,,essays3 ,,sci5tific1 ,,political1 ,,speculative4 ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,,libr>y ,,edition1 7,,o!rwise ,,fif? ,,?\s&17 ,conta9+ ,sev5 ,essays n be=e ,republi%$1 & v>i\s o!r additions4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,williams ,,& ,,norgate1 #ad1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,,london2 ,,& #bj1 ,,s\? ,,fr$]ick ,,/reet1 ,,ed9burgh4 #ahia4 ,,london3 ,g4 ,,norman ,,& ,,son1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,h>t ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,page ,,mann]s ,,& ,,fa%ion #a ,,railway ,,morals ,,& ,,railway ,,policy #eb ,,! ,,morals ,,( ,,trade #aac ,,prison-,,e?ics #aeb ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,kant #aib ,,absolute ,,political ,,e?ics #bag ,,ov]-,,legislation #bbi ,,repres5tative ,,gov]nm5t--,,:at ,,is ,,x ,,good ,,=8 #bhc ,,/ate-,,tamp]+s ,,) ,,money ,,& ,,banks #cbf ,,p>liam5t>y ,,re=m3 ,,! ,,dang]s ,,& ,,! ,,safegu>ds #ceh 8,,! ,,collective ,,wisdom0 #chg ,,political ,,feti*ism #cic ,,specializ$ ,,adm9i/ration #dja ,,f ,,fre$om ,,to ,,bondage #dde ,,! ,,am]icans #dga ,,! ,,index4 #a ,,mann]s ,,& ,,fa%ion4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,april #ahed4 ,:oev] has /udi$ ! physiognomy ( political meet+s1 _c fail to h rem>k$ a connexion betwe5 democratic op9ions & peculi>ities ( co/ume4 ,at a ,*>ti/ demon/ration1 a lecture on ,socialism1 or a soire ( ! ,fri5ds ( ,italy1 !re w be se5 _m among ! audi5ce1 & a /ill l>g] ratio among ! speak]s1 :o get !mselves up 9 a /yle m or less unusual4 ,"o g5tleman on ! plat=m divides 8 hair d[n ! c5tre1 in/ead ( on "o side2 ano!r bru%es x back (f ! =ehead1 9 ! fa%ion kn[n z 8br++ out ! intellect20 a ?ird has s long =sworn ! scissors1 t 8 locks sweep 8 %\ld]s4 ,a spr9kl+ ( m\/a*es may be obs]v$2 "h & !re an imp]ial2 & occasionally "s c\rage\s break] ( conv5tions exhibits a full-gr[n be>d4#a ,?is noncon=mity 9 hair is c\nt5anc$ by v>i\s noncon=mities 9 dress1 %[n by o!rs ( ! assemblage4 ,b>e necks1 %irt-coll>s la ,byron1 wai/coats cut ,quak] fa%ion1 wond]fully %aggy great coats1 num]\s oddities 9 =m & col\r1 de/roy ! monotony usual 9 cr[ds4 ,ev5 ^? exhibit+ no conspicu\s peculi>ity1 frequ5tly indicate by some?+ 9 ! patt]n ( _! clo!s1 t !y pay small reg>d to :at _! #b tailors tell !m ab\t ! prevail+ ta/e4 ,& :5 ! ga!r+ breaks up1 ! v>ieties ( head ge> display$--! numb] ( caps1 & ! abundance ( felt hats--suffice to prove t 7 ! _w at l>ge l-m9d$1 ! black cyl9d]s :i* tyrannize ov] u w\ld soon be depos$4 #a ,?is 0 writt5 be=e m\/a*es & be>ds _h become g5]al4 ,?is relation%ip betwe5 political discont5t & disreg>d ( cu/oms exi/s on ! ,cont95t also4 ,r$ republicanism is ev]y:]e di/+ui%$ by its hirsut5ess4 ,! au?orities ( ,prussia1 ,au/ria1 & ,italy1 alike recognize c]ta9 =ms ( hat z indicative ( disaffection1 & fulm9ate aga9/ !m accord+ly4 ,9 "s places ! we>] ( a bl\se runs a risk ( be+ class$ among ! suspects2 & 9 o!rs1 he :o w\ld avoid ! bureau ( police1 mu/ bew>e h[ he goes out 9 any b ! ord9>y col\rs4 ,?us1 democracy abroad1 z at home1 t5ds t[>ds p]sonal s+ul>ity4 ,nor is ?is association ( *>act]i/ics peculi> to mod]n times1 or to re=m]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,x has always exi/$2 & x has be5 manife/$ z mu* 9 religi\s agitations z 9 political ones4 ,! ,puritans1 disapprov+ ( ! long curls ( ! ,cavali]s1 z ( _! pr9ciples1 cut _! own hair %ort1 & s ga9$ ! "n ( 8,r\ndheads40 ,! m>k$ religi\s noncon=mity ( ! ,quak]s 0 accompani$ by an equally-m>k$ noncon=mity ( mann]s--9 attire1 9 spee*1 9 salutation4 ,! e>ly ,moravians n only believ$ diff]5tly1 b at ! same "t dress$ diff]5tly1 & liv$ diff]5tly1 f _! fell[ ,*ri/ians4 ,t ! association betwe5 political indep5d5ce & indep5d5ce ( p]sonal conduct1 is n a ph5om5on ( to-day only1 we may see alike 9 ! appe>ance ( ,frankl9 at ! ,fr5* c\rt 9 pla9 clo!s1 & 9 ! :ite hats worn by ! la/ g5]ation ( radicals4 ,orig9ality ( nature is sure to %[ itself 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,! m5tion ( ,george ,fox's suit ( lea!r1 or ,pe/alozzi's s*ool "n1 8,h>ry ,oddity10 w at once sugge/ ! #c remembrance t m5 :o h 9 great ?+s div]g$ f ! beat5 track1 h frequ5tly done s 9 small ?+s likewise4 ,m9or illu/rations may be ga!r$ 9 almo/ e circle4 ,we believe t :oev] w numb] up 8 re=m+ & rationali/ acqua9tances1 w f9d among !m m ?an ! usual proportion ( ^? :o 9 dress or behavi\r exhibit "s degree ( :at ! _w calls ecc5tricity4 ,if x be a fact t m5 ( revolution>y aims 9 politics or religion1 are commonly revolutioni/s 9 cu/om also1 x is n less a fact t ^? ^: (fice x is to uphold e/abli%$ arrangem5ts 9 ,/ate & ,*ur*1 are also ^? :o mo/ adh]e to ! social =ms & obs]vances bequea!d to u by pa/ g5]ations4 ,practices else:]e ext9ct /ill l+] ab\t ! head qu>t]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,! mon>* /ill gives ass5t to ,acts ( ,p>liam5t 9 ! old ,fr5* ( ! ,normans2 & ,norman ,fr5* t]ms are /ill us$ 9 law4 ,wigs1 su* z ^? we see depict$ 9 old portraits1 may yet be f\nd on ! heads ( judges & b>ri/]s4 ,! ,beefeat]s at ! ,t[] we> ! co/ume ( ,h5ry ,v,i,ith's body-gu>d4 ,! ,univ]sity dress ( ! pres5t ye> v>ies b little f t worn soon aft] ! ,re=mation4 ,! cl>et-col\r$ coat1 knee-bree*es1 lace %irt-frills1 :ite silk /ock+s1 & buckl$ %oes1 :i* once =m$ ! usual attire ( a g5tleman1 /ill survive z ! c\rt-dress4 ,& x ne$ sc>cely be said t at leves & draw+-rooms1 ! c]emonies are prescrib$ ) an exactness1 & en=c$ ) a rig\r1 n else:]e to be f\nd4 ,c we consid] ^! two s]ies ( co9cid5ces z accid5tal & unmean+8 ,mu/ we n r conclude t "s necess>y relation%ip obta9s betwe5 !m8 ,are !re n su* ?+s z a con/itutional cons]vatism1 & a con/itutional t5d5cy to *ange8 ,is !re n a class :i* cl+s to ! old 9 all ?+s2 & ano!r class s 9 love ) progress z (t5 to mi/ake novelty = #d improvem5t8 ,d we n f9d "s m5 ready to b[ to e/abli%$ au?ority ( :atev] k9d2 :ile o!rs dem& ( e su* au?ority its reason1 & reject x if x fails to ju/ify itself8 ,& mu/ n ! m9ds ?us contra/$ t5d to become respectively con=mi/ & noncon=mi/1 n only 9 politics & religion1 b 9 o!r ?+s8 ,submission1 :e!r to a gov]nm5t1 to ! dogmas ( ecclesia/ics1 or to t code ( behavi\r :i* society at l>ge has set up1 is ess5tially ( ! same nature2 & ! s5tim5t :i* induces resi/ance to ! despotism ( rul]s1 civil or spiritual1 likewise induces resi/ance to ! despotism ( ! _w's usages4 ,all enactm5ts1 alike ( ! legislature1 ! consi/ory1 & ! saloon--all regulations1 =mal or virtual1 h a common "*3 !y are all limitations ( m5's fre$om4 8,d ?is--,refra9 f t10 are ! blank =ms into :i* !y may sev]ally be writt52 & ?r\gh\t ! und]/&+ is t ob$i5ce w br+ approbation "h & p>adise h]eaft]2 :ile disob$i5ce w entail imprisonm5t1 or s5d+ to ,cov5try1 or et]nal torm5ts1 z ! case may be4 ,& if re/ra9ts1 h[ev] nam$1 & ?r\gh :atev] app>atus ( means ex]cis$1 are "o 9 _! action ^u m51 x mu/ happ5 t ^? :o are pati5t "u "o k9d ( re/ra9t1 are likely to be pati5t "u ano!r2 & conv]sely1 t ^? impati5t ( re/ra9t 9 g5]al1 w1 on ! av]age1 t5d to %[ _! impati5ce 9 all directions4 ,t ,law1 ,religion1 & ,mann]s are ?us relat$1 & t !y h 9 c]ta9 contra/$ *>act]i/ics ( m5 a common support & a common dang]1 w1 h[ev]1 be mo/ cle>ly se5 on discov]+ t !y h a common orig94 ,little z f pres5t appe>ances we %\ld suppose x1 we %all yet f9d t at fir/1 ! control ( religion1 ! control ( laws1 & ! control ( mann]s1 7 all "o control4 ,/range z x n[ seems1 we believe x to be demon/rable t ! rules ( etiquette1 ! provisions ( ! /atute-book1 & ! comm&s ( ! #e decalogue1 h gr[n f ! same root4 ,if we g f> en\gh back into ! ages ( primeval ,feti%ism1 x becomes manife/ t orig9ally ,deity1 ,*ief1 & ,ma/] ( ! ,c]emonies 7 id5tical4 ,to make good ^! positions1 & to %[ _! be>+ on :at is to foll[1 x w be necess>y "h to trav]se gr\nd t is 9 "p some:at beat51 & at fir/ sight irrelevant to our topic4 ,we w pass ov] x z quickly z consi/s ) ! exig5cies ( ! argum5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ! e>lie/ social aggregations 7 rul$ solely by ! w ( ! /rong man1 few dispute4#b ,t f ! /rong man proce$$ n only ,mon>*y1 b ! conception ( a ,god1 few admit3 mu* z ,c>lyle & o!rs h said 9 evid5ce ( x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^? :o are unable to believe ?is1 w lay aside ! ideas ( ,god & man 9 :i* !y h be5 educat$1 & /udy ! aborig9al ideas ( !m1 !y w at lea/ see "s probability 9 ! hypo!sis4 ,let !m rememb] t be=e exp]i5ce _h yet taught m5 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! possible & ! impossible2 & :ile !y 7 ready on ! slighte/ sugge/ion to ascribe unkn[n p[]s to any object & make a feti% ( x2 _! conceptions ( humanity & its capacities 7 necess>ily vague1 & )\t specific limits4 ,! man :o by unusual /r5g?1 or cunn+1 a*iev$ some?+ t o!rs _h fail$ to a*ieve1 or some?+ :i* !y did n und]/&1 0 consid]$ by !m z diff]+ f !mselves2 &1 z we see 9 ! belief ( "s ,polynesians t only _! *iefs h s\ls1 or 9 t ( ! anci5t ,p]uvians t _! nobles 7 div9e by bir?1 ! ascrib$ diff]5ce 0 apt to be n "o ( degree only1 b "o ( k9d4 ,let !m rememb] next1 h[ gross 7 ! notions ( ,god1 or #f r ( gods1 preval5t dur+ ! same era & aft]w>ds--h[ concretely gods 7 conceiv$ z m5 ( specific aspects dress$ 9 specific ways--h[ _! names 7 lit]ally 8! /rong10 8! de/roy]10 8! p[]ful "o10--h[1 accord+ to ! ,sc&9avian my?ology1 ! 8sacr$ duty ( blood-rev5ge0 0 act$ on by ! gods !mselves1--& h[ !y 7 n only human 9 _! v9dictiv5ess1 _! cruelty1 & _! qu>rels ) ea* o!r1 b 7 suppos$ to h am\rs on e>?1 & to consume ! vi&s plac$ on _! alt>s4 ,add to :i*1 t 9 v>i\s my?ologies1 ,greek1 ,sc&9avian1 & o!rs1 ! olde/ be+s are giants2 t accord+ to a traditional g5ealogy ! gods1 demi-gods1 & 9 "s cases m51 are desc5d$ f ^! aft] ! human fa%ion2 & t :ile 9 ! ,ea/ we he> ( sons ( ,god :o saw ! daught]s ( m5 t !y 7 fair1 ! ,teutonic my?s tell ( unions betwe5 ! sons ( m5 & ! daught]s ( ! gods4 ,let !m rememb]1 too1 t at fir/ ! idea ( dea? diff]$ widely f t :i* we h2 t !re are /ill tribes :o1 on ! decease ( "o ( _! numb]1 attempt to make ! corpse /&1 & put food into its m\?2 t ! ,p]uvians _h fea/s at :i* ! mummies ( _! dead ,incas presid$1 :51 z ,prescott says1 !y paid att5tion 8to ^! ins5sible rema9s z if !y 7 in/9ct ) life20 t among ! ,fijians x is believ$ t e enemy has to be kill$ twice2 t ! ,ea/]n ,pagans give ext5sion & figure to ! s\l1 & attribute to x all ! same memb]s1 all ! same sub/ances1 bo? solid & liquid1 ( :i* our bodies are compos$2 & t x is ! cu/om among mo/ b>b>\s races to bury food1 weapons1 & tr9kets along ) ! dead body1 "u ! manife/ belief t x w pres5tly ne$ !m4 ,la/ly1 let !m rememb] t ! o!r _w1 z orig9ally conceiv$1 is simply "s di/ant "p ( ?is _w--"s ,elysian fields1 "s happy hunt+-gr\nd1 accessible ev5 to ! liv+1 & to :i*1 #g aft] dea?1 m5 travel 9 anticipation ( a life analog\s 9 g5]al "* to t :i* !y l$ be=e4 ,!n1 co-ord9at+ ^! g5]al facts--! ascription ( unkn[n p[]s to *iefs & m$ic9e m52 ! belief 9 deities hav+ human =ms1 passions1 & behavi\r2 ! imp]fect compreh5sion ( dea? z di/+ui%$ f life2 & ! proximity ( ! future abode to ! pres5t1 bo? 9 position & "*--let !m reflect :e!r !y d n almo/ unavoidably sugge/ ! conclusion t ! aborig9al god is ! dead *ief3 ! *ief n dead 9 our s5se1 b gone away1 c>ry+ ) him food & weapons to "s rum\r$ region ( pl5ty1 "s promis$ l&1 :i!r he _h long int5d$ to lead 8 foll[]s1 & :5ce he w pres5tly return to fet* !m4 ,?is hypo!sis once ent]ta9$1 is se5 to h>monize ) all primitive ideas & practices4 ,! sons ( ! deifi$ *ief reign+ aft] him1 x necess>ily happ5s t all e>ly k+s are held desc5dants ( ! gods2 & ! fact t alike 9 ,assyria1 ,egypt1 among ! ,jews1 ,phnicians1 & anci5t ,britons1 k+s' names 7 =m$ out ( ! names ( ! gods1 is fully expla9$4 ,! g5esis ( ,poly!ism out ( ,feti%ism1 by ! successive migrations ( ! race ( god-k+s to ! o!r _w--a g5esis illu/rat$ 9 ! ,greek my?ology1 alike by ! precise g5ealogy ( ! deities1 & by ! specifically-ass]t$ apo!osis ( ! lat] ones--t5ds fur!r to be> x out4 ,x expla9s ! fact t 9 ! old cre$s1 z 9 ! /ill extant cre$ ( ! ,otaheitans1 e family has its gu>dian _s1 :o is suppos$ to be "o ( _! dep>t$ relatives2 & t !y sacrifice to ^! z m9or gods--a practice /ill pursu$ by ! ,*9ese & ev5 by ! ,russians4 ,x is p]fectly congru\s ) ! ,grecian my?s conc]n+ ! w>s ( ! ,gods ) ! ,titans & _! f9al usurpation2 & x simil>ly agrees ) ! fact t among ! ,teutonic gods prop] 0 "o ,freir :o came among !m by adoption1 8b 0 born #h among ! ,vanes1 a some:at my/]i\s o!r dyna/y ( gods1 :o _h be5 conqu]$ & sup]s$$ by ! /rong] & m w>like ,od9 dyna/y40 ,x h>monizes1 too1 ) ! belief t !re are diff]5t gods to diff]5t t]ritories & nations1 z !re 7 diff]5t *iefs2 t ^! gods cont5d = supremacy z *iefs d2 & x gives mean+ to ! boa/ ( neighb\r+ tribes--8,our god is great] ?an y\r god40 ,x is confirm$ by ! notion univ]sally curr5t 9 e>ly times1 t ! gods come f ?is o!r abode1 9 :i* !y commonly live1 & appe> among m5--speak to !m1 help !m1 puni% !m4 ,& rememb]+ ?is1 x becomes manife/ t ! pray]s put up by primitive peoples to _! gods = aid 9 battle1 are meant lit]ally--t _! gods are expect$ to come back f ! o!r k+dom !y are reign+ ov]1 & once m fight ! old enemies !y _h be=e w>r$ aga9/ s implacably2 & x ne$s b to "n ! ,iliad1 to rem9d e "o h[ ?or\ghly !y believ$ ! expectation fulfill$4#c #b ,! few :o disput$ x w\ld be "r h[ev]4 ,!re are /ages prec$+ t 9 :i* *iefly p[] becomes e/abli%$2 & 9 _m cases x nev] does become e/abli%$4 #c ,9 ?is p>agraph1 :i* ,i h purposely left /&+ ^w = ^w z x did :5 republi%$ ) o!r essays 9 ,dec4 #aheg1 w be se5 ! outl9e ( ! gho/-!ory4 ,?\gh !re are ref]5ces to feti%ism z a primitive =m ( belief1 & ?\gh at t "t ,i _h passively accept$ ! curr5t !ory 7?\gh nev] ) satisfaction1 = ! orig9 ( feti%ism z !n conceiv$ seem$ incompreh5sible7 yet ! belief t inanimate objects may possess sup]natural p[]s 7:i* is :at 0 !n und]/ood z feti%ism7 is n dwelt ^u z a primitive belief4 ,! "o ?+ :i* is dwelt ^u is ! belief 9 ! d\ble ( ! dead man z cont9u+ to exi/1 & z becom+ an object ( propitiation & ev5tually ( wor%ip4 ,!re are cle>ly m>k$ out ! rudim5ts :i*1 :5 suppli$ ) ! mass ( facts collect$ 9 ! ,descriptive ,sociology develop$ into ! doctr9e elaborat$ 9 ,"p ,i4 ( ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,all gov]nm5t1 !n1 be+ orig9ally t ( ! /rong man :o has become a feti% by "s manife/ation ( sup]iority1 !re arises1 at 8 dea?--8 suppos$ dep>ture on a long-project$ exp$ition1 9 :i* he is accompani$ by ! slaves & concub9es sacrific$ at 8 tomb--!re arises1 !n1 ! incipi5t division ( religi\s #i f political control1 ( spiritual rule f civil4 ,8 son becomes deput$ *ief dur+ 8 abs5ce2 8 au?ority is cit$ z t by :i* 8 son acts2 8 v5geance is invok$ on all :o disobey 8 son2 & 8 comm&s1 z previ\sly kn[n or z ass]t$ by 8 son1 become ! g]m ( a moral code3 a fact we %all ! m cle>ly p]ceive if we rememb]1 t e>ly moral codes inculcate ma9ly ! virtues ( ! w>rior1 & ! duty ( ext]m9at+ "s neighb\r+ tribe ^: exi/5ce is an (f5ce to ! deity4 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds1 ^! two k9ds ( au?ority1 at fir/ complicat$ toge!r z ^? ( pr9cipal & ag5t1 become sl[ly m & m di/9ct4 ,z exp]i5ce accumulates1 & ideas ( causation gr[ m precise1 k+s lose _! sup]natural attributes2 &1 in/ead ( ,god-k+1 become ,god-desc5d$ k+1 ,god-appo9t$ k+1 ! ,"l's ano9t$1 ! viceg]5t ( ,heav51 rul] reign+ by ,div9e "r4 ,! old !ory1 h[ev]1 long cl+s to m5 9 feel+1 aft] x has disappe>$ 9 "n2 & 8su* div9ity do? h$ge a k+10 t ev5 n[1 _m1 on fir/ see+ "o1 feel a secret surprise at f9d+ him an ord9>y sample ( humanity4 ,! sacr$ness atta*+ to royalty atta*es aft]w>ds to its app5d$ in/itutions--to legislatures1 to laws4 ,legal & illegal are synonym\s ) "r & wrong2 ! au?ority ( ,p>liam5t is held unlimit$2 & a l+]+ fai? 9 gov]nm5tal p[] cont9ually g5]ates unf\nd$ hopes f its enactm5ts4 ,political scepticism1 h[ev]1 hav+ de/roy$ ! div9e pre/ige ( royalty1 goes on ev] increas+1 & promises ultimately to r$uce ! ,/ate to a purely secul> in/itution1 ^: regulations are limit$ 9 _! sph]e1 & h no o!r au?ority ?an ! g5]al w4 ,mean:ile1 ! religi\s control has be5 little by little sep>at+ itself f ! civil1 bo? 9 its ess5ce & 9 its =ms4 ,:ile f ! ,god-k+ ( ! b>b>ian h aris5 9 "o direction1 secul> rul]s :o1 age by age1 h be5 los+ #aj ! sacr$ attributes m5 ascrib$ to !m2 !re has aris5 9 ano!r direction1 ! conception ( a deity1 :o1 at fir/ human 9 all ?+s1 has be5 gradually los+ human mat]iality1 human =m1 human passions1 human modes ( action3 until n[1 an?ropomorphism has become a reproa*4 ,along ) ?is wide div]g5ce 9 m5's ideas ( ! div9e & civil rul] has be5 tak+ place a correspond+ div]g5ce 9 ! codes ( conduct respectively proce$+ f !m4 ,:ile ! k+ 0 a deputy-god--a gov]nor su* z ! ,jews look$ = 9 ! ,messiah--a gov]nor consid]$1 z ! ,cz> /ill is1 8our ,god ^u e>?10--x1 ( c\rse1 foll[$ t 8 comm&s 7 ! supreme rules4 ,b z m5 ceas$ to believe 9 8 sup]natural orig9 & nature1 8 comm&s ceas$ to be ! highe/2 & !re arose a di/9ction betwe5 ! regulations made by him1 & ! regulations h&$ d[n f ! old god-k+s1 :o 7 r5d]$ ev] m sacr$ by "t & ! accumulation ( my?s4 ,h5ce came respectively1 ,law & ,morality3 ! "o gr[+ ev] m concrete1 ! o!r m ab/ract2 ! au?ority ( ! "o ev] on ! decrease1 t ( ! o!r ev] on ! increase2 orig9ally ! same1 b n[ plac$ daily 9 m m>k$ antagonism4 ,simultane\sly !re has be5 go+ on a sep>ation ( ! in/itutions adm9i/]+ ^! two codes ( conduct4 ,:ile !y 7 yet "o1 ( c\rse ,*ur* & ,/ate 7 "o3 ! k+ 0 ar*-prie/1 n nom9ally1 b really--alike ! giv] ( new comm&s & ! *ief int]pret] ( ! old comm&s2 & ! deputy-prie/s com+ out ( 8 family 7 ?us simply exp\nd]s ( ! dictates ( _! ance/ry3 at fir/ z recollect$1 & aft]w>ds z asc]ta9$ by pr(ess$ int]views ) !m4 ,?is union betwe5 sacr$ & secul>--:i* /ill exi/$ practically dur+ ! middle ages1 :5 ! au?ority ( k+s 0 mix$ up ) ! au?ority ( ! pope1 :5 !re 7 bi%op-rul]s hav+ all ! p[]s ( feudal lords1 & :5 prie/s puni%$ #aa by p5ances--has be51 /ep by /ep1 becom+ less close4 ,?\gh mon>*s are /ill 8def5d]s ( ! fai?10 & ecclesia/ical *iefs1 !y are b nom9ally su*4 ,?\gh bi%ops /ill h civil p[]1 x is n :at !y once _h4 ,prote/antism %ook loose ! bonds ( union2 ,diss5t has long be5 busy 9 organiz+ a me*anism = religi\s control1 :olly indep5d5t ( law2 9 ,am]ica1 a sep>ate organization = t purpose already exi/s2 & if any?+ is to be hop$ f ! ,anti-,/ate-,*ur* ,association--or1 z x has be5 newly nam$1 8,! ,society = ! ,lib]ation ( ,religion f ,/ate ,patronage & ,control0--we %all pres5tly h a sep>ate organization "h also4 ,?us1 9 au?ority1 9 ess5ce1 & 9 =m1 political & spiritual rule h be5 ev] m widely div]g+ f ! same root4 ,t increas+ division ( lab\r :i* m>ks ! progress ( society 9 o!r ?+s1 m>ks x also 9 ?is sep>ation ( gov]nm5t into civil & religi\s2 & if we obs]ve h[ ! morality :i* n[ =ms ! sub/ance ( religions 9 g5]al1 is beg9n+ to be purifi$ f ! associat$ cre$s1 we may anticipate t ?is division w be ultimately c>ri$ mu* fur!r4 ,pass+ n[ to ! ?ird species ( control--t ( ,mann]s--we %all f9d t ?is1 too1 :ile x _h a common g5esis ) ! o!rs1 has gradually come to h a di/9ct sph]e & a special embodim5t4 ,among e>ly aggregations ( m5 be=e yet social obs]vances exi/$1 ! sole =ms ( c\rtesy kn[n 7 ! signs ( submission to ! /rong man2 z ! sole law 0 8 w1 & ! sole religion ! awe ( 8 suppos$ sup]naturalness4 ,orig9ally1 c]emonies 7 modes ( behavi\r to ! god-k+4 ,our commone/ titles h be5 d]iv$ f 8 names4 ,& all salutations 7 prim>ily wor%ip paid to him4 ,let u trace out ^! tru?s 9 detail1 beg9n+ ) titles4 ,! fact already notic$1 t ! names ( e>ly k+s among div]s races are =m$ by ! addition ( c]ta9 #ab syllable to ! names ( _! gods--:i* c]ta9 syllables1 l our ,mac & ,fitz1 probably mean 8son (10 or 8desc5d$ f0--at once gives mean+ to ! t]m ,fa!r z a div9e title4 ,& :5 we read1 9 ,seld51 t 8! composition out ( ^! names ( ,deities 0 n only prop] to ,k+s3 _! ,gr&ees & m honorable ,subjects0 7no d\bt memb]s ( ! royal race7 8_h sometimes ! l20 we see h[ ! t]m ,fa!r1 prop]ly us$ by ^! also1 & by _! multiply+ desc5dants1 came to be a title us$ by ! p 9 g5]al4 ,z be>+ on ?is po9t1 x is significant t 9 ! lea/ advanc$ c\ntry ( ,europe1 :]e belief 9 ! div9e nature ( ! rul] /ill l+]s1 ,fa!r 9 ?is high] s5se1 is /ill a regal di/9ction4 ,:51 aga91 we rememb] h[ ! div9ity at fir/ ascrib$ to k+s 0 n a complim5t>y fiction b a suppos$ fact2 & h[1 fur!r1 ! cele/ial bodies 7 believ$ to be p]sonages :o once liv$ among m52 we see t ! appellations ( ori5tal rul]s1 8,bro!r to ! ,sun10 c41 7 probably once expressive ( a g5u9e belief2 & h simply1 l _m o!r ?+s1 cont9u$ 9 use aft] all mean+ has gone out ( !m4 ,we may inf]1 too1 t ! titles ,god1 ,"l1 ,div9ity1 7 giv5 to primitive rul]s lit]ally--t ! no/ra div9itas appli$ to ! ,roman emp]ors1 & ! v>i\s sacr$ designations t h be5 borne by mon>*s1 d[n to ! /ill extant phrase1 8,our ,"l ! ,k+10 are ! dead & dy+ =ms ( :at 7 once liv+ facts4 ,f ^! names1 ,god1 ,fa!r1 ,"l1 ,div9ity1 orig9ally belong+ to ! ,god-k+1 & aft]w>ds to ,god & ! k+1 ! d]ivation ( our commone/ titles ( respect is traceable4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t ^! titles 7 orig9ally prop] names4 ,n only d we see among ! ,egyptians1 :]e ,ph>aoh 0 synonym\s ) k+1 & among ! ,romans1 :]e to be ,cs>1 meant to be ,emp]or1 t ! prop] names ( ! greate/ m5 7 transf]r$ to _! successors1 & s became class-names2 #ac b 9 ! ,sc&9avian my?ology we may trace a human title ( hon\r up to ! prop] "n ( a div9e p]sonage4 ,9 ,anglo-,saxon bealdor1 or baldor1 means ,"l2 & ,bald] is ! "n ( ! fav\rite ( ,od9's sons4 ,h[ ^! names ( hon\r became g5]al is easily und]/ood4 ,! relatives ( ! primitive k+s--! gr&ees describ$ by ,seld5 z hav+ names =m$ on ^? ( ! gods1 & %[n by ?is to be memb]s ( ! div9e race--necess>ily %>$ 9 ! epi!ts descriptive ( sup]human relation%ips & nature4 ,_! ev]-multiply+ (fspr+ inh]it+ ^!1 gradually r5d]$ !m comp>atively common4 ,& !n !y came to be appli$ to e man ( p[]3 p>tly f ! fact t1 9 ^? e>ly days :5 m5 conceiv$ div9ity simply z a /rong] k9d ( humanity1 great p]sons c\ld be call$ by div9e epi!ts ) b little exagg]ation2 p>tly f ! fact t ! unusually pot5t 7 apt to be consid]$ z unrecognis$ or illegitimate desc5dants ( 8! /rong1 ! de/roy]1 ! p[]ful "o20 & p>tly1 also1 f complim5t & ! desire to propitiate4 ,z sup]/ition dim9i%$1 ?is la/ became ! sole cause4 ,& if we rememb] t x is ! nature ( complim5t1 to attribute m ?an is due--t 9 ! ev] wid5+ application ( 8esquire10 9 ! p]petual repetition ( 8y\r hon\r0 by ! fawn+ ,iri%man1 & 9 ! use ( ! "n 8g5tleman0 to any coalheav] or du/man by ! l[] classes ( ,london1 we h curr5t examples ( ! depreciation ( titles consequ5t on complim5t--& t 9 b>b>\s times1 :5 ! wi% to propitiate 0 /rong] ?an n[1 ?is effect mu/ h be5 great]2 we %all see t !re naturally arose f ?is cause an ext5sive misuse ( all e>ly di/9ctions4 ,h5ce ! facts t ! ,jews call$ ,h]od a god2 t ,fa!r1 9 its high] s5se1 0 a t]m us$ among !m by s]vants to ma/]s2 t ,"l 0 applicable to any p]son ( wor? & p[]4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! fact t1 9 ! lat] p]iods ( ! ,roman ,empire1 e man salut$ 8 neighb\r z #ad ,dom9us or ,rex4 ,b x is 9 ! titles ( ! middle ages1 & 9 ! gr[? ( our mod]n ones out ( !m1 t ! process is mo/ cle>ly se54 ,h]r1 ,don1 ,signor1 ,seigneur1 ,seor1 7 all orig9ally descriptive names ( rul]s4 ,by ! complim5t>y use ( ^! names to all :o c\ld1 on any pret5ce1 be suppos$ to m]it !m1 & by successive desc5ts to /ill l[] grades1 !y h come to be common =ms ( address4 ,at fir/ ! phrase 9 :i* a s]f acco/$ 8 despotic *ief1 me9 ,h]r is n[ famili>ly appli$ 9 ,g]many to ord9>y p4 ,! ,spani% title ,don1 once prop] to noblem5 & g5tlem5 only1 is n[ accord$ to all classes4 ,s1 too1 is x ) ,signor 9 ,italy4 ,seigneur & ,monseigneur1 by contraction 9 ,sieur & ,monsieur1 h produc$ ! t]m ( respect claim$ by e ,fr5*man4 ,& :e!r ,sire be or be n a l contraction ( ,signor1 x is cle> t1 z x 0 borne by sundry ( ! anci5t feudal lords ( ,france1 :o1 z ,seld5 says1 8affect$ r to bee /il$ by ! "n ( ,sire ?an ,b>on1 z ,le ,sire de ,montmor5cie1 ,le ,sire de ,beaujeu1 & ! l10 & z x has be5 commonly us$ to mon>*s1 our ^w ,sir1 :i* is d]iv$ f x1 orig9ally meant "l or k+4 ,?us1 too1 is x ) fem99e titles4 ,lady1 :i*1 accord+ to ,horne ,tooke1 means exalt$1 & 0 at fir/ giv5 only to ! few1 is n[ giv5 to all wom5 ( education4 ,dame1 once an hon\rable "n to :i*1 9 old books1 we f9d ! epi!ts ( 8high-born0 & 8/ately0 affix$1 has n[1 by repeat$ wid5+s ( its application1 become relatively a t]m ( contempt4 ,& if we trace ! comp\nd ( ?is1 ma ,dame1 ?r\gh its contractions--,madam1 ma'am1 mam1 mum1 we f9d t ! 8,yes'm0 ( ,sally to h] mi/ress is orig9ally equival5t to 8,yes1 my exalt$10 or 8,yes1 y\r highness40 ,?r\gh\t1 !re=e1 ! g5esis ( words ( hon\r has be5 ! same4 ,j z ) ! ,jews & ) ! ,romans1 has x be5 ) ! mod]n ,europeans4 ,trac+ ^! ev]yday names to _! primitive significations ( "l & k+1 & #ae rememb]+ t 9 aborig9al societies ^! 7 appli$ only to ! gods & _! desc5dants1 we arrive at ! conclusion t our famili> ,sir & ,monsieur are1 9 _! prim>y & exp&$ mean+s1 t]ms ( adoration4 ,fur!r to illu/rate ?is gradual depreciation ( titles1 & to confirm ! inf]5ce drawn1 x may be well to notice 9 pass+1 t ! olde/ ( !m h1 z might be expect$1 be5 depreciat$ to ! greate/ ext5t4 ,?us1 ,ma/]--a ^w prov$ by its d]ivation1 & by ! simil>ity ( ! connate words 9 o!r languages 7,fr41 matre = mai/re2 ,dut*1 mee/]2 ,dan41 me/]2 ,g]41 mei/]7 to h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 use = express+ lord%ip--has n[ become applicable to *ildr5 only1 &1 "u ! modification ( 8,mi/]10 to p]sons next above ! lab\r]4 ,aga91 knigh?ood1 ! olde/ k9d ( dignity1 is also ! l[e/2 & ,knight ,ba*elor1 :i* is ! l[e/ ord] ( knigh?ood1 is m anci5t ?an any o!r ( ! ord]s4 ,simil>ly1 too1 ) ! pe]age3 ,b>on is alike ! e>lie/ & lea/ elevat$ ( its divisions4 ,?is cont9ual degradation ( all names ( hon\r has1 f "t to "t1 made x requisite to introduce new ones hav+ ! di/+ui%+ effects :i* ! orig9als _h lo/ by g5]ality ( use2 j z our habit ( misapply+ sup]latives has1 by gradually de/roy+ _! =ce1 entail$ ! ne$ = fre% ones4 ,& if1 )9 ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1 ?is process has work$ results ?us m>k$1 we may readily conceive h[1 dur+ previ\s ?\s&s1 ! titles ( gods & demi-gods came to be us$ to all p]sons ex]cis+ p[]2 z !y h s9ce come to be us$ to p]sons ( respectability4 ,if f names ( hon\r we turn to phrases ( hon\r1 we f9d simil> facts4 ,! ori5tal /yles ( address1 appli$ to ord9>y p--8,i am y\r slave10 8,all ,i h is y\rs10 8,i am y\r sacrifice0--attribute to ! individual spok5 to ! same greatness t ,monsieur & ,my ,"l d3 !y ascribe to him ! "* ( an #af all-p[]ful rul]1 s immeasurably sup]ior to ! speak] z to be 8 own]4 ,s1 likewise1 ) ! ,poli% expressions ( respect--8,i ?r[ myself "u y\r feet10 8,i kiss y\r feet40 ,9 our n[ mean+less subscription to a =mal lett]--8,y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant0--! same ?+ is visible4 ,nay1 ev5 9 ! famili> signature 8,y\rs fai?fully10 ! 8y\rs10 if int]pret$ z orig9ally meant1 is ! expression ( a slave to 8 ma/]4 ,all ^! dead =ms 7 once liv+ embodim5ts ( fact2 7 prim>ily ! g5u9e indications ( t submission to au?ority :i* !y v]bally ass]t2 7 aft]w>ds naturally us$ by ! weak & c[>dly to propitiate ^? above !m2 gradually grew to be consid]$ ! due ( su*2 &1 by a cont9ually wid] misuse1 h lo/ _! mean+s1 z ,sir & ,ma/] h done4 ,t1 l titles1 !y 7 9 ! beg9n+ us$ only to ! ,god-k+1 is indicat$ by ! fact t1 l titles1 !y 7 subsequ5tly us$ 9 common to ,god & ! k+4 ,religi\s wor%ip has ev] l>gely consi/$ ( pr(essions ( ob$i5ce1 ( be+ ,god's s]vants1 ( belong+ to him to d :at he w )4 ,l titles1 !re=e1 ^! common phrases ( hon\r _h a devotional orig94 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x is 9 ! use ( ! ^w y z a s+ul> pron\n t ! popul>iz+ ( :at 7 once supreme di/9ctions is mo/ m>k$ly illu/rat$4 ,?is address+ ( a s+le individual 9 ! plural1 0 orig9ally an hon\r giv5 only to ! highe/--0 ! reciprocal ( ! imp]ial 8we0 assum$ by su*4 ,yet n[1 by be+ appli$ to successively l[] & l[] classes1 x has become all b univ]sal4 ,only by "o sect ( ,*ri/ians1 & 9 a few seclud$ di/ricts1 is ! primitive ?\ /ill us$4 ,& ! y1 9 becom+ common to all ranks1 has simultane\sly lo/ e ve/ige ( ! di/9ction once atta*+ to x4 ,b ! g5esis ( ,mann]s out ( =ms ( allegiance & wor%ip1 is above all %[n 9 modes ( salutation4 ,note fir/ ! significance ( ! ^w4 ,among ! ,romans1 ! #ag salutatio 0 a daily homage paid by cli5ts & inf]iors to _! sup]iors4 ,?is 0 alike ! case ) civilians & 9 ! army4 ,! v d]ivation ( our ^w1 !re=e1 is sugge/ive ( submission4 ,pass+ to p>ticul> =ms ( obeisance 7m>k ! ^w aga971 let u beg9 ) ! ,ea/]n "o ( b>+ ! feet4 ,?is 01 prim>ily1 a m>k ( rev]5ce1 alike to a god & a k+4 ,! act ( ,moses be=e ! burn+ bu%1 & ! practice ( ,mahometans1 :o are sworn on ! ,koran ) _! %oes (f1 exemplify ! "o employm5t ( x2 ! cu/om ( ! ,p]sians1 :o remove _! %oes on ent]+ ! pres5ce ( _! mon>*1 exemplifies ! o!r4 ,z usual1 h[ev]1 ?is homage1 paid next to inf]ior rul]s1 has desc5d$ f grade to grade4 ,9 ,india x is a common m>k ( respect2 ! l[] ord]s ( ,turks nev] ent] ! pres5ce ( _! sup]iors b 9 _! /ock+s2 & 9 ,japan1 ?is b>+ ( ! feet is an ord9>y salutation ( man to man4 ,take ano!r case4 ,seld51 describ+ ! c]emonies ( ! ,romans1 says3--8,= :]eas x 0 usuall ei!r to kiss ! ,images ( _! ,gods1 or1 ador+ !m1 to /& some:at (f be=e !m1 solemnly mov+ ! "r h& to ! lips1 & !n1 ca/+ x z if !y _h ca/ kisses1 to turne ! body on ! same h& 7:i* 0 ! "r =me ( ,adoration71 x grew also by cu/om1 fir/ t ! ,emp]ors1 be+ next to ,deities1 & by "s acc\nt$ z ,deities1 _h ! l done to !m 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( _! ,greatness40 ,if1 n[1 we call to m9d ! awkw>d salute ( a village s*ool-boy1 made by putt+ 8 op5 h& up to 8 face & describ+ a semicircle ) 8 =e>m2 & if we rememb] t ! salute ?us us$ z a =m ( rev]5ce 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 is mo/ likely a remnant ( ! feudal times2 we %all see reason = ?9k+ t our common wave ( ! h& to a fri5d across ! /reet1 repres5ts :at 0 prim>ily a devotional act4 ,simil>ly h orig9at$ all =ms ( respect dep5d+ #ah ^u incl9ations ( ! body4 ,entire pro/ration is ! aborig9al sign ( submission4 ,! passage ( ,scripture--8,?\ ha/ put all "u 8 feet10 & t o!r "o1 s sugge/ive 9 its an?ropomorphism--8,! ,"l said unto my ,"l1 sit ?\ at my "r h&1 until ,i make ?9e enemies ?y foot/ool10 imply1 :at ! ,assyrian sculptures be> out1 t x 0 ! practice ( ! anci5t god-k+s ( ! ,ea/ to trample on ! conqu]$4 ,z !re are exi/+ savages :o signify submission by plac+ ! neck "u ! foot ( ! p]son submitt$ to1 x becomes obvi\s t all pro/ration1 especially :5 accompani$ by kiss+ ! foot1 express$ a will+ness to be trodd5 ^u--0 an attempt to mitigate wra? by say+1 9 signs1 8,tread on me if y w40 ,rememb]+1 too1 t kiss+ ! foot1 z ( ! ,pope & ( a sa9t's /atue1 /ill cont9ues 9 ,europe to be a m>k ( extreme rev]5ce2 t pro/ration to feudal lords 0 once g5]al1 & t its disappe>ance mu/ h tak5 place1 n abruptly1 b by gradual *ange into some?+ else2 we h gr\nd = d]iv+ f ^! deepe/ ( humiliations all incl9ations ( respect3 especially z ! transition is traceable4 ,! rev]5ce ( a ,russian s]f1 :o b5ds 8 head to ! gr\nd1 & ! salaam ( ! ,h9doo1 are abridg$ pro/rations2 a b[ is a %ort salaam2 a nod is a %ort b[4 ,%\ld any hesitate to admit ?is conclusion1 !n p]haps1 on be+ rem9d$ t ! l[e/ ( ^! obeisances are common :]e ! submission is mo/ abject2 t among ourselves ! pr(undity ( ! b[ m>ks ! am\nt ( respect2 & la/ly1 t ! b[ is ev5 n[ us$ devotionally 9 our *ur*es--by ,ca?olics to _! alt>s1 & by ,prote/ants at ! "n ( ,*ri/--!y w see suffici5t reason = ?9k+ t ?is salutation also 0 orig9ally wor%ip4 ,! same may be said1 too1 ( ! curtsy1 or c\rtesy1 z x is o!rwise writt54 ,its d]ivation f c\rtoisie1 c\rte\sness1 t is1 behavi\r l t at c\rt1 at once #ai %[s t x 0 prim>ily ! rev]5ce paid to a mon>*4 ,& if we call to m9d t fall+ on ! knees1 or on "o knee1 has be5 a common obeisance ( subjects to rul]s2 t 9 anci5t manuscripts & tape/ries1 s]vants are depict$ z assum+ ?is attitude :ile (f]+ ! di%es to _! ma/]s at table2 & t ?is same attitude is assum$ t[>ds our own que5 at e pres5tation2 we may inf]1 :at ! "* ( ! curtsy itself sugge/s1 t x is an abridg$ act ( kneel+4 ,z ! ^w has be5 contract$ f c\rtoisie into curtsy2 s ! motion has be5 contract$ f a plac+ ( ! knee on ! floor1 to a l[]+ ( ! knee t[>ds ! floor4 ,moreov]1 :5 we comp>e ! curtsy ( a lady ) ! awkw>d "o a peasant girl makes1 :i*1 if cont9u$1 w\ld br+ h] d[n on bo? knees1 we may see 9 ?is la/ a remnant ( t great] rev]5ce requir$ ( s]fs4 ,& :51 f consid]+ t simple kneel+ ( ! ,we/1 /ill repres5t$ by ! curtsy1 we pass ,ea/w>d1 & note ! attitude ( ! ,mahomm$an wor%ipp]1 :o n only kneels b b[s 8 head to ! gr\nd1 we may inf] t ! curtsy also1 is an evanesc5t =m ( ! aborig9al pro/ration4 ,9 fur!r evid5ce ( ?is x may be rem>k$1 t !re has b rec5tly disappe>$ f ! salutations ( m51 an action hav+ ! same proximate d]ivation ) ! curtsy4 ,t backw>d sweep ( ! "r foot ) :i* ! conv5tional /age-sailor accompanies 8 b[--a movem5t :i* prevail$ g5]ally 9 pa/ g5]ations1 :5 8a b[ & a scrape0 w5t toge!r1 & :i*1 )9 ! memory ( liv+ p]sons1 0 made by boys to _! ma/] :5 ent]+ s*ool1 ) ! effect ( we>+ a hole 9 ! floor--is pretty cle>ly a prelim9>y to go+ on "o knee4 ,a motion s unga9ly c\ld nev] h be5 int5tionally introduc$2 ev5 if ! artificial introduction ( obeisances 7 possible4 ,h5ce we mu/ reg>d x z ! remnant ( some?+ antec$5t3 & #bj t ?is some?+ antec$5t 0 humiliat+ may be inf]r$ f ! phrase1 8scrap+ an acqua9tance20 :i*1 be+ us$ to d5ote ! ga9+ ( fav\r by obsequi\sness1 implies t ! scrape 0 consid]$ a m>k ( s]vility--t is1 ( s]vile position4 ,consid]1 aga91 ! uncov]+ ( ! head4 ,almo/ ev]y:]e ?is has be5 a sign ( rev]5ce1 alike 9 temples & be=e pot5tates2 & x yet pres]ves among u "s ( its orig9al mean+4 ,:e!r x ra9s1 hails1 or %9es1 y mu/ keep y\r head b>e :ile speak+ to ! mon>*2 & no "o may keep 8 hat on 9 a place ( wor%ip4 ,z usual1 h[ev]1 ?is c]emony1 at fir/ a submission to gods & k+s1 has become 9 process ( "t a common civility4 ,once an ackn[l$gm5t ( ano!r's unlimit$ supremacy1 ! removal ( ! hat is n[ a salute accord$ to v ord9>y p]sons2 & t uncov]+ orig9ally res]v$ = entrance into 8! h\se ( ,god0 or ! resid5ce ( ! rul]1 good mann]s n[ dictates on entrance into a lab\r]'s cottage4 ,/&+1 too1 z a m>k ( respect1 has und]gone l ext5sions 9 its application4 ,%[n1 by ! practice 9 our *ur*es1 to be int]m$iate betwe5 ! humiliation signifi$ by kneel+ & ! self-respect :i* sitt+ implies1 & us$ at c\rts z a =m ( homage :5 m active demon/rations ( x h be5 made1 ?is po/ure is n[ employ$ 9 daily life to %[ consid]ation2 z se5 alike 9 ! attitude ( a s]vant be=e a ma/]1 & 9 t ris+ :i* polit5ess prescribes on ! entrance ( a visitor4 ,_m o!r ?reads ( evid5ce might h be5 wov5 into our argum5t4 ,z1 = example1 ! significant fact1 t if we trace back our /ill exi/+ law ( primog5iture--if we consid] x z display$ by ,scotti% clans1 9 :i* n only own]%ip b gov]nm5t devolv$ f ! beg9n+ on ! elde/ son ( ! elde/--if we look fur!r back1 & obs]ve t ! old titles ( lord%ip1 #ba ,signor1 ,seigneur1 ,seor1 ,sire1 ,sieur1 all orig9ally mean s5ior1 or eld]--if we g ,ea/w>d1 & f9d t ,%eick has a l d]ivation1 & t ! ,ori5tal names = prie/s1 z ,pir1 = in/ance1 are lit]ally int]pret$ old man--if we note 9 ,hebrew records h[ f> back dates ! ascrib$ sup]iority ( ! fir/-born1 h[ great ! au?ority ( eld]s1 & h[ sacr$ ! memory ( patri>*s--& if1 !n1 we rememb] t among div9e titles are 8,anci5t ( ,days10 & 8,fa!r ( ,gods & m520--we see h[ completely ^! facts h>monize ) ! hypo!sis1 t ! aborig9al god is ! fir/ man suffici5tly great to become a tradition1 ! e>lie/ ^: p[] & de$s made him rememb]$2 t h5ce antiquity unavoidably became associat$ ) sup]iority1 & age ) ne>ness 9 blood to 8! p[]ful "o20 t s !re naturally arose t dom9ation ( ! elde/ :i* *>act]izes ! hi/ory ( all ! high] races1 & t !ory ( human deg5]acy :i* ev5 yet survives4 ,we might fur!r dwell on ! facts1 t ,"l signifies high-born1 or1 z ! same root gives a ^w mean+ heav51 possibly heav5-born2 t1 be=e x became common1 ,sir or ,sire1 z well z ,fa!r1 0 ! di/9ction ( a prie/2 t wor%ip1 orig9ally wor?-%ip--a t]m ( respect t has be5 us$ commonly1 z well z to magi/rates--is also our t]m = ! act ( attribut+ greatness or wor? to ! ,deity2 s t to ascribe wor?-%ip to a man is to wor%ip him4 ,we might make mu* ( ! evid5ce t all e>ly gov]nm5ts are m or less di/9ctly !ocratic2 & t among anci5t ,ea/]n nations ev5 ! commone/ =ms & cu/oms _h religi\s sanctions4 ,we might en=ce our argum5t respect+ ! d]ivation ( c]emonies1 by trac+ out ! aborig9al obeisance made by putt+ du/ on ! head1 :i* symbolizes putt+ ! head 9 ! du/2 by affiliat+ ! practice f\nd 9 c]ta9 tribes1 ( do+ ano!r hon\r by pres5t+ him ) a portion ( hair torn f ! head--an act :i* #bb seems tantam\nt to say+1 8,i am y\r slave20 by inve/igat+ ! ,ori5tal cu/om ( giv+ to a visitor any object he speaks ( admir+ly1 :i* is pretty cle>ly a c>ry+ out ( ! complim5t1 8,all ,i h is y\rs40 ,)\t enl>g+1 h[ev]1 on ^! & m9or facts1 we v5ture to ?9k t ! evid5ce assign$ is suffici5t4 ,_h ! pro(s be5 few1 or ( "o k9d1 little fai? c\ld h be5 plac$ 9 ! inf]5ce4 ,b num]\s z !y are1 alike 9 ! case ( titles1 9 t ( complim5t>y phrases1 & 9 t ( salutes--simil> & simultane\s1 too1 z ! process ( depreciation has be5 9 all ( ^!2 ! evid5ces become /rong by mutual confirmation4 ,& :5 we recollect1 also1 t n only h ! results ( ?is process be5 visible 9 v>i\s nations & 9 all times1 b t !y are occurr+ among ourselves at ! pres5t mom5t1 & t ! causes assign$ = previ\s depreciations may be se5 daily work+ out o!rs--:5 we recollect ?is1 x becomes sc>cely possible to d\bt t ! process has be5 z alleg$2 & t our ord9>y words1 acts1 & phrases ( civility orig9ally express$ submission to ano!r's omnipot5ce4 ,?us ! g5]al doctr9e1 t all k9ds ( gov]nm5t ex]cis$ ov] m5 7 at fir/ "o gov]nm5t--t ! political1 ! religi\s1 & ! c]emonial =ms ( control are div]g5t bran*es ( a g5]al & once indivisible control--beg9s to look t5able4 ,:51 ) ! above facts fre% 9 m9d1 we read t 9 ,ea/]n traditions ,nimrod1 among o!rs1 figures 9 all ! *>act]s ( h]o1 k+1 & div9ity--:5 we turn to ! sculptures exhum$ by ,mr4 ,lay>d1 & contemplat+ 9 !m ! effigies ( k+s driv+ ov] enemies1 & ador$ by pro/rate slaves1 !n obs]ve h[ _! actions correspond to ! primitive names = gods1 8! /rong10 8! de/roy]10 8! p[]ful "o0--& :51 la/ly1 we discov] t among races ( m5 /ill liv+1 !re are curr5t #bc sup]/itions analog\s to ^? :i* old records & old build+s indicate2 we beg9 to realize ! probability ( ! hypo!sis t has be5 set =?4 ,repres5t+ to ourselves ! conqu]+ *ief z figur$ 9 anci5t my?s1 & poems1 & ru9s2 we may see t all rules ( conduct spr+ f 8 w4 ,alike legislator & judge1 qu>rels among 8 subjects are decid$ by him2 & 8 words become ! ,law4 ,awe ( him is ! incipi5t ,religion2 & 8 maxims furni% 8 fir/ precepts4 ,submission is made to him 9 ! =ms he prescribes2 & ^! give bir? to ,mann]s4 ,f ! fir/1 "t developes political allegiance & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 f ! second1 ! wor%ip ( a be+ ^: p]sonality becomes ev] m vague1 & ! inculcation ( precepts ev] m ab/ract2 f ! ?ird1 =ms & names ( hon\r & ! rules ( etiquette4 ,9 con=mity ) ! law ( evolution ( all organiz$ bodies1 t g5]al functions are gradually sep>at$ into ! special functions con/itut+ !m1 !re h gr[n up 9 ! social organism = ! bett] p]=mance ( ! gov]nm5tal (fice1 an app>atus ( law-c\rts1 judges1 & b>ri/]s2 a national *ur*1 ) its bi%ops & prie/s2 & a sy/em ( ca/e1 titles1 & c]emonies1 adm9i/]$ by society at l>ge4 ,by ! fir/1 ov]t aggressions are cogniz$ & puni%$2 by ! second1 ! disposition to commit su* aggressions is 9 "s degree *eck$2 by ! ?ird1 ^? m9or brea*es ( good conduct :i* ! o!rs d n notice1 are d5\nc$ & *a/is$4 ,law & ,religion control behavi\r 9 its ess5tials2 ,mann]s control x 9 its details4 ,= regulat+ ^? daily actions :i* are too num]\s & too unimportant to be (ficially direct$ !re comes into play ?is subtl] set ( re/ra9ts4 ,& :5 we consid] :at ^! re/ra9ts are--:5 we analyze ! words1 & phrases1 & movem5ts employ$1 we see t 9 orig9 z 9 effect1 ! sy/em is a sett+ up ( tempor>y #bd gov]nm5ts betwe5 all m5 :o come 9 contact1 = ! purpose ( bett] manag+ ! int]c\rse betwe5 !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! proposition1 t ^! sev]al k9ds ( gov]nm5t are ess5tially "o1 bo? 9 g5esis & function1 may be d$uc$ sev]al important coroll>ies1 directly be>+ on our special topic4 ,let u fir/ notice1 t !re is n only a common orig9 & (fice = all =ms ( rule1 b a common necessity = !m4 ,! aborig9al man1 com+ fre% f ! kill+ ( be>s & f ly+ 9 ambu% = 8 enemy1 has1 by ! necessities ( 8 condition1 a nature requir+ to be curb$ 9 its e impulse4 ,alike 9 w> & 9 ! *ase1 8 daily discipl9e has be5 t ( sacrific+ o!r creatures to 8 own ne$s & passions4 ,8 "*1 bequea!d to him by ance/ors :o l$ simil> lives1 is m\ld$ by ?is discipl9e--is fitt$ to ?is exi/5ce4 ,! unlimit$ selfi%ness1 ! love ( inflict+ pa91 ! blood-?ir/9ess1 ?us kept active1 he br+s ) him into ! social /ate4 ,^! dispositions put him 9 con/ant dang] ( conflict ) 8 equally savage neighb\r4 ,9 small ?+s z 9 great1 9 words z 9 de$s1 he is aggressive2 & is h\rly liable to ! aggressions ( o!rs l natur$4 ,only1 !re=e1 by rigor\s control ex]cis$ ov] all actions1 c ! primitive unions ( m5 be ma9ta9$4 ,!re mu/ be a rul] /rong1 remorseless1 & ( indomitable w2 !re mu/ be a cre$ t]rible 9 its ?reats to ! disob$i5t2 !re mu/ be s]vile submission ( inf]iors to sup]iors4 ,! law mu/ be cruel2 ! religion mu/ be /]n2 ! c]emonies mu/ be /rict4 ,! co-ord9ate necessity = ^! sev]al k9ds ( re/ra9t might be l>gely illu/rat$ f hi/ory 7 !re space4 ,suffice x to po9t out t :]e ! civil p[] has be5 weak1 ! multiplication ( ?ieves1 assass9s1 & b&itti1 has indicat$ ! approa* ( social dissolution2 t :51 #be f ! corruptness ( its m9i/ry1 religion has lo/ its influ5ce1 z x did j be=e ! ,flagellants appe>$1 ! ,/ate has be5 endang]$2 & t ! disreg>d ( e/abli%$ social obs]vances has ev] be5 an accompanim5t ( political revolutions4 ,:oev] d\bts ! necessity = a gov]nm5t ( mann]s proportionate 9 /r5g? to ! co-exi/+ political & religi\s gov]nm5ts1 w be conv9c$ on call+ to m9d t until rec5tly ev5 elaborate codes ( behavi\r fail$ to keep g5tlem5 f qu>rell+ 9 ! /reets & fight+ duels 9 tav]ns2 & on rememb]+ t ev5 n[ p exhibit at ! doors ( a !atre1 :]e !re is no c]emonial law to rule !m1 an aggressiv5ess :i* w\ld produce confusion if c>ri$ into social int]c\rse4 ,z might be expect$1 we f9d t1 hav+ a common orig9 & l g5]al functions1 ^! sev]al controll+ ag5cies act dur+ ea* era ) simil> degrees ( vig\r4 ,"u ! ,*9ese despotism1 /r+5t & multitud9\s 9 its edicts & h>% 9 ! en=cem5t ( !m1 & associat$ ) :i* !re is an equally /]n dome/ic despotism ex]cis$ by ! elde/ surviv+ male ( ! family1 !re exi/s a sy/em ( obs]vances alike complicat$ & rigid4 ,!re is a tribunal ( c]emonies4 ,previ\s to pres5tation at c\rt1 ambassadors pass _m days 9 practis+ ! requir$ =ms4 ,social int]c\rse is cumb]$ by endless complim5ts & obeisances4 ,class di/9ctions are /rongly m>k$ by badges4 ,& if !re wants a def9ite measure ( ! respect paid to social ord9ances1 we h x 9 ! torture to :i* ladies submit 9 hav+ _! feet cru%$4 ,9 ,india1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 !re exi/s a l connexion betwe5 ! pitiless tyranny ( rul]s1 ! dread t]rors ( immemorial cre$s1 & ! rigid re/ra9t ( un*angeable cu/oms4 ,ca/e regulations cont9ue /ill unalt]able2 ! fa%ions ( clo!s & furniture h rema9$ ! same = ages2 suttees are s anci5t z to be m5tion$ by ,/rabo & #bf ,diodorus ,siculus2 ju/ice is /ill adm9i/]$ at ! palace-gates z ( old2 9 %ort1 8e usage is a precept ( religion & a maxim ( jurisprud5ce40 ,a simil> relation%ip ( ph5om5a 0 exhibit$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:ile its gov]nm5ts1 g5]al & local1 7 despotic1 :ile ! ,*ur* 0 un%orn ( its p[]1 :ile ! crim9al code 0 full ( horrors & ! hell ( ! popul> cre$ full ( t]rors1 ! rules ( behavi\r 7 bo? m num]\s & m c>efully con=m$ to ?an n[4 ,diff]5ces ( dress m>k$ divisions ( rank4 ,m5 7 limit$ by law to c]ta9 wid?s ( %oe-toes2 & no "o bel[ a specifi$ degree might we> a cloak less ?an s _m in*es long4 ,! symbols on bann]s & %ields 7 c>efully att5d$ to4 ,h]aldry 0 an important bran* ( k4 ,prec$5ce 0 /rictly insi/$ on4 ,& ^? v>i\s salutes ( :i* we n[ use ! abridgm5ts1 7 gone ?r\gh 9 full4 ,ev5 dur+ our own la/ c5tury1 ) its corrupt ,h\se ( ,commons & little-curb$ mon>*s1 we may m>k a correspond5ce ( social =malities4 ,g5tlem5 7 /ill di/+ui%$ f l[] classes by dress2 & *ildr5 address$ _! p>5ts z ,sir & ,madam4 ,a fur!r coroll>y naturally foll[+ ?is la/1 & almo/1 inde$1 =m+ "p ( x1 is1 t ^! sev]al k9ds ( gov]nm5t decrease 9 /r+5cy at ! same rate4 ,simultane\sly ) ! decl9e 9 ! influ5ce ( prie/hoods1 & 9 ! fe> ( et]nal torm5ts--simultane\sly ) ! mitigation ( political tyranny1 ! gr[? ( popul> p[]1 & ! amelioration ( crim9al codes2 has tak5 place t dim9ution ( =malities & t fad+ ( di/9ctive m>ks1 n[ s obs]vable4 ,look+ at home1 we may note t !re is less att5tion to prec$5ce ?an !re us$ to be4 ,no "o 9 our day ends an int]view ) ! phrase 8y\r humble s]vant40 ,! employm5t ( ! ^w ,sir1 once g5]al 9 social int]c\rse1 is at pres5t consid]$ bad bre$+2 & on ! occasions #bg call+ = !m1 x is held vulg> to use ! words 8,y\r ,maje/y10 or 8,y\r ,royal ,highness10 m ?an once 9 a conv]sation4 ,p no long] =mally dr9k "o ano!r's heal?s2 & ev5 ! tak+ w9e ) "o ano!r at d9n] has ceas$ to be fa%ionable4 ,x is rem>k$ ( u by =eign]s1 t we take (f our hats less ?an any o!r nation 9 ,europe--a rem>k :i* %\ld be c\pl$ ) ! o!r1 t we are ! free/ nation 9 ,europe4 ,z already impli$1 ?is association ( facts is n accid5tal4 ,^! modes ( address & titles & obeisances1 be>+ ab\t !m1 z !y all d1 some?+ ( t s]vility :i* m>ks _! orig91 become di/a/eful 9 proportion z m5 become m indep5d5t !mselves1 & sympa?ize m ) ! indep5d5ce ( o!rs4 ,! feel+ :i* makes ! mod]n g5tleman tell ! lab\r] /&+ b>ehead$ be=e him to put on 8 hat--! feel+ :i* gives u a dislike to ^? :o cr+e & fawn--! feel+ :i* makes u alike ass]t our own dignity & respect t ( o!rs--! feel+ :i* ?us leads u m & m to disc\nt5ance =ms & names :i* confess inf]iority & submission2 is ! same feel+ :i* resi/s despotic p[] & inaugurates popul> gov]nm5t1 d5ies ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* & e/abli%es ! "r ( private judgm5t4 ,a f\r? fact1 ak9 to ! =ego+1 is1 t ) decreas+ co]civ5ess 9 ^! sev]al k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 _! respective =ms lose _! mean+s4 ,! same process :i* has made our mon>* put =? z 8 own acts :at are ! acts ( m9i/]s approv$ by ! p1 & has ?us *ang$ him f ma/] into ag5t--! same process :i*1 mak+ att5dance at *ur* v mu* a matt] ( respectability1 has done away ) ! tell+ ( beads1 ! call+ on sa9ts1 & ! p]=mance ( p5ances2 is a process by :i* titles & c]emonies t once _h a mean+ & a p[] h be5 r$uc$ to empty =ms4 ,coats ( arms :i* s]v$ to di/+ui% #bh m5 9 battle1 n[ figure on ! c>riage panels ( retir$ m]*ants4 ,once a badge ( high milit>y rank1 ! %\ld]-knot has become1 on ! mod]n footman1 a m>k ( s]vitude4 ,! "n ,bann]et1 :i* orig9ally m>k$ a p>tially-creat$ ,b>on--a ,b>on :o _h pass$ 8 milit>y 8little g0--is n[1 "u ! modification ( ,b>onet1 applicable to any "o fav\r$ by weal? or int]e/ or p>ty feel+4 ,knigh?ood has s f> ceas$ to be an hon\r1 t m5 hon\r !mselves by decl9+ x4 ,! milit>y dignity ,escuy] has1 9 ! mod]n ,esquire1 become a :olly unmilit>y affix4 ,b p]haps x is 9 t class ( social obs]vances compreh5d$ "u ! t]m ,fa%ion 7:i* we mu/ "h discuss p>5!tically7 t ?is process is se5 ) ! greate/ di/9ctness4 ,z contra/$ ) ,mann]s1 :i* dictate our m9or acts 9 relation to o!r p]sons1 ,fa%ion dictates our m9or acts 9 relation to ourselves4 ,:ile ! "o prescribes t "p ( our deportm5t :i* directly affects our neighb\rs2 ! o!r prescribes t "p ( our deportm5t :i* is prim>ily p]sonal1 & 9 :i* our neighb\rs are conc]n$ only z spectators4 ,?us di/+ui%$ z !y are1 h[ev]1 ! two h a common s\rce4 ,= :ile1 z we h %[n1 ,mann]s orig9ate by imitation ( ! behavi\r pursu$ t[>ds ! great2 ,fa%ion orig9ates by imitation ( ! behavi\r ( ! great4 ,:ile ! "o has its d]ivation 9 ! titles1 phrases1 & salutes us$ to ^? 9 p[]2 ! o!r is d]iv$ f ! habits & appe>ances exhibit$ by ^? 9 p[]4 ,! ,c>rib "m :o squeezes h] *ild's head into a %ape l t ( ! *ief2 ! "y savage :o makes m>ks on himself simil> to ! sc>s c>ri$ by ! w>riors ( 8 tribe2 ! ,highl&] :o adopts ! plaid worn by ! head ( 8 clan2 ! c\rti]s :o affect greyness1 or limp1 or cov] _! necks1 9 imitation ( _! k+1 & ! p :o ape ! c\rti]s2 are alike act+ "u a k9d ( gov]nm5t connate ) t ( ,mann]s1 #bi &1 l x too1 prim>ily b5eficial4 ,= not)/&+ ! numb]less absurdities into :i* ?is copy+ has l$ p1 f nose-r+s to e>-r+s1 f pa9t$ faces to beauty-spots1 f %av5 heads to p[d]$ wigs1 f fil$ tee? & /a9$ nails to bell-girdles1 peak$ %oes1 & bree*es /uff$ ) bran1 x mu/ yet be conclud$ t z ! m5 ( w1 intellig5ce1 & orig9ality1 :o h got to ! top1 are1 on ! av]age1 m likely to %[ judgm5t 9 _! habits & ta/es ?an ! mass1 ! imitation ( su* is advantage\s4 ,by & by1 h[ev]1 ,fa%ion1 decay+ l ^! o!r =ms ( rule1 almo/ :olly ceases to be an imitation ( ! be/1 & becomes an imitation ( q o!r ?an ! be/4 ,z ^? :o take ord]s are n ^? hav+ a special fitness = ! prie/ly (fice1 b ^? :o hope to get liv+s2 z legislators & public function>ies d n become su* by virtue ( _! political insight & p[] to rule1 b by virtue ( bir?1 acreage1 & class influ5ce2 s1 ! self-elect$ clique :o set ! fa%ion1 d ?is1 n by =ce ( nature1 by intellect1 by high] wor? or bett] ta/e1 b solely by un*eck$ assumption4 ,among ! initiat$ are to be f\nd nei!r ! noble/ 9 rank1 ! *ief 9 p[]1 ! be/ cultur$1 ! mo/ ref9$1 nor ^? ( greate/ g5ius1 wit1 or beauty2 & _! reunions1 s f> f be+ sup]ior to o!rs1 are not$ = _! inanity4 ,yet1 by ! example ( ^! %am great1 & n by t ( ! truly great1 does society at l>ge n[ regulate its habits1 its dress1 its small usages4 ,z a natural consequ5ce1 ^! h g5]ally little ( t suitabl5ess :i* ! !ory ( fa%ion implies !y %\ld h4 ,in/ead ( a progress t[>ds great] elegance & conv5i5ce1 :i* might be expect$ to occur did p copy ! ways ( ! really be/1 or foll[ _! own ideas ( propriety1 we h a reign ( m]e :im1 ( unreason1 ( *ange = ! sake ( *ange1 ( wanton oscillations f ei!r extreme to ! o!r4 ,& s life la mode1 in/ead ( be+ life conduct$ 9 ! #cj mo/ rational mann]1 is life regulat$ by sp5d?rifts & idl]s1 mill9]s & tailors1 d&ies & silly wom54 ,to ^! sev]al coroll>ies--t ! v>i\s ord]s ( control ex]cis$ ov] m5 h a common orig9 & a common function1 are call$ out by co-ord9ate necessities & co-exi/ 9 l /r+5cy1 decl9e toge!r & decay toge!r--x n[ only rema9s to add t !y simultane\sly become less ne$ful4 ,! social discipl9e :i* has already wr\ght out great *anges 9 m51 mu/ g on ev5tually to "w out great] ones4 ,t daily curb+ ( ! l[] nature & culture ( ! high]1 :i* out ( cannibals & devil-wor%ipp]s has evolv$ philan?ropi/s1 lov]s ( peace1 & hat]s ( sup]/ition1 may be expect$ to evolve out ( ^!1 m5 z mu* sup]ior to !m z !y are to _! prog5itors4 ,! causes t h produc$ pa/ modifications are /ill 9 action2 mu/ cont9ue 9 action z long z !re exi/s any incongruity betwe5 m5's desires & ! requirem5ts ( ! social /ate2 & mu/ ev5tually make !m organically fit = ! social /ate4 ,z x is n[ ne$less to =bid man-eat+1 s w x ultimately become ne$less to =bid murd]1 !ft1 & ! m9or (f5ces ( our crim9al code4 ,along ) gr[? ( human nature into h>mony ) ! moral law1 !re w g decreas+ ne$ = judges & /atute-books2 :5 ! "r c\rse has become ! c\rse spontane\sly *os51 prospects ( future rew>d or puni%m5t w n be want$ z inc5tives2 & :5 due reg>d = o!rs has become in/9ctive1 !re w ne$ no code ( c]emonies to say h[ behavi\r %all be regulat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us1 !n1 may be recogniz$ ! mean+ ( ^? ecc5tricities ( re=m]s :i* we set out by describ+4 ,!y are n accid5tal2 !y are n m]e p]sonal caprices4 ,!y are inevitable results ( ! law ( relation%ip above illu/rat$4 ,t community ( g5esis1 function1 #ca & decay :i* all =ms ( re/ra9t exhibit1 is simply ! obv]se ( ! fact at fir/ po9t$ out1 t !y h 9 two s5tim5ts ( human nature a common pres]v] & a common de/roy]4 ,awe ( p[] orig9ates & *]i%es !m all2 love ( fre$om und]m9es & weak5s !m all4 ,! "o def5ds despotism & ass]ts ! supremacy ( laws1 adh]es to old cre$s & supports ecclesia/ical au?ority1 pays respect to titles & cons]ves =ms2 ! o!r1 putt+ rectitude above legality1 a*ieves p]iodical in/alm5ts ( political lib]ty1 inaugurates ,prote/antism & works out its consequ5ces1 ignores ! s5seless dictates ( ,fa%ion & emancipates m5 f dead cu/oms4 ,to ! true re=m] no in/itution is sacr$1 no belief above criticism4 ,ev]y?+ %all con=m itself to equity & reason2 no?+ %all be sav$ by its pre/ige4 ,conc$+ to ea* man lib]ty to pursue 8 own ends & satisfy 8 own ta/es1 he dem&s = himself l lib]ty2 & cons5ts to no re/rictions on ?is1 save ^? :i* o!r m5's equal claims involve4 ,no matt] :e!r x be an ord9ance ( "o man1 or an ord9ance ( all m51 if x tr5*es on 8 legitimate sph]e ( action1 he d5ies its validity4 ,! tyranny t w\ld impose on him a p>ticul> /yle ( dress & a set mode ( behavi\r1 he resi/s equally ) ! tyranny t w\ld limit 8 buy+s & sell+s1 or dictate 8 cre$4 ,:e!r ! regulation be =mally made by a legislature1 or in=mally made by society at l>ge--:e!r ! p5alty = disob$i5ce be imprisonm5t1 or fr[ns & social o/racism1 he sees to be a "q ( no mom5t4 ,he w utt] 8 belief not)/&+ ! ?reat5$ puni%m5t2 he w break conv5tions spite ( ! petty p]secutions t w be visit$ on him4 ,%[ him t 8 actions are inimical to 8 fell[-m51 & he w pause4 ,prove t he is disreg>d+ _! legitimate claims1 & he w alt] 8 c\rse4 ,b until y d ?is--until y demon/rate t 8 proce$+s are ess5tially inconv5i5t or #cb inelegant1 ess5tially irrational1 unju/1 or ung5]\s1 he w p]sev]e4 ,"s1 inde$1 argue t 8 conduct is unju/ & ung5]\s4 ,!y say t he has no "r to annoy o!r p by 8 :ims2 t ! g5tleman to :om 8 lett] comes ) no 8,esq40 app5d$ to ! address1 & ! lady ^: ev5+ p>ty he ent]s ) gloveless h&s1 are vex$ at :at !y consid] 8 want ( respect or want ( bre$+2 t ?us 8 ecc5tricities _c be indulg$ save at ! exp5se ( 8 neighb\rs' feel+s2 & t h5ce 8 noncon=mity is 9 pla9 t]ms selfi%ness4 ,he answ]s t ?is position1 if logically develop$1 w\ld deprive m5 ( all lib]ty :atev]4 ,ea* mu/ con=m all 8 acts to ! public ta/e1 & n 8 own4 ,! public ta/e on e po9t hav+ be5 once asc]ta9$1 m5's habits mu/ !nce=? rema9 = ev] fix$2 see+ t no man c adopt o!r habits )\t s9n+ aga9/ ! public ta/e1 & giv+ p disagreeable feel+s4 ,consequ5tly1 be x an era ( pig-tails or high-heel$ %oes1 ( />*$ ruffs or trunk-hose1 all mu/ cont9ue to we> pig-tails1 high-heel$ %oes1 />*$ ruffs1 or trunk-hose to ! crack ( doom4 ,if x be /ill urg$ t he is n ju/ifi$ 9 break+ ?r\gh o!rs' =ms t he may e/abli% 8 own1 & s sacrific+ ! wi%es ( _m to ! wi%es ( "o1 he replies t all religi\s & political *anges might be negativ$ on l gr\nds4 ,he asks :e!r ,lu!r's say+s & do+s 7 n extremely (f5sive to ! mass ( 8 cotempor>ies2 :e!r ! resi/ance ( ,hampd5 0 n disgu/+ to ! "t-s]v]s ar\nd him2 :e!r e re=m] has n %ock$ m5's prejudices & giv5 imm5se displeasure by ! op9ions he utt]$4 ,! affirmative answ] he foll[s up by dem&+ :at "r ! re=m] has1 !n1 to utt] ^! op9ions--:e!r he is n sacrific+ ! feel+s #cc ( _m to ! feel+s ( "o2 & s he proves t1 to be consi/5t1 8 antagoni/s mu/ condemn n only all noncon=mity 9 actions1 b all noncon=mity 9 beliefs4 ,8 antagoni/s rejo9 t 8 position1 too1 may be pu%$ to an absurdity4 ,!y argue t if a man may (f5d by ! disreg>d ( "s =ms1 he may z legitimately d s by ! disreg>d ( all2 & !y inquire--,:y %\ld he n g out to d9n] 9 a dirty %irt1 & ) an un%orn *98 ,:y %\ld he n spit on ! draw+-room c>pet1 & /ret* 8 heels up to ! mantle-%elf8 ,! conv5tion-break] answ]s1 t to ask ?is1 implies a conf\nd+ ( two widely-diff]5t classes ( actions--! actions :i* are ess5tially displeasurable to ^? ar\nd1 ) ! actions :i* are b incid5tally displeasurable to !m4 ,he ^: sk9 is s unclean z to (f5d ! no/rils ( 8 neighb\rs1 or he :o talks s l\dly z to di/urb a :ole room1 may be ju/ly compla9$ (1 & rightly exclud$ by society f its assemblies4 ,b he :o pres5ts himself 9 a surt\t 9 place ( a dress-coat1 or 9 br[n tr\s]s in/ead ( black1 gives (f5ce n to m5's s5ses1 or _! innate ta/es1 b m]ely to _! bigotry ( conv5tion4 ,x _c be said t 8 co/ume is less elegant or less intr9sically appropriate ?an ! "o prescrib$2 see+ t a few h\rs e>li] 9 ! day x is admir$4 ,x is ! impli$ rebellion1 !re=e1 :i* annoys4 ,h[ little ! cause ( qu>rel has to d ) ! dress itself1 is se5 9 ! fact t a c5tury ago black clo!s w\ld h be5 ?\ght prepo/]\s = h\rs ( recreation1 & t a few ye>s h5ce "s n[ =bidd5 /yle may be ne>] ! requirem5ts ( ,fa%ion ?an ! pres5t "o4 ,?us ! re=m] expla9s t x is n aga9/ ! natural re/ra9ts1 b aga9/ ! artificial ones1 t he prote/s2 & t manife/ly ! fire ( angry glances :i* he has to be>1 #cd is p\r$ ^u him because he w n b[ d[n to ! idol :i* society has set up4 ,%\ld he be ask$ h[ we are to di/+ui% betwe5 conduct :i* is 9 itself disagreeable to o!rs1 & conduct :i* is disagreeable by its implication1 he answ]s1 t !y w di/+ui% !mselves1 if m5 w let !m4 ,actions intr9sically repugnant w ev] be fr[n$ ^u1 & mu/ ev] rema9 z exceptional z n[4 ,actions n intr9sically repugnant w e/abli% !mselves z prop]4 ,no relaxation ( cu/oms w introduce ! practice ( go+ to a p>ty 9 muddy boots1 & ) unwa%$ h&s2 = ! dislike ( dirt w\ld cont9ue 7 ,fa%ion aboli%$ to-morr[4 ,t love ( approbation :i* n[ makes p solicit\s to be en rgle w\ld /ill exi/--w\ld /ill make !m c>eful ( _! p]sonal appe>ance--w\ld /ill induce !m to seek admiration by mak+ !mselves ornam5tal--w\ld /ill cause !m to respect ! natural laws ( good behavi\r1 z !y n[ d ! artificial laws4 ,! *ange w\ld simply be f a repulsive monotony to a picturesque v>iety4 ,& if !re be any regulations respect+ :i* x is unc]ta9 :e!r !y are bas$ on reality or on conv5tion1 exp]im5t w soon decide1 if due scope be all[$4 ,:5 at l5g? ! controv]sy comes r\nd1 z controv]sies (t5 d1 to ! po9t :5ce x />t$1 & ! 8p>ty ( ord]0 repeat _! *>ge aga9/ ! rebel1 t he is sacrific+ ! feel+s ( o!rs to gratify 8 own wilfulness1 he replies once = all t !y *eat !mselves by mis-/atem5ts4 ,he accuses !m ( be+ s despotic1 t1 n cont5t ) be+ ma/]s ov] _! own ways & habits1 !y w\ld be ma/]s ov] 8 also2 & grumble because he w n let !m4 ,he m]ely asks ! same fre$om :i* !y ex]cise2 !y1 h[ev]1 propose to regulate 8 c\rse z well z _! own--to cut & clip 8 mode ( life into #ce agreem5t ) _! approv$ patt]n2 & !n *>ge him ) wilfulness & selfi%ness1 because he does n quietly submit6 ,he w>ns !m t he %all resi/1 nev]!less2 & t he %all d s1 n only = ! ass]tion ( 8 own indep5d5ce1 b = _! good4 ,he tells !m t !y are slaves1 & "k x n2 t !y are %ackl$1 & kiss _! *a9s2 t !y h liv$ all _! days 9 prison1 & compla9 because ! walls are be+ brok5 d[n4 ,he says he mu/ p]sev]e1 h[ev]1 ) a view to 8 own release2 &1 9 spite ( _! pres5t expo/ulations1 he prophesies t :5 !y h recov]$ f ! fright :i* ! prospect ( fre$om produces1 !y w ?ank him = aid+ 9 _! emancipation4 ,unamiable z seems ?is f9d-fault mood1 (f5sive z is ?is defiant attitude1 we mu/ bew>e ( ov]look+ ! tru?s enunciat$1 9 dislike ( ! advocacy4 ,x is an un=tunate h9drance to all innovation1 t 9 virtue ( _! v function1 ! innovators /& 9 a position ( antagonism2 & ! disagreeable mann]s1 & say+s1 & do+s1 :i* ?is antagonism g5]ates1 are commonly associat$ ) ! doctr9es promulgat$4 ,q =gett+ t :e!r ! ?+ attack$ be good or bad1 ! combative _s is necess>ily repulsive2 & q =gett+ t ! tol]ation ( abuses seems amiable m]ely f its passivity2 ! mass ( m5 contract a bias aga9/ advanc$ views1 & 9 fav\r ( /ation>y ones1 f int]c\rse ) _! respective adh]5ts4 8,cons]vatism10 z ,em]son says1 8is debonnair & social2 re=m is individual & imp]i\s40 ,& ?is rema9s true1 h[ev] vici\s ! sy/em cons]v$1 h[ev] righte\s ! re=m to be effect$4 ,nay1 ! indignation ( ! puri/s is usually extreme 9 proportion z ! evils to be got rid ( are great4 ,! m urg5t ! requir$ *ange1 ! m intemp]ate is ! vehem5ce ( its promot]s4 ,let no "o1 !n1 conf\nd ) ! pr9ciples #cf ( ?is social noncon=mity ! ac]bity & ! disagreeable self-ass]tion ( ^? :o fir/ display x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! mo/ plausible objection rais$ aga9/ resi/ance to conv5tions1 is gr\nd$ on its impolicy1 consid]$ ev5 f ! progressi/'s po9t ( view4 ,x is urg$ by _m ( ! m lib]al & intellig5t--usually ^? :o h !mselves %[n "s indep5d5ce ( behavi\r 9 e>li] days--t to rebel 9 ^! small matt]s is to de/roy y\r own p[] ( help+ on re=m 9 great] matt]s4 8,if y %[ y\rself ecc5tric 9 mann]s or dress1 ! _w10 !y say1 8w n li/5 to y4 ,y w be consid]$ z crot*ety1 & impracticable4 ,! op9ions y express on important subjects1 :i* might h be5 treat$ ) respect _h y con=m$ on m9or po9ts1 w n[ inevitably be put d[n among y\r s+ul>ities2 & ?us1 by diss5t+ 9 trifles1 y disable y\rself f spread+ diss5t 9 ess5tials40 ,only not+1 z we pass1 t ?is is "o ( ^? anticipations :i* br+ ab\t _! own fulfilm5t--t x is because mo/ :o disapprove ^! conv5tions d n %[ _! disapproval1 t ! few :o d %[ x look ecc5tric--& t did all act out _! convictions1 no su* argum5t z ! above w\ld h =ce2--not+ ?is z we pass1 we g on to reply t ^! social re/ra9ts are n small evils b among ! greate/4 ,e/imate _! sum total1 & we d\bt :e!r !y w\ld n exce$ mo/ o!rs4 ,c\ld we add up ! tr\ble1 ! co/1 ! jeal\sies1 vexations1 misund]/&+s1 ! loss ( "t & ! loss ( pleasure1 :i* ^! conv5tions entail--we %\ld p]haps come to ! conclusion t ! tyranny ( ,mrs4 ,grundy is worse ?an any o!r tyranny4 ,let u look at a few ( its hurtful results2 beg9n+ ) ^? ( m9or importance4 ,x produces extravagance4 ,! desire to be comme il faut1 :i* und]lies all con=mities1 :e!r ( mann]s1 #cg dress1 or /yles ( ent]ta9m5t1 is ! desire :i* makes _m a sp5d?rift & _m a bankrupt4 ,to 8keep up appe>ances10 to h a h\se 9 an approv$ qu>t] furni%$ 9 ! late/ ta/e1 to give exp5sive d9n]s & cr[d$ soires1 is an ambition =m+ ! natural outcome ( ! con=mi/ _s4 ,x is ne$less to enl>ge on ^! follies3 !y h be5 satiriz$ by ho/s ( writ]s1 & 9 e draw+-room4 ,all :i* "h conc]ns u1 is to po9t out t ! respect = social obs]vances1 :i* m5 ?9k s praisewor?y1 has ! same root ) ?is ef=t to be fa%ionable 9 mode ( liv+2 & t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! la/ _c be dim9i%$ )\t ! fir/ be+ dim9i%$ also4 ,if1 n[1 we consid] :at ?is extravagance entails--if we c\nt up ! robb$ tradesm51 ! /9t$ gov]nesses1 ! ill-educat$ *ildr51 ! fleec$ relatives1 :o h to suff] f x--if we m>k ! anxiety & ! _m moral del9qu5cies :i* its p]petrators involve !mselves 92 we %all see t ?is reg>d = conv5tions is n q s innoc5t z x looks4 ,aga91 x decreases ! am\nt ( social int]c\rse4 ,pass+ ov] ! reckless1 & ^? :o make a great display on speculation ) ! occasional result ( gett+ on 9 ! _w to ! exclusion ( bett] m51 we come to ! f> l>g] class :o1 be+ prud5t & hone/ en\gh n to exce$ _! means1 & yet wi%+ to be 8respectable10 are oblig$ to limit _! ent]ta9m5ts to ! smalle/ possible numb]2 & t ea* ( ^! may be turn$ to ! greate/ advantage 9 meet+ ! claims on _! hospitality1 issue _! invitations ) little or no reg>d to ! com=t or mutual fitness ( _! gue/s4 ,a few inconv5i5tly-l>ge assemblies1 made up ( p mo/ly /range to ea* o!r or b di/antly acqua9t$1 are made to s]ve 9 place ( _m small p>ties ( fri5ds intimate en\gh to h "s bond ( sympa?y4 ,?us ! quantity ( int]c\rse is dim9i%$1 & ! quality det]iorat$4 ,because x is ! cu/om to make co/ly #ch prep>ations & provide co/ly refre%m5ts2 & because x entails bo? less exp5se & less tr\ble to d ?is = _m p]sons on few occasions ?an = few p]sons on _m occasions2 ! reunions ( our less weal?y classes are r5d]$ alike infrequ5t & t$i\s4 ,let x be fur!r obs]v$1 t ! exi/+ =malities ( social int]c\rse drive away _m :o mo/ ne$ its ref9+ influ5ce2 & drive !m into injuri\s habits & associations4 ,n a few m51 & n ! lea/ s5sible m5 ei!r1 give up 9 disgu/ ?is go+ out to /ately d9n]s & /iff ev5+-p>ties2 & in/ead1 seek society 9 clubs1 & cig>-divans1 & tav]ns4 8,i'm sick ( ?is /&+ ab\t 9 draw+-rooms1 talk+ nons5se1 & try+ to look happy10 w answ] "o ( !m :5 tax$ ) 8 des]tion4 8,:y %\ld ,i any long] wa/e "t & money1 & temp]8 ,once ,i 0 ready en\gh to ru% home f ! (fice to dress2 ,i sport$ embroid]$ %irts1 submitt$ to tight boots1 & c>$ no?+ = tailors' & hab]da%]s' bills4 ,i "k bett] n[4 ,my pati5ce la/$ a good :ile2 = ?\gh ,i f\nd ea* night pass /upidly1 ,i always hop$ ! next w\ld make am5ds4 ,b ,i'm undeceiv$4 ,cab-hire & kid gloves co/ m ?an any ev5+ p>ty pays =2 or r--x is wor? ! co/ ( !m to avoid ! p>ty4 ,no1 no2 ,i'll no m ( x4 ,:y %\ld ,i pay five %ill+s a "t = ! privilege ( be+ bor$80 ,if1 n[1 we consid] t ?is v common mood t5ds t[>ds billi>d-rooms1 t[>ds long sitt+s ov] cig>s & br&y-&-wat]1 t[>ds ,evans's & ! ,coal ,hole2 x becomes a "q :e!r ^! precise obs]vances :i* hamp] our set meet+s1 h n to answ] = mu* ( ! preval5t dissolut5ess4 ,m5 mu/ h excitem5ts ( "s k9d or o!r2 & if deb>r$ f high] ones w fall back ^u l[]4 ,x is n t ^? :o ?us take to irregul> habits are ess5tially ^? ( l[ ta/es4 ,(t5 x is q ! rev]se4 ,among half a doz5 intimate fri5ds1 ab&on+ #ci =malities & sitt+ at ease r\nd ! fire1 none w ent] ) great] enjoym5t into ! highe/ k9d ( social int]c\rse--! g5u9e communion ( ?\ght & feel+2 & if ! circle includes wom5 ( intellig5ce & ref9em5t1 s mu* ! great] is _! pleasure4 ,x is because !y w no long] be *ok$ ) ! m]e dry husks ( conv]sation :i* society (f]s !m1 t !y fly its assemblies1 & seek ^? ) :om !y may h disc\rse t is at lea/ real1 ?\gh unpoli%$4 ,! m5 :o ?us long = sub/antial m5tal sympa?y1 & w g :]e !y c get x1 are (t51 inde$1 mu* bett] at ! core ?an ! m5 :o are cont5t ) ! inanities ( glov$ & sc5t$ p>ty-go]s--m5 :o feel no ne$ to come morally ne>] to _! fell[-creatures ?an !y c come :ile /&+1 tea-cup 9 h&1 answ]+ trifles ) trifles2 & :o1 by feel+ no su* ne$1 prove !mselves %all[-?\ght$ & cold-he>t$4 ,x is true1 t "s :o %un draw+-rooms d s f inability to be> ! re/ra9ts prescrib$ by a g5u9e ref9em5t1 & t !y w\ld be greatly improv$ by be+ kept "u ^! re/ra9ts4 ,b x is n less true t1 by add+ to ! legitimate re/ra9ts1 :i* are bas$ on conv5i5ce & a reg>d = o!rs1 a ho/ ( factiti\s re/ra9ts bas$ only on conv5tion1 ! ref9+ discipl9e1 :i* w\ld else h be5 borne ) b5efit1 is r5d]$ unbe>able1 & s misses its end4 ,excess ( gov]nm5t defeats itself by driv+ away ^? to be gov]n$4 ,& if ov] all :o des]t its ent]ta9m5ts 9 disgu/ ei!r at _! empt9ess or _! =mality1 society ?us loses its salut>y influ5ce--if su* n only fail to receive t moral culture :i* ! company ( ladies1 :5 rationally regulat$1 w\ld give !m1 b1 9 default ( o!r relaxation1 are driv5 into habits & companion%ips :i* (t5 end 9 gambl+ & drunk5ness2 mu/ we n say t "h1 too1 is an evil n to be pass$ ov] z insignificant8 ,!n consid] :at a blight+ effect ^! #dj multitud9\s prep>ations & c]emonies h ^u ! pleasures !y pr(ess to subs]ve4 ,:o1 on call+ to m9d ! occasions ( 8 highe/ social enjoym5ts1 does n f9d !m to h be5 :olly in=mal1 p]haps impromptu8 ,h[ delightful a pic-nic ( fri5ds1 :o =get all obs]vances save ^? dictat$ by good nature6 ,h[ pleasant ! unpret5d+ ga!r+s ( small book-societies1 & ! l2 or ^? purely accid5tal meet+s ( a few p well kn[n to ea* o!r6 ,!n1 inde$1 we may see t 8a man %>p5e? ! c\nt5ance ( 8 fri5d40 ,*eeks flu%1 & eyes sp>kle4 ,! witty gr[ brilliant1 & ev5 ! dull are excit$ into say+ good ?+s4 ,!re is an ov]fl[ ( topics2 & ! "r ?\ght1 & ! "r words to put x 91 spr+ up uns\ght4 ,grave alt]nates ) gay3 n[ s]i\s conv]se1 & n[ jokes1 anecdotes1 & playful raill]y4 ,ev]yone's be/ nature is %[n2 ev]yone's be/ feel+s are 9 pleasurable activity2 &1 = ! "t1 life seems well wor? hav+4 ,g n[ & dress = "s half-pa/ eight d9n]1 or "s t5 o'clock 8at home20 & pres5t y\rself 9 spotless attire1 ) e hair arrang$ to p]fection4 ,h[ great ! diff]5ce6 ,! enjoym5t seems 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! prep>ation4 ,^! figures1 got up ) su* f9i% & precision1 appe> b half alive4 ,!y h froz5 ea* o!r by _! primness2 & y\r faculties feel ! numb+ effects ( ! atmosph]e ! mom5t y ent] x4 ,all ^? ?\ghts1 s nimble & s apt a:ile s9ce1 h disappe>$--h sudd5ly acquir$ a pret]natural p[] ( elud+ y4 ,if y v5ture a rem>k to y\r neighb\r1 !re comes a trite rejo9d]1 & !re x ends4 ,no subject y c hit ^u outlives half a doz5 s5t5ces4 ,no?+ t is said excites any real int]e/ 9 y2 & y feel t all y say is li/5$ to ) apa?y4 ,by "s /range magic1 ?+s t usually give pleasure seem to h lo/ all *>m4 ,y h a ta/e = art4 ,we>y ( frivol\s #da talk1 y turn to ! table1 & f9d t ! book ( engrav+s & ! portfolio ( photographs are z flat z ! conv]sation4 ,y are fond ( music4 ,yet ! s++1 good z x is1 y he> ) utt] indiff]5ce2 & say 8,?ank y0 ) a s5se ( be+ a pr(\nd hypocrite4 ,:olly at ease ?\gh y c\ld be1 = y\r own "p1 y f9d t y\r sympa?ies w n let y4 ,y see "y g5tlem5 feel+ :e!r _! ties are prop]ly adju/$1 look+ vacantly r\nd1 & consid]+ :at !y %all d next4 ,y see ladies sitt+ disconsolately1 wait+ = "s "o to speak to !m1 & wi%+ !y _h ! :]e) to occupy _! f+]s4 ,y see ! ho/ess /&+ ab\t ! doorway1 keep+ a factiti\s smile on h] face1 & rack+ h] bra9 to f9d ! requisite no?+s ) :i* to greet h] gue/s z !y ent]4 ,y see numb]less traits ( we>9ess & emb>rassm5t2 &1 if y h any fell[ feel+1 ^! _c fail to produce a s5se ( discom=t4 ,! disord] is cat*+2 & d :at y w1 y _c resi/ ! g5]al infection4 ,y /ruggle aga9/ x2 y make spasmodic ef=ts to be lively2 b none ( y\r sallies or y\r good /ories d m ?an raise a simp] or a =c$ laugh3 intellect & feel+ are alike asphyxiat$4 ,& :51 at l5g?1 yield+ to y\r disgu/1 y ru% away1 h[ great is ! relief :5 y get into ! fre% air1 & see ! />s6 ,h[ y 8,?ank ,god1 t's ov]60 & half resolve to avoid all su* bor$om = ! future6 ,:at1 n[1 is ! secret ( ?is p]petual misc>riage & disappo9tm5t8 ,does n ! fault lie ) ^! ne$less adjuncts--^! elaborate dress+s1 ^! set =ms1 ^! exp5sive prep>ations1 ^! _m devices & arrangem5ts t imply tr\ble & raise expectation8 ,:o t has liv$ ?irty ye>s 9 ! _w has n discov]$ t ,pleasure is coy2 & mu/ n be too directly pursu$1 b mu/ be caught unaw>es8 ,an air f a /reet-piano1 he>d :ile at "w1 w (t5 gratify m ?an ! #db *oice/ music play$ at a conc]t by ! mo/ accompli%$ musicians4 ,a s+le good picture se5 9 a deal]'s w9d[1 may give ke5] enjoym5t ?an a :ole exhibition gone ?r\gh ) catalogue & p5cil4 ,by ! "t we h got ready our elaborate app>atus by :i* to secure happ9ess1 ! happ9ess is gone4 ,x is too subtle to be conta9$ 9 ^! receiv]s1 g>ni%$ ) complim5ts1 & f5c$ r\nd ) etiquette4 ,! m we multiply & complicate appliances1 ! m c]ta9 are we to drive x away4 ,! reason is pat5t en\gh4 ,^! high] emotions to :i* social int]c\rse m9i/]s1 are ( extremely complex nature2 !y consequ5tly dep5d = _! production ^u v num]\s conditions2 ! m num]\s ! conditions1 ! great] ! liability t "o or o!r ( !m w n be fulfill$4 ,x takes a consid]able mis=tune to de/roy appetite2 b cordial sympa?y ) ^? ar\nd may be ext+ui%$ by a look or a ^w4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! m multipli$ ! unnecess>y requirem5ts ) :i* social int]c\rse is surr\nd$1 ! less likely are its pleasures to be a*iev$4 ,x is difficult en\gh to fulfil cont9u\sly all ! ess5tials to a pleasurable communion ) o!rs3 h[ mu* m difficult1 !n1 mu/ x be cont9u\sly to fulfil a ho/ ( non-ess5tials also6 ,:at *ance is !re ( gett+ any g5u9e response f ! lady :o is ?9k+ ( y\r /upidity 9 tak+ h] 9 to d9n] on ! wrong arm8 ,h[ are y likely to h agreeable conv]se ) ! g5tleman :o is fum+ int]nally because he is n plac$ next to ! ho/ess8 ,=malities1 famili> z !y may become1 necess>ily occupy att5tion--necess>ily multiply ! occasions = mi/ake1 misund]/&+1 & jeal\sy1 on ! "p ( "o or o!r--necess>ily di/ract all m9ds f ! ?\ghts & feel+s :i* %\ld occupy !m--necess>ily1 !re=e1 subv]t ^? conditions "u :i* only any /]l+ int]c\rse is to be _h4 ,& ?is1 inde$1 is ! fatal mis*ief :i* ^! #dc conv5tions entail--a mis*ief to :i* e o!r is second>y4 ,!y de/roy ^? pleasures :i* !y pr(ess to subs]ve4 ,all in/itutions are alike 9 ?is1 t h[ev] useful1 & ne$ful ev51 !y orig9ally 71 !y 9 ! end cease to be s1 b (t5 become detrim5tal4 ,:ile humanity is gr[+1 !y cont9ue fix$2 daily get m me*anical & unvital2 & by & by t5d to /rangle :at !y be=e pres]v$4 ,old =ms ( gov]nm5t f9ally gr[ s oppressive1 t !y mu/ be ?r[n (f ev5 at ! risk ( reigns ( t]ror4 ,old cre$s end 9 be+ dead =mulas1 :i* no long] aid b di/ort & arre/ ! g5]al m9d2 :ile ! ,/ate-*ur*es adm9i/]+ !m1 come to be in/rum5ts = subsidiz+ cons]vatism & repress+ progress4 ,old s*emes ( education1 inc>nat$ 9 public s*ools & colleges1 cont9ue fill+ ! heads ( new g5]ations ) :at has become relatively useless k1 &1 by consequ5ce1 exclud+ k :i* is useful4 ,n an organization ( any k9d--political1 religi\s1 lit]>y1 philan?ropic--b :at1 by its ev]-multiply+ regulations1 its accumulat+ weal?1 its ye>ly addition ( (fic]s1 & ! creep+ into x ( patronage & p>ty feel+1 ev5tually loses its orig9al _s1 & s9ks into a lifeless me*anism1 work$ ) a view to private ends--a me*anism :i* n m]ely fails ( its fir/ purpose1 b is a positive h9drance to x4 ,?us is x1 too1 ) social usages4 ,we read ( ! ,*9ese t !y h 8pond]\s c]emonies transmitt$ f "t immemorial10 :i* make social int]c\rse a burd54 ,! c\rt =ms prescrib$ by mon>*s = _! own exaltation1 h1 9 all times & places1 end$ 9 consum+ ! com=t ( _! lives4 ,& s ! artificial obs]vances ( ! d9+-room & saloon1 9 proportion z !y are _m & /rict1 ext+ui% t agreeable communion :i* !y 7 int5d$ to secure4 ,! dislike ) :i* p commonly speak ( society t is 8=mal10 & 8/iff10 & 8c]emoni\s10 #dd implies a g5]al recognition ( ?is fact2 & ?is recognition involves ! inf]5ce t all usages ( behavi\r :i* are n bas$ on natural requirem5ts1 are injuri\s4 ,t ^! conv5tions defeat _! own ends is no new ass]tion4 ,swift1 criticis+ ! mann]s ( 8 day1 says--8,wise m5 are (t5 m uneasy at ! ov]-civility ( ^! ref9]s ?an !y c\ld possibly be 9 ! conv]sation ( peasants & me*anics40 ,b x is n only 9 ^! details t ! self-defeat+ action ( our arrangem5ts is traceable2 x is traceable 9 ! v sub/ance & nature ( !m4 ,our social int]c\rse1 z commonly manag$1 is a m]e semblance ( ! reality s\ght4 ,:at is x t we want8 ,"s sympa!tic conv]se ) our fell[-creatures3--"s conv]se t %all n be m]e dead words1 b ! vehicle ( liv+ ?\ghts & feel+s--conv]se 9 :i* ! eyes & ! face %all speak1 & ! tones ( ! voice be full ( mean+--conv]se :i* %all make u feel no long] alone1 b %all draw u clos] to o!rs1 & d\ble our own emotions by add+ _!'s to !m4 ,:o is !re t has n1 f "t to "t1 felt h[ cold & flat is all ?is talk ab\t politics & sci5ce1 & ! new books & ! new m51 & h[ a g5u9e utt]ance ( fell[-feel+ outweighs ! :ole ( x8 ,m>k ! words ( ,bacon3--8,= a cr[d is n company1 & faces are b a gall]y ( pictures1 & talk b a t9kl+ cymbal1 :]e !re is no love40 ,if ?is be true1 !n x is only aft] acqua9tance has gr[n into intimacy1 & intimacy has rip5$ into fri5d%ip1 t ! real communion :i* m5 ne$ becomes possible4 ,a rationally-=m$ circle mu/ consi/ almo/ :olly ( ^? on t]ms ( famili>ity & reg>d1 ) b "o or two /rang]s4 ,:at folly1 !n1 und]lies ! :ole sy/em ( our gr& d9n]s1 our 8at homes10 our ev5+ p>ties--cr[ds made up ( _m :o nev] met be=e1 _m :o j b[ to "o ano!r1 _m :o ?\gh well kn[n feel mutual indiff]5ce1 ) j a few #de real fri5ds lo/ 9 ! g5]al mass6 ,y ne$ b look r\nd at ! artificial expressions ( face1 to see at once h[ x is4 ,all h _! disguises on2 & h[ c !re be sympa?y betwe5 masks8 ,no wond] t 9 private e "o exclaims aga9/ ! /upidity ( ^! ga!r+s4 ,no wond] t ho/esses get !m up r because !y mu/ ?an because !y wi%4 ,no wond] t ! invit$ g less f ! expectation ( pleasure ?an f fe> ( giv+ (f5ce4 ,! :ole ?+ is an organiz$ disappo9tm5t4 ,& !n note1 la/ly1 t 9 ?is case1 z 9 o!rs1 an organization inop]ative = its prop] purpose1 x is employ$ = q o!r purposes4 ,:at is ! usual plea put 9 = giv+ & att5d+ ^! t$i\s assemblies8 8,i admit t !y are dull & frivol\s en\gh10 replies e man to y\r criticisms2 8b !n1 y "k1 "o mu/ keep up "o's connexions40 ,& c\ld y get f 8 wife a s9c]e answ]1 x w\ld be--8,l y1 ,i am sick ( ^! =mal p>ties2 b !n1 we mu/ get our daught]s m>ri$40 ,! "o kn[s t !re is a pr(ession to pu%1 a bus9ess to ext5d2 or p>liam5t>y influ5ce1 or c\nty patronage1 or votes1 or (fice1 to be got3 position1 b]?s1 fav\rs1 pr(it4 ,! o!r's ?\ghts run ^u husb&s & settlem5ts1 wives & d[ries4 ,wor?less = _! o/5sible purpose ( daily br++ human be+s into pleasurable relations ) ea* o!r1 ^! cumbr\s appliances ( our social int]c\rse are n[ p]sev]+ly kept 9 action ) a view to ! pecuni>y & matrimonial results :i* !y indirectly produce4 ,:o !n %all say t ! re=m ( our sy/em ( obs]vances is unimportant8 ,:5 we see h[ ?is sy/em induces fa%ionable extravagance1 ) its occasional ru9--:5 we m>k h[ greatly x limits ! am\nt ( social int]c\rse among ! less weal?y classes--:5 we f9d t _m :o mo/ ne$ to be discipl9$ by mix+ #df ) ! ref9$ are driv5 away by x1 & l$ into bad c\rses--:5 we c\nt up ! _m m9or evils x inflicts1 ! extra "w :i* its co/l9ess entails on all pr(essional & m]cantile m51 ! damage to public ta/e 9 dress & decoration by ! sett+ up ( its absurdities z /&>ds = imitation1 ! injury to heal? indicat$ 9 ! faces ( its devotees at ! close ( ! ,london season1 ! mortality ( mill9]s & ! l1 :i* its sudd5 exig5cies ye>ly involve2--& :5 to all ^! we add its fatal s91 t x )]s up & kills t high enjoym5t x pr(ess$ly m9i/]s to--%all we n conclude t to rationalize etiquette & fa%ion1 is an aim yield+ to few 9 urg5cy8 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re ne$s1 !n1 a prote/antism 9 social usages4 ,=ms :i* h ceas$ to facilitate & h become ob/ructive--h to be swept away4 ,signs are n want+ t "s *ange is at h&4 ,a ho/ ( satiri/s1 l$ on by ,?ack]ay1 h long be5 engag$ 9 br++ our %am-fe/ivities1 & our fa%ionable follies1 into contempt2 & 9 _! c&id moods1 mo/ m5 laugh at ! frivolities ) :i* !y & ! _w 9 g5]al are delud$4 ,ridicule has always be5 a revolution>y ag5t4 ,in/itutions t h lo/ _! roots 9 m5's respect & fai? are doom$2 & ! day ( _! dissolution is n f> (f4 ,! "t is approa*+1 !n1 :5 our sy/em ( social obs]vances mu/ pass ?r\gh "s crisis1 out ( :i* x w come purifi$ & comp>atively simple4 ,h[ ?is crisis w be br\ght ab\t1 no "o c say4 ,:e!r by ! cont9uance & increase ( individual prote/s1 or :e!r by ! union ( _m p]sons = ! practice & diffusion ( bett] usages1 ! future alone c decide4 ,! influ5ce ( diss5ti5ts act+ )\t co-op]ation1 seems inadequate4 ,fr[n$ on by con=mi/s1 & expo/ulat$ ) ev5 by ^? :o secretly sympa?ize ) !m2 subject to petty p]secutions1 & #dg unable to trace any b5efit produc$ by _! example2 !y are apt1 "o by "o1 to give up _! attempts z hopeless4 ,! "y conv5tion-break] ev5tually f9ds t he pays too heavily = 8 noncon=mity4 ,hat+1 = example1 ev]y?+ t be>s ab\t x any remnant ( s]vility1 he det]m9es1 9 ! ard\r ( 8 indep5d5ce1 t he w uncov] to no "o4 ,b :at he means simply z a g5]al prote/1 he f9ds t ladies int]pret into a p]sonal disrespect4 ,9 o!r cases 8 c\rage fails him4 ,su* ( 8 unconv5tionalities z c be attribut$ only to ecc5tricity1 he has no qualms ab\t2 =1 on ! :ole1 he feels r complim5t$ ?an o!rwise 9 be+ consid]$ a disreg>d] ( public op9ion4 ,b :5 !y are liable to be put d[n to ignorance1 to ill-bre$+1 or to pov]ty1 he becomes a c[>d4 ,h[ev] cle>ly ! rec5t innovation ( eat+ "s k9ds ( fi% ) knife & =k proves ! =k-&-bread practice to h _h little b caprice = its basis1 yet he d>es n :olly ignore t practice :ile fa%ion p>tially ma9ta9s x4#d ,?\gh he ?9ks t a silk h&k]*ief is q z appropriate = draw+-room use z a :ite cambric "o1 he is n altoge!r at ease 9 act+ out 8 op9ion4 ,!n1 too1 he beg9s to p]ceive t 8 resi/ance to prescription br+s r\nd disadvantage\s results :i* he _h n calculat$ ^u4 ,he _h expect$ t x w\ld save him f a great deal ( social int]c\rse ( a frivol\s k9d--t x w\ld (f5d ! silly p1 b n ! s5sible p2 & s w\ld s]ve z a self-act+ te/ by :i* ^? wor? kn[+ w\ld be sep>at$ f ^? n wor? kn[+4 ,b ! silly p prove to be s greatly 9 ! majority t1 by (f5d+ !m1 he closes aga9/ himself ne>ly all ! av5ues ?r\gh :i* ! s5sible p are to be rea*$4 ,?us he f9ds1 t 8 noncon=mity is frequ5tly mis9t]pret$2 t !re are b few directions 9 :i* he d>es #dh to c>ry x consi/5tly out2 t ! disadvantages x entails are great] ?an he anticipat$2 & t ! *ances ( 8 do+ any good are v remote4 ,h5ce he gradually loses resolution1 & lapses1 /ep by /ep1 into ! ord9>y r\t9e ( obs]vances4 #d ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ! introduction ( silv] fi%-knives4 ,abortive z individual prote/s ?us g5]ally turn out1 x may possibly be t no?+ effectual w be done until !re arises "s organiz$ resi/ance to ?is invisible despotism1 by :i* our modes & habits are dictat$4 ,x may happ51 t ! gov]nm5t ( ,mann]s & ,fa%ion w be r5d]$ less tyrannical1 z ! political & religi\s gov]nm5ts h be51 by "s antagoni/ic union4 ,alike 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 m5's fir/ emancipations f excesses ( re/riction 7 a*iev$ by numb]s1 b\nd toge!r by a common cre$ or a common political fai?4 ,:at rema9$ undone :ile !re 7 b individual s*ismatics or rebels1 0 effect$ :5 !re came to be _m act+ 9 conc]t4 ,x is tol]ably cle> t ^! e>lie/ in/alm5ts ( fre$om c\ld n h be5 obta9$ 9 any o!r way2 = s long z ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce 0 weak & ! rule /rong1 !re c\ld nev] h be5 a suffici5t numb] ( sep>ate diss5ti5ts to produce ! desir$ results4 ,only 9 ^! lat] times1 dur+ :i* ! secul> & spiritual controls h be5 gr[+ less co]cive1 & ! t5d5cy t[>ds individual lib]ty great]1 has x become possible = small] & small] sects & p>ties to fight aga9/ e/abli%$ cre$s & laws2 until n[ m5 may safely /& ev5 alone 9 _! antagonism4 ,! failure ( individual noncon=mity to cu/oms1 sugge/s t an analog\s s]ies ( *anges may h to be gone ?r\gh 9 ?is case also4 ,x is true t ! lex non scripta diff]s f ! lex scripta 9 ?is1 t1 be+ unwritt51 x is m readily alt]$2 & t x has1 f "t to "t1 be5 quietly ameliorat$4 ,nev]!less1 we %all f9d t ! analogy holds sub/antially good4 ,= 9 ?is case1 z #di 9 ! o!rs1 ! ess5tial revolution is n ! sub/itut+ ( any "o set ( re/ra9ts = any o!r1 b ! limit+ or aboli%+ ! au?ority :i* prescribes re/ra9ts4 ,j z ! fundam5tal *ange inaugurat$ by ! ,re=mation1 0 n a sup]s$+ ( "o cre$ by ano!r1 b an ignor+ ( ! arbit] :o be=e dictat$ cre$s--j z ! fundam5tal *ange :i* ,democracy long ago comm5c$1 0 n f ?is p>ticul> law to t1 b f ! despotism ( "o to ! fre$om ( all2 s1 ! p>allel *ange yet to be wr\ght out 9 ?is supplem5t>y gov]nm5t ( :i* we are treat+1 is n ! replac+ ( absurd usages by s5sible ones1 b ! de?ronem5t ( t p[] :i* n[ imposes our usages1 & ! ass]tion ( ! rights ( individuals to *oose _! own usages4 ,9 rules ( liv+1 a ,we/-end clique is our ,pope2 & we are all papi/s1 ) b a m]e spr9kl+ ( h]etics4 ,on ^? :o decisively rebel1 comes d[n ! p5alty ( excommunication1 ) its long catalogue ( disagreeable &1 inde$1 s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,! lib]ty ( ! subject ass]t$ 9 our con/itution1 & ev] on ! increase1 has yet to be wre/$ f ?is subtl] tyranny4 ,! "r ( private judgm5t1 :i* our ance/ors wrung f ! *ur*1 rema9s to be claim$ f ?is dictator ( our habits4 ,or1 z be=e said1 to free u f ^! idolatries & sup]/iti\s con=mities1 !re has /ill to come a prote/antism 9 social usages4 ,p>allel1 !re=e1 z is ! *ange to be wr\ght out1 x seems n improbable t x may be wr\ght out 9 an analog\s way4 ,t influ5ce :i* solit>y diss5ti5ts fail to ga91 & t p]sev]ance :i* !y lack1 may come into exi/5ce :5 !y unite4 ,t p]secution :i* ! _w n[ visits ^u !m f mi/ak+ _! noncon=mity = ignorance or disrespect1 may dim9i% :5 x is se5 to result f pr9ciple4 ,! p5alty :i* exclusion n[ entails may disappe> :5 !y become num]\s en\gh to =m #ej visit+ circles ( _! own4 ,& :5 a successful /& has be5 made1 & ! brunt ( ! opposition has pass$1 t l>ge am\nt ( secret dislike to our obs]vances :i* n[ p]vades society1 may manife/ itself ) suffici5t p[] to effect ! desir$ emancipation4 ,:e!r su* w be ! process1 "t alone c decide4 ,t community ( orig91 gr[?1 supremacy1 & decad5ce1 :i* we h f\nd among all k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 sugge/s a community 9 modes ( *ange also4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,nature (t5 p]=ms sub/antially simil> op]ations1 9 ways app>5tly diff]5t4 ,h5ce ^! details c nev] be =etold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mean:ile1 let u glance at ! conclusions t h be5 rea*$4 ,on ! "o side1 gov]nm5t1 orig9ally "o1 & aft]w>ds subdivid$ = ! bett] fulfilm5t ( its function1 mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ ev] be51 9 all its bran*es--political1 religi\s1 & c]emonial--b5eficial2 &1 inde$1 absolutely necess>y4 ,on ! o!r side1 gov]nm5t1 "u all its =ms1 mu/ be reg>d$ z subs]v+ an (fice1 made ne$ful by ! unfitness ( aborig9al humanity = social life2 & ! successive dim9utions ( its co]civ5ess 9 ,/ate1 9 ,*ur*1 & 9 ,cu/om1 mu/ be look$ ^u accompany+ ! increas+ adaptation ( humanity to its conditions4 ,to complete ! conception1 !re requires to be borne 9 m9d ! ?ird fact1 t ! g5esis1 ! ma9t5ance1 & ! decl9e ( all gov]nm5ts1 h[ev] nam$1 are alike br\ght ab\t by ! humanity to be controll$2 f :i* may be drawn ! inf]5ce t1 on ! av]age1 re/rictions ( e k9d _c la/ mu* long] ?an !y are want$1 & _c be de/roy$ mu* fa/] ?an !y ought to be4 ,society1 9 all its developm5ts1 und]goes ! process ( exuviation4 ,^! old =ms :i* x successively ?r[s (f1 h all be5 once vitally unit$ ) x--h sev]ally s]v$ z ! protective envelopes )9 :i* a high] humanity #ea 0 be+ evolv$4 ,!y are ca/ aside only :5 !y become h9drances--only :5 "s inn] & bett] envelope has be5 =m$2 & !y bequea? to u all t !re 0 9 !m ( good4 ,! p]iodical abolitions ( tyrannical laws h left ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice n only un9jur$1 b purifi$4 ,dead & buri$ cre$s h n c>ri$ ) !m ! ess5tial morality !y conta9$1 :i* /ill exi/s1 uncontam9at$ by ! sl\ghs ( sup]/ition4 ,& all t !re is ( ju/ice & k9dness & beauty1 embodi$ 9 our cumbr\s =ms ( etiquette1 w live p]5nially :5 ! =ms !mselves h be5 =gott54 #eb ,,railway ,,morals ,,& ,,railway ,,policy4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review = ,octob] #ahed4 ,believ]s 9 ! intr9sic virtues ( political =ms1 might draw an in/ructive lesson f ! politics ( our railways4 ,if !re ne$s a conclusive pro( t ! mo/ c>efully-fram$ con/itutions are wor?less1 unless !y be embodim5ts ( ! popul> "*--if !re ne$s a conclusive pro(1 t gov]nm5tal arrangem5ts 9 advance ( ! "t w inevitably lapse into congruity ) ! "t2 su* pro( may be f\nd ov] & ov] aga9 repeat$ 9 ! curr5t hi/ory ( jo9t-/ock ent]prises4 ,z devis$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ! adm9i/rations ( our public companies are almo/ purely democratic4 ,! repres5tative sy/em is c>ri$ out 9 !m ) sc>cely a *eck4 ,%>ehold]s elect _! directors1 directors _! *airman2 !re is an annual retirem5t ( a c]ta9 proportion ( memb]s ( ! bo>d1 giv+ facilities = sup]s$+ !m2 &1 by ?is means1 ! :ole rul+ body may be *ang$ 9 p]iods v>y+ f ?ree to five ye>s4 ,yet1 n only are ! *>act]i/ic vices ( our political /ate reproduc$ 9 ea* ( ^! m]cantile corporations--"s ev5 9 an int5s] degree--b ! v =m ( gov]nm5t1 :ile rema9+ nom9ally democratic1 is sub/antially s remodell$ z to become a m9iature ( our national con/itution4 ,! direction1 ceas+ to fulfil its !ory z a #ec c\ncil =m$ ( memb]s :o possess equal p[]s1 falls "u ! control ( "s "o memb] ( sup]ior cunn+1 w1 or weal?1 to :om ! majority become s subord9ate1 t ! decision on e "q dep5ds on ! c\rse he takes4 ,proprietors1 in/ead ( con/antly ex]cis+ _! fran*ise1 all[ x to become on all ord9>y occasions a dead lett]4 ,retir+ directors are s habitually re-elect$ )\t opposition1 & h s great a p[] ( insur+ _! own election :5 oppos$1 t ! bo>d becomes practically a close body2 & x is only :5 ! misgov]nm5t gr[s extreme en\gh to produce a revolution>y agitation among ! %>ehold]s1 t any *ange c be effect$4 ,?us1 a mixture ( ! mon>*ic1 ! ari/ocratic1 & ! democratic elem5ts1 is repeat$ ) su* modifications only z ! circum/ances involve4 ,! modes ( action1 too1 are sub/antially ! same2 save 9 ?is1 t ! copy outruns ! orig9al4 ,?reats ( resignation1 :i* m9i/ries hold out 9 extreme cases1 are commonly made by railway-bo>ds to /ave (f disagreeable inquiries4 ,by no means reg>d+ !mselves z s]vants ( ! %>ehold]s1 directors rebel aga9/ dictation f !m2 & con/rue any am5dm5t to _! proposals into a vote ( want ( confid5ce4 ,at half-ye>ly meet+s1 disagreeable criticisms & objections are met by ! *airman ) ! rem>k1 t if ! %>ehold]s _c tru/ 8 colleagues & himself1 !y _h bett] *oose o!rs4 ,) mo/1 ?is assumption ( (f5d$ dignity tells2 &1 "u fe> t ! company's int]e/s may suff] f any di/urbance1 measures q at v>iance ) ! wi%es ( ! propriet>y are all[$ to be c>ri$4 ,! p>allel holds yet fur!r4 ,if x be true ( national adm9i/rations1 t ^? 9 p[] h ! support ( public employs2 x is n less true ( incorporat$ companies1 t ! directors are aid$ by ! (ficials 9 _! /ruggles ) %>ehold]s4 ,if1 9 times pa/1 !re h be5 m9i/ries :o sp5t public money to secure p>ty ends2 !re are1 9 #ed times pres5t1 railway-bo>ds :o use ! funds ( ! %>ehold]s to defeat ! %>ehold]s4 ,nay1 ev5 9 detail1 ! simil>ity is ma9ta9$4 ,l _! prototype1 jo9t-/ock companies h _! exp5sive election conte/s1 manag$ by election committees1 employ+ election ag5ts2 !y h _! canvass+ ) its sundry illegitimate accompanim5ts2 !y h _! occasional manufacture ( fraudul5t votes4 ,&1 z a g5]al result1 t class-legislation1 :i* has be5 habitually *>g$ aga9/ /atesm51 is n[ habitually display$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ^! trad+ associations3 con/itut$ ?\gh !y are on purely repres5tative pr9ciples4 ,^! la/ ass]tions w surprise n a few4 ,! g5]al public :o nev] see a railway-j\rnal1 & :o skip ! reports ( half-ye>ly meet+s :i* appe> 9 ! daily pap]s1 are "u ! impression t di%one/ies l ^? gigantic ones s notori\s dur+ ! mania1 are no long] committ$4 ,!y d n =get ! do+s ( /ags & /ock-jobb]s & runaway-directors4 ,!y rememb] h[ m5-(-/raw held %>es am\nt+ to #ajj1jjj1 & ev5 #bjj1jjj2 h[ num]\s directorates 7 fill$ by ! same p]sons--"o hav+ a seat at tw5ty-?ree bo>ds2 h[ subscription-contracts 7 made up ) signatures b\ght at #ajs & ev5 #ds ea*1 & port]s & err&-boys made !mselves liable = #cj1jjj & #dj1jjj a-piece4 ,!y c n>rate h[ bo>ds kept _! books 9 ciph]1 made false regi/ries1 & refra9$ f record+ _! proce$+s 9 m9ute-books2 h[ 9 "o company1 half-a-million ( capital 0 put d[n to unreal names2 h[ 9 ano!r1 directors b\ght = acc\nt m %>es ?an !y issu$1 & s =c$ up ! price2 & h[ 9 _m o!rs1 !y repur*as$ = ! company _! own %>es1 pay+ !mselves ) ! depositors' money4 ,b1 ?\gh m or less aw>e ( ! iniquities :i* h be5 practis$1 ! g5]ality ?9k ( !m solely z ! accompanim5ts #ee ( bubble s*emes4 ,m rec5t ent]prises !y "k to h be5 bon fide ones1 mo/ly c>ri$ out by old-e/abli%$ companies2 & kn[+ ?is1 !y d n suspect t 9 ! gett+-up ( bran* l9es & ext5sions1 !re are *ican]ies ne> ak9 to ^? ( ,capel ,c\rt2 & q z disa/r\s 9 _! ultimate results4 ,associat+ ! ideas ( weal? & respectability1 & habitually us+ respectability z synonym\s ) morality1 x seems to !m incr$ible t _m ( ! l>ge capitali/s & m5 ( /ation :o adm9i/] railway affairs1 %\ld be guilty ( indirectly enri*+ !mselves at ! exp5se ( _! con/itu5ts4 ,true1 !y occasionally meet ) a law-report disclos+ "s enorm\s fraud2 or read a ,times lead]1 *>act]is+ directorial acts 9 t]ms :i* are held libell\s4 ,b !y reg>d ! cases ?us br\ght to light z entirely exceptional2 &1 "u t feel+ ( loyalty :i* ev] idealises m5 9 au?ority1 !y con/antly t5d t[>ds ! conviction1 if n t directors c d no wrong1 yet t !y are v unlikely to d wrong4 ,a hi/ory ( railway managem5t & railway intrigue1 h[ev]1 w\ld quickly undeceive !m4 ,9 su* a hi/ory1 ! tricks ( projectors & ! my/]ies ( ! %>e-m>ket w\ld occupy less space ?an ! analysis ( ! multi=m di%one/ies :i* h be5 committ$ s9ce #ahde1 & ! g5esis ( t elaborate sy/em ( tactics by :i* companies are betray$ into ru9\s und]tak+s :i* b5efit ! few at ! co/ ( ! _m4 ,su* a hi/ory w\ld n only h to detail ! do+s ( ! p]sonage fam$ = 8mak+ ?+s pleasant20 nor w\ld x h m]ely to add ! misde$s ( 8 colleagues2 b x w\ld h to describe ! k9dr$ corruptness ( o!r railway adm9i/rations4 ,f ! publi%$ report ( an inve/igation-committee1 x w\ld be %[n h[1 n _m ye>s s9ce1 ! directors ( "o ( our l9es allott$ among !mselves #ae1jjj new %>es !n at a premium 9 ! #ef m>ket2 h[ to pay ! deposits on ^! %>es !y us$ ! company's funds2 & h[ "o ( _! numb] ?us accommodat$ himself 9 meet+ bo? deposits & calls to ! ext5t ( m ?an #hj1jjj4 ,we %\ld read 9 x ( "o railway *airman :o1 ) ! secret>y's connivance1 reta9$ %>es exce$+ a qu>t] ( a million 9 am\nt1 int5d+ to claim !m z 8 allotm5t if !y rose to a premium2 & :o1 z !y did n d s1 left !m z unissu$ %>es on ! h&s ( ! proprietors1 to _! va/ loss4 ,we %\ld also read 9 x ( directors :o made loans to !mselves out ( ! company's float+ balances at a l[ rate ( int]e/1 :5 ! m>ket rate 0 high2 & :o paid !mselves l>g] sal>ies ?an ^? assign$3 ent]+ ! diff]5ce 9 an obscure corn] ( ! l$g] "u ! head ( 8petty disbursem5ts40 ,!re w\ld be a description ( ! manuvres by :i* a del9qu5t bo>d1 "u imp5d+ inve/igation1 gets a fav\rable committee nom9at$--8a :itewa%+ committee40 ,!re w\ld be docum5ts %[+ t ! proxies enabl+ bo>ds to c>ry conte/$ measures1 h 9 "s cases be5 obta9$ by g>bl$ /atem5ts2 &1 aga91 t proxies giv5 = a specifi$ purpose h be5 us$ = o!r purposes4 ,"o ( our companies w\ld be prov$ to h project$ a l9e1 s]v+ z a fe$]1 = :i* x obta9$ %>ehold]s by (f]+ a gu>ante$ divid5d1 :i*1 ?\gh und]/ood by ! public to be unconditional1 0 really cont+5t ^u a condition n likely to be fulfill$4 ,! manag]s ( ano!r company w\ld be convict$ ( hav+ c>ri$ p>ty measures by ! aid ( pref]5ce-%>es /&+ 9 ! names ( /ation-ma/]s2 & ( be+ aid$ by ! proxies ( ! secret>y's *ildr5 too "y to write4 ,t ! corruptions "h glanc$ at are n exceptional evils1 b result f "s deep-seat$ vice 9 our sy/em ( railway-gov]nm5t1 is suffici5tly prov$ by ! fact1 t not)/&+ ! fall+ ( railway-divid5ds #eg produc$ by ! ext5sion policy1 t policy has be5 ye> aft] ye> cont9u$4 ,does any tradesman1 :o1 hav+ enl>g$ 8 %op1 f9ds a proportionate dim9ution 9 8 rate ( pr(its1 g on1 ev5 "u ! /imulus ( competition1 mak+ fur!r enl>gem5ts at ! risk ( fur!r dim9utions8 ,does any m]*ant1 h[ev] /rong 8 desire to take away an oppon5t's m>kets1 make successive mortgages on 8 capital1 & pay = ea* sum ?us rais$ a high] int]e/ ?an he ga9s by trad+ ) x8 ,yet ?is c\rse1 s absurd t no "o w\ld insult a private individual by ask+ him to foll[ x1 is ! c\rse :i* railway-bo>ds1 at meet+ aft] meet+1 p]suade _! cli5ts to pursue4 ,s9ce #ahde1 :5 ! divid5ds ( our lead+ l9es rang$ f #h to #aj p] c5t41 !y h1 not)/&+ an ev]-gr[+ traffic1 fall5 f #aj p] c5t4 to #e1 f #h to #d1 f #i to #c #a_/d2 & yet ! sy/em ( ext5sions1 leases1 & gu>antees1 notori\sly ! cause ( ?is1 has be5 ye> by ye> p]sev]$ 94 ,is !re n some?+ ne$+ explanation "h--some?+ m ?an ! _w is all[$ to see8 ,if !re be any "o to :om ! broad fact ( ob/9ate p]si/5ce 9 unpr(itable exp5diture does n alone c>ry ! conviction t s9i/] influ5ces are at "w1 let him read ! s$uctive /atem5ts by :i* %>ehold]s are l$ to au?orize new projects1 & !n comp>e ^! ) ! prov$ results4 ,let him look at ! e/imat$ co/1 anticipat$ traffic1 & calculat$ divid5d on "s propos$ bran* l9e2 let him obs]ve h[ ! propriet>y be=e :om ! s*eme is laid1 are induc$ to approve x z promis+ a fair return2 & !n let him contemplate1 9 ! result+ depreciation ( /ock1 ! ext5t ( _! loss4 ,is !re any avoid+ ! inf]5ce8 ,railway-%>ehold]s c nev] h habitually vot$ = new und]tak+s :i* !y knew w\ld be injuri\s to !m4 ,e "o kn[s1 h[ev]1 t ^! new und]tak+s h almo/ uni=mly prov$ injuri\s to !m4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 railway-%>ehold]s h be5 #eh cont9ually delud$ by false repres5tations4 ,! only possible escape f ?is conclusion is 9 ! belief t bo>ds & _! (fic]s h be5 !mselves deceiv$2 & 7 ! discrepancies betwe5 promises & results occasional only1 !re w\ld be gr\nds = ?is l5i5t int]pretation4 ,b to suppose t a railway-gov]nm5t %\ld repeat$ly make su* mi/akes1 & yet ga9 no wisdom f disa/r\s exp]i5ces--%\ld aft] a doz5 disappo9tm5ts aga9 mislead half-ye>ly meet+s by bright anticipations into d>k realities1 & all 9 good fai?--taxes cr$ulity some:at too f>4 ,ev51 !n1 7 !re no demon/rat$ iniquities to r\se suspicion1 we ?9k t ! cont9u\s depreciation 9 ! value ( railway-/ock1 ! det]m9$ p]sev]ance ( bo>ds 9 ! policy :i* has produc$ ?is depreciation1 & ! prov$ untru? ( ! /atem5ts by :i* !y h induc$ %>ehold]s to sanction ?is policy1 w\ld ( !mselves suffice to %[ ! vici\sness ( railway-adm9i/ration4 ,t ! exi/+ evils1 & ! causes conspir+ to produce !m1 may be bett] und]/ood1 x w be ne$ful to glance at ! mode 9 :i* ! sy/em ( ext5sions grew up4 ,e>lie/ among ! inc5tives to x 0 a feel+ ( rivalry4 ,ev5 :ile yet _! ma9 l9es 7 unf9i%$1 a conte/ = supremacy arose betwe5 our two greate/ companies4 ,?is pres5tly g5]at$ a confirm$ antagonism2 & ! same impulse :i* 9 election conte/s has sometimes entail$ ! squ&]+ ( a =tune to ga9 a victory1 has l>gely aid$ to make ea* ( ^! great rivals submit to repeat$ sacrifices r ?an be beat54 ,feuds ( l nature are 9 o!r cases p]petually prompt+ bo>ds to make aggressions on ea* o!r's t]ritories--e attack on ! "o side lead+ to a reprisal on ! o!r2 & s viol5t is ! ho/ility occasionally produc$1 t directors might be po9t$ out ^: votes are :olly det]m9$ by ! desire to be rev5g$ on _! oppon5ts4 #ei ,among ! fir/ me?ods us$ by lead+ companies to /r5g!n !mselves & weak5 _! competitors1 0 ! leas+ or pur*ase ( subord9ate neighb\r+ l9es4 ,( c\rse ^? to :om ov]tures 7 made1 obta9$ bids f bo? sides2 & x naturally result$ t ! fir/ sales ?us effect$1 be+ at prices f> above ! real values1 br\ght great pr(its to ! sell]s4 ,:at result$8 ,a few recurr5ces ( ?is proce$+1 made x cle> to quick-witt$ speculators1 t con/ruct+ l9es s circum/anc$ z to be bid = by compet+ companies1 w\ld be a lucrative policy4 ,%>ehold]s :o _h once pocket$ ^! l>ge & easily-made ga9s1 7 eag] to repeat ! process2 & ca/ ab\t = di/ricts 9 :i* x might be done4 ,ev5 ! directors ( ! companies by :om ^! high prices 7 giv51 7 "u ! temptation to aid 9 ?is2 = x 0 manife/ to !m t by obta9+ a l>g] int]e/ 9 any su* new und]tak+ ?an !y possess$ 9 ! pur*as+ company1 & by us+ _! influ5ce 9 ! pur*as+ company to obta9 a good price or gu>antee = ! new und]tak+1 a great advantage w\ld be ga9$4 ,t ?is motive has be5 l>gely op]ative1 railway hi/ory abundantly proves4 ,once comm5c$1 sundry o!r influ5ces conspir$ to /imulate ?is mak+ ( fe$]s & ext5sions4 ,! non-closure ( capital-acc\nts r5d]$ possible ! 8cook+0 ( divid5ds1 :i* 0 at "o p]iod c>ri$ to a great ext5t4 ,exp5diture t %\ld h be5 *>g$ aga9/ rev5ue 0 *>g$ aga9/ capital2 works & roll+ /ock 7 all[$ to g unrepair$1 or insuffici5t additions made to !m1 by :i* means ! curr5t exp5ses 7 r5d]$ delusively small2 long-cr$it agreem5ts ) contractors p]mitt$ sundry disbursem5ts t _h virtually be5 made1 to be kept out ( ! acc\nts2 & ?us ! net returns 7 made to appe> great] ?an !y really 74 ,naturally new und]tak+s put be=e ! money$ _w by companies ^: /ock & divid5ds _h be5 ?us artificially rais$1 #fj 7 receiv$ ) proportionate fav\r4 ,"u ! pre/ige ( _! p>5tage _! %>es came out at high premiums1 br++ l>ge pr(its to ! projectors4 ,! h9t 0 soon tak52 & x pres5tly became an e/abli%$ policy1 "u ! auspices ( a prosp]ity ei!r real or mock1 to get up ^! subsidi>y l9es--8calves10 z !y 7 call$ 9 ! slang ( ! initiat$--& to traffic 9 ! premiums _! %>es comm&$4 ,mean:ile _h be5 develop+1 a second>y set ( influ5ces :i* also contribut$ to fo/] unwise ent]prises2 namely1 ! bus9ess int]e/s ( ! lawy]s1 eng9e]s1 contractors1 & o!rs directly or indirectly employ$ 9 railway con/ruction4 ,! ways ( gett+ up & c>ry+ new s*emes1 c\ld n fail1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 to become famili> to all conc]n$2 & !re c\ld n fail to gr[ up among !m a sy/em ( conc]t$ tactics = a*iev+ _! common end4 ,?us1 p>tly f ! jeal\sy ( rival bo>ds1 p>tly f ! gre$9ess ( %>ehold]s 9 pur*as$ l9es1 p>tly f ! di%one/ s*em+s ( directors1 p>tly f ! manuvres ( ^? ^: occupation x is to c>ry out ! projects legally au?oriz$1 p>tly1 & p]haps ma9ly1 f ! delusive appe>ance ( prosp]ity ma9ta9$ by _m e/abli%$ companies1 !re came ! wild speculations ( #ahdd & #ahde4 ,! consequ5t disa/]s1 :ile !y pretty well de/roy$ ! la/ ( ^! inc5tives1 left ! re/ mu* z !y 74 ,?\gh ! pa9fully-undeceiv$ public h ceas$ to aid z !y once did1 ! v>i\s private int]e/s t _h gr[n up h s9ce be5 work+ toge!r z be=e--h develop$ _! me?ods ( co-op]ation into /ill m complex & subtle =ms2 & are ev5 n[ daily ?ru/+ un=tunate %>ehold]s into los+ und]tak+s4 ,be=e proce$+ to analyze ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 h[ev]1 we w\ld h x cle>ly und]/ood t we d n suppose ^? implicat$ to be on ! av]age morally l[] ?an ! community at l>ge4 ,m5 tak5 at r&om #fa f any class1 w\ld1 9 all probability1 behave mu* 9 ! same way :5 plac$ 9 l positions4 ,!re are unque/ionably directors grossly di%one/4 ,unque/ionably also !re are o!rs ^: /&>d ( hon\r is f> high] ?an t ( mo/ p]sons4 ,& = ! rema9d]1 !y are1 d\btless1 z good z ! mass4 ,( ! eng9e]s1 p>liam5t>y ag5ts1 lawy]s1 contractors1 & o!rs conc]n$1 x may be admitt$ t ?\gh cu/om has induc$ laxity ( pr9ciple1 yet !y w\ld be h>%ly judg$ 7 ! transactions :i* may be record$ aga9/ !m1 us$ z te/s4 ,^? :o d n see h[ 9 ^! involv$ affairs1 bad de$s may be wr\ght out by m5 n correspond+ly bad1 w readily d s on consid]+ all ! conditions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! famili> fact t ! corporate consci5ce is inf]ior to ! individual consci5ce--t a body ( m5 w commit z a jo9t act1 t :i* ea* "o ( !m w\ld %r9k f1 did he feel p]sonally responsible4 ,& x may be rem>k$ t n only is ! conduct ( a corporate body ?us comp>atively lax1 b also ! conduct t[>ds "o4 ,!re is ev] a m or less di/9ct p]ception1 t a broad-back$ company sc>cely feels :at w\ld be ru9\s to a private p]son2 & ?is p]ception is 9 con/ant op]ation on all railway-bo>ds & _! employs1 z well z on all contractors1 l&[n]s1 & o!rs conc]n$3 lead+ !m to %[ a want ( pr9ciple =eign to _! g5]al behavi\r4 ,aga91 ! indirectness & remot5ess ( ! evils produc$1 greatly weak5 ! re/ra9ts on wrongdo+4 ,m5's actions are proximately caus$ by m5tal repres5tations ( ! results to be anticipat$2 & ! decisions come to1 l>gely dep5d on ! vividness ) :i* ^! results c be imag9$4 ,a consequ5ce1 good or bad1 t is imm$iate & cle>ly appreh5d$1 influ5ces conduct f> m pot5tly ?an a consequ5ce t has to be trac$ ?r\gh a long *a9 ( actions or influ5ces1 &1 z ev5tually rea*$1 is n a p>ticul> & #fb readily conceivable "o1 b a g5]al & vaguely conceivable "o4 ,h5ce1 9 railway affairs1 a que/ionable %>e-transaction1 an exorbitant *>ge1 a proce$+ :i* br+s great individual advantage )\t app>5tly injur+ any "o1 & :i*1 ev5 if trac$ to its ultimate results1 c b v circuit\sly affect unkn[n p]sons liv+ no "o kn[s :]e1 may be br\ght home to m5 :o1 c\ld ! results be embodi$ be=e !m1 w\ld be %ock$ at ! cruel inju/ices !y _h committ$--m5 :o 9 _! private bus9ess1 :]e ! results c be ?us embodi$1 are suffici5tly equitable4 ,fur!r1 x requires to be not$ t mo/ ( ^! great del9qu5cies are ascribable n to ! extreme di%one/y ( any "o man or gr\p ( m51 b to ! comb9$ self-int]e/ ( _m m5 & gr\ps ( m51 ^: m9or del9qu5cies are cumulative4 ,mu* z a /ory :i*1 pass+ f m\? to m\?1 & receiv+ a slight exagg]ation at ea* repetition1 comes r\nd to ! orig9al n>rator 9 a =m sc>cely to be recognis$2 s1 by a little improp] influ5ce on ! "p ( l&[n]s1 a little fav\ritism on ! "p ( memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 a little intrigu+ ( lawy]s1 a little manuvr+ by contractors & eng9e]s1 a little self-seek+ on ! "p ( directors1 a little "u-/atem5t ( e/imates & ov]-/atem5t ( traffic1 a little magnify+ ( ! evils to be avoid$ & ! b5efits to be ga9$--x happ5s t %>ehold]s are betray$ into ru9\s und]tak+s by grossly untrue repres5tations1 )\t any "o be+ guilty ( m ?an a small portion ( ! fraud4 ,be>+ 9 m9d !n1 ! comp>ative laxity ( ! corporate consci5ce2 ! diffusion & remot5ess ( ! evils :i* malpractices produce2 & ! composite orig9 ( ^! malpractices2 x becomes possible to und]/& h[1 9 railway affairs1 gigantic di%one/ies c be p]petrat$ by m5 :o1 on ! av]age1 are little if at all bel[ ! g5]ality 9 moral "*4 ,) ?is prelim9>y mitigation we proce$ to detail ! #fc v>i\s illegitimate influ5ces by :i* ^! seem+ly insane ext5sions & ?is cont9ual squ&]+ ( %>ehold]s' prop]ty are br\ght ab\t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,conspicu\s among ^! is ! self-int]e/ ( l&[n]s4 ,once ! greate/ ob/acles to railway ent]prise1 own]s ( e/ates h ( late ye>s be5 among its *ief promot]s4 ,s9ce ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] l9e 0 fir/ defeat$ by l&$ opposition1 & succe$$ ) its second bill only by keep+ out ( sight ( all mansions1 & avoid+ game pres]ves--s9ce ! "t :5 ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,company1 aft] see+ _! project ?r[n out by a committee ( pe]s :o ignor$ ! evid5ce1 _h to 8conciliate0 oppon5ts by rais+ ! e/imate = l& f #bej1jjj to #gej1jjj--s9ce ! "t :5 ,p>liam5t>y c\nsel ju/ifi$ resi/ance by ! flimsie/ excuses1 ev5 to reproa*+ eng9e]s ) hav+ 8trodd5 d[n ! corn ( wid[s0 & 8de/roy$ ! /rawb]ry-b$s ( g>d5]s0--s9ce !n1 a m>k$ *ange ( policy has tak5 place4 ,nor 0 x 9 human nature t x %\ld be o!rwise4 ,:5 x became kn[n t railway-companies commonly paid = 8l& & comp5sation10 sums v>y+ f #djjj to #hjjj p] mile2 t m5 7 indemnifi$ = suppos$ injury to _! prop]ty1 by sums s inord9ate t ! great] "p has be5 kn[n to be return$ by ! heir z consci5ce-money2 t 9 "o case #abj1jjj 0 giv5 = l& said to be wor? b #ejjj--:5 x 0 nois$ abroad t l>ge bonuses 9 ! %ape ( pref]5ce %>es & ! l1 7 grant$ to buy (f opposition--:5 x came to be an e/abli%$ fact t e/ates are greatly enhanc$ 9 value by ! proximity ( railways2 x is n surpris+ t c\ntry g5tlem5 %\ld h become active fri5ds ( s*emes to :i* !y 7 once ! bitt]e/ enemies4 ,on consid]+ ! _m temptations1 we %all see no?+ wond]ful 9 ! fact t 9 #ahde !y 7 zeal\s #fd provisional committee-m52 nor 9 ! fact t _! influ5ce z promot]s enabl$ !m to get l>ge sums = _! own acres4 ,if we are told ( squires solicit+ int]views ) ! eng9e] ( a project$ railway2 prompt+ him to take _! side ( ! c\ntry2 promis+ support if he did1 & ?reat5+ opposition if he did n2 dictat+ ! c\rse to be foll[$ ?r\gh _! doma9s2 & h9t+ t a good price w\ld be expect$2 we are simply told ( ! special modes 9 :i* c]ta9 private int]e/s %[ !mselves4 ,if we he> ( an ext5sive l&[n] us+ 8 influ5ce z *airman ( a bo>d ( directors1 to project a bran* runn+ = _m miles ?r\gh 8 own e/ate1 & putt+ 8 company to ! co/ ( a p>liam5t>y conte/ to c>ry ?is l9e2 we he> only ( t :i* 0 likely to occur "u su* circum/ances4 ,if we f9d n[ be=e ! public1 a l9e propos$ by a l>ge capitali/1 s]v+ among o!r ends to effect desirable communications ) 8 prop]ty1 & ! e/imates = :i* l9e1 ?\gh consid]$ by ! eng9e]+ _w insuffici5t1 are alleg$ by him to be ample2 we h b a m>k$ case ( ! di/ort$ repres5tations :i* "u su* conditions self-int]e/ is sure to eng5d]4 ,if we discov] ( ?is or t s*eme1 t x 0 got up by ! local nobility & g5try--t !y employ$ to make ! survey a ?ird-rate eng9e]1 :o 0 ready 9 anticipation ( future b5efit to d ?is = 8 b>e exp5ses--t pr9cipals & ag5t we>i$ ! directors ( an adjac5t trunk-l9e to take up _! project2 ?reat5$ t if !y did n _! great rival w\ld2 al>m$ !m into concession2 ask$ = a contribution to _! exp5ses2 & w\ld h ga9$ all ^! po9ts b = %>ehold]s' resi/ance--we d b discov] ! organiz$ tactics :i*1 9 c\rse ( "t1 naturally gr[ up "u su* /imuli4 ,x is n t ^! facts are p>ticul>ly rem>kable4 ,f ! gross in/ance ( ! l&[n] :o ask$ #hjjj = t :i* he ev5tually accept$ #hj =1 d[n to ! #fe e-day in/ances ( influ5ce us$ to get railway accommodation = ! neighb\rhood1 ! acts ( ! l&$ class are simply manife/ations ( ! av]age "* act+ "u special conditions4 ,all t x n[ behoves u to notice1 is1 t we h "h a l>ge & p[]ful body ^: int]e/s are ev] press+ on railway ext5sion1 irrespective ( its intr9sic propriety4 ,! great *ange 9 ! attitude ( ! ,legislature t[>ds railways1 f 8! extreme ( det]m9$ rejection or dilatory acquiesc5ce1 to ! opposite extreme ( unlimit$ concession10 0 simultane\s ) ! *ange above describ$4 ,x c\ld n well fail to be s4 ,supply+1 z ! l&[n+ community does1 s l>ge a portion ( bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! play ( private int]e/s se5 9 ! fir/1 repeats itself 9 ! la/ "u modifi$ =ms1 & complicat$ by o!r influ5ces4 ,rememb]+ ! ext5t to :i* legislators 7 !mselves implicat$ 9 ! speculations ( ! mania1 x is unlikely t !y %\ld s9ce h be5 free f p]sonal bias4 ,a return prov$1 t 9 #ahde !re 7 #aeg memb]s ( ,p>liam5t ^: names 7 on ! regi/]s ( new companies = sums v>y+ f #bia1jjj d[nw>ds4 ,! support]s ( new projects boa/$ ( ! numb]s ( votes !y c\ld comm& 9 ! ,h\se4 ,memb]s 7 p]sonally canvass$1 & pe]s 7 solicit$4 ,x 0 publicly compla9$ 9 ! upp] *amb]1 t 8x 0 ne>ly impossible to br+ toge!r a jury1 "s memb]s ( :i* 7 n int]e/$ 9 ! railway !y 7 ab\t to assess40 ,d\btless ?is /ate ( ?+s 0 9 a great degree exceptional2 & !re has s9ce be5 n only a dim9ution ( ! temptations1 b a m>k$ increase ( equitable feel+4 ,/ill1 x is n to be expect$ t private int]e/s %\ld cease to act4 ,x is n to be expect$ t a l&[n] :o1 out ( ,p>liam5t1 ex]ts himself to get a railway = 8 di/rict1 %\ld1 :5 9 ,p>liam5t1 n employ ! p[] 8 new position gives him to ! same #ff end4 ,x is n to be expect$ t ! accumulation ( su* individual actions %\ld leave ! legislative policy un*ang$4 ,h5ce ! fact1 t ! influ5ce once us$ to ?r[ out railway bills is n[ us$ to c>ry !m4 ,h5ce ! fact1 t railway committees no long] require a good traffic case to be made out 9 ju/ification = ! p[]s ask$4 ,h5ce ! fact1 t railway directors hav+ seats 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 are induc$ to pl$ge _! companies to c>ry out ext5sions4 ,we c\ld "n a memb] ( ,p>liam5t :o1 hav+ b\ght an e/ate fitly situat$1 (f]$ to an eng9e]1 also 9 ,p>liam5t1 ! mak+ ( a railway runn+ ?r\gh x2 & hav+ obta9$ ! ,act 79 do+ :i* ! influ5ce ( himself & 8 fri5d 0 ( c\rse useful71 pitt$ ?ree railway companies aga9/ ea* o!r = ! pur*ase ( x4 ,we c\ld "n ano!r memb] ( ,p>liam5t :o1 hav+ project$ & obta9$ p[]s = an ext5sion ?r\gh 8 prop]ty1 induc$ ! directors ( ! ma9 l9e1 ) :om he _h great influ5ce1 to subscribe half ! capital = 8 ext5sion1 to "w x = fifty p] c5t4 ( ! gross receipts1 & to give up all traffic br\ght by x on to ! ma9 l9e until he receiv$ f\r p] c5t4 on 8 capital2 :i* 0 tantam\nt to a f\r p] c5t4 gu>antee4 ,b x is n only1 nor inde$ ma9ly1 f directly p]sonal motives t legislators h ( late ye>s unduly fo/]$ railway ent]prises4 ,indirectly p]sonal motives ( v>i\s k9ds h be5 l>gely op]ative4 ,! wi% to satisfy con/itu5ts has be5 "o4 ,inhabitants ( an unaccommodat$ di/rict1 are naturally urg5t ) _! repres5tatives to help !m to a l9e4 ,n unfrequ5tly su* repres5tatives are consci\s t _! next elections may p]haps turn ^u _! successful response to ?is appeal4 ,ev5 :5 !re is no popul> pressure !re is ! pressure ( _! lead+ political support]s--( l>ge l&hold]s :om x w n d to neglect2 ( local lawy]s1 important z electione]+ fri5ds1 to :om a railway always br+s #fg bus9ess4 ,?us1 )\t hav+ imm$iately private ends1 memb]s ( ,p>liam5t are (t5 almo/ co]c$ into urg+ =w>d s*emes :i*1 f a national po9t ( view1 or f a %>ehold]'s po9t ( view1 are v unwise ones4 ,!n !re come ! /ill less direct /imuli4 ,:]e nei!r p]sonal nor political ends are to be ga9$1 !re are /ill ! int]e/s ( a relative to be subs]v$2 or1 if n ^? ( a relative1 /ill ^? ( a fri5d4 ,& :]e !re is no decid$ impulse to ! contr>y1 ^! motives1 ( c\rse1 h _! weight4 ,moreov]1 x requires 9 fairness to be said1 t possess$ z mo/ memb]s ( ,p>liam5t are1 ) ! belief t all railway-mak+ is nationally b5eficial1 !re exi/ 9 _! m9ds few or no reasons = resi/+ ! influ5ces br\ght to be> on !m4 ,true1 %>ehold]s may be injur$2 b t is _! own affair4 ,! public w be bett] s]v$2 con/itu5ts w be satisfi$2 fri5ds w be pleas$2 p]haps private ends ga9$3 & "u "s or all ( ^! inc5tives1 affirmative votes are readily giv54 ,?us1 f ! ,legislature also1 !re has ( late ye>s proce$$ a factiti\s /imulus to railway ext5sions4 ,f ,p>liam5t to ,p>liam5t>y ag5ts1 & ! g5]al body ( lawy]s conc]n$ 9 railway ent]prise1 is a ready transition4 ,) ^!1 ! gett+ up & c>ry+ ( new l9es & bran*es is a matt] ( bus9ess4 ,:oev] traces ! process ( obta9+ a railway ,act1 or consid]s ! numb] ( legal transactions involv$ 9 ! execution ( railway works1 or notes ! l>ge sums t figure 9 half-ye>ly reports "u ! head ( 8law *>ges20 w at once see h[ /rong are ! temptations :i* a new project holds out to solicitors1 conveyanc]s1 & c\nsel4 ,x has be5 %[n t 9 pa/ ye>s1 p>liam5t>y exp5ses h v>i$ f #fej to #cjjj p] mile2 ( :i* a l>ge proportion has gone into ! pockets ( ! pr(ession4 ,9 "o conte/1 #eg1jjj 0 sp5t among six c\nsel & tw5ty solicitors4 ,at a late #fh meet+ ( "o ( our companies x 0 po9t$ out1 t ! sum exp5d$ 9 legal & p>liam5t>y exp5ses dur+ n9e ye>s1 _h rea*$ #dhj1jjj2 or _h av]ag$ #ec1ejj a-ye>4 ,) ^! & scores ( l facts be=e !m1 x w\ld be /range did n s acute a body ( m5 z lawy]s use vigor\s ef=ts & sagaci\s devices to promote fre% ent]prises4 ,inde$1 if we look back at ! proce$+s ( #ahde1 we %all suspect1 n only t lawy]s are /ill ! active promot]s ( fre% ent]prises1 b (t5 ! orig9ators ( !m4 ,_m h he>d h[ 9 ^? excit$ times ! projects daily ann\nc$ 7 n uncommonly set afloat by local solicitors--h[ ^! look$ ov] maps to see :]e plausible l9es c\ld be sket*$ out--h[ !y canvass$ ! local g5try to obta9 provisional committeem5--h[ !y agre$ ) eng9e]s to make trial surveys--h[1 "u ! wild hopes ( ! day1 !y f\nd little difficulty 9 =m+ companies--& h[ mo/ ( !m manag$ to get z f> z ! ,committee on ,/&+ ,ord]s1 if no f>!r4 ,rememb]+ all ?is1 & rememb]+ t ^? :o 7 successful are n likely to h =gott5 _! cunn+1 b r to h ye>ly ex]cis$ & increas$ x1 we may expect to f9d railway lawy]s among ! mo/ influ5tial ( ! _m p>ties conspir+ to urge railway propriet>ies into disa/r\s und]tak+s2 & we %all n be deceiv$4 ,to a great ext5t !y are 9 league ) eng9e]s4 ,f ! proposal to ! completion ( a new l9e1 ! lawy] & ! eng9e] "w toge!r2 & _! int]e/s are ?r\gh\t id5tical4 ,:ile ! "o makes ! survey1 ! o!r prep>es ! book ( ref]5ce4 ,! p>i% plans :i* ! "o gets ready1 ! o!r deposits4 ,! notices to own]s & occupi]s :i* ! "o fills 91 ! o!r s]ves ^u ^? conc]n$4 ,& !re are frequ5t consultations betwe5 !m z to ! deal+ ) local opposition & ! obta9m5t ( local support4 ,9 ! gett+ up ( #fi _! case = ,p>liam5t1 !y necess>ily act 9 conc]t4 ,:ile1 be=e committee1 ! "o gets 8 t5 gu9eas p] day = att5d+ to give evid5ce1 ! o!r makes pr(its on all ! complicat$ transactions :i* c>ry+ a bill involves4 ,dur+ ! execution ( ! works !y are 9 con/ant correspond5ce2 & alike pr(it by any expansion ( ! und]tak+4 ,?us !re naturally arises 9 ea*1 ! p]ception t 9 aid+ ! o!r he is aid+ himself2 & gradually z1 9 c\rse ( ye>s1 ! proce$+s come to be (t5 repeat$1 & a p]fect famili>ity ) railway politics ga9$1 !re gr[s up a well-organiz$ sy/em ( co-op]ation betwe5 !m--a sy/em r5d]$ ! m effici5t by ! weal? & influ5ce :i* ea* has ye> by ye> accumulat$4 ,among ! manuvres employ$ by railway solicitors ?us e/abli%$ & ?us help$1 n ! lea/ rem>kable is t ( gett+ _! own nom9ees elect$ z directors4 ,x is a fact1 :i* we /ate on good au?ority1 t !re are puppet-directors :o vote = ?is or t at ! in/igation ( ! company's lawy]4 ,! obta9m5t ( su* tools is n difficult4 ,vacancies are ab\t to occur 9 ! directorate4 ,almo/ always !re are m5 ov] :om a solicitor1 conduct+ ! ext5sive law-bus9ess ( a railway1 has consid]able p[]3 n only connexions & fri5ds1 b p]sons to :om 9 8 legal capacity he c d great b5efit or great injury4 ,he selects ! mo/ suitable ( ^!2 giv+ ! pref]5ce1 if o!r ?+s are equal1 to "o liv+ 9 ! c\ntry ne> ! l9e4 ,on op5+ ! matt] to him1 he po9ts out ! sundry advantages att5dant on a director's position--! free pass & ! _m facilities x gives2 ! annual #ajj or s :i* ! (fice br+s2 ! hon\r & influ5ce accru+2 ! opportunities = pr(itable inve/m5t t are likely to occur2 & s =?4 ,%\ld ignorance ( railway affairs be rais$ z an objection1 ! tempt]1 9 ^: eyes ?is ignorance is a *ief recomm5dation1 #gj replies t he %all always be at h& to guide 8 votes4 ,%\ld non-possession ( a due am\nt ( ! company's /ock be plead$1 ! tempt] meets ! difficulty by (f]+ himself to furni% ! ne$ful qualification4 ,?us incit$ & flatt]$1 & p]haps consci\s t x w\ld be dang]\s to refuse1 ! int5d$ puppet all[s himself to be put 9 nom9ation2 & z x is ! habit ( half-ye>ly meet+s1 unless "u great indignation1 to elect any "o propos$ to !m by ^? 9 au?ority1 ! nom9ation is successful4 ,on subsequ5t occasions ?is proce$+ c1 ( c\rse1 be repeat$2 & ?us ! company's legal ag5t & ^? leagu$ ) him1 may comm& suffici5t votes to turn ! scale 9 _! own fav\r4 ,!n1 to ! p]sonal int]e/ & p[] ( ! head solicitor1 h to be add$ ^? ( ! local solicitors1 ) :om he is 9 daily int]c\rse4 ,!y1 too1 pr(it by new und]tak+s2 !y1 !re=e1 are urg5t 9 press+ !m =w>ds4 ,act+ 9 co-op]ation ) _! *ief1 !y =m a disp]s$ /aff ( great influ5ce4 ,!y are active canvass]s2 !y /imulate & conc5trate ! feel+ ( _! di/ricts2 !y enc\rage rivalry ) o!r l9es2 !y al>m local %>ehold]s ) rum\rs ( ?reat5$ competition4 ,:5 ! "q ( ext5sion or non-ext5sion comes to a division1 !y collect proxies = ! ext5sion p>ty4 ,!y br+ pressure to be> on _! %>ehold+ cli5ts & relatives4 ,nay1 s deep an int]e/ d !y feel 9 ! decision1 z sometimes to create votes ) ! view ( influ5c+ x4 ,we h be=e u ! case ( a local solicitor1 :o1 be=e ! special meet+ call$ to adopt or reject a contemplat$ bran*1 transf]r$ portions ( 8 own %>es into ! names ( sundry memb]s ( 8 family1 & s multipli$ 8 sev5te5 votes into =ty-"o2 all ( :i* he record$ 9 fav\r ( ! new s*eme4 ,! morality ( railway eng9e]s is n mu* above #ga t ( railway lawy]s4 ,! gossip ( ,great ,george ,/reet is f]tile 9 discr$itable revelations4 ,x tells h[ ,s-&-s1 l o!rs be=e him1 te/ifi$ to e/imates :i* he well knew 7 insuffici5t4 ,x makes jocose allusion to ?is man z be+ employ$ to d 8 s5ior's 8dirty "w0--8 h>d-swe>+2 & n>rates ( ! o!r t1 :5 giv+ evid5ce be=e committee1 he 0 told by c\nsel t he 0 n to be believ$ ev5 on 8 knees4 ,x expla9s h[ *eaply ! projector ( a c]ta9 l9e execut$ ! p>liam5t>y survey1 by employ+ on x "p ( ! /aff 9 ! pay ( ano!r company to :i* he 0 eng9e]4 ,n[ x alludes to ! suspicion atta*+ to a c]ta9 memb] ( ! frat]nity f 8 hav+ let a p]man5t-way contract1 = a t]m ( ye>s1 at an extravagant sum p] mile4 ,aga9 x rum\rs ! great pr(its :i* "s ( ! lead]s ( ! pr(ession made 9 #ahde1 by *>g+ = ! use ( _! names at s mu* ! prospectus3 ev5 up to a ?\s& gu9eas4 ,& !n1 x enl>ges on ! important advantages possess$ by eng9e]s :o h seats 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,?us lax z is ! e?ical code ( eng9e]s1 & greatly z !y are int]e/$ 9 railway ent]prise1 x is to be expect$ t !y %\ld be active & n v scrupul\s promot]s ( x4 ,to illu/rate ! vig\r & skill ) :i* !y fur!r new und]tak+s1 a few facts may be cit$4 ,n f> f ,london1 & ly+ betwe5 two l9es ( railway1 is an e/ate lately pur*as$ by "o ( our eng9e]s4 ,he has s9ce obta9$ ,acts = bran*es to bo? ( ! adjac5t l9es4 ,"o ( ^! bran*es he has leas$ to ! company ^: l9e x jo9s2 & he has tri$ to d ! l ) ! o!r1 b z yet )\t success4 ,ev5 z x is1 h[ev]1 he is consid]$ to h d\bl$ ! value ( 8 prop]ty4 ,aga91 an eng9e] ( celebrity once ne>ly succe$$ 9 smuggl+ ?r\gh ,p>liam5t1 9 ! bill = a propos$ railway1 a clause ext5d+ ! limits ( deviation1 to sev]al miles on ea* side ( ! l9e1 #gb ?r\gh\t a c]ta9 di/rict--! usual limits be+ b five *a9s on ea* side2 & ! attempt is acc\nt$ = by ! fact1 t ?is eng9e] possess$ m9es 9 ?is di/rict4 ,to press =w>d ext5sions by ! companies ) :i* !y are connect$1 !y occasionally g to great l5g?s4 ,n long s9ce1 at a half-ye>ly meet+1 c]ta9 projects :i* ! propriet>y _h already once reject$1 7 aga9 br\ght =w>d by two eng9e]s :o att5d$ 9 _! capacity ( %>ehold]s4 ,?\gh kn[n to be p]sonally int]e/$1 "o ( !m mov$ & ! o!r second$1 t "s new proposals f ! promot]s ( ^! s*emes be consid]$ )\t delay by ! directors4 ,! motion 0 c>ri$2 ! directors approv$ ! proposals2 & aga91 ! proprietors negativ$ !m4 ,a ?ird "t a l ef=t 0 made2 a ?ird "t a conflict arose2 & )9 a few days ( ! special meet+ at :i* ! division 0 to take place1 "o ( ^! eng9e]s circulat$ among ! %>ehold]s a pamphlet d5y+ ! allegations ( ! diss5ti5t p>ty & mak+ c\nt]-/atem5ts :i* x 0 !n too late to meet4 ,nay1 he did m3 he employ$ ag5ts to canvass ! %>ehold]s = proxies 9 support ( ! new und]tak+2 & 0 oblig$ to confess z mu* :5 *>g$ ) x at ! meet+4 ,turn we n[ to contractors4 ,railway-ent]prise has giv5 to ?is class ( m5 a gigantic developm5t2 n only 9 respect ( numb]s1 b 9 respect ( ! va/ weal? to :i* "s ( !m h acquir$4 ,orig9ally1 half a doz5 miles ( e>?work1 f5c+1 & bridges1 0 z mu* z any s+le contractor und]took4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev] x has become common = "o man to engage to con/ruct an entire railway2 & deliv] x to ! company 9 a fit condition = op5+4 ,great capital is requir$ = ?is4 ,great pr(its are made by x4 ,& ! =tunes accumulat$ 9 c\rse ( "t h be5 su*1 t sundry contractors are nam$ z be+ ea* able to make a railway at 8 own #gc co/4 ,b !y are z insatiable z millionaires 9 g5]al2 & s long z !y cont9ue 9 bus9ess at all1 are1 9 "s sort1 =c$ to provide new und]tak+s to keep _! plant employ$4 ,z may be imag9$1 enorm\s /ocks ( work+ appliances are ne$$3 _m hundr$s ( e>?-waggons & ( horses2 _m miles ( tempor>y rails & sleep]s2 "s doz5 locomotive eng9es1 & sev]al fix$ ones2 innum]able tools2 besides va/ /ores ( timb]1 bricks1 /one1 rails1 & o!r con/itu5ts ( p]man5t works1 t h be5 b\ght on speculation4 ,to keep ! capital ?us inve/$1 & also a l>ge /aff ( employs1 /&+ idle1 entails loss1 p>tly negative1 p>tly positive4 ,! great contractor1 !re=e1 is bo? "u a /rong /imulus to get fre% "w1 & enabl$ by 8 weal? to d ?is4 ,h5ce ! n unfrequ5t inv]sion ( ! old arrangem5t "u :i* companies & eng9e]s employ$ contractors1 into an arrangem5t "u :i* contractors employ eng9e]s & =m companies4 ,_m rec5t und]tak+s h be5 ?us set on foot4 ,! mo/ gigantic project :i* private ent]prise has yet d>$1 orig9at$ ) a di/+ui%$ contract+ firm4 ,9 "s cases ?is mode ( proc$ure may1 p]haps1 be advantage\s2 b 9 f> m num]\s cases its results are disa/r\s4 ,int]e/$ 9 promot+ railway ext5sions1 ev5 9 a great] degree ?an eng9e]s & lawy]s1 contractors habitually co-op]ate ) ^!1 ei!r z ag5ts or z coadjutors4 ,l9es are fo/]$ into be+1 :i* x is kn[n f ! beg9n+1 w n pay4 ,( late1 x has become common = l&[n]s1 m]*ants1 & o!rs p]sonally int]e/$1 :o1 "u ! belief t _! indirect ga9s w comp5sate = _! meagre divid5ds1 h !mselves rais$ "p ( ! capital = a local railway1 b _c raise ! re/--x has become common = su* to make an agreem5t ) a weal?y contractor to con/ruct ! l9e1 tak+ 9 "p paym5t a portion ( ! %>es1 am\nt+ to p]haps a ?ird ( ! :ole1 & to *>ge = 8 "w accord+ to #gd a s*$ule ( prices to be !reaft] settl$ betwe5 himself & ! eng9e]4 ,by ?is la/ clause ! contractor r5d]s himself secure4 ,x w\ld nev] answ] 8 purpose to take "p paym5t 9 %>es likely to return "s #b p] c5t41 unless he comp5sat$ himself by unusually high pr(its2 & ?is subsequ5t settlem5t ( prices ) "o ^: int]e/s1 l 8 own1 are wrapp$ up 9 ! prosecution ( ! und]tak+1 ensures him high pr(its4 ,mean:ile1 x is nois$ abroad t all ! capital has be5 subscrib$ & ! l9e contract$ =2 ^! facts unduly raise ! public e/imate ( ! s*eme2 ! %>es are quot$ at mu* above _! true wor?2 unw>y p]sons buy2 ! contractor f "t to "t p>ts ) 8 moiety at fair prices2 & ! new %>ehold]s ultimately f9d !mselves "p own]s ( a railway :i*1 unpr(itable z x orig9ally promis$ to be1 _h be5 made yet m unpr(itable by exp5siv5ess ( con/ruction4 ,nor are ^! ! only cases 9 :i* contractors ga9 aft] ?is fa%ion4 ,!y d ! l ) l9es ( _! own project+4 ,to obta9 ,acts = ^!1 !y sign ! subscription-contracts = l>ge am\nts2 kn[+ t 9 ! way above describ$1 !y c always make x answ] to d ?is4 ,s g5]al _h ! practice latt]ly become1 z to attract ! att5tion ( committees4 ,z 0 rem>k$ by a p]sonage not$ = 8 complicity 9 ^! transactions--8,committees are gett+ too kn[+2 !y won't /& t dodge n[40 ,nev]!less1 ! ?+ is /ill done "u a disguis$ =m4 ,?\gh contractors no long] ent] _! own names on subscription li/s = ?\s&s ( %>es2 yet !y effect ! same end by mak+ nom9al hold]s ( _! =em5 & o!rs3 !mselves be+ ! real ones4 ,( directorial misdo+s "s samples h already be5 giv52 & m might be add$4 ,besides ^? aris+ f directly p]sonal aims1 !re are sundry o!rs4 ,"o ( ^! is ! increas+ community betwe5 railway #ge bo>ds & ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,!re are eighty-"o directors sitt+ 9 ,p>liam5t2 & ?\gh "s ( ^! take little "p 9 ! affairs ( _! respective railways1 _m ( !m are ! mo/ active memb]s ( ! bo>ds to :i* !y belong4 ,we h b to look back a few ye>s1 & m>k ! unanimity ) :i* companies adopt$ ! policy ( gett+ !mselves repres5t$ 9 ! ,legislature1 to see t ! fur!rance ( _! respective int]e/s--especially 9 cases ( competition--0 ! inc5tive4 ,h[ well ?is policy is und]/ood by ! initiat$1 may be judg$ f ! fact1 t g5tlem5 are n[ 9 "s cases elect$ on bo>ds1 simply because !y are memb]s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,( c\rse ?is implies t railway legislation is affect$ by a complicat$ play ( private influ5ces2 & t ^! influ5ces g5]ally "w t[>ds ! facilitation ( new ent]prises1 is obvi\s4 ,x naturally happ5s t directors hav+ seats 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons c m or less smoo? ! way ( _! annual bat* ( new bills ?r\gh committees4 ,x naturally happ5s t ^? ^: companies are n oppos$1 ex*ange good (fices4 ,n only d !y aid ! pass+ ( s*emes 9 :i* !y are int]e/$1 b !y are solicit$ to und]take fur!r s*emes by ^? ar\nd !m4 ,x is a common-s5se conclusion t repres5tatives ( small t[ns & c\ntry di/ricts ne$+ railway accommodation1 :o are daily ?r[n 9 contact ) ! *airman ( a company capable ( giv+ ?is accommodation1 d n neglect ! opportunity ( fur!r+ _! ends4 ,x is a common-s5se conclusion t by hospitalities1 by fav\rs1 by flatt]y1 by ! _m means us$ to bias m51 !y seek to obta9 8 assi/ance4 ,& x is an equally common-s5se conclusion t 9 _m cases !y succe$--t by "s complication ( p]suasions & temptations !y sw]ve him f 8 calm] judgm5t2 & s introduce into ! company he repres5ts1 influ5ces at v>iance ) its welf>e4 ,"u "s motives h[ev]--:e!r ^? ( direct #gf self-int]e/1 ( private fav\r1 or ( antagoni/ic feel+1 matt]s n "h--x is c]ta9 t directors are con/antly committ+ _! con/itu5ts to unwise ent]prises2 & t !y frequ5tly employ unju/ifiable means = ei!r elud+ or ov]com+ _! opposition4 ,%>ehold]s occasionally f9d t _! directors h giv5 to ,p>liam5t1 pl$ges ( ext5sion mu* exce$+ any !y 7 au?oris$ to give2 & !y are !n p]suad$ t !y are b\nd to endorse ! promises made = !m by _! ag5ts4 ,9 "s cases1 among ! mislead+ /atem5ts laid be=e %>ehold]s to obta9 _! cons5t to a new project1 w be f\nd an ab/ract ( ! e>n+s ( a previ\sly-execut$ bran* to :i* ! propos$ "o be>s "s analogy4 ,^! e>n+s are %[n 7n always )\t 8cook+07 to be tol]ably good & improv+2 & x is argu$ t ! new project1 hav+ l prospects1 (f]s a fair inve/m5t4 ,mean:ile1 x is n /at$ t ! capital = ?is previ\sly-execut$ bran* 0 rais$ on deb5tures or by gu>ante$ %>es at a high] rate ( int]e/ ?an ! divid5d pays2 x is n /at$ t z ! capital = ?is fur!r und]tak+ w be rais$ on l t]ms1 ! annual int]e/ on debt w swall[ up m ?an ! annual rev5ue2 & ?us unsuspect+ %>ehold]s--"s unacqua9t$ ) ! company's antec$5ts1 "s unable to und]/& its complicat$ acc\nts--give _! proxies1 or raise _! h&s1 = new works :i* w tell ) disa/r\s effect on _! future divid5ds4 ,9 pursuit ( _! ends1 directors w f "t to "t g directly 9 ! tee? ( e/abli%$ regulations4 ,:]e x has be5 made a rule t proxies %all be issu$ only by ord] ( a meet+ ( ! proprietors1 !y w yet issue !m )\t any su* ord]1 :5 by s do+ !y c /eal a m>* on diss5ti5ts4 ,if x suits _! purpose1 !y w occasionally br+ =w>d mo/ important measures )\t due notice4 ,9 /at+ ! am\nt ( ! company's /ock :i* has #gg vot$ ) !m on a division1 !y h be5 kn[n to include ?\s&s ( %>es on :i* a small sum only 0 paid up1 c\nt+ !m z ?\gh fully paid up4 ,to complete ! sket*1 some?+ mu/ be said on ! managem5t ( bo>d meet+s & meet+s ( %>ehold]s4 ,= ! fir/--_! decisions are affect$ by v>i\s manuvres4 ,( c\rse1 on fit occasions1 !re is a :ipp+-up ( ^? fav\rable to any project :i* x is desir$ to c>ry4 ,7 ?is all1 !re w\ld be little to compla9 (2 b some?+ m ?an ?is is done4 ,!re are bo>ds 9 :i* x is ! practice to defeat opposition by /ratagem4 ,! ext5sion p>ty hav+ summon$ _! =ces = ! occasion1 & hav+ ent]$ on ! m9utes ( bus9ess a notice word$ ) ! requisite vagu5ess1 %ape _! proce$+s accord+ to ! "* ( ! meet+4 ,%\ld _! antagoni/s mu/] m /rongly ?an 0 expect$1 ?is vaguely-word$ notice s]ves simply to introduce "s g5]al /atem5t or fur!r in=mation conc]n+ ! project nam$ 9 x2 & ! matt] is pass$ ov] z ?\gh no?+ m _h be5 meant4 ,on ! contr>y1 %\ld ! proportion ( ! two sides be m fav\rable1 ! notice becomes ! basis ( a def9ite motion committ+ ! bo>d to "s important act4 ,if due precautions h be5 tak51 ! motion is pass$2 & once pass$1 ^? :o1 if pres5t1 w\ld h resi/$ x1 h no rem$y2 = 9 railway gov]nm5t !re is no 8second read+10 mu* less a ?ird4 ,s det]m9$ & s unscrupul\s are ! ef=ts sometimes made by ! /rong] p>ty to ov]come & sil5ce _! antagoni/s1 t :5 a conte/$ measure1 c>ri$ by !m at ! bo>d1 has to g be=e a g5]al meet+ = confirmation1 !y h be5 kn[n to pass a resolution t _! diss5ti5t colleagues %all n address ! propriet>y6 ,t1 at half-ye>ly & special meet+s1 %>ehold]s %\ld be s readily misl$ by bo>ds1 ev5 aft] repeat$ #gh exp]i5ce ( _! untru/wor?9ess1 seems at fir/ sight difficult to und]/&4 ,! my/]y disappe>s1 h[ev]1 on inquiry4 ,v frequ5tly1 conte/$ measures are c>ri$ aga9/ ! s5se ( ! meet+s be=e :i* !y are laid1 by means ( ! proxies previ\sly collect$ by ! directors4 ,^! proxies are obta9$ f proprietors scatt]$ ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 :o are mo/ly weak en\gh to sign ! fir/ docum5t s5t to !m4 ,!n1 ( ^? pres5t :5 ! "q is br\ght to an issue1 n _m d>e attempt a spee*4 ,( ^? :o d>e1 b few are cle>-head$ en\gh to see ! full be>+s ( ! measure !y are ab\t to vote ^u2 & su* z c see !m are (t5 prev5t$ by n]v\sness f do+ ju/ice to ! views !y hold4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t proprietors display+ antagonism to ! bo>d are usually reg>d$ by _! bro!r proprietors ) m or less reprobation4 ,unless ! misconduct ( ! gov]n+ body has be5 v gl>+ & v rec5t1 !re ev] arises 9 ! mass a prejudice aga9/ all play+ ! "p ( an opposition4 ,!y are condemn$ z noisy1 & facti\s1 & ob/ructive2 & (t5 only by det]m9$ c\rage avoid be+ put d[n4 ,besides ^! negative reasons = ! g5]al ineffici5cy ( %>ehold]s' resi/ance1 !re are sundry positive ones4 ,z writes to u a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t :o has be5 an ext5sive hold] ( /ock 9 _m companies f ! fir/ days ( railway ent]prise3--8,my l>ge & long acqua9tance ) ,railway ,companies' affairs1 enables me to say1 t a l>ge majority ( %>ehold]s tru/ :olly to _! directors1 hav+ little or no in=mation1 nor c>+ to h any op9ion ( _! own4 4 4 4 4 ,"s o!rs1 bett] in=m$ b timid1 are afraid1 by oppos+ ! directors1 ( caus+ a depreciation ( ! value ( _! /ock 9 ! m>ket1 & are m al>m$ at ! prospect ( ?is tempor>y depreciation ?an at ! p]man5t loss entail$ on ! company by ! useless1 & !re=e #gi unpr(itable1 outlay ( additional capital4 4 4 4 4 ,o!rs aga91 believ+ t ! imp5d+ p]man5t evil is inevitable1 resolve on ! spot to sell out imm$iately1 & to keep up ! prices ( _! %>es1 also give _! support to ! directors40 ,?us1 f lack ( organization & effici5cy among ^? :o express _! opposition1 & f ! timidity & d\ble-fac$ness ( ^? :o d n1 x happ5s t extremely unwise projects are c>ri$ by l>ge majorities4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! tactics ( ! aggressive p>ty are commonly z skilful z ^? ( _! antagoni/s are bungl+4 ,! *airman1 :o is g5]ally ! *ief promot] ( ! conte/$ s*eme1 has x 9 8 p[] to fav\r ^? :o take 8 own side1 & to ?r[ difficulties 9 ! way ( oppon5ts2 & ?is he n unfrequ5tly does to a great ext5t--refus+ to he>1 putt+ d[n on "s plea ( brea* ( ord]1 br[beat+1 ev5 us+ ?reats4#e ,x g5]ally turns out too1 t1 :e!r int5tionally or n1 "s ( ! mo/ important motions are po/pon$ until ne>ly ! close ( ! meet+1 :5 ! great] "p ( ! %>ehold]s are gone4 ,l>ge money-votes1 ext5sive p[]s1 unlimit$ p]mits to directors to take1 9 c]ta9 matt]s1 8su* /eps z 9 _! judgm5t !y may deem mo/ exp$i5t10--^!1 & ! l1 are hurri$ ov] dur+ ! la/ half-h\r1 :5 ! tir$ & impati5t remnant w no long] li/5 to objectors2 & :5 ^? :o h p]sonal ends to s]ve by out/ay+ ! re/1 c>ry ev]y?+ _! own way4 ,inde$1 9 "s cases1 ! arrangem5ts are su* z almo/ ensure ! meet+ becom+ a pro-ext5sion "o t[>ds ! end4 #hj ,?is result is br\ght ab\t ?us3--,a c]ta9 portion ( ! g5]al body ( proprietors are also proprietors ( "s subord9ate "w--"s bran* l9e1 or canal1 or /eamboats1 :i* ! ,company has pur*as$ or leas$2 & z hold]s ( gu>ante$ /ock1 ready to take up fur!r su* /ock if !y c get x1 ^! lean t[>ds projects t are to be execut$ on ! pref]5ce-%>e sy/em4 ,!y hold _! meet+ = ! decl>ation ( divid5d1 c41 z soon z ! meet+ ( ! ,company at l>ge has be5 dissolv$2 & 9 ! same room4 ,h5ce x happ5s t be+ kept toge!r by ! prospect ( subsequ5t bus9ess1 !y gradually1 t[>ds ! close ( ! g5]al meet+1 come to =m ! majority ( ^? pres5t2 & ! few ord9>y %>ehold]s :o h be5 pati5t en\gh to /ay1 are outvot$ by ^? hav+ int]e/s di/9ct f _! own & q at v>iance ) ! welf>e ( ! ,company4 #e ,we may rem>k 9 pass+1 t ! practice ( mak+ ! *airman ( ! bo>d also *airman ( ! half-ye>ly meet+s1 is a v injudici\s "o4 ,! directors are ! s]vants ( ! propriet>y2 & meet !m f "t to "t to r5d] an acc\nt ( _! /ew>d%ip4 ,t ! *ief ( ^! s]vants1 ^: proce$+s are ab\t to be exam9$1 %\ld himself act z *ief ( ! jury is absurd4 ,obvi\sly1 ! bus9ess ( ea* meet+ %\ld be conduct$ by "s "o indep5d5tly *os5 = ! purpose2 z ! ,speak] is *os5 by ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,& "h ?is allusion to ! pref]5ce-%>e sy/em1 introduces u to a fact :i* may fitly close ?is detail ( private int]e/s & que/ionable practices--a fact s]v+ at once to illu/rate ! subtlety & conc]t ( railway (ficialism1 & ! p[] x c ex]t4 ,t ?is fact may be fully appreciat$1 x mu/ be premis$1 t ?\gh pref]5ce-%>es d n usually c>ry votes1 !y are sometimes specially end[$ ) !m2 & fur!r1 t !y occasionally rema9 unpaid up until ! expiration ( a "t aft] :i* no fur!r calls c be legally made4 ,9 ! case 9 "q1 a l>ge numb] ( #ej pref]5ce-%>es _h ?us long /ood ) b #e paid4 ,promot]s ( ext5sions1 c41 _h "h a f9e opportunity ( gett+ great p[] 9 ! ,company at small co/2 &1 z we %all see1 !y duly avail$ !mselves ( x4 ,already _h _! p>ty twice tri$ to ?ru/ ! proprietors into a new und]tak+ ( great magnitude4 ,twice _h !y entail$ on !m an exp5sive & h>ass+ conte/4 ,a ?ird "t1 not)/&+ a pr(ess$ rel9qui%m5t ( x1 !y #ha br\ght =w>d sub/antially ! same s*eme1 & 7 defeat$ only by a small majority4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ! division li/s we take f ! /atem5t ( "o ( ! scrut9e]s4 #ejl4 ,record$ ,total ,numb] ,pref]5ce ,additional ,/ock or ,/ock at actual ( ,votes ,%>es ,%>es ! ,poll,capital scor$ ) #el4 z held4paid up4 = ! paid up4 ,ext5sion4 #g1ejjl4 /ock1 & ,! ,company's solicitor #ejj #ajj #ejl4 %>es1 ) #dbl4 #ajs4 paid up4 #ge1fej #ah1adj #ahh ,ditto 9 jo9t acc\nt ) ano!r #ggh ,none4 ,! solicitor's p>tn] #fj ,none4 #c1jjj #cjj #bj ,! ,company's eng9e] #aej ,none4 #g1ejj #gej #cc ,! eng9e]'s p>tn] #a1ced #d1bffl4 /ock4 #ga1iff #aa1jcf #afa ,"o ( ! ,company's p>liam5t>y c\nsel #bjj #a1jjjl4 /ock4 #aa1jjj #b1jjj #dj ,ano!r ditto1 ditto #abe #bjjl4 /ock4 #f1dej #hbe #cj ,local solicitor = ! propos$ ext5sion #g ,none4 #cej #ce #g ,! ,company's contractor = p]man5t-way #cdg #eb1hccl4 #gj1ahc #ed1efh #aeh ,! ,company's conveyanc] #a1jjc #cccl4 /ock4 #ej1dhc #e1cdh #aah ,! ,company's furniture pr9t] #ce #aj1jjjl4 /ock4 #aa1gej #aj1age #da ,! ,company's surveyor #cfj #a1bejl4 /ock4 #ai1bej #c1jej #ef ,! ,company's ar*itect #bag #ad1iafl4 /ock2 #aai #cb1bcj #bj1daf #hb #ejl4 %>es1 ) #dbl4 #ajs4 paid up2 & #ac #djl4 %>es1 ) #cdl4 paid up4 ,"o ( ! ,company's c>ri]s4 #ag #hccl4 /ock4 #a1fhc #iah #ad ,! ,company's bank]s3-- ,"o ,p>tn] 44 44 44 44 #cc1fff #cb1cff #ij ,ano!r p>tn] 44 44 44 44 #b1ejj #b1ejj #ah ,ditto 9 jo9t acc\nt ) ano!r 44 44 44 44 #a1jjj #hej #ab ,to ?is li/1 "s sev5 or eight ( ! ,company's tradesm51 simil>ly arm$1 might be add$2 rais+ ! numb] ( ! almo/ factiti\s %>es held by function>ies to ab\t #ebjj1 & increas+ ! votes comm&$ by !m1 f its pres5t total ( #ajfh to upw>ds ( #aajj4 ,if n[ we sep>ate ! #chj1jjj1 :i* ^! g5tlem5 br+ to be> aga9/ _! bro!r %>ehold]s1 into real & nom9al2 we f9d t :ile n q #abj1jjj ( x is bon fide prop]ty inve/$1 ! rema9+ #bfj1jjj is n9e #hb p>ts %ad[ & "o "p sub/ance4 ,& ?us x results1 t by virtue ( c]ta9 /ock actually repres5t+ b #bf1jjj1 ^! lawy]s1 eng9e]s1 c\nsel1 conveyanc]s1 contractors1 bank]s1 & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! promotion ( new s*emes1 outweigh m ?an a qu>t] ( a million ( ! real capital held by %>ehold]s :om ^! s*emes w injure6 99 99 99 99 99 ,ne$ we any long] wond]1 !n1 at ! p]si/5ce ( ,railway ,companies 9 seem+ly reckless competition & ru9\s ext5sions8 ,is n ?is ob/9ate cont9uance ( a policy t has ye> aft] ye> prov$ disa/r\s1 suffici5tly explicable on contemplat+ ! _m illegitimate influ5ces at "w8 ,is x n manife/ t ! small organiz$ p>ty always out-manuvres ! l>ge unorganiz$ "o8 ,consid] _! respective *>act]s & circum/ances4 ,"h are ! %>ehold]s diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 9 t[ns & c\ntry h\ses2 kn[+ no?+ ( ea* o!r1 & too remote to co-op]ate 7 !y acqua9t$4 ,v few ( !m see a railway j\rnal2 & sc>cely any "k mu* ( railway politics4 ,necess>ily a fluctuat+ body1 only a small numb] are famili> ) ! ,company's hi/ory--its acts1 engagem5ts1 policy1 managem5t4 ,a great proportion are incompet5t to judge ( ! matt]s t come be=e !m1 & lack decision to act out su* judgm5ts z !y may =m--executors :o d n l to take /eps involv+ mu* responsibility2 tru/ees fe>ful ( int]f]+ ) ! prop]ty "u _! c>e1 le/ possible loss %\ld entail a lawsuit2 wid[s :o h nev] 9 _! lives act$ = !mselves 9 any affair ( mom5t2 maid5 ladies1 alike n]v\s & innoc5t ( all bus9ess k2 cl]gym5 ^: daily discipl9e has be5 little calculat$ to make !m acute m5 ( ! _w2 retir$ tradesm5 ^: retail transactions h giv5 !m small ability = grasp+ l>ge consid]ations2 s]vants possess$ ( #hc accumulat$ sav+s & cramp$ notions2 ) sundry o!rs ( l helpless *>act]s--all ( !m r5d]$ m or less cons]vative by ignorance or timidity1 & proportionately incl9$ to support ^? 9 au?ority4 ,to ^! %\ld be add$ ! tempor>y %>ehold]s1 :o1 hav+ b\ght /ock on speculation1 & kn[+ t a revolution 9 ! ,company is likely to depress prices = a "t1 h an int]e/ 9 support+ ! bo>d irrespective ( ! goodness ( its policy4 ,turn n[ to ^? ^: ef=ts are direct$ to railway expansion4 ,consid] ! con/ant pressure ( local populations--( small t[ns1 ( rural di/ricts1 ( l&[n]s3 all ( !m eag] = bran* accommodation2 all ( !m ) great & def9ite advantages 9 view2 few ( !m consci\s ( ! loss ^? advantages may entail on o!rs4 ,rememb] ! influ5ce ( legislators1 prompt$1 "s by _! con/itu5ts1 "s by p]sonal aims1 & enc\rag$ by ! belief t additional railway facilities are 9 e case nationally b5eficial2 & !n inf] ! ext5t to :i* z /at$ to ,mr4 ,c>dwell's committee1 ,p>liam5t has 8excit$ & urg$ =w>d0 ,companies into rivalry4 ,note ! temptations "u :i* lawy]s are plac$--! va/ pr(its accru+ to !m f e railway conte/1 :e!r end+ 9 success or failure2 & !n imag9e ! range & subtlety ( _! ext5sion manuvr+4 ,conceive ! urg5cy ( eng9e]s2 to ! ri*] ( :om m railway-mak+ means m weal?2 to ! mass ( :om m railway-mak+ means daily bread4 ,e/imate ! capitali/-p[] ( contractors2 ^: unemploy$ plant br+s heavy loss2 ^: plant :5 employ$ br+s great ga94 ,!n recollect t to lawy]s1 eng9e]s1 & contractors ! gett+ up & execut+ ( new und]tak+s is a bus9ess--a bus9ess to :i* e en]gy is direct$2 9 :i* _m ye>s ( practice h giv5 great skill2 & to ! facilitation ( :i*1 all means tol]at$ by m5 ( ! _w are ?\ght ju/ifiable4 #hd ,f9ally1 consid] t ! classes int]e/$ 9 c>ry+ out new s*emes1 are 9 con/ant communication1 & h e facility = comb9$ action4 ,a great "p ( !m live 9 ,london1 & mo/ ( ^! h (fices at ,we/m9/]--9 ,great ,george ,/reet1 9 ,p>liam5t ,/reet1 clu/]+ r\nd ! ,legislature4 ,n only are !y ?us conc5trat$--n only are !y ?r\gh\t ! ye> 9 frequ5t bus9ess int]c\rse2 b dur+ ! session !y are daily toge!r1 9 ,palace-,y>d ,hotels1 9 ! lobbies1 9 ! committee-rooms1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons itself4 ,is x any wond] !n1 t ! wide-spread1 ill-in=m$ unorganiz$ body ( %>ehold]s1 /&+ sev]ally alone1 & ea* pre-occupi$ ) 8 private affairs1 %\ld be cont9ually out-g5]all$ by ! comp>atively small b active1 skilful1 comb9$ body oppos$ to !m1 ^: v occupation is at /ake 9 ga9+ ! victory8 8,b h[ ab\t ! directors80 x w p]haps be ask$4 8,h[ c !y be p>ties to ^! obvi\sly unwise und]tak+s8 ,!y are !mselves %>ehold]s2 !y ga9 by :atev] b5efits ! propriet>y at l>ge2 !y lose by :atev] injures x4 ,& if )\t _! cons5t1 or r _! ag5cy1 no new s*eme c be adopt$ by ! ,company1 ! classes int]e/$ 9 fo/]+ railway ent]prise are p[]less to d h>m40 ,?is belief 9 ! id5tity ( directorial & propriet>y int]e/s1 is ! fatal error commonly made by %>ehold]s4 ,x is ?is :i*1 9 spite ( bitt] exp]i5ces1 leads !m to be s c>eless & s tru/ful4 8,_! pr(it is our pr(it2 _! loss is our loss2 !y "k m ?an we d2 !re=e let u leave ! matt] to !m40 ,su* is ! argum5t :i* m or less def9itely passes ?r\gh ! %>ehold+ m9d--an argum5t ( :i* ! premises are delusive1 & ! inf]5ce disa/r\s4 ,let u consid] x 9 detail4 ,n to dwell on ! disclosures t h 9 ye>s pa/ #he be5 made respect+ ! %>e-traffick+ ( directors1 & ! l>ge pr(its realiz$ by x--disclosures :i* alone suffice to disprove ! assum$ id5tity betwe5 ! int]e/s ( bo>d & propriet>y--& tak+ = grant$ t little1 if any1 ( ?is n[ takes place2 let u g on to notice ! /ill-prevail+ influ5ces :i* r5d] ?is app>5t community ( aims illusive4 ,! imm$iate int]e/s :i* directors h 9 ! prosp]ity ( ! ,company1 are (t5 mu* less ?an is suppos$4 ,occasionally !y possess only ! b>e qualification ( #ajjj wor? ( /ock4 ,9 "s in/ances ev5 ?is is p>tly nom9al4 ,admitt+1 h[ev]1 z we d frankly1 t 9 ! great majority ( cases ! full qualification1 & mu* m ?an ! qualification1 is held2 yet x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! indirect advantages :i* a weal?y memb] ( a bo>d may ga9 f ! prosecution ( a new und]tak+1 w (t5 f> outweigh ! direct injury x w inflict on him by l[]+ ! value ( 8 %>es4 ,a bo>d usually consi/s1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ( g5tlem5 resid+ at diff]5t po9ts ?r\gh\t ! tract ( c\ntry trav]s$ by ! railway !y control3 "s ( !m l&[n]s2 "s m]*ants or manufactur]s2 "s own]s ( m9es or %ipp+4 ,almo/ always "s or all ( !m are advantag$ by a new bran* or fe$]4 ,^? 9 close proximity to x1 ga9 ei!r by enhanc$ value ( _! l&s1 or by increas$ facilities ( transit = _! commodities4 ,^? at m remote p>ts ( ! ma9 l9e1 ?\gh less directly int]e/$1 are /ill frequ5tly int]e/$ 9 "s degree2 = e ext5sion op5s up new m>kets ei!r = produce or raw mat]ials2 & if x is "o effect+ a junction ) "s o!r sy/em ( railways1 ! great] m]cantile conv5i5ces af=d$ to directors ?us circum/anc$1 become important4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 ! indirect pr(its accru+ to su* f "o ( ^! ext5sions1 may m ?an c\nt]balance ! direct loss ^u _! railway inve/m5ts2 #hf & ?\gh !re are1 d\btless1 m5 too hon\rable to let su* consid]ations sway !m1 yet ! g5]ality c sc>cely fail to be affect$ by temptations s /rong4 ,!n we h to rememb] ! influ5ces br\ght to be> ^u directors hav+ seats 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,already ^! h be5 notic$2 & we recur to !m only = ! purpose ( po9t+ out t ! imm$iate evil ( an increas$ disc\nt on 8 #ajjj wor? ( /ock1 may be to a director ( mu* less consequ5ce ?an ! fav\rs1 patronage1 connexions1 :i* 8 aid 9 c>ry+ a new s*eme w br+ him4 ,s t "h too ! suppos$ id5tity ( int]e/s betwe5 directors & %>ehold]s does n hold4 ,moreov]1 ?is disunion ( int]e/s is increas$ by ! sy/em ( pref]5ce-/ock4 ,7 !re no o!r cause 9 action1 ! rais+ ( capital = supplem5t>y und]tak+s1 by issu+ %>es be>+ a gu>ante$ int]e/ ( #e1 #f1 & #g p] c5t41 w\ld de/roy t community ( motives suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 a railway propriet>y & its executive4 ,little z ! fact is recogniz$1 x is yet readily demon/rable t by rais+ "o ( ^! mortgages1 a ,company is =?) divid$ into two classes2 ! "o consi/+ ( ! ri*] %>ehold]s1 inclusive ( ! directors1 & ! o!r ( ! poor] %>ehold]s2 ( :i* classes ! ri*] "o c protect itself f ! losses :i* ! poor] "o has to be>--nay1 c ev5 pr(it by ! losses ( ! poor] "o4 ,?is ass]tion1 />tl+ z x w be to _m1 we w proce$ to prove4 ,:5 ! capital requir$ = a bran* or ext5sion is rais$ by means ( gu>ante$ %>es1 x is ! cu/om to give ea* proprietor ! option ( tak+ up a numb] ( su* %>es proportionate to ! numb] ( 8 orig9al %>es4 ,by avail+ himself ( ?is (f]1 he p>tially protects himself aga9/ any loss :i* ! new und]tak+ may entail4 ,%\ld ?is1 n fulfill+ ! promises ( its advocates1 dim9i% 9 "s degree ! g5]al #hg divid5d2 yet1 a high divid5d on ! due proportion ( pref]5ce-/ock1 may ne>ly or q comp5sate = ?is4 ,h5ce1 x becomes ! policy ( all :o c d s1 to take up z _m gu>ante$ %>es z !y c get4 ,b :at happ5s :5 ! circul> ann\nc+ ?is apportionm5t ( gu>ante$ %>es is s5t r\nd8 ,^? :o possess mu* /ock1 be+ g5]ally capitali/s1 accept z _m z are allott$ to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! small] hold]s1 con/itut+ z !y d ! bulk ( ! ,company1 hav+ no available funds ) :i* to pay ! calls on new %>es1 are oblig$ to "p ) _! lett]s ( allotm5t4 ,:at results8 ,:5 ?is additional l9e has be5 op5$1 & x turns out1 z usual1 t its rev5ue is insuffici5t to meet ! gu>ante$ divid5d on its %>es--:5 ! g5]al income ( ! ,company is laid "u contribution to make up ?is gu>ante$ divid5d--:5 z a consequ5ce1 ! divid5d on ! orig9al /ock is dim9i%$2 !n ! poor] %>ehold]s :o possess orig9al /ock only1 f9d !mselves los]s2 :ile ! ri*] ones1 possess+ gu>ante$ %>es 9 addition1 f9d t _! ga9 on pref]5ce-divid5ds ne>ly or q c\nt]balances _! loss on g5]al divid5ds4 ,inde$1 z above h9t$1 ! case is ev5 worse4 ,= z ! l>ge %>e-proprietor :o has obta9$ 8 proportion ( gu>ante$ /ock1 is n oblig$ to reta9 8 orig9al /ock--z1 if he d\bts ! pay+ "* ( ! new und]tak+1 he c always sell su* ( 8 %>es z w suff] f x2 x is obvi\s t he may1 if he pleases1 become ! possessor ( pref]5ce-%>es only2 & may s obta9 a h&some return = 8 money at ! exp5se ( ! ,company at l>ge & ! small %>ehold]s 9 p>ticul>4 ,h[ f> ?is policy is pursu$ we d n pret5d to say2 ?\gh ! table giv5 "s pages back sugge/s ext5sive pursuit ( x4 ,all :i* x "h conc]ns u to notice1 is1 t directors1 be+ mo/ly m5 ( l>ge means1 & be+ !re=e able to avail !mselves ( ?is gu>ante$ #hh /ock1 are liable to be sway$ by motives diff]5t f ^? ( ! g5]al propriet>y4 ,& t !y (t5 are s sway$ !re _c be a d\bt4 ,)\t assum+ t any ( !m delib]ately int5d to b5efit at ! co/ ( _! co-proprietors2 & believ+1 z we d1 t few ( !m duly p]ceive t ! protection !y w h1 is a protection n available by ! %>ehold]s at l>ge2 we ?9k x is a rational d$uction f common exp]i5ce1 t ?is prospect ( comp5sation (t5 turns ! scale 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o are hesitat+1 & dim9i%es ! opposition ( ^? :o disapprove4 ,?us1 ! belief :i* leads mo/ railway %>ehold]s to place implicit fai? 9 _! directors1 is an errone\s "o4 ,x is n true t !re is an id5tity ( int]e/ betwe5 ! propriet>y & its executive4 ,x is n true t ! bo>d =ms an effici5t gu>d aga9/ ! intrigues ( lawy]s1 eng9e]s1 contractors1 & o!rs :o pr(it by railway-mak+4 ,contr>iwise1 its memb]s are n only liable to be drawn f _! l9e ( duty by v>i\s indirect motives1 b by ! sy/em ( gu>ante$ %>es !y are plac$ "u a positive temptation to betray _! con/itu5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ :at is ! proximate orig9 ( ^! corruptions8 & :at is ! rem$y = !m8 ,:at error 9 railway legislation is x t has made possible su* complicat$ *ican]ies8 ,:5ce arises ?is facility ) :i* int]e/$ p]sons ?ru/ companies into unwise ent]prises8 ,we believe !re is a v simple answ] to ^! que/ions4 ,x is an answ]1 h[ev]1 :i* w at fir/ sight seem q irrelevant2 & we d\bt n t ! coroll>y we propose draw+ f x1 w be =?) condemn$ by s-call$ practical m54 ,nev]!less1 we are n )\t hope ( %[+1 bo? t ! evils lab\r$ "u w\ld be exclud$ 7 ?is coroll>y recogniz$1 & t recognition ( x is n only feasible1 b w\ld #hi ev5 op5 ! way out ( sundry p]plexities 9 :i* railway legislation is at pres5t involv$4 ,we conceive1 !n1 t ! fundam5tal vice ( our sy/em1 z hi!rto c>ri$ out1 lies 9 ! mis9t]pretation ( ! propriet>y contract--! contract tacitly ent]$ into betwe5 ea* %>ehold] & ! body ( %>ehold]s ) :om he unites2 & t ! rem$y = ^! evils :i* h n[ become s great1 lies simply 9 ! en=cem5t ( an equitable int]pretation ( ?is contract4 ,9 reality ! contract is a /rictly limit$ "o4 ,9 practice x is treat$ z altoge!r unlimit$4 ,& ! ?+ ne$$ is1 t x %\ld be cle>ly def9$ & abid$ by4 ,our popul> =m ( gov]nm5t has s habituat$ u to see+ public que/ions decid$ by ! voice ( ! majority1 & ! sy/em is s manife/ly equitable 9 ! cases daily be=e u1 t !re has be5 produc$ 9 ! g5]al m9d1 an unhesitat+ belief t ! majority's "r is unb\nd$4 ,"u :atev] circum/ances m5 co-op]ate1 x is held t if diff]5ce ( op9ion arises among !m1 ju/ice requires t ! w ( ! great] numb] %all be execut$ r ?an t ( ! small] numb]2 be ! "q at issue :at x may4 ,s confirm$ is ?is conviction1 t to mo/ ?is m]e sugge/ion ( a d\bt w cause a/oni%m5t4 ,yet x ne$s b a brief analysis to %[ t ! conviction is little bett] ?an a political sup]/ition4 ,in/ances may readily be select$ :i* prove1 by r$uctio ad absurdum1 t ! "r ( a majority is a purely conditional "r1 valid only )9 specific limits4 ,let u take a few4 ,suppose t at ! g5]al meet+ ( "s philan?ropic association1 x 0 resolv$ t 9 addition to reliev+ di/ress ! association %\ld employ home-mission>ies to prea* d[n pop]y4 ,might ! subscriptions ( ,ca?olics1 :o _h jo9$ ! body ) *>itable views1 be rightfully us$ = ?is end8 ,suppose t ( ! memb]s ( a book-club1 ! great] numb]1 ?9k+ #ij t "u exi/+ circum/ances rifle-practice is m important ?an read+1 %\ld decide to *ange ! purpose ( _! union1 & to apply ! funds 9 h& = ! pur*ase ( p[d]1 ball1 & t>gets4 ,w\ld ! re/ be b\nd by ?is decision8 ,suppose t "u ! excitem5t ( news f ,au/ralia1 ! majority ( a ,freehold ,l& ,society %\ld det]m9e1 n simply to />t 9 a body = ! gold digg+s1 b to use _! accumulat$ capital to provide outfits4 ,w\ld ?is appropriation ( prop]ty be j to ! m9ority8 & mu/ ^! jo9 ! exp$ition8 ,sc>cely any "o w\ld v5ture an affirmative answ] ev5 to ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions2 mu* less to ! o!rs4 ,& :y8 ,because ev]yone mu/ p]ceive t by jo9+ ) o!rs1 no man c equitably be committ$ to acts utt]ly =eign to ! purpose = :i* he jo9$ !m4 ,ea* ( ^! suppos$ m9orities w\ld prop]ly reply to ^? seek+ to co]ce !m3--8,we comb9$ ) y = a def9$ object2 we gave money & "t = ! fur!rance ( t object2 on all que/ions !nce aris+1 we tacitly agre$ to con=m to ! w ( ! great] numb]2 b we did n agree to con=m on any o!r que/ions4 ,if y induce u to jo9 y by pr(ess+ a c]ta9 end1 & !n und]take "s o!r end ( :i* we 7 n appris$1 y obta9 our support "u false pret5ces2 y exce$ ! express$ or und]/ood compact to :i* we committ$ ourselves2 & we are no long] b\nd by y\r decisions40 ,cle>ly ?is is ! only rational int]pretation ( ! matt]4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple und]ly+ ! "r gov]nm5t ( e incorporat$ body1 is1 t its memb]s contract ) ea* o!r sev]ally to submit to ! w ( ! majority 9 all matt]s conc]n+ ! fulfilm5t ( ! objects = :i* !y are incorporat$2 b 9 no o!rs4 ,to ?is ext5t only c ! contract hold4 ,= z x is impli$ 9 ! v nature ( a contract1 t ^? ent]+ into x mu/ "k :at !y contract to d2 & z ^? :o unite ) o!rs = a specifi$ object1 #ia _c contemplate all ! unspecifi$ objects :i* x is hypo!tically possible = ! union to und]take2 x foll[s t ! contract ent]$ into _c ext5d to su* unspecifi$ objects4 ,& if !re exi/s no express$ or und]/ood contract betwe5 ! union & its memb]s respect+ unspecifi$ objects1 !n = ! majority to co]ce ! m9ority into und]tak+ !m1 is no?+ less ?an gross tyranny4 ,n[ ?is almo/ self-evid5t pr9ciple is :olly ignor$1 alike 9 our railway legislation & ! proce$+s ( our companies4 ,def9ite z is ! purpose ) :i* ! promot]s ( a public ent]prise comb9e1 _m o!r purposes n dream$ ( at ! outset are commonly add$ to x2 & ?is1 app>5tly1 )\t any suspicion t su* a c\rse is unw>rantable1 unless tak5 ) ! unanim\s cons5t ( ! proprietors4 ,! unsuspect+ %>ehold] :o sign$ ! subscription contract = a l9e f ,greatbor\gh to ,gr&port1 did s "u ! belief t ?is l9e w\ld n only be a public b5efit b a good inve/m5t4 ,he 0 famili> ) ! c\ntry4 ,he _h be5 at "s tr\ble to e/imate ! traffic4 ,&1 fully believ+ t he knew :at he 0 emb>k+ 91 he put d[n 8 "n = a l>ge am\nt4 ,! l9e has be5 made2 a few ye>s ( prosp]ity h ju/ifi$ 8 =esight2 :51 at "s fatal special meet+1 a project is put be=e him = a bran* f ,littlehome/ead to ,/onyfield4 ,! w ( ! bo>d & ! intrigues ( ! int]e/$1 ov]be> all opposition2 & 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( _m :o l him see its impolicy1 he pres5tly f9ds himself involv$ 9 an und]tak+ :i*1 :5 he jo9$ ! promot]s ( ! orig9al l9e1 he _h n ! remote/ conception w\ld ev] be propos$4 ,f ye> to ye> ?is proce$+ is repeat$4 ,8 divid5ds dw9dle & 8 %>es g d[n2 & ev5tually ! cong]ies ( ent]prises to :i* he is committ$1 gr[s s va/ t ! fir/ ent]prise ( ! s]ies becomes b a small fraction ( ! :ole4 ,yet x is 9 virtue ( 8 #ib cons5t to ?is fir/ ( ! s]ies1 t all ! re/ are ?ru/ ^u him4 ,he feels t !re is inju/ice some:]e2 b1 believ+ 9 ! unlimit$ "r ( a majority1 fails to detect x4 ,he does n see t :5 ! fir/ ( ^! ext5sions 0 propos$1 he %\ld h d5i$ ! p[] ( 8 bro!r-%>ehold]s to implicate him 9 an und]tak+ n nam$ 9 _! de$ ( incorporation4 ,he %\ld h told its propos]s t !y 7 p]fectly free to =m a sep>ate ,company = ! execution ( x2 b t !y c\ld n rightfully compel diss5ti5ts to jo9 9 a new und]tak+1 any m ?an !y c\ld rightfully h compell$ diss5ti5ts to jo9 9 ! orig9al4 ,_h su* a %>ehold] unit$ ) o!rs = ! specifi$ purpose ( mak+ railways1 he w\ld h _h no gr\nd = prote/4 ,b he unit$ ) o!rs = ! specifi$ purpose ( mak+ a p>ticul> railway4 ,yet su* is ! confusion ( ideas on ! subject1 t !re is absolutely no diff]5ce recogniz$ betwe5 ^! cases6 ,x w d\btless be alleg$ 9 def5ce ( all ?is1 t ^! second>y ent]prises are supplem5t>y to ! orig9al "o--are 9 "p und]tak5 = ! fur!rance ( x2 pr(ess$ly m9i/] to its prosp]ity2 _c1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z altoge!r sep>ate ent]prises4 ,& x is true t !y h ?is = _! excuse4 ,b if x is a suffici5t excuse = accessories ( ?is k9d1 x may be made a suffici5t excuse = any accessories :atev]4 ,already1 ,companies h c>ri$ ! practice beyond ! mak+ ( bran*es & ext5sions4 ,already1 "u ! plea ( br++ traffic to _! l9es1 !y h con/ruct$ docks2 b\ght l9es ( /eam-packets2 built va/ hotels2 deep5$ riv]-*annels4 ,already1 !y h creat$ small t[ns = _! workm52 erect$ *ur*es & s*ools2 sal>i$ cl]gym5 & tea*]s4 ,are ^! w>rant$ on ! gr\nd ( advanc+ ! ,companies' int]e/s8 ,!n ?\s&s ( o!r und]tak+s are simil>ly w>rant$4 ,if a view to ! developm5t ( traffic1 ju/ifies ! mak+ #ic ( a bran* to "s neighb\r+ coal-m9es2 !n1 %\ld ! coal-m9es be ineffici5tly work$1 ! same view w\ld ju/ify ! pur*ase ( !m--w\ld ju/ify ! ,company 9 becom+ coal-m9] & coal-sell]4 ,if anticipat$ increase ( goods & pass5g]s is a suffici5t reason = c>ry+ a fe$] into an agricultural di/rict2 !n1 x is a suffici5t reason = organiz+ a sy/em ( coa*es & waggons to run 9 connexion ) ?is fe$]2 = mak+ ! requisite horse-bre$+ e/abli%m5ts2 = hir+ ! ne$ful f>ms2 = buy+ e/ates2 = becom+ agriculturi/s4 ,if x be all[able to pur*ase /eam]s ply+ 9 conjunction ) ! railway2 x mu/ be all[able to pur*ase m]*ant vessels to trade 9 conjunction ) x2 x mu/ be all[able to set up a y>d = build+ su* vessels2 x mu/ be all[able to erect depts at =eign ports = ! receipt ( goods2 x mu/ be all[able to employ commission ag5ts = collect+ su* goods2 x mu/ be all[able to ext5d a m]cantile organization all ov] ! _w4 ,f mak+ its own eng9es & c>riages1 a ,company may readily progress to manufactur+ its own iron & gr[+ its own timb]4 ,f giv+ its employs secul> & religi\s in/ruction1 & provid+ h\ses = !m1 x may g on to supply !m ) food1 clo?+1 m$ical att5dance1 & all ! ne$s ( life4 ,beg9n+ simply z a corporation to make & "w a railway betwe5 ,a & ,b2 x may become a m9]1 manufactur]1 m]*ant1 %ip[n]1 canal-proprietor1 hotel-keep]1 l&[n]1 h\se-build]1 f>m]1 retail-trad]1 prie/1 tea*]--an organization ( indef9ite ext5t & complication4 ,!re is no logical alt]native betwe5 p]mitt+ ?is1 & /rictly limit+ ! corporation to ! object fir/ agre$ ^u4 ,a man jo9+ ) o!rs = a specific purpose1 mu/ be held to commit himself to t purpose only2 or else to all purposes :atev] :i* !y may *oose to und]take4 ,b proprietors diss5t+ f "o ( ^! supplem5t>y projects are told t !y h ! option ( #id sell+ out4 ,s might ! diss5ti5ts f a new ,/ate-en=c$ cre$ be told1 t if !y did n l x !y might leave ! c\ntry4 ,! "o reply is little m satisfactory ?an ! o!r w\ld be4 ,! oppos+ %>ehold] sees himself 9 possession ( a good inve/m5t--"o p]haps :i*1 z an orig9al subscrib]1 he ran "s risk 9 obta9+4 ,?is inve/m5t is ab\t to be endang]$ by an act n nam$ 9 ! de$ ( incorporation4 ,& 8 prote/s are met by say+1 t if he fe>s ! dang] he may "p ) 8 inve/m5t4 ,surely ?is *oice betwe5 two evils sc>cely meets 8 claims4 ,moreov]1 he has n ev5 ?is 9 any fair s5se4 ,x is (t5 an unfav\rable "t to sell4 ,! v rum\r ( "o ( ^! ext5sions frequ5tly causes a depreciation ( /ock4 ,& if _m ( ! m9ority ?r[ _! %>es on ! m>ket1 ?is depreciation is greatly increas$2 a fact :i* fur!r h9d]s !m f sell+4 ,s t ea* is 9 a dilemma3 he has to "p ) a good inve/m5t at mu* less ?an its value2 or to run ! risk ( hav+ its value greatly dim9i%$4 ,! inju/ice ?us inflict$ on m9orities is1 inde$1 already recogniz$ 9 a vague way4 ,! rec5tly-e/abli%$ ,/&+ ,ord] ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 t be=e a ,company c>ry out any new und]tak+1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! votes ( ! proprietors %all be record$ 9 its fav\r1 cle>ly implies a p]ception t ! usual rule ( ! majority does n apply4 ,& aga91 9 ! case ( ,! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company v]sus ,ru%\t1 ! decision t ! funds ( ! ,company c\ld n be us$ = purposes n orig9ally au?oriz$1 )\t a special legislative p]mit1 involves ! doctr9e t ! w ( ! great] numb] is n ( unlimit$ validity4 ,9 bo? ^! cases1 h[ev]1 x is tak5 = grant$ t a ,/ate-w>rant c ju/ify an act :i* )\t x w\ld be unju/ifiable4 ,we mu/ take leave to "q ?is4 ,if x be held t an ,act ( ,p>liam5t c make murd] prop]1 or c give rectitude to robb]y2 x may be consi/5tly held t x #ie c sanctify a brea* ( contract2 b n o!rwise4 ,we are n ab\t to ent] ^u ! vex$ "q ( ! /&>d ( "r & wrong2 & to inquire :e!r x is ! function ( a gov]nm5t to make rules ( conduct1 or simply to en=ce rules d$ucible f ! laws ( social life4 ,we are cont5t1 = ! occasion1 to adopt ! exp$i5cy-hypo!sis2 & adopt+ x1 mu/ yet cont5d t1 rightly int]pret$1 x gives no c\nt5ance to ?is suppos$ p[] ( a ,gov]nm5t to alt] ! limits ( an equitable contract aga9/ ! wi%es ( "s ( ! contract+ p>ties4 ,=1 z und]/ood by its tea*]s & _! *ief disciples1 ! doctr9e ( exp$i5cy is n a doctr9e imply+ t ea* p>ticul> act is to be det]m9$ by ! p>ticul> consequ5ces t may be expect$ to fl[ f x2 b t ! g5]al consequ5ces ( entire classes ( acts hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ by induction f exp]i5ce1 rules %all be fram$ = ! regulation ( su* classes ( acts1 & ea* rule %all be uni=mly appli$ to e act com+ "u x4 ,our :ole adm9i/ration ( ju/ice proce$s on ?is pr9ciple ( inv>iably en=c+ an orda9$ c\rse1 reg>dless ( special results4 ,7 imm$iate consequ5ces to be consid]$1 ! v]dict ga9$ by ! ri* cr$itor aga9/ ! poor debtor w\ld g5]ally be rev]s$2 = ! />vation ( ! la/ is a mu* great] evil ?an ! inconv5i5ce ( ! fir/4 ,mo/ !fts aris+ f di/ress w\ld g unpuni%$2 a l>ge proportion ( m5's wills w\ld be cancell$2 _m ( ! weal?y w\ld be dispossess$ ( _! =tunes4 ,b x is cle>ly se5 t 7 judges ?us guid$ by proximate evils & b5efits1 ! ultimate result w\ld be social confusion2 t :at 0 imm$iately exp$i5t w\ld be ultimately inexp$i5t2 & h5ce ! aim at rigor\s uni=mity1 spite ( incid5tal h>d%ips4 ,n[1 ! b9d+ nature ( agreem5ts is "o ( ! commone/ & mo/ important pr9ciples ( civil law4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! causes daily he>d 9 our c\rts1 involve ! #if "q1 :e!r 9 virtue ( "s express$ or und]/ood contract1 "s ( ^? conc]n$ are1 or are n1 b\nd to c]ta9 acts or c]ta9 paym5ts4 ,& :5 x has be5 decid$ :at ! contract implies1 ! matt] is settl$4 ,! contract itself is held sacr$4 ,?is sacr$ness ( a contract be+1 accord+ to ! exp$i5cy-hypo!sis1 ju/ifi$ by ! exp]i5ce ( all nations 9 all times t x is g5]ally b5eficial1 x is n compet5t = a ,legislature to decl>e t contracts are violable4 ,assum+ t ! contracts are !mselves equitable1 !re is no rational sy/em ( e?ics :i* w>rants ! alt]ation or dissolv+ ( !m1 save by ! cons5t ( all conc]n$4 ,if !n x be %[n1 z we ?9k x has be5 %[n1 t ! contract tacitly ent]$ into by railway %>ehold]s ) ea* o!r1 has def9ite limits2 x is ! function ( ! ,gov]nm5t to en=ce1 & n to aboli%1 ^? limits4 ,x _c decl9e to en=ce !m )\t runn+ c\nt]1 n only to all !ories ( moral obligation1 b to its own judicial sy/em4 ,x _c aboli% !m )\t gl>+ self-/ultification4 ,return+1 n[1 to ! manifold evils ( :i* ! cause 0 ask$2 x only rema9s to po9t out t1 7 ! j con/ruction ( ! propriet>y contract insi/$ ^u1 su* evils w\ld1 9 great "p1 be exclud$4 ,! v>i\s illicit influ5ces by :i* ,companies are daily betray$ into disa/r\s ext5sions1 w\ld necess>ily be inop]ative :5 su* ext5sions c\ld n be und]tak5 by !m4 ,:5 su* ext5sions _h to be und]tak5 by indep5d5t bodies ( %>ehold]s1 ) no "o to gu>antee !m good divid5ds1 ^? :o are locally & pr(essionally int]e/$ w\ld f9d x a less easy matt] ?an at pres5t to aggr&ize !mselves at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ z to ! policy ( ?us modify+ railway legislation--! comm]cial policy we mean4 ,leav+ out ( sight ! m g5]al social int]e/s1 let u glance at #ig ! effects on bus9ess int]e/s--! proximate in/ead ( ! ultimate effects4 ,! implication conta9$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph1 t ! mak+ ( supplem5t>y l9es w\ld no long] be s facile1 w be ?\ght to prove ! disadvantage ( any su* limit z ! "o advocat$4 ,_m w argue1 t to re/rict ,companies to _! orig9al und]tak+s w\ld fatally cripple railway ent]prise4 ,_m o!rs w rem>k1 t1 h[ev] detrim5tal to %>ehold]s ?is ext5sion sy/em may h be51 x has manife/ly prov$ b5eficial to ! public4 ,bo? ^! positions seem to u m ?an que/ionable4 ,we w fir/ look at ! la/ ( !m4 ,ev5 7 travell+ accommodation ! sole ?+ to be consid]$1 x w\ld n be true t prodigality 9 new l9es has be5 advantage\s4 ,! di/ricts suppli$ h1 9 _m cases1 !mselves be5 injur$ by x4 ,x is %[n by ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,select ,committee on ,railway & ,canal ,bills1 t 9 ,lanca%ire1 ! exi/5ce ( compet+ l9es has1 9 "s cases1 bo? dim9i%$ ! facilities ( communication & increas$ ! co/4 ,x is fur!r %[n by ?is evid5ce1 t a t[n obta9+ bran*es f two antagoni/ ,companies1 by-&-by1 9 consequ5ce ( a work+ arrangem5t betwe5 ^! ,companies1 comes to be worse (f ?an if x _h b "o bran*2 & ,ha/+s is quot$ z an example4 ,x is aga9 %[n t a di/rict may be :olly depriv$ ( railway accommodation by grant+ a sup]fluity ( l9es2 z 9 ! case ( ,wilts & ,dorset4 ,9 #ahdd-e1 ! ,great ,we/]n & ! ,s\? ,we/]n ,companies project$ rival sy/ems ( l9es1 supply+ ^! & p>ts ( ! adjac5t c\nties4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 8ass]t+ t !re 0 n suffici5t traffic to remun]ate an outlay = two indep5d5t railways10 report$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,great ,we/]n s*emes2 & bills 7 grant$ = !m3 a c]ta9 agreem5t1 sugge/$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 be+ at ! same "t made ) ! ,s\? ,we/]n1 :i*1 9 #ih return = specifi$ advantages1 conc$$ ?is di/rict to its rival4 ,not)/&+ ?is agreem5t1 ! ,s\? ,we/]n1 9 #ahdg1 project$ an ext5sion calculat$ to take mo/ ( ! traffic f ! ,great ,we/]n ext5sions2 & 9 #ahdh1 ,p>liam5t1 ?\gh x _h virtually sugge/$ ?is agreem5t1 & ?\gh ! ,great ,we/]n ,company _h already sp5t a million & a half 9 "p execution ( ! new l9es1 au?oriz$ ! ,s\? ,we/]n project4 ,! result 01 t ! ,great ,we/]n ,company susp5d$ _! works2 ! ,s\? ,we/]n ,company 7 unable1 f f9ancial difficulties1 to proce$ ) !irs2 ! di/rict has rema9$ = ye>s unaccommodat$2 & only s9ce ! p[]s grant$ to ! ,s\? ,we/]n h expir$ f delay1 has ! ,great ,we/]n recomm5c$ its long-susp5d$ und]tak+s4 ,& if ?is undue multiplication ( supplem5t>y l9es has (t5 directly decreas$ ! facilities ( communication1 /ill m has x done ?is indirectly1 by ma9ta9+ ! co/ ( travell+ on ! ma9 l9es4 ,little z ! public are consci\s ( ! fact1 x is nev]!less true1 t !y pay = ! accommodation ( unremun]ative di/ricts1 by high f>es 9 remun]ative di/ricts4 ,be=e ?is reckless bran*-mak+ comm5c$1 #h & #i p] c5t4 7 ! divid5ds return$ by our *ief railways2 & ^! divid5ds 7 rapidly increas+4 ,! maximum divid5d all[$ by _! ,acts is #aj p] c5t4 ,_h !re n be5 unpr(itable ext5sions1 ?is maximum w\ld h be5 rea*$ _m ye>s s9ce2 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! p[] to und]take new works1 ! fact t x _h be5 rea*$ c\ld n h be5 hidd54 ,l[] rates = goods & pass5g]s w\ld necess>ily h foll[$4 ,^! w\ld h caus$ mu* additional traffic2 & ) ! aid ( ! natural increase o!rwise go+ on1 ! maximum w\ld %ortly aga9 h be5 rea*$4 ,!re c sc>cely be a d\bt t repetitions ( ?is process w\ld1 be=e n[1 h r$uc$ ! f>es & #ii freights on our ma9 l9es by at lea/ "o-?ird4 ,?is r$uction1 be x rememb]$1 w\ld h affect$ ^? railways :i* subs]ve comm]cial & social int]c\rse 9 ! greate/ degree--w\ld1 !re=e1 h appli$ to ! mo/ important "p ( ! traffic ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 ?is great] proportion ( ! traffic has be5 heavily tax$ = ! b5efit ( ! small] proportion4 ,t ! t5s :o travel on bran*es might h railway communication1 ! hundr$s :o travel along ma9 l9es h be5 *>g$ #cj1 or #dj p] c5t4 extra4 ,nay1 worse3 t ^! few might be accommodat$1 ! _m :o w\ld h be5 br\ght on to ! ma9 l9es by l[] f>es h gone unaccommodat$4 ,is x !n s cle> t und]tak+s :i* h be5 disa/r\s to %>ehold]s h yet be5 b5eficial to ! public8 ,b x is n only 9 great] co/ ( transit t ! evil has be5 felt2 x has be5 felt also 9 dim9i%$ safety4 ,! multiplication ( railway accid5ts1 :i* has ( late ye>s drawn s mu* att5tion1 has be5 9 no inconsid]able degree caus$ by ! ext5sion policy4 ,! relation is n obvi\s2 & we _h ourselves no conception t su* a relation exi/$1 until ! facts illu/rative ( x 7 furni%$ to u by a director :o _h witness$ ! :ole process ( causation4 ,:5 pref]5ce-%>e divid5ds & gu>antees began to make l>ge draughts ^u half-ye>ly returns--:5 orig9al /ock 0 greatly depreciat$1 & ! divid5ds ^u x fell f #i & #h p] c5t4 to #d #a_/b & #d & #c #a_/b1 great dissatisfaction necess>ily arose among %>ehold]s4 ,!re 7 /ormy meet+s1 motions ( c5sure1 & committees ( inve/igation4 ,retr5*m5t 0 ! g5]al cry2 & retr5*m5t 0 c>ri$ to a mo/ imprud5t ext5t4 ,directors ) an indignant propriet>y to face1 & "u ! fe> t _! next divid5d w\ld be no great]1 p]haps less1 ?an ! la/1 d>$ n to lay out money = ! ne$ful repairs4 #ajj ,p]man5t way1 report$ to !m z requir+ to be replac$1 0 made to s]ve a:ile long]4 ,old roll+ /ock 0 n sup]s$$ by new to ! prop] ext5t2 nor increas$ 9 proportion to ! dem&4 ,committees1 appo9t$ to exam9e :]e ! exp5diture c\ld be cut d[n1 w5t r\nd dis*>g+ a port] "h1 disp5s+ ) a cl]k !re1 & dim9i%+ ! sal>ies ( ! (ficials 9 g5]al4 ,to su* a l5g? 0 ?is policy c>ri$1 t 9 "o case1 to effect a sav+ ( #abjj p] annum1 ! work+ /aff 0 s crippl$ z to cause1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 a loss ( probably #ajj1jjj3 su*1 at lea/1 is ! op9ion ( ! g5tleman on ^: au?ority we make ?is /atem5t1 :o 0 himself "o ( ! retr5*m5t committee4 ,:at1 n[1 0 ! necess>y result ( all ?is8 ,) ! l9e out ( condition2 ) eng9es & c>riages nei!r suffici5t 9 numb] nor 9 ! be/ work+ ord]2 ) driv]s1 gu>ds1 port]s1 cl]ks1 & ! re/1 decreas$ to ! smalle/ numb] ) :i* x 0 possible to "w2 ) inexp]i5c$ manag]s 9 place ( ! exp]i5c$ ones driv5 away by r$uc$ sal>ies2 :at 0 likely to occur8 ,0 x n c]ta9 t an app>atus ( means j compet5t to deal ) ! ord9>y traffic1 w\ld be incompet5t to deal ) extraord9>y traffic8 t a decimat$ body ( (ficials "u inf]ior regulation1 w\ld fail 9 ! em]g5cies sure f "t to "t to occur8 t ) way & works & roll+ /ock all bel[ p>1 !re w\ld occasionally be a concurr5ce ( small defects1 p]mitt+ some?+ to g wrong8 ,0 n a multiplication ( accid5ts inevitable8 ,no "o c d\bt x4 ,& if we trace back ?is result /ep by /ep to its orig9al cause--! reckless exp5diture on new l9es--we %all see fur!r reason to d\bt :e!r su* exp5diture has be5 z advantage\s to ! public z is suppos$4 ,we %all hesitate to indorse ! op9ion ( ! ,select ,committee on ,railway & ,canal ,bills1 t x is #aja desirable 8to increase ! facility = obta9+ l9es ( local conv5i5ce40 ,/ill m d\btful becomes ! alleg$ b5efit accru+ to ! public f ext5sions :i* cause loss to %>ehold]s1 :51 f consid]+ ! "q z "o ( traffic1 we turn to consid] x z a g5]al comm]cial "q--a "q ( political economy4 ,7 !re no facts %[+ t ! travell+ facilities ga9$ 7 c\nt]balanc$1 if n m ?an c\nt]balanc$1 by ! travell+ facilities lo/2 we %\ld /ill cont5d t ! mak+ ( bran*es :i* d n return fair divid5ds1 is a national evil1 & n a national good4 ,! preval5t error committ$ 9 /udy+ matt]s ( ?is nature1 consi/s 9 look+ at !m sep>ately1 r ?an 9 connexion ) o!r social wants & social b5efits4 ,n only does "o ( ^! und]tak+s1 :5 execut$1 affect society 9 v>i\s ways1 b ! ef=t put =? 9 ! execution ( x affects society 9 v>i\s ways2 & to =m a true e/imate1 ! two sets ( results mu/ be comp>$4 ,! axiom t 8action & re-action are equal1 & 9 opposite directions10 is true1 n only 9 me*anics--x is true ev]y:]e4 ,no p[] c be put =? by a nation to a*ieve a giv5 end1 )\t produc+1 = ! "t be+1 a correspond+ inability to a*ieve "s o!r end4 ,no am\nt ( capital c be ab/ract$ = "o purpose1 )\t involv+ an equival5t lack ( capital = ano!r purpose4 ,e advantage wr\ght out by lab\r1 is pur*as$ by ! rel9qui%m5t ( "s alt]native advantage :i* t lab\r might else h wr\ght out4 ,9 judg+1 !re=e1 ( ! b5efits fl[+ f any public und]tak+1 x is requisite to consid] !m n by !mselves1 b z comp>$ ) ! b5efits :i* ! inve/$ capital w\ld o!rwise h secur$4 ,b h[ c ^! relative b5efits be measur$8 x may be ask$4 ,v simply4 ,! rate ( int]e/ :i* ! capital w br+ z ?us respectively #ajb employ$1 is ! measure4 ,money :i*1 if us$ = a c]ta9 end1 gives a small] return ?an x w\ld give if o!rwise us$1 is us$ disadvantage\sly1 n only to its possessors1 b to ! community4 ,?is is a coroll>y f ! commone/ pr9ciples ( political economy--a coroll>y s obvi\s t we c sc>cely und]/& h[1 aft] ! free-trade controv]sy1 a committee1 numb]+ among its memb]s ,mr4 ,bright & ,mr4 ,c>dwell1 %\ld h ov]look$ x4 ,h we n be5 long ago taught1 t 9 ! m]cantile _w capital goes :]e x is mo/ want$--t ! bus9ess :i* is at any "t attract+ capital by unusually high returns1 is a bus9ess prov$ by t v fact to be unusually active--t its unusual activity %[s society to be mak+ great dem&s ^u x2 giv+ x high pr(its2 want+ its commodities or s]vices m ?an o!r commodities or s]vices8 ,d n comp>isons among our railways demon/rate t ^? pay+ l>ge divid5ds are ^? subs]v+ ! public ne$s 9 a great] degree ?an ^? pay+ small divid5ds8 & is x n obvi\s t ! ef=ts ( capitali/s to get ^! l>ge divid5ds l$ !m to supply ! great] ne$s be=e ! less] ne$s8 ,surely1 ! same law :i* holds 9 ord9>y comm]ce1 & also holds betwe5 "o railway inve/m5t & ano!r1 holds likewise betwe5 railway inve/m5ts & o!r inve/m5ts4 ,if ! money sp5t 9 mak+ bran*es & fe$]s is yield+ an av]age return ( f #a to #b p] c5t42 :ile if employ$ 9 l&-dra9+ or %ip-build+1 x w\ld return #d or #e p] c5t42 x is a conclusive pro( t money is m want$ = l&-dra9+ & %ip-build+ ?an = bran*-mak+4 ,& ! g5]al conclusions to be drawn are1 t t l>ge proportion ( railway capital :i* does n pay ! curr5t rate ( int]e/1 is capital ill laid out2 t if ! returns on su* proportion 7 capitaliz$ at ! curr5t rate ( int]e/1 ! result+ sum w\ld repres5t its real value2 & t #ajc ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is sum & ! am\nt exp5d$1 w\ld indicate ! national loss--a loss :i*1 on ! l[e/ e/imate1 w\ld exce$ #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,& h[ev] true x may be t ! sum inve/$ 9 unpr(itable l9es w g on increas+ 9 productiv5ess2 yet z1 if m wisely inve/$1 x w\ld simil>ly h gone on increas+ 9 productiv5ess1 p]haps ev5 at a great] rate1 ?is va/ loss mu/ be reg>d$ z a p]man5t & n z a tempor>y "o4 ,aga9 !n1 we ask1 is x s obvi\s t und]tak+s :i* h be5 disa/r\s to %>ehold]s h be5 advantage\s to ! public8 ,is x n obvi\s1 r1 t1 9 ?is respect1 z 9 o!rs1 ! int]e/s ( %>ehold]s & ! public are 9 ! end id5tical8 ,& does x n seem t in/ead ( recomm5d+ 8increas$ facilities = obta9+ l9es ( local conv5i5ce10 ! ,select ,committee might prop]ly h report$ t ! exi/+ facilities are abnormally great1 & %\ld be decreas$8 ,!re rema9s /ill to be consid]$ ! o!r ( ! two objections above /at$ z liable to be rais$ aga9/ ! propos$ int]pretation ( ! propriet>y contract--! objection1 namely1 t x w\ld be a s]i\s h9drance to railway ent]prise4 ,aft] :at has already be5 said1 x is sc>cely ne$ful to reply1 t ! h9drance w\ld be no great] ?an is natural & heal?ful--no great] ?an is requisite to hold 9 *eck ! private int]e/s at v>iance ) public ones4 ,?is notion t railway ent]prise w n g on ) due activity )\t artificial inc5tives--t bills = local ext5sions 8r ne$ enc\ragem5t10 z ! ,committee say1 is no?+ b a remnant ( protectionism4 ,! motive :i* has hi!rto l$ to ! =mation ( all indep5d5t railway companies--! se>* ( capitali/s = good inve/m5ts--may safely be left to =m o!rs z fa/ z local requirem5ts become great en\gh to promise fair returns--z fa/1 t is1 z local requirem5ts #ajd %\ld be satisfi$4 ,?is w\ld be manife/ en\gh )\t illu/ration2 b !re are facts prov+ x4 ,already we h incid5tally ref]r$ to ! circum/ance1 t x has ( late become common = l&[n]s1 m]*ants1 & o!rs locally int]e/$1 to get up railways = _! own accommodation1 :i* !y d n expect to pay satisfactory divid5ds2 & 9 :i* !y are yet cont5t to inve/ consid]able sums1 "u ! belief t ! indirect pr(its accru+ to !m f increas$ facilities ( traffic1 w outbalance ! direct loss4 ,to s great an ext5t is ?is policy be+ c>ri$ t1 z /at$ to ! ,select ,committee1 89 ,york%ire & ,nor?umb]l&1 :]e bran* l9es are be+ made ?r\gh m]e agricultural di/ricts1 ! l&[n]s are giv+ _! l& = ! purpose1 & tak+ %>es40 ,) su* examples be=e u1 x _c rationally be d\bt$ t !re w always be capital =?com+ = mak+ local l9es z soon z ! sum ( ! calculat$ b5efits1 direct & indirect1 ju/ifies its exp5diture4 8,b10 x w be urg$1 8a bran* t w\ld be unremun]ative z an indep5d5t prop]ty1 is (t5 remun]ative to ! company :i* has made x1 9 virtue ( ! traffic x br+s to ! trunk l9e4 ,?\gh yield+ meagre returns on its own capital1 yet1 by increas+ ! returns on ! capital ( ! trunk l9e1 x comp5sates1 or m ?an comp5sates4 ,7 ! exi/+ company1 h[ev]1 =bidd5 to ext5d its und]tak+1 su* a bran* w\ld n be made2 & injury w\ld result40 ,?is is all true1 ) ! exception ( ! la/ ass]tion1 t su* a bran* w\ld n be made4 ,?\gh 9 its corporate capacity ! company own+ ! trunk l9e w\ld be unable to execute a "w ( ?is nature1 !re w\ld be no?+ to prev5t individual %>ehold]s 9 ! trunk l9e f unit+ to execute x2 & 7 ! prospects z fav\rable z is assum$1 ?is c\rse1 be+ manife/ly advantage\s to individual %>ehold]s1 w\ld be pursu$ by _m ( !m4 ,if1 act+ 9 conc]t ) o!rs simil>ly #aje circum/anc$1 ! own] ( #aj1jjj wor? ( /ock 9 ! trunk l9e1 c\ld aid ! c>ry+ out ( a propos$ fe$] promis+ to return only #b p] c5t4 on its co/1 by tak+ %>es to ! ext5t ( #ajjj1 x w\ld answ] 8 purpose to d ?is1 provid+ ! extra traffic x br\ght w\ld raise ! trunk-l9e divid5d by "o-f\r? p] c5t4 ,?us1 "u a limit$ propriet>y contract1 companies w\ld /ill1 z n[1 fo/] ext5sions :]e !y 7 want$3 ! only diff]5ce be+ t1 9 ! abs5ce ( gu>ante$ divid5ds1 due caution w\ld be %[n2 & ! poor] %>ehold]s w\ld n1 z at pres5t1 be sacrific$ to ! ri*]4 ,9 brief1 our position is1 t :5ev]1 by ! ef=ts ( all p>ties to be advantag$--local l&[n]s1 manufactur]s1 m]*ants1 trunk-l9e %>ehold]s1 c41 ! capital = an ext5sion c be rais$--:5ev] x becomes cle> to all su*1 t _! indirect pr(its plus _! direct pr(its w make ! inve/m5t a pay+ "o2 ! fact is pro( t ! l9e is want$4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5ev] ! prospective ga9s to ^? int]e/$ are insuffici5t to induce !m to und]take x1 ! fact is pro( t ! l9e is n want$ s mu* z o!r ?+s are want$1 & !re=e ought n to be made4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( ! pr9ciple we advocate be+ objectionable z a *eck to railway ent]prise1 "o ( its m]its is1 t by de/roy+ ! artificial inc5tives to su* ent]prise1 x w\ld conf9e x )9 normal limits4 ,a p]usal ( ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,select ,committee w %[ t x has sundry o!r m]its1 :i* we h space only to indicate4 ,x is e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,la+--& ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 :ile decl9+ to commit himself to ! e/imate1 8does n believe he has ov]/at$ x10--t out ( ! #bhj1jjj1jjj already rais$ = ! con/ruction ( our railways1 #gj1jjj1jjj has be5 ne$lessly sp5t 9 conte/s1 9 duplicate l9es1 9 8! multiplication ( an imm5se numb] ( s*emes prosecut$ at an almo/ reckless #ajf exp5se20 & ,mr4 ,/eph5son believes t ?is sum is 8a v inadequate repres5tative ( ! actual loss 9 po9t ( conv5i5ce1 economy1 & o!r circum/ances connect$ ) traffic1 :i* ! public has su/a9$ by reason ( p>liam5t>y c>elessness 9 legislat+ = railways40 ,"u an equitable int]pretation ( ! propriet>y contract1 ! great] "p ( ?is w\ld h be5 avoid$4 ,! competition betwe5 rival companies 9 ext5sion & bran*-mak+1 :i* has already done va/ injury1 & ! effects ( :i*1 if n /opp$1 w1 9 ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 be su* t 8prop]ty n[ pay+ #e #a_/b p] c5t4 w 9 t5 ye>s be wor? only #c p] c5t41 & t on tw5ty-"o millions ( money0--?is competition c\ld nev] h exi/$ 9 its int5se & delet]i\s =m "u ! limit+ pr9ciple we advocate4 ,prompt$ by jeal\sy & antagonism1 our companies h obta9$ p[]s = #bjjj miles ( railway :i* !y h nev] made4 ,! millions ?us squ&]$ 9 surveys & p>liam5t>y conte/s--8food = lawy]s & eng9e]s0--w\ld ne>ly all h be5 sav$1 _h ea* supplem5t>y l9e be5 obta9able only by an indep5d5t body ( proprietors ) no "o to %ield !m f ! p5alties ( reckless s*em+4 ,x is admitt$ t ! bran*es & fe$]s con/ruct$ f competitive motives h n be5 laid out 9 ! be/ directions = ! public4 ,to defeat1 or retaliate ^u1 oppon5ts1 hav+ be5 "o ( ! ends--(t5 ! *ief end--9 mak+ !m1 r\tes h be5 *os5 especially calculat$ to effect ?is end2 & ! local traffic has 9 consequ5ce be5 ill provid$ =4 ,_h ^! bran*es & fe$]s1 h[ev]1 be5 left to ! ent]prise ( _! respective di/ricts1 aid$ by su* o!r ent]prise z !y c\ld attract1 ! rev]se w\ld h be5 ! fact2 see+ t on ! av]age1 9 ^! small] cases z 9 ! great] ones1 ! r\tes :i* mo/ accommodate ! public mu/ be ! r\tes mo/ pr(itable to projectors4 ,7 ! illegitimate competition 9 ext5sion-mak+ #ajg done away1 !re w\ld rema9 betwe5 companies j t normal competition :i* is advantage\s to all4 ,x is n true1 z is alleg$1 t !re _c exi/ betwe5 railways a competition analog\s to t :i* exi/s betwe5 trad]s4 ,! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,saund]s1 ! secret>y ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,company1 proves ! contr>y4 ,he %[s t :]e ! ,great ,we/]n & ! ,nor? ,we/]n railways communicate ) ! same t[ns1 z at ,birm+ham & ,ox=d1 ea* has tacitly adopt$ ! f>e :i* ! o!r 0 *>g+2 & t :ile !re is ?us no competition 9 f>es1 !re is competition 9 spe$ & accommodation4 ,! results are1 t ea* takes t portion ( ! traffic :i*1 9 virtue ( its position & local circum/ances1 naturally falls to its %>e2 t ea* /imulates ! o!r to give ! greate/ advantages x c af=d2 & t ea* keeps ! o!r 9 ord] by ?reat5+ to take away its natural %>e ( ! traffic if1 by ill-behavi\r or ineffici5cy1 x c\nt]balances ! special advantages x (f]s4 ,n[1 ?is is j ! =m :i* competition ev5tually assumes betwe5 trad]s4 ,aft] x has be5 asc]ta9$ by und]sell+ :at is ! l[e/ remun]ative price at :i* any commodity c be sold1 ! g5]al results are1 t t becomes ! e/abli%$ price2 t ea* trad] is cont5t to supply ^? only :o1 f proximity or o!r causes1 naturally come to him2 & t only :5 he treats 8 cu/om]s ill1 ne$ he fe> t !y w inconv5i5ce !mselves by go+ else:]e = _! goods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,is !re n1 !n1 press+ ne$ = an am5dm5t ( ! laws affect+ ! propriet>y contract--an am5dm5t :i* %all trans=m x f an unlimit$ into a limit$ contract2 or r--n trans=m x into su*1 b recognize x z su*8 ,if !re be tru? 9 our argum5t1 ! abs5ce ( any limitation has be5 ! *ief cause ( ! manifold evils ( our railway adm9i/ration4 ,! %>e-traffick+ #ajh ( directors2 ! complicat$ intrigues ( lawy]s1 eng9e]s1 contractors1 & o!rs2 ! betrayal ( propriet>ies--all ! complicat$ corruptions :i* we h detail$1 h prim>ily aris5 f x1 h be5 made possible by x4 ,x has r5d]$ travell+ m co/ly & less safe ?an x w\ld h be52 & :ile app>5tly facilitat+ traffic1 has indirectly h9d]$ x4 ,by fo/]+ antagonism1 x has l$ to ! ill lay+-out ( supplem5t>y l9es2 to ! wa/+ ( enorm\s sums 9 useless p>liam5t>y conte/s2 to ! loss ( an almo/ incr$ible am\nt ( national capital 9 ! mak+ ( railways = :i* !re is no due requirem5t4 ,reg>d$ 9 ! mass1 ! inve/m5ts ( %>ehold]s h be5 r$uc$ by x to less ?an half ! av]age productiv5ess :i* su* inve/m5ts %\ld possess2 &1 z all au?orities admit1 railway prop]ty is1 ev5 n[1 kept bel[ its real value1 by ! fe> ( future depreciations consequ5t on future ext5sions4 ,consid]+1 !n1 ! va/ness ( ! int]e/s at /ake--consid]+ t ! total capital ( our companies w soon rea* #cjj1jjj1jjj--;consid]+1 on ! "o h&1 ! imm5se numb] ( p]sons own+ ?is capital 7_m ( !m ) no incomes b :at are d]iv$ f x71 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! great ext5t to :i* ! community is conc]n$1 bo? directly z to its comm]cial facilities1 & indirectly z to ! economy ( its res\rces--consid]+ all ?is1 x becomes extremely important t railway prop]ty %\ld be plac$ on a secure foot+1 & railway ent]prise conf9$ )9 normal b\nds4 ,! *ange is dem&$ alike = ! welf>e ( %>ehold]s & ! public4 ,no *>ge ( ov]-legislation c be br\ght aga9/ x4 ,x is simply an ext5sion to jo9t-/ock contracts1 ( ! pr9ciple appli$ to all o!r contracts2 x is m]ely a fulfilm5t ( ! ,/ate's judicial function 9 cases hi!rto neglect$2 x is no?+ b a bett] adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,po/script4--,t ! propriet>y contract %\ld be #aji /rictly adh]$ to1 & no und]tak+s beyond ^? specifi$ 9 ! de$ ( incorporation ent]$ ^u1 is a doctr9e unpalatable to ^? 9 au?ority4 ,a fri5d :o1 z *airman ( "o ( our great railway-companies1 has be5 famili> ) railway-politics & p>liam5t>y usages 9 connexion ) !m1 cont5ds t su* a re/rictive int]pretation w\ld be unworkable2 &1 fur!r1 t ! legislature w\ld nev] all[ itself to be %ackl$ 9 ! impli$ way4 ,t he is "r 9 ! la/ ( ^! ass]tions ,i ?9k highly probable4 ,9 face ( ! curr5tly accept$ dogma t an ,act ( ,p>liam5t c d any?+1 x is fooli% to expect t ,p>liam5t w\ld1 by e?ical consid]ations1 be re/ra9$ f break+ contracts & au?oriz+ ! break+ ( contracts4 ,:5 we see ?is dogma habitually act$ ^u to ! ext5t ( trampl+ "u foot ,/ate-gu>antees 7z 9 ! case ( ^? :o pur*as$ l& "u ! ,iri% ,encumb]$ ,e/ates ,act1 or z 9 ! case ( agreem5ts orig9ally ent]$ into ) companies to conf] on !m c]ta9 p[]s "u c]ta9 conditions7 x w\ld be absurd to suppose t any t5d] reg>d = ! claims ( diss5ti5t proprietors w\ld det] ! rul+ body f cancell+ ! und]/&+ "u :i* %>ehold]s cons5t$ to co-op]ate4 ,m5 mu/ be mu* m consci5ti\s ?an !y are be=e any su* *eck is likely to be effective4 ,to ! o!r objection--t su* a re/riction w\ld entail an unworkable complication--,i entirely demur4 ,t its consequ5ces w\ld be awkw>d "u our pres5t =m ( railway-adm9i/ration may be true2 b x is also true t _h su* a re/riction be5 insi/$ on1 ano!r & bett] =m ( railway-adm9i/ration w\ld h aris54 ,?is w probably be ?\ght an unw>rant$ ass]tion4 ,nev]!less ,i make x ) "s confid5ce1 s9ce ! =m ( adm9i/ration to :i* ,i ref] is "o :i* 01 9 a diff]5t guise1 contemplat$ :5 railways #aaj 7 orig9ally au?oriz$4 ,to ^? ^: only conception ( ! mode ( c>ry+ on railway-traffic is t d]iv$ f _! daily obs]vations1 ?is w be an incompreh5sible /atem5t2 b ^? :o rememb] h[ railways 7 orig9ally int5d$ to be us$ w "k :at ,i mean4 ,novel s*emes are always m or less %ap$ by old habits4 ,at ! "t :5 ! fir/ railways 7 au?oriz$1 ! exp]i5ce m5 _h ( coa*-travell+ on high roads1 affect$ 9 v>i\s ways ! /ructures ( ! new appliances & ! natures ( ! new arrangem5ts4 ,! railway gauge 0 det]m9$ by ! wid? betwe5 ! :eels ( a /age-coa*4 ,e>ly fir/-class c>riages 7 made to appe> l ! c5tral p>ts ( ?ree /age-coa*es jo9$ toge!r3 pres]v+ _! convex panels & curv$ outl9es1 & frequ5tly hav+1 on ! c5tre "o1 ! words 8,tria juncta 9 uno40 ,! inside ( ! fir/-class c>riage 0 fitt$ up to resemble ! inside ( a /age-coa*2 & ! orig9al second-class c>riage1 hav+ b>e wood5 seats ov] :i*1 on v]tical iron rods1 0 support$ a ro( all[+ ! w9d & ra9 to bl[ ?r\gh f side to side1 0 s design$ z to be sc>cely m com=table ?an ! outside ( a coa*4 ,= "s ye>s ! gu>d _h a seat on ! outside1 at ! end ( a c>riage1 z on a coa*2 & = _m ye>s ! luggage1 cov]$ ) t>paul91 0 plac$ on ! ro(s ( c>riages1 z on ! outsides ( coa*es4 ,once m ! book+-(fices 7 at fir/ l ! book+-(fices = /age-coa*es--places :]e pass5g]s ent]$ _! names to secure seats4 ,little z ! fact is n[ recogniz$1 ?is k9%ip ( ideas ext5d$ to ! contemplat$ arrangem5ts = work+4 ,m5 ?\ght t traffic on railways might be c>ri$ on aft] ! same mann] z traffic on high roads4 ,x 0 assum$ t on l9es ( rails1 :]e ! pass+ ( vehicles go+ 9 ! same direction is impracticable1 ! sy/em pursu$ might be l t 9 use on high roads1 #aaa :]e vehicles c pass & re-pass 9 any direction & jo9 or leave ! /ream at w4 ,does ! read] ask pro( ( ?is8 ,! pro( lies 9 ! fact1 well-kn[n to ^? :o 7 adult 9 ! e>ly days ( railways1 t 9 ! (fice or wait+-room ( e railway-/ation 0 fix$ up a table ( tolls1 l t :i* 0 fix$ up at e toll-gate2 b 9 ?is case specify+ ! rate *>geable p] mile = all ?+s c>ri$--pass5g]s1 horses1 cattle1 goods1 c4 ,?is table ( tolls impli$ t x 0 )9 ! p[] ( o!rs besides ! company to run vehicles on ! company's l9e1 & pay !m at su* & su* rates = ! privilege ( do+ s--a privilege :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 0 nev] made use (1 = ! suffici5t reason t x w\ld h be5 impossible to c>ry on bus9ess amid ! confusion :i* w\ld h result$4 ,b :ile ?is arrangem5t1 9 ! =m impli$1 w\ld h be5 impracticable1 x =e%ad[s an arrangem5t :i* w\ld h be5 practicable2 & "o :i* w\ld h gr[n up _h ea* railway company be5 limit$ to ! und]tak+ specifi$ 9 its de$ ( incorporation4 ,aft] exp]i5ce ( ineffici5t co-op]ation1 :5 s _m indep5d5t bodies own+ bran*es & ext5sions _h to adju/ _! tra9 s]vices1 c41 !re w\ld1 9 all probability1 h be5 =m$ :at we may call runn+-companies or traffic-companies1 sep>ate f ! orig9al railway-companies4 ,ea* "o ( ^! w\ld h propos$ to ! companies own+ ! v>i\s ma9 l9es1 ext5sions1 & bran*es1 )9 "s l>ge di/rict conv5i5tly delimit$1 to und]take ! work+ ( _! v>i\s l9es3 ei!r tak+ !m sev]ally on lease1 or agree+ to give a specifi$ %>e ( ! net returns annually receiv$1 or agree+ to pay c]ta9 tolls = pass5g]s & goods4 ,"u su* an arrangem5t ! orig9al companies1 /&+ 9 ! position ( l&lords1 w\ld h _h = _! *ief bus9ess to keep ! embankm5ts1 cutt+s1 bridges1 p]man5t way1 /ations1 c41 9 work+ #aab ord]2 :ile ! runn+-companies1 /&+ 9 ! position ( t5ants1 b own+ ! roll+-/ock1 w\ld h _h = _! bus9ess to conduct ! pass5g] & goods traffic ?r\gh\t ! :ole area1 ) p[] to arrange ! work+s ( ! v>i\s subdivisions ( ! sy/em 9 a h>moni\s mann]4 ,cle>ly1 if !re is an advantage 9 division ( lab\r 9 o!r cases1 !re w\ld h be5 an advantage 9 ?is case4 ,! fix$ works con/itut+ ea* ( ^! int]-connect$ railways w\ld h be5 kept 9 m p]fect repair1 _h pres]vation ( !m be5 ! exclusive bus9ess ( ! companies own+ !m2 :ile ! runn+-companies1 ) no?+ to att5d to beyond ! keep+ 9 ord] ( _! roll+-/ock & ! managem5t ( tra9-s]vices c4 w\ld h done ?is m satisfactorily4 ,a fur!r reason = believ+ t bett] results w\ld h be5 a*iev$ ?an are n[ a*iev$1 is t "u su* circum/ances !re w\ld h be5 no absorption ( directors' "t 9 c>ry+ on railway-w>s & gett+ new acts ( p>liam5t--a bus9ess :i*1 "u ! exi/+ sy/em1 has *iefly occupi$ ! att5tion ( bo>ds4 ,! en=cem5t ( equitable arrangem5ts is (t5 fraught ) unanticipat$ b5efits2 & !re seems reason to ?9k t unanticipat$ b5efits w\ld h result$ 9 ?is case also4 #aac ,,! ,,morals ,,( ,,trade4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,april #ahei4 ,we are n ab\t to repeat1 "u ! above title1 ! (t5-told tale ( adult]ations3 albeit1 7 x our object to deal ) ?is famili> topic1 !re are n want+ fre% mat]ials4 ,x is r ! less-obs]v$ & less-kn[n di%one/ies ( trade1 to :i* we w\ld "h draw att5tion4 ,! same lack ( consci5ti\sness :i* %[s itself 9 ! mix+ ( />* ) cocoa1 9 ! dilution ( butt] ) l>d1 9 ! col\r+ ( confection]y ) *romate ( lead & ars5ite ( copp]1 mu/ ( c\rse come out 9 m conceal$ =ms2 & ^! are ne>ly1 if n q1 z num]\s & z mis*iev\s4 ,x is n true1 z _m suppose1 t only ! l[] classes ( ! comm]cial _w are guilty ( fraudul5t deal+4 ,^? above !m are to a great ext5t blamewor?y4 ,on ! av]age1 m5 :o deal 9 bales & tons diff] b little 9 morality f m5 :o deal 9 y>ds & p\nds4 ,illicit practices ( e =m & %ade1 f v5ial deception up to all b direct !ft1 may be br\ght home to ! high] grades ( our comm]cial _w4 ,tricks innum]able1 lies act$ or utt]$1 elaborately-devis$ frauds1 are preval5t3 #aad _m ( !m e/abli%$ z 8cu/oms ( ! trade20 nay1 n only e/abli%$1 b def5d$4 ,pass+ ov]1 !n1 ! mu*-reprobat$ %opkeep]s1 ( ^: del9qu5cies mo/ p "k some?+1 let u turn our att5tion to ! del9qu5cies ( ! classes above !m 9 ! m]cantile scale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! bus9ess ( :olesale h\ses--9 ! clo?+-trades at lea/--is *iefly manag$ by a class ( m5 call$ 8buy]s40 ,ea* :olesale e/abli%m5t is usually divid$ into sev]al dep>tm5ts2 & at ! head ( ea* dep>tm5t is plac$ "o ( ^! function>ies4 ,a buy] is a p>tially-indep5d5t sub-trad]4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> he is debit$ ) a c]ta9 %>e ( ! capital ( 8 employ]s4 ,) ?is capital he trades4 ,f ! mak]s he ord]s = 8 dep>tm5t su* goods z he ?9ks w f9d a m>ket2 & = ! goods ?us b\ght he obta9s z l>ge a sale z he c among ! retail]s ( 8 connexion4 ,! acc\nts %[ at ! end ( ! ye> :at pr(it has be5 made on ! capital ov] :i* he has comm&2 &1 accord+ to ! result1 8 engagem5t is cont9u$--p]haps at an increas$ sal>y--or he is dis*>g$4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 brib]y w\ld h>dly be expect$4 ,yet we le>n1 on unque/ionable au?ority1 t buy]s habitually bribe & are brib$4 ,giv+ pres5ts1 z a means ( obta9+ cu/om1 is an e/abli%$ practice betwe5 !m & all ) :om !y h deal+s4 ,_! connexions among retail]s !y ext5d by treat+ & fav\rs2 & !y are !mselves influ5c$ 9 _! pur*ases by l means4 ,x might be presum$ t self-int]e/ w\ld 9 bo? cases negative ?is4 ,b app>5tly1 no v obvi\s sacrifice results f yield+ to su* influ5ces4 ,:51 z usually happ5s1 !re are _m manufactur]s produc+ articles ( l goodness at ! same prices1 or _m buy]s betwe5 ^: commodities & ^: t]ms !re is little room = *oice1 !re exi/s no #aae motive to pur*ase ( "o r ?an ano!r2 & !n ! temptation to take "s imm$iate bonus turns ! scale4 ,:atev] be ! cause1 h[ev]1 ! fact is te/ifi$ to u alike 9 ,london & ! prov9ces4 ,by manufactur]s1 buy]s are sumptu\sly ent]ta9$ = days toge!r1 & are pli$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> ) hamp]s ( game1 turkeys1 doz5s ( w9e1 etc43 nay1 !y receive actual money-bribes2 sometimes1 z we he> f a manufactur]1 9 ! %ape ( bank-notes1 b m commonly 9 ! %ape ( disc\nts on ! am\nts ( _! pur*ases4 ,! extreme preval5ce--univ]sality we might say--( ?is sy/em1 is prov$ by ! evid5ce ( "o :o1 disgu/$ z he is1 f9ds himself inextricably entangl$ 9 x4 ,he confess$ to u t all 8 transactions 7 ?us ta9t$4 8,ea* ( ! buy]s ) :om ,i deal10 he said1 8expects an occasional bonus 9 "o =m or o!r4 ,"s require ! bribe to be wrapp$ up2 & "s take x )\t disguise4 ,to an (f] ( money1 ?is "o replies--#8,oh1 ,i don't l t sort ( ?+1' b nev]!less1 does n object to money's-wor?2 :ile my fri5d ,s-&-s1 :o promises to br+ me a l>ge trade ?is season1 w1 ,i v well "k1 look = "o p] c5t4 disc\nt 9 ca%4 ,! ?+ is n to be avoid$4 ,i c\ld "n sundry buy]s :o look askance at me1 & nev] w inspect my goods2 & ,i h no d\bt ab\t ! cause--,i h n b\ght _! patronage40 ,& !n our in=mant appeal$ to ano!r ( ! trade1 :o agre$ 9 ! ass]tion t 9 ,london _! bus9ess c\ld n be done on any o!r t]ms4 ,s gre$y d "s ( ^! buy]s become1 t _! p]quisites absorb a great "p ( ! pr(its1 & make x a "q :e!r x is wor? :ile to cont9ue ! deal+ ) !m4 ,next1 z above h9t$1 !re comes a l hi/ory ( transactions betwe5 buy]s & retail]s--! brib$ be+ n[ ! brib]s4 ,"o ( ^? above ref]r$ to z habitually expect+ d\ceurs1 said to ! giv] ( !m1 ^: te/imony we h j repeat$--8,i've sp5t p\nds & p\nds ov] #aaf 7nam+ a l>ge tailor71 & n[ ,i ?9k ,i h ga9$ him ov]40 ,to :i* confession ?is buy] add$ ! compla9t1 t 8 h\se did n make him any all[ance = sums ?us disburs$4 ,"u ! buy]1 :o has absolute control ( 8 own dep>tm5t 9 a :olesale h\se1 come sundry assi/ants1 :o transact ! bus9ess ) retail trad]s2 mu* z retail trad]'s assi/ants transact ! bus9ess ) ! g5]al public4 ,^! high]-class assi/ants1 work+ "u ! same pressure z ! l[]1 are simil>ly unscrupul\s4 ,liable to prompt dismissal z !y are = failure 9 sell+2 ga9+ high] positions z !y d 9 proportion to ! quantities ( goods !y dispose ( at pr(itable rates2 & f9d+ t no objections are made to any di%one/ artifices !y use1 b r t !y are applaud$ = !m2 ^! "y m5 display a sc>cely cr$ible demoralization4 ,z we le>n f ^? :o h be5 ( !m1 _! duplicity is unceas+--!y speak almo/ cont9u\s falsehood2 & _! tricks range f ! simple/ to ! mo/ ,ma*iavellian4 ,take a few samples4 ,:5 deal+ ) a retail]1 x is an habitual practice to be> 9 m9d ! "* ( 8 bus9ess2 & to delude him respect+ articles ( :i* he has lea/ exp]i5ce4 ,if 8 %op is 9 a neighb\rhood :]e ! sales are *iefly ( inf]ior goods 7a fact asc]ta9$ f ! travell]71 x is inf]r$ t1 hav+ a comp>atively small dem& = sup]ior goods1 he is a bad judge ( !m2 & advantage is tak5 ( 8 ignorance4 ,aga91 x is usual purposely to pres5t samples ( clo?s1 silks1 etc41 9 su* ord] z to disqualify ! p]ceptions4 ,z1 :5 ta/+ diff]5t foods or w9es1 ! palate is disabl$ by some?+ /rongly flav\r$1 f appreciat+ ! m delicate flav\r ( ano!r ?+ aft]w>ds tak52 s ) ! o!r organs ( s5se1 a tempor>y disability foll[s an excessive /imulation4 ,?is holds n only ) ! eyes 9 judg+ ( col\rs1 b also1 z we are told by "o :o has be5 9 ! trade1 x holds ) ! f+]s 9 judg+ ( textures2 & cunn+ #aag salesm5 are 9 ! habit ( ?us p>tially p>alys+ ! cu/om]s' p]ceptions1 & !n sell+ second-rate articles z fir/-rate ones4 ,ano!r common manuvre is t ( rais+ a false belief ( *eapness4 ,suppose a tailor is lay+ 9 a /ock ( broad clo?s4 ,he is (f]$ a b>ga94 ,?ree pieces are put be=e him--two ( good quality1 at1 p]haps1 #ads4 p] y>d2 & "o ( mu* inf]ior quality1 at #hs4 p] y>d4 ,^! pieces h be5 purposely a little tumbl$ & creas$1 to give an app>5t reason = a pret5d$ sacrifice ^u !m4 ,& ! tailor is !n told t he may h ^! nom9ally-damag$ clo?s z 8a job lot10 at #abs4 p] y>d4 ,misl$ by ! appe>ances into a belief ( ! pr(ess$ sacrifice2 impress$1 moreov]1 by ! fact t two ( ! pieces are really wor? consid]ably m ?an ! price ask$2 & n suffici5tly be>+ 9 m9d t ! great inf]iority ( ! ?ird j balances ?is2 ! tailor probably buys2 & he goes away ) ! com=table conviction t he has made a specially-advantage\s pur*ase1 :5 he has really paid ! full price = e y>d4 ,a /ill m subtle trick has be5 describ$ to u by "o :o himself made use ( x1 :5 engag$ 9 "o ( ^! :olesale-h\ses--a trick s successful t he 0 (t5 s5t = to sell to cu/om]s :o c\ld be induc$ to buy by none o!r ( ! assi/ants1 & :o ev] aft]w>ds w\ld buy only ( him4 ,8 policy 0 to seem extremely simple & hone/1 &1 dur+ ! fir/ few pur*ases1 to exhibit 8 hone/y by po9t+ out defects 9 ! ?+s he 0 sell+2 & !n1 hav+ ga9$ ! cu/om]'s confid5ce1 he proce$$ to pass (f ^u him inf]ior goods at sup]ior prices4 ,^! are a few out ( ! v>i\s manuvres 9 con/ant practice4 ,( c\rse !re is a runn+ accompanim5t ( falsehoods1 utt]$ z well z act$4 ,x is expect$ ( ! assi/ant t he w say :atev] is ne$$ to effect a sale4 8,any fool c sell :at is want$10 said a ma/] 9 reproa*+ a %opman = n hav+ p]suad$ a cu/om] to buy some?+ q unlike t :i* he ask$ #aah =4 ,& ! unscrupul\s m5dacity ?us requir$ by employ]s1 & enc\rag$ by example1 gr[s to a height ( depravity t has be5 describ$ to u 9 words too /rong to be repeat$4 ,our in=mant 0 oblig$ to rel9qui% 8 position 9 "o ( ^! e/abli%m5ts1 because he c\ld n l[] himself to ! requir$ dep? ( degradation4 8,y don't lie z ?\gh y believe :at y say10 obs]v$ "o ( 8 fell[-assi/ants4 ,& ?is 0 utt]$ z a reproa*6 ,z ^? subord9ates :o h fewe/ qualms ( consci5ce are ^? :o succe$ ! be/1 are soone/ promot$ to m remun]ative po/s1 & h !re=e ! greate/ *ances ( e/abli%+ bus9esses ( _! own2 x may be inf]r$ t ! morality ( ! heads ( ^! e/abli%m5ts1 is mu* on a p> ) t ( _! employs4 ,! habitual malpractices ( :olesale h\ses1 confirm ?is inf]5ce4 ,n only1 z we h j se51 are assi/ants "u a pressure impell+ !m to deceive pur*as]s respect+ ! qualities ( ! goods !y buy1 b pur*as]s are also deceiv$ 9 respect to ! quantities2 & t1 n by an occasional unau?oriz$ trick1 b by an organiz$ sy/em1 = :i* ! firm itself is responsible4 ,! g5]al practice is to make up goods1 or to h !m made up1 9 l5g?s t are %ort] ?an !y pr(ess to be4 ,a piece ( calico nom9ally ?irty-six y>ds long1 nev] measures m ?an ?irty-"o y>ds--is und]/ood ?r\gh\t ! trade to measure only s mu*4 ,& ! long-accumulat+ del9qu5cies :i* ?is cu/om indicates--! successive dim9utions ( l5g?1 ea* introduc$ by "s adept 9 di%one/y1 & !n imitat$ by 8 competitors--are n[ be+ daily c>ri$ to a /ill great] ext5t1 :]ev] !y are n likely to be imm$iately detect$4 ,articles t are sold 9 small bundles1 knots1 packets1 or su* =ms z negative measurem5t at ! "t ( sale1 are habitually defici5t 9 quantity4 ,silk-laces call$ six qu>t]s1 or fifty-f\r #aai in*es1 really measure f\r qu>t]s1 or ?irty-six in*es4 ,tapes 7 orig9ally sold 9 grosses conta9+ twelve knots ( twelve y>ds ea*2 b ^! twelve-y>d-knots are n[ cut ( all l5g?s1 f eight y>ds d[n to five y>ds1 & ev5 less--! usual l5g? be+ six y>ds4 ,t is to say1 ! #add y>ds :i* ! gross once conta9$1 has n[ 9 "s cases dw9dl$ d[n to #fj y>ds4 ,9 wid?s1 z well z 9 l5g?s1 ?is deception is practis$4 ,fr5* cotton-braid1 = in/ance 7,fr5* only 9 "n71 is made ( diff]5t wid?s2 :i* are respectively m>k$ #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 etc43 ea* figure indicat+ ! numb] ( ?reads ( cotton :i* ! wid? includes1 or r %\ld include1 b does n4 ,= ^? :i* %\ld be m>k$ #e are m>k$ #g2 & ^? :i* %\ld be m>k$ #g are m>k$ #i3 out ( ?ree samples f diff]5t h\ses %[n to u by our in=mant1 only "o conta9$ ! alleg$ numb] ( ?reads4 ,fr+e1 aga91 :i* is sold wrapp$ on c>d1 w (t5 be f\nd two in*es wide at ! end expos$ to view1 b w dim9i% to "o in* at ! end next ! c>d2 or p]haps ! fir/ tw5ty y>ds w be good1 & all ! re/1 hidd5 "u x1 w be bad4 ,^! frauds are committ$ unblu%+ly1 & z a matt] ( bus9ess4 ,we h ourselves read 9 an ag5t's ord]-book1 ! details ( an ord]1 specify+ ! actual l5g?s ( :i* ! articles 7 to be cut1 & ! mu* great] l5g?s to be m>k$ on ! labels4 ,& we h be5 told by a manufactur] :o 0 requir$ to make up tapes into l5g?s ( fifte5 y>ds1 & label !m 8w>rant$ #ah y>ds10 t :5 he did n label !m falsely1 8 goods 7 s5t back to him2 & t ! greate/ concession he c\ld obta9 0 to be all[$ to s5d !m )\t labels4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t 9 _! deal+s ) manufactur]s1 ^! :olesale-h\ses adopt a code ( morals diff]+ mu* f t :i* regulates _! deal+s ) retail]s4 ,! facts prove x to be mu* ! #abj same4 ,a buy] = in/ance 7:o exclusively conducts ! pur*ases ( a :olesale-h\se f manufactur]s7 w n unfrequ5tly take f a fir/-class mak]1 a small supply ( "s new fabric1 on ! patt]n ( :i* mu* "t & money h be5 sp5t2 & ?is new-patt]n fabric he w put into ! h&s ( ano!r mak]1 to h copi$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,"s buy]s1 aga91 give _! ord]s orally1 t !y may h ! opportunity ( aft]w>ds repudiat+ !m if !y wi%2 & 9 a case n>rat$ to u1 :]e a manufactur] :o _h be5 ?us delud$1 wi%$ on a subsequ5t occasion to gu>antee himself by obta9+ ! buy]'s signature to 8 ord]1 he 0 refus$ x4 ,= o!r unju/ acts ( :olesale-h\ses1 ! heads ( ^! e/abli%m5ts are1 we presume1 responsible4 ,small manufactur]s work+ ) insuffici5t capital1 & 9 times ( depression n hav+ ! :]e) to meet _! engagem5ts1 are (t5 oblig$ to become dep5dants on ! :olesale-h\ses ) :i* !y deal2 & are !n cruelly tak5 advantage (4 ,"o :o has ?us committ$ himself1 has ei!r to sell 8 accumulat$ /ock at a great sacrifice--?irty to =ty p] c5t4 bel[ its value--or else to mortgage x2 & :5 ! :olesale-h\se becomes ! mortgagee1 ! manufactur] has little *ance ( escape4 ,he is oblig$ to "w at ! :olesale-deal]'s t]ms2 & ru9 almo/ c]ta9ly foll[s4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 ! silk-hosi]y bus9ess4 ,z 0 said to u by "o ( ! l>g] silk-hosi]s1 :o _h wat*$ ! de/ruction ( _m ( 8 small] bre?r5--8,!y may be sp>$ = a "t z a cat sp>es a m\se2 b !y are sure to be eat5 up 9 ! end40 ,& we c ! m readily cr$it ?is /atem5t f hav+ f\nd t a l policy is pursu$ by "s prov9cial curri]s 9 _! deal+s ) small %oe-mak]s2 & also by hop-m]*ants & malt/]s 9 _! deal+s ) small publicans4 ,we read t 9 ,h9do/an ! ryots1 :5 crops fall %ort1 borr[ f ! ,jews to buy se$2 & #aba once 9 _! clut*es are doom$4 ,x seems t our comm]cial _w c furni% p>allels4 ,( ano!r class ( :olesale-trad]s--^? :o supply groc]s ) =eign & colonial produce--we may say t ?\gh1 9 consequ5ce ( ! nature ( _! bus9ess1 _! malpractices are less num]\s & multi=m1 z well z less gl>+1 !y be> ! same /amp z ! =ego+4 ,unless x is to be suppos$ t sug> & spices are moral antiseptics z well z physical ones1 x mu/ be expect$ t :olesale deal]s 9 !m w transgress mu* z o!r :olesale deal]s d1 9 ^? directions :]e ! facilities are greate/4 ,& ! tru? is t1 bo? 9 ! qualities & quantities ( ! articles !y sell1 !y take advantage ( ! retail]s4 ,! descriptions !y give ( _! commodities are habitually misrepres5tations4 ,samples s5t r\nd to _! cu/om]s are *>act]iz$ z fir/-rate :5 !y are really second-rate4 ,! travell]s are expect$ to endorse ^! untrue /atem5ts2 & unless ! groc] has adequate ke5ness & ext5sive k1 he is m or less deceiv$4 ,9 "s cases1 inde$1 no skill w save him4 ,!re are frauds t h gr[n up little by little into cu/oms ( ! trade1 :i* ! retail] mu/ submit to4 ,9 ! pur*ase ( sug>1 = example1 he is impos$ on 9 respect alike ( ! goodness & ! weight4 ,! hi/ory ( ! di%one/y is ?is4 ,orig9ally ! t>e all[$ by ! m]*ant on ea* hog%ead1 0 #ad p] c5t4 ( ! gross weight4 ,! actual weight ( ! wood ( :i* ! hog%ead 0 made1 0 at t "t ab\t #ab p] c5t4 ( ! gross weight4 ,& ?us ! trade-all[ance left a pr(it ( #b p] c5t4 to ! buy]4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! hog%ead has gr[n ?ick] & heavi]2 until n[1 in/ead ( am\nt+ to #ab p] c5t4 ( ! gross weight1 x am\nts to #ag p] c5t4 ,z ! all[ance ( #ad p] c5t4 /ill cont9ues1 ! result is t ! retail groc] loses #c p] c5t43 to ! ext5t ( #c p] c5t4 he buys wood #abb 9 place ( sug>4 ,9 ! quality ( ! sug>1 he is delud$ by ! practice ( giv+ him a sample f ! be/ "p ( ! hog%ead4 ,dur+ its voyage f ,jamaica or else:]e1 ! cont5ts ( a hog%ead und]go a sl[ dra9age4 ,! molasses1 ( :i* m or less is always pres5t1 filt]s f ! upp]mo/ "p ( ! mass ( sug> to ! l[]mo/ "p2 & ?is l[]mo/ "p1 te*nically kn[n z ! 8foots10 is ( d>k] col\r & small] value4 ,! quantity ( x conta9$ 9 a hog%ead v>ies greatly2 & ! retail]1 receiv+ a false sample1 has to guess :at ! quantity ( 8foots0 may be2 &1 to 8 co/1 (t5 "u-e/imates x4 ,z w be se5 f ! foll[+ lett]1 copi$ f ! ,public ,l$g] = ! #bj? ,oct41 #aheh1 ^! grievances1 m sev]e ev5 ?an we h repres5t$ !m1 are n[ excit+ an agitation4 8,to ! ,retail ,groc]s ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 8,g5tlem51--,! "t has arriv$ = ! trade at once to make a move = ! revision ( t>es on all raw sug>s4 ,facts prove ! evil ( ! pres5t sy/em to be greatly on ! increase4 ,we submit a case z "u1 & only "o out ( tw5ty4 ,on ! #cj? ,augu/1 #aheh1 we b\ght #c hog%eads ( ,b>bados1 m>k ,,tg ,k ,invoice ,t>es4 ,re ,t>es4 ,no4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 lb4 ,no4 cwt4 qrs4 lb4 #a #a #b #ad #f drft4 #a #a #c #bg #g #a #b #g #g #a #c #bj #c #a #b #ba #c #a #c #bg #d #c #bj #e #c #ah ,d$uct #d #c #bj s4 s4 d4 #j #c #bf at #db -- #b #a #c 8,we make a claim = #b4 #as4 #c;d42 we are told by ! :olesale groc] !re is no r$ress4 8,!re is ano!r evil :i* ! retail groc] has to cont5d )1 t is1 ! mode ( sampl+ raw sug>s3 ! foots are exclud$ f ! m]*ants' samples4 ,facts w prove t 9 ?\s&s ( hog%eads ( ,b>bados ?is season !re is an av]age ( #e cwt4 ( foots 9 ea*2 we h turn$ out "s ) #aj cwt41 :i* are at lea/ #es4 p] cwt4 less value ?an sample1 & 9 ^! cases we are told aga9 !re is no r$ress4 8,^! two causes are br++ hundr$s ( h>d-work+ m5 to ru9 #abc & w br+ hundr$s m unless ! trade take x up1 & we implore !m to unite 9 obta9+ s important a revision4 8,we are1 ,g5tlem51 y\r ob$i5t s]vants1 8,,walk] & ,,/a9es4#f 8,birm+ham1 ,octob] #ai1 #aheh40 #f ,! abuses describ$ 9 ?is lett] h n[1 we believe1 be5 aboli%$4 ,a m subtle me?od ( imposition rema9s to be add$4 ,x is ! practice ( sug>-ref9]s to put moi/1 cru%$ sug> into dri$ casks4 ,dur+ ! "t t elapses be=e "o ( ^! casks is op5$ by ! retail]1 ! desiccat$ wood has tak5 up ! excess ( wat] f ! sug>2 :i* is ?us br\ght aga9 into good condition4 ,:5 ! retail]1 f9d+ t ! cask weighs mu* m ?an 0 all[$ z t>e by ! :olesale deal]1 compla9s to him ( ?is excess1 ! reply is--8,s5d x up to u1 & we w dry x & weigh x1 z is ! cu/om ( ! trade40 ,)\t fur!r detail+ ^! malpractices1 ( :i* ! above examples are p]haps ! wor/1 we w adv]t only to "o o!r po9t 9 ! transactions ( ^! l>ge h\ses--! draw+-up ( trade-circul>s4 ,x is ! habit ( _m :olesale deal]s to s5d r\nd to _! cu/om]s1 p]iodic acc\nts ( ! pa/ transactions1 pres5t condition1 & prospects ( ! m>kets4 ,s]v+ z *ecks on ea* o!r1 z !y d1 ^! docum5ts are prev5t$ f sw]v+ v widely f ! tru?4 ,b x is sc>cely to be expect$ t !y %\ld be q hone/4 ,^? :o issue !m1 be+ 9 mo/ cases int]e/$ 9 ! prices ( ! commodities ref]r$ to 9 _! circul>s1 are sway$ by _! int]e/s 9 ! repres5tations !y make respect+ ! probabilities ( ! future4 ,f>-see+ retail]s are on _! gu>d aga9/ ?is4 ,a l>ge prov9cial groc]1 :o ?or\ghly und]/&s 8 bus9ess1 said to u--8,z a rule1 ,i ?r[ trade-circul>s on ! fire40 ,& t ?is e/imate ( _! tru/wor?9ess is n unw>rant$1 we ga!r f ! expressions ( ^? engag$ 9 o!r bus9esses4 ,f two lea!r-deal]s1 "o 9 ! c\ntry & "o 9 ,london1 we h he>d ! same compla9t #abd aga9/ ! circul>s publi%$ by h\ses 9 _! trade1 t !y are mislead+4 ,n t !y /ate untru?s2 b t !y produce false impressions by leav+ out facts :i* !y %\ld h /at$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 illu/rat+ ! morality ( manufactur]s1 we %all conf9e ourselves to "o class--^? :o "w 9 silk4 ,& x w be ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( arrang+ facts1 to foll[ ! silk ?r\gh its v>i\s /ages2 f its /ate :5 import$1 to its /ate :5 ready = ! we>]4 ,bundles ( raw silk f abroad--n uncommonly weight$ ) rubbi%1 /ones1 or r\leaux ( ,*9ese copp] co91 to ! loss ( ! buy]--are dispos$ ( by auction4 ,pur*ases are made on behalf ( ! silk-deal]s by 8sworn brok]s20 & ! regulation is1 t ^! sworn brok]s %all conf9e !mselves to _! functions z ag5ts4 ,f a silk-manufactur]1 h[ev]1 we le>n t !y are curr5tly und]/ood to be !mselves speculators 9 silk1 ei!r directly or by proxy2 & t z ?us p]sonally int]e/$ 9 prices1 !y become faulty z ag5ts4 ,we give ?is1 h[ev]1 simply z a prevail+ op9ion1 = ! tru? ( :i* we d n v\*4 ,! silk b\ght by ! ,london deal]1 he s5ds into ! manufactur+ di/ricts to be 8?r[n20 t is1 to be made into ?read fit = weav+4 ,9 ! e/abli%$ =m ( b>ga9 betwe5 ! silk-deal] & ! silk-?r[/]1 we h a /range in/ance ( an organiz$ & recogniz$ deception2 :i* has seem+ly gr[n out ( a *eck on a previ\s deception4 ,! ?r[+ ( silk is necess>ily accompani$ by "s wa/e1 f brok5 ends1 knots1 & fibres too weak to w9d4 ,?is wa/e v>ies 9 diff]5t k9ds ( silk f #c p] c5t4 to #bj p] c5t43 ! av]age be+ ab\t #e p] c5t4 ,! p]-c5tage ( wa/e be+ ?us v>iable1 x is obvi\s t 9 ! abs5ce ( re/ra9t1 a di%one/ silk-?r[/] might ab/ract a portion ( ! silk2 &1 on return+ ! re/ to ! deal]1 might plead #abe t ! great dim9ution 9 weight _h result$ f ! l>ge am\nt ( loss 9 ! process ( ?r[+4 ,h5ce !re has aris5 a sy/em1 call$ 8work+ on co/10 :i* requires ! ?r[/] to s5d back to ! deal] ! same weight ( silk :i* he receives3 ! mean+ ( ! phrase be+1 we presume1 t :atev] wa/e ! ?r[/] makes mu/ be at 8 own co/4 ,n[1 z x is impossible to ?r[ silk )\t "s wa/e--at lea/ #c p] c5t41 & ord9>ily #e p] c5t4--?is arrangem5t necessitates a deception2 if1 inde$1 t c be call$ a deception :i* is tacitly und]/ood by all conc]n$4 ,! silk has to be weight$4 ,z mu* z is lo/ 9 ?r[+1 has to be made up by "s =eign sub/ance introduc$4 ,soap is l>gely us$ = ?is4 ,9 small quantity1 soap is requisite to facilitate ! runn+ ( ! ?reads 9 ! process ( manufacture2 & ! quantity is readily increas$4 ,sug> also is us$4 ,& by "o means or o!r1 ! ?reads are made to absorb en\gh matt] to produce ! desir$ weight4 ,to ?is sy/em all silk-?r[/]s are oblig$ to succumb2 & "s ( !m c>ry x to a great ext5t1 z a means ( hid+ ei!r c>elessness or some?+ worse4 ,! next /age ?r\gh :i* silk passes1 is t ( dye+4 ,"h1 too1 impositions h gr[n *ronic & g5]al4 ,9 times pa/1 z we le>n f a ribbon-manufactur]1 ! weight+ by wat] 0 ! *ief di%one/y4 ,bundles return$ f ! dy]'s1 if n manife/ly damp1 /ill1 conta9+ moi/ure en\gh to make up = a portion ( ! silk t _h be5 kept back2 & precautions _h to be tak5 to escape losses ?us entail$4 ,s9ce !n1 h[ev]1 !re has aris5 a me?od ( deception :i* leaves ?is f> beh9d--t ( employ+ heavy dyes4 ,! foll[+ details h be5 giv5 u by a silk-?r[/]4 ,x is n[1 he says1 "s five-&-?irty ye>s s9ce ?is me?od 0 comm5c$4 ,be=e t "t silk lo/ a consid]able "p ( its weight 9 ! copp]4 ,! ultimate fibre ( silk is coat$1 9 issu+ f ! sp9n]et ( ! silk-worm1 ) #abf a film ( v>ni% :i* is soluble 9 boil+ wat]4 ,9 dye+1 !re=e1 ?is film1 am\nt+ to #be p] c5t4 ( ! entire weight ( ! silk1 is dissolv$ (f2 & ! silk is r5d]$ t mu* light]4 ,s t orig9ally1 = e sixte5 ounces ( silk s5t to ! dy]'s1 only twelve ounces 7 return$4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 by ! use ( heavy dyes1 ?is result has be5 rev]s$4 ,! silk n[ ga9s 9 weight2 & sometimes to a sc>cely cr$ible ext5t4 ,accord+ to ! requirem5t1 silk is s5t back f ! dy]'s ( any weight1 f twelve ounces to ! p\nd up to =ty ounces to ! p\nd4 ,! orig9al p\nd ( silk1 in/ead ( los+ f\r ounces1 z x naturally w\ld1 is actually1 :5 c]ta9 black dyes are us$1 made to ga9 z mu* z tw5ty-f\r ounces6 ,in/ead ( #be p] c5t4 light]1 x is return$ #aej p] c5t4 heavi]--is weight$ ) #age p] c5t4 ( =eign matt]6 ,n[ z1 dur+ ?is /age ( its manufacture1 ! transactions 9 silk are c>ri$ on by weight1 x is manife/ t 9 ! introduction & developm5t ( ?is sy/em1 we h a long hi/ory ( frauds4 ,at pres5t all 9 ! trade are aw>e ( x1 & on _! gu>d aga9/ x4 ,l o!r modes ( adult]ation1 9 becom+ e/abli%$ & univ]sal1 x has ceas$ to be pr(itable to any "o4 ,b x /ill s]ves to indicate ! morals ( ^? conc]n$4 ,! ?r[n & dy$ silk passes into ! h&s ( ! weav]2 & "h aga9 we come ^u di%one/ies4 ,manufactur]s ( figur$ silks s9 aga9/ _! fell[s by /eal+ _! patt]ns4 ,! laws :i* h be5 f\nd necess>y to prev5t ?is species ( piracy1 %[ t x has be5 c>ri$ to a great ext5t4 ,ev5 n[ x is n prev5t$4 ,"o :o has himself suff]$ f x1 tells u t manufactur]s /ill get "o ano!r's designs by brib+ ! workm54 ,9 _! deal+s ) 8buy]s10 too1 "s manufactur]s resort to deceptions3 p]haps tempt$ to d s by ! desire to comp5sate !mselves = ! heavy tax paid 9 treat+1 etc4 ,goods :i* h already be5 se5 #abg & decl9$ by o!r buy]s1 are br\ght be=e a subsequ5t "o ) artfully-devis$ appe>ances ( secrecy1 accompani$ by pr(essions t ^! goods h be5 specially res]v$ = 8 inspection3 a manuvre by :i* an unw>y man is sometimes betray$4 ,t ! process ( production has its delusions1 sc>cely ne$s say+4 ,9 ! ribbon-trade1 = example1 !re is a practice call$ 8top-end+20 t is1 mak+ ! fir/ ?ree y>ds good1 & ! re/ 7:i* is cov]$ :5 roll$ up7 ( bad or loose texture--#hj 8%utes0 to ! in* in/ead ( #ajh4 ,& !n !re comes ! issu+ ( imitations made ( inf]ior mat]ials--textile adult]ations z we may call !m4 ,?is practice ( debasem5t1 n an occasional b an e/abli%$ "o1 is c>ri$ to a surpris+ ext5t1 & ) surpris+ rapidity4 ,"s new fabric1 fir/ sold at #gs4 #f;d4 p] y>d1 is supplant$ by successive c\nt]feits2 until at ! end ( eighte5 mon?s a semblance ( x is sell+ at #ds4 #c;d4 p] y>d4 ,nay1 /ill great] depreciations ( quality & price take place--f #ajs4 d[n to #cs41 & ev5 #bs4 p] y>d4 ,until at l5g? ! badness ( ^! spuri\s fabrics becomes s conspicu\s1 t !y are unsaleable2 & !re ensues a reaction1 end+ ei!r 9 ! re9troduction ( ! orig9al fabric1 or 9 ! production ( "s novelty to supply its place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among our notes ( malpractices 9 trade1 retail1 :olesale1 & manufactur+1 we h _m o!rs t mu/ be pass$ ov]4 ,we _c "h enl>ge on ! n uncommon trick ( us+ false trade-m>ks2 or ( imitat+ ano!r mak]'s wrapp]s4 ,we mu/ be satisfi$ ) simply ref]r+ to ! do+s ( app>5tly-reputable h\ses1 :i* pur*ase goods kn[n to be di%one/ly obta9$4 ,& we are oblig$ to refra9 f p>ticul>iz+ c]ta9 e/abli%$ arrangem5ts1 exi/+ "u cov] ( ! highe/ respectability1 :i* seem int5d$ to facilitate ^! nef>i\s transactions4 ,! frauds we h detail$ #abh are b samples ( a /ate ( ?+s :i* x w\ld take a volume to describe 9 full4 ,! fur!r in/ances ( trad+-immorality :i* x seems desirable "h to give1 are ^? :i* c>ry ) !m a c]ta9 excuse3 %[+ z !y d h[ ins5sibly1 & almo/ irresi/ibly1 m5 are ?ru/ into vici\s practices4 ,always1 no d\bt1 "s utt]ly unconsci5ti\s trad] is ! fir/ to introduce a new =m ( fraud4 ,he is by-&-by foll[$ by o!rs :o we> _! moral codes b loosely4 ,! m upright trad]s are cont9ually tempt$ to adopt ?is que/ionable device :i* ^? ar\nd !m are adopt+4 ,! great] ! numb] :o yield1 & ! m famili> ! device becomes1 ! m difficult is x = ! rema9d] to /& out aga9/ x4 ,! pressure ( competition ^u !m becomes m & m sev]e4 ,!y h to fight an unequal battle3 deb>r$ z !y are f "o ( ! s\rces ( pr(it :i* _! antagoni/s possess4 ,& !y are f9ally almo/ compell$ to foll[ ! lead ( ! re/4 ,take = example :at has happ5$ 9 ! c&le-trade4 ,z all "k1 ! common] k9ds ( c&les are sold 9 bun*es1 suppos$ to weigh a p\nd ea*4 ,orig9ally1 ! nom9al weight correspond$ ) ! real weight4 ,b at pres5t ! weight is habitually %ort by an am\nt v>y+ f half an ounce to two ounces--is sometimes depreciat$ #ab #a_/b p] c5t4 ,if1 n[1 an hone/ *&l] (f]s to supply a retail] at1 say1 six %ill+s = ! doz5 p\nds1 ! answ] he receives is--8,oh1 we get !m = five-&-eightp5ce40 8,b m9e10 replies ! *&l]1 8are ( full weight2 :ile ^? y buy at five-&-eightp5ce are n40 8,:at does t matt] to me80 ! retail] rejo9s--8a p\nd ( c&les is a p\nd ( c&les3 my cu/om]s buy !m 9 ! bun*1 & won't "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 y\rs & ano!r's40 ,& ! hone/ *&l]1 be+ ev]y:]e met ) ?is argum5t1 f9ds t he mu/ ei!r make 8 bun*es ( %ort weight1 or give up bus9ess4 ,take ano!r case1 :i*1 #abi l ! la/1 we h direct f ! m\? ( "o :o has be5 oblig$ to succumb4 ,x is t ( a manufactur] ( ela/ic webb+1 n[ ext5sively us$ 9 mak+ boots1 etc4 ,f a ,london h\se ) :i* he dealt l>gely1 ?is manufactur] rec5tly receiv$ a sample ( webb+ produc$ by "s "o else1 accompani$ by ! "q1 8,c y make u ?is at ------ p] y>d80 7nam+ a price bel[ t at :i* he _h be=e suppli$ !m72 & h9t+ t if he c\ld n d s !y mu/ g else:]e4 ,on pull+ to pieces ! sample 7:i* he %[$ to u71 ?is manufactur] f\nd t sundry ( ! ?reads :i* %\ld h be5 ( silk 7 ( cotton4 ,indicat+ ?is fact to ^? :o s5t him ! sample1 he repli$ t1 if he made a l sub/itution1 he c\ld furni% ! fabric at ! price nam$2 & ! result 0 t he ev5tually did ?us furni% x4 ,he saw t if he did n d s1 he mu/ lose a consid]able %>e ( 8 trade4 ,he saw fur!r1 t if he did n at once yield1 he w\ld h to yield 9 ! end2 = t o!r ela/ic-webb+-mak]s w\ld "o aft] ano!r engage to produce ?is adult]at$ fabric at correspond+ly dim9i%$ prices2 & t :5 at l5g? he /ood alone 9 sell+ an app>5tly-simil> article at a high] price1 8 bus9ess w\ld leave him4 ,?is manufactur] we h ! be/ reasons = kn[+ to be a man ( f9e moral nature1 bo? g5]\s & upright2 & yet we "h see him oblig$1 9 a s5se1 to implicate himself 9 "o ( ^! processes ( vitiation4 ,x is a />tl+ ass]tion1 b x is none ! less a true "o1 t ^? :o resi/ ^! corruptions (t5 d x at ! risk ( bankruptcy2 sometimes ! c]ta9ty ( bankruptcy4 ,we d n say ?is simply z a manife/ inf]5ce f ! conditions1 z above describ$4 ,we say x on ! w>rant ( in/ances :i* h be5 giv5 to u4 ,f "o br\ght up 9 8 h\se1 we h _h ! hi/ory ( a drap] :o1 c>ry+ 8 consci5ce into 8 %op1 refus$ to commit ! curr5t frauds ( ! trade4 ,he w\ld n repres5t 8 #acj goods z ( bett] quality ?an !y really 72 he w\ld n say t patt]ns 7 j out1 :5 !y _h be5 issu$ ! previ\s season2 he w\ld n w>rant to wa% well1 col\rs :i* he knew to be fugitive4 ,refra9+ f ^! & ! l malpractices ( 8 competitors2 &1 z a consequ5ce1 daily fail+ to sell v>i\s articles :i* 8 competitors w\ld h sold by =ce ( ly+2 8 bus9ess 0 s unremun]ative t he twice became bankrupt4 ,& 9 ! op9ion ( our in=mant1 he inflict$ m evil ^u o!rs by 8 bankruptcies1 ?an he w\ld h done by committ+ ! usual trade-di%one/ies4 ,see1 !n1 h[ complicat$ ! "q becomes2 & h[ difficult to e/imate ! trad]'s crim9ality4 ,(t5--g5]ally inde$--he has to *oose betwe5 two wrongs4 ,he has tri$ to c>ry on 8 bus9ess ) /rict integrity4 ,he has sold none b g5u9e articles1 & has giv5 full measure4 ,o!rs 9 ! same bus9ess adult]ate or o!rwise delude1 & are s able to und]sell him4 ,8 cu/om]s1 n adequately appreciat+ ! sup]iority 9 ! quality or quantity ( 8 goods1 & attract$ by ! app>5t *eapness at o!r %ops1 des]t him4 ,inspection ( 8 books proves ! al>m+ fact t 8 dim9i%+ returns w soon be insuffici5t to meet 8 engagem5ts1 & provide = 8 increas+ family4 ,:at !n mu/ he d8 ,mu/ he cont9ue 8 pres5t c\rse2 /op paym5t2 inflict heavy losses on 8 cr$itors2 &1 ) 8 wife & *ildr51 turn out into ! /reets8 ,or mu/ he foll[ ! example ( 8 competitors2 use _! artifices2 & give 8 cu/om]s ! same app>5t advantages8 ,! la/ n only seems ! lea/ detrim5tal to himself1 b also may be consid]$ ! lea/ detrim5tal to o!rs4 ,moreov]1 ! l is done by m5 reg>d$ z respectable4 ,:y %\ld he ru9 himself & family 9 try+ to be bett] ?an 8 neighb\rs8 ,he w d z !y d4 ,su* is ! position ( ! trad]2 su* is ! reason+ by :i* he ju/ifies himself2 & x is h>d to visit him #aca ) h>% condemnation4 ,( c\rse ?is /atem5t ( ! case is by no means univ]sally true4 ,!re are bus9esses 9 :i*1 competition be+ less active1 ! excuse = fall+ into corrupt practices does n hold2 & "h1 inde$1 we f9d corrupt practices mu* less preval5t4 ,_m trad]s1 too1 h obta9$ connexions :i* secure to !m adequate returns )\t desc5d+ to small rogu]ies2 & !y h no def5ce if !y ?us degrade !mselves4 ,moreov]1 !re are ! m5--commonly n prompt$ by necessity b by gre$--:o introduce ^! adult]ations & petty frauds2 & on ^! %\ld desc5d unmitigat$ indignation3 bo? z be+ !mselves crim9als )\t excuse1 & z caus+ crim9ality 9 o!rs4 ,leav+ out1 h[ev]1 ^! comp>atively small classes1 mo/ trad]s by :om ! common] bus9esses are c>ri$ on1 mu/ receive a mu* m qualifi$ c5sure ?an !y at fir/ sight seem to des]ve4 ,on all sides we h met ) ! same conviction1 t = ^? engag$ 9 ! ord9>y trades !re are b two c\rses--ei!r to adopt ! practices ( _! competitors1 or to give up bus9ess4 ,m5 9 diff]5t occupations & 9 diff]5t places--m5 naturally consci5ti\s1 :o manife/ly *af$ "u ! degradations !y submitt$ to1 h "o & all express$ to u ! sad belief t x is impossible to c>ry on trade ) /rict rectitude4 ,_! concurr5t op9ion1 indep5d5tly giv5 by ea*1 is t ! scrupul\sly hone/ man mu/ g to ! wall4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b t x has be51 dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 frequ5tly treat$ by ! daily press1 we might "h ent] at "s l5g? on ! topic ( bank+-del9qu5cies4 ,z x is1 we may presume all to be famili> ) ! facts1 & %all limit ourselves to mak+ a few comm5ts4 ,9 ! op9ion ( "o ^: means ( judg+ h be5 second to ^? ( few1 ! directors ( jo9t-/ock-banks h r>ely be5 guilty ( direct di%one/y4 ,admitt+ #acb notori\s exceptions1 ! g5]al fact appe>s to be t directors h _h no imm$iate int]e/s 9 fur!r+ ^! speculations :i* h prov$ s ru9\s to depositors & %>ehold]s2 b h usually be5 among ! greate/ suff]]s4 ,_! fault has r be5 ! less flagiti\s1 ?\gh /ill grave fault1 ( indiff]5ce to _! responsibilities4 ,(t5 ) v inadequate k !y h und]tak5 to trade ) prop]ty belong+ 9 great "p to ne$y p4 ,in/ead ( us+ z mu* c>e 9 ! inve/m5t ( ?is prop]ty z ?\gh x 7 _! own1 _m ( !m h %[n culpable recklessness3 ei!r !mselves loan+ ! entru/$ capital )\t adequate gu>antee1 or else passively all[+ _! colleagues to d ?is4 ,sundry excuses may d\btless be made = !m4 ,! well-kn[n defects ( a corporate consci5ce1 caus$ by divid$ responsibility1 mu/ be rememb]$ 9 mitigation4 ,& x may also be plead$ = su* del9qu5ts t if %>ehold]s1 sway$ by rev]5ce = m]e weal? & position1 *oose z directors1 n ! mo/ intellig5t1 ! mo/ exp]i5c$1 & ^? ( longe/-tri$ probity1 b ^? ( l>ge/ capital or highe/ rank1 ! blame mu/ n be ca/ solely on ! m5 s *os51 b mu/ be %>$ by ! m5 :o *oose !m4 ,nay1 fur!r1 x mu/ fall on ! public z well z on %>ehold]s2 see+ t ?is unwise selection ( directors is 9 "p det]m9$ by ! kn[n bias ( depositors4 ,b aft] all all[ances h be5 made1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ^! bank-adm9i/rators :o risk ! prop]ty ( _! cli5ts by l5d+ x to speculators1 are ne> ak9 9 morality to ! speculators !mselves4 ,z ^! speculators risk o!r m5's money 9 und]tak+s :i* !y hope w be pr(itable2 s d ! directors :o l5d !m ! money4 ,if ^! la/ plead t ! money ?us l5t is l5t ) ! belief t x w be repaid ) good int]e/1 ! fir/ may simil>ly plead t !y expect _! inve/m5t to return ! borr[$ capital along ) a #acc h&some pr(it4 ,9 ea* case ! transaction is "o ( :i* ! evil consequ5ces1 if !y come1 fall m l>gely on o!rs ?an on ! actors4 ,& ?\gh x may be cont5d$1 on behalf ( ! director1 t :at he does is done *iefly = ! b5efit ( 8 con/itu5ts1 :]eas ! speculator has 9 view only 8 own b5efit2 x may be repli$ t ! director's blamewor?9ess is n ! less because he took a ra% /ep ) a comp>atively weak motive4 ,! tru? is t :5 a bank-director l5ds ! capital ( %>ehold]s to ^? to :om he w\ld n l5d 8 own capital1 he is guilty ( a brea* ( tru/4 ,9 trac+ ! gradations ( crime1 we pass f direct robb]y to robb]y "o1 two1 ?ree1 or m degrees remov$4 ,?\gh a man :o speculates ) o!r p's money is n *>geable ) direct robb]y1 he is *>geable ) robb]y "o degree remov$3 he delib]ately /akes 8 neighb\r's prop]ty1 int5d+ to appropriate ! ga91 if any1 & to let 8 neighb\r suff] ! loss1 if any3 8 crime is t ( cont+5t robb]y4 ,& h5ce any "o :o1 /&+ l a bank-director 9 ! position ( tru/ee1 puts ! money ) :i* he is entru/$ into a speculator's h&s1 mu/ be call$ an accessory to cont+5t robb]y4 ,if s grave a condemnation is to be pass$ on ^? :o l5d tru/-money to speculators1 z well z on ! speculators :o borr[ x1 :at %all we say ( ! /ill m del9qu5t class :o obta9 loans by fraud--:o n only pawn o!r m5's prop]ty :5 obta9$1 b obta9 x "u false pret5ces8 ,= h[ else ?an ?us mu/ we describe ! do+s ( ^? :o raise money by accommodation-bills8 ,:5 ,a & ,b agree1 ! "o to draw & ! o!r to accept a bill ( #ajjj = 8value receiv$20 :ile 9 tru? !re has be5 no sale ( goods betwe5 !m1 or no value receiv$2 ! transaction is n simply an embodi$ lie1 b x becomes !reaft] a liv+ & active lie4 ,:oev] disc\nts ! bill1 does s 9 ! #acd belief t ,b1 hav+ become possess$ ( #ajjj wor? ( goods1 w1 :5 ! bill falls due1 h ei!r ! #ajjj wor? ( goods or "s equival5t1 ) :i* to meet x4 ,did he "k t !re 7 no su* goods 9 ! h&s ( ei!r ,a or ,b1 & no o!r prop]ty available = liquidat+ ! bill1 he w\ld n disc\nt x--he w\ld n l5d money to a man ( /raw )\t security4 ,_h ,a tak5 to ! bank a =g$ mortgage-de$1 & obta9$ a loan ^u x1 he w\ld n h committ$ a great] wrong4 ,practically1 an accommodation-bill is a =g]y4 ,x is an error to suppose t =g]y is limit$ to ! production ( docum5ts t are physically false--t conta9 signatures or o!r symbols :i* are n :at !y appe> to be3 =g]y1 prop]ly und]/ood1 equally includes ! production ( docum5ts t are morally false4 ,:at con/itutes ! crime committ$ 9 =g+ a bank-note8 ,n ! m]e me*anical imitation4 ,?is is b a means to ! end2 &1 tak5 alone1 is no crime at all4 ,! crime consi/s 9 delud+ o!rs into ! acceptance ( :at seems to be a repres5tative ( s mu* money1 b :i* actually repres5ts no?+4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! delusion is effect$ by copy+ ! =ms ( ! lett]s & figures1 z 9 a =g$ bank-note1 or by copy+ ! =m ( expression1 z 9 an accommodation-bill4 ,9 ei!r case a semblance ( value is giv5 to t :i* has no value2 & x is 9 giv+ ?is false appe>ance ( value t ! crime consi/s4 ,x is true t g5]ally1 ! acceptor ( an accommodation-bill hopes to be able to meet x :5 due4 ,b if ^? :o ?9k ?is exon]ates him1 w rememb] ! _m cases 9 :i*1 by ! use ( =g$ docum5ts1 m5 h obta9$ possession ( moneys :i* !y hop$ pres5tly to replace1 & 7 nev]!less judg$ guilty ( =g]y1 !y w see t ! plea is insuffici5t4 ,we cont5d1 !n1 t ! manufactur]s ( accommodation-bills %\ld be class$ z =g]s4 ,t if ! law s class$ !m1 mu* good w\ld result1 we are #ace n prep>$ to say4 ,sev]al que/ions pres5t !mselves3--,:e!r su* a *ange w\ld cause inconv5i5ce1 by negativ+ ! _m h>mless transactions c>ri$ on "u ?is fictiti\s =m by solv5t m58 ,:e!r mak+ x p5al to use ! words 8value receiv$10 unless !re _h be5 value receiv$1 w\ld n simply orig9ate an additional class ( bills 9 :i* ^! words 7 omitt$8 ,:e!r x w\ld be an advantage if bills bore on _! faces pro(s t !y did or did n repres5t actual sales8 ,:e!r a re/ra9t on undue cr$it w\ld result1 :5 bank]s & disc\nt]s saw t c]ta9 bills com+ to !m 9 ! names ( speculative or unsub/antial trad]s1 7 av[$ accommodation-bills8 ,b ^! are que/ions we ne$ n g out ( our way to discuss4 ,we are "h conc]n$ only ) ! morality ( ! "q4 ,duly to e/imate ! greatness ( ! evils indicat$1 h[ev]1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d bo? t ! fraudul5t transactions ?us ent]$ into are num]\s1 & t ea* g5]ally becomes ! cause ( o!rs4 ,! orig9al lie is commonly ! p>5t ( fur!r lies1 :i* aga9 give rise to an increas+ prog5y2 & s on = successive g5]ations1 multiply+ z !y desc5d4 ,:5 ,a & ,b f9d _! #ajjj bill ab\t to fall due1 & ! expect$ proce$s ( _! speculation n =?com+--:5 !y f9d1 z !y (t5 d1 ei!r t ! inve/m5t has result$ 9 a loss in/ead ( a ga92 or t ! "t = realiz+ _! hop$-= pr(its1 has n yet come2 or t ! pr(its1 if !re are any1 d n cov] ! extravagances ( liv+ :i*1 9 ! meantime1 !y h sangu9ely indulg$ 9--:51 9 %ort1 !y f9d t ! bill _c be tak5 up2 !y resort to ! exp$i5t ( manufactur+ o!r bills ) :i* to liquidate ! fir/4 ,& :ile !y are ab\t x1 !y usually ?9k x w be z well to raise a some:at l>g] sum ?an is requir$ to meet _! out/&+ engagem5ts4 ,unless x happ5s t great success enables #acf !m to r$eem !mselves1 ?is proce$+ is repeat$1 & aga9 repeat$4 ,s long z !re is no monet>y crisis1 x cont9ues easy ?us to keep afloat2 &1 inde$1 ! appe>ance ( prosp]ity :i* is giv5 by an ext5d$ circulation ( bills 9 _! names1 be>+ respectable indorsem5ts1 creates a confid5ce 9 !m :i* r5d]s ! obta9m5t ( cr$it easi] ?an at fir/4 ,& :]e1 z 9 "s cases1 ?is process is c>ri$ to ! ext5t ( employ+ m5 9 diff]5t t[ns ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 & ev5 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 to accept bills1 ! appe>ances are /ill bett] kept up1 & ! bubble rea*es a /ill great] developm5t4 ,z1 h[ev]1 all ^! transactions are c>ri$ on ) borr[$ capital1 on :i* int]e/ has to be paid2 z1 fur!r1 ! ma9t5ance ( ?is organiz$ fraud entails con/ant exp5ses1 z well z occasional sacrifices2 & z x is 9 ! v nature ( ! sy/em to g5]ate reckless speculation2 ! fabric ( lies is almo/ c]ta9 ultimately to fall2 &1 9 fall+1 to ru9 or emb>rass o!rs besides ^? :o _h giv5 cr$it4 ,nor does ! evil end ) ! direct p5alties f "t to "t inflict$ on hone/ trad]s4 ,!re is also a grave indirect p5alty :i* !y suff] f ! sy/em4 ,^! =g]s ( cr$it are habitually in/rum5tal 9 l[]+ prices bel[ _! natural level4 ,to meet em]g5cies1 !y are oblig$ e n[ & !n to sell goods at a loss3 ! alt]native be+ imm$iate /oppage4 ,?\gh ) ea* su* conc]n1 ?is is b an occasional incid5t1 yet1 tak+ ! :ole numb] ( !m connect$ ) any "o bus9ess1 x results t !re are g5]ally "s :o are mak+ sacrifices--g5]ally "s :o are unnaturally depress+ ! m>ket4 ,9 %ort1 ! capital fraudul5tly obta9$ f "s trad]s is1 9 "p1 dissipat$ 9 r5d]+ ! bus9ess ( o!r trad]s defici5tly remun]ative3 (t5 to _! s]i\s emb>rassm5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! :ole tru? mu/ be said1 ! condemnation visit$ on ^! comm]cial vampires is n to be #acg conf9$ to !m2 b is 9 "s degree des]v$ by a mu* m num]\s class4 ,betwe5 ! p5niless s*em] :o obta9s ! use ( capital by false pret5ces1 & ! upright trad] :o nev] contracts great] liabilities ?an 8 e/ate w liquidate1 !re lie all gradations4 ,f bus9esses c>ri$ on entirely ) o!r p's capital1 obta9$ by =g]y1 we pass to bus9esses 9 :i* !re is a real capital ( "o-t5? & a cr$it-capital ( n9e-t5?s2 to o!r bus9esses 9 :i* ! ratio ( real to fictiti\s capital is some:at great]2 & s on until we rea* ! v ext5sive class ( m5 :o trade b a little beyond _! means4 ,to get m cr$it ?an w\ld be giv5 7 ! /ate ( ! bus9ess kn[n1 is 9 all cases ! aim2 & ! cases 9 :i* ?is cr$it is p>tially unw>rant$1 diff] only 9 degree f ^? 9 :i* x is :olly unw>rant$4 ,z mo/ are beg9n+ to see1 ! preval5ce ( ?is indirect di%one/y has n a little to d ) our comm]cial disa/]s4 ,speak+ broadly1 ! t5d5cy is = e trad] to hypo!cate ! capital ( o!r trad]s1 z well z 8 own4 ,& :5 ,a has borr[$ on ! /r5g? ( ,b's cr$it2 ,b on ! /r5g? ( ,c's2 & ,c on ! /r5g? ( ,a's--:51 ?r\gh\t ! trad+ _w1 ea* has made engagem5ts :i* he c meet only by direct or indirect aid--:5 ev]ybody is want+ help f "s "o else to save him f fall+2 a cra% is c]ta94 ,! puni%m5t ( a g5]al unconsci5ti\sness may be po/pon$1 b x is sure to come ev5tually4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! av]age comm]cial morality _c1 ( c\rse1 be accurately depict$ 9 s brief a space4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h be5 able to give b a few typical in/ances ( ! malpractices by :i* trade is disgrac$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h be5 oblig$ to pres5t ^! alone2 unqualifi$ by ! l>ge am\nt ( hone/ deal+ ?r\gh\t :i* !y are disp]s$4 ,:ile1 by accumulat+ su* evid5ces1 ! indictm5t may be made heavi]2 by dilut+ !m #ach ) ! imm5se mass ( equitable transactions daily c>ri$ on1 ! v]dict w\ld be mitigat$4 ,aft] mak+ e all[ance1 h[ev]1 we fe> t ! /ate ( ?+s is v bad4 ,our impression on ?is po9t is due less to ! p>ticul> facts above giv51 ?an to ! g5]al op9ion express$ by our in=mants4 ,on all sides we h f\nd ! result ( long p]sonal exp]i5ce1 to be ! conviction t trade is ess5tially corrupt4 ,9 tones ( disgu/ or disc\ragem5t1 repreh5sion or d]ision1 accord+ to _! sev]al natures1 m5 9 bus9ess h "o aft] ano!r express$ or impli$ ?is belief4 ,omitt+ ! highe/ m]cantile classes1 a few ( ! less common trades1 & ^? exceptional cases :]e an entire comm& ( ! m>ket has be5 obta9$1 ! uni=m te/imony ( compet5t judges is1 t success is incompatible ) /rict integrity4 ,to live 9 ! comm]cial _w x appe>s necess>y to adopt its e?ical code3 nei!r exce$+ nor fall+ %ort ( x--nei!r be+ less hone/ nor m hone/4 ,^? :o s9k bel[ its /&>d are expell$2 :ile ^? :o rise above x are ei!r pull$ d[n to x or ru9$4 ,z1 9 self-def5ce1 ! civiliz$ man becomes savage among savages2 s1 x seems t 9 self-def5ce1 ! scrupul\s trad] is oblig$ to become z little scrupul\s z 8 competitors4 ,x has be5 said t ! law ( ! animal creation is--8,eat & be eat520 & ( our trad+ community x may simil>ly be said t its law is--,*eat & be *eat$4 ,a sy/em ( ke5 competition1 c>ri$ on1 z x is1 )\t adequate moral re/ra9t1 is v mu* a sy/em ( comm]cial cannibalism4 ,its alt]natives are--,use ! same weapons z y\r antagoni/s or be conqu]$ & dev\r$4 ,( que/ions sugge/$ by ^! facts1 "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s is--,are n ! prejudices :i* h ev] be5 ent]ta9$ aga9/ trade & trad]s1 ?us fully ju/ifi$8 d n ^! meannesses & di%one/ies1 & ! moral degradation !y imply1 w>rant ! disrespect %[n to m5 9 bus9ess8 ,a prompt affirmative answ] w #aci probably be look$ =2 b we v mu* d\bt :e!r x %\ld be giv54 ,we are r ( op9ion t ^! del9qu5cies are products ( ! av]age "* plac$ "u special conditions4 ,!re is no reason = assum+ t ! trad+ classes are intr9sically worse ?an o!r classes4 ,m5 tak5 at r&om f high] & l[] ranks1 w\ld1 mo/ likely1 if simil>ly circum/anc$1 d mu* ! same4 ,inde$ ! m]cantile _w might readily recrim9ate4 ,is x a solicitor :o comm5ts on _! misdo+s8 ,!y may quickly sil5ce him by ref]r+ to ! c\ntless d>k /a9s on ! reputation ( 8 frat]nity4 ,is x a b>ri/]8 ,8 frequ5t practice ( putt+ 9 pleas :i* he kn[s are n valid1 & 8 e/abli%$ habit ( tak+ fees = "w he does n p]=m1 make 8 criticism some:at suicidal4 ,does ! condemnation come ?r\gh ! press8 ,! condemn$ may rem9d ^? :o write1 ( ! fact t x is n q hone/ to utt] a positive v]dict on a book m]ely glanc$ ?r\gh1 or to p5 gl[+ eulogies on ! m$iocre "w ( a fri5d :ile slight+ ! good "o ( an enemy2 & !y may fur!r ask :e!r ^? :o1 at ! dictation ( an employ]1 write :at !y disbelieve1 are n guilty ( ! s]i\s (f5ce ( adult]at+ public op9ion4 ,moreov]1 trad]s might cont5d t _m ( _! del9qu5cies are ?ru/ on !m by ! inju/ice ( _! cu/om]s4 ,!y1 & especially drap]s1 might po9t to ! fact t ! habitual dem& = an abatem5t ( price1 is made 9 utt] disreg>d ( _! reasonable pr(its2 & t1 to protect !mselves aga9/ attempts to ga9 by _! loss1 !y are oblig$ to "n prices great] ?an ^? !y int5d to take4 ,!y might also urge t ! /raits to :i* !y are (t5 br\ght by non-paym5t ( l>ge sums due f _! weal?i] cu/om]s1 is itself a cause ( _! malpractices3 oblig+ !m1 z x does1 to use all means1 illegitimate z well z legitimate1 = gett+ ! :]e) to meet _! engagem5ts4 ,& !n1 aft] prov+ t ^? )\t #adj excuse %[ ?is disreg>d ( o!r m5's claims1 trad]s might ask :e!r !y1 :o h ! excuse ( hav+ to cont5d ) a m]ciless competition1 are alone to be blam$ if !y display a l disreg>d 9 o!r =ms4 ,nay1 ev5 to ! gu>dians ( social rectitude--memb]s ( ! legislature--!y might use ! tu quoque argum5t3 ask+ :e!r brib]y ( a cu/om]'s s]vant1 is any worse ?an brib]y ( an elector8 or :e!r ! ga9+ ( suffrages by clap-trap hu/+s-spee*es1 conta9+ ins9c]e pr(essions adapt$ to ! ta/e ( ! con/itu5cy1 is n z bad z gett+ an ord] = goods by delusive repres5tations respect+ _! quality8 ,no2 few if any classes are free f immoralities :i* are z great1 relatively to ! temptations1 z ^! we h be5 expos+4 ,( c\rse !y w n be s petty or s gross :]e ! circum/ances d n prompt pett9ess or grossness2 nor s con/ant & organiz$ :]e ! class-conditions h n t5d$ to make !m habitual4 ,b1 tak5 ) ^! qualifications1 we ?9k t mu* might be said = ! proposition t ! trad+ classes1 nei!r bett] nor worse intr9sically ?an o!r classes1 are betray$ into _! flagiti\s habits by ext]nal causes4 ,ano!r "q1 "h naturally aris+1 is--,are n ^! evils gr[+ worse8 ,_m ( ! facts we h cit$ seem to imply t !y are4 ,yet !re are _m o!r facts :i* po9t z di/9ctly ! o!r way4 ,9 weigh+ ! evid5ce1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! great] public att5tion at pres5t paid to su* matt]s1 is itself a s\rce ( error--is apt to g5]ate ! belief t evils n[ becom+ recogniz$ are evils t h rec5tly aris52 :5 9 tru? !y h m]ely be5 hi!rto disreg>d$1 or less reg>d$4 ,x has be5 cle>ly ?us ) crime1 ) di/ress1 ) popul> ignorance2 & x is v probably ?us ) trad+-di%one/ies4 ,z x is true ( individual be+s1 t _! height 9 ! scale ( creation may be measur$ by ! degree ( _! self-consci\sness2 #ada s1 9 a s5se1 x is true ( societies4 ,advanc$ & highly-organiz$ societies are di/+ui%$ f l[] ones by ! evolution ( some?+ t /&s = a social self-consci\sness4 ,among ourselves !re has1 happily1 be5 ( late ye>s a rem>kable gr[? ( ?is social self-consci\sness2 & we believe t to ?is is *iefly ascribable ! impression t comm]cial malpractices are increas+4 ,su* facts z h come d[n to u respect+ ! trade ( pa/ times1 confirm ?is view4 ,9 8 ,complete ,engli% ,tradesman1 ,defoe m5tions1 among o!r manuvres ( retail]s1 ! false lights :i* !y introduc$ into _! %ops1 = ! purpose ( giv+ delusive appe>ances to _! goods4 ,he comm5ts on ! 8%op rhetorick10 ! 8flux ( falsehoods10 :i* tradesm5 habitually utt]$ to _! cu/om]s2 & quotes _! def5ce z be+ t !y c\ld n live )\t ly+4 ,he says1 too1 t !re 0 sc>ce a %opkeep] :o _h n a bag ( spuri\s or debas$ co91 f :i* he gave *ange :5ev] he c\ld2 & t m51 ev5 ! mo/ hone/1 triumph$ 9 _! skill 9 gett+ rid ( bad money4 ,^! facts %[ t ! m]cantile morals ( t day 71 at any rate1 n bett] ?an ours2 & if we call to m9d ! num]\s ,acts ( ,p>liam5t pass$ 9 old times to prev5t frauds ( all k9ds1 we p]ceive ! l implication4 ,z mu* may1 inde$1 be safely inf]r$ f ! g5]al /ate ( society4 ,:51 reign aft] reign1 gov]nm5ts debas$ ! co9age1 ! moral tone ( ! middle classes c\ld sc>cely h be5 high] ?an n[4 ,among g5]ations ^: sympa?y ) ! claims ( fell[-creatures 0 s weak1 t ! slave-trade 0 n only ?\ght ju/ifiable1 b ! initiator ( x 0 rew>d$ by p]mission to record ! feat 9 8 coat ( arms1 x is h>dly possible t m5 respect$ ! claims ( _! fell[-citiz5s m ?an at pres5t4 ,times *>act]iz$ by an adm9i/ration ( ju/ice s ineffici5t1 t !re 7 9 ,london ne/s ( crim9als :o defi$ ! law1 & on all high roads robb]s :o elud$ x1 _c #adb h be5 di/+ui%$ by j m]cantile deal+s4 ,:ile1 conv]sely1 an age :i*1 l ours1 has se5 s _m equitable social *anges ?ru/ on ! legislature by public op9ion1 is v unlikely to be an age 9 :i* ! transactions betwe5 individuals h be5 gr[+ m inequitable4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 x is und5iable t _m ( ! di%one/ies we h describ$ are ( mod]n orig94 ,n a few ( !m h become e/abli%$ dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s2 & o!rs are ev5 n[ aris+4 ,h[ are ^! seem+ contradictions to be reconcil$8 ,! reconciliation is n difficult4 ,x lies 9 ! fact t :ile ! direct frauds h be5 dim9i%+1 ! indirect frauds h be5 increas+3 alike 9 v>iety & 9 numb]4 ,& ?is admission we take to be consi/5t ) ! op9ion t ! /&>d ( comm]cial morals is high] ?an x 04 ,= if we omit1 z exclud$ f ! "q1 ! p5al re/ra9ts--religi\s & legal--& ask :at is ! ultimate moral re/ra9t to ! aggression ( man on man1 we f9d x to be--sympa?y ) ! pa9 inflict$4 ,n[ ! ke5ness ( ! sympa?y1 dep5d+ on ! vividness ) :i* ?is pa9 is realiz$1 v>ies ) ! conditions ( ! case4 ,x may be active en\gh to *eck misde$s :i* w manife/ly cause great suff]+1 & yet n be active en\gh to *eck misde$s :i* w cause b slight annoyance4 ,:ile suffici5tly acute to prev5t a man f do+ t :i* w entail imm$iate injury on a kn[n p]son1 x may n be suffici5tly acute to prev5t him f do+ t :i* w entail remote injuries on unkn[n p]sons4 ,& we f9d ! facts to agree ) ?is d$uction1 t ! moral re/ra9t v>ies accord+ to ! cle>ness ) :i* ! evil consequ5ces are conceiv$4 ,_m a "o :o w\ld %r9k f pick+ a pocket does n scruple to adult]ate 8 goods2 & he :o nev] dreams ( pass+ base co9 w yet be a p>ty to jo9t-/ock-bank deceptions4 ,h5ce1 z we say1 ! multiplication ( ! m subtle & complex =ms ( #adc fraud1 is consi/5t ) a g5]al progress 9 morality2 provid$ x is accompani$ ) a decrease 9 ! gross] =ms ( fraud4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ! "q :i* mo/ conc]ns u is1 n :e!r ! morals ( trade are bett] or worse ?an !y h be58 b r--:y are !y s bad8 ,:y 9 ?is civiliz$ /ate ( ours1 is !re s mu* t betrays ! cunn+ selfi%ness ( ! savage8 ,:y1 aft] ! c>eful inculcations ( rectitude dur+ education1 comes !re 9 aft]-life all ?is knav]y8 ,:y1 9 spite ( all ! exhortations to :i* ! comm]cial classes li/5 e ,sunday1 d !y next morn+ recomm5ce _! evil de$s8 ,:at is ?is s pot5t ag5cy :i* almo/ neutralizes ! discipl9e ( education1 ( law1 ( religion8 ,v>i\s subsidi>y causes t might be assign$1 mu/ be pass$ ov]1 t we may h space to deal ) ! *ief cause4 ,9 an exhau/ive /atem5t1 some?+ w\ld h to be said on ! cr$ulity ( consum]s1 :i* leads !m to believe 9 repres5tations ( impossible advantages2 & some?+1 too1 on _! gre$9ess1 :i*1 ev] prompt+ !m to look = m ?an !y ought to get1 enc\rages sell]s to (f] delusive b>ga9s4 ,! increas$ difficulty ( liv+ consequ5t on gr[+ pressure ( population1 might p]haps come 9 z a "p cause2 & t great] co/ ( br++ up a family1 :i* results f ! high] /&>d ( education1 might be add$4 ,b ! *ief incit] ( ^! trad+ malpractices is int5se desire = weal?4 ,& if we ask--,:y ?is int5se desire8 ! reply is--,x results f ! indiscrim9ate respect paid to weal?4 ,to be di/+ui%$ f ! common h]d--to be somebody--to make a "n1 a position--?is is ! univ]sal ambition2 & to accumulate ri*es is alike ! sure/ & ! easie/ way ( fulfill+ ?is ambition4 ,v e>ly 9 life all le>n ?is4 ,at s*ool1 ! c\rt paid to "o ^: #add p>5ts h call$ 9 _! c>riage to see him1 is conspicu\s2 :ile ! poor boy ^: insuffici5t /ock ( clo!s implies ! small means ( 8 family1 soon has burnt into 8 memory ! fact t pov]ty is contemptible4 ,on ent]+ ! _w1 ! lessons :i* may h be5 taught ab\t ! nobility ( self-sacrifice1 ! rev]5ce due to g5ius1 ! admirabl5ess ( high integrity1 are quickly neutraliz$ by exp]i5ce3 m5's actions prov+ t ^! are n _! /&>ds ( respect4 ,x is soon p]ceiv$ t :ile abundant outw>d m>ks ( def]5ce f fell[-citiz5s may almo/ c]ta9ly be ga9$ by direct+ e en]gy to ! accumulation ( prop]ty1 !y are b r>ely to be ga9$ 9 any o!r way2 & t ev5 9 ! few cases 9 :i* !y are o!rwise ga9$1 !y are n giv5 ) entire unres]ve1 b are commonly jo9$ ) a m or less manife/ display ( patronage4 ,:51 see+ ?is1 ! "y man fur!r sees t :ile ! acquisition ( prop]ty is possible ) 8 m$iocre end[m5ts1 ! acquirem5t ( di/9ction by brilliant discov]ies1 or h]oic acts1 or high a*ievem5ts 9 art1 implies faculties & feel+s :i* he does n possess2 x is n difficult to und]/& :y he devotes himself he>t & s\l to bus9ess4 ,we d n mean to say t m5 act on ! consci\sly reason$-out conclusions ?us indicat$2 b we mean t ^! conclusions are ! unconsci\sly-=m$ products ( _! daily exp]i5ces4 ,f e>ly *ildhood ! say+s & do+s ( all ar\nd !m h g5]at$ ! idea t weal? & respectability are two sides ( ! same ?+4 ,?is idea1 gr[+ ) _! gr[?1 & /r5g!n+ ) _! /r5g?1 becomes at la/ almo/ :at we may call an organic conviction4 ,& ?is organic conviction x is :i* prompts ! exp5diture ( all _! en]gies 9 money-mak+4 ,we cont5d t ! *ief /imulus is n ! desire = ! weal? itself1 b = ! applause & position :i* ! weal? br+s4 ,& 9 ?is belief1 we #ade f9d ourselves at "o ) v>i\s intellig5t trad]s ) :om we h talk$ on ! matt]4 ,x is incr$ible t m5 %\ld make ! sacrifices1 m5tal & bodily1 :i* !y d1 m]ely to get ! mat]ial b5efits :i* money pur*ases4 ,:o w\ld und]take an extra burd5 ( bus9ess = ! purpose ( gett+ a cell> ( *oice w9es = 8 own dr9k+8 ,he :o does x1 does x t he may h *oice w9es to give 8 gue/s & ga9 _! praises4 ,:at m]*ant w\ld sp5d an additional h\r at 8 (fice daily1 m]ely t he might move into a h\se 9 a m fa%ionable qu>t]8 ,he submits to ! tax n to ga9 heal? & com=t b = ! sake ( ! increas$ social consid]ation :i* ! new h\se w br+ him4 ,:]e is ! man :o w\ld lie awake at nights devis+ means ( increas+ 8 income1 9 ! hope ( be+ able to provide 8 wife ) a c>riage1 7 ! use ( ! c>riage ! sole consid]ation8 ,x is because ( ! clat :i* ! c>riage w give1 t he ent]s on ^! additional anxieties4 ,s manife/1 s trite1 inde$1 are ^! tru?s1 t we %\ld be a%am$ ( insi/+ on !m1 did n our argum5t require x4 ,= if ! desire = t homage :i* weal? br+s1 is ! *ief /imulus to ^! /riv+s aft] weal?1 !n ! giv+ ( ?is homage 7:5 giv51 z x is1 ) b little discrim9ation7 is ! *ief cause ( ! di%one/ies into :i* ^! /riv+s betray m]cantile m54 ,:5 ! %opkeep]1 on ! /r5g? ( a prosp]\s ye> & fav\rable prospects1 has yield$ to 8 wife's p]suasions1 & replac$ ! old furniture ) new1 at an outlay great] ?an 8 income cov]s--:51 in/ead ( ! hop$-= increase1 ! next ye> br+s a decrease 9 8 returns--:5 he f9ds t 8 exp5ses are out-runn+ 8 rev5ue2 !n does he fall "u ! /ronge/ temptation to adopt "s newly-introduc$ adult]ation or o!r malpractice4 ,:51 hav+ by display ga9$ a c]ta9 recognition1 ! :olesale trad] beg9s to give d9n]s #adf appropriate only to ^? ( t5 times 8 income1 ) o!r exp5sive ent]ta9m5ts to mat*--:51 hav+ = a "t c>ri$ on ?is /yle at a co/ great] ?an he c af=d1 he f9ds t he _c discont9ue x )\t giv+ up 8 position2 !n is he mo/ /rongly prompt$ to ent] into l>g] transactions1 to trade beyond 8 means1 to seek undue cr$it1 to get into t ev]-complicat+ s]ies ( misde$s :i* ends 9 disgraceful bankruptcy4 ,& if ^! are ! facts !n is x an unavoidable conclusion t ! bl9d admiration :i* society gives to m]e weal?1 & ! display ( weal?1 is ! *ief s\rce ( ^! multitud9\s immoralities4 ,yes1 ! evil is deep] ?an appe>s--draws its nutrim5t f f> bel[ ! surface4 ,?is gigantic sy/em ( di%one/y1 bran*+ out into e conceivable =m ( fraud1 has roots :i* run und]nea? our :ole social fabric1 &1 s5d+ fibres into e h\se1 suck up /r5g? f our daily say+s & do+s4 ,9 e d9+-room a rootlet f9ds food1 :5 ! conv]sation turns on ,s-&-s's successful speculations1 8 pur*ase ( an e/ate1 8 probable wor?--on ?is man's rec5t l>ge legacy1 & ! o!r's advantage\s mat*2 = be+ ?us talk$ ab\t is "o =m ( t tacit respect :i* m5 /ruggle =4 ,e draw+-room furni%es n\ri%m5t 9 ! admiration aw>d$ to co/l9ess--to silks t are 8ri*10 t is1 exp5sive2 to dresses t conta9 an enorm\s quantity ( mat]ial1 t is1 are exp5sive2 to laces t are h&-made1 t is1 exp5sive2 to diamonds t are r>e1 t is1 exp5sive2 to *9a t is old1 t is1 exp5sive4 ,& f scores ( small rem>ks & m9uti ( behavi\r :i*1 9 all circles1 h\rly imply h[ completely ! idea ( respectability involves t ( co/ly ext]nals1 !re is drawn fre% pabulum4 ,we are all implicat$4 ,we all1 :e!r ) self-approbation or n1 give expression to ! e/abli%$ feel+4 ,ev5 he :o disapproves ?is feel+ f9ds himself unable to #adg treat virtue 9 ?readb>e app>el ) a cordiality z great z t :i* he w\ld %[ to ! same virtue end[$ ) prosp]ity4 ,sc>cely a man is to be f\nd :o w\ld n behave ) m civility to a knave 9 broadclo? ?an to a knave 9 fu/ian4 ,?\gh = ! def]5ce :i* !y h %[n to ! vulg> ri*1 or ! di%one/ly successful1 m5 aft]w>ds comp\nd ) _! consci5ces by privately v5t+ _! contempt2 yet :5 !y aga9 come face to face ) ^! impos+ ext]nals cov]+ wor?lessness1 !y d z be=e4 ,& s long z impos+ wor?lessness gets ! visible m>ks ( respect1 :ile ! disrespect felt = x is hidd51 x naturally fl\ri%es4 ,h5ce1 !n1 is x t m5 p]sev]e 9 ^! evil practices :i* all condemn4 ,!y c s pur*ase a homage :i*1 if n g5u9e1 is yet1 s f> z appe>ances g1 z good z ! be/4 ,to "o ^: weal? has be5 ga9$ by a life ( frauds1 :at matt]s x t 8 "n is 9 all circles a synonym ( rogu]y8 ,has he n be5 conspicu\sly hon\r$ by be+ twice elect$ mayor ( 8 t[n8 7we /ate a fact7 & does n ?is1 jo9$ to ! p]sonal consid]ation %[n him1 outweigh 9 8 e/imation all t is said aga9/ him2 ( :i* he he>s sc>cely any?+8 ,:51 n _m ye>s aft] ! exposure ( 8 inequitable deal+1 a trad] atta9s to ! highe/ civic di/9ction :i* ! k+dom has to (f]1 & t1 too1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ^? :o be/ "k 8 del9qu5cy1 is n ! fact an enc\ragem5t to him1 & to all o!rs1 to sacrifice rectitude to aggr&izem5t8 ,if1 aft] li/5+ to a s]mon t has by implication d5\nc$ ! di%one/ies he has be5 guilty (1 ! ri* ill-do] f9ds1 on leav+ *ur*1 t 8 neighb\rs cap to him1 does n ?is tacit approval g f> to neutralize ! effect ( all he has he>d8 ,! tru? is t ) ! great majority ( m51 ! visible expression ( social op9ion is f> ! mo/ effici5t ( inc5tives & re/ra9ts4 ,let any "o :o wi%es to e/imate ! /r5g? #adh ( ?is control1 propose to himself to walk ?r\gh ! /reets 9 ! dress ( a du/man1 or hawk vegetables f door to door4 ,let him feel1 z he probably w1 t he _h r d some?+ morally wrong ?an commit su* a brea* ( usage & suff] ! result+ d]ision4 ,he w !n bett] e/imate h[ p[]ful a curb to m5 is ! op5 disapproval ( _! fell[s1 & h[1 conv]sely1 ! outw>d applause ( _! fell[s is a /imulus surpass+ all o!rs 9 int5sity4 ,fully realiz+ :i* facts1 he w see t ! immoralities ( trade are 9 great "p traceable to an immoral public op9ion4 ,let none inf]1 f :at has be5 said1 t ! paym5t ( respect to weal? rightly acquir$ & rightly us$1 is deprecat$4 ,9 its orig9al mean+1 & 9 due degree1 ! feel+ :i* prompts su* respect is good4 ,prim>ily1 weal? is ! sign ( m5tal p[]2 & ?is is always respectable4 ,to h hone/ly-acquir$ prop]ty1 implies intellig5ce1 en]gy1 self-control2 & ^! are wor?y ( ! homage t is indirectly paid to !m by admir+ _! results4 ,moreov]1 ! good adm9i/ration & increase ( inh]it$ prop]ty1 also requires its virtues2 & !re=e dem&s its %>e ( approbation4 ,& besides be+ applaud$ = _! display ( faculty1 m5 :o ga9 & increase weal? are to be applaud$ z public b5efactors4 ,= he :o1 z manufactur] or m]*ant1 has1 )\t inju/ice to o!rs1 realiz$ a =tune1 is !reby prov$ to h dis*>g$ 8 functions bett] ?an ^? :o h be5 less successful4 ,by great] skill1 bett] judgm5t1 or m economy ?an 8 competitors1 he has af=d$ ! public great] advantages4 ,8 extra pr(its are b a %>e ( ! extra produce obta9$ by ! same outlay3 ! o!r %>e go+ to ! consum]s4 ,& simil>ly1 ! l&[n] :o1 by judici\s inve/m5t ( money1 has increas$ ! value 7t is1 ! productiv5ess7 ( 8 e/ate1 has !reby add$ to ! /ock ( national capital4 ,by all means1 !n1 #adi let ! "r acquisition & prop] use ( weal? h _! due %>e ( admiration4 ,b t :i* we condemn z ! *ief cause ( comm]cial di%one/y1 is ! indiscrim9ate admiration ( weal?--an admiration t has little or no ref]5ce to ! "* ( ! possessor4 ,:51 z g5]ally happ5s1 ! ext]nal signs are rev]5c$ :]e !y signify no int]nal wor?9ess--nay1 ev5 :]e !y cov] int]nal unwor?9ess2 !n does ! feel+ become vici\s4 ,x is ?is idolatry :i* wor%ips ! symbol ap>t f ! ?+ symboliz$1 t is ! root ( all ^! evils we h be5 expos+4 ,s long z m5 pay homage to ^? social b5efactors :o h gr[n ri* hone/ly1 !y give a :olesome /imulus to indu/ry2 b :5 !y accord a %>e ( _! homage to ^? social malefactors :o h gr[n ri* di%one/ly1 !n d !y fo/] corruption--!n d !y become accomplices 9 all ^! frauds ( comm]ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z = rem$y1 x manife/ly foll[s t !re is none save a purifi$ public op9ion4 ,:5 t abhorr5ce :i* society n[ %[s to direct !ft1 is %[n to !ft ( all degrees ( indirectness2 !n w ^! m]cantile vices disappe>4 ,:5 n only ! trad] :o adult]ates or gives %ort measure1 b also ! m]*ant :o ov]-trades1 ! bank-director :o c\nt5ances an exagg]at$ report1 & ! railway-director :o repudiates 8 gu>antee1 come to be reg>d$ z ( ! same g5us z ! pickpocket1 & are treat$ ) l disda92 !n w ! morals ( trade become :at !y %\ld be4 ,we h little hope1 h[ev]1 t any su* high] tone ( public op9ion w %ortly be rea*$4 ,! pres5t condition ( ?+s appe>s to be1 9 great measure1 a necess>y accompanim5t ( our pres5t phase ( progress4 ,?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w1 especially 9 ,engl&1 & above all 9 ,am]ica1 social activity is almo/ :olly exp5d$ 9 mat]ial developm5t4 ,to subjugate ,nature #aej & br+ ! p[]s ( production & di/ribution to _! highe/ p]fection1 is ! task ( our age1 & probably w be ! task ( _m future ages4 ,& z 9 times :5 national def5ce & conque/ 7 ! *ief desid]ata1 milit>y a*ievem5t 0 hon\r$ above all o!r ?+s2 s n[1 :5 ! *ief desid]atum is indu/rial gr[?1 hon\r is mo/ conspicu\sly giv5 to t :i* g5]ally indicates ! aid+ ( indu/rial gr[?4 ,! ,engli% nation at pres5t displays :at we may call ! comm]cial dia!sis2 & ! undue admiration = weal? appe>s to be its concomitant--a relation /ill m conspicu\s 9 ! wor%ip ( 8! almighty doll>0 by ! ,am]icans4 ,& :ile ! comm]cial dia!sis1 ) its accompany+ /&>d ( di/9ction1 cont9ues1 we fe> ! evils we h be5 del9eat+ c be b p>tially cur$4 ,x seems hopeless to expect t m5 w di/+ui% betwe5 t weal? :i* repres5ts p]sonal sup]iority & b5efits done to society1 f t :i* does n4 ,! symbols1 ! ext]nals1 h all ! _w ?r\gh sway$ ! masses1 & mu/ long cont9ue to d s4 ,ev5 ! cultivat$1 :o are on _! gu>d aga9/ ! bias ( associat$ ideas1 & try to sep>ate ! real f ! seem+1 _c escape ! influ5ce ( curr5t op9ion4 ,we mu/ !re=e cont5t ourselves ) look+ = a sl[ amelioration4 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 may ev5 n[ be done by vigor\s prote/ aga9/ adoration ( m]e success4 ,& x is important t x %\ld be done1 consid]+ h[ ?is vici\s s5tim5t is be+ fo/]$4 ,:5 we h "o ( our lead+ morali/s prea*+1 ) increas+ vehem5ce1 ! doctr9e ( sanctification by =ce--:5 we are told t :ile a selfi%ness tr\bl$ ) qualms ( consci5ce is contemptible1 a selfi%ness int5se en\gh to trample d[n ev]y?+ 9 ! unscrupul\s pursuit ( its ends is wor?y ( admiration--:5 we f9d t if x be suffici5tly great1 p[]1 no matt] ( :at k9d or h[ direct$1 is held up = our rev]5ce2 we may fe> le/ ! preval5t applause #aea ( m]e success1 toge!r ) ! comm]cial vices :i* x /imulates1 %\ld be increas$ r ?an dim9i%$4 ,n at all by ?is h]o-wor%ip gr[n into brute-wor%ip is society to be made bett]1 b by exactly ! opposite--by a /]n criticism ( ! means ?r\gh :i* success has be5 a*iev$1 & by accord+ hon\r to ! high] & less selfi% modes ( activity4 ,& happily ! signs ( ?is m moral public op9ion are %[+ !mselves4 ,x is becom+ a tacitly-receiv$ doctr9e t ! ri* %\ld n1 z 9 bygone times1 sp5d _! lives 9 p]sonal gratification2 b %\ld devote !m to ! g5]al welf>e4 ,ye> by ye> is ! improvem5t ( ! p occupy+ a l>g] %>e ( ! att5tion ( ! upp] classes4 ,ye> by ye> are !y volunt>ily devot+ m en]gy to fur!r+ ! mat]ial & m5tal progress ( ! masses4 ,& ^? among !m :o d n jo9 9 ! dis*>ge ( ^! high functions1 are beg9n+ to be look$ ^u ) m or less contempt by _! own ord]4 ,?is late/ & mo/ hopeful fact 9 human hi/ory--?is new & bett] *ivalry--promises to evolve a high] /&>d ( hon\r1 & s to ameliorate _m evils3 among o!rs ^? :i* we h detail$4 ,:5 weal? obta9$ by illegitimate means inevitably br+s no?+ b disgrace--:5 to weal? rightly acquir$ is accord$ only its due %>e ( homage1 :ile ! greate/ homage is giv5 to ^? :o consecrate _! en]gies & _! means to ! noble/ ends2 !n may we be sure t1 along ) o!r accompany+ b5efits1 ! morals ( trade w be greatly purifi$4 #aeb ,,prison-,,e?ics4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,july #ahfj4 ,! two antagoni/ !ories ( morals1 l _m o!r antagoni/ !ories1 are bo? "r & bo? wrong4 ,! a priori s*ool has its tru?2 ! a po/]iori s*ool has its tru?2 & = ! prop] guidance ( conduct1 !re mu/ be due recognition ( bo?4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is ass]t$ t !re is an absolute /&>d ( rectitude2 &1 respect+ c]ta9 classes ( actions1 x is rightly s ass]t$4 ,f ! fundam5tal laws ( life & ! conditions ( social exi/5ce1 are d$ucible c]ta9 imp]ative limitations to individual action--limitations :i* are ess5tial to a p]fect life1 individual & social2 or1 9 o!r words1 ess5tial to ! greate/ happ9ess4 ,& ^! limitations1 foll[+ inevitably z !y d f und5iable fir/ pr9ciples1 deep z ! nature ( life itself1 con/itute :at we may di/+ui% z absolute morality4 ,on ! o!r h& x is cont5d$1 & 9 a s5se rightly cont5d$1 t ) m5 z !y are & society z x is1 ! dictates ( absolute morality are impracticable4 ,legal control1 :i* involves infliction ( pa91 alike on ^? :o are re/ra9$ & on ^? :o pay ! co/ ( re/ra9+ !m1 is prov$ by ?is fact to be n absolutely moral2 see+ t absolute morality is ! regulation ( conduct 9 su* way t pa9 %all n be inflict$4 #aec ,:]e=e1 if x be admitt$ t legal control is at pres5t indisp5sable1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ^! a priori rules _c be imm$iately c>ri$ out4 ,& h5ce x foll[s t we mu/ adapt our laws & actions to ! exi/+ "* ( mank9d--t we mu/ e/imate ! good or evil result+ f ?is or t arrangem5t1 & s rea*1 a po/]iori1 a code fitt$ = ! "t be+4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ fall back on exp$i5cy4 ,n[1 ea* ( ^! positions be+ valid1 x is a grave mi/ake to adopt ei!r to ! exclusion ( ! o!r4 ,!y %\ld be respectively appeal$ to = mutual qualification4 ,progress+ civilization1 :i* is ( necessity a succession ( compromises betwe5 old & new1 requires a p]petual readju/m5t ( ! compromise betwe5 ! ideal & ! practicable 9 social arrangem5ts3 to :i* end bo? elem5ts ( ! compromise mu/ be kept 9 view4 ,if x is true t pure rectitude prescribes a sy/em ( ?+s too good = m5 z !y are2 x is n less true t m]e exp$i5cy does n ( itself t5d to e/abli% a sy/em ( ?+s any bett] ?an t :i* exi/s4 ,:ile absolute morality owes to exp$i5cy ! *ecks :i* prev5t x f ru%+ into utopian absurdities2 exp$i5cy is indebt$ to absolute morality = all /imulus to improvem5t4 ,grant$ t we are *iefly int]e/$ 9 asc]ta9+ :at is relatively "r2 x /ill foll[s t we mu/ fir/ consid] :at is absolutely "r2 s9ce ! "o conception presupposes ! o!r4 ,t is to say1 ?\gh we mu/ ev] aim to d :at is be/ = ! pres5t times1 yet we mu/ ev] be> 9 m9d :at is ab/ract$ly be/2 s t ! *anges we make may be t[>ds x1 & n away f x4 ,unatta9able z pure rectitude is1 & w long cont9ue to be1 we mu/ keep an eye on ! compass :i* tells u :]eab\t x lies2 or we %all o!rwise w&] 9 ! opposite direction4 ,illu/rations f our rec5t hi/ory w %[ v conclusively1 we ?9k1 h[ important x is t #aed consid]ations ( ab/ract exp$i5cy %\ld be jo9$ ) ^? ( concrete exp$i5cy--h[ imm5se w\ld be ! evils avoid$ & ! b5efits ga9$1 if a po/]iori morality 7 enlight5$ by a priori morality4 ,take fir/ ! case ( free trade4 ,until rec5tly x has be5 ! practice ( all nations1 artificially to re/rict _! comm]ce ) o!r nations4 ,?r\gh\t pa/ c5turies ?is c\rse 0 def5sible z conduc+ to safety4 ,)\t say+ t law-giv]s _h ! motive ( promot+ indu/rial indep5d5ce1 x may yet be said t 9 ages :5 national qu>rels 7 p]petual1 x w\ld n h be5 well = any p to be mu* dep5d5t on o!rs = necess>y commodities4 ,b ?\gh !re is ?is gr\nd = ass]t+ t comm]cial re/rictions 7 once exp$i5t1 x _c be ass]t$ t our corn-laws 7 ?us ju/ifi$3 x _c be alleg$ t ! p5alties & prohibitions :i*1 until lately1 hamp]$ our trade1 7 ne$ful to prev5t u f be+ indu/rially disabl$ by a w>4 ,protection 9 all its =ms 0 e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ = o!r reasons ( exp$i5cy2 & ! reasons = :i* x 0 oppos$ & f9ally aboli%$ 7 also ^? ( exp$i5cy4 ,calculations ( imm$iate & remote consequ5ces 7 set =? by ! antagoni/ p>ties2 & ! mode ( decision 0 by a balanc+ ( ^! v>i\s anticipat$ consequ5ces4 ,& :at1 aft] g5]ations ( mis*iev\s legislation & long ye>s ( ardu\s /ruggle1 0 ! conclusion arriv$ at1 & s9ce ju/ifi$ by ! results8 ,exactly ! "o :i* ab/ract equity pla9ly tea*es4 ,! moral c\rse proves to be ! politic c\rse4 ,t ability to ex]cise ! faculties1 ! total d5ial ( :i* causes dea?--t lib]ty to pursue ! objects ( desire1 )\t :i* !re _c be complete life--t fre$om ( action :i* 8 nature prompts e individual to claim1 & on :i* equity puts no limit save ! l fre$om ( action ( o!r individuals1 involves1 among o!r coroll>ies1 fre$om ( ex*ange4 #aee ,gov]nm5t :i*1 9 protect+ citiz5s f murd]1 robb]y1 assault or o!r aggression1 %[s u t x has ! all-ess5tial function ( secur+ to ea* ?is free ex]cise ( faculties )9 ! assign$ limits1 is call$ on1 9 ! due dis*>ge ( its function1 to ma9ta9 ?is fre$om ( ex*ange2 & _c abrogate x )\t rev]s+ its function1 & becom+ aggressor in/ead ( protector4 ,?us1 absolute morality w\ld all along h %[n 9 :at direction legislation %\ld t5d4 ,qualifi$ only by ! consid]ation t 9 turbul5t times !y mu/ n be s c>ri$ out z to endang] national life1 ?r\gh susp5sions 9 ! supply ( necess>ies1 ^! a priori pr9ciples w\ld h guid$ /atesm51 z fa/ z circum/ances all[$1 t[>ds ! normal condition4 ,we %\ld h be5 sav$ f ?\s&s ( ne$less re/rictions4 ,su* re/rictions z 7 ne$ful w\ld h be5 aboli%$ z soon z 0 safe4 ,an enorm\s am\nt ( suff]+ w\ld h be5 prev5t$4 ,t prosp]ity :i* we n[ enjoy w\ld h comm5c$ mu* soon]4 ,& our pres5t condition w\ld h be5 "o ( great] p[]1 weal?1 happ9ess1 & morality4 ,our railway-politics furni% ano!r in/ance4 ,a va/ loss ( national capital has be5 incurr$1 & great mis]y has be5 inflict$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! neglect ( a simple pr9ciple cle>ly dictat$ by ab/ract ju/ice4 ,:oso ent]s into a contract1 ?\gh he is b\nd to d t :i* ! contract specifies1 is n b\nd to d "s o!r ?+ :i* is nei!r specifi$ nor impli$ 9 ! contract4 ,we d n appeal to moral p]ception only 9 w>ranty ( ?is position4 ,x is "o d$ucible f t fir/ pr9ciple ( equity :i*1 z above po9t$ out1 foll[s f ! laws ( life1 individual & social2 & x is "o :i* ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( mank9d has s uni=mly ju/ifi$1 t x has become a tacitly-recogniz$ doctr9e ( civil law among all nations4 ,9 cases ( disputes ab\t agreem5ts1 ! "q 9 ea* case br\ght to trial #aef always is1 :e!r ! t]ms b9d "o or o!r ( ! contract+ p>ties to d ?is or t2 & x is assum$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t nei!r ( !m c be call$ ^u to d m ?an is express$ or und]/ood 9 ! agreem5t4 ,n[ ?is almo/ self-evid5t pr9ciple has be5 :olly ignor$ 9 railway-legislation4 ,a %>ehold]1 unit+ ) o!rs to make & "w a l9e f "o specifi$ place to ano!r specifi$ place1 b9ds himself to pay c]ta9 sums 9 fur!rance ( ! project2 &1 by implication1 agrees to yield to ! majority ( 8 fell[-%>ehold]s on all que/ions rais$ respect+ ! execution ( ?is project4 ,b he commits himself no fur!r ?an ?is4 ,he is n requir$ to obey ! majority conc]n+ ?+s n nam$ 9 ! de$ ( incorporation4 ,?\gh ) respect to ! specifi$ railway he has b\nd himself1 he has n b\nd himself1 ) respect to any unspecifi$ railway :i* 8 co-proprietors may wi% to make2 & he _c be committ$ to su* unspecifi$ railway by a vote ( ! majority4 ,b ?is di/9ction has be5 :olly pass$ ov]4 ,%>ehold]s 9 jo9t-/ock und]tak+s h be5 p]petually involv$ 9 o!r und]tak+s subsequ5tly decid$ on by _! fell[-%>ehold]s2 &1 aga9/ _! w1 h _h _! prop]ties heavily mortgag$ = ! execution ( projects t 7 ru9\sly unremun]ative4 ,9 e case ! propriet>y contract = mak+ a p>ticul> railway1 has be5 dealt ) z ?\gh x 7 a propriet>y contract = mak+ railways6 ,n only h directors ?us mis9t]pret$ x1 & n only h %>ehold]s all[$ x to be ?us mis9t]pret$1 b legislators h s little und]/ood _! duties z to h endors$ ! mis9t]pretation4 ,to ?is simple cause has be5 ow+ mo/ ( our railway-companies' disa/]s4 ,abnormal facilities = gett+ capital h caus$ reckless competition 9 ext5sion-mak+ & bran*-mak+1 & 9 ne$less opposition l9es1 got up to be pur*as$ by ! companies !y ?reat5$4 ,_h ea* new s*eme be5 #aeg execut$ by an indep5d5t body ( %>ehold]s1 )\t any gu>antee f ano!r company--)\t any capital rais$ by pref]5ce %>es--!re w\ld h be5 little or none ( ! ru9\s exp5diture we h se54 ,some?+ l a hundr$ millions ( money w\ld h be5 sav$1 & ?\s&s ( families pres]v$ f mis]y1 _h ! propriet>y-contract be5 en=c$ accord+ to ! dictates ( pure equity4 ,^! cases g f> to ju/ify our position4 ,! g5]al reasons we gave = ?9k+ t ! e?ics ( imm$iate exp]i5ce mu/ be enlight5$ by ab/ract e?ics1 to ensure correct guidance1 are /rongly en=c$ by ^! in/ances ( ! gigantic errors :i* are made :5 ! dictates ( ab/ract e?ics are ignor$4 ,! complex e/imates ( relative exp$i5cy1 _c d )\t ! clue furni%$ by ! simple d$uctions ( absolute exp$i5cy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we propose to /udy ! treatm5t ( crim9als f ?is po9t ( view4 ,& fir/1 let u set d[n ^? tempor>y requirem5ts :i* h hi!rto prev5t$1 & d /ill1 9 "p1 prev5t ! e/abli%m5t ( a j sy/em4 ,! same av]age popul> "* :i* necessitates a rigor\s =m ( gov]nm5t1 necessitates also a rigor\s crim9al code4 ,in/itutions are ultimately det]m9$ by ! natures ( ! citiz5s liv+ "u !m2 & :5 ^! citiz5s are too impulsive or selfi% = free in/itutions1 & unscrupul\s en\gh to supply ! requisite /aff ( ag5ts = ma9ta9+ tyrannical in/itutions1 !y are prov$ by implication to be citiz5s :o w tol]ate1 & w probably ne$1 sev]e =ms ( puni%m5t4 ,! same m5tal defect und]lies bo? results4 ,! "* :i* orig9ates & su/a9s political lib]ty1 is a "* sway$ by remote consid]ations--a "* n at ! m]cy ( imm$iate temptations1 b "o :i* contemplates ! consequ5ces likely to arise 9 future4 ,we h only to rememb] t1 among ourselves1 a political encroa*m5t is #aeh resi/$1 n because ( any direct evil x inflicts1 b because ( ! evils likely h]eaft] to fl[ f x1 to see h[ ! ma9t5ance ( fre$om presupposes ! habit ( weigh+ di/ant results1 & be+ *iefly guid$ by !m4 ,conv]sely1 x is manife/ t m5 :o dwell only 9 ! pres5t1 ! special1 ! concrete--:o d n realize ) cle>ness ! cont+5cies ( ! future--w put little value on ^? rights ( citiz5%ip :i* pr(it !m no?+1 save z a means ( w>d+ (f unspecifi$ evils t c possibly affect !m only at a di/ant "t 9 an obscure way4 ,well1 is x n obvi\s t ! =ms ( m9d ?us contra/$1 w require diff]5t k9ds ( puni%m5t = misconduct8 ,to re/ra9 ! second1 !re mu/ be p5alties :i* are sev]e1 prompt1 & specific en\gh to be vividly conceiv$2 :ile ! fir/ may be det]r$ by p5alties :i* are less def9ite1 less int5se1 less imm$iate4 ,= ! m civiliz$1 dread ( a long1 monoton\s1 crim9al discipl9e may suffice2 b = ! less civiliz$ !re mu/ be inflictions ( bodily pa9 & dea?4 ,?us we hold1 n only t a social condition :i* g5]ates a h>% =m ( gov]nm5t1 also g5]ates h>% retributions2 b also1 t 9 su* a social condition1 h>% retributions are requisite4 ,& !re are facts :i* illu/rate ?is4 ,witness ! case ( "o ( ! ,italian /ates1 9 :i* ! puni%m5t ( dea? hav+ be5 aboli%$ 9 con=mity ) ! wi% ( a dy+ du*ess1 assass9ations increas$ s greatly t x became ne$ful to re-e/abli% x4 ,besides ! fact t 9 ! less-advanc$ /ages ( civilization1 a bloody p5al code is bo? a natural product ( ! "t & a ne$ful re/ra9t = ! "t1 !re mu/ be not$ ! fact t a m equitable & humane code c\ld n be c>ri$ out f want ( fit adm9i/ration4 ,to deal ) del9qu5ts n by %ort & %>p me?ods b by su* me?ods z ab/ract ju/ice indicates1 implies a class ( ag5cies too complicat$ to exi/ 9 a l[ society1 #aei & a class ( (fic]s m tru/wor?y ?an c be f\nd among its citiz5s4 ,especially w\ld ! equitable treatm5t ( crim9als be impracticable :]e ! am\nt ( crime 0 v great4 ,! numb] to be dealt ) w\ld be unmanageable4 ,"s simpl] me?od ( purg+ ! community ( its wor/ memb]s becomes1 "u su* circum/ances1 a necessity4 ,! inapplicability ( an absolutely j sy/em ( p5al discipl9e to a b>b>\s or semi-b>b>\s p1 is ?us1 we ?9k1 z manife/ z is ! inapplicability ( an absolutely j =m ( gov]nm5t to !m4 ,& 9 ! same mann] t1 = "s nations1 a despotism is w>rant$2 s may a crim9al code ( ! extreme/ sev]ity be w>rant$4 ,9 ei!r case ! def5ce is1 t ! in/itution is z good z ! av]age "* ( ! p p]mits--t less /r+5t in/itutions w\ld entail social confusion & its f> m sev]e evils4 ,bad z a despotism is1 yet :]e an>*y is ! only alt]native1 we mu/ say t1 z an>*y w\ld br+ great] suff]+ ?an despotism br+s1 despotism is ju/ifi$ by ! circum/ances4 ,& simil>ly1 h[ev] inequitable 9 ! ab/ract 7 ! behead+s1 crucify+s1 & burn+s ( rud] ages1 yet1 if x be %[n t1 )\t p5alties ?us extreme1 ! safety ( society c\ld n h be5 insur$--if1 9 _! abs5ce1 ! increase ( crime w\ld h inflict$ a l>g] total ( evil1 & t1 too1 on peaceable memb]s ( ! community2 !n x foll[s t morality w>rant$ ?is sev]ity4 ,9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 we mu/ say t1 measur$ by ! quantities ( pa9 respectively inflict$ & avoid$1 ! c\rse pursu$ 0 ! lea/ wrong2 & to say t x 0 ! lea/ wrong is to say t x 0 relatively "r4 ,b :ile we ?us admit all t c be alleg$ by ! def5d]s ( ,draconian codes1 we g on to ass]t a correlative tru? :i* !y ov]look4 ,:ile fully recogniz+ ! evils t mu/ foll[ ! premature e/abli%m5t ( a #afj p5al sy/em dictat$ by pure equity1 let u n ov]look ! evils t h aris5 f altoge!r reject+ ! guidance ( pure equity4 ,let u note h[ t]ribly ! "o-sid$ reg>d = imm$iate exp$i5cy has ret>d$ ! ameliorations f "t to "t dem&$4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! imm5se am\nt ( suff]+ & demoralization ne$lessly caus$ by our sev]e laws 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,^? _m m]ciless p5alties :i* ,romilly & o!rs succe$$ 9 aboli%+1 7 z little ju/ifi$ by social necessities z by ab/ract morality4 ,exp]i5ce has s9ce prov$ t to hang m5 = !ft1 0 n requisite = ! security ( prop]ty4 ,& t su* a measure 0 oppos$ to pure equity1 sc>cely ne$s say+4 ,evid5tly1 _h consid]ations ( relative exp$i5cy be5 all along qualifi$ by consid]ations ( absolute exp$i5cy1 ^! sev]ities1 ) _! _m concomitant evils1 w\ld h ceas$ long be=e !y did4 ,aga91 ! dreadful mis]y1 demoralization1 & crime1 g5]at$ by ! h>% treatm5t ( transport$ convicts1 w\ld h be5 impossible1 _h our au?orities consid]$ :at seem$ j z well z :at seem$ politic4 ,!re w\ld nev] h be5 inflict$ on transports ! %ock+ cruelties prov$ be=e ! ,p>liam5t>y ,committee ( #ahdh4 ,we %\ld n h _h m5 condemn$ to ! horrors ( ! *a9-gang ev5 = insol5t looks4 ,!re c\ld n h be5 p]petrat$ su* an atrocity z t ( lock+ up *a9-gangs 8f sunset to sunrise 9 ! c>avans or boxes us$ = ?is description ( prisons1 :i* hold f tw5ty to tw5ty-eight m51 b 9 :i* ! :ole numb] c nei!r /& upright nor sit d[n at ! same "t1 except ) _! legs at "r angles to _! bodies40 ,m5 w\ld nev] h be5 doom$ to tortures extreme en\gh to produce despair1 desp]ation1 & fur!r crimes--tortures "u :i* 8a man's he>t is tak5 f him1 & !re is giv5 to him ! he>t ( a #afa bea/10 z said by "o ( ^! law-produc$ crim9als be=e 8 execution4 ,we %\ld n h be5 told1 z by a *ief ju/ice ( ,au/ralia1 t ! discipl9e 0 8c>ri$ to an ext5t ( suff]+1 su* z to r5d] dea? desirable1 & to induce _m prison]s to seek x "u its mo/ appall+ aspects40 ,sir ,g4 ,ar?ur w\ld n h _h to te/ify t1 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 convicts committ$ murd] = ! purpose 8( be+ s5t up to ,hob>t ,t[n = trial1 ?\gh aw>e t 9 ! ord9>y c\rse !y mu/ be execut$ )9 a =tnight aft] arrival20 nor w\ld te>s ( commis]ation h be5 drawn f ,judge ,burton's eyes1 by "o ( ^! cruelly-us$ transports plac$ be=e him = s5t5ce4 ,9 brief1 _h ab/ract equity jo9$ ) imm$iate exp$i5cy 9 devis+ convict discipl9e1 n only w\ld untold suff]+1 degradation1 & mortality h be5 prev5t$2 b ^? :o 7 responsible = atrocities l ^? above-nam$1 w\ld n !mselves be *>geable ) crime1 z we n[ hold !m to be4 ,probably we %all meet ) a less g5]al ass5t :51 z a fur!r b5efit :i* ! guidance ( absolute morality w\ld h conf]r$1 we in/ance ! prev5tion ( su* me?ods z ^? 9 use at ,p5tonville4 ,h[ ! sil5t & ! sep>ate sy/ems are negativ$ by ab/ract ju/ice we %all by & by see4 ,= ! pres5t1 ! position we h to def5d is t ^! sy/ems are bad4 ,t b a mod]ate p]-c5tage ( ! prison]s subject$ to !m are re-convict$1 may be true2 ?\gh1 consid]+ ! fallaci\sness ( negative /ati/ics1 ?is by no means proves t ^? n re-convict$ are re=m$4 ,b ! "q is n solely h[ _m prison]s are prev5t$ f aga9 committ+ crime8 ,a fur!r "q is1 h[ _m ( !m h become self-support+ memb]s ( society8 ,x is notori\s t ?is prolong$ d5ial ( human int]c\rse n unfrequ5tly produces insanity or imbecility2 & on ^? :o rema9 sane1 its depress+ influ5ce mu/ almo/ #afb ( necessity entail s]i\s debility1 bodily & m5tal4#g ,inde$1 we ?9k x probable t mu* ( ! app>5t success is due to an enfeeblem5t :i* incapacitates = crime z mu* z = indu/ry4 ,our own objection to su* me?ods1 h[ev]1 has always be51 t _! effect on ! moral nature is ! rev]se ( t requir$4 ,crime is anti-social--is prompt$ by self-reg>d+ feel+s & *eck$ by social feel+s4 ,! natural prompt] ( "r conduct to o!rs1 & ! natural oppon5t ( misconduct to o!rs1 is sympa?y2 = out ( sympa?y gr[ bo? ! k9dly emotions1 & t s5tim5t ( ju/ice :i* re/ra9s u f aggressions4 ,well1 ?is sympa?y1 :i* makes society possible1 is cultivat$ by social int]c\rse4 ,by habitual p>ticipation 9 ! pleasures ( o!rs1 ! faculty is /r5g!n$2 & :atev] prev5ts ?is p>ticipation1 weak5s x4 ,h5ce1 !re=e1 %utt+ up prison]s )9 !mselves1 or =bidd+ all int]*ange ( feel+1 inevitably dead5s su* sympa?ies z !y h2 & s t5ds r to dim9i% ?an to increase ! moral *eck to transgression4 ,?is a priori conviction1 :i* we h long ent]ta9$1 we n[ f9d confirm$ by facts4 ,capta9 ,macono*ie /ates1 z a result ( obs]vation1 t a long c\rse ( sep>ation s fo/]s ! self-reg>d+ desires1 & s weak5s ! sympa?ies1 z to make ev5 well-dispos$ m5 v unfit to be> ! little trials ( dome/ic life on _! return to _! homes4 ,?us !re is good reason to ?9k t1 :ile sil5ce & solitude may c[ ! _s or und]m9e ! en]gies1 x _c produce true re=mation4 #g ,mr4 ,baillie-,co*rane says3--8,! (fic]s at ! ,d>tmoor prison in=m me t ! prison]s :o arrive !re ev5 aft] "o ye>'s conf9em5t at ,p5tonville1 may be di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by _! mis]able d[nca/ look4 ,9 mo/ in/ances _! bra9 is affect$2 & !y are unable to give satisfactory replies to ! simple/ que/ions40 8,b h[ c x be %[n10 asks ! read]1 8t ^! injudici\s p5al sy/ems are inequitable8 ,:]e is ! me?od :i* w enable u to say :at k9d ( #afc puni%m5t is ju/ifi$ by absolute morality1 & :at k9d is n80 ,^! que/ions we w n[ attempt to answ]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s long z ! individual citiz5 pursues ! objects ( 8 desires )\t dim9i%+ ! equal fre$om ( any ( 8 fell[ citiz5s to d ! l1 society _c equitably int]f]e ) him4 ,:ile he cont5ts himself ) ! b5efits won by 8 own en]gies1 & attempts n to int]cept any ( ! b5efits simil>ly won = !mselves by o!rs1 or any ( ^? :i* ,nature has conf]r$ on !m2 no legal p5alties c rightly be inflict$ on him4 ,b :51 by murd]1 !ft1 assault1 arson1 or m9or aggression1 he has brok5 ?r\gh ^! limits1 ! community is w>rant$ 9 putt+ him "u re/ra9t4 ,on ! relative propriety ( do+ ?is we ne$ say no?+3 x is demon/rat$ by social exp]i5ce4 ,its absolute propriety n be+ s manife/1 we w proce$ to po9t out h[ x is d$ucible f ! ultimate laws ( life4 ,life dep5ds on ! ma9t5ance ( c]ta9 natural relations betwe5 actions & _! results4 ,if respiration does n supply oxyg5 to ! blood1 z 9 ! normal ord] ( ?+s x %\ld d1 b in/ead supplies c>bonic acid1 dea? quickly results4 ,if ! swall[+ ( food is n foll[$ by ! usual organic sequ5ces--! contractions ( ! /oma*1 & ! p\r+ into x ( ga/ric juice--indige/ion arises1 & ! en]gies flag4 ,if active movem5ts ( ! limbs fail 9 excit+ ! he>t to supply blood m rapidly1 or if ! extra curr5t propell$ by ! he>t is greatly ret>d$ by an aneurism ?r\gh :i* x passes1 spe$y pro/ration ensues4 ,9 :i*1 & endless l cases1 we see t bodily life dep5ds on ! ma9t5ance ( ! e/abli%$ connexions betwe5 physiological causes & _! consequ5ces4 ,among ! intellectual processes1 ! same ?+ holds4 ,if c]ta9 impressions made on ! s5ses d n induce ! appropriate muscul> adju/m5ts--if ! bra9 is cl\d$ ) w9e1 or consci\sness is #afd pre-occupi$1 or ! p]ceptions are naturally obtuse2 ! movem5ts are s ill-controll$ t accid5ts happ54 ,:]e1 z 9 p>alytic pati5ts1 ! natural l9k betwe5 m5tal impressions & ! appropriate motions is brok51 ! life is greatly vitiat$4 ,& :51 z dur+ insanity1 evid5ce fitt$1 accord+ to ! usual ord] ( ?\ght1 to produce c]ta9 convictions1 produces convictions ( an opposite k9d1 conduct is r$uc$ to *aos1 & life endang]$--p]haps cut %ort4 ,s x is ) m involv$ ph5om5a4 ,j z we "h f9d t1 ?r\gh\t bo? its physical & intellectual divisions1 heal?ful life implies cont9uance ( ! e/abli%$ successions ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts among our vital actions2 s %all we f9d x ?r\gh\t ! moral division4 ,9 our deal+s ) ext]nal ,nature & our fell[ m51 !re are relations ( cause & effect1 on ! ma9t5ance ( :i*1 z on ! ma9t5ance ( ! int]nal ones above in/anc$1 life dep5ds4 ,conduct ( ?is or t k9d t5ds to br+ results :i* are pleasurable or pa9ful2 & ! welf>e ( e "o dem&s t ^! natural sequ5ces %all n be int]f]$ )4 ,to speak m specifically1 we see t 9 ! ord] ( ,nature1 inactivity entails want4 ,!re is a connexion betwe5 ex]tion & ! fulfilm5t ( c]ta9 imp]ative ne$s4 ,if1 n[1 ?is connexion is brok5--if lab\r ( body or m9d has be5 gone ?r\gh1 & ! produce ( ! lab\r is int]cept$ by ano!r1 "o ( ! conditions to complete life is unfulfill$4 ,! defraud$ p]son is physically injur$ by deprivation ( ! :]e)al to make good ! we> & te> he _h und]gone2 & if ! robb]y be cont9ually repeat$1 he mu/ die4 ,:]e all m5 are di%one/ a reflex evil results4 ,:51 ?r\gh\t a society1 ! normal relation betwe5 "w & b5efit is habitually brok51 n only are ! lives ( _m directly und]m9$1 b ! lives ( all are indirectly und]m9$ by de/ruction ( ! motive = "w1 & by ! consequ5t pov]ty4 ,?us1 to dem& t !re %all #afe be no brea* ( ! natural sequ5ce betwe5 lab\r & ! rew>ds obta9$ by lab\r1 is to dem& t ! laws ( life %all be respect$4 ,:at we call ! "r ( prop]ty1 is simply a coroll>y f c]ta9 necess>y conditions to complete liv+4 ,x is a =mulat$ recognition ( ! relation betwe5 exp5diture ( =ce & ! ne$ = =ce-su/a9+ objects obta9able by ! exp5diture ( =ce--a recognition 9 full ( a relation :i* _c be :olly ignor$ )\t caus+ dea?4 ,& all else reg>d$ z individual rights1 are indirect implications ( l nature--simil>ly insi/ on c]ta9 relations betwe5 man & man1 z conditions )\t :i* !re _c be fully ma9ta9$ t correspond5ce betwe5 inn] & out] actions :i* con/itutes life4 ,x is n1 z "s morali/s & mo/ lawy]s absurdly ass]t1 t su* rights are d]iv$ f human legislation2 nor is x1 z ass]t$ by o!rs ) absurdity almo/ z great1 t !re is no basis = !m save ! inductions ( imm$iate exp$i5cy4 ,^! rights are d$ucible f ! e/abli%$ connexions betwe5 our acts & _! results4 ,z c]ta9ly z !re are conditions :i* mu/ be fulfill$ be=e life c exi/1 s c]ta9ly are !re conditions :i* mu/ be fulfill$ be=e complete life c be enjoy$ by ! respective memb]s ( a society2 & ^? :i* we call ! requirem5ts ( ju/ice1 simply answ] to ! mo/ important ( su* conditions4 ,h5ce1 if life is our legitimate aim--if absolute morality means1 z x does1 con=mity to ! laws ( complete life2 !n absolute morality w>rants ! re/ra9t ( ^? :o =ce _! fell[-citiz5s into non-con=mity4 ,our ju/ification is1 t life is impossible save "u c]ta9 conditions2 t x _c be entire unless ^! conditions are ma9ta9$ unbrok52 & t if x is "r = u to live completely1 x is "r = u to remove any "o :o ei!r breaks ^! conditions 9 our p]sons or con/ra9s u to break !m4 ,su* be+ ! basis ( our "r to co]ce ! crim9al1 #aff !re next come ! que/ions3--,:at is ! legitimate ext5t ( ! co]cion8 ,c we f ?is s\rce d]ive au?ority = c]ta9 dem&s on him8 & are !re any simil>ly-d]iv$ limits to su* dem&s8 ,to bo? ^! que/ions !re are affirmative answ]s4 ,fir/1 we f9d au?ority = dem&+ re/itution or comp5sation4 ,con=mity to ! laws ( life be+ ! sub/ance ( absolute morality2 & ! social regulations :i* absolute morality dictates1 be+ ^? :i* make ?is con=mity possible2 x is a manife/ coroll>y t :oev] breaks ^! regulations1 may be ju/ly requir$ to undo1 z f> z possible1 ! wrong he has done4 ,! object be+ to ma9ta9 ! conditions ess5tial to complete life1 x foll[s t1 :5 "o ( ^! conditions has be5 transgress$1 ! fir/ ?+ to be requir$ ( ! transgressor is1 t he %all put matt]s z ne>ly z may be 9 ! /ate !y previ\sly 74 ,! prop]ty /ol5 %all be re/or$1 or an equival5t = x giv54 ,any "o injur$ by an assault %all h 8 surgeon's bill paid1 comp5sation = lo/ "t1 & also = ! suff]+ he has borne4 ,& simil>ly 9 all cases ( infr+$ rights4 ,second1 we are w>rant$ by ?is highe/ au?ority 9 re/rict+ ! actions ( ! (f5d] z mu* z is ne$ful to prev5t fur!r aggressions4 ,any citiz5 :o w n all[ o!rs to fulfil ! conditions to complete life--:o takes away ! produce ( 8 neighb\r's lab\r1 or d$ucts f t bodily heal? & com=t :i* 8 neighb\r has e>n$ by good conduct1 mu/ be =c$ to desi/4 ,& society is w>rant$ 9 us+ su* =ce z may be f\nd requisite4 ,equity ju/ifies ! fell[-citiz5s ( su* a man 9 limit+ ! free ex]cise ( 8 faculties to ! ext5t necess>y = pres]v+ ! free ex]cise ( _! own faculties4 ,b n[ m>k t absolute morality c\nt5ances no re/ra9t beyond ?is--no gratuit\s inflictions ( pa91 no rev5geful p5alties4 ,! conditions x insi/s on be+ su* z make possible complete life1 we _c rightly abrogate #afg ^! conditions1 ev5 9 ! p]son ( a crim9al1 fur!r ?an is ne$ful to prev5t great] abrogations ( !m4 ,fre$om to fulfil ! laws ( life be+ ! ?+ insi/$ on1 to ! end t ! sum ( life may be ! greate/ possible1 x foll[s t ! life ( ! (f5d] mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt z an item 9 ?is sum4 ,we mu/ p]mit him to live z completely z consi/s ) social safety4 ,x is commonly said t ! crim9al loses all 8 rights4 ,?is may be s accord+ to law1 b x is n s accord+ to ju/ice4 ,su* portion ( !m only is ju/ly tak5 away1 z _c be left to him )\t dang] to ! community4 ,^? ex]cises ( faculty1 & consequ5t b5efits1 :i* are possible "u ! necess>y re/ra9t1 _c be equitably d5i$4 ,if any d n ?9k x prop] t we %\ld be ?us reg>dful ( an (f5d]'s claims1 let !m consid] = a mom5t ! lesson :i* ,nature reads u4 ,we d n f9d t ^? processes ( life by :i* bodily heal? is ma9ta9$1 are miracul\sly susp5d$ 9 ! p]son ( ! prison]4 ,9 him1 z 9 o!rs1 good dige/ion waits on appetite4 ,if he is w\nd$1 ! heal+ process goes on ) ! usual rapidity4 ,:5 he is ill1 z mu* effect is expect$ f ! vis m$icatrix natur by ! m$ical (fic]1 z 9 "o :o has n transgress$4 ,8 p]ceptions yield him guidance z !y did be=e he 0 imprison$2 & he is capable ( mu* ! same pleasurable emotions4 ,:5 we ?us see t ! b5efic5t arrangem5ts ( ?+s1 are no less uni=mly su/a9$ 9 8 p]son ?an 9 t ( ano!r1 are we n b\nd to respect 9 8 p]son su* ( ^! b5efic5t arrangem5ts z we h p[] to ?w>t8 are we n b\nd to int]f]e ) ! laws ( life no fur!r ?an is ne$ful8 ,if any /ill hesitate1 !re is ano!r lesson = !m hav+ ! same implication4 ,:oso disreg>ds any "o ( ^? simpl] laws ( life out ( :i*1 z we h %[n1 ! moral laws orig9ate1 has to be> ! evil necessitat$ by ! transgression--j t1 & no m4 ,if1 c>eless ( y\r foot+1 y fall1 ! #afh consequ5t bruise1 & possibly "s con/itutional di/urbance entail$ by x1 are all y h to suff]3 !re is n ! fur!r gratuit\s p5alty ( a cold or an attack ( small-pox4 ,if y h eat5 some?+ :i* y "k to be indige/ible1 !re foll[ c]ta9 visc]al d]angem5ts & _! concomitants2 b1 = y\r physical s91 !re is no v5geance 9 ! %ape ( a brok5 bone or a sp9al affection4 ,! puni%m5ts1 9 ^! & o!r cases1 are nei!r great] nor less ?an fl[ f ! natural work+s ( ?+s4 ,well1 %\ld we n ) all humility foll[ ?is example8 ,mu/ we n inf] t1 simil>ly1 a citiz5 :o has transgress$ ! conditions to social welf>e1 ought to be> ! ne$ful p5alties & re/ra9ts1 b no?+ beyond ^!8 ,is x n cle> t nei!r by absolute morality nor by ,nature's prec$5ts1 are we w>rant$ 9 visit+ on him any pa9s besides ^? involv$ 9 rem$y+1 z f> z may be1 ! evil committ$1 & prev5t+ o!r su* evils8 ,to u x seems manife/ t if society exce$s ?is1 x trespasses aga9/ ! crim9al4 ,^? :o ?9k t we are t5d+ t[>ds a mis*iev\s l5i5cy1 w f9d t ! next /ep 9 our argum5t disposes ( any su* objection2 = :ile equity =bids u to puni% ! crim9al o!rwise ?an by mak+ him suff] ! natural consequ5ces1 ^!1 :5 rigor\sly en=c$1 are q sev]e en\gh4 ,society hav+ prov$ 9 ! high c\rt ( absolute morality1 t ! (f5d] mu/ make re/itution or comp5sation1 & submit to ! re/ra9ts requisite = public safety2 & ! (f5d] hav+ obta9$ f ! same c\rt ! decision1 t ^! re/ra9ts %all be no great] ?an ! specifi$ end requires2 society !reupon makes ! fur!r dem& t1 :ile liv+ 9 durance1 ! (f5d] %all ma9ta9 himself2 & ?is dem& absolute morality at once endorses4 ,! community hav+ tak5 measures = self-pres]vation1 & hav+ inflict$ on ! aggressor no puni%m5ts or disabilities beyond ^? #afi involv$ 9 ^! necess>y measures1 is no fur!r conc]n$ 9 ! matt]4 ,) ! support ( ! prison] x has no m to d ?an be=e he committ$ ! crime4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( society simply to def5d itself aga9/ him2 & x is 8 bus9ess to live z well z he c "u ! re/rictions society is oblig$ to impose on him4 ,all he may rightly ask is1 to h ! opportunity ( lab\r+1 & ex*ang+ ! produce ( 8 lab\r = necess>ies2 & ?is claim is a coroll>y f t already admitt$1 t 8 actions %all n be re/rict$ m ?an is ne$ful = ! public safety4 ,) ^! opportunities1 h[ev]1 he mu/ make ! be/ ( 8 position4 ,he mu/ be cont5t to ga9 z good a livelihood z ! circum/ances p]mit2 & if he _c employ 8 p[]s to ! be/ advantage1 if he has to "w h>d & f>e scantily1 ^! evils mu/ be c\nt$ among ! p5alties ( 8 transgression--! natural reactions ( 8 wrong action4 ,on ?is self-ma9t5ance equity /]nly insi/s4 ,! reasons :i* ju/ify 8 imprisonm5t1 equally ju/ify ! refusal to let him h any o!r su/5ance ?an he e>ns4 ,he is conf9$ t he may n fur!r int]f]e ) ! complete liv+ ( 8 fell[-citiz5s--t he may n aga9 int]cept any ( ^? b5efits :i* ! ord] ( ,nature has conf]r$ on !m1 or any ( ^? procur$ by _! ex]tions & c>eful conduct4 ,& he is requir$ to support himself = exactly ! same reasons--t he may n int]f]e ) o!rs' complete liv+--t he may n int]cept ! b5efits !y e>n4 ,=1 if o!rwise1 :5ce mu/ come 8 food & clo?+8 ,directly f ! public /ores1 & indirectly f ! pockets ( all tax-pay]s4 ,& :at is ! prop]ty ?us ab/ract$ f tax-pay]s8 ,x is ! equival5t ( s mu* b5efit e>n$ by lab\r4 ,x is s mu* means to complete liv+4 ,& :5 ?is prop]ty is tak5 away--:5 ! toil has be5 gone ?r\gh1 & ! produce ( x is int]cept$ by ! tax-ga!r] on behalf ( ! convict2 ! conditions to #agj complete life are brok53 ! convict commits by deputy a fur!r aggression on 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,x matt]s n t su* ab/raction is made accord+ to law4 ,we are "h consid]+ ! dictum ( t au?ority :i* is above law2 & :i* law ought to en=ce4 ,& ?is dictum we f9d to be1 t ea* individual %all take ! evils & b5efits ( 8 own conduct--t ! (f5d] mu/ suff]1 z f> z is possible1 all pa9s entail$ by 8 (f5ce2 & mu/ n be all[$ to visit "p ( !m on ! un(f5d+4 ,unless ! crim9al ma9ta9s himself1 he indirectly commits an additional crime4 ,in/ead ( repair+ ! brea* he has made 9 ! conditions to complete social life1 he wid5s ?is brea*4 ,he inflicts on o!rs t v injury :i* ! re/ra9t impos$ on him 0 to prev5t4 ,z c]ta9ly1 !re=e1 z su* re/ra9t is w>rant$ by absolute morality2 s c]ta9ly does absolute morality w>rant u 9 refus+ him gratuit\s support4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! requirem5ts ( an equitable p5al sy/em3--,t ! aggressor %all make re/itution or comp5sation2 t he %all be plac$ "u ! re/ra9ts requisite = social security2 t nei!r any re/ra9ts beyond ^!1 nor any gratuit\s p5alties1 %all be inflict$ on him2 & t :ile liv+ 9 conf9em5t1 or "u surveillance1 he %all ma9ta9 himself4 ,we are n prep>$ to say t su* dictates may at once be fully obey$4 ,already we h admitt$ t ! d$uctions ( absolute exp$i5cy mu/1 9 our transition /ate1 be qualifi$ by ! inductions ( relative exp$i5cy4 ,we h po9t$ out t 9 rude times1 ! sev]e/ crim9al codes 7 morally ju/ifi$ if1 )\t !m1 crime c\ld n be repress$ & social safety insur$4 ,:5ce1 by implication1 x foll[s t our pres5t me?ods ( treat+ crim9als are w>rant$1 if !y come z ne> to ^? ( pure equity z circum/ances p]mit4 ,t any sy/em n[ feasible mu/ fall %ort ( ! ideal sket*$ out1 is probable4 ,x may be t ! en=cem5t ( re/itution or #aga comp5sation1 is 9 _m cases impracticable4 ,x may be t on "s convicts1 p5alties m sev]e ?an ab/ract ju/ice dem&s mu/ be inflict$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be t entire self-ma9t5ance w\ld entail on ! :olly-unskill$ crim9al1 a puni%m5t too griev\s to be borne4 ,b any su* %ortcom+s d n affect our argum5t4 ,all we insi/ on is1 t ! comm&s ( absolute morality %all be obey$ z f> z possible--t we %all fulfil !m up to ^? limits beyond :i* exp]im5t proves t m evil ?an good results--t1 ev] keep+ 9 view ! ideal1 ea* *ange we make %all be t[>ds its realization4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b n[ we are prep>$ to say1 t ?is ideal may be 9 great "p realiz$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,exp]i5ce 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 "u v>i\s circum/ances1 has %[n t imm5se b5efits result f sub/itut+ = ! old p5al sy/ems1 sy/ems t approximate to t above indicat$4 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ,au/ralia1 s5d /atem5ts to ! effect t ! mo/ successful crim9al discipl9e1 is a discipl9e ( decreas$ re/ra9ts & increas$ self-dep5d5ce4 ,& ! evid5ce proves ! success to be greate/1 :]e ! ne>e/ approa* is made to ! arrangem5ts prescrib$ by ab/ract ju/ice4 ,we %all f9d ! facts /rik+3 "s ( !m ev5 a/oni%+4 ,:5 ,m4 ,ob]mair 0 appo9t$ ,gov]nor ( ! ,muni* ,/ate-,prison 8,he f\nd f #fjj to #gjj prison]s 9 ! jail1 9 ! wor/ /ate ( insubord9ation1 & ^: excesses1 he 0 told1 defi$ ! h>%e/ & mo/ /r+5t discipl9e2 ! prison]s 7 all *a9$ toge!r1 & atta*$ to ea* *a9 0 an iron weight1 :i* ! /ronge/ f\nd difficulty 9 dragg+ along4 ,! gu>d consi/$ ( ab\t #ajj soldi]s1 :o did duty n only at ! gates & ar\nd ! walls1 b also 9 ! passages1 & ev5 9 ! work%ops & dormitories2 &1 /range/ ( all protections aga9/ ! possibility ( an outbreak or individual invasion1 tw5ty to ?irty l>ge savage dogs1 ( ! bloodh\nd bre$1 7 let loose at night 9 ! passages & c\rts to keep _! wat* & w>d4 #agb ,accord+ to 8 acc\nt ! place 0 a p]fect ,p&emonium1 compris+1 )9 ! limits ( a few acres1 ! wor/ passions1 ! mo/ slavi% vices1 & ! mo/ he>tless tyranny40 ,m4 ,ob]mair gradually relax$ ?is h>% sy/em4 ,he greatly light5$ ! *a9s2 & w\ld1 if all[$1 h ?r[n !m aside4 ,! dogs1 & ne>ly all ! gu>ds1 7 disp5s$ )2 & ! prison]s 7 treat$ ) su* consid]ation z to ga9 _! confid5ce4 ,mr4 ,baillie-,co*rane1 :o visit$ ! place 9 #aheb1 says ! prison-gates 7 8,wide op51 )\t any s5t9el at ! door1 & a gu>d ( only tw5ty m5 idl+ away _! "t 9 a gu>d-room (f ! entrance-hall4 4 4 4 4 ,none ( ! doors 7 provid$ ) bolts & b>s2 ! only security 0 an ord9>y lock1 & z 9 mo/ ( ! rooms ! key 0 n turn$1 !re 0 no ob/acle to ! m5 walk+ into ! passage4 4 4 4 4 ,ov] ea* work%op "s ( ! prison]s ) ! be/ *>act]s 7 appo9t$ ov]se]s1 & ,m4 ,ob]mair assur$ me t if a prison] transgress$ a regulation1 8 companions g5]ally told him1 #8,es i/ v]bot5' 7x is =bidd571 & x r>ely happ5$ t he did n yield to ! op9ion ( 8 fell[-prison]s4 4 4 4 4 ,)9 ! prison walls e description ( "w is c>ri$ on2 ! prison]s1 divid$ into diff]5t gangs & suppli$ ) in/rum5ts & tools1 make _! own clo!s1 repair _! own prison walls1 & =ge _! own *a9s1 produc+ v>i\s specim5s ( manufacture :i* are turn$ to mo/ excell5t acc\nt--! result be+1 t ea* prison]1 by occupation & indu/ry1 ma9ta9s himself2 ! surplus ( 8 e>n+s be+ giv5 him on 8 emancipation1 avoids 8 be+ p>t$ ) 9 a /ate ( de/itution40 ,& fur!r1 ! prison]s 8associate 9 _! leisure h\rs1 )\t any *eck on _! int]c\rse1 b at ! same "t "u an effici5t sy/em ( obs]vation & control0--an arrangem5t by :i*1 aft] _m ye>s' exp]i5ce1 ,m4 ,ob]mair ass]ts t morality is increas$4 ,& n[ :at has be5 ! result8 ,dur+ 8 six-ye>s' gov]nm5t ( ! ,kais]slaut5 7! fir/ prison "u 8 c>e71 ,m4 ,ob]mair dis*>g$ #acb crim9als1 ( :i* numb] #abc h s9ce conduct$ !mselves well1 & #g h be5 recommitt$4 ,f ! ,muni* prison1 betwe5 #ahdc & #ahde1 #bih prison]s 7 dis*>g$4 ,( ^!1 #bdf h be5 re/or$1 improv$1 to society4 ,^? ^: *>act]s are d\btful1 b h n be5 #agc rem&$ = any crim9al act1 #bf2 aga9 "u exam9ation1 #d2 puni%$ by ! police1 #f2 rem&$1 #h2 di$1 #h4 ,?is /atem5t1 says ,m4 ,ob]mair1 8is bas$ on irrefutable evid5ce40 ,& to ! reality ( 8 success1 we h ! te/imony n only ( ,mr4 ,baillie-,co*rane1 b ( ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,t[ns5d1 ,mr4 ,george ,combe1 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,hill1 & ,sir ,john ,milbanke1 our ,envoy at ! ,c\rt ( ,bav>ia4 ,take1 aga91 ! case ( ,mettray4 ,e "o has he>d some?+ ab\t ,mettray1 & its success z a re=matory ( juv5ile crim9als4 ,obs]ve h[ ne>ly ! successful sy/em !re pursu$1 con=ms to ! ab/ract pr9ciples above enunciat$4 ,?is 8,colonie ,agricole0 is 8)\t wall or enclosure ( any sort1 = ! purposes at lea/ ( conf9em5t20 & except :5 = "s fault a *ild is tempor>ily put 9 a cell1 !re is no physical re/ra9t4 ,! life is indu/rial3 ! boys be+ br\ght up to trades or agriculture z !y pref]2 & all ! dome/ic s]vices be+ dis*>g$ by !m4 8,!y all d _! "w by ! piece20 are rew>d$ accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! *ef d'ateli]2 &1 a portion be+ plac$ at ! disposal ( ! *ild1 ! re/ is deposit$ 9 ! sav+s-bank at ,t\rs4 8,a boy 9 receipt ( any money has to make paym5t = any "p ( 8 dress :i* requires to be r5ew$ be=e ! /at$ "t arrives at :i* fre% clo?+ is giv5 out2 4 4 4 4 4 on ! o!r h&1 if 8 clo!s are f\nd 9 good condition at su* "t1 he receives ! b5efit ( x by hav+ ! money :i* w\ld h be5 laid out 9 clo!s plac$ to 8 acc\nt4 ,two h\rs p] day are all[$ = play4 ,"p-s++ is taught2 & if a boy %[s any turn = draw+ he receives a little in/ruction 9 x4 4 4 4 4 4 ,"s ( ! boys also are =m$ into a fire-brigade1 & h r5d]$ at times sub/antial assi/ance 9 ! neighb\rhood40 ,9 :i* few lead+ facts d we n cle>ly see t ! ess5tial peculi>ities #agd are--no m re/ra9t ?an is absolutely necess>y2 self-support z f> z possible2 extra b5efits e>n$ by extra lab\r2 & z mu* gratify+ ex]cise ( faculties z ! circum/ances p]mit4 ,! 8int]m$iate sy/em0 :i* has ( late be5 c>ri$ out ) mu* success 9 ,irel&1 exemplifies1 9 a degree1 ! practicability ( ! same g5]al pr9ciples4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 prison]s work+ z artizans are all[$ 8su* a modifi$ degree ( lib]ty z %all 9 v>i\s ways prove _! p[] ( self-d5ial & self-dep5d5ce1 9 a mann] :olly incompatible ) ! rigid re/ra9ts ( an ord9>y prison40 ,an (f5d] :o has pass$ ?r\gh ?is /age ( probation1 is te/$ by employm5t 8on mess5g]'s duties daily ?r\gh\t ! city1 & also 9 special works requir$ by ! dep>tm5t outside ! prison-walls4 ,! p]=mance ( ! duties ( mess5g]s entails _! be+ out until sev5 or eight 9 ! ev5+1 unaccompani$ by an (fic]2 & al?\gh a small portion ( _! e>n+s is all[$ !m weekly1 & !y w\ld h ! p[] ( compromis+ !mselves if s dispos$1 n "o in/ance has z yet tak5 place ( ! slighte/ irregul>ity1 or ev5 ! want ( punctuality1 al?\gh c>eful *ecks h be5 contriv$ to detect ei!r1 %\ld x occur40 ,a proportion ( _! prison-e>n+s is set aside = !m 9 a sav+s-bank2 & to ?is !y are enc\rag$ to add dur+ _! p]iod ( p>tial fre$om1 ) a view to subsequ5t emigration4 ,! results are3--8,9 ! p5it5ti>y ! greate/ possible ord] & regul>ity1 & an am\nt ( will+ indu/ry p]=m$ t _c be obta9$ 9 ! prisons40 ,employ]s to :om prison]s are ev5tually transf]r$1 8h on _m occasions return$ = o!rs 9 consequ5ce ( ! good conduct ( ^? at fir/ engag$40 ,& accord+ to ,capta9 ,cr(ton's pamphlet ( #aheg1 out ( #aab conditionally dis*>g$ dur+ ! previ\s ye>1 #he 7 go+ on satisfactorily1 8#i h be5 dis*>g$ #age too rec5tly to be spok5 (1 & #e h _h _! lic5ces revok$4 ,z to ! rema9+ #ac1 x has be5 f\nd impossible to obta9 accurate in=mation1 b x is suppos$ t #e h left ! c\ntry1 & #c enli/$40 ,! 8m>k sy/em0 ( ,capta9 ,macono*ie1 is "o :i* m fully c>ries out ! pr9ciple ( self-ma9t5ance1 "u re/ra9ts no great] ?an are ne$ful = safety4 ,! plan is to jo9 ) "t-s5t5ces c]ta9 lab\r-s5t5ces--specific tasks to be work$ out by ! convicts4 8,no rations1 or o!r supplies ( any k9d1 :e!r ( food1 b$d+1 clo?+1 or ev5 education or indulg5ces1 to be giv5 gratuit\sly1 b all to be made ex*angeable1 at fix$ rates1 at ! prison]s' own option1 = m>ks previ\sly e>n$2 x be+ und]/ood1 at ! same "t1 t only ^? %all c\nt t[>ds lib]ation :i* rema9 ov] & above all s ex*ang$2 ! prison]s be+ ?us caus$ to dep5d = e necess>y on _! own good conduct2 & _! prison-(f5ces to be 9 l mann] re/ra9$ by correspond+ f9es impos$ accord+ to ! measures ( ea*40 ,! use ( m>ks1 :i* ?us play ! "p ( money1 0 fir/ introduc$ by ,capta9 ,macono*ie 9 ,norfolk ,isl&4 ,describ+ ! work+ ( 8 me?od1 he says 8,fir/1 x gave me wages & !n f9es4 ,"o gave me will+ & progressively-skill$ lab\r]s1 & ! o!r sav$ me f ! necessity ( impos+ brutal & demoraliz+ puni%m5ts4 4 4 4 4 ,my =m ( money next gave me s*ool fees4 ,i 0 mo/ anxi\s to enc\rage education among my m51 b z ,i refus$ !m rations gratuit\sly1 s ,i w\ld n give !m s*ool+ ei!r1 b compell$ !m to yield m>ks to acquire x4 4 4 4 4 ,i nev] saw adult s*ools make su* rapid progress4 4 4 4 4 ,my =m ( money next gave me bailbonds 9 cases ( m9or or ev5 great (f5ces2 a p]iod ( close imprisonm5t be+ :olly or 9 "p remitt$ 9 consid]ation ( a suffici5t numb] ( o!r prison]s ( good "* becom+ b\nd1 "u a p5alty1 = ! improv$ conduct ( ! culprit40 ,ev5 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a sick-club & a burial-club1 ,capta9 ,macono*ie appli$ 8! inflexible pr9ciple ( giv+ no?+ = no?+40 ,t is to say1 "h1 z ?r\gh\t1 he made ! discipl9e ( ! prison]s z #agf mu* l ! discipl9e ( ord9>y life z possible3 let !m exp]i5ce j su* good or evil z naturally fl[$ f _! conduct--a pr9ciple :i* he rightly ass]ts is ! only true "o4 ,:at 7 ! effects8 ,! extreme debasem5t ( ,norfolk ,isl& convicts 0 notori\s2 & on a prec$+ page we h describ$ "s ( ! horrible suff]+s inflict$ on !m4 ,yet1 />t+ ) ^! mo/ demoraliz$ ( crim9als1 ,capta9 ,macono*ie obta9$ highly-fav\rable results4 8,9 f\r ye>s10 he says1 8,i dis*>g$ #ibj d\bly-convict$ m5 to ,sydney1 ( :om only #bj1 or #b p] c5t41 _h be5 re-convict$ up to ,janu>y1 #ahde20 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! ord9>y proportion ( re-convict$ ,van ,diem5's ,l& m51 o!rwise tra9$1 0 #i p] c5t4 8,capta9 ,macono*ie10 writes ,mr4 ,h>ris 9 8 ,settl]s & ,convicts1 8did m = ! re=mation ( ^! unhappy wret*es1 & amelioration ( _! physical circum/ances1 ?an ! mo/ sangu9e practical m9d c\ld be=eh& h v5tur$ ev5 to hope40 ,ano!r witness says--8a re=mation f> great] ?an has be5 hi!rto effect$ 9 any body ( m5 by any sy/em1 ei!r be=e or aft] y\rs1 has tak5 place 9 !m40 8,z pa/or ( ! isl&1 & = two ye>s a magi/rate1 ,i c prove t at no p]iod 0 !re s little crime10 writes ! ,rev4 ,b4 ,naylor4 ,& ,?omas ,h4 ,dixon1 ,*ief ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,convicts 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 :o p>tially introduc$ ! sy/em !re 9 #ahef1 ass]ts t n only 0 ! am\nt ( "w done "u x extraord9>y1 b t 8ev5 al?\gh ! *>act]s ( "s ( ! p>ty 7 by no means good previ\sly 7_m ( !m be+ m5 ^: lic5ces _h be5 revok$ 9 ,engl&71 yet ! trans=mation :i* 9 ?is & all o!r respects !y und]w5t1 0 v rem>kable inde$40 ,if su* 7 ! results1 :5 ! me?od 0 imp]fectly c>ri$ out 7= ! ,gov]nm5t all along refus$ to give any fix$ value to ! m>ks z a means to lib]ation72 :at might be #agg expect$ if its motives & re/ra9ts 7 all[$ _! full influ5ce8 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ( all evid5ce1 ! mo/ conclusive is t af=d$ by ! prison ( ,val5cia4 ,:51 9 #ahce1 ,colonel ,montes9os 0 appo9t$ gov]nor1 8! av]age ( re-committals 0 f #cj to #ce p] c5t4 p] annum--ne>ly ! same t is f\nd 9 ,engl& & o!r c\ntries 9 ,europe2 b su* has be5 ! success ( 8 me?od1 t = ! la/ ?ree ye>s !re has n be5 ev5 "o re-committal to x1 & = ! t5 previ\s ye>s !y did n1 on an av]age1 exce$ #a p] c5t40 ,& h[ has ?is m>vell\s *ange be5 br\ght ab\t8 ,by dim9i%$ re/ra9t & indu/rial discipl9e4 ,! foll[+ extracts1 tak5 irregul>ly f ,mr4 ,hosk9s's ,acc\nt ( ! ,public ,prison at ,val5cia1 w prove ?is3 8,:5 fir/ ! convict ent]s ! e/abli%m5t he we>s *a9s1 b on 8 application to ! comm&] !y are tak5 (f1 unless he has n conduct$ himself well40 8,!re are a ?\s& prison]s1 & 9 ! :ole e/abli%m5t ,i did n see above ?ree or f\r gu>dians to keep !m 9 ord]4 ,!y say !re are only a doz5 old soldi]s1 & n a b> or bolt t might n be easily brok5--app>5tly n m fa/5+s ?an 9 any private h\se40 8,:5 a convict ent]s1 he is ask$ :at trade or employm5t he w "w at or le>n1 & above =ty are op5 to him4 4 4 4 4 ,!re are weav]s & sp9n]s ( e description2 4 4 4 4 blacksmi?s1 %oemak]s1 basketmak]s1 ropemak]s1 jo9]s1 cab9etmak]s1 mak+ h&some mahogany draw]s2 & !y _h also a pr9t+ ma*9e h>d at "w40 8,! lab\r ( e description = ! repair1 rebuild+1 & clean+ ! e/abli%m5t1 is suppli$ by ! convicts4 ,!y 7 all mo/ respectful 9 demean\r1 & c]ta9ly ,i nev] saw su* a good-look+ set ( prison]s1 useful occupations 7& o!r consid]ate treatm5t7 hav+ app>5tly improv$ _! c\nt5ances4 4 4 4 4 ,& besides a g>d5 = ex]cise plant$ ) orange trees1 !re 0 also a p\ltry y>d = _! amusem5t1 ) pheasants & v>i\s o!r k9ds ( birds2 wa%+-h\ses1 :]e !y wa% _! clo!s2 & a %op1 :]e !y c pur*ase1 if !y wi%1 tobacco & o!r little com=ts out ( "o-f\r? ( ! pr(its ( _! lab\r1 :i* is giv5 to !m4 ,ano!r f\r? !y are entitl$ to :5 !y leave2 ! o!r half goes to ! e/abli%m5t1 & (t5 ?is is suffici5t = all exp5ses1 )\t any assi/ance f ! ,gov]nm5t40 ,?us ! highe/ success1 reg>d$ by ,mr4 ,hosk9s z #agh 8really a miracle10 is a*iev$ by a sy/em mo/ ne>ly con=m+ to ^? dictates ( absolute morality on :i* we h insi/$4 ,! convicts are almo/1 if n q1 self-support+4 ,!y are subject nei!r to gratuit\s p5alties nor unnecess>y re/rictions4 ,:ile made to e>n _! liv+1 !y are all[$ to pur*ase su* enjoym5ts z consi/ ) _! conf9em5t3 ! av[$ pr9ciple be+1 9 ! words ( ,colonel ,montes9os1 to 8give z mu* latitude to _! free ag5cy z c be made con=mable to discipl9e at all40 ,?us !y are 7z we f\nd t equity requir$ !y %\ld be7 all[$ to live z satisfactorily z !y c1 "u su* re/ra9ts only z are ne$ful = ! safety ( _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,to u x appe>s extremely significant t !re %\ld be s close a correspond5ce betwe5 a priori conclusions1 & ! results ( exp]im5ts tri$ )\t ref]5ce to su* conclusions4 ,on ! "o h&1 nei!r 9 ! doctr9es ( pure equity ) :i* we set out1 nor 9 ! coroll>ies drawn f !m1 is !re any m5tion ( crim9al-re=mation3 our conc]n has be5 solely ) ! rights ( citiz5s & convicts 9 _! mutual relations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o h c>ri$ out ! improv$ p5al sy/ems above describ$1 h _h almo/ solely 9 view ! improvem5t ( ! (f5d]3 ! j claims ( society1 & ( ^? :o s9 aga9/ x1 hav+ be5 left out ( ! "q4 ,yet ! me?ods :i* h succe$$ s m>vell\sly 9 decreas+ crim9ality1 are ! me?ods :i* mo/ ne>ly fulfil ! requirem5ts ( ab/ract ju/ice4 ,t ! mo/ equitable sy/em is ! "o be/ calculat$ to re=m ! (f5d]1 may inde$ be d$uctively %[n4 ,! int]nal exp]i5ce ( e "o mu/ prove to him1 t excessive puni%m5t begets1 n p5it5ce1 b indignation & hatr$4 ,s long z an aggressor suff]s no?+ beyond ! evils :i* h naturally result$ f 8 misconduct--s long z he p]ceives t 8 fell[-m5 h done no m ?an 0 ne$ful = self-def5ce--he #agi has no excuse = ang]2 & is l$ to contemplate 8 crime & 8 puni%m5t z cause & effect4 ,b if gratuit\s suff]+s are inflict$ on him1 a s5se ( inju/ice is produc$4 ,he reg>ds himself z an injur$ man4 ,he *]i%es animosity aga9/ all :o h br\ght ?is h>% treatm5t on him4 ,glad ( any plea = =gett+ ! injury he has done to o!rs1 he dwells in/ead on ! injury o!rs h done to him4 ,?us nurtur+ a desire = rev5ge r ?an atonem5t1 he re-ent]s society n bett] b worse2 & if he does n commit fur!r crimes1 z he (t5 does1 he is re/ra9$ by ! l[e/ ( motives--fe>4 ,aga91 ?is indu/rial discipl9e1 to :i* crim9als subject !mselves "u a purely equitable sy/em1 is ! discipl9e !y especially ne$4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we are all compell$ to "w by ! necessities ( our social exi/5ce4 ,= mo/ ( u ?is compulsion suffices2 b !re are "s ^: av]sion to lab\r _c be ?us ov]come4 ,n lab\r+1 & yet ne$+ su/5ance1 !y are compell$ to obta9 x 9 illegitimate ways2 & s br+ on !mselves ! legal p5alties4 ,! crim9al class be+ ?us 9 great "p recruit$ f ! idle class2 & ! idl5ess be+ ! s\rce ( ! crim9ality2 x foll[s t a successful discipl9e mu/ be "o :i* %all cure ! idl5ess4 ,! natural compulsions to lab\r hav+ be5 elud$1 ! ?+ requir$ is t ! (f5d] %all be s plac$ t he _c elude !m4 ,& ?is is j :at is done "u ! sy/em we advocate4 ,its action is su* t m5 ^: natures are ill-adapt$ to ! conditions ( social life1 br+ !mselves into a position 9 :i* a bett] adaptation is =c$ on !m by ! alt]native ( />vation4 ,la/ly1 let u n =get t ?is discipl9e :i* absolute morality dictates1 is salut>y1 n only because x is indu/rial1 b because x is volunt>ily indu/rial4 ,z we h %[n1 equity requires t ! conf9$ crim9al %all be left to ma9ta9 himself--t is1 %all be #ahj left to "w mu* or little1 & to take ! consequ5t pl5itude or hung]4 ,:51 !re=e1 "u ?is %>p b natural spur1 a prison] beg9s to ex]t himself1 he does s by 8 own w4 ,! process :i* leads him into habits ( lab\r1 is a process by :i* 8 self-control is /r5g!n$2 & ?is is :at is want$ to make him a bett] citiz54 ,x is to no purpose t y make him "w by ext]nal co]cion2 = :5 he is aga9 free1 & ! co]cion abs5t1 he w be :at he 0 be=e4 ,! co]cion mu/ be an int]nal "o1 :i* he %all c>ry ) him out ( prison4 ,x avails little t y =ce him to "w2 he mu/ =ce himself to "w4 ,& ?is he w d1 only :5 plac$ 9 ^? conditions :i* equity dictates4 ,"h1 !n1 we f9d a ?ird ord] ( evid5ces4 ,psy*ology supports our conclusion4 ,! v>i\s exp]im5ts above detail$1 c>ri$ out by m5 :o _h no political or e?ical !ories to propagate1 h e/abli%$ facts :i* we f9d to be q concordant1 n only ) ! d$uctions ( absolute morality1 b also ) ! d$uctions ( m5tal sci5ce4 ,su* a comb9ation ( diff]5t k9ds ( pro(1 _c1 we ?9k1 be resi/$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ let u try :e!r1 by pursu+ some:at fur!r ! me?od ?us f> foll[$1 we c see our way to ! developm5t ( c]ta9 improv$ sy/ems :i* are com+ into use4 ,equity requires t ! re/ra9t ( ! crim9al %all be z great z is ne$ful = ! safety ( society2 b n great]4 ,9 respect to ! quality ( ! re/ra9t1 !re is little difficulty 9 int]pret+ ?is requirem5t2 b !re is consid]able difficulty 9 decid+ on ! duration ( ! re/ra9t4 ,no obvi\s mode pres5ts itself ( f9d+ out h[ long a transgressor mu/ be held 9 legal bondage1 to insure society aga9/ fur!r injury f him4 ,a long] p]iod ?an is necess>y1 implies an actual inju/ice to #aha ! (f5d]4 ,a %ort] p]iod ?an is necess>y1 implies a pot5tial inju/ice to society4 ,& yet1 )\t good guidance1 "o or o!r ( ^! extremes is almo/ sure to be fall5 into4 ,at pres5t1 ! l5g?s ( p5al s5t5ces are fix$ 9 a mann] t is :olly empirical4 ,= (f5ces def9$ 9 c]ta9 te*nical ways1 ,acts ( ,p>liam5t assign transportations & imprisonm5ts1 hav+ durations n great] ?an s mu* nor less ?an s mu*3 ^! p>tially-det]m9$ p]iods be+ arbitr>ily fix$ by legislators1 "u ! prompt+s ( moral feel+4 ,)9 ! assign$ limits ! judge ex]cises 8 discretion2 & 9 decid+ on ! "t ov] :i* ! re/ra9t %all ext5d1 he is sway$1 p>tly by ! special quality ( ! (f5ce1 p>tly by ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 committ$1 p>tly by ! prison]'s appe>ance & behavi\r1 p>tly by ! "* giv5 to him4 ,& ! conclusion he arrives at aft] consid]ation ( ^! data1 dep5ds v mu* on 8 individual nature--8 moral bias & 8 !ories ( human conduct4 ,?us ! mode ( fix+ ! l5g?s ( p5al re/ra9ts1 is f beg9n+ to end1 little else ?an guess+4 ,h[ ill ?is sy/em ( guess+ works1 we h abundant pro(s4 8,ju/ices' ju/ice10 :i* illu/rates x 9 its simple/ =m1 has become a bye-^w2 & ! decisions ( high] crim9al c\rt frequ5tly err 9 ! directions ( bo? undue sev]ity & undue l5ity4 ,daily !re occur cases ( extremely-trifl+ transgressions visit$ ) imprisonm5ts ( consid]able l5g?s2 & daily !re occur cases 9 :i* ! puni%m5ts are s inadequate1 t ! (f5d]s "t aft] "t commit new crimes1 :5 "t aft] "t dis*>g$ f cu/ody4 ,n[ ! "q is :e!r1 9 place ( ?is purely empirical me?od :i* answ]s s ill1 equity c guide u to a me?od :i* %all m correctly adju/ ! p]iod ( re/ra9t to ! requirem5t4 ,we believe x c4 ,we believe t by foll[+ out its dictates1 we %all arrive #ahb at a me?od t is 9 great measure self-act+2 & !re=e less liable to be vitiat$ by errors ( individual judgm5t or feel+4 ,we h se5 t 7 ! injunctions ( absolute morality obey$1 e transgressor w\ld be compell$ to make re/itution or comp5sation4 ,?r\gh\t a consid]able range ( cases1 ?is w\ld itself involve a p]iod ( re/ra9t v>y+ 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( ! (f5ce4 ,x is true t :5 ! malefactor possess$ ample means1 ! mak+ re/itution or comp5sation w\ld usually be to him b a slight puni%m5t4 ,b ?\gh 9 ^! comp>atively few cases1 ! regulation w\ld fall %ort ( its object1 9 s f> z its effect on ! crim9al 0 conc]n$1 yet 9 ! imm5se majority ( cases--9 all cases ( aggressions committ$ by ! poor] memb]s ( ! community--x w\ld act ) effici5cy4 ,x w\ld involve p]iods ( det5tion t w\ld be long] or %ort] accord+ z ! injury done 0 great] or less1 & accord+ z ! transgressor 0 idle or indu/ri\s4 ,& al?\gh betwe5 ! injury done by an (f5d] & 8 moral turpitude1 !re is no con/ant & exact proportion1 yet ! greatness ( ! injury done1 af=ds1 on ! av]age ( cases1 a bett] measure ( ! discipl9e requir$1 ?an d ! votes ( ,p>liam5t>y majorities & ! guesses ( judges4 ,b our guidance does n end "h4 ,an endeav\r /ill fur!r to d t :i* is /rictly equitable1 w c>ry u /ill ne>] to a correct adju/m5t ( discipl9e to del9qu5cy4 ,:51 hav+ en=c$ re/itution1 we insi/ on "s adequate gu>antee t society %all n aga9 be injur$1 & accept any gu>antee t is suffici5t1 we op5 ! way to a self-act+ regulator ( ! p]iod ( det5tion4 ,already our laws are 9 _m cases satisfi$ ) securities = future good behavi\r4 ,already ?is sy/em manife/ly t5ds to sep>ate ! m vici\s f ! less vici\s2 see+ t1 on ! av]age1 ! difficulty ( #ahc f9d+ securities is great 9 proportion z ! "* is bad4 ,& :at we propose is t ?is sy/em1 n[ conf9$ to p>ticul> k9ds ( (f5ces1 %all be made g5]al4 ,b let u be m specific4 ,a prison] on 8 trial calls witnesses to te/ify to 8 previ\s "*--t is1 if 8 "* has be5 tol]ably good4 ,! evid5ce ?us giv5 weighs m or less 9 8 fav\r1 accord+ to ! respectability ( ! witnesses1 _! numb]1 & ! nature ( _! te/imony4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ^! sev]al elem5ts1 ! judge =ms 8 conception ( ! del9qu5t's g5]al disposition1 & modifies ! l5g? ( puni%m5t accord+ly4 ,n[1 may we n fairly say t if ! curr5t op9ion respect+ a convict's "* c\ld be br\ght directly to be> 9 qualify+ ! /atutory s5t5ce1 in/ead ( be+ br\ght indirectly to be>1 z at pres5t1 x w\ld be a great improvem5t8 ,cle>ly ! e/imate made by a judge f su* te/imony1 mu/ be less accurate ?an ! e/imate made by ! prison]'s neighb\rs & employ]s4 ,cle>ly1 too1 ! op9ion express$ by su* neighb\rs & employ]s 9 ! witness-box1 is less tru/wor?y ?an an op9ion :i* entails on !m s]i\s responsibility4 ,! desid]atum is1 t a prison]'s s5t5ce %all be qualifi$ by ! judgm5t ( ^? :o h _h life-long exp]i5ce ( him2 & t ! s9c]ity ( ?is judgm5t %all be te/$ by _! read9ess to act on x4 ,b h[ is ?is to be done8 ,a v simple me?od ( do+ x has be5 sugge/$4#h ,:5 a convict has fulfill$ 8 task ( mak+ re/itution or comp5sation1 let x be possible = "o or o!r ( ^? :o h kn[n him1 to take him out ( conf9em5t1 on giv+ adequate bail = 8 good behavi\r4 ,always premis+ t su* an arrangem5t %all be possible only "u an (ficial p]mit1 to be )held if ! prison]'s conduct has be5 unsatisfactory2 & always premis+ t ! p]son :o (f]s bail %all #ahd be ( good "* & means2 let x be compet5t = su* a "o to lib]ate a prison] by be+ b\nd on 8 behalf = a specific sum1 or by und]tak+ to make good any injury :i* he may d to 8 fell[-citiz5s )9 a specifi$ p]iod4 ,?is w d\btless be ?\ght a />tl+ proposal4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 f9d good reasons to believe x might be safely act$ on--nay1 we %all f9d facts prov+ ! success ( a plan t is obvi\sly less safe4 #h ,we owe ! sugge/ion to ! late ,mr4 ,octavius ,h4 ,smi?4 ,"u su* an arrangem5t1 ! lib]ator & ! convict w\ld usually /& 9 ! relation ( employ] & employ$4 ,^? to be ?us conditionally releas$1 w\ld be ready to "w = some:at l[] wages ?an 7 usual 9 _! occupation2 & ^? :o became b\nd = !m1 besides hav+ ?is economy ( wages z an inc5tive1 w\ld be 9 a mann] gu>ante$ by x aga9/ ! risk und]tak54 ,9 work+ = less money1 & 9 be+ "u ! surveillance ( 8 ma/]1 ! convict w\ld /ill be und]go+ a mitigat$ discipl9e4 ,& :ile1 on ! "o h&1 he w\ld be put on 8 good behavi\r by ! consci\sness t 8 ma/] might at any "t cancel ! contract & surr5d] him back to ! au?orities1 he w\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 h a rem$y aga9/ 8 ma/]'s h>%ness1 9 ! option ( return+ to prison1 & !re ma9ta9+ himself = ! rema9d] ( 8 t]m4 ,obs]ve1 next1 t ! difficulty ( obta9+ su* conditional release w\ld v>y ) ! gravity ( ! (f5ce :i* _h be5 committ$4 ,m5 guilty ( he9\s crimes w\ld rema9 9 prison2 = none w\ld d>e to become responsible = _! good behavi\r4 ,any "o convict$ a second "t w\ld rema9 unbail$ = a mu* long] p]iod ?an be=e2 see+ t hav+ once inflict$ loss on "s "o b\nd = him1 he w\ld n aga9 be s soon (f]$ ! opportunity ( do+ ! l3 only aft] a long p]iod ( good behavi\r te/ifi$ to by prison-(fic]s1 w\ld he be likely to get ano!r *ance4 ,conv]sely1 ^? ^: transgressions 7 n s]i\s1 & :o _h usually be5 #ahe well-conduct$1 w\ld readily obta9 recognizances2 :ile to v5ial (f5d]s ?is qualifi$ lib]ation w\ld come z soon z !y _h made re/itution4 ,moreov]1 :5 innoc5t p]sons _h be5 pron\nc$ guilty1 z well z :5 solit>y misde$s _h be5 committ$ by ^? ( really sup]ior natures1 ! sy/em we h describ$ w\ld supply a rem$y4 ,f ! wrong v]dicts ( ! law & its mi/ak5 e/imates ( turpitude1 !re w\ld be an appeal2 & long-prov$ wor? w\ld br+ its rew>d 9 ! mitigation ( griev\s inju/ices4 ,a fur!r advantage w\ld by implication result1 9 ! %ape ( a long indu/rial discipl9e = ^? :o mo/ ne$$ x4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 dilig5t & skilful workm51 :o 7 on ! :ole useful memb]s ( society1 w\ld1 if _! (f5ces 7 n s]i\s1 soon obta9 employ]s to give bail = !m4 ,:]eas memb]s ( ! crim9al class--! idle & ! dissolute--w\ld rema9 long 9 conf9em5t2 s9ce1 until !y _h be5 br\ght by habitual self-ma9t5ance "u re/ra9t1 to some?+ l indu/rial effici5cy1 employ]s w\ld n be tempt$ to become responsible = !m4 ,we %\ld ?us h a self-act+ te/1 n only ( ! l5g? ( re/ra9t requir$ = social safety1 b also ( t appr5tice%ip to lab\r :i* _m convicts ne$2 :ile !re w\ld be suppli$ a means ( rectify+ sundry failures & excesses ( our pres5t sy/em4 ,! plan w\ld practically am\nt to an ext5sion ( trial by jury4 ,at pres5t1 ! ,/ate calls 9 c]ta9 ( a prison]'s fell[-citiz5s to decide :e!r he is guilty or n guilty3 ! judge1 "u guidance ( ! p5al laws1 be+ left to decide :at puni%m5t he des]ves1 if guilty4 ,"u ! arrangem5t we h describ$1 ! judge's decision w\ld admit ( modification by a jury ( ! convict's neighb\rs4 ,& ?is natural jury1 :ile x w\ld be be/ fitt$ by previ\s k ( ! man to =m an op9ion1 w\ld be r5d]$ cauti\s by ! s5se ( grave responsibility2 inasmu* z #ahf any "o ( its numb] :o gave a conditional release1 w\ld d s at 8 own p]il4 ,& n[ m>k t all ! evid5ce =?com+ to prove ! safety & advantages ( ! 8int]m$iate sy/em10 proves1 /ill m conclusively1 ! safety & advantages ( ?is sy/em :i* we w\ld sub/itute = x4 ,:at we h describ$1 is no?+ m ?an an int]m$iate sy/em r$uc$ to a natural in/ead ( an artificial =m--c>ri$ out ) natural *ecks in/ead ( artificial *ecks4 ,if1 z ,capta9 ,cr(ton has exp]im5tally %[n1 x is safe to give a prison] conditional lib]ation1 on ! /r5g? ( good conduct dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod ( prison-discipl9e2 x is evid5tly saf] to let 8 conditional lib]ation dep5d n alone on good conduct :ile "u ! eyes ( 8 jailors1 b also on ! "* he _h e>n$ dur+ 8 previ\s life4 ,if x is safe to act on ! judgm5ts ( (ficials ^: exp]i5ce ( a convict's behavi\r is comp>atively limit$1 & :o d n suff] p5alties :5 _! judgm5ts are mi/ak52 !n1 manife/ly1 x is saf] 7:5 su* (ficials c %[ no reason to ! contr>y71 to act on ! additional judgm5t ( "o :o has n only _h bett] opportunities ( kn[+ ! convict1 b :o w be a s]i\s los] if 8 judgm5t proves errone\s4 ,fur!r1 t surveillance ov] ea* conditionally-lib]at$ prison]1 :i* ! 8int]m$iate sy/em0 ex]cises1 w\ld be /ill bett] ex]cis$ :51 in/ead ( go+ to a /range ma/] 9 a /range di/rict1 ! prison] w5t to "s ma/] 9 8 own di/rict2 &1 "u su* circum/ances1 x w\ld be easi] to get in=mation respect+ 8 aft]-c>e]4 ,!re is e reason to ?9k t ?is me?od w\ld be workable4 ,if1 on ! recomm5dation ( ! (fic]s1 ,capta9 ,cr(ton's prison]s obta9 employ]s 8:o h on _m occasions return$ = o!rs1 9 consequ5ce ( ! good conduct ( ^? at fir/ engag$20 /ill bett] w\ld be ! action ( ! sy/em :51 in/ead ( ! employ]s hav+ 8e #ahg facility plac$ at _! disposal = satisfy+ !mselves z to ! antec$5ts ( ! convict10 !y 7 already famili> ) 8 antec$5ts4 ,f9ally1 let u n ov]look ! fact1 t ?is c\rse is ! only "o :i*1 :ile duly consult+ social safety1 is also entirely j to ! prison]4 ,z we h %[n1 ! re/ra9ts impos$ on a crim9al are w>rant$ by absolute equity1 only to ! ext5t ne$ful to prev5t fur!r aggressions on 8 fell[-m52 & :5 8 fell[-m5 impose great] re/ra9ts ?an ^!1 !y trespass aga9/ him4 ,h5ce1 :5 a prison] has work$ out 8 task ( mak+ re/itution1 &1 s f> z is possible1 undone ! wrong he _h done1 society is1 9 /rict ju/ice1 b\nd to accept any arrangem5t :i* adequately protects its memb]s aga9/ fur!r injury4 ,& if1 mov$ by ! expectation ( pr(it1 or o!r motive1 any citiz5 suffici5tly sub/antial & tru/wor?y1 w take on himself to hold society h>mless1 society mu/ agree to 8 proposal4 ,all x c rightly require is1 t ! gu>antee aga9/ cont+5t injury %all be adequate2 :i*1 ( c\rse1 x nev] c be :]e ! cont+5t injury is ( ! grave/ k9d4 ,no bail c\ld comp5sate = murd]2 & !re=e aga9/ ?is1 & o!r extreme crimes1 society w\ld rightly refuse any su* gu>antee1 ev5 if (f]$1 :i* x w\ld be v unlikely to be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su*1 !n1 is our code ( prison-e?ics4 ,su* is ! ideal :i* we ought to keep ev] 9 view :5 modify+ our p5al sy/em4 ,aga9 we say1 z we said at ! outset1 t ! realization ( su* an ideal :olly dep5ds on ! advance ( civilization4 ,let no "o c>ry away ! impression t we reg>d all ^! purely equitable regulations z imm$iately practicable4 ,?\gh !y may be p>tially c>ri$ out1 we ?9k x highly improbable t !y c\ld at pres5t be c>ri$ out 9 full4 ,! numb] ( (f5d]s1 ! l[ av]age ( enlight5m5t1 ! ill-work+ ( #ahh adm9i/rative ma*9]y1 & above all1 ! difficulty ( obta9+ (ficials ( adequate intellig5ce1 good feel+1 & self-control1 are ob/acles :i* mu/ long /& 9 ! way ( a sy/em s complex z t :i* morality dictates4 ,& we "h ass]t1 z emphatically z be=e1 t ! h>%e/ p5al sy/em is e?ically ju/ifi$ if x is z good z ! circum/ances ( ! "t p]mit4 ,h[ev] great ! cruelties x inflicts1 yet if a sy/em !oretically m equitable w\ld n be a suffici5t t]ror to evil-do]s1 or c\ld n be work$1 f lack ( (fic]s suffici5tly judici\s1 hone/1 & humane--if less rigor\s me?ods w\ld entail a dim9ution ( social security2 !n ! me?ods 9 use are extr9sically good ?\gh intr9sically bad4 ,!y are1 z be=e said1 ! lea/ wrong1 & !re=e relatively "r4 ,nev]!less1 z we h endeav\r$ to prove1 x is imm5sely important t1 :ile duly consid]+ ! relatively "r1 we %\ld keep ! absolutely "r con/antly 9 view4 ,true z x is t1 9 ?is transition /ate1 our conceptions ( ! ultimately exp$i5t mu/ ev] be qualifi$ by our exp]i5ce ( ! proximately exp$i5t2 x is n ! less true t ! proximately exp$i5t _c be det]m9$ unless ! ultimately exp$i5t is kn[n4 ,be=e we c say :at is z good z ! "t p]mits1 we mu/ say :at is ab/ract$ly good2 = ! fir/ idea involves ! la/4 ,we mu/ h "s fix$ /&>d1 "s inv>iable measure1 "s con/ant clue2 o!rwise we %all inevitably be misl$ by ! sugge/ions ( imm$iate policy1 & w&] away f ! "r r ?an advance t[>ds x4 ,?is conclusion is fully borne out by ! facts we h cit$4 ,9 o!r cases1 z well z 9 ! case ( p5al discipl9e1 ! evid5ce %[s h[ t]ribly we h err$ f ob/9ately refus+ to consult fir/ pr9ciples & cl++ to an unreason+ empiricism4 ,?\gh1 dur+ civilization1 griev\s evils h occasionally aris5 f attempts sudd5ly to realize absolute rectitude1 yet a #ahi great] sum total ( evils has aris5 f ! m usual c\rse ( ignor+ absolute rectitude4 ,age aft] age1 effete in/itutions h be5 ma9ta9$ f> long] ?an !y w\ld else h be51 & equitable arrangem5ts h be5 ne$lessly po/pon$4 ,is x n "t = u to pr(it by pa/ lessons8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,po/script4--,s9ce ! publication ( ?is essay 9 #ahfj fur!r evid5ce support+ its conclusions has be5 made public4 ,dr4 ,f4,j4 ,m\at1 late ,inspector-,g5]al ( ,gaols 9 ,l[] ,b5gal1 has giv51 9 v>i\s pamphlets & articles1 dat+ f #ahgb1 acc\nts ( 8 exp]i5ces1 :i* entirely h>monize ) ! =ego+ g5]al argum5t4 ,speak+ ( ?ree lead+ sy/ems ( prison-discipl9e1 8bas$ on opposite !ories10 he says3 8,! olde/ is1 t a prison %\ld be r5d]$ a t]ror to evil do]s by ! infliction ( z mu* pa9 z c be inflict$1 )\t direct injury to heal? or risk to life4 ,! second plan is a graduat$ sy/em ( puni%m5t1 f :i* ! direct infliction ( pa9 is elim9at$1 & ! prison] is all[$ to "w 8 way to fre$om & mitigation ( s5t5ce1 by m]e good conduct 9 jail4 ,! ?ird1 & 9 my humble judgm5t ! be/1 is to conv]t e prison into a s*ool ( indu/ry1 lab\r be+ us$ z an in/rum5t ( puni%m5t1 discipl9e1 & re=mation40--,prison ,indu/ry 9 its ,primitive1 ,re=matory1 & ,economic ,aspects 7,london1 ,nov4 #ahhi74 ,9 8 pamphlet on ! ,prison ,sy/em ( ,india1 publi%$ 9 #ahgb1 ,dr4 ,m\at cont5ds3 8,t remun]ative prison lab\r is an effici5t in/rum5t ( puni%m5t & re=mation by occupy+ ! :ole available "t ( crim9als 9 uncong5ial & compulsory employm5ts2 by tea*+ !m ! means ( ga9+ an hone/ livelihood on release2 by ! inculcation ( habits ( ord] & indu/ry1 to ! displacem5t ( ! irregul>ity & idl5ess :i* are ! s\rces ( s mu* vice & crime2 & by repay+ to ! ,/ate ! :ole or "p ( ! co/ ( repression ( crime by ! compulsory indu/ry ( ! unproductive classes1 & ?us reliev+ ! community at l>ge f a burd5 :i* x is at pres5t compell$ to be>4 8,t ! economic objections to ! remun]ative employm5t ( convicts are uns\nd & unt5able2 & t ev5 if !y 7 true z respects individuals & small sections ( ! community1 ! int]e/s ( ! m9ority %\ld yield to ! g5]al welf>e40 ,once m1 "u ! title ,prison ,discipl9e & its ,results 9 ,b5gal1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! #aij ,society ( ,arts 9 #ahgb1 ,dr4 ,m\at1 aft] describ+ an exhibition ( gaol-manufactures held 9 ,calcutta 9 #ahef1 urges 8t e prison] s5t5c$ to lab\r %\ld be made to repay to ! ,/ate ! :ole co/ ( 8 puni%m5t 9 gaol2 4 4 4 & t prisons %\ld be made1 z mu* z possible1 s*ools ( indu/ry1 z comb9+1 m completely ?an c be effect$ by any o!r sy/em1 ! puni%m5t ( ! (f5d]1 ) ! protection ( society40 ,he !n goes on to %[ :at h be5 ! results ( ! self-support+ sy/em3 8,! net pr(its realiz$ f ! lab\r ( ! convicts actually employ$ 9 h&icrafts1 aft] d$uct+ ! co/ ( production1 71 9 r\nd numb]s1 z foll[s3 #ahee-ef #aa1jai '#ef-eg #ab1cjj '#eg-eh #aj1hda '#ei-fj #ad1jfe '#fj-fa #bc1abd '#fa-fb #ed1edb '#fb-fc #cj1fjd '#fc-fd #ed1edb '#fd-fe #cb1ihh '#fe-ff #ce1edc '#ff #ad1bhg '#fg #da1afh '#fh #ef1hag '#fi #df1ehh '#gj #de1bgd ,9 all1 ne>ly half a million ( money4 ,9 #ahff1 ! acc\nts 7 made up = only eight mon?s1 to introduce ! cal5d> 9 place ( ! (ficial ye>1 :i* end$ on ! #cj? ( ,april4 8,if ! limits ( "t & space p]mitt$1 ,i c\ld %[ y 9 m9ute detail t ea* skill$ prison] employ$ 9 h&icrafts1 /rik+ ! av]age ( all ! jails1 e>n$ consid]ably m ?an he co/2 t five ( ! prisons "u my *>ge 7 at v>i\s times self-support+1 & t "o ( !m1 ! great indu/rial prison at ,alipore1 a suburb ( ,calcutta1 has repaid v consid]ably m ?an its co/1 = ! la/ t5 ye>s cont9u\sly40 ,z ,dr4 ,m\at held ! position ( ,inspector-,g5]al ( ,gaols 9 ,l[] ,b5gal = #ae ye>s1 & z1 dur+ t p]iod1 he _h "u 8 control an av]age ( #bj1jjj prison]s1 x may1 ,i ?9k1 be held t 8 exp]i5ces h be5 tol]ably ext5sive1 & t a sy/em ju/ifi$ by su* exp]i5ces is wor?y ( adoption4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 m5 pooh-pooh ^? exp]i5ces :i* d n accord ) _! =egone conclusions4 ,i h occasionally v5t$ ! p>adox t mank9d g #aia "r only :5 !y h tri$ all possible ways ( go+ wrong3 int5d+ x to be tak5 ) "s qualification4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 ,i h obs]v$ t 9 "s respects ?is p>adox falls %ort ( ! tru?4 ,sundry in/ances h %[n me t ev5 :5 mank9d h at l5g? /umbl$ into ! "r c\rse1 !y (t5 delib]ately return to ! wrong4 #aib ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,kant4 ,f ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,july #ahhh4 ,?is essay 0 call$ =? by attacks on me made 9 essays publi%$ 9 prec$+ numb]s ( ! ,=tnightly ,review--essays 9 :i* ! ,kantian sy/em ( e?ics 0 laud$ z imm5sely sup]ior to ! sy/em ( e?ics def5d$ by me4 ,! la/ section n[ appe>s = ! fir/ "t4 ,if1 be=e ,kant utt]$ t (t5-quot$ say+ 9 :i*1 ) ! />s ( ,heav5 he c\pl$ ! consci5ce ( ,man1 z be+ ! two ?+s t excit$ 8 awe1 he _h kn[n m ( ,man ?an he did1 he w\ld probably h express$ himself some:at o!rwise4 ,n1 inde$1 t ! consci5ce ( ,man is n wond]ful en\gh1 :atev] be its suppos$ g5esis2 b ! wond]fulness ( x is ( a diff]5t k9d accord+ z we assume x to h be5 sup]naturally giv5 or inf] t x has be5 naturally evolv$4 ,! k ( ,man 9 t l>ge s5se :i* ,an?ropology expresses1 _h made1 9 ,kant's day1 b small advances4 ,! books ( travel 7 relatively few1 & ! facts :i* !y conta9$ conc]n+ ! human m9d z exi/+ 9 diff]5t races1 _h n be5 ga!r$ toge!r & g5]aliz$4 ,9 our days ! consci5ce ( ,man1 z inductively kn[n1 has none ( t univ]sality ( pres5ce & unity ( nature1 :i* ,kant's say+ tacitly assumes4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock writes3 8,9 fact1 ,i believe t ! l[] races ( m5 may be said to be defici5t #aic 9 ! idea ( "r4 4 4 4 4 ,t !re %\ld be any races ( m5 s defici5t 9 moral feel+1 0 altoge!r oppos$ to ! preconceiv$ ideas ) :i* ,i comm5c$ ! /udy ( savage life1 & ,i h arriv$ at ! conviction by sl[ degrees1 & ev5 ) reluctance40--,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #ahhb1 pp4 #djd-e4 ,b n[ let u look at ! evid5ce f :i* ?is impression is d]iv$1 z we f9d x 9 ! te/imonies ( travell]s & mission>ies4 ,prais+ 8 deceas$ son1 ,tui ,?akau1 a ,fijian ,*ief1 conclud$ 8by speak+ ( 8 d>+ _s & consummate cruelty1 z he c\ld kill 8 own wives if !y (f5d$ him1 & eat !m aft]w>ds40--,we/]n ,pacific4 ,j4 ,e4 ,ersk9e1 p4 #bdh4 8,%$d+ ( blood is to him no crime1 b a glory 4 4 4 4 to be someh[ an ackn[l$g$ murd]] is ! object ( ! ,fijian's re/less ambition40--,fiji & ! ,fijians4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,williams1 i41 p4 #aab4 8,x is a melan*oly fact t :5 !y ! ,zulu boys h arriv$ at a v e>ly age1 %\ld _! mo!rs attempt to *a/ise !m1 su* is ! law1 t ^! lads are at ! mom5t all[$ to kill _! mo!rs40--,travels & ,adv5tures 9 ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,g4 ,?ompson1 ii41 p4 #dah4 8,mur!r1 adult]y1 ?iev]y1 & all o!r su* l crimes1 are "h ,gold ,coa/ acc\nt$ no s9s40--,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,w4 ,bosman1 p4 #acj4 8,! accus+ consci5ce is unkn[n to him ! ,ea/ ,african4 ,8 only fe> aft] committ+ a trea*]\s murd] is t ( be+ haunt$ by ! angry gho/ ( ! dead40--,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa4 ,r4 ,f4 ,burton1 ii41 p4 #ccf4 8,i nev] c\ld make !m ,ea/ ,africans und]/& ! exi/5ce ( good pr9ciple40--,! ,alb]t ,n',yanza4 ,s4 ,w4 ,bak]1 i41 pp4 #bda4 8,! ,dam>as kill useless & worn-out p2 ev5 sons smo!r _! sick fa!rs40--,n>rative ( an ,explor] 9 ,tropical ,s\? ,africa4 ,f4 ,galton1 p4 #aab4 ,! ,dam>as 8seem to h no p]ceptible notion ( "r & wrong40--,ibid4 p4 #gb4 ,aga9/ ^! we may set "s conv]se facts4 ,at ! o!r extreme we h a few ,ea/]n tribes--pagans !y are call$--:o practise ! virtues :i* ,we/]n nations--,*ri/ians !y are call$--d b tea*4 ,:ile ,europeans ?ir/ = blood-rev5ge 9 mu* ! same way z ! l[e/ savages1 !re are "s simple peoples ( ! ,indian ,hills1 z ! ,lep*as1 :o 8are s+ul>ly =giv+ ( injuries20#i & ,campbell exemplifies 8! effect ( a #aid v /rong s5se ( duty on ?is savage40#aj ,t "* :i* ! cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom is suppos$ to fo/] is exhibit$ 9 high degree by ! ,arafuras 7,papuans7 :o live 9 8peace & bro!rly love ) "o ano!r0#aa to su* ext5t t gov]nm5t is b nom9al4 ,& conc]n+ v>i\s ( ! ,indian ,hill-tribes1 z ! ,santls1 ,s[rahs1 ,m>ias1 ,lep*as1 ,bodo & ,dhimls1 diff]5t obs]v]s te/ify ( !m sev]ally t 8!y 7 ! mo/ tru?ful set ( m5 ,i ev] met10#ab 8crime & crim9al (fic]s are almo/ unkn[n10#ac 8a pleas+ feature 9 _! "* is _! complete tru?fulness10#ad 8!y be> a s+ul> "* = tru?fulness & hone/y10#ae !y are 8wond]fully hone/10#af 8hone/ & tru?ful 9 de$ & ^w40#ag ,irrespective ( race1 we f9d ^! traits 9 m5 :o are1 & h long be51 absolutely peaceful 7! uni=m antec$5t71 be !y ! ,jakuns ( ! ,s\? ,malayan ,p59sula1 :o 8are nev] kn[n to /eal any?+1 n ev5 ! mo/ insignificant trifle10#ah or be x 9 ! ,hos ( ! ,himalaya1 among :om 8a reflection on a man's hone/y or v]acity may be suffici5t to s5d him to self-de/ruction40#ai ,s t 9 respect ( consci5ce ^! unciviliz$ p are z sup]ior to av]age ,europeans1 z av]age ,europeans are sup]ior to ! brutal savages previ\sly describ$4 #i ,campbell 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,e?nological ,society1 ,july1 ,n4 ,s4 vol4 i41 #ahfi1 p4 #aej4 #aj ,ibid4 p4 #aed4 #aa ,dr4 ,h4 ,kolff1 ,voyages ( ! ,dut* brig 8,d\rga40 ,e>l's translation1 pp4 #afa4 #ab ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 p4 #bdh4 #ac ,ibid4 p4 #bag4 #ad ,dr4 ,j4 ,%ortt1 ,hill ,ranges ( ,s\!rn ,india1 pt4 iii41 p4 #ch4 #ae ,glasf9d 9 ,selections f ! ,records ( ,gov]nm5t ( ,india 7,=eign ,dep>tm5t71 ,no4 xxxix41 p4 #da4 #af ,campbell 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,e?nological ,society1 ,n4 ,s4 vol4 i41 #ahfi1 p4 #aej4 #ag ,b4 ,h4 ,hodgson 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 xviii41 p4 #gde4 #ah ,rev4 ,p4 ,favre 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ii41 p4 #bff4 #ai ,col4 ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bjf4 ,_h ,kant _h ^! & k9dr$ facts be=e him1 #aie 8 conception ( ! human m9d1 & consequ5tly 8 e?ical conception1 w\ld sc>cely h be5 :at !y 74 ,believ+1 z he did1 t "o object ( 8 awe--! /ell> ,univ]se--has be5 evolv$1 he might by evid5ce l ! =ego+ h be5 l$ to suspect t ! o!r object ( 8 awe--! human consci5ce--has be5 evolv$1 & has consequ5tly a real nature unlike its app>5t nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! disciples ( ,kant liv+ 9 our day !re c be made no su* def5ce z t :i* may be made = _! ma/]4 ,on all sides ( !m lie classes ( facts ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* might suffice to make !m hesitate1 if no?+ m4 ,"h are a few su* classes ( facts4 ,?\gh1 unlike ! uncultur$1 :o suppose ev]y?+ to be :at x appe>s1 *emi/s _h = _m g5]ations kn[n t multitud9\s sub/ances :i* seem simple are really comp\nd1 & (t5 highly comp\nd2 yet1 until ! "t ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 ev5 *emi/s _h believ$ t c]ta9 sub/ances :i* resi/$ all _! p[]s ( decomposition1 7 to be class$ among ! elem5ts4 ,davy1 h[ev]1 by subject+ ! alkalies to a =ce n be=e appli$1 prov$ t !y are oxides ( metals2 &1 suspect+ ! l to be ! case ) ! e>?s1 simil>ly prov$ ! composite nature ( ^! also4 ,n only ! common s5se ( ! uncultur$1 b ! common s5se ( ! cultur$ 0 %[n to be wrong4 ,wid] k has1 z usual1 l$ to great] mode/y1 &1 s9ce ,davy's day1 *emi/s h felt less c]ta9 t ! s-call$ elem5ts are elem5t>y4 ,contr>iwise1 increas+ evid5ce ( sundry k9ds leads !m to suspect m & m /rongly t !y are all comp\nd4 ,alike to ! lab\r] :o digs x out & to ! c>p5t] :o uses x 9 8 work%op1 a piece ( *alk appe>s a ?+ ?an :i* no?+ c be simpl]2 & n9ety-n9e p out ( a hundr$ w\ld agree ) !m4 ,yet a #aif piece ( *alk is highly complex4 ,a microscope %[s x to consi/ ( myriads ( %ells ( ,=am9if]a2 %[s1 fur!r1 t x conta9s m k9ds ?an "o2 & %[s1 fur!r /ill1 t ea* m9ute %ell1 :ole or brok51 is =m$ ( _m *amb]s1 e "o ( :i* once conta9$ a liv+ unit4 ,?us by ord9>y inspection1 h[ev] close1 ! true nature ( *alk _c be kn[n2 & to "o :o has absolute confid5ce 9 8 eyes ! ass]tion ( its true nature appe>s absurd4 ,take aga9 a liv+ body ( a seem+ly uncomplicat$ k9d--say a potato4 ,cut x ?r\gh & obs]ve h[ /ructureless is its sub/ance4 ,b ?\gh unaid$ vision gives ?is v]dict1 aid$ vision gives a widely diff]5t "o4 ,aid$ vision discov]s1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! mass is ev]y:]e p]meat$ by vessels ( complex =mation4 ,fur!r1 t x is made up ( innum]able units call$ cells1 ea* ( :i* has walls compos$ ( sev]al lay]s4 ,fur!r /ill1 t ea* cell conta9s a numb] ( />*-gra9s4 ,& yet /ill fur!r1 t ea* ( ^! gra9s is =m$ ( lay] )9 lay]1 l ! coats ( an onion4 ,s t :]e !re appe>s p]fect simplicity !re is really complexity )9 complexity4 ,f ^! examples :i* ! objective _w furni%es1 let u turn to "s examples furni%$ by ! subjective _w--"s ( our /ates ( consci\sness4 ,up to mod]n times any "o :o1 look+ out on ! sn[1 0 told t ! impression ( :it5ess x gave him 0 compos$ ( impressions su* z ^? giv5 by ! ra9b[1 w\ld h reg>d$ 8 in=mant z a lunatic2 z w\ld ev5 n[ ! great mass ( mank9d4 ,b s9ce ,newton's day1 x has become well kn[n to a relatively small numb] t ?is is lit]al fact4 ,n only may :ite light be resolv$ by a prism into a numb] ( brilliant col\rs1 b1 by an appropriate arrangem5t1 ^! col\rs c be re-comb9$ into :ite light3 ! visual s5sation :i* seems p]fectly simple proves to be highly comp\nd4 ,^? :o #aig habitually suppose t ?+s are :at !y seem1 are wrong "h z 9 multitud9\s o!r cases4 ,ano!r example is suppli$ by ! s5sation ( s\nd4 ,a solit>y note /ruck on ! piano1 or a bla/ f a horn1 yields ?r\gh ! e> a feel+ :i* appe>s homog5e\s2 & ! un9/ruct$ are incr$ul\s if told t x is an intricate comb9ation ( noises4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t :i* con/itutes ! m volum9\s "p ( ! tone is accompani$ by a numb] ( ov]-tones1 produc+ :at is kn[n z its timbre3 in/ead ( "o note1 !re are half a doz5 notes1 ( :i* ! *ief has its "* specializ$ by ! o!rs4 ,9 ! second place1 ea* ( ^! notes1 consi/+ objectively ( a rapid s]ies ( arial waves1 produces subjectively a rapid s]ies ( impressions on ! auditory n]ve4 ,ei!r by ! appliance ( ,hooke or by ,sav>t's ma*9e or by ! sir51 x is prov$ to demon/ration t e musical s\nd is ! product ( successive units ( s\nd1 ea* 9 itself unmusical1 :i*1 z !y succe$ "o ano!r ) increas+ rapidity1 produce a tone :i* progressively rises 9 pit*4 ,"h aga91 !n1 "u an app>5t simplicity !re is a d\ble complexity4 ,mo/ ( ^! examples ( ! illusiv5ess ( unaid$ p]ception1 :e!r ex]cis$ ^u objective or subjective exi/5ces1 7 unkn[n to ,kant4 ,_h !y be5 kn[n to him !y might h sugge/$ o!r views conc]n+ c]ta9 ( our /ates ( consci\sness1 & might h giv5 a diff]5t "* to 8 philosophy4 ,let u obs]ve :at w\ld possibly h be5 ! *anges 9 two ( 8 c>d9al conceptions--metaphysical & e?ical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our consci\sness ( ,"t & ,space appe>$ to him1 z !y appe> to ev]yone1 p]fectly simple2 & ! app>5t simplicity he accept$ z actual simplicity4 ,_h he suspect$ t1 j z ! seem+ly homog5e\s & undecomposable consci\sness ( ,s\nd really consi/s ( multitud9\s units ( consci\sness1 s might ! #aih app>5tly homog5e\s & undecomposable consci\sness ( ,space1 he w\ld possibly h be5 l$ to inquire :e!r ! consci\sness ( ,space is n :olly compos$ ( inf9itely num]\s relations ( position1 su* z ^? :i* e portion ( x pres5ts4 ,& f9d+ t e portion ( ,space1 imm5se or m9ute1 _c be ei!r kn[n or conceiv$ save 9 "s relative position to ! consci\s subject1 & t1 besides involv+ ! relations ( di/ance & direction1 x inv>iably conta9s )9 itself relations ( "r & left1 top & bottom1 ne>] & f>!r2 he might p]haps h conclud$ t our consci\sness ( t matrix ( ph5om5a we call ,space1 has be5 built up 9 ! c\rse ( ,evolution by accumulat$ exp]i5ces regi/]$ 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,& _h he conclud$ ?is1 he w\ld n h committ$ himself to ! _m absurdities :i* 8 doctr9e involves4#bj ,simil>ly1 if1 in/ead ( assum+ t consci5ce is simple because x seems simple to ord9>y introspection1 he _h ent]ta9$ ! hypo!sis t x is p]haps complex--a consolidat$ product ( multitud9\s exp]i5ces receiv$1 ma9ly by ance/ors & add$ to by self--he might h arriv$ at a consi/5t sy/em ( ,e?ics4 ,t ! habitual association ( pa9s ) c]ta9 ?+s & acts1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 may produce organic repugnance to su* ?+s & acts1#ba might1 _h x be5 kn[n to him1 h made him suspect t consci5ce is a product ( ,evolution4 ,& 9 t case 8 conception ( x w\ld n h be5 incongru\s ) ! facts above nam$1 %[+ t !re are widely diff]5t degrees ( consci5ce 9 diff]5t races4 #bj ,see ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #cii4 #ba ,see ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #ahi 7note7 & #ebj4 ,9 brief1 z already impli$1 _h ,kant1 in/ead ( 8 incongru\s beliefs t ! cele/ial bodies h _h an evolution>y orig91 b t ! m9ds ( liv+ be+s on !m1 or at lea/ on "o ( !m1 h _h a #aii non-evolution>y orig91 ent]ta9$ ! belief t bo? h aris5 by ,evolution1 he w\ld h be5 sav$ f ! impossibilities ( 8 ,metaphysics1 & ! unt5abilities ( 8 ,e?ics4 ,to ! consid]ation ( ^! la/1 let u n[ pass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 some?+ mu/ be said conc]n+ abnormal reason+ z comp>$ ) normal reason+4 ,k :i* is ( ! highe/ ord] 9 respect ( c]ta9ty1 & :i* we call exact sci5ce1 is di/+ui%$ f o!r k by its def9itely quantitative previsions4#bb ,x sets out ) data1 & proce$s by /eps :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 enable x to say "u :at specifi$ conditions a specifi$ relation ( ph5om5a w be f\nd2 & to say 9 :at place1 or at :at "t1 or 9 :at quantity1 or all ( !m1 a c]ta9 effect w be witness$4 ,giv5 ! factors ( any ari?metical op]ation1 & !re is absolute c]ta9ty 9 ! result rea*$1 suppos+ !re are no /umbl+s3 /umbl+s :i* always admit ( detection & dispro( by ! me?od :i* we %all pres5tly f9d is pursu$4 ,base & angles hav+ be5 accurately measur$1 t sub-division ( geometry :i* is call$ trigonometry yields ) c]ta9ty ! di/ance or ! height ( ! object ( :i* ! position is s\ght4 ,! ratio ( ! arms ( a lev] hav+ be5 /at$1 me*anics tells u :at weight at "o end w balance an assign$ weight at ! o!r4 ,& by ! aid ( ^! ?ree exact sci5ces1 ! ,calculus1 ,geometry1 & ,me*anics1 ,a/ronomy c pr$ict to ! m9ute1 = ea* sep>ate place on ! ,e>?1 :5 an eclipse w beg9 & end1 & h[ ne> x w approa* to totality4 ,k ( ?is ord] has inf9ite ju/ifications 9 ! successful guidance ( inf9itely num]\s human actions4 ,! acc\nts ( e trad]1 ! op]ations ( e work%op1 ! navigation ( e vessel1 dep5d = _! tru/wor?9ess #bjj on ^! sci5ces4 ,! me?od !y pursue1 !re=e1 v]ifi$ 9 cases :i* pass all human p[] to enum]ate1 is a me?od n to be transc5d$ 9 c]ta9ty4 #bb ,see ,essay on 8,g5esis ( ,sci5ce40 ,:at is ?is me?od8 ,:i*ev] ( ^! sci5ces we exam9e1 we f9d ! c\rse uni=mly pursu$ to be t ( sett+ out ) propositions ( :i* ! negations are inconceivable1 & advanc+ by successive dep5d5t propositions1 ea* ( :i* has ! l "*--t its negation is inconceivable4 ,9 a develop$ consci\sness 7& ( c\rse ,i exclude m9ds ( :i* ! faculties are un=m$7 x is impossible to repres5t ?+s t are equal to ! same ?+ z be+ !mselves unequal2 & 9 a develop$ consci\sness1 action & re-action _c be ?\ght ( z o!r ?an equal & opposite4 ,9 l mann]1 e because & e !re=e1 us$ 9 a ma!matical argum5t1 connotes a proposition ( :i* ! t]ms are absolutely coh]5t 9 ! mode alleg$3 ! pro( be+ t an attempt to br+ toge!r 9 consci\sness ! t]ms ( ! opposite proposition is futile4 ,& ?is me?od ( te/+1 alike ! fundam5tal propositions & all memb]s ( ! fabrics ( propositions rais$ ^u !m1 is consi/5tly pursu$ 9 v]ify+ ! conclusion4 ,inf]5ce & obs]vation are comp>$2 & :5 !y agree1 x is held inconceivable t ! inf]5ce is o!r ?an true4 ,9 contra/ to ! me?od :i* ,i h j describ$1 di/+ui%able z ! legitimate a priori me?od1 !re is "o :i* may be call$--,i 0 ab\t to say1 ! illegitimate a priori me?od4 ,b ! ^w is n /rong en\gh2 x mu/ be call$ ! inv]t$ a priori me?od4 ,in/ead ( sett+ out ) a proposition ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable1 x sets out ) a proposition ( :i* ! affirmation is inconceivable1 & !refrom proce$s to draw conclusions4 ,x is n consi/5t1 h[ev]3 x does n cont9ue to d t :i* x does at fir/4 ,hav+ posit$ an inconceivable proposition to beg9 )1 x does n #bja frame its argum5t out ( a s]ies ( inconceivable propositions4 ,all /eps aft] ! fir/ are ( ! k9d ord9>ily accept$ z valid4 ,! successive !re=es & becauses h ! usual connotations4 ,! peculi>ity lies 9 ?is1 t 9 e proposition save ! fir/1 ! read] is expect$ to admit ! logical necessity ( an inf]5ce drawn1 = ! reason t ! opposite is n ?9kable2 b he is n suppos$ to expect a l con=mity to logical necessity 9 ! prim>y proposition4 ,! dictum ( a logical consci\sness :i* mu/ be recogniz$ z valid 9 e subsequ5t /ep1 mu/ be ignor$ 9 ! fir/ /ep4 ,we pass n[ to an illu/ration ( ?is me?od :i* "h conc]ns u4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce 9 ,kant's fir/ *apt] runs ?us3--8,no?+ c possibly be conceiv$ 9 ! _w1 or ev5 out ( x1 :i* c be call$ good )\t qualification1 except a ,good ,w40#bc ,& !n on ! next page we come ^u ! foll[+ def9ition3 8,a good w is good n because ( :at x p]=ms or effects1 nor by its aptness = ! atta9m5t ( "s propos$ end1 b simply by virtue ( ! volition1 t is1 x is good 9 itself1 & consid]$ by itself is to be e/eem$ mu* high] ?an all t c be br\ght ab\t by x 9 fav\r ( any incl9ation1 nay ev5 ( ! sum total ( all incl9ations40#bd #bc ,kant's ,critique ( ,practical ,reason & o!r works on ! ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 trans4 by ,t4 ,k4 ,abbott1 p4 #aa4 #bd ,ibid4 pp4 #ab-ac4 ,mo/ fallacies result f ! habit ( us+ words )\t fully r5d]+ !m into ?\ghts--pass+ !m by ) recognitions ( _! mean+s z ord9>ily us$1 )\t /opp+ to consid] :e!r ^! mean+s admit ( be+ giv5 to !m 9 ! cases nam$4 ,let u n re/ satisfi$ ) ?9k+ vaguely ( :at is und]/ood by 8a ,good ,w10 b let u int]pret ! words def9itely4 ,w implies ! consci\sness ( "s end4 ,exclude f x e idea ( purpose & ! conception ( ,w disappe>s4 ,an end ( "s k9d be+ necess>ily impli$ by ! conception ( ,w1 ! quality ( ! ,w is det]m9$ #bjb by ! quality ( ! end contemplat$4 ,w itself1 consid]$ ap>t f any di/+ui%+ epi!t1 is n cognizable by ,morality at all4 ,x becomes cognizable by ,morality only :5 x ga9s its "* z good or bad by virtue ( its contemplat$ end z good or bad4 ,if any "o d\bts ?is1 let him try :e!r he c ?9k ( a good w :i* contemplates a bad end4 ,! :ole "q1 !re=e1 c5tres 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w good4 ,let u look at ! mean+s habitually giv5 to x4 ,we speak ( good meat1 good bread1 good w9e2 by :i* phrases we mean ei!r ?+s t are palatable1 & s give pleasure1 or ?+s t are :olesome1 & by conduc+ to heal? conduce to pleasure4 ,a good fire1 good clo?+1 a good h\se1 we s "n because !y m9i/] ei!r to com=t1 :i* means pleasure1 or gratify ! /hetic s5tim5t1 :i* also means pleasure4 ,s x is ) ?+s :i* m indirectly fur!r welf>e1 z good tools or good roads4 ,:5 we speak ( a good workman1 a good tea*]1 a good doctor1 x is ! same3 effici5cy 9 aid+ o!rs' well-be+ is :at we indirectly mean4 ,yet aga91 good gov]nm5t1 good in/itutions1 good laws1 connote b5efits yield$ to ! society 9 :i* !y exi/3 b5efits be+ equival5t to c]ta9 k9ds ( happ9ess1 positive or negative4 ,b ,kant tells u t a good w is "o t is good 9 & = itself )\t ref]5ce to ends4 ,we are n to ?9k ( x z prompt+ acts :i* w pr(it ! man himself1 ei!r by conduc+ to 8 heal?1 advanc+ 8 culture1 or improv+ 8 incl9ations2 = all ^! are 9 ! long run conducive to happ9ess1 & are urg$ only = ! reason t !y d ?is4 ,we are n to ?9k ( a w z good because1 by fulfilm5t ( x1 fri5ds are sav$ f suff]+s or h _! gratifications increas$2 = ?is w\ld involve call+ x good because ( b5eficial ends 9 view4 ,nor mu/ conduciv5ess to social ameliorations1 pres5t or future1 be tak5 into acc\nt :5 we attempt to conceive #bjc a good w4 ,9 %ort1 we are to frame our idea ( a good w )\t any mat]ial out ( :i* to frame ! idea ( good3 good is to be us$ 9 ?\ght z an evisc]at$ t]m4 ,"h1 !n1 is illu/rat$ :at ,i h call$ above ! inv]t$ a priori me?od ( philosophiz+3 ! sett+ out ) an inconceivable proposition4 ,! ,kantian ,metaphysics />ts by ass]t+ t ,space is 8no?+ b0 a =m ( intuition--p]ta9s :olly to ! subject & n at all to ! object4 ,?is is a v]bally intelligible proposition1 b "o ( :i* ! t]ms _c be put toge!r 9 consci\sness2 = nei!r ,kant1 nor any "o else1 ev] succe$$ 9 br++ into unity ( repres5tation ! ?\ght ( ,space & ! ?\ght ( ,self1 z be+ ! "o an attribute ( ! o!r4 ,& "h we see t1 j 9 ! same way1 ! ,kantian ,e?ics beg9s by posit+ some?+ :i* seems to h a mean+ b :i* has really no mean+--some?+ :i*1 "u ! conditions impos$1 _c be r5d]$ into ?\ght at all4 ,= nei!r ,kant1 nor any "o else1 ev] has or ev] c1 frame a consci\sness ( a good w :5 f ! ^w good are expell$ all ?\ghts ( ^? ends :i* we di/+ui% by ! ^w good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,evid5tly ,kant himself sees t 8 assumption invites attack1 = he proce$s to def5d x4 ,he says3 8,!re is1 h[ev]1 some?+ s /range 9 ?is idea ( ! absolute value ( ! m]e w1 9 :i* no acc\nt is tak5 ( its utility1 t not)/&+ ! ?or\gh ass5t ( ev5 common reason to ! idea 61 yet a suspicion mu/ arise t x may p]haps really be ! product ( m]e high-fl[n fancy1 c40 7p4 #ac74 ,& !n to prep>e = a ju/ification1 he goes on to say3 8,9 ! physical con/itution ( an organiz$ be+ we assume x z a fundam5tal pr9ciple t no organ = any purpose w be f\nd 9 x b :at is also ! fitte/ & be/ adapt$ = t purpose0 7pp4 #ac-ad74 ,n[1 ev5 _h ?is assumption be5 valid1 ! argum5t he bases ^u x1 f>-fet*$ z x is1 might be consid]$ ( v inadequate /r5g? to w>rant ! supposition t !re c be a w conceiv$ z good )\t any ref]5ce #bjd to good ends4 ,b1 un=tunately = ,kant1 ! assumption is utt]ly invalid4 ,9 8 day x probably pass$ )\t "q2 b 9 our day few if any biologi/s w\ld admit x4 ,on ! special-creation hypo!sis "s def5ce ( ! proposition might be attempt$1 b ! evolution-hypo!sis tacitly negatives x entirely4 ,let u beg9 ) "s m9or facts :i* militate aga9/ ,kant's supposition4 ,take1 fir/1 rudim5t>y organs4 ,^! are num]\s ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom4 ,:ile repres5t+ organs :i* 7 ( use 9 ance/ral types1 !y are ( no use 9 ! types possess+ !m2 &1 z be+ rudim5t>y1 !y are ( necessity imp]fect4 ,moreov]1 besides be+ injuri\s by tax+ nutrition to no purpose1 !y are almo/ c]ta9ly 9 "s cases injuri\s by be+ 9 ! way4 ,!n1 beyond ! argum5t f rudim5t>y organs1 !re is ! argum5t f make-%ift organs1 :i* =m a l>ge class4 ,we h a conspicu\s case 9 ! swimm+ organ ( ! seal1 =m$ by ! apposition ( ! two h9d limbs--an organ manife/ly inf]ior to "o specially %ap$ = its function1 & "o :i*1 dur+ e>ly /ages ( ! *anges :i* h produc$ x1 mu/ h be5 v ineffici5t4 ,b ! untru? ( ! assumption is be/ %[n by comp>+ a giv5 organ 9 a l[ type ( creature ) ! same organ 9 a high type4 ,! alim5t>y canal1 = example1 9 v inf]ior creatures is a simple tube1 sub/antially alike f end to end1 & hav+ ?r\gh\t all its p>ts ! same function4 ,b 9 a sup]ior creature ?is tube is diff]5tiat$ into m\?1 sophagus1 /oma* 7or /oma*s71 small & l>ge inte/9es ) _! v>i\s app5d$ gl&s p\r+ 9 secretions4 ,n[ if ?is la/ =m ( alim5t>y canal is to be reg>d$ z a p]fect organ1 or some?+ l x1 :at %all we say ( ! orig9al =m2 & :at %all we say ( all ^? =ms ly+ betwe5 ! two8 ,! vascul> sy/em1 aga91 furni%es a cle> in/ance4 ,! primitive he>t is no?+ b a dilatation ( ! great blood vessel--a pulsatile #bje sac4 ,b a mammal has a f\r-*amb]$ he>t ) valves1 by ! aid ( :i* ! blood is propell$ ?r\gh ! lungs = aration1 & ?r\gh\t ! sy/em at l>ge = g5]al purposes4 ,if ?is f\r-*amb]$ he>t is a p]fect organ1 :at is ! primitive he>t1 & :at are ! he>ts possess$ by all ! multitud9\s creatures bel[ ! high] v]tebrata8 ,manife/ly ! process ( evolution implies a cont9ual replac+ ( creatures hav+ inf]ior organs1 by creatures hav+ sup]ior organs2 leav+ su* ( ! inf]ior z c survive to occupy inf]ior sph]es ( life4 ,?is is n only s ?r\gh\t ! :ole animal creation up to ,man himself1 b x is s )9 ! limits ( ! human race4 ,bo? ! bra9s & ! l[] limbs ( v>i\s inf]ior races are ineffective organs1 comp>$ ) ^? ( sup]ior races4 ,nay1 ev5 9 ! highe/ type ( ,man we h obvi\s imp]fections4 ,! /ructure ( ! gro9 is imp]fect3 ! frequ5t ruptures :i* result f x w\ld h be5 prev5t$ by closure ( ! +u9al r+s dur+ ftal life aft] !y _h p]=m$ _! (fice4 ,t all-important organ ! v]tebral column1 too1 is z yet b incompletely adapt$ to ! upright po/ure4 ,only :ile ! vig\r is consid]able c !re be ma9ta9$1 )\t appreciable ef=t1 ^? muscul> contractions :i* produce ! sigmoid flexure1 & br+ ! lumb> portion into su* a position t ! 8l9e ( direction0 falls )9 x4 ,9 "y *ildr51 9 boys & girls :o are admoni%$ to 8sit up10 9 weakly p1 & 9 ! old1 ! sp9e lapses into t convex =m *>act]i/ic ( l[] ,primates4 ,x is ! same ) ! balanc+ ( ! head4 ,only by a muscul> /ra9 to :i* habit makes u ins5sible1 z x does to ! exposure ( ! face to cold1 is ! head ma9ta9$ 9 position4 ,imm$iately c]ta9 c]vical muscles are relax$ ! head falls =w>d2 & :]e !re is great debility ! *9 re/s p]man5tly on ! *e/4 ,s f>1 inde$1 is ! assumption ( ,kant f be+ true t ! v rev]se is probably true4 ,aft] #bjf contemplat+ ! c\ntless examples ( imp]fections exhibit$ 9 l[ types ( creatures1 & decreas+ ) ! asc5t to high types1 b /ill exemplifi$ 9 ! highe/1 anyone :o concludes1 z he may reasonably d1 t ,evolution has n yet rea*$ its limit1 mu/ inf] t mo/ likely no su* ?+ z a p]fect organ exi/s4 ,?us ! basis ( ! argum5t by :i* ,kant attempts to ju/ify 8 assumption t !re exi/s a good w ap>t f a good end1 disappe>s utt]ly2 & leaves 8 dogma 9 all its nak$ un?9kabl5ess4#be #be ,i f9d t 9 ! above ?ree p>agraphs ,i h done ,kant less ?an ju/ice & m ?an ju/ice--less1 9 assum+ t 8 evolution>y view 0 limit$ to ! g5esis ( our sid]eal sy/em1 & m1 9 assum+ t he _h n contradict$ himself4 ,my k ( ,kant's writ+s is extremely limit$4 ,9 #ahdd a translation ( 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason 7!n ,i ?9k lately publi%$7 fell into my h&s1 & ,i read ! fir/ few pages enunciat+ 8 doctr9e ( ,"t & ,space3 my p]emptory rejection ( :i* caus$ me to lay ! book d[n4 ,twice s9ce !n ! same ?+ has happ5$2 =1 be+ an impati5t read]1 :5 ,i disagree ) ! c>d9al propositions ( a "w ,i c g no fur!r4 ,"o o!r ?+ ,i knew4 ,by indirect ref]5ces ,i 0 made aw>e t ,kant _h prop\nd$ ! idea t cele/ial bodies h be5 =m$ by ! aggregation ( diffus$ matt]4 ,beyond ?is my k ( 8 conceptions did n ext5d2 & my supposition t 8 evolution>y conception _h /opp$ %ort ) ! g5esis ( sun1 />s1 & planets1 0 due to ! fact t 8 doctr9e ( ,"t & ,space1 z =ms ( ?\ght antec$+ exp]i5ce1 impli$ a sup]natural orig9 inconsi/5t ) ! hypo!sis ( natural g5esis4 ,dr4 ,paul ,c>us1 :o1 %ortly aft] ! publication ( ?is article 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,july1 #ahhh1 und]took to def5d ! ,kantian e?ics 9 ! ,am]ican j\rnal :i* he edits1 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 has n[ 7,sept4 #d1 #ahij71 9 ano!r def5sive article1 translat$ sundry passages f ,kant's ,critique ( ,judgm5t1 8 ,presumable ,orig9 ( ,humanity1 & 8 "w ,^u ! diff]5t ,races ( ,mank9d1 %[+ t ,kant 01 if n fully1 yet p>tially1 an evolutioni/ 9 8 speculations ab\t liv+ be+s4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 "s reason = d\bt+ ! correctness ( ,dr4 ,c>us's r5d]+ ( ^! passages into ,engli%4 ,:51 z 9 ! fir/ ( ! articles j nam$1 he fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 consci\sness & consci5ti\sness1 & :51 z 9 ?is la/ article1 he blames ! ,engli% = mi/ranslat+ ,kant1 s9ce !y h said 8,kant ma9ta9$ t ,space & ,"t are intuitions10 :i* is q untrue1 = !y h ev]y:]e describ$ him z ma9ta9+ t ,space & ,"t are =ms ( intuition1 "o may be excus$ = ?9k+ t possibly ,dr4 ,c>us has read into "s ( ,kant's expressions1 mean+s :i* !y d n rightly be>4 ,/ill1 ! g5]al drift ( ! passages quot$ makes x tol]ably cle> t ,kant mu/ h believ$ 9 ! op]ation ( natural causes z l>gely1 ?\gh n entirely1 in/rum5tal 9 produc+ organic =ms3 ext5d+ ?is belief 7:i* he says 8c be nam$ a d>+ v5ture ( reason07 9 "s measure to ! orig9 ( ,man himself4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 ext5d ! !ory ( natural g5esis to ! exclusion ( ! !ory ( sup]natural g5esis4 ,:5 he speaks ( an organic habit 8:i* 9 ! wisdom ( nature appe>s to be ?us arrang$ 9 ord] t ! species %all be pres]v$20 & :51 fur!r1 he says 8we see1 moreov]1 t a g]m ( reason is plac$ 9 him1 :]eby1 aft] ! developm5t ( ! same1 he is de/9$ = social int]c\rse10 he implies div9e int]v5tion4 ,& ?is %[s t ,i 0 ju/ifi$ 9 ascrib+ to him ! belief t ,space & ,"t1 z =ms ( ?\ght1 are sup]natural end[m5ts4 ,_h he conceiv$ ( organic evolution 9 a consi/5t mann]1 he w\ld necess>ily h reg>d$ ,space & ,"t z subjective =ms g5]at$ by conv]se ) objective realities4 ,beyond %[+ t ,kant _h a p>tial1 if n a complete1 belief 9 organic evolution 7?\gh ) no idea ( its causes71 ! passages translat$ by ,dr4 ,c>us %[ t he ent]ta9$ an impli$ belief :i* x "h specially conc]ns me to notice z be>+ on 8 !ory ( 8a good w40 ,he quotes approv+ly ,dr4 ,moscati's lecture %[+ 8t ! upright walk ( man is con/ra9$ & unnatural10 & %[+ ! imp]fect visc]al arrangem5ts & consequ5t diseases :i* result3 n only adopt+1 b fur!r illu/rat+1 ,dr4 ,moscati's argum5t4 ,if "h1 !n1 !re is a di/9ct admission1 or r ass]tion1 t v>i\s human organs are imp]fectly adju/$ to _! functions1 :at becomes ( ! po/ulate above quot$ 8t no organ = any purpose w be f\nd 9 x b :at is also ! fitte/ & be/ adapt$ = t purpose80 ,& :at becomes ( ! argum5t :i* sets out ) ?is po/ulate8 ,cle>ly1 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,c>us = enabl+ me to prove t ,kant's def5ce ( 8 !ory ( 8a good w0 is1 by 8 own %[+1 baseless4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! propositions conta9$ 9 ,kant's fir/ *apt] #bjg is t 8we f9d t ! m a cultivat$ reason applies itself ) delib]ate purpose to ! enjoym5t ( life & happ9ess1 s mu* ! m does ! man fail ( true satisfaction40 ,a prelim9>y rem>k to be made on ?is /atem5t is t 9 its sweep+ =m x is n true4 ,i ass]t t x is untrue on ! /r5g? ( p]sonal exp]i5ces4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my life !re h occurr$ _m int]vals1 av]ag+ m ?an a mon? ea*1 9 :i* ! pursuit ( happ9ess 0 ! sole object1 & 9 #bjh :i* happ9ess 0 successfully pursu$4 ,h[ successfully1 may be judg$ f ! fact t ,i w\ld gladly live ov] aga9 ea* ( ^? p]iods )\t *ange--an ass]tion :i* ,i c]ta9ly _c make ( any portions ( my life sp5t 9 ! daily dis*>ge ( duties4 ,t :i* ,kant %\ld h said is t ! exclusive pursuit ( :at are di/+ui%$ z pleasures & amusem5ts1 is disappo9t+4 ,?is is d\btless true2 & = ! obvi\s reason t x ov]-ex]cises "o gr\p ( faculties & exhau/s !m1 :ile x leaves unex]cis$ ano!r gr\p ( faculties1 :i* consequ5tly d n yield ! gratifications accompany+ _! ex]cise4 ,x is n1 z ,kant says1 guidance by 8a cultivat$ reason0 :i* leads to disappo9tm5t1 b guidance by an uncultivat$ reason2 = a cultivat$ reason tea*es t cont9u\s action ( a small "p ( ! nature jo9$ ) inaction ( ! re/1 mu/ end 9 dissatisfaction4 ,b n[1 suppos+ we accept ,kant's /atem5t 9 full1 :at is its implication8 ,t happ9ess is ! ?+ to be desir$1 &1 9 "o way or ano!r1 ! ?+ to be a*iev$4 ,= if n1 :at mean+ is !re 9 ! /atem5t t x w n be a*iev$ :5 made ! imm$iate object8 ,"o :o 0 ?us admoni%$ might prop]ly rejo93--8,y say ,i %all fail to get happ9ess if ,i make x ! object ( pursuit8 ,suppose !n ,i d n make x ! object ( my pursuit2 %all ,i get x8 ,if ,i d1 !n y\r admonition am\nts to ?is1 t ,i %all obta9 x bett] if ,i proce$ 9 "s o!r way ?an t ,i adopt4 ,if ,i d n get x1 !n ,i rema9 )\t happ9ess if ,i foll[ y\r way1 j z mu* z if ,i foll[ my own1 & no?+ is ga9$40 ,an illu/ration w be/ %[ h[ ! matt] /&s4 ,to a tyro 9 ar*]y ! in/ructor says3--8,sir1 y mu/ n po9t y\r arr[ directly at ! t>get4 ,if y d1 y w inevitably miss x4 ,y mu/ aim high above ! t>get2 & y may !n possibly pi]ce ! bull's eye40 ,:at n[ is impli$ by ! w>n+ & ! #bji advice8 ,cle>ly t ! purpose is to hit ! t>get4 ,o!rwise !re is no s5se 9 ! rem>k t x w be miss$ if directly aim$ at2 & no s5se 9 ! rem>k t to be hit1 some?+ high] mu/ be aim$ at4 ,simil>ly ) happ9ess4 ,!re is no s5se 9 ! rem>k t happ9ess w n be f\nd if x is directly s\ght1 unless happ9ess is a ?+ to be someh[ or o!r obta9$4 8,yes2 !re is s5se10 ,i he> x said4 8,j z x may be t ! t>get is n ! ?+ to be hit at all1 ei!r by aim+ directly or indirectly at x1 b t "s o!r ?+ is to be hit2 s x may be t ! ?+ to be a*iev$ imm$iately or remotely is n happ9ess at all1 b "s o!r ?+3 ! o!r ?+ be+ duty40 ,9 answ] to ?is ! admoni%$ man may reasonably say3--8,:at !n is meant by ,kant's /atem5t t ! man :o pursues happ9ess #8fails ( true satisfaction'8 ,all happ9ess is made up ( satisfactions4 ,! #8true satisfaction' :i* ,kant (f]s z an alt]native1 mu/ be "s k9d ( happ9ess2 & if a tru] satisfaction1 mu/ be a bett] happ9ess2 & bett] mu/ mean on ! av]age1 & 9 ! long run1 great]4 ,if ?is #8true satisfaction' does n mean great] happ9ess ( self1--di/ant if n proximate1 9 ano!r life if n 9 ?is life--& if x does n mean great] happ9ess by a*iev+ ! happ9ess ( o!rs2 !n y propose to me z an end a small] happ9ess in/ead ( a great]1 & ,i decl9e x40 ,s t 9 ?is pr(ess$ repudiation ( happ9ess z an end1 !re lies ! inavoidable implication t x is ! end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! la/ consid]ation introduces u naturally to ano!r ( ,kant's c>d9al doctr9es4 ,t !re may be no mi/ake 9 my repres5tation ( x1 ,i mu/ make a long quotation4 8,i omit "h all actions :i* are already recogniz$ z inconsi/5t ) duty1 al?\gh !y may be useful = ?is or t purpose1 = ) ^! ! "q :e!r !y are done f duty _c arise at all1 s9ce !y ev5 conflict ) x4 ,i also set aside ^? actions :i* really con=m to #baj duty1 b to :i* m5 h no direct incl9ation1 p]=m+ !m because !y are impell$ !reto by "s o!r incl9ation4 ,= 9 ?is case we c readily di/+ui% :e!r ! action :i* agrees ) duty is done f duty1 or f a selfi% view4 ,x is mu* h>d] to make ?is di/9ction :5 ! action accords ) duty1 & ! subject has besides a direct incl9ation to x4 ,= example1 x is always a matt] ( duty t a deal] %\ld n ov]*>ge an inexp]i5c$ pur*as]1 & :]ev] !re is mu* comm]ce ! prud5t tradesman does n ov]*>ge1 b keeps a fix$ price = e "o1 s t a *ild buys ( him z well z any o!r4 ,m5 are ?us hone/ly s]v$2 b ?is is n en\gh to make u believe t ! tradesman has s act$ f duty & f pr9ciples ( hone/y3 8 own advantage requir$ x2 x is out ( ! "q 9 ?is case to suppose t he might besides h a direct incl9ation 9 fav\r ( ! buy]s1 s t1 z x 71 f love he %\ld give no advantage to "o ov] ano!r 64 ,accord+ly ! action 0 done nei!r f duty nor f direct incl9ation1 b m]ely ) a selfi% view4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a duty to ma9ta9 "o's life2 &1 9 addition1 e "o has also a direct incl9ation to d s4 ,b on ?is acc\nt ! (t5 anxi\s c>e :i* mo/ m5 take = x has no intr9sic wor?1 & _! maxim has no moral import4 ,!y pres]ve _! life z duty requires1 no d\bt1 b n because duty requires4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if adv]sity & hopeless sorr[ h completely tak5 away ! reli% = life2 if ! un=tunate "o1 /rong 9 m9d1 indignant at 8 fate r ?an despond+ or deject$1 wi%es = dea?1 & yet pres]ves 8 life )\t lov+ x--n f incl9ation or fe>1 b f duty--!n 8 maxim has a moral wor?4 8,to be b5efic5t :5 we c is a duty2 & besides ?is1 !re are _m m9ds s sympa!tically con/itut$ t )\t any o!r motive ( vanity or self-int]e/1 !y f9d a pleasure 9 spread+ joy ar\nd !m1 & c take delight 9 ! satisfaction ( o!rs s f> z x is _! own "w4 ,b ,i ma9ta9 t 9 su* a case an action ( ?is k9d1 h[ev] prop]1 h[ev] amiable x may be1 has nev]!less no true moral wor?1 b is on a level ) o!r incl9ations0 7pp4 #ag-ai74 ,i h giv5 ?is extract at l5g? t !re may be fully und]/ood ! rem>kable doctr9e x embodies--a doctr9e especially rem>kable z exemplifi$ 9 ! la/ s5t5ce4 ,let u n[ consid] all t x means4 ,be=e do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i may rem>k t1 space p]mitt+1 x might be %[n cle>ly en\gh t ! assum$ di/9ction betwe5 s5se ( duty & incl9ation is unt5able4 ,! v expression s5se ( duty implies t ! m5tal /ate signifi$ is a feel+2 & if a feel+ x mu/1 l o!r feel+s1 be gratifi$ by acts ( "o k9d & (f5d$ by acts ( an opposite k9d4 ,if we take ! #baa "n consci5ce1 :i* is equival5t to s5se ( duty1 we see ! same ?+4 ,! common expressions 8a t5d] consci5ce0 8a se>$ consci5ce10 indicate ! p]ception t consci5ce is a feel+--a feel+ :i* has its satisfactions & dissatisfactions1 & :i* incl9es a man to acts :i* yield ! "o & avoid ! o!r--produces an incl9ation4 ,! tru? is t consci5ce1 or ! s5se ( duty1 is an incl9ation ( a complex k9d z di/+ui%$ f incl9ations ( simpl] k9ds4 ,b let u grant ,kant's di/9ction 9 an unqualifi$ =m4 ,do+ ?is1 let u ent]ta91 too1 8 proposition t acts ( :atev] k9d done f incl9ation h no moral wor?1 & t ! only acts hav+ moral wor? are ^? done f a s5se ( duty4 ,to te/ ?is proposition let u foll[ an example he sets4 ,z he w\ld h ! quality ( an act judg$ by suppos+ x univ]saliz$1 let u judge ( moral wor? z he conceives x by mak+ a l supposition4 ,t we may d ?is effectually1 let u assume t x is exemplifi$ n only by e man b by all ! acts ( e man4 ,unless ,kant alleges t a man may be morally wor?y 9 too high a degree1 we mu/ admit t ! great] ! numb] ( 8 acts :i* h moral wor? ! bett]4 ,let u !n contemplate him z do+ no?+ f incl9ation b ev]y?+ f a s5se ( duty4 ,:5 he pays ! lab\r] :o has done a week's "w = him1 x is n because lett+ a man g )\t wages w\ld be aga9/ 8 incl9ation1 b solely because he sees x to be a duty to fulfil contracts4 ,su* c>e z he takes ( 8 ag$ "m is prompt$ n by t5d] feel+ = h] b by ! consci\sness ( filial obligation4 ,:5 he gives evid5ce on behalf ( a man :om he kn[s to h be5 falsely *>g$1 x is n t he w\ld be hurt by see+ ! man wrongly puni%$1 b simply 9 pursuance ( a moral intuition %[+ him t public duty requires him to te/ify4 ,:5 he sees a little *ild 9 dang] ( #bab be+ run ov]1 & /eps aside to snat*1 x away1 he does s n because ?\ght ( ! imp5d+ dea? ( ! *ild pa9s him1 b because he kn[s x is a duty to save life4 ,& s ?r\gh\t1 9 all 8 relations z husb&1 z fri5d1 z citiz51 he ?9ks always ( :at ! law ( "r conduct directs1 & does x because x is ! law ( "r conduct1 n because he satisfies 8 affections or 8 sympa?ies by do+ x4 ,?is is n all h[ev]4 ,kant's doctr9e commits him to some?+ f> beyond ?is4 ,if ^? acts only h moral wor? :i* are done f a s5se ( duty1 we mu/ n only say t ! moral wor? ( a man is great] 9 proportion z ! numb] ( ! acts s done is great]4 ,we mu/ also say t 8 moral wor? is great] 9 proportion z 8 s5se ( duty makes him d ! "r ?+ n only ap>t f incl9ation b aga9/ incl9ation4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 !n1 ! mo/ moral man is ! man ^: s5se ( duty is s /rong t he refra9s f pick+ a pocket ?\gh he is mu* tempt$ to d x2 :o says ( ano!r t :i* is true ?\gh he w\ld l to injure him by a falsehood2 :o l5ds money to 8 bro!r ?\gh he w\ld pref] to see him 9 di/ress2 :o fet*es ! doctor to 8 sick *ild ?\gh dea? w\ld remove :at he feels to be a burd54 ,:at1 n[1 %all we ?9k ( a _w peopl$ ) ,kant's typically moral m5--m5 :o1 9 ! "o case1 :ile do+ "r by "o ano!r1 d x ) indiff]5ce1 & sev]ally "k "o ano!r to be s do+ x2 & m5 :o1 9 ! o!r case1 d "r by "o ano!r not)/&+ ! prompt+s ( evil passions to d o!rwise1 & :o sev]ally "k !mselves surr\nd$ by o!rs simil>ly prompt$8 ,mo/ p w1 ,i ?9k1 say t ev5 9 ! fir/ case life w\ld be h>dly be>able1 & t 9 ! second case x w\ld be absolutely intol]able4 ,_h su* be5 m5's natures1 ,s*op5hau] w\ld inde$ h _h good reason = urg+ t ! race %\ld br+ itself to an end z quickly z possible4 ,contemplate n[ ! do+s ( "o ^: acts1 accord+ #bac to ,kant1 h no moral wor?4 ,he goes ?r\gh 8 daily "w n ?9k+ ( duty to wife & *ild1 b hav+ 9 8 m9d ! pleasure ( witness+ _! welf>e2 & on rea*+ home he delights to see 8 little girl ) rosy *eeks & laugh+ eyes eat+ he>tily4 ,:5 he h&s back to a %opkeep] ! %ill+ giv5 9 excess ( "r *ange1 he does n /op to ask :at ! moral law requires3 ! ?\ght ( pr(it+ by ! man's mi/ake is intr9sically repugnant to him4 ,"o :o is dr[n+ he plunges 9 to rescue )\t any idea ( obligation1 b because he _c contemplate )\t horror ! dea? :i* ?reat5s4 ,if1 = a wor?y man :o is out ( employm5t1 he takes mu* tr\ble to f9d a place1 he does x because ! consci\sness ( ! man's difficulties is pa9ful to him1 & because he kn[s t he w b5efit n only him b ! employ] :o engages him3 no moral maxim ent]s 8 m9d4 ,:5 he goes to see a sick fri5d ! g5tle tones ( 8 voice & ! k9dly expression ( 8 face %[ t he is come n f any s5se ( duty1 b because pity & a desire to raise 8 fri5d's spirits h mov$ him4 ,if he aids 9 "s public measure :i* helps m5 to help !mselves1 x is n 9 pursuance ( ! admonition 8,d z y w\ld be done by10 b because ! di/resses ar\nd make him unhappy1 & ! ?\ght ( mitigat+ !m gives him pleasure4 ,& s ?r\gh\t3 he ev] does ! "r ?+ n 9 ob$i5ce to any injunction b because he loves ! "r ?+ 9 & = itself4 ,& n[ :o w\ld n l to live 9 a _w :]e ev]yone 0 ?us *>act]iz$8 ,:at1 !n1 %all we ?9k ( ,kant's conception ( moral wor?1 :51 if x 7 display$ univ]sally 9 m5's acts ! _w w\ld be intol]able1 & :5 if ^! same acts 7 univ]sally p]=m$ f incl9ation1 ! _w w\ld be delightful8 99 99 99 99 99 ,b n[1 f ^! indirect criticisms1 let u pass to a #bad direct criticism ( ! ,kantian pr9ciple--! pr9ciple (t5 quot$ z di/9ctive ( 8 e?ics4 ,he /ates x ?us3 8,!re is !re=e b "o categorical imp]ative1 namely ?is3 ,act only on t maxim :]eby ?\ can/ at ! same "t w t x %\ld become a univ]sal law40 7pp4 #ed-e47 ,aga91 subsequ5tly1 we read3 8,act on maxims :i* c at ! same "t h = _! object !mselves z univ]sal laws ( nature4 ,su* !n is ! =mula ( an absolutely good w40 7p4 #hj47 ,"h1 !n1 we h a cle> /atem5t ( t :i* con/itutes ! "* ( a good w2 :i* good w1 z we h already se51 is said to exi/ indep5d5tly ( any contemplat$ end4 ,let u n[ obs]ve h[ ?is !ory is r$uc$ to practice4 ,speak+ ( a man :o is absolutely selfi% & yet absolutely j1 he repres5ts him z say+3 8,let ev]yone be z happy z heav5 pleases or z he c make himself2 ,i w take no?+ f him nor ev5 envy him1 only ,i d n wi% to contribute any?+ ei!r to 8 welf>e or to 8 assi/ance 9 di/ress6 ,n[ no d\bt if su* a mode ( ?9k+ 7 a univ]sal law1 ! human race might v well subsi/1 & d\btless ev5 bett] ?an 9 a /ate 9 :i* e "o talks ( sympa?y & good w1 or ev5 takes c>e occasionally to put x into practice1 b on ! o!r side1 also *eats :5 he c1 betrays ! rights ( m5 or o!rwise violates !m4 ,b al?\gh x is possible t a univ]sal law ( nature might exi/ 9 accordance ) t maxim1 x is impossible to w t su* a pr9ciple %\ld h ! univ]sal validity ( a law ( nature4 ,= a w :i* resolv$ ?is w\ld contradict itself1 inasmu* z _m cases might occur 9 :i* "o w\ld h ne$ ( ! love & sympa?y ( o!rs1 & 9 :i* by su* a law ( nature1 sprung f 8 own w1 he w\ld deprive himself ( all hope ( ! aid he desires40 7pp4 #eh-i47 ,?us we see illu/rat$ ! guidance ( conduct 9 con=mity ) ! ,kantian maxim2 & :at is ! process ( guidance8 ,x is t ( consid]+ :at1 9 ! p>ticul> case1 w\ld be ! result if ! sugge/$ c\rse ( conduct 7 made univ]sal2 & !n be+ det]r$ f will+ su* conduct by ! badness ( ! conceiv$ result4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at "h becomes ( ! doctr9e ( a good w1 :i* we are told exi/s 8)\t pay+ #bae any reg>d to ! effect expect$ f x08 7p4 #bd74 ,! good w1 *>act]iz$ by read9ess to see ! act x prompts made univ]sal1 has1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 z 9 e o!r case1 to be decid$ by contemplation ( an end--if n a special & imm$iate end !n a g5]al & remote end4 ,& :at1 9 ?is case1 is to be ! det]r5t f a sugge/$ c\rse ( conduct8 ,consci\sness t ! result1 if su* conduct 7 univ]sal1 might be suff]+ to self3 !re might be no aid :5 x 0 want$4 ,s t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! "q is to be decid$ by ! contemplation ( happ9ess or mis]y z likely to be caus$ by ! "o or ! o!r c\rse2 &1 9 ! second place1 ?is happ9ess or mis]y is t ( ! individual himself4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ?is pr9ciple :i* is laud$ because ( its app>5tly impli$ altruism1 turns out1 9 ! la/ resort1 to h its ju/ification 9 egoism6 ,! ess5tial tru? "h to be not$1 h[ev]1 is t ! ,kantian pr9ciple1 s mu* vaunt$ z high] ?an t ( exp$i5cy or utilit>ianism1 is compell$ to take exp$i5cy or utilit>ianism z its basis4 ,d :at x w1 x _c escape ! ne$ = conceiv+ happ9ess or mis]y1 to self or o!rs or bo?1 z respectively to be a*iev$ or avoid$2 = 9 any case :at1 except ! conceiv$ happ9ess or mis]y :i* w\ld foll[ if a giv5 mode ( action 7 made univ]sal1 c det]m9e ! w = or aga9/ su* mode ( action8 ,if1 9 "o :o has be5 injur$1 !re arises a temptation to murd] ! injur]2 & if1 foll[+ out ! ,kantian injunction1 ! tempt$ man ?9ks ( himself z will+ t all m5 :o h be5 injur$ %\ld murd] ^? :o h injur$ !m2 & if1 imag9+ ! consequ5ces exp]i5c$ by mank9d at l>ge1 & possibly on "s occasion by himself 9 p>ticul>1 he is det]r$ f yield+ to ! temptation2 :at is x :i* det]s him8 ,obvi\sly ! repres5tation ( ! _m evils1 pa9s1 deprivations ( happ9ess1 :i* w\ld be caus$4 ,if1 on imag9+ 8 act to be #baf univ]saliz$1 he saw t x w\ld increase human happ9ess1 ! alleg$ det]r5t w\ld n act4 ,h5ce ! conduct to be insur$ by adoption ( ! ,kantian maxim is simply ! conduct to be insur$ by mak+ ! happ9ess ( self or o!rs or bo? ! end to be a*iev$4 ,by implication1 if n av[$ly1 ! ,kantian pr9ciple is z di/9ctly utilit>ian z ! pr9ciple ( ,b5?am4 ,& x falls %ort ( a sci5tific e?ics 9 j ! same way2 s9ce x fails to furni% any me?od by :i* to det]m9e :e!r su* & su* acts w\ld or w\ld n be conducive to happ9ess--leaves all su* que/ions to be decid$ empirically4 #bag ,,absolute ,,political ,,e?ics4 ,orig9ally publi%$ 9 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury = ,janu>y #ahij4 ,! writ+ ( ?is essay 0 consequ5t on a controv]sy c>ri$ on 9 ,! ,times betwe5 ,nov4 #g & ,nov4 #bg1 #ahhi1 & 0 made ne$ful by ! misappreh5sions & misrepres5tations embodi$ 9 t controv]sy4 ,h5ce ! allusions :i* ! essay conta9s4 ,! la/ few p>agraphs ( x 9 its orig9al =m 7 ma9ly p]sonal 9 _! "*2 &1 n wi%+ to p]petuate p]sonalities1 ,i h omitt$ !m4 ,life 9 ,fiji1 at ! "t :5 ,?omas ,williams settl$ !re1 mu/ h be5 some?+ worse ?an uncom=table4 ,"o ( ! p :o pass$ ne> ! /r+ ( n9e hundr$ /ones ) :i* ,ra ,undreundre record$ ! numb] ( human victims he _h dev\r$1 mu/ h _h unpleasant wak+ ?\ghts & occasionally horrible dreams4 ,a man :o _h lo/ "s f+]s = brea*es ( c]emony1 or _h se5 8 neighb\r kill$ by a *ief = behavi\r n suffici5tly respectful1 & :o rememb]$ h[ ,k+ ,tanoa cut (f 8 c\s9's arm1 cook$ x & ate x 9 8 pres5ce1 & !n _h him hack$ to pieces1 mu/ n unfrequ5tly h _h 8a bad qu>t] ( an h\r40 ,nor c\ld creep+ s5sations h fail$ to run ?r\gh wom5 :o he>d ,tui ,?akau eulogiz+ 8 dead son = cruelty1 & say+ t 8he c\ld kill 8 own wives if !y (f5d$ him1 & eat !m aft]w>ds40 ,happ9ess #bah c\ld n h be5 g5]al 9 a society :]e !re 0 a liability to be "o among ! t5 ^: life-blood baptiz$ ! decks ( a new canoe--a society 9 :i* ! kill+ ev5 ( un(f5d+ p]sons 0 no crime b a glory2 & 9 :i* ev]yone knew t 8 neighb\r's re/less ambition 0 to be an ackn[l$g$ murd]]4 ,/ill1 !re mu/ h be5 "s mod]ation 9 murd]+ ev5 9 ,fiji4 ,or mu/ we hesitate to conclude t unlimit$ murd] w\ld h caus$ ext9ction ( ! society8 ,! ext5t to :i* ea* man's possessions among ! ,bilu*is are endang]$ by ! pr$atory in/9cts ( 8 neighb\rs1 may be judg$ f ! fact t 8a small mud t[] is erect$ 9 ea* field1 :]e ! possessor & 8 reta9]s gu>d 8 produce40 ,if turbul5t /ates ( society su* z e>ly hi/ories tell (1 d n %[ u s vividly h[ ! habit ( appropriat+ "o ano!r's goods int]f]es ) social prosp]ity & individual com=t1 yet !y d n leave u 9 d\bt respect+ ^! results4 ,x is an inf]5ce :i* few w be h>dy en\gh to dispute1 t 9 proportion z ! "t ( ea* man1 in/ead ( be+ occupi$ 9 fur!r production1 is occupi$ 9 gu>d+ t :i* he has produc$ aga9/ m>aud]s1 ! total production mu/ be dim9i%$ & ! su/5tation ( ea* & all less satisfactorily a*iev$4 ,& x is a manife/ coroll>y t if ea* pu%es beyond a c]ta9 limit ! practice ( try+ to satisfy 8 ne$s by robb+ 8 neighb\r1 ! society mu/ dissolve3 solit>y life w prove pref]able4 ,a deceas$ fri5d ( m9e1 n>rat+ incid5ts 9 8 life1 told me t z a "y man he s\ght to e/abli% himself 9 ,spa9 z a commission ag5t2 & t1 fail+ by expo/ulation or o!r means to obta9 paym5t f "o :o _h ord]$ goods ?r\gh him1 he1 z a la/ res\rce1 w5t to ! man's h\se & pres5t$ himself be=e him pi/ol 9 h&--a proce$+ :i* _h ! desir$ effect3 ! acc\nt 0 settl$4 ,suppose n[ t ev]y:]e #bai contracts _h ?us to be en=c$ by m or less /r5u\s measures4 ,suppose t a coal-m9e proprietor 9 ,d]by%ire1 hav+ s5t a tra9-load to a ,london coal-m]*ant1 _h commonly to s5d a posse ( colli]s up to t[n1 to /op ! man's wagons & take out ! horses until paym5t _h be5 made4 ,suppose ! f>m-lab\r] or ! artisan 0 con/antly 9 d\bt :e!r1 at ! end ( ! week1 ! wages agre$ ^u w\ld be =?com+2 or :e!r he w\ld get only half1 or :e!r he w\ld h to wait six mon?s4 ,suppose t daily 9 e %op !re occurr$ scuffles betwe5 %opman & cu/om]1 ! "o to get ! money )\t giv+ ! goods1 & ! o!r to get ! goods )\t pay+ ! money4 ,:at 9 su* case w\ld happ5 to ! society8 ,:at w\ld become ( its produc+ & di/ribut+ bus9esses8 ,is x a ra% inf]5ce t indu/rial co-op]ation 7( ! volunt>y k9d at lea/7 w\ld cease8 8,:y ^! absurd que/ions80 asks ! impati5t read]4 8,surely ev]yone kn[s t murd]1 assault1 robb]y1 fraud1 brea* ( contract1 c41 are at v>iance ) social welf>e & mu/ be puni%$ :5 committ$10 ,my replies are sev]al4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i am q cont5t to h ! que/ions call$ absurd2 because ?is implies a consci\sness t ! answ]s are s self-evid5t t x is absurd to assume ! possibility ( any o!r answ]s4 ,my second reply is t ,i am n desir\s ( press+ ! "q :e!r we "k ^! ?+s1 b ( press+ ! "q h[ we "k ^! ?+s4 ,c we "k !m1 & d we "k !m1 by contemplat+ ! necessities ( ! case8 or mu/ we h rec\rse to 8inductions bas$ on c>eful obs]vation & exp]i5ce08 ,be=e we make & en=ce laws aga9/ murd]1 ought we to inquire into ! social welf>e & individual happ9ess 9 places :]e murd] prevails1 & obs]ve :e!r or n ! welf>e & happ9ess are great] 9 places :]e murd] is r>e8 ,%all robb]y be all[$ to g on until1 #bbj by collect+ & tabulat+ ! effects 9 c\ntries :]e ?ieves pr$om9ate & 9 c\ntries :]e ?ieves are b few1 we are %[n by induction t prosp]ity is great] :5 ea* man is all[$ to reta9 t :i* he has e>n$8 ,& is x ne$ful to prove by accumulat$ evid5ce t brea*es ( contract imp$e production & ex*ange1 & ^? b5efits to ea* & all :i* mutual dep5d5ce a*ieves8 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ^! in/ances ( actions :i*1 pu%$ to extremes1 cause social dissolution1 & :i*1 9 small] degrees1 h9d] social co-op]ation & its b5efits1 ,i give = ! purpose ( ask+ :at is _! common trait4 ,9 ea* ( su* actions we see aggression--a c>ry+ on ( life 9 a way :i* directly int]f]es ) ! c>ry+ on ( ano!r's life4 ,! relation betwe5 ef=t & consequ5t b5efit 9 "o man1 is ei!r de/roy$ altoge!r or p>tially brok5 by ! do+s ( ano!r man4 ,if x be admitt$ t life c be ma9ta9$ only by c]ta9 activities 7! int]nal ones be+ univ]sal1 & ! ext]nal ones be+ univ]sal = all b p>asites & ! immature71 x mu/ be admitt$ t :5 l-natur$ be+s are associat$1 ! requir$ activities mu/ be mutually limit$2 & t ! highe/ life c result only :5 ! associat$ be+s are s con/itut$ z sev]ally to keep )9 ! impli$ limits4 ,! re/rictions /at$ ?us g5]ally1 may obvi\sly be develop$ into special re/rictions ref]r+ to ?is or t k9d ( conduct4 ,^!1 !n1 ,i hold are a priori tru?s :i* admit ( be+ kn[n by contemplation ( ! conditions--axiomatic tru?s :i* be> to e?ics a relation analog\s to t :i* ! ma!matical axioms be> to ! exact sci5ces4 ,i d n mean t ^! axiomatic tru?s are cognisable by all4 ,= ! appreh5sion ( !m1 z = ! appreh5sion ( simpl] axioms1 a c]ta9 m5tal gr[? & a c]ta9 m5tal discipl9e are ne$$4 ,9 ! ,treatise on ,natural ,philosophy by ,pr(essors ,?omson & ,tait #a/ ed41 #bba x is rem>k$ t 8physical axioms are axiomatic to ^? only :o h suffici5t k ( ! action ( physical causes to enable !m to see at once _! necess>y tru?40 ,d\btless a fact & a significant fact4 ,a pl\gh-boy _c =m a conception ( ! axiom t action & reaction are equal & opposite4 ,9 ! fir/ place he lacks a suffici5tly g5]aliz$ idea ( action--has n unit$ into "o conception pu%+ & pull+1 ! bl[ ( a fi/1 ! recoil ( a gun1 & ! attraction ( a planet4 ,/ill less has he any g5]aliz$ idea ( reaction4 ,& ev5 _h he ^! two ideas1 x is probable t1 defective 9 p[] ( repres5tation z he is1 he w\ld fail to recognize ! necess>y equality4 ,simil>ly ) ^! a priori e?ical tru?s4 ,if a memb] ( t ,fijian slave-tribe :o reg>d$ !mselves z food = ! *iefs _h sugge/$ t !re might arrive a "t :5 m5 w\ld n eat "o ano!r1 8 impli$ belief t m5 might come to h a little respect = "o ano!r's lives1 condemn$ z utt]ly )\t ju/ification 9 exp]i5ce1 w\ld be consid]$ z fit only = a wild speculator4 ,facts furni%$ by e-day obs]vation make x cle> to ! ,bilu*i1 keep+ wat* 9 8 mud-t[]1 t possession ( prop]ty c be ma9ta9$ only by =ce2 & x is mo/ likely to him sc>cely conceivable t !re exi/ limits :i*1 if mutually recogniz$1 may exclude aggressions1 & make x ne$less to m\nt gu>d ov] fields3 only an absurd ideali/ 7suppos+ su* a ?+ kn[n to him7 w\ld sugge/ ! possibility4 ,& s ev5 ( our own ance/ors 9 feudal times1 x may be conclud$ t1 con/antly go+ ab\t arm$ & (t5 tak+ refuge 9 /rongholds1 ! ?\ght ( a peaceful social /ate w\ld h seem$ ridicul\s2 & ! belief t !re might be a recogniz$ equality among m5's claims to pursue ! objects ( life1 & a consequ5t desi/5ce f aggressions1 w\ld h be5 sc>cely conceivable4 ,b n[ t an ord]ly social /ate has be5 ma9ta9$ = g5]ations--n[ t 9 daily #bbb int]c\rse m5 r>ely use viol5ce1 commonly pay :at !y owe1 & 9 mo/ cases respect ! claims ( ! weak z well z ^? ( ! /rong--n[ t !y are br\ght up ) ! idea t all m5 are equal be=e ! law1 & daily see judicial decisions turn+ ^u ! "q :e!r "o citiz5 has or has n infr+$ ^u ! equal rights ( ano!r2 !re exi/ 9 ! g5]al m9d mat]ials = =m+ ! conception ( a rgime 9 :i* m5's activities are mutually limit$1 & 9 :i* ma9t5ance ( h>mony dep5ds on respect = ! limits4 ,!re has aris5 an ability to see t mutual limitations are requir$ :5 lives are c>ri$ on 9 proximity2 & to see t !re necess>ily em]ge def9ite sets ( re/ra9ts apply+ to def9ite classes ( actions4 ,& x has become manife/ to "s1 ?\gh n x seems to _m1 t !re results an a priori sy/em ( absolute political e?ics--a sy/em "u :i* m5 ( l natures1 sev]ally s con/itut$ z spontane\sly to refra9 f trespass+1 may "w toge!r )\t friction1 & ) ! greate/ advantage to ea* & all4 8,b m5 are n :olly l-natur$ & are unlikely to become s4 ,nor are !y s con/itut$ t ea* is solicit\s = 8 neighb\r's claims z = 8 own1 & !re is small probability t !y ev] w be4 ,y\r absolute political e?ics is !re=e an ideal beyond ! rea* ( ! real40 ,?is is true4 ,nev]!less1 mu* z x seems to d s1 x does n foll[ t !re is no use = absolute political e?ics4 ,! contr>y may cle>ly en\gh be %[n4 ,an analogy w expla9 ! p>adox4 ,!re exi/s a division ( physical sci5ce di/+ui%$ z ab/ract me*anics or absolute me*anics--absolute 9 ! s5se t its propositions are unqualifi$4 ,x is conc]n$ ) /atics & dynamics 9 _! pure =ms--deals ) =ces & motions consid]$ z free f all int]f]5ces result+ f friction1 resi/ances ( m$ia1 & special prop]ties ( matt]4 ,if x enunciates a law ( motion1 x #bbc recognizes no?+ :i* modifies manife/ation ( x4 ,if x =mulates ! prop]ties ( ! lev] x treats ( ?is assum+ x to be p]fectly rigid & )\t ?ickness--an impossible lev]4 ,its !ory ( ! screw imag9es ! screw to be frictionless2 & 9 treat+ ( ! w$ge1 absolute incompressibility is suppos$4 ,?us its tru?s are nev] pres5t$ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 ^? movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies :i* are d$ucible f its propositions are always m or less p]turb$2 & on ! ,e>? ! inf]5ces to be drawn f !m deviate v consid]ably f ! results rea*$ by exp]im5t4 ,nev]!less ?is sy/em ( ideal me*anics is indisp5sable = ! guidance ( real me*anics4 ,! eng9e] has to deal ) its propositions z true 9 full1 be=e he proce$s to qualify !m by tak+ into acc\nt ! natures ( ! mat]ials he uses4 ,! c\rse :i* a projectile w\ld take if subject only to ! propulsive =ce & ! attraction ( ! ,e>? mu/ be recogniz$1 ?\gh no su* c\rse is ev] pursu$3 correction = atmosph]ic resi/ance _c else be made4 ,t is to say1 ?\gh1 by empirical me?ods1 appli$ or relative me*anics may be develop$ to a consid]able ext5t1 x _c be highly develop$ )\t ! aid ( absolute me*anics4 ,s is x "h4 ,relative political e?ics1 or t :i* deals ) "r & wrong 9 public affairs z p>tially det]m9$ by *ang+ circum/ances1 _c progress )\t tak+ into acc\nt "r & wrong consid]$ ap>t f *ang+ circum/ances--_c d )\t absolute political e?ics2 ! propositions ( :i*1 d$uc$ f ! conditions "u :i* life is c>ri$ on 9 an associat$ /ate1 take no acc\nt ( ! special circum/ances ( any p>ticul> associat$ /ate4 ,& n[ obs]ve a tru? :i* seems entirely ov]look$2 namely1 t ! set ( d$uctions ?us arriv$ at is v]ifi$ by an immeasurably va/ induction1 or r by a great assemblage ( va/ inductions4 ,= :at else are ! laws & judicial sy/ems ( all civiliz$ nations1 & ( #bbd all societies :i* h ris5 above savag]y8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! fact t all peoples h discov]$ ! ne$ = puni%+ murd]1 usually by dea?8 ,h[ is x t :]e any consid]able progress has be5 made1 !ft is =bidd5 by law1 & a p5alty atta*$ to x8 ,:y along ) fur!r advance does ! en=c+ ( contracts become g5]al8 ,& :at is ! reason t among fully civiliz$ peoples frauds1 libels1 & m9or aggressions ( v>i\s k9ds are repress$ 9 m or less rigor\s ways8 ,no cause c be assign$ save a g5]al uni=mity 9 m5's exp]i5ces1 %[+ !m t aggressions directly injuri\s to ! individuals aggress$ ^u are indirectly injuri\s to society4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation obs]vations h =c$ ?is tru? on !m2 & g5]ation aft] g5]ation !y h be5 develop+ ! int]dicts into great] detail4 ,t is to say1 ! above fundam5tal pr9ciple & its coroll>ies arriv$ at a priori are v]ifi$ 9 an inf9ity ( cases a po/]iori4 ,ev]y:]e ! t5d5cy has be5 to c>ry fur!r 9 practice ! dictates ( !ory--to con=m sy/ems ( law to ! requirem5ts ( absolute political e?ics3 if n consci\sly1 /ill unconsci\sly4 ,nay1 inde$1 is n ?is tru? manife/ 9 ! v "n us$ = ! end aim$ at--equity or equalness8 ,equalness ( :at8 ,no answ] c be giv5 )\t a recognition--vague x may be1 b /ill a recognition--( ! doctr9e above set =?4 ,?us1 in/ead ( be+ describ$ z putt+ fai? 9 8long *a9s ( d$uction f ab/ract e?ical assumptions0 ,i ought to be describ$ z putt+ fai? 9 simple d$uctions f ab/ract e?ical necessities2 :i* d$uctions are v]ifi$ by inf9itely num]\s obs]vations & exp]i5ces ( semi-civiliz$ & civiliz$ mank9d 9 all ages & places4 ,or r ,i ought to be describ$ z "o :o1 contemplat+ ! re/ra9ts ev]y:]e put on ! v>i\s k9ds ( transgressions1 & see+ 9 !m all a common pr9ciple ev]y:]e dictat$ by ! necessities #bbe ( ! associat$ /ate1 proce$s to develop ! consequ5ces ( ?is common pr9ciple by d$uction1 & to ju/ify bo? ! d$uctions & ! conclusions :i* legislators h empirically rea*$ by %[+ t ! two correspond4 ,?is me?od ( d$uction v]ifi$ by induction is ! me?od ( develop$ sci5ce at l>ge4 ,i d n believe t ,i %all be l$ to ab&on x & *ange my 8way ( ?9k+0 by any am\nt ( disapproval1 h[ev] /rongly express$4 ,are we !n to und]/& t by ?is impos+ title1 8,absolute ,political ,e?ics10 no?+ m is meant ?an a !ory ( ! ne$ful re/ra9ts :i* law imposes on ! actions ( citiz5s--an e?ical w>rant = sy/ems ( law8 ,well1 suppos+ ev5 t ,i _h to answ] 8,yes0 to ?is "q 7:i* ,i d n71 !re w\ld /ill be an ample ju/ification = ! title4 ,hav+ = its subject-matt] all t is compreh5d$ "u ! ^w 8,ju/ice10 alike z =mulat$ 9 law & adm9i/]$ by legal in/rum5talities1 ! title has a suffici5tly l>ge area to cov]4 ,?is w\ld sc>cely ne$ say+ 7 x n = a curi\s defect ( ?\ght :i* we are ev]y:]e l$ into by habit4 ,j z1 :5 talk+ ( k1 we ignore entirely t famili> k ( surr\nd+ ?+s1 animate & inanimate1 acquir$ 9 *ildhood1 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* dea? w\ld quickly result1 & ?9k only ( t f> less ess5tial k ga9$ at s*ool & college or f books & conv]sation--j z1 :5 ?9k+ ( ma!matics1 we include "u ! "n only its high] gr\ps ( tru?s & drop out t simpl] gr\p con/itut+ ari?metic1 ?\gh = ! c>ry+ on ( life ?is is m important ?an all ! re/ put toge!r2 s1 :5 politics & political e?ics are discuss$1 !re is no ?\ght ( ^? p>ts ( !m :i* include :atev] is fundam5tal & long settl$4 ,! ^w political raises ideas ( p>ty-conte/s1 m9i/]ial *anges1 prospective elections1 or else ( ! ,home-,rule "q1 ! #bbf ,l&-,pur*ase s*eme1 ,local ,option1 or ! ,eight-,h\rs movem5t4 ,r>ely does ! ^w sugge/ law-re=m1 or a bett] judicial organization1 or a purifi$ police4 ,& if e?ics comes into consid]ation1 x is 9 connexion ) ! morals ( p>liam5t>y /rife or ( c&idates' pr(essions1 or ( electoral corruptions4 ,yet x ne$s b to look at ! def9ition ( politics 78t "p ( e?ics :i* consi/s 9 ! regulation & gov]nm5t ( a nation or /ate1 = ! pres]vation ( its safety1 peace1 & prosp]ity071 to see t ! curr5t conception fails by omitt+ ! *ief "p4 ,x ne$s b to consid] h[ relatively imm5se a factor 9 ! life ( ea* man is con/itut$ by safety ( p]son1 security ( h\se & prop]ty1 & en=cem5t ( claims1 to see t n only ! l>ge/ "p b ! "p :i* is vital is left out4 ,h5ce ! absurdity does n exi/ 9 ! conception ( an absolute political e?ics1 b x exi/s 9 ! ignor+ ( its subject-matt]4 ,unless x be consid]$ absurd to reg>d z absolute ! int]dicts aga9/ murd]1 burgl>y1 fraud & all o!r aggressions1 x _c be consid]$ absurd to reg>d z absolute ! e?ical sy/em :i* embodies ^! int]dicts4 ,x rema9s to add t beyond ! d$uctions :i*1 z we h se51 are v]ifi$ by va/ assemblages ( inductions1 !re may be drawn o!r d$uctions n ?us v]ifi$--d$uctions drawn f ! same data1 b :i* h no relevant exp]i5ces to say yes or no to !m4 ,su* d$uctions may be valid or invalid2 & ,i believe t 9 my fir/ "w1 writt5 =ty ye>s ago & long s9ce )drawn f circulation1 !re are "s invalid d$uctions4 ,b to reject a pr9ciple & a me?od because ( "s invalid d$uctions1 is ab\t z prop] z x w\ld be to pooh-pooh ari?metic because ( blund]s 9 c]ta9 ari?metical calculations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i turn n[ to a "q above put--:e!r1 by absolute political e?ics1 no?+ m is meant ?an an e?ical #bbg w>rant = sy/ems ( law--a "q to :i*1 by implication1 ,i answ]$ ,no4 ,& n[ ,i h to answ] t x ext5ds ov] a fur!r field equally wide if less important4 ,= beyond ! relations among citiz5s tak5 individually1 !re are ! relations betwe5 ! incorporat$ body ( citiz5s & ea* citiz54 ,& on ^! relations betwe5 ! ,/ate & ! man1 absolute political e?ics gives judgm5ts z well z on ! relations betwe5 man & man4 ,its judgm5ts on ! relations betwe5 man & man are coroll>ies f its prim>y tru?1 t ! activities ( ea* 9 pursu+ ! objects ( life may be rightly re/rict$ only by ! l activities ( o!rs3 su* o!rs be+ l-natur$ 7= ! pr9ciple does n contemplate slave-societies or societies 9 :i* "o race dom9ates ov] ano!r72 & its judgm5ts on ! relations betwe5 ! man & ! ,/ate are coroll>ies f ! alli$ tru?1 t ! activities ( ea* citiz5 may be rightly limit$ by ! incorporat$ body ( citiz5s only z f> z is ne$ful = secur+ to him ! rema9d]4 ,?is fur!r limitation is a necess>y accompanim5t ( ! militant /ate2 & mu/ cont9ue s long z1 besides ! crim9alities ( individual aggression1 !re cont9ue ! crim9alities ( int]national aggression4 ,x is cle> t ! pres]vation ( ! society is an end :i* mu/ take prec$5ce ( ! pres]vation ( its individuals tak5 s+ly2 s9ce ! pres]vation ( ea* individual & ! ma9t5ance ( 8 ability to pursue ! objects ( life1 dep5d on ! pres]vation ( ! society4 ,su* re/rictions ^u 8 actions z are impos$ by ! necessities ( w>1 & ( prep>$ness = w> :5 x is probable1 are !re=e e?ically def5sible4 ,& "h we ent] ^u ! _m & involv$ que/ions ) :i* relative political e?ics has to deal4 ,:5 orig9ally indicat+ ! contra/1 ,i spoke ( 8absolute political e?ics1 or t :i* ought to be1 z di/+ui%$ f relative political e?ics1 or t :i* is at pres5t ! ne>e/ practicable approa* to x20 & _h any #bbh att5tion be5 paid to ?is di/9ction1 no controv]sy ne$ h aris54 ,"h ,i h to add t ! qualifications :i* relative political e?ics sets =? v>y ) ! type ( ! society1 :i* is prim>ily det]m9$ by ! ext5t to :i* def5ce aga9/ o!r societies is ne$ful4 ,:]e int]national enmity is great & ! social organization has to be adapt$ to w>like activities1 ! co]cion ( individuals by ! ,/ate is su* z almo/ to de/roy _! fre$om ( action & make !m slaves ( ! ,/ate2 & :]e ?is results f ! necessities ( def5sive w> 7n (f5sive w>1 h[ev]71 relative political e?ics furni%es a w>rant4 ,conv]sely1 z militancy decreases1 !re is a dim9i%$ ne$ bo? = t subord9ation ( individuals :i* is necessitat$ by consolidat+ !m into a fight+ ma*9e1 & = t fur!r subord9ation entail$ by supply+ ?is fight+ ma*9e ) ! necess>ies ( life2 & z fa/ z ?is *ange goes on1 ! w>rant = ,/ate-co]cion :i* relative political e?ics furni%es becomes less & less4 ,obvi\sly x is out ( ! "q "h to ent] ^u ! complex que/ions rais$4 ,x mu/ suffice to indicate !m z above4 ,%\ld ,i be able to complete ,"p ,,iv4 ( ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 treat+ ( 8,ju/ice10 ( :i* ! fir/ *apt]s only are at pres5t writt51 ,i hope to deal adequately ) ^! relations betwe5 ! e?ics ( ! progressive condition & ! e?ics ( t condition :i* is ! goal ( progress--a goal ev] to be recogniz$1 ?\gh x _c be actually rea*$4 #bbi ,,ov]-,,legislation4#bf ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,july #ahec4 ,f "t to "t !re returns on ! cauti\s ?9k]1 ! conclusion t1 consid]$ simply z a "q ( probabilities1 x is unlikely t 8 views ^u any debatable topic are correct4 8,"h10 he reflects1 8are ?\s&s ar\nd me hold+ on ?is or t po9t op9ions diff]+ f m9e--:olly 9 _m cases2 p>tially 9 mo/ o!rs4 ,ea* is z confid5t z ,i am ( ! tru? ( 8 convictions4 ,_m ( !m are possess$ ( great intellig5ce2 &1 rank myself high z ,i may1 ,i mu/ admit t "s are my equals--p]haps my sup]iors4 ,yet1 :ile e "o ( u is sure he is "r1 unque/ionably mo/ ( u are wrong4 ,:y %\ld n ,i be among ! mi/ak58 ,true1 ,i _c realize ! likelihood t ,i am s4 ,b ?is proves no?+2 = ?\gh ! majority ( u are necess>ily 9 error1 we all lab\r "u ! inability to ?9k we are 9 error4 ,is x n !n fooli% ?us to tru/ myself8 ,:5 #bcj ,i look back into ! pa/1 ,i f9d nations1 sects1 !ologians1 philosoph]s1 *]i%+ beliefs 9 sci5ce1 morals1 politics1 & religion1 :i* we decisively reject4 ,yet !y held !m ) a fai? q z /rong z ours3 nay--/rong]1 if _! intol]ance ( diss5t is any crit]ion4 ,( :at little wor?1 !re=e1 seems ?is /r5g? ( my conviction t ,i am "r6 ,a l w>rant has be5 felt by m5 all ! _w ?r\gh2 &1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 has prov$ a delusive w>rant4 ,is x n !n absurd 9 me to put s mu* fai? 9 my judgm5ts80 #bf ,"s ( ! illu/rations us$ 9 ?is essay ref] to laws & arrangem5ts *ang$ s9ce x 0 writt52 :ile _m rec5t occurr5ces might n[ be cit$ 9 fur!r aid ( its argum5t4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! reason+ is n affect$ by ^! *anges2 & z to keep x correct$ to ! facts ( ! day w\ld involve p]petual alt]ations2 x seems be/ to leave x sub/antially 9 its orig9al /ate3 or r 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x 0 republi%$ 9 ,mr4 ,*apman's ,libr>y = ! ,p4 ,b>r5 ( practical results z ?is reflection at fir/ sight appe>s1 x may1 & inde$ %\ld1 influ5ce "s ( our mo/ important proce$+s4 ,?\gh 9 daily life we are con/antly oblig$ to act out our inf]5ces1 tru/less z !y may be--?\gh 9 ! h\se1 9 ! (fice1 9 ! /reet1 !re h\rly arise occasions on :i* we may n hesitate2 see+ t if to act is dang]\s1 nev] to act at all is fatal--& ?\gh1 consequ5tly1 on our private conduct1 ?is ab/ract d\bt z to ! wor? ( our judgm5ts1 mu/ rema9 inop]ative2 yet1 9 our public conduct1 we may prop]ly all[ x to weigh4 ,"h decision is no long] imp]ative2 :ile ! difficulty ( decid+ aright is incalculably great]4 ,cle>ly z we may ?9k we see h[ a giv5 measure w "w1 we may inf]1 draw+ ! above induction f human exp]i5ce1 t ! *ances are _m aga9/ ! tru? ( our anticipations4 ,:e!r 9 mo/ cases x is n wis] to d no?+1 becomes n[ a rational "q4 ,cont9u+ 8 self-criticism1 ! cauti\s ?9k] may reason3--8,if 9 ^! p]sonal affairs1 :]e all ! conditions ( ! case 7 kn[n to me1 ,i h s (t5 miscalculat$1 h[ mu* (t5] %all ,i miscalculate 9 political affairs1 :]e ! conditions are too num]\s1 too wide-spread1 too complex1 too obscure to be und]/ood4 ,"h1 d\btless1 is a social evil & !re a desid]atum2 & 7 ,i sure ( do+ no mis*ief ,i w\ld =?) try to cure ! "o & a*ieve #bca ! o!r4 ,b :5 ,i rememb] h[ _m ( my private s*emes h misc>ri$--h[ speculations h fail$1 ag5ts prov$ di%one/1 m>riage be5 a disappo9tm5t--h[ ,i did b paup]ize ! relative ,i s\ght to help--h[ my c>efully-gov]n$ son has turn$ out worse ?an mo/ *ildr5--h[ ! ?+ ,i desp]ately /rove aga9/ z a mis=tune did me imm5se good--h[ :ile ! objects ,i ard5tly pursu$ br\ght me little happ9ess :5 ga9$1 mo/ ( my pleasures h come f unexpect$ s\rces2 :5 ,i recall ^! & ho/s ( l facts1 ,i am /ruck ) ! incompet5ce ( my intellect to prescribe = society4 ,& z ! evil is "o "u :i* society has n only liv$ b gr[n1 :ile ! desid]atum is "o x may spontane\sly obta91 z x has mo/ o!rs1 9 "s un=ese5 way1 ,i "q ! propriety ( m$dl+40 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is a great want ( ?is practical humility 9 our political conduct4 ,?\gh we h less self-confid5ce ?an our ance/ors1 :o did n hesitate to organize 9 law _! judgm5ts on all subjects :atev]1 we h yet f> too mu*4 ,?\gh we h ceas$ to assume ! infallibility ( our !ological beliefs & s ceas$ to enact !m1 we h n ceas$ to enact ho/s ( o!r beliefs ( an equally d\btful k9d4 ,?\gh we no long] presume to co]ce m5 = _! spiritual good1 we /ill ?9k ourselves call$ ^u to co]ce !m = _! mat]ial good3 n see+ t ! "o is z useless & z unw>rantable z ! o!r4 ,innum]able failures seem1 s f>1 p[]less to tea* ?is4 ,take up a daily pap] & y w probably f9d a lead] expos+ ! corruption1 neglig5ce1 or mismanagem5t ( "s ,/ate-dep>tm5t4 ,ca/ y\r eye d[n ! next column1 & x is n unlikely t y w read proposals = an ext5sion ( ,/ate-sup]vision4 ,ye/]day came a *>ge ( gross c>elessness aga9/ ! ,colonial (fice4 ,to-day ,admiralty bungl+s are burlesqu$4 ,to-morr[ br+s ! "q--8,%\ld !re #bcb n be m coal-m9e inspectors80 ,n[ !re is a compla9t t ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? is useless2 & n[ an outcry = m railway regulation4 ,:ile y\r e>s are /ill r++ ) d5unciations ( ,*anc]y abuses1 or y\r *eeks /ill gl[+ ) indignation at "s well-expos$ iniquity ( ! ,ecclesia/ical ,c\rts1 y sudd5ly come ^u sugge/ions = organiz+ 8a prie/hood ( sci5ce40 ,"h is a vehem5t condemnation ( ! police = /upidly all[+ sight-se]s to cru% ea* o!r to dea?4 ,y look = ! coroll>y t (ficial regulation is n to be tru/$2 :51 in/ead1 propos ( a %ipwreck1 y read an urg5t dem& = gov]nm5t-inspectors to see t %ips always h _! boats ready = laun*+4 ,?us1 :ile e day *ronicles a failure1 !re e day reappe>s ! belief t x ne$s b an ,act ( ,p>liam5t & a /aff ( (fic]s1 to effect any end desir$4 ,n[h]e is ! p]5nial fai? ( mank9d bett] se54 ,ev] s9ce society exi/$ ,disappo9tm5t has be5 prea*+--8,put n y\r tru/ 9 legislation20 & yet ! tru/ 9 legislation seems sc>cely dim9i%$4 ,did ! ,/ate fulfil effici5tly its unque/ionable duties1 !re w\ld be "s excuse = ?is eag]ness to assign x fur!r duties4 ,7 !re no compla9ts ( its faulty adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 ( its endless delays & untold exp5ses2 ( its br++ ru9 9 place ( re/itution2 ( its play+ ! tyrant :]e x %\ld h be5 ! protector--did we nev] he> ( its complicat$ /upidities2 its #bj1jjj /atutes1 :i* x assumes all ,engli%m5 to "k1 & :i* n "o ,engli%man does "k2 its multipli$ =ms1 :i*1 9 ! ef=t to meet e cont+5cy1 op5 f> m loopholes ?an !y provide aga9/--_h x n %[n its folly 9 ! sy/em ( mak+ e petty alt]ation by a new act1 v>i\sly affect+ innum]able prec$+ acts2 or 9 its score ( successive sets ( ,*anc]y rules1 :i* s modify1 & limit1 & ext5d1 & aboli%1 & alt] ea* o!r1 t n ev5 ,*anc]y lawy]s "k #bcc :at ! rules are--7 we nev] a/\nd$ by su* a fact z t1 "u ! sy/em ( l& regi/ration 9 ,irel&1 #fjjjl4 h be5 sp5t 9 a 8negative se>*0 to e/abli% ! title ( an e/ate--did we f9d 9 its do+s no su* t]rible incongruity z ! imprisonm5t ( a hungry vagrant = /eal+ a turnip1 :ile = ! gigantic embezzlem5ts ( a railway director x inflicts no puni%m5t2--_h we1 9 %ort1 prov$ its effici5cy z judge & def5d]1 in/ead ( hav+ f\nd x trea*]\s1 cruel1 & anxi\sly to be %unn$1 !re w\ld be "s enc\ragem5t to hope o!r b5efits at its h&s4 ,or if1 :ile fail+ 9 its judicial functions1 ! ,/ate _h prov$ itself a capable ag5t 9 "s o!r dep>tm5t--! milit>y = example--!re w\ld h be5 "s %[ ( reason = ext5d+ its sph]e ( action4 ,suppose t x _h rationally equipp$ its troops1 in/ead ( giv+ !m cumbr\s & ineffective muskets1 b>b>\s gr5adi] caps1 absurdly heavy knapsacks & c>t\*e-boxes1 & clo?+ col\r$ s z admirably to help ! enemy's m>ksm5--suppose t x organiz$ well & economically1 in/ead ( sal>y+ an imm5se sup]fluity ( (fic]s1 creat+ s9ecure colonelcies ( #djjjl4 a ye>1 neglect+ ! m]itori\s & promot+ incapables--suppose t its soldi]s 7 always well h\s$ in/ead ( be+ ?ru/ into b>racks t invalid hundr$s1 z at ,ad51 or t fall on _! occupants1 z at ,loodianah1 :]e n9ety-five 7 ?us kill$--suppose t1 9 actual w>1 x _h %[n due adm9i/rative ability1 in/ead ( occasionally leav+ its regim5ts to m>* b>efoot1 to dress 9 pat*es1 to capture _! own eng9e]+ tools1 & to fight on empty /oma*s1 z dur+ ! ,p59sul> campaign2--suppose all ?is1 & ! wi% = m ,/ate-control might /ill h _h "s w>rant4 ,ev5 ?\gh x _h bungl$ 9 ev]y?+ else1 yet _h x 9 "o case done well--_h its naval managem5t alone be5 effici5t--! sangu9e w\ld h _h a col\rable #bcd excuse = expect+ success 9 a new field4 ,grant t ! reports ab\t bad %ips1 %ips t w n sail1 %ips t h to be l5g!n$1 %ips ) unfit eng9es1 %ips t w n c>ry _! guns1 %ips )\t /[age1 & %ips t h to be brok5 up1 are all untrue--assume ^? to be m]e sl&]]s :o say t ! ,megra took d\ble ! "t tak5 by a comm]cial /eam] to rea* ! ,cape2 t dur+ ! same voyage ! ,hydra 0 ?ree times on fire1 & ne$$ ! pumps kept go+ day & night2 t ! ,*>lotte troop-%ip set out ) #ge days' provisions on bo>d1 & 0 ?ree mon?s 9 rea*+ h] de/9ation2 t ! ,h>py1 at an imm95t risk ( life1 got home 9 #aaj days f ,rio--disreg>d z calumnies ! /atem5ts ab\t septuag5>ian admirals1 dilettante %ip build+1 & 8cook$0 docky>d acc\nts--set d[n ! affair ( ! ,goldn] pres]v$ meats z a my?1 & consid] ,pr(essor ,b>l[ mi/ak5 :5 he report$ ( ! ,admiralty compasses 9 /ore1 t 8at lea/ "o-half 7 m]e lumb]20--let all ^!1 we say1 be held gr\ndless *>ges1 & !re w\ld rema9 = ! advocates ( mu* gov]nm5t "s basis = _! political air-ca/les1 spite ( milit>y & judicial mismanagem5t4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 !y seem to h read backw>ds ! p>able ( ! tal5ts4 ,n to ! ag5t ( prov$ effici5cy d !y consign fur!r duties1 b to ! neglig5t & blund]+ ag5t4 ,private ent]prise has done mu*1 & done x well4 ,private ent]prise has cle>$1 dra9$1 & f]tiliz$ ! c\ntry1 & built ! t[ns--has excavat$ m9es1 laid out roads1 dug canals1 & embank$ railways--has inv5t$1 & br\ght to p]fection1 pl\ghs1 looms1 /eam-eng9es1 pr9t+-presses1 & ma*9es innum]able--has built our %ips1 our va/ manufactories1 our docks--has e/abli%$ banks1 insurance societies1 & ! newspap] press--has cov]$ ! sea ) l9es ( /eam-vessels1 & ! l& ) electric telegraphs4 ,private ent]prise has br\ght agriculture1 manufactures1 #bce & comm]ce to _! pres5t height1 & is n[ develop+ !m ) increas+ rapidity4 ,!re=e1 d n tru/ private ent]prise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,/ate s fulfils its judicial function z to ru9 _m1 delude o!rs1 & fright5 away ^? :o mo/ ne$ succ\r2 its national def5ces are s extravagantly & yet ineffici5tly adm9i/]$1 z to call =? almo/ daily compla9t1 expo/ulation1 or ridicule2 & z ! nation's /ew>d1 x obta9s f "s ( our va/ public e/ates a m9us rev5ue4 ,!re=e1 tru/ ! ,/ate4 ,slight ! good & fai?ful s]vant1 & promote ! unpr(itable "o f "o tal5t to t54 ,s]i\sly1 ! case1 :ile x may n1 9 "s respects1 w>rant ?is p>allel1 is1 9 "o respect1 ev5 /rong]4 ,= ! new "w is n ( ! same ord] z ! old1 b ( a m difficult ord]4 ,ill z gov]nm5t dis*>ges its true duties1 any o!r duties committ$ to x are likely to be /ill worse dis*>g$4 ,to gu>d its subjects aga9/ aggression1 ei!r individual or national1 is a /raight=w>d & tol]ably simple matt]2 to regulate1 directly or indirectly1 ! p]sonal actions ( ^? subjects is an inf9itely complicat$ matt]4 ,x is "o ?+ to secure to ea* man ! unh9d]$ p[] to pursue 8 own good2 x is a widely diff]5t ?+ to pursue ! good = him4 ,to d ! fir/ effici5tly1 ! ,/ate has m]ely to look on :ile its citiz5s act2 to =bid unfairness2 to adjudicate :5 call$ on2 & to en=ce re/itution = injuries4 ,to d ! la/ effici5tly1 x mu/ become an ubiquit\s work]--mu/ "k ea* man's ne$s bett] ?an he kn[s !m himself--mu/1 9 %ort1 possess sup]human p[] & intellig5ce4 ,ev51 !re=e1 _h ! ,/ate done well 9 its prop] sph]e1 no suffici5t w>rant w\ld h exi/$ = ext5d+ t sph]e2 b see+ h[ ill x has dis*>g$ ^? simple (fices :i* we _c help consign+ to x1 small inde$ is ! probability t x w dis*>ge well (fices ( a m complicat$ nature4 ,*ange ! po9t ( view h[ev] we may1 & ?is #bcf conclusion /ill pres5ts itself4 ,if we def9e ! prim>y ,/ate-duty to be t ( protect+ ea* individual aga9/ o!rs2 !n1 all o!r ,/ate-action comes "u ! def9ition ( protect+ ea* individual aga9/ himself--aga9/ 8 own /upidity1 8 own idl5ess1 8 own improvid5ce1 ra%ness1 or o!r defect--8 own incapacity = do+ some?+ or o!r :i* %\ld be done4 ,!re is no que/ion+ ?is classification4 ,= manife/ly all ! ob/acles t lie betwe5 a man's desires & ! satisfaction ( !m1 are ei!r ob/acles aris+ f o!r m5's c\nt] desires1 or ob/acles aris+ f inability 9 himself4 ,su* ( ^! c\nt] desires z are j1 h z mu* claim to satisfaction z 82 & may n1 !re=e1 be ?w>t$4 ,su* ( !m z are unju/1 x is ! ,/ate's duty to hold 9 *eck4 ,! only o!r possible sph]e = x1 !re=e1 is t ( sav+ ! individual f ! consequ5ces ( 8 nature1 or1 z we say--protect+ him aga9/ himself4 ,mak+ no comm5t1 at pres5t1 on ! policy ( ?is1 & conf9+ ourselves solely to ! practicability ( x1 let u inquire h[ ! proposal looks :5 r$uc$ to its simple/ =m4 ,"h are m5 possess$ ( in/9cts1 & s5tim5ts1 & p]ceptions1 all conspir+ to self-pres]vation4 ,! due action ( ea* br+s its quantum ( pleasure2 ! inaction1 its m or less ( pa94 ,^? provid$ ) ^! faculties 9 due proportions1 prosp] & multiply2 ^? ill-provid$1 t5d to die out4 ,& ! g5]al success ( ?is human organization is se5 9 ! fact1 t "u x ! _w has be5 peopl$1 & by x ! complicat$ appliances & arrangem5ts ( civiliz$ life h be5 develop$4 ,x is compla9$1 h[ev]1 t !re are c]ta9 directions 9 :i* ?is app>atus ( motives works b imp]fectly4 ,:ile x is admitt$ t m5 are duly prompt$ by x to bodily su/5ance1 to ! obta9m5t ( clo?+ & %elt]1 to m>riage & ! c>e ( (fspr+1 & to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! m important indu/rial & comm]cial ag5cies2 x is argu$ t !re are _m desid]ata1 z pure air1 #bcg m k1 good wat]1 safe travell+1 & s =?1 :i* x does n duly a*ieve4 ,& ^! %ort-com+s be+ assum$ p]man5t1 x is urg$ t "s supplem5t>y means mu/ be employ$4 ,x is !re=e propos$ t out ( ! mass ( m5 a c]ta9 numb]1 con/itut+ ! legislature1 %all be in/ruct$ to atta9 ^! v>i\s objects4 ,! legislators ?us in/ruct$ 7all *>act]iz$1 on ! av]age1 by ! same defects 9 ?is app>atus ( motives z m5 9 g5]al71 be+ unable p]sonally to fulfil _! tasks1 mu/ fulfil !m by deputy--mu/ appo9t commissions1 bo>ds1 c\ncils1 & /affs ( (fic]s2 & mu/ con/ruct _! ag5cies ( ?is same defective humanity t acts s ill4 ,:y n[ %\ld ?is sy/em ( complex deputation succe$ :]e ! sy/em ( simple deputation does n8 ,! indu/rial1 comm]cial1 & philan?ropic ag5cies1 :i* citiz5s =m spontane\sly1 are directly deput$ ag5cies2 ^! gov]nm5tal ag5cies made by elect+ legislators :o appo9t (fic]s1 are indirectly deput$ ones4 ,& x is hop$ t1 by ?is process ( d\ble deputation1 ?+s may be a*iev$ :i* ! process ( s+le deputation w n a*ieve4 ,:at is ! rationale ( ?is hope8 ,is x t legislators1 & _! employs1 are made to feel m int5sely ?an ! re/ ^! evils !y are to rem$y1 ^! wants !y are to satisfy8 ,h>dly2 = by position !y are mo/ly reliev$ f su* evils & wants4 ,is x1 !n1 t !y are to h ! prim>y motive replac$ by a second>y motive--! fe> ( public displeasure1 & ultimate removal f (fice8 ,:y sc>cely2 = ! m9or b5efits :i* citiz5s w n organize to secure directly1 !y w n organize to secure indirectly1 by turn+ out ineffici5t s]vants3 especially if !y _c readily get effici5t ones4 ,is x1 !n1 t ^! ,/ate-ag5ts are to d f a s5se ( duty1 :at !y w\ld n d f any o!r motive8 ,evid5tly ?is is ! only possibility rema9+4 ,! proposition on :i* ! #bch advocates ( mu* gov]nm5t h to fall back1 is1 t ?+s :i* ! p w n unite to effect = p]sonal b5efit1 a law-appo9t$ portion ( !m w unite to effect = ! b5efit ( ! re/4 ,public m5 & function>ies love _! neighb\rs bett] ?an !mselves6 ,! philan?ropy ( /atesm5 is /rong] ?an ! selfi%ness ( citiz5s6 ,no wond]1 !n1 t e day adds to ! li/ ( legislative misc>riages4 ,if colli]y explosions increase1 not)/&+ ! appo9tm5t ( coal-m9e inspectors1 :y x is b a natural sequ5ce to ^! false me?ods4 ,if ,sund]l& %ip[n]s compla9 t1 z f> z tri$1 8! ,m]cantile ,m>9e ,act has prov$ a total failure20 & if1 mean:ile1 ! o!r class affect$ by x--! sailors--%[ _! disapprobation by ext5sive /rikes2 :y x does b exemplify ! folly ( tru/+ a !oris+ b5evol5ce r ?an an exp]i5c$ self-int]e/4 ,on all sides we may expect su* facts2 & on all sides we f9d !m4 ,gov]nm5t1 turn+ eng9e]1 appo9ts its lieut5ant1 ! ,sew]s' ,commission1 to dra9 ,london4 ,pres5tly ,lambe? s5ds deputations to say t x pays heavy rates1 & gets no b5efit4 ,tir$ ( wait+1 ,be?nal-gre5 calls meet+s to consid] 8! mo/ effectual means ( ext5d+ ! dra9age ( ! di/rict40 ,f ,w&swor? come compla9ants1 :o ?reat5 to pay no m until some?+ is done4 ,camb]well proposes to raise a subscription & d ! "w itself4 ,mean:ile1 no progress is made t[>ds ! purification ( ! ,?ames2 ! weekly returns %[ an increas+ rate ( mortality2 9 ,p>liam5t1 ! fri5ds ( ! ,commission h no?+ save good int5tions to urge 9 mitigation ( c5sure2 &1 at l5g?1 despair+ m9i/]s gladly seize an excuse = quietly %elv+ ! ,commission & its plans altoge!r4#bg ,z ar*itectural #bci surveyor1 ! ,/ate has sc>cely succe$$ bett] ?an z eng9e]2 witness ! ,metropolitan ,build+s' ,act4 ,new h\ses /ill tumble d[n f "t to "t4 ,a few mon?s s9ce two fell at ,bayswat]1 & "o m rec5tly ne> ! ,p5tonville ,prison3 all not)/&+ prescrib$ ?icknesses1 & hoop-iron bond1 & inspectors4 ,x nev] /ruck ^? :o provid$ ^! delusive sureties1 t x 0 possible to build walls )\t bond+ ! two surfaces toge!r1 s t ! inn] lay] might be remov$ aft] ! surveyor's approval4 ,nor did !y =esee t1 9 dictat+ a l>g] quantity ( bricks ?an exp]i5ce prov$ absolutely ne$ful1 !y 7 simply insur+ a sl[ det]ioration ( quality to an equival5t ext5t4#bh ,! gov]nm5t gu>antee = safe pass5g] %ips answ]s no bett] ?an its gu>antee = safe h\ses4 ,?\gh ! burn+ ( ! ,amazon arose f ei!r bad con/ruction or bad /[age1 %e _h receiv$ ! ,admiralty c]tificate be=e sail+4 ,not)/&+ (ficial approval1 ! ,adelaide 0 f\nd1 on h] fir/ voyage1 to /e] ill1 to h useless pumps1 ports t let floods ( wat] into ! cab9s1 & coals s ne> ! furnaces t !y twice caught fire4 ,! ,w4 ,s4 ,l9dsay1 :i* turn$ out unfit = sail+1 _h be5 pass$ by ! gov]nm5t ag5t2 &1 b = ! own]1 might h gone to sea at a great risk ( life4 ,! ,melb\rne--orig9ally a ,/ate-built %ip--:i* took tw5ty-f\r days to rea* ,lisbon1 & !n ne$$ to be dock$ to und]go a ?or\gh repair1 _h be5 duly inspect$4 ,& la/ly1 ! notori\s ,au/ralian1 be=e h] ?ird futile attempt to proce$ on h] #bdj voyage1 _h1 h] own]s tell u1 receiv$ 8! full approbation ( ! gov]nm5t inspector40 ,nei!r does ! l sup]vision give security to l&-travell+4 ,! iron bridge at ,*e/]1 :i*1 break+1 precipitat$ a tra9 into ! ,dee1 _h pass$ "u ! (ficial eye4 ,inspection did n prev5t a column on ! ,s\?-,ea/]n f be+ s plac$ z to kill a man :o put 8 head out ( ! c>riage w9d[4 ,! locomotive t bur/ at ,brighton lately1 did s not)/&+ a ,/ate-approval giv5 b t5 days previ\sly4 ,&--to look at ! facts 9 ! gross--?is sy/em ( sup]vision has n prev5t$ ! increase ( railway accid5ts2 :i*1 be x rememb]$1 has aris5 s9ce ! sy/em 0 comm5c$4 #bg ,s complete is ! failure ( ?is & o!r sanit>y bodies1 t1 at ! pres5t mom5t 7,m>*1 #ahed7 a numb] ( philan?ropic g5tlem5 are volunt>ily organiz+ a 8,heal? ,fund = ,london10 ) ! view ( meet+ ! ?reat5$ invasion ( ! ,*ol]a2 & ! plea = ?is purely private ent]prise1 is1 t ! ,local ,bo>ds ( ,heal? & ,bo>ds ( ,gu>dians are inop]ative1 f 8ignorance1 #a/1 ( ! ext5t ( ! dang]2 #bnd1 ( ! means :i* exp]i5ce has discov]$ = meet+ x2 & #crd1 ( ! comp>ative security :i* ^? means may produce40 #bh ,! ,build] rem>ks1 t 8! removal ( ! brick-duties has n yet produc$ t improvem5t 9 ! make ( bricks :i* we ought to f9d1 4 4 4 4 4 b z bad bricks c be obta9$ = less ?an good bricks1 s long z h\ses built ( ! =m] w sell z readily z if ! bett] _h be5 us$1 no improvem5t is to be expect$40 8,well2 let ! ,/ate fail4 ,x c b d its be/4 ,if x succe$1 s mu* ! bett]3 if x d n1 :]e is ! h>m8 ,surely x is wis] to act1 & take ! *ance ( success1 ?an to d no?+40 ,to ?is plea ! rejo9d] is t1 un=tunately1 ! results ( legislative int]v5tion are n only negatively bad1 b (t5 positively s4 ,acts ( ,p>liam5t d n simply fail2 !y frequ5tly make worse4 ,! famili> tru? t p]secution aids r ?an h9d]s proscrib$ doctr9es--a tru? lately afre% illu/rat$ by ! =bidd5 "w ( ,g]v9us--is a "p ( ! g5]al tru? t legislation (t5 does indirectly1 ! rev]se ( t :i* x directly aims to d4 ,?us has x be5 ) ! ,metropolitan ,build+s' ,act4 ,z 0 lately agre$ unanim\sly by ! delegates f all ! p>i%es 9 ,london1 & z 0 /at$ by !m to ,sir ,william ,moleswor?1 ?is act 8has enc\rag$ bad build+1 & has be5 ! means ( cov]+ ! suburbs ( ! metropolis ) ?\s&s ( wret*$ hovels1 :i* are a disgrace to a civiliz$ c\ntry40 ,?us1 also1 has x be5 9 prov9cial t[ns4 ,! ,nott+ham ,inclosure ,act ( #ahde1 by prescrib+ ! /ructure ( ! h\ses to be built1 & ! ext5t ( y>d or g>d5 to be allott$ to ea*1 has r5d]$ x impossible to build work+-class dwell+s at su* mod]ate #bda r5ts z to compete ) exi/+ ones4 ,x is e/imat$ t1 z a consequ5ce1 #aj1jjj ( ! population are deb>r$ f ! new homes !y w\ld o!rwise h1 & are =c$ to live cr[d$ toge!r 9 mis]able places unfit = human habitation2 & s1 9 its anxiety to insure heal?y accommodation = artisans1 ! law has entail$ on !m /ill worse accommodation ?an be=e4 ,?us1 too1 has x be5 ) ! ,pass5g]s' ,act4 ,! t]rible fev]s :i* arose 9 ! ,au/ralian emigrant %ips a few mon?s s9ce1 caus+ 9 ! ,b\rneuf #hc dea?s1 9 ! ,wanota #ci dea?s1 9 ! ,m>co ,polo #ec dea?s1 & 9 ! ,ticond]oga #ajd dea?s1 arose 9 vessels s5t out by ! gov]nm5t2 & arose 9 consequ5ce ( ! close pack+ :i* ! ,pass5g]s' ,act au?orizes4#bi ,?us1 moreov]1 has x be5 ) ! safegu>ds provid$ by ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e ,act4 ,! exam9ations devis$ = insur+ ! effici5cy ( capta9s1 h _h ! effect ( c]tify+ ! sup]ficially-clev] & unpractis$ m51 &1 z we are told by a %ip[n]1 reject+ _m ( ! long-tri$ & mo/ tru/wor?y3 ! g5]al result be+ t ! ratio ( %ipwrecks has increas$4 ,?us also has x happ5$ ) ,bo>ds ( ,heal?1 :i* h1 9 sundry cases1 exac]bat$ ! evils to be remov$2 z1 = in/ance1 at ,croydon1 :]e1 accord+ to ! (ficial report1 ! measures ( ! sanit>y au?orities produc$ an epidemic1 :i* attack$ #afjj p & kill$ #gj4 ,?us aga9 has x be5 ) ! ,jo9t ,/ock ,companies ,regi/ration ,act4 ,z 0 %[n by ,mr4 ,james ,wilson1 9 8 late motion = a select committee on life-assurance associations1 ?is measure1 pass$ 9 #ahdd to gu>d ! public aga9/ bubble s*emes1 actually facilitat$ ! rascalities ( #ahde & subsequ5t ye>s4 ,! legislative sanction1 devis$ z a gu>antee ( g5u95ess1 & suppos$ by ! p to be #bdb su*1 clev] adv5tur]s h )\t difficulty obta9$ = ! mo/ wor?less projects4 ,hav+ obta9$ x1 an am\nt ( public confid5ce has foll[$ :i* !y c\ld nev] o!rwise h ga9$4 ,9 ?is way lit]ally hundr$s ( %am ent]prises t w\ld n else h se5 ! light1 h be5 fo/]$ into be+2 & ?\s&s ( families h be5 ru9$ :o w\ld nev] h be5 s b = legislative ef=ts to make !m m secure4 #bi ,aga9/ :i* close pack+1 by ! way1 a private m]cantile body--! ,liv]pool ,%ip[n]s' ,association--unavail+ly prote/$ :5 ! ,act 0 be=e ,p>liam5t4 ,moreov]1 :5 ^! topical rem$ies appli$ by /atesm5 d n exac]bate ! evils !y 7 meant to cure1 !y con/antly induce collat]al evils2 & ^! (t5 grav] ?an ! orig9al ones4 ,x is ! vice ( ?is empirical s*ool ( politicians t !y nev] look beyond proximate causes & imm$iate effects4 ,9 common ) ! un$ucat$ masses !y habitually reg>d ea* ph5om5on z involv+ b "o antec$5t & "o consequ5t4 ,!y d n be> 9 m9d t ea* ph5om5on is a l9k 9 an inf9ite s]ies--is ! result ( myriads ( prec$+ ph5om5a1 & w h a %>e 9 produc+ myriads ( succe$+ ones4 ,h5ce !y ov]look ! fact t1 9 di/urb+ any natural *a9 ( sequ5ces1 !y are n only modify+ ! result next 9 succession1 b all ! future results into :i* ?is w ent] z a "p cause4 ,! s]ial g5esis ( ph5om5a1 & ! int]action ( ea* s]ies ^u e o!r s]ies1 produces a complexity utt]ly beyond human grasp4 ,ev5 9 ! simple/ cases ?is is s4 ,a s]vant :o puts coals on ! fire sees b few effects f ! burn+ ( a lump4 ,! man ( sci5ce1 h[ev]1 kn[s t !re are v _m effects4 ,he kn[s t ! combu/ion e/abli%es num]\s atmosph]ic curr5ts1 & ?r\gh !m moves ?\s&s ( cubic feet ( air inside ! h\se & out4 ,he kn[s t ! heat diffus$ causes expansions & subsequ5t contractions ( all bodies )9 its range4 ,he kn[s t ! p]sons w>m$ are affect$ 9 _! rate ( respiration & _! wa/e ( tissue2 & t ^! physiological #bdc *anges mu/ h v>i\s second>y results4 ,he kn[s t1 c\ld he trace to _! ramifi$ consequ5ces all ! =ces dis5gag$1 me*anical1 *emical1 !rmal1 electric--c\ld he enum]ate all ! subsequ5t effects ( ! evaporation caus$1 ! gases g5]at$1 ! light evolv$1 ! heat radiat$2 a volume w\ld sc>cely suffice to ent] !m4 ,if1 n[1 f a simple inorganic *ange su* num]\s & complex results arise1 h[ inf9itely multipli$ & involv$ mu/ be ! ultimate consequ5ces ( any =ce br\ght to be> ^u society4 ,wond]fully con/ruct$ z x is--mutually dep5d5t z are its memb]s = ! satisfaction ( _! wants--affect$ z ea* unit ( x is by 8 fell[s1 n only z to 8 safety & prosp]ity1 b 9 8 heal?1 8 temp]1 8 culture2 ! social organism _c be dealt ) 9 any "o "p1 )\t all o!r p>ts be+ influ5c$ 9 ways :i* _c be =ese54 ,y put a duty on pap]1 & by-&-by f9d t1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! jacqu>d-c>ds employ$1 y h inadv]t5tly tax$ figur$ silk1 sometimes to ! ext5t ( sev]al %ill+s p] piece4 ,on remov+ ! impo/ f bricks1 y discov] t its exi/5ce _h increas$ ! dang]s ( m9+1 by prev5t+ %afts f be+ l9$ & work+s f be+ tunnell$4 ,by ! excise on soap1 y h1 x turns out1 greatly enc\rag$ ! use ( cau/ic wa%+-p[d]s2 & s h un9t5tionally entail$ an imm5se de/ruction ( clo!s4 ,9 e case y p]ceive1 on c>eful inquiry1 t besides act+ ^u t :i* y s\ght to act ^u1 y h act$ ^u _m o!r ?+s1 & ea* ( ^! aga9 on _m o!rs2 & s h propagat$ a multitude ( *anges 9 all directions4 ,we ne$ feel no surprise1 !n1 t 9 _! ef=ts to cure specific evils1 legislators h cont9ually caus$ collat]al evils !y nev] look$ =4 ,no ,c>lyle's wise/ man1 nor any body ( su*1 c\ld avoid caus+ !m4 ,?\gh _! production is explicable en\gh aft] x has occurr$1 x is nev] anticipat$4 #bdd ,:51 "u ! ,new ,poor-law1 provision 0 made = ! accommodation ( vagrants 9 ! ,union-h\ses1 x 0 h>dly expect$ t a body ( tramps w\ld be !reby call$ into exi/5ce1 :o w\ld sp5d _! "t 9 walk+ f ,union to ,union ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,x 0 little ?\ght by ^? :o 9 pa/ g5]ations assign$ p>i%-pay = ! ma9t5ance ( illegitimate *ildr51 t1 z a result1 a family ( su* w\ld by-&-by be consid]$ a small =tune1 & ! "m ( !m a desirable wife2 nor did ! same /atesm5 see t1 by ! law ( settlem5t1 !y 7 organiz+ a disa/r\s inequality ( wages 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 & entail+ a sy/em ( cle>+ away cottages1 :i* w\ld result 9 ! cr[d+ ( b$rooms1 & 9 a consequ5t moral & physical det]ioration4 ,! ,engli% tonnage law 0 enact$ simply ) a view to regulate ! mode ( measurem5t4 ,its fram]s ov]look$ ! fact t !y 7 practically provid+ 8= ! effectual & compulsory con/ruction ( bad %ips20 & t 8to *eat ! law1 t is1 to build a tol]able %ip 9 spite ( x1 0 ! highe/ a*ievem5t left to an ,engli% build]40#cj ,great] comm]cial security 0 alone aim$ at by ! p>tn]%ip law4 ,we n[ f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! unlimit$ liability x insi/s ^u is a s]i\s h9drance to progress2 x practically =bids ! association ( small capitali/s2 x is f\nd a great ob/acle to ! build+ ( improv$ dwell+s = ! p2 x prev5ts a bett] relation%ip betwe5 artisans & employ]s2 & by )hold+ f ! work+-classes good inve/m5ts = _! sav+s1 x *ecks ! gr[? ( provid5t habits & enc\rages drunk5ness4 ,?us on all sides are well-meant measures produc+ un=ese5 mis*iefs--a lic5s+ law t promotes ! adult]ation ( be]2 a ticket-(-leave sy/em t enc\rages m5 to commit crime2 a #bde police regulation t =ces /reet-huxt]s into ! workh\se4 ,& !n1 9 addition to ! obvi\s & proximate evils1 come ! remote & less di/+ui%able ones1 :i*1 c\ld we e/imate _! accumulat$ result1 we %\ld probably f9d ev5 m s]i\s4 #cj ,lecture be=e ! ,royal ,in/itution1 by ,j4 ,scott ,russell1 ,esq41 8,on ,wave-l9e ,%ips & ,ya*ts10 ,feb4 #f1 #aheb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ! ?+ to be discuss$ is1 n s mu* :e!r1 by any am\nt ( intellig5ce1 x is possible = a gov]nm5t to "w out ! v>i\s ends consign$ to x1 z :e!r its fulfilm5t ( !m is probable4 ,x is less a "q ( c ?an a "q ( w4 ,grant+ ! absolute compet5ce ( ! ,/ate1 let u consid] :at hope !re is ( gett+ f x satisfactory p]=mance4 ,let u look at ! mov+ =ce by :i* ! legislative ma*9e is work$1 & !n inquire :e!r ?is =ce is ?us employ$ z economically z x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,manife/ly1 z desire ( "s k9d is ! inv>iable /imulus to action 9 ! individual1 e social ag5cy1 ( :at nature soev]1 mu/ h "s aggregate ( desires = its motive p[]4 ,m5 9 _! collective capacity c exhibit no result b :at has its orig9 9 "s appetite1 feel+1 or ta/e common among !m4 ,did n !y l meat1 !re c\ld be no cattle-grazi]s1 no ,smi?field1 no di/ribut+ organization ( but*]s4 ,op]as1 ,philh>monic ,societies1 song-books1 & /reet organ-boys1 h all be5 call$ into be+ by our love ( music4 ,look ?r\gh ! trades' directory2 take up a guide to ! ,london sights2 read ! index ( ,brad%aw's "t-tables1 ! reports ( ! le>n$ societies1 or ! adv]tisem5ts ( new books2 & y see 9 ! publication itself1 & 9 ! ?+s x describes1 s _m products ( human activities1 /imulat$ by human desires4 ,"u ?is /imulus gr[ up ag5cies alike ! mo/ gigantic & ! mo/ insignificant1 ! mo/ complicat$ & ! mo/ simple--ag5cies = national def5ce & = ! sweep+ ( cross+s2 = ! daily di/ribution ( lett]s1 & = ! collection ( bits ( coal out #bdf ( ! ,?ames mud--ag5cies t subs]ve all ends1 f ! prea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity to ! protection ( ill-treat$ animals2 f ! production ( bread = a nation to ! supply ( gr\ndsel = cag$ s++-birds4 ,! accumulat$ desires ( individuals be+1 !n1 ! mov+ p[] by :i* e social ag5cy is work$1 ! "q to be consid]$ is--,:i* is ! mo/ economical k9d ( ag5cy8 ,! ag5cy hav+ no p[] 9 itself1 b be+ m]ely an in/rum5t1 our inquiry mu/ be = ! mo/ effici5t in/rum5t--! in/rum5t t co/s lea/1 & wa/es ! smalle/ am\nt ( ! mov+ p[]--! in/rum5t lea/ liable to get out ( ord]1 & mo/ readily put "r aga9 :5 x goes wrong4 ,( ! two k9ds ( social me*anism exemplifi$ above1 ! spontane\s & ! gov]nm5tal1 :i* is ! be/8 ,f ! =m ( ?is "q w be readily =ese5 ! int5d$ answ]--t is ! be/ me*anism :i* conta9s ! fewe/ p>ts4 ,! common say+--8,:at y wi% well done y mu/ d y\rself10 embodies a tru?1 equally applicable to political life z to private life4 ,! exp]i5ce t f>m+ by bailiff entails loss1 :ile t5ant-f>m+ pays1 is an exp]i5ce /ill bett] illu/rat$ 9 national hi/ory ?an 9 a l&lord's acc\nt books4 ,?is transf]5ce ( p[] f con/itu5cies to memb]s ( p>liam5t1 f ^! to ! executive1 f ! executive to a bo>d1 f ! bo>d to inspectors1 & f inspectors ?r\gh _! subs d[n to ! actual work]s--?is op]at+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( lev]s1 ea*1 ( :i* absorbs 9 friction & in]tia "p ( ! mov+ =ce2 is z bad1 9 virtue ( its complexity1 z ! direct employm5t by society ( individuals1 private companies1 & spontane\sly-=m$ in/itutions1 is good 9 virtue ( its simplicity4 ,fully to appreciate ! contra/1 we mu/ comp>e 9 detail ! work+ ( ! two sy/ems4 ,(ficialism is habitually sl[4 ,:5 non-gov]nm5tal ag5cies are dilatory1 ! public has its rem$y3 x ceases #bdg to employ !m & soon f9ds quick] ones4 ,"u ?is discipl9e all private bodies are taught promptness4 ,b = delays 9 ,/ate-dep>tm5ts !re is no su* easy cure4 ,life-long ,*anc]y suits mu/ be pati5tly borne2 ,museum-catalogues mu/ be we>ily wait$ =4 ,:ile1 by ! p !mselves1 a ,cry/al ,palace is design$1 erect$1 & fill$1 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s1 ! legislature takes tw5ty ye>s to build itself a new h\se4 ,:ile1 by private p]sons1 ! debates are daily pr9t$ & disp]s$ ov] ! k+dom )9 a few h\rs ( _! utt]ance1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade tables are regul>ly publi%$ a mon?1 & sometimes m1 aft] date4 ,& s ?r\gh\t4 ,"h is a ,bo>d ( ,heal? :i*1 s9ce #ahdi1 has be5 ab\t to close ! metropolitan gravey>ds1 b has n done x yet2 & :i* has s long dawdl$ ov] projects = cemet]ies1 t ! ,london ,necropolis ,company has tak5 ! matt] out ( its h&s4 ,"h is a pat5tee :o has _h f\rte5 ye>s' correspond5ce ) ! ,horse ,gu>ds1 be=e gett+ a def9ite answ] respect+ ! use ( 8 improv$ boot = ! ,army4 ,"h is a ,plym\? port-admiral :o delays s5d+ out to look = ! miss+ boats ( ! ,amazon until t5 days aft] ! wreck4 ,aga91 (ficialism is /upid4 ,"u ! natural c\rse ( ?+s ea* citiz5 t5ds t[>ds 8 fitte/ function4 ,^? :o are compet5t to ! k9d ( "w !y und]take1 succe$1 &1 9 ! av]age ( cases1 are advanc$ 9 proportion to _! effici5cy2 :ile ! incompet5t1 society soon f9ds out1 ceases to employ1 =ces to try some?+ easi]1 & ev5tually turns to use4 ,b x is q o!rwise 9 ,/ate-organizations4 ,"h1 z e "o kn[s1 bir?1 age1 back-/airs intrigue1 & sycophancy1 det]m9e ! selections r ?an m]it4 ,! 8fool ( ! family0 readily f9ds a place 9 ! ,*ur*1 if 8! family0 h good connexions4 ,a y\? too ill-educat$ = any pr(ession1 does v well = an (fic] 9 ! ,army4 ,grey #bdh hair1 or a title1 is a f> bett] gu>antee ( naval promotion ?an g5ius is4 ,nay1 inde$1 ! man ( capacity (t5 f9ds t1 9 gov]nm5t (fices1 sup]iority is a h9drance--t 8 *iefs hate to be pe/]$ ) 8 propos$ improvem5ts1 & are (f5d$ by 8 impli$ criticisms4 ,n only1 !re=e1 is legislative ma*9]y complex1 b x is made ( inf]ior mat]ials4 ,h5ce ! blund]s we daily read (--! supply+ to ! docky>ds f ! royal =e/s ( timb] unfit = use2 ! adm9i/ration ( relief dur+ ! ,iri% fam9e 9 su* a mann] z to draw lab\r]s f ! field1 & dim9i% ! subsequ5t h>ve/ by "o-f\r?#ca2 ! fil+ ( pat5ts at ?ree diff]5t (fices & keep+ an index at none4 ,ev]y:]e does ?is bungl+ %[ itself1 f ! elaborate failure ( ,h\se ( ,commons v5tilation d[n to ! publication ( ,! ,london ,gazette1 :i* inv>iably comes out wrongly fold$4 ,a fur!r *>act]i/ic ( (ficialism is its extravagance4 ,9 its *ief dep>tm5ts1 ,army1 ,navy1 & ,*ur*1 x employs f> m (fic]s ?an are ne$ful1 & pays "s ( ! useless ones exorbitantly4 ,! "w done by ! ,sew]s ,commission has co/1 z ,sir ,b4 ,hall tells u1 f #cjj to #djj p] c5t1 ov] ! contemplat$ outlay2 :ile ! managem5t *>ges h rea*$ #ce1 #dj1 & #de p] c5t4 on ! exp5diture4 ,! tru/ees ( ,ramsgate ,h>b\r--a h>b\r1 by ! way1 t has tak5 a c5tury to complete--are sp5d+ #ah1jjjl4 a ye> 9 do+ :at #ejjjl4 has be5 prov$ suffici5t =4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,heal? is caus+ new surveys to be made ( all ! t[ns "u its control--a proce$+ :i*1 z ,mr4 ,/eph5son /ates1 & z e tyro 9 eng9e]+ kn[s1 is1 = dra9age purposes1 a :olly ne$less exp5se4 ,^! public ag5cies are subject to no su* influ5ce z t :i* obliges private ent]prise to be economical4 ,trad]s & m]cantile bodies succe$ by s]v+ society *eaply4 ,su* ( !m #bdi z _c d ?is are cont9ually supplant$ by ^? :o c4 ,!y _c saddle ! nation ) ! results ( _! extravagance1 & s are prev5t$ f be+ extravagant4 ,on works t are to return a pr(it x does n answ] to sp5d #dh p] c5t4 ( ! capital 9 sup]9t5d5ce1 z 9 ! eng9e]+ dep>tm5t ( ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t2 & ,indian railway companies1 kn[+ ?is1 manage to keep _! sup]9t5d5ce *>ges )9 #h p] c5t4 ,a %opkeep] leaves out ( 8 acc\nts no item analog\s to t #f1jjj1jjjl4 ( its rev5ues1 :i* ,p>liam5t all[s to be d$uct$ on ! way to ! ,ex*equ]4 ,walk ?r\gh a manufactory1 & y see t ! /]n alt]natives1 c>efulness or ru91 dictate ! sav+ ( e p5ny2 visit "o ( ! national docky>ds1 & ! comm5ts y make on any gl>+ wa/efulness are c>elessly met by ! slang phrase--8,nunky pays40 #ca ,see ,evid5ce ( ,major ,l>com4 ,! unadaptiv5ess ( (ficialism is ano!r ( its vices4 ,unlike private ent]prise :i* quickly modifies its actions to meet em]g5cies--unlike ! %opkeep] :o promptly f9ds ! :]e) to satisfy a sudd5 dem&--unlike ! railway company :i* d\bles its tra9s to c>ry a special influx ( pass5g]s2 ! law-made in/rum5tality lumb]s on "u all v>ieties ( circum/ances ?r\gh its orda9$ r\t9e at its habitual rate4 ,by its v nature x is fitt$ only = av]age requirem5ts1 & inevitably fails "u unusual requirem5ts4 ,y _c /ep into ! /reet )\t hav+ ! contra/ ?ru/ ^u y4 ,is x summ]8 ,y see ! wat]-c>ts go+ _! prescrib$ r\nds ) sc>cely any reg>d to ! ne$s ( ! wea!r--to-day spr9kl+ afre% ! already moi/ roads2 to-morr[ be/[+ _! %[]s ) no great] lib]ality ^u roads cl\dy ) du/4 ,is x w9t]8 ,y see ! scav5g]s d n v>y 9 numb] & activity accord+ to ! quantity ( mud2 & if !re comes a heavy fall ( sn[1 y f9d ! ?or\ghf>es rema9+ = ne>ly a week 9 a sc>cely passable /ate1 )\t an ef=t be+ #bej made1 ev5 9 ! he>t ( ,london1 to meet ! exig5cy4 ,! late sn[-/orm1 inde$1 suppli$ a neat anti!sis betwe5 ! two ord]s ( ag5cies 9 ! effects x respectively produc$ on omnibuses & cabs4 ,n be+ "u a law-fix$ t>iff1 ! omnibuses put on extra horses & rais$ _! f>es4 ,! cabs on ! contr>y1 be+ limit$ 9 _! *>ges by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t :i*1 ) ! usual %ortsight$ness1 nev] contemplat$ su* a cont+5cy z ?is1 decl9$ to ply1 des]t$ ! /&s & ! /ations1 left luckless travell]s to /umble home ) _! luggage z be/ !y might1 & s became useless at ! v "t ( all o!rs :5 !y 7 mo/ want$6 ,n only by its unsusceptibility ( adju/m5t does (ficialism entail s]i\s inconv5i5ces1 b x likewise entails great inju/ices4 ,9 ?is case ( cabs = example1 x has result$ s9ce ! late *ange ( law1 t old cabs1 :i* 7 be=e saleable at #ajl4 & #abl4 ea*1 are n[ unsaleable & h to be brok5 up2 & ?us legislation has robb$ cab-proprietors ( "p ( _! capital4 ,aga91 ! rec5tly-pass$ ,smoke-,bill = ,london1 :i* applies only )9 c]ta9 prescrib$ limits1 has ! effect ( tax+ "o manufactur] :ile leav+ untax$ 8 competitor work+ )9 a qu>t] ( a mile2 & s1 z we are cr$ibly in=m$1 gives "o an advantage ( #aejjl4 a ye> ov] ano!r4 ,^! typify ! inf9ity ( wrongs1 v>y+ 9 degrees ( h>d%ip1 :i* legal regulations necess>ily involve4 ,society1 a liv+ gr[+ organism1 plac$ )9 app>atuses ( dead1 rigid1 me*anical =mulas1 _c fail to be hamp]$ & p9*$4 ,! only ag5cies :i* c effici5tly s]ve x1 are ^? ?r\gh :i* its pulsations h\rly fl[1 & :i* *ange z x *anges4 ,h[ inv>iably (ficialism becomes corrupt e "o kn[s4 ,expos$ to no su* antiseptic z free competition--n dep5d5t = exi/5ce1 z private un5d[$ organizations are1 on ! ma9t5ance ( a vigor\s #bea vitality2 all law-made ag5cies fall into an in]t1 ov]-f$ /ate1 f :i* to disease is a %ort /ep4 ,sal>ies fl[ 9 irrespective ( ! activity ) :i* duty is p]=m$2 cont9ue aft] duty :olly ceases2 become ri* prizes = ! idle well born2 & prompt to p]jury1 to brib]y1 to simony4 ,ea/ ,india directors are elect$ n = any adm9i/rative capacity !y h2 b !y buy votes by promis$ patronage--a patronage alike ask$ & giv5 9 utt] disreg>d ( ! welf>e ( a hundr$ millions ( p4 ,regi/r>s ( wills n only get _m ?\s&s a ye> ea* = do+ "w :i* _! mis]ably paid deputies leave half done2 b !y1 9 "s cases1 defraud ! rev5ue1 & t aft] repeat$ reprim&s4 ,docky>d promotion is ! result n ( effici5t s]vices1 b ( political fav\ritism4 ,t !y may cont9ue to hold ri* liv+s1 cl]gym5 prea* :at !y d n believe2 bi%ops make false returns ( _! rev5ues2 & at _! elections to fell[%ips1 well-to-d prie/s sev]ally make oa? t !y are paup]1 pius et doctus4 ,f ! local inspector ^: eyes are %ut to an abuse by a contractor's pres5t1 up to ! prime m9i/] :o f9ds lucrative b]?s = 8 relations1 ?is v5ality is daily illu/rat$2 & t 9 spite ( public reprobation & p]petual attempts to prev5t x4 ,z we once he>d said by a ,/ate-(ficial ( tw5ty-five ye>s' /&+--8,:]ev] !re is gov]nm5t !re is villa9y40 ,x is ! inevitable result ( de/roy+ ! direct connexion betwe5 ! pr(it obta9$ & ! "w p]=m$4 ,no incompet5t p]son hopes1 by (f]+ a d\ceur 9 ! ,times to get a p]man5t place 9 a m]cantile (fice4 ,b :]e1 z "u gov]nm5t1 !re is no employ]'s self-int]e/ to =bid--:]e ! appo9tm5t is made by "s "o on :om ineffici5cy entails no loss2 !re a d\ceur is op]ative4 ,9 hospitals1 9 public *>ities1 9 end[$ s*ools1 9 all social ag5cies 9 :i* duty done & income ga9$ d n g h& 9 h&1 ! l corruption is f\nd2 & is great 9 #beb proportion z ! dep5d5ce ( income ^u duty is remote4 ,9 ,/ate-organizations1 !re=e1 corruption is unavoidable4 ,9 trad+-organizations x r>ely makes its appe>ance2 & :5 x does1 ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation soon provides a rem$y4 ,to all :i* broad contra/s add ?is1 t :ile private bodies are ent]pris+ & progressive1 public bodies are un*ang+1 &1 inde$1 ob/ructive4 ,t (ficialism %\ld be inv5tive nobody expects4 ,t x %\ld g out ( its easy me*anical r\t9e to introduce improvem5ts1 & ?is at a consid]able exp5se ( ?\ght & application1 )\t ! prospect ( pr(it1 is n to be suppos$4 ,b x is n simply /ation>y2 x resi/s e am5dm5t ei!r 9 itself or 9 any?+ ) :i* x deals4 ,until n[ t ,c\nty ,c\rts are tak+ away _! practice1 all ag5ts ( ! law h dogg$ly oppos$ law-re=m4 ,! univ]sities h ma9ta9$ an old curriculum = c5turies aft] x ceas$ to be fit2 & are n[ /ruggl+ to prev5t a ?reat5$ recon/ruction4 ,e po/al improvem5t has be5 vehem5tly prote/$ aga9/ by ! po/al au?orities4 ,mr4 ,:i/on c say h[ p]t9aci\s is ! cons]vatism ( ,*ur* gramm>-s*ools4 ,n ev5 ! grave/ consequ5ces 9 view preclude (ficial resi/ance3 witness ! fact t ?\gh1 z already m5tion$1 ,pr(essor ,b>l[ report$ 9 #ahbj1 ( ! ,admiralty compasses !n 9 /ore1 t 8at lea/ "o-half 7 m]e lumb]10 yet not)/&+ ! con/ant risk ( %ipwrecks !nce aris+1 8v little amelioration 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s appe>s to h tak5 place until #ahch to #ahdj40cb ,nor is (ficial ob/ructiv5ess to be readily ov]borne ev5 by a p[]ful public op9ion3 witness ! fact t ?\gh1 = g5]ations1 n9e-t5?s ( ! nation h disapprov$ ?is ecclesia/ical sy/em :i* pamp]s ! drones & />ves ! work]s1 & ?\gh commissions h be5 appo9t$ to rectify x1 x /ill rema9s sub/antially z x #bec 03 witness aga9 ! fact t ?\gh1 s9ce #ahah1 !re h be5 a score attempts to rectify ! sc&al\s maladm9i/ration ( ,*>itable ,tru/s--?\gh t5 times 9 t5 successive ye>s1 rem$ial measures h be5 br\ght be=e ,p>liam5t--! abuses /ill cont9ue 9 all _! grossness4 ,n only d ^! legal in/rum5talities resi/ re=ms 9 !mselves1 b !y h9d] re=ms 9 o!r ?+s4 ,9 def5d+ _! ve/$ int]e/s ! cl]gy delay ! clos+ ( t[n burial-gr\nds4 ,z ,mr4 ,l9dsay c %[1 gov]nm5t emigration-ag5ts are *eck+ ! use ( iron = sail+-vessels4 ,excise (fic]s prev5t improvem5ts 9 ! processes !y h to ov]look4 ,t organic cons]vatism :i* is visible 9 ! daily conduct ( all m51 is an ob/acle :i* 9 private life self-int]e/ sl[ly ov]comes4 ,! prospect ( pr(it does1 9 ! end1 tea* f>m]s t deep dra9+ is good2 ?\gh x takes long to d ?is4 ,manufactur]s d1 ultimately1 le>n ! mo/ economical spe$ at :i* to "w _! /eam-eng9es2 ?\gh prec$5t has long misl$ !m4 ,b 9 ! public s]vice1 :]e !re is no self-int]e/ to ov]come x1 ?is cons]vatism ex]ts its full =ce2 & produces results alike disa/r\s & absurd4 ,= g5]ations aft] book-keep+ _h become univ]sal1 ! ,ex*equ] acc\nts 7 kept by not*es cut on /icks4 ,9 ! e/imates = ! curr5t ye> appe>s ! item1 8,trimm+ ! oil-lamps at ! ,horse-,gu>ds40 #cb 8,rudim5t>y ,magnetism10 by ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris4 ,"p ,,iii4 p4 #ade4 ,betwe5 ^! law-made ag5cies & ! spontane\sly =m$ ones1 :o !n c hesitate8 ,! "o class are sl[1 /upid1 extravagant1 unadaptive1 corrupt1 & ob/ructive3 c any po9t out 9 ! o!r1 vices t balance ^!8 ,x is true t trade has its di%one/ies1 speculation its follies4 ,^! are evils inevitably entail$ by ! exi/+ imp]fections ( humanity4 ,x is equally true1 h[ev]1 t ^! imp]fections ( humanity are %>$ by ,/ate-function>ies2 & t be+ un*eck$ 9 !m by ! same /]n discipl9e1 !y gr[ to f> worse results4 #bed ,giv5 a race ( m5 hav+ a c]ta9 proclivity to misconduct & ! "q is1 :e!r a society ( ^! m5 %all be s organiz$ t ill-conduct directly br+s puni%m5t1 or :e!r x %all be s organiz$ t puni%m5t is b remotely cont+5t on ill-conduct8 ,:i* w be ! mo/ heal?ful community--t 9 :i* ag5ts :o p]=m _! functions badly1 imm$iately suff] by ! )drawal ( public patronage2 or t 9 :i* su* ag5ts c be made to suff] only ?r\gh an app>atus ( meet+s1 petitions1 poll+ boo?s1 p>liam5t>y divisions1 cab9et-c\ncils1 & r$-tape docum5ts8 ,is x n an absurdly utopian hope t m5 w behave bett] :5 correction is f> remov$ & unc]ta9 ?an :5 x is ne> at h& & inevitable8 ,yet ?is is ! hope :i* mo/ political s*em]s unconsci\sly *]i%4 ,li/5 to _! plans1 & y f9d t j :at !y propose to h done1 !y assume ! appo9t$ ag5ts w d4 ,t function>ies are tru/wor?y is _! fir/ po/ulate4 ,d\btless c\ld good (fic]s be ensur$1 mu* might be said = (ficialism2 j z despotism w\ld h its advantages c\ld we ensure a good despot4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we w\ld duly appreciate ! contra/ betwe5 ! artificial modes & ! natural modes ( a*iev+ social desid]ata1 we mu/ look n only at ! vices ( ! "o b at ! virtues ( ! o!r4 ,^! are _m & important4 ,consid] fir/ h[ imm$iately e private ent]prise is dep5d5t on ! ne$ = x2 & h[ impossible x is = x to cont9ue if !re be no ne$4 ,daily are new trades & new companies e/abli%$4 ,if !y subs]ve "s exi/+ public want1 !y take root & gr[4 ,if !y d n1 !y die ( inanition4 ,x ne$s no agitation1 no act ( ,p>liam5t1 to put !m d[n4 ,z ) all natural organizations1 if !re is no function = !m no nutrim5t comes to !m1 & !y dw9dle away4 ,moreov]1 n only d ! new ag5cies disappe> if !y #bee are sup]flu\s1 b ! old ones cease to be :5 !y h done _! "w4 ,unlike public in/rum5talities--unlike ,h]alds' ,(fices1 :i* are ma9ta9$ = ages aft] h]aldry has lo/ all value--unlike ,ecclesia/ial ,c\rts1 :i* cont9ue to fl\ri% = g5]ations aft] !y h become an abom9ation2 ^! private in/rum5talities dissolve :5 !y become ne$less4 ,a widely ramifi$ coa*+-sy/em ceases to exi/ z soon z a m effici5t railway-sy/em comes into be+4 ,& n simply does x cease to exi/1 & to ab/ract funds1 b ! mat]ials ( :i* x 0 made are absorb$ & turn$ to use4 ,coa*m51 gu>ds1 & ! re/1 are employ$ to pr(it else:]e--d n cont9ue = tw5ty ye>s a burd51 l ! comp5sat$ (ficials ( "s aboli%$ dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,consid]1 aga91 h[ necess>ily ^! unorda9$ ag5cies fit !mselves to _! "w4 ,x is a law ( all organiz$ ?+s t effici5cy presupposes appr5tice%ip4 ,n only is x true t ! "y m]*ant mu/ beg9 by c>ry+ lett]s to ! po/1 t ! way to be a successful innkeep] is to comm5ce z wait]--n only is x true t 9 ! developm5t ( ! intellect !re mu/ come fir/ ! p]ceptions ( id5tity & duality1 next ( numb]1 & t )\t ^!1 ari?metic1 algebra1 & ! inf9itesimal calculus1 rema9 impracticable2 b x is true t !re is no "p ( an organism b beg9s 9 "s simple =m ) "s insignificant function1 & passes to its f9al /age ?r\gh successive phases ( complexity4 ,e he>t is at fir/ a m]e pulsatile sac2 e bra9 beg9s z a slight enl>gem5t ( ! sp9al *ord4 ,?is law equally ext5ds to ! social organism4 ,an in/rum5tality t is to "w well mu/ n be design$ & sudd5ly put toge!r by legislators1 b mu/ gr[ gradually f a g]m2 ea* successive addition mu/ be tri$ & prov$ good by exp]i5ce be=e ano!r addition is made2 & by ?is t5tative process only1 c an effici5t in/rum5tality be produc$4 ,f a #bef tru/wor?y man :o receives deposits ( money1 ins5sibly gr[s up a va/ bank+ sy/em1 ) its notes1 *ecks1 bills1 its complex transactions1 & its ,cle>+-h\se4 ,pack-horses1 !n waggons1 !n coa*es1 !n /eam-c>riages on common roads1 &1 f9ally1 /eam-c>riages on roads made = !m--su* has be5 ! sl[ g5esis ( our pres5t means ( communication4 ,n a trade 9 ! directory b has =m$ itself an app>atus ( manufactur]s1 brok]s1 travell]s1 & retail]s1 9 s gradual a way t no "o c trace ! /eps4 ,& s ) organizations ( ano!r ord]4 ,! ,zoological ,g>d5s began z ! private collection ( a few naturali/s4 ,! be/ work+-class s*ool kn[n--t at ,price's factory--comm5c$ ) half-a-doz5 boys sitt+ among ! c&le-boxes1 aft] h\rs1 to tea* !mselves writ+ ) worn-out p5s4 ,m>k1 too1 t z a consequ5ce ( _! mode ( gr[?1 ^! spontane\sly-=m$ ag5cies exp& to any ext5t requir$4 ,! same /imulus :i* br\ght !m into be+ makes !m s5d _! ramifications :]ev] !y are ne$$4 ,b supply does n ?us readily foll[ dem& 9 gov]nm5tal ag5cies4 ,appo9t a bo>d & a /aff1 fix _! duties1 & let ! app>atus h a g5]ation or two to consolidate1 & y _c get x to fulfil l>g] requirem5ts )\t "s act ( p>liam5t obta9$ only aft] long delay & difficulty4 ,7 !re space1 mu* m might be said ^u ! sup]iority ( :at naturali/s w\ld call ! exog5\s ord] ( in/itutions ov] ! endog5\s "o4 ,b1 f ! po9t ( view indicat$1 ! fur!r contra/s betwe5 _! *>act]i/ics w be suffici5tly visible4 ,h5ce !n ! fact1 t :ile ! "o ord] ( means is ev] fail+1 mak+ worse1 or produc+ m evils ?an x cures1 ! o!r ord] ( means is ev] succe$+1 ev] improv+4 ,/rong z x looks at ! outset1 ,/ate-ag5cy p]petually disappo9ts e "o4 ,puny z are its fir/ #beg /ages1 private ef=t daily a*ieves results t a/\nd ! _w4 ,x is n only t jo9t-/ock companies d s mu*--x is n only t by !m a :ole k+dom is cov]$ ) railways 9 ! same "t t x takes ! ,admiralty to build a hundr$-gun %ip2 b x is t public in/rum5talities are outdone ev5 by individuals4 ,! (t5 quot$ contra/ betwe5 ! ,academy ^: =ty memb]s took fifty-six ye>s to compile ! ,fr5* ,diction>y1 :ile ,dr4 ,johnson alone compil$ ! ,engli% "o 9 eight--a contra/ /ill m>k$ en\gh aft] mak+ due set-(f = ! diff]5ce 9 ! works--is by no means )\t p>allel4 ,t great sanit>y desid]atum--! br++ ( ! ,new ,riv] to ,london--:i* ! weal?ie/ corporation 9 ! _w attempt$ & fail$1 ,sir ,hugh ,myddleton a*iev$ s+le-h&$4 ,! fir/ canal 9 ,engl&--a "w ( :i* gov]nm5t might h be5 ?\ght ! fit projector1 & ! only compet5t executor--0 und]tak5 & f9i%$ z ! private speculation ( "o man--! ,duke ( ,bridgewat]4 ,by 8 own unaid$ ex]tions1 ,william ,smi? complet$ t great a*ievem5t1 ! geological map ( ,great ,brita92 mean:ile1 ! ,ordnance ,survey--a v accurate & elaborate "o1 x is true--has already occupi$ a l>ge /aff = "s two g5]ations1 & w n be complet$ be=e ! lapse ( ano!r4 ,h[>d & ! prisons ( ,europe2 ,bianconi & ,iri% travell+2 ,waghorn & ! ,ov]l& r\te2 ,d>gan & ! ,dubl9 ,exhibition--d n ^! sugge/ />tl+ contra/s8 ,:ile private g5tlem5 l ,mr4 ,d5ison1 build model lodg+-h\ses 9 :i* ! dea?s are greatly bel[ ! av]age1 ! ,/ate builds b>racks 9 :i* ! dea?s are greatly above ! av]age1 ev5 ( ! mu*-piti$ t[n populations3 b>racks :i*1 ?\gh fill$ ) pick$ m5 "u m$ical sup]vision1 %[ an annual mortality p] ?\s& ( #acf1 #agi & ev5 #bjd2 ?\gh among civilians ( ! same age 9 ! same places1 ! mortality #beh p] ?\s& is b #aai4cc ,:ile ! ,/ate has laid out l>ge sums at ,p>khur/ 9 ! ef=t to re=m juv5ile crim9als1 :o are n re=m$1 ,mr4 ,ellis takes fifte5 ( ! wor/ "y ?ieves 9 ,london--?ieves consid]$ by ! police irreclaimable--& re=ms !m all4 ,side by side ) ! ,emigration ,bo>d1 "u ^: managem5t hundr$s die ( fev] f close pack+1 & "u ^: lic5ce sail vessels :i*1 l ! ,wa%+ton1 are ! homes ( fraud1 brutality1 tyranny1 & obsc5ity1 /&s ,mrs4 ,*i%olm's ,family ,colonisation ,loan ,society1 :i* does n provide worse accommodation ?an ev] be=e b mu* bett]2 :i* does n demoralize by promiscu\s cr[d+ b improves by mild discipl9e2 :i* does n paup]ize by *>ity b enc\rages provid5ce2 :i* does n increase our taxes1 b is self-support+4 ,"h are lessons = ! lov]s ( legislation4 ,! ,/ate outdone by a work+ %oemak]6 ,! ,/ate beat5 by a woman6 ,/rong] /ill becomes ?is contra/ betwe5 ! results ( public action & private action1 :5 we rememb] t ! "o is con/antly ek$ out by ! o!r1 ev5 9 do+ ! ?+s unavoidably left to x4 ,pass+ ov] milit>y & naval dep>tm5ts1 9 :i* mu* is done by contractors & n by m5 receiv+ gov]nm5t pay1--pass+ ov] ! ,*ur*1 :i* is con/antly ext5d$ n by law b by volunt>y ef=t--pass+ ov] ! ,univ]sities1 :]e ! effici5t tea*+ is giv5 n by ! appo9t$ (fic]s b by private tutors2 let u look at ! mode 9 :i* our judicial sy/em is work$4 ,lawy]s p]petually tell u t codification is impossible2 & "s are simple en\gh to believe !m4 ,m]ely rem>k+1 9 pass+1 t :at gov]nm5t & all its employs _c d = ! ,acts ( ,p>liam5t 9 g5]al1 0 done = ! #aejj ,cu/oms acts 9 #ahbe by ! en]gy ( "o man--,mr4 ,deacon ,hume--let u see #bei h[ ! abs5ce ( a dige/$ sy/em ( law is made good4 ,9 prep>+ !mselves = ! b>1 & f9ally ! b5*1 law-/ud5ts1 by ye>s ( rese>*1 h to ga9 an acqua9tance ) ?is va/ mass ( unorganiz$ legislation2 & t organization :i* x is held impossible = ! ,/ate to effect1 x is held possible 7sly s>casm on ! ,/ate67 = ea* /ud5t to effect = himself4 ,e judge c privately codify1 ?\gh 8unit$ wisdom0 _c4 ,b h[ is ea* judge enabl$ to codify8 ,by ! private ent]prise ( m5 :o h prep>$ ! way = him2 by ! p>tial codifications ( ,black/one1 ,coke1 & o!rs2 by ! dige/s ( ,p>tn]%ip ,law1 ,bankruptcy ,law1 ,law ( ,pat5ts1 ,laws affect+ ,wom51 & ! re/ t daily issue f ! press2 by ab/racts ( cases1 & volumes ( reports--e "o ( !m un(ficial products4 ,sweep away all ^! fractional codifications made by individuals1 & ! ,/ate w\ld be 9 utt] ignorance ( its own laws6 ,_h n ! bungl+s ( legislators be5 made good by private ent]prise1 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice w\ld h be5 impossible6 #cc ,see 8,/ati/ical ,reports on ! ,sickness1 ,mortality1 & ,invalid+ among/ ! ,troops40 #ahec4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! w>rant = ! con/antly-propos$ ext5sions ( legislative action8 ,if1 z we h se5 9 a l>ge class ( cases1 gov]nm5t measures d n rem$y ! evils !y aim at2 if1 9 ano!r l>ge class1 !y make ^! evils worse in/ead ( rem$y+ !m2 & if1 9 a ?ird l>ge class1 :ile cur+ "s evils !y entail o!rs1 & (t5 great] ones--if1 z we lately saw1 public action is cont9ually outdone 9 effici5cy by private action2 & if1 z j %[n1 private action is oblig$ to make up = ! %ortcom+s ( public action1 ev5 9 fulfill+ ! vital functions ( ! ,/ate2 :at reason is !re = wi%+ m public adm9i/rations8 ,! advocates ( su* may claim cr$it = philan?ropy1 b n = wisdom2 unless wisdom is %[n by disreg>d+ exp]i5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 8,mu* ( ?is argum5t is beside ! "q10 w #bfj rejo9 our oppon5ts4 8,! true po9t at issue is1 n :e!r individuals & companies outdo ! ,/ate :5 !y come 9 competition ) x1 b :e!r !re are n c]ta9 social wants :i* ! ,/ate alone c satisfy4 ,admitt+ t private ent]prise does mu*1 & does x well1 x is nev]!less true t we h daily ?ru/ ^u our notice _m desid]ata :i* x has n a*iev$1 & is n a*iev+4 ,9 ^! cases its incompet5cy is obvi\s2 & 9 ^! cases1 !re=e1 x behoves ! ,/ate to make up = its defici5cies3 do+ ?is1 if n well1 yet z well z x c40 ,n to fall back ^u ! _m exp]i5ces already quot$1 %[+ t ! ,/ate is likely to d m h>m ?an good 9 attempt+ ?is2 nor to dwell ^u ! fact t1 9 mo/ ( ! alleg$ cases1 ! app>5t insuffici5cy ( private ent]prise is a result ( previ\s ,/ate-int]f]5ces1 z may be conclusively %[n2 let u deal ) ! proposition on its own t]ms4 ,?\gh !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ = a ,m]cantile ,m>9e ,act to prev5t ! unseawor?9ess ( %ips & ! ill-treatm5t ( sailors1 _h !re be5 no ,navigation ,laws to produce ^!2 & ?\gh 7 all l cases ( evils & %ortcom+s directly or indirectly produc$ by law1 tak5 out ( ! category1 !re w\ld probably rema9 b small basis = ! plea above put2 yet let x be grant$ t1 e artificial ob/acle hav+ be5 remov$1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 _m desid]ata una*iev$1 :i* !re 0 no see+ h[ spontane\s ef=t c\ld a*ieve4 ,let all ?is1 we say1 be grant$2 ! propriety ( legislative action may yet be rightly que/ion$4 ,= ! said plea involves ! unw>rantable assumption t social ag5cies w cont9ue to "w only z !y are n[ work+2 & w produce no results b ^? !y seem likely to produce4 ,x is ! habit ( ?is s*ool ( ?9k]s to make a limit$ human intellig5ce ! measure ( ph5om5a :i* x requires omnisci5ce to grasp4 #bfa ,t :i* x does n see ! way to1 x does n believe w take place4 ,?\gh society has1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 be5 gr[+ to developm5ts :i* none =esaw1 yet !re is no practical belief 9 un=ese5 developm5ts 9 ! future4 ,! p>liam5t>y debates con/itute an elaborate balanc+ ( probabilities1 hav+ = data ?+s z !y are4 ,mean:ile e day adds new elem5ts to ?+s z !y are1 & seem+ly improbable results con/antly occur4 ,:o1 a few ye>s ago1 expect$ t a ,leice/]-squ>e refugee w\ld %ortly become ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*8 ,:o look$ = free trade f a l&lords' m9i/ry8 ,:o dream$ t ,iri% ov]-population w\ld spontane\sly cure itself1 z x is n[ do+8 ,s f> f social *anges aris+ 9 likely ways1 !y usually arise 9 ways :i*1 to common s5se1 appe> unlikely4 ,a b>b]'s %op 0 n a probable-look+ place = ! g]m9ation ( ! cotton manufacture4 ,no "o suppos$ t important agricultural improvem5ts w\ld come f a ,lead5hall-/reet tradesman4 ,a f>m] w\ld h be5 ! la/ man ?\ght ( to br+ to be> ! screw propulsion ( /eam-%ips4 ,! inv5tion ( a new species ( ar*itecture we %\ld h hop$ f any "o r ?an a g>d5]4 ,yet :ile ! mo/ unexpect$ *anges are daily wr\ght out 9 ! /range/ ways1 legislation daily assumes t ?+s w g j z human =esight ?9ks !y w g4 ,?\gh by ! trite exclamation--8,:at w\ld our =efa!rs h said60 !re is a frequ5t ackn[l$gm5t ( ! fact t wond]ful results h be5 a*iev$ 9 modes :olly un=ese51 yet !re seems no belief t ?is w be aga94 ,w\ld x n be wise to admit su* a probability into our politics8 ,may we n rationally inf] t1 z 9 ! pa/ s 9 ! future8 ,?is /rong fai? 9 ,/ate-ag5cies is1 h[ev]1 accompani$ by s weak a fai? 9 natural ag5cies 7! two be+ antagoni/ic71 t1 spite ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 x w by #bfb _m be ?\ght absurd to re/ 9 ! conviction t exi/+ social ne$s w be spontane\sly met1 ?\gh we _c say h[ !y w be met4 ,nev]!less1 illu/rations exactly to ! po9t are n[ transpir+ be=e _! eyes4 ,in/ance ! sc>cely cr$ible ph5om5on lately witness$ 9 ! midl& c\nties4 ,e "o has he>d ( ! di/ress ( ! /ock+]s--a *ronic evil ( "s g5]ation or two's /&+4 ,repeat$ petitions h pray$ ,p>liam5t = rem$y2 & legislation has made attempts1 b )\t success4 ,! disease seem$ incurable4 ,two or ?ree ye>s s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! circul> knitt+ ma*9e 0 introduc$--a ma*9e imm5sely out/ripp+ ! old /ock+-frame 9 productiv5ess1 b :i* c make only ! legs ( /ock+s1 n ! feet4 ,d\btless1 ! ,leice/] & ,nott+ham artizans reg>d$ ?is new eng9e ) al>m1 z likely to int5sify _! mis]ies4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has :olly remov$ !m4 ,by *eap5+ production x has s enorm\sly increas$ consumption1 t ! old /ock+-frames1 :i* 7 be=e too _m by half = ! "w to be done1 are n[ all employ$ 9 putt+ feet to ! legs :i* ! new ma*9es make4 ,h[ insane w\ld he h be5 ?\ght :o anticipat$ cure f su* a cause6 ,if f ! un=ese5 removal ( evils we turn to ! un=ese5 a*ievem5t ( desid]ata1 we f9d l cases4 ,no "o recogniz$ 9 ,o]/$'s electro-magnetic discov]y ! g]m ( a new ag5cy = ! cat*+ ( crim9als & ! facilitation ( comm]ce4 ,no "o expect$ railways to become ag5ts = ! diffusion ( *eap lit]ature1 z !y n[ are4 ,no "o suppos$ :5 ! ,society ( ,arts 0 plann+ an int]national exhibition ( manufactures 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 t ! result w\ld be a place = popul> recreation & culture at ,syd5ham4 ,b !re is yet a deep] reply to ! appeals ( impati5t philan?ropi/s4 ,x is n simply t social vitality may be tru/$ by-&-by to fulfil ea* mu*-exagg]at$ #bfc requirem5t 9 "s quiet spontane\s way--x is n simply t :5 ?us naturally fulfill$ x w be fulfill$ effici5tly1 in/ead ( be+ bot*$ z :5 attempt$ artificially2 b x is t until ?us naturally fulfill$ x ought n to be fulfill$ at all4 ,a />tl+ p>adox1 ?is1 to _m2 b "o q ju/ifiable1 z we hope %ortly to %[4 ,x 0 po9t$ out "s di/ance back1 t ! =ce :i* produces & sets 9 motion e social me*anism--gov]nm5tal1 m]cantile1 or o!r--is "s accumulation ( p]sonal desires4 ,z !re is no individual action )\t a desire1 s1 x 0 urg$1 !re c be no social action )\t an aggregate ( desires4 ,to :i* !re "h rema9s to add1 t z x is a g5]al law ( ! individual t ! int5s] desires--^? correspond+ to all-ess5tial functions--are satisfi$ fir/1 & if ne$ be to ! neglect ( ! weak] & less important ones2 s1 x mu/ be a g5]al law ( society t ! *ief requisites ( social life--^? necess>y to popul> exi/5ce & multiplication--w1 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 be subs]v$ be=e ^? ( a less press+ k9d4 ,z ! private man fir/ ensures himself food2 !n clo?+ & %elt]2 ^! be+ secur$1 takes a wife2 &1 if he c af=d x1 pres5tly supplies himself ) c>pet$ rooms1 & piano1 & w9es1 hires s]vants & gives d9n] p>ties2 s1 9 ! evolution ( society1 we see fir/ a comb9ation = def5ce aga9/ enemies1 & = ! bett] pursuit ( game2 by-&-by come su* political arrangem5ts z are ne$$ to ma9ta9 ?is comb9ation2 aft]w>ds1 "u a dem& = m food1 m clo!s1 m h\ses1 arises division ( lab\r2 & :5 satisfaction ( ! animal wants has be5 provid$ =1 !re sl[ly gr[ up lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & ! arts4 ,is x n obvi\s t ^! successive evolutions occur 9 ! ord] ( _! importance8 ,is x n obvi\s1 t1 be+ ea* ( !m produc$ by an aggregate ( desires1 !y mu/ occur 9 ! ord] ( _! importance1 if x be a law ( ! individual t ! #bfd /ronge/ desires correspond to ! mo/ ne$ful actions8 ,is x n1 inde$1 obvi\s t ! ord] ( relative importance w be m uni=mly foll[$ 9 social action ?an 9 individual action2 see+ t ! p]sonal idiosyncrasies :i* di/urb t ord] 9 ! latt] case are av]ag$ 9 ! =m]8 ,if any "o does n see ?is1 let him take up a book describ+ life at ! gold-digg+s4 ,!re he w f9d ! :ole process exhibit$ 9 little4 ,he w read t z ! digg]s mu/ eat1 !y are compell$ to (f] su* prices = food t x pays bett] to keep a /ore ?an to dig4 ,z ! /ore-keep]s mu/ get supplies1 !y give enorm\s sums = c>riage f ! ne>e/ t[n2 & "s m51 quickly see+ !y c get ri* at t1 make x _! bus9ess4 ,?is br+s drays & horses into dem&2 ! high rates draw ^! f all qu>t]s2 &1 aft] !m1 :eelwrights & h>ness-mak]s4 ,blacksmi?s to %>p5 pickaxes1 doctors to cure fev]s1 get pay exorbitant 9 proportion to ! ne$ = !m2 & are s br\ght flock+ 9 proportionate numb]s4 ,pres5tly commodities become sc>ce2 m mu/ be fet*$ f abroad2 sailors mu/ h increas$ wages to prev5t !m f des]t+ & turn+ m9]s2 ?is necessitates high] *>ges = freight2 high] freights quickly br+ m %ips2 & s !re rapidly develops an organization = supply+ goods f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,e phase ( ?is evolution takes place 9 ! ord] ( its necessity2 or z we say--9 ! ord] ( ! int5sity ( ! desires subs]v$4 ,ea* man does t :i* he f9ds pays be/2 t :i* pays be/ is t = :i* o!r m5 w give mo/2 t = :i* !y w give mo/ is t :i*1 "u ! circum/ances1 !y mo/ desire4 ,h5ce ! succession mu/ be ?r\gh\t f ! m important to ! less important4 ,a requirem5t :i* at any p]iod rema9s unfulfill$1 mu/ be "o = ! fulfilm5t ( :i* m5 w n pay s mu* z to make x wor? any "o's :ile to fulfil x--mu/ be a less requirem5t ?an all ! #bfe o!rs = ! fulfilm5t ( :i* !y w pay m2 & mu/ wait until o!r m ne$ful ?+s are done4 ,well1 is x n cle> t ! same law holds good 9 e community8 ,is x n true ( ! latt] phases ( social evolution1 z ( ! e>li]1 t :5 ?+s are let alone ! small] desid]ata w be po/pon$ to ! great]4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ! ju/ification ( ! seem+ p>adox1 t until spontane\sly fulfill$ a public want %\ld n be fulfill$ at all4 ,x mu/1 on ! av]age1 result 9 our complex /ate1 z 9 simpl] ones1 t ! ?+ left undone is a ?+ by do+ :i* citiz5s _c ga9 s mu* z by do+ o!r ?+s--is !re=e a ?+ :i* society does n want done s mu* z x wants ^! o!r ?+s done2 & ! coroll>y is1 t to effect a neglect$ ?+ by artificially employ+ citiz5s to d x1 is to leave undone "s m important ?+ :i* !y w\ld h be5 do+--is to sacrifice ! great] requisite to ! small]4 8,b10 x w p]haps be object$1 8if ! ?+s done by a gov]nm5t1 or at lea/ by a repres5tative gov]nm5t1 are also done 9 ob$i5ce to "s aggregate desire1 :y may we n look = ?is normal subord9ation ( ! m ne$ful to ! less ne$ful 9 !m too80 ,! reply is1 t ?\gh !y h a c]ta9 t5d5cy to foll[ ?is ord]--?\gh ^? primal desires = public def5ce & p]sonal protection1 out ( :i* gov]nm5t orig9ates1 7 satisfi$ ?r\gh its in/rum5tality 9 prop] succession--?\gh1 possibly1 "s o!r e>ly & simple requirem5ts may h be5 s too2 yet1 :5 ! desires are n few1 univ]sal & int5se1 b1 l ^? rema9+ to be satisfi$ 9 ! latt] /ages ( civilization1 num]\s1 p>tial1 & mod]ate1 ! judgm5t ( a gov]nm5t is no long] to be tru/$4 ,to select out ( an imm5se numb] ( m9or wants1 physical1 intellectual1 & moral1 felt 9 diff]5t degrees by diff]5t classes1 & by a total mass v>y+ 9 e case1 ! want t is mo/ press+1 is a task :i* no legislature c accompli%4 ,no man or m5 #bff by inspect+ society c see :at x mo/ ne$s2 society mu/ be left to feel :at x mo/ ne$s4 ,! mode ( solution mu/ be exp]im5tal1 n !oretical4 ,:5 left1 day aft] day1 to exp]i5ce evils & dissatisfactions ( v>i\s k9ds1 affect+ !m 9 v>i\s degrees1 citiz5s gradually acquire repugnance to ^! proportionate to _! greatness1 & correspond+ desires to get rid ( !m1 :i* by spontane\sly fo/]+ rem$ial ag5cies are likely to end 9 ! wor/ inconv5i5ce be+ fir/ remov$4 ,& h[ev] irregul> ?is process may be 7& we admit t m5's habits & prejudices produce _m anomalies1 or seem+ anomalies1 9 x7 x is a process f> m tru/wor?y ?an are legislative judgm5ts4 ,= ^? :o "q ?is !re are in/ances2 &1 t ! p>allel may be ! m conclusive1 we w take a case 9 :i* ! rul+ p[] is deem$ specially fit to decide4 ,we ref] to our means ( communication4 ,d ^? :o ma9ta9 t railways w\ld h be5 bett] laid out & con/ruct$ by gov]nm5t1 hold t ! ord] ( importance w\ld h be5 z uni=mly foll[$ z x has be5 by private ent]prise8 ,"u ! /imulus ( an enorm\s traffic--a traffic too great = ! !n exi/+ means--! fir/ l9e sprung up betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]4 ,next came ! ,gr& ,junction & ! ,london & ,birm+ham 7n[ m]g$ 9 ! ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n72 aft]w>ds ! ,great ,we/]n1 ! ,s\? ,we/]n1 ! ,s\? ,ea/]n1 ! ,ea/]n ,c\nties1 ! ,midl&4 ,s9ce !n subsidi>y l9es & bran*es h occupi$ our capitali/s4 ,z !y 7 q c]ta9 to d1 companies made fir/ ! mo/ ne$$1 & !re=e ! be/ pay+1 l9es2 "u ! same impulse t a lab\r] *ooses high wages 9 pref]5ce to l[4 ,t gov]nm5t w\ld h adopt$ a bett] ord] c h>dly be1 = ! be/ has be5 foll[$2 b t x w\ld h adopt$ a worse1 all ! evid5ce we h goes to %[4 ,9 default ( mat]ials #bfg = a direct p>allel1 we might cite f ,india & ! colonies1 cases ( injudici\s road-mak+4 ,or1 z exemplify+ ,/ate-ef=ts to facilitate communication1 we might dwell on ! fact t :ile our rul]s h sacrific$ hundr$s ( lives & sp5t untold treasure 9 seek+ a ,nor?-we/ passage1 :i* w\ld be useless if f\nd1 !y h left ! exploration ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 & ! mak+ railways & canals ?r\gh x1 to private companies4 ,b1 n to make mu* ( ?is indirect evid5ce1 we w cont5t ourselves ) ! "o sample ( a ,/ate-made *annel = comm]ce1 :i* we h at home--! ,cal$onian ,canal4 ,up to ! pres5t "t 7#ahec71 ?is public "w has co/ upw>ds ( #a1ajj1jjjl4 ,x has n[ be5 op5 = _m ye>s1 & sal>i$ emiss>ies h be5 con/antly employ$ to get traffic = x4 ,! results1 z giv5 9 its =ty-sev5? annual report1 issu$ 9 #aheb1 are--receipts dur+ ! ye>1 #g1ijil42 exp5diture ditto1 #i1bfal4--loss1 #a1cebl4 ,has any su* l>ge inve/m5t be5 made ) su* a pitiful result by a private canal company8 ,& if a gov]nm5t is s bad a judge ( ! relative importance ( social requirem5ts1 :5 ^! requirem5ts are ( ! same k9d1 h[ wor?less a judge mu/ x be :5 !y are ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,if1 :]e a fair %>e ( intellig5ce might be expect$ to lead !m "r1 legislators & _! (fic]s g s wrong1 h[ t]ribly w !y err :]e no am\nt ( intellig5ce w\ld suffice !m1--:]e !y mu/ decide among ho/s ( ne$s1 bodily1 intellectual1 & moral1 :i* admit ( no direct comp>isons2 & h[ disa/r\s mu/ be ! results if !y act out _! errone\s decisions4 ,%\ld any "o ne$ ?is br++ home to him by an illu/ration1 let him read ! foll[+ extract f ! la/ ( ! s]ies ( lett]s "s "t s9ce publi%$ 9 ! ,morn+ ,*ronicle1 on ! /ate ( agriculture 9 ,france4 ,aft] express+ ! op9ion t ,fr5* f>m+ is "s c5tury beh9d ,engli% f>m+1 ! writ] goes on to say3 8,!re are two causes pr9cipally *>geable ) ?is4 ,9 ! fir/ #bfh place1 /range z x may seem 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* two-?irds ( ! population are agriculturi/s1 agriculture is a v unhon\r$ occupation4 ,develope 9 ! slighte/ degree a ,fr5*man's m5tal faculties1 & he flies to a t[n z surely z /eel fil+s fly to a load/one4 ,he has no rural ta/es1 no delight 9 rural habits4 ,a ,fr5* amateur f>m] w\ld inde$ be a sight to see4 ,aga91 ?is national t5d5cy is directly enc\rag$ by ! c5tralis+ sy/em ( gov]nm5t--by ! multitude ( (ficials1 & by ! paym5t ( all function>ies4 ,f all p>ts ( ,france1 m5 ( great en]gy & res\rce /ruggle up1 & fl+ !mselves on ! _w ( ,p>is4 ,!re !y try to become great function>ies4 ,?r\gh e dep>tm5t ( ! eighty-f\r1 m5 ( less en]gy & res\rce /ruggle up to ! *ef-lieu--! prov9cial capital4 ,!re !y try to become little function>ies4 ,g /ill l[]--deal ) a /ill small] scale--& ! result w be ! same4 ,z is ! dep>tm5t to ,france1 s is ! arrondissem5t to ! dep>tm5t1 & ! commune to ! arrondissem5t4 ,all :o h1 or ?9k !y h1 heads on _! %\ld]s1 /ruggle into t[ns to fight = (fice4 ,all :o are1 or are deem$ by !mselves or o!rs1 too /upid = any?+ else1 are left at home to till ! fields1 & bre$ ! cattle1 & prune ! v9es1 z _! ance/ors did = g5]ations be=e !m4 ,?us !re is actually no intellig5ce left 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! :ole en]gy1 & k1 & res\rce ( ! l& are b>rel$ up 9 ! t[ns4 ,y leave "o city1 & 9 _m cases y w n meet an educat$ or cultivat$ individual until y arrive at ano!r--all betwe5 is utt] intellectual b>r5ness40--,morn+ ,*ronicle4 ,augu/1 #ahea4 ,to :at end n[ is ?is con/ant ab/raction ( able m5 f rural di/ricts8 ,to ! end t !re may be en\gh function>ies to a*ieve ^? _m desid]ata :i* ,fr5* gov]nm5ts h ?\ght ought to be a*iev$--to provide amusem5ts1 to manage m9es1 to con/ruct roads & bridges1 to erect num]\s build+s--to pr9t books1 enc\rage ! f9e arts1 control ?is trade1 & inspect t manufacture--to d all ! hundr$-&-"o ?+s :i* ! ,/ate does 9 ,france4 ,t ! army ( (fic]s ne$$ = ?is may be ma9ta9$1 agriculture mu/ g un(fic]$4 ,t c]ta9 social conv5i5ces may be bett] secur$1 ! *ief social necessity is neglect$4 ,! v basis ( ! national life is sapp$1 to ga9 a few non-ess5tial advantages4 ,said we n truly1 !n1 t until a requirem5t is spontane\sly fulfill$1 x %\ld n be fulfill$ at all8 99 99 99 99 99 ,& "h inde$ we may recognise ! close k9%ip #bfi betwe5 ! fundam5tal fallacy involv$ 9 ^! ,/ate-m$dl+s & ! fallacy lately explod$ by ! free-trade agitation4 ,^! v>i\s law-made in/rum5talities = effect+ ends :i* might o!rwise n yet be effect$1 all embody a subtl] =m ( ! protectioni/ hypo!sis4 ,! same %ort-sight$ness :i*1 look+ at comm]ce1 prescrib$ b\nties & re/rictions1 look+ at social affairs 9 g5]al1 prescribes ^! multipli$ adm9i/rations2 & ! same criticism applies alike to all its proce$+s4 ,= 0 n ! error t vitiat$ e law aim+ at ! artificial ma9t5ance ( a trade1 sub/antially t :i* we h j be5 dwell+ ^u2 namely1 ?is ov]look+ ( ! fact t1 9 sett+ p to d "o ?+1 "s o!r ?+ is inevitably left undone8 ,! /atesm5 :o ?\ght x wise to protect home-made silks aga9/ ,fr5* silks1 did s "u ! impression t ! manufacture ?us secur$ con/itut$ a pure ga9 to ! nation4 ,!y did n reflect t ! m5 employ$ 9 ?is manufacture w\ld o!rwise h be5 produc+ some?+ else--a some?+ else :i*1 z !y c\ld produce x )\t legal help1 !y c\ld m pr(itably produce4 ,l&lords :o h be5 s anxi\s to prev5t =eign :eat f displac+ _! own :eat1 h nev] duly realiz$ ! fact t if _! fields w\ld n yield :eat s economically z to prev5t ! fe>$ displacem5t1 x simply prov$ t !y 7 gr[+ unfit crops 9 place ( fit crops2 & s work+ _! l& at a relative loss4 ,9 all cases :]e1 by re/rictive duties1 a trade has be5 upheld t w\ld o!rwise n h exi/$1 capital has be5 turn$ into a *annel less productive ?an "s o!r into :i* x w\ld naturally h fl[$4 ,& s1 to pursue c]ta9 ,/ate-patroniz$ occupations1 m5 h be5 drawn f m advantage\s occupations4 ,cle>ly !n1 z above alleg$1 ! same ov]sight runs ?r\gh all ^! int]f]5ces2 be !y ) comm]ce1 or be !y ) o!r ?+s4 ,9 employ+ p to a*ieve #bgj ?is or t desid]atum1 legislators h n p]ceiv$ t !y 7 !reby prev5t+ ! a*ievem5t ( "s o!r desid]atum4 ,!y h habitually assum$ t ea* propos$ good w\ld1 if secur$1 be a pure good1 in/ead ( be+ a good pur*asable only by submission to "s evil :i* w\ld else h be5 rem$i$2 &1 mak+ ?is error1 h injuri\sly div]t$ m5's lab\r4 ,z 9 trade1 s 9 o!r ?+s1 lab\r w spontane\sly f9d out1 bett] ?an any gov]nm5t c f9d out = x1 ! ?+s on :i* x may be/ exp5d itself4 ,rightly reg>d$1 ! two propositions are id5tical4 ,?is division into comm]cial & non-comm]cial affairs is q a sup]ficial "o4 ,all ! actions go+ on 9 society come "u ! g5]alization--human ef=t m9i/]+ to human desire4 ,:e!r ! m9i/ration be effect$ ?r\gh a process ( buy+ & sell+1 or :e!r 9 any o!r way1 matt]s n s f> z ! g5]al law ( x is conc]n$4 ,9 all cases x mu/ be true t ! /rong] desires w get !mselves satisfi$ be=e ! weak] ones2 & 9 all cases x mu/ be true t to get satisfaction = ! weak] ones be=e !y w\ld naturally h x1 is to d5y satisfaction to ! /rong] ones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! imm5se positive evils entail$ by ov]-legislation h to be add$ ! equally great negative evils--evils :i*1 not)/&+ _! greatness1 are sc>cely at all recogniz$1 ev5 by ! f>-see+4 ,:ile ! ,/ate does ^? ?+s :i* x ought n to d1 z an inevitable consequ5ce1 x leaves undone ^? ?+s :i* x ought to d4 ,"t & activity be+ limit$1 x necess>ily foll[s t legislators' s9s ( commission entail s9s ( omission4 ,mis*iev\s m$dl+ involves disa/r\s neglect2 & until /atesm5 are ubiquit\s & omnipot5t1 mu/ ev] d s4 ,9 ! v nature ( ?+s an ag5cy employ$ = two purposes mu/ fulfil bo? imp]fectly2 p>tly because1 :ile fulfill+ ! "o x _c be fulfill+ #bga ! o!r1 & p>tly because its adaptation to bo? ends implies incomplete fitness = ei!r4 ,z has be5 well said propos ( ?is po9t1--8,a blade :i* is design$ bo? to %ave & to c>ve1 w c]ta9ly n %ave s well z a razor or c>ve s well z a c>v+-knife4 ,an academy ( pa9t+1 :i* %\ld also be a bank1 w\ld 9 all probability exhibit v bad pictures & disc\nt v bad bills4 ,a gas company1 :i* %\ld also be an infant-s*ool society1 w\ld1 we appreh5d1 light ! /reets ill1 & tea* ! *ildr5 ill40#cd ,& if an in/itution und]takes1 n two functions b a score--if a gov]nm5t1 ^: (fice x is to def5d citiz5s aga9/ aggressors1 =eign & dome/ic1 engages also to dissem9ate ,*ri/ianity1 to adm9i/] *>ity1 to tea* *ildr5 _! lessons1 to adju/ prices ( food1 to inspect coal-m9es1 to regulate railways1 to sup]9t5d h\se-build+1 to arrange cab-f>es1 to look into p's /9k-traps1 to vacc9ate _! *ildr51 to s5d out emigrants1 to prescribe h\rs ( lab\r1 to exam9e lodg+-h\ses1 to te/ ! k ( m]cantile capta9s1 to provide public libr>ies1 to read & au?orize dramas1 to inspect pass5g]-%ips1 to see t small dwell+s are suppli$ ) wat]1 to regulate endless ?+s f a bank]'s issues d[n to ! boat-f>es on ! ,s]p5t9e--is x n manife/ t its prim>y duty mu/ be ill-dis*>g$ 9 proportion to ! multiplicity ( affairs x busies itself )8 ,mu/ n its "t & en]gies be fritt]$ away 9 s*emes1 & inquiries1 & am5dm5ts1 9 discussions1 & divisions1 to ! neglect ( its ess5tial bus9ess8 ,& does n a glance ov] ! debates make x cle> t ?is is ! fact8 & t1 :ile p>liam5t & public are alike occupi$ ) ^! mis*iev\s int]f]5ces1 ^! ,utopian hopes1 ! "o ?+ ne$ful is left almo/ undone8 #cd ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,april1 #ahci4 ,see "h1 !n1 ! proximate cause ( our legal abom9ations4 ,we drop ! sub/ance 9 our ef=ts to cat* %ad[s4 ,:ile our firesides1 & clubs1 & tav]ns are #bgb fill$ ) talk ab\t corn-law que/ions1 & *ur* que/ions1 & education que/ions1 & poor-law que/ions--all ( !m rais$ by ov]-legislation--! ju/ice "q gets sc>cely any att5tion2 & we daily submit to be oppress$1 *eat$1 robb$4 ,?is in/itution :i* %\ld succ\r ! man :o has fall5 among ?ieves1 turns him ov] to solicitors1 b>ri/]s1 & a legion ( law-(fic]s2 dra9s 8 purse = writs1 briefs1 affidavits1 subpnas1 fees ( all k9ds & exp5ses innum]able2 involves him 9 ! intricacies ( common c\rts1 *anc]y c\rts1 suits1 c\nt]-suits1 & appeals2 & (t5 ru9s :]e x %\ld aid4 ,mean:ile1 meet+s are call$1 & lead+ articles writt51 & votes ask$1 & societies =m$1 & agitations c>ri$ on1 n to rectify ^! gigantic evils1 b p>tly to aboli% our ance/ors' mis*iev\s m$dl+s & p>tly to e/abli% m$dl+s ( our own4 ,is x n obvi\s t ?is fatal neglect is a result ( ?is mi/ak5 (fici\sness8 ,suppose t ext]nal & int]nal protection _h be5 ! sole recogniz$ functions ( ! rul+ p[]s4 ,is x conceivable t our adm9i/ration ( ju/ice w\ld h be5 z corrupt z n[8 ,c any "o believe t _h p>liam5t>y elections be5 habitually conte/$ on que/ions ( legal re=m1 our judicial sy/em w\ld /ill h be5 :at ,sir ,john ,romilly calls x1--8a te*nical sy/em inv5t$ = ! creation ( co/s80 ,does any "o suppose t1 if ! effici5t def5ce ( p]son & prop]ty _h be5 ! con/ant subject-matt] ( hu/+s pl$ges1 we %\ld yet be waylaid by a ,*anc]y ,c\rt :i* has n[ m ?an two hundr$ millions ( prop]ty 9 its clut*es8--:i* keeps suits p5d+ fifty ye>s1 until all ! funds are gone 9 fees--:i* swall[s 9 co/s two millions annually8 ,d>e any "o ass]t t _h con/itu5cies be5 always canvass$ on pr9ciples ( law-re=m v]sus law-cons]vatism1 ,ecclesia/ical ,c\rts w\ld h cont9u$ = c5turies fatt5+ on ! goods ( wid[s & orphans8 ,! que/ions are next to absurd4 ,a *ild may #bgc see t ) ! g5]al k p h ( legal corruptions & ! univ]sal dete/ation ( legal atrocities1 an end w\ld long s9ce h be5 put to !m1 _h ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice always be5 ! political topic4 ,_h n ! public m9d be5 con/antly pre-occupi$1 x c\ld nev] h be5 tol]at$ t a man neglect+ to file an answ] to a bill 9 due c\rse1 %\ld be imprison$ fifte5 ye>s = contempt ( c\rt1 z ,mr4 ,james ,taylor 04 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible t1 on ! abolition ( _! s9ecures1 ! sworn-cl]ks %\ld h be5 comp5sat$ by ! cont9uance ( _! exorbitant incomes1 n only till dea?1 b = sev5 ye>s aft]1 at a total e/imat$ co/ ( #gjj1jjj4 ,7 ! ,/ate conf9$ to its def5sive & judicial functions1 n only ! p b legislators !mselves w\ld agitate aga9/ abuses4 ,! sph]e ( activity & ! opportunities = di/9ction be+ n>r[$1 all ! ?\ght1 & indu/ry1 & eloqu5ce :i* memb]s ( ,p>liam5t n[ exp5d on impracticable s*emes & artificial grievances1 w\ld be exp5d$ 9 r5d]+ ju/ice pure1 c]ta91 prompt1 & *eap4 ,! complicat$ follies ( our legal v]biage1 :i* ! un9itiat$ _c und]/& & :i* ! initiat$ int]pret 9 v>i\s s5ses1 w\ld be quickly put an end to4 ,we %\ld no long] frequ5tly he> ( ,acts ( ,p>liam5t s bungl+ly drawn up t x requires half a doz5 actions & judges' decisions "u !m1 be=e ev5 lawy]s c say h[ !y apply4 ,!re w\ld be no su* /upidly-design$ measures z ! ,railway ,w9d+-up ,act1 :i*1 ?\gh pass$ 9 #ahdf to close ! acc\nts ( ! bubble s*emes ( ! mania1 leaves !m /ill unsettl$ 9 #ahed--:i*1 ev5 ) funds 9 h&1 )holds paym5t f cr$itors ^: claims h be5 ye>s s9ce admitt$4 ,lawy]s w\ld no long] be suff]$ to ma9ta9 & to complicate ! pres5t absurd sy/em ( l& titles1 :i*1 besides ! litigation & loss x p]petually causes1 l[]s ! value ( e/ates1 prev5ts ! #bgd ready application ( capital to !m1 *ecks ! developm5t ( agriculture1 & ?us h9d]s ! improvem5t ( ! peasantry & ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 %ort1 ! corruptions1 follies1 & t]rors ( law w\ld cease2 & t :i* m5 n[ %r9k f z an enemy !y w\ld come to reg>d z :at x purports to be--a fri5d4 ,h[ va/ !n is ! negative evil :i*1 9 addition to ! positive evils be=e enum]at$1 ?is m$dl+ policy entails on u6 ,h[ _m are ! grievances m5 be>1 f :i* !y w\ld o!rwise be free6 ,:o is !re t has n submitt$ to injuries r ?an run ! risk ( heavy law-co/s8 ,:o is !re t has n ab&on$ j claims r ?an 8?r[ good money aft] bad80 ,:o is !re t has n paid unju/ dem&s r ?an )/& ! ?reat ( an action8 ,?is man c po9t to prop]ty t has be5 ali5at$ f 8 family f lack ( funds or c\rage to fight = x4 ,t man c "n sev]al relations ru9$ by a law-suit4 ,"h is a lawy] :o has gr[n ri* on ! h>d e>n+s ( ! ne$y & ! sav+s ( ! oppress$4 ,!re is a once weal?y trad] :o has be5 br\ght by legal iniquities to ! workh\se or ! lunatic asylum4 ,! badness ( our judicial sy/em vitiates our :ole social life3 r5d]s almo/ e family poor] ?an x w\ld o!rwise be2 hamp]s almo/ e bus9ess transaction2 inflicts daily anxieties on e trad]4 ,& all ?is loss ( prop]ty1 "t1 temp]1 com=t1 m5 quietly submit to f be+ absorb$ 9 ! pursuit ( s*emes :i* ev5tually br+ on !m o!r mis*iefs4 ,nay1 ! case is ev5 worse4 ,x is di/9ctly proveable t _m ( ^! evils ab\t :i* outcries are rais$1 & to cure :i* special ,acts ( ,p>liam5t are l\dly invok$1 are !mselves produc$ by our disgraceful judicial sy/em4 ,= example1 x is well kn[n t ! horrors out ( :i* our sanit>y agitators make political capital1 #bge are f\nd 9 _! greate/ int5sity on prop]ties t h be5 = a g5]ation 9 ,*anc]y--are di/9ctly traceable to ! ru9 ?us br\ght ab\t2 & w\ld nev] h exi/$ b = ! infam\s corruptions ( law4 ,aga91 x has be5 %[n t ! long-drawn mis]ies ( ,irel&1 :i* h be5 ! subject ( endless legislation1 h be5 ma9ly produc$ by inequitable l&-t5ure & ! complicat$ sy/em ( entail3 a sy/em :i* wr\ght su* involvem5ts z to prev5t sales2 :i* practically negativ$ all improvem5t2 :i* br\ght l&lords to ! workh\se2 & :i* requir$ an ,incumb]$ ,e/ates ,act to cut its gordian knots & r5d] ! prop] cultivation ( ! soil possible4 ,judicial neglig5ce1 too1 is ! ma9 cause ( railway accid5ts4 ,if ! ,/ate w\ld fulfil its true function1 by giv+ pass5g]s an easy rem$y = brea* ( contract :5 tra9s are beh9d "t1 x w\ld d m to prev5t accid5ts ?an c be done by ! m9ute/ inspection or ! mo/ cunn+ly-devis$ regulations2 = x is notori\s t ! majority ( accid5ts are prim>ily caus$ by irregul>ity4 ,9 ! case ( bad h\se-build+1 also1 x is obvi\s t a *eap1 rigor\s1 & c]ta9 adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 w\ld make ,build+ ,acts ne$less4 ,= is n ! man :o erects a h\se ( bad mat]ials ill put toge!r1 &1 conceal+ ^! ) pap]+ & pla/]1 sells x z a sub/antial dwell+1 guilty ( fraud8 ,& %\ld n ! law recognize ?is fraud z x does 9 ! analog\s case ( an uns\nd horse8 ,& if ! legal rem$y 7 easy1 prompt1 & sure1 w\ld n build]s cease transgress+8 ,s is x 9 o!r cases3 ! evils :i* m5 p]petually call on ! ,/ate to cure by sup]9t5d5ce1 !mselves arise f non-p]=mance ( its orig9al duty4 ,see !n h[ ?is vici\s policy complicates itself4 ,n only does m$dl+ legislation fail to cure ! evils x aims at2 n only does x make _m evils worse2 n only does x create new evils great] ?an ! old2 b :ile do+ #bgf ?is x entails on m5 ! oppressions1 robb]ies1 ru91 :i* fl[ f ! non-adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,& n only to ! positive evils does x add ?is va/ negative "o1 b ?is aga91 by fo/]+ _m social abuses t w\ld n else exi/1 furni%es occasions = m m$dl+s :i* aga9 act & re-act 9 ! same way4 ,& ?us z ev]1 8?+s bad begun make /rong !mselves by ill40 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] assign+ reasons ?us fundam5tal1 = condemn+ all ,/ate-action save t :i* univ]sal exp]i5ce has prov$ to be absolutely ne$ful1 x w\ld seem sup]flu\s to assign subord9ate ones4 ,7 x call$ =1 we might1 tak+ = text ,mr4 ,l9dsay's "w on 8,navigation & ,m]cantile ,m>9e ,law10 say mu* ^u ! complexity to :i* ?is process ( add+ regulation to regulation--ea* necessitat$ by =ego+ ones--ultimately leads3 a complexity :i*1 by ! misund]/&+s1 delays1 & disputes x entails1 greatly hamp]s our social life4 ,some?+1 too1 might be add$ ^u ! p]turb+ effects ( t 8gross delusion10 z ,m4 ,guizot calls x1 8a belief 9 ! sov]eign p[] ( political ma*9]y0--a delusion to :i* he p>tly ascribes ! late revolution 9 ,france2 & a delusion :i* is fo/]$ by e new int]f]5ce4 ,b1 pass+ ov] ^!1 we w\ld dwell = a %ort space ^u ! national en]vation :i* ?is ,/ate-sup]9t5d5ce produces4 ,! en?usia/ic philan?ropi/1 urg5t = "s act ( p>liam5t to rem$y ?is evil or secure ! o!r good1 ?9ks x a trivial & f>-fet*$ objection t ! p w be morally injur$ by do+ ?+s = !m in/ead ( leav+ !m to d ?+s !mselves4 ,he vividly conceives ! b5efit he hopes to get a*iev$1 :i* is a positive & readily imag9able ?+4 ,he does n conceive ! diffus$1 invisible1 & sl[ly-accumulat+ effect wr\ght on ! popul> m9d1 & s does n believe 9 x2 or1 if he admits x1 ?9ks x b5ea? consid]ation4 ,w\ld he b #bgg rememb]1 h[ev]1 t all national "* is gradually produc$ by ! daily action ( circum/ances1 ( :i* ea* day's result seems s insignificant z n to be wor? m5tion+1 he w\ld p]ceive t :at is trifl+ :5 view$ 9 its increm5ts may be =midable :5 view$ 9 its total4 ,or if he w\ld g into ! nurs]y1 & wat* h[ repeat$ actions--ea* ( !m app>5tly unimportant1--create1 9 ! end1 a habit :i* w affect ! :ole future life2 he w\ld be rem9d$ t e influ5ce br\ght to be> on human nature tells1 &1 if cont9u$1 tells s]i\sly4 ,! ?\ghtless "m :o h\rly yields to ! reque/s--8,mamma1 tie my p9a=e10 8,mamma1 button my %oe10 & ! l1 _c be p]suad$ t ea* ( ^! concessions is detrim5tal2 b ! wis] spectator sees t if ?is policy be long pursu$1 & be ext5d$ to o!r ?+s1 x w end 9 inaptitude4 ,! tea*] ( ! old s*ool :o %[$ 8 pupil ! way out ( e difficulty1 did n p]ceive t he 0 g5]at+ an attitude ( m9d greatly militat+ aga9/ success 9 life4 ,! mod]n tea*]1 h[ev]1 induces 8 pupil to solve 8 difficulties himself2 believes t 9 s do+ he is prep>+ him to meet ! difficulties :i*1 :5 he goes into ! _w1 !re w be no "o to help him ?r\gh2 & f9ds confirmation = ?is belief 9 ! fact t a great proportion ( ! mo/ successful m5 are self-made4 ,well1 is x n obvi\s t ?is relation%ip betwe5 discipl9e & success holds good nationally8 ,are n nations made ( m52 & are n m5 subject to ! same laws ( modification 9 _! adult ye>s z 9 _! e>ly ye>s8 ,is x n true ( ! drunk>d1 t ea* c>\se adds a ?read to 8 bonds8 ( ! trad]1 t ea* acquisition /r5g!ns ! wi% = acquisitions8 ( ! paup]1 t ! m y assi/ him ! m he wants8 ( ! busy man1 t ! m he has to d ! m he c d8 ,& does x n foll[ t if e individual is subject to ?is process ( adaptation to conditions1 a :ole nation mu/ be #bgh s--t j 9 proportion z its memb]s are little help$ by extrane\s p[] !y w become self-help+1 & 9 proportion z !y are mu* help$ !y w become helpless8 ,:at folly is x to ignore ^! results because !y are n direct1 & n imm$iately visible4 ,?\gh sl[ly wr\ght out !y are inevitable4 ,we c no m elude ! laws ( human developm5t ?an we c elude ! law ( gravitation2 & s long z !y hold true mu/ ^! effects occur4 ,if we are ask$ 9 :at special directions ?is alleg$ helplessness1 entail$ by mu* ,/ate-sup]9t5d5ce1 %[s itself2 we reply t x is se5 9 a ret>dation ( all social gr[?s requir+ self-confid5ce 9 ! p--9 a timidity t fe>s all difficulties n be=e enc\nt]$--9 a ?\ghtless cont5tm5t ) ?+s z !y are4 ,let any "o1 aft] duly wat*+ ! rapid evolution go+ on 9 ,engl&1 :]e m5 h be5 comp>atively little help$ by gov]nm5ts--or bett] /ill1 aft] contemplat+ ! unp>allel$ progress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* is peopl$ by self-made m51 & ! rec5t desc5dants ( self-made m52--let su* an "o1 we say1 g on to ! ,cont95t1 & consid] ! relatively sl[ advance :i* ?+s are !re mak+2 & ! /ill sl[] advance !y w\ld make b = ,engli% ent]prise4 ,let him g to ,holl&1 & see t ?\gh ! ,dut* e>ly %[$ !mselves good me*anics1 & h _h abundant practice 9 hydraulics1 ,am/]dam has be5 )\t any due supply ( wat] until n[ t works are be+ e/abli%$ by an ,engli% company4 ,let him g to ,b]l91 & !re be told t1 to give t city a wat]-supply su* z ,london has _h = g5]ations1 ! project ( an ,engli% firm is ab\t to be execut$ by ,engli% capital1 "u ,engli% sup]9t5d5ce4 ,let him g to ,vi5na1 & le>n t x1 9 common ) o!r cont95tal cities1 is light$ by an ,engli% gas-company4 ,let him g on ! ,rhone1 on ! ,loire1 on ! ,danube1 & discov] t ,engli%m5 e/abli%$ /eam #bgi navigation on ^? riv]s4 ,let him inquire conc]n+ ! railways 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,france1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 h[ _m ( !m are ,engli% projects1 h[ _m h be5 l>gely help$ by ,engli% capital1 h[ _m h be5 execut$ by ,engli% contractors1 h[ _m h _h ,engli% eng9e]s4 ,let him discov]1 too1 z he w1 t :]e railways h be5 gov]nm5t-made1 z 9 ,russia1 ! en]gy1 ! p]sev]ance1 & ! practical tal5t develop$ 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 call$ 9 to aid4 ,& !n if ^! illu/rations ( ! progressiv5ess ( a self-dep5d5t race1 & ! torpidity ( pat]nally-gov]n$ ones1 d n suffice him1 he may read ,mr4 ,la+'s successive volumes ( ,european travel1 & !re /udy ! contra/ 9 detail4 ,:at1 n[1 is ! cause ( ?is contra/8 ,9 ! ord] ( nature1 a capacity = self-help mu/ 9 e case h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce by ! practice ( self-help2 &1 o!r ?+s equal1 a lack ( ?is capacity mu/ 9 e case h aris5 f ! lack ( dem& = x4 ,d n ^! two antec$5ts & _! two consequ5ts agree ) ! facts z pres5t$ 9 ,engl& & ,europe8 ,7 n ! inhabitants ( ! two1 "s c5turies ago1 mu* ^u a p> 9 po9t ( ent]prise8 ,7 n ! ,engli% ev5 beh9d 9 _! manufactures1 9 _! colonization1 9 _! comm]ce8 ,has n ! imm5se relative *ange ! ,engli% h und]gone 9 ?is respect1 be5 co9cid5t ) ! great relative self-dep5d5ce !y h be5 s9ce habituat$ to8 ,& has n ! "o be5 caus$ by ! o!r8 ,:oev] d\bts x1 is ask$ to assign a m probable cause4 ,:oev] admits x1 mu/ admit t ! en]vation ( a p by p]petual ,/ate-aids is n a trifl+ consid]ation1 b ! mo/ weighty consid]ation4 ,a g5]al arre/ ( national gr[? he w see to be an evil great] ?an any special b5efits c comp5sate =4 ,&1 inde$1 :51 aft] contemplat+ ?is great fact1 ! ov]spread+ ( ! ,e>? by ! ,engli%1 he rem>ks ! #bhj abs5ce ( any p>allel a*ievem5t by a cont95tal race--:5 he reflects h[ ?is diff]5ce mu/ dep5d *iefly on diff]5ce ( "*1 & h[ su* diff]5ce ( "* has be5 ma9ly produc$ by diff]5ce ( discipl9e2 he w p]ceive t ! policy pursu$ 9 ?is matt] may h a l>ge %>e 9 det]m9+ a nation's ultimate fate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are n sangu9e1 h[ev]1 t argum5t w *ange ! convictions ( ^? :o put _! tru/ 9 legislation4 ,) m5 ( a c]ta9 ord] ( ?\ght ! =ego+ reasons w h weight4 ,) m5 ( ano!r ord] ( ?\ght !y w h little or none2 nor w\ld any accumulation ( su* reasons affect !m4 ,! tru? t exp]i5ce tea*es1 has its limits4 ,! exp]i5ces :i* tea*1 mu/ be exp]i5ces :i* c be appreciat$2 & exp]i5ces exce$+ a c]ta9 degree ( complexity become inappreciable to ! majority4 ,x is ?us ) mo/ social ph5om5a4 ,if we rememb] t = ^! two ?\s& ye>s & m1 mank9d h be5 mak+ regulations = comm]ce1 :i* h all along be5 /rangl+ "s trades & kill+ o!rs ) k9dness1 & t ?\gh ! pro(s ( ?is h be5 con/antly be=e _! eyes1 !y h only j discov]$ t !y h be5 uni=mly do+ mis*ief--if we rememb] t ev5 n[ only a small portion ( !m see ?is2 we are taught t p]petually-repeat$ & ev]-accumulat+ exp]i5ces w fail to tea*1 until !re exi/ ! m5tal conditions requir$ = ! assimilation ( !m4 ,nay1 :5 !y are assimilat$1 x is v imp]fectly4 ,! tru? !y tea* is only half und]/ood1 ev5 by ^? suppos$ to und]/& x be/4 ,= example1 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 9 "o ( 8 la/ spee*es1 aft] describ+ ! imm5sely increas$ consumption consequ5t on free trade1 goes on to say3 8,if1 !n1 y c only cont9ue t consumption--if1 by y\r legislation1 "u ! fav\r ( ,provid5ce1 y c ma9ta9 ! dem& = lab\r & make y\r trade & manufactures prosp]\s1 y are n only increas+ ! #bha sum ( human happ9ess1 b are giv+ ! agriculturi/s ( ?is c\ntry ! be/ *ance ( t increas$ dem& :i* mu/ contribute to _! welf>e40--,times1 ,feb4 #bb1 #ahej4 ,?us ! prosp]ity really due to ! ab&onm5t ( all legislation1 is ascrib$ to a p>ticul> k9d ( legislation4 8,y c ma9ta9 ! dem&10 he says2 8y c make trade & manufactures prosp]\s20 :]eas1 ! facts he quotes prove t !y c d ?is only by do+ no?+4 ,! ess5tial tru? ( ! matt]--t law _h be5 do+ imm5se h>m1 & t ?is prosp]ity result$ n f law b f ! abs5ce ( law--is miss$2 & 8 fai? 9 legislation 9 g5]al1 :i* %\ld1 by ?is exp]i5ce1 h be5 greatly %ak51 seem+ly rema9s z /rong z ev]4 ,"h1 aga91 is ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 app>5tly n yet believ+ 9 ! relation%ip ( supply & dem&1 adopt+ )9 ^! few weeks ! /&+ ord] 8,t be=e ! fir/ read+ ( any bill = mak+ any "w 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* compulsory p[] is s\ght to take ?irty h\ses or m inhabit$ by ! lab\r+ classes 9 any "o p>i% or place1 ! promot]s be requir$ to deposit 9 ! (fice ( ! cl]k ( ! p>liam5ts a /atem5t ( ! numb]1 description1 & situation ( ! said h\ses1 ! numb] 7s f> z !y c be e/imat$7 ( p]sons to be displac$1 & :e!r any & :at provision is made 9 ! bill = rem$y+ ! inconv5i5ce likely to arise f su* displacem5ts40 ,if1 !n1 9 ! comp>atively simple relation%ips ( trade1 ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce rema9 = s _m ages unp]ceiv$1 & are s imp]fectly appreh5d$ :5 !y are p]ceiv$1 x is sc>cely to be hop$ t :]e all social ph5om5a--moral1 intellectual1 & physical--are involv$1 any due appreciation ( ! tru?s display$ w pres5tly take place4 ,! facts _c yet get recogniz$ z facts4 ,z ! al*emi/ attribut$ 8 successive disappo9tm5ts to "s disproportion 9 ! +r$i5ts1 "s impurity1 or "s too great temp]ature1 & nev] to ! futility ( 8 process or ! impossibility ( 8 aim2 s1 e failure ( ,/ate-regulations ! law-wor%ipp] expla9s away z be+ caus$ by ?is trifl+ ov]sight1 or t little #bhb mi/ake3 all :i* ov]sights & mi/akes he assures y w 9 future be avoid$4 ,elud+ ! facts z he does aft] ?is fa%ion1 volley aft] volley ( !m produce no effect4 ,inde$ ?is fai? 9 gov]nm5ts is 9 a c]ta9 s5se organic2 & c dim9i% only by be+ outgr[n4 ,f ! "t :5 rul]s 7 ?\ght demi-gods1 !re has be5 a gradual decl9e 9 m5's e/imates ( _! p[]4 ,?is decl9e is /ill 9 progress1 & has /ill f> to g4 ,d\btless1 e increm5t ( evid5ce fur!rs x 9 "s degree1 ?\gh n to ! degree t at fir/ appe>s4 ,only 9 s f> z x modifies "* does x produce a p]man5t effect4 ,= :ile ! m5tal type rema9s ! same1 ! removal ( a special error is inevitably foll[$ by ! gr[? ( o!r errors ( ! same g5us4 ,all sup]/itions die h>d2 & we fe> t ?is belief 9 gov]nm5t-omnipot5ce w =m no exception4 #bhc ,,repres5tative ,,gov]nm5t--,,:at ,,is ,,x ,,good ,,=8 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,octob] #aheg4 ,%akspe>e's simile = adv]sity ,:i*1 l ! toad1 ugly & v5om\s1 ,we>s yet a preci\s jewel 9 8 head1 might fitly be us$ also z a simile = a disagreeable tru?4 ,repulsive z is its aspect1 ! h>d fact :i* dissipates a *]i%$ illusion1 is pres5tly f\nd to conta9 ! g]m ( a m salut>y belief4 ,! exp]i5ce ( e "o furni%es in/ances 9 :i* an op9ion long %runk f z seem+ly at v>iance ) all t is good1 b f9ally accept$ z irresi/ible1 turns out to be fraught ) b5efits4 ,x is ?us ) self-k3 mu* z we dislike to admit our defects1 we f9d x bett] to "k & gu>d aga9/ ?an to ignore !m4 ,x is ?us ) *anges ( cre$3 al>m+ z looks ! reason+ by :i* sup]/itions are ov]?r[n1 ! convictions to :i* x leads prove to be heal?i] ones ?an ^? !y sup]s$$4 ,& x is ?us ) political enlight5m5t3 m5 ev5tually see cause to ?ank ^? :o pull to pieces _! political air-ca/les1 hateful z !y once seem$4 ,moreov]1 n only is x always bett] to believe tru? ?an error2 b ! repugnant-look+ facts are ev] f\nd to be p>ts ( some?+ f> bett] ?an ! ideal :i* !y #bhd dispell$4 ,to ! _m illu/rations ( ?is :i* might be cit$1 we %all pres5tly add ano!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is a conviction almo/ univ]sally ent]ta9$ "h 9 ,engl&1 t our me?od ( mak+ & adm9i/]+ laws possesses e virtue4 ,pr9ce ,alb]t's unlucky say+ t 8,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t is on its trial10 is vehem5tly repudiat$3 we consid] t ! trial has long s9ce end$ 9 our fav\r on all ! c\nts4 ,p>tly f ignorance1 p>tly f ! bias ( education1 p>tly f t patriotism :i* leads ! m5 ( ea* nation to pride !mselves 9 _! own in/itutions1 we h an unhesitat+ belief 9 ! entire sup]iority ( our =m ( political organization4 ,yet unfri5dly critics c po9t out vices t are manife/ly inh]5t4 ,& if we may believe ! def5d]s ( despotism1 ^! vices are fatal to its effici5cy4 ,n[ in/ead ( d5y+ or bl9k+ ^! allegations1 x w\ld be wis] c&idly to inquire :e!r !y are true2 & if true1 :at !y imply4 ,if1 z mo/ ( u are s confid5t1 gov]nm5t by repres5tatives is bett] ?an any o!r1 we c af=d to li/5 pati5tly to all adv]se rem>ks3 believ+ t !y are ei!r invalid1 or t if valid !y d n ess5tially tell aga9/ its m]its4 ,if our political sy/em is well f\nd$1 ?is crucial criticism w s]ve b to br+ out its wor? m cle>ly ?an ev]2 & to give u high] conceptions ( its nature1 its mean+1 its purpose4 ,let u1 !n1 bani%+ = ! nonce all prepossessions1 & tak+ up a ?or\ghly antagoni/ic po9t ( view1 set d[n )\t mitigation its _m flaws1 vices1 & absurdities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,is x n manife/ t a rul+ body made up ( _m individuals1 :o diff] 9 "*1 education1 & aims1 :o belong to classes hav+ antagoni/ic ideas & feel+s1 & :o are sev]ally sway$ by ! special #bhe op9ions ( ! di/ricts deput+ !m1 mu/ be a cumbr\s app>atus = ! managem5t ( public affairs8 ,:5 we devise a ma*9e we take c>e t its p>ts are z few z possible2 t !y are adapt$ to _! respective ends2 t !y are prop]ly jo9$ ) "o ano!r2 & t !y "w smoo?ly to _! common purpose4 ,our political ma*9e1 h[ev]1 is con/ruct$ ^u directly opposite pr9ciples4 ,its p>ts are extremely num]\s3 multipli$1 inde$1 beyond all reason4 ,!y are n sev]ally *os5 z specially qualifi$ = p>ticul> functions4 ,no c>e is tak5 t !y %all fit well toge!r3 on ! contr>y1 our arrangem5ts are su* t !y are c]ta9 n to fit4 ,& t1 z a consequ5ce1 !y d n & _c act 9 h>mony1 is a fact nightly demon/rat$ to all ! _w4 ,9 tru?1 _h ! problem be5 to f9d an appliance = ! sl[ & bungl+ transaction ( bus9ess1 x c\ld sc>cely h be5 bett] solv$4 ,imm5se h9drance results f ! m]e multiplicity ( p>ts2 a fur!r imm5se h9drance results f _! incongruity2 yet ano!r imm5se h9drance results f ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y are *ang$2 :ile ! greate/ h9drance ( all results f ! want ( subord9ation ( ! p>ts to _! functions--f ! fact t ! p]sonal welf>e ( ! legislator is n b\nd up ) ! effici5t p]=mance ( 8 political duty4 ,^! defects are inh]5t 9 ! v nature ( our in/itutions2 & !y _c fail to produce disa/r\s mismanagem5t4 ,if pro(s be ne$$1 !y may be furni%$ 9 abundance1 bo? f ! curr5t hi/ory ( our c5tral repres5tative gov]nm5t1 & f t ( local ones1 public & private4 ,let u1 be=e go+ on to contemplate ^! evils z display$ on a great scale 9 our legislature1 glance at "s ( !m 9 _! simpl] & small] manife/ations4 ,we w n dwell on ! comp>ative ineffici5cy ( deput$ adm9i/ration 9 m]cantile affairs4 ,! #bhf untru/wor?9ess ( directorial managem5t might be afre% illu/rat$ by ! rec5t jo9t-/ock-bank cata/rophies3 ! recklessness & di%one/y ( rul]s ^: int]e/s are n "o ) ^? ( ! conc]n !y control1 be+ 9 ^! cases conspicu\sly display$4 ,or we c\ld enl>ge on ! same tru? z exhibit$ 9 ! do+s ( railway-bo>ds3 in/anc+ ! malv]sations prov$ aga9/ _! memb]s2 ! c>elessness :i* has p]mitt$ ,robson & ,r$pa? frauds2 ! ra%ness p]sev]+ly %[n 9 mak+ unpr(itable bran*es & ext5sions4 ,b facts ( ?is k9d are suffici5tly famili>4 ,let u pass1 !n1 to less notori\s examples4 ,me*anics' ,in/itutions w supply our fir/4 ,! !ory ( ^! is plausible en\gh4 ,artizans want+ k1 & b5evol5t middle-class p wi%+ to help !m to x1 con/itute ! raw mat]ial4 ,by unit+ _! means !y propose to obta9 lit]>y & o!r advantages1 :i* else w\ld be beyond _! rea*4 ,& x is conclud$ t1 be+ all int]e/$ 9 secur+ ! propos$ objects1 & ! gov]n+ body be+ *os5 out ( _! numb]1 ! results _c fail to be su* z 7 int5d$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! results are q o!rwise4 ,indiff]5ce1 /upidity1 p>ty-_s1 & religi\s diss5sion1 ne>ly always ?w>t ! ef=ts ( ! promot]s4 ,x is ?\ght good policy to select z presid5t "s local notability2 probably n di/+ui%$ = wisdom1 b ^: donation or pre/ige m ?an c\nt]balances 8 defect 9 ?is respect4 ,vice-presid5ts are *os5 ) ! same view3 a cl]gyman or two2 "s neighb\r+ squires1 if !y c be _h2 an ex-mayor2 sev]al ald]m52 half a doz5 manufactur]s & weal?y tradesm52 & a miscellane\s complem5t4 ,:ile ! committee1 mo/ly elect$ m because ( _! position or popul>ity ?an _! intellig5ce or fitness = co-op]ation1 exhibit simil> incongruities4 ,causes ( diss5sion quickly arise4 ,a book mu* wi%$ = by ! mass ( ! memb]s1 is taboo$1 because #bhg ord]+ x w\ld (f5d ! cl]ical p>ty 9 ! in/itution4 ,reg>d = ! prejudices ( c]ta9 magi/rates & squires :o figure among ! vice-presid5ts1 =bids ! engagem5t ( an o!rwise desirable & popul> lectur]1 ^: political & religi\s op9ions are some:at extreme4 ,! selection ( newspap]s & magaz9es = ! read+-room1 is a fruitful s\rce ( disputes4 ,%\ld "s1 ?9k+ x w\ld be a great boon to ^? = :om ! in/itution 0 e/abli%$1 propose to op5 ! read+-room on ,sundays1 !re arises a viol5t fight2 end+1 p]haps1 9 ! secession ( "s ( ! defeat$ p>ty4 ,! "q ( amusem5ts1 aga91 furni%es a bone ( cont5tion4 ,%all ! in/itution exi/ solely = in/ruction1 or %all x add gratification8 ,! refre%m5t-"q1 also1 is apt to be rais$1 & to add to ! o!r causes ( diff]5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ! /upidity1 prejudice1 p>ty-_s1 & squabbl+1 are su* z ev5tually to drive away 9 disgu/ ^? :o %\ld h be5 ! adm9i/rators2 & to leave ! control 9 ! h&s ( a clique1 :o pursue "s humdrum middle c\rse1 satisfy+ nobody4 ,in/ead ( t prosp]ity :i* w\ld probably h be5 a*iev$ "u ! direction ( "o good man-(-bus9ess1 ^: welf>e 0 b\nd up ) its success1 ! in/itution loses its pre/ige1 & dw9dles away3 ceases almo/ entirely to be :at 0 int5d$--a me*anics' in/itution2 & becomes little m ?an a middle-class l\nge1 kept up n s mu* by ! p]man5t adhesion ( its memb]s1 z by ! cont9ual addition ( new ones 9 place ( ! old ones con/antly fall+ (f4 ,mean:ile1 ! end orig9ally propos$ is fulfill$1 s f> z x gets fulfill$ at all1 by private ent]prise4 ,*eap newspap]s & *eap p]iodicals1 provid$ by publi%]s hav+ 9 view ! pockets & ta/es ( ! work+-classes2 c(fee-%ops & p5ny read+-rooms1 set up by m5 ^: aim is pr(it2 are ! in/rum5ts ( ! *ief proportion ( su* culture z is go+ on4 ,9 high]-class in/itutions ( ! same ord]--9 ,lit]>y #bhh ,societies & ,philosophical ,societies1 etc4--! l ineffici5cy ( repres5tative gov]nm5t is g5]ally display$4 ,quickly foll[+ ! vig\r ( e>ly en?usiasm1 come class & sect>ian diff]5ces1 ! f9al supremacy ( a p>ty1 bad managem5t1 apa?y4 ,subscrib]s compla9 !y _c get :at !y want2 & "o by "o des]t to private book-clubs or to ,mudie4 ,turn+ f non-political to political in/itutions1 we might1 _h we space1 draw illu/rations f ! do+s ( ! old poor-law au?orities1 or f ^? ( mod]n bo>ds ( gu>dians2 b omitt+ ^! & o!rs su*1 we w1 among local gov]nm5ts1 conf9e ourselves to ! re=m$ municipal corporations4 ,if1 leav+ out ( sight all o!r evid5ces1 & =gett+ t !y are newly-organiz$ bodies into :i* corruption has sc>cely _h "t to creep1 we 7 to judge ( ^! municipal corporations by ! t[n-improvem5ts !y h effect$1 we might pron\nce !m successful4 ,b1 ev5 )\t insi/+ on ! fact t su* improvem5ts are m due to ! removal ( ob/ructions1 & to t same progressive _s :i* has e/abli%$ railways & telegraphs1 ?an to ! positive virtues ( ^! civic gov]nm5ts2 x is to be rem>k$ t ! execution ( num]\s public works is by no means an adequate te/4 ,) p[] ( rais+ funds limit$ only by a rebellion ( ratepay]s1 x is easy 9 prosp]\s1 increas+ t[ns1 to make a display ( effici5cy4 ,! prop] que/ions to be ask$ are3--,d municipal elections end 9 ! *oice ( ! fitte/ m5 :o are to be f\nd8 ,does ! result+ adm9i/rative body1 p]=m well & economically ! "w :i* devolves on x8 ,& does x %[ s\nd judgm5t 9 refra9+ f ne$less or improp] "w8 ,to ^! que/ions ! answ]s are by no means satisfactory4 ,t[n-c\ncils are n conspicu\s = ei!r intellig5ce or high "*4 ,!re are compet5t judges :o ?9k t1 on ! av]age1 _! memb]s are inf]ior to ^? ( #bhi ! old corporations !y sup]s$$4 ,z all ! _w kn[s1 ! elections turn ma9ly on political op9ions4 ,! fir/ "q respect+ any c&idate is1 n :e!r he has great k1 judgm5t1 or bus9ess-faculty--n :e!r he has any special aptitude = ! duty to be dis*>g$2 b :e!r he is ,:ig or ,tory4 ,ev5 suppos+ 8 politics to be unobjectionable1 8 nom9ation /ill does n dep5d *iefly on 8 prov$ uprightness or capacity1 b mu* m on 8 fri5dly relations ) ! dom9ant clique4 ,a numb] ( ! t[n magnates1 habitually meet+ probably at ! *ief hotel1 & !re held toge!r z mu* by ! bro!rhood ( conviviality z by t ( op9ion1 discuss ! m]its ( all ^: names are be=e ! public1 & decide :i* are ! mo/ suitable4 ,?is g9-&-wat] caucus x is :i* practically det]m9es ! *oice ( c&idates2 &1 by consequ5ce1 ! elections4 ,^? :o w succumb to lead]%ip--^? :o w m]ge _! private op9ions 9 ! policy ( _! p>ty1 ( c\rse h ! pref]5ce4 ,m5 too indep5d5t = ?is--too f>-see+ to jo9 9 ! %ibbole? ( ! h\r1 or too ref9$ to mix ) ! 8jolly good fell[s0 :o ?us rule ! t[n1 are %elv$2 not)/&+ t !y are1 above all o!rs1 fitt$ = (fice4 ,p>tly f ?is und]h& influ5ce1 & p>tly f ! consequ5t disgu/ :i* leads !m to decl9e /&+ if ask$1 ! be/ m5 are g5]ally n 9 ! gov]n+ body4 ,x is notori\s t 9 ,london ! mo/ respectable m]*ants w h no?+ to d ) ! local gov]nm5t4 ,& 9 ,new ,york1 8! ex]tions ( its bett] citiz5s are /ill exhau/$ 9 private accumulation1 :ile ! duties ( adm9i/ration are left to o!r h&s10 ,x _c !n be ass]t$ t 9 t[n-gov]nm5t1 ! repres5tative sy/em succe$s 9 br++ ! able/ & mo/ hon\rable m5 to ! top4 ,! effici5t & economical dis*>ge ( duties is1 ( c\rse1 h9d]$ by ?is inf]iority ( ! deputies *os52 #bij & x is fur!r h9d]$ by ! p]si/5t action ( p>ty & p]sonal motives4 ,n :e!r he kn[s well h[ to h&le a level1 b :e!r he vot$ = ! popul> c&idate at ! la/ p>liam5t>y election1 is ! "q on :i* may1 & sometimes does1 hang ! *oice ( a t[n-surveyor2 & if sew]s are ill laid out1 x is a natural consequ5ce4 ,:51 a new public edifice hav+ be5 decid$ on1 competition designs are adv]tis$ =2 & :5 ! designs1 o/5sibly anonym\s b really id5tifiable1 h be5 s5t 92 ,t4 ,squ>e1 ,esq41 :o has an influ5tial relative 9 ! corporation1 makes sure ( succe$+1 & is n disappo9t$3 albeit 8 plans are n ^? :i* w\ld h be5 *os5 by any "o ( ! judges1 _h ! int5d$ edifice be5 8 own4 ,br[n1 :o has = _m ye>s be5 on ! t[n-c\ncil & is "o ( ! dom9ant clique1 has a son :o is a doctor2 & :51 9 pursuance ( an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 an (fic] ( heal? is to be appo9t$1 ,br[n privately canvasses 8 fell[-c\ncillors1 & succe$s 9 p]suad+ !m to elect 8 son2 ?\gh 8 son is by no means ! fitte/ man ! place c furni%4 ,simil>ly ) ! *oice ( tradesm5 to execute "w = ! t[n4 ,a public clock :i* is frequ5tly gett+ out ( ord]1 & ,bo>d-(-,heal? wat]-closets :i* disgu/ ^? :o h !m 7we /ate facts71 suffici5tly te/ify t /upidity1 fav\ritism1 or "s s9i/] influ5ce1 is ev] caus+ mismanagem5t4 ,! *oice ( inf]ior repres5tatives1 & by !m ( inf]ior employs1 jo9$ ) private int]e/ & divid$ responsibility1 inevitably prev5t ! dis*>ge ( duties f be+ satisfactory4 ,moreov]1 ! extravagance :i* is n[ becom+ a notori\s vice ( municipal bodies1 is greatly increas$ by ! practice ( und]tak+ ?+s :i* !y ought n to und]take2 & ! inc5tive to d ?is is1 9 _m cases1 traceable to ! repres5tative orig9 ( ! body4 ,! sy/em ( comp\nd+ ) l&lords = municipal #bia rates1 leads ! l[] class ( occupi]s into ! errone\s belief t t[n-burd5s d n fall 9 any degree on !m2 & !y !re=e approve ( an exp5diture :i* seem+ly gives !m gratis advantages :ile x creates employm5t4 ,z !y =m ! mass ( ! con/itu5cy1 lavi%ness becomes a popul> policy2 & popul>ity-hunt]s vie ) "o ano!r 9 br++ =w>d new & exp5sive projects4 ,"h is a c\ncillor :o1 hav+ fe>s ab\t 8 next election1 proposes an ext5sive s*eme = public g>d5s--a s*eme :i* _m :o disapprove d n oppose1 because !y1 too1 be> 9 m9d ! next election4 ,!re is ano!r c\ncillor1 :o keeps a %op1 & :o raises & agitates ! "q ( ba?s & wa%-h\ses2 v well kn[+ t 8 trade is n likely to suff] f su* a c\rse4 ,& s 9 o!r cases3 ! small direct int]e/ :i* ea* memb] ( ! corporation has 9 economical adm9i/ration1 is antagoniz$ by s _m indirect int]e/s ( o!r k9ds1 t he is n likely to be a good gu>dian ( ! public purse4 ,?us1 nei!r 9 respect ( ! deputies *os51 nor ! effici5t p]=mance ( _! "w1 nor ! avoidance ( unfit "w1 c ! gov]nm5ts ( our t[ns be held satisfactory4 ,& if 9 ^! rec5tly-=m$ bodies ! defects are s conspicu\s1 /ill m conspicu\s are !y :]e !y h _h "t to gr[ to _! full magnitude3 witness ! case ( ,new ,york4 ,accord+ to ! ,times correspond5t 9 t city1 ! ,new ,york p pay 8ov] a million & a half /]l+1 = :i* !y h badly-pav$ /reets1 a police by no means z effici5t z x %\ld be1 ?\gh mu* bett] ?an =m]ly1 ! greate/ am\nt ( dirt nor? ( ,italy1 ! poore/ cab-sy/em ( any metropolis 9 ! _w1 & only un%elt]$ wood5 pi]s = ! dis*>ge ( m]*&ize40 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 hav+ glanc$ at ! g5]al be>+s ( ! "q 9 ^! m9or cases1 let u take ! major case ( #bib our c5tral gov]nm5t2 &1 9 connexion ) x1 pursue ! inquiry m closely4 ,"h ! inh]5t faults ( ! repres5tative sy/em are mu* m cle>ly display$4 ,! great] multiplicity ( rul]s involves great] cumbr\sness1 great] confusion1 great] delay4 ,diff]5ces ( class1 ( aims1 ( prejudices1 are bo? l>g] 9 numb] & wid] 9 degree2 & h5ce arise diss5sions /ill m multipli$4 ,! direct effect :i* ea* legislator is likely to exp]i5ce f ! work+ ( any p>ticul> measure1 is usually v small & remote2 :ile ! indirect influ5ces :i* sway him are1 9 ?is above all o!r cases1 num]\s & /rong3 :5ce foll[s a m>k$ t5d5cy to neglect public welf>e = private advantage4 ,b let u set out f ! beg9n+--) ! con/itu5cies4 ,! repres5tative !ory assumes t if a numb] ( citiz5s1 deeply int]e/$ z !y all are 9 good gov]nm5t1 are end[$ ) political p[]1 !y w *oose ! wise/ & be/ m5 = gov]nors4 ,see+ h[ greatly !y suff] f bad adm9i/ration ( public affairs1 x is consid]$ self-evid5t t !y mu/ h ! w to select prop] repres5tatives2 & x is tak5 = grant$ t av]age common s5se gives ! ability to select prop] repres5tatives4 ,h[ does exp]i5ce be> out ^! assumptions8 ,does x n to a great degree negative !m8 ,sev]al consid]able classes ( electors h little or no w 9 ! matt]4 ,n a few ( ^? on ! regi/] pique !mselves on tak+ no "p 9 politics--claim cr$it = hav+ ! s5se n to m$dle ) ?+s :i* !y say d n conc]n !m4 ,_m o!rs !re are ^: int]e/ 9 ! *oice ( a memb] ( ,p>liam5t is s slight1 t !y d n ?9k x wor? :ile to vote4 ,a notable proportion1 too1 %opkeep]s especially1 c>e s little ab\t ! result1 t _! votes are det]m9$ by _! wi%es to please _! *ief patrons or to avoid (f5d+ !m4 ,9 ! m9ds ( a yet l>g] class1 small sums ( money1 or #bic ev5 ad libitum supplies ( be]1 outweigh any desires !y h to use _! political p[]s indep5d5tly4 ,^? :o adequately recognize ! importance ( hone/ly ex]cis+ _! judgm5ts 9 ! selection ( legislators1 & :o give consci5ti\s votes1 =m b a m9ority2 & ! election usually hangs less ^u _! wills ?an ^u ! illegitimate influ5ces :i* sway ! re/4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! !ory fails4 ,!n1 aga91 z to intellig5ce4 ,ev5 suppos+ t ! mass ( electors h a suffici5tly decid$ w to *oose ! be/ rul]s1 :at evid5ce h we ( _! ability8 ,is pick+ out ! wise/ man among !m1 a task )9 ! range ( _! capacities8 ,let any "o li/5 to ! conv]sation ( a f>m]'s m>ket-table1 & !n answ] h[ mu* he f9ds ( t wisdom :i* is requir$ to disc]n wisdom 9 o!rs4 ,or let him read ! clap-trap spee*es made f ! hu/+s ) a view ( pleas+ con/itu5ts1 & !n e/imate ! p5etration ( ^? :o are to be ?us pleas$4 ,ev5 among ! high] ord] ( electors he w meet ) gross political ignorance--) notions t ,acts ( ,p>liam5t c d :atev] x is ?\ght well !y %\ld d2 t ! value ( gold c be fix$ by law2 t di/ress c be cur$ by poor-laws2 & s =?4 ,if he desc5ds a /ep1 he w f9d 9 ! /ill-preval5t ideas t ma*9]y is injuri\s to ! work+-classes1 & t extravagance is 8good = trade10 indices ( a yet small] insight4 ,& 9 ! l[] & l>g] class1 =m$ by ^? :o ?9k t _! p]sonal int]e/ 9 good gov]nm5t is n wor? ! tr\ble ( vot+1 or is outbalanc$ by ! loss ( a cu/om]1 or is ( less value ?an a bribe1 he w p]ceive an almo/ hopeless /upidity4 ,)\t go+ ! l5g? ( ,mr4 ,c>lyle1 & def9+ ! p z 8tw5ty-sev5 millions1 mo/ly fools10 he w confess t !y are b sp>ely gift$ ) wisdom4 ,t ^! %\ld succe$ 9 *oos+ ! fitte/ #bid gov]nors1 w\ld be /range2 & t !y d n s succe$ is manife/4 ,ev5 z judg$ by ! mo/ common-s5se te/s1 _! selections are absurd1 z we %all %ortly see4 ,x is a self-evid5t tru? t we may mo/ safely tru/ ^? ^: int]e/s are id5tical ) our own2 & t x is v dang]\s to tru/ ^? ^: int]e/s are antagoni/ic to our own4 ,all ! legal securities we take 9 our transactions ) "o ano!r1 are s _m recognitions ( ?is tru?4 ,we are n satisfi$ ) pr(essions4 ,if ano!r's position is su* t he mu/ be liable to motives at v>iance ) ! promises he makes1 we take c>e1 by introduc+ an artificial motive 7! dread ( legal p5alties71 to make x 8 int]e/ to fulfil ^! promises4 ,d[n to ! ask+ = a receipt1 our daily bus9ess-habits te/ify t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! prevail+ selfi%ness1 x x extremely imprud5t to expect m5 to reg>d ! claims ( o!rs equally ) _! own3 all assev]ations ( good fai? not)/&+4 ,n[ x might h be5 ?\ght t ev5 ! modicum ( s5se possess$ by ! majority ( electors1 w\ld h l$ !m to recognize ?is fact 9 ! *oice ( _! repres5tatives4 ,b !y %[ a total disreg>d ( x4 ,:ile ! !ory ( our ,con/itution1 9 con=mity ) ?is same fact1 assumes t ! ?ree divisions compos+ ! ,legislature w sev]ally pursue ea* its own ends--:ile our hi/ory %[s t ,mon>*1 ,lords1 & ,commons1 h all along m or less conspicu\sly done ?is2 our electors manife/ by _! votes1 ! belief t _! int]e/s w be z well c>$ = by memb]s ( ! titl$ class z by memb]s ( _! own class4 ,?\gh1 9 _! det]m9$ opposition to ! ,re=m-,bill1 ! ari/ocracy %[$ h[ gre$y !y 71 n only ( _! legitimate p[] b ( _! illegitimate p[]--?\gh1 by ! enactm5t & p]t9aci\s ma9t5ance ( ! ,corn-,laws1 !y prov$ h[ little popul> welf>e weigh$ 9 ! #bie scale aga9/ _! own pr(its--?\gh !y h ev] display$ a wat*ful jeal\sy ev5 ( _! smalle/ privileges1 :e!r equitable or inequitable 7z witness ! rec5t compla9t 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 t ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e ,act calls on lords ( manors to %[ _! titles be=e !y c claim ! wrecks ?r[n on ! %ores ( _! e/ates1 :i* be=e !y _h always done by prescription7--?\gh !y h habitually pursu$ t self-seek+ policy :i* m5 s plac$ 7 sure to pursue2 yet con/itu5cies h decid$ t memb]s ( ! ari/ocracy may fitly be *os5 z repres5tatives ( ! p4 ,our pres5t ,h\se ( ,commons conta9s #ih ,iri% pe]s & sons ( ,engli% pe]s2 #ff blood-relations ( pe]s2 & #fg connexions ( pe]s by m>riage3 9 all1 #bca memb]s ^: int]e/s1 or sympa?ies1 or bo?1 are ) ! nobility r ?an ! commonalty4 ,we are q prep>$ to he> ! doctr9e impli$ 9 ?is criticism condemn$ by rose-wat] politicians z n>r[ & prejudic$4 ,to su* we simply reply t !y & _! fri5ds fully recognize ?is doctr9e :5 x suits !m to d s4 ,:y d !y wi% to prev5t ! t[n-con/itu5cies f pr$om9at+ ov] ! c\nty-ones2 if !y d n believe t ea* division ( ! community w consult its own welf>e8 ,or :at plea c !re be = ,"l ,john ,russell's proposal to repres5t m9orities1 unless x be ! plea t ^? :o h ! opportunity w sacrifice ! int]e/s ( o!rs to _! own8 ,or h[ %all we expla9 ! anxiety ( ! upp] class1 to keep a tight re9 on ! gr[+ p[] ( ! l[] class1 save f _! consci\sness t bon fide repres5tatives ( ! l[] class w\ld be less reg>dful ( _! privileges ?an !y are !mselves8 ,if !re be any reason 9 ! !ory ( ! ,con/itution1 !n1 :ile ! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s %\ld belong to ! pe]age1 ! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons %\ld belong to ! commonalty4 ,ei!r ! con/itutional !ory is %e] nons5se1 or else #bif ! *oice ( lords z repres5tatives ( ! p proves ! folly ( con/itu5cies4 ,b ?is folly by no means ends "h3 x works out o!r results q z absurd4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( a man giv+ 8 s]vants equal au?ority ) himself ov] ! affairs ( 8 h\sehold8 ,suppose ! %>ehold]s 9 a railway-company 7 to elect1 z memb]s ( _! bo>d ( directors1 ! secret>y1 eng9e]1 sup]9t5d5t1 traffic-manag]1 & o!rs su*4 ,%\ld we n be a/oni%$ at _! /upidity8 ,%\ld we n prophesy t ! private advantage ( (ficials w\ld frequ5tly ov]ride ! welf>e ( ! company8 ,yet our p>liam5t>y electors commit a blund] ( j ! same k9d4 ,= :at are milit>y & naval (fic]s b s]vants ( ! nation2 /&+ to x 9 a relation l t 9 :i* ! (fic]s ( a railway-company /& to ! company8 ,d !y n p]=m public "w8 d !y n take public pay8 ,& d n _! int]e/s diff] f ^? ( ! public1 z ! int]e/s ( ! employ$ f ^? ( ! employ]8 ,! impropriety ( admitt+ executive ag5ts ( ! ,/ate into ! ,legislature1 has ov] & ov] aga9 ?ru/ itself into notice2 & 9 m9or cases has be5 prev5t$ by sundry ,acts ( ,p>liam5t4 ,enum]at+ ^? disqualifi$ = ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,black/one says 8,no p]sons conc]n$ 9 ! managem5t ( any duties or taxes creat$ s9ce #afib1 except ! commission]s ( ! treasury1 nor any ( ! (fic]s foll[+1 viz4 commission]s ( prizes1 transports1 sick & w\nd$1 w9e lic5ces1 navy1 & victuall+2 secret>ies or receiv]s ( prizes2 comptroll]s ( ! army acc\nts2 ag5ts = regim5ts2 gov]nors ( plantations1 & _! deputies2 (fic]s ( ,m9orca or ,gibralt>2 (fic]s ( ! excise & cu/oms2 cl]ks & deputies 9 ! sev]al (fices ( ! treasury1 ex*equ]1 navy1 victuall+1 admiralty1 pay ( ! army & navy1 secret>ies ( /ate1 salt1 /amps1 appeals1 w9e lic5ces1 hackney coa*es1 hawk]s & p$l>s1 nor any p]sons t hold any new (fice "u ! cr[n creat$ s9ce #agje1 are capable ( be+ elect$1 or sitt+ z memb]s40 ,9 :i* li/ naval & milit>y (fic]s w\ld d\btless h be5 includ$1 _h !y n always be5 too p[]ful a body & too closely id5tifi$ ) ! dom9ant classes4 #big ,gl>+1 h[ev]1 z is ! impolicy ( appo9t+ public s]vants to make ! laws2 & cle>ly z ?is impolicy is recogniz$ 9 ! above-specifi$ exclusions f "t to "t enact$2 ! p at l>ge seem totally oblivi\s ( x4 ,at ! la/ g5]al election !y return$ #i naval (fic]s1 #df milit>y (fic]s1 & #ea retir$ milit>y (fic]s1 :o1 9 virtue ( education1 fri5d%ip1 & esprit de corps1 take ! same views ) _! active comrades--9 all #ajf3 n includ+ #fd (fic]s ( militia & yeomanry1 ^: sympa?ies & ambitions are 9 a consid]able degree ! same4 ,if any "o ?9ks t ?is l>ge infusion ( (ficialism is ( no consequ5ce1 let him look 9 ! division-li/s4 ,let him inquire h[ mu* x has _h to d ) ! ma9t5ance ( ! pur*ase-sy/em4 ,let him ask :e!r ! almo/ insup]able ob/acles to ! promotion ( ! private soldi]1 h n be5 /r5g!n$ by x4 ,let him see :at %>e x _h 9 keep+ up ^? worn-out practices1 & =ms1 & mis-arrangem5ts1 :i* entail$ ! disa/]s ( our late w>4 ,let him consid] :e!r ! hu%+-up ( ! ,crimean ,inquiry & ! :itewa%+ ( del9qu5ts 7 n aid$ by x4 ,yet1 ?\gh abundant exp]i5ce ?us confirms :at common s5se w\ld be=eh& h pr$ict$2 & ?\gh1 not)/&+ ! late disa/]s1 exposures1 & public outcry = army-re=m1 ! influ5ce ( ! milit>y ca/e is s great t ! re=m has be5 /av$-(f2 our con/itu5cies are /upid en\gh to s5d to ,p>liam5t z _m milit>y (fic]s z ev]6 ,n ev5 n[ h we rea*$ ! end ( ^! impolitic selections4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple on :i* we h be5 insi/+1 & :i* is recogniz$ by exp\nd]s ( ! con/itution :5 !y tea* t ! legislative & executive divisions ( ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld be di/9ct--?is g5]al pr9ciple is yet fur!r s9n$ aga9/2 ?\gh n 9 s lit]al a mann]4 ,= ?\gh !y d n take ,/ate-pay1 & are n nom9ally ,gov]nm5t-(fic]s1 yet1 #bih practically1 lawy]s are memb]s ( ! executive organization4 ,!y =m an important "p ( ! app>atus = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,by ! work+ ( ?is app>atus !y make _! pr(its2 & _! welf>e dep5ds on its be+ s work$ z to br+ !m pr(its1 r ?an on its be+ s work$ z to adm9i/] ju/ice4 ,exactly z milit>y (fic]s h int]e/s di/9ct f1 & (t5 antagoni/ic to1 ! effici5cy ( ! army2 s1 b>ri/]s & solicitors h int]e/s di/9ct f1 & (t5 antagoni/ic to1 ! *eap & prompt en=cem5t ( ! law4 ,& t !y are habitually sway$ by ^! antagoni/ic int]e/s1 is notori\s4 ,s /rong is ! bias1 z sometimes ev5 to de/roy ! p[] ( see+ f any o!r ?an ! pr(essional /&-po9t4 ,we h ourselves he>d a lawy] declaim+ on ! damage :i* ! ,c\nty-,c\rts-,act _h done to ! pr(ession2 & expect+ 8 non-pr(essional he>]s to jo9 him 9 condemn+ x !re-=6 ,& if1 z all ! _w kn[s1 ! legal consci5ce is n ( ! t5d]e/1 is x wise to depute lawy]s to frame ! laws :i* !y w be conc]n$ 9 c>ry+ out2 & ! c>ry+ out ( :i* mu/ affect _! private incomes8 ,are b>ri/]s1 :o con/antly take fees = "w :i* !y d n p]=m1 & attorneys1 ^: bills are s (t5 exorbitant t a special (fice has be5 e/abli%$ = tax+ !m--are ^!1 ( all o!rs1 to be tru/$ 9 a position :i* w\ld be try+ ev5 to ! mo/ dis9t]e/$8 ,nev]!less1 ! t[ns & c\nties ( ,engl& h return$ to ! pres5t ,h\se ( ,commons #ih lawy]s--"s #fj ( !m 9 actual practice1 & ! re/ retir$1 b d\btless reta9+ ^? class-views acquir$ dur+ _! pr(essional c>e]s4 ,^! criticisms on ! conduct ( con/itu5cies d n necess>ily commit u to ! ass]tion t none belong+ to ! (ficial & ari/ocratic classes ought to be *os54 ,?\gh x w\ld be saf] to c>ry out1 9 ^! important #bii cases1 ! g5]al pr9ciple :i*1 z above %[n1 ,p>liam5t has itself recogniz$ & en=c$ 9 unimportant cases2 yet we are n prep>$ to say t occasional exceptions might n be made1 on good cause be+ %[n4 ,all we aim to %[ is ! gross impolicy ( select+ s l>ge a proportion ( repres5tatives f classes hav+ int]e/s diff]5t f ^? ( ! g5]al public4 ,t 9 addition to m ?an a ?ird tak5 f ! dom9ant class1 :o already occupy "o division ( ! ,legislature1 ! ,h\se ( ,commons %\ld conta9 ne>ly ano!r ?ird tak5 f ! naval1 milit>y1 & legal classes1 ^: policy1 l t ( ! dom9ant class1 is to ma9ta9 ?+s z !y are2 we consid] a decisive pro( ( electoral misjudgm5t4 ,t out ( ! #fed memb]s1 ( :i* ! ,p's ,h\se n[ consi/s1 !re %\ld be b #bej :o1 z consid]$ f a class po9t ( view1 are eligible1 or tol]ably eligible 7= we include a consid]able numb] :o are m or less objectionable71 is significant ( any?+ b popul> good s5se4 ,t into an assembly e/abli%$ to protect _! int]e/s1 ! commonalty ( ,engl& %\ld h s5t "o-?ird ^: int]e/s are ! same z _! own1 & two-?irds ^: int]e/s are at v>iance ) _! own1 proves a sc>cely cr$ible lack ( wisdom2 & seems an awkw>d fact = ! repres5tative !ory4 ,if ! intellig5ce ( ! mass is ?us n suffici5t ev5 to *oose out m5 :o by position & occupation are fit repres5tatives1 /ill less is x suffici5t to *oose out m5 :o are ! fitte/ 9 "* & capacity4 ,to see :o w be liable to ! bias ( private advantage is a v easy ?+2 to see :o is wise/ is a v difficult ?+2 & ^? :o d n succe$ 9 ! fir/ mu/ necess>ily fail 9 ! la/4 ,! high] ! wisdom ! m incompreh5sible does x become by ignorance4 ,x is a manife/ fact t ! popul> man or writ]1 is always "o :o is b little 9 advance ( ! mass1 & consequ5tly #cjj und]/&able by !m3 nev] ! man :o is f> 9 advance ( !m & out ( _! sight4 ,appreciation ( ano!r implies "s community ( ?\ght4 8,only ! man ( wor? c recognize wor? 9 m54 4 4 4 4 4 ,! wor?ie/1 if he appeal$ to univ]sal suffrage1 w\ld h b a poor *ance4 4 4 4 4 4 ,alas6 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ask+ ! ,jews :at he des]v$--0 n ! answ]1 ,dea? on ! gall[s60 ,& ?\gh m5 d n n[-a-days /one ! prophet1 !y1 at any rate1 ignore him4 ,z ,mr4 ,c>lyle says 9 8 vehem5t way 8,if ( t5 m5 n9e are recognisable z fools1 :i* is a common calculation1 h[1 4 4 4 9 ! "n ( wond]1 w y ev] get a ballot-box to gr9d y out a wisdom f ! votes ( ^! t5 m58 4 4 4 4 4 ,i tell y a million blockheads look+ au?oritatively into "o man ( :at y call g5ius1 or noble s5se1 w make no?+ b nons5se out ( him & 8 qualities1 & 8 virtues & defects1 if !y look till ! end ( "t40 ,s t1 ev5 7 electors cont5t to *oose ! man prov$ by g5]al evid5ce to be ! mo/ f>-see+1 & refra9$ f te/+ him by ! co9cid5ce ( 8 views ) _! own1 !re w\ld be small *ance ( _! hitt+ on ! be/4 ,b judg+ ( him1 z !y d1 by ask+ him :e!r he ?9ks ?is or t crudity :i* !y ?9k1 x is manife/ t !y w fix on "o f> remov$ f ! be/4 ,_! deputy w be truly repres5tative2--repres5tative1 t is1 ( ! av]age /upidity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ let u look at ! assembly ( repres5tatives ?us *os54 ,already we h not$ ! unfit composition ( ?is assembly z respects ! int]e/s ( its memb]s2 & we h j se5 :at ! repres5tative !ory itself implies z to _! intellig5ce4 ,let u n[1 h[ev]1 consid] !m m ne>ly "u ?is la/ head4 ,& fir/1 :at is ! "w !y und]take8 ,obs]ve1 we d n say ! "w :i* !y ought to d1 b ! "w :i* !y propose to d1 & try to d4 ,?is compreh5ds ! regulation ( ne>ly all actions go+ on ?r\gh\t society4 ,besides devis+ measures to prev5t #cja ! aggression ( citiz5s on "o ano!r1 & to secure ea* ! quiet possession ( 8 own2 & besides assum+ ! fur!r function1 also ne$ful 9 ! pres5t /ate ( mank9d1 ( def5d+ ! nation z a :ole aga9/ invad]s2 !y unhesitat+ly take on !mselves to provide = c\ntless wants1 to cure c\ntless ills1 to ov]see c\ntless affairs4 ,out ( ! _m beliefs m5 h held respect+ ,god1 ,creation1 ! ,future1 etc41 !y presume to decide :i* are true2 & au?orize an army ( prie/s to p]petually repeat !m to ! p4 ,! di/ress result+ f improvid5ce1 !y und]take to remove3 !y settle ! m9imum :i* ea* ratepay] %all give 9 *>ity1 & h[ ! proce$s %all be adm9i/]$4 ,judg+ t emigration w n naturally g on fa/ en\gh1 !y provide means = c>ry+ (f "s ( ! lab\r+ classes to ! colonies4 ,c]ta9 t social necessities w n cause a suffici5tly rapid spread ( k1 & confid5t t !y "k :at k is mo/ requir$1 !y use public money = ! build+ ( s*ools & pay+ ( tea*]s2 !y pr9t & publi% ,/ate-s*ool-books2 !y employ inspectors to see t _! /&>d ( education is con=m$ to4 ,play+ ! "p ( doctor1 !y insi/ t e "o %all use _! specific1 & escape ! dang] ( small-pox by submitt+ to an attack ( c[-pox4 ,play+ ! "p ( morali/1 !y decide :i* dramas are fit to be act$ & :i* are n4 ,play+ ! "p ( arti/1 !y prompt ! sett+ up ( draw+-s*ools1 provide ma/]s & models2 &1 at ,m>lbor\gh ,h\se1 enact :at %all be consid]$ good ta/e & :at bad4 ,?r\gh _! lieut5ants1 ! corporations ( t[ns1 !y furni% appliances = ! wa%+ ( peoples' sk9s & clo!s2 !y1 9 "s cases1 manufacture gas & put d[n wat]-pipes2 !y lay out sew]s & cov] ov] cess-pools2 !y e/abli% public libr>ies & make public g>d5s4 ,moreov]1 !y det]m9e h[ h\ses %all be built1 & :at is a safe con/ruction = a %ip2 !y take measures = ! #cjb security ( railway-travell+2 !y fix ! h\r aft] :i* public-h\ses may n be op52 !y regulate ! prices *>geable by vehicles ply+ 9 ! ,london /reets2 !y inspect lodg+-h\ses2 !y arrange = burial-gr\nds2 !y fix ! h\rs ( factory h&s4 ,if "s social process does n seem to !m to be go+ on fa/ en\gh1 !y /imulate x2 :]e ! gr[? is n 9 ! direction :i* !y ?9k mo/ desirable1 !y alt] x2 & s !y seek to realize "s undef9$ ideal community4 ,su* be+ ! task und]tak51 :at1 let u ask1 are ! qualifications = dis*>g+ x8 ,suppos+ x possible to a*ieve all ?is1 :at mu/ be ! k & capacities ( ^? :o %all a*ieve x8 ,successfully to prescribe = society1 x is ne$ful to "k ! /ructure ( society--! pr9ciples on :i* x is organiz$--! natural laws ( its progress4 ,if !re be n a true und]/&+ ( :at con/itutes social developm5t1 !re mu/ necess>ily be grave mi/akes made 9 *eck+ ^! *anges & fo/]+ ^?4 ,if !re be lack ( insight respect+ ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! _m functions :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 make up ! national life1 un=ese5 disa/]s w ensue f n p]ceiv+ h[ an int]f]5ce ) "o w affect ! re/4 ,t is to say1 !re mu/ be a due acqua9tance ) ! social sci5ce--! sci5ce involv+ all o!rs2 ! sci5ce /&+ above all o!rs 9 complexity4 ,& n[1 h[ f> d our legislators possess ?is qualification8 ,d !y 9 any mod]ate degree display x8 ,d !y make ev5 a di/ant approximation to x8 ,t _m ( !m are v good classical s*ol>s is beyond d\bt3 n a few h writt5 fir/-rate ,lat9 v]ses1 & c enjoy a ,greek play2 b !re is no obvi\s relation betwe5 a memory well /ock$ ) ! words spok5 two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & an und]/&+ discipl9$ to deal ) mod]n society4 ,t 9 le>n+ ! languages ( ! pa/ !y h le>nt "s ( its hi/ory1 is true2 b consid]+ t ?is hi/ory is ma9ly a #cjc n>rative ( battles & plots & negociations & trea*]ies1 x does n ?r[ mu* light on social philosophy--n ev5 ! simple/ pr9ciples ( political economy h ev] be5 ga!r$ f x4 ,we d n "q1 ei!r1 t a mod]ate p] c5tage ( memb]s ( ,p>liam5t are fair ma!maticians2 & t ma!matical discipl9e is valuable4 ,z1 h[ev]1 political problems are n susceptible ( ma!matical analysis1 _! /udies 9 ?is direction _c mu* aid !m 9 legislation4 ,to ! l>ge body ( milit>y (fic]s :o sit z repres5tatives1 we w\ld n = a mom5t d5y a compet5t k ( =tification1 ( /rategy1 ( regim5tal discipl9e2 b we d n see t ^! ?r[ mu* light on ! causes & cure ( national evils4 ,inde$1 consid]+ t w> fo/]s anti-social s5tim5ts1 & t ! gov]nm5t ( soldi]s is necess>ily despotic1 milit>y education & habits are m likely to unfit ?an to fit m5 = regulat+ ! do+s ( a free p4 ,ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! laws1 may d\btless be claim$ by ! _m b>ri/]s *os5 by our con/itu5cies2 & ?is seems a k9d ( in=mation hav+ "s relation to ! "w to be done4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 ?is in=mation is m ?an te*nical--unless x is accompani$ by k ( ! ramifi$ consequ5ces :i* laws h produc$ 9 times pa/ & are produc+ n[ 7:i* nobody w ass]t71 x _c give mu* insight into ,social ,sci5ce4 ,a famili>ity ) laws is no m a prep>ation = rational legislation1 ?an w\ld a famili>ity ) all ! no/rums m5 h ev] us$ be a prep>ation = ! rational practice ( m$ic9e4 ,n[h]e1 !n1 9 our repres5tative body1 d we f9d appropriate culture4 ,"h is a clev] noveli/1 & !re a successful mak] ( railways2 ?is memb] has acquir$ a l>ge =tune 9 trade1 & t memb] is not$ z an agricultural improv]2 b none ( ^! a*ievem5ts imply fitness = controll+ & adju/+ social processes4 ,among ! _m :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! public #cjd s*ool & univ]sity curriculum--includ+ ?\gh !y may a few ,ox=d d\ble-fir/s & "o or two ,cambridge wrangl]s--!re are none :o h receiv$ ! discipl9e requir$ by ! true legislator4 ,none h t compet5t k ( ,sci5ce 9 g5]al1 culm9at+ 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,life1 :i* c alone =m a basis = ! ,sci5ce ( ,society4 ,= x is "o ( ^? op5 secrets :i* seem ! m secret because !y are s op51 t all ph5om5a display$ by a nation are ph5om5a ( ,life1 & are dep5d5t on ! laws ( ,life4 ,!re is no gr[?1 decay1 evil1 improvem5t1 or *ange ( any k9d1 go+ on 9 ! body politic1 b :at has its cause 9 ! actions ( human be+s2 & !re are no actions ( human be+s b :at con=m to ! laws ( ,life 9 g5]al1 & _c be truly und]/ood until ^? laws are und]/ood4 ,see1 !n1 ! imm5se incongruity betwe5 ! end & ! means4 ,see on ! "o h& ! c\ntless difficulties ( ! task2 & on ! o!r h& ! almo/ total unprep>$ness ( ^? :o und]take x4 ,ne$ we wond] t legislation is ev] break+ d[n8 ,is x n natural t compla9t1 am5dm5t1 & repeal1 %\ld =m ! /aple bus9ess ( e session8 ,is !re any?+ m ?an might be expect$ 9 ! absurd ,jack-,cadeisms :i* disgrace ! debates8 ,ev5 )\t sett+ up s high a /&>d ( qualification z t above specifi$1 ! unfitness ( mo/ repres5tatives = _! duties is abundantly manife/4 ,y ne$ b glance ov] ! miscellane\s li/ ( noblem51 b>onets1 squires1 m]*ants1 b>ri/]s1 eng9e]s1 soldi]s1 sailors1 railway-directors1 etc41 & !n ask :at tra9+ _! previ\s lives h giv5 !m = ! intricate bus9ess ( legislation1 to see at once h[ extreme mu/ be ! incompet5ce4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! :ole sy/em _h be5 fram$ on ! say+s ( "s political ,dogb]ry3--8,! art ( heal+ is difficult2 ! art ( gov]nm5t easy4 ,! und]/&+ ( #cje ari?metic comes by /udy2 :ile ! und]/&+ ( society comes by in/9ct4 ,wat*mak+ requires a long appr5tice%ip2 b !re ne$s none = ! mak+ ( in/itutions4 ,to manage a %op prop]ly requires tea*+2 b ! managem5t ( a p may be und]tak5 )\t prep>ation40 ,7 we to be visit$ by "s wis] ,gulliv]1 or1 z 9 ! 8,micromegas0 ( ,voltaire1 by "s inhabitant ( ano!r sph]e1 8 acc\nt ( our political in/itutions might run some:at z foll[s3 8,i f\nd t ! ,engli% 7 gov]n$ by an assembly ( m51 said to embody ! #8collective wisdom4' ,?is assembly1 jo9$ ) "s o!r au?orities :i* seem practically subord9ate to x1 has unlimit$ p[]4 ,i 0 mu* p]plex$ by ?is4 ,) u x is cu/om>y to def9e ! (fice ( any appo9t$ body2 &1 above all ?+s1 to see t x does n defeat ! ends = :i* x 0 appo9t$4 ,b bo? ! !ory & ! practice ( ?is ,engli% ,gov]nm5t imply t x may d :atev] x pleases4 ,?\gh1 by _! curr5t maxims & usages1 ! ,engli% recognize ! "r ( prop]ty z sacr$--?\gh ! infraction ( x is consid]$ by !m "o ( ! grave/ crimes--?\gh ! laws pr(ess to be s jeal\s ( x z to puni% ev5 ! /eal+ ( a turnip2 yet _! legislators susp5d x at w4 ,!y take ! money ( citiz5s = any project :i* !y *oose to und]take2 ?\gh su* project 0 n 9 ! lea/ contemplat$ by ^? :o gave !m au?ority--nay1 ?\gh ! great] "p ( ! citiz5s f :om ! money is tak5 _h no %>e 9 giv+ !m su* au?ority4 ,ea* citiz5 c hold prop]ty only s long z ! #fed deputies d n want x4 ,x seem$ to me t an explod$ doctr9e once curr5t among !m ( #8! div9e "r ( k+s1' _h simply be5 *ang$ into ! div9e "r ( ,p>liam5ts4 8,i 0 at fir/ incl9$ to ?9k t ! con/itution ( ?+s on ! ,e>? 0 totally diff]5t f :at x is ) u2 = ! curr5t political philosophy "h1 implies #cjf t acts are n "r or wrong 9 !mselves b are made "o or ! o!r by ! votes ( law-mak]s4 ,9 our _w x is consid]$ manife/ t if a numb] ( be+s live toge!r1 !re mu/1 9 virtue ( _! natures1 be c]ta9 prim>y conditions on :i* only !y c "w satisfactorily 9 conc]t2 & we inf] t ! conduct :i* breaks ?r\gh ^! conditions is bad4 ,9 ! ,engli% legislature1 h[ev]1 a proposal to regulate conduct by any su* ab/ract /&>d w\ld be held absurd4 ,i ask$ "o ( _! memb]s ( ,p>liam5t :e!r a majority ( ! ,h\se c\ld legitimize murd]4 ,he said1 ,no4 ,i ask$ him :e!r x c\ld sanctify robb]y4 ,he ?\ght n4 ,b ,i c\ld n make him see t if murd] & robb]y are intr9sically wrong1 & n to be made "r by decisions ( /atesm51 t simil>ly all actions mu/ be ei!r "r or wrong1 ap>t f ! au?ority ( ! law2 & t if ! "r & wrong ( ! law are n 9 h>mony ) ?is intr9sic "r & wrong1 ! law itself is crim9al4 ,"s1 inde$1 among ! ,engli% ?9k z we d4 ,"o ( _! rem>kable m5 7n includ$ 9 _! ,assembly ( ,notables7 writes ?us3 8#8,to asc]ta9 bett] & bett] :at ! w ( ! ,et]nal 0 & is ) u1 :at ! laws ( ! ,et]nal are1 all ,p>liam5ts1 ,ecum5ic ,c\ncils1 ,congresses1 & o!r ,collective ,wisdoms1 h _h ?is = _! object4 4 4 4 4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! inexplicable univ]sal vot+s & debat+s ( ^! ,ages1 an idea or r a dumb presumption to ! contr>y has gone idly abroad2 & at ?is day1 ov] ext5sive tracts ( ! _w1 poor human be+s are to be f\nd1 ^: practical belief x is t if we 8vote0 ?is or t1 s ?is or t w !nce=? be4 4 4 4 4 ,practically1 m5 h come to imag9e t ! ,laws ( ?is ,univ]se1 l ! laws ( con/itutional c\ntries1 are decid$ by vot+4 4 4 4 ,x is an idle fancy4 ,! ,laws ( ?is ,univ]se1 ( :i* if ! ,laws ( ,engl& are n an exact transcript1 !y %\ld passionately /udy to become su*1 are fix$ by ! ev]la/+ congruity ( ?+s1 & are n fixable or *angeable by vot+6' 8,b ,i f9d t1 contemptu\sly disreg>d+ all su* prote/s1 ! ,engli% legislators p]sev]e 9 _! hyp]a!i/ic notion1 t an ,act ( ,p>liam5t duly en=c$ by ,/ate-(fic]s1 w "w out any object3 no "q be+ #cjg put :e!r ,laws ( ,nature p]mit4 ,i =got to ask :e!r !y consid]$ t diff]5t k9ds ( food c\ld be made :olesome or un:olesome by ,/ate-decree4 8,"o ?+ t /ruck me 0 ! curi\s way 9 :i* ! memb]s ( _! ,h\se ( ,commons judge ( "o ano!r's capacities4 ,_m :o express$ op9ions ( ! crude/ k9ds1 or trivial platitudes1 or worn-out sup]/itions1 7 civilly treat$4 ,follies z great z t b a few ye>s s9ce utt]$ by "o ( _! m9i/]s1 :o said t free-trade 0 contr>y to common s5se1 7 receiv$ 9 sil5ce4 ,b ,i 0 pres5t :5 "o ( _! numb]1 :o1 z ,i ?\ght1 0 speak+ v rationally1 made a mi/ake 9 8 pronunciation--made :at !y call a wrong quantity2 & imm$iately !re arose a %\t ( d]ision4 ,x seem$ q tol]able t a memb] %\ld "k little or no?+ ab\t ! bus9ess he 0 !re to transact2 b q intol]able t he %\ld be ignorant on a po9t ( no mom5t4 8,! ,engli% pique !mselves on be+ especially practical--h a great contempt = !oriz]s1 & pr(ess to be guid$ exclusively by facts4 ,be=e mak+ or alt]+ a law x is ! cu/om to appo9t a committee ( inquiry1 :o s5d = m5 able to give in=mation conc]n+ ! matt] 9 h&1 & ask !m "s ?\s&s ( que/ions4 ,^! que/ions1 & ! answ]s giv5 to !m1 are pr9t$ 9 l>ge books1 & di/ribut$ among ! memb]s ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t2 & ,i 0 told t !y sp5t ab\t #ajj1jjj a ye> 9 ?us collect+ & di/ribut+ evid5ce4 ,nev]!less1 x appe>$ to me t ! m9i/]s & repres5tatives ( ! ,engli% p1 p]t9aci\sly adh]e to !ories long ago disprov$ by ! mo/ conspicu\s facts4 ,!y pay great respect to petty details ( evid5ce1 b ( l>ge tru?s !y are q reg>dless4 ,?us1 ! exp]i5ce ( age aft] age has %[n t _! /ate-managem5t is almo/ inv>iably bad4 ,! national e/ates are s mis]ably adm9i/]$ z (t5 to br+ loss #cjh in/ead ( ga94 ,! gov]nm5t %ip-y>ds are uni=mly extravagant & ineffici5t4 ,! judicial sy/em works s ill t mo/ citiz5s w submit to s]i\s losses r ?an run risks ( be+ ru9$ by law-suits4 ,c\ntless facts prove ! ,gov]nm5t to be ! wor/ own]1 ! wor/ manufactur]1 ! wor/ trad]3 9 fact1 ! wor/ manag]1 be ! ?+ manag$ :at x may4 ,b ?\gh ! evid5ce ( ?is is abundant & conclusive--?\gh1 dur+ a rec5t w>1 ! bungl+s ( (ficials 7 z gl>+ & multitud9\s z ev]2 yet ! belief t any propos$ duties w be satisfactorily dis*>g$ by a new public dep>tm5t appo9t$ to !m1 seems n a :it ! weak]4 ,legislators1 ?9k+ !mselves practical1 cl+ to ! plausible !ory ( an (ficially-regulat$ society1 spite ( ov]:elm+ evid5ce t (ficial regulation p]petually fails4 8,nay1 inde$1 ! belief seems to ga9 /r5g? among ^! fact-lov+ ,engli% /atesm51 not)/&+ ! facts are aga9/ x4 ,proposals = ,/ate-control ov] ?is & ! o!r1 h be5 ( late m rife ?an ev]4 ,&1 mo/ rem>kable ( all1 _! repres5tative assembly lately li/5$ ) grave faces to ! ass]tion1 made by "o ( _! high au?orities1 t ,/ate-work%ops are m economical ?an private work%ops4 ,_! prime m9i/]1 9 def5d+ a rec5tly-e/abli%$ arms-factory1 actually told !m t1 at "o ( _! ars5als1 c]ta9 missiles ( w> 7 manufactur$ n only bett] ?an by ! trade1 b at ab\t "o-?ird ! price2 & add$1 #8s x w\ld be 9 all ?+s4' ,! ,engli% be+ a trad+ p1 :o mu/ be tol]ably famili> ) ! usual rates ( pr(it among manufactur]s1 & ! m>g9 = possible economy1 ! fact t !y %\ld h got = _! *ief repres5tative "o s utt]ly 9 ! d>k on ^! matt]s1 /ruck me z a wond]ful result ( ! repres5tative sy/em4 8,i did n inquire mu* fur!r1 = x 0 manife/ t #cji if ^! 7 really _! wise/ m51 ! ,engli% 7 n a wise p40 99 99 99 99 99 ,repres5tative gov]nm5t1 !n1 _c be call$ a success1 9 s f> z ! *oice ( m5 is conc]n$4 ,^? x puts into p[] are ! fitte/ nei!r 9 respect ( _! int]e/s1 nor _! culture1 nor _! wisdom4 ,& z a consequ5ce1 p>tly ( ?is & p>tly ( its complex & cumbr\s nature1 repres5tative gov]nm5t is any?+ b effici5t = adm9i/rative purposes4 ,9 ^! respects x is manife/ly inf]ior to mon>*ical gov]nm5t4 ,?is has ! advantage ( simplicity1 :i* is always conducive to effici5cy4 ,& x has ! fur!r advantage t ! p[] is 9 ! h&s ( "o :o is directly conc]n$ 9 ! good managem5t ( national affairs2 see+ t ! cont9u$ ma9t5ance ( 8 p[]--nay1 (t5 8 v life--dep5ds on ?is4 ,= 8 own sake a mon>* *ooses ! wise/ c\ncillors he c f9d1 reg>dless ( class-di/9ctions4 ,8 int]e/ 9 gett+ ! be/ help is too great to all[ ( prejudices /&+ betwe5 him & a f>-see+ man4 ,we see ?is abundantly illu/rat$4 ,did n ! k+s ( ,france take ,ri*elieu1 & ,maz>91 & ,turgot to assi/ !m8 ,_h n ,h5ry ,,viii4 8 ,wolsey1 ,elizabe? h] ,burleigh1 ,james 8 ,bacon1 ,cromwell 8 ,milton8 ,& 7 n ^! m5 ( great] calibre ?an ^? :o hold ! re9s "u our con/itutional rgime8 ,s /rong is ! motive ( an autocrat to make use ( ability :]ev] x exi/s1 t he w1 l ,l\is ,,xi41 take ev5 8 b>b] into c\ncil if he f9ds him a clev] fell[4 ,besides *oos+ !m = m9i/]s & advis]s1 he seeks out ! mo/ compet5t m5 = o!r (fices4 ,napoleon rais$ 8 m>%als f ! ranks2 & ow$ 8 milit>y success 9 great "p to ! read9ess ) :i* he saw & avail$ himself ( m]it :]ev] f\nd4 ,we h rec5tly se5 9 ,russia h[ prompt 0 ! recognition & promotion ( eng9e]+ tal5t 9 ! case ( ,todleb52 & "k to #caj our co/ h[ greatly ! prolong$ def5ce ( ,seba/opol 0 due to ?is4 ,9 ! m>k$ contra/ to ^! cases suppli$ by our own army1 9 :i* g5ius is ignor$ :ile muffs are hon\r$--9 :i* weal? & ca/e make ! advance ( plebeian m]it next to impossible--9 :i* jeal\sies betwe5 ,que5's s]vice & ,company's s]vice r5d] ! be/ g5]al%ip almo/ unavailable2 we see t ! repres5tative sy/em fails 9 ! (fic]+ ( its executive1 z mu* z 9 ! (fic]+ ( its legislative4 ,a /rik+ anti!sis betwe5 ! actions ( ! two =ms ( gov]nm5t1 is pres5t$ 9 ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,seba/opol ,committee respect+ ! supply ( huts to ! ,crimean army--evid5ce %[+ t :ile1 9 8 negotiations ) ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t1 ! contractor = ! huts met ) no?+ b vacillation1 delay1 & (ficial rud5ess1 ! conduct ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 0 m>k$ by promptitude1 decision1 s\nd judgm5t1 & great civility4 ,ev]y?+ goes to %[ t = adm9i/rative effici5cy1 autocratic p[] is ! be/4 ,if y\r aim is a well-organiz$ army--if y want to h sanit>y dep>tm5ts1 & educational dep>tm5ts1 & *>ity-dep>tm5ts1 manag$ 9 a bus9ess-l way--if y w\ld h society actively regulat$ by /affs ( ,/ate-ag5ts2 !n by all means *oose t sy/em ( complete c5tralization :i* we call despotism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,probably1 not)/&+ ! h9ts dropp$ at ! outset1 mo/ h read ! =ego+ pages ) surprise4 ,v likely "s h ref]r$ to ! cov] ( ! ,review1 to see :e!r !y h n1 9 mi/ake1 tak5 up "s o!r ?an ! 8,we/m9/]20 :ile "s may1 p]haps1 h accompani$ _! p]usal by a runn+ comm5t>y ( epi!ts condemnatory ( our seem+ *ange ( pr9ciples4 ,let !m n be al>m$4 ,we h n 9 ! lea/ sw]v$ f ! confession ( fai? set =? 9 our prospectus4 ,on ! contr>y1 z we %all %ortly %[1 #caa our adhesion to free in/itutions is z /rong z ev]--nay1 has ev5 ga9$ /r5g? ?r\gh ?is app>5tly antagoni/ic criticism4 ,! subord9ation ( a nation to a man1 is n a :olesome b a vici\s /ate ( ?+s3 ne$ful1 inde$1 = a vici\s humanity2 b to be outgr[n z fa/ z may be4 ,! in/9ct :i* makes x possible is any?+ b a noble "o4 ,call x 8h]o-wor%ip10 & x looks respectable4 ,call x :at x is--a bl9d awe & fe> ( p[]1 no matt] ( :at k9d1 b m especially ( ! brutal k9d2 & x is by no means to be admir$4 ,wat* x 9 e>ly ages deify+ ! cannibal *ief2 s++ ! praises ( ! successful ?ief2 commemorat+ ! mo/ blood-?ir/y w>riors2 speak+ ) rev]5ce ( ^? :o _h %[n undy+ rev5ge2 & erect+ alt>s to su* z c>ri$ fur!/ ! vices :i* disgrace humanity2 & ! illusion disappe>s4 ,read h[1 :]e x 0 /ronge/1 x immolat$ cr[ds ( victims at ! tomb ( ! dead k+--h[1 at ! alt>s rais$ to its h]oes1 x habitually sacrific$ prison]s & *ildr5 to satisfy _! traditional appetite = human fle%--h[ x produc$ t fealty ( subjects to rul]s :i* made possible endless aggressions1 battles1 massacres1 & horrors innum]able--h[ x has m]cilessly sla9 ^? :o w\ld n lick ! du/ be=e its idols2--read all ?is1 & ! feel+ no long] seems s wor?y an "o4 ,see x 9 lat] days idealiz+ ! wor/ z well z ! be/ mon>*s2 receiv+ assass9s ) acclamation2 hurrah+ be=e successful trea*]y2 ru%+ to applaud ! processions & %[s & c]emonies :]e) effete p[] /r5g!ns itself2 & x looks f> f laudable4 ,autocracy presupposes inf]iority ( nature on ! "p ( bo? rul] & subject3 on ! "o side a cold1 unsympa!tic sacrific+ ( o!r's wills to self-w2 on ! o!r side a mean1 c[>dly ab&onm5t ( ! claims ( manhood4 ,our v language #cab be>s te/imony to ?is4 ,d n dignity1 indep5d5ce1 & o!r words ( approbation1 imply a nature at v>iance ) ?is relation8 ,are n tyrannical1 arbitr>y1 despotic1 epi!ts ( reproa*8 & are n truckl+1 fawn+1 cr++1 epi!ts ( contempt8 ,is n slavi% a condemnatory t]m8 ,does n s]vile1 t is1 s]f-l1 imply littl5ess1 meanness8 ,& has n ! ^w villa91 :i* orig9ally meant bondsman1 come to signify ev]y?+ :i* is hateful8 ,t language %\ld ?us inadv]t5tly embody dislike = ^? :o mo/ display ! in/9ct ( subord9ation1 is alone suffici5t pro( t ?is in/9ct is associat$ ) evil dispositions4 ,x has be5 ! p>5t ( c\ntless crimes4 ,x is answ]able = ! tortur+ & murd] ( ! noble-m9d$ :o w\ld n submit--= ! horrors ( ,ba/iles & ,sib]ias4 ,x has ev] be5 ! repress] ( k1 ( free ?\ght1 ( true progress4 ,9 all times x has fo/]$ ! vices ( c\rts1 & made ^? vices fa%ionable ?r\gh\t nations4 ,) a ,george ,,iv4 on ! ?rone1 x weekly tells t5 ?\s& lies1 9 ! %ape ( pray]s = a 8mo/ religi\s & graci\s k+40 ,:e!r y read ! annals ( ! f> pa/--:e!r y look at ! v>i\s unciviliz$ races disp]s$ ov] ! globe--or :e!r y contra/ ! exi/+ nations ( ,europe2 y equally f9d t submission to au?ority decreases z morality & intellig5ce increase4 ,f anci5t w>rior-wor%ip d[n to mod]n flunkeyism1 ! s5tim5t has ev] be5 /ronge/ :]e human nature has be5 vile/4 ,?is relation betwe5 b>b>ism & loyalty1 is "o ( ^? b5efic5t arrangem5ts :i* 8! s]vant & int]pret] ( nature0 ev]y:]e meets )4 ,! subord9ation ( _m to "o1 is a =m ( society ne$ful = m5 s long z _! natures are savage1 or anti-social2 & t x may be ma9ta9$1 x is ne$ful t !y %\ld h an extreme awe ( ! "o4 ,j 9 proportion #cac z _! conduct to "o ano!r is su* z to bre$ p]petual antagonism1 endang]+ social union2 j 9 t proportion mu/ !re be a rev]5ce = ! /rong1 det]m9$1 cruel rul]1 :o alone c repress _! explosive natures & keep !m f mutual de/ruction4 ,among su* a p any =m ( free gov]nm5t is an impossibility4 ,!re mu/ be a despotism z /]n z ! p are savage2 &1 t su* a despotism may exi/1 !re mu/ be a sup]/iti\s wor%ip ( ! despot4 ,b z fa/ z ! discipl9e ( social life modifies "*--z fa/ z1 ?r\gh lack ( use1 ! old pr$atory in/9cts dw9dle--z fa/ z ! sympa!tic feel+s gr[2 s fa/ does ?is h>d rule become less necess>y2 s fa/ does ! au?ority ( ! rul] dim9i%2 s fa/ does ! awe ( him disappe>4 ,f be+ orig9ally god1 or demi-god1 he comes at l5g? to be a v ord9>y p]son2 liable to be criticiz$1 ridicul$1 c>icatur$4 ,v>i\s influ5ces conspire to ?is result4 ,accumulat+ k gradually dive/s ! rul] ( ^? sup]natural attributes at fir/ ascrib$ to him4 ,! conceptions :i* develop+ sci5ce gives ( ! gr&eur ( creation1 z well z ! con/ancy & irresi/ibl5ess ( its ,omnipres5t ,cause1 make all feel ! comp>ative littl5ess ( human p[]2 & ! awe once felt = ! great man is1 by degrees1 transf]r$ to t ,univ]se ( :i* ! great man is se5 to =m b an insignificant "p4 ,increase ( population1 ) its av]age p]-c5tage ( great m51 involves ! comp>ative frequ5cy ( su*2 & ! m num]\s !y are ! less respect c be giv5 to ea*3 !y dw>f "o ano!r4 ,z society becomes settl$ & organiz$1 its welf>e & progress become m & m indep5d5t ( any "o4 ,9 a primitive society ! dea? ( a *ief may alt] ! :ole c\rse ( ?+s2 b 9 a society l ours1 ?+s g on mu* z be=e1 no matt] :o dies4 ,?us1 _m influ5ces comb9e to dim9i% autocratic p[]1 :e!r political or o!r4 ,x is true1 #cad n only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,t5nyson writes x1 b also 9 a high] s5se1 t 4 4 4 8! individual )]s1 & ! _w is m & m40 ,fur!r1 x is to be not$ t :ile ! unlimit$ au?ority ( ! greate/ man ceases to be ne$ful2 & :ile ! sup]/iti\s awe :i* upholds t unlimit$ au?ority decreases2 x at ! same "t becomes impossible to get ! greate/ man to ! top4 ,9 a rude social /ate1 :]e might is "r1 :]e w> is ! bus9ess ( life1 :]e ! qualities requir$ 9 ! rul]1 alike = controll+ 8 subjects & defeat+ 8 enemies1 are bodily /r5g?1 c\rage1 cunn+1 w1 x is easy to pick out ! be/2 or r--he picks himself out4 ,! qualities :i* make him ! fitte/ gov]nor = ! b>b>ians ar\nd him1 are ! qualities by :i* he gets ! ma/]y ov] !m4 ,b 9 an advanc$1 complex1 & comp>atively peaceful /ate l ours1 ^! are n ! qualities ne$$2 & ev5 7 !y ne$$1 ! firmly-organiz$ arrangem5ts ( society d n all[ ! possessor ( !m to break ?r\gh to ! top4 ,= ! rule ( a settl$1 civiliz$ community1 ! *>act]i/ics requir$ are--n a love ( conque/ b a desire = ! g5]al happ9ess2 n undy+ hate ( enemies b a calm dispassionate equity2 n artful manuvr+ b philosophic insight4 ,h[ is ! man mo/ end[$ ) ^! to be f\nd8 ,9 no c\ntry is he ord9>ily born heir to ! ?rone2 & t he c be *os5 out ( ?irty millions ( p none w be fooli% en\gh to ?9k4 ,! incapacity = recogniz+ ! greate/ wor?1 we h already se5 illu/rat$ 9 our p>liam5t>y elections4 ,& if ! few ?\s&s =m+ a con/itu5cy _c pick out f among !mselves _! wise/ man1 /ill less c ! millions =m+ a nation d x4 ,j z fa/ z society becomes popul\s1 complex1 peaceful2 s fa/ does ! political supremacy ( ! be/ become impossible4 #cae ,b ev5 7 ! relation ( autocrat & slave a morally :olesome "o2 & ev5 7 x possible to f9d ! fitte/ man to be autocrat2 we %\ld /ill cont5d t su* a =m ( gov]nm5t is bad4 ,we %\ld n cont5d ?is simply on ! gr\nd t self-gov]nm5t is a valuable educator4 ,b we %\ld take ! gr\nd t no human be+1 h[ev] wise & good1 is fit to be sole rul] ov] ! do+s ( an involv$ society2 & t1 ) ! be/ int5tions1 a b5evol5t despot is v likely to produce ! mo/ t]rible mis*iefs :i* w\ld else h be5 impossible4 ,we w take ! case ( all o!rs ! mo/ fav\rable to ^? :o w\ld give supreme p[] to ! be/4 ,we w in/ance ,mr4 ,c>lyle's model h]o--,cromwell4 ,d\btless !re 0 mu* 9 ! mann]s ( ! times :5 ,puritanism arose1 to ju/ify its disgu/4 ,d\btless ! vices & follies bequea!d by effete ,ca?olicism /ill /ruggl+ = exi/5ce1 7 bad en\gh to create a reaction>y asceticism4 ,x is 9 ! ord] ( ,nature1 h[ev]1 t m5's habits & pleasures are n to be *ang$ sudd5ly4 ,= any p]man5t effect to be produc$ x mu/ be produc$ sl[ly4 ,bett] ta/es1 high] aspirations1 mu/ be develop$2 n en=c$ f )\t4 ,disa/] is sure to result f ! )drawal ( l[] gratifications be=e high] ones h tak5 _! places2 = gratification ( "s k9d is a condition to heal?ful exi/5ce4 ,:atev] ascetic morality1 or r immorality1 may say1 pleasures & pa9s are ! inc5tives & re/ra9ts by :i* ,nature keeps h] prog5y f de/ruction4 ,no contemptu\s title ( 8pig-philosophy0 w alt] ! et]nal fact t ,mis]y is ! highway to ,dea?2 :ile ,happ9ess is add$ ,life & ! giv] ( ,life4 ,b indignant ,puritanism c\ld n see ?is tru?2 & ) ! extravagance ( fanaticism s\ght to aboli% pleasure 9 g5]al4 ,gett+ into p[]1 x put d[n n only que/ionable amusem5ts b all o!rs along ) !m4 ,& #caf = ^! repressions ,cromwell1 ei!r z enact+1 ma9ta9+1 or all[+ !m1 0 responsible4 ,:at1 n[1 0 ! result ( ?is attempt to dragoon m5 into virtue8 ,:at came :5 ! /rong man :o ?\ght he 0 ?us 8help+ ,god to m5d all10 di$8 ,a dreadful reaction br\ght 9 "o ( ! mo/ degrad$ p]iods ( our hi/ory4 ,into ! newly-g>ni%$ h\se ent]$ 8sev5 o!r spirits m wick$ ?an ! fir/40 ,= g5]ations ! ,engli% "* 0 l[]$4 ,vice 0 glori$ 91 virtue 0 ridicul$2 dramati/s made m>riage ! /ock-subject ( laught]2 pr(an5ess & obsc5ity fl\ri%$2 high aspirations ceas$2 ! :ole age 0 corrupt4 ,n until ,george ,,iii4 reign$ 0 !re a bett] /&>d ( liv+4 ,& = ?is c5tury ( demoralization we h1 9 great measure1 to ?ank ,cromwell4 ,is x1 !n1 s cle> t ! dom9ation ( "o man1 righte\s ?\gh he may be1 is a bless+8 ,la/ly1 x is to be rem>k$ t :5 ! political supremacy ( ! greate/ no long] exi/s 9 an ov]t =m1 x /ill cont9ues 9 a disguis$ & m b5efic5t =m4 ,= is x n manife/ t 9 ^! latt] days ! wise man ev5tually gets 8 edicts en=c$ by o!rs1 if n by himself4 ,adam ,smi?1 f 8 *imney-corn]1 dictat$ great] *anges ?an prime m9i/]s d4 ,a ,g5]al ,?ompson :o =ges ! weapons ) :i* ! ,anti-,corn-,law battle is f\ght--a ,cobd5 & a ,bright :o add to & wield !m1 =w>d civilization mu* m ?an ^? :o hold sceptres4 ,repugnant z ! fact may be to /atesm51 x is yet "o n to be ga9say$4 ,:oev]1 to ! great effects already produc$ by ,free-trade1 jo9s ! f> great] effects :i* w be h]eaft] produc$1 mu/ see t ! revolution initiat$ by ^! m5 is f> wid] ?an has be5 initiat$ by any pot5tate ( mod]n times4 ,z ,mr4 ,c>lyle v well kn[s1 ^? :o elaborate new tru?s & tea* !m to _! fell[s1 are #cag n[-a-days ! real rul]s--8! unackn[l$g$ legislators0--! virtual k+s4 ,?us we h ! good :i* great m5 c d u1 :ile we are sav$ f ! evil4 ,no2 ! old rgime has pass$ away4 ,= ourselves at lea/1 ! subord9ation ( ! _m to ! "o has become alike ne$less1 repugnant1 & impossible4 ,good = its "t1 bad = ours1 ! anci5t 8h]o-wor%ip0 is dead2 & happily no declamations1 be !y nev] s eloqu5t1 c revive x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h seem to be two irreconcileable positions--two mutually-de/ructive argum5ts4 ,fir/1 a condemnatory criticism on repres5tative gov]nm5t1 & !n a /ill m condemnatory criticism on mon>*ical gov]nm5t3 ea* app>5tly aboli%+ ! o!r4 ,nev]!less1 ! p>adox is easily explicable4 ,x is q possible to say all t we h said conc]n+ ! defects ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 & /ill to hold t x is ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,nay1 x is q possible to d]ive a m pr(\nd conviction ( its sup]iority f ! v evid5ce :i* appe>s s unfav\rable to x4 ,= no?+ t we h urg$ tells aga9/ its goodness z a means ( secur+ ju/ice betwe5 man & man1 or class & class4 ,abundant evid5ce %[s t ! ma9t5ance ( equitable relations among its subjects1 :i* =ms ! ess5tial bus9ess ( a rul+ p[]1 is sure/ :5 ! rul+ p[] is ( popul> orig92 not)/&+ ! defects to :i* su* a rul+ p[] is liable4 ,= dis*>g+ ! true function ( a gov]nm5t1 repres5tative gov]nm5t is %[n to be ! be/1 alike by its orig91 its !ory1 & its results4 ,let u glance at ! facts "u ^! ?ree heads4 ,alike 9 ,spa91 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,france1 popul> p[] embodi$ itself z a *eck ^u k+ly tyranny1 t is--k+ly inju/ice4 ,! e>lie/ acc\nts we h ( ! ,spani% ,cortes1 say t x 0 _! (fice to advise #cah ! ,k+2 & to foll[ _! advice 0 8 duty4 ,!y petition$1 remon/rat$1 compla9$ ( grievances1 & supplicat$ = r$ress4 ,! ,k+1 hav+ acc$$ to _! requirem5ts1 swore to obs]ve !m2 & x 0 agre$ t any act ( 8 9 contrav5tion ( ! /atutes ?us e/abli%$1 %\ld be 8respect$ z ! ,k+'s comm&s1 b n execut$1 z contr>y to ! rights & privileges ( ! subject40 ,9 all :i* we see v cle>ly t ! special aim ( ! ,cortes 0 to get rectifi$ ! inju/ices committ$ by ! ,k+ or o!rs2 t ! ,k+ 0 9 ! habit ( break+ ! promises ( am5dm5t he made to !m2 & t !y _h to adopt measures to en=ce ! fulfilm5t ( 8 promises4 ,9 ,engl& we trace analog\s facts4 ,! ,b>ons :o bridl$ ! tyranny ( ,k+ ,john1 ?\gh n =mally appo9t$1 7 virtually impromptu repres5tatives ( ! nation2 & 9 _! dem& t ju/ice %\ld nei!r be sold1 d5i$1 nor delay$1 we disc]n ! social evils :i* l$ to ?is tak+ ( ! p[] into _! own h&s4 ,9 e>ly times ! knights & burgesses1 summon$ by ! ,k+ ) ! view ( gett+ supplies f !m1 _h = _! especial bus9ess to obta9 f him ! r$ress ( grievances1 t is--! execution ( ju/ice2 & 9 _! ev5tually-obta9$ & occasionally-ex]cis$ p[] ( )hold+ supplies until ju/ice 0 grant$1 we see bo? ! ne$ !re 0 = rem$y+ ! iniquities ( autocracy1 & ! adaptation ( repres5tative in/itutions to ?is end4 ,& ! fur!r developm5t ( popul> p[] latt]ly obta9$1 orig9at$ f ! dem& = fair] laws--= less class-privilege1 class-exemption1 class-inju/ice3 a fact :i* ! spee*es ( ! ,re=m-,bill agitation abundantly prove4 ,9 ,france1 aga91 repres5tative gov]nm5t grew into a def9ite =m "u ! /imulus ( unbe>able oppression4 ,:5 ! accumulat$ extortion ( c5turies _h r$uc$ ! mass ( ! p to mis]y--:5 millions ( hagg>d faces 7 se5 ?r\gh\t ! #cai l&--:5 />v+ compla9ants 7 hang$ on 8a gall[s =ty feet high0--:5 ! exactions & cruelties ( good-=-no?+ k+s & vampire-nobles _h br\ght ! nation to ! eve ( dissolution2 !re came1 z a rem$y1 an assembly ( m5 elect$ by ! p4 ,t1 consid]$ a priori1 repres5tative gov]nm5t is fitt$ = e/abli%+ j laws1 is impli$ by ! unanimity ) :i* ,spani%1 ,engli%1 & ,fr5* avail$ !mselves ( x to ?is end2 z well z by ! endeav\rs latt]ly made by o!r ,european nations to d ! l4 ,! rationale ( ! matt] is simple en\gh4 ,manife/ly1 on ! av]age ( cases1 a man w protect 8 own int]e/s m solicit\sly ?an o!rs w protect !m = him4 ,manife/ly1 :]e regulations h to be made affect+ ! int]e/s ( sev]al m51 !y are mo/ likely to be equitably made :5 all ^? conc]n$ are pres5t1 & h equal %>es 9 ! mak+ ( !m4 ,& manife/ly1 :]e ^? conc]n$ are s num]\s & s disp]s$1 t x is physically impossible = !m all to take "p 9 ! fram+ ( su* regulations1 ! next be/ ?+ is = ! citiz5s 9 ea* locality to appo9t "o ( _! numb] to speak = !m1 to c>e = _! claims1 to be _! repres5tative4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple is t ! welf>e ( all w be mo/ secure :5 ea* looks aft] 8 own welf>e2 & ! pr9ciple is c>ri$ out z directly z ! circum/ances p]mit4 ,x is inf]able1 alike f human nature & f hi/ory1 t a s+le man _c be tru/$ ) ! int]e/s ( a nation ( m51 :]e 8 real or imag9$ int]e/s cla% ) !irs4 ,x is simil>ly inf]able f human nature & f hi/ory1 t no small section ( a nation1 z ! nobles1 c be expect$ to consult ! welf>e ( ! p at l>ge 9 pref]5ce to _! own4 ,& x is fur!r inf]able t only 9 a g5]al diffusion ( political p[]1 is !re a safegu>d = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,?is has all along be5 ! conviction "u :i* repres5tative gov]nm5t has be5 advocat$1 #cbj ma9ta9$1 & ext5d$4 ,f ! e>ly writs summon+ ! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons--writs :i* decl>$ x to be a mo/ equitable rule t ! laws :i* conc]n$ all %\ld be approv$ ( by all--d[n to ! reasons n[ urg$ by ! un5fran*is$ = a p>ticipation 9 political p[]1 ?is is ! impli$ !ory4 ,obs]ve1 no?+ is said ab\t wisdom or adm9i/rative ability4 ,f ! beg9n+1 ! end 9 view has be5 ju/ice4 ,:e!r we consid] ! "q 9 ! ab/ract1 or :e!r we exam9e ! op9ions m5 h ent]ta9$ ^u x f old times d[n to ! pres5t day1 we equally see ! !ory ( repres5tative gov]nm5t to be1 t x is ! be/ means ( insur+ equitable social relations4 ,& d n ! results ju/ify ! !ory8 ,did n our e>ly ,p>liam5ts1 aft] long-cont9u$ /ruggles1 succe$ 9 curb+ ! lic5ti\s ex]cise ( royal p[]1 & 9 e/abli%+ ! rights ( ! subject8 ,are n ! comp>ative security & ju/ice enjoy$ "u our =m ( gov]nm5t1 indicat$ by ! envy ) :i* o!r nations reg>d x8 ,0 n ! election ( ! ,fr5* ,con/itu5t ,assembly foll[$ by ! sweep+ away ( ! griev\s burd5s t weigh$ d[n ! p--by ! abolition ( ti!s1 seignorial dues1 gabelle1 excessive pres]vation ( game--by ! )drawal ( num]\s feudal privileges & immunities--by ! manumission ( ! slaves 9 ! ,fr5* colonies8--,& has n t ext5sion ( our own electoral sy/em embodi$ 9 ! ,re=m-,bill1 br\ght ab\t m equitable arrangem5ts8--z witness ! repeal ( ! ,corn-,laws1 & ! equalization ( probate & legacy duties4 ,! pro(s are und5iable4 ,x is cle>1 bo? a priori & a po/]iori1 t repres5tative gov]nm5t is especially adapt$ = ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( j laws4 ,& n[ m>k t ! objections to repres5tative gov]nm5t a:ile s9ce urg$1 sc>cely tell aga9/ x at all1 s long z x does n exce$ ?is comp>atively limit$ #cba function4 ,?\gh its m$iocrity ( intellect makes x incompet5t to ov]see & regulate ! c\ntless involv$ processes :i* make up ! national life2 x nev]!less has q en\gh intellect to enact & en=ce ^? simple pr9ciples ( equity :i* und]lie ! "r conduct ( citiz5s to "o ano!r4 ,^! are su* t ! commone/ m9ds c und]/& _! *ief applications4 ,/upid z may be ! av]age elector1 he c see ! propriety ( su* regulations z %all prev5t m5 f murd]+ & robb+2 he c und]/& ! fitness ( laws :i* en=ce ! paym5t ( debts2 he c p]ceive ! ne$ ( measures to prev5t ! /rong f tyranniz+ ov] ! weak2 & he c feel ! rectitude ( a judicial sy/em t is ! same = ri* & poor4 ,! av]age repres5tative may be b ( small capacity1 b he is compet5t1 "u ! lead]%ip ( 8 wis] fell[s1 to devise appliances = c>ry+ out ^! necess>y re/ra9ts2 or r--he is compet5t to uphold ! set ( appliances sl[ly elaborat$ by ! _m g5]ations ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & to d some?+ t[>ds improv+ & ext5d+ !m 9 ^? directions :]e ! ne$ is mo/ manife/4 ,x is true t ev5 ^! small dem&s ^u electoral & s5atorial wisdom are b imp]fectly met4 ,b ?\gh con/itu5cies are bl9d to ! palpable tru? t if !y w\ld escape laws :i* fav\r ! nobility at ! exp5se ( ! commonalty1 !y mu/ cease to *oose repres5tatives f among ! nobility2 yet :5 ! inju/ice ( ?is class-legislation is gl>+--z 9 ! case ( ! ,corn-,laws--!y h s5se en\gh to use means = gett+ x aboli%$4 ,& ?\gh mo/ legislators h n suffici5t p5etration to p]ceive t ! great] "p ( ! evils :i* !y attempt to cure by (ficial inspection & regulation1 w\ld disappe> 7 !re a c]ta91 prompt1 & *eap adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 yet ! ,c\nty-,c\rts-,act & o!r rec5t law-re=ms1 %[ t !y d ev5tually recognize ! importance ( m effici5t #cbb judicial arrangem5ts4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! l[] av]age ( intellig5ce :i* necess>ily *>act]izes repres5tative gov]nm5t1 unfits x = dis*>g+ ! complex bus9ess ( regulat+ ! entire national life2 x does n unfit x = dis*>g+ ! comp>atively simple duties ( protector4 ,aga91 9 respect ( ?is all-ess5tial function ( a gov]nm5t1 !re is a mu* cle>] id5tity ( int]e/ betwe5 repres5tative & citiz51 ?an 9 respect ( ! multitud9\s o!r functions :i* gov]nm5ts und]take4 ,?\gh x is g5]ally ( b little consequ5ce to ! memb] ( ,p>liam5t :e!r /ate-tea*]s1 /ate-prea*]s1 /ate-(fic]s ( heal?1 /ate-disp5s]s ( *>ity1 etc41 d _! "w well1 x is ( great consequ5ce to him t life & prop]ty %\ld be secure2 & h5ce he is m likely to c>e = ! effici5t adm9i/ration ( ju/ice ?an = ! effici5t adm9i/ration ( any?+ else4 ,moreov]1 ! complexity1 incongruity ( p>ts1 & g5]al cumbr\sness :i* deprive a repres5tative gov]nm5t ( t activity & decision requir$ = pat]nally-sup]9t5d+ ! affairs ( ?irty millions ( citiz5s2 d n deprive x ( ! ability to e/abli% & ma9ta9 ! regulations by :i* ^! citiz5s are prev5t$ f trespass+ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,= ! pr9ciples ( equity are p]man5t z well z simple2 & once hav+ be5 legally embodi$ 9 _! *ief outl9es1 all t devolves on a gov]nm5t is to develop !m m p]fectly1 & improve ! appliances = en=c+ !m3 an und]tak+ = :i* ! sl[ & involv$ action ( a repres5tative gov]nm5t does n unfit x4 ,s t :ile by its orig91 !ory1 & results1 repres5tative gov]nm5t is %[n to be ! be/ = secur+ ju/ice betwe5 class & class1 z well z betwe5 man & man1 ! objections :i* s /rongly tell aga9/ x 9 all its o!r relations to society1 d n tell aga9/ x 9 ?is fundam5tal relation4 ,?us1 !n1 we rea* ! solution ( ! p>adox4 ,"h is ! reconciliation betwe5 ! two seem+ly-contradictory #cbc positions a:ile s9ce tak54 ,to ! "q--,:at is repres5tative gov]nm5t good =8 our reply is--,x is good1 especially good1 good above all o!rs1 = do+ ! ?+ :i* a gov]nm5t %\ld d4 ,x is bad1 especially bad1 bad above all o!rs1 = do+ ! ?+s :i* a gov]nm5t %\ld n d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o po9t rema9s4 ,we said1 "s di/ance back1 t n only may repres5tative gov]nm5t be ! be/1 not)/&+ its _m conspicu\s defici5cies2 b t x is ev5 possible to disc]n 9 ^! v defici5cies fur!r pro(s ( its sup]iority4 ,! conclusion j arriv$ at1 imply+1 z x does1 t ^! defici5cies t5d to h9d] x f do+ ! ?+s :i* no gov]nm5t %\ld d1 has already furni%$ a key to ?is /range-look+ ass]tion4 ,b x w be well "h to make a m specific ju/ification ( x4 ,?is br+s u to ! pure sci5ce ( ! matt]4 ,! ev]-increas+ complexity :i* *>act]izes advanc+ societies1 is a complexity t results f ! multiplication ( diff]5t p>ts p]=m+ diff]5t duties4 ,! doctr9e ( ! division ( lab\r is n[-a-days und]/ood by mo/ to "s ext5t2 & mo/ "k t by ?is division ( lab\r ea* op]ative1 ea* manufactur]1 ea* t[n1 ea* di/rict1 is con/antly m & m re/rict$ to "o k9d ( "w4 ,^? :o /udy ! organization ( liv+ bodies f9d ! uni=m process ( developm5t to be1 t ea* organ gradually acquires a def9ite & limit$ function3 !re arises1 /ep by /ep1 a m p]fect 8physiological division ( lab\r40 ,& 9 an article on 8,progress3 its ,law & ,cause10 publi%$ 9 our ,april numb]1 we po9t$ out t ?is increas+ specialization ( functions :i* goes on 9 all organiz$ bodies1 social z well z individual1 is "o ( ! manife/ations ( a /ill m g5]al process p]vad+ creation1 inorganic z well z organic4 ,n[ ?is specialization ( functions1 :i* is ! law ( #cbd all organization1 has a tw(old implication4 ,at ! same "t t ea* "p gr[s adapt$ to ! p>ticul> duty x has to dis*>ge1 x gr[s unadapt$ to all o!r duties4 ,! becom+ especially fit = "o ?+1 is a becom+ less fit ?an be=e = ev]y?+ else4 ,we h n space "h to exemplify ?is tru?4 ,any mod]n "w on physiology1 h[ev]1 w furni% ! read] ) abundant illu/rations ( x1 z exhibit$ 9 ! evolution ( liv+ creatures2 & z exhibit$ 9 ! evolution ( societies1 x may be /udi$ 9 ! writ+s ( political economi/s4 ,all :i* we wi% "h to po9t out is1 t ! gov]nm5tal "p ( ! body politic exemplifies ?is tru? equally ) its o!r p>ts4 ,9 virtue ( ?is univ]sal law1 a gov]nm5t _c ga9 ability to p]=m its special "w )\t los+ su* ability z x _h to p]=m o!r "w4 ,?is !n is1 z we say1 ! pure sci5ce ( ! matt]4 ,! orig9al & ess5tial (fice ( a gov]nm5t is t ( protect+ its subjects aga9/ aggression ext]nal & int]nal4 ,9 l[1 undevelop$ =ms ( society1 :]e yet !re is b little diff]5tiation ( p>ts1 & little specialization ( functions1 ?is ess5tial "w1 dis*>g$ ) extreme imp]fection1 is jo9$ ) endless o!r "w3 ! gov]nm5t has a controll+ action ov] all conduct1 individual & social--regulates dress1 food1 ablutions1 prices1 trade1 religion--ex]cises unb\nd$ p[]4 ,9 becom+ s con/itut$ z to dis*>ge bett] its ess5tial function1 ! gov]nm5t becomes m limit$ alike 9 ! p[] & ! habit ( do+ o!r ?+s4 ,increas+ ability to p]=m its true duty1 involves decreas+ ability to p]=m all o!r k9ds ( actions4 ,& ?is conclusion1 d$ucible f ! univ]sal law ( organization1 is ! conclusion to :i* inductive reason+ has already l$ u4 ,we h se5 t1 :e!r consid]$ 9 !ory or practice1 repres5tative gov]nm5t is ! be/ = secur+ ju/ice4 ,we h also se5 t1 :e!r #cbe consid]$ 9 !ory or practice1 x is ! wor/ = all o!r purposes4 ,& "h we f9d t ?is la/ *>act]i/ic is a necess>y accompanim5t ( ! fir/4 ,^! v>i\s incapacities1 :i* seem to tell s s]i\sly aga9/ ! goodness ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 are b ! inevitable consequ5ces ( its m complete adaptation to its prop] "w2 &1 s und]/ood1 are !mselves indications t x is ! =m ( gov]nm5t natural to a m highly-organiz$ & advanc$ social /ate4 ,we d n expect ?is consid]ation to weigh mu* ) ^? :om x mo/ conc]ns4 ,tru?s ( s ab/ract a "* f9d no fav\r ) s5ates4 ,! metamorphosis we h describ$ is n m5tion$ 9 ,ovid4 ,hi/ory1 z at pres5t writt51 makes no comm5ts on x4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t x to be f\nd 9 blue-books & committee-reports4 ,nei!r is x prov$ by /ati/ics4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 x has b small *ance ( recognition by ! 8practical0 legislator4 ,b to ! select few :o /udy ! ,social ,sci5ce1 prop]ly s call$1 we comm5d ?is g5]al fact z "o ( ! highe/ significance4 ,^? :o "k some?+ ( ! g5]al laws ( life1 & :o p]ceive t ^! g5]al laws ( life und]lie all social ph5om5a1 w see t ?is dual *ange 9 ! "* ( advanc$ gov]nm5ts1 involves an answ] to ! fir/ ( all political que/ions4 ,!y w see t ?is specialization 9 virtue ( :i* an advanc$ gov]nm5t ga9s p[] to p]=m "o function1 :ile x loses p[] to p]=m o!rs1 cle>ly indicates ! true limitations ( ,/ate-duty4 ,!y w see t1 ev5 leav+ out all o!r evid5ce1 ?is fact alone %[s conclusively :at is ! prop] sph]e ( legislation4 #cbf ,,/ate-,,tamp]+s ,,) ,,money ,,& ,,banks4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,janu>y #aheh4 ,among unmitigat$ rogues1 mutual tru/ is impossible4 ,among p ( absolute integrity1 mutual tru/ w\ld be unlimit$4 ,^! are truisms4 ,giv5 a nation made up ( li>s & ?ieves1 & all trade among its memb]s mu/ be c>ri$ on ei!r by b>t] or by a curr5cy ( intr9sic value3 no?+ 9 ! %ape ( promises-to-pay c pass 9 place ( actual paym5ts2 =1 by ! hypo!sis1 su* promises be+ nev] fulfill$1 w n be tak54 ,on ! o!r h&1 giv5 a nation ( p]fectly hone/ m5--m5 z c>eful ( o!rs' rights z ( _! own--& ne>ly all trade among its memb]s may be c>ri$ on by memor&a ( debts & claims1 ev5tually writt5 (f aga9/ "o ano!r 9 ! books ( bank]s2 see+ t z1 by ! hypo!sis1 no man w ev] issue m memor&a ( debts ?an 8 goods & 8 claims w liquidate1 8 pap] w pass curr5t = :atev] x repres5ts4 ,co9 w be ne$$ only z a measure ( value1 & to facilitate ^? small transactions = :i* x is physically ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,^! we take to be self-evid5t tru?s4 ,f !m foll[s ! coroll>y t 9 a nation nei!r :olly hone/ nor :olly di%one/1 !re may1 & ev5tually w1 be e/abli%$ a mix$ curr5cy--a curr5cy #cbg p>tly ( intr9sic value & p>tly ( cr$it-value4 ,! ratio betwe5 ! quantities ( ^! two k9ds ( curr5cy1 w be det]m9$ by a comb9ation ( sev]al causes4 ,suppos+ t !re is no legislative m$dl+ to di/urb ! natural balance1 x is cle> f :at has already be5 said1 t1 fundam5tally1 ! proportion ( co9 to pap] w dep5d on ! av]age consci5ti\sness ( ! p4 ,daily exp]i5ce mu/ ev] be tea*+ ea* citiz51 :i* o!r citiz5s he c put confid5ce 91 & :i* n4 ,daily exp]i5ce mu/ also ev] be tea*+ him h[ f> ?is confid5ce may be c>ri$4 ,f p]sonal exp]im5t1 & f curr5t op9ion1 :i* results f ! exp]im5ts ( o!rs1 e "o mu/ le>n1 m or less truly1 :at cr$it may safely be giv54 ,if all f9d t _! neighb\rs are little to be tru/$1 b few promises-to-pay w circulate4 ,& ! circulation ( promises-to-pay w be great1 if all f9d t ! fulfilm5t ( trad+ engagem5ts is tol]ably c]ta94 ,! degree ( hone/y *>act]iz+ a community1 be+ ! fir/ regulator ( a cr$it-curr5cy2 ! second is ! degree ( prud5ce4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 x is manife/ t among a sangu9e1 speculative p1 promissory paym5ts w be tak5 m readily1 & w !re=e circulate m l>gely1 ?an among a cauti\s p4 ,two m5 hav+ exactly ! same exp]i5ces ( m]cantile risks w1 "u ! same circum/ances1 respectively give cr$it & refuse x1 if !y are respectively ra% & circumspect4 ,& two nations ?us contra/$ 9 prud5ce1 w be simil>ly contra/$ 9 ! relative quantities ( notes & bills 9 circulation among !m4 ,nay1 !y w be m ?an simil>ly contra/$ 9 ?is respect2 see+ t ! prevail+ incauti\sness1 besides mak+ ea* citiz5 unduly ready to give cr$it1 w also produce 9 him an undue read9ess to risk 8 own capital 9 speculations1 & a consequ5t undue dem& = cr$it f o!r citiz5s4 ,!re w be bo? an increas$ pressure = cr$it & a dim9i%$ resi/ance2 & !re=e a m #cbh ?an proportionate excess ( pap]-curr5cy4 ,( ?is national *>act]i/ic & its consequ5ces1 we h a conspicu\s example 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to ^! comp>atively p]man5t moral causes1 on :i* ! ord9>y ratio ( hypo!tical to real money 9 a community dep5ds1 h to be add$ c]ta9 tempor>y moral & physical causes1 :i* produce tempor>y v>iations 9 ! ratio4 ,! prud5ce ( any p is liable to m or less fluctuation4 ,9 railway-manias & ! l1 we see t irrational expectations may spread ?r\gh a :ole nation1 & lead its memb]s to give & take cr$it almo/ recklessly4 ,b ! *ief causes ( tempor>y v>iations are ^? :i* directly affect ! quantity ( available capital4 ,w>s1 defici5t h>ve/s1 or losses consequ5t on ! mis=tunes ( o!r nations1 w1 by impov]i%+ ! community1 inevitably lead to an increase 9 ! ratio ( promissory paym5ts to actual paym5ts4 ,= :at mu/ be done by ! citiz5 disabl$ by su* causes f meet+ 8 engagem5ts8--! %opkeep] ^: cu/om has fall5 (f 9 consequ5ce ( ! high price ( bread2 or ! manufactur] ^: goods lie 9 8 w>e-rooms unsaleable2 or ! m]*ant ^: =eign correspond5ts fail him8 ,z ! proce$s ( 8 bus9ess d n suffice to liquidate ! claims on him t are fall+ due1 he is compell$ ei!r to f9d o!r means ( liquidat+ !m1 or to /op paym5t4 ,r ?an /op paym5t1 he w1 ( c\rse1 make tempor>y sacrifices--w give high t]ms to :oev] w furni% him ) ! desir$ means4 ,if1 by deposit+ securities ) 8 bank]1 he c get a loan at an advanc$ rate ( int]e/1 well4 ,if n1 by (f]+ an adequate temptation1 he may mortgage 8 prop]ty to "s "o hav+ good cr$it2 :o ei!r gives bills1 or draws on 8 bank] = ! sum agre$ to4 ,9 ei!r case1 extra promises to pay are issu$2 or1 if ! difficulty is met by accommodation-bills1 ! same result foll[s4 ,& 9 proportion to ! numb] ( citiz5s oblig$ to resort to "o #cbi or o!r ( ^! exp$i5ts1 mu/ be ! increase ( promissory paym5ts 9 circulation4 ,r$uce ?is proposition to its mo/ g5]al t]ms1 & x becomes self-evid5t4 ,?us3--,all bank-notes1 *eques1 bills ( ex*ange1 etc41 are s _m memor&a ( claims4 ,no matt] :at may be ! te*nical di/9ctions among !m1 on :i* uphold]s ( ! 8curr5cy pr9ciple0 seek to e/abli% _! dogma1 !y all come )9 ?is def9ition4 ,"u ! ord9>y /ate ( ?+s1 ! am\nt ( available weal? 9 ! h&s1 or at ! comm&1 ( ^? conc]n$1 suffices to meet ^! claims z !y are sev]ally pres5t$ = paym5t2 & !y are paid ei!r by equival5ts ( intr9sic value1 z co91 or by giv+ 9 place ( !m o!r memor&a ( claims on "s body ( und\bt$ solv5cy4 ,b n[ let ! am\nt ( available weal? 9 ! h&s ( ! community be greatly dim9i%$4 ,suppose a l>ge portion ( ! necess>ies ( life1 or ( co91 :i* is ! mo/ ex*angeable equival5t ( su* necess>ies1 has be5 s5t abroad to support an army1 or to subsidize =eign /ates2 or1 suppose t !re has be5 a failure 9 ! crops ( gra9 or potatoes4 ,:at foll[s8 ,x foll[s t "p ( ! claims _c be liquidat$4 ,& :at mu/ happ5 f _! non-liquidation8 ,x mu/ happ5 t ^? unable to liquidate !m w ei!r fail1 or !y w r$eem !m by directly or indirectly giv+ 9 ex*ange c]ta9 memor&a ( claims on _! /ock-9-trade1 h\ses1 or l&4 ,t is1 su* ( ^! claims z ! defici5t float+ capital does n suffice to meet1 are replac$ by claims on fix$ capital4 ,! memor&a ( claims :i* %\ld h disappe>$ by liquidation1 re-appe> 9 a new =m2 & ! quantity ( pap]-curr5cy is increas$4 ,if ! w>1 fam9e1 or o!r cause ( impov]i%m5t1 cont9ues1 ! process is repeat$4 ,^? :o h no fur!r fix$ capital to mortgage1 become bankrupt2 :ile ^? ^: fix$ capital admits ( x1 mortgage /ill fur!r1 & /ill fur!r increase ! promissory #ccj paym5ts 9 circulation4 ,manife/ly1 if ! memb]s ( a community ^: annual returns b little m ?an suffice to meet _! annual paym5ts sudd5ly lose "p ( _! annual returns1 !y mu/ become proportionately 9 debt to "o ano!r2 & ! docum5ts expressive ( debt mu/ be proportionately multipli$4 ,?is a priori conclusion is 9 p]fect h>mony ) m]cantile exp]i5ce4 ,! la/ hundr$ ye>s h furni%$ repeat$ illu/rations ( its tru?4 ,aft] ! enorm\s export ( gold 9 #agie-f = w>-loans to ,g]many1 & to meet bills drawn on ! ,treasury by ,briti% ag5ts abroad2 & aft] l>ge advances made "u a moral compulsion by ! ,bank ( ,engl& to ! ,gov]nm5t2 !re foll[$ an excessive issue ( bank-notes4 ,9 #agif-g1 !re 7 failures ( ! prov9cial banks2 a panic 9 ,london2 a run on ! ne>ly-exhau/$ ,bank ( ,engl&2 & a susp5sion ( ca%-paym5ts--a ,/ate-au?oriz$ refusal to r$eem promises to pay4 ,9 #ahjj1 ! fur!r impov]i%m5t consequ5t on a bad h>ve/1 jo9$ ) ! legaliz$ inconv]tibility ( bank-notes1 entail$ s great a multiplication ( !m z to cause _! depreciation4 ,dur+ ! tempor>y peace ( #ahjb1 ! c\ntry p>tly recov]$ itself2 & ! ,bank ( ,engl& w\ld h liquidat$ ! claims on x _h ! ,gov]nm5t all[$4 ,on ! subsequ5t resumption ( w>1 ! ph5om5on 0 repeat$2 z 9 lat] times x has be5 on ea* occasion :5 ! community1 c>ri$ away by irrational hopes1 has lock$ up an undue proportion ( its capital 9 p]man5t works4 ,moreov]1 we h /ill m conclusive illu/rations--illu/rations ( ! sudd5 cessation ( comm]cial di/ress & bankruptcy1 result+ f a sudd5 increase ( cr$it-circulation4 ,:51 9 #agic1 !re came a g5]al cra%1 ma9ly due to an unsafe bank+-sy/em :i* _h gr[n up 9 ! prov9ces 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,bank ( ,engl& monopoly--:5 ! pressure1 ext5d+ to ,london1 became s great z to al>m ! ,bank-directors & to cause #cca !m sudd5ly to re/rict _! issues1 !reby produc+ a frightful multiplication ( bankruptcies2 ! ,gov]nm5t 7to mitigate an evil indirectly produc$ by legislation7 det]m9$ to issue ,ex*equ]-,bills to su* z c\ld give adequate security4 ,t is1 !y all[$ h>d-press$ citiz5s to mortgage _! fix$ capitals = equival5ts ( ,/ate-promises to pay1 ) :i* to liquidate ! dem&s on !m4 ,! effect 0 magical4 #b1bjb1jjj only ( ,ex*equ]-,bills 7 requir$4 ,! consci\sness t loans c\ld be _h1 9 _m cases prev5t$ !m f be+ ne$$4 ,! panic quickly subsid$2 & all ! loans 7 v soon repaid4 ,9 #ahbe1 aga91 :5 ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 aft] hav+ int5sifi$ a panic by extreme re/riction ( its issues1 sudd5ly *ang$ its policy1 & 9 f\r days advanc$ #e1jjj1jjj notes on all sorts ( securities1 ! panic at once ceas$4 ,& n[1 m>k two important tru?s4 ,z j impli$1 ^? expansions ( pap]-circulation :i* naturally take place 9 times ( impov]i%m5t or comm]cial difficulty1 are highly salut>y4 ,?is issu+ ( securities = future paym5t :5 !re does n exi/ ! :]e) = imm$iate paym5t1 is a means ( mitigat+ national disa/]s4 ,! process am\nts to a po/ponem5t ( trad+-engagem5ts :i* _c at once be met4 ,& ! alt]native que/ions to be ask$ respect+ x are--,%all all ! m]*ants1 manufactur]s1 %opkeep]s1 etc41 :o1 by unwise inve/m5ts1 or w>1 or fam9e1 or great losses abroad1 h be5 9 "p depriv$ ( ! means ( meet+ ! claims ^u !m1 be all[$ to mortgage _! fix$ capital8 or1 by be+ deb>r$ f issu+ memor&a ( claims on _! fix$ capital1 %all !y be made bankrupts8 ,on ! "o h&1 if !y are p]mitt$ to avail !mselves ( t cr$it :i* _! fell[-citiz5s will+ly give !m on ! /r5g? ( ! pr(f]$ securities1 mo/ ( !m w tide ov] _! difficulties2 & 9 virtue ( t accumulation ( surplus capital ev] go+ on1 !y w be #ccb able1 by-&-by1 to liquidate _! debts 9 full4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y are =?) bankrupt$1 c>ry+ ) !m o!rs1 & ^! aga9 o!rs1 !re foll[s a disa/r\s loss to all ! cr$itors3 prop]ty to an imm5se am\nt be+ p]emptorily sold at a "t :5 !re c be comp>atively few able to buy1 mu/ g at a great sacrifice2 & ^? :o 9 a ye> or two w\ld h be5 paid 9 full1 mu/ be cont5t ) #ajs4 9 ! p\nd4 ,add$ to :i* evil comes ! /ill great] "o--an ext5sive damage to ! organization ( society4 ,num]\s import+1 produc+1 & di/ribut+ e/abli%m5ts are swept away2 t5s ( ?\s&s ( _! dep5d5ts are left )\t "w2 & be=e ! indu/rial fabric c be repair$1 a long "t mu/ elapse1 mu* lab\r mu/ lie idle1 & great di/ress be borne4 ,betwe5 ^! alt]natives1 :o1 !n1 c pause8 ,let ?is spontane\s rem$ial process foll[ its own c\rse1 & ! evil w ei!r be 9 great measure ev5tually escap$1 or w be spread little by little ov] a consid]able p]iod4 ,/op ?is rem$ial process1 & ! :ole evil1 fall+ at once on society1 w br+ wide-spread ru9 & mis]y4 ,! second ( ^! important tru?s is1 t an exp&$ circulation ( promises to pay1 caus$ by absolute or relative impov]i%m5t1 contracts to its normal limits z fa/ z ! ne$ = expansion disappe>s4 ,= ! conditions ( ! case imply t all :o h mortgag$ _! fix$ capitals to obta9 ! means ( meet+ _! engagem5ts1 h done s on unfav\rable t]ms2 & are !re=e "u a /rong /imulus to pay (f _! mortgages z quickly z possible4 ,e "o :o1 at a "t ( comm]cial pressure1 gets a loan f a bank1 has to give high int]e/4 ,h5ce1 z fa/ z prosp]ity returns1 & 8 pr(its accumulate1 he gladly escapes ?is heavy tax by repay+ ! loan2 9 do+ :i* he1 directly or indirectly1 takes back to ! bank z l>ge a numb] ( its cr$it docum5ts z he orig9ally receiv$1 & s dim9i%es ! #ccc cr$it-circulation z mu* z 8 orig9al transaction _h increas$ x4 ,consid]$ ap>t f te*nical di/9ctions1 a bank] p]=ms1 9 su* case1 ! function ( an ag5t 9 ^: "n trad]s issue negotiable memor&a ( claims on _! e/ates4 ,! ag5t is already kn[n to ! public z "o :o issues memor&a ( claims on capital t is p>tly float+ & p>tly fix$--memor&a ( claims t h an e/abli%$ "*1 & are conv5i5t 9 _! am\nts4 ,:at ! ag5t does "u ! circum/ances specifi$1 is to issue m su* memor&a ( claims1 on ! security ( m fix$1 & p>tially-fix$1 capital put 9 8 possession4 ,8 cli5ts hypo!cate _! e/ates ?r\gh ! bank]1 in/ead ( do+ x 9 _! own names1 simply because ( ! facilities :i* he has & :i* !y h n4 ,& z ! bank] requires to be paid = 8 ag5cy & 8 risk1 8 cli5ts r$eem _! e/ates1 & close ^! special transactions ) him1 z quickly z !y c3 !reby dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( cr$it-curr5cy4 ,?us we see t ! balance ( a mix$ curr5cy ( volunt>y orig9 is1 "u all circum/ances1 self-adju/+4 ,suppos+ consid]ations ( physical conv5i5ce out ( ! "q1 ! av]age ratio ( pap] to co9 is prim>ily dep5d5t on ! av]age tru/wor?9ess ( ! p1 & second>ily dep5d5t on _! av]age prud5ce4 ,:51 9 consequ5ce ( unusual prosp]ity1 !re is an unusual increase 9 ! numb] ( m]cantile transactions1 !re is a correspond+ increase 9 ! quantity ( curr5cy1 bo? metallic & pap]1 to meet ! requirem5t4 ,& :5 f w>1 fam9e1 or ov]-inve/m5t1 ! available weal? 9 ! h&s ( citiz5s is insuffici5t to pay _! debts to "o ano!r1 ! memor&a ( debts 9 circulation acquire an increas$ ratio to ! quantity ( gold3 to decrease aga9 z fa/ z ! excess ( debts c be liquidat$4 ,t ^! self-regulat+ processes act b imp]fectly1 is d\btless true4 ,) an imp]fect humanity1 !y _c #ccd act o!rwise ?an imp]fectly4 ,p :o are di%one/1 or ra%1 or /upid1 w inevitably suff] ! p5alties ( di%one/y1 or ra%ness1 or /upidity4 ,if any ?9k t by "s pat5t legislative me*anism1 a society ( bad citiz5s c be made to "w toge!r z well z a society ( good ones1 we %all n take pa9s to %[ !m ! contr>y4 ,if any ?9k t ! deal+s ( m5 defici5t 9 uprightness & =esight1 may be s regulat$ by cunn+ly-devis$ ,acts ( ,p>liam5t z to secure ! effects ( uprightness & =esight1 we h no?+ to say to !m4 ,or if !re are any 7& we fe> !re are numb]s7 :o ?9k t 9 times ( comm]cial difficulty1 result+ f impov]i%m5t or o!r natural causes1 ! evil c be /av$-(f by "s m9i/]ial sleight ( h&1 we despair ( conv9c+ !m t ! ?+ is impossible4 ,see x or n1 ! tru? is t ! ,/ate c d none ( ^! ?+s4 ,z we %all %[1 ! ,/ate c1 & sometimes does1 produce comm]cial disa/]s4 ,z we %all also %[1 x c1 & sometimes does1 exac]bate ! comm]cial disa/]s o!rwise produc$4 ,b :ile x c create & c make worse1 x _c prev5t4 ,all :i* ! ,/ate has to d 9 ! matt] is to dis*>ge its ord9>y (fice--to adm9i/] ju/ice4 ,! en=cem5t ( contracts is "o ( ! functions includ$ 9 its g5]al function ( ma9ta9+ ! rights ( citiz5s4 ,& among o!r contracts :i* x is call$ on to en=ce1 are ! contracts express$ 9 cr$it-docum5ts--bills ( ex*ange1 *eques1 bank-notes4 ,if any "o issues a promise-to-pay1 ei!r on dem& or at specifi$ date1 & does n fulfil t promise1 ! ,/ate1 :5 appeal$ to by ! cr$itor1 is b\nd 9 its protective capacity to obta9 fulfilm5t ( ! promise1 at :atev] co/ to ! debtor1 or su* p>tial fulfilm5t ( x z 8 effects suffice =4 ,! ,/ate's duty 9 ! case ( ! curr5cy1 z 9 o!r cases1 is /]nly to ?reat5 ! p5alty ( bankruptcy on all :o make engagem5ts :i* !y _c meet1 & /]nly to inflict ! #cce p5alty :5 call$ on by ^? aggriev$4 ,if x falls %ort ( ?is1 mis*ief ensues4 ,if x exce$s ?is1 mis*ief ensues4 ,let u glance at ! facts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_h we space to trace 9 detail ! hi/ory ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&--to %[ h[ ! privileges conta9$ 9 its fir/ *>t] 7 bribes giv5 by a di/ress$ ,gov]nm5t 9 want ( a l>ge loan--h[1 soon aft]w>ds1 ! law :i* =bad a p>tn]%ip ( m ?an six p]sons f becom+ bank]s1 0 pass$ to prev5t ! issue ( notes by ! ,s\?-,sea ,company1 & s to pres]ve ! ,bank-monopoly--h[ ! cont9uance ( ,/ate-fav\rs to ! ,bank1 correspond$ ) ! cont9uance ( ! ,bank's claims on ! ,/ate2 we %\ld see t1 f ! fir/1 bank+-legislation has be5 an organiz$ inju/ice4 ,b pass+ ov] e>li] p]iods1 let u beg9 ) ! ev5ts t clos$ ! la/ c5tury4 ,our rul]s ( t day _h ent]$ into a w>--:e!r ) adequate reason ne$s n "h be discuss$4 ,!y _h l5t va/ sums 9 gold to _! allies4 ,!y _h dem&$ l>ge advances f ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 :i* ! ,bank dur/ n refuse4 ,!y _h ?us necessitat$ an excessive issue ( notes by ! ,bank4 ,t is1 !y _h s greatly dim9i%$ ! float+ capital ( ! community1 t engagem5ts c\ld n be met2 & an imm5se numb] ( promises-to-pay took ! place ( actual paym5ts4 ,soon aft]1 ! fulfilm5t ( ^! promises became s difficult t x 0 =bidd5 by law2 t is1 ca%-paym5ts 7 susp5d$4 ,n[ = ^! results--= ! national impov]i%m5t & consequ5t abnormal condition ( ! curr5cy1 ! ,/ate 0 responsible4 ,h[ mu* ( ! blame lay ) ! gov]n+ classes & h[ mu* ) ! nation at l>ge1 we d n pret5d to say4 ,:at x conc]ns u "h to note is1 t ! calamity arose f ! acts ( ! rul+ p[]4 ,:51 aga91 9 #ahjb1 aft] a %ort peace1 ! available capital ( ! community _h s f> increas$ t ! r$emption ( promises-to-pay became #ccf possible1 & ! ,bank ( ,engl& 0 anxi\s to beg9 r$eem+ !m1 ! legislature int]pos$ its veto2 & s cont9u$ ! evils ( an inconv]tible pap]-curr5cy aft] !y w\ld naturally h ceas$4 ,/ill m disa/r\s1 h[ev]1 7 ! results t by-&-by ensu$ f ,/ate-m$dl+s4 ,ca%-paym5ts hav+ be5 susp5d$--! ,gov]nm5t1 in/ead ( en=c+ all contracts1 hav+ tempor>ily cancell$ a great "p ( !m1 by say+ to e bank]1 8,y %all n be call$ on to liquidate 9 co9 ! promises-to-pay :i* y issue20 ! natural *ecks to ! multiplication ( promises-to-pay1 disappe>$4 ,:at foll[$8 ,banks be+ no long] requir$ to ca% _! notes 9 co92 & easily obta9+ f ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 supplies ( its notes 9 ex*ange = fix$ securities2 7 ready to make advances to almo/ any ext5t4 ,n be+ oblig$ to raise _! rate ( disc\nt 9 consequ5ce ( ! dim9ution ( _! available capital2 & reap+ a pr(it by e loan 7( notes7 made on fix$ capital2 !re arose bo? an abnormal facility ( borr[+1 & an abnormal desire to l5d4 ,?us 7 fo/]$ ! wild speculations ( #ahji--speculations t 7 n only ?us fo/]$1 b 7 9 great measure caus$ by ! previ\s ov]-issue ( notes2 :i*1 by fur!r exagg]at+ ! natural rise ( prices1 increas$ ! app>5t pr(itabl5ess ( inve/m5ts4 ,& all ?is1 be x rememb]$1 took place at a "t :5 !re %\ld h be5 rigid economy--at a "t ( impov]i%m5t consequ5t on cont9u$ w>--at a "t :51 b = law-produc$ illusions1 !re w\ld h be5 comm]cial /raitness & a correspond+ c>efulness4 ,j :5 its indebt$ness 0 unusually great1 ! community 0 induc$ /ill fur!r to increase its indebt$ness4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! progressive accumulation & depreciation ( promises-to-pay1 & ! comm]cial disa/]s :i* f9ally result$ f x 9 #ahad-ae-af1 :5 n9ety prov9cial banks 7 brok5 & m dissolv$1 7 ,/ate-produc$ evils3 p>tly due to #ccg a w> :i*1 :e!r necess>y or n1 0 c>ri$ on by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & greatly exac]bat$ by ! curr5cy-regulations :i* t ,gov]nm5t _h made4 ,be=e pass+ to m rec5t facts1 let u p>5!tically notice ! simil>ly-caus$ degradation ( ! curr5cy :i* _h previ\sly aris5 9 ,irel&4 ,:5 exam9$ by a p>liam5t>y committee 9 #ahjd1 ,mr4 ,colville1 "o ( ! directors ( ! ,bank ( ,irel&1 /at$ t be=e ! pass+ ( ! ,iri% ,bank-,re/riction-,bill 7! bill by :i* ca%-paym5ts 7 susp5d$7 ! directors habitually met any unusual dem& = gold by dim9i%+ _! issues4 ,t is to say1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( bus9ess1 !y rais$ _! rate ( disc\nt :5ev] ! dem& enabl$ !m2 & s1 bo? increas$ _! pr(its & w>d$-(f ! dang] ( bankruptcy4 ,dur+ ?is unregulat$ p]iod _! note-circulation 0 betwe5 #fjj1jjj & #gjj1jjj4 ,b z soon z !y 7 gu>ante$ by law aga9/ ! dang] ( bankruptcy1 _! circulation began rapidly to increase2 & v soon rea*$ #c1jjj1jjj4 ,! results1 z prov$ be=e ! committee1 7 ^!3--,! ex*ange ) ,engl& became greatly depress$2 ne>ly all ! good specie 0 export$ to ,engl&2 x 0 replac$ 9 ,dubl9 7:]e small notes c\ld n be issu$7 by a base co9age1 adult]at$ to ! ext5t ( fifty p] c5t42 & else:]e x 0 replac$ by notes payable at tw5ty-"o days' date1 issu$ by all sorts ( p]sons1 = sums d[n ev5 z l[ z sixp5ce4 ,& ?is excessive multiplication ( small notes 0 necessitat$ by ! impossibility ( o!rwise c>ry+ on retail trade1 aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! silv] co9age4 ,= ^! disa/r\s effects1 !n1 legislation 0 responsible4 ,! sw>ms ( 8silv]-notes0 result$ f ! exportation ( silv]2 ! exportation ( silv] 0 due to ! great depression ( ! ex*ange ) ,engl&2 ?is great depression arose f ! excessive issue ( notes by ! ,bank ( ,irel&2 & ?is #cch excessive issue foll[$ f _! legaliz$ inconv]tibility4 ,yet1 ?\gh ^! facts 7 long ago e/abli%$ by a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ! def5d]s ( ! 8curr5cy-pr9ciple0 are actually bl9d en\gh to cite ?is multiplication ( sixp5ny promises-to-pay1 z prov+ ! evils ( an unregulat$ curr5cy6 ,return+ n[ to ! case ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 let u pass at once to ! ,act ( #ahdd4 ,:ile /ill a protectioni/--:ile /ill a believ] 9 ! b5efic5ce ( law z a controll] ( comm]ce--,sir ,rob]t ,peel und]took to /op ! recurr5ce ( monet>y crises1 l ^? ( #ahbe1 #ahcf1 & #ahci4 ,ov]look+ ! tru? t1 :5 n caus$ by ! m$dl+s ( legislators1 a monet>y crisis is due1 ei!r to an absolute impov]i%m5t1 or to a relative impov]i%m5t consequ5t on speculative ov]-inve/m5t2 & t = ! bad season1 or ! imprud5ce1 caus+ ?is1 !re is no rem$y2 he boldly proclaim$ t 8x is bett] to prev5t ! p>oxysm ?an to excite x30 & he br\ght =w>d ! ,bank-,act ( #ahdd z ! means ( prev5tion4 ,h[ m]ciless has be5 ,nature's criticism on ?is remnant ( ,protectionism1 we all "k4 ,! monet>y slid+-scale has be5 z great a failure z its prototype4 ,)9 ?ree ye>s arose "o ( ^! crises :i* 7 to h be5 prev5t$4 ,)9 ano!r t5 ye>s has aris5 a second ( ^! crises4 ,& on bo? occasions ?is int5d$ safegu>d has s int5sifi$ ! evil1 t a tempor>y repeal ( x has be5 imp]ative4 ,we %\ld h ?\ght t1 ev5 )\t facts1 e "o might h se5 t x is impossible1 by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 to prev5t imprud5t p f do+ imprud5t ?+s2 &1 if facts 7 ne$$1 we %\ld h ?\ght t our comm]cial hi/ory up to #ahdd suppli$ a suffici5cy4 ,b a sup]/iti\s fai? 9 ,/ate-ord9ances disreg>ds su* facts4 ,& we d\bt n t ev5 n[1 ?\gh !re h be5 two gl>+ failures ( ?is pr(ess$ *eck on ov]-speculation--?\gh ! evid5ce conclusively #cci %[s t ! late comm]cial cata/rophes h _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! issue ( bank-notes1 b1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,we/]n ,bank ( ,scotl&1 occurr$ along ) dim9i%$ issues--& ?\gh 9 ,hamburg1 :]e ! 8curr5cy pr9ciple0 has be5 rigidly c>ri$ out to ! v lett]1 !re has be5 a worse crisis ?an any:]e else2 yet !re w rema9 pl5ty ( believ]s 9 ! effici5cy ( ,sir ,r4 ,peel's prophylactic4 ,b1 z already said1 ! measure has n only fail$2 x has made worse ! panics x 0 to h w>d$-(f4 ,& x 0 sure to d ?is4 ,z %[n at ! outset1 ! multiplication ( promises-to-pay t occurs at a p]iod ( impov]i%m5t caus$ by w>1 fam9e1 ov]-inve/m5t1 or losses abroad1 is a salut>y process ( mitigation--is a mode ( po/pon+ actual paym5ts till actual paym5ts are possible--is a prev5tive ( :olesale bankruptcy--is a spontane\s act ( self-pres]vation4 ,we po9t$ out1 n only t ?is is an a priori conclusion1 b t facts 9 our own m]cantile hi/ory illu/rate at once ! naturalness1 ! b5efits1 ! necessity ( x4 ,& if ?is conclusion ne$s en=c+ by fur!r evid5ce1 we h x 9 ! rec5t ev5ts at ,hamburg4 ,9 t city1 !re are no notes 9 circulation b su* z are repres5t$ by actual equival5ts ( bullion or jewels 9 ! bank3 no "o is all[$1 z ) u1 to obta9 bank-promises-to-pay 9 return = securities4 ,h5ce x result$ t :5 ! ,hamburg m]*ants1 lack+ _! remittances f abroad1 7 sudd5ly depriv$ ( ! :]e) to meet _! engagem5ts2 & 7 prev5t$ by law f gett+ bank-promises-to-pay by pawn+ _! e/ates2 bankruptcy swept !m away :olesale4 ,& :at f9ally happ5$8 ,to prev5t univ]sal ru91 ! ,gov]nm5t 0 oblig$ to decree t all bills ( ex*ange com+ due1 %\ld h a mon?'s grace2 & t !re %\ld be imm$iately =m$ a ,/ate-,disc\nt-,bank--an (fice = issu+ ,/ate-promises-to-pay 9 return = securities4 ,t is1 hav+ fir/ by its #cdj re/rictive law ru9$ a ho/ ( m]*ants1 ! ,gov]nm5t 0 oblig$ to legalize t po/ponem5t ( paym5ts :i*1 b = its law1 w\ld h spontane\sly tak5 place4 ,) su* fur!r confirmation ( an a priori conclusion1 c x be d\bt$ t our late comm]cial difficulties 7 int5sifi$ by ! measure ( #ahdd8 ,is x n1 inde$1 notori\s 9 ! ,city1 t ! progressively-increas+ dem& = accommodation1 0 9 great "p due to ! conviction t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,bank-,act1 !re w\ld %ortly be no accommodation at all8 ,does n e ,london m]*ant "k t 8 neighb\rs :o _h bills com+ due1 & :o saw t by ! "t !y 7 due ! ,bank w\ld disc\nt only at /ill high] rates1 or n at all1 decid$ to lay 9 be=eh& ! means ( meet+ ^? bills8 ,is x n an e/abli%$ fact t ! ho>d+ ?us induc$1 n only r5d]$ ! pressure on ! ,bank great] ?an x w\ld o!rwise h be51 b1 by tak+ bo? gold & notes out ( circulation1 made ! ,bank's issues tempor>ily useless to ! g5]al public8 ,did x n happ5 9 ?is case1 z 9 #agic & #ahbe1 t :5 at la/ re/riction 0 remov$1 ! m]e consci\sness t loans c\ld be _h1 itself prev5t$ !m f be+ requir$8 ,&1 inde$1 is n ! simple fact t ! panic quickly subsid$ :5 ! ,act 0 susp5d$1 suffici5t pro( t ! ,act _h1 9 great measure1 produc$ x4 ,see1 !n1 = :at we h to ?ank legislative m$dl+4 ,dur+ ord9>y times ,sir ,r4 ,peel's ,act1 by oblig+ ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 & occasionally prov9cial banks1 to keep m gold ?an !y w\ld o!rwise h kept 7& if x has n done ?is x has done no?+71 has inflict$ a tax on ! nation to ! ext5t ( ! int]e/ on su* portion ( ! gold-curr5cy z 0 9 excess ( ! ne$3 a tax :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?irte5 ye>s1 has probably am\nt$ to "s millions4 ,& !n1 on ! two occasions :5 !re h aris5 ! crises t 7 to #cda h be5 prev5t$1 ! ,act1 aft] hav+ int5sifi$ ! pressure1 made bankrupt a great numb] ( respectable firms :i* w\ld else h /ood1 & increas$ ! di/ress n only ( ! trad+ b ( ! work+ population1 has be5 twice ab&on$ at ! mom5t :5 its b5efic5ce 0 to h be5 conspicu\s4 ,x has be5 a co/1 a mis*ief1 & a failure4 ,yet su* is ! prevail+ delusion t1 judg+ f appe>ances1 x w be ma9ta9$6 8,b10 ask our oppon5ts1 8%all ! ,bank be all[$ to let gold dra9 out ( ! c\ntry )\t *eck8 ,%all x h p]mission to let its res]ve ( gold dim9i% s greatly z to risk ! conv]tibility ( its notes8 ,%all x be enabl$ recklessly to increase its issues1 & s produce a depreciat$ pap]-curr5cy80 ,really1 9 ^! ,free-trade days1 x seems /range to h to answ] que/ions l ^!2 &1 7 x n = ! confusion ( facts & ideas :i* legislation has produc$1 x w\ld be inexcusable to ask !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! common notion t ! dra9+ ( gold out ( ! c\ntry is intr9sically1 & 9 all cases1 an evil1 is no?+ b a political sup]/ition--a sup]/ition 9 "p desc5d$ f ! antique fallacy t money is ! only weal?1 & 9 "p f ! maxims ( an artificial1 law-produc$ /ate ( ?+s1 "u :i* ! exportation ( gold really 0 a sign ( a corrupt$ curr5cy3 we mean1 dur+ ! susp5sion ( ca%-paym5ts4 ,law hav+ cancell$ millions ( contracts :i* x 0 its duty to en=ce--law hav+ absolv$ bank]s f liquidat+ _! promises-to-pay 9 co91 hav+ r5d]$ x ne$less to keep a /ock ( co9 ) :i* to liquidate !m1 & hav+ ?us tak5 away t natural *eck :i* prev5ts ! ov]-issue & depreciation ( notes--law hav+ p>tly susp5d$ t home dem& = gold :i* ord9>ily competes ) & balances ! =eign dem&2 !re result$ an abnormal exportation ( gold4 ,by-&-by x #cdb 0 se5 t ?is efflux ( gold 0 a consequ5ce ( ! ov]-issue ( notes2 & t ! accompany+ high price ( gold1 z paid = 9 notes1 prov$ ! depreciation ( notes4 ,& !n x became an e/abli%$ doctr9e t an adv]se /ate ( ! =eign ex*anges1 indicat+ a dra9 ( gold1 0 significant ( an excessive circulation ( notes2 & t ! issue ( notes %\ld be regulat$ by ! /ate ( ! ex*anges4 ,?is unnatural condition ( ! curr5cy hav+ cont9u$ = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ! concomitant doctr9e root$ itself 9 ! g5]al m9d4 ,& n[ m>k "o ( ! multitud9\s evils ( legislative m$dl+4 ,?is artificial te/1 good only = an artificial /ate1 has surviv$ ! return to a natural /ate2 & m5's ideas ab\t curr5cy h be5 r$uc$ by x to *ronic confusion4 ,! tru? is t :ile1 dur+ a legaliz$ inconv]tibility ( bank-notes1 an efflux ( gold may1 & (t5 does1 indicate an excessive issue ( bank-notes2 "u ord9>y circum/ances an efflux ( gold has little or no?+ to d ) ! issue ( bank-notes1 b is det]m9$ by m]ely m]cantile causes4 ,& ! tru? is t f> f be+ an evil1 an efflux ( gold ?us br\ght ab\t by m]cantile causes1 is a good4 ,leav+ out ( ! "q1 z ( c\rse we mu/1 su* exportations ( gold z take place = ! support ( armies abroad2 ! cause ( efflux is ei!r an actual ple?ora ( all commodities1 gold includ$1 :i* results 9 gold be+ s5t out ( ! c\ntry = ! purpose ( =eign inve/m5t2 or else an abundance ( gold z comp>$ ) o!r lead+ commodities4 ,& :ile1 9 ?is la/ case1 ! efflux ( gold indicates "s absolute or relative impov]i%m5t ( ! nation1 x is a means ( mitigat+ ! bad consequ5ces ( t impov]i%m5t4 ,consid] ! "q z "o ( political economy1 & ?is tru? becomes obvi\s4 ,?us3--,! nation habitually requires = use & consumption c]ta9 quantities ( commodities1 ( :i* gold is "o4 ,^! commodities #cdc are sev]ally & collectively liable to fall %ort2 ei!r f defici5t h>ve/s1 f wa/e 9 w>1 f losses abroad1 or f too great a div]sion ( lab\r or capital 9 "s special direction4 ,:5 a sc>city ( "s *ief commodity or necess>y occurs1 :at is ! rem$y8 ,! commodity ( :i* !re is an excess 7or if none is 9 excess1 !n t :i* c be/ be sp>$7 is export$ 9 ex*ange = an additional supply ( ! defici5t commodity4 ,&1 inde$1 ! :ole ( our =eign trade1 alike 9 ord9>y & extraord9>y times1 consi/s 9 ?is process4 ,b :5 x happ5s ei!r t ! commodity :i* we c be/ sp>e is n want$ abroad2 or 7z rec5tly7 t a *ief =eign cu/om] is tempor>ily disabl$ f buy+2 or t ! commodity :i* we c be/ sp>e is gold2 !n gold itself is export$ 9 ex*ange = ! ?+ :i* we mo/ want4 ,:atev] =m ! transaction takes1 x is no?+ b br++ ! supplies ( v>i\s commodities into h>mony ) ! dem&s = !m4 ,! fact t gold is export$1 is simply a pro( t ! ne$ = gold is less ?an ! ne$ = o!r ?+s4 ,"u su* circum/ances an efflux ( gold w cont9ue1 & ought to cont9ue1 until o!r ?+s h become relatively s abundant1 & gold relatively s sc>ce1 t ! dem& = gold is equal to o!r dem&s4 ,& he :o w\ld prev5t ?is process1 is ab\t z wise z ! mis] :o1 f9d+ 8 h\se )\t food1 *ooses to />ve r ?an draw ^u 8 purse4 ,! second "q--8,%all ! ,bank h p]mission to let its res]ve ( gold dim9i% s greatly z to risk ! conv]tibility ( its notes80 is n m pr(\nd ?an ! fir/4 ,x may fitly be answ]$ by ! m g5]al "q--8,%all ! m]*ant1 ! manufactur]1 or ! %opkeep]1 be all[$ s to inve/ 8 capital z to risk ! fulfilm5t ( 8 engagem5ts80 ,if ! answ] to ! fir/ be 8,no10 x mu/ be 8,no0 to ! second4 ,if to ! #cdd second x be 8,yes10 x mu/ be 8,yes0 to ! fir/4 ,any "o :o propos$ t ! ,/ate %\ld ov]see ! transactions ( e trad]1 s z to insure 8 ability to ca% all dem&s z !y fell due1 might ) consi/5cy argue t bank]s %\ld be "u l control4 ,b :ile no "o has ! folly to cont5d = ! "o1 ne>ly all cont5d = ! o!r4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! bank] acquir$1 9 virtue ( 8 occupation1 "s abnormal desire to ru9 himself--t :ile trad]s 9 o!r ?+s are re/ra9$ by a :olesome dread ( bankruptcy1 trad]s 9 capital h a long+ to appe> 9 ! ,gazette1 :i* law alone c prev5t !m f gratify+6 ,surely ! moral *ecks :i* act on o!r m5 w act on bank]s4 ,& if ^! moral *ecks d n suffice to produce p]fect security1 we h ample pro( t no cunn+ legislative *ecks w supply _! place4 ,! curr5t notion t bank]s c1 & w1 if all[$1 issue notes to any ext5t1 is "o ( ! absurde/ illusions--an illusion1 h[ev]1 :i* w\ld nev] h aris5 b = ! vici\s ov]-issues induc$ by law4 ,! tru? is t1 9 ! fir/ place1 a bank] _c increase 8 issue ( notes at w4 ,x has be5 prov$ by ! unanim\s te/imony ( all bank]s :o h be5 exam9$ be=e successive p>liam5t>y committees1 t 8! am\nt ( _! issues is exclusively regulat$ by ! ext5t ( local deal+s & exp5diture 9 _! respective di/ricts20 & t any notes issu$ 9 excess ( ! dem& are 8imm$iately return$ to !m40 ,& ! tru? is1 9 ! second place1 t a bank] w n1 on ! av]age ( cases1 issue m notes ?an 9 8 judgm5t x is safe to issue2 see+ t if 8 promises-to-pay 9 circulation1 are mu* 9 excess ( 8 available means ( pay+ !m1 he runs a great risk ( hav+ to /op paym5t--a result ( :i* he has no less a horror ?an o!r m54 ,if facts are ne$$ 9 pro( ( ?is1 !y are furni%$ by ! hi/ory ( bo? ! ,bank ( ,engl& & ! ,bank ( ,irel&2 :i*1 #cde be=e !y 7 debau*$ by ! ,/ate1 habitually regulat$ _! issues accord+ to _! /ock ( bullion1 & w\ld probably always h be5 /ill m c>eful b = ! consci\sness t !re 0 ! ,/ate-cr$it to fall back ^u4 ,! ?ird "q--8,%all ! ,bank be all[$ to issue notes 9 su* numb]s z to cause _! depreciation80 has1 9 effect1 be5 answ]$ 9 answ]+ ! fir/ two4 ,!re c be no depreciation ( notes s long z !y are ex*angeable = gold on dem&4 ,& s long z ! ,/ate1 9 dis*>ge ( its duty1 insi/s on ! fulfilm5t ( contracts1 ! alt]native ( bankruptcy mu/ ev] be a re/ra9t on su* ov]-issue ( notes z endang]s t ex*angeability4 ,! bugbe> ( depreciation is "o t w\ld h be5 unkn[n b = ! s9s ( gov]nm5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ,am]ica1 :]e !re h be5 occasional depreciations1 ! s9 has be5 a s9 ( omission3 ! ,/ate has n en=c$ ! fulfilm5t ( contracts--has n =?) bankrupt$ ^? :o fail$ to ca% _! notes2 &1 if acc\nts are true1 has all[$ ^? to be mobb$ :o br\ght back f>-w&]+ notes = paym5t4#ce ,9 all o!r cases ! s9 has be5 a s9 ( commission4 ,! depreciat$ pap]-curr5cy 9 ,france1 dur+ ! revolution1 0 a ,/ate-curr5cy4 ,! depreciat$ pap]-curr5cies ( ,au/ria & ,russia h be5 ,/ate-curr5cies4 ,& ! only depreciat$ pap]-curr5cy we h kn[n1 has be5 to all int5ts & purposes a ,/ate-curr5cy4 ,x 0 ! ,/ate :i*1 9 #agie-f1 =c$ ^u ! ,bank ( ,engl& t excessive issue ( notes :i* l$ to ! susp5sion ( ca%-paym5ts4 ,x 0 ! ,/ate :i*1 9 #ahjb1 =bad ! resumption ( ca%-paym5ts1 :5 ! ,bank ( ,engl& wi%$ to resume !m4 ,x 0 ! ,/ate :i*1 dur+ a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ma9ta9$ t susp5sion ( ca%-paym5ts f :i* ! excessive multiplication & depreciation ( notes result$4 ,! entire corruption #cdf 0 entail$ by ,/ate-exp5diture1 & e/abli%$ by ,/ate-w>rant4 ,yet n[ ! ,/ate affects a virtu\s horror ( ! crime committ$ at its in/igation6 ,hav+ contriv$ to %uffle-(f ! odium on to ! %\ld]s ( its tools1 ! ,/ate gravely lectures ! bank+-community ^u its guilt2 & ) /]ne/ face passes measures to prev5t x f s9n+6 #ce ,?is 0 writt5 9 #aheh2 :5 8gre5backs0 7 unkn[n4 ,we cont5d1 !n1 t nei!r to re/ra9 ! efflux ( gold1 nor to gu>d aga9/ ! ov]-issue ( bank-notes1 is legislative int]f]5ce w>rant$4 ,if ,gov]nm5t w promptly execute ! law aga9/ all default]s1 ! self-int]e/ ( bank]s & trad]s w d ! re/3 su* evils z w\ld /ill result f m]cantile di%one/ies & imprud5ces1 be+ evils :i* legal regulation may augm5t b _c prev5t4 ,let ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 9 common ) e o!r bank1 simply consult its own safety & its own pr(its2 & !re w result j z mu* *eck z %\ld be put1 on ! efflux ( gold or ! circulation ( pap]2 & ! only *eck t c be put on ! do+s ( speculators4 ,:atev] leads to unusual draughts on ! res\rces ( banks1 imm$iately causes a rise 9 ! rate ( disc\nt--a rise dictat$ bo? by ! wi% to make increas$ pr(its1 & ! wi% to avoid a dang]\s decrease ( res\rces4 ,?is rais$ rate ( disc\nt prev5ts ! dem& f be+ s great z x w\ld else h be5--alike *ecks undue expansion ( ! note-circulation2 /ops speculators f mak+ fur!r engagem5ts2 &1 if gold is be+ export$1 dim9i%es ! pr(it ( exportation4 ,successive rises successively increase ^! effects2 until1 ev5tually1 none w give ! rate ( disc\nt ask$1 save ^? 9 p]il ( /opp+ paym5t2 ! increase ( ! cr$it-curr5cy ceases2 & ! efflux ( gold1 if x is go+ on1 is arre/$ by ! home-dem& out-balanc+ ! =eign dem&4 ,& if1 9 times ( great pressure1 & "u ! temptation ( high disc\nts1 banks all[ _! circulation to exp& to #cdg a some:at dang]\s ext5t1 ! c\rse is ju/ifi$ by ! necessities4 ,z %[n at ! outset1 ! process is "o by :i* banks1 on ! deposit ( good securities1 loan _! cr$it to trad]s :o b = loans w\ld be bankrupt4 ,& t banks %\ld run "s risks to save ho/s ( solv5t m5 f inevitable ru91 few w d5y4 ,moreov]1 dur+ a crisis :i* ?us runs its natural c\rse1 !re w really occur t purification ( ! m]cantile _w :i* _m ?9k c be effect$ only by "s ,act-(-,p>liam5t ordeal4 ,"u ! circum/ances describ$1 m5 :o h adequate securities to (f] w get bank-accommodation2 b ^? :o1 hav+ trad$ )\t capital or beyond _! means1 h n1 w be d5i$ x1 & w fail4 ,"u a free sy/em ! good w be sift$ f ! bad2 :]eas ! exi/+ re/rictions on bank-accommodation1 t5d to de/roy good & bad toge!r4 ,?us x is n true t !re ne$ special regulations to prev5t ! inconv]tibility & depreciation ( notes4 ,x is n true t1 b = legislative sup]vision1 bank]s w\ld let gold dra9 out ( ! c\ntry to an undue ext5t4 ,x is n true t ^! 8curr5cy !ori/s0 h discov]$ a place at :i* ! body-politic w\ld ble$ to dea? b = a ,/ate-/yptic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at else we h to say on ! g5]al "q1 may be/ be jo9$ ) "s comm5t>ies on prov9cial & jo9t-/ock bank+1 to :i* let u n[ turn4 ,gov]nm5t1 to pres]ve ! ,bank ( ,engl&-monopoly1 hav+ enact$ t no p>tn]%ip exce$+ six p]sons %\ld become bank]s2 & ! ,bank ( ,engl& hav+ refus$ to e/abli% bran*es 9 ! prov9ces2 x happ5$1 dur+ ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 ! indu/rial progress 0 rapid & banks mu* ne$$1 t num]\s private trad]s1 %opkeep]s & o!rs1 began to issue notes payable on dem&4 ,& :51 ( ! f\r #cdh hundr$ small banks :i* _h ?us gr[n up 9 less ?an fifty ye>s1 a great numb] gave way "u ! fir/ pressure--:51 on sev]al subsequ5t occasions1 l results occurr$--:5 9 ,irel&1 :]e ! ,bank ( ,irel&-monopoly _h be5 simil>ly gu>ante$1 x happ5$ t out ( fifty private prov9cial banks1 =ty became bankrupt--& :51 f9ally1 x grew notori\s t 9 ,scotl&1 :]e !re _h be5 no law limit+ ! numb] ( p>tn]s1 a :ole c5tury _h pass$ ) sc>cely a s+le bank-failure2 legislators at once decid$ to aboli% ! re/riction :i* _h entail$ su* mis*iefs4 ,hav+1 to use ,mr4 ,mill's words1 8actually made ! =mation ( safe bank+-e/abli%m5ts a puni%able (f5ce0--hav+1 = "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s1 ma9ta9$ a law :i* fir/ caus$ great inconv5i5ce & !n ext5sive ru91 "t aft] "t repeat$--,gov]nm5t1 9 #ahbf1 conc$$ ! lib]ty ( jo9t-/ock bank+3 a lib]ty :i* ! good easy public1 n di/+ui%+ betwe5 a "r done & a wrong undone1 reg>d$ z a great boon6 ,b ! lib]ty 0 n )\t conditions4 ,hav+ previ\sly1 9 anxiety = its protg1 ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 be5 reckless ( ! bank+-security ( ! community at l>ge1 ! ,/ate1 l a rep5tant s9n] ru%+ into asceticism1 all at once became extremely solicit\s on ?is po9t2 & det]m9$ to put gu>antees ( its own devis+1 9 place ( ! natural gu>antee ( m]cantile judgm5t4 ,to int5d+ bank-%>ehold]s x said--8,y %all n unite on su* publicly-und]/ood conditions z y ?9k fit1 & get su* confid5ce z w naturally come to y on ^? conditions40 ,& to ! public x said--8,y %all n put tru/ 9 ?is or t association 9 proportion z1 f ! "* ( its memb]s & con/itution1 y judge x to be wor?y ( tru/40 ,b to bo? x said--8,y %all ! "o give1 & ! o!r receive1 my infallible safegu>ds40 ,& n[ :at h be5 ! results8 ,e "o kn[s #cdi t ^! safegu>ds h prov$ any?+ b infallible4 ,e "o kn[s t ^! banks ) ,/ate-con/itutions h be5 especially *>act]iz$ by in/ability4 ,e "o kn[s t cr$ul\s citiz5s1 ) a fai? 9 legislation :i* endless disappo9tm5ts fail to dim9i%1 h tru/$ implicitly 9 ^! law-devis$ securities2 &1 n ex]cis+ _! own judgm5ts1 h be5 l$ into ru9\s und]tak+s4 ,! evils ( sub/itut+ artificial gu>antees = natural ones1 :i* ! cle>-sight$ long ago disc]n$1 h1 by ! late cata/rophes1 be5 made conspicu\s to all4 ,:5 comm5c+ ?is article we _h int5d$ to dwell on ?is po9t4 ,= ?\gh ! mode ( bus9ess :i* br\ght ab\t ^! jo9t-/ock-bank failures 01 = weeks aft] _! occurr5ce1 "t aft] "t cle>ly describ$2 yet n[h]e did we see drawn ! obvi\s coroll>y4 ,?\gh 9 ?ree sep>ate ,city-articles ( ,! ,times1 x 0 expla9$ t1 8rely+ ^u ! ultimate liability ( l>ge bodies ( infatuat$ %>ehold]s1 ! disc\nt h\ses supply ^! banks ) unlimit$ means1 look+ n to ! "* ( ! bills s5t up1 b simply to ! security af=d$ by ! ,bank endorsem5t20 yet1 9 none ( !m 0 x po9t$ out t1 b = ! law ( unlimit$ liability1 ?is reckless trad+ w\ld n h gone on4 ,m rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ?is tru? has be5 duly recogniz$1 alike 9 ,p>liam5t & 9 ! ,press2 & x is !re=e ne$less fur!r to elucidate x4 ,we w simply add t z1 if !re _h be5 no law ( unlimit$ liability1 ! ,london h\ses w\ld n h disc\nt$ ^! bad bills2 & z1 9 t case1 ^! prov9cial jo9t-/ock-banks c\ld n h giv5 ^! enorm\s cr$its to insolv5t speculators2 & z1 if !y _h n done ?is1 !y w\ld n h be5 ru9$2 x foll[s1 inevitably1 t ^! jo9t-/ock-bank failures h be5 law-produc$ disa/]s4 ,a measure = fur!r increas+ ! safety ( ! prov9cial public1 0 t :i* limit$ ! circulation ( prov9cial bank-notes4 ,at ! same "t t x e/abli%$ #cej a slid+-scale = ! issues ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 ! ,act ( #ahdd fix$ ! maximum circulation ( e prov9cial bank-(-issue2 & =bad any fur!r banks-(-issue4 ,we h n space to discuss at l5g? ! effects ( ?is re/riction2 :i* mu/ h fall5 r h>dly on ^? especially-c>eful bank]s :o _h1 dur+ ! twelve weeks prec$+ ! #bg? ,april1 #ahdd1 n>r[$ _! issues to meet any incid5tal cont+5cies2 :ile x gave a p]5nial lic5se to su* z _h be5 incauti\s dur+ t p]iod4 ,all :i* we c notice is1 t ?is rigor\s limitation ( prov9cial issues to a l[ maximum 7& a l[ maximum 0 purposely fix$7 effectually prev5ts ^? local expansions ( bank-note circulation :i*1 z we h %[n1 ought to take place 9 p]iods ( comm]cial difficulty4 ,& fur!r1 t by transf]r+ all local dem&s to ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 z ! only place f :i* extra accommodation c be _h1 ! t5d5cy is to conc5trate a pressure :i* w\ld else be diffus$1 & s to create panic4 ,say+ no?+ m1 h[ev]1 respect+ ! impolicy ( ! measure1 let u m>k its futility4 ,z a means ( pres]v+ ! conv]tibility ( ! prov9cial bank-note1 x is useless unless x acts z "s safegu>d aga9/ bank-failures2 & t x does n d ?is is demon/rable4 ,:ile x dim9i%es ! likelihood ( failures caus$ by ov]-issue ( notes1 x increases ! likelihood ( failures f o!r causes4 ,= :at w be done by a prov9cial bank] ^: issues are re/rict$ by ! ,act ( #ahdd1 to a level l[] ?an t to :i* he w\ld o!rwise h let !m rise8 ,if he w\ld1 b = ! law1 h issu$ m notes ?an he n[ does--if 8 res]ve is great] ?an1 9 8 judgm5t1 is ne$ful = ! security ( 8 notes2 is x n cle> t he w simply ext5d 8 op]ations 9 o!r directions8 ,w n ! excess ( 8 available capital be to him a w>rant ei!r = ent]+ into l>g] speculations himself1 or = all[+ 8 cu/om]s to draw on #cea him beyond ! limit he w\ld else h fix$8 ,if1 9 ! abs5ce ( re/riction1 8 ra%ness w\ld h l$ him to risk bankruptcy by ov]-issue1 w x n n[ equally lead him to risk bankruptcy by ov]-bank+8 ,& is n ! "o k9d ( bankruptcy z fatal to ! conv]tibility ( notes z ! o!r8 ,nay1 ! case is ev5 worse4 ,!re is reason to believe t bank]s are tempt$ into great] dang]s "u ?is protective sy/em4 ,!y c & w hypo!cate _! capital 9 ways less direct ?an by notes2 & may v likely be l$1 by ! unobtrusiv5ess ( ! process1 to commit !mselves m ?an !y w\ld else d4 ,a trad]1 apply+ to 8 bank] 9 times ( comm]cial difficulty1 w (t5 be met by ! reply--8,i _c make y any direct advances1 hav+ already loan$ z mu* z ,i c sp>e2 b kn[+ y to be a safe man ,i w l5d y my "n4 ,"h is my acceptance = ! sum y require3 !y w disc\nt x = y 9 ,london40 ,n[1 z loans ?us made d n entail ! same imm$iate responsibilities z :5 made 9 notes 7see+ t !y are nei!r at once payable1 nor d !y add to ! dang]s ( a possible run71 a bank] is "u a temptation to ext5d 8 liabilities 9 ?is way fur!r ?an he w\ld h done1 _h n law =c$ him to discov] a new *annel ?r\gh :i* to give cr$it4 ,& does n ! evid5ce t has lately transpir$ g to %[ t ^! r\ndab\t ways ( giv+ cr$it d take ! place ( ! int]dict$ ways2 & t !y are m dang]\s ?an ! int]dict$ ways8 ,is x n notori\s t dang]\s =ms ( pap]-curr5cy h _h an unexampl$ developm5t s9ce ! ,act ( #ahdd8 ,d n ! newspap]s & ! debates give daily pro(s ( ?is8 ,& is n ! process ( causation obvi\s8 ,inde$ x might h be5 kn[n1 a priori1 t su* a result 0 sure to take place4 ,x has be5 %[n #ceb conclusively t1 :5 un9t]f]$ )1 ! am\nt ( note-circulation at any giv5 "t1 is det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( trade go+ on--! quantity ( paym5ts t are be+ made4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly te/ifi$ be=e committees1 t :5 any local bank] contracts 8 issues1 he simply causes an equival5t increase 9 ! issues ( neighb\r+ bank]s4 ,& 9 pa/ times x has be5 m ?an once compla9$1 t :5 f prud5tial motives ! ,bank ( ,engl& )drew "p ( its notes1 ! prov9cial bank]s imm$iately multipli$ _! notes to a proportionate ext5t4 ,well1 is x n manife/ t ?is inv]se v>iation1 :i* holds betwe5 "o class ( bank-notes & ano!r1 also holds betwe5 bank-notes & o!r =ms ( pap]-curr5cy8 ,w x n happ5 t j z dim9i%+ ! note-circulation ( "o bank1 m]ely adds to ! note-circulation ( o!r banks2 s1 an artificial re/riction on ! circulation ( bank-notes 9 g5]al1 w simply cause an increas$ circulation ( "s sub/itut$ k9d ( promise-to-pay8 ,& is n ?is sub/itut$ k9d1 9 virtue ( its novelty & irregul>ity1 likely to be a m unsafe k9d8 ,see1 !n1 ! pr$icam5t4 ,ov] all ! bills ( ex*ange1 *eques1 etc41 :i* con/itute n9e-t5?s ( ! pap]-curr5cy ( ! k+dom1 ! ,/ate ex]cises1 & c ex]cise1 no control4 ,& ! limit x puts on ! rema9+ t5? vitiates ! o!r n9e-t5?s1 by caus+ an abnormal gr[? ( new =ms ( cr$it1 :i* exp]i5ce proves to be especially dang]\s4 ,?us1 all :i* ! ,/ate does :5 x exce$s its true duty is to h9d]1 to di/urb1 to corrupt4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! quantity ( cr$it m5 w give ea* o!r1 is det]m9$ by natural causes1 moral & physical--_! av]age *>act]s1 _! tempor>y /ates ( feel+1 _! circum/ances4 ,if ! ,gov]nm5t =bids "o mode ( giv+ cr$it1 !y w f9d ano!r1 & probably a worse4 ,be ! degree ( mutual tru/ prud5t #cec or imprud5t1 x mu/ take its c\rse4 ,! attempt to re/rict x by law is no?+ b a repetition ( ! old /ory ( keep+ out ! sea ) a =k4 ,& n[ m>k t 7 x n = ^! worse ?an futile ,/ate-safegu>ds1 !re might gr[ up c]ta9 natural safegu>ds1 :i* w\ld really put a *eck on undue cr$it & abnormal speculation4 ,7 x n = ! attempts to insure security by law1 x is v possible t1 "u our high-pressure sy/em ( bus9ess1 banks w\ld compete ) ea* o!r 9 respect ( ! degree ( security !y (f]$--w\ld endeav\r to outdo ea* o!r 9 ! obta9m5t ( a legitimate public confid5ce4 ,consid] ! position ( a new jo9t-/ock-bank ) limit$ liability1 & un*eck$ by legal regulations4 ,x c d no?+ until x has ga9$ ! g5]al good op9ion4 ,9 ! way ( ?is !re /& great difficulties4 ,its con/itution is untri$1 & is sure to be look$ ^u by ! trad+ _w ) consid]able di/ru/4 ,! field is already occupi$ by old banks ) e/abli%$ connexions & reputations4 ,out ( a con/itu5cy satisfi$ ) ! pres5t accommodation1 x has to obta9 support]s = a sy/em :i* is app>5tly less safe ?an ! old4 ,h[ %all x d ?is8 ,evid5tly x mu/ f9d "s unusual mode ( assur+ ! community ( its tru/wor?9ess4 ,& out ( a numb] ( new banks s circum/anc$1 x is n too mu* to suppose t ultimately "o w\ld hit on "s mode4 ,x might be1 = in/ance1 t su* a bank w\ld give to all :o held deposits ov] #ajjj ! lib]ty ( inspect+ its books--( asc]ta9+ f "t to "t its liabilities & its inve/m5ts4 ,already ?is plan is frequ5tly adopt$ by private trad]s1 z a means ( assur+ ^? :o l5d money to !m2 & ?is ext5sion ( x might naturally take place "u ! pressure ( competition4 ,we h put ! "q to a g5tleman :o has _h long & successful exp]i5ce1 z manag] ( a jo9t-/ock-bank1 & 8 reply is1 t "s su* c\rse w\ld v probably be adopt$3 add+ t1 #ced "u ?is arrangem5t1 a depositor w\ld practically become a p>tn] ) limit$ liability4 ,7 a sy/em ( ?is k9d to e/abli% itself1 x w\ld =m a d\ble *eck to unheal?y trad+4 ,consci\sness t its ra%ness w\ld become kn[n to its *ief cli5ts1 w\ld prev5t ! bank-managem5t f be+ ra%2 & consci\sness t 8 cr$it w\ld be damag$ :5 8 l>ge debt to ! bank 0 :isp]$1 w\ld prev5t ! speculator f contract+ s l>ge a debt4 ,bo? l5d] & borr[] w\ld be re/ra9$ f reckless ent]prize4 ,v little inspection w\ld suffice to effect ?is end4 ,"o or two cauti\s depositors w\ld be en\gh2 see+ t ! m]e expectation ( imm$iate disclosure1 9 case ( misconduct1 w\ld mo/ly keep 9 ord] all ^? conc]n$4 ,%\ld x h[ev] be cont5d$1 z by "s x may1 t ?is safegu>d w\ld be ( no avail--%\ld x be alleg$ t1 hav+ 9 _! own h&s ! means ( safety1 citiz5s w\ld n use !m1 b w\ld /ill put bl9d fai? 9 directors1 & give unlimit$ tru/ to respectable names2 !n we reply t !y w\ld des]ve :atev] bad consequ5ces fell on !m4 ,if !y did n take advantage ( ! pr(f]$ gu>antee1 ! p5alty be on _! own heads4 ,we h no pati5ce ) ! mawki% philan?ropy :i* w\ld w>d-(f ! puni%m5t ( /upidity4 ,! ultimate result ( %ield+ m5 f ! effects ( folly1 is to fill ! _w ) fools4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a few words 9 conclusion respect+ ! attitude ( our oppon5ts4 ,leav+ jo9t-/ock-bank legislation1 on :i* ! eyes ( ! public are happily becom+ op5$2 & return+ to ! ,bank-,*>t]1 ) its !ory ( curr5cy-regulation2 we h to *>ge its support]s ) gross1 if n wilful1 misrepres5tation4 ,_! e/abli%$ policy is to speak ( all antagonism z id5tifi$ ) adhesion to ! vulg>e/ fallacies4 ,!y daily pres5t1 z ! only alt]natives1 _! own dogma or "s wild doctr9e too #cee absurd to be argu$4 8,side ) u or *oose an>*y10 is ! sub/ance ( _! homilies4 ,to speak specifically3--,!y boldly ass]t1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !y are ! uphold]s ( 8pr9ciple20 & on all opposition !y seek to fa/5 ! title ( 8empiricism40 ,n[ we are at a loss to see :at !re is 8empirical0 9 ! position1 t a bank-note-circulation w regulate itself 9 ! same way t ! circulation ( o!r pap]-curr5cy does4 ,x seems to u any?+ b 8empirical10 to say t ! natural *eck ( prospective bankruptcy1 :i* re/ra9s ! trad] f issu+ too _m promises-to-pay at giv5 dates1 w simil>ly re/ra9 ! bank] f issu+ too _m promises-to-pay on dem&4 ,we take him to be ! v opposite ( an 8empiric10 :o holds t p's *>act]s & circum/ances det]m9e ! quantity ( cr$it-memor&a 9 circulation2 & t ! monet>y disord]s :i* _! imp]fect *>act]s & *ang+ circum/ances occasionally entail1 c be exac]bat$1 b _c be prev5t$1 by ,/ate-no/rums4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we d n see 9 virtue ( :at 8pr9ciple0 x is1 t ! contract express$ on ! face ( a bank-note mu/ be dealt ) diff]5tly f any o!r contract4 ,we _c und]/& ! 8pr9ciple0 :i* requires ! ,/ate to control ! bus9ess ( bank]s1 s t !y may n make engagem5ts !y _c fulfil1 b :i* does n require ! ,/ate to d ! l ) o!r trad]s4 ,to u x is a v incompreh5sible 8pr9ciple0 :i* p]mits ! ,bank ( ,engl& to issue #ad1jjj1jjj on ! cr$it ( ! ,/ate2 b :i* is brok5 if ! ,/ate-cr$it is mortgag$ beyond ?is--a 8pr9ciple0 :i* implies t #ad1jjj1jjj ( notes may be issu$ )\t gold to meet !m1 b insi/s on rigor\s precautions = ! conv]tibility ( e p\nd m4 ,we are curi\s to le>n h[ x 0 inf]r$ f ?is 8pr9ciple0 t ! av]age note-circulation ( ea* prov9cial bank1 dur+ c]ta9 twelve weeks 9 #ahdd1 0 exactly ! #cef note-circulation :i* its capital ju/ifi$4 ,s f> f disc]n+ a 8pr9ciple10 x seems to u t bo? ! idea & its applications are z empirical z !y c well be4 ,/ill m a/\nd+1 h[ev]1 is ! assumption ( ^! 8curr5cy-!ori/s10 t _! doctr9es are ^? ( ,free-trade4 ,9 ! ,legislature1 ,"l ,ov]/one1 & 9 ! press1 ! ,saturday ,review1 h1 among o!rs1 ass]t$ ?is4 ,to call t a ,free-trade measure1 :i* has ! av[$ object ( re/rict+ c]ta9 volunt>y acts ( ex*ange1 appe>s s manife/ a contradiction 9 t]ms t x is sc>cely cr$ible x %\ld be made4 ,! :ole sy/em ( curr5cy-legislation is re/rictioni/ f beg9n+ to end3 equally 9 _s & detail4 ,is t a ,free-trade regulation :i* has all along =bidd5 banks ( issue )9 sixty-five miles ( ,london8 ,is t ,free-trade :i* enacts t none b su* z h n[ ! ,/ate-w>rant1 %all h5ce=? give promises-to-pay on dem&8 ,is t ,free-trade :i* at a c]ta9 po9t /eps 9 betwe5 ! bank] & 8 cu/om]1 & puts a veto on any fur!r ex*ange ( cr$it-docum5ts8 ,we wond] :at w\ld be said by two m]*ants1 ! "o ab\t to draw a bill on ! o!r 9 return = goods sold1 :o %\ld be /opp$ by a ,/ate-(fic] ) ! rem>k t1 hav+ exam9$ ! buy]'s l$g]1 he 0 ( op9ion t ready z ! sell] might be to take ! bill1 x w\ld be unsafe = him to d s2 & t ! law1 9 pursuance ( ! pr9ciples ( ,free-trade1 negativ$ ! transaction6 ,yet = ! promise-to-pay 9 six mon?s1 x ne$s b to sub/itute a promise-to-pay on dem&1 & ! case becomes sub/antially t ( bank] & cu/om]4 ,x is true t ! 8curr5cy-!ori/s0 h a col\rable excuse 9 ! fact1 t among _! oppon5ts are ! advocates ( v>i\s vision>y s*emes1 & prop\nd]s ( regulations q z protectioni/ 9 _s z _! own4 ,x is true t !re are "s :o cont5d = inconv]tible 8lab\r-notes20 & o!rs :o argue t1 9 times ( #ceg comm]cial pressure1 banks %\ld n raise _! rates ( disc\nt4 ,b is ?is any ju/ification = recklessly /igmatiz+ all antagonism z com+ f ^! classes1 9 ! face ( ! fact t ! ,bank-,act has be5 prote/$ aga9/ by ! highe/ au?orities 9 political economy8 ,d n ! def5d]s ( ! 8curr5cy-pr9ciple0 "k t among _! oppon5ts are ,mr4 ,?ornton1 long kn[n z an able writ] on curr5cy-que/ions2 ,mr4 ,tooke & ,mr4 ,newm>*1 fam$ = _! labori\s & exhau/ive rese>*es respect+ curr5cy & prices2 ,mr4 ,full>ton1 ^: 8,regulation ( ,curr5cies0 is a /&>d "w2 ,mr4 ,macleod1 ^: j-issu$ book displays ! endless inju/ices & /upidities ( our monet>y hi/ory2 ,mr4 ,james ,wilson1 ,m4,p41 :o1 9 detail$ k ( comm]ce1 curr5cy1 & bank+1 is probably unrivall$2 & ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 :o bo? z logician & economi/1 /&s 9 ! fir/ rank8 ,d !y n "k t ! alleg$ di/9ction betwe5 bank-notes & o!r cr$it-docum5ts1 :i* =ms ! pr(ess$ basis ( ! ,bank-,act 7& = :i* ,sir ,r4 ,peel c\ld quote only ! "o poor au?ority ( ,"l ,liv]pool7 is d5i$1 n only by ! g5tlem5 above nam$1 b also by ,mr4 ,huskisson1 ,pr(essor ,/or*1 ,dr4 ,trav]s ,twiss1 & ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* ,pr(essors1 ,m4 ,joseph ,g>ni] & ,m4 ,mi*el ,*evali]8#cf ,d !y n "k1 9 %ort1 t bo? ! pr(\nde/ ?9k]s & ! mo/ pati5t inquir]s are aga9/ !m8 ,if !y d n "k ?is1 x is "t !y /udi$ ! subject on :i* !y write ) su* an air ( au?ority4 ,if !y d "k x1 a little m respect = _! oppon5ts w\ld n be unbecom+4 #cf ,see ,mr4 ,tooke's 8,bank ,*>t] ,act ( #ahdd10 etc4 #ceh ,,p>liam5t>y ,,re=m3 ,,! ,,dang]s ,,& ,,! ,,safegu>ds4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,april #ahfj4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 ! dread ( imp5d+ evils agitat$ n a few brea/s ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,in/9ctive fe> ( *ange1 ju/ifi$ z x seem$ by outbur/s ( popul> viol5ce1 conjur$ up visions ( ! an>*y :i* w\ld foll[ ! pass+ ( a ,re=m ,bill4 ,9 scatt]$ f>m-h\ses !re 0 *ronic t]ror1 le/ ^? newly end[$ ) political p[] %\ld 9 "s way fil* all ! pr(its obta9$ by re>+ cattle & gr[+ corn4 ,! occupants ( halls & manors spoke ( t5-p\nd h\sehold]s almo/ z ?\gh !y =m$ an army ( spoil]s1 ?reat5+ to ov]run & deva/ate ! prop]ty ( l&hold]s4 ,among t[nspeople !re 7 "s :o int]pret$ ! abolition ( old corruptions into ! e/abli%m5t ( mob-gov]nm5t2 :i* !y ?\ght equival5t to spoliation4 ,& ev5 9 ,p>liam5t1 su* al>ms f\nd occasional utt]ance3 z1 = in/ance1 ?r\gh ! m\? ( ,sir ,rob]t ,+lis1 :o h9t$ t ! national debt w\ld n improbably be repudiat$ if ! propos$ measure became law4 ,!re may p]haps be a few :o reg>d ! n[ p5d+ *ange 9 ! repres5tation ) simil> dread--:o ?9k #cei t artizans & o!rs ( _! grade are prep>$1 :5 ! p[] is giv5 to !m1 to lay h&s on prop]ty4 ,we presume1 h[ev]1 t su* irrational al>mi/s =m b a small p]c5tage ( ! nation4 ,n only ?r\gh\t ! ,lib]al p>ty1 b among ! ,cons]vatives1 !re exi/s a mu* fair] e/imate ( ! popul> "* ?an is impli$ by anticipations ( s gloomy a k9d4 ,_m ( ! upp] & middle classes are consci\s ( ! fact t1 if critically comp>$1 ! av]age conduct ( ! weal?y w\ld n be f\nd to diff] v widely 9 rectitude f t ( ! poor4 ,mak+ due all[ance = diff]5ces 9 ! k9ds & degrees ( temptations to :i* !y are expos$1 ! respective grades ( society are tol]ably uni=m 9 _! morals4 ,t disreg>d ( ! rights ( prop]ty :i*1 among ! p at l>ge1 %[s itself 9 ! direct =m ( petty !fts1 %[s itself among _! ri*] neighb\rs 9 v>i\s indirect =ms1 :i* are sc>cely less flagiti\s & (t5 mu* m detrim5tal to fell[-citiz5s4 ,trad]s1 :olesale & retail1 commit c\ntless di%one/ies1 rang+ f adult]ation & %ort measure up to fraudul5t bankruptcy--di%one/ies ( :i* we sket*$ out "s ( ! ramifications 9 a late article on 8,! ,morals ( ,trade40 ,! trick]ies ( ! turf2 ! brib]y ( electors2 ! non-paym5t ( tradesm5's bills2 ! jobb+ 9 railway-%>es2 ! obta9m5t ( exorbitant prices = l& f railway-companies2 ! corruption t att5ds ! gett+ ( private bills ?r\gh ,p>liam5t--^!1 & o!r su* illu/rations1 %[ t ! unconsci5ti\sness ( ! upp] class1 manife/$ ?\gh x is 9 diff]5t =ms1 is n less ?an t ( ! l[] class3 be>s z great a ratio to ! size ( ! class1 &1 if trac$ to its ultimate results1 produces evils z great if n great]4 ,& if ! facts prove t 9 uprightness ( int5tions !re is little to *oose betwe5 "o class ( ! community & ano!r1 an ext5sion ( ! fran*ise _c rationally #cfj be oppos$ on ! gr\nd t prop]ty w\ld be directly endang]$4 ,!re is no m reason to suppose t ! mass ( artizans & lab\r]s w\ld use political p[] ) consci\s inju/ice to _! ri*] neighb\rs1 ?an !re is reason to suppose t _! ri*] neighb\rs n[ consci\sly commit legal inju/ices aga9/ artizans & lab\r]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at1 !n1 is ! dang] to be appreh5d$8 ,if l&1 & h\ses1 & railways1 & funds1 & prop]ty ( all o!r k9ds1 w\ld be held ) no less security ?an n[1 :y ne$ !re be any fe>s t ! fran*ise w\ld be misus$8 ,:at are ! misuses ( x :i* are rationally to be anticipat$8 ,! ways 9 :i* ^? to be end[$ ) political p[] are likely to abuse x1 may be inf]r$ f ! ways 9 :i* political p[] has be5 abus$ by ^? :o h possess$ x4 ,:at g5]al trait has *>act]iz$ ! rule ( ! classes hi!rto dom9ant8 ,^! classes h n habitually s\ght _! own direct advantage at ! exp5se ( o!r classes2 b _! measures h nev]!less frequ5tly be5 su* z 7 indirectly advantage\s to !mselves4 ,volunt>y self-sacrifice has be5 ! exception4 ,! rule has be5 s to legislate z to pres]ve private int]e/s f injury2 :e!r public int]e/s 7 injur$ or n4 ,?\gh1 9 equity1 a l&lord has no great] claim on a default+ t5ant ?an any o!r cr$itor2 yet l&lords1 hav+ =m$ ! majority ( ! legislature1 h made laws giv+ !m p[] to recov] r5t 9 anticipation ( o!r cr$itors4 ,?\gh ! duties payable to gov]nm5t on ! transf] ( prop]ty to heirs & legatees1 might ju/ly h be5 made to fall m heavily on ! weal?y ?an on ! comp>atively poor1 & on real prop]ty r ?an on p]sonal prop]ty2 yet ! rev]se arrangem5t 0 enact$ & long ma9ta9$1 & is ev5 /ill p>tially 9 =ce4 ,rights ( pres5tation to places 9 ! ,*ur*1 #cfa obta9$ h[ev] completely 9 violation ( ! _s ( ! law1 are yet t5aci\sly def5d$1 ) little or no reg>d to ! welf>e ( ^? = :om ! ,*ur* o/5sibly exi/s4 ,7 x n acc\nt$ = by ! bias ( p]sonal int]e/s1 x w\ld be impossible to expla9 ! fact t1 on ! "q ( protection to agriculture1 ! l&$ classes & _! dep5d5ts 7 rang$ aga9/ ! o!r classes3 ! same evid5ce be+ op5 to bo?4 ,& if !re ne$s a /ill /rong] illu/ration1 we h x 9 ! opposition made to ! repeal ( ! ,corn-,laws by ! e/abli%$ cl]gy4 ,?\gh1 by _! (fice1 prea*]s ( ju/ice & m]cy--?\gh con/antly occupi$ 9 condemn+ selfi%ness & hold+ up a supreme example ( self-sacrifice2 yet s sway$ 7 !y by ^? temporal int]e/s :i* !y ?\ght endang]$1 t !y (f]$ to ?is propos$ *ange an almo/ uni=m resi/ance4 ,out ( "s t5 ?\s& ex (ficio fri5ds ( ! poor & ne$y1 !re 0 b "o 7! ,rev4 ,?omas ,sp5c]71 :o took an active "p 9 aboli%+ ?is tax impos$ on ! p's bread = ! ma9t5ance ( l&lords' r5ts4 ,su* are a few ( ! ways 9 :i*1 9 mod]n times1 ^? :o h ! p[] seek _! own b5efit at ! exp5se ( ! re/4 ,x is 9 analog\s ways t we mu/ expect any section ( ! community :i* may be made pr$om9ant by a political *ange1 to sacrifice ! welf>e ( o!r sections to its own4 ,:ile we d n see reason to ?9k t ! l[] classes are intr9sically less consci5ti\s ?an ! upp] classes1 we d n see reason to ?9k t !y are m consci5ti\s4 ,hold+1 z we d1 t 9 ea* society & 9 ea* age1 ! morality is1 on ! av]age1 ! same ?r\gh\t all ranks2 x seems to u cle> t if ! ri*1 :5 !y h ! opportunity1 make laws :i* unduly fav\r !mselves1 ! poor1 if _! p[] 0 9 excess1 w d ! l 9 simil> ways & to a simil> ext5t4 ,)\t kn[+ly enact+ inju/ice1 !y w be unconsci\sly bias$ by p]sonal #cfb consid]ations2 & our legislation w err z mu* 9 a new direction z x has hi!rto done 9 ! old4 ,?is ab/ract conclusion we %all f9d confirm$ on contemplat+ ! feel+s & op9ions curr5t among artizans & lab\r]s4 ,:at ! work+ classes n[ wi% done1 indicates :at !y w\ld be likely to d1 if a re=m 9 ! repres5tation made !m prepond]ate4 ,judg+ f _! prevail+ s5tim5ts1 !y w\ld d\btless d1 or aid 9 do+1 _m ?+s :i* x is desirable to h done4 ,su* a "q z t ( ,*ur*-rates w\ld h be5 settl$ long ago _h ! fran*ise be5 wid]4 ,any great increase ( popul> influ5ce1 w\ld g f> to rectify ! pres5t inequitable relation ( ! e/abli%$ religi\s sect to ! re/ ( ! community4 ,& o!r remnants ( class-legislation w\ld be swept away4 ,b besides ideas likely to ev5tuate 9 *anges :i* we %\ld reg>d z b5eficial1 ! work+ classes ent]ta9 ideas t c\ld n be realiz$ )\t gross inju/ice to o!r classes & ultimate injury to !mselves4 ,!re is among !m a prevail+ enmity t[>ds capitali/s4 ,! fallacy t ma*9]y acts to _! damage1 is /ill widely spread1 bo? among rural lab\r]s & ! inhabitants ( t[ns4 ,& !y %[ a wi%1 n only to dictate h[ long p] day m5 %all "w1 b to regulate all ! relations betwe5 employ]s & employ$4 ,let u briefly consid] ! evid5ce ( ?is4 ,:51 add+ ano!r to ! c\ntless errors :i* x has taught ! p1 ! ,legislature1 by pass+ ! ,t5-,h\rs-,bill1 ass]t$ t x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate to limit ! duration ( lab\r1 !re naturally arose among ! work+ classes ! desire = fur!r ameliorations to be secur$ 9 ! same way4 ,fir/ came ! =midable /rike ( ! ,amalgamat$ ,eng9e]s4 ,! rules ( ?is body aim to re/rict ! supply ( lab\r 9 v>i\s ways4 ,no memb] is all[$ to "w m ?an a fix$ numb] ( h\rs p] week2 nor = less ?an a fix$ rate ( wages4 #cfc ,no man is admitt$ into ! trade :o has n 8e>n$ a "r by probation>y s]vitude40 ,!re is a /rict regi/ration2 :i* is secur$ by f9es on any "o :o neglects to notify 8 m>riage1 removal1 or *ange ( s]vice4 ,! c\ncil decides1 )\t appeal1 on all ! affairs1 individual & g5]al1 ( ! body4 ,h[ tyrannical are ! regulations may be judg$ f ! fact1 t memb]s are puni%$ = divulg+ any?+ conc]n+ ! society's bus9ess2 = c5sur+ "o ano!r2 = v9dicat+ ! conduct ( ^? f9$1 etc4 ,& _! own unity ( action hav+ be5 secur$ by ^! co]cive measures1 ! ,amalgamat$ ,eng9e]s made a prolong$ ef=t to impose on _! employ]s1 sundry re/rictions :i* !y suppos$ w\ld be b5eficial to !mselves4 ,m rec5tly1 we h se5 simil> objects work$ = by simil> means dur+ ! /rike ( ! ,op]ative ,build]s4 ,9 "o ( _! e>ly manife/oes1 ?is body ( m5 cont5d$ t !y _h 8an equal "r to %>e ) o!r work]s1 t l>ge am\nt ( public sympa?y :i* is n[ be+ s widely ext5d$ 9 ! direction ( %ort5+ ! h\rs ( lab\r30 ?us %[+ at once _! delusion & its s\rce4 ,believ+1 z !y _h be5 taught by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t to believe1 t ! relation betwe5 ! quantity ( lab\r giv5 & ! wages receiv$1 is n a natural b an artificial "o2 !y dem&$ t :ile ! wages rema9$ ! same1 ! h\rs %\ld be r$uc$ f t5 to n9e4 ,!y recomm5d$ _! employ]s s to make _! future contracts1 z to all[ = ?is dim9i%$ day's "w3 say+ !y 7 8s sangu9e z to consid] ! consummation ( _! desire inevitable30 a polite way ( h9t+ t _! employ]s mu/ succumb to ! irresi/ible p[] ( _! organization4 ,ref]r+ to ! ?reat ( ! ma/]-build]s to close _! works1 !y w>n$ !m aga9/ 8! responsibility ( caus+ ! public disa/]0 ?us indicat$4 ,& :5 ! brea* f9ally took place1 ! #cfd ,unioni/s set 9 action ! approv$ appliances = br++ ma/]s to t]ms2 & w\ld h succe$$ _h x n be5 t _! antagoni/s1 believ+ t concessions w\ld be ru9\s1 made a unit$ resi/ance4 ,dur+ sev]al previ\s ye>s1 ma/]-build]s _h be5 yield+ to v>i\s extravagant dem&s1 ( :i* ^? rec5tly made 7 a fur!r developm5t4 ,_h !y ass5t$ to ! dim9i%$ day's "w1 & aboli%$ sy/ematic ov]time1 z !y 7 requir$ to d1 !re is no reason to suppose ! dictation w\ld h end$4 ,success w\ld h pres5tly l$ to /ill m exact+ requirem5ts2 & future ye>s w\ld h witness$ fur!r ext5sions ( ?is mis*iev\s m$dl+ betwe5 capital & lab\r4 ,p]haps ! complete/ illu/ration ( ! indu/rial regulations :i* f9d fav\r ) artizans1 is suppli$ by ! ,pr9t]s' ,union4 ,) ! exception ( ^? engag$ 9 ,! ,times (fice1 & 9 "o o!r l>ge e/abli%m5t1 ! proprietors ( :i* successfully resi/$ ! comb9ation1 ! compositors1 pressm51 etc41 ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 =m a society :i* controls all ! relations betwe5 employ]s & employ$4 ,!re is a fix$ price = sett+ up type--s mu* p] ?\s& lett]s3 no ma/] c give less2 no compositor be+ all[$ by ! ,union to "w = less4 ,!re are e/abli%$ rates = press-"w2 & e/abli%$ numb]s less ?an :i* y _c h pr9t$ )\t pay+ = "w t is n done4 ,! scale rises by :at are call$ 8tok5s0 ( #bej2 & if b #ej copies are requir$1 ! *>ge is ! same z = pr9t+ #bej2 or if #cjj are want$1 paym5t mu/ be made = #ejj4 ,besides regulat+ prices & modes ( *>g+ to _! own advantage1 9 ^! & o!r ways1 ! memb]s ( ! ,union re/rict competition by limit+ ! numb] ( appr5tices br\ght into ! bus9ess4 ,s well organiz$ is ?is comb9ation t ! ma/]s are oblig$ to succumb4 ,an infraction ( ! rules 9 any #cfe pr9t+-(fice leads to a /rike ( ! m52 & z ?is is support$ by ! ,union at l>ge1 ! employ] has to yield4 ,t 9 o!r trades artizans w\ld1 if !y c\ld1 e/abli% re/rictive sy/ems equally complete ) ?is1 we take to be suffici5tly prov$ by _! (t5-repeat$ attempts4 ,! ,t9-plate-,work]s' /rike1 ! ,cov5try-,weav]s' /rikes1 ! ,eng9e]s' /rike1 ! ,%oemak]s' /rike1 ! ,build]s' /rike1 all %[ a mo/ decid$ lean+ t[>ds a despotic regulation ( trade-prices1 h\rs1 & arrangem5ts--t[>ds an abolition ( free trade betwe5 employ]s & employ$4 ,%\ld ! m5 engag$ 9 our v>i\s indu/ries succe$ 9 _! aims1 ea* indu/ry w\ld be s %ackl$ z s]i\sly to raise ! co/ ( production4 ,! *ief p5alty w\ld ?us fall on ! work+ classes !mselves4 ,ea* produc]1 :ile protect$ 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 own occupation1 w\ld on e commodity he b\ght h to pay an extra price1 consequ5t on ! protection ( o!r produc]s4 ,9 %ort1 !re w\ld be e/abli%$1 "u a new =m1 ! old mis*iev\s sy/em ( mutual taxation4 ,& a f9al result w\ld be su* a dim9i%$ ability to compete ) o!r nations z to de/roy our =eign trade4 ,aga9/ results l ^! x behoves u to gu>d4 ,x becomes a grave "q h[ f> we may safely give political p[] to ^? :o ent]ta9 views s errone\s respect+ fundam5tal social relations2 & :o s p]t9aci\sly /ruggle to en=ce ^! errone\s views4 ,m5 :o r5d] up _! private lib]ties to ! despotic rul]s ( trades-unions1 seem sc>cely indep5d5t en\gh rightly to ex]cise political lib]ties4 ,^? :o s ill und]/& ! nature ( fre$om1 z to ?9k t any man or body ( m5 has a "r to prev5t employ] & employ$ f mak+ any contract !y please1 w\ld almo/ appe> to be incapacitat$ = ! gu>dian%ip ( _! own fre$om & t ( _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,:5 _! notions ( rectitude are s confus$1 t !y ?9k x a duty to obey ! arbitr>y #cff comm&s ( _! union-au?orities1 & to ab&on ! "r ( individually dispos+ ( _! lab\r on _! own t]ms--:51 9 con=mity ) ?is inv]t$ s5se ( duty1 !y ev5 risk ! />vation ( _! families--:5 !y call t an 8odi\s docum5t0 :i* simply dem&s t ma/] & man %all be free to make _! own b>ga9s--:5 _! s5se ( ju/ice is s obtuse t !y are ready to bully1 to deprive ( "w1 to />ve1 & ev5 to kill1 memb]s ( _! own class :o rebel aga9/ dictation1 & ass]t _! rights to sell _! lab\r at su* rates & to su* p]sons z !y ?9k fit--:5 9 %ort !y prove !mselves ready to become alike slaves & tyrants1 we may well pause be=e giv+ !m ! fran*ise4 ,! objects :i* artizans h long s\ght to a*ieve by _! private organizations1 !y w\ld1 _h !y adequate political p[]1 seek to a*ieve by public enactm5ts4 ,if1 on po9ts l ^? in/anc$1 _! convictions are s /rong & _! det]m9ation s great1 t !y w "t aft] "t submit to extreme privations 9 ! ef=t to c>ry !m2 x is a reasonable expectation t ^! convictions1 pu%$ ) ?is det]m9ation1 w\ld soon be express$ 9 law1 if ^? :o held !m _h pr$om9ant p[]4 ,) work+ m51 que/ions conc]n+ ! regulation ( lab\r are ( ! highe/ int]e/4 ,c&idates = ,p>liam5t w\ld be m likely to obta9 _! suffrages by p&]+ to _! prejudices on su* que/ions1 ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,%\ld x be said t no evil ne$ be fe>$ unless ! artizan-class num]ically prepond]at$ 9 ! con/itu5cies2 x may be rejo9$ t n unfrequ5tly1 :]e two *ief political p>ties are ne>ly balanc$1 "s o!r p>ty1 ?\gh mu* small]1 det]m9es ! election4 ,:5 we be> 9 m9d t ! trades-unions ?r\gh\t ! k+dom numb] #fjj1jjj memb]s1 & comm& a fund ( #cjj1jjj--:5 we rememb] t ^! trades-unions are 9 ! habit ( aid+ ea* o!r1 & h ev5 be5 incorporat$ into "o national association--:5 we also rememb] t #cfg _! organization is v complete1 & _! p[] ov] _! memb]s m]cilessly ex]cis$2 x seems likely t at a g5]al election _! comb9$ action w\ld decide ! result 9 _m t[ns3 ev5 ?\gh ! artizans 9 ea* case =m$ b a mod]ate portion ( ! con/itu5cy4 ,h[ influ5tial small b comb9$ bodies are1 ! ,iri% ,memb]s ( our ,h\se ( ,commons prove to u2 & /ill m cle>ly ! ,iri% emigrants 9 ,am]ica4 ,c]ta9ly ^! trade-comb9ations are n less p]fectly organiz$2 nor are ! motives ( _! memb]s less /rong4 ,judge !n h[ effici5t _! political action w\ld be4 ,x is true t 9 c\nty-con/itu5cies & rural t[ns1 ! artizan class h no p[]2 & t 9 ! antagonism ( agriculturi/s !re w\ld be a re/ra9t on _! projects4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! artizans w\ld1 on ^! que/ions1 h ! sympa?y ( _m n belong+ to _! own body4 ,num]\s small %opkeep]s & o!rs :o are 9 po9t ( means ab\t on _! level1 w\ld g ) !m 9 _! ef=ts to regulate ! relations ( capital & lab\r4 ,among ! middle classes1 too1 !re are n a few k9dly-dispos$ m5 :o are s ignorant ( political economy z to ?9k ! artizans ju/ifi$ 9 _! aims4 ,ev5 among ! l&$ class !y might f9d support]s4 ,we h b to recollect ! antipa?y %[n by l&[n]s 9 ,p>liam5t to ! manufactur+ int]e/1 dur+ ! t5-h\rs' agitation1 to see t x is q possible = c\ntry squires to jo9 ! work+ m5 9 impos+ re/rictions unfav\rable to employ]s4 ,true1 ! angry feel+ :i* !n prompt$ !m has 9 "s measure di$ away4 ,x is to be hop$1 too1 t !y h ga9$ wisdom4 ,b /ill1 rememb]+ ! pa/1 we mu/ take ?is cont+5cy into acc\nt4 ,"h1 !n1 is "o ( ! dang]s to :i* an ext5sion ( ! fran*ise op5s ! door4 ,:ile ! fe> t ! rights ( prop]ty may be directly int]f]$ )1 is absurd1 x is a v rational fe> t ! rights ( prop]ty may be indirectly int]f]$ )--t1 by cramp+ laws1 #cfh ! capitali/ may be prev5t$ f us+ 8 money z he f9ds be/1 & ! workman f sell+ 8 lab\r z he pleases4 ,we are n prep>$ to say :at wid5+ ( ! repres5tation w\ld br+ ab\t su* results4 ,we pr(ess nei!r to e/imate :at am\nt ( artizan-p[] a #f or a #e bor\gh-fran*ise w\ld give2 nor to det]m9e :e!r ! oppos+ p[]s w\ld suffice to keep x 9 *eck4 ,our purpose "h is simply to indicate ?is e/abli%m5t ( injuri\s indu/rial regulations1 z "o ( ! dang]s to be kept 9 view4 99 99 99 99 99 ,turn we n[ to ano!r dang]1 di/9ct f ! =ego+ ?\gh ne> ak9 to x4 ,next aft] ! evils ( t ov]-legislation :i* re/ricts ! ex*ange ( capital & lab\r1 come ! evils ( t ov]-legislation :i* provides = ! community1 by ,/ate-ag5cy1 b5efits :i* capital & lab\r %\ld be left spontane\sly to provide4 ,& x naturally1 ?\gh un=tunately1 happ5s1 t ^? :o lean to ! "o k9d ( ov]-legislation1 lean also to ! o!r k9d4 ,m5 lead+ labori\s lives1 reliev$ by little 9 ! %ape ( enjoym5t1 give will+ e>s to ! doctr9e t ! ,/ate %\ld provide !m ) v>i\s positive advantages & gratifications4 ,! mu*-endur+ poor _c be expect$ to deal v critically ) ^? :o promise !m gratis pleasures4 ,z a dr[n+ man cat*es at a /raw1 s w "o ^: exi/5ce is burd5some cat* at any?+1 no matt] h[ unsub/antial1 :i* holds out ! slighte/ hope ( a little happ9ess4 ,we mu/ n1 !re=e1 blame ! work+-classes = be+ ready conv]ts to sociali/ic s*emes1 or to a belief 9 8! sov]eign p[] ( political ma*9]y40 ,n t ! work+-classes alone fall into ^! delusions4 ,un=tunately !y are c\nt5anc$1 & h be5 9 "p misl$1 by ^? above !m4 ,9 ,p>liam5t & out ( ,p>liam5t1 well-mean+ m5 among ! upp] & middle ranks1 h be5 active apo/les ( ^! false #cfi doctr9es4 ,!re has ev] be51 & cont9ues to be1 mu* law-mak+ bas$ on ! assumption1 t x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate1 n simply to insure ea* citiz5 fair play 9 ! battle ( life1 b to help him 9 fight+ ! battle ( life3 hav+ previ\sly tak5 money f 81 or "s "o else's1 pocket to pay ! co/ ( do+ ?is4 ,& we _c glance ov] ! pap]s )\t see+ h[ active are ! agitations c>ri$ on out ( doors 9 fur!rance ( ?is policy2 & h[ !y ?reat5 to become daily m active4 ,! do+s ( ! ,*adwick-s*ool furni% "o set ( illu/rations4 ,f ^? ( ! ,%aftesbury-s*ool o!r illu/rations may be ga!r$4 ,& 9 ! transactions ( ! body1 absurdly self-entitl$ 8,! ,national ,association = ! ,promotion ( ,social ,sci5ce10 we f9d /ill m num]\s developm5ts ( ?is mis*iev\s error4 ,:5 we say t ! work+-classes1 & m especially ! artizan-classes1 h /rong lean+s t[>ds ^! ,utopianisms :i* !y h unhappily be5 enc\rag$ to ent]ta9 by _m :o %\ld h kn[n bett]1 we d n speak at r&om4 ,we are n draw+ an a priori inf]5ce z to ! doctr9es likely to f9d fav\r ) m5 9 _! position4 ,nor are we guid$ m]ely by evid5ce to be ga!r$ f newspap]s4 ,we h a basis ( def9ite fact 9 ! proce$+s ( re=m$ municipal gov]nm5ts4 ,^! bodies h f ye> to ye> ext5d$ _! functions2 & s heavy has 9 "s cases become ! consequ5t local taxation1 z to h caus$ a reaction aga9/ ! political p>ty :i* 0 responsible4 ,t[n-c\ncils almo/ exclusively ,:ig1 h ( late be5 made comp>atively ,cons]vative1 by ! ef=ts ( ^? ri*] classes :o suff] mo/ f municipal extravagance4 ,) :om1 !n1 has ?is extravagance be5 popul>8 ,) ! poor] memb]s ( ! con/itu5cies4 ,c&idates = t[n-c\ncillor%ips h f\nd no bett] means ( obta9+ ! suffrages ( ! mass1 ?an ! advocacy ( ?is or ! o!r local und]tak+4 ,to #cgj build ba?s & wa%-h\ses at ! exp5se ( ! t[n1 has prov$ a popul> proposal4 ,! support ( public g>d5s out ( funds rais$ by local rates1 has be5 applaud$ by ! majority4 ,s1 too1 ) ! e/abli%m5t ( free libr>ies1 :i* has1 ( c\rse1 met ) enc\ragem5t f work+-m51 & f ^? :o wi% to f9d fav\r ) !m4 ,%\ld "s "o1 tak+ a h9t f ! *eap conc]ts n[ common 9 our manufactur+ t[ns1 propose to supply music at ! public co/1 we d\bt n he w\ld be hail$ z a fri5d ( ! p4 ,& simil>ly ) c\ntless sociali/ic s*emes1 ( :i*1 :5 once comm5c$1 !re is no end4 ,su* be+ ! demon/rat$ t5d5cies ( municipal gov]nm5ts1 ) _! ext5d$ bases ( repres5tation1 is x n a fair inf]5ce t a ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t hav+ a base ( repres5tation mu* wid] ?an ! pres5t1 w\ld manife/ l t5d5cies8 ,we %all see ! m reason = fe>+ ?is1 :5 we rememb] t ^? :o approve ( multipli$ ,/ate-ag5cies1 w\ld g5]ally ally !mselves ) ^? :o seek = ! legislative regulation ( lab\r4 ,! doctr9es are ne> ak92 & !y are1 to a consid]able ext5t1 held by ! same p]sons4 ,if unit$ ! two bodies w\ld h a =midable p[]2 &1 appeal$ to1 z !y w\ld (t5 be1 by c&idates express+ agreem5t on bo? ^! po9ts1 !y might1 ev5 ?\gh a m9ority1 get unduly repres5t$ 9 ! legislature4 ,su*1 at lea/1 seems to u a fur!r dang]4 ,l$ by philan?ropi/s hav+ sympa?ies /rong] ?an _! intellects1 ! work+-classes are v likely to employ _! influ5ce 9 increas+ ov]-legislation3 n only by agitat+ = indu/rial regulations1 b 9 v>i\s o!r ways4 ,:at ext5sion ( fran*ise w\ld make ?is dang] a s]i\s "o1 we d n pret5d to say4 ,"h1 z be=e1 we w\ld simply indicate a probable s\rce ( mis*ief4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ :at are ! safegu>ds8 ,n su* z we #cga believe w be adopt$4 ,to meet evils l ^? :i* ?reat5 to foll[ ! imp5d+ political *ange1 ! common plan is to devise special *ecks--m9or limitations & qualifications4 ,n to dry up ! evil at its s\rce b to dam x out1 is1 9 analog\s cases1 ! usual aim4 ,we h no fai? 9 su* me?ods4 ,! only effici5t safegu>d lies 9 a *ange ( convictions & motives4 ,&1 to "w a *ange ( ?is k9d1 !re is no c]ta9 way b t ( lett+ m5 directly feel ! p5alties :i* mi/ak5 legislation br+s on !m4 8,h[ is ?is to be done80 ! read] w d\btless ask4 ,simply by lett+ causes & effects /& 9 _! natural relations4 ,simply by tak+ away ^? vici\s arrangem5ts :i* n[ mo/ly prev5t m5 f see+ ! reactions t foll[ legislative actions4 ,at pres5t ! ext5sion ( public adm9i/rations is popul>1 ma9ly because !re has n be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 any di/9ct connexion betwe5 ! b5efits to be ga9$ & ! exp5ses to be paid4 ,( ! conv5i5ces or gratifications secur$ to !m by "s new body ( (ficials ) a fund at its disposal1 !y h imm$iate exp]i5ce2 b ( ! way 9 :i* ! co/s fall on ! nation1 & ultimately on !mselves1 !y h no imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,our fiscal arrangem5ts dissociate ! ideas ( increas$ public exp5diture & increas$ burd5s on all :o lab\r2 & ?us enc\rage ! sup]/ition t law c give gratis b5efits4 ,?is is cle>ly ! *ief cause ( t municipal extravagance to :i* we h above adv]t$4 ,! work+ m5 ( our t[ns possess public p[]1 :ile mo/ ( !m d n directly be> public burd5s4 ,on small h\ses ! taxes = bor\gh-purposes are usually paid by ! l&lords2 & ( late ye>s1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce & economy1 !re has gr[n up a sy/em ( comp\nd+ ) l&lords ( small h\ses ev5 = ! poor-rates *>geable to _! t5ants4 ,"u ?is #cgb arrangem5t1 at fir/ volunt>y b n[ compulsory1 a c]ta9 disc\nt (f ! total rates due f a numb] ( h\ses is all[$ to ! own]1 9 consid]ation ( 8 pay+ ! rates1 & ?us sav+ ! au?orities tr\ble & loss 9 collection4 ,& he is suppos$ to raise 8 r5ts by ! full am\nt ( ! rates *>g$4 ,?us1 mo/ municipal electors1 n pay+ local taxes 9 a sep>ate =m1 are n con/antly rem9d$ ( ! connexion betwe5 public exp5diture & p]sonal co/s2 & h5ce x happ5s t any outlay made = local purposes1 no matt] h[ extravagant & unreasonable1 :i* br+s to !m "s k9d ( advantage1 is reg>d$ z pure ga94 ,if ! corporation resolves1 q unnecess>ily1 to rebuild a t[n-hall1 ! resolution is ( c\rse approv$ by ! majority4 8,x is good = trade & x co/s u no?+10 is ! argum5t :i* passes vaguely ?r\gh _! m9ds4 ,if "s "o proposes to buy an adjo9+ e/ate & turn x into a public p>k1 ! work+ classes naturally give _! support to ! proposal2 = ornam5tal gr\nds _c b be an advantage1 & ?\gh ! rates may be increas$ t w be no affair ( !irs4 ,?us necess>ily arises a t5d5cy to multiply public ag5cies & increase public outlay4 ,x becomes an e/abli%$ policy ) popul>ity-hunt]s to advocate new works to be execut$ by ! t[n4 ,^? :o disapprove ?is c\rse are 9 fe> t _! seats may be jeop>diz$ at ! next election1 %\ld !y make a vigor\s opposition4 ,& ?us d ^! local adm9i/rations inevitably lean t[>ds abnormal developm5ts4 ,no "o c1 we ?9k1 d\bt t 7 ! rates levi$ directly on all electors1 a *eck w\ld be giv5 to ?is municipal communism4 ,if ea* small occupi] f\nd t e new "w und]tak5 by ! au?orities co/ him s _m p5ce extra 9 ! p\nd1 he w\ld beg9 to consid] ) himself :e!r ! advantage ga9$ 0 equival5t to ! price paid2 & w\ld (t5 rea* a #cgc negative conclusion4 ,x w\ld become a "q ) him :e!r1 in/ead ( lett+ ! local gov]nm5t provide him ) c]ta9 remote advantages 9 return = c]ta9 moneys1 he might n himself pur*ase ) su* moneys imm$iate advantages ( great] wor?2 &1 g5]ally1 he w\ld decide t he c\ld d ?is4 ,)\t say+ to :at ext5t su* a re/ra9t w\ld act1 we may safely say t x w\ld be b5eficial4 ,e "o mu/ admit t ea* inhabitant ( a t[n ought con/antly to be rem9d$ ( ! relation betwe5 ! "w p]=m$ = him by ! corporation & ! sum he pays = x4 ,no "o c d5y t ! habitual exp]i5ce ( ?is relation w\ld t5d to keep ! action ( local gov]nm5ts )9 prop] b\nds4 ,simil>ly ) ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t4 ,"h ! effects wr\ght by public ag5cies are /ill m dissociat$ f ! co/s !y entail on ea* citiz54 ,! bulk ( ! taxes be+ rais$ 9 s unobtrusive a way1 & affect+ ! masses 9 modes s difficult to trace1 x is sc>cely possible = ! masses to realize ! fact t ! sums paid by ,gov]nm5t = support+ s*ools1 = facilitat+ emigration1 = inspect+ m9es1 factories1 railways1 %ips1 etc41 h be5 9 great "p tak5 f _! own pockets4 ,! m intellig5t ( !m und]/& ?is z an ab/ract tru?2 b x is n a tru? pres5t to _! m9ds 9 su* a def9ite %ape z to influ5ce _! actions4 ,q o!rwise1 h[ev]1 w\ld x be if taxation 7 direct2 & ! exp5se ( e new ,/ate-ag5cy 7 felt by ea* citiz5 z an additional dem& made on him by ! tax-ga!r]4 ,!n w\ld !re be a cle>1 con/antly-recurr+ exp]i5ce ( ! tru?1 t = ev]y?+ :i* ! ,/ate gives ) "o h& x takes away some?+ ) ! o!r2 & !n w\ld x be less easy to propagate absurd delusions ab\t ! p[]s & duties ( ,gov]nm5ts4 ,no "o c "q ?is conclusion :o calls to m9d ! reason curr5tly giv5 = ma9ta9+ #cgd indirect taxation2 namely1 t ! requir$ rev5ue c\ld n o!rwise be rais$4 ,/atesm5 see t if in/ead ( tak+ f ! citiz5 "h a little & !re a little1 9 ways t he does n "k or con/antly =gets1 ! :ole am\nt 7 dem&$ 9 a lump sum1 x w\ld sc>cely be possible to get x paid4 ,grumbl+ & resi/ance w\ld rise probably to disaffection4 ,co]cion w\ld 9 ho/s ( cases be ne$$ to obta9 ?is l>ge total tax2 :i*1 inde$1 ev5 ) ?is aid1 c\ld n be obta9$ f ! majority ( ! p1 ^: improvid5t habits prev5t ! accumulation ( consid]able sums4 ,& s ! rev5ue w\ld fall imm5sely %ort ( t exp5diture :i* is suppos$ necess>y4 ,?is be+ ass5t$ to1 x mu/ p]=ce be admitt$ t "u a sy/em ( direct taxation1 fur!r ext5sion ( public adm9i/rations1 entail+ fur!r co/s1 w\ld meet ) g5]al opposition4 ,in/ead ( multiply+ ! functions ( ! ,/ate1 ! t5d5cy w\ld obvi\sly be to r$uce _! numb]4 ,"h1 !n1 is "o ( ! safegu>ds4 ,! incid5ce ( taxation mu/ be made m direct 9 proportion z ! fran*ise is ext5d$4 ,our *anges ought n to be 9 ! direction ( ! ,comp\nd-,h\sehold]s-,act ( #ahea1 :i* makes x no long] ne$ful = a ,p>liam5t>y elector to h paid poor-rates be=e giv+ a vote2 b !y ought to be 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! ex]cise ( p[] ov] ! national rev5ue1 %\ld be indissolubly associat$ ) ! consci\s paym5t ( contributions to t rev5ue4 ,direct taxation in/ead ( be+ limit$1 z _m wi%1 mu/ be ext5d$ to l[] & wid] classes1 z fa/ z ^! classes are end[$ ) political p[]4 ,probably ?is proposal w be reg>d$ ) small fav\r by /atesm54 ,x is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s = m5 to approve a sy/em :i* t5ds to re/rict _! p[]s4 ,we "k1 too1 t any great ext5sion ( direct taxation w be held at pres5t impossible2 & we are n prep>$ #cge to ass]t ! contr>y4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no reason aga9/ r$uc+ ! indirect taxation & augm5t+ ! direct taxation z f> z circum/ances all[4 ,& if :5 ! la/ _h be5 increas$ & ! fir/ decreas$ to ! greate/ ext5t n[ practicable1 x 7 made an e/abli%$ pr9ciple t any additional rev5ue mu/ be rais$ by direct taxes1 !re w\ld be an effici5t *eck to "o ( ! evils likely to foll[ f fur!r political enfran*isem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! o!r evil :i* we h po9t$ out z rationally to be fe>$1 _c be ?us met1 h[ev]4 ,?\gh an ev]-recurr+ exp]i5ce ( ! relation betwe5 ,/ate-action & its co/1 w\ld h9d] ! gr[? ( ^? ,/ate-ag5cies :i* und]take to supply citiz5s ) positive conv5i5ces & gratifications2 x w\ld be no re/ra9t on t negative & inexp5sive ov]-legislation :i* trespasses on individual fre$om--x w\ld n prev5t mis*iev\s m$dl+ ) ! relations betwe5 lab\r & capital4 ,aga9/ ?is dang] ! only safegu>ds appe> to be1 ! spread ( s\nd] views among ! work+ classes1 & ! moral advance :i* su* s\nd] views imply4 8,t is to say1 ! p mu/ be educat$10 responds ! read]4 ,yes1 education is ! ?+ want$2 b n ! education = :i* mo/ m5 agitate4 ,ord9>y s*ool-tra9+ is n a prep>ation = ! "r ex]cise ( political p[]4 ,conclusive pro( ( ?is is giv5 by ! fact t ! artizans1 f ^: mi/ak5 ideas ! mo/ dang] is to be fe>$1 are ! be/ in=m$ ( ! work+ classes4 ,f> f promis+ to be a safegu>d1 ! spread ( su* education z is commonly giv5 appe>s m likely to increase ! dang]4 ,rais+ ! work+ classes 9 g5]al to ! artizan-level ( culture1 ?reat5s to augm5t1 r ?an to dim9i%1 _! p[] ( work+ political evil4 ,! curr5t fai? 9 ,read+1 ,writ+1 & ,ari?metic1 z fitt+ m5 = citiz5%ip1 seems to u q #cgf unw>rant$2 z are1 inde$1 mo/ o!r anticipations ( ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f le>n+ lessons4 ,!re is no connexion betwe5 ! ability to p>se a s5t5ce1 & a cle> und]/&+ ( ! causes :i* det]m9e ! rate ( wages4 ,! multiplication-table af=ds no aid 9 see+ ?r\gh ! fallacy t ! de/ruction ( prop]ty is good = trade4 ,long practice may h produc$ extremely good p5man%ip )\t hav+ giv5 ! lea/ p[] to und]/& ! p>adox t ma*9]y ev5tually increases ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! trades into :i* x is introduc$4 ,nor is x prov$ t smatt]+s ( m5suration1 a/ronomy1 or geography1 fit m5 = e/imat+ ! *>act]s & motives ( ,p>liam5t>y c&idates4 ,inde$ we h only ?us to br+ toge!r ! antec$5ts & ! anticipat$ consequ5ts1 to see h[ unt5able is ! belief 9 a relation betwe5 !m4 ,:5 we wi% a girl to become a good musician1 we seat h] be=e ! piano3 we d n put draw+ implem5ts into h] h&s1 & expect music to come along ) skill 9 ! use ( p5cils & col\r-bru%es4 ,s5d+ a boy to pore ov] law-books w\ld be ?\ght an extremely irrational way ( prep>+ him = civil eng9e]+4 ,& if 9 ^! & all o!r cases1 we d n expect fitness = any function except ?r\gh in/ruction & ex]cise 9 t function2 :y d we expect fitness = citiz5%ip to be produc$ by a discipl9e :i* has no relation to ! duties ( ! citiz58 ,probably x w be repli$ t by mak+ ! work+ man a good read]1 we give him access to s\rces ( in=mation f :i* he may le>n h[ to use 8 electoral p[]2 & t o!r /udies %>p5 8 faculties & make him a bett] judge ( political que/ions4 ,?is is true2 & ! ev5tual t5d5cy is unque/ionably good4 ,b :at if = a long "t to come he reads only to obta9 confirmation ( 8 errors8 ,:at if !re exi/s a lit]ature appeal+ to 8 prejudices1 & supply+ him ) fallaci\s argum5ts = ! mi/ak5 beliefs :i* he naturally takes #cgg up8 ,:at if he rejects all tea*+ t aims to disabuse him ( *]i%$ delusions8 ,mu/ we n say t ! culture :i* ?us m]ely helps ! workman to e/abli% himself 9 error1 r unfits ?an fits him = citiz5%ip8 ,& d n ! trades'-unions furni% evid5ce ( ?is8 ,h[ little t :i* p commonly call education prep>es !m = ! use ( political p[]1 may be judg$ f ! incompet5cy ( ^? :o h receiv$ ! highe/ education ! c\ntry af=ds4 ,glance back at ! blund]s ( our legislation1 & !n rememb] t ! m5 :o committ$ !m _h mo/ly tak5 ,univ]sity-degrees2 & y mu/ admit t ! pr(\nde/ ignorance ( ,social ,sci5ce may accompany intimate acqua9tance ) all :i* our cultivat$ classes reg>d z valuable k4 ,d b take a "y memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 fre% f ,ox=d or ,cambridge1 & ask him :at he ?9ks ,law %\ld d1 & :y8 or :at x %\ld n d1 & :y8 & x w become manife/ t nei!r 8 famili>ity ) ,ari/otle nor 8 read+s 9 ,?ucydides1 h prep>$ him to answ] ! v fir/ "q a legislator ought to solve4 ,a s+le illu/ration w suffice to %[ h[ diff]5t an education f t usually giv51 is requir$ by legislators1 & consequ5tly by ^? :o elect !m3 we mean ! illu/ration :i* ! ,free-trade agitation supplies4 ,by k+s1 pe]s1 & memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 mo/ly br\ght up at univ]sities1 trade _h be5 hamp]$ by protections1 prohibitions1 & b\nties4 ,= c5turies _h be5 ma9ta9$ ^! legislative appliances :i* a v mod]ate insight %[s to be detrim5tal4 ,yet1 ( all ! highly-educat$ ?r\gh\t ! nation dur+ ^! c5turies1 sc>cely a man saw h[ mis*iev\s su* appliances 74 ,n f "o :o devot$ himself to ! mo/ approv$ /udies1 came ! "w :i* set politicians "r on ^! po9ts2 b f "o :o left college )\t a degree1 & prosecut$ inquiries :i* ! e/abli%$ education ignor$4 ,adam #cgh ,smi? exam9$ = himself ! indu/rial ph5om5a ( societies2 contemplat$ ! productive & di/ributive activities go+ on ar\nd him2 trac$ out _! complicat$ mutual dep5d5ces2 & ?us rea*$ g5]al pr9ciples = political guidance4 ,9 rec5t days1 ^? :o h mo/ cle>ly und]/ood ! tru?s he enunciat$1 & by p]sev]+ exposition h conv]t$ ! nation to _! views1 h n be5 graduates ( univ]sities4 ,:ile1 contr>iwise1 ^? :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! prescrib$ curriculum1 h commonly be5 ! mo/ bitt] & ob/9ate oppon5ts ( ! *anges dictat$ by politico-economical sci5ce4 ,9 ?is all-important direction1 "r legislation 0 urg$ by m5 defici5t 9 ! s-call$ be/ education1 & 0 resi/$ by ! great majority ( m5 :o _h receiv$ ?is s-call$ be/ education6 ,! tru? = :i* we cont5d1 & :i* is s /rangely ov]look$1 is1 inde$1 almo/ a truism4 ,does n our :ole !ory ( tra9+ imply t ! "r prep>ation = political p[] is political cultivation8 ,mu/ n t tea*+ :i* c alone guide ! citiz5 9 ! fulfilm5t ( 8 public actions1 be a tea*+ t acqua9ts him ) ! effects ( 8 public actions8 ,! second *ief safegu>d to :i* we mu/ tru/ is1 !n1 ! spread1 n ( t m]e te*nical & miscellane\s k :i* m5 are s eag]ly propagat+1 b ( political k2 or1 to speak m accurately--k ( ,social ,sci5ce4 ,above all1 ! ess5tial ?+ is ! e/abli%m5t ( a true !ory ( gov]nm5t--a true conception ( :at legislation is =1 & :at are its prop] limits4 ,?is "q :i* our political discussions habitually ignore1 is a "q ( great] mom5t ?an any o!r4 ,inquiries :i* /atesm5 d]ide z speculative & unpractical1 w "o day be f\nd inf9itely m practical ?an ^? :i* !y wade ?r\gh ,blue ,books to ma/]1 & nightly sp5d _m h\rs 9 debat+4 ,! consid]ations t e morn+ fill a doz5 columns #cgi ( ,! ,times1 are m]e frivolities :5 comp>$ ) ! fundam5tal consid]ation--,:at is ! prop] sph]e ( gov]nm5t8 ,be=e discuss+ ! way 9 :i* law %\ld regulate "s p>ticul> ?+1 w\ld x n be wise to put ! previ\s "q--,:e!r law ought or ought n to m$dle ) t ?+8 & be=e answ]+ ?is1 to put ! m g5]al que/ions--,:at law %\ld d8 & :at x %\ld leave undone8 ,surely1 if !re are any limits at all to legislation1 ! settlem5t ( ^! limits mu/ h effects f> m pr(\nd ?an any p>ticul> ,act ( ,p>liam5t c h2 & mu/ be by s mu* ! m mom5t\s4 ,surely1 if !re is dang] t ! p may misuse political p[]1 x is ( supreme importance t !y %\ld be taught = :at purpose political p[] ought alone to be us$4 ,did ! upp] classes und]/& _! position !y w\ld1 we ?9k1 see t ! diffusion ( s\nd views on ?is matt] m ne>ly conc]ns _! own welf>e & t ( ! nation at l>ge1 ?an any o!r ?+ :atev]4 ,popul> influ5ce w inevitably g on increas+4 ,%\ld ! masses ga9 a pr$om9ant p[] :ile _! ideas ( social arrangem5ts & legislative action rema9 z crude z at pres5t1 !re w c]ta9ly result disa/r\s m$dl+s ) ! relations ( capital & lab\r1 z well z a disa/r\s ext5sion ( ,/ate-adm9i/rations4 ,imm5se damage w be inflict$3 prim>ily on employ]s2 second>ily on ! employ$2 & ev5tually on ! nation z a :ole4 ,if ^! evils c be prev5t$ at all1 !y c be prev5t$ only by e/abli%+ 9 ! public m9d a pr(\nd conviction t !re are c]ta9 def9ite limits to ! functions ( ! ,/ate2 & t ^! limits ought on no acc\nt to be transgress$4 ,hav+ le>n$ :at ^! limits are1 ! upp] classes ought to use all means ( mak+ !m cle> to ! p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,no4 ,,xxiv4 ( ?is ,review1 = ,octob]1 #aheg1 we #chj endeav\r$ to %[ t :ile repres5tative gov]nm5t is1 by its intr9sic nature1 bett] ?an any o!r = adm9i/]+ ju/ice or insur+ equitable relations among citiz5s1 x is1 by its intr9sic nature1 worse ?an any o!r = all ! v>i\s additional functions :i* gov]nm5ts commonly und]take4 ,to ! "q--,:at is repres5tative gov]nm5t good =8 our reply 0--8,x is good1 especially good1 good above all o!rs1 = do+ ! ?+ :i* a gov]nm5t %\ld d4 ,x is bad1 especially bad1 bad above all o!rs1 = do+ ! ?+s :i* a gov]nm5t %\ld n d40 ,to ?is tru? we may "h add a correlative "o4 ,z fa/ z a gov]nm5t1 by becom+ repres5tative1 gr[s bett] fitt$ = ma9ta9+ ! rights ( citiz5s1 x gr[s n only unfitt$ = o!r purposes1 b dang]\s = o!r purposes4 ,9 ga9+ adaptation = ! ess5tial function ( a gov]nm5t1 x loses su* adaptation z x _h = o!r functions2 n only because its complexity is a h9drance to adm9i/rative action1 b also because 9 dis*>g+ o!r functions x mu/ be mis*iev\sly influ5c$ by class bias4 ,s long z x is conf9$ to ! duty ( prev5t+ ! aggressions ( individuals on "o ano!r1 & protect+ ! nation at l>ge aga9/ ext]nal enemies1 ! wid] its basis ! bett]2 = all m5 are simil>ly int]e/$ 9 ! security ( life1 prop]ty1 & fre$om to ex]cise ! faculties4 ,b let x und]take to br+ home positive b5efits to citiz5s1 or to int]f]e ) any ( ! special relations betwe5 class & class1 & !re necess>ily ent]s an inc5tive to inju/ice4 ,= 9 no su* cases c ! imm$iate int]e/s ( all classes be alike4 ,!re=e d we say t z fa/ z repres5tation is ext5d$1 ! sph]e ( gov]nm5t mu/ be contract$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,po/script4--,s9ce ! =ego+ pages 7 writt51 ,"l ,john ,russell has introduc$ 8 ,re=m ,bill2 & 9 #cha application ( ! g5]al pr9ciples we cont5d =1 a few words may fitly be add$ respect+ x4 ,( ! ext5d$ c\nty-fran*ise mo/ w approve1 save ^? ^: illegitimate influ5ce is dim9i%$ by x4 ,add+ to ! rural con/itu5cies a class less directly dep5d5t on l>ge l&[n]s1 c sc>cely fail to be b5eficial4 ,ev5 %\ld x n at fir/ p]ceptibly affect ! *oice ( repres5tatives1 x w /ill be a good /imulus to political education & to consequ5t future b5efits4 ,( ! re-di/ribution ( seats little is to be said1 fur!r ?an t1 h[ev] f> %ort x may fall ( an equitable arrangem5t1 x is p]haps z mu* z c at pres5t be obta9$4 ,:e!r ! "r limit = ! bor\gh-fran*ise has be5 *os5 is1 on ! o!r h&1 a "q t admits ( mu* discussion4 ,"s hesitation w probably be felt by all :o duly weigh ! evid5ce on bo? sides4 ,believ+1 z we d1 t ! guidance ( ab/ract equity1 h[ev] mu* x may ne$ qualification1 mu/ nev] be ignor$1 we %\ld be glad 7 x at once practicable m ne>ly to foll[ x2 s9ce x is c]ta9 t only z fa/ z ! inju/ice ( political exclusion is br\ght to an end1 w ! _m political inju/ices :i* gr[ out ( x disappe>4 ,nev]!less1 we are conv9c$ t ! =ms :i* fre$om requires w n ( !mselves produce ! reality ( fre$om1 9 ! abs5ce ( an appropriate national "*2 any m ?an ! mo/ p]fect me*anism w d its "w 9 ! abs5ce ( a motive p[]4 ,!re seems reason to ?9k t ! degree ( lib]ty a p is capable ( 9 any giv5 age1 is a fix$ quantity2 & t any artificial ext5sion ( x 9 "o direction br+s ab\t an equival5t limitation 9 "s o!r direction4 ,fr5* republics %[ sc>cely any m respect = individual rights ?an ! despotisms !y supplant2 & ,fr5* electors use _! fre$om to put !mselves aga9 9 slav]y4 ,9 ,am]ica ! feeble re/ra9ts impos$ by ! #chb ,/ate are supplem5t$ by ! /rong re/ra9ts ( a public op9ion :i*1 9 _m respects1 holds ! citiz5s 9 great] bondage ?an "h4 ,& if !re ne$s a demon/ration t repres5tative equality is an insuffici5t safegu>d = fre$om1 we h x 9 ! trades'-unions already ref]r$ to2 :i*1 purely democratic z are _! organizations1 yet ex]cise ov] _! memb]s a tyranny almo/ ,neapolitan 9 its rig\r & unscrupul\sness4 ,! greate/ atta9able am\nt ( individual lib]ty be+ ! true end2 & ! diffusion ( political p[] be+ reg>d$ ma9ly z a means to ?is end2 ! real "q :5 consid]+ fur!r ext5sions ( ! fran*ise1 is--:e!r ! av]age fre$om ( action ( citiz5s w be increas$8--:e!r m5 w be sev]ally fre] ?an be=e to pursue ! objects ( life 9 _! own way8 ,or1 9 ! pres5t case1 ! "q is--:e!r ! good :i* #g1 #f1 or #e h\sehold]s w\ld d 9 help+ to aboli% exi/+ inju/ices1 w be p>tly or :olly neutraliz$ by ! evil !y may d 9 e/abli%+ o!r inju/ices8 ,! desid]atum is z l>ge an increase 9 ! electorate z c be made )\t enabl+ ! p to c>ry out _! delusive s*emes ( ov]-legislation4 ,:e!r ! increase propos$ is great] or less ?an ?is1 is ! ess5tial po9t4 ,let u briefly consid] ! evid5ce on ea* side4 ,z %[n by ,"l ,j4 ,russell's figures1 ! new bor\gh-electors w consi/ ma9ly ( artizans2 & ^!1 z we h se51 are 9 great "p b&$ toge!r by a common wi% to regulate ! relations ( capital & lab\r4 ,z a class1 !y are n z ,"l ,j4 ,russell describes !m1 8fitt$ to ex]cise ! fran*ise freely & indep5d5tly40 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are no m5 9 ! community s %ackl$4 ,!y are ! slaves ( ! au?orities !y h !mselves set up4 ,! dep5d5ce ( f>m]s on l&lords1 or ( op]atives on employ]s1 is mu* less s]vile2 = !y c c>ry _! capital or lab\r else:]e4 ,b #chc ! p5alty = disob$i5ce to trades-union dictates1 pursues ! rebel ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,h5ce ! great mass ( ! new bor\gh-electors mu/ be expect$ to act simultane\sly1 on ! ^w ( comm& be+ issu$ f a c5tral c\ncil ( unit$ trades4 ,ev5 :ile we write we meet ) fre% reason = anticipat+ ?is result4 ,an address f ! ,conf]5ce ( ! ,build+ ,trades to ! work+ classes ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 has j be5 publi%$2 ?ank+ !m = _! support2 advis+ ! ma9t5ance ( ! organization2 anticipat+ future success 9 _! aims2 & intimat+ ! propriety ( recomm5c+ ! n9e-h\rs' agitation4 ,we mu/1 !n1 be prep>$ to see ^! indu/rial que/ions made lead+ que/ions2 = artizans h a mu* ke5] int]e/ 9 !m ?an 9 any o!rs4 ,& we may feel c]ta9 t _m elections w turn ^u !m4 ,h[ _m8 ,!re are "s ?irty bor\ghs 9 :i* ! newly-enfran*is$ w =m an actual majority--w1 if !y act toge!r1 be able to outvote ! exi/+ electors2 ev5 suppos+ ! p>ties into :i* !y are n[ divid$ 7 to unite4 ,9 half-a-doz5 o!r bor\ghs ! newly-enfran*is$ w =m a virtual majority--w prepond]ate unless ! pres5t lib]al & cons]vative vot]s co-op]ate ) great unanimity1 :i* !y w be unlikely to d4 ,& ! numb] propos$ to be add$ to ! con/itu5cy1 is "o-half or m 9 ne>ly fifty o!r bor\ghs3 t is1 9 ne>ly fifty o!r bor\ghs1 ! new p>ty w be able to arbitrate betwe5 ! two exi/+ p>ties2 & w give its support to :i*ev] ( ^! promises mo/ aid to artizan-s*emes4 ,x maybe said t 9 ?is e/imate we assume ! :ole ( ! new bor\gh-electors to belong to ! artizan-class1 :i* !y d n4 ,?is is true4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t among ! #aj h\sehold]s !re is a v consid]able spr9kl+ ( ?is class1 :ile ! freem5 *iefly consi/ ( x2 & h5ce ! :ole artizan body 9 ea* con/itu5cy w probably #chd be n small] ?an we h assum$4 ,if s1 x foll[s t %\ld ! trades-union organization be br\ght to be> on bor\gh-elections1 z x is pretty c]ta9 to be1 x may prevail 9 "s eighty or n9ety places1 & sway ! votes ( repres5tatives 9 f #ajj to #aej seats--suppos+1 t is1 t x c obta9 z _m eligible c&idates4 ,mean:ile1 ! c\nty-con/itu5cies 9 _! propos$ /ate1 z mu* z 9 _! exi/+ /ate1 n be+ "u trades-union influ5ce1 may be expect$ to /& 9 antagonism to ! artizan-con/itu5cies2 z may also ! small bor\ghs4 ,x is j possible1 inde$1 t irritat$ by ! ev]-gr[+ p[] ( a ri* m]cantile class1 cont9ually tread+ clos] on _! heels1 ! l&[n]s1 c>ry+ ) !m _! dep5d5ts1 might jo9 ! employ$ 9 _! dictation to employ]s2 j z1 9 pa/ times1 ! nobles jo9$ ! commonalty aga9/ ! k+s1 or ! k+s jo9$ ! commonalty aga9/ ! nobles4 ,b leav+ out ?is remote cont+5cy1 we may fairly expect ! rural con/itu5cies to oppose ! l>ge urban ones on ^! indu/rial que/ions4 ,?us1 !n1 ! po9t to be decid$ is1 :e!r ! b5efits t w result f ?is ext5d$ suffrage--b5efits :i* we d\bt n w be great--may n be secur$ :ile ! accompany+ evil t5d5cies are kept 9 *eck4 ,x may be t ^! new artizan-electors w be p[]ful = good1 :ile _! p[] to "w evil w be 9 a great degree neutraliz$4 ,b ?is we %\ld l to see well discuss$4 ,on "o "q1 h[ev]1 we feel no hesitation2 namely1 ! "q ( a ratepay+-qualification4 ,f ,"l ,john ,russell's answ] to ,mr4 ,bright1 & m rec5tly f 8 answ] to ,mr4 ,/eel1 we ga!r t on ?is po9t !re is to be no alt]ation--t #f h\sehold]s w /& on ! same foot+ t #aj h\sehold]s d at pres5t4 ,n[ by ! ,comp\nd-,h\sehold]s-,act ( #ahea1 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 x is provid$ t t5ants ( #aj h\ses ^: rates are paid by _! #che l&lords1 %all1 aft] hav+ once t5d]$ paym5t ( rates to ! au?orities1 be !reaft] consid]$ z ratepay]s1 & h votes accord+ly4 ,t is to say1 ! ratepay+-qualification is made nom9al2 & t 9 practice x has become s1 is prov$ by ! fact t "u ?is ,act1 #djjj electors 7 sudd5ly add$ to ! con/itu5cy ( ,man*e/]4 ,! cont9uance & ext5sion ( ?is arrangem5t we conceive to be :olly vici\s4 ,already we h %[n t ! incid5ce ( taxation ought to be made m direct z fa/ z popul> p[] is increas$1 & t1 z dim9i%+ ! elector's p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! co/s ( public adm9i/ration1 ?is abolition ( a ratepay+-qualification is a retrograde /ep4 ,b ?is is by no means ! sole gr\nd = disapproval4 ,! ratepay+-qualification is a valuable te/--a te/ :i* t5ds to sep>ate ! m wor?y ( ! work+ classes f ! less wor?y4 ,nay m1 x t5ds to select = enfran*isem5t1 ^? :o h ! moral & intellectual qualities especially requir$ = judici\s political conduct4 ,= :at g5]al m5tal *>act]i/ic does judici\s political conduct presuppose8 ,! p[] ( realiz+ remote consequ5ces4 ,p :o are misl$ by demagogues1 are ^? :o are impress$ ) ! proximate results set =? to !m b are n impress$ by ! di/ant results1 ev5 :5 ^! are expla9$--reg>d !m z vague1 %ad[y1 !oretical1 & are n to be det]r$ by !m f clut*+ at a promis$ boon4 ,conv]sely1 ! wise citiz5 is ! "o :o conceives ! di/ant evils s cle>ly t !y are practically pres5t to him1 & ?us outweigh ! imm$iate temptation4 ,n[ ^! are j ! respective *>act]i/ics ( ! two classes ( t5ants :om a ratepay+-qualification sep>ates3--! "o hav+ _! rates paid by _! l&lords & s los+ _! votes2 ! o!r pay+ _! own rates t !y may get votes3--! "o unable to resi/ pres5t temptations1 unable to save money1 #chf & !re=e s inconv5i5c$ by ! paym5t ( rates z to be disfran*is$ r ?an pay !m2 ! o!r resi/+ pres5t temptations & sav+ money1 ) ! view1 among o!r ends1 ( pay+ rates & becom+ electors4 ,trace ^! respective traits to _! s\rces1 & x becomes manife/ t1 on ! av]age1 ! pecuni>ily improvid5t mu/ be also ! politically improvid5t2 & t ! politically provid5t mu/ be f> m num]\s among ^? :o are pecuni>ily provid5t4 ,h5ce1 x is folly to ?r[ aside a regulation "u :i* ^! spontane\sly sep>ate !mselves--sev]ally disfran*ise !mselves & enfran*ise !mselves4 #chg 8,,! ,,collective ,,wisdom40 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,read] = ,april #ae1 #ahfe4 ,a te/ ( s5atorial capacity is a desid]atum4 ,we r>ely le>n h[ ne> ! m>k or h[ wide ( ! m>k ! calculations ( /atesm5 are3 ! sl[ness & complexity ( social *anges1 h9d]+1 z !y d1 ! def9ite comp>isons ( results ) anticipations4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 p>liam5t>y decisions admit ( be+ def9itely valu$4 ,"o :i* 0 arriv$ at a few weeks ago furni%$ a measure ( legislative judgm5t too significant to be pass$ by4 ,on ! edge ( ! ,cotswolds1 j above ! valley ( ! ,sev]n1 occur c]ta9 spr+s1 :i*1 z !y happ5 to be at ! end ( ! longe/ ( ! hundr$ /reams :i* jo9 to =m ! ,?ames1 h be5 call$ by a poetical fiction 8! s\rces ( ! ,?ames40 ,names1 ev5 :5 poetical fictions1 sugge/ conclusions2 & conclusions drawn f words in/ead ( facts are equally apt to influ5ce conduct4 ,?us x happ5$ t :51 rec5tly1 !re 0 =m$ a company = supply+ ,*elt5ham & "s o!r places f ^! spr+s1 great opposition arose4 ,! ,times publi%$ a p>agraph head$ 8,?reat5$ ,absorption ( ! ,?ames10 /at+ t ! application ( #chh ?is company to ,p>liam5t _h 8caus$ "s little con/]nation 9 ! city ( ,ox=d1 & w1 d\btless1 ?r\gh\t ! valley ( ! ,?ames20 & t 8su* a measure1 if c>ri$ out1 w dim9i% ! wat] ( t noble riv] a million ( gallons p] day40 ,a million is an al>m+ ^w--sugge/s some?+ necess>ily va/4 ,translat+ words into ?\ghts1 h[ev]1 w\ld h calm$ ! fe>s ( ! ,times p>agraphi/4 ,consid]+ t a million gallons w\ld be conta9$ by a room fifty-six feet cube1 ! nobility ( ! ,?ames w\ld n be mu* endang]$ by ! d$uction4 ,! simple fact is1 t ! curr5t ( ! ,?ames1 above ! po9t at :i* ! tides influ5ce x1 dis*>ges 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs eight hundr$ times ?is am\nt6 ,:5 ! bill ( ?is propos$ wat]-company 0 br\ght be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons = second read+1 x became manife/ t ! imag9ations ( our rul]s 7 affect$ by su* expressions z ! 8s\rces ( ! ,?ames10 & 8a million gallons daily10 9 mu* ! same way z ! imag9ations ( ! ignorant4 ,?\gh ! quantity ( wat] propos$ to be tak5 be>s1 to ! quantity :i* runs ov] ,t$d+ton weir1 ab\t ! same ratio t a y>d be>s to half a mile1 x 0 ?\ght by _m memb]s t its loss w\ld be a s]i\s evil4 ,no me?od ( measurem5t w\ld be accurate en\gh to detect ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,?ames z x n[ is1 & ! ,?ames m9us ! ,c]ney spr+s2 & yet x 0 gravely /at$ 9 ! ,h\se t1 7 ! ,?ames dim9i%$ 9 ! propos$ way1 8! proportion ( sewage to pure wat] w\ld be s]i\sly increas$40 ,tak+ a m9ute out ( twelve h\rs1 w\ld be tak+ z l>ge a proportion z ! ,*elt5ham p wi% to take f ! ,?ames4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 cont5d$ t to let ,*elt5ham h ?is quantity w\ld be 8to rob ! t[ns along ! banks ( ! ,?ames ( _! rights10 ,?\gh1 ( ! ,?ames fl[+ by ea* ( ^! t[ns1 "s #iii p>ts out ( #a1jjj pass by unus$1 x 0 held #chi t a great inju/ice w\ld be committ$ 7 "o or two ( ^! #iii p>ts appropriat$ by ! inhabitants ( a t[n :o c n[ obta9 daily b f\r gallons ( f\l wat] p] head6 ,b ! app>5t inability ?us %[n to ?9k ( causes & effects 9 some?+ l _! true quantitative relations1 0 /ill m conspicu\sly %[n4 ,x 0 /at$ by sev]al memb]s t ! ,?ames ,navigation ,commission]s w\ld h oppos$ ! bill if ! commission _h n be5 bankrupt2 & ?is hypo!tical opposition appe>$ to h weight4 ,if we may tru/ ! reports1 ! ,h\se ( ,commons li/5$ ) gravity to ! ass]tion ( "o ( its memb]s1 t1 if ! ,c]ney spr+s 7 div]t$1 8%oals & flats w\ld be creat$40 ,n a laugh nor a cry ( 8,oh6 oh10 appe>s to h be5 produc$ by ! prophecy1 t ! volume & sc\r+ p[] ( ! ,?ames w\ld be s]i\sly affect$ by tak+ away f x twelve gallons p] second6 ,! :ole quantity :i* ^! spr+s supply w\ld be deliv]$ by a curr5t mov+ ?r\gh a pipe "o foot 9 diamet] at ! rate ( less ?an two miles p] h\r4 ,yet1 :5 x 0 said t ! navigability ( ! ,?ames w\ld be injuri\sly affect$ by ?is d$uction1 !re 7 no %\ts ( d]ision4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,h\se reject$ ! ,*elt5ham ,wat] ,bill by a majority ( "o hundr$ & eighte5 to eighty-eight4 ,x is true t ! data 7 n pres5t$ 9 ! above %ape4 ,b ! rem>kable fact is t1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( a specific comp>ison1 x %\ld n h be5 at once se5 t ! wat] ( spr+s :i* dra9 b a few squ>e miles at mo/1 c be b an inappreciable "p ( ! wat] :i* runs out ( ! ,?ames bas91 ext5d+ ov] sev]al ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,9 itself1 ?is is a matt] ( small mom5t4 ,x int]e/s u "h simply z an example ( legislative judgm5t4 ,! decision is "o ( ^? small holes ?r\gh :i* a wide prospect may be se51 & a di%e>t5+ prospect x is4 ,9 a v simple case !re #cij is "h display$ a sc>cely cr$ible inability to see h[ mu* effect w foll[ s mu* cause2 & yet ! bus9ess ( ! assembly exhibit+ ?is inability is t ( deal+ ) causes & effects ( an extremely involv$ k9d4 ,all ! processes go+ on 9 society arise f ! concurr5ces & conflicts ( human actions1 :i* are det]m9$ 9 _! nature & am\nts by ! human con/itution z x n[ is--are z mu* results ( natural causation z any o!r results1 & equally imply def9ite quantitative relations betwe5 causes & effects4 ,e legislative act presupposes a diagnosis & a prognosis2 bo? ( !m involv+ e/imations ( social =ces & ! "w done by !m4 ,be=e x c be rem$i$1 an evil mu/ be trac$ to its s\rce 9 ! motives & ideas ( m5 z !y are1 liv+ "u ! social conditions :i* exi/--a problem requir+ t ! actions t5d+ t[>d ! result %all be id5tifi$1 & t !re %all be some?+ l a true idea ( ! quantities ( _! effects z well z ! qualities4 ,a fur!r e/imation has !n to be made ( ! k9ds & degrees ( influ5ce t w be ex]t$ by ! additional factors :i* ! propos$ law w set 9 motion3 :at w be ! resultants produc$ by ! new =ces cop]at+ ) prexi/+ =ces--a problem /ill m complicat$ ?an ! o!r4 ,we are q prep>$ to he> ! unhesitat+ reply1 t m5 incapable ( =m+ an approximately true judgm5t on a matt] ( simple physical causation may yet be v good law-mak]s4 ,s obvi\s w ?is be ?\ght by mo/1 t a tacit implication to ! contr>y w seem to !m absurd2 & t x w seem to !m absurd is "o ( ! _m indications ( ! pr(\nd ignorance t prevails4 ,x is true t m]e empirical g5]alizations :i* m5 draw f _! deal+s ) _! fell[s suffice to give !m "s ideas ( ! proximate effects :i* new enactm5ts w "w2 &1 see+ ^!1 !y ?9k !y see z f> z ne$ful4 ,discipl9e 9 physical #cia sci5ce1 h[ev]1 w\ld help to %[ !m ! futility ( calculat+ consequ5ces bas$ on su* simple data4 ,& if !re ne$s pro( t calculations ( consequ5ces s bas$ are futile1 we h x 9 ! enorm\s lab\r annually entail$ on ! ,legislature 9 try+ to undo ! mis*iefs x has previ\sly done4 ,%\ld any say t x is useless to dwell on ?is incompet5cy1 see+ t ! ,h\se ( ,commons conta9s ! select ( ! nation1 ?an ^: judgm5ts no bett] are to be _h1 we reply t !re may be drawn two inf]5ces :i* h important practical be>+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we are %[n h[ completely ! boa/$ intellectual discipl9e ( our upp] classes fails to give !m ! p[] ( foll[+ out 9 ?\ght1 ) any correctness1 ! sequ5ces ( ev5 simple ph5om5a1 mu* less ^? ( complex ph5om5a4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 we may draw ! coroll>y1 t if ! sequ5ces ( ^? complex ph5om5a :i* societies display1 difficult beyond all o!rs to trace out1 are s unlikely to be und]/ood by !m1 !y may advantage\sly be re/rict$ 9 _! int]f]5ces ) su* sequ5ces4 ,9 "o direction1 especially1 %all we see reason to resi/ ! ext5sion ( legislative action4 ,!re has ( late be5 urg$ ! proposal t ! class contemptu\sly describ$ z divid+ its en]gies betwe5 bus9ess & be!ls %all h its education regulat$ by ! class :i* might1 ) equal ju/ice1 be describ$ z divid+ its en]gies betwe5 club-rooms & game pres]ves4 ,?is s*eme does n seem to u a hopeful "o4 ,consid]+ t dur+ ! la/ half c5tury our society has be5 rem\ld$ by ideas t h come f ! propos$ pupil1 & h _h to ov]come ! dogg$ resi/ance ( ! propos$ tea*]1 ! propriety ( ! arrangem5t is n obvi\s4 ,& if ! propriety ( ! arrangem5t is n obvi\s on ! face ( x1 /ill less obvi\s does x become :5 ! compet5cy ( #cib ! propos$ tea*] comes to be measur$4 ,briti% intellig5ce1 z di/ill$ ?r\gh ! univ]sities & re-di/ill$ into ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 is a product admitt+ ( su* great improvem5t 9 quality1 t we %\ld be sorry to see ! pres5t me?od ( manufacture ext5d$ & p]man5tly e/abli%$4 #cic ,,political ,,feti*ism4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,read] = ,june #aj1 #ahfe4 ,a ,h9doo1 :o1 be=e beg9n+ 8 day's "w1 salaams to a bit ( pla/ic clay1 out ( :i*1 9 a few mom5ts1 he has extemporiz$ a god 9 8 own image1 is an object ( amazem5t to ! ,european4 ,we read ) surprise bord]+ on scepticism ( wor%ip done by ma*9]y1 & ( pray]s :i* owe _! suppos$ efficacy to ! motion giv5 by ! w9d to ! pap]s !y are writt5 on4 ,:5 told h[ c]ta9 ( ! ,ori5tals1 if displeas$ ) _! wood5 deities1 take !m d[n & beat !m1 m5 laugh & wond]4 ,:y %\ld m5 wond]8 ,k9dr$ sup]/itions are exhibit$ by _! fell[s e day--sup]/itions t are1 inde$1 n s gross1 b are intr9sically ( ! same nature4 ,!re is an idolatry :i*1 in/ead ( c>v+ ! object ( its wor%ip out ( dead matt]1 takes humanity = its raw mat]ial1 & expects1 by m\ld+ a mass ( ?is humanity into a p>ticul> =m1 to give x p[]s or prop]ties q diff]5t f ^? x _h be=e x 0 m\ld$4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! raw mat]ial is1 z mu* z may be1 disguis$4 ,!re are decorative appliances by :i* ! savage helps himself to ?9k t he has some?+ m ?an wood be=e him2 & ! #cid citiz5 gives to ! political ag5cies he has help$ to create1 su* impos+ ext]nals & di/9ctive names expressive ( p[]1 z s]ve to /r5g!n 8 belief 9 ! b5efits pray$ =4 ,"s fa9t reflection ( t 8div9ity0 :i* 8do? h$ge a k+0 spreads d[n ?r\gh e /ate dep>tm5t to ! l[e/ ranks2 s t1 9 ! eyes ( ! p1 ev5 ! policeman puts on along ) 8 uni=m a c]ta9 indef9able p[]4 ,nay1 ! m]e dead symbols ( au?ority excite rev]5ce 9 spite ( bett] k4 ,a legal =m ( words seems to h some?+ especially b9d+ 9 x2 & !re is a pret]natural effici5cy ab\t a gov]nm5t /amp4 ,! p>allelism is /ill m conspicu\s betwe5 ! p]si/5cy ( fai? 9 ! two cases1 not)/&+ p]petual disappo9tm5ts4 ,x is difficult to p]ceive h[ grav5 images1 t h be5 ?ra%$ = n respond+ to _! wor%ipp]'s desires1 %\ld /ill be rev]5c$ & petition$2 b ! difficulty ( conceiv+ ?is is dim9i%$ :5 we rememb] h[1 9 _! turns1 all ! idols 9 our political pan!on und]go ca/igations = fail+ to d :at 0 expect$ ( !m1 & are nev]!less daily look$ up to 9 ! tru/ful hope t future pray]s w be answ]$4 ,! /upidity1 ! sl[ness1 ! p]v]sity1 ! di%one/y ( (ficialism1 9 "o or o!r ( its embodim5ts1 are demon/rat$ afre% 9 almo/ e newspap] t issues4 ,probably half ! lead+ articles writt5 h = texts "s absurd (ficial blund]1 "s exasp]at+ (ficial delay1 "s a/\nd+ (ficial corruption1 "s gross (ficial inju/ice1 "s incr$ible (ficial extravagance4 ,& yet ^! :ipp+s1 9 :i* balk$ expectation cont9ually v5ts itself1 are imm$iately foll[$ by r5ew$ fai?3 ! b5efits t h n come are /ill hop$ =1 & pray]s = o!rs are put up4 ,along ) pro( t ! old ,/ate-ma*9es are 9 !mselves in]t1 & owe su* p[]s z !y seem to h to ! public op9ion :i* sets _! p>ts 9 motion1 !re are cont9ually propos$ #cie new ,/ate-ma*9es ( ! same type z ! old4 ,?is inexhau/ible cr$ulity is c\nt$ on by m5 ( ! wide/ political exp]i5ce4 ,"l ,palm]/on1 :o probably kn[s 8 public bett] ?an any o!r man1 lately said1 9 reply to a *>ge made 9 ! ,h\se--8,i am q conv9c$ t no p]son belong+ to ! gov]nm5t1 9 :atev] dep>tm5t he may be1 high or l[1 w\ld be guilty ( any brea* ( fai? 9 reg>d to any matt] confid$ to him40 ,to ass]t z mu* 9 ! face ( facts cont9ually disclos$1 implies t ,"l ,palm]/on kn[s well t m5's fai? 9 (ficialism survives all adv]se evid5ce4 ,9 :i* case are ! hopes f ,/ate-ag5cy realiz$8 ,"o might h ?\ght t ! vital int]e/s at /ake w\ld h kept ! all-ess5tial app>atus = adm9i/]+ ju/ice up to its "w2 b !y d n4 ,on ! "o h&1 "h is a man wrongly convict$1 & aft]w>d prov$ to be innoc5t1 :o is 8p>don$0 = an (f5ce he did n commit2 & has ?is z consolation = 8 unm]it$ suff]+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "h is a man ^: grave del9qu5cies a ,"l ,*ancellor ov]looks1 on p>tial re/itution be+ made--nay1 m1 c\nt5ances ! grant+ ( a p5sion to him4 ,prov$ guilt is rew>d$1 :ile prov$ innoc5ce is left )\t comp5sation = pa9s borne & =tunes bla/$6 ,?is m>vell\s anti!sis1 if n (t5 fully p>allel$ 9 ! do+s ( (ficialism z adm9i/rator ( ju/ice1 is1 9 endless cases1 p>allel$ 9 "p4 ,! fact t imprisonm5t is ! s5t5ce on a boy = /eal+ a p5nywor? ( fruit1 :ile ?\s&s ( p\nds may be transf]r$ f a public into a private purse )\t any positive puni%m5t be+ adjudg$1 is an anomaly kept 9 c\nt5ance by num]\s o!r judicial acts4 ,!oretically1 ! ,/ate is a protector ( ! rights ( subjects2 practically1 ! ,/ate cont9ually plays ! "p ( aggressor4 ,?\gh x is a recogniz$ pr9ciple ( equity t he :o makes a false *>ge %all pay ! co/s ( ! #cif def5ce1 yet1 until q rec5tly1 ! ,cr[n has p]si/$ 9 refus+ to pay ! co/s ( citiz5s aga9/ :om x has br\ght false *>ges4 ,nay1 worse1 delib]ate attempts us$ to be made to e/abli% *>ges by corrupt means4 ,)9 ! memory ( ^? n[ liv+1 ! ,cr[n1 9 excise-prosecutions1 brib$ juries4 ,:5 ! v]dict 0 = ! ,cr[n1 ! cu/om 0 to give d\ble fees2 & ! practice 0 n put an end to until ! c\nsel = a def5dant ann\nc$ 9 op5 c\rt t ! jury %\ld h d\ble fees if _! v]dict 0 = 8 cli5t6 ,n alone 9 ! sup]ior p>ts ( our judicial app>atus is ?is ill-work+ ( (ficialism s ?ru/ on m5's notice z to h become prov]bial2 n alone 9 ! life-long delays & ru9\s exp5ses :i* h made ,*anc]y a ^w ( dread2 n alone 9 ! extravagances ( bankruptcy c\rts1 :i* lead cr$itors c>efully to %un !m2 n alone 9 t unc]ta9ty :i* makes m5 submit to gross inju/ice r ?an risk ! /ill gross] inju/ice :i* ! law w1 z likely z n1 inflict on !m2 b d[n ?r\gh ! l[] divisions ( ! judicial app>atus are all k9ds ( failures & absurdities daily display$4 ,if may be fairly urg$ 9 mitigation ( ! s>casms curr5t respect+ ! police1 t among s _m m5 cases ( misconduct & ineffici5cy mu/ be frequ5t2 b we might h expect$ ! ord]s "u :i* !y act to be j & well consid]$4 ,v little inquiry %[s t !y are n4 ,!re is a /ory curr5t t1 9 ! acc\nts ( an ,iri% (ficial1 a small *>ge = a telegram :i* an em]g5cy _h call$ =1 0 object$ to at ! head (fice 9 ,london1 &1 aft] a long correspond5ce1 f9ally all[$1 b ) ! und]/&+ t 9 future no su* item w\ld be pass$1 unless ! dep>tm5t 9 ,london _h au?oriz$ x6 ,we _c v\* = ?is /ory1 b we c v\* = "o :i* gives cr$ibility to x4 ,a fri5d :o _h be5 robb$ by 8 cook w5t to ! police-(fice1 detail$ ! case1 gave good reasons = inf]r+ ! direction ( h] #cig flight1 & reque/$ ! police to telegraph1 t %e might be int]cept$4 ,he 0 told1 h[ev]1 t !y c\ld n d ?is )\t au?ority2 & ?is au?ority 0 n to be _h )\t a long delay4 ,! result 0 t ! ?ief1 :o _h gone to ! place suppos$1 escap$1 & has n s9ce be5 he>d (4 ,take ano!r function assum$ by ! police--! regulation ( traffic4 ,daily1 all ?r\gh ,london1 t5 ?\s& fa/-go+ vehicles1 ) h>d-press$ m5 ( bus9ess 9 !m1 are /opp$ by a spr9kle ( sl[-go+ c>ts & wagons4 ,great] spe$ 9 ^! comp>atively few c>ts & wagons1 or limitation ( !m to e>ly & late h\rs1 w\ld imm5sely dim9i% ! evil4 ,b1 in/ead ( deal+ ) ^! really great h9d]ances to traffic1 ! police deal ) t :i* is practically no h9drance4 ,m5 ) adv]tisem5t-bo>ds 7 lately =bidd5 to walk ab\t1 on ! gr\ndless plea t !y are 9 ! way2 & incapables1 prev5t$ ?us f gett+ a %ill+ a day1 7 driv5 into ! ranks ( paup]s & ?ieves4 ,worse cases may be obs]v$4 ,= ye>s pa/ !re has be5 a feud betwe5 ! police & ! orange-girls1 :o are *as$ hi!r & ?i!r because !y are said to be ob/ructions to foot-pass5g]s4 ,mean:ile1 9 "s ( ! *ief ?or\ghf>es1 may con/antly be se5 m5 /&+ ) toys1 :i* !y delude *ildr5 & _! p>5ts into buy+ by pret5d+ t ! toys make c]ta9 s\nds :i* !y !mselves make2 & :5 ! police1 quietly wat*+ ?is obta9m5t ( money "u false pret5ces1 are ask$ :y !y d n int]f]e1 !y reply t !y h no ord]s4 ,admirable contra/6 ,trade di%one/ly1 & y may collect a small cr[d on ! pavem5t )\t compla9t be+ made t y int]rupt ! traffic4 ,trade hone/ly1 & y %all be driv5 f ! pavem5t-edge z an imp$im5t--%all be driv5 to di%one/y6 ,"o might h ?\ght t ! notori\s ineffici5cy ( (ficialism z a protector aga9/ inju/ice w\ld h #cih made m5 sceptical ( its effici5cy 9 o!r ?+s4 ,if "h1 :]e citiz5s h su* int5se int]e/s 9 gett+ a function well dis*>g$1 !y h fail$ ?r\gh all ^! c5turies 9 gett+ x well dis*>g$--if ?is ag5cy1 :i* is 9 !ory ! gu>dian ( ea* citiz51 is 9 s _m cases 8 enemy1 t go+ to law is sugge/ive ( impov]i%m5t & possible ru92 x might h be5 suppos$ t (ficialism w\ld sc>cely be expect$ to "w well :]e ! int]e/s at /ake are less int5se4 ,b s /rong is political feti*ism1 t nei!r ^! exp]i5ces1 nor ! p>allel exp]i5ces :i* e /ate-dep>tm5t af=ds1 dim9i% m5's fai?4 ,= ye>s pa/ !re has be5 ?ru/ be=e !m ! fact t1 ( ! funds ( ,gre5wi* ,hospital1 "o-?ird goes to ma9ta9 ! sailors1 :ile two-?irds g 9 adm9i/ration2 b ?is & o!r su* facts d n /op _! advocacy ( m public adm9i/rations4 ,! p>able ( /ra9+ at gnats & swall[+ camels !y see absolutely p>allel$ by (ficialism1 9 ! r$-tape p>ticul>ity ) :i* all m9ute regulations are en=c$1 & ! a/\nd+ c>elessness ) :i* ! acc\nts ( a :ole dep>tm5t1 l ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 are left utt]ly uncontroll$2 & yet we cont9ue to he> m5 propose gov]nm5t-audits z *ecks = m]cantile companies6 ,no dim9ution ( confid5ce seems to result f disclosure ( /upidities :i* ev5 a wild imag9ation w\ld sc>cely h ?\ght possible3 in/ance ! me?od ( promotion lately made public1 "u :i* a cl]k 9 "o bran* ( a dep>tm5t takes ! high] duties ( "s deceas$ sup]ior cl]k1 )\t any rise ( sal>y1 :ile "s cl]k 9 ano!r bran* ( ! dep>tm5t gets ! rise ( sal>y )\t any increase 9 8 responsibilities6 ,endless z are ^! evils & absurdities1 & surviv+ g5]ation aft] g5]ation z !y d1 spite ( commissions & reports & debates1 !re is an annual crop ( new s*emes = gov]nm5t ag5cies :i* are expect$ #cii to "w j z legislators propose !y %all "w4 ,) a sy/em ( army-promotion :i* insures an organiz$ incompet5ce1 b :i* survives p]petual prote/s2 ) a notori\sly ill-con/itut$ admiralty1 ( :i* ! do+s are /ock-subjects ( ridicule2 ) a *ur* t ma9ta9s effete =mulas1 not)/&+ almo/ univ]sal repudiation ( !m2 !re are daily dem&s = m law-e/abli%$ appliances4 ,) build+ acts "u :i* arise h\ses less /able ?an ^? ( ! la/ g5]ation2 ) coal-m9e inspection t does n prev5t coal-m9e explosions2 ) railway inspection t has = its accompanim5t pl5ty ( railway accid5ts--) ^! & o!r su* failures cont9ually display$1 !re /ill prevails :at ,m4 ,guizot rightly calls t 8gross delusion1 a belief 9 ! sov]eign p[] ( political ma*9]y40 ,a great s]vice w\ld be done by any man :o w\ld analyze ! legislation1 say ( ! la/ half c5tury1 & comp>e ! expect$ results ( ,acts ( ,p>liam5t ) _! prov$ results4 ,he might make x an in/ructive revelation by simply tak+ all ! preambles1 & obs]v+ h[ _m ( ! evils to be rectifi$ 7 evils produc$ by prec$+ enactm5ts4 ,8 *ief difficulty w\ld be t ( gett+ )9 any mod]ate compass ! imm5se numb] ( cases 9 :i* ! b5efits anticipat$ 7 n a*iev$1 :ile unanticipat$ disa/]s 7 caus$4 ,& !n he might effectively close 8 dige/ by %[+ :at imm5se advantages h1 9 in/ance aft] in/ance1 foll[$ ! entire cessation ( legislative action4 ,n1 inde$1 t su* an accumulation ( cases1 h[ev] multitud9\s & h[ev] conclusive1 w\ld h an appreciable effect on ! av]age m9d4 ,political feti*ism w cont9ue s long z m5 rema9 )\t sci5tific discipl9e--s long z !y recognize only proximate causes1 & nev] ?9k ( ! remot] & m g5]al causes by :i* _! special ag5cies are set 9 motion4 ,until ! ?+ :i* n[ usurps ! "n ( education #djj has be5 de?ron$ by a true education1 hav+ = its end to tea* m5 ! nature ( ! _w !y live 91 new political delusions w gr[ up z fa/ z old ones are ext+ui%$4 ,b !re is a select class exi/+1 & a l>g] select class aris+1 on :om a "w ( ! k9d describ$ w\ld h an effect1 & = :om x w\ld be well wor? :ile to write x4 #dja ,,specializ$ ,,adm9i/ration4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,! ,=tnightly ,review = ,decemb] #ahga4 ,x is contr>y to common-s5se t fi% %\ld be m difficult to get at ! sea-side ?an 9 ,london2 b x is true1 nev]!less4 ,no less contr>y to common-s5se seems ! tru? t ?\gh1 9 ! ,we/ ,highl&s1 ox5 are to be se5 ev]y:]e1 no beef c be _h )\t s5d+ two or ?ree hundr$ miles to ,glasg[ = x4 ,rul]s :o1 guid$ by common-s5se1 tri$ to suppress c]ta9 op9ions by =bidd+ ! books conta9+ !m1 nev] dream$ t _! int]dicts w\ld cause ! diffusion ( ^! op9ions2 & rul]s :o1 guid$ by common-s5se1 =bade excessive rates ( int]e/1 nev] dream$ t !y 7 !reby mak+ ! t]ms h>d] = borr[]s ?an be=e4 ,:5 pr9t+ replac$ copy+1 any "o :o _h prophesi$ t ! numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( books w\ld imm5sely increase1 z a consequ5ce1 w\ld h be5 ?\ght :olly devoid ( common-s5se4 ,& equally devoid ( common-s5se w\ld h be5 ?\ght any "o :o1 :5 railways 7 displac+ coa*es1 said t ! numb] ( horses employ$ 9 br++ pass5g]s & goods to & f railways1 w\ld be great] ?an ! numb] directly displac$ by railways4 ,su* cases might #djb be multipli$4 ,:oso rememb]s t1 among q simple ph5om5a1 causes produce effects :i* are sometimes utt]ly at v>iance ) anticipation1 w see h[ frequ5tly ?is mu/ happ5 among complex ph5om5a4 ,t a balloon is made to rise by ! same =ce :i* makes a /one fall2 t ! melt+ ( ice may be greatly ret>d$ by wrapp+ ! ice 9 a blanket2 t ! simple/ way ( sett+ potassium on fire is to ?r[ x into ! wat]2 are tru?s :i* ^? :o "k only ! outside aspect ( ?+s w\ld reg>d z manife/ falsehoods4 ,&1 if1 :5 ! factors are few & simple1 ! results may be s absolutely oppos$ to seem+ probability1 mu* m w !y be (t5 ?us oppos$ :5 ! factors are _m & involv$4 ,! say+ ( ! ,fr5* respect+ political ev5ts1 t 8x is always ! unexpect$ :i* happ5s0--a say+ :i* !y h be5 abundantly re-illu/rat+ ( late--is "o :i* legislators1 & ^? :o urge on s*emes ( legislation1 %\ld h ev] 9 m9d4 ,let u pause a mom5t to contemplate a seem+ly-impossible set ( results :i* social =ces h wr\ght out4 ,up to q rec5t days1 ,language 0 held to be ( sup]natural orig94 ,t ?is elaborate app>atus ( symbols1 s m>vell\sly adapt$ = ! conveyance ( ?\ght f m9d to m9d1 0 a miracul\s gift1 seem$ unque/ionable4 ,no possible alt]native way c\ld be ?\ght ( by :i* !re _h come into exi/5ce ^! multitud9\s assemblages ( words ( v>i\s ord]s1 g5]a1 & species1 m\ld$ into fitness = articulat+ ) "o ano!r1 & capable ( be+ unit$ f mom5t to mom5t into ev]-new comb9ations1 :i* repres5t ) precision ea* idea z x arises4 ,! supposition t1 9 ! sl[ progress ( ?+s1 ,language grew out ( ! cont9u\s use ( signs--at fir/ ma9ly mimetic1 aft]w>d p>tly mimetic1 p>tly vocal1 & at l5g? almo/ :olly vocal--0 an hypo!sis nev] ev5 conceiv$ by m5 9 e>ly /ages ( civilization2 & :5 #djc ! hypo!sis 0 at l5g? conceiv$1 x 0 ?\ght too mon/r\s an absurdity to be ev5 ent]ta9$4 ,yet ?is mon/r\s absurdity proves to be true4 ,already ! evolution ( ,language has be5 trac$ back f> en\gh to %[ t all its p>ticul> words1 & all its lead+ traits ( /ructure1 h _h a natural g5esis2 & day by day inve/igation makes x m manife/ t its g5esis has be5 natural f ! beg9n+4 ,n only has x be5 natural f ! beg9n+1 b x has be5 spontane\s4 ,no language is a cunn+ly-devis$ s*eme ( a rul] or body ( legislators4 ,!re 0 no c\ncil ( savages to inv5t ! p>ts ( spee*1 & decide on :at pr9ciples !y %\ld be us$4 ,nay1 m4 ,go+ on )\t any au?ority or appo9t$ regulation1 ?is natural process w5t on )\t any man obs]v+ t x 0 go+ on4 ,solely "u pressure ( ! ne$ = communicat+ _! ideas & feel+s--solely 9 pursuit ( _! p]sonal int]e/s--m5 little by little develop$ spee* 9 absolute unconsci\sness t !y 7 do+ any ?+ m ?an pursu+ _! p]sonal int]e/s4 ,ev5 n[ ! unconsci\sness cont9ues4 ,take ! :ole population ( ! globe1 & !re is probably n above "o 9 a million :o kn[s t 9 8 daily talk he is c>ry+ on ! process by :i* ,language has be5 evolv$4 ,i comm5ce ?us by way ( giv+ ! key-note to ! argum5t :i* foll[s4 ,my g5]al purpose1 9 dwell+ a mom5t on ?is illu/ration1 has be5 t ( %[+ h[ utt]ly beyond ! conceptions ( common-s5se1 lit]ally s call$1 & ev5 beyond ! conceptions ( cultivat$ common-s5se1 are ! work+s-out ( sociological processes--h[ ^! work+s-out are su* t ev5 ^? :o h c>ri$ to ! utt]mo/ 8! sci5tific use ( ! imag9ation10 w\ld nev] h anticipat$ !m4 ,& my m special purpose has be5 t ( %[+ h[ m>vell\s are ! results indirectly & #djd un9t5tionally a*iev$ by ! cop]ation ( m5 :o are sev]ally pursu+ _! private ends4 ,let me pass n[ to ! p>ticul> topic to be "h dealt )4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h greatly regrett$ to see ,pr(4 ,huxley /r5g!n+1 by 8 des]v$ly high au?ority1 a s*ool ( politicians :i* c sc>cely be held to ne$ /r5g!n+3 its oppon5ts be+ s few4 ,i regret x ! m because1 ?us f>1 m5 prep>$ = ! /udy ( ,sociology by previ\s /udies ( ,biology & ,psy*ology1 h sc>cely express$ any op9ions on ! "q at issue2 & t ,pr(4 ,huxley1 :o by bo? g5]al & special culture is s em95tly fitt$ to judge1 %\ld h come to ! conclusions set =? 9 ! la/ numb] ( ! ,=tnightly ,review1 w be disc\rag+ to ! small numb] :o h rea*$ opposite conclusions4 ,greatly regrett+ h[ev]1 ?\gh ,i d1 ?is av[$ antagonism ( ,pr(4 ,huxley to a g5]al political doctr9e ) :i* ,i am id5tifi$1 ,i d n propose to make any reply to 8 argum5ts at l>ge3 be+ det]r$ p>tly by reluctance to dwell on po9ts ( diff]5ce ) "o :om ,i s greatly admire1 & p>tly by ! consci\sness t :at ,i %\ld say w\ld be ma9ly a repetition ( :at ,i h explicitly or implicitly said else:]e4 ,b ) "o po9t rais$ ,i feel oblig$ to deal4 ,pr(4 ,huxley tacitly puts to me a "q4 ,by s do+ he leaves me to *oose betwe5 two alt]natives1 nei!r ( :i* is agreeable to me4 ,i mu/ ei!r1 by leav+ x unansw]$1 accept ! implication t x is unansw]able1 & ! doctr9e ,i hold unt5able2 or else ,i mu/ give x an adequate answ]4 ,little z ,i l x1 ,i see t ! latt] ( ^! alt]natives is t :i*1 on public z well z on p]sonal gr\nds1 ,i mu/ accept4 ,_h ,i be5 all[$ to elaborate m fully ! ,review-article f :i* ,pr(4 ,huxley quotes1 ?is "q w\ld possibly n h be5 rais$4 ,t article closes #dje ) ! foll[+ words3--8,we _h hop$ to say some?+ respect+ ! diff]5t types ( social organization1 & some?+ also on social metamorphoses2 b we h rea*$ our assign$ limits40 ,^! fur!r developm5ts ( ! conception--developm5ts to be h]eaft] set =? 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology--,i mu/ "h sket* 9 outl9e be=e my answ] c be made intelligible4 ,9 sket*+ !m1 ,i mu/ say mu* t w\ld be ne$less 7 my answ] address$ to ,pr(4 ,huxley only4 ,b>e allusions to g5]al ph5om5a ( organization1 ) :i* he is immeasurably m famili> ?an ,i am1 w\ld suffice4 ,b1 z ! suffici5cy ( my answ] has to be judg$ by ! g5]al read]1 ! g5]al read] mu/ be suppli$ ) ! requisite data3 my pres5tation ( !m be+ "u correction f ,pr(4 ,huxley if x is inaccurate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! prim>y diff]5tiation 9 organic /ructures1 manife/$ alike 9 ! hi/ory ( ea* organism & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! organic _w z a :ole1 is ! diff]5tiation betwe5 out] & inn] p>ts--! p>ts :i* hold direct conv]se ) ! environm5t & ! p>ts :i* d n hold direct conv]se ) ! environm5t4 ,we see ?is alike 9 ^? smalle/ & l[e/ =ms improp]ly1 ?\gh sugge/ively1 sometimes call$ unicellul>1 & also 9 ! next high] division ( creatures :i*1 ) consid]able reason1 are reg>d$ z aggregations ( ! l[]4 ,9 ^! creatures ! body is divisible into endod]m & ectod]m1 diff]+ v little 9 _! *>act]s1 b s]v+ ! "o to =m ! dige/ive sac1 & ! o!r to =m ! out] wall ( ! body4 ,z ,pr(4 ,huxley describes !m 9 8 ,oceanic ,hydrozoa1 ^! lay]s repres5t respectively ! organs ( nutrition & ! organs ( ext]nal relation--g5]ally1 ?\gh n univ]sally2 = !re are exceptions1 especially among p>asites4 ,9 ! embryos ( high] types1 ^! two lay]s sev]ally become d\ble by ! splitt+ ( a lay] =m$ betwe5 #djf !m2 & f ! out] d\ble lay] is develop$ ! body-wall ) its limbs1 n]v\s sy/em1 s5ses1 muscles1 etc42 :ile f ! inn] d\ble lay] !re arise ! alim5t>y canal & its app5dages1 toge!r ) ! he>t & lungs4 ,?\gh 9 su* high] types ^! two sy/ems ( organs1 :i* respectively absorb nutrim5t & exp5d nutrim5t1 become s f> connect$ by ramify+ blood-vessels & n]ves t ?is division _c be %>ply made1 /ill ! broad contra/ rema9s4 ,at ! v outset1 !n1 !re arises ?is sep>ation1 :i* implies at once a cop]ation & an antagonism--a co-op]ation1 because1 :ile ! out] organs secure = ! inn] organs ! crude food1 ! inn] organs elaborate & supply to ! out] organs ! prep>$ mat]ials by :i* !y are enable to d _! "w2 & an antagonism1 because ea* set ( organs1 liv+ & gr[+ at ! co/ ( ^! prep>$ mat]ials1 _c appropriate any portion ( ! total supply )\t dim9i%+ by s mu* ! supply available = ! o!r4 ,?is g5]al cop]ation & g5]al antagonism becomes complicat$ ) special cop]ations & special antagonisms1 z fa/ z ^! two great sy/ems ( organs develop4 ,! orig9ally simple alim5t>y canal1 diff]5tiat+ into _m p>ts1 becomes a cong]ies ( /ructures :i*1 by cop]ation1 fulfil bett] _! g5]al function1 b betwe5 :i* !re nev]!less arise antagonisms2 s9ce ea* has to make good its wa/e & to get matt] = gr[?1 at ! co/ ( ! g5]al supply ( nutrim5t available = !m all4 ,simil>ly1 z fa/ z ! out] sy/em develops into special s5ses & limbs1 !re arise among ^!1 also1 second>y cop]ations & second>y antagonisms4 ,by _! v>i\sly-comb9$ actions1 food is obta9$ m effectually2 & yet ! activity ( ea* set ( muscles1 or ea* directive n]v\s /ructure1 entails a draft ^u ! /ock ( prep>$ nutrim5t :i* ! out] organs receive1 & is by s mu* at ! co/ ( ! re/4 ,?us ! me?od ( #djg organization1 bo? 9 g5]al & 9 detail1 is a simultane\s comb9ation & opposition4 ,all ! organs unite 9 subs]v+ ! int]e/s ( ! organism !y =m2 & yet !y h all _! special int]e/s1 & compete ) "o ano!r = blood4 ,a =m ( gov]nm5t1 or control1 or cord9ation1 develops z fa/ z ^! sy/ems ( organs develop4 ,ev5tually ?is becomes d\ble4 ,a g5]al di/9ction arises betwe5 ! two controll+ sy/ems belong+ to ! two great sy/ems ( organs4 ,:e!r ! inn] controll+ sy/em is or is n orig9ally d]iv$ f ! out]1 matt]s n to ! argum5t--:5 develop$ x is 9 great measure indep5d5t4#cg ,if we contemplate _! respective sets ( functions1 we %all p]ceive ! orig9 ( ?is di/9ction4 ,t ! out] organs may cop]ate effectively = ! purposes ( cat*+ prey1 escap+ dang]1 etc41 x is ne$ful t !y %\ld be "u a gov]nm5t capable ( direct+ _! comb9$ actions1 n[ 9 ?is way & n[ 9 t1 accord+ z out] circum/ances v>y4 ,f in/ant to in/ant !re mu/ be quick adju/m5ts to occasions t are m or less new2 & h5ce !re requires a complex & c5traliz$ n]v\s app>atus1 to :i* all ^! organs are promptly & completely ob$i5t4 ,! gov]nm5t ne$ful = ! #djh inn] sy/em ( organs is a diff]5t & mu* simpl] "o4 ,:5 ! food obta9$ by ! out] organs has be5 put into ! /oma*1 ! cop]ation requir$ ( ! visc]a1 ?\gh x v>ies some:at z ! quantity or k9d ( food v>ies1 has nev]!less a g5]al uni=mity2 & x is requir$ to g on 9 mu* ! same way :atev] ! out] circum/ances may be4 ,9 ea* case ! food has to be r$uc$ to a pulp1 suppli$ ) v>i\s solv5t secretions1 propell$ onw>d1 & its nutritive "p tak5 up by absorb5t surfaces4 ,t ^! processes may be effective1 ! organs :i* c>ry !m on mu/ be suppli$ ) fit blood2 & to ?is end ! he>t & ! lungs h to act ) great] vigor4 ,?is visc]al cop]ation1 c>ri$ on ) ?is comp>ative uni=mity1 is regulat$ by a n]v\s sy/em :i* is to a l>ge ext5t indep5d5t ( t high] & m complex n]v\s sy/em controll+ ! ext]nal organs4 ,! act ( swall[+ is1 inde$1 ma9ly effect$ by ! high] n]v\s sy/em2 b1 be+ swall[$1 ! food affects by its pres5ce ! local n]ves1 ?r\gh !m ! local ganglia1 & indirectly1 ?r\gh n]v\s connexions ) o!r ganglia1 excites ! re/ ( ! visc]a into cop]ative activity4 ,x is true t ! functions ( ! sympa!tic or ganglionic n]v\s sy/em1 or 8n]v\s sy/em ( organic life10 z x is o!rwise call$1 are imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,b1 s9ce we "k positively t "s ( its plexuses1 z ! c>diac1 are c5tres ( local /imulation & cord9ation1 :i* c act indep5d5tly1 ?\gh !y are influ5c$ by high] c5tres1 x is fairly to be inf]r$ t ! o!r & /ill l>g] plexuses1 di/ribut$ among ! visc]a1 are also su* local & l>gely indep5d5t c5tres2 especially z ! n]ves !y s5d into ! visc]a1 to jo9 ! _m subord9ate ganglia di/ribut$ ?r\gh !m1 greatly exce$ 9 quantity ! c]ebro-sp9al fibres accompany+ !m4 ,inde$1 to suppose o!rwise is to leave unansw]$ ! "q--,:at are _! functions8 z well z ! #dji "q--,h[ are ^! unconsci\s visc]al cord9ations effect$8 ,!re rema9s only to obs]ve ! k9d ( co-op]ation :i* exi/s betwe5 ! two n]v\s sy/ems4 ,?is is bo? a g5]al & a special cop]ation4 ,! g5]al cop]ation is t by :i* ei!r sy/em ( organs is enabl$ to /imulate ! o!r to action4 ,! alim5t>y canal yields ?r\gh c]ta9 n]v\s connexions ! s5sation ( hung] to ! high] n]v\s sy/em2 & s prompts ef=ts = procur+ food4 ,conv]sely1 ! activity ( ! n]vo-muscul> sy/em1 or1 at lea/1 its normal activity1 s5ds inw>d to ! c>diac & o!r plexuses a gu% ( /imulus :i* excites ! visc]a to action4 ,! special cop]ation is "o by :i* x w\ld seem t ea* sy/em puts an indirect re/ra9t on ! o!r4 ,fibres f ! sympa!tic accompany e art]y ?r\gh\t ! organs ( ext]nal relation1 & ex]cise on ! art]y a con/rictive action2 & ! conv]se is done by c]ta9 ( ! c]ebro-sp9al fibres :i* ramify ) ! sympa!tic ?r\gh\t ! visc]a3 ?r\gh ! vagus & o!r n]ves1 an inhibitory influ5ce is ex]cis$ on ! he>t1 inte/9es1 pancreas1 etc4 ,leav+ d\btful details1 h[ev]1 ! fact :i* conc]ns u "h is suffici5tly manife/4 ,!re are1 = ^! two sy/ems ( organs1 two n]v\s sy/ems1 9 great measure indep5d5t2 &1 if x is true t ! high] sy/em influ5ces ! l[]1 x is no less true t ! l[] v p[]fully influ5ces ! high]4 ,! re/rictive action ( ! sympa!tic ^u ! circulation1 ?r\gh\t ! n]vo-muscul> sy/em1 is unque/ionable2 & x is possibly ?r\gh ?is t1 :5 ! visc]a h mu* "w to d1 ! n]vo-muscul> sy/em is incapacitat$ 9 s m>k$ a mann]4#ch #cg ,"h1 & ?r\gh\t ! discussion1 ,i ref] to ^! controll+ sy/ems only z !y exi/ 9 ! ,v]tebrata1 because _! relations are f> bett] kn[n 9 ?is great division ( ! animal k+dom--n because l relations d n exi/ else:]e4 ,inde$1 9 ! great sub-k+dom ,annulosa1 ^! controll+ sy/ems h relations t are extremely significant to u "h4 ,= :ile an inf]ior annulose animal has only a s+le set ( n]v\s /ructures1 a sup]ior annulose animal 7z a mo?7 has a set ( n]v\s /ructures presid+ ov] ! visc]a1 z well z a m conspicu\s set presid+ ov] ! organs ( ext]nal relation4 ,& ?is contra/ is analog\s to "o ( ! contra/s betwe5 undevelop$ & develop$ societies2 =1 :ile among ! unciviliz$ & incipi5tly civiliz$ !re is b a s+le set ( directive ag5cies1 !re are among ! fully civiliz$1 z we %all pres5tly see1 two sets ( directive ag5cies1 = ! out] & inn] /ructures respectively4 #ch ,to meet ! probable objection t ! exp]im5ts ( ,b]n>d1 ,ludwig1 & o!rs1 %[ t 9 ! case ( c]ta9 gl&s ! n]ves ( ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em are ^? :i* set up ! secret+ process1 ,i w\ld rem>k t 9 ^! cases1 & 9 _m o!rs :]e ! relative functions ( ! c]ebro-sp9al n]ves & ! sympa!tic n]ves h be5 /udi$1 ! organs h be5 ^? 9 :i* s5sation is ei!r ! /imulus to activity or its accompanim5t2 & t f ^! cases no conclusion c be drawn apply+ to ! cases ( ^? visc]a :i* normally p]=m _! functions )\t s5sation4 ,p]haps x may ev5 be t ! functions ( ^? sympa!tic fibres :i* accompany ! art]ies ( ! out] organs are simply ancill>y to ^? ( ! c5tral p>ts ( ! sympa!tic sy/em1 :i* /imulate & regulate ! visc]a--ancill>y 9 ?is s5se1 t !y *eck ! diffusion ( blood 9 ext]nal organs :5 x is want$ 9 int]nal organs3 c]ebro-sp9al inhibition 7except 9 its action on ! he>t7 work+ ! opposite way4 ,& possibly ?is is ! in/rum5tality = c>ry+ on t competition = nutrim5t :i*1 z we saw1 arises at ! v outset betwe5 ^! two great sy/ems ( organs4 ,! "o fur!r fact "h conc]n+ u is ! contra/ #daj pres5t$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( animals1 betwe5 ! degrees ( developm5t ( ^! two great sets ( /ructures t c>ry on respectively ! out] functions & ! inn] functions4 ,!re are active creatures 9 :i* ! locomotive organs1 ! organs ( s5se1 toge!r ) ! n]v\s app>atus :i* comb9es _! actions1 be> a l>ge ratio to ! organs ( alim5tation & _! app5dages2 :ile !re are inactive creatures 9 :i* ^! organs ( ext]nal relation be> a v small ratio to ! organs ( alim5tation4 ,& a rem>kable fact1 "h especially in/ructive to u1 is t v frequ5tly !re occurs a metamorphosis1 :i* has = its lead+ trait a great *ange 9 ! ratio ( ^! two sy/ems--a metamorphosis :i* accompanies a great *ange 9 ! mode ( life4 ,! mo/ famili> metamorphosis is v>i\sly illu/rat$ among insects4 ,dur+ ! e>ly or l>val /age ( a butt]fly1 ! organs ( alim5tation are l>gely develop$1 :ile ! organs ( ext]nal relation are b little develop$2 & !n1 dur+ a p]iod ( quiesc5ce1 ! organs ( ext]nal relation und]go an imm5se developm5t1 mak+ possible ! creature's active & v>i$ adju/m5ts to ! surr\nd+ _w1 :ile ! alim5t>y sy/em becomes relatively small4 ,on ! o!r h&1 among ! l[] inv]tebrate animals !re is a v common metamorphosis ( an opposite k9d4 ,:5 "y1 ! creature1 ) sc>cely any alim5t>y sy/em1 b suppli$ #daa ) limbs & s5se organs1 swims ab\t actively4 ,pres5tly x settles 9 a habitat :]e food is to be obta9$ )\t mov+ ab\t1 loses 9 great "p its organs ( ext]nal relation1 develops its visc]al sy/em1 &1 z x gr[s1 assumes a nature utt]ly unlike t :i* x orig9ally _h--a nature adapt$ almo/ exclusively to alim5tation & ! propagation ( ! species4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u turn n[ to ! social organism1 & ! analogies ( /ructure & function :i* may be trac$ 9 x4 ,( c\rse ^! analogies betwe5 ! ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 a physically coh]5t aggregate =m+ an individual1 & ! ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 a physically incoh]5t aggregate ( individuals di/ribut$ ov] a wide area1 _c be analogies ( a visible or s5sible k9d2 b c only be analogies betwe5 ! sy/ems1 or me?ods1 ( organization4 ,su* analogies z exi/ result f ! "o unque/ionable community betwe5 ! two organizations3 !re is 9 bo? a mutual dep5d5ce ( p>ts4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( all organization2 & det]m9es :at simil>ities !re are betwe5 an individual organism & a social organism4 ,( c\rse ! simil>ities ?us det]m9$ are accompani$ by transc5d5t diff]5ces1 det]m9$1 z above said1 by ! unlik5esses ( ! aggregates4 ,"o c>d9al diff]5ce is t1 :ile 9 ! individual organism !re is b "o c5tre ( consci\sness capable ( pleasure or pa91 !re are1 9 ! social organism1 z _m su* c5tres z !re are individuals1 & ! aggregate ( !m has no consci\sness ( pleasure or pa9--a diff]5ce :i* entirely *anges ! ends to be pursu$4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ?is qualification1 let u n[ glance at ! p>allelisms indicat$4 ,a society1 l an individual1 has a set ( /ructures fitt+ x to act ^u its environm5t--appliances = attack & def5ce1 armies1 navies1 =tifi$ & g>rison$ places4 ,at ! same "t1 a society has an indu/rial organization #dab :i* c>ries on all ^? processes t make possible ! national life4 ,?\gh ^! two sets ( organs = ext]nal activity & int]nal activity d n be> to "o ano!r j ! same relation :i* ! out] & inn] organs ( an animal d 7s9ce ! indu/rial /ructures 9 a society supply !mselves ) raw mat]ials1 in/ead ( be+ suppli$ by ! ext]nal organs71 yet !y be> a relation o!rwise simil>4 ,!re is at once a cop]ation & an antagonism4 ,by ! help ( ! def5sive sy/em ! indu/rial sy/em is enabl$ to c>ry on its functions )\t injury f =eign enemies2 & by ! help ( ! indu/rial sy/em1 :i* supplies x ) food & mat]ials1 ! def5sive sy/em is enabl$ to ma9ta9 ?is security4 ,at ! same "t ! two sy/ems are oppos$ 9 s f> t !y bo? dep5d = _! exi/5ce ^u ! common /ock ( produce4 ,fur!r1 9 ! social organism1 z 9 ! individual organism1 ?is prim>y cop]ation & antagonism subdivides into second>y cop]ations & antagonisms4 ,if we look at ! indu/rial organization1 we see t its agricultural "p & its manufactur+ "p aid "o ano!r by ! ex*ange ( _! products1 & are yet o!rwise oppos$ to "o ano!r2 s9ce ea* takes ( ! o!r's products ! mo/ x c get 9 return = its own products4 ,simil>ly ?r\gh\t ! manufactur+ sy/em itself4 ,( ! total returns secur$ by ,man*e/] = its goods1 ,liv]pool obta9s z mu* z possible = ! raw mat]ial1 & ,man*e/] gives z little z possible--! two at ! same "t cop]at+ 9 secret+ = ! re/ ( ! community ! wov5 fabrics x requires1 & 9 jo9tly obta9+ f ! re/ ( ! community ! l>ge/ paym5t 9 o!r commodities4 ,& ?us x is 9 all k9ds ( direct & indirect ways ?r\gh\t ! indu/rial /ructures4 ,m5 prompt$ by _! own ne$s z well z ^? ( _! *ildr51 & bodies ( su* m5 m or less aggregat$1 are quick to f9d e unsatisfi$ ne$ ( _! fell[-m51 & to #dac satisfy x 9 return = ! satisfaction ( _! own ne$s2 & ! work+ ( ?is process is inevitably su* t ! /ronge/ ne$1 ready to pay ! mo/ = satisfaction1 is t :i* draws mo/ work]s to satisfy x1 s t !re is ?us a p]petual balanc+ ( ! ne$s & ( ! appliances :i* subs]ve !m4 ,?is br+s u to ! regulative /ructures "u :i* ^! two sy/ems ( cop]at+ p>ts "w4 ,z 9 ! individual organism1 s 9 ! social organism1 ! out] p>ts are "u a rigor\s c5tral control4 ,= adju/m5t to ! v>y+ & incalculable *anges 9 ! environm5t1 ! ext]nal organs1 (f5sive & def5sive1 mu/ be capable ( prompt comb9ation2 & t _! actions may be quickly comb9$ to meet ea* exig5cy z x arises1 !y mu/ be completely subord9at$ to a supreme executive p[]3 armies & navies mu/ be despotically controll$4 ,q o!rwise is x ) ! regulative app>atus requir$ = ! indu/rial sy/em4 ,?is1 :i* c>ries on ! nutrition ( a society1 z ! visc]al sy/em c>ries on ! nutrition ( an individual1 has a regulative app>atus 9 great measure di/9ct f t :i* regulates ! ext]nal organs4 ,x is n by any 8ord] 9 c\ncil0 t f>m]s are det]m9$ to gr[ s mu* :eat & s mu* b>ley1 or to divide _! l& 9 due proportion betwe5 arable & pa/ure4 ,!re requires no telegram f ! ,home ,(fice to alt] ! production ( wooll5s 9 ,le$s1 s t x may be prop]ly adju/$ to ! /ocks on h& & ! =?com+ crop ( wool4 ,/af=d%ire produces its due quantity ( pott]y1 & ,%effield s5ds out cutl]y ) rapidity adju/$ to ! consumption1 )\t any legislative /imulus or re/ra9t4 ,! spurs & *ecks to production :i* manufactur]s & manufactur+ c5tres receive1 h q ano!r orig94 ,p>tly by direct ord]s f di/ributors & p>tly by ! indirect indications furni%$ by ! m>ket reports ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 !y are prompt$ to #dad secrete actively or to dim9i% _! rates ( secretion4 ,! regulative app>atus by :i* ^! indu/rial organs are made to cop]ate h>moni\sly1 acts some:at z ! sympa!tic does 9 a v]tebrate animal4 ,!re is a sy/em ( communications among ! great produc+ & di/ribut+ c5tres1 :i* excites or ret>ds z ! circum/ances v>y4 ,f h\r to h\r messages pass betwe5 all ! *ief prov9cial t[ns1 z well z betwe5 ea* ( !m & ,london2 f h\r to h\r prices are adju/$1 supplies are ord]$ hi!r or ?i!r1 & capital is draft$ f place to place1 accord+ z !re is great] or less ne$ = x4 ,all ?is goes on )\t any m9i/]ial ov]see+--)\t any dictation f ^? executive c5tres :i* comb9e ! actions ( ! out] organs4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o all-ess5tial influ5ce :i* ^! high] c5tres ex]cise ov] ! indu/rial activities--a re/ra9+ influ5ce :i* prev5ts aggression1 direct & indirect4 ,! condition "u :i* only ^! produc+ & di/ribut+ processes c g on heal?fully1 is t1 :]ev] !re is "w & wa/e1 !re %all be a proportionate supply ( mat]ials = repair4 ,& secur+ ?is is no?+ less ?an secur+ fulfilm5t ( contracts4 ,j 9 ! same way t a bodily organ :i* p]=ms function1 b is n adequately paid 9 blood1 mu/ dw9dle1 & ! organism z a :ole ev5tually suff]2 s an indu/rial c5tre :i* has made & s5t out its special commodity1 b does n get adequately paid 9 o!r commodities1 mu/ decay4 ,& :5 we ask :at is requisite to prev5t ?is local innutrition & decay1 we f9d ! requisite to be t agreem5ts %all be c>ri$ out2 t goods %all be paid = at ! /ipulat$ prices2 t ju/ice %all be adm9i/]$4 ,"o fur!r lead+ p>allelism mu/ be describ$--t betwe5 ! metamorphoses :i* occur 9 ! two cases4 ,^! metamorphoses are analog\s 9 s f> t #dae !y are *anges 9 ! ratios ( ! inn] & out] sy/ems ( organs2 & also 9 s f> z !y take place "u analog\s conditions4 ,at ! "o extreme we h t small & simple type ( society :i* a w&]+ horde ( savages pres5ts4 ,?is is a type almo/ :olly pr$atory 9 its organization4 ,x consi/s ( little else ?an a cop]ative /ructure = c>ry+ on w>f>e--! indu/rial "p is almo/ abs5t1 be+ repres5t$ only by ! wom54 ,:5 ! w&]+ tribe becomes a settl$ tribe1 an indu/rial organization beg9s to %[ itself--especially :]e1 by conque/1 !re has be5 obta9$ a slave-class t may be =c$ to lab\r4 ,! pr$atory /ructure1 h[ev]1 /ill = a long "t pr$om9ates4 ,omitt+ ! slaves & ! wom51 ! :ole body politic consi/s ( p>ts organiz$ = (f5ce & def5ce1 & is effici5t 9 proportion z ! control ( !m is c5traliz$4 ,communities ( ?is k9d1 cont9u+ to subjugate _! neighb\rs1 & develop+ an organization ( "s complexity1 nev]!less reta9 a ma9ly-pr$atory type1 ) j su* indu/rial /ructures z are ne$ful = support+ ! (f5sive & def5sive /ructures4 ,( ?is ,sp>ta furni%$ a good example4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( su* a social type are ^!--t ea* memb] ( ! rul+ race is a soldi]2 t w> is ! bus9ess ( life2 t e "o is subject to a rigor\s discipl9e fitt+ him = ?is bus9ess2 t c5traliz$ au?ority regulates all ! social activities1 d[n to ! details ( ea* man's daily conduct2 t ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate is e ?+1 & t ! individual lives = public b5efit4 ,s long z ! environ+ societies are su* z necessitate & keep 9 ex]cise ! militant organization1 ^! traits cont9ue2 b :51 ma9ly by conque/ & ! =mation ( l>ge aggregates1 ! militant activity becomes less con/ant1 & w> ceases to be ! occupation ( e free man1 ! indu/rial /ructures beg9 to pr$om9ate4 ,)\t trac+ ! transition1 x w suffice to take1 z a sample #daf ( ! pacific or indu/rial type1 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica be=e ! late w>4 ,"h milit>y organization _h almo/ disappe>$2 ! infrequ5t local assembl+s ( militia _h turn$ into occasions = jollity1 & e ?+ m>tial _h fall5 into contempt4 ,! traits ( ! pacific or indu/rial type are ^!--t ! c5tral au?ority is relatively feeble2 t x int]f]es sc>cely at all ) ! private actions ( individuals2 & t ! ,/ate1 in/ead ( be+ t = ! b5efit ( :i* individuals exi/1 has become t :i* exi/s = ! b5efit ( individuals4 ,x rema9s to add t ?is metamorphosis1 :i* takes place 9 societies along ) a high] civilization1 v rapidly retrogrades if ! surr\nd+ conditions become unfavorable to x4 ,dur+ ! late w> 9 ,am]ica1 ,mr4 ,sew>d's boa/--8,i t\* ?is bell1 & any man 9 ! remote/ ,/ate is a prison] ( ! ,gov]nm5t0 7a boa/ :i* 0 n an empty "o1 & :i* 0 by _m ( ! ,republican p>ty greatly applaud$7--%[s u h[ rapidly1 along ) militant activities1 !re t5ds to be resum$ ! ne$ful type ( c5traliz$ /ructure2 & h[ !re quickly gr[ up ! correspond+ s5tim5ts & ideas4 ,our own hi/ory s9ce #ahae has %[n a d\ble *ange ( ?is k9d4 ,dur+ ! ?irty ye>s' peace1 ! militant organization dw9dl$1 ! milit>y s5tim5t greatly decreas$1 ! indu/rial organization rapidly develop$1 ! ass]tion ( ! individuality ( ! citiz5 became m decid$1 & _m re/rictive & despotic regulations 7 got rid (4 ,conv]sely1 s9ce ! revival ( militant activities & /ructures on ! ,cont95t1 our own (f5sive & def5sive /ructures h be5 re-develop+2 & ! t5d5cy t[>d increase ( t c5traliz$ control :i* accompanies su* /ructures has become m>k$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 clos+ ?is some:at elaborate introduction1 #dag ,i am prep>$ to deal ) ! "q put to me4 ,pr(4 ,huxley1 aft] quot+ "s passages f t essay on ! 8,social ,organism0 :i* ,i h supplem5t$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs2 & aft] express+ a qualifi$ concurr5ce :i* ,i greatly value z com+ f s highly fitt$ a judge1 proce$s1 ) *>act]i/ic acum51 to comm5t on :at seems an incongruity betwe5 c]ta9 analogies set =? 9 t essay1 & ! doctr9e ,i hold respect+ ! duty ( ! ,/ate4 ,ref]r+ to a passage 9 :i* ,i h describ$ ! function ( ! individual bra9 z 8t ( av]ag+ ! int]e/s ( life1 physical1 intellectual1 moral1 social10 & h comp>$ x to ! function ( ,p>liam5t z 8t ( av]ag+ ! int]e/s ( ! v>i\s classes 9 a community10 add+ t 8a good ,p>liam5t is "o 9 :i* ! p>ties answ]+ to ^! respective int]e/s are s balanc$ t _! unit$ legislation conc$es to ea* class z mu* z consi/s ) ! claims ( ! re/20 ,pr(4 ,huxley proce$s to say3 8,all ?is appe>s to be v j4 ,b if ! resemblances betwe5 ! body physiological & ! body politic are any indication1 n only ( :at ! latt] is1 & h[ x has become :at x is1 b :at x ought to be1 & :at x is t5d+ to become1 ,i _c b ?9k t ! real =ce ( ! analogy is totally oppos$ to ! negative view ( ,/ate function4 8,suppose t1 9 accordance ) ?is view1 ea* muscle 7 to ma9ta9 t ! n]v\s sy/em _h no "r to int]f]e ) its contraction1 except to prev5t x f h9d]+ ! contraction ( ano!r muscle2 or ea* gl&1 t x _h a "r to secrete1 s long z its secretion int]f]$ ) no o!r2 suppose e sep>ate cell left free to foll[ its own 8int]e/s10 & laissez-faire ,"l ( all1 :at w\ld become ( ! body physiological80 ,on ?is "q ! rem>k ,i h fir/ to make is1 t if ,i held ! doctr9e ( ,m4 ,pr\dhon1 :o delib]ately nam$ himself an 8an>*i/10 & if along ) ?is doctr9e ,i held ! above-indicat$ !ory ( social /ructures & functions1 ! inconsi/5cy impli$ by ! "q put w\ld be cle>1 & ! "q w\ld be unansw]able4 ,b s9ce ,i ent]ta9 no su* view z t ( ,pr\dhon--s9ce ,i hold t )9 its prop] limits #dah gov]nm5tal action is n simply legitimate b all-important--,i d n see h[ ,i am conc]n$ ) a "q :i* tacitly supposes t ,i d5y ! legitimacy & ! importance4 ,n only d ,i cont5d t ! re/ra9+ p[] ( ! ,/ate ov] individuals1 & bodies or classes ( individuals1 is requisite1 b ,i h cont5d$ t x %\ld be ex]cis$ mu* m effectually1 & c>ri$ out mu* fur!r1 ?an at pres5t4#ci ,& z ! ma9t5ance ( ?is control implies ! ma9t5ance ( a controll+ app>atus1 ,i d n see t ,i am plac$ 9 any difficulty :5 ,i am ask$ :at w\ld happ5 7 ! controll+ app>atus =bidd5 to int]f]e4 ,fur!r1 on ?is g5]al aspect ( ! "q ,i h to say t1 by comp>+ ! delib]ative assembly ( a nation to ! delib]ative n]v\s c5tre ( a v]tebrate animal1 z respectively av]ag+ ! int]e/s ( ! society & ( ! individual1 & z bo? do+ ?is ?r\gh processes ( repres5tation1 ,i d n mean to id5tify ! two sets ( int]e/s2 = ^! 9 a society 7or at lea/ a peaceful society7 ref] ma9ly to int]ior actions1 :ile 9 an individual creature !y ref] ma9ly to ext]ior actions4 ,! 8int]e/s0 to :i* ,i ref]1 z be+ av]ag$ by a repres5tative gov]n+ body1 are ! conflict+ int]e/s betwe5 class & class1 z well z betwe5 man & man--conflict+ int]e/s ! balanc+ ( :i* is no?+ b ! prev5t+ ( aggression & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 #ci ,see ,social ,/atics *ap4 xxi41 8,! ,duty ( ! ,/ate40 ,see also essay on 8,ov]-,legislation40 ,i pass n[ f ?is g5]al aspect ( ! "q1 :i* does n conc]n me1 to a m special aspect :i* does conc]n me4 ,divid+ ! actions ( gov]n+ /ructures1 :e!r 9 bodies individual or bodies politic1 into ! positively regulative & ! negatively regulative1 or ^? :i* /imulate & direct1 z di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* simply re/ra91 ,i may say t if !re is rais$ ! "q--,:at w happ5 :5 ! controll+ #dai app>atus does n act8 !re are q diff]5t replies accord+ z "o or o!r sy/em ( organs is ref]r$ to4 ,if1 9 ! individual body1 ! muscles 7 sev]ally indep5d5t ( ! delib]ative & executive c5tres1 utt] impot5ce w\ld result3 9 ! abs5ce ( muscul> cord9ation1 !re w\ld be no possibility ( /&+1 mu* less ( act+ on surr\nd+ ?+s1 & ! body w\ld be a prey to ! fir/ enemy4 ,prop]ly to comb9e ! actions ( ^! out] organs1 ! great n]v\s c5tres mu/ ex]cise functions t are bo? positively regulative & negatively regulative--mu/ bo? comm& action & arre/ action4 ,simil>ly ) ! out] organs ( a political body4 ,unless ! (f5sive & def5sive /ructures c be despotically comm&$ by a c5tral au?ority1 !re _c be ^? prompt comb9ations & adju/m5ts requir$ = meet+ ! v>iable actions ( ext]nal enemies4 ,b if1 in/ead ( ask+ :at w\ld happ5 suppos+ ! out] organs 9 ei!r case 7 )\t control f ! great gov]n+ c5tres1 we ask :at w\ld happ5 7 ! inn] organs 7! indu/rial & comm]cial /ructures 9 ! "o case1 & ! alim5t>y & di/ributive 9 ! o!r7 )\t su* control1 ! answ] is q diff]5t4 ,omitt+ ! respiratory & "s m9or ancill>y p>ts ( ! individual organism1 to :i* ! social organism has no?+ analog\s2 & limit+ ourselves to absorptive1 elaborative1 & di/ributive /ructures1 :i* are f\nd 9 bo?2 x may1 ,i ?9k1 be successfully cont5d$ t 9 nei!r ! "o case nor ! o!r d !y require ! positively regulative control ( ! great gov]n+ c5tres1 b only ! negatively regulative4 ,let u glance at ! facts4#dj #dj ,le/ !re %\ld be any misund]/&+ ( ! t]ms positively regulative & negatively regulative1 let me briefly illu/rate !m4 ,if a man has l&1 & ,i ei!r cultivate x = him1 p>tially or :olly1 or dictate any or all ( 8 modes ( cultivation1 my action is positively regulative2 b if1 leav+ him absolutely unhelp$ & unregulat$ 9 8 f>m+1 ,i simply prev5t him f tak+ 8 neighb\r's crops1 or f mak+ approa*-roads ov] 8 neighb\r's l&1 or f deposit+ rubbi% ^u x1 my action is negatively regulative4 ,!re is a tol]ably %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! act ( secur+ a citiz5's ends = him or int]f]+ ) 8 mode ( secur+ !m1 & ! act ( *eck+ him :5 he int]f]es ) ano!r citiz5 9 ! pursuit ( 8 ends4 ,dige/ion & circulation g on v well 9 lunatics #dbj & idiots1 ?\gh ! high] n]v\s c5tres are ei!r d]ang$ or p>tly abs5t4 ,! vital functions proce$ prop]ly dur+ sleep1 ?\gh less actively ?an :5 ! bra9 is at "w4 ,9 infancy1 :ile ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em is almo/ incapable1 & _c ev5 p]=m su* simple actions z ^? ( comm&+ ! sph9ct]s1 ! visc]al functions are active & regul>4 ,nor 9 an adult does t arre/ ( c]ebral action %[n by ins5sibility1 or t ext5sive p>alysis ( ! sp9al sy/em :i* r5d]s all ! limbs immovable1 prev5t ^! functions f be+ c>ri$ on = a consid]able "t2 ?\gh !y necess>ily beg9 to flag 9 ! abs5ce ( ! dem& :i* an active sy/em ( out] organs makes ^u !m4 ,^! int]nal organs are1 inde$1 s little "u ! positively directive control ( ! great n]v\s c5tres1 t _! indep5d5ce is (t5 v inconv5i5t4 ,no m&ate s5t into ! int]ior /ops an attack ( di>rha2 nor1 :5 an indige/ible meal excites ! circulation at night1 & prev5ts sleep1 w ! bidd+ ( ! bra9 cause ! he>t to pulsate m quietly4 ,x is d\btless true t ^! vital processes are modifi$ 9 important ways1 bo? by g5]al /imulation & by inhibition1 f ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em2 b t !y are ma9ly indep5d5t _c1 ,i ?9k1 be que/ion$4 ,! facts t p]i/altic motion ( ! inte/9es c g on :5 _! n]v\s connexions are cut1 & t ! he>t 79 cold-blood$ v]tebrates1 at lea/7 cont9ues to pulsate = "s "t aft] be+ deta*$ f ! body1 make x manife/ t ! spontane\s activities ( ^! vital organs subs]ve ! wants ( ! body at l>ge )\t direction f its high] gov]n+ c5tres4 ,& ?is is made ev5 #dba m manife/ if x be a fact1 z alleg$ by ,s*mulewits* exp]im5t+ "u ,ludwig's direction1 t1 "u duly-adju/$ conditions1 ! secretion ( bile may be kept up = "s "t :5 blood is pass$ ?r\gh ! excis$ liv] ( a newly-kill$ rabbit4 ,!re is an answ]1 n1 ,i ?9k1 unsatisfactory1 ev5 to ! crucial "p ( ! "q--8,suppose e sep>ate cell left free to foll[ its own int]e/s1 & laissez faire ,"l ( all1 :at w\ld become ( ! body physiological80 ,limit+ ! application ( ?is "q 9 ! way above %[n to ! organs & p>ts ( organs :i* c>ry on vital actions1 x seems to me t mu* evid5ce may be giv5 = ! belief t1 :5 !y foll[ _! respective 8int]e/s0 7limit$ "h to gr[+ & multiply+71 ! g5]al welf>e w be tol]ably well secur$4 ,x 0 prov$ by ,hunt]'s exp]im5ts on a kite & a sea-gull1 t a "p ( ! alim5t>y canal :i* has to triturate h>d] food ?an t :i* ! creature naturally eats1 acquires a ?ick] & h>d] l9+4 ,:5 a /ricture ( ! inte/9e imp$es ! passage ( its cont5ts1 ! muscul> walls ( ! inte/9e above1 ?ick5 & propel ! cont5ts ) great] =ce4 ,:5 !re is some:]e 9 ! c\rse ( ! circulation a s]i\s resi/ance to ! passage ( blood1 !re habitually occurs hyp]trophy ( ! he>t1 or ?ick5+ ( its muscul> walls2 giv+ x great] p[] to propel ! blood4 ,& simil>ly1 :5 ! duct ?r\gh :i* x dis*>ges its cont5ts is ob/ruct$1 ! gall-bladd] ?ick5s & /r5g!ns4 ,^! *anges g on )\t any direction f ! bra9--)\t any consci\sness t !y are go+ on4 ,!y are effect$ by ! gr[?1 or multiplication1 or adaptation1 ( ! local units1 be !y cells or fibres1 :i* results f ! great] action or modifi$ action ?r[n ^u !m4 ,! only pre-requisite to ?is spontane\s adaptive *ange is1 t ^! local units %all be suppli$ ) extra blood 9 proportion z !y p]=m extra function--a pre-requisite answ]+ to t secur$ #dbb by ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 a society2 namely1 t m "w %all br+ m pay4 ,if1 h[ev]1 direct pro( be call$ = t a sy/em ( organs may1 by c>ry+ on _! sev]al indep5d5t activities uncontroll$1 secure ! welf>e ( ! aggregate !y =m1 we h x 9 t ext5sive class ( creatures :i* d n possess any n]v\s sy/ems at all2 & :i* nev]!less %[1 "s ( !m1 consid]able degrees ( activity4 ,! ,oceanic ,hydrozoa supply good examples4 ,not)/&+ 8! multiplicity & complexity ( ! organs :i* "s ( !m possess10 ^! creatures h no n]v\s c5tres--no regulative app>atus by :i* ! actions ( _! organs are cord9at$4 ,"o ( _! high] k9ds is compos$ ( diff]5t p>ts di/+ui%$ z cnos>c1 polypites1 t5tacles1 hydrocy/s1 nectocalyces1 g5ocalyces1 etc41 & ea* ( ^! diff]5t p>ts is compos$ ( _m p>tially-indep5d5t units--?read-cells1 ciliat$ cells1 contractile fibres1 etc42 s t ! :ole organism is a gr\p ( het]og5e\s gr\ps1 ea* "o ( :i* is itself a m or less het]og5e\s gr\p4 ,&1 9 ! abs5ce ( a n]v\s sy/em1 ! arrangem5t mu/ necess>ily be su* t ^! diff]5t units1 & diff]5t gr\ps ( units1 sev]ally pursu+ _! individual lives )\t positive direction f ! re/1 nev]!less d1 by virtue ( _! con/itutions1 & ! relative positions into :i* !y h gr[n1 cop]ate = ! ma9t5ance ( "o ano!r & ! entire aggregate4 ,& if ?is c be s ) a set ( organs t are n connect$ by n]ves1 mu* m c x be s ) a set ( organs :i*1 l ! visc]a ( a high] animal1 h a special set ( n]v\s communications = excit+ "o ano!r to cop]ation4 ,let u turn n[ to ! p>allel classes ( ph5om5a :i* ! social organism pres5ts4 ,9 x1 z 9 ! individual organism1 we f9d t :ile ! sy/em ( ext]nal organs mu/ be rigor\sly subord9at$ to a great gov]n+ c5tre :i* positively regulates x1 ! sy/em #dbc ( int]nal organs ne$s no su* positive regulation4 ,! production & int]*ange by :i* ! national life is ma9ta9$1 g on z well :ile ,p>liam5t is n sitt+ z :ile x is sitt+4 ,:5 ! memb]s ( ! ,m9i/ry are foll[+ gr\se or /alk+ de]1 ,liv]pool imports1 ,man*e/] manufactures1 ,london di/ributes1 j z usual4 ,all t is ne$ful = ! normal p]=mance ( ^! int]nal social functions is1 t ! re/ra9+ or inhibitory /ructures %all cont9ue 9 action3 ^! activities ( individuals1 corporate bodies1 & classes1 mu/ be c>ri$ on 9 su* ways z n to transgress c]ta9 conditions1 necessitat$ by ! simultane\s c>ry+ on ( o!r activities4 ,s long z ord] is ma9ta9$1 & ! fulfilm5t ( contracts is ev]y:]e en=c$--s long z !re is secur$ to ea* citiz51 & ea* comb9ation ( citiz5s1 ! full return agre$ ^u = "w done or commodities produc$2 & s long z ea* may enjoy :at he obta9s by lab\r1 )\t tr5*+ on 8 neighb\r's l ability to enjoy2 ^! functions w g on heal?fully--m heal?fully1 inde$1 ?an :5 regulat$ 9 any o!r way4 ,fully to recognize ?is fact1 x is ne$ful only to look at ! orig9s & actions ( ! lead+ indu/rial /ructures4 ,we w take two ( !m1 ! mo/ remote f "o ano!r 9 _! natures4 ,! fir/ %all be ^? by :i* food is produc$ & di/ribut$4 ,9 ! f\r? ( 8 ,introductory ,lectures on ,political ,economy1 ,ar*bi%op ,:ately rem>ks t3 8,_m ( ! mo/ important objects are accompli%$ by ! jo9t ag5cy ( p]sons :o nev] ?9k ( !m1 nor h any idea ( act+ 9 conc]t2 & t1 ) a c]ta9ty1 complet5ess1 & regul>ity1 :i* probably ! mo/ dilig5t b5evol5ce1 "u ! guidance ( ! greate/ human wisdom1 c\ld nev] h atta9$40 ,to en=ce ?is tru? he goes on to say3--8,let any "o propose to himself ! problem ( supply+ ) daily provisions ( all k9ds su* a city z our metropolis1 conta9+ above a million ( inhabitants40 ,& !n he po9ts out ! _m imm5se difficulties ( ! task #dbd caus$ by incon/ancy 9 ! arrival ( supplies2 by ! p]i%able nature ( _m ( ! commodities2 by ! fluctuat+ numb] ( consum]s2 by ! het]og5eity ( _! dem&s2 by v>iations 9 ! /ocks1 imm$iate & remote1 & ! ne$ = adju/+ ! rate ( consumption2 & by ! complexity 9 ! process ( di/ribution requir$ to br+ due quantities ( ^! _m commodities to ! homes ( all citiz5s4 ,&1 hav+ dwelt on ^! _m difficulties1 he f9i%es 8 picture by say+3 8,yet ?is object is accompli%$ f> bett] ?an x c\ld be by any ef=t ( human wisdom1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( m5 :o ?9k ea* ( no?+ beyond 8 own imm$iate int]e/--:o1 ) t object 9 view1 p]=m _! respective p>ts ) *e]ful zeal--& comb9e unconsci\sly to employ ! wise/ means = effect+ an object1 ! va/ness ( :i* x w\ld bewild] !m ev5 to contemplate40 ,b ?\gh ! f>-spread+ & complex organization by :i* foods ( all k9ds are produc$1 prep>$1 & di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! entire k+dom1 is a natural gr[? & n a ,/ate-manufacture2 ?\gh ! ,/ate does n det]m9e :]e & 9 :at quantities c]eals & cattle & %eep %all be re>$2 ?\gh x does n arrange _! respective prices s z to make supplies la/ until fre% supplies c come2 ?\gh x has done no?+ t[>d caus+ t great improvem5t ( quality :i* has tak5 place 9 food s9ce e>ly times2 ?\gh x has n ! cr$it ( t elaborate app>atus by :i* bread1 & meat1 & milk1 come r\nd to our doors ) a daily pulse t is z regul> z ! pulse ( ! he>t2 yet ! ,/ate has n be5 :olly passive4 ,x has f "t to "t done a great deal ( mis*ief4 ,:5 ,edw>d ,i4 =bade all t[ns to h>b\r =e/all]s1 & :5 ,edw>d ,,vi4 made x p5al to buy gra9 = ! purpose ( sell+ x aga91 !y 7 prev5t+ ! process by :i* consumption is adju/$ to supply3 !y 7 do+ all t c\ld be done to insure alt]nations ( abundance & />vation4 ,simil>ly ) ! _m legislative attempts #dbe s9ce made to regulate "o bran* or o!r ( ! food-indu/ry1 d[n to ! corn-law slid+-scale ( odi\s memory4 ,= ! m>vell\s effici5cy ( ?is organization we are indebt$ to private ent]prise2 :ile ! d]angem5ts ( x we owe to ! positively-regulative action ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,mean:ile1 its negatively-regulative action1 requir$ to keep ?is organization 9 ord]1 ,gov]nm5t has n duly p]=m$4 ,a quick & co/less rem$y = brea* ( contract1 :5 a trad] sells1 z ! commodity ask$ =1 :at proves to be :olly or 9 "p "s o!r commodity1 is /ill want+4 ,our second case %all be ! organization :i* s imm5sely facilitates comm]ce by transf]s ( claims & cr$its4 ,banks 7 n inv5tions ( rul]s or _! c\nsellors4 ,!y grew up by small /ages out ( ! transactions ( trad]s ) "o ano!r4 ,m5 :o = security deposit$ money ) goldsmi?s1 & took receipts2 goldsmi?s :o began to l5d out at int]e/ ! moneys left ) !m1 & !n to (f] int]e/ at l[] rates to ^? :o w\ld deposit money2 7 ! f\nd]s ( !m4 ,& :51 z pres5tly happ5$1 ! receipt-notes became transf]able by indorsem5t1 bank+ comm5c$4 ,f t /age upw>d ! developm5t1 not)/&+ _m h9d]ances1 has gone on naturally4 ,banks h sprung up "u ! same /imulus :i* has produc$ all o!r k9ds ( trad+ bodies4 ,! multipli$ =ms ( cr$it h be5 gradually diff]5tiat$ f ! orig9al =m2 & :ile ! bank+ sy/em has spread & become complex1 x has also become consolidat$ into a :ole by a spontane\s process4 ,! cle>+-h\se1 :i* is a place = c>ry+ on ! bank+ betwe5 bank]s1 arose unobtrusively out ( an ef=t to economize "t & money4 ,& :51 9 #ahfb1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock--n 9 8 legislative capacity b 9 8 capacity z bank]--succe$$ 9 ext5d+ ! privileges ( ! cle>+-h\se to c\ntry banks1 ! unification 0 made #dbf p]fect2 s t n[ ! transactions ( any trad] 9 ! k+dom ) any o!r may be complet$ by ! writ+ (f & balanc+ ( claims 9 bank]s' books4 ,?is natural evolution1 be x obs]v$1 has rea*$ ) u a high] phase ?an has be5 rea*$ :]e ! positively-regulative control ( ! ,/ate is m decid$4 ,!y h no cle>+-h\se 9 ,france2 & 9 ,france ! me?od ( mak+ paym5ts by *ecks1 s dom9ant among ourselves1 is v little employ$ & 9 an imp]fect way4 ,i d n mean to imply t 9 ,engl& ! ,/ate has be5 a m]e spectator ( ?is developm5t4 ,un=tunately1 x has f ! beg9n+ _h relations ) banks & bank]s3 n mu*1 h[ev]1 to _! advantage1 or t ( ! public4 ,! fir/ k9d ( deposit-bank 0 9 "s s5se a ,/ate-bank3 m]*ants left funds = security at ! ,m9t 9 ! ,t[]4 ,b :5 ,*>les ,i4 appropriat$ _! prop]ty )\t cons5t1 & gave x back to !m only "u pressure1 aft] a long delay1 he de/roy$ _! confid5ce4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ,*>les ,,ii41 9 fur!rance ( ,/ate-bus9ess1 came to h habitual transactions ) ! ri*] ( ! private bank]s2 & :51 hav+ got ne>ly a million & a half ( _! money 9 ! ,ex*equ]1 he /ole x1 ru9$ a multitude ( m]*ants1 di/ress$ t5 ?\s& depositors1 & made "s lunatics & suicides1 he gave a consid]able %ock to ! bank+ sy/em z x !n exi/$4 ,?\gh ! results ( ,/ate-relations ) banks 9 lat] times h n be5 s disa/r\s 9 ?is direct way1 yet !y h be5 indirectly disa/r\s--p]haps ev5 9 a great] degree4 ,9 return = a loan1 ! ,/ate gave ! ,bank ( ,engl& special privileges2 & = ! increase & cont9uance ( ?is loan ! bribe 0 ! ma9t5ance ( ^! privileges--privileges :i* imm5sely h9d]$ ! developm5t ( banks4 ,! ,/ate did worse4 ,x l$ ! ,bank ( ,engl& to ! v]ge ( bankruptcy by a =c$ issue ( notes1 & !n au?oriz$ x to break its promises #dbg to pay4 ,nay1 worse /ill1 x prev5t$ ! ,bank ( ,engl& f fulfill+ its promises to pay :5 x wi%$ to fulfil !m4 ,! evils t h aris5 f ! positively-regulative action ( ! ,/ate on banks are too multitud9\s to be "h enum]at$4 ,!y may be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,tooke1 ,newm>*1 ,full>ton1 ,macleod1 ,wilson1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 & o!rs4 ,all we h "h to note is1 t :ile ! ent]prise ( citiz5s 9 ! pursuit ( private ends has develop$ ?is great trad+-process1 :i* s imm5sely facilitates all o!r trad+-processes1 ,gov]nm5ts h ov] & ov] aga9 di/urb$ x to an almo/ fatal ext5t2 & t1 :ile !y h done enorm\s mis*ief ( "o k9d by _! positively-regulative action1 !y h done enorm\s mis*ief ( ano!r k9d by fail+ 9 _! negatively-regulative action4 ,!y h n done ! "o ?+ !y _h to d3 !y h n uni=mly insi/$ on fulfilm5t ( contract betwe5 ! bank] & ! cu/om] :o takes 8 promise to pay on dem&4 ,betwe5 ^! two cases ( ! trade 9 food & ! trade 9 money1 might be put ! cases ( o!r trades3 all ( !m c>ri$ on by organizations simil>ly evolv$1 & simil>ly m or less d]ang$ f "t to "t by ,/ate-m$dl+4 ,pass+ ov] ^!1 h[ev]1 let u turn f ! positive me?od ( elucidation to ! comp>ative me?od4 ,:5 x is que/ion$ :e!r ! spontane\s cop]ation ( m5 9 pursuit ( p]sonal b5efits w adequately "w out ! g5]al good1 we may get guidance = judgm5t by comp>+ ! results a*iev$ 9 c\ntries :]e spontane\s cop]ation has be5 mo/ active & lea/ regulat$1 ) ! results a*iev$ 9 c\ntries :]e spontane\s cop]ation has be5 less tru/$ & ,/ate-action m tru/$4 ,two cases1 furni%$ by ! two lead+ nations on ! ,cont95t1 w suffice4 ,9 ,france1 ! cole des ,ponts et ,*ausses 0 f\nd$ 9 #agdg = educat+ civil eng9e]s2 & 9 #agie 0 #dbh f\nd$ ! cole ,polyte*nique1 s]v+1 among o!r purposes1 to give a g5]al sci5tific tra9+ to ^? :o 7 aft]w>d to be m specially tra9$ = civil eng9e]+4 ,av]ag+ ! two dates1 we may say t = a c5tury ,france has _h a ,/ate-e/abli%$ & ,/ate-ma9ta9$ appliance = produc+ skill$ m5 ( ?is class--a d\ble gl&1 we may call x1 to secrete eng9e]+ faculty = public use4 ,9 ,engl&1 until q rec5tly1 we h _h no in/itution = prep>+ civil eng9e]s4 ,n by int5tion1 b unconsci\sly1 we left ! furni%+ ( eng9e]+ faculty to take place "u ! law ( supply & dem&--a law :i* at pres5t seems to be no m recogniz$ z apply+ to education1 ?an x 0 recogniz$ z apply+ to comm]ce 9 ! days ( b\nties & re/rictions4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 by ! way4 ,we h "h simply to note t ,br9dley1 ,smeaton1 ,r5nie1 ,tel=d1 & ! re/1 d[n to ,george ,/eph5son1 acquir$ _! k1 & got _! exp]i5ce1 )\t ,/ate-aid or sup]vision4 ,:at h be5 ! comp>ative results 9 ! two nations8 ,space does n all[ a detail$ comp>ison3 ! lat] results mu/ suffice4 ,railways orig9at$ 9 ,engl&1 n 9 ,france4 ,railways spread ?r\gh ,engl& fa/] ?an ?r\gh ,france4 ,_m railways 9 ,france 7 laid out & (fic]$ by ,engli% eng9e]s4 ,! e>li] ,fr5* railways 7 made by ,engli% contractors2 & ,engli% locomotives s]v$ ! ,fr5* mak]s z models4 ,! fir/ ,fr5* "w writt5 on locomotive eng9es1 publi%$ ab\t #ahdj 7at lea/ ,i _h a copy at t date71 0 by ! ,comte de ,pamb\r1 :o _h /udi$ 9 ,engl&1 & :o gave 9 8 "w no?+ :atev] b draw+s & descriptions ( ! eng9es ( ,engli% mak]s4 ,! second illu/ration is suppli$ to u by ! model nation1 n[ s commonly held up to u = imitation4 ,let u contra/ ,london & ,b]l9 9 respect ( an all-ess5tial appliance = ! com=t & heal? ( citiz5s4 ,:51 #dbi at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! spr+s & local conduits1 supplem5t$ by wat]-c>ri]s1 fail$ to supply ! ,london]s2 & :5 ! wat]-fam9e1 = a long "t borne1 _h fail$ to make ! ,corporation d m ?an propose s*emes1 & _h n spurr$ ! c5tral gov]nm5t to d any ?+2 ,hugh ,myddleton1 a m]*ant citiz51 took 9 h& himself ! "w ( br++ ! ,new ,riv] to ,isl+ton4 ,:5 he _h half complet$ ! "w1 ! k+ came to 8 help--n1 inde$1 9 8 capacity ( rul]1 b 9 ! capacity ( speculator1 inve/+ 8 money ) a view to pr(it3 8 %>e be+ dispos$ ( by 8 successor aft] ! =mation ( ! ,new ,riv] ,company1 :i* f9i%$ ! di/ribut+ sy/em4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! =mation ( o!r wat]-companies1 utiliz+ o!r s\rces1 has giv5 ,london a wat]-supply t has gr[n ) its gr[?4 ,:at1 mean:ile1 happ5$ at ,b]l98 ,did !re 9 #afac1 :5 ,hugh ,myddleton complet$ 8 "w1 gr[ up !re a l effici5t sy/em8 ,n at all4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury pass$1 ! eighte5? c5tury pass$1 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 rea*$1 & /ill ,b]l9 _h no wat]-supply l t ( ,london4 ,:at happ5$ !n8 ,did ! pat]nal gov]nm5t at l5g? d :at _h be5 s long left undone8 ,no4 ,did ! citiz5s at l5g? unite to secure ! desid]atum8 ,no4 ,x 0 f9ally a*iev$ by ! citiz5s ( ano!r nation1 m accu/om$ to cop]ate 9 ga9+ _! own pr(its by m9i/]+ to public ne$s4 ,9 #ahde an ,engli% company 0 =m$ = giv+ ,b]l9 an adequate wat]-supply2 & ! "w 0 execut$ by ,engli% contractors--,messrs4 ,fox & ,crampton4 ,%\ld x be said t great works ( anci5t nations1 9 ! %ape ( aqu$ucts1 roads1 etc41 might be in/anc$ 9 pro( t ,/ate ag5cy secures su* ends1 or %\ld x be said t a comp>ison betwe5 ! e>ly gr[? ( inl& navigation on ! ,cont95t1 & its lat] gr[? "h1 #dcj w\ld be to our disadvantage1 ,i reply t1 little z !y at fir/ seem s1 ^! facts are congru\s ) ! g5]al doctr9e4 ,:ile ! militant social type is dom9ant1 & ! indu/rial organization b little develop$1 !re is b "o cord9at+ ag5cy = regulat+ bo? sets ( activities2 j z we saw happ5s ) ! l[] types ( individual organisms4 ,x is only :5 a consid]able advance has be5 made 9 t metamorphosis :i* develops ! indu/rial /ructures at ! exp5se ( ! militant /ructures1 & :i* br+s along ) x a sub/antially-indep5d5t cord9at+ ag5cy = ! indu/rial /ructures--x is only !n t ! effici5cy ( ^! spontane\s cop]ations = all purposes ( int]nal social life becomes great] ?an ! effici5cy ( ! c5tral gov]n+ ag5cy4 ,possibly x w be said t ?\gh1 = subs]v+ mat]ial ne$s1 ! actions ( individuals1 /imulat$ by necessity & made quick by competition1 are demon/rably adequate1 !y are n adequate = subs]v+ o!r ne$s4 ,i d n see1 h[ev]1 t ! facts ju/ify ?is position4 ,we h b to glance ar\nd to f9d 9 abundance simil>ly-g5]at$ appliances = satisfy+ our high] desires1 z well z our l[] desires4 ,! fact t ! ,f9e ,arts h n ?riv5 "h z mu* z 9 "s ,cont95tal c\ntries1 is ascribable to natural "*1 to absorption ( our en]gies 9 o!r activities1 & to ! repressive influ5ce ( *ronic asceticism1 r ?an to ! abs5ce ( fo/]+ ag5cies3 ^! ! int]e/s ( individuals h provid$ 9 abundance4 ,lit]ature1 9 :i* we are second to none1 owes1 ) u1 no?+ to ,/ate-aid4 ,! poetry :i* w live is poetry :i* has be5 writt5 )\t (ficial prompt+2 & ?\gh we h habitually _h a prize-poet1 paid to write loyal v]ses1 x may be said1 )\t disp>ag+ ! pres5t "o1 t a glance ov] ! entire li/ does n %[ any b5efit d]iv$ by poetry f ,/ate-patronage4 ,nor are o!r #dca =ms ( lit]ature any m indebt$ to ,/ate-patronage4 ,x 0 because !re 0 a public lik+ = fiction t fiction began to be produc$2 & ! cont9u$ public lik+ causes a cont9u$ production1 includ+1 along ) mu* t is wor?less1 mu* t c\ld n h be5 made bett] by any academic or o!r sup]vision4 ,& ! l holds ( biographies1 hi/ories1 sci5tific books1 etc4 ,or1 z a /ill m /rik+ case ( an ag5cy t has gr[n up to meet a non-mat]ial want1 take ! newspap] press4 ,:at has be5 ! g5esis ( ?is m>vell\s appliance1 :i* ea* day gives u an ab/ract ( ! _w's life ! day be=e8 ,"u :at prompt+s h !re be5 got toge!r its /affs ( editors1 sub-editors1 article-writ]s1 review]s2 its report]s ( p>liam5t>y debates1 ( public meet+s1 ( law cases & police cases2 its critics ( music1 !atricals1 pa9t+s1 etc42 its correspond5ts 9 all p>ts ( ! _w8 ,:o devis$ & br\ght to p]fection ?is sy/em :i* at six o'clock 9 ! morn+ gives ! p ( ,ed9burgh a report ( ! debates t end$ at two or ?ree o'clock 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & at ! same "t tells !m ( ev5ts t occurr$ ! day be=e 9 ,am]ica8 ,x is n a ,gov]nm5t inv5tion4 ,x is n a ,gov]nm5t sugge/ion4 ,x has n be5 9 anyway improv$ or develop$ by legislation4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has gr[n up 9 spite ( _m h9d]ances f ! ,gov]nm5t & burd5s :i* ! ,gov]nm5t has impos$ on x4 ,= a long "t ! report+ ( p>liam5t>y debates 0 resi/$2 = g5]ations c5sor%ips & prosecutions kept newspap]s d[n1 & = sev]al subsequ5t g5]ations ! laws 9 =ce negativ$ a *eap press1 & ! educational b5efits accompany+ x4 ,f ! w>-correspond5t1 ^: lett]s give to ! v nations t are fight+ _! only tru/wor?y acc\nts ( :at is be+ done1 d[n to ! newsboy :o br+s r\nd ! ?ird edition ) ! late/ telegrams1 ! :ole organization is a product ( spontane\s #dcb cop]ation among private individuals1 aim+ to b5efit !mselves by m9i/]+ to ! intellectual ne$s ( _! fell[s--aim+ also1 n a few ( !m1 to b5efit _! fell[s by giv+ !m cle>] ideas & a high] /&>d ( "r4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is is true4 ,:ile ! press is n indebt$ to ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,gov]nm5t is enorm\sly indebt$ to ! press2 )\t :i*1 inde$1 x w\ld /umble daily 9 ! p]=mance ( its functions4 ,?is ag5cy :i* ! ,/ate once did its be/ to put d[n1 & has all along imp$$1 n[ gives to ! m9i/]s news 9 anticipation ( _! dispat*es1 gives to memb]s ( ,p>liam5t a guid+ k ( public op9ion1 enables !m to speak f ! ,h\se ( ,commons b5*es to _! con/itu5ts1 & gives to bo? legislative *amb]s a full record ( _! proce$+s4 ,i d n see1 !re=e1 h[ !re c be any d\bt respect+ ! suffici5cy ( ag5cies ?us orig9at+4 ,! tru? t 9 ?is condition ( mutual dep5d5ce br\ght ab\t by social life1 !re inevitably gr[ up arrangem5ts su* t ea* secures 8 own ends by m9i/]+ to ! ends ( o!rs1 seems to h be5 = a long "t "o ( ^? op5 secrets :i* rema9 secret because !y are s op52 & ev5 n[ ! conspicu\sness ( ?is tru? seems to cause an imp]fect consci\sness ( its full mean+4 ,! evid5ce %[s1 h[ev]1 t ev5 7 !re no o!r =m ( spontane\s cop]ation among m5 ?an t dictat$ by self-int]e/1 x might be rationally held t ?is1 "u ! negatively-regulative control ( a c5tral p[]1 w\ld "w out1 9 prop] ord]1 ! appliances = satisfy+ all ne$s1 & c>ry+ on heal?fully all ! ess5tial social functions4 ,b !re is a fur!r k9d ( spontane\s cop]ation1 aris+1 l ! o!r1 indep5d5tly ( ,/ate-action1 :i* takes a l>ge %>e 9 satisfy+ c]ta9 classes ( ne$s4 ,famili> ?\gh x is1 ?is k9d ( spontane\s cop]ation is habitually ignor$ 9 sociological discussions4 ,alike #dcc f newspap] articles & p>liam5t>y debates1 x might be inf]r$ t1 beyond ! =ce due to m5's selfi% activities1 !re is no o!r social =ce ?an ! gov]nm5tal =ce4 ,!re seems to be a delib]ate omission ( ! fact t1 9 addition to _! selfi% int]e/s1 m5 h sympa!tic int]e/s1 :i*1 act+ individually & cop]atively1 "w out results sc>cely less rem>kable ?an ^? :i* ! selfi% int]e/s "w out4 ,x is true t1 dur+ ! e>li] phases ( social evolution1 :ile yet ! type is ma9ly militant1 ag5cies ?us produc$ d n exi/3 among ! ,sp>tans1 ,i suppose1 !re 7 few1 if any1 philan?ropic ag5cies4 ,b z !re arise =ms ( society lead+ t[>d ! pacific type--=ms 9 :i* ! indu/rial organization develops itself1 & m5's activities become ( a k9d t d n p]petually se> _! sympa?ies2 ^! /ructures :i* _! sympa?ies g5]ate become _m & important4 ,to ! egoi/ic int]e/s1 & ! cop]ations prompt$ by !m1 !re come to be add$ ! altrui/ic int]e/s & _! cop]ations2 & :at ! "o set fails to d1 ! o!r does4 ,t1 9 8 pres5tation ( ! doctr9e he opposes1 ,pr(4 ,huxley did n set d[n ! effects ( fell[-feel+ z supplem5t+ ! effects ( self-reg>d+ feel+s1 surprises me ! m1 because he displays fell[-feel+ himself 9 s m>k$ a degree1 & %[s 9 8 c>e] h[ pot5t a social ag5cy x becomes4 ,let u glance rapidly ov] ! results wr\ght out among ourselves by individual & comb9$ 8altruism0--to employ ,m4 ,comte's useful ^w4 ,?\gh !y %[ a trace ( ?is feel+1 ,i w n dwell ^u ! num]\s in/itutions by :i* m5 are enabl$ to av]age ! *ances ?r\gh\t life by insurance societies1 :i* provide aga9/ ! evils entail$ by premature dea?s1 accid5ts1 fires1 wrecks1 etc42 = ^! are ma9ly m]cantile & egoi/ic 9 _! orig94 ,nor w ,i d m ?an "n ^? multitud9\s ,fri5dly ,societies t h aris5 spontane\sly among ! #dcd work+-classes to give mutual aid 9 "t ( sickness1 & :i* ! ,commission n[ sitt+ is %[+ to be imm5sely b5eficial1 not)/&+ _! defects2 = ^! also1 ?\gh conta9+ a l>g] elem5t ( sympa?y1 are prompt$ *iefly by anticipations ( p]sonal b5efits4 ,leav+ ^!1 let u turn to ! organizations 9 :i* altruism is m decid$3 tak+ fir/ t by :i* religi\s m9i/rations are c>ri$ on4 ,?r\gh\t ,scotl& & ,engl&1 cut away all t "p ( x :i* is n e/abli%$ by law--9 ,scotl&1 ! ,episcopal ,*ur*1 ! ,free ,*ur*1 ! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ians1 & o!r ,diss5t+ bodies2 9 ,engl&1 ! ,wesleyans1 ,indep5d5ts1 & ! v>i\s m9or sects4 ,cut (f1 too1 f ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* itself1 all t "p add$ 9 rec5t times by volunt>y zeal1 made conspicu\s en\gh by ! new /eeples t h be5 ris+ on all sides2 & !n also take out1 f ! rema9d] ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 t en]gy :i* has dur+ ^! ?ree g5]ations be5 infus$ into x by competition ) ! ,diss5t]s3 s r$uc+ x to ! degrad$1 in]t /ate 9 :i* ,john ,wesley f\nd x4 ,d ?is1 & x becomes manife/ t m ?an half ! organisation1 & imm5sely m ?an half its function1 is extra-gov]nm5tal4 ,look r\nd1 aga91 at ! multitud9\s in/itutions = mitigat+ m5's ills--! hospitals1 disp5s>ies1 alms-h\ses1 & ! l--! v>i\s b5evol5t & m5dicity societies1 etc41 ( :i* ,london alone conta9s betwe5 six & sev5 hundr$4 ,f our va/ ,/4 ,?omas's1 exce$+ ! palace ( ! ,legislature itself 9 bulk1 d[n to ,dorcas societies & village clo?+-clubs1 we h *>itable ag5cies1 _m 9 k9d & c\ntless 9 numb]1 :i* supplem5t1 p]haps too l>gely1 ! legally-e/abli%$ "o2 & :i*1 :atev] evil !y may h done along ) ! good1 h done f> less evil ?an ! ,poor-,law organization did be=e x 0 re=m$ 9 #ahcd4 ,ak9 to ^! are /ill m /rik+ examples ( p[] 9 #dce ag5cies ?us orig9at+1 su* z t furni%$ by ! ,anti-slav]y ,society1 :i* c>ri$ ! emancipation ( ! slaves1 not)/&+ ! class-opposition s pr$om9ant 9 ! ,legislature4 ,& if we look = m rec5t l in/ances1 we h !m 9 ! organization :i* promptly & effici5tly dealt ) ! cotton-fam9e 9 ,lanca%ire1 & 9 t :i* la/ ye> m9i/]$ to ! w\nd$ & di/ress$ 9 ,france4 ,once m1 consid] our educational sy/em z x exi/$ till )9 ^! few ye>s4 ,su* "p ( x z did n consi/ ( private s*ools1 c>ri$ on = p]sonal pr(it1 consi/$ ( s*ools or colleges set up or ma9ta9$ by m5 = ! b5efit ( _! fell[s1 & ! po/]ity ( _! fell[s4 ,omitt+ ! few f\nd$ or p>tially f\nd$ by k+s1 ! num]\s end[$ s*ools scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 orig9at$ f altrui/ic feel+s 7s f>1 at lea/1 z !y 7 n due to egoi/ic desires = good places 9 ! o!r _w74 ,& !n1 aft] ^! appliances = tea*+ ! poor _h be5 almo/ entirely appropriat$ by ! ri*1 :5ce came ! rem$y8 ,ano!r altrui/ic organization grew up = educat+ ! poor1 /ruggl$ aga9/ ! opposition ( ! ,*ur* & ! gov]n+ classes1 ev5tually =c$ ^! to ent] into competition & produce l altrui/ic organizations1 until by s*ool sy/ems1 local & g5]al1 ecclesia/ical1 diss5t+1 & secul>1 ! mass ( ! p _h be5 br\ght f a /ate ( almo/ entire ignorance to "o 9 :i* ne>ly all ( !m possess$ ! rudim5ts ( k4 ,b = ^! spontane\sly-develop$ ag5cies1 ignorance w\ld h be5 univ]sal4 ,n only su* k z ! poor n[ possess--n only ! k ( ! trad+-classes--n only ! k ( ^? :o write books & lead+ articles2 b ! k ( ^? :o c>ry on ! bus9ess ( ! c\ntry z m9i/]s & legislators1 has be5 d]iv$ f ^! extra-gov]nm5tal ag5cies1 egoi/ic or altrui/ic4 ,yet n[1 /rangely en\gh1 ! #dcf cultur$ intellig5ce ( ! c\ntry has tak5 to spurn+ its p>5t2 & t to :i* x owes bo? its exi/5ce & ! consci\sness ( its own value is pooh-pooh$ z ?\gh x _h done1 & c\ld d1 no?+ ( importance6 ,"o o!r fact let me add4 ,:ile su* tea*+ organizations1 & _! results 9 ! %ape ( enlight5m5t1 are due to ^! spontane\s ag5cies1 to su* ag5cies also are due ! great improvem5ts 9 ! quality ( ! culture n[ happily beg9n+ to take place4 ,! spread ( sci5tific k1 & ( ! sci5tific _s1 has n be5 br\ght ab\t by laws & (ficials4 ,our sci5tific societies h aris5 f ! spontane\s cop]ation ( ^? int]e/$ 9 ! accumulation & diffusion ( ! k9ds ( tru? !y respectively deal )4 ,?\gh ! ,briti% ,association has f "t to "t obta9$ c]ta9 small subsidies1 _! results 9 ! way ( advanc+ sci5ce h borne b an extremely small ratio to ! results a*iev$ )\t any su* aid4 ,if !re ne$s a conclusive illu/ration ( ! p[] ( ag5cies ?us aris+1 we h x 9 ! hi/ory & a*ievem5ts ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,f ?is1 :i* is a product ( altrui/ic cop]ation1 & :i* has _h = its successive pr(essors ,"y1 ,davy1 ,f>aday1 & ,tyndall1 !re has come a s]ies ( brilliant discov]ies :i* _c be p>allel$ by a s]ies f any ,/ate-nurtur$ in/itution4 ,i hold1 !n1 t =c$1 z m5 9 society are1 to seek satisfaction ( _! own wants by satisfy+ ! wants ( o!rs2 & l$ z !y also are by s5tim5ts :i* social life has fo/]$1 to satisfy _m wants ( o!rs irrespective ( _! own2 !y are mov$ by two sets ( =ces :i*1 work+ toge!r1 w amply suffice to c>ry on all ne$ful activities2 & ,i ?9k ! facts fully ju/ify ?is belief4 ,x is true t1 a priori1 "o w\ld n h suppos$ t by _! unconsci\s cop]ations m5 c\ld h wr\ght out su* results1 any m ?an "o w\ld h suppos$1 a priori1 t by _! unconsci\s cop]ation !y c\ld #dcg h evolv$ ,language4 ,b reason+ a po/]iori1 :i* x is be/ to d :5 we h ! facts be=e u1 x becomes manife/ t !y c d ?is2 t !y h done x 9 v a/oni%+ ways2 & p]haps may d x h]eaft] 9 ways /ill m a/oni%+4 ,sc>cely any sci5tific g5]alization has1 ,i ?9k1 a broad] inductive basis ?an we h = ! belief t ^! egoi/ic & altrui/ic feel+s are p[]s :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 amply suffice to orig9ate & c>ry on all ! activities :i* con/itute heal?y national life3 ! only pre-requisite be+1 t !y %all be "u ! negatively-regulative control ( a c5tral p[]--t ! entire aggregate ( individuals1 act+ ?r\gh ! legislature & executive z its ag5ts1 %all put ^u ea* individual1 & gr\p ( individuals1 ! re/ra9ts ne$ful to prev5t aggression1 direct & indirect4 ,& "h ,i might g on to supplem5t ! argum5t by %[+ t ! imm5se majority ( ! evils :i* gov]nm5t aid is invok$ to rem$y1 are evils :i* arise imm$iately or remotely because x does n p]=m prop]ly its negatively-regulative function4 ,f ! wa/e (1 probably1 #ajj1jjj1jjj ( national capital 9 unproductive railways1 = :i* ! ,legislature is responsible by p]mitt+ ! orig9al propriet>y contracts to be brok51#da d[n to ! railway accid5ts & loss ( life caus$ by unpunctuality1 :i* w\ld nev] h gr[n to its pres5t height 7 !re an easy rem$y = brea* ( contract betwe5 company & pass5g]2 ne>ly all ! vices ( railway managem5t h aris5 f ! non-adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,& ev]y:]e else we %all f9d t1 7 ! re/ra9+ action ( ! ,/ate prompt1 effective1 & co/less to ^? aggriev$1 ! pleas put 9 = positive regulation w\ld ne>ly all disappe>4 #da ,see ,essay on 8,railway ,morals & ,railway ,policy40 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am ?us br\ght naturally to rem>k on ! title giv5 #dch to ?is !ory ( ,/ate-functions4 ,t 8,adm9i/rative ,nihilism0 adequately describes ! view set =? by ,von ,humboldt1 may be3 ,i h n read 8 "w4 ,b ,i _c see h[ x adequately describes ! doctr9e ,i h be5 def5d+2 nor d ,i see h[ ?is c be prop]ly express$ by ! m positive title1 8police-gov]nm5t40 ,! conception sugge/$ by police-gov]nm5t does n include ! conception ( an organization = ext]nal protection4 ,s long z ea* nation is giv5 to burgl>y1 ,i q admit ea* o!r nation mu/ keep gu>ds1 "u ! =ms ( army or navy1 or bo?1 to prev5t burgl>s f break+ 94 ,& ! title police-gov]nm5t does n1 9 its ord9>y acceptation1 compreh5d ^! (f5sive & def5sive appliances ne$ful = deal+ ) =eign enemies4 ,at ! o!r extreme1 too1 x falls %ort ( ! full mean+ to be express$4 ,:ile x duly conveys ! idea ( an organization requir$ = *eck+ & puni%+ crim9al aggression1 x does n convey any idea ( ! no less important organization requir$ = deal+ ) civil aggression--an organization q ess5tial = prop]ly dis*>g+ ! negatively-regulative function4 ,?\gh lat5t police-=ce may be consid]$ z giv+ _! effici5cy to legal decisions on all que/ions br\ght into nisi prius c\rts1 yet1 s9ce "h police-=ce r>ely comes into visible play1 police-gov]nm5t does n sugge/ ?is v ext5sive "p ( ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,f> f cont5d+ = a laissez-faire policy 9 ! s5se :i* ! phrase commonly sugge/s1 ,i h cont5d$ = a m active control ( ! k9d di/+ui%able z negatively regulative4 ,"o ( ! reasons ,i h urg$ = exclud+ ,/ate-action f o!r sph]es1 is1 t x may become m effici5t )9 its prop] sph]e4 ,& ,i h argu$ t ! wret*$ p]=mance ( its duties )9 its prop] sph]e cont9ues1 because its "t is *iefly sp5t ov] imag9>y duties4#db ,! facts t (t51 9 bankruptcy #dci cases1 ?ree-f\r?s & m ( ! assets g 9 co/s2 t cr$itors are l$ by ! expectation ( great delay & a mis]able divid5d to accept almo/ any composition (f]$2 & t s ! bankruptcy-law (f]s a premium to rogu]y2 are facts :i* w\ld long s9ce h ceas$ to be facts1 _h citiz5s be5 ma9ly occupi$ 9 gett+ an effici5t judicial sy/em4 ,if ! due p]=mance by ! ,/ate ( its all-ess5tial function _h be5 ! "q on :i* elections 7 f\ght1 we %\ld n see1 z we n[ d1 t a %iv]+ cottag] :o /eals pal+s = firewood1 or a hungry tramp :o robs an or*>d1 gets puni%m5t 9 m ?an ! old ,hebrew measure1 :ile great f9ancial frauds :i* ru9 _! ?\s&s br+ no puni%m5ts4 ,7 ! negatively-regulative function ( ! ,/ate 9 int]nal affairs dom9ant 9 ! ?\ghts ( m51 )9 ! ,legislature & )\t1 !re w\ld be tol]at$ no su* treatm5t z t suff]$ lately by ,messrs4 ,walk]1 ( ,cornhill2 :o1 hav+ be5 robb$ ( #f1jjj wor? ( prop]ty & hav+ sp5t #iej 9 rew>ds = appreh5d+ ?ieves & prosecut+ !m1 _c get back ! proce$s ( _! prop]ty f\nd on ! ?ieves--:o be> ! co/s ( adm9i/]+ ju/ice1 :ile ! ,corporation ( ,london makes #idj pr(it out ( _! loss4 ,x is 9 l>ge measure because ,i hold t ^! cry+ abuses & ineffici5cies1 :i* ev]y:]e *>act]ize ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ne$ m ?an any o!r evils to be rem$i$2 & because ,i hold t rem$y ( !m c g on only z fa/ z ! int]nal function ( ! ,/ate is m & m re/rict$ to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 t ,i take ! view :i* ,i h be5 re-expla9+4 ,x is a law illu/rat$ by organizations ( e k9d1 t1 9 proportion z !re is to be effici5cy1 !re mu/ be specialization1 bo? ( /ructure & function--specialization :i*1 ( necessity1 implies accompany+ limitation4 ,&1 z ,i h else:]e argu$1 ! developm5t ( repres5tative gov]nm5t is ! developm5t ( a type ( #ddj gov]nm5t fitt$ above all o!rs = ?is negatively-regulative control1 &1 above all o!rs1 ill fitt$ = positively-regulative control4#dc ,?is doctr9e1 t :ile ! negatively-regulative control %\ld be ext5d$ & made bett]1 ! positively-regulative control %\ld be dim9i%$1 & t ! "o *ange implies ! o!r1 may prop]ly be call$ ! doctr9e ( ,specializ$ ,adm9i/ration--if x is to be nam$ f its adm9i/rative aspect4 ,i regret t my pres5tation ( ?is doctr9e has be5 su* z to lead to mis9t]pretation4 ,ei!r x is t ,i h n adequately expla9$ x1 :i*1 if true1 surprises me1 or else x is t ! space occupi$ 9 seek+ to %[ :at are n ! duties ( ! ,/ate is s mu* great] ?an ! space occupi$ 9 def9+ its duties1 t ^! la/ make b little impression4 ,9 any case1 t ,pr(4 ,huxley %\ld h con/ru$ my view 9 ! way he has done1 %[s me t x ne$s full] exposition2 s9ce1 _h he put ^u x ! con/ruction ,i int5d$1 he w\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 h includ$ x "u ! title he has us$1 nor w\ld he h se5 x ne$ful to raise ! "q ,i h endeav\r$ to answ]4 #db ,see ,essay on 8,ov]-,legislation40 #dc ,see ,essay on 8,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t--,:at is x good =80 99 99 99 99 99 ,,po/script4--,s9ce ! above article 0 writt51 a fact ( "s significance 9 relation to ! "q ( ,/ate-managem5t has come "u my notice4 ,!re is "o dep>tm5t1 at any rate1 9 :i* ! ,/ate succe$s well--! ,po/-,(fice4 ,& ?is dep>tm5t is sometimes in/anc$ z %[+ ! sup]iority ( public ov] private adm9i/ration4 ,i am n ab\t to call 9 "q ! g5]al satisfactor9ess ( our po/al arrangem5ts2 nor %all ,i cont5d t ?is bran* ( ,/ate-organization1 n[ well-e/abli%$1 c\ld be replac$ ) advantage4 ,possibly ! type ( our social /ructure has become1 9 ?is respect1 s f> fix$ t a radical *ange w\ld be injuri\s4 ,9 deal+ #dda ) ^? :o make mu* ( ?is success1 ,i h cont5t$ myself ) %[+ t ! developm5ts :i* h made ! ,po/-,(fice effici5t1 h n orig9at$ ) ! ,gov]nm5t1 b h be5 ?ru/ ^u x f )\t4 ,i h 9 evid5ce cit$ ! facts t ! mail-coa* sy/em 0 e/abli%$ by a private individual1 ,mr4 ,palm]1 & liv$ d[n (ficial opposition2 t ! re=m orig9at$ by ,mr4 ,r[l& ,hill _h to be made aga9/ ! wills ( employs2 &1 fur!r1 ,i h po9t$ out t1 ev5 z x is1 a l>ge "p ( ! "w is done by private ent]prise--t ! ,gov]nm5t gets railway-companies to d = x mo/ ( ! inl& c>riage1 & /eam-boat companies ! outl& c>riage3 cont5t+ itself ) do+ ! local collection & di/ribution4 ,respect+ ! g5]al "q :e!r1 9 ! abs5ce ( our exi/+ po/al sy/em1 private ent]prise w\ld h develop$ "o z good or bett]1 ,i h be5 able to say only t analogies l t furni%$ by our newspap]-sy/em1 ) its effici5t news-v5d+ organization1 w>rant u 9 believ+ t x w\ld4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ,i h be5 %[n bo? t private ent]prise is capable ( ?is1 & t1 b = a legal int]dict1 x w\ld h done long ago :at ! ,/ate has b lately done4 ,"h is ! pro(3 8,to facilitate correspond5ce betwe5 "o "p ( ,london & ano!r 0 n orig9ally "o ( ! objects ( ! ,po/-,(fice4 ,b1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 an ent]pris+ citiz5 ( ,london1 ,william ,dockwray1 set up1 at great exp5se1 a p5ny po/1 :i* deliv]$ lett]s & p>cels six or eight times a-day 9 ! busy & cr[d$ /reets ne> ! ,ex*ange1 & f\r times a-day 9 ! outskirts ( ! capital4 4 4 4 ,z soon z x became cle> t ! speculation w\ld be lucrative1 ! ,duke ( ,york compla9$ ( x z an infraction ( 8 monopoly1 & ! c\rts ( law decid$ 9 8 fav\r40--,macaulay1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 #ahff1 i41 #cjb-c4 ,?us x appe>s t two c5turies s9ce1 private ent]prise initiat$ a local po/al sy/em1 simil>1 9 respect bo? ( *eapness & frequ5cy ( di/ribution1 to t lately-e/abli%$ "o boa/$ ( z a ,/ate-success4 ,judg+ by :at has happ5$ 9 o!r cases ) private #ddb ent]prises :i* _h small beg9n+s1 we may inf] t ! sy/em ?us comm5c$1 w\ld h develop$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom z fa/ z ! ne$s press$ & ! possibilities all[$4 ,s f> f be+ indebt$ to ! ,/ate1 we h reason to believe t1 b = ,/ate-repression1 we %\ld h obta9$ a po/al organization l our pres5t "o g5]ations ago6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,po/script4--,:5 ! =ego+ essay 0 republi%$ 9 ! ?ird s]ies ( my ,essays1 ,sci5tific1 ,political1 & ,speculative1 ,i includ$1 9 ! preface to ! volume1 "s comm5ts ^u ,pr(4 ,huxley's reply4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ?is preface1 n[ no long] appropriate1 !re seems no o!r fit place = ^! comm5ts ?an ?is4 ,i !re=e "h app5d !m4 8,on ! brief rejo9d] to my argum5ts :i* ,pr(4 ,huxley makes 9 ! preface to 8 ,critiques & ,addresses1 ,i may "h say a few words4 ,! reasons he gives = /ill ?9k+ t ! "n #8,adm9i/rative ,nihilism' fitly indicates ! sy/em :i* ,i h describ$ z #8negatively regulative1' are1 ,i ?9k1 adequately met by ask+ :e!r #8,e?ical ,nihilism' w\ld fitly describe ! remnant ( ! decalogue1 7 all its positive injunctions omitt$4 ,if ! eight comm&m5ts :i*1 sub/antially or lit]ally1 come "u ! =m #8?\ %alt n1' con/itute by !mselves a set ( rules :i* c sc>cely be call$ nihili/ic2 ,i d n see h[ an adm9i/rative sy/em limit$ to ! en=cem5t ( su* rules c be call$ nihili/ic3 especially if to ! puni%m5t ( murd]1 adult]y1 /eal+1 & false-witness1 x adds ! puni%m5t ( assault1 brea* ( contract1 & all m9or aggressions1 d[n to ! annoyance ( neighb\rs by nuisances4 ,respect+ ! second & ess5tial "q1 :e!r limitation ( ! int]nal functions ( gov]nm5t to ^? :i* are negatively regulative1 is consi/5t ) t !ory ( ! social organism & its controll+ #ddc ag5cies held by me1 ,i may say t ! insuffici5cy ( my reply has n1 ,i ?9k1 be5 %[n4 ,i 0 tacitly ask$ h[ ! analogy ,i h drawn betwe5 ^? gov]nm5tal /ructures by :i* ! p>ts ( ! body politic h _! actions regulat$ & ^? n]v\s /ructures :i* regulate ! organic actions ( ! individual liv+ body1 is to be reconcil$ ) my belief t social activities w 9 ! ma9 adju/ !mselves4 ,my answ] 0 ?is4 ,i recogniz$ z ess5tial ! positively-regulative functions ( ! ,/ate 9 respect to ! (f5sive & def5sive appliances ne$ful = national self-pres]vation1 dur+ ! pr$atory phase ( social evolution2 & ,i n only admitt$ ! importance ( its negatively-regulative functions 9 respect to ! int]nal social activities1 b insi/$ t ^! %\ld be c>ri$ out mu* m effici5tly ?an n[4 ,assum+ always1 h[ev]1 t ! int]nal social activities cont9ue subject to t re/ra9+ action ( ! ,/ate :i* consi/s 9 prev5t+ aggressions1 direct & indirect1 ,i cont5d$ t ! cord9ation ( ^! int]nal social activities is effect$ by o!r /ructures ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,i aim$ to %[ t my two beliefs are n inconsi/5t1 by po9t+ out t 9 ! individual organism1 also1 ^? vital activities :i* p>allel ! activities con/itut+ national life1 are regulat$ by a sub/antially-indep5d5t n]v\s sy/em4 ,pr(4 ,huxley does1 inde$1 rem9d me t rec5t rese>*es %[ increas+ly ! influ5ce ( ! c]ebro-sp9al n]v\s sy/em ov] ! processes ( organic life2 aga9/ :i*1 h[ev]1 has to be set ! gr[+ evid5ce ( ! p[] ex]cis$ by ! visc]al n]v\s sy/em ov] ! c]ebro-sp9al4 ,b1 recogniz+ ! influ5ce he names 7:i*1 inde$1 corresponds to t gov]nm5tal influ5ce ,i reg>d z necess>y72 ,i ?9k ! consi/5cy ( my positions is ma9ta9able s long z x is manife/ t ! visc]a1 "u ! control ( _! #ddd own n]v\s sy/em1 c c>ry on ! vital actions :5 ! control ( ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em is sub/antially arre/$ by sleep1 or by an/hetics1 or by o!r causes ( ins5sibility2 & :ile x is %[n t a consid]able degree ( cord9ation may exi/ among ! organs ( a creature :i* has no n]v\s sy/em at all40 #dde ,,f ,,fre$om ,,to ,,bondage4 ,fir/ publi%$ z ! ,introduction to a volume entitl$ ,a ,plea = ,lib]ty1 c43 a s]ies ( anti-sociali/ic essays1 issu$ at ! beg9n+ ( #ahia4 ,( ! _m ways 9 :i* common-s5se inf]5ces ab\t social affairs are flatly contradict$ by ev5ts 7z :5 measures tak5 to suppress a book cause increas$ circulation ( x1 or z :5 attempts to prev5t usuri\s rates ( int]e/ make ! t]ms h>d] = ! borr[]1 or z :5 !re is great] difficulty 9 gett+ ?+s at ! places ( production ?an else:]e7 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s is ! way 9 :i* ! m ?+s improve ! l\d] become ! exclamations ab\t _! badness4 ,9 days :5 ! p 7 )\t any political p[]1 _! subjection 0 r>ely compla9$ (2 b aft] free in/itutions _h s f> advanc$ 9 ,engl& t our political arrangem5ts 7 envi$ by cont95tal peoples1 ! d5unciations ( ari/ocratic rule grew gradually /rong]1 until !re came a great wid5+ ( ! fran*ise1 soon foll[$ by compla9ts t ?+s 7 go+ wrong = want ( /ill fur!r wid5+4 ,if we trace up ! treatm5t ( wom5 f ! days ( savag$om1 :5 !y bore all ! burd5s & aft] ! m5 _h eat5 receiv$ su* food z rema9$1 up ?r\gh ! middle ages :5 !y s]v$ ! m5 at _! meals1 to #ddf our own day :5 ?r\gh\t our social arrangem5ts ! claims ( wom5 are always put fir/1 we see t along ) ! wor/ treatm5t !re w5t ! lea/ app>5t consci\sness t ! treatm5t 0 bad2 :ile n[ t !y are bett] treat$ ?an ev] be=e1 ! proclaim+ ( _! grievances daily /r5g!ns3 ! l\de/ outcries com+ f 8! p>adise ( wom510 ,am]ica4 ,a c5tury ago1 :5 sc>cely a man c\ld be f\nd :o 0 n occasionally intoxicat$1 & :5 inability to take "o or two bottles ( w9e br\ght contempt1 no agitation arose aga9/ ! vice ( drunk5ness2 b n[ t1 9 ! c\rse ( fifty ye>s1 ! volunt>y ef=ts ( temp]ance societies1 jo9$ ) m g5]al causes1 h produc$ comp>ative sobriety1 !re are vocif]\s dem&s = laws to prev5t ! ru9\s effects ( ! liquor traffic4 ,simil>ly aga9 ) education4 ,a few g5]ations back1 ability to read & write 0 practically limit$ to ! upp] & middle classes1 & ! sugge/ion t ! rudim5ts ( culture %\ld be giv5 to lab\r]s 0 nev] made1 or1 if made1 ridicul$2 b :51 9 ! days ( our gr&fa!rs1 ! ,sunday-s*ool sy/em1 initiat$ by a few philan?ropi/s1 began to spread & 0 foll[$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( day-s*ools1 ) ! result t among ! masses ^? :o c\ld read & write 7 no long] ! exceptions1 & ! dem& = *eap lit]ature rapidly increas$1 !re began ! cry t ! p 7 p]i%+ = lack ( k1 & t ! ,/ate mu/ n simply educate !m b mu/ =ce education ^u !m4 ,& s is x1 too1 ) ! g5]al /ate ( ! population 9 respect ( food1 clo?+1 %elt]1 & ! appliances ( life4 ,leav+ out ( ! comp>ison e>ly b>b>ic /ates1 !re has be5 a conspicu\s progress f ! "t :5 mo/ ru/ics liv$ on b>ley bread1 rye bread1 & oatmeal1 d[n to our own "t :5 ! consumption ( :ite :eat5 bread is univ]sal--f ! days :5 co>se jackets rea*+ to ! knees left ! legs b>e1 d[n to ! pres5t #ddg day :5 lab\r+ p1 l _! employ]s1 h ! :ole body cov]$1 by two or m lay]s ( clo?+--f ! old era ( s+le-room$ huts )\t *imneys1 or f ! #ae? c5tury :5 ev5 an ord9>y g5tleman's h\se 0 commonly )\t wa9scot or pla/] on its walls1 d[n to ! pres5t c5tury :5 e cottage has m rooms ?an "o & ! h\ses ( artizans usually h sev]al1 :ile all h fire-places1 *imneys1 & glaz$ w9d[s1 accompani$ mo/ly by pap]-hang+s & pa9t$ doors2 !re has be51 ,i say1 a conspicu\s progress 9 ! condition ( ! p4 ,& ?is progress has be5 /ill m m>k$ )9 our own "t4 ,any "o :o c look back #fj ye>s1 :5 ! am\nt ( paup]ism 0 f> great] ?an n[ & begg>s abundant1 is /ruck by ! comp>ative size & f9i% ( ! new h\ses occupi$ by op]atives--by ! bett] dress ( workm51 :o we> broad-clo? on ,sundays1 & t ( s]vant girls1 :o vie ) _! mi/resses--by ! high] /&>d ( liv+ :i* leads to a great dem& = ! be/ qualities ( food by work+ p3 all results ( ! d\ble *ange to high] wages & *eap] commodities1 & a di/ribution ( taxes :i* has reliev$ ! l[] classes at ! exp5se ( ! upp] classes4 ,he is /ruck1 too1 by ! contra/ betwe5 ! small space :i* popul> welf>e !n occupi$ 9 public att5tion1 & ! l>ge space x n[ occupies1 ) ! result t outside & inside ,p>liam5t1 plans to b5efit ! millions =m ! lead+ topics1 & ev]yone hav+ means is expect$ to jo9 9 "s philan?ropic ef=t4 ,yet :ile elevation1 m5tal & physical1 ( ! masses is go+ on f> m rapidly ?an ev] be=e--:ile ! l[]+ ( ! dea?-rate proves t ! av]age life is less try+1 !re swells l\d] & l\d] ! cry t ! evils are s great t no?+ %ort ( a social revolution c cure !m4 ,9 pres5ce ( obvi\s improvem5ts1 jo9$ ) t increase ( longevity :i* ev5 alone yields conclusive pro( ( g5]al amelioration1 x is #ddh proclaim$1 ) increas+ vehem5ce1 t ?+s are s bad t society mu/ be pull$ to pieces & re-organiz$ on ano!r plan4 ,9 ?is case1 !n1 z 9 ! previ\s cases in/anc$1 9 proportion z ! evil decreases ! d5unciation ( x increases2 & z fa/ z natural causes are %[n to be p[]ful !re gr[s up ! belief t !y are p[]less4 ,n t ! evils to be rem$i$ are small4 ,let no "o suppose t1 by emphasiz+ ! above p>adox1 ,i wi% to make light ( ! suff]+s :i* mo/ m5 h to be>4 ,! fates ( ! great majority h ev] be51 & d\btless /ill are1 s sad t x is pa9ful to ?9k ( !m4 ,unque/ionably ! exi/+ type ( social organization is "o :i* none :o c>e = _! k9d c contemplate ) satisfaction2 & unque/ionably m5's activities accompany+ ?is type are f> f be+ admirable4 ,! /rong divisions ( rank & ! imm5se inequalities ( means1 are at v>iance ) t ideal ( human relations on :i* ! sympa!tic imag9ation likes to dwell2 & ! av]age conduct1 "u ! pressure & excitem5t ( social life z at pres5t c>ri$ on1 is 9 sundry respects repulsive4 ,?\gh ! _m :o revile competition /rangely ignore ! enorm\s b5efits result+ f x--?\gh !y =get t mo/ ( ! appliances & products di/+ui%+ civilization f savag]y1 & mak+ possible ! ma9t5ance ( a l>ge population on a small area1 h be5 develop$ by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce--?\gh !y disreg>d ! fact t :ile e man1 z produc]1 suff]s f ! "u-bidd+ ( competitors1 yet1 z consum]1 he is imm5sely advantag$ by ! *eap5+ ( all he has to buy--?\gh !y p]si/ 9 dwell+ on ! evils ( competition & say+ no?+ ( its b5efits2 yet x is n to be d5i$ t ! evils are great1 & =m a l>ge set-(f f ! b5efits4 ,! sy/em "u :i* we at pres5t live fo/]s di%one/y & ly+4 ,x prompts adult]ations ( c\ntless k9ds2 x is answ]able = ! #ddi *eap imitations :i* ev5tually 9 _m cases ?ru/ ! g5u9e articles out ( ! m>ket2 x leads to ! use ( %ort weights & false measures2 x introduces brib]y1 :i* vitiates mo/ trad+ relations1 f ^? ( ! manufactur] & buy] d[n to ^? ( ! %opkeep] & s]vant2 x enc\rages deception to su* an ext5t t an assi/ant :o _c tell a falsehood ) a good face is blam$2 & (t5 x gives ! consci5ti\s trad] ! *oice betwe5 adopt+ ! malpractices ( 8 competitors1 or greatly injur+ 8 cr$itors by bankruptcy4 ,moreov]1 ! ext5sive frauds1 common ?r\gh\t ! comm]cial _w & daily expos$ 9 law-c\rts & newspap]s1 are l>gely due to ! pressure "u :i* competition places ! high] indu/rial classes2 & are o!rwise due to t lavi% exp5diture :i*1 z imply+ success 9 ! comm]cial /ruggle1 br+s hon\r4 ,) ^! m9or evils mu/ be jo9$ ! major "o1 t ! di/ribution a*iev$ by ! sy/em1 gives to ^? :o regulate & sup]9t5d1 a %>e ( ! total produce :i* be>s too l>ge a ratio to ! %>e x gives to ! actual work]s4 ,let x n be ?\ght1 !n1 t 9 say+ :at ,i h said above1 ,i "u-e/imate ^? vices ( our competitive sy/em :i*1 #cj ye>s ago1 ,i describ$ & d5\nc$4#dd ,b x is n a "q ( absolute evils2 x is a "q ( relative evils--:e!r ! evils at pres5t suff]$ are or are n less ?an ! evils :i* w\ld be suff]$ "u ano!r sy/em--:e!r ef=ts = mitigation along ! l9es ?us f> foll[$ are n m likely to succe$ ?an ef=ts along utt]ly diff]5t l9es4 ,?is is ! "q "h to be consid]$4 ,i mu/ be excus$ = fir/ ( all sett+ =? sundry tru?s :i* are1 to "s at any rate1 tol]ably famili>1 be=e proce$+ to draw inf]5ces :i* are n s famili>4 #dd ,see essay on 8,! ,morals ( ,trade40 99 99 99 99 99 ,speak+ broadly1 e man works t he may avoid #dej suff]+4 ,"h1 remembrance ( ! pangs ( hung] prompts him2 & !re1 he is prompt$ by ! sight ( ! slave-driv]'s la%4 ,8 imm$iate dread may be ! puni%m5t :i* physical circum/ances w inflict1 or may be puni%m5t inflict$ by human ag5cy4 ,he mu/ h a ma/]2 b ! ma/] may be ,nature or may be a fell[ man4 ,:5 he is "u ! imp]sonal co]cion ( ,nature1 we say t he is free2 & :5 he is "u ! p]sonal co]cion ( "s "o above him1 we call him1 accord+ to ! degree ( 8 dep5d5ce1 a slave1 a s]f1 or a vassal4 ,( c\rse ,i omit ! small m9ority :o inh]it means3 an incid5tal1 & n a necess>y1 social elem5t4 ,i speak only ( ! va/ majority1 bo? cultur$ & uncultur$1 :o ma9ta9 !mselves by lab\r1 bodily or m5tal1 & mu/ ei!r ex]t !mselves ( _! own uncon/ra9$ wills1 prompt$ only by ?\ghts ( naturally-result+ evils or b5efits1 or mu/ ex]t !mselves ) con/ra9$ wills1 prompt$ by ?\ghts ( evils & b5efits artificially result+4 ,m5 may "w toge!r 9 a society "u ei!r ( ^! two =ms ( control3 =ms :i*1 ?\gh 9 _m cases m+l$1 are ess5tially contra/$4 ,us+ ! ^w cop]ation 9 its wide s5se1 & n 9 t re/rict$ s5se n[ commonly giv5 to x1 we may say t social life mu/ be c>ri$ on by ei!r volunt>y cop]ation or compulsory cop]ation2 or1 to use ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e's words1 ! sy/em mu/ be t ( contract or t ( /atus--t 9 :i* ! individual is left to d ! be/ he c by 8 spontane\s ef=ts & get success or failure accord+ to 8 effici5cy1 & t 9 :i* he has 8 appo9t$ place1 works "u co]cive rule1 & has 8 apportion$ %>e ( food1 clo?+1 & %elt]4 ,! sy/em ( volunt>y cop]ation is t by :i*1 9 civiliz$ societies1 indu/ry is n[ ev]y:]e c>ri$ on4 ,"u a simple =m we h x on e f>m1 :]e ! lab\r]s1 paid by ! f>m] himself & tak+ ord]s #dea directly f him1 are free to /ay or g z !y please4 ,& ( its m complex =m an example is yield$ by e manufactur+ conc]n1 9 :i*1 "u p>tn]s1 come manag]s & cl]ks1 & "u ^!1 "t-keep]s & ov]-look]s1 & "u ^! op]atives ( diff]5t grades4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases !re is an obvi\s work+ toge!r1 or cop]ation1 ( employ] & employ$1 to obta9 9 ! "o case a crop & 9 ! o!r case a manufactur$ /ock4 ,& !n1 at ! same "t1 !re is a f> m ext5sive1 ?\gh unconsci\s1 cop]ation ) o!r work]s ( all grades ?r\gh\t ! society4 ,= :ile ^! p>ticul> employ]s & employ$ are sev]ally occupi$ ) _! special k9ds ( "w1 o!r employ]s & employ$ are mak+ o!r ?+s ne$$ = ! c>ry+ on ( _! lives z well z ! lives ( all o!rs4 ,?is volunt>y cop]ation1 f its simple/ to its mo/ complex =ms1 has ! common trait t ^? conc]n$ "w toge!r by cons5t4 ,!re is no "o to =ce t]ms or to =ce acceptance4 ,x is p]fectly true t 9 _m cases an employ] may give1 or an employ may accept1 ) reluctance3 circum/ances he says compel him4 ,b :at are ! circum/ances8 ,9 ! "o case !re are goods ord]$1 or a contract ent]$ into1 :i* he _c supply or execute )\t yield+2 & 9 ! o!r case he submits to a wage less ?an he likes because o!rwise he w h no money :]e) to procure food & w>m?4 ,! g5]al =mula is n--8,d ?is1 or ,i w make y20 b x is--8,d ?is1 or leave y\r place & take ! consequ5ces40 ,on ! o!r h& compulsory cop]ation is exemplifi$ by an army--n s mu* by our own army1 ! s]vice 9 :i* is "u agreem5t = a specifi$ p]iod1 b 9 a cont95tal army1 rais$ by conscription4 ,"h1 9 "t ( peace1 ! daily duties--clean+1 p>ade1 drill1 s5try "w1 & ! re/--& 9 "t ( w> ! v>i\s actions ( ! camp & ! battle-field1 are done "u comm&1 #deb )\t room = any ex]cise ( *oice4 ,up f ! private soldi] ?r\gh ! non-commission$ (fic]s & ! half-doz5 or m grades ( commission$ (fic]s1 ! univ]sal law is absolute ob$i5ce f ! grade bel[ to ! grade above4 ,! sph]e ( individual w is su* only z is all[$ by ! w ( ! sup]ior4 ,brea*es ( subord9ation are1 accord+ to _! gravity1 dealt ) by deprivation ( leave1 extra drill1 imprisonm5t1 flogg+1 &1 9 ! la/ resort1 %oot+4 ,in/ead ( ! und]/&+ t !re mu/ be ob$i5ce 9 respect ( specifi$ duties "u pa9 ( dismissal2 ! und]/&+ n[ is--8,obey 9 ev]y?+ ord]$ "u p5alty ( inflict$ suff]+ & p]haps dea?40 ,?is =m ( cop]ation1 /ill exemplifi$ 9 an army1 has 9 days gone by be5 ! =m ( cop]ation ?r\gh\t ! civil population4 ,ev]y:]e1 & at all times1 *ronic w> g5]ates a militant type ( /ructure1 n 9 ! body ( soldi]s only b ?r\gh\t ! community at l>ge4 ,practically1 :ile ! conflict betwe5 societies is actively go+ on1 & fight+ is reg>d$ z ! only manly occupation1 ! society is ! quiesc5t army & ! army ! mobiliz$ society3 t "p :i* does n take "p 9 battle1 compos$ ( slaves1 s]fs1 wom51 c41 con/itut+ ! commiss>iat4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 ?r\gh\t ! mass ( inf]ior individuals con/itut+ ! commiss>iat1 !re is ma9ta9$ a sy/em ( discipl9e id5tical 9 nature if less elaborate4 ,! fight+ body be+1 "u su* conditions1 ! rul+ body1 & ! re/ ( ! community be+ incapable ( resi/ance1 ^? :o control ! fight+ body w1 ( c\rse1 impose _! control ^u ! non-fight+ body2 & ! rgime ( co]cion w be appli$ to x ) su* modifications only z ! diff]5t circum/ances involve4 ,prison]s ( w> become slaves4 ,^? :o 7 free cultivators be=e ! conque/ ( _! c\ntry1 become s]fs atta*$ to ! soil4 ,petty *iefs become subject to sup]ior *iefs2 ^! small] lords #dec become vassals to ov]-lords2 & s on up to ! highe/3 ! social ranks & p[]s be+ ( l ess5tial nature ) ! ranks & p[]s ?r\gh\t ! milit>y organization4 ,& :ile = ! slaves compulsory cop]ation is ! unqualifi$ sy/em1 a cop]ation :i* is 9 "p compulsory is ! sy/em t p]vades all grades above4 ,ea* man's oa? ( fealty to 8 suz]a9 takes ! =m--8,i am y\r man40 ,?r\gh\t ,europe1 & especially 9 our own c\ntry1 ?is sy/em ( compulsory cop]ation gradually relax$ 9 rig\r1 :ile ! sy/em ( volunt>y cop]ation /ep by /ep replac$ x4 ,z fa/ z w> ceas$ to be ! bus9ess ( life1 ! social /ructure produc$ by w> & appropriate to x1 sl[ly became qualifi$ by ! social /ructure produc$ by indu/rial life & appropriate to x4 ,9 proportion z a decreas+ "p ( ! community 0 devot$ to (f5sive & def5sive activities1 an increas+ "p became devot$ to production & di/ribution4 ,gr[+ m num]\s1 m p[]ful1 & tak+ refuge 9 t[ns :]e x 0 less "u ! p[] ( ! militant class1 ?is indu/rial population c>ri$ on its life "u ! sy/em ( volunt>y cop]ation4 ,?\gh municipal gov]nm5ts & guild-regulations1 p>tially p]vad$ by ideas & usages d]iv$ f ! militant type ( society1 7 9 "s degree co]cive2 yet production & di/ribution 7 9 ! ma9 c>ri$ on "u agreem5t--alike betwe5 buy]s & sell]s1 & betwe5 ma/]s & workm54 ,z fa/ z ^! social relations & =ms ( activity became dom9ant 9 urban populations1 !y influ5c$ ! :ole community3 compulsory cop]ation laps$ m & m1 ?r\gh money commutation = s]vices1 milit>y & civil2 :ile divisions ( rank became less rigid & class-p[] dim9i%$4 ,until at l5g?1 re/ra9ts ex]cis$ by incorporat$ trades hav+ fall5 into desuetude1 z well z ! rule ( rank ov] rank1 volunt>y cop]ation became ! univ]sal pr9ciple4 #ded ,pur*ase & sale became ! law = all k9ds ( s]vices z well z = all k9ds ( commodities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! re/lessness g5]at$ by pressure aga9/ ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 p]petually prompts ! desire to try a new position4 ,ev]yone kn[s h[ long-cont9u$ re/ 9 "o attitude becomes we>isome--ev]yone has f\nd h[ ev5 ! be/ easy *air1 at fir/ rejoic$ 91 becomes aft] _m h\rs intol]able2 & *ange to a h>d seat1 previ\sly occupi$ & reject$1 seems = a "t to be a great relief4 ,x is ! same ) incorporat$ humanity4 ,hav+ by long /ruggles emancipat$ itself f ! h>d discipl9e ( ! anci5t rgime1 & hav+ discov]$ t ! new rgime into :i* x has gr[n1 ?\gh relatively easy1 is n )\t /resses & pa9s1 its impati5ce ) ^! prompts ! wi% to try ano!r sy/em3 :i* o!r sy/em is1 9 pr9ciple if n 9 appe>ance1 ! same z t :i* dur+ pa/ g5]ations 0 escap$ f ) mu* rejoic+4 ,= z fa/ z ! rgime ( contract is disc>d$ ! rgime ( /atus is ( necessity adopt$4 ,z fa/ z volunt>y cop]ation is ab&on$ compulsory cop]ation mu/ be sub/itut$4 ,"s k9d ( organization lab\r mu/ h2 & if x is n t :i* arises by agreem5t "u free competition1 x mu/ be t :i* is impos$ by au?ority4 ,unlike 9 appe>ance & names z x may be to ! old ord] ( slaves & s]fs1 work+ "u ma/]s1 :o 7 co]c$ by b>ons1 :o 7 !mselves vassals ( dukes or k+s1 ! new ord] wi%$ =1 con/itut$ by work]s "u =em5 ( small gr\ps1 ov]look$ by sup]9t5d5ts1 :o are subject to high] local manag]s1 :o are controll$ by sup]iors ( di/ricts1 !mselves "u a c5tral gov]nm5t1 mu/ be ess5tially ! same 9 pr9ciple4 ,9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 !re mu/ be e/abli%$ grades1 & en=c$ subord9ation ( ea* grade to ! grades above4 ,?is is a tru? :i* ! communi/ or ! sociali/ does n dwell ^u4 ,angry #dee ) ! exi/+ sy/em "u :i* ea* ( u takes c>e ( himself1 :ile all ( u see t ea* has fair play1 he ?9ks h[ mu* bett] x w\ld be = all ( u to take c>e ( ea* ( u2 & he refra9s f ?9k+ ( ! ma*9]y by :i* ?is is to be done4 ,inevitably1 if ea* is to be c>$ = by all1 !n ! embodi$ all mu/ get ! means--! necess>ies ( life4 ,:at x gives to ea* mu/ be tak5 f ! accumulat$ contributions2 & x mu/ !re=e require f ea* 8 proportion--mu/ tell him h[ mu* he has to give to ! g5]al /ock 9 ! %ape ( production1 t he may h s mu* 9 ! %ape ( su/5tation4 ,h5ce1 be=e he c be provid$ =1 he mu/ put himself "u ord]s1 & obey ^? :o say :at he %all d1 & at :at h\rs1 & :]e2 & :o give him 8 %>e ( food1 clo?+1 & %elt]4 ,if competition is exclud$1 & ) x buy+ & sell+1 !re c be no volunt>y ex*ange ( s mu* lab\r = s mu* produce2 b !re mu/ be apportionm5t ( ! "o to ! o!r by appo9t$ (fic]s4 ,?is apportionm5t mu/ be en=c$4 ,)\t alt]native ! "w mu/ be done1 & )\t alt]native ! b5efit1 :atev] x may be1 mu/ be accept$4 ,= ! work] may n leave 8 place at w & (f] himself else:]e4 ,"u su* a sy/em he _c be accept$ else:]e1 save by ord] ( ! au?orities4 ,& x is manife/ t a /&+ ord] w\ld =bid employm5t 9 "o place ( an insubord9ate memb] f ano!r place3 ! sy/em c\ld n be work$ if ! work]s 7 sev]ally all[$ to g or come z !y pleas$4 ,) corporals & s]geants "u !m1 ! capta9s ( indu/ry mu/ c>ry out ! ord]s ( _! colonels1 & ^! ( _! g5]als1 up to ! c\ncil ( ! comm&]-9-*ief2 & ob$i5ce mu/ be requir$ ?r\gh\t ! indu/rial army z ?r\gh\t a fight+ army4 8,d y\r prescrib$ duties1 & take y\r apportion$ rations10 mu/ be ! rule ( ! "o z ( ! o!r4 8,well1 be x s20 replies ! sociali/4 8,! work]s #def w appo9t _! own (fic]s1 & ^! w always be subject to criticisms ( ! mass !y regulate4 ,be+ ?us 9 fe> ( public op9ion1 !y w be sure to act judici\sly & fairly2 or :5 !y d n1 w be depos$ by ! popul> vote1 local or g5]al4 ,:]e w be ! grievance ( be+ "u sup]iors1 :5 ! sup]iors !mselves are "u democratic control80 ,& 9 ?is attractive vision ! sociali/ has full belief4 99 99 99 99 99 ,iron & brass are simpl] ?+s ?an fle% & blood1 & dead wood ?an liv+ n]ve2 & a ma*9e con/ruct$ ( ! "o works 9 m def9ite ways ?an an organism con/ruct$ ( ! o!r1--especially :5 ! ma*9e is work$ by ! inorganic =ces ( /eam or wat]1 :ile ! organism is work$ by ! =ces ( liv+ n]ve-c5tres4 ,manife/ly1 !n1 ! ways 9 :i* ! ma*9e w "w are mu* m readily calculable ?an ! ways 9 :i* ! organism w "w4 ,yet 9 h[ few cases does ! inv5tor =esee rightly ! actions ( 8 new app>atus6 ,read ! pat5t-li/1 & x w be f\nd t n m ?an "o device 9 fifty turns out to be ( any s]vice4 ,plausible z 8 s*eme seem$ to ! inv5tor1 "o or o!r hit* prev5ts ! int5d$ op]ation1 & br+s out a widely diff]5t result f t :i* he wi%$4 ,:at1 !n1 %all we say ( ^! s*emes :i* h to d n ) dead matt]s & =ces1 b ) complex liv+ organisms work+ 9 ways less readily =ese51 & :i* involve ! cop]ation ( multitudes ( su* organisms8 ,ev5 ! units out ( :i* ?is re-arrang$ body politic is to be =m$ are (t5 incompreh5sible4 ,ev]yone is f "t to "t surpris$ by o!rs' behavi\r1 & ev5 by ! de$s ( relatives :o are be/ kn[n to him4 ,see+1 !n1 h[ unc]ta9ly anyone c =esee ! actions ( an individual1 h[ c he ) any c]ta9ty =esee ! op]ation ( a social /ructure8 ,he proce$s on ! assumption t all conc]n$ w judge rightly & act #deg fairly--w ?9k z !y ought to ?9k1 & act z !y ought to act2 & he assumes ?is reg>dless ( ! daily exp]i5ces :i* %[ him t m5 d nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r1 & =gett+ t ! compla9ts he makes aga9/ ! exi/+ sy/em %[ 8 belief to be t m5 h nei!r ! wisdom nor ! rectitude :i* 8 plan requires !m to h4 ,pap] con/itutions raise smiles on ! faces ( ^? :o h obs]v$ _! results2 & pap] social sy/ems simil>ly affect ^? :o h contemplat$ ! available evid5ce4 ,h[ little ! m5 :o wr\ght ! ,fr5* revolution & 7 *iefly conc]n$ 9 sett+ up ! new gov]nm5tal app>atus1 dreamt t "o ( ! e>ly actions ( ?is app>atus w\ld be to behead !m all6 ,h[ little ! m5 :o drew up ! ,am]ican ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce & fram$ ! republic1 anticipat$ t aft] "s g5]ations ! legislature w\ld lapse into ! h&s ( wire-pull]s2 t its do+s w\ld turn ^u ! conte/s ( (fice-seek]s2 t political action w\ld be ev]y:]e vitiat$ by ! intrusion ( a =eign elem5t hold+ ! balance betwe5 p>ties2 t electors1 in/ead ( judg+ = !mselves1 w\ld habitually be l$ to ! polls 9 ?\s&s by _! 8bosses20 & t respectable m5 w\ld be driv5 out ( public life by ! insults & sl&]s ( pr(essional politicians4 ,nor 7 !re bett] previsions 9 ^? :o gave con/itutions to ! v>i\s o!r /ates ( ! ,new ,_w1 9 :i* unnumb]$ revolutions h %[n ) wond]ful p]si/5ce ! contra/s betwe5 ! expect$ results ( political sy/ems & ! a*iev$ results4 ,x has be5 no less ?us ) propos$ sy/ems ( social re-organization1 s f> z !y h be5 tri$4 ,save :]e celibacy has be5 insi/$ on1 _! hi/ory has be5 ev]y:]e "o ( disa/]2 end+ ) ! hi/ory ( ,cabet's ,ic>ian colony lately giv5 by "o ( its memb]s1 ,madame ,fleury ,rob9son1 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt--a hi/ory ( splitt+s1 re-splitt+s & re-re-splitt+s1 accompani$ by #deh num]\s individual secessions & f9al dissolution4 ,& = ! failure ( su* social s*emes1 z = ! failure ( ! political s*emes1 !re has be5 "o g5]al cause4 99 99 99 99 99 ,metamorphosis is ! univ]sal law1 exemplifi$ ?r\gh\t ! ,heav5s & on ! ,e>?3 especially ?r\gh\t ! organic _w2 & above all 9 ! animal division ( x4 ,no creature1 save ! simple/ & mo/ m9ute1 comm5ces its exi/5ce 9 a =m l t :i* x ev5tually assumes2 & 9 mo/ cases ! unlik5ess is great--s great t k9%ip betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/ =ms w\ld be incr$ible 7 x n daily demon/rat$ 9 e p\ltry-y>d & e g>d54 ,m ?an ?is is true4 ,! *anges ( =m are (t5 sev]al3 ea* ( !m be+ an app>5tly complete trans=mation--egg1 l>va1 pupa1 imago1 = example4 ,& ?is univ]sal metamorphosis1 display$ alike 9 ! developm5t ( a planet & ( e se$ :i* g]m9ates on its surface1 holds also ( societies1 :e!r tak5 z :oles or 9 _! sep>ate in/itutions4 ,no "o ( !m ends z x beg9s2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 its orig9al /ructure & its ultimate /ructure is su* t1 at ! outset1 *ange ( ! "o into ! o!r w\ld h seem$ incr$ible4 ,9 ! rude/ tribe ! *ief1 obey$ z lead] 9 w>1 loses 8 di/9ctive position :5 ! fight+ is ov]2 & ev5 :]e cont9u$ w>f>e has produc$ p]man5t *iefta9%ip1 ! *ief1 build+ 8 own hut1 gett+ 8 own food1 mak+ 8 own implem5ts1 diff]s f o!rs only by 8 pr$om9ant influ5ce4 ,!re is no sign t 9 c\rse ( "t1 by conque/s & unions ( tribes1 & consolidations ( clu/]s s =m$ ) o!r su* clu/]s1 until a nation has be5 produc$1 !re w orig9ate f ! primitive *ief1 "o :o1 z cz> or emp]or1 surr\nd$ ) pomp & c]emony1 has despotic p[] ov] scores ( millions1 ex]cis$ ?r\gh hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( soldi]s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( (ficials4 ,:5 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 hav+ humble #dei ext]nals & pass+ self-d5y+ lives1 spread ov] pagan ,europe1 prea*+ =giv5ess ( injuries & ! return+ ( good = evil1 no "o dreamt t 9 c\rse ( "t _! repres5tatives w\ld =m a va/ hi]>*y1 possess+ ev]y:]e a l>ge "p ( ! l&1 di/+ui%$ by ! haught9ess ( its memb]s grade above grade1 rul$ by milit>y bi%ops :o l$ _! reta9]s to battle1 & head$ by a pope ex]cis+ supreme p[] ov] k+s4 ,s1 too1 has x be5 ) t v indu/rial sy/em :i* _m are n[ s eag] to replace4 ,9 its orig9al =m !re 0 no prophecy ( ! factory-sy/em or k9dr$ organizations ( work]s4 ,diff]+ f !m only z be+ ! head ( 8 h\se1 ! ma/] work$ along ) 8 appr5tices & a j\rneyman or two1 %>+ ) !m 8 table & accommodation1 & himself sell+ _! jo9t produce4 ,only ) indu/rial gr[? did !re come employm5t ( a l>g] numb] ( assi/ants1 & a rel9qui%m5t1 on ! "p ( ! ma/]1 ( all o!r bus9ess ?an t ( sup]9t5d5ce4 ,& only 9 ! c\rse ( rec5t times did !re evolve ! organizations "u :i* ! lab\rs ( hundr$s & ?\s&s ( m5 receiv+ wages1 are regulat$ by v>i\s ord]s ( paid (ficials "u a s+le or multiple head4 ,^! orig9ally small1 semi-sociali/ic1 gr\ps ( produc]s1 l ! comp\nd families or h\se-communities ( e>ly ages1 sl[ly dissolv$ because !y c\ld n hold _! gr\nd3 ! l>g] e/abli%m5ts1 ) bett] sub-division ( lab\r1 succe$$ because !y m9i/]$ to ! wants ( society m effectually4 ,b we ne$ n g back ?r\gh ! c5turies to trace trans=mations suffici5tly great & unexpect$4 ,on ! day :5 #cj1jjj a ye> 9 aid ( education 0 vot$ z an exp]im5t1 ! "n ( idiot w\ld h be5 giv5 to an oppon5t :o prophesi$ t 9 #ej ye>s ! sum sp5t ?r\gh imp]ial taxes & local rates w\ld am\nt to #aj1jjj1jjj or :o said t ! aid to education w\ld be foll[$ by aids to fe$+ & #dfj clo?+1 or :o said t p>5ts & *ildr51 alike depriv$ ( all option1 w\ld1 ev5 if />v+1 be compell$ by f9e or imprisonm5t to con=m1 & receive t :i*1 ) papal assumption1 ! ,/ate calls education4 ,no "o1 ,i say1 w\ld h dreamt t out ( s innoc5t-look+ a g]m w\ld h s quickly evolv$ ?is tyrannical sy/em1 tamely submitt$ to by p :o fancy !mselves free4 ,?us 9 social arrangem5ts1 z 9 all o!r ?+s1 *ange is inevitable4 ,x is fooli% to suppose t new in/itutions set up1 w long reta9 ! "* giv5 !m by ^? :o set !m up4 ,rapidly or sl[ly !y w be trans=m$ into in/itutions unlike ^? int5d$--s unlike z ev5 to be unrecognizable by _! devis]s4 ,& :at1 9 ! case be=e u1 w be ! metamorphosis8 ,! answ] po9t$ to by in/ances above giv51 & w>rant$ by v>i\s analogies1 is manife/4 ,a c>d9al trait 9 all advanc+ organization is ! developm5t ( ! regulative app>atus4 ,if ! p>ts ( a :ole are to act toge!r1 !re mu/ be appliances by :i* _! actions are direct$2 & 9 proportion z ! :ole is l>ge & complex1 & has _m requirem5ts to be met by _m ag5cies1 ! directive app>atus mu/ be ext5sive1 elaborate1 & p[]ful4 ,t x is ?us ) individual organisms ne$s no say+2 & t x mu/ be ?us ) social organisms is obvi\s4 ,beyond ! regulative app>atus su* z 9 our own society is requir$ = c>ry+ on national def5ce & ma9ta9+ public ord] & p]sonal safety1 !re mu/1 "u ! rgime ( socialism1 be a regulative app>atus ev]y:]e controll+ all k9ds ( production & di/ribution1 & ev]y:]e apportion+ ! %>es ( products ( ea* k9d requir$ = ea* locality1 ea* work+ e/abli%m5t1 ea* individual4 ,"u our exi/+ volunt>y cop]ation1 ) its free contracts & its competition1 production & di/ribution ne$ no (ficial ov]sight4 ,dem& & #dfa supply1 & ! desire ( ea* man to ga9 a liv+ by supply+ ! ne$s ( 8 fell[s1 spontane\sly evolve t wond]ful sy/em :]eby a great city has its food daily br\ght r\nd to all doors or /or$ at adjac5t %ops2 has clo?+ = its citiz5s ev]y:]e at h& 9 multitud9\s v>ieties2 has its h\ses & furniture & fuel ready made or /ock$ 9 ea* locality2 & has m5tal pabulum f halfp5ny pap]s h\rly hawk$ r\nd1 to weekly %oals ( novels1 & less abundant books ( in/ruction1 furni%$ )\t /9t = small paym5ts4 ,& ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 production z well z di/ribution is simil>ly c>ri$ on ) ! smalle/ am\nt ( sup]9t5d5ce :i* proves effici5t2 :ile ! quantities ( ! num]\s commodities requir$ daily 9 ea* locality are adju/$ )\t any o!r ag5cy ?an ! pursuit ( pr(it4 ,suppose n[ t ?is indu/rial rgime ( will+hood1 act+ spontane\sly1 is replac$ by a rgime ( indu/rial ob$i5ce1 en=c$ by public (ficials4 ,imag9e ! va/ adm9i/ration requir$ = t di/ribution ( all commodities to all p 9 e city1 t[n & village1 :i* is n[ effect$ by trad]s6 ,imag9e1 aga91 ! /ill m va/ adm9i/ration requir$ = do+ all t f>m]s1 manufactur]s1 & m]*ants d2 hav+ n only its v>i\s ord]s ( local sup]9t5d5ts1 b its sub-c5tres & *ief c5tres ne$$ = apportion+ ! quantities ( ea* ?+ ev]y:]e ne$$1 & ! adju/m5t ( !m to ! requisite times4 ,!n add ! /affs want$ = work+ m9es1 railways1 roads1 canals2 ! /affs requir$ = conduct+ ! import+ & export+ bus9esses & ! adm9i/ration ( m]cantile %ipp+2 ! /affs requir$ = supply+ t[ns n only ) wat] & gas b ) locomotion by tramways1 omnibuses1 & o!r vehicles1 & = ! di/ribution ( p[]1 electric & o!r4 ,jo9 ) ^! ! exi/+ po/al1 telegraphic1 & telephonic adm9i/rations2 & f9ally ^? ( ! police & army1 by :i* ! dictates #dfb ( ?is imm5se consolidat$ regulative sy/em are to be ev]y:]e en=c$4 ,imag9e all ?is & !n ask :at w be ! position ( ! actual work]s6 ,already on ! cont95t1 :]e gov]nm5tal organizations are m elaborate & co]cive ?an "h1 !re are *ronic compla9ts ( ! tyranny ( bureaucracies--! hauteur & brutality ( _! memb]s4 ,:at w ^! become :5 n only ! m public actions ( citiz5s are controll$1 b !re is add$ ?is f> m ext5sive control ( all _! respective daily duties8 ,:at w happ5 :5 ! v>i\s divisions ( ?is va/ army ( (ficials1 unit$ by int]e/s common to (ficialism--! int]e/s ( ! regulators v]sus ^? ( ! regulat$--h at _! comm& :atev] =ce is ne$ful to suppress insubord9ation & act z 8savi\rs ( society08 ,:]e w be ! actual digg]s & m9]s & smelt]s & weav]s1 :5 ^? :o ord] & sup]9t5d1 ev]y:]e arrang$ class above class1 h come1 aft] "s g5]ations1 to int]-m>ry ) ^? ( k9dr$ grades1 "u feel+s su* z are op]ative 9 exi/+ classes2 & :5 !re h be5 s produc$ a s]ies ( ca/es ris+ 9 sup]iority2 & :5 all ^!1 hav+ ev]y?+ 9 _! own p[]1 h arrang$ modes ( liv+ = _! own advantage3 ev5tually =m+ a new ari/ocracy f> m elaborate & bett] organiz$ ?an ! old8 ,h[ w ! individual work] f>e if he is dissatisfi$ ) 8 treatm5t--?9ks t he has n an adequate %>e ( ! products1 or has m to d ?an c rightly be dem&$1 or wi%es to und]take a function = :i* he feels himself fitt$ b :i* is n ?\ght prop] = him by 8 sup]iors1 or desires to make an indep5d5t c>e] = himself8 ,?is dissatisfi$ unit 9 ! imm5se ma*9e w be told he mu/ submit or g4 ,! milde/ p5alty = disob$i5ce w be indu/rial excommunication4 ,& if an int]national organization ( lab\r is =m$ z propos$1 exclusion 9 "o c\ntry #dfc w mean exclusion 9 all o!rs--indu/rial excommunication w mean />vation4 ,t ?+s mu/ take ?is c\rse is a conclusion rea*$ n by d$uction only1 nor only by induction f ^? exp]i5ces ( ! pa/ in/anc$ above1 nor only f consid]ation ( ! analogies furni%$ by organisms ( all ord]s2 b x is rea*$ also by obs]vation ( cases daily "u our eyes4 ,! tru? t ! regulative /ructure always t5ds to increase 9 p[]1 is illu/rat$ by e e/abli%$ body ( m54 ,! hi/ory ( ea* le>n$ society1 or society = o!r purpose1 %[s h[ ! /aff1 p]man5t or p>tially p]man5t1 sways ! proce$+s & det]m9es ! actions ( ! society ) b little resi/ance1 ev5 :5 mo/ memb]s ( ! society disapprove3 ! repugnance to any?+ l a revolution>y /ep be+ ord9>ily an effici5t det]r5t4 ,s is x ) jo9t-/ock companies--^? own+ railways = example4 ,! plans ( a bo>d ( directors are usually au?oriz$ ) little or no discussion2 & if !re is any consid]able opposition1 ?is is =?) cru%$ by an ov]:elm+ numb] ( proxies s5t by ^? :o always support ! exi/+ adm9i/ration4 ,only :5 ! misconduct is extreme does ! resi/ance ( %>ehold]s suffice to displace ! rul+ body4 ,nor is x o!rwise ) societies =m$ ( work+ m5 & hav+ ! int]e/s ( lab\r especially at he>t--! trades-unions4 ,9 ^!1 too1 ! regulative ag5cy becomes all p[]ful4 ,_! memb]s1 ev5 :5 !y diss5t f ! policy pursu$1 habitually yield to ! au?orities !y h set up4 ,z !y _c sec$e )\t mak+ enemies ( _! fell[ workm51 & (t5 los+ all *ance ( employm5t1 !y succumb4 ,we are %[n1 too1 by ! late congress1 t already1 9 ! g5]al organization ( trades-unions s rec5tly =m$1 !re are compla9ts ( 8wire-pull]s0 & 8bosses0 & 8p]man5t (ficials40 ,if1 !n1 ?is supremacy ( ! regulators is se5 9 bodies ( q mod]n orig91 =m$ ( m5 :o #dfd h1 9 _m ( ! cases in/anc$1 unh9d]$ p[]s ( ass]t+ _! indep5d5ce1 :at w ! supremacy ( ! regulators become 9 long-e/abli%$ bodies1 9 bodies :i* h become va/ & highly organiz$1 & 9 bodies :i*1 in/ead ( controll+ only a small "p ( ! unit's life1 control ! :ole ( 8 life8 99 99 99 99 99 ,aga9 !re w come ! rejo9d]--8,we %all gu>d aga9/ all t4 ,ev]ybody w be educat$2 & all1 ) _! eyes con/antly op5 to ! abuse ( p[]1 w be quick to prev5t x40 ,! wor? ( ^! expectations w\ld be small ev5 c\ld we n id5tify ! causes :i* w br+ disappo9tm5t2 = 9 human affairs ! mo/ promis+ s*emes g wrong 9 ways :i* no "o anticipat$4 ,b 9 ?is case ! go+ wrong w be necessitat$ by causes :i* are conspicu\s4 ,! work+ ( in/itutions is det]m9$ by m5's *>act]s2 & ! exi/+ defects 9 _! *>act]s w inevitably br+ ab\t ! results above indicat$4 ,!re is no adequate end[m5t ( ^? s5tim5ts requir$ to prev5t ! gr[? ( a despotic bureaucracy4 ,7 x ne$ful to dwell on indirect evid5ce1 mu* might be made ( t furni%$ by ! behavi\r ( ! s-call$ ,lib]al p>ty--a p>ty :i*1 rel9qui%+ ! orig9al conception ( a lead] z a m\?piece = a kn[n & accept$ policy1 ?9ks itself b\nd to accept a policy :i* its lead] spr+s ^u x )\t cons5t or w>n+--a p>ty s utt]ly )\t ! feel+ & idea impli$ by lib]alism1 z n to res5t ?is trampl+ on ! "r ( private judgm5t1 :i* con/itutes ! root ( lib]alism--nay1 a p>ty :i* vilifies z r5egade lib]als1 ^? ( its memb]s :o refuse to surr5d] _! indep5d5ce6 ,b )\t occupy+ space ) indirect pro(s t ! mass ( m5 h n ! natures requir$ to *eck ! developm5t ( tyrannical (ficialism1 x w suffice to contemplate ! direct pro(s furni%$ by ^? classes among :om #dfe ! sociali/ic idea mo/ pr$om9ates1 & :o ?9k !mselves mo/ int]e/$ 9 propagat+ x--! op]ative classes4 ,^! w\ld con/itute ! great body ( ! sociali/ic organization1 & _! *>act]s w\ld det]m9e its nature4 ,:at1 !n1 are _! *>act]s z display$ 9 su* organizations z !y h already =m$8 ,in/ead ( ! selfi%ness ( ! employ+ classes & ! selfi%ness ( competition1 we are to h ! unselfi%ness ( a mutually-aid+ sy/em4 ,h[ f> is ?is unselfi%ness n[ %[n 9 ! behavi\r ( work+ m5 to "o ano!r8 ,:at %all we say to ! rules limit+ ! numb]s ( new h&s admitt$ into ea* trade1 or to ! rules :i* h9d] asc5t f inf]ior classes ( work]s to sup]ior classes8 ,"o does n see 9 su* regulations any ( t altruism by :i* socialism is to be p]vad$4 ,contr>iwise1 "o sees a pursuit ( private int]e/s no less ke5 ?an among trad]s4 ,h5ce1 unless we suppose t m5's natures w be sudd5ly exalt$1 we mu/ conclude t ! pursuit ( private int]e/s w sway ! do+s ( all ! compon5t classes 9 a sociali/ic society4 ,) passive disreg>d ( o!rs' claims goes active encroa*m5t on !m4 8,be "o ( u or we w cut (f y\r means ( liv+10 is ! usual ?reat ( ea* trades-union to outsid]s ( ! same trade4 ,:ile _! memb]s insi/ on _! own fre$om to comb9e & fix ! rates at :i* !y w "w 7z !y are p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 do+71 ! fre$om ( ^? :o disagree ) !m is n only d5i$ b ! ass]tion ( x is treat$ z a crime4 ,individuals :o ma9ta9 _! rights to make _! own contracts are vilifi$ z 8blacklegs0 & 8traitors10 & meet ) viol5ce :i* w\ld be m]ciless 7 !re no legal p5alties & no police4 ,along ) ?is trampl+ on ! lib]ties ( m5 ( _! own class1 !re goes p]emptory dictation to ! employ+ class3 n prescrib$ t]ms & work+ arrangem5ts only %all be con=m$ #dff to1 b none save ^? belong+ to _! body %all be employ$--nay1 9 "s cases1 !re %all be a /rike if ! employ] c>ries on transactions ) trad+ bodies t give "w to non-union m54 ,"h1 !n1 we are v>i\sly %[n by trades-unions1 or at any rate by ! new] trades-unions1 a det]m9ation to impose _! regulations )\t reg>d to ! rights ( ^? :o are to be co]c$4 ,s complete is ! inv]sion ( ideas & s5tim5ts t ma9t5ance ( ^! rights is reg>d$ z vici\s & trespass ^u !m z virtu\s4#de ,along ) ?is aggressiv5ess 9 "o direction !re goes submissiv5ess 9 ano!r direction4 ,! co]cion ( outsid]s by unioni/s is p>allel$ only by _! subjection to _! lead]s4 ,t !y may conqu] 9 ! /ruggle !y surr5d] _! individual lib]ties & individual judgm5ts1 & %[ no res5tm5t h[ev] dictatorial may be ! rule ex]cis$ ov] !m4 ,ev]y:]e we see su* subord9ation t bodies ( workm5 unanim\sly leave _! "w or return to x z _! au?orities ord] !m4 ,nor d !y resi/ :5 tax$ all r\nd to support /rik]s ^: acts !y may or may n approve1 b in/ead1 ill-treat recalcitrant memb]s ( _! body :o d n subscribe4 #dfg #de ,m>vell\s are ! conclusions m5 rea* :5 once !y des]t ! simple pr9ciple1 t ea* man %\ld be all[$ to pursue ! objects ( life1 re/ra9$ only by ! limits :i* ! simil> pursuits ( _! objects by o!r m5 impose4 ,a g5]ation ago we he>d l\d ass]tions ( #8! "r to lab\r1' t is1 ! "r to h lab\r provid$2 & !re are /ill n a few :o ?9k ! community b\nd to f9d "w = ea* p]son4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! doctr9e curr5t 9 ,france at ! "t :5 ! mon>*ical p[] culm9at$2 namely1 t #8! "r ( work+ is a royal "r :i* ! pr9ce c sell & ! subjects mu/ buy4' ,?is contra/ is />tl+ en\gh2 b a contra/ /ill m />tl+ is be+ provid$ = u4 ,we n[ see a resuscitation ( ! despotic doctr9e1 diff]+ only by ! sub/itution ( ,trades-,unions = k+s4 ,= n[ t ,trades-,unions are becom+ univ]sal1 & ea* artisan has to pay prescrib$ monies to "o or ano!r ( !m1 ) ! alt]native ( be+ a non-unioni/ to :om "w is d5i$ by =ce1 x has come to ?is1 t ! "r to lab\r is a ,trade-,union "r1 :i* ! ,trade-,union c sell & ! individual work] mu/ buy6 ,! traits ?us %[n mu/ be op]ative 9 any new social organization1 & ! "q to be ask$ is--,:at w result f _! op]ation :5 !y are reliev$ f all re/ra9ts8 ,at pres5t ! sep>ate bodies ( m5 display+ !m are 9 ! mid/ ( a society p>tially passive1 p>tially antagoni/ic2 are subject to ! criticisms & reprobations ( an indep5d5t press2 & are "u ! control ( law1 en=c$ by police4 ,if 9 ^! circum/ances ^! bodies habitually take c\rses :i* ov]ride individual fre$om1 :at w happ5 :51 in/ead ( be+ only scatt]$ p>ts ( ! community1 gov]n$ by _! sep>ate sets ( regulators1 !y con/itute ! :ole community1 gov]n$ by a consolidat$ sy/em ( su* regulators2 :5 function>ies ( all ord]s1 includ+ ^? :o (fic] ! press1 =m p>ts ( ! regulative organization2 & :5 ! law is bo? enact$ & adm9i/]$ by ?is regulative organization8 ,! fanatical adh]5ts ( a social !ory are capable ( tak+ any measures1 no matt] h[ extreme1 = c>ry+ out _! views3 hold+1 l ! m]ciless prie/hoods ( pa/ times1 t ! end ju/ifies ! means4 ,& :5 a g5]al sociali/ic organization has be5 e/abli%$1 ! va/1 ramifi$1 & consolidat$ body ( ^? :o direct its activities1 us+ )\t *eck :atev] co]cion seems to !m ne$ful 9 ! int]e/s ( ! sy/em 7:i* w practically become _! own int]e/s7 w h no hesitation 9 impos+ _! rigor\s rule ov] ! entire lives ( ! actual work]s2 until1 ev5tually1 !re is develop$ an (ficial olig>*y1 ) its v>i\s grades1 ex]cis+ a tyranny m gigantic & m t]rible ?an any :i* ! _w has se54 99 99 99 99 99 ,let me aga9 repudiate an errone\s inf]5ce4 ,any "o :o supposes t ! =ego+ argum5t implies cont5tm5t ) ?+s z !y are1 makes a pr(\nd mi/ake4 ,! pres5t social /ate is transitional1 z pa/ social /ates h be5 transitional4 ,!re w1 ,i hope #dfh & believe1 come a future social /ate diff]+ z mu* f ! pres5t z ! pres5t diff]s f ! pa/ ) its mail$ b>ons & def5celess s]fs4 ,9 ,social ,/atics1 z well z 9 ,! ,/udy ( ,sociology & 9 ,political ,in/itutions1 is cle>ly %[n ! desire = an organization m conducive to ! happ9ess ( m5 at l>ge ?an t :i* exi/s4 ,my opposition to socialism results f ! belief t x w\ld /op ! progress to su* a high] /ate & br+ back a l[] /ate4 ,no?+ b ! sl[ modification ( human nature by ! discipl9e ( social life1 c produce p]man5tly advantage\s *anges4 ,a fundam5tal error p]vad+ ! ?9k+ ( ne>ly all p>ties1 political & social1 is t evils admit ( imm$iate & radical rem$ies4 8,if y w b d ?is1 ! mis*ief w be prev5t$40 8,adopt my plan & ! suff]+ w disappe>40 8,! corruption w unque/ionably be cur$ by en=c+ ?is measure40 ,ev]y:]e "o meets ) beliefs1 express$ or impli$1 ( ^! k9ds4 ,!y are all ill-f\nd$4 ,x is possible to remove causes :i* int5sify ! evils2 x is possible to *ange ! evils f "o =m into ano!r2 & x is possible1 & v common1 to exac]bate ! evils by ! ef=ts made to prev5t !m2 b any?+ l imm$iate cure is impossible4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s mank9d h1 by multiplication1 be5 =c$ out ( t orig9al savage /ate 9 :i* small numb]s support$ !mselves on wild food1 into ! civiliz$ /ate 9 :i* ! food requir$ = support+ great numb]s c be got only by cont9u\s lab\r4 ,! nature requir$ = ?is la/ mode ( life is widely diff]5t f ! nature requir$ = ! fir/2 & long-cont9u$ pa9s h to be pass$ ?r\gh 9 re-m\ld+ ! "o into ! o!r4 ,mis]y has necess>ily to be borne by a con/itution out ( h>mony ) its conditions2 & a con/itution inh]it$ f primitive m5 is out ( h>mony ) ! conditions impos$ on exi/+ m54 ,h5ce x is impossible to e/abli% =?) a #dfi satisfactory social /ate4 ,no su* nature z t :i* has fill$ ,europe ) millions ( arm$ m51 "h eag] = conque/ & !re = rev5ge--no su* nature z t :i* prompts ! nations call$ ,*ri/ian to vie ) "o ano!r 9 filibu/]+ exp$itions all ov] ! _w1 reg>dless ( ! claims ( aborig9es1 :ile _! t5s ( ?\s&s ( prie/s ( ! religion ( love look on approv+ly--no su* nature z t :i*1 9 deal+ ) weak] races1 goes beyond ! primitive rule ( life = life1 & = "o life takes _m lives--no su* nature1 ,i say1 c1 by any device1 be fram$ into a h>moni\s community4 ,! root ( all well-ord]$ social action is a s5tim5t ( ju/ice1 :i* at once insi/s on p]sonal fre$om & is solicit\s = ! l fre$om ( o!rs2 & !re at pres5t exi/s b a v inadequate am\nt ( ?is s5tim5t4 ,h5ce ! ne$ = fur!r long cont9uance ( a social discipl9e :i* requires ea* man to c>ry on 8 activities ) due reg>d to ! l claims ( o!rs to c>ry on _! activities2 & :i*1 :ile x insi/s t he %all h all ! b5efits 8 conduct naturally br+s1 insi/s also t he %all n saddle on o!rs ! evils 8 conduct naturally br+s3 unless !y freely und]take to be> !m4 ,& h5ce ! belief t endeav\rs to elude ?is discipl9e1 w n only fail1 b w br+ worse evils ?an ^? to be escap$4 ,x is n1 !n1 *iefly 9 ! int]e/s ( ! employ+ classes t socialism is to be resi/$1 b mu* m 9 ! int]e/s ( ! employ$ classes4 ,9 "o way or o!r production mu/ be regulat$2 & ! regulators1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 mu/ always be a small class z comp>$ ) ! actual produc]s4 ,"u volunt>y cop]ation z at pres5t c>ri$ on1 ! regulators1 pursu+ _! p]sonal int]e/s1 take z l>ge a %>e ( ! produce z !y c get2 b1 z we are daily %[n by trades-union successes1 are re/ra9$ 9 ! selfi% pursuit #dgj ( _! ends4 ,"u t compulsory cop]ation :i* socialism w\ld necessitate1 ! regulators1 pursu+ _! p]sonal int]e/s ) no less selfi%ness1 c\ld n be met by ! comb9$ resi/ance ( free work]s2 & _! p[]1 un*eck$ z n[ by refusals to "w save on prescrib$ t]ms1 w\ld gr[ & ramify & consolidate till x became irresi/ible4 ,! ultimate result1 z ,i h be=e po9t$ out1 mu/ be a society l t ( anci5t ,p]u1 dreadful to contemplate1 9 :i* ! mass ( ! p1 elaborately regim5t$ 9 gr\ps ( #aj1 #ej1 #ajj1 #ejj1 & #ajjj1 rul$ by (fic]s ( correspond+ grades1 & ti$ to _! di/ricts1 7 sup]9t5d$ 9 _! private lives z well z 9 _! indu/ries1 & toil$ hopelessly = ! support ( ! gov]nm5tal organization4 #dga ,,! ,,am]icans3 ,a ,,conv]sation ,,& ,a ,,spee*1 ,,) ,,an ,,addition4 ,orig9ally publi%$ 9 ,am]ica & aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 ,engl& 9 ,! ,contempor>y ,review = ,janu>y #ahhc1 prec$$ by ! foll[+ editorial note3--8,! /ate ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s heal? un=tunately n p]mitt+ him1 to give 9 ! =m ( articles ! results ( 8 obs]vations on ,am]ican society1 x is ?\ght useful to reproduce1 "u 8 own revision & ) "s additional rem>ks1 :at he has said on ! subject2 especially z ! acc\nts ( x :i* h appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry are imp]fect3 reports ( ! conv]sation hav+ be5 abridg$1 & ! spee* be+ kn[n only by telegraphic summ>y4 8,! e>li] p>agraphs ( ! conv]sation1 :i* ref] to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s p]si/5t exclusion ( report]s & 8 objections to ! int]view+ sy/em1 are omitt$1 z n "h conc]n+ ! read]4 ,!re 0 no ev5tual yield+1 z has be5 suppos$4 ,x 0 n to a newspap]-report] t ! op9ions :i* foll[ 7 express$1 b to an intimate ,am]ican fri5d3 ! prim>y purpose be+ to correct ! _m mis/atem5ts to :i* ! exclud$ int]view]s _h giv5 curr5cy2 & ! occasion be+ tak5 = giv+ utt]ance to impressions ( ,am]ican affairs40--,,ed4 ,i4--,a ,,conv]sation3 ,octob] #bj1 #ahhb4 ,has :at y h se5 answ]$ y\r expectations8 ,x has f> exce$$ !m4 ,su* books ab\t ,am]ica z ,i _h look$ into _h giv5 me no adequate idea ( ! imm5se developm5ts ( mat]ial civilization :i* #dgb ,i h ev]y:]e f\nd4 ,! ext5t1 weal?1 & magnific5ce ( y\r cities1 & especially ! spl5d\r ( ,new ,york1 h altoge!r a/oni%$ me4 ,?\gh ,i h n visit$ ! wond] ( ! ,we/1 ,*icago1 yet "s ( y\r m9or mod]n places1 su* z ,clevel&1 h suffici5tly amaz$ me by ! results ( "o g5]ation's activity4 ,occasionally1 :5 ,i h be5 9 places ( "s t5 ?\s& inhabitants :]e ! telephone is 9 g5]al use1 ,i h felt some:at a%am$ ( our own un5t]pris+ t[ns1 _m ( :i*1 ( fifty ?\s& inhabitants & m1 make no use ( x4 ,i suppose y recognize 9 ^! results ! great b5efits ( free in/itutions8 ,ah6 ,n[ comes "o ( ! inconv5i5ces ( int]view+4 ,i h be5 9 ! c\ntry less ?an two mon?s1 h se5 b a relatively small "p ( x1 & b comp>atively few p1 & yet y wi% f me a def9ite op9ion on a difficult "q4 ,p]haps y w answ]1 subject to ! qualification t y are b giv+ y\r fir/ impressions8 ,well1 ) t und]/&+1 ,i may reply t ?\gh ! free in/itutions h be5 p>tly ! cause1 ,i ?9k !y h n be5 ! *ief cause4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,am]ican p h come into possession ( an unp>allel$ =tune--! m9]al weal? & ! va/ tracts ( virg9 soil produc+ abundantly ) small co/ ( culture4 ,manife/ly1 t alone goes a long way t[>ds produc+ ?is enorm\s prosp]ity4 ,!n !y h pr(it$ by inh]it+ all ! arts1 appliances1 & me?ods1 develop$ by old] societies1 :ile leav+ beh9d ! ob/ructions exi/+ 9 !m4 ,!y h be5 able to pick & *oose f ! products ( all pa/ exp]i5ce1 appropriat+ ! good & reject+ ! bad4 ,!n1 besides ^! fav\rs ( =tune1 !re are factors prop] to !mselves4 ,i p]ceive 9 ,am]ican faces g5]ally a great am\nt ( det]m9ation--a k9d ( 8d or die0 #dgc expression2 & ?is trait ( "*1 jo9$ ) a p[] ( "w exce$+ t ( any o!r p1 ( c\rse produces an unp>allel$ rapidity ( progress4 ,once m1 !re is ! inv5tiv5ess :i*1 /imulat$ by ! ne$ = economiz+ lab\r1 has be5 s wisely fo/]$4 ,among u 9 ,engl&1 !re are _m fooli% p :o1 :ile ?9k+ t a man :o toils ) 8 h&s has an equitable claim to ! product1 & if he has special skill may rightly h ! advantage ( x1 also hold t if a man toils ) 8 bra91 p]haps = ye>s1 &1 unit+ g5ius ) p]sev]ance1 evolves "s valuable inv5tion1 ! public may rightly claim ! b5efit4 ,! ,am]icans h be5 m f>-see+4 ,! enorm\s museum ( pat5ts :i* ,i saw at ,wa%+ton is significant ( ! att5tion paid to inv5tors' claims2 & ! nation pr(its imm5sely f hav+ 9 ?is direction 7?\gh n 9 all o!rs7 recogniz$ prop]ty 9 m5tal products4 ,beyond "q1 9 respect ( me*anical appliances ! ,am]icans are ahead ( all nations4 ,if along ) y\r mat]ial progress !re w5t equal progress ( a high] k9d1 !re w\ld rema9 no?+ to be wi%$4 ,t is an ambigu\s qualification4 ,:at d y mean by x8 ,y w und]/& me :5 ,i tell y :at ,i 0 ?9k+ ! o!r day4 ,aft] pond]+ ov] :at ,i h se5 ( y\r va/ manufactur+ & trad+ e/abli%m5ts1 ! ru% ( traffic 9 y\r /reet-c>s & elevat$ railways1 y\r gigantic hotels & ,fif? ,av5ue palaces1 ,i 0 sudd5ly rem9d$ ( ! ,italian ,republics ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & recall$ ! fact t :ile !re 0 gr[+ up 9 !m great comm]cial activity1 a developm5t ( ! arts1 :i* made !m ! envy ( ,europe1 & a build+ ( pr9cely mansions :i* cont9ue to be ! admiration ( travell]s1 _! p 7 gradually los+ _! fre$om4 ,d y mean ?is z a sugge/ion t we are do+ ! l8 ,x seems to me t y are4 ,y reta9 ! =ms ( #dgd fre$om2 b1 s f> z ,i c ga!r1 !re has be5 a consid]able loss ( ! sub/ance4 ,x is true t ^? :o rule y d n d x by means ( reta9]s arm$ ) swords2 b !y d x ?r\gh regim5ts ( m5 arm$ ) vot+ pap]s1 :o obey ! ^w ( comm& z loyally z did ! dep5dants ( ! old feudal nobles1 & :o ?us enable _! lead]s to ov]ride ! g5]al w1 & make ! community submit to _! exactions z effectually z _! prototypes ( old4 ,x is d\btless true t ea* ( y\r citiz5s votes = ! c&idate he *ooses = ?is or t (fice1 f ,presid5t d[nw>ds2 b 8 h& is guid$ by an ag5cy beh9d :i* leaves him sc>cely any *oice4 8,use y\r political p[] z we tell y1 or else ?r[ x away10 is ! alt]native (f]$ to ! citiz54 ,! political ma*9]y z x is n[ work$1 has little resemblance to t contemplat$ at ! outset ( y\r political life4 ,manife/ly1 ^? :o fram$ y\r ,con/itution nev] dream$ t tw5ty ?\s& citiz5s w\ld g to ! poll l$ by a 8boss40 ,am]ica exemplifies at ! o!r end ( ! social scale1 a *ange analog\s to t :i* has tak5 place "u sundry despotisms4 ,y "k t 9 ,japan1 be=e ! rec5t ,revolution1 ! div9e rul]1 ! ,mikado1 nom9ally supreme1 0 practically a puppet 9 ! h&s ( 8 *ief m9i/]1 ! ,%ogun4 ,"h x seems to me t 8! sov]eign p0 is fa/ becom+ a puppet :i* moves & speaks z wire-pull]s det]m9e4 ,!n y ?9k t ,republican in/itutions are a failure8 ,by no means3 ,i imply no su* conclusion4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 :5 (t5 discuss+ politics ) an ,engli% fri5d1 & def5d+ ,republican in/itutions1 z ,i always h done & d /ill1 & :5 he urg$ aga9/ me ! ill-work+ ( su* in/itutions ov] "h1 ,i habitually repli$ t ! ,am]icans got _! =m ( gov]nm5t by a happy accid5t1 n by normal progress1 & t !y w\ld h to g back be=e !y c\ld g =w>d4 ,:at has s9ce happ5$ seems to me to h ju/ifi$ t #dge view2 & :at ,i see n[1 confirms me 9 x4 ,am]ica is %[+1 on a l>g] scale ?an ev] be=e1 t 8pap] ,con/itutions0 w n "w z !y are int5d$ to "w4 ,! tru?1 fir/ recogniz$ by ,mack9to%1 t ,con/itutions are n made b gr[1 :i* is "p ( ! l>g] tru? t societies1 ?r\gh\t _! :ole organizations1 are n made b gr[1 at once1 :5 accept$1 disposes ( ! notion t y c "w z y hope any artificially-devis$ sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,x becomes an inf]5ce t if y\r political /ructure has be5 manufactur$ & n gr[n1 x w =?) beg9 to gr[ into some?+ diff]5t f t int5d$--some?+ 9 h>mony ) ! natures ( ! citiz5s1 & ! conditions "u :i* ! society exi/s4 ,& x evid5tly has be5 s ) y4 ,)9 ! =ms ( y\r ,con/itution !re has gr[n up ?is organization ( pr(essional politicians altoge!r uncontemplat$ at ! outset1 :i* has become 9 l>ge measure ! rul+ p[]4 ,b w n education & ! diffusion ( political k fit m5 = free in/itutions8 ,no4 ,x is ess5tially a "q ( "*1 & only 9 a second>y degree a "q ( k4 ,b = ! univ]sal delusion ab\t education z a panacea = political evils1 ?is w\ld h be5 made suffici5tly cle> by ! evid5ce daily disclos$ 9 y\r pap]s4 ,are n ! m5 :o (fic] & control y\r ,f$]al1 y\r ,/ate1 & y\r ,municipal organizations--:o manipulate y\r caucuses & conv5tions1 & run y\r p>tisan campaigns--all educat$ m58 ,& has _! education prev5t$ !m f engag+ 91 or p]mitt+1 or condon+1 ! brib]ies1 lobby+s1 & o!r corrupt me?ods :i* vitiate ! actions ( y\r adm9i/rations8 ,p]haps p>ty newspap]s exagg]ate ^! ?+s2 b :at am ,i to make ( ! te/imony ( y\r civil s]vice re=m]s--m5 ( all p>ties8 ,if ,i und]/& ! matt] aright1 !y are attack+1 z vici\s & dang]\s1 a sy/em #dgf :i* has gr[n up "u ! natural spontane\s work+ ( y\r free in/itutions--are expos+ vices :i* education has prov$ p[]less to prev5t8 ,( c\rse1 ambiti\s & unscrupul\s m5 w secure ! (fices1 & education w aid !m 9 _! selfi% purposes4 ,b w\ld n ^? purposes be ?w>t$1 & bett] ,gov]nm5t secur$1 by rais+ ! /&>d ( k among ! p at l>ge8 ,v little4 ,! curr5t !ory is t if ! "y are taught :at is "r1 & ! reasons :y x is "r1 !y w d :at is "r :5 !y gr[ up4 ,b consid]+ :at religi\s tea*]s h be5 do+ ^! two ?\s& ye>s1 x seems to me t all hi/ory is aga9/ ! conclusion1 z mu* z is ! conduct ( ^! well-educat$ citiz5s ,i h ref]r$ to2 & ,i d n see :y y expect bett] results among ! masses4 ,p]sonal int]e/s w sway ! m5 9 ! ranks1 z !y sway ! m5 above !m2 & ! education :i* fails to make ! la/ consult public good r ?an private good1 w fail to make ! fir/ d x4 ,! b5efits ( political purity are s g5]al & remote1 & ! pr(it to ea* individual is s inconspicu\s1 t ! common citiz51 educate him z y l1 w habitually occupy himself ) 8 p]sonal affairs1 & hold x n wor? 8 :ile to fight aga9/ ea* abuse z soon z x appe>s4 ,n lack ( in=mation1 b lack ( c]ta9 moral s5tim5t1 is ! root ( ! evil4 ,y mean t p h n a suffici5t s5se ( public duty8 ,well1 t is "o way ( putt+ x2 b !re is a m specific way4 ,probably x w surprise y if ,i say ! ,am]ican has n1 ,i ?9k1 a suffici5tly quick s5se ( 8 own claims1 &1 at ! same "t1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 n a suffici5tly quick s5se ( ! claims ( o!rs--= ! two traits are organically relat$4 ,i obs]ve t !y tol]ate v>i\s small int]f]5ces & dictations :i* ,engli%m5 are prone to resi/4 ,i am told t ! #dgg ,engli% are rem>k$ on = _! t5d5cy to grumble 9 su* cases2 & ,i h no d\bt x is true4 ,d y ?9k x wor? :ile = p to make !mselves disagreeable by res5t+ e trifl+ aggression8 ,we ,am]icans ?9k x involves too mu* loss ( "t & temp]1 & doesn't pay4 ,exactly2 t is :at ,i mean by "*4 ,x is ?is easy-go+ read9ess to p]mit small trespasses1 because x w\ld be tr\blesome or pr(itless or unpopul> to oppose !m1 :i* leads to ! habit ( acquiesc5ce 9 wrong1 & ! decay ( free in/itutions4 ,free in/itutions c be ma9ta9$ only by citiz5s1 ea* ( :om is in/ant to oppose e illegitimate act1 e assumption ( supremacy1 e (ficial excess ( p[]1 h[ev] trivial x may seem4 ,z ,hamlet says1 !re is su* a ?+ z 8greatly to f9d qu>rel 9 a /raw10 :5 ! /raw implies a pr9ciple4 ,if1 z y say ( ! ,am]ican1 he pauses to consid] :e!r he c af=d ! "t & tr\ble--:e!r x w pay1 corruption is sure to creep 94 ,all ^! lapses f high] to l[] =ms beg9 9 trifl+ ways1 & x is only by incessant wat*fulness t !y c be prev5t$4 ,z "o ( y\r e>ly /atesm5 said--8,! price ( lib]ty is et]nal vigilance40 ,b x is f> less aga9/ =eign aggressions ^u national lib]ty t ?is vigilance is requir$1 ?an aga9/ ! insidi\s gr[? ( dome/ic int]f]5ces ) p]sonal lib]ty4 ,9 "s private adm9i/rations :i* ,i h be5 conc]n$ )1 ,i h (t5 insi/$ t in/ead ( assum+1 z p usually d1 t ?+s are go+ "r until x is prov$ t !y are go+ wrong1 ! prop] c\rse is to assume t !y are go+ wrong until x is prov$ t !y are go+ "r4 ,y w f9d cont9ually t private corporations1 su* z jo9t-/ock bank+ companies1 come to grief f n act+ on ?is pr9ciple2 & :at holds ( ^! small & simple private adm9i/rations holds /ill m ( ! great & complex public adm9i/rations4 #dgh ,p are taught1 & ,i suppose believe1 t ! he>t ( man 8is deceitful above all ?+s1 & desp]ately wick$20 & yet1 /rangely en\gh1 believ+ ?is1 !y place implicit tru/ 9 ^? !y appo9t to ?is or t function4 ,i d n ?9k s ill ( human nature2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i d n ?9k s well ( human nature z to believe x w g /raight )\t be+ wat*$4 ,y h9t$ t :ile ,am]icans d n ass]t _! own individualities suffici5tly 9 small matt]s1 !y1 reciprocally1 d n suffici5tly respect ! individualities ( o!rs4 ,did ,i8 ,"h1 !n1 comes ano!r ( ! inconv5i5ces ( int]view+4 ,i %\ld h kept ?is op9ion to myself if y _h ask$ me no que/ions2 & n[ ,i mu/ ei!r say :at ,i d n ?9k1 :i* ,i _c1 or ,i mu/ refuse to answ]1 :i*1 p]haps1 w be tak5 to mean m ?an ,i int5d1 or ,i mu/ specify1 at ! risk ( giv+ (f5ce4 ,z ! lea/ evil1 ,i suppose ,i mu/ d ! la/4 ,! trait ,i ref] to comes out 9 v>i\s ways1 small & great4 ,x is %[n by ! disrespectful mann] 9 :i* individuals are dealt ) 9 y\r j\rnals--! plac>d+ ( public m5 9 s5sational head+s1 ! dragg+ ( private p & _! affairs into pr9t4 ,!re seems to be a notion t ! public h a "r to intrude on private life z f> z !y l2 & ?is ,i take to be a k9d ( moral trespass+4 ,!n1 9 a l>g] way1 ! trait is se5 9 ?is damag+ ( private prop]ty by y\r elevat$ railways )\t mak+ comp5sation2 & x is aga9 se5 9 ! do+s ( railway autocrats1 n only :5 ov]rid+ ! rights ( %>ehold]s1 b 9 dom9at+ ov] c\rts ( ju/ice & ,/ate gov]nm5ts4 ,! fact is t free in/itutions c be prop]ly work$ only by m51 ea* ( :om is jeal\s ( 8 own rights1 & also sympa!tically jeal\s ( ! rights ( o!rs--:o w nei!r himself aggress on 8 neighb\rs 9 small ?+s or great1 nor tol]ate aggression on !m by o!rs4 ,! ,republican =m ( gov]nm5t is ! highe/ =m ( gov]nm5t2 b because ( ?is x #dgi requires ! highe/ type ( human nature--a type n[h]e at pres5t exi/+4 ,we h n gr[n up to x2 nor h y4 ,b we ?\ght1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 y 7 9 fav\r ( free gov]nm5t 9 ! s5se ( relax$ re/ra9ts1 & lett+ m5 & ?+s v mu* alone1 or :at is call$ laissez faire8 ,t is a p]si/5t misund]/&+ ( my oppon5ts4 ,ev]y:]e1 along ) ! reprobation ( ,gov]nm5t intrusion into v>i\s sph]es :]e private activities %\ld be left to !mselves1 ,i h cont5d$ t 9 its special sph]e1 ! ma9t5ance ( equitable relations among citiz5s1 gov]nm5tal action %\ld be ext5d$ & elaborat$4 ,to return to y\r v>i\s criticisms1 mu/ ,i !n und]/& t y ?9k unfav\rably ( our future8 ,no "o c =m any?+ m ?an vague & g5]al conclusions respect+ y\r future4 ,! factors are too num]\s1 too va/1 too f> beyond measure 9 _! quantities & int5sities4 ,! _w has nev] be=e se5 social ph5om5a at all comp>able ) ^? pres5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a society spread+ ov] enorm\s tracts1 :ile /ill pres]v+ its political cont9uity1 is a new ?+4 ,?is progressive incorporation ( va/ bodies ( immigrants ( v>i\s bloods1 has nev] occurr$ on su* a scale be=e4 ,l>ge empires1 compos$ ( diff]5t peoples1 h1 9 previ\s cases1 be5 =m$ by conque/ & annexation4 ,!n y\r imm5se plexus ( railways & telegraphs t5ds to consolidate ?is va/ aggregate ( ,/ates 9 a way t no su* aggregate has ev] be=e be5 consolidat$4 ,& !re are _m m9or co-op]at+ causes1 unlike ^? hi!rto kn[n4 ,no "o c say h[ x is all go+ to "w out4 ,t !re w come h]eaft] tr\bles ( v>i\s k9ds1 & v grave ones1 seems highly probable2 b all nations h _h1 & w h1 _! tr\bles4 ,already y h triumph$ ov] "o great tr\ble1 & #dhj may reasonably hope to triumph ov] o!rs4 ,x may1 ,i ?9k1 be conclud$ t1 bo? because ( its size & ! het]og5eity ( its compon5ts1 ! ,am]ican nation w be a long "t 9 evolv+ its ultimate =m1 b t its ultimate =m w be high4 ,"o great result is1 ,i ?9k1 tol]ably cle>4 ,f biological tru?s x is to be inf]r$ t ! ev5tual mixture ( ! alli$ v>ieties ( ! ,aryan race =m+ ! population1 w produce a f9] type ( man ?an has hi!rto exi/$2 & a type ( man m pla/ic1 m adaptable1 m capable ( und]go+ ! modifications ne$ful = complete social life4 ,i ?9k t :atev] difficulties !y may h to surm\nt1 & :atev] tribulations !y may h to pass ?r\gh1 ! ,am]icans may reasonably look =w>d to a "t :5 !y w h produc$ a civilization gr&] ?an any ! _w has kn[n4 ,,ii4--,a ,,spee*3 ,deliv]$ on ! occasion ( a ,complim5t>y ,d9n] 9 ,new ,york1 on ,novemb] #i1 #ahhb4 ,mr4 ,presid5t & ,g5tlem53--,along ) y\r k9dness !re comes to me a great unk9dness f ,fate2 =1 n[ t1 above all times 9 my life1 ,i ne$ full comm& ( :at p[]s ( spee* ,i possess1 di/urb$ heal? s ?reat5s to int]f]e ) !m t ,i fe> ,i %all v inadequately express myself4 ,any failure 9 my response y mu/ please ascribe1 9 "p at lea/1 to a greatly disord]$ n]v\s sy/em4 ,reg>d+ y z repres5t+ ,am]icans at l>ge1 ,i feel t ! occasion is "o on :i* arre>s ( ?anks are due4 ,i ought to beg9 ) ! "t1 "s two-&-tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 my highly valu$ fri5d ,pr(essor ,y\mans1 mak+ ef=ts to diffuse my books "h1 int]e/$ on _! behalf ! ,messrs4 ,appleton1 :o h ev] treat$ me s hon\rably & s h&somely2 & ,i ought to detail f t "t onw>d ! v>i\s #dha m>ks & acts ( sympa?y by :i* ,i h be5 enc\rag$ 9 a /ruggle :i* 0 = _m ye>s di%e>t5+4 ,b1 intimat+ ?us briefly my g5]al indebt$ness to my num]\s fri5ds1 mo/ ( !m unkn[n1 on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 ,i mu/ "n m especially ! _m att5tions & pr(f]$ hospitalities met ) dur+ my late t\r1 z well z1 la/ly & *iefly1 ?is m>k$ expression ( ! sympa?ies & good wi%es :i* _m ( y h travell$ s f> to give1 at great co/ ( t "t :i* is s preci\s to ! ,am]ican4 ,i believe ,i may truly say1 t ! bett] heal? :i* y h s cordially wi%$ me1 w be 9 a measure fur!r$ by ! wi%2 s9ce all pleasurable emotion is conducive to heal?1 &1 z y w fully believe1 ! remembrance ( ?is ev5t w ev] cont9ue to be a s\rce ( pleasurable emotion1 exce$$ by few1 if any1 ( my remembrances4 ,& n[ t ,i h ?ank$ y1 s9c]ely ?\gh too briefly1 ,i am go+ to f9d fault ) y4 ,already1 9 "s rem>ks drawn f me respect+ ,am]ican affairs & ,am]ican "*1 ,i h pass$ criticisms1 :i* h be5 accept$ f> m good-hum\r$ly ?an ,i c\ld h reasonably expect$2 & x seems /range t ,i %\ld n[ propose aga9 to transgress4 ,h[ev]1 ! fault ,i h to comm5t ^u is "o :i* mo/ w sc>cely reg>d z a fault4 ,x seems to me t 9 "o respect ,am]icans h div]g$ too widely f savages1 ,i d n mean to say t !y are 9 g5]al unduly civiliz$4 ,?r\gh\t l>ge p>ts ( ! population1 ev5 9 long-settl$ regions1 !re is no excess ( ^? virtues ne$$ = ! ma9t5ance ( social h>mony4 ,especially out 9 ! ,we/1 m5's deal+s d n yet betray too mu* ( ! 8sweetness & light0 :i* we are told di/+ui% ! cultur$ man f ! b>b>ian4 ,nev]!less1 !re is a s5se 9 :i* my ass]tion is true4 ,y "k t ! primitive man lacks p[] ( application4 ,spurr$ by hung]1 by dang]1 by rev5ge1 he c ex]t himself #dhb en]getically = a "t2 b 8 en]gy is spasmodic4 ,monoton\s daily toil is impossible to him4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! m develop$ man4 ,! /]n discipl9e ( social life has gradually increas$ ! aptitude = p]si/5t indu/ry2 until1 among u1 & /ill m among y1 "w has become ) _m a passion4 ,?is contra/ ( nature has ano!r aspect4 ,! savage ?9ks only ( pres5t satisfactions1 & leaves future satisfactions unc>$ =4 ,contr>iwise1 ! ,am]ican1 eag]ly pursu+ a future good1 almo/ ignores :at good ! pass+ day (f]s him2 & :5 ! future good is ga9$1 he neglects t :ile /riv+ = "s /ill remot] good4 ,:at ,i h se5 & he>d dur+ my /ay among y has =c$ on me ! belief t ?is sl[ *ange f habitual in]tness to p]si/5t activity has rea*$ an extreme f :i* !re mu/ beg9 a c\nt]*ange--a reaction4 ,ev]y:]e ,i h be5 /ruck ) ! numb] ( faces :i* told 9 /rong l9es ( ! burd5s t _h to be borne4 ,i h be5 /ruck1 too1 ) ! l>ge proportion ( gray-hair$ m52 & inquiries h br\ght out ! fact1 t ) y ! hair commonly beg9s to turn "s t5 ye>s e>li] ?an ) u4 ,moreov]1 9 e circle ,i h met m5 :o _h !mselves suff]$ f n]v\s collapse due to /ress ( bus9ess1 or nam$ fri5ds :o _h ei!r kill$ !mselves by ov]work1 or _h be5 p]man5tly incapacitat$1 or _h wa/$ long p]iods 9 endeav\rs to recov] heal?4 ,i d b e*o ! op9ion ( all ! obs]vant p]sons ,i h spok5 to1 t imm5se injury is be+ done by ?is high-pressure life--! physique is be+ und]m9$4 ,t subtle ?9k] & poet :om y h lately _h to m\rn1 ,em]son1 says1 9 8 essay on ! ,g5tleman1 t ! fir/ requisite is t he %all be a good animal4 ,! requisite is a g5]al "o--x ext5ds to ! man1 to ! fa!r1 to ! citiz54 ,we he> a great deal ab\t 8! vile body20 & _m are enc\rag$ by ! phrase to transgress ! laws ( #dhc heal?4 ,b ,nature quietly suppresses ^? :o treat ?us disrespectfully "o ( h] highe/ products1 & leaves ! _w to be peopl$ by ! desc5dants ( ^? :o are n s fooli%4 ,beyond ^! imm$iate mis*iefs !re are remot] mis*iefs4 ,exclusive devotion to "w has ! result t amusem5ts cease to please2 &1 :5 relaxation becomes imp]ative1 life becomes dre>y f lack ( its sole int]e/--! int]e/ 9 bus9ess4 ,! rem>k curr5t 9 ,engl& t1 :5 ! ,am]ican travels1 8 aim is to d ! greate/ am\nt ( sight-see+ 9 ! %orte/ "t1 ,i f9d curr5t "h also3 x is recogniz$ t ! satisfaction ( gett+ on dev\rs ne>ly all o!r satisfactions4 ,:5 rec5tly at ,niag>a1 :i* gave u a :ole week's pleasure1 ,i le>n$ f ! l&lord ( ! hotel t mo/ ,am]icans come "o day & g away ! next4 ,old ,froiss>t1 :o said ( ! ,engli% ( 8 day t 8!y take _! pleasures sadly aft] _! fa%ion10 w\ld d\btless1 if he liv$ n[1 say ( ! ,am]icans t !y take _! pleasures hurri$ly aft] _! fa%ion4 ,9 l>ge measure ) u1 & /ill m ) y1 !re is n t ab&onm5t to ! mom5t :i* is requisite = full enjoym5t2 & ?is ab&onm5t is prev5t$ by ! ev]-pres5t s5se ( multitud9\s responsibilities4 ,s t1 beyond ! s]i\s physical mis*ief caus$ by ov]work1 !re is ! fur!r mis*ief t x de/roys :at value !re w\ld o!rwise be 9 ! leisure "p ( life4 ,nor d ! evils end "h4 ,!re is ! injury to po/]ity4 ,damag$ con/itutions reappe> 9 *ildr51 & entail on !m f> m ( ill ?an great =tunes yield !m ( good4 ,:5 life has be5 duly rationaliz$ by sci5ce1 x w be se5 t among a man's duties1 c>e ( ! body is imp]ative2 n only out ( reg>d = p]sonal welf>e1 b also out ( reg>d = desc5dants4 ,8 con/itution w be consid]$ z an entail$ e/ate1 :i* he ought to pass on un9jur$1 if n improv$1 to ^? :o foll[2 & x w be held t millions bequea!d by him #dhd w n comp5sate = feeble heal? & decreas$ ability to enjoy life4 ,once m1 !re is ! injury to fell[-citiz5s1 tak+ ! %ape ( undue disreg>d ( competitors4 ,i he> t a great trad] among y delib]ately endeav\r$ to cru% out e "o ^: bus9ess compet$ ) 8 own2 & manife/ly ! man :o1 mak+ himself a slave to accumulation1 absorbs an inord9ate %>e ( ! trade or pr(ession he is engag$ 91 makes life h>d] = all o!rs engag$ 9 x1 & excludes f x _m :o might o!rwise ga9 compet5cies4 ,?us1 besides ! egoi/ic motive1 !re are two altrui/ic motives :i* %\ld det] f ?is excess 9 "w4 ,! tru? is1 !re ne$s a revis$ ideal ( life4 ,look back ?r\gh ! pa/1 or look abroad ?r\gh ! pres5t1 & we f9d t ! ideal ( life is v>iable1 & dep5ds on social conditions4 ,e "o kn[s t to be a successful w>rior 0 ! highe/ aim among all anci5t peoples ( note1 z x is /ill among _m b>b>\s peoples4 ,:5 we rememb] t 9 ! ,norseman's heav5 ! "t 0 to be pass$ 9 daily battles1 ) magical heal+ ( w\nds1 we see h[ deeply root$ may become ! conception t fight+ is man's prop] bus9ess1 & t indu/ry is fit only = slaves & p ( l[ degree4 ,t is to say1 :5 ! *ronic /ruggles ( races necessitate p]petual w>s1 !re is evolv$ an ideal ( life adapt$ to ! requirem5ts4 ,we h *ang$ all t 9 mod]n civiliz$ societies2 especially 9 ,engl&1 & /ill m 9 ,am]ica4 ,) ! decl9e ( militant activity1 & ! gr[? ( indu/rial activity1 ! occupations once disgraceful h become hon\rable4 ,! duty to "w has tak5 ! place ( ! duty to fight2 & 9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 ! ideal ( life has become s well e/abli%$ t sc>cely any dream ( que/ion+ x4 ,practically1 bus9ess has be5 sub/itut$ = w> z ! purpose ( exi/5ce4 ,is ?is mod]n ideal to survive ?r\gh\t ! future8 ,i ?9k n4 ,:ile all o!r ?+s und]go cont9u\s #dhe *ange1 x is impossible t ideals %\ld rema9 fix$4 ,! anci5t ideal 0 appropriate to ! ages ( conque/ by man ov] man1 & spread ( ! /ronge/ races4 ,! mod]n ideal is appropriate to ages 9 :i* conque/ ( ! e>? & subjection ( ! p[]s ( ,nature to human use1 is ! pr$om9ant ne$4 ,b h]eaft]1 :5 bo? ^! ends h 9 ! ma9 be5 a*iev$1 ! ideal =m$ w probably diff] consid]ably f ! pres5t "o4 ,may we n =esee ! nature ( ! diff]5ce8 ,i ?9k we may4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s ago1 a good fri5d ( m9e1 & a good fri5d ( y\rs too1 ?\gh y nev] saw him1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 deliv]$ at ,/4 ,&rews an inaugural address on ! occasion ( 8 appo9tm5t to ! ,"l ,rector%ip4 ,x conta9$ mu* to be admir$1 z did all he wrote4 ,!re ran ?r\gh x1 h[ev]1 ! tacit assumption t life is = le>n+ & work+4 ,i felt at ! "t t ,i %\ld h lik$ to take up ! opposite !sis4 ,i %\ld h lik$ to cont5d t life is n = le>n+1 nor is life = work+1 b le>n+ & work+ are = life4 ,! prim>y use ( k is = su* guidance ( conduct "u all circum/ances z %all make liv+ complete4 ,all o!r uses ( k are second>y4 ,x sc>cely ne$s say+ t ! prim>y use ( "w is t ( supply+ ! mat]ials & aids to liv+ completely2 & t any o!r uses ( "w are second>y4 ,b 9 m5's conceptions ! second>y has 9 great measure usurp$ ! place ( ! prim>y4 ,! apo/le ( culture z x is commonly conceiv$1 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 makes little or no ref]5ce to ! fact t ! fir/ use ( k is ! "r ord]+ ( all actions2 & ,mr4 ,c>lyle1 :o is a good expon5t ( curr5t ideas ab\t "w1 insi/s on its virtues = q o!r reasons ?an t x a*ieves su/5tation4 ,we may trace ev]y:]e 9 human affairs a t5d5cy to trans=m ! means into ! end4 ,all see t ! mis] does ?is :51 mak+ ! accumulation ( money 8 sole satisfaction1 he =gets t money is ( value only to #dhf pur*ase satisfactions4 ,b x is less commonly se5 t ! l is true ( ! "w by :i* ! money is accumulat$--t indu/ry too1 bodily or m5tal1 is b a means2 & t x is z irrational to pursue x to ! exclusion ( t complete liv+ x subs]ves1 z x is = ! mis] to accumulate money & make no use ( x4 ,h]eaft]1 :5 ?is age ( active mat]ial progress has yield$ mank9d its b5efits1 !re w1 ,i ?9k1 come a bett] adju/m5t ( lab\r & enjoym5t4 ,among reasons = ?9k+ ?is1 !re is ! reason t ! process ( evolution ?r\gh\t ! organic _w at l>ge1 br+s an increas+ surplus ( en]gies t are n absorb$ 9 fulfill+ mat]ial ne$s1 & po9ts to a /ill l>g] surplus = ! humanity ( ! future4 ,& !re are o!r reasons1 :i* ,i mu/ pass ov]4 ,9 brief1 ,i may say t we h _h some:at too mu* ( 8! gospel ( "w40 ,x is "t to prea* ! gospel ( relaxation4 ,?is is a v unconv5tional aft]-d9n] spee*4 ,especially x w be ?\ght /range t 9 return+ ?anks ,i %\ld deliv] some?+ v mu* l a homily4 ,b ,i h ?\ght ,i c\ld n bett] convey my ?anks ?an by ! expression ( a sympa?y :i* issues 9 a fe>4 ,if1 z ,i ga!r1 ?is intemp]ance 9 "w affects m especially ! ,anglo-,am]ican "p ( ! population--if !re results an und]m9+ ( ! physique1 n only 9 adults1 b also 9 ! "y1 :o1 z ,i le>n f y\r daily j\rnals1 are also be+ injur$ by ov]work--if ! ultimate consequ5ce %\ld be a dw9dl+ away ( ^? among y :o are ! inh]itors ( free in/itutions & be/ adapt$ to !m2 !n !re w come a fur!r difficulty 9 ! work+ out ( t great future :i* lies be=e ! ,am]ican nation4 ,to my anxiety on ?is acc\nt y mu/ please ascribe ! unusual "* ( my rem>ks4 ,& n[ ,i mu/ bid y f>ewell4 ,:5 ,i sail by ! ,g]manic on ,saturday1 ,i %all be> ) me pleasant #dhg remembrances ( my int]c\rse ) _m ,am]icans1 jo9$ ) regrets t my /ate ( heal? has prev5t$ me f see+ a l>g] numb]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,po/script4--,a few words may fitly be add$ respect+ ! causes ( ?is ov]-activity 9 ,am]ican life--causes :i* may be id5tifi$ z hav+ 9 rec5t times p>tially op]at$ among ourselves1 & z hav+ wr\ght k9dr$1 ?\gh less m>k$1 effects4 ,x is ! m wor? :ile to trace ! g5esis ( ?is undue absorption ( ! en]gies 9 "w1 s9ce x well s]ves to illu/rate ! g5]al tru? :i* %\ld be ev] pres5t to all legislators & politicians1 t ! indirect & un=ese5 results ( any cause affect+ a society are frequ5tly1 if n habitually1 great] & m important ?an ! direct & =ese5 results4 ,?is high pressure "u :i* ,am]icans exi/1 & :i* is mo/ int5se 9 places l ,*icago1 :]e ! prosp]ity & rate ( gr[? are greate/1 is se5 by _m intellig5t ,am]icans !mselves to be an indirect result ( _! free in/itutions & ! abs5ce ( ^? class-di/9ctions & re/ra9ts exi/+ 9 old] communities4 ,a society 9 :i* ! man :o dies a millionaire is s (t5 "o :o comm5c$ life 9 pov]ty1 & 9 :i* 7to p>aphrase a ,fr5* say+ conc]n+ ! soldi]7 e news-boy c>ries a presid5t's seal 9 8 bag1 is1 by consequ5ce1 a society 9 :i* all are subject to a /ress ( competition = weal? & hon\r1 great] ?an c exi/ 9 a society ^: memb]s are ne>ly all prev5t$ f ris+ out ( ! ranks 9 :i* !y 7 born1 & h b remote possibilities ( acquir+ =tunes4 ,9 ^? ,european societies :i* h 9 great measure pres]v$ _! old types ( /ructure 7z 9 our own society up to ! "t :5 ! great developm5t ( indu/rialism began to op5 ev]-multiply+ c>e]s = ! produc+ & di/ribut+ classes7 !re is s little *ance ( ov]com+ ! ob/acles to any great rise 9 position or possessions1 t #dhh ne>ly all h to be cont5t ) _! places3 ent]ta9+ little or no ?\ght ( bett]+ !mselves4 ,a manife/ concomitant is t1 fulfill+1 ) su* effici5cy z a mod]ate competition requires1 ! daily tasks ( _! respective situations1 ! majority become habituat$ to mak+ ! be/ ( su* pleasures z _! lot af=ds1 dur+ :atev] leisure !y get4 ,b x is o!rwise :]e an imm5se gr[? ( trade multiplies greatly ! *ances ( success to ! ent]pris+2 & /ill m is x o!rwise :]e class-re/rictions are p>tially remov$ or :olly abs5t4 ,n only are m en]gy & ?\ght put into ! "t daily occupi$ 9 "w1 b ! leisure comes to be tr5*$ ^u1 ei!r lit]ally by abridgm5t1 or else by anxieties conc]n+ bus9ess4 ,cle>ly1 ! l>g] ! numb] :o1 "u su* conditions1 acquire prop]ty1 or a*ieve high] positions1 or bo?1 ! %>p] is ! spur to ! re/4 ,a rais$ /&>d ( activity e/abli%es itself & goes on ris+4 ,public applause giv5 to ! successful1 becom+ 9 communities ?us circum/anc$ ! mo/ famili> k9d ( public applause1 increases cont9ually ! /imulus to action4 ,! /ruggle gr[s m & m /r5u\s1 & !re comes an increas+ dread ( failure--a dread ( be+ 8left10 z ! ,am]icans say3 a significant ^w1 s9ce x is sugge/ive ( a race 9 :i* ! h>d] any "o runs1 ! h>d] o!rs h to run to keep up ) him--a ^w sugge/ive ( t brea?less ha/e ) :i* ea* passes f a success ga9$ to ! pursuit ( a fur!r success4 ,& on contra/+ ! ,engli% ( to-day ) ! ,engli% ( a c5tury ago1 we may see h[1 9 a consid]able measure1 ! l causes h entail$ "h k9dr$ results4 ,ev5 ^? :o are n directly spurr$ on by ?is int5sifi$ /ruggle = weal? & hon\r1 are indirectly spurr$ on by x4 ,= "o ( its effects is to raise ! /&>d ( liv+1 & ev5tually to increase ! av]age rate ( exp5diture = all4 ,p>tly = p]sonal enjoym5t1 #dhi b mu* m = ! display :i* br+s admiration1 ^? :o acquire =tunes di/+ui% !mselves by luxuri\s habits4 ,! m num]\s !y become1 ! ke5] becomes ! competition = t k9d ( public att5tion giv5 to ^? :o make !mselves conspicu\s by great exp5diture4 ,! competition spreads d[nw>ds /ep by /ep2 until1 to be 8respectable10 ^? hav+ relatively small means feel oblig$ to sp5d m on h\ses1 furniture1 dress1 & food2 & are oblig$ to "w ! h>d] to get ! requisite l>g] income4 ,?is process ( causation is manife/ en\gh among ourselves2 & x is /ill m manife/ 9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! extravagance 9 /yle ( liv+ is great] ?an "h4 ,?us1 ?\gh x seems beyond d\bt t ! removal ( all political & social b>ri]s1 & ! giv+ to ea* man an unimp$$ c>e]1 mu/ be purely b5eficial2 yet !re is 7at fir/7 a consid]able set-(f f ! b5efits4 ,among ^? :o 9 old] communities h by labori\s lives ga9$ di/9ction1 "s may be he>d privately to confess t 8! game is n wor? ! c&le20 & :5 !y he> ( o!rs :o wi% to tread 9 _! /eps1 %ake _! heads & say--8,if !y only knew60 ,)\t accept+ 9 full s pessimi/ic an e/imate ( success1 we mu/ /ill say t v g5]ally ! co/ ( ! c&le d$ucts l>gely f ! ga9 ( ! game4 ,t :i* 9 ^! exceptional cases holds among ourselves1 holds m g5]ally 9 ,am]ica4 ,an int5sifi$ life1 :i* may be summ$ up z--great lab\r1 great pr(it1 great exp5diture--has = its concomitant a we> & te> :i* consid]ably dim9i%es 9 "o direction ! good ga9$ 9 ano!r4 ,add$ toge!r1 ! daily /ra9 ?r\gh _m h\rs & ! anxieties occupy+ _m o!r h\rs--! occupation ( consci\sness by feel+s t are ei!r indiff]5t or pa9ful1 leav+ relatively little "t = occupation ( x by pleasurable feel+s--t5d to l[] its level m ?an its level is rais$ by ! gratifications ( a*ievem5t #dij & ! accompany+ b5efits4 ,s t x may1 & 9 _m cases does1 result t dim9i%$ happ9ess goes along ) increas$ prosp]ity4 ,unque/ionably1 z long z ord] is fairly ma9ta9$1 t abs5ce ( political & social re/ra9ts :i* gives free scope to ! /ruggles = pr(it & hon\r1 conduces greatly to mat]ial advance ( ! society--develops ! indu/rial arts1 ext5ds & improves ! bus9ess organizations1 augm5ts ! weal?2 b t x raises ! value ( individual life1 z measur$ by ! av]age /ate ( its feel+1 by no means foll[s4 ,t x w d s ev5tually1 is c]ta92 b t x does s n[ seems1 to say ! lea/1 v d\btful4 ,! tru? is t a society & its memb]s act & react 9 su* wise t :ile1 on ! "o h&1 ! nature ( ! society is det]m9$ by ! natures ( its memb]s2 on ! o!r h&1 ! activities ( its memb]s 7& pres5tly _! natures7 are re-det]m9$ by ! ne$s ( ! society1 z ^! alt]3 *ange 9 ei!r entails *ange 9 ! o!r4 ,x is an obvi\s implication t1 to a great ext5t ! life ( a society s sways ! wills ( its memb]s z to turn !m to its ends4 ,t :i* is manife/ dur+ ! militant /age1 :5 ! social aggregate co]ces its units into co-op]ation = def5ce1 & sacrifices _m ( _! lives = its corporate pres]vation holds "u ano!r =m dur+ ! indu/rial /age1 z we at pres5t "k x4 ,?\gh ! co-op]ation ( citiz5s is n[ volunt>y in/ead ( compulsory2 yet ! social =ces impel !m to a*ieve social ends :ile app>5tly a*iev+ only _! own ends4 ,! man :o1 c>ry+ out an inv5tion1 ?9ks only ( private welf>e to be !reby secur$1 is 9 f> l>g] measure work+ = public welf>e3 in/ance ! contra/ betwe5 ! =tune made by ,watt & ! weal? :i* ! /eam-eng9e has giv5 to mank9d4 ,he :o utilizes a new mat]ial1 improves a me?od ( production1 or introduces a bett] way ( c>ry+ on bus9ess1 & does ?is = ! purpose ( di/anc+ competitors1 ga9s #dia = himself little comp>$ ) t :i* he ga9s = ! community by facilitat+ ! lives ( all4 ,ei!r unkn[+ly or 9 spite ( !mselves1 ,nature leads m5 by purely p]sonal motives to fulfil h] ends3 ,nature be+ "o ( our expressions = ! ,ultimate ,cause ( ?+s1 & ! end1 remote :5 n proximate1 be+ ! highe/ =m ( human life4 ,h5ce no argum5t1 h[ev] cog5t1 c be expect$ to produce mu* effect3 only "h & !re "o may be influ5c$4 ,z 9 an actively militant /age ( society x is impossible to make _m believe t !re is any glory pref]able to t ( kill+ enemies2 s1 :]e rapid mat]ial gr[? is go+ on1 & af=ds unlimit$ scope = ! en]gies ( all1 little c be done by insi/+ t life has high] uses ?an "w & accumulation4 ,:ile among ! mo/ p[]ful ( feel+s cont9ue to be ! desire = public applause & dread ( public c5sure--:ile ! anxiety to a*ieve di/9ction1 n[ by conqu]+ enemies1 n[ by beat+ competitors1 cont9ues pr$om9ant--:ile ! fe> ( public reprobation affects m5 m ?an ! fe> ( div9e v5geance 7z witness ! long survival ( duell+ 9 ,*ri/ian societies72 ?is excess ( "w :i* ambition prompts1 seems likely to cont9ue ) b small qualification4 ,! eag]ness = ! hon\r accord$ to success1 fir/ 9 w> & !n 9 comm]ce1 has be5 indisp5sable z a means to peopl+ ! ,e>? ) ! high] types ( man1 & ! subjugation ( its surface & its =ces to human use4 ,ambition may fitly come to be> a small] ratio to o!r motives1 :5 ! work+ out ( ^! ne$s is approa*+ complet5ess2 & :5 also1 by consequ5ce1 ! scope = satisfy+ ambition is dim9i%+4 ,^? :o draw ! obvi\s coroll>ies f ! doctr9e ( ,evolution--^? :o believe t ! process ( modification ^u modification :i* has br\ght life to its pres5t height mu/ raise x /ill high]1 w anticipate t ! 8la/ infirmity ( noble m9d0 w 9 ! di/ant future sl[ly #dib decrease4 ,z ! sph]e = a*ievem5t becomes small]1 ! desire = applause w lose t pr$om9ance :i* x n[ has4 ,a bett] ideal ( life may simultane\sly come to prevail4 ,:5 !re is fully recogniz$ ! tru? t moral beauty is high] ?an intellectual p[]--:5 ! wi% to be admir$ is 9 l>ge measure replac$ by ! wi% to be lov$2 t /rife = di/9ction :i* ! pres5t phase ( civilization %[s u w be greatly mod]at$4 ,along ) o!r b5efits may !n come a rational proportion+ ( "w & relaxation2 & ! relative claims ( to-day & to-morr[ may be prop]ly balanc$4 ,,! ,,end4 #dic ,,subject-,,index4 7,= ?is ,index ! ,au?or is indebt$ to ,f4 ,,h[>d ,,coll9s1 ,esq41 ( ,edgba/on1 ,birm+ham47 ,a priori1 me?od1 ,,iii1 #aii-bjc4 ,absolute1 ,!3 ,m>t9eau on1 ,,ii1 #bej-h2 & relativity ( k1 ,,ii1 #bfj4 ,ab/ract1 def9ition (1 ,,ii1 #gh4 ,ab/ract n\ns1 succe$ concrete1 ,i1 #cbc4 ,ab/raction1 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfe-f4 ,accommodation bills3 morals ( bank+1 ,,iii1 #acc-g2 /ate tamp]+s ) money1 ,,iii1 #cbf-ce1 #cce-dg4 ,ac\/ics3 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #eg1 #fj-a2 8beats10 ,,ii1 #afi-gj4 ,acquisitiv5ess1 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfg4 ,action & reaction3 univ]sal1 ,,iii1 #aja2 ! axiom1 ,,iii1 #bba4 ,activity1 relation to gr[?1 ,i1 #fc-d4 ,adaptation3 individual & social1 ,,iii1 #bgg-h2 ( alim5t>y canal1 ,,iii1 #dba4 ,address1 =ms (1 ,,iii1 #ae-f4 ,adelaide1 ,admiralty c]tificate (1 ,,iii1 #bci4 ,adjective1 collocation ( sub/antive1 ,,iii1 #cdj-a4 ,adm9i/rative ,nihilism1 ! title1 ,,ii1 #dch1 #ddb4 ,admiralty1 %ip c]tificates1 ,,iii1 #bci4 ,adult]ation3 examples1 ,,iii1 #aac2 silk1 ,,iii1 #abd-g4 /hetics1 & natural selection1 ,i1 #djh4 ,agriculture1 9 ,france1 ,,iii1 #bfg-h4 ,air1 expansion )\t pressure1 ,i1 #aah4 ,alas6 intonation (1 ,,ii1 #dji4 ,alb]t1 ,pr9ce1 on repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #bhd4 ,alg3 developm5t & homog5eity1 ,i1 #ij2 cell membrane1 ,i1 #dci2 cells1 ,i1 #ddf4 ,algebra3 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #ef2 classification ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #he2 subject matt]1 ,,ii1 #aac1 #aae2 evolution1 ,,ii1 #aef2 7see also ,ma!matics47 ,alim5t>y canal3 evolution1 ,,iii1 #bjd2 diff]5tiation1 ,,iii1 #djf2 & n]v\s sy/em1 ,,iii1 #dji2 adaptation1 ,,iii1 #dba4 ,allegory1 comp\nd metaphor1 ,,ii1 #ced4 ,allotropism1 complexity ( elem5ts1 ,i1 #aee1 #cgc4 ,alt]native necessity1 law (1 ,,ii1 #aia-b4 ,altruism3 developm5t1 ,i1 #cdf-ej2 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfg-i4 ,amazon1 burn+ ( ! %ip1 ,,iii1 #bci4 ,am]ica3 paleontological evid5ce1 ,i1 #ag2 effects ( subsid5ce1 ,i1 #db-c2 age ( rocks1 ,i1 #bjj-e1 #bjf1 #bji1 #baj2 admiration = weal?1 ,,iii1 #adi-ea2 progress 91 ,,iii1 #bgh2 pap] curr5cy1 ,,iii1 #cbh1 #cde2 lib]ty1 ,,iii1 #cha-b2 militancy & indu/rialism1 ,,iii1 #dae-f1 #dhd-ib2 politics1 ,,iii1 #deg2 ! ,am]icans1 ,,iii1 #dga-ib2 ,new ,york1 ,,iii1 #dgb2 ,clevel&1 ,,iii1 #dgb2 free in/itutions1 ,,iii1 #dgb2 pat5ts1 #dgc2 fre$om1 ,,iii1 #dgc-d1 #dgg2 republicanism1 ,,iii1 #dgd-e2 education1 ,,iii1 #dge-f2 "*1 ,,iii1 #dgf1 #dhb-g2 railways1 ,,iii1 #dgh2 future1 ,,iii1 #dgi-hj2 hair1 ,,iii1 #dhb2 heal?1 ,,iii1 #dhb1 #dhc-d2 pleasures 91 ,,iii1 #dhb-c2 causes ( ov]-activity1 ,,iii1 #dhg-ib4 ,amba1 in/ability ( homog5e\s1 ,i1 #hf4 ,am/]dam1 ,engli% ent]prise 91 ,,iii1 #bgh4 ,analysis1 psy*ology & classification1 ,i1 #bde-eg4 ,an>*y1 & despotism1 ,,iii1 #aei4 ,anatomy3 transc5d5tal1 ,i1 #fc2 organic correlation1 ,i1 #if-aja4 ,&es1 age ( rocks1 ,i1 #bjj-a4 ,&rews1 ,pr(4 ,t41 rese>*es1 ,i1 #afd-g4 ,ang]3 natural language (1 ,i1 #cdj-ej2 indications1 ,,ii1 #djb1 #djd1 #dje2 & laught]1 ,,ii1 #dfb-c4 ,anglesea1 age ( rocks1 ,i1 #aih4 ,animals3 numb] ( species1 ,i1 #a-b2 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ad-g1 #ce2 /ructure1 ,i1 #gc1 #gf1 #cgb-c2 =m1 ,i1 #gc1 #gf2 *emical composition1 ,i1 #gd1 #gf2 specific gravity1 ,i1 #gd1 #gf2 temp]ature1 ,i1 #gd1 #gf2 self-mobility1 ,i1 #ge1 #gf2 evolution & homog5eity1 ,i1 #hc-d2 di/ribution & heat1 ,i1 #bbc-d2 also t]re/rial *ange1 ,i1 #bbd-f2 social analogy1 ,i1 #bgb-g2 orig9 ( wor%ip1 ,i1 #cjh-cj2 indi/+ui%able f plants1 ,i1 #cge-f2 function1 ,i1 #cib-c2 gracefulness1 ,,ii1 #cha1 #che2 muscul> excitem5t1 ,,ii1 #djj1 #djc4 ,annulosa3 integration1 ,i1 #fg-ga2 division ( lab\r1 ,i1 #bhg-h2 n]v\s sy/em1 ,i1 #cjj2 controll+ sy/em1 ,,iii1 #djg4 ,an?ropology1 comp>ative psy*ology ( man1 ,i1 #cea-gj4 ,antipodes1 belief 91 ,,ii1 #aii4 ,anti-realism1 ,h4 ,sidgwick's criticism1 ,,ii1 #bdb-ej4 ,aphis1 developm5t1 ,i1 #fe-f4 ,apoplexy3 belief 9 spirits1 ,i1 #caa-b2 he>t disease1 ,i1 #daa4 ,appleton1 ,d4 ,co41 z publi%]s1 ,,iii1 #dhj4 ,approbation1 love (1 ,i1 #cf-g1 ,,ii1 #dba4 ,arago1 ,f4 ,j4 ,d43 di/ribution ( nebul1 ,i1 #aab2 also =ms1 ,i1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd4 ,ar*itect1 ! ,/ate z1 ,,iii1 #bci4 ,ar*itecture3 relation to pa9t+ & sculpture1 ,i1 #bd2 types1 ,,ii1 #cge-hj2 symmetry 9 build+s1 ,,ii1 #cgf-g2 ,go?ic type1 ,,ii1 #cgd1 #cgg1 #cgh2 ,grecian1 ,,ii1 #cgf1 #cgg1 #cgh4 ,argyll1 ,duke (1 criticism (1 ,i1 #dfg-gh4 ,ari?metic1 & te/ ( necessity1 ,,ii1 #aif-g2 7,see also ,ma!matics47 ,army3 maladm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #bcc1 #bdg1 #beg1 #cjh1 #caj1 #cii2 p>liam5t>y repres5tatives1 ,,iii1 #big1 #cjc1 #cjd2 compulsory co-op]ation1 ,,iii1 #dea-d4 ,arre/1 ,h4 ,l4 d'1 planetoids1 ,i1 #agd4 ,art3 recognition ( lik5ess1 ,,ii1 #cd2 int]dep5d5ce ( ! arts1 ,,ii1 #fh-ga2 use & beauty 9 hi/orical pictures1 ,,ii1 #cgc2 contra/ 91 ,,ii1 #cgc-d2 ,engli% & cont95tal1 ,,iii1 #dcj4 ,ar?ur1 ,sir ,g41 ,van ,diem5's ,l& convicts1 ,,iii1 #afa4 ,articulata1 n]v\s sy/em1 ,i1 #cja4 ,assyrians3 language & pa9t+1 ,i1 #be-f2 sculpture1 ,i1 #bf1 #bi4 ,a/ronomy3 evolution & increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #aj-aa1 #ce2 nebul> hypo!sis & multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #ch-i1 #ei2 hi/ory & g5]alization 91 ,i1 #aib2 geology & e>?'s motion1 ,i1 #bba-d2 analogy f survival ( ! fitte/1 ,i1 #dgh2 sci5ce & common k1 ,,ii1 #c2 ,hegel's classification1 ,,ii1 #ac2 ,comte's1 ,,ii1 #ba-g2 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #dh-i1 #eb1 #ee2 g5esis ( trigonometry1 ,,ii1 #ee-f2 g5esis ( physical1 ,,ii1 #ei2 int]dep5d5ce ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #ff-g1 #gj-a2 & ab/ract sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #hj2 & concrete1 ,,ii1 #hh-ib2 t]re/rial evolution1 ,,ii1 #id-i2 deals ) aggregates1 ,,ii1 #ii2 ,ba9 on classification ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #aaa2 also ,mill1 ,,ii1 #aad2 discov]y ( laws1 ,,ii1 #adi2 evolution1 ,,ii1 #aeb2 judgm5ts ( reason & common s5se1 ,,ii1 #bdc-d2 laws ( motion1 ,,ii1 #bga-e1 #bhc-h2 motion ( sy/em1 ,,ii1 #bic2 exact sci5ce1 ,,iii1 #aii4 ,au/ralia3 size ( ! human limb1 ,i1 #ag2 age ( rocks1 ,i1 #bjf2 fauna1 ,i1 #baf4 ,au/ralian1 ! %ip1 & admiralty c]tificate1 ,,iii1 #bci4 ,au/ria1 pap] curr5cy1 ,,iii1 #cde4 ,au?ority1 & intellig5ce1 ,,iii1 #caa4 ,axioms3 k impli$ by1 ,,ii1 #bgj1 #bgg-hh2 orig9 ( physical1 ,,ii1 #bih-cja1 #cac-d1 #cae-bj2 ,?omson & ,tait on physical1 ,,iii1 #bbj-a4 ,bab9et1 ,m41 on nebul> hypo!sis1 ,i1 #aba4 ,ba*1 ,j4 ,s41 & h]$ity1 ,i1 #djg4 ,bacon1 ,francis1 ,visc\nt ,/4 ,alban's3 organization ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #aba2 lit]>y /yle1 ,,ii1 #cfe2 8,a cr[d is n company10 ,,iii1 #dd4 ,bact]ia1 action ( light1 ,i1 #dfe-f4 ,ba]1 ,c4 von1 =mula (1 & g5]al evolution1 ,i1 #ce1 ,,ii1 #acg-h4 ,bail1 prison discipl9e1 ,,iii1 #ahj-g4 ,baillie-,co*rane1 ,mr41 on ,muni* prison1 ,,iii1 #agb4 ,ba91 ,a43 ,emotions & ! ,w1 ,i1 #bda-fd2 ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce1 ,i1 #ccb2 classification ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #aje-ag2 on logic1 ,,ii1 #aje-f2 ma!matics1 ,,ii1 #ajf-g2 incongruities1 ,,ii1 #dfc4 ,balf\r1 ,f4 ,m43 on invag9ation1 ,i1 #deb2 developm5t ( n]v\s sy/em1 ,i1 #ded4 ,ball1 embryological analogy1 ,i1 #deb4 ,balloon1 reason = asc5t1 ,i1 #dbg4 ,ballot1 ,c>lyle on1 ,,iii1 #cjj4 ,balzac1 ,h4 de1 quot$1 ,,ii1 #cfd4 ,bank notes3 =g]y1 ,,iii1 #acd2 issue1 ,,iii1 #cdi-ej1 #ceb1 #cee4 ,bank ( ,engl&3 advances by1 ,,iii1 #ccj-e1 #cce-dg2 note issue1 ,,iii1 #cdi-ej4 ,bank]s1 local integration1 ,i1 #ajc4 ,bank+3 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #aca-g2 accommodation bills1 ,,iii1 #acc-g2 evolution1 ,,iii1 #bee-f4 ,bankruptcy3 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #abi-ca2 & ,bank ( ,engl&1 ,,iii1 #ccj-b1 #cda2 evils ( law1 ,,iii1 #dch-i4 ,banks3 ,/ate tamp]+s1 ,,iii1 #cbf-eg2 jo9t-/ock1 ,,iii1 #cdg-ed2 & free-trade1 ,,iii1 #cee-g2 & gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #dbe-g4 ,b>badoes1 sug>1 ,,iii1 #abb4 ,b>nacle goose1 my? (1 ,,ii1 #afb4 ,b>omet]3 action1 ,i1 #dbf2 sci5tific k1 ,,ii1 #c1 #e4 ,b>on1 ! title1 ,,iii1 #ae1 #bh4 ,b>racks1 maladm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #bcc1 #beg4 ,b>ri/]s3 & trad]s1 ,,iii1 #aci2 numb] 9 p>liam5t1 ,,iii1 #bih1 #cjc1 #cjd4 ,b>t]1 & measures1 ,,ii1 #df2 7see also ,ex*ange47 ,bas-relief1 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #bf1 #bg4 ,beats1 ac\/ical1 ,,ii1 #afi-gj4 ,beauty3 (ficialism1 ,i1 #cce-f2 & use1 ,,ii1 #cgj-d2 p]sonal1 ,,ii1 #chg-ii4 ,bees3 sex (1 ,i1 #dh2 analogy = di/ribution ( nebul1 ,i1 #aad4 ,bee?ov51 ,l4 von3 h]$ity1 ,i1 #djf2 ,adelade (1 ,,ii1 #ddg4 ,beliefs3 & p$igree1 ,i1 #ajh2 diff]5t mean+ (1 ,,ii1 #ahh-ia1 #aic1 #bbb4 ,b]keley1 ,bi%op1 subject & object1 ,,ii1 #cbi4 ,b]l93 ,engli% ent]prise1 ,,iii1 #bgh2 wat] supply1 ,,iii1 #dbi4 ,bills ( accommodation1 morals ( bank+1 ,,iii1 #acc-g4 ,bilu*is1 robb]y1 ,,iii1 #bah1 #bba4 ,biology3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ad-g1 #ce2 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #df-ec2 concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #hi-ib2 deals ) aggregates1 ,,ii1 #ajc2 ,ba9 on classification1 ,,ii1 #aji-aa2 orig9 ( species1 ,,ii1 #aca2 evolution ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #aec2 univ]sality ( law1 ,,ii1 #aei2 organic matt] & incid5t =ces1 ,,ii1 #agg2 organic diff]5tiation1 ,,iii1 #dje4 ,birds3 9 newly discov]$ l&s1 ,i1 #bee-f2 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dah2 col\r z illu/rat+ propositions1 ,,ii1 #bje-h2 muscul> excitem5t1 ,,ii1 #djj1 #djc2 orig9 ( music1 ,,ii1 #dbh2 evolution1 ,,ii1 #dch4 ,black horse1 ! phrase1 ,,ii1 #cdj4 ,blacksmi?1 arm & h]$ity1 ,i1 #dge4 ,black/one1 ,sir ,wm41 p]sons ineligible = p>liam5t1 ,,iii1 #bif4 ,bli/]3 effect on walk+1 ,i1 #djc2 action ( m$ic9e1 ,i1 #ddh4 ,blood3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #dg2 nutrition & gr[?1 ,i1 #bhi2 function & supply1 ,i1 #bij2 social analogy1 ,i1 #bia-h2 m5tal mass & bodily /ate1 ,i1 #ced4 ,bo>d-meet+s1 railway1 ,,iii1 #gg-hj4 ,bondage1 f fre$om to1 ,,iii1 #dde-gj4 ,bones3 evolution & ratio (1 ,i1 #ag2 weight 9 duck1 ,i1 #dag-h2 wat] h51 ,i1 #dah4 ,bookkeep+3 railway1 ,,iii1 #ei2 (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bec4 ,books1 s]ial arrangem5t1 ,,ii1 #bh4 ,botany3 classification1 ,,ii1 #fd2 discov]y ( laws1 ,,ii1 #aej4 ,b[1 ! obeisance1 ,,iii1 #ah1 #ai4 ,braid1 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #aai4 ,bra93 effect on visc]a1 ,i1 #bij2 analogy to p>liam5t1 ,i1 #cjb-e2 m5tal & bodily mass1 ,i1 #cec-d2 size ( jaw1 ,i1 #cig2 embryo developm5t1 ,i1 #ded4 ,brib]y3 ( buy]s1 ,,iii1 #aad-h2 ( juries1 ,,iii1 #cif4 ,bricks3 position ( fall+1 ,i1 #ii2 & build+1 ,,iii1 #bci2 tax on1 ,,iii1 #bdc4 ,briti% ,association1 & gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #dcf4 ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 criticism1 ,,ii1 #bfg-cja1 #cae-bj4 ,bronze1 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #ee-f4 ,br[n-,squ>d1 ,e41 epilepsy 9 gu9ea pigs1 ,i1 #dae-f4 ,build]s1 /rike (1 ,,iii1 #cfc-d1 #cfe1 #chc4 ,build+s ,acts3 failure1 ,,iii1 #bci1 #bdj-a1 #bge2 displacem5ts caus$ by1 ,,iii1 #bha2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cja4 ,bull-dog1 jaws (1 ,i1 #dja4 ,burial1 primitive ideas1 ,,iii1 #f-aa4 ,buy]s1 9 clo?+ trades1 ,,iii1 #aad-h4 ,cabet1 ,s41 ,ic>ian colony1 ,,iii1 #deg4 ,cabs3 (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bej2 9 ,new ,york1 ,,iii1 #bia2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cjb4 ,cad5ce1 def9$1 ,,ii1 #dbb4 ,caird1 ,rev4 ,pr9c41 reply to criticism1 ,,ii1 #bai-ba4 ,calculus3 implies absolute equality1 ,,ii1#ch2 classification ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #hd2 evolution1 ,,ii1 #aef4 ,cambium1 9 plants1 ,i1 #dej4 ,cambrian sy/em1 ?ickness1 ,i1 #bca4 ,campbell1 ,g41 on /yle1 ,,ii1 #cch-i4 ,canals3 fir/ ,engli%1 ,,iii1 #beg2 (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bfg4 ,c&les3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #cg2 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #abh2 ,price's s*ool1 ,,iii1 #bef4 ,cannibalism1 9 ,fiji1 ,,iii1 #bag-h4 ,cannon ball1 dis9tegration1 ,i1 #dcf4 ,ca\t*\c1 effects (1 ,i1 #eh4 ,capital3 direction ( fl[1 ,,iii1 #aja-c1 #bfd2 am\nt ( railway1 ,,iii1 #ajh2 relative & absolute e?ics1 ,,iii1 #aee-g2 ,/ate tamp]+s )1 ,,iii1 #cbf-ce1 #cce-dg4 ,capta9s1 c]tificat$1 ( %ips1 ,,iii1 #bda4 ,c>adoc s&/one1 age1 ,i1 #bja4 ,c>at1 a small bean1 ,,ii1 #dd4 ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 orig91 ,i1 #bcg4 ,c>lyle1 ,?omas3 on p1 ,,iii1 #bic2 ! ballot1 ,,iii1 #cjj2 ! real rul]s1 ,,iii1 #caf-g2 quotation f ,h]oes & ,h]o-wor%ip1 ,,ii1 #ceg4 ,c>p5t]1 ,w4 ,b41 evolution & paleontology1 ,i1 #af4 ,c>us1 ,p41 on ,kantian e?ics1 ,,iii1 #bjf-g4 ,ca/les3 use & beauty1 ,,ii1 #cga2 situation1 ,,ii1 #cgf4 ,cat1 muscul> excitem5t1 ,,ii1 #djj-a1 #djc4 ,catalepsy1 belief 9 spirits1 ,i1 #caa-b4 ,cat]pill>1 mi/ake by1 ,i1 #dai4 ,causation3 e/abli%m5t ( belief1 ,i1 #aji2 ignorance (1 ,,iii1 #dhg-ib4 ,cause3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #cg2 consci\sness (1 ,,ii1 #abg2 proportionality to effect1 ,,ii1 #cjj-a1 #cjb-e1 #cje-g1 #caj-aa1 #cah-bj4 ,cell1 doctr9e (1 ,i1 #ddb-c4 ,c5tralization1 ,fr5*1 ,,iii1 #bfh4 ,c]ebrum1 consci\sness (1 repres5tative1 ,i1 #cjc4 ,c]emony3 increase ( het]og5eity1 ,i1 #bj-a2 evolution1 ,,iii1 #aa-f1 #bc1 #ej2 obeisances1 ,,iii1 #ag-bb2 primitive man1 ,,iii1 #bd2 ,*9ese1 ,,iii1 #be2 evolution ( gov]nm5ts1 ,,iii1 #bg-h1 #ej4 ,c]ney spr+s1 ,,iii1 #chg-ib4 ,*aldeans1 pr$iction ( eclipses1 ,,ii1 #dh-i4 ,*alk1 complexity (1 ,,iii1 #aie-f4 ,*anc]y3 rules1 ,,iii1 #bcb2 maladm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #bdg1 #bgb2 dread (1 ,,iii1 #cif4 ,*ange3 pleasure (1 ,,iii1 #ded2 univ]sal1 ,,iii1 #deh-fj4 ,*>ity1 & gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #dcd4 ,*>lotte1 ,!1 naval maladm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #bcd4 ,*eek-bones1 p]sonal beauty1 ,i1 #cij-b4 ,*elt5ham1 wat] supply1 ,,iii1 #chg-ib4 ,*emi/ry3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #dc-e1 #ei2 un/able equilibrium1 ,i1 #hc2 organic evolution1 ,i1 #hc-d2 complexity ( elem5ts1 ,i1 #aee-i1 #cga-d2 organic syn!sis1 ,i1 #cgd2 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #ea1 #eh1 #fj2 galvanic electricity1 ,,ii1 #fa2 classification1 ,,ii1 #fd2 ab/ract concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #he-h2 t]re/rial evolution1 ,,ii1 #ie-i2 deals ) prop]ties1 ,,ii1 #ajb1 #ajc2 ,ba9 on classification1 ,,ii1 #ajg-aa2 elem5ts1 ,,ii1 #aie2 developm5t1 ,,ii1 #dbc4 ,*eques 7see ,money74 ,*esil ,bea*1 size ( /ones1 ,i1 #dcb4 ,*ick51 evolution ( m9d1 ,i1 #cgg4 ,*iefs3 diff]5tiation1 ,i1 #bhd-e2 duties & individual n]v\s sy/em1 ,i1 #bii-cjg2 primitive belief 9 spirits1 ,i1 #cdd4 ,*ildr53 emotions & expression1 ,i1 #cci-ej2 lack g5]alization1 ,i1 #ced2 & traits ( savage1 ,i1 #cee2 m5tal v>iability1 ,i1 #cef-g2 impulsiv5ess1 ,i1 #ceh2 vocabul>y1 ,,ii1 #ccf2 poor law & illegitimate1 ,,iii1 #bdd2 old & new education1 ,,iii1 #bgg4 ,*9a1 mann]s & fa%ion1 ,,iii1 #be4 ,*i%olme1 ,mrs41 colonization society1 ,,iii1 #beh4 ,*ol]a1 private & /ate ent]prise1 ,,iii1 #bch-i4 ,*op91 ,f41 "*1 ,,ii1 #dag4 ,*rysalis1 trans=mations1 ,,ii1 #afc4 ,*ur*3 diff]5tiation f ,/ate1 ,i1 #ba2 (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bea1 #beb2 corn laws1 ,,iii1 #cfa2 fran*ise & rates1 ,,iii1 #cfb4 ,circle1 relation to hyp]bola1 ,i1 #e4 ,circul>s1 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #abc-d4 ,cirrhip$ia1 classification1 ,i1 #bdh4 ,civilization1 developm5t ( sympa?y1 ,,ii1 #dbe4 ,classification3 psy*ology & analysis1 ,i1 #bde-eg2 hi/orical1 ,i1 #bdh2 non-l9e> ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #bg-i2 recognition ( lik5ess & unlik5ess1 ,,ii1 #bi-ca1 #cd2 & language1 ,,ii1 #ca-c1 #dj2 & reason+1 ,,ii1 #cc1 #cd1 #dj2 g5esis ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #fc-e1 #gb2 7,see also ,sci5ces1 ,classification ( !47 ,cle>+ h\se1 bank]'s1 ,,iii1 #dbe4 ,climate3 increase ( het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ac-d1 #ce2 & paleontological evid5ce1 ,i1 #bba-d4 ,coa*3 & railway travell+1 ,,iii1 #aaj-b2 ,palm]1 ,,iii1 #dda4 ,coats ( arms1 d]ivation1 ,i1 #bh4 ,cognitions1 def9$1 ,i1 #bfa-b1 ,,ii1 #bda4 ,col]idge1 ,s4 ,t41 sonnet quot$1 ,,ii1 #ceb4 ,colligation1 ! ^w1 ,,ii1 #cfh-i4 ,colloids1 evolution ( life1 ,i1 #cgd4 ,comets1 orig91 direction & con/itution1 ,i1 #abe-h1 #aec1 #agg-h4 ,common s5se3 judgm5t ( reason1 ,,ii1 #bdc-d2 anomalies1 ,,iii1 #dja-d1 #dde4 ,companies 7see ,jo9t-/ock companies47 ,comp>ative ,psy*ology 7see ,psy*ology47 ,compass1 faulty ,admiralty1 ,,iii1 #bcd1 #beb4 ,competition3 effect ( railway1 ,,iii1 #ig1 #ajf-g2 effects1 ,,iii1 #ddh-i2 ,am]ican1 ,,iii1 #dhg-ib4 ,comte1 ,a43 classification ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #ae-bi2 ma!matics1 ,,ii1 #ae-ai2 a/ronomy1 ,,ii1 #ba-c2 progress ( ma!matics1 ,,ii1 #ef2 on gravitation1 ,,ii1 #fe1 #ff2 on education1 ,,ii1 #gb1 #acc2 ,littr on classification (1 ,,ii1 #gd-f2 ab/ract & concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #gi2 sci5ce & positivism1 ,,ii1 #aah-bb1 #abh1 #aci2 orig9 ( k1 ,,ii1 #abb-e2 propositions (1 ,,ii1 #abe-cb2 & social /atics1 ,,ii1 #acd-g2 ,mill on philosophy1 ,,ii1 #adc2 ,f\ille on1 ,,ii1 #adc-d2 progress f simple to complex1 ,,ii1 #adg2 positivism reject$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ,,ii1 #bba4 ,concrete3 prec$es ab/ract1 ,i1 #cbc2 def9ition1 ,,ii1 #gh4 ,conduct 7see ,morals47 ,conglom]ate1 orig91 ,i1 #ddd4 ,conic sections1 relation ( circle to hyp]bola1 ,i1 #e4 ,consci5ce3 corporate & individual1 ,,iii1 #fa-b2 ,kant on human1 ,,iii1 #aib2 ,lubbock1 ,,iii1 #aib-c2 & duty1 ,,iii1 #baj-a4 ,consci\sness1 ! phrase1 /ate (1 ,,ii1 #cbf-g4 ,cons]vatism3 & social /ate1 ,i1 #cef2 ( wom51 ,i1 #cfc2 ,em]son on1 ,,iii1 #ce2 effects1 ,,iii1 #dc-d4 ,contract3 pr9ciple (1 ,,iii1 #ij1 #ajh2 & exp$i5cy1 ,,iii1 #ie-f2 railway propriet>y1 ,,iii1 #ajh-ab2 en=cem5t 9 ,spa91 ,,iii1 #bah2 effect ( brea*es1 ,,iii1 #bbj2 ,/ate to en=ce1 ,,iii1 #ccd1 #ccf4 ,contractors3 sociological division ( lab\r1 ,i1 #ajf2 railway1 ,,iii1 #gb-d1 #hc1 #hh1 #ajh4 ,contra/3 9 lit]ature & art1 ,,ii1 #cgc-d2 9 music1 ,,ii1 #ddd1 #ddf4 ,convicts 7see ,prison ,e?ics47 ,cop]ation3 ne$ful to social life1 ,,iii1 #dej2 volunt>y1 ,,iii1 #dej-a2 compulsory1 ,,iii1 #dea-d2 & socialism1 ,,iii1 #ded-f4 ,cop]nicus1 ,n41 sol> !ory1 ,i1 #aic4 ,copula1 arrangem5t ( s5t5ces1 ,,ii1 #cdb-d4 ,corn laws3 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #bid2 & cl]gy1 ,,iii1 #cfa4 ,corporations1 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #bhi4 ,correlation1 organic1 ,i1 #if-aja4 ,co/ume3 & political op9ion1 ,,iii1 #a-e1 #cj2 re=m & cu/om1 ,,iii1 #cj-f1 #cf-g2 developm5t1 ,,iii1 #ddg4 ,cotton3 indu/ry & locality1 ,i1 #ajd2 manufacture1 ,,ii1 #fh4 ,c\nt]po9t1 orig9 ( music1 ,,ii1 #ddh4 ,c\nties1 social developm5t1 ,i1 #bhh4 ,c\rage1 emotional expression1 ,i1 #cdc-ej4 ,crabs1 ( ,k5tucky caves1 ,i1 #djj-a1 #djb4 ,creation 7see ,special creation47 ,cr$it1 ,/ate tamp]+s ) money1 ,,iii1 #cbf-ce1 #cce-dg4 ,cre$3 fatal to sci5ce1 ,i1 #dfc2 use & beauty1 ,,ii1 #cga4 ,crim9als 7see ,prison ,e?ics47 ,critical po9t1 ( gases1 ,i1 #afd-g4 ,critics1 fai? 91 ,,ii1 #cbb4 ,cr(ton1 ,capta91 prison discipl9e1 ,,iii1 #ahf4 ,cromwell1 ,o41 & repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cae-f4 ,cro%ek1 ! "n1 ,i1 #cac4 ,crosse1 ,a4 ,f41 on ,hung>ian music1 ,,ii1 #ddi4 ,croydon1 bo>d ( heal?1 ,,iii1 #bda4 ,cru/acea1 integration1 ,i1 #fh-ga4 ,cubit1 l5g? (1 ,,ii1 #dc1 #dd4 ,curiosity1 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfd-e4 ,curtsy1 obeisance1 ,,iii1 #ah-i4 ,cu/om3 & political op9ion1 ,,iii1 #a-e1 #cj2 ,ea/]n1 ,,iii1 #be2 & re=m1 ,,iii1 #cj-f1 #cf-g2 effect on railways1 ,,iii1 #aaj-b4 ,cuvi]1 ,b>on de1 organic correlation1 ,i1 #if-aja4 ,d',alemb]t1 ,j4 le ,r41 composition ( =ces1 ,,ii1 #bd4 ,dam>as1 e?ics ( !1 ,,iii1 #aic4 ,danc+3 orig9 & diff]5tiation1 ,i1 #cj-b2 grace 91 ,,ii1 #cha1 #chb2 & pleasure1 ,,ii1 #djb2 evolution1 ,,ii1 #dda4 ,d>w91 ,*>les3 natural selection ( "o v>iation1 ,i1 #djg1 #dba2 natural selection & h]$ity1 ,i1 #djh-ab1 #dba2 on ,e4 ,d>w91 ,i1 #dag2 inh]itance ( functionally produc$ *anges1 ,i1 #dag-ba1 #dbb2 orig9 ( music1 ,,ii1 #dbf-cg2 on ! phrase natural selection1 ,i1 #dbi2 effect ( *ang$ conditions1 ,i1 #dcc4 ,d>w91 ,dr4 ,e41 organic evolution1 ,i1 #cij-a1 #cig4 ,davy1 ,sir ,h41 *emical elem5ts1 ,,iii1 #aie4 ,dawn1 z "n1 ,i1 #cah1 #cai1 #cbd4 ,dea?3 primitive ideas1 ,,iii1 #f2 puni%m5t & associations1 ,,iii1 #aeh1 #ahg2 duty & incl9ation1 ,,iii1 #bab1 #bac1 #bae2 rate 9 b>racks1 ,,iii1 #beg2 improvem5t 9 rate1 ,,iii1 #ddg4 ,d$uction3 & physiology1 ,i1 #gg-ha1 #ajg2 qualitative & quantitative sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #g4 ,de]1 gr[? ( horns1 ,i1 #cic4 ,defoe1 ,d41 ,complete ,engli% ,tradesman1 ,,iii1 #ada4 ,deities1 primitive ideas1 ,,iii1 #f-aa1 #ab4 ,de la ,be*e1 ,sir ,h41 paleontological evid5ce1 ,i1 #bje4 ,democracy1 *ange inaugurat$1 ,,iii1 #di4 ,desire1 associat$ ) tal5t1 ,i1 #ed4 ,despotism3 & social /ate1 ,i1 #bfh1 ,,iii1 #cac2 & an>*y1 ,,iii1 #aei2 & repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cji-aj4 ,developm5t3 hypo!sis1 ,i1 #a-g2 relation to function1 ,i1 #fc-d2 7see also ,evolution47 ,devonian ,sy/em1 age (1 ,i1 #bjc-e1 #baj4 ,dew>1 ,pr(41 complexity ( elem5ts1 ,i1 #afb4 ,diff]5tiation1 sociological1 ,i1 #ajb-g4 ,directors3 & railway companies1 ,,iii1 #eb-fc1 #fi2 & %>ehold]'s int]e/s1 ,,iii1 #hb-h1 #ajh2 morals ( bank+1 ,,iii1 #aca-g4 ,disease3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #dg2 dissimil> effects1 ,i1 #ajj2 beliefs ab\t1 ,,ii1 #aec2 crim9ality1 ,,iii1 #afg2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cja1 #cjd2 body & n]ve functions1 ,,iii1 #dai-bb1 #ddc4 ,di/ribution1 individual & social1 ,i1 #bia-h4 ,divid5ds1 railway1 ,,iii1 #eg1 #ih4 ,division ( lab\r3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #ec-h2 sociological1 ,i1 #aje-f1 #bib-c1 ,,iii1 #cbc2 illu/rations & gr[?1 ,i1 #bff2 social & individual n]v\s sy/em1 ,i1 #bii-cjg2 progress ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #bd-g4 ,dixon1 ,t4 ,h41 on ,norfolk ,isl& convicts1 ,,iii1 #agf4 ,dogs3 size ( jaws1 ,i1 #cih-djj1 #dja1 #dbb2 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dfi-ga2 simile ( ,hodgson1 ,,ii1 #bca-c2 gracefulness1 ,,ii1 #cha1 #che2 muscul> excitem5t1 ,,ii1 #djj1 #djc2 orig9 ( music1 ,,ii1 #dbh4 ,don1 ! title1 ,,iii1 #ad4 ,d[nes1 ,dr41 on light & protoplasm1 ,i1 #dfe-f4 ,drama3 cause ( laught]1 ,,ii1 #dfa2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cja4 ,drap]1 hone/y & bankruptcy1 ,,iii1 #abi-ca4 ,draw+1 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cff4 ,dreams1 belief 9 spirits1 ,i1 #caj-c4 ,dress3 & political op9ion1 ,,iii1 #a-e1 #cj2 cu/om & re=m1 ,,iii1 #cj-f1 #cf-g2 & extravagance1 ,,iii1 #cf-g2 & enjoym5t1 ,,iii1 #dj-f4 ,drunk5ness1 & temp]ance1 ,,iii1 #ddf4 ,duck1 weight ( bones1 ,i1 #dag-h4 ,duty3 ,kant & pursuit ( happ9ess1 ,,iii1 #bjg-i2 & incl9ation1 ,,iii1 #bji-ac4 ,dye+1 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #abe4 ,dymond1 ,j41 ,pr9ciples ( ,morality1 ,i1 #cdf4 ,dynamics1 ,comte's classification1 ,,ii1 #ai4 ,e>1 embryological developm5t1 ,i1 #ded4 ,e>?3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #aa-d1 #ce2 rotatory movem5t1 ,i1 #ace1 #acf2 numb] ( satellites1 ,i1 #aci2 d5sity & heat1 ,i1 #add-h1 #adh-eb2 size1 ,i1 #ade2 paleontology & motion1 ,i1 #bba-d2 laws ( motion1 ,,ii1 #bgb1 #bhc-h2 7see also ,geology47 ,ease1 & grace1 ,,ii1 #chb4 ,ea/ ,indies1 effects ( upheaval1 ,i1 #di-eb4 ,e*oes1 belief 9 spirits1 ,i1 #caj-c4 ,eclipse1 pr$iction (1 ,,ii1 #dh4 ,ectod]m3 developm5t1 ,i1 #bhd2 social & individual analogy1 ,i1 #bih-i2 diff]5tiation1 ,,iii1 #dje4 ,education3 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cgj2 developm5t ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #gb2 ,comte's views1 ,,ii1 #acc2 & cons]vatism1 ,,iii1 #dc2 old & new1 ,,iii1 #bgg2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cja2 p>liam5t>y re=m1 ,,iii1 #cge-i2 & gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #dce-f2 developm5t1 ,,iii1 #ddf1 #dei-fj2 ,am]ican1 ,,iii1 #dge-f4 ,effect3 proportionality to cause1 ,,ii1 #cjj-a1 #cjb-e1 #cje-g1 #caj-aa1 #cah-bj2 relation to cause1 ,,iii1 #dhg-ib4 ,egg1 evolution ( m9d1 ,i1 #cgg4 ,egyptians3 language & pa9t+1 ,i1 #be-f2 sculpture1 ,i1 #bf-g1 #bi1 #cj2 music1 ,i1 #cb4 ,electricity3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #ei2 g5esis ( galvanic1 ,,ii1 #fa2 ,:ewell on progress ( !ory1 ,,ii1 #fb2 ab/ract-concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #hh2 mode ( molecul> motion1 ,,ii1 #abf2 :at is8 #afh-gb1 #ahf-g2 also !rmo-1 ,,ii1 #agb-f2 /atical & molecul> motion1 ,,ii1 #ahj-c1 #ahf-g2 induction1 ,,ii1 #ahc2 voltaic & molecul> motion1 ,,ii1 #ahc-d1 #ahf-g4 ,elem5ts1 complexity (1 ,i1 #aee-i1 #afb1 #cga-d4 ,ell1 ! measure1 ,,ii1 #dd4 ,ellipse1 relation to circle1 ,i1 #e4 ,embryo3 relation to adult1 ,i1 #f2 e>ly *anges 91 ,i1 #dde2 developm5t1 ,i1 #dea-h4 ,embryology3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ag-i2 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #dh2 organic correlation1 ,i1 #ig2 importance (1 ,,ii1 #h-i2 von ,ba]'s =mula1 ,,ii1 #acg-h4 ,em]son1 ,r4 ,w43 ,lectures on ! ,times1 ,,ii1 #ced2 use & ornam5t1 ,,ii1 #cgj2 on cons]vatism1 ,,iii1 #ce4 ,emotion3 ,ba9's def9ition1 ,i1 #beh-fj2 def9$1 ,i1 #bfb2 ( beauty1 ,i1 #cce-f2 relation to idea1 ,i1 #ccf2 expression 9 *ildr51 ,i1 #cci-ej2 & intellect1 ,i1 #cec1 ,,ii1 #dfe2 sexual s5tim5t1 ,i1 #cfc-d2 sociality1 fre$om1 approbation1 & acquisitiv5ess1 ,i1 #cff-g2 poetry & effect on language1 ,,ii1 #ceg-fa2 demon/ration (1 ,,ii1 #dja-c2 n]v\s & muscul> sy/em1 ,,ii1 #dec-h2 physiology ( laught]1 ,,ii1 #deh-fd2 wa/e1 repair1 & language1 ,,ii1 #cfa-g2 & heal?1 ,,iii1 #dha4 ,empiricism3 reason+ (1 ,,ii1 #bja-e2 te/ ( tru?1 ,,ii1 #bad-g4 ,endod]m3 developm5t1 ,i1 #bhd2 diff]5tiation1 ,,iii1 #dje4 ,endymion1 ! my?1 ,i1 #cbf1 #cbg4 ,en]gy1 cons]vation & p]si/5ce ( =ce1 ,,ii1 #bie4 ,engel1 ,c>l1 on anci5t music1 ,,ii1 #dad4 ,eng9e]s3 & railways1 ,,iii1 #fh-gb1 #hc1 #hh1 #ajh2 society1 ,,iii1 #cfb-c1 #cfe2 ,engli% & ,fr5*1 ,,iii1 #dbg-h4 ,eng9es1 dissimil>ity ( simil>1 ,i1 #ii4 ,engl&3 gov]nm5t 91 ,i1 #cjb-e2 ent]prise 91 ,,iii1 #bgh-hj2 repres5tative gov]nm5t 91 ,,iii1 #cje-i1 #cah-i2 militancy & indu/rialism1 ,,iii1 #daf2 political lib]ty1 ,,iii1 #dde4 ,engli% language3 words1 ,,ii1 #ccf-h2 ,lat9 & ,greek words1 ,,ii1 #cfg-i4 ,entomology1 insect trans=mations1 ,,ii1 #afc4 ,epibla/1 developm5t1 ,i1 #deb-c4 ,epilepsy3 belief 9 spirits1 ,i1 #caa-b2 9 gu9ea pigs1 ,i1 #dae-f4 ,equality3 relations ( lik5ess1 ,i1 #ce-g1 #dj2 quantitative prevision1 ,,ii1 #da-i2 & b>t]1 ,,ii1 #df2 & me*anics1 ,,ii1 #ej2 & law1 ,,ii1 #eb2 & a/ronomy1 ,,ii1 #ec2 hydro/atics1 ,,ii1 #eg2 optics1 ,,ii1 #eg2 ac\/ics1 ,,ii1 #eg2 dynamics1 ,,ii1 #eh4 ,equity 7see ,ju/ice47 ,esquire1 ! title1 ,,iii1 #ac1 #bh1 #cb4 ,e?ics3 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dfc-e2 ( l[] races1 ,,ii1 #aib-e2 ,qu>t]ly ,review criticisms1 ,,ii1 #bei-fe2 absolute politics1 ,,iii1 #bag-bh2 7see also ,kant1 ,morality1 ,morals1 ,prison ,e?ics47 ,euclid3 te/ ( necessity1 ,,ii1 #aih2 axioms1 ,,ii1 #bhb-c4 ,evid5ce1 valuation (1 ,,ii1 #afa-g4 ,evolution3 & special creation1 ,i1 #a-g2 ( sol> sy/em1 ,i1 #abh-ca2 law ( elem5ts1 ,i1 #aef2 ,hugh ,mill] on1 ,i1 #bai2 geological record1 ,i1 #bbf-cb1 #bcb-dj2 emotional1 ,i1 #bej-g2 ( m9d1 ,i1 #bfc1 #cgf-h2 ( animal wor%ip1 ,i1 #cbi2 comp>ative psy*ology ( man1 ,i1 #ceb2 m5tal & bodily mass1 #cec-d2 rate ( m5tal1 ,i1 #cee2 m5tal v>iability1 ,i1 #cef-g2 impulsiv5ess1 ,i1 #ceg-i2 ,m>t9eau on1 ,i1 #cga-hh2 complexity ( elem5ts1 ,i1 #cga-d2 ( life f n life1 ,i1 #cgd-e2 plants & animals indi/+ui%able1 ,i1 #cge-f2 ! ^w1 ,i1 #chj2 & orig9at+ m9d1 ,i1 #cha-f2 mat]ialism1 ,i1 #chf-h2 & cata/rophism 9 geology1 ,i1 #chi-ij2 ,dr4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck1 ,i1 #cij-a1cig2 & reproductive sy/em1 ,i1 #dji1 #dab1 #dbb-e2 summ>y on use & disuse1 ,i1 #dba-e2 effect ( conditions1 ,i1 #dbg-ce2 ( life1 ,i1 #deh-fj1 #dfj-b2 ,huxley on1 ,i1 #dfb-c2 t]re/rial1 ,,ii1 #id-i2 von ,ba]'s =mula1 ,,ii1 #acg-h2 outl9e ( syn!tic philosophy1 ,,ii1 #adj-b2 advance 9 complexity ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #aej-g2 ,qu>t]ly ,review] on1 ,,ii1 #bfa-e2 ,pr(4 ,tait on1 ,,ii1 #bgd-e2 relation ( ?\ghts to ?+s1 ,,ii1 #cbj2 ,pr(4 ,gre5 on1 ,,ii1 #cbc2 limitation ( traits1 ,,ii1 #dch2 ( musical scales1 ,,ii1 #ddj-a2 ( danc+1 ,,ii1 #dda2 ( music1 ,,ii1 #ddh-i2 ,kant &1 ,,iii1 #aig-i1 #bjf-g2 & ,kantian assumptions1 ,,iii1 #bjc-f1 #bjf-g2 (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bee2 individual & social1 ,,iii1 #bfc-e2 railways1 ,,iii1 #bff2 language1 ,,iii1 #djb-c2 univ]sal1 ,,iii1 #deh2 indu/rialism1 ,,iii1 #dei2 education1 ,,iii1 #dei-fj2 prospective1 ,,iii1 #dia-b4 ,ex*ange3 orig91 ,i1 #ed1 ,,ii1 #df2 ,/ate tamp]+s ) money1 ,,iii1 #cbf-ce1 #cce-dg4 ,ex*equ] bills1 & ,bank ( ,engl&1 ,,iii1 #cca4 ,excitem5t1 poetry & effect on language1 ,,ii1 #ceg-fa4 ,exclud$ middle1 law (1 ,,ii1 #aia-b4 ,exp$i5cy3 doctr9e (1 ,,iii1 #ie-f2 relative & absolute e?ics1 ,,iii1 #aeb-g1 #ahh1 #ccc2 & p5al code1 ,,iii1 #aei-fc1 #ahh4 ,exp]i5ce hypo!sis3 orig9 ( k1 ,,ii1 #abb-e2 reason+ ( empiricism1 ,,ii1 #bja-e2 consci\sness ( object1 ,,ii1 #baa-d2 & a priori tru?s1 ,,ii1 #bhg-h4 ,extravagance3 & fa%ion1 ,,iii1 #cf-g2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #bij-a2 good = trade1 ,,iii1 #bic4 ,eyes3 position 9 developm5t1 ,i1 #ga-b1 #ded2 bright] f good news1 ,,ii1 #djb4 ,factors ( organic evolution1 ,i1 #chi-dgh4 ,faculties1 exhau/$ by ex]cise1 ,,ii1 #cfa-g4 ,fa9t+1 belief 9 spirits1 ,i1 #caa-b4 ,f>m+1 by own] & bailiff1 ,,iii1 #bdf4 ,fa%ion3 orig91 ,,iii1 #bh2 extravagance (1 ,,iii1 #cf-g2 social int]c\rse & pleasure1 ,,iii1 #cf-df2 ne$ ( *ange1 ,,iii1 #df-ea2 prospect1 ,,iii1 #ea4 ,fa!r1 ! title1 ,,iii1 #ab1 #ac1 #ba4 ,faye1 ,m43 sol> con/itution1 ,i1 #ahb2 sol> spots1 ,i1 #ahc-d1 #ahh-i4 ,fea!rs1 /ructure & function1 ,i1 #cib4 ,features1 & p]sonal beauty1 ,,ii1 #chg-ii4 ,feel+s3 def9ition1 ,i1 #bfb-d2 evolution1 ,i1 #bfc-d2 indications (1 ,,ii1 #djj-c2 l\dness ( voice1 ,,ii1 #djd-e2 also timbre1 ,,ii1 #dje1 #daa2 & pit*1 ,,ii1 #djf1 #daa2 & int]vals1 ,,ii1 #djf-i1 #daa2 v>iability ( pit*1 ,,ii1 #dji1 #daa2 emphasis & "t 9 music1 ,,ii1 #dab-c2 relation ( music to sympa?y1 ,,ii1 #dbd-f2 n]v\s & muscul> sy/em1 ,,ii1 #dec-h4 ,feet1 obeisance ( uncov]+1 ,,iii1 #ag4 ,feti*ism1 political1 ,,iii1 #cic-djj4 ,figures ( spee*1 ,,ii1 #cej-e4 ,fiji3 e?ics 91 ,,iii1 #aic2 life 91 ,,iii1 #bag-h1 #bba4 ,f+]s3 h]$ity & numb]1 ,i1 #dac-d1 #dge2 & memory1 ,,ii1 #dfe4 ,fire1 indirect effects1 ,,iii1 #bdb4 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples3 ,m>t9eau on1 ,,ii1 #bej-h2 data ( philosophy1 ,,ii1 #bhf4 ,fi%3 evolution & het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ae-g2 temp]ature1 ,i1 #ge1 #gf2 self-mobility1 ,i1 #gf2 paleontological rema9s1 ,i1 #bbg1 #bce1 #bdj2 eat+ (1 ,,iii1 #dg2 anomalies1 ,,iii1 #dja4 ,fl9t implem5ts1 discov]y1 ,i1 #dac4 ,flocculi1 appe>ance ( nebul1 ,i1 #aah-be4 ,food3 absorption & d$uctive biology1 ,i1 #gg-ha2 = ! dead1 ,i1 #caa-b2 nutrition1 ,,iii1 #djh2 & gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #dbc-d4 ,foot1 ! measure1 ,,ii1 #dd4 ,=ce3 cognition ( its p]si/5ce1 ,,ii1 #bfi1 #bge2 ,tait on c5tral =ces1 ,,ii1 #bij-c2 p]si/5ce & cons]vation ( en]gy1 ,,ii1 #bie2 relation to motion1 ,,ii1 #caj-d4 ,=g]y1 ,,iii1 #acd4 ,=ms ( ?\ght1 consci\sness ( object1 ,,ii1 #baa-d4 ,fossils 7see ,paleontology47 ,f\ille1 ,alfr$1 on ,comte's philosophy1 ,,ii1 #adc-d4 ,f[ls1 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dah4 ,france3 ,engli% & ,fr5* %eep1 ,,ii1 #cif1 #cih2 agriculture & (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bfg-h2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cah-i1 #cbj2 pap] curr5cy1 ,,iii1 #cde2 lib]ty 91 ,,iii1 #cha2 banks 91 ,,iii1 #dbf2 eng9e]+1 ,,iii1 #dbg-h4 ,fran*ise 7see ,p>liam5t>y ,re=m47 ,fre$om3 mann]s & cu/oms1 ,,iii1 #cj-f1 #cf-g1 #df-ea2 to bondage1 ,,iii1 #dde-gj2 loss ( ,am]ican1 ,,iii1 #dgc-d1 #dgg1 #dgh-i4 ,free trade3 effects on indu/ry1 ,i1 #bb-c2 & (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bfh-gj2 & bank+1 ,,iii1 #cef4 ,fri5dly societies1 & individualism1 ,,iii1 #dcc-d4 ,frog1 reflex action1 ,,ii1 #cjh4 ,fugue1 orig91 ,i1 #cc4 ,function3 relation to gr[?1 ,i1 #fc-d2 & to integration ( p>ts1 ,i1 #gc2 & to /ructure1 ,i1 #bdi4 ,galactic circle1 nebul> di/ribution1 ,i1 #aab4 ,galton1 ,f41 ,engli% ,m5 ( ,sci5ce1 ,i1 #cfj4 ,ganglia 7see ,n]v\s ,sy/em47 ,gas3 heat & liquifaction1 ,i1 #afd-g2 ,engli% ent]prise1 ,,iii1 #bgh4 ,ga/rula /age1 ( embryos1 ,i1 #deb1 #deg4 ,g5]al3 ,comte's use ( ^w1 ,,ii1 #bj2 def9ition1 ,,ii1 #gi4 ,g5]alization3 univ]sal t5d5cy1 ,i1 #aib2 abs5t 9 *ildr51 ,i1 #ced2 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfe-f4 ,g5]osity1 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfh4 ,g5ius3 lit]>y /yle1 ,,ii1 #cfe-g2 non-recognition1 ,,iii1 #bii-cjj4 ,geology3 special creation & evolution1 ,i1 #f-g2 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #aa-d1 #ad-g1 #ce2 life & multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #ci-df1 #di-ec2 illogical1 ,i1 #aib-bdj2 evolution (1 ,i1 #aib-h2 ,w]n]ian1 ,i1 #aid-g2 ,huttonian1 ,i1 #aie-g2 age ( sy/ems1 ,i1 #aih-bje2 & paleontological evid5ce1 ,i1 #bje-ab2 pa/ & pres5t *anges1 ,i1 #bab-h2 ,hugh ,mill]'s doctr9es1 ,i1 #bah-bj2 breaks 9 record1 ,i1 #bbj-f1 #bbf-cb1 #bcb-dj2 orig9al object ( ,geological ,society1 ,i1 #bda2 cata/rophism & evolution1 ,i1 #chi-ij2 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #fj2 concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #hi-ib2 t]re/rial evolution1 ,,ii1 #ie-i2 deals ) aggregates1 ,,ii1 #ajj2 ,engli% map1 ,,ii1 #beg2 7see also ,e>?47 ,geometry3 ,comte's classification1 ,,ii1 #af-ba2 orig91 ,,ii1 #dj1 #aea2 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #dh-ej1 #ei2 g5esis ( trigonometry1 ,,ii1 #ee-f2 int]dep5d5ce ( sci5ce & art1 ,,ii1 #fi2 & ab/ract sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #gi-hj2 classification ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #hd2 ! "n1 ,,ii1 #aac1 #aae2 evolution1 ,,ii1 #aee2 te/ ( necessity1 ,,ii1 #aih-bjj4 ,g]>d1 ,e41 ,hung>ian music1 ,,ii1 #dej-a4 ,ge/iculation1 & language1 ,,ii1 #cce4 ,gho/3 ! ^w mislead+1 ,i1 #caa2 outl9e ( !ory1 ,,iii1 #h4 ,giraffe1 correlation ( p>ts1 ,i1 #djb-e4 ,glck1 ,c4 ,w4 von1 ,h&el on1 ,,ii1 #ddh4 ,gnomon1 use1 ,,ii1 #ec-d4 ,god3 belief 9 p]sonal1 ,,ii1 #bbc2 primitive ideas1 ,,iii1 #f-aa1 #ab1 #bc4 ,gold3 digg+ =1 & evolution1 ,,iii1 #bfd2 efflux (1 ,,iii1 #cda-c2 7see also ,money47 ,good1 mean+ ( ^w1 ,,iii1 #bjb4 ,go?ic1 alli$ to vegetative /yle1 ,,ii1 #cgf1 #cgg1 #cgh4 ,g\ld1 ,j41 on col\r ( birds1 ,i1 #dcc4 ,g\t1 & h]$ity1 ,,ii1 #cie4 ,gov]nm5t3 diff]5tiation (1 ,i1 #ba2 ideal society1 ,,ii1 #aca-b2 evolution & div]g5ce (1 ,,iii1 #bb1 #bd-cj1 #ej2 crim9al code1 ,,iii1 #aeg2 :at is repres5tative gov]nm5t good =8 ,,iii1 #bhc-cbe2 belief 9 ,engli%1 ,,iii1 #bhd2 flaws1 c41 ,,iii1 #bhd-ia2 selection ( repres5tatives1 ,,iii1 #bia-cjj2 individualism & ! /ate1 ,,iii1 #daf-cg1 #ddb-d2 & food supply1 ,,iii1 #dbc-d2 banks1 ,,iii1 #dbe-f2 eng9e]+1 ,,iii1 #dbg-h2 wat] supply1 ,,iii1 #dbi2 art & lit]ature1 ,,iii1 #dcj-a2 & *ur*es1 ,,iii1 #dcd2 *>ity1 ,,iii1 #dcd2 education1 ,,iii1 #dce-f2 railways1 ,,iii1 #dcg2 po/-(fice1 ,,iii1 #ddj-b2 7see also ,ov]-legislation47 ,gracefulness1 ,,ii1 #cha-f4 ,gr&1 ! ^w great1 ,,ii1 #cfh4 ,granite3 metamorphism1 ,i1 #bbi2 at ,phil1 ,i1 #dcg4 ,gravitation3 ,newton & law (1 ,,ii1 #bf-g2 discov]y ( laws1 ,,ii1 #adh4 ,great1 & ! ^w gr&1 ,,ii1 #cfg-i4 ,great ,we/]n ,railway3 v]sus ,ru%\t1 ,,iii1 #id2 & ,s\? ,we/]n1 ,,iii1 #ig-h2 & ,nor? ,we/]n1 ,,iii1 #ajg4 ,greece3 sculpture1 ,i1 #bg1 #cj2 danc+1 ,i1 #ca2 poetry1 ,i1 #ca2 music1 ,i1 #cc2 ar*itecture1 ,,ii1 #cgf1 #cgg1 #cgh2 p]sonal beauty1 ,,ii1 #cia-c2 e>ly poems1 ,,ii1 #dad-h4 ,greek language3 ,lat9 & ,engli% words1 ,,ii1 #cfg-i2 sociology & k (1 ,,iii1 #cgg4 ,gre51 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,h41 criticism1 ,,ii1 #cbb-cb4 ,gre5wi* ,hospital1 funds1 ,,iii1 #cih4 ,greyh\nds1 use & disuse 91 ,i1 #dfi-ga4 ,grief1 voice (1 ,,ii1 #dje4 ,groc]s1 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #aba-c4 ,grotz1 ,a41 on sci5ce & religion1 ,,ii1 #bbe4 ,gr[?3 relation to activity1 ,i1 #fc-d2 v>i\s =ms1 ,i1 #fe-g2 social1 ,i1 #bfe-i1 #cjf4 ,gu9ea pigs1 epilepsy 91 ,i1 #dae-f4 ,guizot1 ,m43 social aggregation1 ,i1 #bhb2 & specialization1 ,i1 #bhg2 political ma*9]y1 ,,iii1 #bgf1 #cii4 ,gulliv]1 ,l41 an imag9>y1 on ,engli% in/itutions1 ,,iii1 #cje-i4 ,gurney1 ,e41 on orig9 ( music1 ,,ii1 #dcg-dc4 ,habit 7see ,h]$ity47 ,hair3 & political op9ion1 ,,iii1 #a-e2 obeisance ( (f]+1 ,,iii1 #ba2 col\r ( ,am]ican1 ,,iii1 #dhb4 ,hallo6 intonation (1 ,,ii1 #djg4 ,hamburg1 curr5cy1 ,,iii1 #cci4 ,hamilton1 ,sir ,w43 on space1 ,,ii1 #aia-b2 ! ^w belief1 ,,ii1 #bbb-c2 ,grotz on1 ,,ii1 #bbe2 necessity ( causation1 ,,ii1 #cbj2 7see also ,mill47 ,hamp/ead ,hea?1 ,,ii1 #cgj4 ,h&3 ! measure1 ,,ii1 #dd2 ribb+ ( sk91 ,i1 #ddh2 rubb+ toge!r ( h&s1 ,,ii1 #djb4 ,h&el1 ,g4 ,f41 on ,glck1 ,,ii1 #ddh4 ,happ9ess1 ,kant & pursuit (1 ,,iii1 #bjg-i2 7see also ,kant47 ,h>mony1 orig9 ( music1 ,,ii1 #ddh4 ,h>p1 /r+s 9 anci5t1 ,,ii1 #dae4 ,h>ris1 ,mr41 on ,norfolk ,isl& convicts1 ,,iii1 #agf4 ,ha/+s1 railway s]vice1 ,,ii1 #ig4 ,hat1 obeisance ( removal1 ,,iii1 #bj1 #bg1 #dg4 ,hayw>d1 ,r4 ,b41 criticism1 ,,ii1 #cjg-ad4 ,head3 obeisance ( uncov]+1 ,,iii1 #bj2 putt+ du/ on1 ,,iii1 #ba4 ,heal?3 & crim9ality1 ,,iii1 #afg2 failure ( bo>ds (1 ,,iii1 #bda1 #bdh1 #bij2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cja1 #cjd2 body & n]ve functions1 ,,iii1 #dai-bb1 #ddc2 & feel+1 ,,iii1 #dha2 9 ,am]ica1 ,,iii1 #dhb1 #dhc-d4 ,he>t43 integration1 ,i1 #fg2 disease1 ,i1 #daj-aa2 effect ( emotion1 ,,ii1 #ded1 #dee1 #dfd2 & n]v\s sy/em1 ,,iii1 #dbj-a4 ,heat3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #dg1 #ei2 t]re/rial effects ( dim9i%+1 ,i1 #dj-f2 cause ( het]og5eity1 ,i1 #hb2 nebul> *ange1 ,i1 #aah2 liquefaction ( gases1 ,i1 #afd-g2 t]re/rial motion & paleontological evid5ce1 ,i1 #bba-d2 rock metamorphism1 ,i1 #bbi-cj1 #bcb2 action on bodies1 ,i1 #dcf2 g5esis ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #fb1 #fc2 ab/ract concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #hh2 :at is !rmo-electricity8 ,,ii1 #agb-f2 effect on comp\nd molecules1 ,,ii1 #agh-hj1 #ahf2 ins5sible motion1 ,,ii1 #bff-h1 #bgf4 ,hegel1 ,g4 ,w4 ,f43 8to philosophize on ,nature10 ,,ii1 #aj1 #aa2 classification ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #ab-e4 ,h]aldry1 & mann]s & fa%ion1 ,,iii1 #bf1 #bg-h4 ,h]$ity3 ! g5]al law1 ,i1 #fd1 #ajc1 #ajd2 organic developm5t1 ,i1 #ij-b2 moral s5tim5ts1 ,i1 #cch2 effect ( sex1 ,i1 #cfb2 size ( jaw1 ,i1 #cig-djj1 #dbb2 musical faculty1 ,i1 #djf-g2 natural selection1 ,i1 #djh-ab2 functional modifications1 ,i1 #dae-g2 ,d>w9's belief 9 _! inh]itance1 ,i1 #dag-ba1 #dbb2 summ>y on use & disuse1 ,i1 #dba-e2 also _! be>+ on e?ics1 psy*ology1 & sociology1 ,i1 #dfc-e2 ,duke ( ,argyll's criticism1 ,i1 #dfg-gh2 p]sonal beauty1 ,,ii1 #chg-ii2 (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bee4 ,h]o-wor%ip1 ,,iii1 #cag4 ,h]r1 ! title1 ,,iii1 #ad4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,j43 ,magellanic cl\ds1 ,i1 #aaf-g2 =m ( nebul1 ,i1 #abb1 #abd2 v>iation ( t]re/rial temp]ature1 ,i1 #bbb1 #bbc2 complexity ( elem5ts1 ,i1 #cgb2 cause & effect1 ,,ii1 #cjf1 #cai4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,w43 on nebul\s matt]1 ,i1 #aaj2 /ell> magnitude & di/ance1 ,i1 #aae2 /ell> g5esis1 ,i1 #abi2 sol> surface1 ,i1 #ahe1 #ahg4 ,het]og5eity3 increase 91 display$ by a/ronomy1 ,i1 #aj-aa1 #ce2 geology1 ,i1 #aa-ad1 #ce2 meteorology1 ,i1 #ac-d1 #ce2 biology1 ,i1 #ad-g1 #ce2 man1 ,i1 #ag-i1 #ce2 society1 ,i1 #ai-bc1 #ce2 c]emony1 ,i1 #bj-a2 religion1 ,i1 #bj-c2 language1 ,i1 #bc-f2 writ+1 ,i1 #bd-f2 ! arts1 ,i1 #bd-cj2 poetry1 music & drama1 ,i1 #cj-b2 lit]ature & sci5ce1 ,i1 #cd-e2 developm5t1 ,i1 #fg2 7see also ,multiplication ( ,effects47 ,hi/ory1 measure ( "t1 ,,ii1 #de-i4 ,hobbes1 ,t41 commonweal? (1 ,i1 #bgj-b4 ,hodgson1 ,s4 ,h43 criticism (1 ,,ii1 #bbe-cd2 reply to ,pr(4 ,gre51 ,,ii1 #cba-b1 #cbi4 ,homog5e\s3 in/ability ( !1 ,i1 #ha-d1 #dei-fj2 ord]ly het]og5eity1 ,i1 #hd-ic4 ,hone/y3 9 trade & bankruptcy1 ,,iii1 #abi-ca1 #ach2 ( l[] races1 ,,iii1 #aid2 /ate tamp]+s ) money1 ,,iii1 #cbf-ce1 #cce-dg2 & social grade1 ,,iii1 #cei2 & (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #cig4 ,hornbills1 head excresc5ces (1 ,i1 #cib4 ,horns1 evolution (1 ,i1 #cie4 ,horse1 ! phrase black1 ,,ii1 #cdj4 ,hosk9s1 ,g4 ,a41 on ,val5cia prison1 ,,iii1 #agg-h4 ,hugu5ots1 ,smiles on !1 ,i1 #cfj4 ,humboldt1 ,a4 von1 di/ribution ( nebul1 ,i1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae4 ,hume1 ,d43 subject & object1 ,,ii1 #cbi2 law codification1 ,,iii1 #beh4 ,hung>y1 music 91 ,,ii1 #ddi4 ,hutton1 ,james1 geological !ory1 ,i1 #aie1 #aig4 ,hutton1 ,ri*>d ,h41 8a que/ionable p>5tage = morals10 ,i1 #cca-ej4 ,huxley1 ,t4 ,h43 evolution & biological het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ag2 organic correlation1 ,i1 #if-aja2 belief 9 d\ble p]sonality1 ,i1 #caj2 on 8,orig9 ( ,species10 ,i1 #chi-ij2 on evolution1 ,i1 #dfb-c2 a cre$ fatal to sci5ce1 ,i1 #dfc2 specializ$ adm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #djd-e2 endod]m & ectod]m1 ,,iii1 #dje2 function ( p>liam5t1 ,,iii1 #dag2 & altruism1 ,,iii1 #dcc2 adm9i/rative nihilism1 ,,iii1 #dch1 #ddb-d4 ,hybrids1 orig9 ( wor%ip1 ,i1 #cbj-b1 #cbi4 ,hydra1 !1 naval maladm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #bcd4 ,hydrog51 liquefaction1 ,i1 #afj4 ,hydro/atics1 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #eg1 #ei4 ,hydrozoa3 analogy to social organism1 ,i1 #bhj-c2 developm5t1 ,i1 #bhd2 circulation1 ,i1 #bia2 n]v\s sy/em1 ,,iii1 #dbb4 ,hyp]bola1 relation to circle1 ,i1 #e4 ,hyp]ion1 v]se f1 ,,ii1 #cdd4 ,hypobla/1 embryo developm5t1 ,i1 #deb-c1 #dee4 ,hypo!sis1 effect on obs]vation1 ,,ii1 #afb-g4 ,ice1 temp]ature z illu/rat+ propositions1 ,,ii1 #bje-h4 ,idealism3 reason+ (1 ,,ii1 #bja2 ,sidgwick's criticism1 ,,ii1 #bdb-ej4 ,ideas3 relation to emotions1 ,i1 #ccf-h2 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfe-f2 actual & pseud-1 ,i1 #chc4 ,idols1 wor%ip (1 ,,iii1 #cic4 ,imitativ5ess1 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfd4 ,impati5ce1 indications (1 ,,ii1 #djb4 ,impulsiv5ess1 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #ceg-i4 ,incl9ation1 & duty1 ,,iii1 #baj-a4 ,inconceivability1 ,mill on1 ,,ii1 #aic-bjj4 ,incongruities1 ,ba9 on1 ,,ii1 #dfc4 ,incuriosity1 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfd-e4 ,inde$6 intonation (1 ,,ii1 #djh4 ,india3 prisons (1 ,,iii1 #ahi-ia2 e?ics 91 ,,iii1 #aic-e2 failure ( gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #bdi4 ,individual1 & ! ,/ate1 ,,iii1 #daf-cg1 #ddb-d4 ,induction3 qualitative & quantitative sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #g2 electrical1 ,,ii1 #ahc4 ,indu/rialism3 & social organism1 ,,iii1 #dab-f2 developm5t (1 ,,iii1 #dei2 & unionism1 ,,iii1 #dfe2 9 ,am]ica1 ,,iii1 #dhg-ib4 ,indu/ry3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #ec-h2 effects ( railways1 ,i1 #eg2 b\nd>ies ignor$ by1 ,i1 #bhi4 ,infant3 relation to ovum1 ,i1 #f2 resemblance to unciviliz$1 ,i1 #ah4 ,infusoria1 cell membrane1 ,i1 #dda4 ,insanity3 & h]$ity1 ,i1 #daf1 ,,ii1 #cif2 ,p5tonville ,prison1 ,,iii1 #afb2 & life1 ,,iii1 #afd2 & bodily functions1 ,,iii1 #dai-bj4 ,insects3 temp]ature1 ,i1 #ge2 self-mobility1 ,i1 #gf2 mimicry1 ,i1 #cif2 col\rs (1 ,i1 #dcc2 metamorphosis1 ,,iii1 #daj4 ,intaglio1 increase ( het]og5eity1 ,i1 #bf4 ,integration3 longitud9al & tranv]se1 ,i1 #fg-gc2 relation to function1 ,i1 #gc2 sociological1 ,i1 #ajb-g4 ,intellect1 effect ( emotion1 ,,ii1 #dfe4 ,intellig5ce3 relation to sexual s5tim5t1 ,i1 #cfc-d2 & au?ority1 ,,iii1 #caa4 ,intonation1 orig9 9 *ur*es1 ,,ii1 #daf4 ,invag9ation1 ,balf\r on1 ,i1 #deb4 ,involution1 & evolution1 ,i1 #chj4 ,irel&3 prison discipl9e1 ,,iii1 #agd2 & bad legislation1 ,,iii1 #bge2 curr5cy 91 ,,iii1 #ccg1 #cdd-e2 bank (1 ,,iii1 #cdh4 ,iri% elk1 correlation ( p>ts1 ,i1 #djb4 ,iron3 analogy f cutt+1 ,i1 #ig-h2 indu/ry & locality1 ,i1 #ajd2 complexity (1 ,i1 #cgc4 ,isom]ism3 complexity ( elem5ts1 ,i1 #aee2 evolution ( life1 ,i1 #cgd-e4 ,italy1 language1 ,,ii1 #dbc4 ,jam1 association ( ideas1 ,i1 #ccg4 ,jaw3 p]sonal beauty1 ,,ii1 #chi-ij1 #cia2 size1 ,i1 #cig-djj1 #dgc2 size ( tee?1 ,i1 #dja2 droop+ f excitem5t1 ,,ii1 #dfd4 ,jo9t-/ock companies3 hi/ory1 ,,iii1 #eb1 #ajh2 failure ( ,act1 ,,iii1 #bda2 importance (1 ,,iii1 #beg2 maladm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #bhf2 bank+1 ,,iii1 #cdg-ed2 regulative sy/em1 ,,iii1 #dfc4 ,jupit]3 rotatory movem5t1 ,i1 #ace1 #acf2 motion ( satellites1 ,i1 #acg1 #ada-b2 numb] ( satellites1 ,i1 #aci-dj2 d5sity & heat1 ,i1 #add-h1 #adh-eb2 size1 ,i1 #ade2 lum9osity1 ,i1 #aej2 orbit1 ,i1 #afi4 ,juries1 brib]y (1 ,,iii1 #cif4 ,ju/ice3 re-repres5tative s5tim5t1 ,i1 #bfc2 developm5t ( sympa?y1 ,i1 #cdg-ej2 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfh2 & equity1 ,,ii1 #eb2 & prison e?ics1 ,,iii1 #afe1 #afg1 #ahj1 #aha2 political e?ics1 ,,iii1 #bbe1 #bbh2 faulty adm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #bcb1 #bce2 ov]-legislation1 ,,iii1 #bgb2 & repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cag-bc1 #cbd1 #chj2 duty ( /ate1 ,,iii1 #ccd2 & (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #cie-djj2 ne$ful to society1 ,,iii1 #dfi4 ,kames1 ,"l1 arrangem5t ( s5t5ces1 ,,ii1 #cdc4 ,kant1 ,i43 =ms ( ?\ght1 ,,ii1 #gg2 space & "t1 ,,ii1 #bbf-g1 #bbi-cb1 ,,iii1 #aig-i2 =m & matt]1 ,,ii1 #bcj-a1 #bcb2 & exp]i5tialism1 ,,ii1 #bcd-e2 ,max ,mll] on ,sp5c] &1 ,,ii1 #bce-h2 ,sp5c]'s disagreem5t f1 ,,ii1 #bch2 e?ics1 ,,iii1 #aib-baf2 on l[] races1 ,,iii1 #aib-e2 examples ( unaid$ p]ception1 ,,iii1 #aie-g2 reason+ (1 ,,iii1 #aii-bjc2 space1 ,,iii1 #bjc1 #bjg2 on good w1 ,,iii1 #bja-c1 #bjg2 & evolution1 ,,iii1 #bjc-f1 #bjg2 ,c>us on e?ics1 ,,iii1 #bjf-g2 pursuit ( happ9ess1 ,,iii1 #bjg-i2 duty & incl9ation1 ,,iii1 #bji-ac2 e?ical pr9ciples1 ,,iii1 #bac-f4 ,k5t1 ,w4 ,s41 on infusoria1 ,i1 #ddj4 ,kepl]1 ,j3 laws (1 ,i1 #cf2 belief 9 planet>y spirits1 ,i1 #ajh2 sol> !ory1 ,i1 #aic4 ,kid1 laught] caus$ by1 ,,ii1 #dfa-b4 ,kir*h(f1 sol> spots1 ,i1 #ahg4 ,kiss+1 obeisance (1 ,,iii1 #ah4 ,kneel+1 obeisance (1 ,,iii1 #ai4 ,knight1 ! title1 ,,iii1 #ae1 #bh4 ,k3 common & sci5tific1 ,,ii1 #a-h1 #bi2 dep5d5t on exp]i5ce1 ,,ii1 #abb2 relativity1 ,,ii1 #abb1 #bbj-a2 & ^w belief1 ,,ii1 #ahh-ia2 ,qu>t]ly ,review] on1 ,,ii1 #bfj2 & reason+1 ,,iii1 #aii1 #bja2 & political e?ics1 ,,iii1 #bbe4 ,lab\r3 division (1 ,i1 #ai-bc1 #bhc-ia2 "r to1 ,,iii1 #dff4 ,lady1 ! title1 ,,iii1 #ad4 ,lady ( ! ,lake1 quot$1 ,,ii1 #cea4 ,la+1 ,mr41 on railway con/ruction1 ,,iii1 #aje-f4 ,lam>ck1 ,j4 ,b4 ,p4 ,a4 de ,m41 organic evolution1 ,i1 #cij-a1 #cig4 ,lanca%ire3 cotton indu/ry1 ,i1 #bff2 effect ( railway competition1 ,,iii1 #ig1 #ajf4 ,l&[n]s1 railway policy1 ,,iii1 #fc-g4 ,l&scape1 appreciation (1 ,i1 #cce-f4 ,language3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #bc-f1 ,,ii1 #cff-g2 belief 9 spirits1 ,i1 #caa-b2 pov]ty ( ,au/ralian1 ,i1 #cae2 prec$5ce ( concrete n\ns1 ,i1 #cbc2 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfe-f2 classification1 ,,ii1 #ca-c1 #cd1 #dj2 ,saxon words1 ,,ii1 #ccf-h2 "u excitem5t1 & poetry1 ,,ii1 #ceg-fa2 emotional wa/e & repair1 ,,ii1 #cfa-g2 ,lat91 ,greek1 & old ,engli%1 ,,ii1 #cfg-i2 duality & developm5t1 ,,ii1 #dba-c2 sociology & k1 ,,iii1 #cjb2 ( subord9ation1 ,,iii1 #cab2 evolution1 ,,iii1 #djb-c4 ,lanke/]1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,ray1 on h]$ity1 ,i1 #dgf4 ,laplace1 ,p4 ,s4 ,m>quis de3 g5esis & /ructure ( sol> sy/em1 ,i1 #abh-i1 #acj1 #aca2 planet>y axial movem5ts1 ,i1 #acb-f2 lun> axial motion1 ,i1 #ada2 motion ( satellites1 ,i1 #adb2 planetoids1 ,i1 #afh1 #agd1 #agh4 ,la?am1 ,r4 ,g41 on gramm>1 ,,ii1 #ccc4 ,lat91 ,greek & ,engli% words1 ,,ii1 #cfg-i4 ,laugel1 ,m41 on ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,,ii1 #aah4 ,laught]1 physiology (1 ,,ii1 #deb-ff4 ,law3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #cg2 g5esis ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #ea2 belief 9 natural1 ,,ii1 #abc2 conditions affect+ discov]y1 ,,ii1 #ade-h1 #adh-ej2 evolution ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #aej-g2 prospective1 ,,ii1 #aeg-i2 univ]sality (1 ,,ii1 #aei-fj2 religion & mann]s1 ,,iii1 #d1 #bc2 & morality1 ,,iii1 #aj-aa1 #bc1 #ej2 = primitive man1 ,,iii1 #bd2 (ficialism & re=m1 ,,iii1 #beb1 #beh-i2 & ov]-legislation1 ,,iii1 #bgb2 legal v]biage1 ,,iii1 #bgc2 co/1 ,,iii1 #cjh2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cag-bc2 k (1 & p>liam5t>y re=m1 ,,iii1 #cge-i2 7see also ,ov]-legislation47 ,lawy]s3 & railways1 ,,iii1 #fg-gb1 #hc1 #hh1 #ajh2 9 p>liam5t1 ,,iii1 #bih1 #cjc1 #cjd4 ,lea!r1 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #abc4 ,leaves1 cells 91 ,i1 #ddf4 ,legislation1 & social gr[?1 ,i1 #bfe-i2 7see also ,ov]-legislation47 ,l5g?1 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #aah-i4 ,lep*as1 e?ics1 ,,iii1 #aic1 #aid4 ,liability 7see ,banks & ,jo9t-,/ock ,companies74 ,lib]alism1 behavi\r ( p>ty1 ,,iii1 #dfd4 ,lib]ty3 ,fr5* idea (1 ,,ii1 #cdc2 traits ( re=m1 ,,iii1 #cj-f2 social use1 ,,iii1 #df-ea2 degree (1 = p1 ,,iii1 #cha2 9 ,am]ica1 ,,iii1 #dgc-d1 #dgg1 #dgh-i4 ,libr>ies1 free1 ,,iii1 #cgj4 ,lic5s+ law1 failure1 ,,iii1 #bdd4 ,liebig1 ,j4 von1 analogy f blood corpuscles1 ,i1 #bic-d4 ,life3 evolution f n-life1 ,i1 #cgd-e2 plants & animals indi/+ui%able1 ,i1 #cge-f2 evolution ( m9d1 ,i1 #cgf-h2 survival & degree (1 ,i1 #dje-h1 #dba2 evolution & action ( m$ium1 ,i1 #deh-fj1 #dfj-b2 primitive ideas (1 ,,iii1 #f-aa2 ma9t5ance & prison e?ics1 ,,iii1 #afc-ga2 failure ( assurance act1 ,,iii1 #bda-b2 sociology & k (1 ,,iii1 #cjd2 & pleasure1 ,,iii1 #cae2 & sociology1 ,,iii1 #cbe2 increase 9 longevity1 ,,iii1 #ddg2 ,mill & ,sp5c] on1 ,,iii1 #dhe4 ,life ,drama1 quot$1 ,,ii1 #cea1 #cec4 ,light3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #ei2 action on bodies1 ,i1 #dcf2 & on protoplasm1 ,i1 #dfe-f2 g5esis ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #fa2 pol>ization1 ,,ii1 #fc2 effect on molecules1 ,,ii1 #agh2 p]ception ( :ite1 ,,iii1 #aif2 7see also ,optics74 ,lik5ess3 ( classification1 ,,ii1 #bi-ca1 #cd2 ( language1 ,,ii1 #ca-c1 #cd2 ( reason+1 ,,ii1 #cc-d2 ( art1 ,,ii1 #cd2 relation to equality1 ,,ii1 #ce-g4 ,l9dsay1 ,w4 ,s41 ,admiralty c]tificate1 ,,iii1 #bci4 ,lit]ature3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #cd-e2 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #eg2 use & beauty1 ,,ii1 #cga2 contra/ 91 ,,ii1 #cgc-d2 popul>ity ( au?ors1 ,,iii1 #bii-cjj2 & sociology1 ,,iii1 #cgf-g2 ,engli% & cont95tal1 ,,iii1 #dcj-a4 ,littr1 ,e41 on ,comte's classification1 ,,ii1 #gd-f1 #ha-c4 ,liv]3 developm5t1 ,i1 #ajf2 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dai4 ,liv]pool1 & ,man*e/] railway1 ,,iii1 #fc1 #bff4 ,liv]worts1 cells 91 ,i1 #ddf4 ,locke1 ,j43 & exp]i5tialism1 ,,ii1 #bcd-e2 & evolution1 ,,ii1 #bcg4 ,locomotive eng9e3 effects (1 ,i1 #ef-h2 balance weight1 ,,ii1 #chc4 ,logic3 ,hegel's classification1 ,,ii1 #ab-e2 implies equality1 ,,ii1 #dj2 ab/ract sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #gg1 #ha-e2 t]re/rial evolution1 ,,ii1 #ii2 ,ba9 on relation to psy*ology1 ,,ii1 #aje-f2 ,sidgwick's criticism1 ,,ii1 #bda2 ,tri/ram ,%&y on1 ,,ii1 #ccc4 ,london3 & ,birm+ham railway1 ,,iii1 #fc2 ,new ,riv] to1 ,,iii1 #beg2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #bhi2 wat] supply1 ,,iii1 #dbi4 ,"l1 ! title1 ,,iii1 #ab-e1 #ba4 ,love3 ,d>w9 & orig9 ( music1 ,,ii1 #dbf-cg2 also ,gurney1 ,,ii1 #dcg-dc4 ,loyalty1 & social /ate1 ,,iii1 #cab4 ,lubbock1 ,sir ,john3 d]ivation ( tribal names1 ,i1 #cad2 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 ,i1 #cca2 consci5ce ( l[] races1 ,,iii1 #aib-c2 bank]'s cle>+ h\se1 ,,iii1 #dbe-f4 ,lungs3 developm5t1 ,i1 #fg1 #ajf2 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dai2 relation to voice1 ,,ii1 #djd-e4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,c43 age ( rocks1 ,i1 #bjd2 paleontological evid5ce1 ,i1 #bje1 #bjh-ab2 geological hiatus1 ,i1 #bbj-a2 uni=mit>ianism & geological record1 ,i1 #bbg1 #bbi4 ,lyre1 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #cb1 ,,ii1 #dae4 ,ma*9e1 & organism1 ,,iii1 #def-h4 ,ma*9]y1 dislik$ by lab\r]s1 ,,iii1 #cfb1 #cgf4 ,macaulay1 ,"l1 on ,po/-(fice1 ,,iii1 #dda4 ,mack9to%1 ,sir ,j41 on con/itutions1 ,i1 #bfe1 #bfi4 ,mac,lennan1 ,j4 ,f41 plant & animal wor%ip1 ,i1 #cjh-i1 #cbj4 ,macono*ie1 ,capta91 8m>k0 prison sy/em1 ,,iii1 #age-g4 ,madam1 ! title1 ,,ii1 #ad1 #bf4 ,magellanic cl\ds1 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el on1 ,i1 #aaf-g4 ,magnetism1 ab/ract concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #hh4 ,magnific5t1 & ! ^w gr&1 ,,ii1 #cfg-i4 ,magnitudes1 relation ( ?\ght1 ,,ii1 #beb-c4 ,maize1 trans=mation (1 ,i1 #dcd4 ,majority1 "r (1 ,,iii1 #hi1 #id4 ,mammalia3 evolution & het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ae-g2 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ag-i2 temp]ature1 ,i1 #ge1 #gf2 self-mobility1 ,i1 #gf2 organic correlation1 ,i1 #ig2 paleontological rema9s1 ,i1 #bbg1 #bch1 #bdj2 imitation ( evolution1 ,,ii1 #dch4 ,mamm>y gl&s1 evolution1 ,i1 #cie4 ,man3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ag-i1 #ce2 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #eb-c2 traits ( primitive1 ,,iii1 #bd4 ,man*e/]1 electors 91 ,,iii1 #che4 ,mann]s3 & fa%ion1 ,,iii1 #a-ea2 evolution ( c]emonies1 ,,iii1 #aa-f1 #bc1 #ej2 orig91 ,,iii1 #bh2 ,swift on1 ,,iii1 #dd4 ,mansel1 ,dean ,h4 ,l43 criticism1 ,,ii1 #bba-e2 ,grotz on1 ,,ii1 #bbe4 ,m>*antia1 cells 91 ,i1 #ddf4 ,m>iana1 quot$1 ,,ii1 #cef4 ,m>mion1 quot$1 ,,ii1 #cdc4 ,m>s3 rotatory motion1 ,i1 #ace1 #acf2 numb] ( satellites1 ,i1 #aci-dj2 & motion1 ,i1 #adb2 d5sity & heat1 ,i1 #add-h1 #adh-eb4 ,m>supialia1 integration1 ,i1 #fi-gj4 ,m>t9eau1 ,rev4 ,j43 on evolution1 ,i1 #cga-hh2 criticism1 ,,ii1 #bej-h4 ,ma/]1 ! title1 ,,iii1 #ae1 #af4 ,mat]ialism1 & evolution1 ,i1 #chf-h4 ,ma!matics3 ?+s le>nt1 ,,ii1 #a2 ,ok5 on1 ,,ii1 #aj-aa2 ,comte's classification1 ,,ii1 #af-ba2 implies equality1 ,,ii1 #dj2 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #dh-ej2 ab/ract sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #gg1 #hd-e2 t]re/rial evolution1 ,,ii1 #ii2 deals ) relations1 ,,ii1 #ajb1 #ajc2 ,ba9 on nature (1 ,,ii1 #aje-f2 orig91 ,,ii1 #aea2 evolution1 ,,ii1 #aef2 ultimate tru?s1 ,,ii1 #bhc2 exact sci5ce1 ,,iii1 #aii-bjj2 & political e?ics1 ,,iii1 #bbe2 m5tal developm5t1 ,,iii1 #bee2 & sociology1 ,,iii1 #cjc1 #cje4 ,matt]3 discov]y ( laws1 ,,ii1 #adh2 inscrutable1 ,,ii1 #bdg2 ,m>t9eau's criticism1 ,,ii1 #beg2 prop]ties1 ,,ii1 #bgg1 #cae-f4 ,may]1 ,j41 z physici/1 ,,ii1 #bfi1 #cad4 ,measurem5t3 orig9 ( weight1 ,,ii1 #dc-e2 ( "t1 ,,ii1 #de-f4 ,me*anics3 ,comte's classification1 ,,ii1 #ai2 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #ej1 #ef1 #ei2 ab/ract concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #he-h1aja2 t]re/rial evolution1 ,,ii1 #ig2 ,ba9 on sci5ce classification1 ,,ii1 #aab2 sci5ce classification1 ,,ii1 #aag2 orig91 ,,ii1 #aea2 evolution1 ,,ii1 #aee1 #aef2 real & ideal1 ,,iii1 #bbb-c4 ,me*anics' ,in/itutes1 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #bhf4 ,m$ic9e1 association ( ideas1 ,i1 #ccg4 ,m$usa1 vascul> sy/em1 ,i1 #gi4 ,megra1 naval maladm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #bcd4 ,melb\rne1 !1 & ,admiralty c]tificate1 ,,iii1 #bci4 ,memory3 & te/ ( tru?1 ,,ii1 #bae2 & emotion1 ,,ii1 #dfe4 ,m5delejeff1 ,d41 complexity ( elem5ts1 ,i1 #aee4 ,m5delssohn-,b>?oldy1 ,f41 "*1 ,,ii1 #dag4 ,m]cantile ,m>9e ,act1 failure (1 ,,iii1 #bfj1 #bgf1 #bie4 ,m]cury3 rotatory movem5t1 ,i1 #ace1 #acf2 numb] ( satellites1 ,i1 #aci2 d5sity1 ,i1 #add2 d5sity & heat1 ,i1 #add-h1 #adh-eb4 ,mesobla/1 embryo developm5t1 ,i1 #dec1 #dee4 ,metallurgy1 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #ea4 ,metamorphic rocks1 age1 ,i1 #aih4 ,metamorphosis1 univ]sal1 ,,iii1 #deh-fj4 ,metaphor1 & simile1 ,,ii1 #ceb-d4 ,metaphysics3 ,comte on1 ,,ii1 #abc2 reason+ (1 ,,ii1 #bja-e2 relation to physics1 ,,ii1 #bfh4 ,metaphyta1 orig91 ,i1 #ddd4 ,metazoa3 orig91 ,i1 #ddd2 embryo developm5t1 ,i1 #dea-h4 ,meteorology3 increase 9 het]og5eity ( climates1 ,i1 #ac-d1 #ce2 effect ( ,am]ican subsid5ce1 ,i1 #dc2 concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #ib4 ,meteors3 con/itution ( comets1 ,i1 #abg2 orig91 ,i1 #agd-g4 ,metonymy1 effectiv5ess1 ,,ii1 #cej4 ,mettray1 re=matory1 ,,iii1 #agc4 ,militancy3 political e?ics1 ,,iii1 #bbg-h2 & indu/rialism1 ,,iii1 #daf2 9 ,am]ica1 ,,iii1 #dhd4 ,milky way1 di/ribution ( nebul1 ,i1 #aab4 ,mill1 ,j4 ,s43 lett] on morals to1 ,i1 #ccc2 classification ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #aad2 on ,comte's philosophy1 ,,ii1 #adc2 on ,hamilton & ^w belief1 ,,ii1 #ahh-ia2 n\m5al exi/5ce1 ,,ii1 #aia-b2 inconceivable & unbelievable1 ,,ii1 #aic-bjj2 te/ ( necessity1 ,,ii1 #aif2 g5]al agreem5t )1 ,,ii1 #bag2 on ! ,/ate & banks1 ,,iii1 #cdh1 #ceg2 on life1 ,,iii1 #dhe4 ,mill]1 ,hugh3 life & doctr9es1 ,i1 #bah-bj2 t]re/rial life1 ,i1 #bbj4 ,mimicry3 ( savages1 ,i1 #cfd2 evolution1 ,i1 #cif4 ,m9]alogy1 & classification1 ,,ii1 #fd1 #ib1 #ajh4 ,m9d 7see ,psy*ology47 ,mission>ies1 developm5t1 ,,iii1 #deh-i4 ,miv>t1 ,pr(4 ,/4 ,george1 g5esis ( species1 ,i1 #ccb4 ,mole1 pelvis 91 ,i1 #ig4 ,molecules1 mutual action & electricity1 ,,ii1 #agh-hd1 #ahd-g4 ,moleswor?1 ,sir ,w41 on build+s acts1 ,,iii1 #bdj4 ,mollusca3 great age (1 ,i1 #bag2 circulation1 ,i1 #bif4 ,molluscoida1 social analogy1 ,i1 #bha4 ,monacl91 cell membrane1 ,i1 #ddj4 ,mon>*y1 & repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cji-aj1 #caj-g1 #cag-bc4 ,money3 analogy to blood corpuscles1 ,i1 #bic-d2 trad+ ) bad1 ,,iii1 #ada2 /ate tamp]+s )1 ,,iii1 #cbf-eg2 & jo9t-/ock banks1 ,,iii1 #cdg-ed2 & free trade1 ,,iii1 #cee-g2 anomaly ( int]e/1 ,,iii1 #dja4 ,monkeys1 orig9 ( music1 ,,ii1 #dcb4 ,monotremata1 integration1 ,i1 #fi-gj4 ,monsieur1 ! title1 ,,iii1 #ad1 #ae4 ,montes9os1 ,capta91 prison discipl9e1 ,,iii1 #agg-h4 ,mon?1 measure ( "t1 ,,ii1 #de-i4 ,moon3 axial motion1 ,i1 #ada2 heat & contraction1 ,i1 #adi2 z "n1 ,i1 #cag1 #cbg4 ,moqu9-,t&on1 ,a41 plant leaves1 ,i1 #dcc4 ,morality3 ,qu>t]ly ,review criticism1 ,,ii1 #bei-fe2 & law1 ,,iii1 #aj-aa1 #bc1 #ej2 & awe ( au?ority1 ,,iii1 #caa2 av]age social1 ,,iii1 #cei1 #cfj4 ,morals3 & moral s5tim5ts1 ,i1 #cca-ej2 p>5tage (1 ,i1 #cca-d1 #ccd-ej2 ! sci5ce ( "r conduct1 ,i1 #ccc2 relation to exp$i5cy1 ,i1 #ccc2 prospect1 ,,iii1 #cj1 #ea2 av]age (1 & trade1 ,,iii1 #acg-dj4 ,moray1 ,sir ,r41 on ,b>nacle geese1 ,,ii1 #afb4 ,mosses1 cell membrane1 ,i1 #dci4 ,motion3 ( animals & plants1 ,i1 #ge1 #gf2 discov]y ( laws1 ,,ii1 #adh2 implies ?+ mov+1 ,,ii1 #bje-f1 #bjg2 inscrutable1 ,,ii1 #bdg2 ins5sible =ms1 ,,ii1 #bff1 #bgf2 ,tait on laws (1 ,,ii1 #bga-e2 ,sp5c] on laws (1 ,,ii1 #big-cbj2 axioms & laws (1 ,,ii1 #bih-cja1 #cae-bj2 relation to =ce1 ,,ii1 #caj-d2 & gracefulness1 ,,ii1 #cha-f4 ,m\at1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,j41 on prisons1 ,,iii1 #ahi-ia4 ,m\lton1 ,j4 ,f41 ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,,ii1 #cjg4 ,m\nta9s3 age & altitude1 ,i1 #ac2 =mation1 ,i1 #dj2 z "n1 ,i1 #cah4 ,moz>t1 ,j4 ,c4 ,w4 ,t43 h]$ity1 ,i1 #djf2 "*1 ,,ii1 #dag2 ,addio (1 ,,ii1 #ddg4 ,muc\s membrane1 effect ( surr\nd+s1 ,i1 #ddi1 #dej4 ,mll]1 ,f4 ,max3 mis9t]pretation ( names1 ,i1 #cae1 #cbg2 on ab/ract n\ns1 ,i1 #cbc1 #cbd2 criticism1 ,,ii1 #bce-h4 ,multiplication1 v>i\s =ms1 ,i1 #fe-g4 ,multiplication ( effects3 g5]al1 ,i1 #ce-h2 a/ronomy1 ,i1 #ch-i2 geology1 ,i1 #ci-df2 biology1 ,i1 #df-ec2 sociology1 ,i1 #ec-h2 sci5ce1 lit]ature & art1 ,i1 #ei4 ,muni*1 prison1 ,,iii1 #aga-c ,mur*ison1 ,sir ,r43 ,silurian sy/em1 ,i1 #aii1 #bca2 paleontological evid5ce1 ,i1 #bjf2 azoic rocks1 ,i1 #bbh4 ,murd]1 social co-op]ation1 ,,iii1 #bag-bj1 #bbd4 ,muscle3 wa/e & repair1 ,i1 #cfb2 evolution1 ,i1 #cif2 size ( jaws1 ,i1 #cih-djj1 #dbb2 orig9 ( music1 ,,ii1 #djc-d2 n]v\s sy/em & action (1 ,,ii1 #dec-h2 laught] & action (1 ,,ii1 #deh-fd4 ,music3 orig91 ,i1 #cj-a2 increase 9 het]og5eity1 #ca-d2 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cff2 developm5t ( faculty1 ,i1 #djf-g2 ,kantian ideas ( space1 ,,ii1 #bbg2 contra/ 91 ,,ii1 #cgc2 orig9 & function1 ,,ii1 #djj-ea2 orig9ally vocal1 ,,ii1 #djc-d2 feel+s & l\dness ( voice1 ,,ii1 #djd1 #daj2 & timbre1 ,,ii1 #dje1 #daa2 pit*1 ,,ii1 #djf1 #daa2 int]vals1 ,,ii1 #djf-i1 #daa2 v>iability ( pit*1 ,,ii1 #dji1 #daa2 tremolo1 /accato1 & slur1 ,,ii1 #dab2 "t 91 ,,ii1 #dab-c2 sl[ div]g5ce f spee*1 ,,ii1 #dad-h2 indirect evid5ce ( !ory1 ,,ii1 #dah-bj2 function1 ,,ii1 #dbj-d2 relation to sympa?y1 ,,ii1 #dbd-f2 ,d>w9 on orig91 ,,ii1 #dbf-cg2 ( l[e/ tribes1 ,,ii1 #dcc-g2 ,gurney on orig91 ,,ii1 #dcg-dc2 evolution ( scales1 ,,ii1 #ddj-a2 s5sational effects1 ,,ii1 #ddc-d2 p]ceptional1 ,,ii1 #dde-g2 emotional1 ,,ii1 #ddg2 h>mony1 ,,ii1 #ddh2 c\nt]po9t1 ,,ii1 #ddh2 & evolution1 ,,ii1 #ddh-i2 ,hung>ian1 ,,ii1 #ddi-ea2 & social int]c\rse1 ,,iii1 #da1 #db2 s5sation ( s\nd1 ,,iii1 #aig2 indirect effects1 ,,iii1 #bde2 free1 ,,iii1 #cgj4 ,myddelton1 ,sir ,hugh1 ,new ,riv]1 ,,iii1 #beg1 #dbi4 ,my?ology1 primitive1 ,,iii1 #f-aa4 ,my?s1 orig9 ( animal wor%ip1 ,i1 #cbb-h4 ,nails1 h]$ity & negro blood1 ,,ii1 #cif4 ,names3 orig9 ( animal wor%ip1 ,i1 #caa-g1 #cag-bj1 #cbh2 ( hybrids1 ,i1 #cbj-b2 mis9t]pretation ( nicknames1 ,i1 #cbe-h1 #cbh-cj2 classification1 ,,ii1 #ca-c1 #cd1 #dj2 & evolution ( c]emonies1 ,,iii1 #aa-f1 #bc4 ,napoleon ,i41 & 8 m>%als1 ,,iii1 #cji4 ,natural selection3 essay on progress1 ,i4 #ec2 ! phrase1 ,i1 #dbh-cj2 7see also ,survival ( ! fitte/74 ,navy3 maladm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #bcc-d1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bea1 #beb1 #cii2 (fic]s 9 p>liam5t1 ,,iii1 #big1 #cjd4 ,naylor1 ,rev4 ,b41 on ,norfolk ,isl& convicts1 ,,iii1 #agf4 ,nebul3 appe>ance1 ,i1 #aah-be2 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el on regul> & irregul>1 ,i1 #abb2 orig91 direction & con/itution ( comets1 ,i1 #abe-h1 #aec2 orig91 ,i1 #aec4 ,nebul> hypo!sis3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #aj-aa2 discov]ies ( ,h]s*el & ,rosse1 ,i1 #aaj-b2 & ultimate my/]y1 ,i1 #aed2 evolution ( heat & cond5sation1 ,i1 #aei-fc2 essay on1 ,i1 #ajh-hd2 di/ance & di/ribution1 ,i1 #aab-h4 ,necessity1 ,mill on te/ (1 ,,ii1 #aif-bjj4 ,negro1 h]$ity & nails1 ,,ii1 #cif4 ,neptune3 axial motion1 ,i1 #acc-f2 d5sity1 ,i1 #add2 heat1 ,i1 #add-h1 #adh-eb4 ,n]v\s sy/em3 ( savage & civiliz$1 ,i1 #ah2 integration1 ,i1 #fh-ga2 analog\s to gov]nm5t1 ,i1 #bii-cjg2 developm5t f epid]mis1 ,i1 #ded2 ,sidgwick's criticism1 ,,ii1 #bch2 muscul> action1 ,,ii1 #dec-h2 diff]5tiation1 ,,iii1 #djf2 sympa!tic1 ,,iii1 #djh-i2 & society1 ,,iii1 #dah2 positive & negative regulation1 ,,iii1 #dai1 #ddc4 ,new ,riv] ,company1 orig91 ,,iii1 #dbi4 ,new ,york1 gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #bhi1 #bia4 ,new ,zeal&]s1 belief 9 ano!r _w1 ,,ii1 #bbc4 ,newcomb1 ,pr(4 ,s43 nebul> hypo!sis1 ,i1 #aba2 planetoids1 ,i1 #afg-h4 ,newspap]s1 evolution1 ,,iii1 #dca4 ,newton1 ,sir ,i43 expansion ( air1 ,i1 #aah2 sol> !ory1 ,i1 #aic2 gravity1 ,,ii1 #bf-g1 #bia-c2 g5esis ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #ei-fj2 problem ( ?ree bodies1 ,,ii1 #aab2 laws ( motion1 ,,ii1 #bga1 #bgd1 #bgg-hh1 #big-cbj4 ,nitrog53 comp\nds1 ,i1 #aeg2 molecules1 ,i1 #aeh4 ,nod1 z obeisance1 ,,iii1 #ah4 ,nom5clature1 g5esis ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #fc-e1 #gb4 ,norfolk ,isl&1 prison1 ,,iii1 #age-g4 ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 on ,social ,/atics1 ,,ii1 #acd4 ,nose1 p]sonal beauty1 ,,ii1 #cia4 ,nott+ham1 ,enclosure act1 ,,iii1 #bdj4 ,nubecula1 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el on1 ,i1 #aaf-g4 ,numb] & classification1 ,,ii1 #cg4 ,nummulites1 ,lyell on1 ,i1 #bjh4 ,nutrition3 individual & social1 ,i1 #bhi-ij2 process1 ,,iii1 #djh2 social1 ,,iii1 #dac4 ,oak1 acorn & music1 ,,ii1 #ddb4 ,obeisance1 =ms (1 ,,iii1 #ag-bb1 ,,iii1 #be4 ,ob]mair1 ,m41 on prisons1 ,,iii1 #aga4 ,object3 consci\sness (1 ,,ii1 #baa-d2 relation to subject1 ,,ii1 #cbc-cb4 ,obs]vation & hypo!sis1 ,,ii1 #afj-g4 ,(ficialism3 failure1 ,,iii1 #cid1 #cie2 ,"l ,palm]/on on1 ,,iii1 #cie2 7see also ,ov]-legislation74 ,(fspr+1 & p>5ts' qualities1 ,,ii1 #cie1 #cih4 ,ok51 ,l41 classification ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #i-ab4 ,olb]s1 ,h4 ,w4 ,m41 hypo!sis1 ,i1 #afg1 #aga1 #agc4 ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 7see ,devonian ,sy/em47 ,omnibus1 & (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bej4 ,oolite1 age (1 ,i1 #bjb-e4 ,opium1 dissimil> effects1 ,i1 #ajj4 ,optics3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #ei2 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #eg1 #ei1 #fa2 int]dep5d5ce ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #ff2 ab/ract concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #he-h2 ,ba9 on classification ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #ajg4 ,orange1 planet analogy1 ,i1 #acc-d4 ,ord]s1 signature (1 ,,iii1 #abj4 ,organic matt]3 *emi/ry1 ,i1 #hc-d2 evolution1 ,i1 #deh-fj4 ,organisms3 diff]5tiation1 ,,iii1 #dje2 social & individual1 ,,iii1 #daa-f2 & ma*9]y1 ,,iii1 #def-h4 ,organs1 rudim5t>y1 ,,iii1 #bjd4 ,orig9 ( ,species3 ,huxley on1 ,i1 #chi-ij2 effect (1 ,i1 #cic-d4 ,orig9ality1 lit]>y /yle1 ,,ii1 #cfe-g4 ,ossian1 quot$1 ,,ii1 #cee4 ,o/eology1 correlation1 ,i1 #if-aja4 ,ov]-legislation3 essay on1 ,,iii1 #bbi-hb2 individual unc]ta9ty1 ,,iii1 #bbi-ca2 examples ( failure 9 legislation1 ,,iii1 #bca-de2 probability ( success1 ,,iii1 #bde-f2 sl[ness (1 ,,iii1 #bdf-g2 /upidity1 ,,iii1 #bdg-i2 unadaptive1 ,,iii1 #bdi2 corruptness1 ,,iii1 #bej-b2 fixity1 ,,iii1 #beb2 (ficialism & trade contra/$1 ,,iii1 #bec-i2 is !re a sph]e = (ficialism8 ,,iii1 #bei-fh2 free trade1 ,,iii1 #bfh-gj2 negative evils1 ,,iii1 #bgj-f2 en]vation (1 ,,iii1 #bgf-hj2 fai? 9 gov]nm5ts1 ,,iii1 #bhj-b2 dang]s1 ,,iii1 #cfh-gj2 & collective wisdom1 ,,iii1 #cia-b4 ,ovum1 relation to infant1 ,i1 #f4 ,ow51 ,pr(4 ,sir ,r43 evolution & paleontology1 ,i1 #af2 organic correlation1 ,i1 #if-aja4 ,oxyg53 d$uctive biology1 ,i1 #gg-ha2 liquefaction1 ,i1 #afj2 action on protoplasm1 ,i1 #dfe-f4 ,pacific ,ocean1 upheaval & geological record1 ,i1 #bcb-dj4 ,pa93 expression 9 *ildr51 ,i1 #cci-ej2 indications (1 ,,ii1 #dja-c1 #djd2 l\dness ( voice1 ,,ii1 #djd-e4 ,pa9t+3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #bd-cj2 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #ei4 ,palm]/on1 ,"l1 ,,iii1 #cie4 ,palozoic1 ! title1 ,i1 #ae4 ,paleontology3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ad-g2 life & multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #di-ec2 organic correlation1 ,i1 #if-aja2 age ( /rata1 ,i1 #bje-ab2 pa/ & pres5t geological *anges1 ,i1 #bab-h2 gaps 9 record1 ,i1 #bbj-a1 #bbf-cb2 effect ( climate on evid5ce1 ,i1 #bba-d2 & ( t]re/rial *ange1 ,i1 #bbd-f2 effect ( upheaval1 ,i1 #bcb-dj4 ,panama ,canal1 ,,iii1 #bfg4 ,pan!ism1 reject$ by ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,,ii1 #bba4 ,pap] tax1 ,,iii1 #bdc2 7see also ,money47 ,p>5ts & (fspr+1 ,,ii1 #cie-f1 #cih4 ,p>abola1 relation to circle1 ,i1 #e4 ,p>adise ,lo/1 quot$1 ,,ii1 #cdf4 ,p>asites1 natural selection1 ,i1 #cgi-hj4 ,p>khur/1 crim9als at1 ,,iii1 #beh4 ,p>liam5t3 analogy to bra91 ,i1 #cjb-e2 railways & memb]s (1 ,,iii1 #fe-g1 #gd-g1 #hc1 #hf2 & p>liam5t>y ag5ts1 ,,iii1 #fg-ga1 #ajh2 "r ( majority1 ,,iii1 #id2 belief 9 acts1 ,,iii1 #aji1 #cjf-g2 #bj1jjj /atutes1 ,,iii1 #bcb2 (ficialism & acts (1 ,,iii1 #beh-i2 badly drawn acts1 ,,iii1 #bgc2 selection ( memb]s1 ,,iii1 #bia2 memb]s (1 ,,iii1 #bie-i2 ineligible memb]s1 ,,iii1 #bif2 bank act1 ,,iii1 #cch1 #cci1 #cdj2 private bills1 ,,iii1 #cei2 ,?ames wat] supply1 ,,iii1 #chg-ib2 function1 ,,iii1 #dag2 7see also ,ov]-legislation47 ,p>liam5t>y re=m3 essay on1 ,,iii1 #ceh-hf2 appreh5d$ dang]s1 ,,iii1 #cfj-h1 #cfh-gj2 direct & indirect taxation1 ,,iii1 #cgj-e2 value ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #chj2 ,re=m ,bill1 ,,iii1 #chj-f4 ,pass5g]s ,act1 failure1 ,,iii1 #bda4 ,passion1 social analogy1 ,i1 #bfi-ga4 ,pat5t-(fice1 acc\nts1 ,,iii1 #cih4 ,pat5ts3 failure1 ,,iii1 #def2 ,am]ican1 ,,iii1 #dgc4 ,patt]ns1 piracy1 ,,iii1 #abf ,p$igree1 importance1 ,i1 #ajh2 7see also ,h]$ity47 ,peel1 ,sir ,rob]t3 on legislation1 ,,iii1 #bhj-a2 ,bank ,act1 ,,iii1 #cch1 #cci1 #cdj1 #ceg4 ,p5al code 7see ,prison e?ics47 ,p5tonville1 treatm5t at1 ,,iii1 #afa-b4 ,p]ception3 relation to sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #a-h2 pres5tative-repres5tative1 ,i1 #bfa4 ,p]sev]ance1 ( savages1 ,i1 #cge4 ,p]sonal beauty1 essay1 ,,ii1 #chg-ii4 ,p]!s1 ,b4 de1 fl9t implem5ts1 ,i1 #dac4 ,p]u1 social organization1 ,,iii1 #dgj4 ,pe/alozzi1 ,h4 ,l41 s*ool "n1 ,,iii1 #b4 ,phan]ogams1 poll51 ,i1 #dci4 ,phil1 granite at1 ,i1 #dcg4 ,philosophy1 relation to religion1 ,i1 #fj-b2 7see also ,comte47 ,phosphorus1 allotropic1 ,i1 #cgc4 ,physics3 ,comte's classification1 ,,ii1 #ba-c2 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa2 int]dep5d5ce ( sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #fg2 ab/ract-concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #he-h2 deals ) prop]ties1 ,,ii1 #aja1 #ajc2 relation to *emi/ry1 ,,ii1 #aji-aa2 evolution1 ,,ii1 #aeb1 #aef2 ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review] on1 ,,ii1 #bfg-cja2 relation to metaphysics1 ,,ii1 #bfh2 axioms1 ,,ii1 #bgj1 #bgg-hh1 #big2 _! orig91 ,,ii1 #bih-cja1 #cac-d1 #cae-bj4 ,physiology3 transc5d5tal1 ,i1 #fc-ajg2 d$uctive1 ,i1 #gf-ha2 organic correlation1 ,i1 #if-aja2 individual & social organism1 ,i1 #aja-g2 concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #ib2 developm5t1 ,,ii1 #dbc4 ,picnic1 int]e/ 91 ,,ii1 #cgd4 ,pictures1 subjects ( hi/orical1 ,,ii1 #cgc2 7see also ,pa9t+47 ,pigeons3 beak & tongue1 ,i1 #dja2 h]$ity & v>iation1 ,i1 #dad-e2 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dah2 orig9 ( music1 ,,ii1 #dbh4 ,pigs1 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dai4 ,p9s1 /ell> analogy1 ,i1 #afa4 ,pit*] plant1 evolution1 ,i1 #cid4 ,pity1 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfh4 ,plac>ds1 d]ivation1 ,i1 #bh4 ,planetoids3 orig91 ,i1 #afg-hj2 numb]1 ,i1 #afh1 #aga1 #agi2 di/ances1 ,i1 #afi1 #agb1 #agi2 orbits1 ,i1 #afi-gj1 #agc-d1 #agi2 di/ribution1 ,i1 #aga2 magnitudes1 ,i1 #agb2 p]iods1 ,i1 #agg2 velocity1 ,i1 #ahj4 ,planets3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #aa2 orig91 ,i1 #ci1 #aec2 direction1 ,i1 #abg1 #abi1 #aec2 planes (1 & sol> equator1 ,i1 #aca-b2 axial movem5ts1 ,i1 #acb-f1 #aec2 arrangem5t & numb] ( satellites1 ,i1 #acg1 #aci-da2 d5sity & heat1 ,i1 #add-h1 #adh-eb2 /ructure1 ,i1 #afc-g1 #ahb2 orig9 ( m9or1 ,i1 #afg-hj2 orig9 ( meteors1 ,i1 #agd-g2 7see also ,a/ronomy47 ,plants3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ad-g1 #ce2 /ructure1 ,i1 #gc1 #gf1 #cia-b2 =m1 ,i1 #gc1 #gf2 *emical composition1 ,i1 #gd1 #gf2 specific gravity1 ,i1 #gd1 #gj2 temp]ature1 ,i1 #gd1 #gf2 self-mobility1 ,i1 #ge1 #gf2 evolution & homog5eity ,i1 #hc-d2 heat & di/ribution1 ,i1 #bbc-d2 also t]re/rial *ange1 ,i1 #bbd-f2 & animals1 ,i1 #cge-f2 evolution & s5sitive1 ,i1 #cgg2 cambium1 ,i1 #ddi-ej4 ,plateau1 ,j4 ,a4 ,f41 fluid rotation1 ,i1 #aca4 ,plato1 ,republic1 #bfi-gb4 ,pleasure3 expression 9 *ildr51 ,i1 #cci-ej2 indications (1 ,,ii1 #dja-c1 #djd2 l\dness ( voice1 ,,ii1 #djd-e2 bodily effect1 ,,ii1 #ded-h2 de/roy$ by =mality1 ,,iii1 #cf-df2 & life1 ,,iii1 #cae2 social & individual organism1 ,,iii1 #daa2 ,am]ican life1 ,,iii1 #dhi-ij4 ,pl\gh1 ,h9doo wor%ip (1 ,,ii1 #ced4 ,plumb]1 action ( pump1 ,i1 #dbe4 ,poetry3 orig9 & diff]5tiation1 ,i1 #cj-b2 & prose1 ,,ii1 #ceg-fa2 developm5t ( epic & lyric1 ,,ii1 #daf2 & gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #dcj-a4 ,po9t]s1 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dgj-a4 ,police1 (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #cif-g4 ,political economy3 & railways1 ,,iii1 #aja-c2 fl[ ( capital1 ,,iii1 #bfd2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cjc2 efflux ( gold1 ,,iii1 #cda-c4 ,politics3 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dfc-e2 & co/ume1 ,,iii1 #a-e1 #cj2 def9ition1 ,,iii1 #bbf4 ,polyzoa3 =m1 ,i1 #gc2 composition1 ,i1 #gd2 n sea-we$s1 ,i1 #bdh2 analogy to social organism1 ,i1 #bha4 ,poor law1 action (1 ,,iii1 #bdd4 ,pope1 ,a41 lit]>y /yle1 ,,ii1 #cfe4 ,porcup9e1 evolution ( quills1 ,i1 #cid-e4 ,positivism 7see ,comte47 ,po/-(fice3 & (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #beb2 & gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #ddj-b4 ,potato1 complexity1 ,,iii1 #aif4 ,pov]ty1 effect (1 ,,iii1 #adc-i4 ,pr$icate1 arrangem5t ( s5t5ces1 ,,ii1 #cdb-d4 ,pref]5ce /ock1 effect1 ,,iii1 #hf-h1 #ajh4 ,prevision3 & sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #a-h2 orig9 ( quantitative1 ,,ii1 #da-i4 ,pr9t+3 increase ( het]og5eity1 ,i1 #bf2 analogy f press1 ,i1 #ih1 ,,ii1 #cc2 pr9t]'s union rules1 ,,iii1 #cfd-e2 anomaly1 ,,iii1 #dja4 ,prison ,e?ics3 essay on1 ,,iii1 #aeb-ia2 relative & absolute e?ics1 ,,iii1 #aeb-g1 #ahh2 treatm5t ( crim9als1 ,,iii1 #aeg-fc2 laws ( life1 ,,iii1 #afc-ga2 self-ma9t5ance1 ,,iii1 #afh-ga2 =eign prisons & re=matories1 ,,iii1 #agb-h2 evils ( excessive puni%m5t1 ,,iii1 #agh-hj2 improv$ sy/em ( discipl9e1 ,,iii1 #ahj-g1 #ahi-ia2 & social /ate1 ,,iii1 #ahg-i2 ,indian prisons1 ,,iii1 #ahi-ia4 ,proct]1 ,r4,a41 nebul> di/ance1 ,i1 #aah4 ,pr(it1 def9$1 ,i1 #bij4 ,progress3 its law & cause1 ,i1 #h-fb1 #ha1 ,,iii1 #cbc2 curr5t conception1 ,i1 #h-i2 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #i-aj4 ,prome!us ,unb\nd1 quot$1 ,,ii1 #cec4 ,promissory notes1 ,/ate tamp]+s ) money1 ,,iii1 #cbf-ce1 #cce-dg1 #cef4 ,prop]ty3 emotion ( possession1 ,i1 #bec1 #bfc1 #cjg1 ,,ii1 #dba2 & p>liam5t>y re=m1 ,,iii1 #ceh-fj1 #cfg-h4 ,propositions3 ! ?9kable1 ,i1 #chc2 ultimate te/1 ,,ii1 #ad2 /ates ( consci\sness1 ,,ii1 #bje-h2 te/+ ( reason+1 ,,ii1 #bjh-aa2 arrangem5t ( s5t5ces1 ,,ii1 #cdd4 ,prose3 & poetry1 ,,ii1 #ceg-fa2 contra/ 91 ,,ii1 #cgd4 ,protection1 & (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bfh-gj4 ,protophyta3 composition1 ,i1 #gd2 self-mobility1 ,i1 #ge2 in/ability ( homog5e\s1 ,i1 #hf2 social analogy1 ,i1 #bgg2 cell membrane1 ,i1 #dci4 ,protoplasm1 action ( light1 ,i1 #dfe-f4 ,protozoa3 diff]5tiation f environm5t1 ,i1 #gc2 self-mobility1 ,i1 #ge2 in/ability ( homog5e\s1 ,i1 #hf2 social analogy1 ,i1 #bgg-hc2 cell membrane1 ,i1 #ddj2 developm5t1 ,i1 #deb4 ,pr\dhon1 ,p4 ,j41 policy1 ,,iii1 #dag4 ,proxies1 railway1 ,,iii1 #gf1 #gh4 ,psy*ology3 relation ( sci5ce to religion1 ,i1 #fa-b2 ,! ,emotions & ,! ,w1 ,i1 #bda-fd2 organization provisional1 ,i1 #bda-e2 classification ( emotions1 ,i1 #bde-eg2 evolution ( emotions1 ,i1 #bej-g2 ,ba9's def9ition ( emotion & volition1 ,i1 #beh-fj2 also feel+ & s5sation1 ,i1 #bfj2 classification ( m9d1 ,i1 #bfj-d2 comp>ative1 ( man 9 outl9e1 ,i1 #cea1 #cec2 m5tal & bodily mass1 ,i1 #cec-d2 m5tal complexity1 ,i1 #ced-e2 rate ( developm5t1 ,i1 #cee2 relative pla/icity1 ,i1 #cee-f2 v>iability1 ,i1 #cef-g2 impulsiv5ess1 ,i1 #ceg-i2 effect ( race int]-mixture1 ,i1 #cei-fj2 effect ( sex1 ,i1 #cfa-d2 imitativ5ess1 ,i1 #cfd2 curiosity1 ,i1 #cfd-e2 peculi> aptitudes1 ,i1 #cff2 sociality1 fre$om1 approbation1 & acquisitiv5ess1 ,i1 #cff-g2 altrui/ic s5tim5ts1 ,i1 #cfg-i2 evolution ( m9d1 ,i1 #cgf-h1 #cha-f2 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dfc-e2 ,hegel's classification1 ,,ii1 #ab-e2 concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #ib1 #ajj2 t]re/rial evolution1 ,,ii1 #if2 ,ba9 on logic1 ,,ii1 #aje-f2 orig9 ( k1 ,,ii1 #abb-e2 ,comte on1 ,,ii1 #aca2 ,sidgwick on ,pr9ciples1 ,,ii1 #bch-ej4 ,publi%]s1 local integration1 ,i1 #ajc4 ,pump1 action (1 ,i1 #dbe-f4 ,puni%m5t 7see ,prison ,e?ics47 ,pyramids1 ar*itectural types1 ,,ii1 #cgi4 ,quak]s3 intonation1 ,,ii1 #daf2 noncon=mity1 ,,iii1 #b4 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 criticism1 ,,ii1 #bei-fe4 ,rabbits1 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dah4 ,railways3 effects1 ,i1 #ef-h2 di/ribut+ sy/ems1 ,i1 #bif-h2 morals & policy1 ,,iii1 #eb-aab2 directors1 ,,iii1 #eb-fc1 #fi2 ext5sions1 ,,iii1 #ef-i1 #ga-b1 #hb-h1 #ia1 #id1 #if1 #aja-g1 #ajg-h2 divid5ds1 ,,iii1 #eg1 #ih-i1 #aje-f2 book-keep+1 ,,iii1 #ei2 & l&-own]s1 ,,iii1 #fc-g2 & memb]s ( p>liam5t1 ,,iii1 #fe-g1 #gd-g1 #hc2 & lawy]s1 ,,iii1 #fg-gb1 #hc1 #hh1 #ajh2 & eng9e]s1 ,,iii1 #fh-gb1 #hc1 #hh1 #ajh2 contractors1 ,,iii1 #gb-d1 #hc2 bo>ds1 #gg-h2 %>es1 #hj-b1 #ajh2 effect ( compet+ l9es1 ,,iii1 #ig-h1 #ajg2 safety1 ,,iii1 #ii-ajj2 cause & rem$y ( corruptions1 ,,iii1 #hh-if2 second>y organizations1 ,,iii1 #ib-c2 & political economy1 ,,iii1 #aja-c2 capital1 ,,iii1 #ajh2 propriet>y contract1 ,,iii1 #ajh-aab2 & coa*+1 ,,iii1 #aaj-b1 #bee2 relative & absolute e?ics1 ,,iii1 #aee-g2 /ate inspection1 ,,iii1 #bci-dj2 individualism1 ,,iii1 #bdi2 evolution1 ,,iii1 #bef1 #bff2 diffusion ( lit]ature1 ,,iii1 #bfb2 w9d+ up act1 ,,iii1 #bgc2 legislature & accid5ts1 ,,iii1 #bge2 ,engli% ent]prise1 ,,iii1 #bgi2 maladm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #bhe-f2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #bif1 #cjb1 #cjd2 inspection1 ,,iii1 #cii2 anomaly1 ,,iii1 #dja2 ,engli% & ,fr5*1 ,,iii1 #dbh2 & gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #dcg2 9 ,am]ica1 ,,iii1 #dgh4 ,ra9b[1 beliefs ab\t1 ,,ii1 #aed4 ,ramsgate1 h>b\r1 ,,iii1 #bdh4 ,realism1 ,sidgwick's criticism1 ,,ii1 #bdb-ej4 ,reason3 social analogy1 ,i1 #bfi-ga2 limit$ sph]e1 ,,ii1 #bba2 judgm5t ( common s5se1 ,,ii1 #bdc-d4 ,reason+3 recognition ( lik5ess1 ,,ii1 #cc-d1 #cg1 #dj2 ( ,kant1 ,,iii1 #aii-bjc2 ( metaphysicians1 ,,ii1 #bja-e1 #bjh-aa2 a te/+ ( conclusions1 ,,ii1 #bjh-aa2 7see also ,logic47 ,recitative3 anci5t & mod]n1 ,,ii1 #dae-h2 ,gurney on1 ,,ii1 #dci4 ,reflection1 belief 9 spirits1 ,i1 #caj-c4 ,reflex action3 & emotion1 ,i1 #beh2 impulsiv5ess1 ,i1 #ceh2 indication ( feel+s1 ,,ii1 #djc2 examples1 ,,iii1 #dec4 ,re=m3 & co/ume1 ,,iii1 #a-e2 & cu/om1 ,,iii1 #ca4 ,re=m bill3 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #bid2 fe> (1 ,,iii1 #ceh2 ( ,"l ,russell1 ,,iii1 #chj-f4 ,re=mation1 *ange by1 ,,iii1 #di4 ,regulative sy/em1 social1 ,,iii1 #deh-fd4 ,relative1 ,m>t9eau on !1 ,,ii1 #bej-h4 ,religion3 increase ( het]og5eity1 ,i1 #bj-c2 relation to e>ly art1 ,i1 #bg2 & to sci5ce1 ,i1 #fj-b2 rudim5t>y =m ( all1 ,i1 #cji2 object ( s5tim5t1 ,,ii1 #acb2 & sci5ce1 ,caird on1 ,,ii1 #bai-ba2 ,mansel's criticism1 ,,ii1 #bba-e2 ,grotz on1 ,,ii1 #bbe2 mann]s & law1 ,,iii1 #d1 #bc2 primitive ideas1 ,,iii1 #f-aa2 & /ate1 ,,iii1 #aa2 = primitive man1 ,,iii1 #bd2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cja2 & gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #dcd4 ,repair1 & wa/e1 ,,ii1 #cfb-g4 ,repres5tative gov]nm5t3 k ( repres5tatives1 ,,iii1 #cjj-i2 & despotism1 ,,iii1 #cji-aj2 & mon>*y1 ,,iii1 #caj-g2 sup]iority1 ,,iii1 #cag-bc1 #cbc-e2 value (1 ,,iii1 #chj4 ,reproductive sy/em1 & organic evolution1 ,i1 #dji1 #dab1 #dbb-e4 ,reptiles3 evolution & het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ae-g2 paleontological rema9s1 ,i1 #bbg1 #bcg1 #bdj4 ,republicanism1 ,am]ican1 ,,iii1 #dgd-e1 #dgh-i4 ,respiration1 effect ( emotion1 ,,ii1 #dei4 ,review+1 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #aci4 ,rhy?m1 9 spee*1 ,,ii1 #ddj4 ,ribbon1 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #abg4 ,"r 7see ,e?ics47 ,roads1 di/ribut+ sy/em1 ,i1 #bif-h4 ,robb]y3 social co-op]ation1 ,,iii1 #bag-bj2 ( ,messrs4 ,walk]1 ,,iii1 #dci4 ,rob]ts1 ,i41 photographs (1 ,i1 #ahj4 ,rob9son1 ,f41 ,ic>ian colony1 ,,iii1 #deg4 ,rock+ /one1 orig91 ,i1 #dcg4 ,rocks1 age (1 ,i1 #aih-bje4 ,rod5tia1 transv]se integration1 ,i1 #fi4 ,romilly1 ,sir ,s41 on judicial sy/em1 ,,iii1 #bgb4 ,rooks1 caw+ (1 ,i1 #ccg1 #cch4 ,roots1 imb$d$ & expos$1 ,i1 #ddg4 ,rosse1 ,"l1 nebul> hypo!sis1 ,i1 #aaj-a4 ,ross9i1 ,g4 ,a41 h]$ity1 ,i1 #djf4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,,iii1 #dcf4 ,royal ,society1 publi%$ b>nacle goose my?1 ,,ii1 #afb4 ,rusk91 ,j41 effects ( art1 ,i1 #ei4 ,russell1 ,"l ,john3 on m9orities1 ,,iii1 #bie2 re=m bill1 ,,iii1 #chj-f4 ,russia3 age ( rocks 91 ,i1 #bjj-a1 #bjf2 pap] curr5cy1 ,,iii1 #cde4 ,sa*s1 ,j41 on cell membranes1 ,i1 #dch-i4 ,safety1 9 railways1 ,,iii1 #ii-ajj4 ,satellites3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #aa2 orig91 ,i1 #ci2 arrangem5t & numb]1 ,i1 #acg-h2 di/ribution1 ,i1 #ach2 numb] & =ces1 ,i1 #aci-dj2 motion1 ,i1 #ada-c1 #aec-d4 ,saturn3 orig9 ( r+s1 ,i1 #ci2 rotatory movem5t1 ,i1 #ace1 #acf2 motion ( satellites1 ,i1 #acg2 _! di/ance1 ,i1 #ach2 _! numb]1 ,i1 #aci-dj2 rotation ( r+s1 ,i1 #adb2 location1 ,i1 #adc2 d5sity & heat1 ,i1 #add-h1 #adh-eb4 ,saxon words1 ,,ii1 #ccf-h4 ,scales1 un/able equilibrium (1 ,i1 #hb4 ,scepticism1 reason+ (1 ,,ii1 #bja4 ,s*leid51 ,m4 ,j41 cell doctr9e1 ,i1 #ddc4 ,s*ool1 ,price's1 ,,iii1 #bef4 ,s*op5hau]1 ,a41 e?ics1 ,,iii1 #bab4 ,s*wann1 ,t41 cell doctr9e1 ,i1 #ddc4 ,sci5ce3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #cd-e2 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #ei2 relation to religion1 ,i1 #fj-b2 e/abli%m5t ( causation1 ,i1 #aji2 cre$ fatal to1 ,i1 #dfc2 & common k1 ,,ii1 #a-h1 #bi1 #ga2 ,ok5's classification1 ,,ii1 #i-ab2 ,hegel's1 ,,ii1 #ab-e2 ,comte's1 ,,ii1 #ae-bi2 progress analytic & syn!tic1 ,,ii1 #bd-g2 l9e> arrangem5t1 ,,ii1 #bg-i2 int]dep5d5t ) arts1 ,,ii1 #fg-ga1 #id-i2 summ>y ( g5esis1 ,,ii1 #ga-c2 int]dep5d5ce (1 ,,ii1 #id-i2 ,comte & ,positivism1 ,,ii1 #aah-bb1 #abh1 #aci2 orig9 & evolution1 ,,ii1 #aej-g2 8practical10 ,,ii1 #aea2 ,caird on religion & sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #bai-ba2 exact1 ,,iii1 #aii-bjj4 ,sci5ces1 ,classification ( !3 ,littr on ,comte's1 ,,ii1 #gd-f2 *>act]i/ics ( a true1 ,,ii1 #gf2 ab/ract concrete1 ,,ii1 #gg-h1 #he-hh1 #ib-d2 concrete1 ,,ii1 #gg-ha1 #hh-ib1 #ib-d2 divisions ( ab/ract1 ,,ii1 #ha-e1 #ib-d2 ne$s ?ree dim5sions1 ,,ii1 #ib-d2 concrete deals ) aggregates1 ,,ii1 #ii-ajc2 ab/ract-concrete1 ) prop]ties1 ,,ii1 #aja-c2 ab/ract ) relations1 ,,ii1 #ajb-c2 ,ba91 ,,ii1 #aje-ag2 ,mill1 ,,ii1 #aad2 ,comte1 ,,ii1 #acj4 ,scot*1 dialect1 ,,ii1 #dbd4 ,scotl&3 age ( rocks1 ,i1 #aih-bje2 bank success1 ,,iii1 #cdh4 ,scott1 ,sir ,w41 anecdote (1 ,,ii1 #dff4 ,scr(ula1 h]$ity1 ,,ii1 #cie4 ,sculpture1 het]og5eity (1 ,i1 #bd-cj4 ,sea1 action on3 geological =mations1 ,i1 #bab1 #bac2 upheav$ l&1 ,i1 #bcb-dj2 %ores1 ,i1 #dca-b1 #ddd4 ,sel5e1 ! my?1 ,i1 #cbf4 ,s5ior wrangl]1 criticism (1 ,,ii1 #cjb-e1 #cje-g4 ,s5sations3 def9$1 ,i1 #bfj1 #bfb2 evolution1 ,i1 #bfd2 demon/ration (1 ,,ii1 #dja-c2 pleasure ( music1 ,,ii1 #ddd-e2 7see also ,psy*ology47 ,s5se1 disablem5t ( organs1 ,,iii1 #aaf-g4 ,s5t5ces1 arrangem5t (1 ,,ii1 #cda-ej4 ,settlem5t1 failure ( law (1 ,,iii1 #bdd4 ,sew]s commission1 ,,iii1 #bch1 #bdh4 ,sex3 m5tal developm5t1 ,i1 #cee2 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfa-d4 ,%ad[s3 belief 9 spirits1 ,i1 #caj-e2 col\r1 ,,ii1 #afe-f4 ,%>es3 railway1 ,,iii1 #hj-b1 #ajh2 directors & hold]s (1 ,,iii1 #hb-h2 pref]5ce1 ,,iii1 #hf2 depress$ by rail ext5sion1 ,,iii1 #id1 #ih-i1 #ajf2 morals ( bank+1 ,,iii1 #aca-g2 relative & absolute e?ics1 ,,iii1 #aee-g4 ,%akespe>e1 ,w41 ,i1 #cag1 ,,iii1 #bhc4 ,%e>s1 analogy f iron1 ,i1 #ig-h4 ,%eep1 ,engli% & ,fr5*1 ,,ii1 #cif1 #cih4 ,%ell1 use & beauty1 ,,ii1 #cgj4 ,%ips3 naval maladm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #bcc-d1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bea1 #beb1 #beh1 #bei2 private adm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #bcd1 #bch2 & ,admiralty c]tificate1 ,,iii1 #bci1 #bda2 tonnage law1 ,,iii1 #bdd2 (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bec2 m]cantile m>9e acts1 ,,iii1 #bfj2 screw propell]1 ,,iii1 #bfa2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cja4 ,%oes1 remov+1 ,,iii1 #ag4 ,%oot+ />s1 orig91 ,i1 #agd-g4 ,%opkeep]s1 ly+ & believ+1 ,,iii1 #aah4 ,sidgwick1 ,h41 criticism1 ,,ii1 #bch-ej4 ,sight3 & ex]cise1 ,,ii1 #cfb1 #cfc2 & /ate ( faculties1 ,,ii1 #cfd4 ,signature1 ( ord]s1 ,,iii1 #abj4 ,signor1 ! title1 ,,iii1 #ad1 #ba4 ,signs1 =ce ( ge/iculative1 ,,ii1 #cce4 ,silk1 trade morals1 ,,iii1 #abj1 #abd-g4 ,silurian sy/em3 age1 ,i1 #aih-bje2 paleontological evid5ce1 ,i1 #bjf-g2 ?ickness1 ,i1 #bca4 ,simile3 use & position1 ,,ii1 #cej-b2 & metaphor1 ,,ii1 #ced4 ,s++1 ,,ii1 #daj-d2 7see also ,music47 ,sir1 ! title1 ,,iii1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ba1 #bf4 ,sirius1 di/ance f sun1 ,i1 #aac1 #aad4 ,skat+1 grace 91 ,,ii1 #che4 ,sk91 action ( m$ic9e1 ,i1 #ddh1 #dej4 ,skull1 p]sonal beauty1 ,,ii1 #chi-ij1 #cia4 ,slave trade1 =m] op9ion1 ,,iii1 #ada4 ,small-pox1 effects1 ,i1 #dg4 ,smell1 s5se (3 & eye position1 ,i1 #gb2 9 dogs1 ,i1 #dgj2 ex]cise1 ,,ii1 #cfb4 ,smi?1 ,adam3 !ory ( morals1 ,i1 #cdf2 importance1 ,,iii1 #caf2 non-univ]sity tra9+1 ,,iii1 #cgg-h4 ,smoke bill1 ( ,london1 ,,iii1 #bej4 ,sneeze1 & laught]1 ,,ii1 #dfj4 ,sn[1 (ficialism1 ,,ii1 #bdi-ej4 ,soap3 adult]ant1 ,,iii1 #abe2 tax1 ,,iii1 #bdc4 ,social organism3 !1 ,i1 #bfe-cjg2 analogy to individual1 ,i1 #bfi-gb1 #bgb-c1 #bgg1 #bia-h1 #cjf-g1 ,,iii1 #daa-af2 diff]5ce1 ,i1 #bgc-g2 analogy to l[] animal =ms1 ,i1 #bgg-hc2 division ( lab\r1 ,i1 #bhc-ia4 ,social ,/atics3 orig9 ( morals1 ,i1 #ccb-c2 ( sympa?y1 ,i1 #cag2 ,comte & title (1 ,,ii1 #acd-g2 !sis (1 ,,ii1 #bfb4 ,socialism3 compulsory co-op]ation1 ,,iii1 #ded-f2 & regulative sy/em1 ,,iii1 #dfj-d2 effect1 ,,iii1 #dfg2 evils1 ,,iii1 #dfg-gj4 ,sociality1 & psy*ology1 ,i1 #cff-g1 #cfh4 ,society3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ai-bc1 #ce2 a gr[?1 ,i1 #bfe-i1 #cjf2 ! ideal1 ,,ii1 #aca-b2 self-consci\s1 ,,iii1 #ada2 influ5ce ( weal?1 ,,iii1 #adc-i2 political e?ics & ! individual1 ,,iii1 #bbf-h2 evolution1 ,,iii1 #bfc-e2 increas+ complexity1 ,,iii1 #cbc-e2 av]age morality1 ,,iii1 #cei2 & individual organism1 ,,iii1 #daa-f2 regulative sy/em1 ,,iii1 #dfc2 7see also ,prison ,e?ics1 ,sociology47 ,sociology3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #ec-fj2 homog5eity un/able1 ,i1 #hc2 individual & social organism1 ,i1 #aja-g2 psy*ical traits & social /ate1 ,i1 #ced1 #cee2 cons]vatism1 ,i1 #cef2 m5tal v>iability1 ,i1 #cef-g2 impulsiv5ess1 ,i1 #ceg-i2 effect ( mix+ races1 ,i1 #cei-fj2 & ( sexes1 ,i1 #cfa-d2 curiosity1 ,i1 #cfa-e2 imitativ5ess1 ,i1 #cfd2 peculi> aptitudes1 ,i1 #cff2 sociality1 fre$om1 approbation1 & acquisitiv5ess1 ,i1 #cff-g2 altrui/ic s5tim5ts1 #cfg-i2 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dfc-e2 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #eg2 concrete sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #ib2 t]re/rial evolution1 ,,ii1 #if2 deals ) aggregates1 ,,ii1 #ajj1 #ajc2 a ^w ( ,comte's1 ,,ii1 #acc2 univ]sality ( law1 ,,ii1 #aei2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cjb2 life1 ,,iii1 #cbe2 education1 ,,iii1 #cge-i2 cause & effect1 ,,iii1 #dhg-ib4 ,sol> sy/em3 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #aj-aa2 orig91 ,i1 #ajh-aj2 ,laplace on1 ,i1 #abh-i2 evolution1 ,i1 #abh-ca4 ,solicitor1 & trad]1 ,,iii1 #aci4 ,s\nd3 multiplication ( effects1 ,i1 #cg2 ,kantian ideas ( space1 ,,ii1 #bbg2 z illu/rat+ crude & transfigur$ realism1 ,,ii1 #bde-f2 velocity1 ,,ii1 #bfg2 s5sation1 ,,iii1 #aig4 ,space3 concept (1 ,i1 #bdg2 ,hutton on intuitions (1 ,i1 #cci2 classification ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #gg1 #ha-e2 ,ba9 on nature ( ma!matics1 ,,ii1 #aje-f2 ,hamilton ,,ii1 #aia-b2 ,hodgson1 ,,ii1 #bbj-cd2 ,kant1 ,,ii1 #bbj-g1 #bbi-cb1 #bcf-h2 ,m>t9eau1 ,,ii1 #beg2 consci\sness1 ,,ii1 #cjh2 ,kant & evolution1 ,,iii1 #aig-i1 #bjc1 #bjg4 ,spa93 contracts 91 ,,iii1 #bah2 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #cag-i4 ,spald+1 ,d41 exp]im5ts (1 ,,ii1 #bbf4 ,sp>ta1 social type1 ,,iii1 #dae4 ,special creation3 lack ( facts1 ,i1 #a2 & evolution1 ,i1 #a-g2 conception (1 ,i1 #bfe4 ,specializ$ adm9i/ration1 ,,iii1 #dja-dd4 ,species3 numb] (1 ,i1 #a2 evolution & creation1 ,i1 #a-g2 effect ( upheavals1 ,i1 #di-eb2 ( climate1 ,i1 #bba-d2 ( t]re/rial *ange1 ,i1 #bbd-f2 f]tility ( v>ieties1 ,,ii1 #cig-h4 ,specific gravity3 ( animals & plants1 ,i1 #gd1 #gf2 ( planets1 ,i1 #add-h1 #aed2 sol> sy/em1 ,i1 #afc4 ,spectrum analysis1 complexity ( elem5ts1 ,i1 #cgb-d4 ,spee*1 figures (1 ,,ii1 #cej-e2 7see also ,language47 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 propositions held by1 ,,ii1 #abe-cb4 ,sp5c]1 ,rev4 ,?omas1 ,,iii1 #cfa4 ,sph]oid1 r+ =mation1 ,i1 #acc-d4 ,sp9e1 & evolution1 ,,iii1 #bje4 ,_s1 ! ^w mislead+1 ,i1 #caa4 ,spirits1 belief 91 ,i1 #caa-b1 #cdd4 ,sponges3 =m (1 ,i1 #gc2 in/ability ( homog5e\s1 ,i1 #hg4 ,/accato1 9 s++1 ,,ii1 #dab4 ,/af=d%ire1 pott]ies1 ,i1 #bff4 ,/age coa*1 ,,iii1 #aaj-b1 #bee4 ,/>s3 di/ribution ( nebul1 ,i1 #aab-h2 magnitude & di/ance1 ,i1 #aae-h2 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el on g5esis1 ,i1 #abi2 di/ance ap>t1 ,i1 #afa2 /> z "n1 ,i1 #cag1 #cbf2 ,kant's awe ( univ]se1 ,,iii1 #aib1 #aie2 7see also ,a/ronomy47 ,/ate1 !3 duty (1 ,,iii1 #bcf2 & religion1 ,,iii1 #aa1 #bc1 #ej2 7see also ,ov]-legislation47 ,/atics1 ,comte's classification1 ,,ii1 #ai4 ,/eam p[]1 effects1 ,i1 #ef-h4 ,/eph5son1 ,r41 on railways1 ,,iii1 #aje-f4 ,/]eoscope1 analogy f1 ,,ii1 #bfe4 ,/ick1 equilibrium (1 ,i1 #hb4 ,/ock+ trade1 & (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bfb4 ,/oneh5ge1 use & beauty1 ,,ii1 #cga-b4 ,/rikes1 ,,iii1 #cfb-d1 #cfe1 #chc4 ,/r+s1 9 musical in/rum5ts1 ,,ii1 #dae4 ,/ructure3 animal & vegetal1 ,i1 #gc-g2 relation to function1 ,i1 #bdi4 ,/yle3 philosophy (1 ,,ii1 #ccc-fi2 =cibl5ess ( ,saxon1 ,,ii1 #ccf-g2 & brevity1 ,,ii1 #ccg-h2 specific expression1 ,,ii1 #cch-i2 sequ5ce ( words1 ,,ii1 #cci-da2 arrangem5t ( s5t5ces1 ,,ii1 #cda-g2 direct & indirect1 ,,ii1 #cdg-ej2 figures ( spee*1 ,,ii1 #cej-e4 ,subject3 consci\sness (1 ,,ii1 #baa-d2 relation to object1 ,,ii1 #cbc-cb2 arrangem5t ( s5t5ces1 ,,ii1 #cdb-d4 ,sub/antive & adjective1 ,,ii1 #cdj-a4 ,sug>1 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #aba-c1 #abe4 ,suicide1 belief 9 ano!r _w1 ,,ii1 #bbc4 ,sun3 orig91 ,i1 #ci2 di/ance f ,sirius1 ,i1 #aac1 #aad2 d5sity & heat1 ,i1 #add-h1 #adh-eb2 cont5t (1 ,i1 #aea2 atmosph]e1 ,i1 #aea2 temp]ature1 ,i1 #aea2 con/itution1 ,i1 #aec1 #ahb-ia2 duration ( heat1 ,i1 #aja2 will[-leaves & rice gra9s1 ,i1 #ahf1 #ahh2 facul ,i1 #ahf-g2 ,faye's sun-spot !ory1 ,i1 #ahc-d1 #ahh-i2 cyclonic !ory1 ,i1 #ahg-ia2 z "n1 ,i1 #cag1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbh4 ,survival ( ! fitte/3 ,m>t9eau on evolution1 ,i1 #cgi-ha2 a factor only ( evolution1 ,i1 #cig-djj1 #djj-e1 #dje-h1 #dba-e2 & h]$ity1 ,i1 #djh-ab1 #dab-e2 ! phrase1 ,i1 #dbi-cj2 & effect ( m$ium1 ,i1 #ddd-e2 & n]v\s sy/em1 ,i1 #deg-h2 e>ly action (1 ,i1 #dfj-b2 ,huxley on1 ,i1 #dfb-c2 ,duke ( ,argyll's criticism1 ,i1 #dfg-gh2 ?ree factors1 ,i1 #dgb4 ,swift1 ,j41 on mann]s1 ,,iii1 #dd4 ,swiss1 ar*itecture1 ,,ii1 #cgi4 ,syllables1 /yle & l5g?1 ,,ii1 #ccg-h4 ,syllogism1 ,hodgson on1 ,,ii1 #bca4 ,symbolization1 infrequ5t1 ,i1 #cbb4 ,symmetry1 9 build+s & animals1 ,,ii1 #cgf-g4 ,sympa?y3 altruism1 ,i1 #cdf2 comp>ative psy*ology1 ,i1 #cfh-i2 & gracefulness1 ,,ii1 #chf2 music1 ,,ii1 #dbd-f2 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #adb-c4 ,syncrypta1 life 91 ,i1 #ddc4 ,synecdo*e1 effective1 ,,ii1 #cej4 ,syn!sis1 *emical1 ,i1 #cgd4 ,syn!tic philosophy1 outl9e1 ,,ii1 #adj-b4 ,tailor1 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #aag4 ,tait1 ,p4 ,g43 on natural philosophy1 ,,ii1 #bfi1 #cae-bj2 axioms1 ,,ii1 #bgj1 #bih-cja1 #cae-bj2 laws ( motion1 ,,ii1 #bga-e1 #bgg-hh1 #bii-cbj2 ultimate sci5tific ideas1 ,,ii1 #bhi2 c5tral =ces1 ,,ii1 #bij-ic2 on syn!tic philosophy1 ,,ii1 #bid-f4 ,tal5t1 relation to desire1 ,i1 #ed4 ,tamb]lik1 ,e41 ut de poitr9e1 ,,ii1 #ddb4 ,tann]1 ,pr(4 ,e41 use & disuse1 ,i1 #dai4 ,tape1 morals ( trade1 ,,iii1 #aah1 #aai4 ,ta/e1 exhau/$ by ex]cise1 ,,ii1 #cfb4 ,taxes1 & p>liam5t1 ,,iii1 #cga-e4 ,tee?3 organic correlation1 ,i1 #if-aja2 size ( jaw1 ,i1 #dja4 ,telegrams1 (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #cif-g4 ,telegraphs3 analog\s to n]ves1 ,i1 #cjf2 private ent]prise1 ,,iii1 #bcd4 ,telephone1 9 ,am]ica1 ,,iii1 #dgb4 ,temp]ance society1 ,,iii1 #ddf4 ,temp]ature3 ( sol> sy/em1 ,i1 #aa2 animal & vegetal1 ,i1 #gd1 #gf2 vegetal d5sity1 ,i1 #add-h1 #adh-eb2 sol>1 ,i1 #aea2 *emical unions1 ,i1 #aei2 duration ( sol>1 ,i1 #afa-c2 evolution (1 & nebul> hypo!sis1 ,i1 #aei-fc4 ,t5 h\rs bill1 ,,iii1 #cfb1 #cfe4 ,t5by1 sea %ore1 ,i1 #dcb4 ,t5nyson1 ,"l1 quot$1 ,,ii1 #cef1 ,,iii1 #cad4 ,?alassicolla1 in/ability ( homog5e\s1 ,i1 #hg4 ,?ames3 sew]s commission1 ,,iii1 #bch2 wat] supply1 ,,iii1 #chg-ib4 ,!ft1 puni%m5t1 ,,iii1 #bcc4 ,!rmo-electricity1 :at is8 ,,ii1 #agb-f4 ,!rmology1 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #fa4 ,?omson1 ,sir ,w41 t]re/rial d5sity1 ,i1 #adi4 ,?omson1 ,sir ,w41 & ,pr(4 ,tait1 on physical axioms1 ,,iii1 #bbj-a4 ,?orns1 protection & gr[? (1 ,i1 #cia4 ,ticket ( leave1 sy/em1 ,,iii1 #bdd4 ,"t3 measures (1 ,,ii1 #de-i2 classification ( sci5ce1 ,,ii1 #gg1 #ha-e2 ,s4 ,h4 ,hodgson on1 ,,ii1 #bbf-cd2 ,kant1 ,,ii1 #bbf-g1 #bbi-cb1 #bcf-h1 ,,iii1 #aig-i1 #bjg2 ,m>t9eau's criticism1 ,,ii1 #beg2 t]re/rial motion1 ,,ii1 #bgb2 ,em]son on1 ,,ii1 #ced4 ,titles1 evolution (1 ,,iii1 #aa-f1 #bc1 #bg-h4 ,todleb51 ,g54 ,f4 ,e4 von1 ,,iii1 #cji-aj4 ,totemism1 ,i1 #cji-ag4 ,t[n c\ncils3 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 ,,iii1 #bhh2 p>liam5t>y re=m1 ,,iii1 #cfi-gj1 #cga1 #cgb4 ,t[n hall1 build+ (1 ,,iii1 #cgb4 ,trade3 localization1 ,i1 #bb2 morals (1 ,,iii1 #aac-ea1 #ddh-i2 adult]ation1 ,,iii1 #aac1 #aba-c2 brib]y1 ,,iii1 #aad-h2 %ort weight1 ,,iii1 #aah-i2 circul>s1 ,,iii1 #abc-d2 silk manufacture1 ,,iii1 #abd-g2 c&le mak+1 ,,iii1 #abh2 ela/ic webb+1 ,,iii1 #abi2 bankruptcy1 ,,iii1 #abi-ca2 morals ( bank+1 ,,iii1 #aca-g2 av]age morality1 ,,iii1 #acg-dj2 & sympa?y1 ,,iii1 #adb-c2 homage to weal?1 ,,iii1 #adc-i1 #adi-ea2 e?ics ( free trade1 ,,iii1 #aed2 7see also ,indu/ry47 ,trade unions3 p>liam5t>y re=m1 ,,iii1 #cfb-h1 #chd2 tyranny (1 ,,iii1 #chb1 #chc2 selfi%ness1 ,,iii1 #dfe-g1 #dfi4 ,tramps1 & poor law1 ,,iii1 #bdd4 ,transc5d5tal ,physiology 7see ,physiology47 ,tremolo1 9 s++1 ,,ii1 #dab4 ,triangle1 space p]ception1 ,,ii1 #cji4 ,trigonometry1 evolution1 ,,ii1 #ee1 #aee4 ,tru?1 d5ial (1 ,,ii1 #bei-fe4 ,tyndall1 ,j43 on heat1 ,,ii1 #agc2 ( light1 ,,ii1 #agh4 ,tzigane1 music1 ,,ii1 #dej-a4 ,ulc]1 effects on sk91 ,i1 #ddh-i4 ,unbelievable1 ,mill on ^w1 ,,ii1 #aic-bjj4 ,unit$ ,/ates 7see ,am]ica47 ,univ]sity1 tra9+1 ,,iii1 #cgg-h4 ,unkn[able1 ,!3 k (1 ,,ii1 #bbj2 ,hodgson on1 ,,ii1 #bcd2 ,m>t9eau on1 ,,ii1 #bej-h4 ,un/able equilibrium1 ( homog5eity1 ,i1 #ha-d4 ,uranus3 axial motion1 ,i1 #acc-f2 motion ( satellites1 ,i1 #acg2 _! di/ance1 ,i1 #ach2 _! numb]1 ,i1 #aci-dj2 d5sity & heat1 ,i1 #add-h1 #adh-eb4 ,urogl5a1 life 91 ,i1 #ddc4 ,use1 & beauty1 ,,ii1 #cgj-d2 7see also ,h]$ity47 ,utilit>ianism1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s views1 ,i1 #ccd1 #cch1 #cdg-ej4 ,val5cia1 prison discipl9e1 ,,iii1 #agg-h4 ,v>iability1 m5tal1 ,i1 #cef-g4 ,v>iation1 natural selection & h]$ity1 ,i1 #djh-ab1 #dba4 ,v>ieties3 effect ( union1 ,i1 #cei2 f]tility1 ,,ii1 #cig-h4 ,vascul> sy/em3 d$uctive biology1 ,i1 #gh-ha2 developm5t1 ,i1 #bhe-f2 & evolution1 ,,iii1 #bjd4 ,vau*]ia1 cell membrane1 ,i1 #dci4 ,v$dahs1 invocation (1 ,i1 #caa-b4 ,v5us3 motion1 ,i1 #ace1 #acf2 satellites1 ,i1 #aci-da2 d5sity & heat1 ,i1 #add-h1 #adh-eb4 ,v]tebr1 evolution1 ,i1 #cie1 ,,iii1 #bje4 ,v]tebrata3 evolution & het]og5eity1 ,i1 #ae-g1 #ag-i2 integration1 ,i1 #fh-ga2 position ( eyes1 ,i1 #ga-b2 self-mobility1 ,i1 #gf2 g]m & in/ability ( homog5e\s1 ,i1 #hh2 c]vical v]tebr1 ,,ii1 #hc2 orig9 ( music1 ,,ii1 #dcb2 controll+ sy/em1 ,,iii1 #djg4 ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 & evolution1 ,i1 #cij4 ,vi5na1 ,engli% ent]prise 91 ,,iii1 #bgh4 ,voice3 feel+s & l\dness1 ,,ii1 #djd1 #daj2 timbre1 ,,ii1 #dje1 #daa2 pit*1 ,,ii1 #djf1 #daa2 int]vals1 ,,ii1 #djf-i1 #daa2 v>iability1 ,,ii1 #dji1 #daa2 ord9>y & s++1 ,,ii1 #daj-d4 ,volition1 ,ba9's def9ition1 ,i1 #beh-i4 ,volvox3 in/ability ( homog5e\s1 ,i1 #hg2 life 91 ,i1 #ddc2 developm5t1 ,i1 #def4 ,wales1 age ( rocks1 ,i1 #aih-bje1 #bjg-h4 ,walk]1 ,messrs41 robb]y at1 ,,iii1 #dci4 ,walk+3 effect ( bli/]1 ,i1 #djd2 grace 91 ,,ii1 #chb4 ,wa/e1 & repair1 ,,ii1 #cfb-g4 ,wat]3 comp\nd1 ,i1 #cgb2 gov]nm5t c>ts & (ficialism1 ,,iii1 #bdi2 & supply1 ,,iii1 #chg-ib1 #dbi4 ,weal?1 homage to1 ,,iii1 #adc-i1 #adi-ea4 ,weapons1 division ( lab\r1 ,i1 #ed4 ,web]1 ,k4 ,m4 von1 h]$ity1 ,i1 #djf4 ,weight1 measures (1 ,,ii1 #dc-e4 ,w]n]1 ,a4 ,g43 geological !ory1 ,i1 #aid-g2 influ5ce (1 ,i1 #bja4 ,:ales1 n fi%1 ,i1 #bdg4 ,:ately1 ,abp43 metaphor & simile1 ,,ii1 #ceb2 political economy1 ,,iii1 #dbc-d4 ,:ewell1 ,w43 ,hi/ory ( ,inductive ,sci5ces1 ,,ii1 #bc2 electrical !ory1 ,,ii1 #fb4 ,:irlw9d1 sun-spot analogy1 ,i1 #aij-a4 ,:ite1 p]ception (1 ,,iii1 #aif4 ,w1 !3 social analogy1 ,i1 #bfi-ga2 ,kant on1 ,,iii1 #bja-c2 7see also ,psy*ology47 ,wills1 regi/r>s (1 ,,iii1 #bea4 ,wisdom1 ! collective1 ,,iii1 #chg-ib4 ,wolf1 z "n1 ,i1 #cab-c1 #cae1 #caf1 #cba4 ,wolla/on1 ,w4 ,h41 insect col\rs1 ,i1 #dcc4 ,wom53 comp>ative psy*ology & sex1 ,i1 #cfa-d2 size ( jaw1 ,i1 #cih2 treatm5t (1 ,,iii1 #dde-f4 ,wool1 indu/ry & locality1 ,i1 #ajd4 ,words 7see ,language47 ,workpeople1 resid5ces1 ,,iii1 #ddg4 ,writ+3 increase 9 het]og5eity1 ,i1 #bd-f2 d]iv$ f picture language1 ,,ii1 #cc4 ,york%ire1 wooll5 indu/ry1 ,i1 #bff4 ,y\rs fai?fully1 etc41 ,,iii1 #af1 #bf4 ,zoology3 g5esis1 ,,ii1 #eg2 classification1 ,,ii1 #fd2 discov]y ( laws1 ,,ii1 #adi-ej4 ,zoophytes1 evolution ( m9d1 ,i1 #cgg4 ,zulus1 e?ics1 ,,iii1 #aic4 ,zygomatic ar*es1 & beauty1 ,,ii1 #cij-b4 ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s ,,works4 ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,syn!tic ,,philosophy4 #h? ,?\s&4 7,,) ,,an ,,app5dix ,,deal+ ,,) ,,criticisms47 ,9 "o vol4 #hvo1 clo?1 price #afs41 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4--,,! ,,unkn[able4 #a4 ,religion & ,sci5ce4 #b4 ,ultimate ,religi\s ,ideas4 #c4 ,ultimate ,sci5tific ,ideas4 #d4 ,! ,relativity ( ,all ,k4 #e4 ,! ,reconciliation4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,! ,,kn[able4 #a4 ,philosophy ,def9$ #b4 ,! ,data ( ,philosophy4 #c4 ,space1 ,"t1 ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce4 #d4 ,! ,inde/ructibility ( ,matt]4 #e4 ,! ,cont9uity ( ,motion4 #f4 ,! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce4 #g4 ,! ,p]si/5ce ( ,relations among ,=ces4 #h4 ,! ,trans=mation & ,equival5ce ( ,=ces4 #i4 ,! ,direction ( ,motion4 #aj4 ,! ,rhy?m ( ,motion4 #aa4 ,recapitulation1 ,criticism1 & ,recomm5cem5t4 #ab4 ,evolution & ,dissolution4 #ac4 ,simple & ,comp\nd ,evolution4 #ad4 ,! ,law ( ,evolution4 #ae4 ,! ,law ( ,evolution1 cont9u$4 #af4 ,! ,law ( ,evolution1 cont9u$4 #ag4 ,! ,law ( ,evolution1 conclud$4 #ah4 ,! ,int]pretation ( ,evolution4 #ai4 ,! ,in/ability ( ! ,homog5e\s4 #bj4 ,! ,multiplication ( ,effects4 #ba4 ,segregation4 #bb4 ,equilibration4 #bc4 ,dissolution4 #bd4 ,summ>y & ,conclusion4 #d? ,?\s&4 ,9 two vols4 #hvo1 clo?1 price #cds4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,biology4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,"p ,i4--,,! ,,data ,,( ,,biology4 #a4 ,organic ,matt]4 #b4 ,! ,actions ( ,=ces on ,organic ,matt]4 #c4 ,! ,re-actions ( ,organic ,matt] on ,=ces4 #d4 ,proximate ,def9ition ( ,life4 #e4 ,! ,correspond5ce betwe5 ,life & its ,circum/ances4 #f4 ,! ,degree ( ,life v>ies z ! ,degree ( ,correspond5ce4 #g4 ,! ,scope ( ,biology4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,! ,,inductions ,,( ,,biology4 #a4 ,gr[?4 #b4 ,developm5t4 #c4 ,function4 #d4 ,wa/e & ,repair4 #e4 ,adaptation4 #f4 ,individuality4 #g4 ,g5esis4 #h4 ,h]$ity4 #i4 ,v>iation4 #aj4 ,g5esis1 ,h]$ity1 & ,v>iation4 #aa4 ,classification4 #ab4 ,di/ribution4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,life4 #a4 ,prelim9>y4 #b4 ,g5]al ,aspects ( ! ,special-,creation-,hypo!sis4 #c4 ,g5]al ,aspects ( ! ,evolution-,hypo!sis4 #d4 ,! ,argum5ts f ,classification4 #e4 ,! ,argum5ts f ,embryology4 #f4 ,! ,argum5ts f ,morphology4 #g4 ,! ,argum5ts f ,di/ribution4 #h4 ,h[ is ,organic ,evolution caus$8 #i4 ,ext]nal ,factors4 #aj4 ,int]nal ,factors4 #aa4 ,direct ,equilibration4 #ab4 ,indirect ,equilibration4 #ac4 ,! ,co-op]ation ( ! ,factors4 #ad4 ,! ,conv]g5ce ( ! ,evid5ces4 ,,app5dix4 ,! ,spontane\s-,g5]ation ,"q4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,,morphological ,,developm5t4 #a4 ,! ,problems ( ,morphology4 #b4 ,! ,morphological ,composition ( ,plants4 #c4 ,! ,morphological ,composition ( ,plants1 cont9u$4 #d4 ,! ,morphological ,composition ( ,animals4 #e4 ,! ,morphological ,composition ( ,animals1 cont9u$4 #f4 ,morphological ,diff]5tiation 9 ,plants4 #g4 ,! ,g5]al ,%apes ( ,plants4 #h4 ,! ,%apes ( ,bran*es4 #i4 ,! ,%apes ( ,leaves4 #aj4 ,! ,%apes ( ,fl[]s4 #aa4 ,! ,%apes ( ,vegetal ,cells4 #ab4 ,*anges ( ,%ape o!rwise caus$4 #ac4 ,morphological ,diff]5tiation 9 ,animals4 #ad4 ,! ,g5]al ,%apes ( ,animals4 #ae4 ,! ,%apes ( ,v]tebrate ,skeletons4 #af4 ,! ,%apes ( ,animal ,cells4 #ag4 ,summ>y ( ,morphological ,developm5t4 ,,"p ,v4--,,physiological ,,developm5t4 #a4 ,! ,problems ( ,physiology4 #b4 ,diff]5tiations betwe5 ! ,out] & ,inn] ,tissues ( ,plants4 #c4 ,diff]5tiations among ! ,out] ,tissues ( ,plants4 #d4 ,diff]5tiations among ! ,inn] ,tissues ( ,plants4 #e4 ,physiological ,integration 9 ,plants4 #f4 ,diff]5tiations betwe5 ! ,out] & ,inn] ,tissues ( ,animals4 #g4 ,diff]5tiations among ! ,out] ,tissues ( ,animals4 #h4 ,diff]5tiations among ! ,inn] ,tissues ( ,animals4 #i4 ,physiological ,integration 9 ,animals4 #aj4 ,summ>y ( ,physiological ,developm5t4 ,,"p ,,vi4--,,laws ,,( ,,multiplication4 #a4 ,! ,factors4 #b4 ,priori ,pr9ciple4 #c4 ,obv]se priori ,pr9ciple4 #d4 ,difficulties ( ,inductive ,v]ification4 #e4 ,antagonism betwe5 ,gr[? 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,?\s&4 ,9 wrapp]1 #as41 9 clo?1 bett] pap]1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,man ,,v]sus ,,! ,,/ate4 ,,cont5ts4 #a4 ,! ,new ,toryism4 #b4 ,! ,com+ ,slav]y4 #c4 ,! ,s9s ( ,legislators4 #d4 ,! ,great ,political ,sup]/ition4 ,po/script4 #d? ,?\s&4 ,9 two vols4 #hvo1 clo?1 price #afs41 ,,essays3 ,,sci5tific1 ,,political1 ,,& ,,speculative4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 #a4 ,progress3 its ,law & ,cause4 #b4 ,mann]s & ,fa%ion4 #c4 ,! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce4 #d4 ,! ,physiology ( ,laught]4 #e4 ,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music4 #f4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 #g4 ,ba9 on ! ,emotions & ! ,w4 #h4 ,illogical ,geology4 #i4 ,! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis4 #aj4 ,! ,social ,organism4 #aa4 ,use & ,beauty4 #ab4 ,! ,s\rces ( ,ar*itectural ,types4 #ac4 ,! ,use ( ,an?ropomorphism4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,/yle4 #b4 ,ov]-,legislation4 #c4 ,! ,morals ( ,trade4 #d4 ,p]sonal ,beauty4 #e4 ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t4 #f4 ,prison ,e?ics4 #g4 ,railway ,morals & ,railway ,policy4 #h4 ,gracefulness4 #i4 ,/ate-,tamp]+s ) ,money & ,banks4 #aj4 ,p>liam5t>y ,re=m3 ! ,dang]s & ! ,safegu>ds4 #aa4 ,mill v]sus ,hamilton--! ,te/ ( ,tru?4 #crd ,edition4 ,9 "o vol4 #hvo41 price #hs41 ,,?ird ,,s]ies ,,( ,,essays3 ,,cont5ts4 #a4 ,! ,classification ( ! ,sci5ces 7) a ,po/script1 reply+ to ,criticisms74 #b4 ,reasons = ,diss5t+ f ! ,philosophy ( ,m4 ,comte4 #c4 ,laws 9 ,g5]al4 #d4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,animal-,wor%ip4 #e4 ,specializ$ ,adm9i/ration4 #f4 8,! ,collective ,wisdom40 #g4 ,political ,feti*ism4 #h4 ,:at is ,electricity8 #i4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,sun4 #aj4 ,mr4 ,m>t9eau on ,evolution4 #aa4 ,replies to ,criticisms4 #ab4 ,transc5d5tal ,physiology4 #ac4 ,! ,comp>ative ,psy*ology ( ,man4 ,price #bs4 #f;d41 ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,organic ,,evolution4 ,,descriptive ,,sociology2 ,,or ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,sociological ,,facts1 ,,classifi$ ,,& ,,arrang$ ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]1 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,david ,,duncan1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,logic1 c41 9 ! ,presid5cy ,college1 ,madras2 ,,ri*>d ,,s*eppig1 ,ph4,d42 & ,,james ,,colli]4 ,,extract ,,f ,,! ,,provisional ,,preface4 ,some?+ to introduce ! "w ( :i* an in/alm5t is annex$1 seems ne$ful1 9 anticipation ( ! "t :5 completion ( a volume w give occasion = a ,p]man5t ,preface4 ,9 prep>ation = ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 requir+ z bases ( induction l>ge accumulations ( data1 fitly arrang$ = comp>ison1 ,i1 "s twelve ye>s ago1 comm5c$1 by proxy1 ! collection & organization ( facts pres5t$ by societies ( diff]5t types1 pa/ & pres5t2 be+ =tunate en\gh to secure ! s]vices ( g5tlem5 compet5t to c>ry on ! process 9 ! way ,i wi%$4 ,?\gh ?is classifi$ compilation ( mat]ials 0 ent]$ ^u solely to facilitate my own "w2 yet1 aft] hav+ br\ght ! mode ( classification to a satisfactory =m1 & aft] hav+ _h "s ( ! ,tables fill$ up1 ,i decid$ to h ! und]tak+ execut$ ) a view to publication2 ! facts collect$ & arrang$ = easy ref]5ce & conv5i5t /udy ( _! relations1 be+ s pres5t$1 ap>t f hypo!sis1 z to aid all /ud5ts ( ,social ,sci5ce 9 te/+ su* conclusions z !y h drawn & 9 draw+ o!rs4 ,! ,"w consi/s ( ?ree l>ge ,divisions4 ,ea* comprises a set ( ,tables exhibit+ ! facts z ab/ract$ & classifi$1 & a mass ( quotations & abridg$ ab/racts o!rwise classifi$1 on :i* ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! ,tables are bas$4 ,! cond5s$ /atem5ts1 arrang$ aft] a uni=m mann]1 give1 9 ea* ,table or succession ( ,tables1 ! ph5om5a ( all ord]s :i* ea* society pres5ts--con/itute an acc\nt ( its morphology1 its physiology1 & 7if a society hav+ a kn[n hi/ory7 its developm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! collect$ ,extracts1 s]v+ z au?orities = ! /atem5ts 9 ! ,tables1 are 7or1 r w be1 :5 ! ,"w is complete7 classifi$ prim>ily accord+ to ! k9ds ( ph5om5a to :i* !y ref]1 & second>ily accord+ to ! societies exhibit+ ^! ph5om5a2 s t ea* k9d ( ph5om5on z x is display$ 9 all societies1 may be sep>ately /udi$ ) conv5i5ce4 ,9 fur!r explanation ,i may say t ! classifi$ compilations & dige/s ( mat]ials to be ?us br\ght toge!r "u ! title ( ,descriptive ,sociology1 are int5d$ to supply ! /ud5t ( ,social ,sci5ce ) data1 /&+ t[>ds 8 conclusions 9 a relation l t 9 :i* acc\nts ( ! /ructures & functions ( diff]5t types ( animals /& to ! conclusions ( ! biologi/4 ,until !re _h be5 su* sy/ematic descriptions ( diff]5t k9ds ( organisms1 z made x possible to comp>e ! connexions1 & =ms1 & actions1 & modes ( orig91 ( _! p>ts1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,life c\ld make no progress4 ,& 9 l mann]1 be=e !re c be rea*$ 9 ,sociology1 g5]alizations hav+ a c]ta9ty mak+ !m wor?y to be call$ sci5tific1 !re mu/ be def9ite acc\nts ( ! in/itutions & actions ( societies ( v>i\s types1 & 9 v>i\s /ages ( evolution1 s arrang$ z to furni% ! means ( readily asc]ta9+ :at social ph5om5a are habitually associat$4 ,respect+ ! tabulation1 devis$ = ! purpose ( exhibit+ social ph5om5a 9 a conv5i5t way1 ,i may expla9 t ! prim>y aim has be5 s to pres5t !m t _! relations ( simultaneity & succession may be se5 at "o view4 ,z us$ = del9eat+ unciviliz$ societies1 conc]n+ :i* we h no records1 ! tabul> =m s]ves only to display ! v>i\s social traits z !y are f\nd to co-exi/4 ,b z us$ = del9eat+ societies hav+ kn[n hi/ories1 ! tabul> =m is s employ$ z to exhibit n only ! connexions ( ph5om5a exi/+ at ! same "t1 b also ! connexions ( ph5om5a t succe$ "o ano!r4 ,by read+ horizontally across a ,table at any p]iod1 !re may be ga9$ a k ( ! traits ( all ord]s display$ by ! society at t p]iod2 :ile by read+ d[n ea* column1 !re may be ga9$ a k ( ! modifications :i* ea* trait1 /ructural or functional1 und]w5t dur+ successive p]iods4 ,( c\rse1 ! tabul> =m fulfils ^! purposes b approximately4 ,to pres]ve complete simultaneity 9 ! /atem5ts ( facts1 z read f side to side ( ! ,tables1 has prov$ impracticable2 "h mu* _h to be ins]t$1 & !re little2 s t complete correspond5ce 9 "t c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,moreov]1 x has n be5 possible to c>ry out ! mode ( classification 9 a !oretically-complete mann]1 by increas+ ! numb] ( columns z ! classes ( facts multiply 9 ! c\rse ( ,civilization4 ,to repres5t truly ! progress ( ?+s1 ea* column %\ld divide & sub-divide 9 successive ages1 s z to indicate ! successive diff]5tiations ( ! ph5om5a4 ,b typographical difficulties h negativ$ ?is3 a great deal has _h to be left 9 a =m :i* mu/ be accept$ simply z ! lea/ unsatisfactory4 ,! ?ree ,divisions con/itut+ ! entire "w1 compreh5d ?ree gr\ps ( societies3--7#a7 ,unciviliz$ ,societies2 7#b7 ,civiliz$ ,societies--,ext9ct or ,decay$2 7#c7 ,civiliz$ ,societies--,rec5t or ,/ill ,fl\ri%+4 ,^! divisions h at pres5t rea*$ ! foll[+ /ages3 ,,division ,i4--,unciviliz$ ,societies4 ,comm5c$ 9 #ahfg by ! g5tleman ,i fir/ engag$1 ,mr4 ,,david ,,duncan1 ,m4,a4 7n[ ,pr(essor ( ,logic1 c41 9 ! ,presid5cy ,college1 ,madras71 & cont9u$ by him s9ce he left ,engl&1 ?is "p ( ! "w is complete4 ,x conta9s f\r p>ts1 includ+ 8,types ( ,l[e/ ,races10 ! 8,negrito ,races10 ! 8,malayo-,polynesian ,races10 ! 8,african ,races10 ! 8,asiatic ,races10 & ! 8,am]ican ,races40 ,,division ,,ii4--,civiliz$ ,societies--,ext9ct or ,decay$4 ,on ?is "p ( ! "w ,dr4 ,,ri*>d ,,s*eppig has be5 engag$ s9ce ,janu>y1 #ahgb4 ,! fir/ in/alm5t1 includ+ ! f\r ,anci5t ,am]ican ,civilizations1 0 issu$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahgd4 ,a second in/alm5t1 conta9+ 8,hebrews & ,phnicians10 w %ortly be issu$4 ,,division ,,iii4--,civiliz$ ,societies--,rec5t or ,/ill ,fl\ri%+4 ,( ?is ,division ! fir/ in/alm5t1 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,,james ,,colli]1 ( ,/4 ,&rew's & ,ed9burgh ,univ]sities1 0 issu$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahgc4 ,?is pres5ts ! ,engli% ,civilization4 ,x cov]s sev5 consecutive ,tables2 & ! ,extracts occupy sev5ty pages folio4 ,! next "p1 pres5t+ 9 a /ill m ext5sive =m ! ,fr5* ,civilization1 is n[ 9 ! press4 ,! successive p>ts belong+ to ^! sev]al ,divisions1 issu$ at int]vals1 are compos$ ( diff]5t numb]s ( ,tables & diff]5t numb]s ( ,pages4 ,! ,unciviliz$ ,societies occupy f\r p>ts1 ea* conta9+ a doz5 or m ,tables1 ) _! accompany+ ,extracts4 ,( ! ,division compris+ ,ext9ct ,civiliz$ ,societies1 ! fir/ "p conta9s f\r1 & ! second conta9s two4 ,:ile ( ,exi/+ ,civiliz$ ,societies1 ! records ( :i* are s mu* m ext5sive1 ea* occupies a s+le "p4 ,h4 ,s4 ,m>*1 #ahhj4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #ahs41 ,no4 ,i4 ,engli%4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,james ,,colli]4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #afs41 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,mexicans1 ,c5tral ,am]icans1 ,*ib*as1 & ,p]uvians4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,s*eppig1 ,,ph4,d4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #ahs41 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,l[e/ ,races1 ,negrito ,races1 & ,malayo-,polynesian ,races4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,duncan1 ,m4,a4 ,,types ,,( ,,l[e/ ,,races4 ,fuegians4 ,&amanese4 ,v$dahs4 ,au/ralians4 ,,negrito ,,races4 ,tasmanians4 ,new ,cal$onians1 etc4 ,new ,gu9ea ,p4 ,fijians4 ,,malayo-,,polynesian ,,races4 ,s&wi* ,isl&]s4 ,tahitians4 ,tongans4 ,samoans4 ,new ,zeal&]s4 ,dyaks4 ,javans4 ,sumatrans4 ,malagasy4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #afs41 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,african ,races4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,duncan1 ,m4,a4 ,bu%m54 ,hott5tots4 ,dam>as4 ,be*uanas4 ,kaffirs4 ,ea/ ,africans4 ,congo ,p4 ,coa/ ,negroes4 ,inl& ,negroes4 ,dahomans4 ,a%antis4 ,fulahs4 ,abyss9ians4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #ahs41 ,no4 ,v4 ,asiatic ,races4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,duncan1 ,m4,a4 ,arabs4 ,todas4 ,khonds4 ,gonds4 ,bhils4 ,santals4 ,k>5s4 ,kukis4 ,nagas4 ,bodo & ,dhimals4 ,mi%mis4 ,kirghiz4 ,kalmucks4 ,o/yaks4 ,kamts*adales4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #ahs41 ,no4 ,,vi4 ,am]ican ,races4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,duncan1 ,m4,a4 ,esquimaux4 ,*9ooks4 ,snakes4 ,coman*es4 ,iroquois4 ,*ippewayans4 ,*ippewas4 ,dakotas4 ,m&ans4 ,creeks4 ,guiana ,tribes4 ,c>ibs4 ,brazilians4 ,uaups4 ,abipones4 ,patagonians4 ,araucanians4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #bas41 ,no4 ,,vii4 ,hebrews & ,phnicians4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,s*eppig1 ,,ph4,d4 ,9 ,royal ,folio1 ,price #cjs41 ,no4 ,,viii4 ,fr5*4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,james ,,colli]4 ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s ,,works4 ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,syn!tic ,,philosophy4 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples #afs4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,biology4 #b vols4 #cds4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,psy*ology4 #b vols4 #cfs4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,sociology1 ,vol4 ,i4 #bas4 ,,ditto ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ahs4 7,?is ,volume includes ! two foll[+ ,works1 :i* are at pres5t publi%$ sep>ately47 ,,c]emonial ,,in/itutions #gs4 ,,political ,,in/itutions #abs4 ,,ecclesia/ical ,,in/itutions #es4 ,,! ,,data ,,( ,,e?ics #hs4 ,,o!r ,,works4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,sociology #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,education #fs4 ,,ditto ,*eap ,edition #bs4 #f;d4 ,,essays4 #b vols4 #afs4 ,,essays 7,?ird ,s]ies7 #hs4 ,,! ,,man v]sus ,,! ,,/ate #bs4 #f;d4 ,,ditto ,*eap ,edition #as4 ,,reasons ,,= ,,diss5t+ ,,f ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,m4 ,,comte #f;d4 ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,organic ,,evolution #bs4 #f;d4 ,= p>ticul>s see end ( ! volume4 ,,williams ,,& ,,norgate1 #ad1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,,london4 ,,also ,,mr4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,descriptive ,,sociology1 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,ab/ract$ ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,duncan1 ,,dr4 ,,s*eppig1 ,,mr4 ,,colli]4 ,,folio1 ,,bo>ds4 #a4 ,,engli% #ahs4 #b4 ,,anci5t ,,am]ican ,,races #afs4 #c4 ,,l[e/ ,,races1 ,,negritos1 ,,polynesians #ahs4 #d4 ,,african ,,races #afs4 #e4 ,,asiatic ,,races #ahs4 #f4 ,,am]ican ,,races #ahs4 #g4 ,,hebrews ,,& ,,ph,,nicians #bas4 #h4 ,,fr5* #cjs4 ,= p>ticul>s see end ( ! volume4 ,,williams ,,& ,,norgate1 #ad1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,,london4 ,h>rison ,sons1 ,pr9t]s1 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,lane4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,orig9al spell+ & gramm> h g5]ally be5 reta9$1 ) "s exceptions not$ bel[4 ,orig9al pr9t$ page numb]s are %[n l ?is3 #eb4 ,orig9al small caps are n[ upp]case4 ,italics look l ?is4 ,footnotes h be5 relabel$ #a-de4 ,! transcrib] produc$ ! cov] image & h]eby assigns x to ! public doma94 ,orig9al page images are available f ar*ive4org -- se>* = 8essayssci5tific#jcsp5u(t04 ,page #ha4 ,! table r[s head$ by 8,! ,company's solicit]0 & by 8,ditto 9 jo9t acc\nt ) ano!r0 _h a l>ge 80 on ! "r side ( column #c1 cov]+ bo? r[s4 ,9 ?is edition1 table cell bord]s h be5 drawn s z to indicate ! comb9ation ( in=mation4 ,page #aeg4 ,ins]t$ 8(0 into 8dictates ab/ract e?ics04 ,page #aihn4 8,pys*ology0 0 *ang$ to 8,psy*ology04 ,page #dji4 ,*ang$ 8cod9ations0 to 8cord9ations04 ,page #dga4 ,a left d\ble quotation m>k 0 add$ be=e #8,! e>li] p>agraphs ( ! conv]sation'4 ,page #dhg4 ,*ang$ 8) _m ,am]icans jo9$ ) regrets t my /ate ( heal? has prev5t$1 me f0 to 8) _m ,am]icans1 jo9$ ) regrets t my /ate ( heal? has prev5t$ me f04 ,page #dic4 ,! index cov]s all ?ree volumes ( ?is s]ies ( books4 ,volume ,,ii is available z ,project ,gut5burg ebook #eccie2 all editions ( ,vol4 ,,ii display ! orig9al pr9t$ page numb]s1 correspond+ to ! index entries h]e94 ,volume ,i is available z ,,pg ebook #bihfi4 ,un=tunately1 ebook #bihfi displays ! orig9al page numb]s only 9 ! html edition4 ,) a little html cod+ skill1 h[ev]1 "o c\ld modify ! epub v]sion to display page numb]s if t is desir$4 ,page #eja4 ,9 entry 8,great ,we/]n ,railway30 *ang$ 8,,iii1 #i20 to 8,,iii1 #id204 ,page #eji4 ,*ang$ 8,philae0 to 8,phil01 to agree ) ,volume ,i4 ,page #eaj4 ,! entry 8,polyzoa0 0 mov$ bel[ 8,politics01 to con=m ) alphabetical ord]+4 ,likewise1 8,pope0 0 mov$ above 8,porcup9e04 ,page #eac4 ,"u entry 8,social organism 4 4 4 analogy to individual01 *ang$ 8,,iii1 #daa-f0 to 8,,iii1 #daa-af04