 & adopt+ my process = its treatm5t1 ?is mat]ial ent]$ spe$ily into consumption1 & has t5d$ m ?an any?+ else to promote ! developm5t ( ! ,pap]-trade by enabl+ ! manufactur]s to keep pace ) ! rapidly increas+ dem&4 ,! importations ( ,,esp>to1 :i* did n am\nt to #ajjj tons 9 ! ye> #ahfj 7inde$ up to t date ,i 0 ! only manufactur] us+ x,a71 rose to upw>ds ( #ej1jjj tons 9 ! ye> #ahfe1 & by #ahga--t5 ye>s only f its introduction--! annual imports _h atta9$ ! l>ge total ( #adj1jjj tons4 ,,esp>to be+ a wild grass 7or1 botanically speak+1 a s$ge7 gr[+ on wa/e l&s1 9 ,spa9 & ,africa1 ow+ to ! gre$ ( ! native collectors--:o1 :ile ga!r+ ! plant1 pluck x up recklessly1 roots & all--is be+ gradually b surely ext]m9at$4 ,! complete exhau/ion ( ! plant is proce$+ v rapidly 9 ,spa92 & z x is e/imat$ by ! be/ in=m$ au?orities t x w take1 ev5 ) ! greate/ c>e & "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 at lea/ fifte5 ye>s to reproduce x f se$ 7a sy/em n v likely to be pursu$ 9 t c\ntry17 at no v remote p]iod ?is valuable pap]-mak+ mat]ial appe>s doom$ to ext9ction4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s a l>ge & increas+ supply ( ,,esp>to1 or z x is !re call$ ,alfa1 has be5 receiv$ f ,africa2 & al?\gh ! quality ( ,african ,esp>to is n valu$ by ! pap]-trade z high z ! ,spani%1 /ill x meets ) a ready sale1 be+ us$ to mix )1 or 9 sub/itution ( ! latt]4 ,z mu* z #fj1jjj tons 7 import$ la/ ye> 7#ahgd7 f ,alg]ia1 & great inducem5ts by concessions & o!rwise1 are (f]$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t to induce railway communication ) ! int]ior di/ricts ( t c\ntry1 :]e ! plant is said to ab\nd on "s ( ! m\nta9\s plateaux1 & ?us = "s little "t ! m>ket may be suppli$1 b ! difficulty ( procur+ lab\r1 & ! co/ ( railway c>riage = su* long di/ances1 w add consid]ably to ! pres5t *>ges ( transit to ?is c\ntry4 ,)9 ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 ! ,belgian & ,am]ican ,pap]-mak]s h comm5c$ us+ ,esp>to1 & s latt]ly h ! ,fr5*1 & z our ma9 s\rces ( supply w n[ be ,alg]ia1 7a ,fr5* colony17 any mat]ial r$uction 9 prices c h>dly be look$ =4 ,,esp>to1 l o!r comm]cial products1 is am5able to ! law ( supply & dem&2 & ?us1 z ! dem& is1 & is likely to cont9ue 9 excess ( ! supply1 its co/ has enorm\sly increas$1 ! price x n[ comm&s 9 ! m>ket be+ ne>ly d\ble t1 at :i* ,i sold _m ?\s& tons dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( its introduction4 ,! ,pap]-manufactur]s are ?us aga9 exp]i5c+ ! same difficulty recogniz$ by ,,! ,,lords ,,( ,,! ,,treasury1 & by ,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,trade 9 #ahed1 & :i* m rec5tly 0 consid]$ ( suffici5t importance to induce ! appo9tm5t ( a ,,select ,,committee ord]$ by ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,commons 9 #ahfa3 ,to inquire into ! ,,duties ,,or ,,prohibitions 9 ,,=eign ,,c\ntries on ! ,,export ,,( ,,rags us$ 9 ! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,pap] 9 ! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom1 & _! effect ^u t ,,manufacture4 ,! ,,committee ,,report$3 ,t ! production ( pap] 9 ?is c\ntry is 9 excess ( ! supply ( ! mat]ial ( :i* x is made1 & ! pap] manufacture is 9 consequ5ce dep5d5t = a l>ge portion ( its supplies on =eign ,rags1 am\nt+ to ab\t #ae1jjj tons p] annum1 :i* is by e/imation a fif? ( ! :ole quantity ( ,rags us$ = ! manufacture ( :ite pap] 9 ?is c\ntry1 on ne>ly ! :ole ( :i* heavy export duties are paid4 ,ano!r p>agraph ( ! ,,committee',s ,,report /ates3 ,t ! ,committee h direct$ _! especial att5tion to inquir+ z to ! possibility ( apply+ any ,new ,fibre z a sub/itute = ! refuse mat]ial n[ 9 use = ,pap]-mak+ purposes1 & f9d t great ef=ts h be5 made to discov] "s mat]ial ( ?is nature1 b z yet ) little success2 & al?\gh !y see no reason to d\bt t ,/raw & o!r fibr\s sub/ances may =m a supplem5t>y "p ( ! mat]ial = pap]-mak+1 ! great comp>ative exp5se ( *emically r$uc+ ^! ,raw ,fibres pres5ts difficulties to _! becom+ a sub/itute = ! refuse mat]ial n[ us$4 ,s9ce ! above ,,report 0 publi%$1 ! position ( ! ,trade has mat]ially alt]$4 ,! export duties 9 "s c\ntries h be5 aboli%$1 9 o!rs r$uc$2 ,rag mat]ial has increas$ 9 quantity & dim9i%$ 9 price2 ! difficulties ( *emically r$uc+ ,raw ,fibres no long] exi/2 & ! #ae1jjj tons ( ,rags e/imat$ by ! ,,committee z ! requirem5ts ( ! ,trade h be5 m ?an sub/itut$ by ! #aej1jjj tons ( ,,esp>to & o!r ,raw mat]ial1 n[ annually import$1 :ile ! developm5t ( ! *emical trade keep+ pace ) ! introduction ( ,,raw ,,fibres has mat]ially facilitat$ _! employm5t4 ,cau/ic soda1 b little kn[n 9 #ahfa1 is n[ ext5sively manufactur$1 & ,weldon's new process has greatly increas$ ! p[] ( production & dim9i%$ ! co/ ( manufactur+ blea*+ p[d]2 ?us ! comp>ative exp5se ( *emically r$uc+ ,raw ,fibres is no long] an ob/acle to progress4 ,! manufactur] ( ! pres5t day w1 9 fact1 und]take to make pap] f any raw fibre1 or fibr\s sub/ance t may be submitt$ to him4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 sev]al que/ions to consid] be=e he w commit himself to pur*ase or contract = any new fibr\s mat]ial1 ^! be+3 its co/1 n m]ely z a raw mat]ial1 b 9 ! details ( manufacture1 & ! quality ( ! pap] t c economically be made f su* fibre1 ei!r alone1 or introduc+ x z a bl5d ) ! mat]ial he at pres5t employs2 !n1 assum+ ^! po9ts satisfactorily det]m9$1 he w\ld desire to "k ! quantity ( su* mat]ial annually available1 ) "s gu>antee = cont9u\s & reliable supply at a price n liable to erratic fluctuations4 ,! value ( ,,esp>to z a ,pap]-mak+ mat]ial hav+ be5 recogniz$1 & its employm5t almo/ univ]sally adopt$ 9 ! ,trade1 naturally l$ to v>i\s attempts to introduce o!r new mat]ial1 :i* hi!rto1 h[ev]1 h met ) only p>tial success3 ! ,,dw>f ,,palm1 ,*amo]ops humilis1 & ,,diss1 z well z "s o!r mat]ials f ,nor? ,africa1 h be5 tri$ & ab&on$ z unsuitable3 ,,jute also has latt]ly attract$ consid]able att5tion2 ,butts or ,cutt+s1 z !y are t]m$1 ! refuse f ! prep>ation ( ! long clean fibre n[ s l>gely us$ z a ,textile1 h ent]$ ext5sively into consumption1 be+ import$ f ,india specially = pap]-mak]s' use1 pack$ 9 hydraulic-press$ bales2 b ?is fibre is difficult & co/ly to blea* p]fectly1 & is only employ$ = ! l[] class ( ,news & ,common pr9t+1 or unblea*$1 = ,br[n & ,wrapp+ pap]s2 b z x has long be5 famili> to ! trade 9 ! =m ( ,wa/e1 ,gunny-bagg+1 & ,rope1 x c h>dly be t]m$ a ,new ,mat]ial4 ,two or ?ree o!r excell5t fibr\s mat]ials may be m5tion$1 small p>cels ( :i* are occasionally to be met )1 t are1 or m correctly speak+ w\ld be1 mu* priz$ by ,pap]-manufactur]s if obta9able at reasonable rates1 su* z ,,adansonia ,,b>k1 ,,new ,,zeal& ,,flax1 ,,manilla ,,hemp1 ,,sunn1 & o!r ,,indian1 ,,hemp-,,l ,,fibres1 all ( :i* w blea* well & make pap] ( sup]ior quality2 b un=tunately ! quantity available is s small1 & ! supply s irregul> & unc]ta91 t !y c h>dly be reli$ ^u z ,raw ,mat]ial4 ,,wood1 bo? *emically & me*anically prep>$1 has be51 & inde$ is n[1 us$ to a v consid]able ext5t2 b ! latt]1 produc$ by gr9d+ d[n billets f ! tree z cut d[n1 on a gr9d/one to a pulp1 ) wat]1 or )\t wat]1 to ! condition ( fl\r1 conta9s b little fibre1 & t fibre ) v little felt+ prop]ty 7an ess5tial = a good %eet ( pap]72 ?us x c only be us$ z a fill]-up = *eap ,news & common pap]s1 l clay 7faceti\sly call$ 9 ! trade ,devon%ire l9571 or any o!r adult]ant :i* ! necessities ( ! ,pap]-mak]1 to meet ! m>ket1 7or 9 o!r words defici5t supply ( good & *eap suitable mat]ial7 compel him to use4 ,,wood1 *emically prep>$1 is co/ly 9 production1 z x is only possible to r$uce x into ,pulp1 by boil+ "u v high pressure1 ) /rong cau/ic alkali2 sev]al mills e/abli%$ bo? 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 to c>ry out ?is manufacture1 h ab&on$ x1 & su* ,pulp z is n[ us$ 9 ! ,trade is d]iv$ exclusively f ! c\ntries :]e ! wood is gr[n4 ,! ,pulp ?us produc$1 al?\gh some:at h>d & h>%1 if ! wood is c>efully select$1 & prop]ly prep>$1 w1 bl5d$ ) o!r mat]ial1 produce a fair quality ( pap]4 ,! use ( ,,/raw1 f ! ,c]eals1 ,,:eat1 ,,oats1 & ,,rye1 has ( late ye>s greatly ext5d$1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & ?r\gh\t ! cont95t ( ,europe1 z well z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ei!r alone or z an admixture ) rags & o!r mat]ial1 = all classes ( pap]1 z ^! c\ntries equally ) ,engl& suff] f a defici5t supply ( ,raw ,mat]ial2 b 9 ,engl&1 ow+ to ! increas$ consumption = agricultural & fe$+ purposes1 & influ5c$ also by ! sc>city & high prices lately rul+ = ,,esp>to 9 _m di/ricts1 ,,/raw has become v difficult to obta91 & consid]able quantities h 9 consequ5ce be5 import$ f ,holl& & ,belgium1 bo? raw1 & z blea*$ ,pulp4 ,i may "h m5tion two o!r fibr\s sub/ances1 :i* h f "t to "t attract$ consid]able att5tion1 viz4 ,,maize ,,leaves & ,,rice ,,/raw1 bo? ( !m raw mat]ials1 f :i* a fair quality ( pap] is produc$ 9 ! c\ntries :]e ^! plants are cultivat$2 b1 z 9 _! natural condition aft] be+ h>ve/$ !y are f> too bulky to p]mit ( transport to ?is c\ntry1 !y w\ld h to be r$uc$ to a portable =m :]e !y gr[1 & ev5 !n1 ow+ to ! small yield ( true fibre1 _! economical conv]sion is some:at d\btful1 unless "u fav\rable conditions4 ,! daily increas+ dem& = ,,pap] be+ recogniz$1 & ! imp5d+ if n imm$iate sc>city ( ,raw ,mat]ial available = its manufacture1 up to ! pres5t "t1 hav+ be5 %[n1 to :at qu>t] mu/ ! ,trade look = an ext5d$ supply8 ,?is x mu/ be admitt$ has become an important "q = consid]ation1 x be+ evid5t t unless "s ,new ,mat]ial suitable = ! purpose is spe$ily introduc$1 ! ,,pap] ,,trade1 "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom1 w be s]i\sly crippl$2 mean:ile ( necessity high prices are ma9ta9$1 & z a natural consequ5ce ! consum] suff]s4 ,,fibre-,,produc+ ,,plants--,,s\rces ,,( ,,supply4 ,! high value ( l& precludes ! cultivation ( any fibr\s mat]ial exclusively = pap]-mak+ 9 ,engl&1 ev5 if ?is climate 0 suitable = its gr[?2 ) ! exception inde$ ( ,,flax & ,,hemp1 x w\ld appe> t nor!rn latitudes are n fav\rable = ! production ( fibre-produc+ plants1 & !re=e x is to w>m or tropical c\ntries alone any reliable supply ( ,,new ,,mat]ial c be look$ =4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 & ,we/ ,indies1 9 h] ,colonies & ,dep5d5cies1 ,engl& possesses an inexhau/ible supply ( fibre-produc+ plants2 9 ,india especially1 almo/ e plant ab\nds m or less 9 fibre4 ,9 ,*9a & ,japan1 z also 9 ,india1 f ! e>lie/ times1 pap] has be5 made exclusively f raw indig5\s virg9 fibres1 & ! pap] produc$ 9 ^! c\ntries is 9 consequ5ce g5]ally extremely /rong & t\gh1 & al?\gh unblea*$1 & n made 9 a fa%ion adapt$ to ,european requirem5ts1 af=ds ample & conclusive evid5ce ( ! valuable supply ( mat]ial at our disposal4 ,,vegetable ,,fibr\s1 or ,,fibre-,,produc+ ,,plants1 are divid$ by ,,botani/s into two di/9ct ,,classes or ,,divisions3 ,,endog5s1 or inside gr[]s2 ,,exog5s1 or outside gr[]s4 ,f ! =m] are obta9$ ! fibres kn[n z ,,manilla ,,hemp or ,,abaca 7f ! ,musa textilis or ,planta971 ! ,,aloe1 ,,agav 7or ,pita ,fibre71 ! ,,yucca1 ,,bromelia ,,p5gu91 ,,sisal ,,hemp 7or ,hannequ972 ,,p9a ,,fibre f ! ,,p9e ,,apple 7,ananassa sativa71 ,,m>ool or ,,moorva 7,sanseveira ,zeylanica71 ,,new ,,zeal& ,,flax 7,phormium t5ax71 c42 ,,maize 7or ,indian ,corn71 ,,rice1 & o!r ,,c]eal ,,/raws1 ,,esp>to1 ,,diss1 & v>i\s ,s$ges1 ,re$s1 & ,grasses1 ! latt] includ+ ,,bamboo1 & ,,sug> ,,cane1 are also compris$ 9 ?is ,class4 ,! ,,fibres1 or ,,fibr\s ,,tissue envelop+ ! ,/ems ( ,h]bace\s ,plants1 kn[n z ,,hemp1 ,,flax1 ,,jute1 ,,hibiscus1 7,gombo or ,okhro71 ,,rhea1 or ,,*9a-,,grass 7,urtica nivea71 ,,sunn ,,hemp 7,cratol>ia juncea71 c41 z also ! ,,lace ,,b>ks 7s call$71 su* z ! ,,adansonia ,,digitatas 7f ! ,baobab tree71 ! ,,nepal ,,pap] ,,plant 7,daphne cannab9a71 ! ,,pap] ,,mulb]ry 7,br\ssonetia papyrif]a71 c41 con/itute ! latt] ,class4 ,i h conf9$ myself to recapitulat+ a few only ( ! fibres 9 ei!r class1 be/ kn[n to comm]ce2 ?is li/1 inde$1 might be ext5d$ almo/ indef9itely1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! "w be=e allud$ to1 ',! ,fibr\s ,plants ( ,india1' by ,dr4 ,=bes ,royle1 z also to ! elaborate ,pap] on ! same subject1 read at ! meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,may #i1 #ahfj1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,=bes ,watson1 ,report] on ! ,products ( ,india1 ,dr4 ,royle's able successor4 ,) "s few exceptions 7notably ,esp>to & "s ( ! ,c]eal /raws & grasses71 ! result+ or ultimate fibres f vegetable fibr\s plants1 be=e !y c be utiliz$ ei!r = ,textile purposes1 or = ! manufacture ( ,pap]1 mu/ be fre$ f ! extrane\s sub/ances ) :i* dur+ _! gr[? !y are m or less comb9$4 ,9 ! case ( ,endog5s1 ! fibres are imb$d$ or envelop$ 9 succul5t1 fle%y1 or pulpy /ems1 or leaves2 & 9 ! case ( ,exog5s1 ! fibre is comb9$ )1 & atta*+ to1 wood1 or woody matt]1 su* extrane\s sub/ances or matt]s con/itut+1 m or less1 a consid]able portion bo? ( ! weight & bulk ( ! plant ev5 :5 matur$4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,fibre-,,produc+ ,,plants4 ,f all1 or ne>ly all1 ,endog5\s plants ! fibres are extract$ by h& lab\r1 no ma*9]y hav+ be5 hi!rto inv5t$ by :i* ?is op]ation c be p]=m$ 9 an economical & satisfactory mann]4 ,! fle%y /ems1 or leaves1 ( ?is class ( plants are cru%$ & beat51 mac]at$ 9 wat]1 scrap$ & r\ghly comb$1 to sep>ate ! fibr\s f ! vascul>1 or pulpy portion ( ! plant2 sometimes ! plants are buri$ 9 wet s&1 or mud1 leav+ !m to soak1 or rot1 = _m days1 !n beat5 on a /one1 scrap$1 & comb$2 b by ?is sy/em ! fibres g5]ally lose col\r & /r5g?4 ,! yield ( fibre f ?is class ( ,endog5s ranges f #f to #ab p] c5t41 & x is only :]e native lab\r is exce$+ly *eap & abundant t su* a labori\s & t$i\s process c\ld be c>ri$ on4 ,! majority ( ! fibres f ,exog5\s plants are also1 9 some:at a simil> mann] obta9$ solely by manual lab\r2 ! h]bace\s1 or woody /ems ( su* plants1 be+ fir/ /eep$1 or rett$1 to induce p>tial f]m5tation1 & facilitate ! sep>ation ( ! corticul> fibres1 f ! woody /em4 ,:5 produc$ 9 ,europe1 ,flax & ,hemp =m an exception1 be+ g5]ally dri$ be=e /eep+1 :i* process is also m sy/ematically & regul>ly conduct$1 & ! subsequ5t sep>ation ( ! ultimate fibres effect$ by break+1 scut*+1 & heckl+2 ^! op]ations be+ z f> z possible c>ri$ out me*anically4 ,:5 ! co/ ( cultivation1 ( c>riage1 freight to ?is c\ntry1 *>ges & m]*ants' pr(it1 are add$ to ! outlay involv$ 9 produc+ clean fibres by ! labori\s & t$i\s processes describ$1 ev5 ) ! exce$+ly *eap lab\r ( tropical c\ntries1 x w readily be und]/ood t !y _c be sold at a *eap rate4 ,:5 ! above outlay has be5 incurr$1 & clean m]*antable fibre results1 su* fibre w g5]ally secure a high price 9 ! m>ket = ,sp9n+1 ,rop+1 & o!r ,textile purposes1 f> beyond ! ,pap]-mak]'s limits1 :o !re=e c only avail himself ( damag$ p>cels1 or su* z1 be+ ( l[ or inf]ior quality1 h be5 reject$ by ! ,sp9n]1 &1 ev5 !n1 has to come into competition ) ! mak] ( l[-class goods1 ! common sack+ & mat-mak]1 z any fibre ( fair /r5g?1 long en\gh to sp9 into a co>se y>n1 comm&s good value 9 ! m>ket4 ,x w be obvi\s f ! prec$+ rem>ks t ! ,pap]-manufactur]1 = an ext5d$ supply ( ,mat]ial1 mu/ look to a fibre or fibr\s sub/ance :i*1 ei!r l ,esp>to1 c be utiliz$ direct1 )\t hav+ to pass ?r\gh ?is process ( semi-manufacture1 or to "s o!r ,new ,mat]ial1 :i*1 f ! peculi>ity ei!r ( its production or gr[?1 & to ! simplicity & economy ( its treatm5t1 c be import$ into ?is c\ntry1 9 a condition suitable = 8 requirem5ts4 ,kn[+ f p]sonal obs]vation ! peculi>ities ( ! gr[?1 production1 & collection ( ! ,,esp>to plant1 & believ+ ! "t w\ld come :5 ! supply w\ld be unequal to ! dem& 7al?\gh ,i mu/ admit1 ow+ to ! rapid ext5sion ( ! ,pap]-trade1 t "t has arriv$ soon] ?an ,i anticipat$71 ,i h long & cont9u\sly kept my att5tion direct$ to any ,new ,mat]ial :i* appe>$ likely to become available = ,pap]-mak+ purposes4 ,= _m ye>s pa/1 ,i h devot$ mu* "t to ! inve/igation ( ,fibres1 dur+ :i* p]iod ,i h1 ,i believe1 te/$ bo? *emically & practically z a ,pap]-mak]1 ne>ly e fibr\s mat]ial introduc$ into ! m>ket1 )1 z may naturally be suppos$1 extremely v>iable results4 ,be=e any ,new ,mat]ial w be fav\rably receiv$ by ! ,pap]-manufactur]1 x is cle> t c]ta9 conditions mu/ be fulfill$2 ^! be+ t su* ,mat]ial %all fav\rably comp>e1 s f> z reg>ds quality & co/1 ) ^? he n[ employs1 & t he %all feel satisfi$ he may rely ^u a cont9uity ( supply1 n subject to viol5t fluctuations 9 price4 ,once assur$ on ^! po9ts1 !re c be no d\bt t1 especially "u exi/+ circum/ances 7viz4 defici5t supply & high prices71 ! ,pap]-trade w\ld gladly welcome ! adv5t ( any ,new ,mat]ial calculat$ to relieve ! pres5t1 or appreh5d$ sc>city4 ,,new ,,mat]ials4 ,=tunately = ! ,pap]-trade1 & its supply ( mat]ials 9 ! future1 two raw fibr\s sub/ances exi/1 to :i* ,i n[ desire to direct special att5tion1 z ,i believe x w\ld be difficult1 if n impossible1 to meet ) any o!rs to comp>e ) !m 9 ! ess5tial po9ts1 ( reliable supply at extremely l[ co/ comb9$ ) quality4 ,) ?is conviction ,i h devot$ mu* att5tion to p]fect+ a simple & economical sy/em ( treat+ !m1 9 ord] to produce a fibr\s ,pap]-,/ock1 consid]+ t to be ! mo/ practicable & be/ =m 9 :i* !y c be introduc$ into ! ,m>ket4 ,"o ( ^! mat]ials1 ,,megasse1 or ,,begasse1 fulfils ! ma9 conditions :i* w\ld be look$ = by ! ,pap]-manufactur]1 inasmu* z va/ quantities are available at a l[ co/1 & ow+ to ! peculi>ity ( its production be+ ! necess>y by-product ( a l>ge & widely spread /aple indu/ry--,sug>--n subject to ! ord9>y irregul>ity ( supply4 ,,megasse1 ! fibr\s residue ( ! ,sug>-,cane 7aft] x has be5 cru%$ to extract ! juice71 prop]ly prep>$1 af=ds a /rong1 n]v\s fibre1 or ,fibr\s ,/ock1 :i* blea*es well1 & possesses all ! *>act]i/ics ( a fir/-class ,pap]-mak+ mat]ial4 ,,megasse h[ev]1 z x comes f ! cru%+ rolls1 & ev5 :5 dri$ aft] cru%+1 is s exce$+ly bulky1 t 7be+ produc$ almo/ exclusively 9 tropical c\ntries7 ! co/ ( c>riage add$ to its great liability to damage f f]m5tation1 precludes ! possibility ( its be+ import$ to ,engl& 9 its crude /ate2 moreov]1 ! true fibr\s portion ( ,megasse does n am\nt to m ?an #dj p] c5t41 ! rema9d] be+ con/itut$ ( ,,cellulose1 comb9$ ) glut5\s & o!r comp\nds1 :i* ( !mselves are useless = ,pap]-mak+1 & :i* consequ5tly mu/ be sep>at$ f ! residu>y or ultimate fibre4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ,,megasse mu/ be conv]t$ into a ,fibr\s ,/ock at1 or ne>1 ! ,sug> factory :]e x is produc$1 !n dri$1 & put up 9 hydraulic-press$ bales = economical transport4 ,! pres5t value ( ,,megasse 79 its crude condition z produc$7 is relatively to t ( fuel1 z1 unless x is return$ to ! soil z manure 7:i* is ! practice 9 "s c\ntries71 x is employ$ 9 ! ,sug> factories1 = rais+ /eam1 = motive p[]1 & = evaporat+ ! ,cane juice4 ,z ! value ( ,megasse ?us consid]$ is v l[1 factories e/abli%$ 9 connection ) exi/+ sug> mills = ! manufacture ( ,pap]-,/ock1 :]e suffici5t quantities ( s bulky a mat]ial c\ld be conc5trat$1 & :]e o!r fav\rable conditions exi/ 7( :i* an abundant supply ( wat] is an ess5tial71 w\ld yield a l>ge pr(it to ! plant] or sug> manufactur]1 z ! ,pap]-,/ock he w\ld produce w\ld meet ) a ready sale at prices at lea/ equival5t to ,,esp>to1 r$uc$ to ! same condition4 ,hav+ made ,pap]-,/ock1 & ,pap] ( good quality f ,,megasse1 & det]m9$ ! pr(itable result ( su* a manufacture beyond dispute1 ,i look =w>d at no v di/ant date to see ! ,pap]-trade ( ?is c\ntry receiv+1 at lea/1 a portion ( its raw mat]ial f "s ( our own ,colonies & ,dep5d5cies 79 mo/ ( :i* ,sug> is produc$71 in/ead (1 z n[1 be+ entirely dep5d5t on ,=eign ,c\ntries = supply4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! consumption ( sug> 9 ,engl& am\nts annually to upw>ds ( #hjj1jjj tons1 or ab\t #eg lb4 p] head ( ! population2 & z x may be assum$ t = ea* ton ( sug> #a ton ( ,megasse at lea/ is produc$1 x w be se5 t a l>ge res]ve ( ,fibr\s ,mat]ial is available1 await+ ! ent]prise ( ei!r ! ,sug> or ! ,pap]-manufactur] or a comb9ation ( bo?4 ,x is n[ my object to %[ to ! ,two p>ties ma9ly int]e/$1 ! ,,produc] & ! ,,consum]1 h[ closely _! int]e/s are co9cid5t1 & h[ bo? w\ld be b5efit$ by ! creation & developm5t ( a new ,,indu/ry4 ,! ,,produc]1 ! ,sug>-manufactur]1 is1 9 po9t ( fact suff]+ f a simil> competition to t exp]i5c$ by ! ,pap]-manufactur] 9 #ahfa--;h&icapp$ by ! drawback all[$ on ! export ( ,,fr5*1 ,,& ,,belgian1 ,,beet-,,root ,,sug>1 ) :i* he is unable to compete1 9 ! same mann] z ! ,pap]-mak] suff]$ f ! introduction ( ,,fr5*1 ,,& ,,belgian1 ,,pap]--free1 :ile ! ,,raw ,,mat]ial--,,rags1 paid a heavy export duty4 ,! ,,consum]1 ! ,pap]-manufactur]1 is suff]+ f a lack ( suitable mat]ial1 :i* ! ,produc] is able to supply1 & by s supply+ & utiliz+ a by-product1 hi!rto ( little value to him1 places himself 9 a position to meet 8 competitors on equal1 if n bett] t]ms 9 ! m>ket4 ,x is true1 t ?is 7to him7 new sy/em ( utiliz+ :at may n[ be t]m$ a wa/e1 or by-product1 w\ld involve ! outlay ( additional capital1 by ! ,sug>-plant] or manufactur]1 :i* he may deem =eign to 8 pres5t bus9ess1 b manufactur]s n[-a-days make _! pr(its ma9ly by utiliz+ by-products4 ,a famili> in/ance ( ?is may be cit$ 9 ! ,*emical trade2 ! muriatic acid produc$ 9 ! manufacture ( soda1 =m]ly run to wa/e1 be+ n[ employ$ = mak+ blea*+ p[d]2 &1 /ill m rec5tly1 ! by-products annal9e1 an?rac5e1 ammonia1 c41 :i* =m]ly creat$ a nuisance :]ev] ,gas-,works exi/$1 n[ con/itute a l>ge portion ( _! pr(its4 ,,bamboo1 ! o!r ,raw ,mat]ial to :i* ,i h allud$1 c h>dly be call$ ,new1 x be+ well kn[n t bo? ! ,*9ese & ,japanese h f "t immemorial employ$ ,bamboo = ,pap]-mak+ purposes2 & ,i h %[n 9 ! prec$+ ,rem>ks t attempts h m rec5tly be5 made1 n hi!rto af=d+ successful comm]cial results4 ,x !re=e w\ld h be5 m correct _h ,i1 9 direct+ att5tion to ,,bamboo1 describ$ x z an ,old mat]ial "u ,new treatm5t4 ,su* inde$ 0 ! case ) ,,esp>to1 an ,old mat]ial1 well kn[n1 & tri$ ineffectually by _m1 previ\s to my process = conv]t+ x into pap] be+ adopt$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n take place until x _h be5 fully te/$ & approv$1 lead+ !n to its spe$y employm5t4 ,i believe ) my new sy/em ( treatm5t ,,bamboo w prove to be z sup]ior to ,esp>to1 9 e respect z ,esp>to 0 f\nd to be sup]ior to ,/raw1 ! only o!r raw mat]ial us$ :5 x 0 introduc$4 ,,bamboo diff]s f ,,megasse1 inasmu* z ! latt] is produc$1 z x 71 involunt>ily1 its maximum value z a raw product be+ det]m9$ by its comp>ison ) fuel2 :]eas ,,bamboo w\ld h to be cultivat$2 b1 z ?is plant w n only gr[1 b fl\ri%1 9 localities unsuitable = o!r cultivation1 & is produc$ ) su* extraord9>y rapidity & abundance1 x w\ld appe> t1 z a ,raw ,product1 x w\ld n co/ mu*1 if any1 m ?an ,,megasse4 ,x is h>dly my prov9ce to discuss "h to :i* ( ! two mat]ials1 ,,megasse or ,,bamboo1 ! pref]5ce %\ld be giv54 ,suffice x to say t1 ) ! admitt$ fact ( ! increas+ sc>city ( ,raw ,mat]ial = ,pap]-mak+1 !re is ample scope = bo?4 ,i h only to add t ,i %all be happy to advise ) p>ties :o may desire to int]e/ !mselves 9 ei!r "q4 ,,conclusion4 ,z ,i h broadly /at$ t ,pap]-,/ock c be produc$ f bo? ,,bamboo & ,,megasse1 to %[ a good ,pr(it1 x may be well to m5tion ! pres5t co/ ( ,,esp>to r$uc$ to ! same condition 7( ,pap]-,/ock71 z x is ) ?is ,mat]ial ^! ,fibres w\ld ma9ly h to compete1 see+ t ) its l>ge consumption & widely ext5d$ use = mo/ classes ( ,pap] x n[ rules ! ,m>ket4 ,! co/ ( good ,spani% ,,esp>to at curr5t rates1 is1 deliv]$ into a ,mill 7say71 #ajl4 p] ton2 x is g5]ally assum$ 9 ! ,pap]-trade t ab\t #b tons ( ,esp>to are requir$ to make #a ton pap]1 ! yield be+ f #dh to #ej p] c5t4 ,at #ej p] c5t4 yield !re=e we h #bjl4 p] ton = ,raw ,mat]ial4 ,add to ?is1 = *emicals1 boil+1 fuel1 & lab\r1 #ejs4 #b tons1 we arrive at #bel4 = ! co/ ( ,esp>to 9 ! same condition ( unblea*$ ,/ock1 suffici5t = #a ton pap]4 ,,alfa or ,african ,esp>to does n af=d s good a yield1 nei!r w x blea* to s high a col\r1 nor make s good a quality ( pap] z ,spani%2 its value !re=e is proportionately l[] 9 ! ,m>ket1 say #hl4 p] ton z comp>$ ) #ajl43 ! co/ !re=e ( ,alfa r$uc$ to a simil> condition ( ,/ock may be tak5 at #bal4 ,,alfa 7if c>efully select$7 s closely resembles ,spani% ,,esp>to1 9 its raw condition1 t x is v difficult to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r1 & :5 ! two are skilfully bl5d$1 x is impossible to d s1 until ! blea*+ process ( manufacture is rea*$2 ?us1 x has happ5$1 t dur+ ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s _m ?\s&s ( tons ( ,,alfa1 hav+ tak5 a t\r ?r\gh ,spa91 & be+ !re naturaliz$1 h f\nd _! way to ,engl& & be5 sold to ! unsophi/icat$ ,engli% ,pap]-mak] z ,spani% ,,esp>to1 ?us supplem5t+ ! rapid exhau/ion ( ! indig5\s grass ( t c\ntry4 ,,wood ,pulp z ,i h m5tion$1 is import$1 bo? me*anically & *emically prep>$1 ! latt] 7unblea*$7 f9d+ a ready sale1 at #bdl4 to #bel4 p] ton2 ,,/raw ,pulp also 7blea*$7 realizes #bfl4 to #bgl4 p] ton1 b nei!r ( ^! mat]ials are likely to be introduc$ to any consid]able ext5t4 ,pap]-,/ock1 result+ f ei!r ,,bamboo or ,,megasse1 w %[ a v l>ge m>g9 ( pr(it f ! figures ,i h quot$1 ?us all[+ = any necess>y r$uction %\ld prices fall f increas$ supplies4 ,9 conclud+ my ,rem>ks1 hav+ 9 ! prec$+ ,pages sugge/$ ! conv]sion ( ,raw ,fibr\s ,sub/ances1 notably1 ,,bamboo & ,,megasse1 into ,fibr\s ,pap]-,/ock1 ,i ought p]haps di/9ctly to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,half-,/uff1 or ,pulp1 & ,pap]-,/ock1 & my reasons = express+ a pref]5ce = ! latt] =m ( prep>ation1--a pref]5ce w>rant$1 ,i believe1 bo? by practical1 & economical consid]ations4 ,:atev] ,mat]ial ! ,pap]-mak] employs1 be x ,rags 7( any d5om9ation7 or any o!r ,fibre1 or ,fibr\s1 sub/ance1 aft] ,boil+1 he dis9tegrates1 or comm9utes x into ,half-,/uff1 be=e1 or :ile blea*+4 ,?is process1 c>ri$ a /age f>!r1 conv]ts ! ,half-,/uff into ,pulp4 ,h]e91 n less ?an 9 ! prop] selection ( 8 ,raw ,mat]ial1 lies ! skill ( ! ,pap]-mak]1 z1 h[ev] good 8 ,mat]ial may be1 9 its ,raw or normal condition1 x may be v easily spoilt 9 ei!r ( ! processes ( ,boil+1--,blea*+1--or ,pulp+4 ,= example1 :5 ,bread is once toa/$1 !reby becom+ br[n 7& ! pur] & :it] ! great] ! *ange71 :]eby its *emical & me*anical "* has become alt]$1 no p[] c reconv]t x into its orig9al condition2 9 l mann]1 h[ev] good a ,raw ,fibr\s ,mat]ial may be1 if t ,mat]ial be ei!r ov]-boil$1 or ov]-pulp$1 no p[] w re/ore its normal "*4 ,moreov]1 a ,fibr\s sub/ance once r$uc$ to ! condition ( ,pulp1 x is difficult1 if n impossible1 ev5 = a ,microscopi/1 to di/+ui% accurately ! "* or quality ( ! orig9al ,fibre1--its /r5g?1--or :e!r x has be5 prop]ly or improp]ly treat$1 & r$uc$ to t condition--until1 p]haps too late1 :5 he has blea*$ x1 & conv]t$ x1 or attempt$ to conv]t x1 into a %eet ( ,pap]4 ,) a ,fibr\s ,pap]-,/ock1 h[ev]1 ^! objections d n apply1 or c]ta9ly n to ! same degree1 z ! ,pap]-mak] c\ld readily exam9e & judge ( ! "* & /r5g? ( ! ,fibre :e!r x 0 clean & free f imp]fections or adult]ations--9 fact1 c\ld see :at he 0 buy+1 or propos+ to buy1 :i* he c\ld n d ) ,half-,/uff or ,pulp4 ,s f> z ! ,produc] is conc]n$1 8 outlay = ! prim>y ,plant & ! me*anical appliances1 ! co/ ( ! subsequ5t treatm5t1 ! dry+1 pack+1 & economical c>riage & freight f a ,=eign c\ntry1 w\ld 9 all respects be less = ,pap]-,/ock ?an = ,half-,/uff or ,pulp4 ,speak+ f ! exp]i5ce ( "s ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,i h conduct$ ! manufacture & sale ( _m ?\s& tons ( ,half-,/uff prep>$ f ,,esp>to & o!r ,raw ,fibres1 ,i feel satisfi$ t 9 introduc+ a ,new ,semi-prep>$ ,mat]ial1 f a ,=eign c\ntry1 ! pref]5ce w\ld be giv5 by ! practical ,pap]-mak] to a ,fibr\s ,pap]-,/ock4 ,,?omas ,,r\tl$ge4 ,,claxheugh1 ,,sund]l&1 #ahge4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 #bh? ,nov41 #ahef1 0 pr9t$ on pap] made f ,esp>to1 at ,eyn%am ,mills1 ne> ,ox=d1 !n 9 my occupation4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by und]score4 ,fractions are display$ z foll[s3 #a_/b correlates ) #a half1 #a-a_/b correlates ) #a & a half4444 ,on page #ae "s text is miss+ x is m>k$ z 9999994 ,o!r ?an ! corrections li/$ bel[1 pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & ligature usage h be5 reta9$4 ,! foll[+ mispr9ts h be5 correct$3 *ang$ ) ,,hemp' & ,,flax1 :]e into ) ,,hemp & ,,flax1 :]e 7page #h7 *ang$ ! #ae1jjj tons ( ,rags e/imat$ by into ! #ae1jjj tons ( ,rags e/imat$ by 7page #bb7