,,w9dmills1 ,,picturesque ,,& ,,hi/oric3 ,,! ,,motors ,,( ,,! ,,pa/ ,,by ,f4 ,h4 ,,%elton ,philadelphia4 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ,,repr9t$ ,,f ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,frankl9 ,,in/itute ,,febru>y1 #aiai ,illu/ration3 colophon ,,press ,,( ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company #aiai 7,,repr9t$ ,,f ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,frankl9 ,,in/itute1 ,,febru>y1 #aiai47 ,,w9dmills1 ,,picturesque ,,& ,,hi/oric3 ,,! ,,motors ,,( ,,! ,,pa/4,a ,,by ,f4 ,h4 ,,%elton4 ,philadelphia4 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute4 ,illu/ration ,! pessimi/ says t man is a lazy animal & t he inv5ts ma*9es to save himself "w4 ,! optimi/1 t man is an indu/ri\s creature :o inv5ts ma*9es t he may accompli% ! m4 ,:i*ev] doctr9e is "r1 !re is b little "q t ( all ! +5i\s contrivances evolv$ by man none is m picturesque1 ( m hi/oric int]e/ nor ( great] usefulness 9 its day ?an ! old-fa%ion$ w9dmill1 ! _w's pr9cipal motor = "s eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,& 8motor0 is ! viewpo9t to take ( ?is old piece ( me*anism1 = j z ! lat] devices ( /eam1 electricity or gasol9e are = ! purposes ( mak+ p[] = ! ne$s ( man1 s 0 ?is old appliance = ! prime purpose ( secur+ p[] f ! w9d1 & by ?us h>ness+ t mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( ,nature's =ces1 ( enabl+ ! accompli%m5t ( "w f> beyond ! limits ( manual p[]4 ,! /eam eng9e came into use 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,by #ahbe mo/ ( ! pr9cipal ,engli% cities _h x 9 use4 ,be=e t p]iod1 & dat+ back to remote ages1 ! only s\rces ( p[]--o!r ?an man or bullocks1 etc4--7 ! two great =ces ( w9d & wat]4 ,b only c\ntries ( wat]ways & v>y+ levels af=d$ wat]falls2 :ile ! w9d 0 univ]sal4 ,!re=e1 :ile wat] :eels 7 9 use 9 p>allel p]iods ) ! olde/ ( w9dmills1 9 numb] !y 7 inf9itely less1 s t "o c prop]ly say t ! _w's motor = "s eight c5turies 0 ! old-"t w9dmill4 ,^! eight c5turies are f ab\t #ajjj to #ahbe1 :51 ) ! adv5t ( ,watt's inv5tion1 ! z5i? ( w9dmill design & use _h be5 atta9$4 ,aft] t date !y s decl9$ t 9 fifty ye>s n only _h new con/ruction ceas$1 b ! old /ructures 9 v l>ge measure _h fall5 into decay & ab&onm5t4 ,x is evid5t f ! above t an acc\nt ( ?is old1 picturesque1 hi/oric & effective tool ( mank9d %\ld h "s int]e/1 bo? f ! /&po9t ( eng9e]+ & t ( s5tim5t2 & x is believ$ t :at foll[s w give ! ess5tial facts relat+ to x4 ,x may be prop] to say "h t :at is relat$ applies entirely to ! old-/yle w9dmill1 & 9 no measure :atev] to ! mod]n ,am]ican type ( w9dmill1 :i*1 :ile *eap1 effective & useful1 is nev]!less a prosaic1 galvaniz$ iron1 squeaky ?+1 ( :i* happily ! l>g] proportion ( ! millions annually made is export$ out ( our c\ntry6 ,:ile ! antiquity ( w9dmills is trac$ by "s back to ! ,romans !re is really no?+ v def9itely kn[n ( _! exi/5ce be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,crusad]s4 ,!y 7 said to h be5 br\ght into c5tral ,europe 9 t p]iod f ! ,f> ,ea/2 ?\gh ?is is op5 to "q4 ,practically _! orig9 is lo/ 9 antiquity1 & we only "k t !y appe> 9 ! e>lie/ records z exi/5t 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,b by #abjj !y 7 well e/abli%$4 ,! fir/ ,engli% w9dmill is ( #aaia4 ,!re are num]\s records ( !m 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!re is a brass tablet ( #acdi at ,lynn *ur*1 ) a w9dmill grav5 on x4 ,9 old /a9$ glass ( ! e>ly *ur*es w9dmills are %[n 9 "s ( ! l&scapes2 z at ,great ,gre5=d & ,fairfield4 ,9 a view1 8,london 9 ! "t ( ! ,tudors0 7#aefj71 w9dmills are se52 & ,great ,w9dmill ,/reet commemorates to ?is day ! location ( "o 9 ! pa/ 9 t city4 ,else:]e x 0 ! same4 ,rembr&t1 ( ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 %[s su* mills 9 "s ( 8 pictures2 & 9 ! e>ly pr9ts & views ( ,france1 ,g]many & o!r c\ntries is abundant evid5ce ( ! use ( ^! old1 useful ma*9es1 9 v>i\s =ms1 places & ways4 ,:at 0 /&>d 9 ! old _w 0 naturally br\ght into ! new1 & s we f9d 9 ,am]ica1 concurr5t ) ! colonies & settlem5ts ( ! e>ly days1 ! introduction & use ( w9dmills4 ,! ,dut* 9 ,new ,am/]dam1 9 #afbe & lat]2 ! ,sw$es on ! ,delaw>e1 9 #afdc2 ! ,engli% 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 9 #affe & #afge1 & ,bo/on1 9 #affj2 & on ! ,c>ol9a coa/--all _h _! mills1 z %[n by e>ly records1 maps & views4 ,& ^! mills 7 logically ! types us$ by ! respective settl]s1 accord+ to ! di/rict f :i* !y _h come4 ,= in/ance1 ! old mill 9 ,som]ville1 ,mass41 built 9 #agaj by ,jean ,mallet1 a ,fr5* ,hugu5ot1 is ( ! pure ,fr5* type2 z 7 ^? ne> ,detroit1 by ! foll[]s ( ! =tunes ( ,cadillac2 :ile ^? 9 ,talbot1 ,k5t & ,dorset c\nties1 ,m>yl&1 reflect$ ! cle> ,engli% design ( ! old c\ntry4 ,! same applies to ! num]\s ones erect$ 9 ! colonial days ( #agbe to #agge1 9 ,ea/hampton1 ,bridgehampton1 etc41 on ,long ,isl&2 at v>i\s po9ts on ,cape ,cod2 at ,nantucket 7#agdf72 9 num]\s in/ances on ,newport ,isl&1 ,rhode ,isl&1 etc4 ,a notable "o ( ?is type & p]iod 0 t on ,w9dmill ,isl& 9 ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 %[n 9 an old view1 8,an ea/ prospect ( ! ,city ( ,philadelphia10 #agdf4 ,all ^! reflect$ ! ,engli% design ( ! emigrant settl]s1 br++ ) !m & promptly sett+ up & us+ ! motors or ma*9]y ( ! "m c\ntry4 ,!re are two =ms into :i* ^! old mills c be gr\p$1 viz41 v]tical & horizontal4 ,by t is meant ! relative position ( ! :eel & %aft4 ,! v]tical is t =m 9 :i* ! :eel is v]tical1 m\nt$ on a %aft :i* is horizontal or ne>ly s4 ,?is is ! =m almo/ univ]sal1 = :ile v>i\s in/ances ( ! o!r h be5 tri$1 sc>cely "o 9 a ?\s& has be5 us$ comp>$ ) ! v]tical type4 ,! reason = ?is is t 9 ! v]tical =m ( :eel1 its face directly confront+ ! w9d1 all vanes are act$ ^u at once1 & !re is n only ! greate/ result+ p[]1 b ! greate/ simplicity ( con/ruction & ( op]ation & h&l+4 ,! horizontal :eel1 on ! o!r h&1 occupy+ a horizontal zone & atta*$ to a %aft t is v]tical1 l ! usual small wat] turb9e1 9 position 7b n 9 ! fluid impact7 receives ! w9d impact ^u only "s ( ! vanes at a "t--n ! :ole circumf]5ce--) less proportional p[] & great] complexity ( con/ruction4 ,s second>y has be5 ! use ( ?is /yle ( w9dmill t consid]ation ( x is negligible4 ,f ! design /&po9t1 w9dmills involve f\r ess5tial compon5t p>ts3 7a7 ,a t[]1 or means ( support = ! mov+ :eel & me*anism4 7b7 ,a revolv+ :eel t receives ! impact ( ! w9d1 conv]t+ x into p[]4 7c7 ,"s means ( turn+ ! :eel1 to foll[ ! %ift+ ( ! w9d2 &1 7d7 ,! driv5 ma*9]y4 7,a7 ,! ,t[]s or ,supports4--,! support 9 ! e>lie/ =m ( mill 0 m]ely a po/1 made ( a suitable log or tree trunk--sometimes #cj in*es ?ick--^u :i* ! entire /ructure 0 c>ri$ or hung & pivot$1 s t x c\ld turn freely to ! w9d4 ,?is 0 ! orig9al type--! old 8po/-mill10 appe>+ 9 ! e>lie/ kn[n pr9ts & records1 & alone us$ until ab\t #afej4 ,at t "t ! 8t[] mill0 0 develop$1 & ?is1 ( l>g] possibilities1 soon result$ 9 great /ructures ( t /yle be+ built1 t g5]ally replac$ & ?rew f> into ! %ade ! e>li] & simple po/ =m4 ,! t[]s ( ?is latt] =m ( old w9dmill 7 made ( e conceivable or possible =m & mat]ial4 ,/raight or cyl9drical2 tap]+ or cone %ap$2 octagonal or multi-sid$2 ev5 bottle %ap$1 l a mammo? milk bottle ( ! pres5t "t4 ,aga91 on op5 ar*es1 z 9 two notable /ructures lat] ref]r$ to--any?+ to c>ry ! ov]head "w1 accord+ to ! fancy or purse or conditions gov]n+ ! build]4 ,( brick or /one or wood2 slate1 %+le or ?at* cov]$1 9 height ^! t[]s rang$ f #be to #ajj feet4 ,! l>ge/ ev] built 0 at ,great ,y>m\?1 ,engl&1 #aa /ories high1 & ov] #ajj feet1 exclusive ( ! great vanes4 ,! great ,dut* gri/ mills 7 h[ev]1 a close second 9 height1 & ) a base ( "s #ce feet & a top wid? ( #af feet 7 massive /ructures inde$4 ,^! tall /ructures 7 divid$ by v>i\s floor levels1 ! l[] rooms ?us =m$ conta9+ ! mill-/ones or saw or o!r driv5 ma*9]y1 :ile ! upp] ones 7 us$ = liv+ qu>t]s or /orage4 ,! /ructure ( ! small] po/ mills1 h[ev]1 be+ susp5d$ on ! c5tre po/s1 0 nev] ( /one or brick1 b :olly ( wood1 & ^! rotat+ or movable build+s rang$ 9 size f ab\t #aj by #ab feet to #af by #bd feet 9 ! l>g] ones1 & up to two /ories 9 height4 ,at ! top ( ! mills1 ( c\rse1 0 locat$ ! :eel %aft & ge>+1 & to protect ?is f ! wea!r !re 0 always a cov]+ or 8mill head0 or top1 & ^! tops h tak5 a great v>iety ( int]e/+ =ms1 = no app>5t p>ticul> reason1 & yet (t5 a fix$ /yle1 foll[+ "s geographical location4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,france ! almo/ univ]sal ,illu/ration3 ,,po/ ,,mills4 ,all pivot+ on s+le c5tre po/ support4 ,small =m4 ,l>ge =m4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,engl&1 turret =m4 ,,turntable ,,mill4 ,holl&1 side & end view4 ,,hybrid ,,mills4 ,france1 gri/ mill4 ,holl&1 dump+ mill4 ,,t[] ,,mills4 ,engl& & ,holl&1 brick4 ,holl&1 ,g]many1 ,sw$51 etc41 wood4 ,france1 /one4 ,hung>y1 /one4 ,spa91 /one4 ,turkey & ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,types ,,( ,,w9dmills4 or *>act]i/ic %ape is t ( a /eep true cone2 9 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 etc41 a ,turk's head or turban type 0 ! /&>d2 also 9 ,engl&1 on ! great t[] mills4 ,yet 9 ,holl&1 on ! same type ( mill1 su* 0 nev] us$1 b a di/9ct ,dut* =m ( irregul> %ape1 & almo/ always ?at*$4 ,& 9 ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries ! tops become s flatt5$ or l[]$ z to 9 "s cases almo/ disappe>4 ,! accompany+ plate well illu/rates ^! /ructural & geographical diff]5ces4 ,:ile ! old mills all divide into ei!r po/ or t[] mills1 !re are yet two well-def9$ fur!r =ms1 or v>iations ( type1 t %\ld be rem>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,engl&1 ,turk head1 brick t[] mill4 ,s\? ( ,engl&1 wood t[] mill4 ,holl&1 t[] mill4 ,holl&1 turntable type4 ,france1 t[] mill4 ,france1 hybrid mill4 ,belgium1 t[] mill4 ,hung>y1 t[] mill4 ,m$it]ranean1 t[] mill4 ,pla91 po/ mill4 ,belgium1 po/ mill4 ,b>badoes1 t[] mill4 ,rhode ,isl&1 wood t[] mill4 ,long ,isl&1 wood t[] mill4 ,sw$51 wood t[] mill4 ,turkey1 /one t[] mill4 ,,typical ,,w9dmill ,,heads4 ,sometimes a t[] mill w\ld be con/ruct$ on a circul> ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,w9dmill ,,arms4 ,usual canvas cov]$ sweep4 ,engl&1 ,bywat]'s roll+ canvas4 ,engl&1 ,cubit's pat5t %utt]4 ,engl&1 ,meikle's spr+ sweep4 ,engl&1 d\ble %utt]4 ,france1 d\ble sweep4 ,france1 fold+ sweep4 ,primitive sweep1 int]lac$ bo>ds4 ,m$it]ranean1 d\ble sweep canvas4 ,m$it]ranean1 fly+ jib2 ,greece1 ,turkey1 etc4 timb] framework or base1 c>ri$ on roll]s or iron balls1 =m+ a l>ge turntable1 enabl+ ! turn+ ( ! entire edifice to ! w9d1 z ne$ be1 ! same z a locomotive turntable or a rot>y drawbridge is turn$4 ,?is !re=e p>allels ! po/ mill type1 9 :i* ! entire /ructure is turn$ to foll[ ! w9d1 b turn+ on ?is turntable base in/ead ( a po/4 ,?is =m 0 ext5sively us$ 9 ! saw mill & lumb] di/ricts ( ,holl&4 ,! o!r v>iation is :at may be call$ a hybrid =m--"p po/ type1 "p t[] type4 ,9 ?is ! conta9$ ma*9]y is fix$ 9 ! base1 & does n rotate1 be+ ?us ( ! t[] mill design2 :ile 9 ! upp] "p ( ! mill a rectangul> wood h\s+1 l a po/ mill1 is pivot$ & revolves ) a tail beam1 z 9 ! po/ design4 ,su* hybrid =ms are f\nd 9 ,holl& & 9 ! valley ( ! ,loire1 at ,saumur1 ,*9on1 etc4 7,b7 ,! ,sweeps4--,) mills built = c5turies & by all c\ntries1 x is b natural to expect to f9d a wide range ( =m 9 ?is mo/ *>act]i/ic "p ( a w9dmill--! sweeps or vanes2 & 9 ?is "o is n disappo9t$4 ,! usual1 e>lie/ & simple =m 0 t ( a canvas or sail cov]$ framework4 ,?is canvas cov]+ c\ld be reef$ to suit ! /r5g? ( ! w9d1 & ! f\r measures ( sail spread 7 kn[n z 8full sail10 8qu>t] sail10 8sword po9t0 & 8dagg] po9t10 respectively--^! la/ two1 f a fanci$ resemblance ( ! %ape ( ! p>tly furl$ or reef$ clo? to ! po9t ( a sword or dagg]4 ,b ^! canvas sails 7 labori\s to h&le1 & 9 no s5se automatic 9 v>y+ ! am\nt ( surface accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! w9d1 :i* result$ 9 num]\s s*emes = bett]m5t4 ,! mo/ successful ( ^! & t kn[n z 8pat5t0 sails 0 ! inv5tion ( ,cubit1 an ,engli%man1 :o1 a c5tury & a qu>t] or s ago1 devis$ a s]ies ( wood %utt]s =m+ ! face ( ! vane1 all connect$ by little lev]s & cords or rods to a c\nt]weight4 ,?is1 :5 adju/$1 w\ld cause ! %utt]s to give a full1 flat surface to ! w9d1 b if ! w9d %\ld increase to a dang] po9t1 its =ce w\ld ov]come ! pull ( ! weight & ! h+$ %utt]s w\ld all op5 ! necess>y am\nt to spill "s ( ! w9d ?r\gh & ?us ease ! pressure on ! sweeps4 ,?is 0 a good deal l a huge ,v5etian bl9d arrangem5t1 z to ! %utt]s or slats2 & 9 "s cases ^! %utt]s work$ aga9/ ! t5sion ( a spr+ in/ead ( ! pull ( a weight1 & su* 7 kn[n z ,meikle's 8spr+ sweeps40 ,/ill ano!r arrangem5t--,bywat]'s--0 t ( ! canvas be+ m\nt$ ^u a long roll]1 a good deal l a mod]n w9d[ %ade1 :i* roll$ & unroll$ z ne$$2 b ?is 0 r complicat$ & n mu* 9 vogue4 ,x 0 usual to h f\r-fif?s ( ! area ( ! sweeps on "o side ( ! arm & "o-fif? on ! o!r1 & ^! 7 8s+le sweeps02 :ile ^? 9 :i* !re 0 a wide area on bo? sides--z almo/ ! univ]sal practice 9 ,france--7 kn[n z 8d\ble sweeps40 ,wood has be5 us$ z a sweep cov]+ z well z canvas--z = in/ance 9 ,france1 :]e "o f9ds "s ( ! mo/ primitive1 crude mills1 ) sails made ( ?9 bo>ds int]lac$ or wov5 into ! vane framework2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 "o also f9ds q an elaborate con/ruction4 ,?is is 9 ! mills ( ! ,loire valley1 9 :i* a doz5 p>allel bo>ds on ea* vane are rigg$ mu* l a great ,japanese fan1 :i* :5 op5 pres5ts a l>ge surface1 b :5 clos$ pres5ts b little1 ! bo>ds or wood /rips ov]lapp+ & re/+ "o ^u ! o!r4 ,?is con/ruction ,i h f\nd n[h]e b 9 t section4 ,go+ /ill fur!r t[>d ! primitive1 we f9d 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 especially 9 ! ea/]n end1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,smyrna1 ,turkey2 ! isl&s ( ,rhodes1 ,*ios1 ,samos1 & ( ,greece & ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 a con/ruction consi/+ simply ( poles1 any:]e f six to a doz51 /uck 9 ! hub1 c>ry+ fly+ jibs1 result+ 9 a :eel n f> diff]5t 9 =m f ! pap] sp9:eel t a *ild may make6 ,9 ,sicily & ! ,bale>ic isl&s ^! become a little bett]1 hav+ ! wood framework to hold ! canvas 9 ! mo/ effective position1 & !y =m a transition phase betwe5 ! crude jib :eels ( ! ,ori5t & ! elaborat$ types ( ! nor?4 ,9 numb] ! arms ( ! usual mill 7 f\r--& almo/ univ]sally1 = ?is 0 n only ! simple/ & /ronge/ con/ruction comp>$ ) ! difficulty ( fram+ six or eight firmly at ! hub1 b also ! mo/ effective4 ,= x 0 f\nd t ! w9d _h to h a c]ta9 am\nt ( exit space betwe5 ! vanes to get away freely1 & t if ?is "p ( ! circle 0 too mu* fill$ ) additional sweeps no correspond+ ga9 9 p[] 0 secur$4 ,a few v f9e examples1 h[ev]1 c be f\nd ( ^! five-& six-arm mills1 z 9 ! fam\s #ajj-;foot brick t[] mill ( ,:itby1 ,engl&1 ) five arms & its ,turk's head top2 & at ,lewes1 :]e a f9e turret mill & o!rs h five & six arms4 ,! l5g? ( ^! arms 9 an ord9>y size mill 0 ab\t #cj feet1 giv+ a diamet] to ! :eel ( #fj feet2 b 9 ! big t[] mills ref]r$ to ! arms 7 sometimes #ej & #fj feet long1 mak+ ! :eels well ov] #ajj feet 9 diamet]4 ,! usual spe$ 0 ab\t #af revolutions a m9ute4 ,if fa/] ?an #bj a dang] po9t 0 rea*$ t 0 v real1 = !re h be5 _m cases ( runaway mills1 result+ f defective brakes or accid5t or c>elessness2 9 :i* accid5ts mill]s h be5 caught 9 ! vanes or sweeps & c>ri$ ar\nd & ar\nd & ?r[n (f2 or mill/ones bur/+ f too high spe$ h amputat$ ! mill]'s legs2 or friction heat has set ! /ructure afire4 ,x is ( c\rse obvi\s t ! surface ( ^! w9dmill sails c\ld n be really flat1 z 9 t case ! w9d bl[+ aga9/ x w\ld m]ely recoil & ex]t no p[] effect4 ,a w>p or twi/ 0 requisite1 t ! w9d might give a ?ru/ to ! sail 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! :eel1 precisely ! rev]se action ( a screw propell] on a boat4 ,?is twi/ 0 kn[n z ! 8angle ( wea!r0 or 8bosom10 & ! precise am\nt & =m 7 ! subjects ( _m e>ly ab/ruse & le>n$ /udies4 ,practice f9ally settl$ d[n to an angle ( ab\t #ag at ! inn] end & ab\t #h at ! out] end ( ! sail z be+ ! mo/ effective4 ,! m\nt+ ( ^! huge :eels 0 a matt] ( "s mom5t1 requir+ v heavy con/ruction1 & ?is result$ 9 ! use1 z a rule1 9 all ! e>li] & m$ium size mills ( a great %aft or log1 turn$ or hew$ octagonal1 c>ri$ by gudgeon be>+s1 on old blocks ( soap/one1 or greas$ oak1 or ca/ iron be>+s at ei!r end4 ,into ! out] project+ end1 outside ! ro(1 ! squ>e ends ( ! vane %afts or sweeps 7 mortis$ & b\nd ) /raps & bolts ( iron4 ,lat] & 9 ! l>g] mills1 & aft] f\ndry "w 0 m available1 ^! 8great-%afts0 7 made ( iron1 giv+ mu* bett] be>+s & enabl+ ! sweeps to be bolt$ into squ>e op5+s m conv5i5tly4 ,b ) all ^! mills1 especially ! e>ly simpl] =ms1 !re 0 an enorm\s loss 9 dead weight mov$ & 9 friction1 & x is d\btful :e!r 9 mo/ ( !m #ej p] c5t ( ! =ce ( ! w9d rea*$ ! mill /ones bel[ = useful "w4 ,!re 0 a popul> belief t ! w9d came d[n f ! heav5s above1 & t !re=e ! :eel %\ld 8look up0 a little1 to be/ meet x2 ) ! result t ! %aft ( ! mill 0 virtually nev] set level1 z "o might suppose1 b always ) ! out] end a little high] ?an ! inn]1 :i* angle ( uplift v>i$ f #e to #aj4 ,a v practical result ( ?is 0 also gott51 9 ! necess>y cle>ance ( ! tap]+ t[] by ! revolv+ vanes4 ,= ^! revolv+ vanes 7 some?+ to be respect$--a #fj-;foot :eel1 = in/ance1 weigh+ sev]al tons & hav+ a p]iph]y spe$ ( p]haps #cjjj feet a m9ute1 & m ?an "o horse or c[ /ray+ into ! pa? ( ! arms 9 a mill 9 op]ation has be5 /ruck & paid ! p5alty4 ,to gu>d aga9/ t1 mills 7 at times set ^u a dais or rais$ f\ndation1 or f5c$ 94 ,! great %aft w\ld h m\nt$ ^u x a 8great :eel10 f #h to #ab or #ae feet 9 diamet]1 ) cog tee?1 & ^! engag$ 9 a p9ion or lant]n or trundle or wall[] :eel1 z v>i\sly /yl$1 on a v]tical %aft1 :i* l$ to ! ma*9]y bel[1 & !re1 by any suitable & usual ge> "w ( ! old5 times1 :atev] gri/1 saw1 gr9d+1 /amp+ or o!r ma*9]y 0 to be driv5 w\ld be duly op]at$ by ! w9d p[] f above4 7,c7 ,! ,tail ,beam or ,vane4--,! ?ird ess5tial feature ( ^! old mills 0 ! device = keep+ ! :eel head-on to ! w9d1 = ! purpose ( secur+ ! fulle/ am\nt ( p[]4 ,& ?is 0 q a po9t1 9 view ( ! p]petual %ift+ ( ! w9d4 ,! fir/ arrangem5t 0 t ( a long beam or pole project+ f ! re> ( ! old-"t po/ mill1 us$ precisely l a rudd]4 ,:5 ! direction ( ! w9d *ang$ ?is w\ld be pu%$ f "o side to ! o!r1 to /e] ! po/ mill /ructure1 pivot$ on ! po/1 aga9 into ! w9d4 ,& 9 ! succe$+ t[] mills1 :]e only ! top or head w\ld be turn$1 ! tail beam pr9ciple 0 cont9u$--z be/ develop$ 9 ,holl&1 :]e a some:at elaborately brac$ & sev]al-memb]$ framework 0 c>ri$ d[n to a po9t :]e x c\ld be rea*$ & mov$ z ! w9d %ift$4 ,b 9 ,holl& ! mills became ( l>ge size & ! weight to be mov$ 0 great1 s t ! old ,dut* mill] w\ld bl[ a :i/le to summon 8 h&s = help4 ,9 lat] ye>s !y made use ( a fur!r rig ( *a9s & tackle & a :eel l a pilot's1 :i* enabl$ ! snubb+ ar\nd ( ! vanes & cap to be done f> m easily ?an by pu%+ by h& alone4 ,?is old tail beam is1 h[ev]1 *>act]i/ic ( ! old-"t small mill1 & _m are ! tracks1 well worn & circul>1 ar\nd ! mill t betok5 ! ye>s ( labor ( ! mill]1 ev5 if eas$ by an old c>t:eel to c>ry ! end ( ! beam1 z in/anc$ 9 ! well-kn[n old mill at ,nantucket & else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,usual tail beam on po/ mills & hybrid mills4 ,tail beam4 ,france1 t[] mill4 ,till] on ,holl& mill4 ,*a9-:eel on t[] mill4 ,cubit's automatic tail :eel1 ,engl&4 ,turntable mill1 roll]s & snubb+ po/s4 ,,w9dmill ,,tail ,,beams ,,or ,,turn+ ,,ge>4 ,= keep+ mill-head on ! w9d4 ,probably ! next device = turn+ to ! w9d 0 ! use ( a *a9 pull1 connect$ to ov]head ge> :eels & a cogg$ track2 = n only is ?is f\nd 9 "s e>ly mills ( ,holl&1 & 9 ! mills at ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 b also 9 ! r>e old ,peyto mill at ,leam+ton1 ,engl&1 ( #afcb1 ( :i* ,i %all speak fur!r4 ,^! *a9 pulls 7 ei!r inside or out2 ! =m] be+ m protect$ f ! wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,?at*$ t[] pump+ mill4 ,holl&4 ,b all ^! h& devices 7 completely eclips$ by ano!r inv5tion ( ,cubit--he ( ! 8pat5t0 sweep-%utt]--kn[n z ,cubit's tail vane4 ,?is 0 ! use ( a small :eel ( f #d to #aj vanes1 usually #f1 plac$ 9 ! re> ( ! head ( ! mill1 up al(t1 & s connect$ by a tra9 ( small ge>+ t :5 x rotat$ x w\ld turn ! ma9 head a little1 & if ne$ be foll[ up ! v>iations ( ! w9d4 ,s accurately 0 ?is design$ t x is said t ev5 ) ! w9d %ift+ b a c\ple ( degrees ar\nd ! horizon ! tail :eel w\ld !n beg9 to turn1 & ) its ge>+ w\ld 9 turn w9d ! mill head1 c>ry+ ! sweeps1 into ! w9d4 ,?is automatic arrangem5t 0 almo/ univ]sally adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 9 ! bett] class ( mills2 yet1 ) ! /olidity ( ! ,dut* temp]am5t1 app>5tly cont5t to cont9ue ) h& labor z did _! gr&fa!rs1 ?is admirable device 0 r>ely transplant$ ev5 to a place z ne>by z ,holl&4 ,turn+ n[ f ! me*anical side ( ^! old mills1 z above1 x is int]e/+ to note ! v>i$ =ms1 uses & *>act]i/ics z f\nd 9 ! div]se p>ts ( ! _w1 & 9 ! v>iety ( races :]e & by :om ^! old home-made motors h be5 us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,saw-mill2 turntable type4 ,holl&4 ,holl& is usually tak5 z ! home ( ! w9dmill1 b t is s only 9 ! great] proportionate numb] !re 9 use ?an else:]e4 ,x is n true z reg>ds orig9 nor ! be/ developm5t ( !m4 ,x is a c\ntry notably flat1 )\t wat] p[]1 on ! sea coa/1 & requir+ great pump+ equipm5t = dra9+1 etc4 ,?is e>ly result$ 9 ! great numb] ( w9dmills !re f\nd & associat$ ) t little k+dom4 ,x is said t 9 e>ly days !re 7 #aj1jjj ( !m4 ,! great] numb] ( !m 7 us$ = lift+ wat] to dra9 ! 8pold]s10 or mead[s or l[l&s1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a scoop :eel or ,ar*im$es screw4 ,"s ( !m c yet be se5 & 9 use1 ) fat ,dut* babies app>5tly ev] on ! edge ( fall+ 9 ! sluiceways1 yet nev] do+ s4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! mills h be5 replac$ by great /eam-driv5 gov]nm5t pump+ /ations4 ,= saw+ wood1 also1 great numb]s are yet us$ 9 ! ,za&am di/rict1 :]e sev]al hundr$ c be se5 almo/ adjac5t1 a vi/a & =e/ ( w9dmills4 ,& 9 ! he>t ( ! *ief cities "o yet sees1 "h & !re1 an old-"t brick t[] mill1 probably #bjj ye>s old--a family h]itage1 ) its clean & trim curta9$ little ,dut* w9d[s1 its individual "n1 z ( a %ip1 su* z 8,! ,admiral0 or 8,! ,p>rot10 ov] ! door1 & its old coat ( arms & c>v+s & t\*es ( color4 ,= ! ,dut*man is fond ( 8 sub/antial woodwork1 & ( 8 bits ( color2 & su* f9ds expression 9 8 mills1 :]e c>v+ l ! /]n ( an old galley & color /rip+s ( all ! ra9b[ are bo? tuck$ 9 & flagrantly add$4 ,illu/ration3 8,petmol50 or small pump+ mill4 ,holl&4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,dut* mill is1 h[ev]1 t ( a ?at* cov]+1 bo? on sides & top1 on ! usual size common mill--some?+ n f\nd 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,x is said ( !m t !re is also a code work$ out--sort ( a wigwag or semaphore sy/em--s t by ! position ( ! vanes z left :5 %utt+ d[n1 ! long-di/ance obs]v] c read :e!r a c>p5t] is ne$$ or a baby has be5 born1 etc41 etc4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! mills make f9e elevations = flag-fly+ on holiday occasions1 = !n ! /aun* colors ( ,holl& w be f\nd on ! flagpoles atop ! mo/ ( !m4 ,9 not+ ! ,dut* mills1 "o _c ov]look--nor wants to--! picturesque little 8petmol5s0 or 8jask]s0--dim9utive po/ pump+ mills1 = small fields only--t1 ) long1 sl5d] vanes1 se5 ?r\gh ! haze or af>1 almo/ sugge/ "o ( ! old rocs f ,s9bad ! ,sailor1 caught 9 ! act ( alight+4 ,illu/ration3 ,brick t[] mill2 l>ge/ built4 ,great ,y>m\?1 ,engl&4 7,) ,cubit's tail vane47 ,engl&1 :ile num]ically f> inf]ior to ,holl&1 is yet f> 9 advance f ! viewpo9t ( ! fulle/ eng9e]+ developm5t ( ?is _w's motor1 z may be ga!r$ f :at has be5 said above z to ! automatic %utt]s1 tail vanes1 etc4 ,! l>ge/1 ! mo/ v>i$ & ! mo/ effici5t are f\nd !re4 ,_m f9e examples ( ^! mills c be se51 a few ( :i* are /ill 9 op]ation4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,engl& !re are pl5ty ( old wood /ructures ( all =ms--( :i* ! turret is p]haps ! mo/ locally *>act]i/ic4 ,?is is a huge1 or at lea/ l>ge size1 po/ mill1 (t5 = "s f9e e/ate1 ) ! base enclos$ ) a circul> l[ or "o-/ory build+1 us$ = /orage1 s t ! ext]nal effect sugge/s a turret4 ,9 c5tral ,engl& a good numb] ( ! tall brick t[] mills yet /&4 ,illu/ration3 ,t[] gri/ mill4 ,s\? ( ,engl&4 ,= picturesqu5ess1 h[ev]1 no c\ntry surpasses old ,france4 ,!re ! mills are small2 ! huge1 t[]+ /ructure ( ! ,dut* & ,engli% is unkn[n4 ,b "o c f9d _m ( great antiquity1 great v>iety ( =m & ( great *>m4 ,! type seems to be ! true cyl9drical t[]--n tap]+--) ! cone top4 ,9 ! racetrack at ,long*amps1 ne> ,p>is1 is an in/ance1 :ile on ! golf c\rse at ,/4 ,lunaire1 ov]look+ ! sea coa/1 on ! ,*annel1 z 9 innum]able o!r places 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,france1 ^! little s5tries ( ! pa/ c be f\nd4 ,picturesque z !y are1 h[ev]1 !y are n yet z mu* s z ev5 an old] & crud] =m sugge/+ an old blockh\se4 ,= above ! /one fir/ /ory is an ov]hang+ wood second /ory1 z s well in/anc$ at ,/4 ,briac4 ,& 9 ! ,loire valley are ! v unique hybrid mills ) ! fold+ bo>ds vane arrangem5t1 already ref]r$ to1 :i* at ,saumur date back to #afhb1 z d\btless d ! o!rs ( t n-to-be-f\nd-else:]e =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,turret po/-mill4 ,s\? ( ,engl&4 ,( old po/ mills ( ! usual wood =m ,france has pl5ty1 ( :i* ! "o on top ( ,montm>tre1 9 ! ,m\l9 de la ,galette gr\nds1 is p]haps ! mo/ prom95t4 ,x is "o ( ! two or ?ree rema9+ t 7 "p ( a doz5 or m t cr[n$ t hill 9 ! e>ly days1 z %[n 9 sev]al views ( old ,p>is4 ,:at *anges x has se5 9 its #fjj ye>s ( accr$it$ age6 ,9 its timb]s are %ot & balls ( ! revolutions ( #ahad & #ahga4 ,)9 are ! old bells & bunks & %r9es ( ! g5]ations ( mill]s :o op]at$ x1 "o ( :om is said to h be5 kill$ & qu>t]$ & hung on ! f\r arms ( 8 own mill by ! successful assailants4 ,9 ! same premises is a de> little m9iature mill1 :i*1 ) dim9utive /ones ( b #ah or #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 0 us$ = gr9d+ spices1 9 place ( ! usual gra9 = bread4 ,illu/ration3 ,t[] mill & tail beam4 ,/4 ,lunaire1 ,france4 ,9 ,belgium we f9d1 9 ! ma91 ! po/ & t[] mills ( ,holl& & ! ,ne!rl&s2 :ile 9 ,g]many1 z well1 ! simil>ity to ! ,dut* mills is ! only or *ief *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ,d5m>k & ,sw$5 & 9 ,icel& are ! usual mills ( ?is section1 except+ t _! octagonal1 typical squatty gri/ mill ne>ly always has ! ,turk's head top in/ead ( ! irregul> %ape ( ,holl& & ,g]many4 ,& s pron\nc$ is t t 9 ,lawr5ce1 ,kan41 :]e a mill 0 erect$ 9 #aheh1 ) a ,sw$i% top1 inquiry develops t x 0 by ,sw$i% emigrants4 ,icel& c claim probably ! mo/ nor!rn mill ev] erect$1 = 9 ,reykiavik1 a little isolat$ t[n ( ab\t #cjjj inhabitants1 we f9d an old mill1 probably ! fir/ & only motor 9 ! e>ly days 9 ,icel&4 ,illu/ration3 ,t[] mill2 d\ble sweeps4 ,/4 ,briac1 ,france4 ,!re is great] picturesqu5ess--b1 z usual1 accompani$ ) less effici5cy--9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,europe1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,spa94 ,"h1 aside f ! jib fly+ mills ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,hybrid type ( gri/ mill1 #afhb4 ,saumur1 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,crude =ms ( t[] gri/ mills2 vic9ity ( ,buda-,pe/h1 ,hung>y4 ,m$it]ranean1 we f9d primitive con/ruction1 crude devices & ev5 ! clay wat] bottles1 or j>s1 b\nd to a cumbr\s :eel1 sl[ly turn+ ov] by w9d p[]1 = lift+ wat] = irrigation1 simil> to devices se5 on ! banks ( ! ,nile--al?\gh !re op]at$ by ox54 ,& 9 ,spa9 we tread ! c\ntry :]e ! ev] immortal ,don ,quixote1 despite ! adjurations ( ! fai?ful ,san*o ,panzo1 *>g$ at full spe$ a flock ( w9dmills on ! pla9s ( ,montiel4 ,illu/ration3 ,mid-,european type ( po/ mill4 ,belgium4 ,! crude /ructures ( ,greece & ,turkey1 already m5tion$1 are s crude t (t5 no device is provid$ = turn+ to ! w9d1 b1 on ! contr>y1 f\r mills are sometimes built 9 a field1 fac+1 respectively1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/2 s t :i*ev] way ! w9d comes "s p[] c be secur$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m likely t prevail+ w9ds are s con/ant f "o qu>t] !re is b little use = a turn+ device1 result+ 9 its omission4 ,illu/ration3 ,t[] mill4 ,trapani1 ,sicily4 ,& s "o c g ! _w ov] & f9d ^! old mills2 to ! ,b>badoes1 :]e !y are /ill ext5sively us$--& ( ,engli% type--= cru%+ sug> cane2 to ,jamaica1 :]e !y once 71 z %[n by an old pr9t ( ! e>?quake ( #agib1 9 :i* sev]al mills are depict$ bodily upside d[n almo/1 z w\ld be a *ild's toy2 to ,p]u1 :]e ov] #ac1jjj feet above sea level 9 ! ,potosi silv] m9+ di/ricts ( pa/ times--c5turies pa/--old pr9ts %[ mills ( ! manife/ ,spani% type op]at+ /amps = cru%+ silv] ore2 to ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 :]e ! e>ly settl]s1 bo? ,fr5* & ,engli%1 left _! impr9t 9 ! %ape ( old mills on sev]al promontories & po9ts2 to s\!rn ,ill9ois1 :]e ! ,g]man emigrants ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,multi-jib t[] mill4 ,samos1 ,turkey 9 ,asia4 ,illu/ration3 ,t[] ( ! old ,newport mill1 ( #afge1 z n[ /&+4 ,truro ,p>k1 ,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 #ahbj's & '#cj's br\ght ) !m ! mills ( ! ,fa!rl&1 etc4 ,9 all qu>t]s ( ! globe ! _w's *ief motor = eight c5turies c /ill be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,*e/]ton mill1 v]tical section betwe5 columns4 ,& 9 clos+ ?is review ( old w9dmills !re is no in/ance to :i* ref]5ce %\ld be made ( q z mu* int]e/ z ! old mill at ,newport1 kn[n to e ,am]ican antiqu>y & :i*1 "s two or ?ree g5]ations ago1 0 +5i\sly ascrib$ to ! ,norse 9 ! p]iod ( #aajj or !reab\ts4 ,?is !ory1 :ile highly picturesque1 0 un=tunate *iefly 9 nev] hav+ any?+ except surmise to back x up4 ,n a jot nor tittle ( record or physical rema9s c\ld be develop$ to sub/antiate x1 & x has long s9ce be5 practically dropp$ by mo/ /ud5ts ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,& :5 ! foll[+1 t has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 develop$1 is borne 9 m9d1 !re seems no ve/ige ( reason left 9 ! ,norse !ory4 ,!re is no "q z to ! foll[+ facts 9 relation to ! ,newport mill1 & ,i speak ) confid5ce1 hav+ 9 p]son survey$ & ?or\ghly inve/igat$ bo? x & its ,engli% prototype1 z describ$3 ,illu/ration3 ,newport mill re/or$1 v]tical section4 ,9 #afge ,gov]nor ,b5$ict ,arnold 7! gr&fa!r ( ! traitor7 0 9 *>ge ( ! !n e>ly colony ( ,rhode ,isl&4 ,sixty ye>s be=e he _h be5 born 9 ! ,w>wick%ire section1 ,engl&1 9 :i* ! ,peyto e/ate 0 p]haps ! greate/ & f9e/4 ,on t e/ate !re 0 complet$ ! mo/ elaborate w9dmill ev] built4 ,inigo ,jones1 ,engl&'s great ar*itect ( t "t1 design$ x1 & x 0 unique 9 its op5 ar* design1 its f9ely *isell$ /onework & unusual adornm5t4 ,"y ,arnold 0 a lad ( #ag at t "t1 & ! build+ ( ?is beautiful & rem>kable w9dmill1 9 #afcb1 01 ) small ,illu/ration3 ,inigo ,jones-,peyto mill ( #afcb4 ,*e/]ton1 ,w>wick%ire1 ,engl&4 d\bt1 a m>k$ episode 9 8 life & k4 ,=ty odd ye>s lat]1 he1 by ! *ance ( fate1 0 ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,rhode ,isl& ,colony4 ,) ! de/ruction ( a previ\s wood w9dmill ( #affe1 bl[n d[n 9 a great /orm1 x became 8 duty to provide ano!r "o = ! use ( ! little colony4 ,& !re is small d\bt1 inde$1 t 9 do+ t he und]took to provide a mill t %\ld be z ne>ly z possible a copy ( ! old mill at ,*e/]ton1 ne> ,leam+ton--! be/ mill ( :i* he knew4 ,& s1 )\t ! measurem5ts z to ! g5]al arrangem5t1 size & design1 f memory only1 he !re built1 ) ! mo/ limit$ facilities1 a virtual replica ( ! ,leam+ton-,peyto-,jones mill4 ,9 ord] to secure great] p]man5ce & protection aga9/ ,indian attacks ! mill 0 built ( /one in/ead ( wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 mill z 8re/or$0 or probably con/ruct$4 ,=1 :ile ( c\rse ! f9e /one "w & c>v+ & detail are miss+1 9 ?is colonial condition1 ! g5]al dim5sions1 ! design & ! int]ior arrangem5ts are 9 sub/ance ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,x ne$s only ! comp>ison ( ! plans ( ! two--side by side--to be satisfi$ z to t4 ,gov]nor ,arnold's bir?place & connection af=d ! reason ( ! simil>ity1 & 8 w ev5 speaks ( 8my /one built w9dmill40 ,?is old /ructure1 /ill /&+--z to its walls--9 ,truro ,p>k1 ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 is p]haps ,am]ica's greate/ colonial relic1 & ) its prototype ( ,*e/]ton con/itutes ! mo/ unique pair ( w9dmills1 hav+ ! greate/ hi/oric int]e/1 ( any atta*+ to our c\ntry's w9dmill hi/ory4 ,,note3 ,a ,pres5t$ at a meet+ ( ! ,me*anical & ,eng9e]+ ,section1 held ,?ursday1 ,m>* #ad1 #aiah4