,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,sailboat ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,by ,a4 ,hyatt ,v]rill ,! ,real ,/ory ( ! ,:al] ,! ,book ( ! ,sailboat ,! ,book ( ! ,motor ,boat ,isles ( ,spice & ,palm ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,publi%]s ,new ,york ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,=e-,,&-,,aft ,,sails ,,& ,,rigs #a--,leg-o'-mutton sail4 #b--;,gunt] sail4 #c--,late5 sail4 #d--,sprit sail4 #e--,lug sail4 #f--;,boom-&-gaff sail4 #g--;,cat rig4 #h--;,jib-&-ma9sail rig4 #i--,sloop rig4 #aj--,yawl rig 7,polema/74 #aa--,s*oon] rig 7,polema/74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,sailboat ,,h[ ,,to ,,rig1 ,,sail ,,& ,,h&le ,,small ,,boats ,,by ,a4 ,,hyatt ,,v]rill ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,motor ,,boat0 8,,isles ,,( ,,spice ,,& ,,palm10 8,,! ,,real ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,:al]0 ,illu/ration ,,illu/rat$ ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,london #aiaf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,copyright1 #aiaf1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,boats #a ,! fir/ boat4 ,rafts & canoes4 ,catam>ans4 ,e>ly =ms ( boats4 ,coracles & go(ahs4 ,! evolution ( ! sailboat4 ,types ( mod]n boats4 ,s*oon]s1 sloops1 ket*es1 catboats1 r\nd- & flat-bottom$ boats4 ,,ii4 ,,:at ,,boat ,,to ,,use #aj ,spe$1 /ability & seawor?9ess4 ,boats = v>i\s uses4 ,:ale-boats1 surf-boats1 life-boats1 fi%+ boats1 oy/]-boats1 pilot-boats1 spong]s1 skiffs1 dories1 skip-jacks1 etc4 ,,iii4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,boats #ai ,v>i\s p>ts ( a boat's hull4 ,ma/s & sp>s4 ,blocks & tackle4 ,an*ors & cables4 ,deck fitt+s4 ,cleats1 *ocks4 ,rudd]s1 till]s1 :eels1 etc4 ,keels & c5t]bo>ds4 ,leebo>ds4 ,ropes & /&+ rigg+4 ,:at ea* is =4 ,,iv4 ,,v>i\s ,,rigs #ci ,squ>e-rigg$ vessels4 ,%ips1 b>ks1 b>k5t9es1 brigs1 brigant9es1 topsail-s*oon]s1 s*oon]s4 ,ket* & yawl rigs4 ,sloop rigs4 ,catboats4 ,types ( =e & aft sails4 ,late51 lug1 gunt]1 sprit1 leg-o'-mutton & o!r sails4 ,:at rig to use4 ,v4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,sail ,a ,,small ,,boat #ei ,fir/ /eps 9 le>n+ to sail4 ,h&l+ & sail+ small boats4 ,gett+ "u way4 ,sail+ on ! w9d1 tack+4 ,com+ ab\t4 ,sail+ be=e ! w9d4 ,we>+ %ip4 ,jib+4 ,luff+4 ,reef+4 ,com+ to a l&+4 ,com+ to an*or4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,boats #hg ,equipm5t4 ,an*ors & safety appliances4 ,moor+s4 ,sea an*ors4 ,/[+ sail4 ,c>e ( boats & sails4 ,caulk+1 pa9t+1 etc4 ,,vii4 ,,m>l9spike ,,seaman%ip #ajb ,ropes & _! p>ts4 ,simple & useful knots4 ,splices4 ,b5ds & hit*es4 ,ornam5tal knots4 ,,viii4 ,,simple ,,navigation #abe ,rules ( ! road at sea4 ,lights1 beacons & signals4 ,buoys & ligh?\ses4 ,*annels4 ,use ( compass4 ,*>ts & _! use4 ,dead reckon+4 ,logs4 ,s\nd+4 ,l&m>ks4 ,be>+s4 ,curr5ts & tides4 ,fogs4 ,/>s4 ,w9ds & waves4 ,/orms4 ,sail+ 9 heavy wea!r4 ,:at to d 9 case ( accid5t4 ,,ix4 ,,build+ ,,small ,,boats #afd ,! simple/ boat to build4 ,h[ to build a r\nd-bottom$ boat4 ,build+ f patt]ns4 ,x4 ,,:at ,,n ,,to ,,d #ahj ,,nautical ,,t]ms ,,& ,,_! ,,mean+s #ahg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,=e-&-aft sails & rigs ,frontispiece ,primitive boats #b ,types ( small boats adapt$ to special uses #ab ,types ( b[s & /]ns #bb ,keels1 c5t]bo>ds1 leebo>ds & rudd]s #bg ,boat fitt+s & p>ts ( boats #cj ,runn+ rigg+ ( =e-&-aft rig #cd ,/&+ rigg+1 ma/s1 etc4 #cf ,v>i\s rigs #da ,p>ts ( rails1 sp>s1 etc41 ( =e-&-aft rig #dc ,ket* rig4 ,cat yawl rig #de ,sails ( squ>e-rigg$ vessels #dh ,hull1 sp>s & rigg+ ( a %ip #eb ,effect ( w9d on boats ( v>i\s =ms #fc ,sail+ #ga ,reef+ a sail #hd ,caulk+ tools #ic ,an*ors #if ,useful knots & splices #aje ,ornam5tal knots #aaf ,ropework #aba ,rules ( ! road & buoys #abi ,h>bor *>t %[+ lights1 buoys1 *annels1 s\nd+s1 be>+s1 bottom1 etc4 #acf ,use ( compass 9 boat #adj ,compasses #adc ,effect ( waves on /ability #aea ,build+ a flat-bottom$ boat #aga ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,sailboat ,,*apt] ,i ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,boats ,no "o kn[s :o fir/ inv5t$ boats4 ,probably !y 7 us$ by primitive man long be=e he discov]$ h[ to use b[s & arr[s or _h ev5 le>n$ to *ip /ones into simple tools & weapons4 ,b ^? e>ly boats 7 n boats z we "k !m today1 = x has tak5 untold c5turies = mank9d to improve & develop boats to _! pres5t /ate ( p]fection4 ,x 0 a natural & easy matt] = a savage to /raddle a float+ log &1 ?us support$1 cross "s pond or /ream1 & :5 "s memb] ( ! tribe discov]$ t two logs la%$ toge!r 7 m com=table & less likely to roll ov] & dump _! pass5g]s into ! wat] ?an a s+le log1 he no d\bt felt z if he _h made a m>vel\s inv5tion & 0 probably look$ ^u z a prehi/oric ,fulton by 8 fell[m54 ,lat] on "s man f\nd t a holl[$ log 0 m buoyant & /able ?an an ord9>y tree trunk & f ?is crude beg9n+ rude dug\t canoes 7 develop$4 ,ev5 today _m races h nev] progress$ beyond ! holl[$-log /ate ( boat-build+ & dug\ts1 =ty or fifty feet 9 l5g? & capable ( c>ry+ great weights1 are 9 daily use 9 _m l&s4 ,"s ( ^! are v crude1 heavy craft1 :ile o!rs are beautifully made1 are light 9 weight & are v spe$y & seawor?y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,primitive ,,boats #a--;,dug\t made f a log4 #b--;,bir* b>k canoe4 #c--;,eskimo kyak made ( sk9s4 #d--;,catam>an4 #e--,turki% go(ah4 #f--;,ea/ ,indian balsa4 #g--,malay proa4 ,q a diff]5t type ( savage craft 7 ! canoes ( b>k or sk9s4 ,^! may h be5 evolv$ f dug\ts b x is m likely t accid5t or *ance l$ to _! discov]y4 ,a piece ( float+ b>k be>+ "s wild animal or bird may h po9t$ ! way t[>d ! graceful bir*b>k canoes ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 :ile a /iff piece ( dri$ hide may h giv5 ! fir/ h9t ( a kyak to ! ,eskimos4 ,h[ev]1 x is useless to speculate ^u ! incid5ts t l$ our primitive & savage ance/ors along ! pa? to ! %ipy>d = su* matt]s are %r\d$ 9 ! imp5etrable mi/s ( ! dim & di/ant pa/4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ne>ly e race possess$ boats ( "o k9d or ano!r z long ago z !re 0 any hi/ory & we "k t ! boats us$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago v>i$ z greatly 9 con/ruction1 =m1 mat]ials & o!r details z boats ( today4 ,/rangely en\gh1 _m ( ! mo/ primitive =ms ( boats are /ill 9 daily use4 ,i h already m5tion$ dug\ts1 b bir*b>k canoes & kyaks are also us$ at ! pres5t "t z widely z ev]4 ,x is evid5t t "s ( ^! prehi/oric craft _h be5 develop$ to ! utmo/ po9t ( p]fection be=e ! adv5t ( civilization = _m ( !m h nev] be5 improv$ ^u4 ,) all our k we h nev] f\nd any boat s well adapt$ to its purpose z ! r$ man's canoe1 & :ile we n[ make !m ( canvas in/ead ( b>k1 we foll[ ! same models z ^? us$ by ! ,indians c5turies ago4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 ! p /ill use ! que] craft call$ coracles :i* ,cs> f\nd ! ,britons us+ :5 8 ,roman legions invad$ ,albion1 & al?\gh ^! curi\s boats1 t look l ! %ell ( a turtle or half ( a walnut %ell & are made ( plait$ will[1 are among ! mo/ anci5t =ms ( boats1 yet ! ,wel% f9d !m sup]ior to mod]n boats 9 _m ways4 ,some:at simil> are ! go(ahs ( ! ,ori5t1 circul>1 basket-l craft made ( will[ w&s & cov]$ ) pit* :i* are us$ ^u ! ,tigris & ,euphrates & h n *ang$ 9 ! lea/ s9ce ,bible days4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,seas & o!r places ! natives /ill use catam>ans & proas :i* are really no?+ b two logs fa/5$ toge!r1 & yet ! mo/ effici5t & safe/ ( life rafts us$ by our greate/ /eam%ips are m]ely modifications ( ^! same catam>ans4 ,! purpose ( any boat is to float & support its occupants :ile travel+ across ! wat]1 & :ile x seems a f> cry f ! coracle or ! dug\t to a palatial /eam%ip or a /ately1 f\r-ma/$1 sail+ %ip1 yet ! pr9ciple ( ea* is id5tical & ea* s]ves ! purpose = :i* x 0 design$ equally well2 x is m]ely a matt] ( improvem5t1 & _m ( ! t]ms & names ( p>ts :i* 7 us$ by ! e>lie/ sailors are /ill reta9$ on our greate/ l9]s & l>ge/ sail+ vessels4 ,/>bo>d & l>bo>d1 = example1 are m]ely corruptions or /e]bo>d & leebo>d1 t]ms appli$ to ! two sides ( ! %ips ( ! ,vik+s & ref]r+ to ! great /e]+ o> on ! "r-h& side ( ! vessel & ! bo>d dropp$ ov] ! opposite side to prev5t ! craft f mak+ leeway or slid+ sideways ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! b[sprit 0 orig9ally a small spritsail spread to ! vessel's b[2 ! /]n 0 once ! /e]+2 ! "n =eca/le 0 giv5 to ! sailors' qu>t]s :5 ! deckh\ses 7 lit]ally ca/les 9 =m1 & we /ill speak ( cockpits ?\gh we seldom /op to rememb] t ! t]m 0 orig9ally be/[$ because ?is op5 portion ( a boat resembl$ ! circul> areas :]e9 cockfights 7 held4 ,! enorm\s /eel frames :i* support ! great plates ( a /eam%ip's sides are /ill z mu* ribs to ! sailor z ! flimsy bits ( wood b5t into place by ! nak$ savage build+ 8 frail canoe1 & scores ( ! ropes1 sails1 rigg+ & o!r portions ( a %ip's fabric reta9 _! anci5t names 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! seaman is ! mo/ cons]vative ( be+s & adh]es to e "t-honor$ cu/om1 belief & habit & :5 ! la/ sailor & ! la/ wood5 %ip h disappe>$ _m ( ! t]ms & ways t 7 de> to ! he>t ( ,jack ,t> w /ill live on & be p]petuat$ = all "t4 ,x is p>tly ow+ to ?is unwill+ness on ! "p ( ! sailor to adopt any?+ new or unusual :i* has l$ to ! survival ( di/9ct =ms ( boats1 = ! seaman & boatman ( e c\ntry believ$ ! craft ( 8 own wat]s to be sup]ior to ^? ( any o!r place4 ,9 rig1 sail & o!r details ea* race ( m>itime p has pres]v$ ! traditions ( _! ance/ors & ev5 9 neighbor+ localities we f9d boats :i* 9 =m ( hull1 sails & rigg+ are absolutely di/9ct4 ,_m ( ^! are us$ only 9 "o locality1 "o h>bor or on "o small isl&1 b _m o!rs h be5 c>ri$ hi!r & ?i!r & "o c almo/ trace ! hi/ory ( a c\ntry or ! w&]+s ( its p by ! types ( boats us$4 ,( c\rse1 ! fir/ boats 7 propell$ by h&1 ei!r by pu%+ !m along ) poles or by r\gh paddles1 b ev5 nak$ savages soon le>n$ t !y c\ld let ! w9d "w = !m & rais$ mats1 sk9s or ev5 bu%es to cat* ! breeze & waft !m across ! wat]4 ,b x 0 _m1 _m c5turies be=e man le>n$ t he c\ld d away ) o>s entirely & c\ld sail 9 any direction1 reg>dless ( ! way ! w9d blew4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ,columbus ! %ips c\ld sc>cely make headway aga9/ ! w9d & 7 m or less at ! m]cy ( e pass+ breeze1 b once sailors discov]$ ! secret ( sail+ to w9dw>d ! advance & improvem5t ( %ips & rigg+ 0 v rapid4 ,! great1 cumb]some1 squ>e sails ( ! e>li] %ips 7 divid$ into _m pieces s z to be m readily h&l$ & trimm$2 triangul> sails took ! place ( ! picturesque spritsails on ! vessels' b[s2 hulls 7 built l[] & deep] & :ile ! numb] ( ma/s v>i$ !y 7 r$uc$ until two- & ?ree-ma/$1 squ>e-rigg$ vessels1 kn[n z brigs & %ips1 7 ! /&>d types ( ocean-go+ craft4 ,among small] vessels !re 7 sloops1 lugg]s1 ket*es & o!r types ( =e-&-aft-rigg$ craft1 & z ^! sails _h _m advantages ov] ! squ>e sails & _! awkw>d y>ds !y replac$ ! latt] 9 "s cases & ?us b>ks1 brigs & brigant9es came into use4 ,!n "s brilliant sailor g5ius did away ) ! squ>e sails altoge!r & a new type ( vessel came into exi/5ce :i* 0 call$ a 8s*oon]40 ,b cons]vative1 croak+ ,jack /ill p9n$ 8 fai? to y>ds & squ>e sails & = _m ye>s s*oon]s c>ri$ l(ty topsails ( ! same =m z ! upp] sails ( squ>e-rigg$ %ips4 ,today ! =e-&-aft-rigg$ vessels are m num]\s ?an all o!r rigs comb9$ & ! squ>e-rigg]s1 /ately & beautiful z !y 7--! h&some/ vessels ev] built by man--h be5 almo/ driv5 f ! seas4 ,) ! outbreak ( ! ,european ,w> & ! dem& = ocean-go+ c>go-c>ri]s ! old squ>e-rigg]s h once m come to ! =e1 & 9 ports & h>bors :]e a crossy>d ma/ _h n be5 se5 = _m ye>s1 b>ks1 %ips & squ>e-rigg$ vessels n[ l9e ! docks & are an ev]yday sight4 ,b !y are only tempor>y & e boy & man :o loves ! sea & its %ips %\ld take advantage ( ?is opportunity to view a pass+ type ( vessels & %\ld le>n all ab\t !m1 _! rigg+ & _! sails1 = to !m we owe mu* ( our comm]ce & prosp]ity1 our indep5d5ce & our progress4 ,al?\gh ! *eap]1 m easily h&l$ & m simple s*oon]s =c$ ! squ>e-rigg$ %ips into ! backgr\nd1 & :ile ^! 9 turn h be5 l>gely sup]s$$ by /eam = deep-wat] voyages1 yet ! small boat has held its own ?r\gh\t ! c5turies4 ,9 =m1 rig & o!r details ! small boats ( today v>y z widely z ev]1 = small boats are design$ & us$ = specific purposes & no "o c say :i* is ! be/ boat or ! h&ie/ rig4 ,/eam & motor boats h tak5 ! place ( sailboats = bus9ess purposes 9 _m places1 b z long z m5 love ! sea1 z long z !y enjoy ! /+ ( ! salt spray & ! ?rill ( a plung+ b[1 z long z our eyes bright5 & our pulses quick5 z we grasp till] & %eet & lee rails are awa%1 s long w ! small boat hold its own4 ,we may conqu] di/ance by /eam1 we may annihilate "t by pap]-l hulls load$ ) ro>+ motors ( gigantic p[]1 we may travel 9 float+ palaces call$ ya*ts1 b no?+ w ev] be made by man to take ! place ( ! small boat = ! out-&-out pleasure & p]fect enjoym5t x gives ! true boat-lov]4 ,al?\gh !re is an endless v>iety ( hulls & rigs among small boats !y may all be divid$ into a few g5]al classes4 ,9 =m ( hull mo/ boats may be gr\p$ "u two broad types3 r\nd-bottom$ & flat-bottom$ boats1 b !re are int]m$iate =ms & !re are also "s k9ds ( boats :i* are a sort ( hybrid or comb9ation ( bo?4 ,9 rig we h ! s*oon]1 ket*1 yawl1 sloop & cat & :ile ^! cov] ! matt] 9 a g5]al way !re is a wond]ful v>iety 9 ! sails1 rigg+ & o!r details1 & _m boats :i* possess great advantages _c be prop]ly class$ 9 any ( ^! gr\ps4 ,! be/ boat to use & ! be/ rig to adopt dep5d l>gely ^u ! purpose ( ! boat & its rig1 ! place :]e x is to be us$1 ! own]'s ability z a sailor1 ! wea!r likely to be enc\nt]$1 ! "* ( ! neighbor+ %ores & wat]s & v>i\s o!r conditions4 ,9 ord] to select intellig5tly ! be/ boat = y\r use x is necess>y to consid] ! v>i\s types ( hull & rig1 _! advantages & disadvantages & ! purposes = :i* !y are int5d$1 & !n1 kn[+ ^! ?+s1 select ! "o :i* y ?9k be/ adapt$ to y\r own requirem5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,:at ,,boat ,,to ,,use ,?r\gh c\ntless c5turies s9ce man fir/ made & us$ boats1 an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( craft has be5 develop$4 ,9 e l& :]e boats ( any sort are us$ ! inhabitants h gradually evolv$ boats adapt$ to _! special ne$s1 ! conditions ( _! seas or wat] c\rses & ! "w 9 :i* ! boats are to be us$4 ,9 a great _m c\ntries ! types ( boats 9 use today h n *ang$ or alt]$ = hundr$s ( ye>s1 b 9 _m o!r places =ms1 con/ruction & o!r details ( ! boats h be5 *ang$1 ideas f o!r l&s or races h be5 adopt$ & we n[ f9d a great _m diff]5t k9ds ( boats us$ = ! same purpose4 ,moreov]1 ) ! migration ( man f "o place to ano!r1 boats ( "o nation h be5 introduc$ to ! p ( o!r l&s & sometimes1 9 "o locality1 we may f9d boats f widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! _w be+ us$ daily side by side4 ,( c\rse ^! rem>ks apply ma9ly to boats us$ = comm]cial or bus9ess purposes = :]ev] boats are us$ = pleasure "o may f9d an inf9ite v>iety ( craft ^: models h be5 cull$ f e corn] ( ! m>itime _w4 ,9 e case1 h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 def9ite reasons = "o type ( boat be+ m g5]ally us$ ?an ano!r1 & e boat-build] & us]1 s9ce boats 7 fir/ inv5t$1 has aim$ to comb9e c]ta9 qualities 9 ! con/ruction ( boats4 ,! ?ree mo/ important matt]s to be consid]$ 9 any boat are seawor?9ess1 /ability & spe$4 ,:i* ( ^! is ( ! greate/ importance dep5ds v l>gely ^u ! local conditions1 ! purposes = :i* ! boat is to be us$ & ! ideas ( its build] or own]4 ,9 "s places spe$ is ! prime consid]ation1 9 o!r places seawor?9ess is ! mo/ important factor1 :ile 9 /ill o!r localities ! ability to c>ry heavy loads & n s9k or upset is ( m value ?an ei!r spe$ or ! p[] to resi/ w9ds & waves safely4 ,?us ! m5 :o dep5d ^u pilot+ vessels to an an*orage & ^: e>n+s are l>ge or small accord+ to :e!r or n !y rea* ! incom+ vessels fir/1 mu/ h fa/ boats & seawor?9ess may be a second>y consid]ation4 ,aga9 ! toil]s ( ! sea :o sp5d days ^u ! /ormie/ oceans fi%+1 lob/]+ or 9 simil> pursuits mu/ h boats :i* are safe 9 any wea!r & spe$ is ( little importance1 :ile ^? :o use boats = transport+ heavy c>goes or _m pass5g]s f place to place 9 fairly smoo? wat]s1 f9d /ability ( great] value ?an ei!r spe$ or seawor?9ess4 ,_m times1 h[ev]1 9 fact1 z a g5]al rule1 ! mo/ seawor?y boats are ! mo/ /able1 :ile usually bo? /ability & seawor?9ess mu/ be sacrific$ to a c]ta9 degree 9 ord] to obta9 great spe$4 ,b !re are exceptions to all rules & _m boats h become _w-fam\s because !y comb9e all ^! ?ree qualifications to a rem>kable degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,types ,,( ,,small ,,boats ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,special ,,uses #a--,:aleboat4 #b--,lifeboat4 #c--;,dory4 #d--,%>pie4 #e--,skipjack4 #f--;,block ,isl& boat4 ,! :aleboats us$ by ! ,yankee :alem5 = *as+ & captur+ :ales1 are spl5did examples ( ?is4 ,^! boats are light1 /rong1 /able1 seawor?y & v fa/ & 9 ^! respects are probably ! mo/ p]fect type ( small craft ev] design$4 ,!y are ?irty feet 9 l5g? & six feet wide1 b>ely two feet 9 dep? amid%ips & yet are capable ( brea/+ ! heavie/ waves ( midocean1 )/&+ ! mo/ t]rific gales & wea!r+ ! mo/ sev]e /orms ( any seas4 ,pull$ by five o>s !y atta9 ! spe$ ( a motor boat2 !y are light en\gh to be pull$ ^u a bea* or easily hoi/$ to a %ip's davits4 ,!y sail rapidly1 are easily h&l$ & hold toge!r :5 t[$ at express-tra9 spe$ by a h>poon$ :ale4 ,moreov]1 _! con/ruction is s simple t ev5 :5 sma%$ or 8/ove0 by a :ale !y c be repair$ easily by a c>p5t] & be/ ( all !y are v *eap1 a new :aleboat co/+ complete only "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five doll>s4 ,9 ^! boats %ipwreck$ :al]s h made "s m>vel\s voyages & sev]al in/ances are on record ( m5 navigat+ ! /ormie/ p>ts ( ! ocean = six ?\s& miles 9 ^! boats 9 p]fect safety4 ,some:at simil> to ! :aleboats 9 %ape are ! surfboats us$ on ! coa/s ( _m sea-girt localities1 notably on ! ,atlantic seabo>d ( our ,middle ,/ates1 & :ile n z spe$y1 light or /aun* z ! :aleboats1 !y ride ! ro>+ surf & t[]+ waves z buoyantly z seabirds & are ideal boats = use :]e !re are heavy seas4 ,lifeboats1 su* z ^? us$ on /eam%ips & by ! coa/ gu>d1 are really modifi$ :aleboats & surfboats1 comb9+ ! good po9ts ( bo? & ) slight alt]ations 9 proportions & con/ruction to enable !m to c>ry l>ge loads ) safety4 ,!y are n z easily h&l$ or z spe$y z ! :aleboats1 b !y are f> m roomy2 !y are almo/ non-capsizable1 are uns9kable & are built bo? ( metal & ( wood4 ,! are r heavy1 h[ev]1 & exp5sive4 ,= "o :o wi%es a p]fectly safe1 roomy1 /rong boat capable ( )/&+ almo/ any wea!r & ) good sail+ qualities x is h>d to f9d any?+ bett] ?an a /&>d lifeboat4 ,at ,block ,isl&1 (f ! tip ( ,long ,isl&1 !re is a peculi> sort ( boat us$ by ! native fi%]m51 :i* is kn[n z ! ,block ,isl& boat4 ,9 "s ways ?is craft resembles a :aleboat & 9 "s ways x rem9ds "o ( a surfboat1 :ile 9 _m ( its *>act]s x is mu* l a lifeboat & yet x is totally diff]5t f all4 ,!y are wond]fully /aun* & seawor?y1 !y h great c>ry+ capacity & sail v well4 ,=m]ly a great _m 7 us$ z small cruis+ ya*ts1 b ( late ye>s !y h almo/ disappe>$4 ,some:at simil> to ! :aleboats are ! big se9e boats us$ by ! ,new ,engl& fi%]m5 = pull+ ! great1 heavy se9es :5 cat*+ mack]el1 h]r+1 m5had51 etc4 ,!y are v /able boats ) imm5se c>ry+ capacity1 are easily h&l$ & are seawor?y1 b h no advantages ov] ! :aleboats except 9 po9t ( size4 ,!y d n sail z well nor are !y are z seawor?y z ! :aleboats4 ,all ( ! above are r\nd-bottom$ boats ( ! d\ble-end$ type 9 :i* bo? b[ & /]n are %>p4 ,"o w\ld !re=e assume t ?is /yle 0 ! mo/ seawor?y1 especially z ! spong]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! pilot boats ( _m isl&s & ! typical fi%+-boats ( ! ,european c\ntries are also d\ble-end$4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n necess>ily ! case = ! fi%]m51 pilots & o!r inhabitants ( o!r c\ntries use r\nd-bottom$ boats ) broad /]ns & "s ev5 use flat-bottom$ boats & brave z heavy wea!r1 z h>d /orms & z tumultu\s seas z _! fell[s 9 ! r\nd-bottom$1 d\ble-end$ craft4 ,probably no m5 9 ! _w ply _! trade 9 r\gh] seas & 9 /ormi] wea!r ?an ! ,gl\ce/] fi%]m5 :o fi% = halibut & cod on ! banks ( ,newf\ndl& & on ,george's ,banks4 ,! boats us$ by ^! h>dy fi%]m5 are kn[n z dories & are flat-bottom$1 high-sid$1 odd-look+ craft :i* "o w\ld nev] imag9e 7 seawor?y1 yet 9 !m ! ,gl\ce/] fi%]m5 ride out t]rific /orms & m\nta9\s waves2 !y haul halibut weigh+ hundr$s ( p\nds ov] ! boats' sides )\t capsiz+1 & !y sail or r[ !m safely ?r\gh w9t] /orms 9 midocean :5 lad5 ) fi% until ! gunwales are almo/ level ) ! wat]4 ,dories us$ by ! fi%]m5 are n beautiful nor graceful boats1 b !y are wond]fully well adapt$ to _! use1 & _m build]s h adopt$ s-call$ dory models = pleasure craft1 bo? = motor boats & sailboats4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 !re is little resemblance betwe5 ^! 8improv$0 dories & ^? ( ! banks1 & ! /ability & o!r qualities ( ! real dories are usually lo/ 9 alt]+ ! l9es = ! sake ( appe>ances4 ,/ill ano!r type ( flat-bottom$ boat :i* is us$ all along ! ,atlantic coa/ is ! %>pie4 ,! %>pie is m]ely a modifi$ skiff equipp$ ) a c5t]bo>d1 b :5 prop]ly h&l$ ^! boats w /& a great deal ( r\gh wea!r & knock+ ab\t &1 moreov]1 !y sail rem>kably well4 ,"o usually ?9ks ( %>pies z small boats b !y are (t5 =ty or fifty feet 9 l5g? & are sometimes built z l>ge z small s*oon]s & ( tw5ty to fifty tons capacity4 ,! great objection to %>pies & o!r flat-bottom$ boats is t !y 8p\nd0 or slap ! wat] :5 9 a heavy sea or among *oppy waves1 & to ov]come ?is a type ( boat kn[n z a skipjack 0 evolv$4 ,skipjacks are a sort ( connect+ l9k betwe5 true flat-bottom$ & r\nd-bottom$ boats1 = ! aft] "p ( ! bottom is flat :ile ! =w>d portion is ,v-%ap$ & ?us !y cut ?r\gh ! seas in/ead ( p\nd+ on !m :ile at ! same "t !y slip ov] ! surface ( ! wat] r ?an ?r\gh x4 ,_m ( ! fa/e/ rac+ boats & ! fa/e/ motor spe$ boats are no?+ m nor less ?an modifi$ skipjacks1 & = all-ar\nd use1 especially 9 %all[ wat]s1 !re are few bett] boats :]e room9ess & sea-go+ qualities are n ess5tial4 ,j z ! m5 ^: liv+ dep5ds ^u _! boats h agre$ ^u ! craft be/ suit$ to _! ne$s1 s ! man or boy :o is select+ a sailboat = pleasure %\ld consid] all ! types & %\ld *oose t :i* be/ fulfills all ( 8 requirem5ts4 ,if y want a roomy boat or a boat on :i* to live or sleep y %\ld *oose a r\nd-bottom$ craft1 = only 9 ^! c y obta9 mu* dep? or 8head room0 unless a v high cab9 is built above ! deck :i* always makes a boat top-heavy & unseawor?y4 ,if ! wat]s 9 :i* y are to use y\r boat are /ormy1 if heavy seas are common1 or if y expect to make long trips out to sea or f place to place1 select a boat :i* is not$ = its seawor?y qualities1 su* z a :aleboat1 se9e boat1 lifeboat or ,block ,isl& model4 ,if y are oblig$ to run a%ore or to pull y\r boat ^u a rocky or s&y bea* select a flat-bottom$ craft :i* c be haul$ out readily )\t injury2 :ile1 if y want a boat = g5]al utility1 to use 9 bays & h>bors & 9 %elt]$ wat]s & yet capable ( /&+ any reasonable seas & ord9>y /orms1 select a fairly deep1 beamy1 r\nd-bottom$ hull su* z ! ,cape ,cod or ,block ,isl& catboat1 or a simil> model4 ,if y\r boat is m]ely an op5 boat = day sail+ & %ort trips almo/ any type w s]ve1 su* z a dory1 a %>pie1 a skipjack or a r\nd-bottom$ or yawl boat4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 y %\ld avoid ! true 8op50 boat = sail+1 = 9 a boat )\t any deck x only takes a slight puff ( w9d1 an in/ant's c>elessness or a small sea to br+ ! rail "u wat] & swamp ! boat4 ,ev5 a v n>r[ deck is f> bett] ?an none at all & if ! deck has a good high 8comb+0 or rais$ inn] edge1 ! safety w be increas$ a hundr$fold4 ,v few boats w capsize if dec5tly h&l$ & n equipp$ ) too mu* sail unless 8tripp$0 by gett+ wat] ov] ! side2 b once ! rail ( an op5 boat is "u wat] ! boat w upset v quickly1 = ea* p\nd ( wat] tak5 9 /ays on ! l[e/ side ( ! boat & has a t5d5cy to c>ry ! craft ov] /ill fur!r4 ,a great deal dep5ds ^u ! con/ruction ( ! boat itself & /ill m dep5ds ^u ! rig or sails to be us$1 & be=e select+ or us+ any boat y %\ld be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! v>i\s p>ts ( a boat1 its con/ruction1 its fitt+s & its rig & %\ld "k :at ea* & e "p is =1 z well z h[ to use1 repair & c>e = x4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,p>ts ,,( ,,boats ,ne>ly ev]yone kn[s t ! body ( ! boat is call$ ! hull1 b a great _m p1 ev5 ^? :o live by ! sea or :o are accu/om$ to ! use ( boats1 "k v little ab\t ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! hull or ! prop] names = ! diff]5t portions ( x4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( a small boat's hull are3 ! b[1 ! /]n1 ! deck 7if n an op5 boat72 ! keel1 ! ?w>ts1 ! bilge1 ! bottom1 ! topsides & ! gunwales4 ,ea* ( ^! is made up ( v>i\s pieces or p>ts1 & to portions ( ea* diff]5t names are giv54 ,! b[ is ! =w>d end ( ! boat2 ! /]n is ! re> end2 ! deck is ! portion on top or ! "p :i* cov]s ! op5 portion2 ! keel is ! v bottom piece :i* ext5ds f b[ to /]n2 ! ?w>ts are ! seats2 ! bilge is ! bottom close to ! keel on ei!r side2 ! bottom prop] is ! portion betwe5 ! keel & ! sides ( ! boat2 ! topsides are ! sides above ! curve ( ! bottom2 ! gunwales are ! upp] edges ( ! topsides4 ,! extreme =w>d edge ( ! b[ is kn[n z ! cutwat]2 ! extreme end ( ! /]n is kn[n z ! c\nt] or transom2 ! curve f b[ to /]n1 horizontally1 is call$ ! %e]2 ! sides above ! wat] are kn[n z freebo>d2 ! inn] edge ( ! decks :5 provid$ ) a p]p5dicul> edge is ! comb+2 ! op5 space )9 ! edge ( ! decks is kn[n z ! cockpit2 ! extreme =w>d portion ( ! boat is call$ ! peak2 ! c5tral "p ( ! craft is ! wai/2 ! =w>d "p ( ! hull ne> ! /em & bel[ ! wat] l9e is ! entrance2 ! aft] "p1 on ! sides b5ea? ! wat] is ! run4 ,9 e boat1 no matt] h[ l>ge or small %e may be1 ^! p>ts are always ! same4 ,! v>i\s p>ts us$ 9 build+ a boat are v num]\s 9 "s craft & are few 9 o!rs1 dep5d+ ^u ! size & model ( ! boat1 b 9 e case simil> p>ts h ! same names & are us$ = ! same purposes4 ,! upright piece1 to :i* ! sides are atta*$ at ! b[ is ! /em & :5 ?is is made 9 two p>ts1 z is (t5 ! case on l>ge boats1 ! out] piece is kn[n z ! false /em4 ,?is /em is atta*$ to ! keel by a knee & :5 a second piece is atta*$ to ! keel to ?ick5 & /r5g!n x1 ! piece is call$ ! keelson4 ,at ! /]n ! upright timb] is call$ ! /]npo/ & to ?is ! transom1 ! broad flat piece at ! end ( ! /]n1 is fa/5$4 ,f ! /em to ! transom ext5ds ! plank+1 ! plank next to ! keel on ea* side be+ call$ ! g>bo>d /rake & ! ones at ! top ( ! sides be+ kn[n z top /rakes1 %e] /rakes or upp] /rakes4 ,f keel to ! tops ( ! sides curv$ or b5t pieces are fa/5$ :i* are kn[n z ribs & ^! are atta*$ to ! keel-piece & ! decks by knees4 ,sometimes an inn] l9+ is plac$ on top ( ! ribs to make ! inside ( ! boat smoo? & ?is is kn[n z ! ceil+ :ile ! pieces t ext5d across f side to side & :i* support ! decks are call$ deck timb]s4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal p>ts f\nd 9 e boat ( r\nd-bottom$ con/ruction1 b 9 flat-bottom$ boats !re are no real ribs1 no bilge nor g>bo>d /rakes1 no keel & no real /]npo/1 ow+ to ! =m & me?od ( con/ruction4 ,9 a flat-bottom$ boat ! bottom runs across f side to side )\t any bilge2 ! entire sides are practically freebo>d2 /raight braces or timb]s replace ribs2 ! keel is replac$ by a false keel or rubb+ /rake &1 except 9 l>ge siz$ boats1 ! transom is held 9 position by ! sides & bottom & no /]n po/ is requir$4 ,9 =m & design ! v>i\s p>ts ( boats v>y z mu*1 or ev5 m1 ?an ! boats !mselves & !re is an almo/ endless v>iety ( b[s1 /]ns1 c\nt]s1 etc41 n to m5tion ! =ms ( rudd]s1 ! v>iations 9 %e]1 & o!r proportions ( =m1 l9es1 run1 freebo>d1 etc4 ,ev5 9 "o type ( boat !re may be a great _m =ms ( b[s or /]ns 9 use1 _m design$ m]ely to add to ! appe>ance ( ! craft1 o!rs to add spe$1 o!rs to make ! boat dri]1 o!rs to adapt x bett] to sail+ or r[+1 z ! case may be2 & /ill o!rs to af=d bett] facilities = us+ c]ta9 types ( rig1 ge> or fi%+-tackle4 ,! =ms ( b[s & /]ns are s num]\s t to "n or describe !m all w\ld require a volume1 b !y may all be gr\p$ "u a comp>atively limit$ numb] ( types1 ! o!rs be+ m]ely modifications or comb9ations ( ^!4 ,illu/ration3 ,,types ,,( ,,b[s ,,& ,,/]ns #a--,/raight b[4 #b--,r\nd b[4 #c--;,clipp] b[4 #d--;,dory b[4 #e--,:aleboat b[4 #f--;,canoe b[4 #g--,spoon b[4 #h--,squ>e /]n4 #i--,ov]hang+ /]n4 #aj--,:aleboat /]n4 #aa--;,dory /]n4 #ab--,r\nd /]n4 #ac--,%>p or 8p9key0 /]n4 ,! commone/ & mo/ important =ms ( b[s are z foll[s3 ,/raight b[s1 9 :i* ! /em is p]p5dicul> to ! keel2 r\nd b[s1 9 :i* ! /em is curv$ or r\nd$ f keel to deck2 clipp] b[s1 9 :i* ! /em is concave or holl[$ 9 outl9e2 rak+ or dory b[s 9 :i* ! /em is set at an angle to ! keel2 :aleboat b[s :i* are r\nd$ or curv$ & are also at an angle2 canoe b[s :i* are l ! r\nd b[s b m convex1 & spoon b[s :i* h no true /em b sweep 9 a gradual curve f ! bottom ( ! boat to ! deck4 ,among ! m typical /]ns we f9d3 ,squ>e or /raight /]ns1 9 :i* ! /]npo/ is p]p5dicul> & ! c\nt] is broad & flat2 ov]hang+ /]ns1 9 :i* ! c\nt] is c>ri$ out beyond ! /]npo/ & ov]hangs ! wat]2 dory /]ns1 9 :i* ! /]npo/ is at an angle & has a ,v-%ap$ c\nt]2 :aleboat /]ns :i* are %>p & %ap$ l ! b[2 r\nd /]ns1 9 :i* ! sides are c>ri$ ar\nd 9 a curve or half-circle ) no transom2 & %>p /]ns or p9key /]ns :i* are %>p l ! /]n ( a :aleboat1 b in/ead ( be+ curv$ are m]ely angul> or p]p5dicul>4 ,ea* ( ^! =ms ( b[s & /]ns possesses qualities :i* adapt x to "o purpose m ?an ano!r & 9 select+ a boat y %\ld be> ?is 9 m9d4 ,/raight or r\nd b[s ?r[ a l>g] b[ wave ?an ! :aleboat or clipp] types & h a t5d5cy to bury ! b[s 9 heavy seas2 :aleboat or dory b[s cut ?r\gh ! waves1 b give great buoyancy or lift+ p[] to ! craft1 ?us prev5t+ x f bury+ ! =w>d "p 9 ! wat]2 :ile spoon b[s p\nd & slap 9 heavy seas & are pr9cipally ( value = rac+ boats or = use 9 calm wat]s4 ,ev5 ! /]ns h an important effect ^u a boat's abilities & seawor?9ess4 ,a squ>e /]n w drag a great deal ( wat] beh9d x :5 travel+ rapidly & ) a foll[+ sea is liable to take 9 wat]1 or to be 8poop$10 z ! sailors w\ld say4 ,r\nd /]ns ) an ov]hang are also bad 9 a seaway & (t5 make a boat sl[ 9 com+ ab\t or turn+2 transom /]ns ) an ov]hang are bett]1 :ile ! %>p-po9t$ p9key or :aleboat /]ns prev5t a foll[+ sea f ent]+ ! boat & leave a clean wake1 b ow+ to ! fact t !re is no ov]hang & t ! entire height ( ! boat is br\ght broadside to ! wat] :5 turn+1 !y are n s quick 9 maneuv]+ z a /]n ) a good ov]hang4 ,p]haps ! be/ all-ar\nd /]n is "o ) a good ov]hang1 a %>p run & a small c\nt]3 9 o!r words1 a sort ( comb9ation ( ! common ov]h& /]n & ! :aleboat type4 ,9 ! plank+1 boats v>y a great deal1 & !re are _m diff]5t me?ods ( mak+ ! sides & bottom4 ,ev5 boats ( ! same =m1 = ! same uses & ) ! same /yle ( b[ & /]n may be made 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,"o me?od is to place ! planks s t ! edges jo9 & !re is a uni=m1 smoo? surface1 ) all ! planks runn+ f b[ to /]n4 ,?is is kn[n z smoo?-sk9 or c>vel plank+4 ,ano!r /yle is to let ! bo>ds ov]lap slightly2 ?is is kn[n z cl9k] con/ruction or lap-/reak plank+4 ,o!r boats are plank$ ) v n>r[ /rips fa/5$ "o above ! o!r1 edge to edge1 :ile /ill o!rs are cov]$ ) two or m lay]s ( ?9 bo>ds plac$ diagonally f keel to gunwales & kn[n z diagonal plank+4 ,= light rac+ boats ! latt] type is admirable = x is /rong1 light1 tight & /iff1 b x is difficult to repair1 x is exp5sive & = ord9>y use has no advantages4 ,cl9k]-built boats are excell5t :5 new1 b a brok5 or injur$ plank is difficult to replace1 leaks are h>d to /op & x has no advantages ov] ! c>vel plank+ :i* is ! commone/ ( all =ms ( boat-build+4 ,/ill ano!r matt] to be consid]$ :5 select+ a boat is :e!r y %\ld use a keel or a c5t]bo>d craft4 ,e boat1 9 ord] to sail well1 mu/ h a portion :i* projects bel[ ! bottom & :i* w prev5t ! craft f slid+ sideways or mak+ 8leeway0 on ! wat] :5 ! w9d is f ! side or :5 sail+ aga9/ ! w9d4 ,?is projection may be a keel1 :i* is an immovable portion ( ! boat itself2 x may be a c5t]bo>d :i* is a bo>d :i* c be rais$ or l[]$ at w f ! c5t] ( ! boat1 or x may be a leebo>d :i* is m]ely hung ov] ! side opposite ! w9d & is %ift$ z ! boat tacks or goes ab\t4 ,leebo>ds are clumsy make%ifts & :ile !y are us$ on l>ge vessels 9 "s c\ntries1 z 9 ,holl& & ,sc&9avia1 !y are a great nuisance & v unsatisfactory on any?+ b canoes & r[boats :i* are sail$ occasionally & on :i* ei!r keels or c5t]bo>ds w\ld be inconv5i5t4 ,no "o has yet decid$ def9itely :e!r or n keels or c5t]bo>ds are ! bett]1 al?\gh ! matt] has be5 discuss$1 tri$ & ?ra%$ out = ye>s4 ,z a matt] ( fact ea* has its advantages & disadvantages1 ea* is adapt$ to c]ta9 types ( boats & to c]ta9 conditions & ea* has its adh]5ts :o h no fai? 9 ! o!r type4 ,p]sonally1 ,i ?9k ! keel boat ! bett] = deep wat] use :]e !re is a likelihood ( heavy wea!r & yet _m ( ! ,gl\ce/] fi%+-smacks & _m ya*ts :i* h won ocean races are ( ! c5t]bo>d type4 ,= %all[ wat]s or :]e !re are reefs1 s&b>s1 %oals or mud-flats keel boats are a nuisance & c5t]bo>ds are practically a necessity4 ,:]e boats are to be haul$ on bea*es c5t]bo>d boats are really ! only k9d to use1 = keel boats w n /& upright & cut deeply into ! s&4 ,flat-bottom$ boats are ne>ly always ( ! c5t]bo>d type2 :aleboats h c5t]bo>ds1 & yet catboats & o!r r\nd-bottom$ boats are made 9 bo? types4 ,keel boats are roomi] ?an ^? ) c5t]bo>ds = !re is no space occupi$ by ! c5t]bo>d & its case2 !y are less liable to capsize1 & if made ) ! same proportions z c5t]bo>d boats !y are z dry1 seawor?y & h&y4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! keel craft are mu* n>r[] & deep] ?an ^? equipp$ ) c5t]bo>ds & _m ( !m are almo/ l a plank set on edge4 ,^! are /able en\gh1 b !y are wet1 uncom=table & h>d to h&le4 ,! advantages ( ! c5t]bo>d are t :5 sail+ be=e ! w9d or :5 r[+ ! bo>d may be lift$ & mu* less resi/ance to ! wat] w !n result & consequ5tly m spe$ may be ga9$4 ,:5 9 %all[ wat] ! c5t]bo>d may be rais$ or l[]$ accord+ to ! dep? ( ! wat]1 & if a s&b> or reef is /ruck little injury w result1 z ! bo>d is free to move up :5 x /rikes an ob/ruction1 :]eas a keel boat "u ! same conditions might be badly injur$4 ,! objections to a c5t]bo>d are ! difficulties 9 keep+ ! case & trunk ( ! bo>d f leak+1 ! space x occupies1 ! necessity ( rais+ or l[]+ x accord+ to v>y+ conditions & ! slight1 v slight1 *ance ( los+ ! bo>d & ?us becom+ helpless4 ,illu/ration3 ,,keels1 ,,c5t]bo>ds1 ,,leebo>ds ,,& ,,rudd]s #a--,section ( a keel boat4 #b--,section ( a c5t]bo>d boat4 #c--,section ( a f9 keel boat4 #d--,portion ( a keel boat's hull4 #e--;,boat ) c5t]bo>d4 #f--;,boat ) leebo>d4 #g-i--;,=ms ( rudd]s = keel boats4 #h-aj--;,=ms ( rudd]s = c5t]bo>d boats4 ,c5t]bo>ds are n conf9$ to small boats z _m ?9k1 b l>ge coa/+ vessels & ev5 ?ree-ma/$ s*oon]s are (t5 built ) !m1 :i* proves t !y h _m great advantages4 ,"s boats are built 9 a sort ( comb9ation keel & c5t]bo>d me?od1 9 :i* a mod]ate keel is provid$ & a c5t]bo>d is us$ z well1 :ile )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s ! f9-keel type ( boat has be5 evolv$4 ,9 ^! ! hull is proportion$ l t ( a c5t]bo>d boat b ! keel is m]ely a l>ge f9 or %eet ( metal c>ry+ a mass ( lead or iron at its l[] edge4 ,all ?+s be+ equal1 ! be/ boat = ord9>y use is ! c5t]bo>d type & = small boats1 or ! amateur's use1 !y are f> sup]ior to keel boats ( any sort4 ,mo/ small boats are /e]$ by means ( a rudd] & till]1 ! rudd] be+ a wood5 or metal affair subm]g$ at ! /]n & ! till] consi/+ ( a h&le at ! rudd]'s upp] end4 ,"s rudd]s are hung or fa/5$ to ! c\nt] & c be easily tak5 (f or 8un%ipp$10 :ile o!rs are "u ! c\nt] & are fa/5$ to ! /]npo/ ) ! upp] end com+ up ?r\gh ! boat or ! deck4 ,!re are v>i\s =ms ( rudd]s3 "s long & ext5d+ out = a consid]able di/ance 9 ! re> ( ! boat1 & o!rs high & n>r[1 b ! purpose ( all is ! same & ! rudd] is always design$ to pres5t an area suffici5t to sw+ ! boat ar\nd readily or to /e] x )\t us+ too great =ce4 ,l>ge boats are usually /e]$ by ge>s connect+ ! rudd] to a :eel2 z ! h&l+ ( a till] connect$ directly to ! rudd] ( a l>ge vessel w\ld be a v difficult task inde$4 ,z1 9 ord] to turn a boat to ! "r1 ! till] mu/ be mov$ to ! left1 ! t]ms us$ by sailors 9 /e]+ boats are (t5 confus+ to l&sm54 ,= example1 if a sailor wants a boat turn$ to ! left1 or to port1 z x's call$1 he w say1 8,/>bo>d ! helm10 or1 9 o!r words1 pu% ! till] to ! />bo>d or "r-h& side1 & vice v]sa4 ,x is n s bad :5 /e]+ ) a till]1 b :5 /e]+ ) a :eel ! beg9n] is v apt to d ! wrong ?+ & turn ! :eel to ! "r :5 he wants to g to ! "r & to ! left1 or port1 :5 he wants to g to t direction1 & to simplify matt]s _m boats are n[ arrang$ s t ! :eel is turn$ 9 ! direction "o really wants to g4 ,?is makes x v easy :5 /e]+ = oneself1 b if someone is direct+ ! c\rse & s+s out ! ord]s 9 true sailor fa%ion ! /e]sman has to rememb] & port 8 helm :5 he is told to />bo>d x & ?us ! confusion is j z bad z ev]4 ,= ?is reason ! beg9n] %\ld use a till] if possible2 = t matt]1 !re is no advantage 9 a :eel 9 boats less ?an ?irty or =ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boat ,,fitt+s ,,& ,,p>ts ,,( ,,boats #a--;,eyebolt4 #b--;,block4 #c--;,hook block4 #d--,r+ block4 #e--,si/] or fiddle block4 #f--,snat* block4 #g--;,*eek block4 #h1 #i--;,fairlead]s4 #aj--,:ip pur*ase4 #aa--,:ip & runn]4 #ab--,long tackle4 #ac--;,gun tackle4 #ad--,luff tackle4 #ae--,wat* tackle4 #af--;,cleats4 #ag--;,*ocks4 #ah--;,bitts4 #ai--,turnbuckles4 #bj--,travel]s4 #ba--;,dead eyes4 #bb--,section ( boat to %[ p>ts 7r\nd bottom74 #bc--,section ( boat to %[ p>ts 7flat bottom74 #bd--;,ext]nal p>ts ( boat4 #be--,p>ts ( boat 7top view74 #bf--;,c>vel plank+4 #bg--;,cl9k] plank+4 #bh--,/rip plank+4 #bi--;,flat bottom plank+4 #cj--,v-bottom plank+4 #ca--;,diagonal plank+4 ,on e sailboat !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( appliances :i* are unfamili> to l&sm5 b :i* y %\ld become accu/om$ to be=e attempt+ to h&le a boat4 ,!re are blocks1 tackle1 *ocks1 fairlead]s1 cleats1 turnbuckles1 eyebolts & travel]s among ! deck fitt+s4 ,ea* ( ^! has its use & "o %\ld be p]fectly famili> ) !m4 ,blocks are wood5 or metal objects conta9+ roll]s or :eels kn[n z %eaves ?r\gh :i* ropes are run to enable !m to be haul$ tight )\t great friction4 ,*eek-blocks are half blocks :i* bolt or atta* to a ma/1 sp>1 or o!r object4 ,si/]-blocks h two %eaves1 "o above ! o!r1 9 a s+le %ell4 ,tail-blocks are blocks ) a rope or hook at "o end by :i* !y may be hung to sp>s1 etc4 ,snat*-blocks are blocks arrang$ s t "o side may be op5$ to all[ a rope to be pass$ ov] ! %eave )\t runn+ x ?r\gh & !re are pat5t-blocks :i* w hold a rope securely 9 any position by means ( a grip4 ,blocks & ropes toge!r are kn[n z tackles & ! blocks us$ may be s+le1 d\ble1 triple or f\rfold1 accord+ to ! numb] ( %eaves !y conta94 ,a luff-tackle has a s+le & a d\ble block ) "o end ( ! rope fa/ to ! s+le block & ! haul+ end lead+ f ! d\ble block4 ,a gun-tackle consi/s ( two s+le blocks ) "o end ( ! rope fa/ to ! upp] block & ! haul+ "p pass+ d[n f ! upp] block4 ,a wat*-tackle is a tackle us$ to haul ! rope :i* is rove ?r\gh ano!r tackle & a :ip-pur*ase has a s+le block only4 ,! purpose ( ! tackle is to increase "o's p[] & ! m %eaves !re are & ! m times ! rope is pass$ ?r\gh ! blocks ! m ! p[] obta9$2 b z 9 e case :]e p[] is increas$1 spe$ is lo/ & to hoi/ a sail ) a tackle ) sev]al %eaves requires m "t ?an to d ! same "w ) a s+le-%eave block4 ,= ?is reason ! simple/ tackle :i* w enable y to p]=m ! "w )\t undue ex]tion is ! "o y %\ld use4 ,fairlead]s are %eaves or roll]s :i* are screw$ or bolt$ to ! decks or o!r p>ts ( ! boat & ?r\gh :i* ropes are run 9 ord] t ! ropes may be c>ri$ ar\nd curves or at "r angles4 ,*ocks are metal or wood5 appliances 9 ! =m ( not*es & are us$ :]e ropes pass ov] ! edge ( a boat to hold !m 9 "o position4 ,cleats are devices = hold+ a rope )\t ty+ x & are v useful & num]\s on boats4 ,!y are ei!r ( metal or wood & by w9d+ ! rope ov] !m x may be held securely & yet c be ?r[n (f at a mom5t's notice4 ,turnbuckles are metal arrangem5ts = tight5+ ropes1 wires or *a9s & h hooks or eyes at ! ends ) screw-?reads :i* may be drawn toge!r or sep>at$ by turn+ ! c5tral portion ( ! turnbuckle4 ,on small boats !y are seldom us$1 b on l>ge & m$ium-siz$ craft !y are v necess>y4 ,eyebolts are eyes bolt$ or screw$ 9 position & to !m turnbuckles1 ropes1 blocks or o!r objects are fa/5$1 :ile travel]s are metal rods ov] :i* blocks1 r+s or ?+s slide or 8travel40 ,travel]s are usually plac$ at ! /]n ( s+le-sail$ boats = ! tackle ( ! %eet1 ! rope :i* controls ! sail1 to slide on1 & !y are also us$ on ma/s = ! sail to slide up & d[n ^u :5 x is rais$ or l[]$1 z well z 9 _m o!r places4 ,a great _m p :o h us$ boats or h travel$ on !m speak ( a vessel's rigg+ )\t kn[+ :at ! rigg+ really is4 ,9 ! same way !y speak ( ! 8ropes0 ( a %ip & :ile bo? t]ms may be correct 9 a way1 yet to a sailor ! t]ms w\ld mean no?+ def9ite4 ,rigg+ comprises all ! ropes1 sails1 /ays1 haly>ds & 9 fact1 ev]y?+ above ! decks :i* has any?+ to d ) ! sail plan or rig ( a boat1 b to sailors !re are two def9ite types ( rigg+1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ craft4 ,^! are ! /&+ rigg+ & ! runn+ rigg+4 ,! latt] comprises only ! v>i\s ropes1 l9es1 etc41 :i* move :5 ! vessel is 9 use1 :ile ! /&+ rigg+ consi/s ( all ! p]man5t ropes1 /ays & o!r ?+s :i* rema9 /ation>y4 ,to enum]ate ! v>i\s individual p>ts ( ! /&+ & runn+ rigg+ ( a l>ge vessel w\ld require a great deal ( space & w\ld be ( little value to ! p]son :o is int]e/$ only 9 small boats1 b !re are c]ta9 portions ( ! rigg+ :i* occur on e boat & :i* e boatman %\ld "k by he>t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re are v few 8ropes0 s-call$1 ev5 on a full-rigg$ %ip1 = :at appe> z ropes to a l&sman are kn[n by specific names to sailors4 ,ev5 on a small boat !re are few ropes :i* are spok5 ( z su* & no?+ s l\dly proclaims ! l&lubb] z to speak ( a /ay1 haly>d or %eet z a 8rope40 ,! haly>ds are ! ropes :i* hoi/ ! sails & !y v>y 9 numb] & "n accord+ to ! type ( sails us$4 ,z a rule !re are two to ea* sail & kn[n z ! ?roat haly>ds & peak haly>ds4 7,?is ref]s only to =e-&-aft sails1 see ,*apt] ,,iv74 ,! ?roat haly>d be+ ! "o :i* hoi/s ! edge ( ! sail ne>e/ ! ma/1 :ile ! peak haly>d raises ! out] edge ( ! sail4 ,:]e sails h no gaff or piece ( wood at ! upp] edge only "o haly>d is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,runn+ ,,rigg+ ,,( ,,=e-,,&-,,aft ,,rig ,a--,jib haly>d4 ,b--,d[nhaul4 ,c--,?roat haly>d4 ,d--,peak haly>d4 ,e--,topp+ lift4 ,f--,ma9 %eet4 ,g--,jib %eet4 ,! %eet is ! l9e :i* is atta*$ to ! out] extremity ( ! sail & is controll$ by ! man sail+ ! boat & its purpose is to hold ! sail 9 any desir$ position & to enable ! sailor to pull ! sail 9 or to let x out1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! w9d & ! c\rse sail$4 ,d[nhauls are ropes us$ 9 pull+ d[n sails & are j ! opposite ( haly>ds & on small boats !y are seldom necess>y4 ,topp+ lifts are ropes :i* lead f ! ma/head to ! end ( boom to support ! latt] :5 ! sail is l[]$ & !y are usually s arrang$ t !y may be haul$ up or let d[n to raise or l[] or top ! boom4 ,lazy jacks are light l9es ext5d+ f ! ma/ head1 or ne> x1 to ! boom & are us$ to prev5t ! sail f fall+ or bagg+ loose :5 l[]$4 ,!y are seldom us$ on v small boats4 ,brails are ropes ext5d+ to ! aft] edge ( ! sail by means ( :i* ! sail may be ga!r$ close to ! ma/ ready = furl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/&+ ,,rigg+1 ,,ma/s1 ,,etc4 #a--,polema/4 #b--,ma/ ) topma/4 #c--,ma/ ) topma/ & topgallant ma/4 #d--;,b[sprit ) jib boom4 #e--,pole b[sprit4 #f--;,=ema/4 #g--,ma9ma/4 #h--,mizz5 ma/4 #i--;,jigg] or spank] ma/4 ,a--,=e/ay4 ,b--,back/ays4 ,c--,%r\ds or side /ays4 ,d--,topma/ /ay4 ,e--,=e topma/ /ay4 ,f--,jib /ay4 ,f--,=etopgallant /ay4 ,g--,fly+ jib /ay4 ,h--,=e royal /ay4 ,i--,ma/ or l[] ma/4 ,j--,tre/le or cross trees4 ,k--,top ma/4 ,l--,topgallant ma/4 ,m--,topma/ cap4 ,n--,topma/ tre/le or cross trees4 ,o--,l[]ma/ cap4 ,p--,royal ma/4 ,q--,futtock %r\ds4 ,r--,ratl9es4 ,s--,spread]4 ,,bt--,b[sprit4 ,,jb--,jib boom4 ,,fjb--,fly+ jib boom4 ,,bs--,bob/ays4 ,,ds--,m>t+ale or dolph9 /rik]4 ,,mbr--,m>t+ale back ropes4 ,,jbs--,jib boom m>t+ale /ays4 ,,fjbs--,fly+ jib boom m>t+ale /ays4 ,all ^! are p>ts ( ! runn+ rigg+ :ile ! /&+ rigg+1 9 its simple/ =m1 consi/s ( /ays :i* are ropes or wires /ret*$ f ! top ( ! ma/ to ! hull to keep ! ma/ 9 position1 or :i* ext5d f ! top ( ! ma/ to ! b[sprit & f ! b[sprit to ! /em to keep ! b[sprit 9 its prop] place4 ,! /ays f ! ma/ to ! b[sprit are kn[n z =e/ays & ^u !m small sails are run up or d[n :i* are kn[n z jibs1 =e/aysails1 etc4 7,*apt] ,,iv74 ,_m boats :i* d n h b[sprits or jibs nev]!less h =e/ays runn+ f ! top ( ! ma/ to ! b[1 to keep ! ma/ 9 "o position1 :ile _m boats ) b[sprits h /ays runn+ f ! end ( ! b[sprit to ! sides ( ! boat1 _! purpose be+ to keep ! b[sprit f b5d+ sideways4 ,on l>ge vessels ! /ays are v num]\s & !re are back/ays to keep ! ma/s f b5d+ =w>d1 /ays betwe5 ! ma/s & _m o!r k9ds ( /ays1 b mo/ ( ^! are nev] necess>y on small boats4 ,if ! boat has a topma/1 h[ev]1 !re are always topma/-/ays & usually back/ays1 ! =m] be+ spread ap>t1 :]e ! topma/ & l[]ma/ jo91 by means ( a wood5 or metal crosspiece kn[n z a spread]4 ,s also on boats ) a long b[sprit1 or :]e a second piece kn[n z a jib boom1 ext5ds beyond ! b[sprit1 !re are /ays kn[n z bob/ays :i* are spread d[n t[>d ! wat] by means ( a metal or iron piece kn[n z ! dolph9 /rik] or m>t+ale boom4 ,9 m5tion+ ^! v>i\s p>ts ( ! rigg+ ,i h us$ ! t]ms 8ma/s10 8b[sprit10 etc41 & :ile ,i suppose t ne>ly e read] w "k :at a ma/ & a b[sprit is1 yet x may be well to add a few words ab\t !m & _! names4 ,! ma/s1 ( c\rse1 are ! /icks :i* c>ry ! sails & rigg+1 & if !re are m ?an "o us$1 ! =w>d ma/ is always ! =ema/4 ,! "o back ( ?is is ! ma9ma/2 ! ?ird f ! b[ is ! mizz51 :ile 9 f\r-ma/$ vessels !re is ! spank] ma/ or jigg] ma/4 ,:]e ! front ma/ is v high & !re is ano!r v small ma/ at ! /]n ! latt] is also kn[n z ! jigg] or mizz5 & ! =w>d ma/ becomes ! ma9ma/4 ,ma/s may be made 9 "o or m sections accord+ to ! rig ( ! vessel4 ,if ! ma/ is all 9 "o piece x is kn[n z a polema/ & if ano!r piece is plac$ above x ?is is kn[n z ! topma/1 :ile 9 squ>e-rigg$ vessels !re are /ill o!r pieces kn[n z topgallant ma/s1 royal ma/s1 etc4 ,! b[sprit is ! /ick :i* projects =w>d f ! b[ ( a vessel & x may be ei!r a pole b[sprit 9 "o piece1 or x may h a second piece atta*$ to x & kn[n z a jib boom1 :ile on v l>ge vessels !re may be /ill a ?ird "p kn[n z ! fly+ jib boom4 ,9 addition to all ^! !re are ! v>i\s /icks or timb]s :i* help spread ! sails & :i* are kn[n z sp>s1 b z ^! v>y 9 numb] & "n accord+ to ! rig & sails us$ x is be/ to consid] !m 9 connection ) ! sails !mselves4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,v>i\s ,,rigs ,probably ! fir/ sail ev] plac$ ^u a boat 0 m]ely a piece ( hide or sk91 la%$ to a sapl+ & kept spread op5 by a r\gh /ick la%$ across x4 ,?r\gh all ! c\ntless c5turies ?is fir/ =m ( sail has be5 reta9$ & :ile ! sk9 has be5 replac$ by clo? & ! r\gh sapl+s h giv5 place to well-f9i%$ poles or sp>s1 ! spritsail1 z x is call$1 /ill rema9s "o ( ! simple/1 h&ie/ & mo/ widely us$ ( sails4 ,! true spritsail is a squ>e1 or ne>ly squ>e1 piece ( canvas lac$ by "o edge to ! ma/ & kept /ret*$ flat by means ( a pole kn[n z a sprit :i* ext5ds f ! l[] "p ( ! ma/ diagonally across ! sail to ! upp]1 out] corn]4 ,sometimes ! sail is atta*$ to hoops or r+s :i* run up & d[n ! ma/ & a haly>d is us$ 9 hoi/+ ! sail b1 9 ord] to spread ! sail well1 ! sprit mu/ be pull$ out by h& & _c be arrang$ to rise or fall ) ! sail4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( secur+ ! sprit is to place ! tip 9 a small loop1 or eye ( rope made at ! corn] ( ! sail & !n heave ! sprit out until ! sail is taut by means ( a rope kn[n z a lany>d :i* is atta*$ to ! ma/ & is pass$ ?r\gh a hole or a not* 9 ! l[] end ( ! sprit4 ,ano!r v simple sail1 :i* is really a modification ( ! spritsail1 is ! leg-o'-mutton4 ,?is diff]s ma9ly f ! spritsail 9 =m1 = in/ead ( be+ rectangul> x is ?ree-corn]$ & ! sprit1 in/ead ( ext5d+ f ! ma/ to ! upp]1 out] corn] ( ! sail1 ext5ds almo/ horizontally across x4 ,leg-o'-mutton sails1 l ! spritsails1 are (t5 arrang$ to be rais$ or l[]$ by a haly>d & ow+ to ! position ( ! sprit x is n necess>y to remove x :5 l[]+ a leg-o'-mutton sail4 ,"s spritsails h two sprits1 b ?is is a nuisance & = mo/ purposes ! leg-o'-mutton is ! f> bett] sail ( ! two4 ,9 ! fir/ place x /ays flatt] & ?us enables "o to sail clos] to ! w9d2 x does n h ! t5d5cy to 8kick up0 & wrap itself ab\t ! ma/1 l ! spritsail1 :5 sail+ be=e ! w9d1 & f9ally x is n s liable to capsize a boat 9 a heavy w9d z ! greate/ area is l[1 :]eas 9 ! spritsail ! upp] portion pres5ts ! l>ge/ surface to ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v>i\s ,,rigs #a--;,felucca4 #b--,lugg]4 #c--,nonp>eil4 #d--;,d&y4 #e--;,b]muda boat4 #f--;,fr5* gunt]4 #g--;,batt5 sail4 #h--,settee sail4 ,some:at simil> to ! leg-o'-mutton sail 9 =m is ! gunt] sail or slid+ gunt]1 :i* is a great favorite 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe b :i* has nev] be5 widely introduc$ 9 ,am]ica1 al?\gh x has a great _m advantages ov] o!r sails = small boats4 ,! gunt] sail is a v easy "o to raise or l[]1 = !re is no sprit to remove & x is v easy to reef4 ,9 ! gunt] sail ! ma/ is made 9 two sections ) ! upp] portion slid+ by travell]s ov] ! l[] portion1 & to ?is movable "p ! s+le haly>d is atta*$4 ,9 ord] to reef sail x is only necess>y to l[] ! slid+ ma/ a trifle1 tie ! reef po9ts to ! boom & aga9 hoi/ ! sail taut4 ,ano!r =m ( rig1 :i* is se5 ev]y:]e 9 ,ori5tal wat]s1 & is ! prime favorite ) all ,lat9 races1 is ! late54 ,l ! leg-o'-mutton & ! gunt] rigs ! late5 is triangul>1 b unlike ! two =m] x is long] ?an high1 or 9 o!r words1 is plac$ horizontally1 in/ead ( p]p5dicul>ly4 ,! late5 is a p>ticul>ly good sail = small boats z ! greate/ area is l[ & :y x has n be5 m g5]ally adopt$ is some?+ ( a my/]y4 ,z us$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies ! late5 is rigg$ on a s+le1 %ort ma/ :i* po9ts or 8rakes0 slightly t[>ds ! b[ ( ! boat4 ,x has two y>ds & is rais$ & l[]$ by "o haly>d4 ,x is kept taut & flat by a crot*1 or r+1 pass$ ar\nd ! ma/ & fa/5$ to ! l[] y>d4 ,prop]ly made ! late5 w set v flat & smoo?1 x is easily & quickly rais$ or l[]$1 readily reef$ & is ! mo/ graceful & picturesque ( all rigs4 ,some:at l ! late51 b ) ! =w>d end cut (f1 is ! lugsail :i* is ! sail mo/ (t5 us$ by ! fi%]m5 ( nor!rn ,europe & ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,p]sonally ,i c\ld nev] see any advantage :i* ?is sail possesses ov] ! common & mu* m simple spritsail or ! ord9>y boom-&-gaff sail & on l>ge boats x is heavy1 clumsy & f> less to be recomm5d$ ?an sev]al o!r =ms4 ,! common boom-&-gaff sail is ! "o s famili> to ev]yone :o lives on or ne> ! wat] or :o has ev] se5 sail+ boats or vessels1 = x is m widely us$ ?an any o!r =m & is ! basis ( all =e-&-aft rigs 9 mo/ localities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,sails1 ,,sp>s1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,=e-,,&-,,aft ,,rig ,! true =e-&-aft sail or boom-&-gaff sail is really an adaptation ( ! old] lugsail & is a va/ improvem5t ov] x4 ,x is atta*$ to ! ma/ by means ( r+s or travel]s & has two sp>s2 ! "o at ! top kn[n z ! gaff & ! "o at ! bottom kn[n z ! boom4 ,!re are two haly>ds us$1 kn[n z ! peak haly>d & ?roat haly>d2 ! latt] be+ us$ to hoi/ ! sail & ! =m] to spread x tight & flat4 ,?is rig is not$ = its ability to sail close to ! w9d2 x is easy to h&le & 9 case ( a sudd5 /orm or squall ! peak may be dropp$ & ! area ( ! sail ?us r$uc$ )\t /opp+ to reef4 ,= v small boats x has ! disadvantage ( requir+ r heavy sp>s & ma/ & a multiplicity ( ropes1 blocks1 etc41 & h5ce = ?is purpose ! sprit1 leg-o'-mutton1 gunt] or late5 rigs are pref]able4 ,aside f ! %ape or type ( sails !re are v>i\s rigs :i* are well recogniz$ z /&>ds & :i* are comb9ations ( sev]al sails4 ,?us ! rig kn[n z ! cat rig is a s+le =e-&-aft sail ne> ! b[ ( ! boat4 ,! jib-&-ma9sail rig has a boom-&-gaff sail & a small triangul> sail kn[n z a jib1 :i* is set on a /ay runn+ f ! ma/head to ! b[1 or to ! end ( ! b[sprit4 ,! sloop rig is l ! jib-&-ma9sail rig b 9 addition has a small sail kn[n z a topsail betwe5 ! gaff & ! topma/2 x may also h two or ?ree o!r small triangul> sails on ! =e/ays4 ,:5 !re are two ( ^! ! l[e/ is kn[n z ! =e /aysail1 ! next is ! jib & ! ?ird is ! fly+ jib4 ,s*oon]s are two-1 ?ree-1 f\r-1 five-1 six- or ev5 sev5-ma/$ vessels ) ! ma/s =e-&-aft rigg$ & ) jibs l a sloop & ) /aysails betwe5 ! v>i\s topma/s4 ,9 s*oon]s ! v>i\s =e-&-aft sails are all ( ne>ly ! same size ) ! sail on ! re> ma/ ! l>ge/4 ,illu/ration3 #a--,,ket* ,,rig4 #b--;,,cat ,,yawl ,,rig ,two o!r rigs :i* h two ma/s & c>ry =e-&-aft sails are ! ket* & ! yawl4 ,! ket* has a =ema/ rigg$ l t ( a sloop1 or s*oon]1 ) a mu* small] boom-&-gaff sail on a ma/ ne> ! /]n1 :ile ! yawl is practically ! same ) a /ill small] re> sail4 ,if ! re> ma/ or mizz5 is plac$ 9 front ( ! /]npo/ ! rig is ! ket* :]eas if plac$ beh9d ! /]npo/ x is a yawl rig4 ,!re are also cat yawls :i* h no jibs & "s ket*es & yawls c>ry lugsails on bo? ma/s1 or h a boom & gaff ma9sail & a lugsail mizz5 or ev5 a sprit1 late51 leg-o'-mutton1 gunt] or o!r type ( mizz5 sail4 ,yawls & ket*es are at times rigg$ ) leg-o'-mutton1 lug1 gunt] or late5 sails on bo? ma/s1 b :5 ?us rigg$ ! crafts are n1 prop]ly speak+1 ei!r yawls or ket*es4 ,if lugsails are us$ ! rig is really a lugg]2 if bo? ma/s c>ry leg-o'-mutton or gunt] sails ! rig is kn[n z ! nonp>eil2 if ! mizz5 is a leg-o'-mutton sail ! boat is d&y-rigg$ & if bo? ma9 & mizz5 sails are ( ! late5 type ! boat becomes a felucca1 :i* is "o ( ! favorite ,m$it]ranean rigs & is famili> to e read] ( sea tales z ! typical rig ( ! ,ea/]n corsairs4 ,all ( ! sails m5tion$ on ^! v>i\s rigs are ^? kn[n z work+ sails1 b 9 addition !re are num]\s light sails us$ :5 !re is little w9d or :5 rac+1 su* z sp9nak]s1 jib topsails1 balloon jibs1 etc41 b :i* are ( little int]e/ 9 connection ) small boats or boats = ! amateur sailor4 ,nev]!less "s k ( su* matt]s nev] comes amiss & x is well to "k ! names & uses ( ^! rac+ sails4 ,sp9nak]s are imm5se triangul> sails us$ :5 runn+ be=e ! w9d & :i* are spread out f ! side ( ! boat by means ( a sp> kn[n z a sp9nak] boom4 ,balloon jibs are huge1 jib-l sails ( v light cotton or silk us$ 9 place ( ! small] head sails :5 runn+ on1 or be=e1 ! w9d1 :ile jib topsails are triangul> sails run up on ! /ay :i* ext5ds f ! topma/ to ! b[sprit4 ,n[adays =e-&-aft-rigg$ vessels =m ! bulk ( all sail+ craft1 _m ( :i* are ( imm5se size & capable ( c>ry+ _m hundr$s ( tons ( c>go4 ,! use ( =e-&-aft sails on any b small boats is comp>atively rec5t1 h[ev]1 & =m]ly all l>ge craft 7 :at are kn[n z squ>e-rigg]s4 ,al?\gh f> m beautiful & /ately ?an ! s*oon]s ! squ>e-rigg$ vessels gradually gave way to ! m economical & h&y =e-&-aft rigs & a few ye>s ago "o seldom saw a squ>e-rigg$ vessel1 save 9 out-(-!-way places4 ,) ! trem5d\s dem& = ocean-go+ vessels1 br\ght ab\t by ! ,european ,w>1 ! squ>e-rigg]s once m came into _! own & today "o may see %ips1 b>ks & brigs ev]y:]e 9 ! important ports ( ! _w4 ,al?\gh small boats are seldom squ>e-rigg$ yet ev]yone :o is fond ( ! sea & ( boats %\ld "k some?+ ( squ>e-rigg$ craft & %\ld be famili> ) ! v>i\s rigs & _! sails & %\ld "k ! prop] names & t]ms to use 9 speak+ ( !m4 ,to ! l&sman1 & to _m sailors z well1 ! rigg+ ( a squ>e-rigg$ vessel appe>s mo/ complicat$ & confus+1 b 9 reality x is v simple4 ,a great _m p call e l>ge vessel a 8%ip0 & _m m :o c di/+ui% a sloop f a s*oon]1 & a s*oon] f a yawl1 fail to note ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s squ>e-rigs & call all squ>e-rigg$ vessels 8%ips40 ,z a matt] ( fact 8%ips0 are only "o type ( squ>e-rigg$ craft & x is j z errone\s to call a b>k a 8%ip0 z to call a sloop a 8s*oon]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,sails ,,( ,,squ>e-,,rigg$ ,,vessels #a--,topsail s*oon]4 #b--;,brigant9e4 #c--;,brig 7ma9 c\rse 9 dott$ l9es74 #d--;,b>k5t9e 7) d\ble topsails74 #e--;,b>k 7) d\ble topsails74 #f--,%ip 7) d\ble topsails1 =e & ma9 skysails 7mizz5 c\rse 9 dott$ l9es774 ,/aysails are omitt$ 9 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,oddly en\gh "o may trace ! transition f ! orig9al squ>e-rigg]s to ! mod]n =e-&-aft s*oon]s by ! v>i\s rigs1 = ! old squ>e sails di$ h>d & ev5 aft] ! _m advantages ( =e-&-aft sails 7 prov5 sailors /ill held t5aci\sly to c]ta9 squ>e sails & ?us _m types ( squ>e-rigg$ vessels are comb9ations ( ! two =ms & are really connect+ l9ks betwe5 true squ>e-rigg]s & =e-&-aft rigs4 ,?is is ! case ) ! s-call$ 8topsail s*oon]s0 :i* are almo/ a ?+ ( ! pa/ 9 mo/ c\ntries b are /ill us$ 9 ,newf\ndl&1 ! ,canadian prov9ces & 9 p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! topsail s*oon] is ess5tially a two-ma/$1 =e-&-aft s*oon]1 b ! =etopma/ is equipp$ ) y>ds be>+ squ>e sails1 ! l[] sail be+ kn[n z ! =etopsail & ! upp] "o z ! =etopgallantsail4 ,ano!r /ep backw>d & we f9d ! =ema/ equipp$ entirely ) squ>e sails1 ! =e-&-aft sail on ! =ema/ miss+ & a f\r? squ>e sail above ! =etopgallantsail4 ,?is rig is kn[n z ! brigant9e1 :ile 9 ! rig kn[n z a brig bo? ma/s c>ry squ>e sails & 9 addition ! ma9ma/ is furni%$ ) a =e-&-aft sail kn[n z ! spank]4 ,9 e squ>e-rigg$ vessel !re are a def9ite numb] ( squ>e sails on ea* ma/ & ^! always h ! same "n1 al?\gh "s vessels d n c>ry all ( !m4 ,?us1 ! l[e/ sail is ! c\rse1 ! next is ! topsail1 ! next ! topgallantsail1 ! next ! royal & ! highe/ ( all is ! skysail4 ,=m]ly ea* ( ^! sails 0 9 "o l>ge piece1 b 9 ord] to make x easi] to h&le !m d\ble topsails & d\ble topgallantsails 7 inv5t$ & are n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,?us "o may see squ>e-rigg$ vessels ) sev5 in/ead ( five squ>e sails on ea* ma/1 b ! names rema9 ! same1 ! second & ?ird sails above ! deck becom+ l[] & upp] topsails1 & ! two above ^! be+ l[] & upp] topgallantsails4 ,_m o!r vessels c>ry d\ble topsails & s+le topgallantsails1 b "o c always recognize ^! d\ble sails z !y are mu* n>r[] ?an ! full sails4 ,comp>atively few vessels c>ry skysails1 _m d n ev5 c>ry royals & /ill o!rs c>ry m on "o ma/ ?an on ano!r4 ,j z brigant9es =m a sort ( connect+ l9k betwe5 brigs & two-ma/$ s*oon]s s b>k5t9es & b>ks are connect+ l9ks betwe5 ?ree-ma/$ s*oon]s & real %ips4 ,! b>k5t9e has ! =w>d ma/ squ>e-rigg$ ) ! ma9 & mizz5 ma/s =e-&-aft rigg$1 :ile ! b>k has ! =e & ma9ma/ squ>e-rigg$ & only ! mizz5 =e-&-aft rigg$4 ,f9ally !re is ! true %ip or 8full rigg$ %ip10 z x is (t5 call$1 9 :i* all ?ree ma/s are squ>e-rigg$ ) a small =e-&-aft spank] on ! la/1 or mizz51 ma/4 ,9 =m] ye>s b>ks & %ips nev] _h m ?an ?ree ma/s1 b ) ! adv5t ( /eel hulls1 & donkey eng9es to hoi/ & trim sails1 f\r-1 five- & ev5 six-ma/$ b>ks & %ips came into use4 ,x is sometimes difficult to tell :e!r ^! vessels are b>ks or %ips1 b if !re is m ?an "o ma/ =e-&-aft rigg$ !y are prop]ly b>k5t9es1 if only "o ma/ is )\t squ>e sails ! vessel is a b>k & if squ>e sails are on all ma/s x is a %ip2--reg>dless ( h[ _m ma/s !re are4 ,j z =e-&-aft rigg$ vessels c>ry light sails to supplem5t ! ord9>y work+ sails1 s squ>e-rigg$ vessels (t5 spread additional canvas :5 ! w9ds are light or :5 great] spe$ is desir$4 ,betwe5 ! v>i\s ma/s /aysails1 %ap$ l jibs1 are ext5d$1 :ile at times small sails kn[n z /udd+ sails or /unsails are set at ! out] ends ( ! squ>e sails4 ,^! light sails take ! names ( ! ma/s or y>ds f :i* !y are set & ?us !re are ma9 & mizz5 topma/ & topgallant /aysails2 =e1 ma9 & mizz5 topgallant & royal /udd+ sails1 etc4 ,^! great /eel & iron squ>e-rigg]s (t5 h ea* ( _! ma/s 9 "o piece or polema/s1 b ! old] & typical squ>e-rigg$ vessels _h _! ma/s made up ( sev]al pieces1 ea* ( :i* c>ri$ a sail1 & ! names ( ea* section correspond$ to ! sail :i* x c>ri$4 ,?us ! l[e/ section 0 ! ma/ prop]1 ! piece above 0 ! topma/1 ! next 0 ! topgallant ma/1 ! next ! royal ma/ & ! sl5d]e/1 upp]mo/ "p 0 ! skysail pole4 ,ea* ( ^! ma/s _h its own /ays & %r\ds & betwe5 ! ma/s triangul>1 jib-l sails kn[n z /aysails 7 set4 ,^! 7 nam$ aft] ! ma/s to :i* ! upp] ends 7 atta*$ & ?us ! /aysail :i* ext5d$ d[nw>d f ! top ( ! topgallant ma/ 0 a topgallant /aysail1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hull1 ,,sp>s ,,& ,,rigg+ ,,( ,a ,,%ip #a--;,jib boom4 #b--;,b[sprit4 #c--;,dolph9-/rik] or m>t+ale4 #d--;,ca!ad4 #e--;,cap/an4 #f--;,cable4 #g--,/em or ,cutwat]4 #h--;,hawse-pipe or hawse-hole4 #i--,/>bo>d b[4 #aj--,/>bo>d beam4 #aa--,wat] l9e4 #ab--,/>bo>d qu>t]4 #ac--,rudd]4 #ad--,rudd] po/4 #ae--;,c\nt]4 #af--;,deck h\se or cuddy4 #ag--;,=e royalma/4 #ah--,ma9 royalma/4 #ai--,mizz5 royalma/4 #bj--;,=e royaly>d4 #ba--,ma9 royaly>d4 #bb--,mizz5 royaly>d4 #bc--;,=e topgallantma/4 #bd--,ma9 topgallantma/4 #be--,mizz5 topgallantma/4 #bf--;,=e topgallanty>d4 #bg--,ma9 topgallanty>d4 #bh--,mizz5 topgallanty>d4 #bi--;,=e topma/4 #cj--,ma9 topma/4 #ca--,mizz5 topma/4 #cb--;,=e topsaily>d4 #cc--,ma9 topsaily>d4 #cd--,mizz5 topsaily>d4 #ce--;,=etop4 #cf--,ma9top4 #cg--,mizz5top4 #ch--;,=ey>d4 #ci--,ma9y>d4 #dj--,mizz51 or ,cross-jack1 y>d4 #da--;,=ema/4 #db--,ma9ma/4 #dc--,mizz5ma/4 #dd--;,=egaff1 or =e-sp5c]-gaff4 #de--,trysail-gaff1 or ,ma9-sp5c]-gaff4 #df--,spank]-gaff4 #dg--,spank]-boom4 #dh--;,bulw>k1 or rail4 #di--,/>bo>d ports4 #ej--,/>bo>d scupp]-holes4 #ea--,/>bo>d *a9-plates4 ,a1 ,a1 ,a--,=e1 ma9 & mizz5 royal-/ays4 ,b--,fly+-jib-/ay4 ,c1 ,c1 ,c--,=e1 ma9 & mizz5 topgallant-/ays4 ,d--,jib-/ay4 ,e1 ,e1 ,e--,=e1 ma9 & mizz5 topma/-/ays4 ,f1 ,f1 ,f--,=e1 ma9 & mizz5-/ays4 ,g1 ,g--,=e & ma9-tacks4 ,h1 ,h1 ,h--,=e1 ma9 & mizz5 royal-lifts4 ,i1 ,i1 ,i--,=e1 ma9 & mizz5 topgallant-lifts4 ,j1 ,j1 ,j--,=e1 ma9 & mizz5 topsail-lifts4 ,k1 ,k1 ,k--,=e1 ma9 & mizz51 or cross-jack1 lifts4 ,l1 ,l1 ,l--,=e1 ma9 & mizz5 royal-braces4 ,m1 ,m1 ,m--,=e1 ma9 & mizz5 topgallant-braces4 ,n1 ,n1 ,n--,=e1 ma9 & mizz5 topsail-braces4 ,o1 ,o1 ,o--,=e1 ma9 & mizz51 or cross-jack1 braces4 ,p1 ,p1 ,p--,=e1 ma9 & mizz5 />bo>d %r\ds4 ,q1 ,q1 ,q--,=e1 ma9 & mizz5 back/ays4 ,r1 ,r1 ,r--,peak haly>ds4 ,s1 ,s1 ,s--,trysail & spank] vangs4 ,t1 ,t--,=e & ma9 %eets4 ,u--,spank] topp+-lift4 ,v--,spank] %eet4 ,w--,fly+ m>t+ale4 ,w--,m>t+ale /ay4 ,x--,bob/ays4 ,y--,*af+ ge>4 ,,note--,mod]n vessels c>ry d\ble-topsails & (t5 d\ble topgallantsails also1 9 :i* case ! words 8upp]0 or 8l[]0 are prefix$ to ! sails1 sp>s & rigg+ ( ^! sails4 ,skysails also are c>ri$ at times4 ,^! are small sails set on ! skysail poles above ! royal ma/s & _! rigg+ takes ! prefix 8skysail40 ,sp5c]s & trysails are (t5 omitt$ & are obsolete1 z are /udd+ sails4 ,x w ?us be se5 t 9 ord] to "k ! names ( all ! sails on a squ>e-rigg$ vessel x is only necess>y to le>n ! names ( ! five p>ts ( ea* ma/1 = e sail has ! same "n ) ! addition ( =e1 ma91 or mizz5 z ! case may be4 ,! same is true ( ! y>ds1 ! /ays1 ! haly>ds & e o!r "p ( a %ip's rigg+ & s ! seem+ly complicat$ maze becomes v simple1 = all y h to d is to le>n ! names ( ! v>i\s p>ts on "o ma/ & prefix =e1 ma9 or mizz5 to !m = ^? on ! o!r ma/s4 ,j z ! little catboat has its /ays1 haly>ds & %eet1 s ! huge1 t[]+ %ip has its /ays & %r\ds1 %eets & haly>ds & ! use ( ea* is exactly ! same z on ! catboat ) its s+le sail4 ,! /ays or %r\ds always hold ! ma/s 9 position & /r5g!n !m4 ,!re are back/ays1 =e/ays & bob/ays on e vessel1 & ea* is designat$ by ! prop] prefix ( =e1 ma9 or mizz51 top1 topgallant1 royal1 etc4 ,! haly>ds are to hoi/ ! sails & !y take _! names f ! sails to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,! %eets are us$ to haul ! sails flat & tight & !y ext5d f ! corn]s ( ! sails to ! tips ( ! y>ds1 b 9 addition !re are _m p>ts ( ! rigg+ :i* h no c\nt]p>t on =e-&-aft-rigg$ vessels4 ,= example1 ! braces are us$ to sw+ or set ! y>ds 9 v>i\s positions1 ! clewl9es are us$ to ga!r up ! sails ready = furl+ & !re are buntl9es1 g>net-l9es & _m o!r l9es :i* are only us$ on squ>e-rigg]s & are ( little int]e/1 unless y expect to use a squ>e rig or are int]e/$ 9 all ?+s p]ta9+ to sail+ craft4 ,x may s\nd fooli% to speak ( us+ a squ>e rig1 b "o c h a lot ( fun & c le>n a great deal ab\t %ips & sail+ by fitt+ up a small boat z a brig1 b>k1 or %ip4 ,i once _h a tw5ty-foot %>pie rigg$ z a m9iature full-rigg$ %ip4 ,( c\rse !re is no practical advantage 9 ?is1 = ! squ>e rigs require a great deal ( c>e1 !y d n sail z well z =e-&-aft rigs :5 tack+ to w9dw>d1 & !y %\ld nev] be us$1 save z a means ( recreation & = sail+ on smoo? wat]s1 on a small boat4 ,z to :i* is ! be/ =e-&-aft rig to use on small boats !re is a great div]sity ( op9ion1 = e boat sailor has 8 own ideas & 8 own favorite rig & :at may prove v satisfactory to "o p]son may n be at all satisfactory to ano!r4 ,! be/ me?od to foll[ 9 det]m9+ y\r rig is to weigh ! advantages & disadvantages ( ea*1 adopt ! "o y ?9k be/ suit$ to y\r special requirem5ts & y\r boat & if ?is doesn't fulfill expectations try ano!r4 ,no two boats1 ev5 ( ! same model1 sail j alike & (t5 "o rig w give f> bett] results on "o type ( boat ?an on ano!r :ile ! "* ( ! wat]s sail$1 ! preval5t w9ds1 ! size ( ! boat1 its =m1 ! purpose = :i* x is us$ & _m o!r factors mu/ be consid]$ :5 decid+ ^u a rig4 ,if y are a beg9n] & y\r boat is small & op51 a leg-o'-mutton or gunt] sail w probably be z good z any1 :]eas if y\r boat is v /able or heavy1 or if y sail :]e !re are light w9ds1 a lug1 sprit or boom-&-gaff sail w be bett]4 ,x is a great mi/ake to place too mu* sail on a boat = no?+ is ga9$ by x & ! dang]s ( sail+ are va/ly increas$4 ,too mu* sail on a boat w inv>iably & inevitably result 9 "o ( ?ree ?+s4 ,if ! boat is n wond]fully /able %e w capsize1 or w lean ov] until %e swamps2 if s heavy or /able t %e /ill /&s up1 ! w9d w rip ! sail or te> out ! ma/s & if nei!r ( ^! casualties occur %e w simply 8drag0 sail & w h&le badly4 ,e boat w sail to ! v be/ advantage ) a def9ite am\nt ( sail & ! am\nt w v>y accord+ to ! breeze4 ,h5ce x is no economy to c>ry on ) all sail 9 a heavy w9d1 = if ! sail us$ is adapt$ to ! boat = light w9ds x /&s to reason x w be f> too mu* 9 heavy wea!r4 ,flat-bottom$ boats are usually v safe if prop]ly h&l$ & n provid$ ) too mu* sail1 b ow+ to _! %ape !y capsize v quickly once !y are tipp$ a trifle too f>4 ,= ?is reason leg-o'-mutton or gunt] sails %\ld be select$ = ?is type ( boat1 p>tly because !y (f] a small area to ! w9d ne> _! tops & because !y h ! quality ( 8spill+0 ! w9d :5 at an angle & ?us prev5t+ ! boat f be+ tipp$ dang]\sly4 ,a flat-bottom$ boat may be sail$ 9 p]fect safety ) ^! sails :5 lug or boom-&-gaff sails ( ! same area w\ld be extremely dang]\s4 ,ano!r matt] to rememb] is t a great] am\nt ( sail may be safely c>ri$ z two or m sails ?an w\ld be possible 9 a s+le sail1 b = boats less ?an tw5ty feet ov] all a multiplicity ( sails is a nuisance4 ,! "q ( j h[ mu* sail %\ld be c>ri$ is a v difficult "o to answ]1 = boats v>y 9 _! /ability & a great deal dep5ds ^u h[ !y are h&l$ & ! skill ( ! sailor4 ,= ord9>y op5 boats us$ = pleasure :]e a s+le sail is c>ri$1 ! sail area %\ld n greatly exce$ "o & "o-half times ! numb] ( squ>e feet obta9$ by multiply+ ! boat's l5g? by its extreme bread?4 ,?us a boat tw5ty feet long by five feet wide c\ld safely c>ry "o hundr$ & fifty squ>e feet ( canvas1 b = safety ?is %\ld be z l[ z possible4 ,a sail fifte5 feet high & sev5 feet wide might upset ! boat be=e x w\ld drive x along & yet a sail t5 feet high & twelve feet wide might s]ve to sail ! boat v well & )\t any dang] ( capsiz+4 ,at any rate1 until y are ?or\ghly famili> ) h&l+ y\r boat & ) ! rudim5ts ( sail+ "u all conditions1 y %\ld conf9e y\rself to a small am\nt ( sail & %\ld make ha/e sl[ly4 ,9 addition to ! =e-&-aft sails describ$ !re are _m :i* are comb9ations1 adaptations or improvem5ts & :i* are kn[n by diff]5t names4 ,among ^! are ! ,fr5* gunt] 9 :i* ! upp] portion ( ! ma/ n only slides on ! l[] "p b may be l[]$ l a gaff z well2 ! leg-o'-mutton ) a boom at ! l[] edge 9 place ( ! sprit2 ! v>i\s batt5$ sails :i* are really lugsails fitt$ ) light wood5 /rips1 or batt5s1 across !m to keep ! sails flatt] & to make reef+ easi]2 ! old-fa%ion$ lugsails :i* h no sp> or boom at ! l[] edge2 ! settee sails :i* h a boom & a mu* curv$ & v long upp] y>d l a late51 & f9ally ! ,b]muda sails :i* are diff]5t f all4 ,! ,b]mudians consid] a boat's ability to c>ry sail 9 heavy wea!r & to sail close to ! w9d ( ! greate/ importance & _! boats & sails are design$ prim>ily = ^! objects4 ,! true ,b]muda sail is l a leg-o'-mutton ) a curv$ l[] edge & ) ! top po9t cut (f & atta*$ to a %ort piece ( wood or club to :i* ! haly>d is fa/5$4 ,9 place ( a boom !re is a sprit-l pole :i* is provid$ ) a small tackle on ! ma/ end & ! sail is set v flat by haul+ out on ?is tackle1 v mu* z 9 ! leg-o'-mutton sail4 ,! greate/ peculi>ity ( ! ,b]muda rig is t ! ma/ is set v f> =w>d & leans or rakes %>ply backw>d & a good-siz$ jib is c>ri$4 ,x is a spl5did rig = w9dw>d "w1 b is a bad rig be=e ! w9d & = amateur use is n to be recomm5d$4 ,= boats ov] tw5ty-five feet long no?+ is h&i] or bett] ?an ! yawl rig4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is j z easy to sail z a sloop or jib-&-ma9sail rig1 = ! t9y mizz5 practically takes c>e ( itself4 ,:5 com+ to a moor+ or to an*or ! ma9sail may be l[]$ & ! boat h&l$ "u jib & mizz5 & by haul+ ! mizz5 close 9 & l[]+ ! o!r sails ! boat w lie "r 9 ! w9d's eye :5 at moor+s or rid+ out a gale4 ,if 9 a n>r[ *annel a yawl may actually be back$ out by sw++ ! mizz5 across ! boat & l[]+ ! o!r sails & :5 tack+ or com+ ab\t 9 a seaway or :]e !re is a /rong curr5t ! mizz5 helps wond]fully & ! boat's head may be quickly br\ght ab\t by haul+ ! mizz5 to w9dw>d4 ,9 case ( a sudd5 squall or a heavy w9d ! boat may be sail$ safely "u jib & mizz5 &1 be/ ( all1 :5 "o is oblig$ to reef1 x is n necess>y to an*or or toss ab\t helplessly & drift d[n ! w9d1 = ! ma9sail may be l[]$ & reef$ 9 com=t :ile hold+ on ! c\rse "u jib & mizz54 ,nev]!less ! beg9n] %\ld nev] attempt to le>n to sail or h&le a boat ) a yawl1 s*oon]1 sloop or ev5 a jib-&-ma9sail rig4 ,comm5ce ) a s+le1 simple sail1 su* z a sprit1 a leg-o'-mutton1 a gunt]1 a lug1 a late5 or a gaff-&-boom sail & :5 y h become ?or\ghly accu/om$ to ?is1 :5 y "k h[ to sail & h&le y\r simple boat & sail "u all conditions1 !n & n until !n1 y may try y\r h& at craft ) m sails & rigg+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,v ,,h[ ,,to ,,sail ,a ,,small ,,boat ,! fir/ ?+ y %\ld le>n to d if y expect to use a boat1 is to le>n to swim4 ,a sailboat1 prop]ly rigg$1 well built & intellig5tly h&l$1 is z safe z a r[boat or a laun* & is f> saf] ?an any canoe ev] built1 b "u ! be/ ( conditions & ev5 ) exp]i5c$ sailors1 accid5ts w at times happ5 & !n ! fell[ :o c swim /&s a f> bett] *ance ?an ! *ap :o _c4 ,excell5t swimm]s are dr[n$ x is true1 b t's 9 spite ( _! k1 n because ( x4 ,ev5 if y are nev] upset1 nev] h an accid5t & are nev] call$ ^u to save y\rself or o!rs1 yet ! k ( h[ to swim w be mighty valuable4 ,9 ! fir/ place x w give y & y\r companions great] confid5ce1 & confid5ce & self-reliance are big assets :5 sail+ a boat1 especially "u try+ conditions4 ,b because y c swim x doesn't foll[ t y %\ld take to ! wat] :5ev] an accid5t occurs4 ,a good sailor always /icks to 8 %ip & y %\ld nev] =sake y\r boat1 no matt] :at condition %e's 91 until compell$ to des]t h] by h] actually s9k+ "u y4 ,a wat]-logg$ or capsiz$ boat w float = h\rs or days & w support sev]al p]sons & :5 cl++ to an upset or wreck$ boat y /& a mu* bett] *ance ( be+ se5 & rescu$ ?an :5 swimm+4 ,_m a man has be5 dr[n$ by leav+ 8 upset boat & attempt+ to swim a%ore :51 by cl++ to ! craft1 he w\ld h be5 sav$4 ,?is 0 ! case ) two fri5ds ( ! au?or4 ,!re 7 ?ree 9 ! boat1 all spl5did swimm]s1 & !y 7 capsiz$ 9 a sudd5 squall sev]al miles f %ore4 ,! occupants easily clamb]$ ^u ! ov]turn$ hull & gave little he$ to _! pr$icam5t1 z !y knew t sev]al boats & /eam]s 7 due to pass ! spot :]e !y 7 %ipwreck$ )9 a few h\rs4 ,ab\t half-a-mile di/ant a s*oon]1 :i* 0 us$ z a tempor>y light%ip1 0 an*or$ & f9ally "o ( ! m5 sugge/$ swimm+ to x4 ,feel+ confid5t t he w\ld h no difficulty 9 rea*+ ! s*oon] he plung$ ov]bo>d & swam rapidly away4 ,pres5tly he turn$ & call$ to ! o!rs to foll[ & "o ( 8 companions did s1 :ile ! o!r wisely rema9$ on ! bottom ( ! boat4 ,:5 ab\t halfway to ! s*oon] ! =emo/ ( ! two swimm]s ?rew up 8 h&s & w5t d[n & a few mom5ts lat] ! o!r sank1 b ! s5sible "o ( ! trio1 :o /uck to ! boat1 0 sight$ & rescu$ by a pass+ craft an h\r or two lat] & 0 none ! worse = 8 exp]i5ce4 ,no matt] h[ well y c swim always rememb] t any solid object is f> saf] ?an ! wat] & don't resort to swimm+ unless actually compell$ to d s4 ,always be> 9 m9d t x takes b a v little to support a p]son 9 ! wat]--an old pail or bucket held p]p5dicul>ly & bottomside up1 an op5 umbrella1 an o>1 a ?w>t1 a sp>1 a grat+ or ev5 a high hat or a d]by w s]ve to keep a human be+ afloat = a long "t4 ,almo/ z important z ! ability to swim is ! ability to keep "o's head & n get rattl$ "u any & all conditions4 ,! sailor %\ld be able to move & act rapidly1 surely & intellig5tly2 he %\ld possess decisiv5ess & judgm5t & %\ld "k j :at to d & h[ to d x on ! spur ( ! mom5t4 ,:5 ?+s g wrong is j ! "t = y to g "r & _m a trivial accid5t has become a trag$y ?r\gh p los+ _! heads1 tangl+ ropes or ge>1 jump+ ab\t he$lessly & =gett+ j :at to d "u ! circum/ances4 ,9 boat sail+ ( all ?+s make ha/e sl[ly & ,,nev] ,,take ,,*ances4 ,y c't be ov]cauti\s 9 a boat & x is f> wis] to run = %elt] or to %ort5 sail too soon or 9 a mod]ate w9d ?an to wait too long or to c>ry too mu* sail 9 a h>d bl[4 ,:]ev] sailboats are us$ = pleasure "o may see foolh>dy m5 & boys sail+ "u full canvas 9 reef+ wea!r & try+ to %[ (f b to ! man :o kn[s1 su* actions d n speak ( skill or ability b m]ely ( ignorance & bravado4 ,don't m9d if su* reckless fools laugh at y\r caution & ?9k y are timid2 ! *ances are t y'll be sail+ ab\t safely long aft] !y are food = ! fi%es4 ,be=e attempt+ to le>n to sail x is well to "k some?+ ( ! pr9ciples ( sail+ & j :y a boat "u sail does c]ta9 ?+s4 ,_m l&sm5 _c und]/& h[ a boat c sail aga9/ ! w9d or h[ x c sail ) ! w9d abeam or bl[+ f ! side )\t tipp+ ov]1 b x's really a v simple matt] & if y und]/& :y & h[ ^! ?+s are accompli%$ y'll be able to h&le y\r boat f> bett] ?an if y m]ely le>n to d c]ta9 ?+s )\t und]/&+ ! reasons = !m4 ,:5ev] ! w9d bl[s aga9/ a boat's sails x has two di/9ct effects2 "o t5d+ to pu% ! boat sideways & ahead1 ! o!r to pu% x ov] or upset x4 ,! =m] t5d5cy is desirable & mu/ be enc\rag$ :]eas ! latt] mu/ be ov]come or resi/$4 ,! resi/ance :i* a boat (f]s to ! upsett+ or 8heel+0 =ce is t]m$ /ability & ! am\nt ( /ability :i* a boat possesses dep5ds ^u its model1 its proportions1 its weight & _m o!r factors4 ,_m boats h en\gh /ability to ov]come ! t5d5cy to upset )\t any artificial aid1 b z a rule suffici5t /ability c only be obta9$ by add+ "s weight or balla/ at ! bottom ( ! boat4 ,?is may take ! =m ( lead or iron on ! keel1 a weight$ c5t]bo>d1 or lead1 s&bags or o!r weights 9 ! bottom ( ! hull4 ,:5 a boat is heel$ ov] by ! w9d ! sails act l a lev]1 ) ! fulcrum at ! wat] l9e1 :ile ! hull bel[ ! wat] l9e repres5ts ! weight to be pri$ up4 ,( c\rse y "k t ! long] ! lev]1 beyond ! fulcrum1 z comp>$ to ! %ort end on ! o!r side ( ! fulcrum1 ! great] is ! p[] obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,effect ,,( ,,w9d ,,on ,,boats ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,%ad$ portions indicate lev]age ( hull aga9/ sail4 ,outl9$ rectangles %[ relative /ability areas4 ,?us ! f>!r a boat tips ov] ! less =ce c ! w9d on ! sails ex]t1 = ) e in* t ! boat heels ! l5g? ( ! lev] decreases1 z w be se5 by ! accompany+ diagram4 ,= ?is reason a boat tips mu* m easily :5 upright ?an aft] x has heel$ ov] a bit & = ! same reason a %all[ or flat-bottom$ boat tips m readily ?an a deep hull4 ,x w\ld be p]fectly feasible to build a boat s deep t x w\ld n tip at all1 & likewise a boat c\ld be built s heavy1 or ) s mu* balla/1 t ! lev]age ( ! sails w\ld be unable to heel x 9 ! lea/4 ,b nei!r ( ^! s*emes w\ld be practical4 ,if ! boat 0 built too deep x w\ld (f] s mu* resi/ance to ! wat] t ! sails c\ld n drive x =w>d & if built too heavy or if x c>ri$ too mu* balla/1 x w\ld be sl[1 clumsy & ! sails & ma/s might be c>ri$ away be=e ! boat mov$4 ,moreov] x is n desirable to prev5t a boat f tipp+ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,_m boats sail at _! be/ :ile heel$ at a %>p angle & ! t5d5cy to tip also s]ves z a sort ( safety valve by spill+ ! w9d f ! sails & w>n+ ! sailor t too mu* sail is be+ c>ri$ & ?us s]v+ a v useful purpose4 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to make boats safely /able )\t mak+ !m heavy1 sl[ or clumsy1 v>i\s =ms ( hulls & v>i\s me?ods ( balla/+ are adopt$4 ,= example1 if a boat is made v broad & %all[ ! result1 :5 tipp$1 w be almo/ ! same z if ! hull 0 made v deep & n>r[ b ! resi/ance to ! wat] w be ov]come4 ,z ! hull is tipp$ up by ! lev]age ( ! ma/s ! upp] side acts z a weight :i* mu/ be lift$1 & ex]ts j z great a c\nt]-lev]age z if ! weight 0 "u wat]4 ,b in/ead ( pres5t+ a l>ge surface ) its att5dant friction to ! wat] ! area ( ! boat's surface is r$uc$ ! m x is tipp$4 ,su* broad1 flat hulls are v /iff1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & boats built 9 ?is mann] are usually v fa/ :5 heel+ f> ov]1 b :5 !y are tipp$ a s+le in* beyond a c]ta9 po9t ! weight ( ! rais$ side acts ) ! lev] & flops ! boat ov] 9 an in/ant4 ,:5 a hull ?us %ap$ is provid$ ) a c5t]bo>d or a weight$ keel x becomes f> m /able4 ,_m ( ! fa/e/ rac+ boats are ( ?is type1 a =m design$ to sail ! v be/ :5 heel$ f> ov] ) half ! bottom out ( wat]4 ,to add to ! /ability "u su* conditions ! b[s & /]ns are cut away = a long di/ance s t :5 sail+ on a level keel ! surface 9 contact ) ! wat] is v small1 :ile ! fur!r !y tip to "o side or ! o!r ! great] ! l5g? is increas$4 ,b 9 e case1 :e!r /ability is obta9$ by great bread? or beam1 by extreme dep? f deck to keel1 by balla/ inside or outside1 by f9-keel or o!rwise1 y %\ld rememb] t ! fur!r "u wat] ! balla/ is plac$ ! less w be requir$4 ,always be> 9 m9d t balla/ or weight on ! d[nw>d or lee side aids ! boat 9 tipp+1 :]eas ! same weight1 on ! upp] side1 prev5ts x & t ! weight plac$ on ! high side w ex]t _m times ! =ce ( ! same weight 9 ! c5t] ( ! boat4 ,(t5 by sitt+ f> out on ! upp] or wea!r edge ( a boat1 %e may be sail$ 9 safety ?r\gh w9ds t w\ld capsize h] if y sat inside ! cockpit4 ,if a plank or bo>d 0 ext5d$ out f ! wea!r side & y p]*$ ^u t ! boat w\ld be /ill h>d] to upset & x is by su* me?ods t ! natives ( ! ,s\? ,seas sail _! catam>ans & proas at t]rific spe$ & ) huge sails out ( all proportion to ! hulls4 ,sometimes "o may see a 8fly+ proa0 te>+ along 9 a p]fect gale ) half a doz5 p]sons hang+ on to ! sl5d] outrigg] ext5d+ f ! wea!r side1 & by _! weight alone prev5t+ ! que] craft f turn+ turtle4 ,all ! above rem>ks ref] to /ability1 b !re is ano!r factor :i* mu/ be consid]$ & :i* is kn[n z lat]al resi/ance1 or 9 o!r words1 ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! wat] :5 mov+ sideways4 ,a boat might be v /able & yet x might be wor?less if x did n possess lat]al resi/ance1 = 9 t case x w\ld m]ely slide sideways in/ead ( go+ ahead & a prop]ly design$ boat mu/ comb9e bo? /ability & lat]al resi/ance to ! highe/ possible degree4 ,:5 sail+ 9 any direction1 save directly be=e ! w9d1 !re is a /rong sideways pressure aga9/ ! sails & unless ! boat is provid$ ) "s means ( ov]com+ ?is %e w slip sideways or diagonally or w make 8leeway10 z a sailor w\ld say4 ,deep1 n>r[ boats h great lat]al resi/ance b _! resi/ance to ! wat] :5 mov+ =w>d is also great & h5ce ! lat]al resi/ance is usually obta9$ by means ( deep1 n>r[ keels1 c5t]bo>d or leebo>ds4 ,! knife-l keel (f]s little resi/ance to ! wat] :5 mov+ =w>d b great resi/ance :5 mov+ sideways1 :ile ! c5t]bo>d may be pull$ up entirely :5 mov+ =w>d ) a w9d f ! re>1 ?us /ill fur!r r$uc+ ! friction aga9/ ! wat]4 ,if ! boat possesses /ability & lat]al resi/ance & is prop]ly rigg$ ! w9d bl[+ aga9/ ! sails w h a t5d5cy to =ce ! /]n ( ! craft away f ! w9d & ! b[ t[>ds x4 ,to ov]come ?is ! rudd] mu/ be turn$ until ! pressure ( ! wat] aga9/ x has en\gh =ce to balance ! action ( ! w9d on ! sails4 ,a prop]ly rigg$ boat1 if left to h]self ) rudd] loose & sails set1 w sw+ up into ! w9d ( h] own accord2 9 a few mom5ts %e w fall (f1 sail a %ort di/ance & aga9 come into ! w9d & lose headway & w repeat ?is op]ation ov] & ov] aga9 )\t dang] ( upsett+4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 h] sails are n adapt$ to h]1 if %e is badly design$ or improp]ly rigg$1 %e w sail fa/] & fa/]1 w fall m & m away f ! w9d & f9ally ! sail w flop ov] to ! o!r side & ! boat w be upset or ma/1 sails & rigg+ w be c>ri$ away4 ,su* a boat is a p]fect dea?trap & %\ld be avoid$ by all means4 ,always try a new boat or a new rig to see h[ x w act if ! helm is left :5 sails are set4 ,if ! boat comes up 9 ! w9d quickly ( h] own accord y may be sure %e w come ab\t readily :5 requir$ & t %e w take c>e ( h]self if at any "t y are compell$ to leave ! till] = a few mom5ts4 ,b don't condemn ! boat if %e falls (f & sails away z ,i h describ$4 ,z a rule ?is fault lies 9 ! rig r ?an 9 ! boat itself & (t5 a slight alt]ation 9 ! %ape or size ( ! sails or ev5 ! position ( ! ma/ w make all ! diff]5ce betwe5 a safe & a dang]\s boat4 ,if ! sails are too f> =w>d a boat may h a t5d5cy to fall (f & take a h>d lee helm1 :]eas if too f> aft ! boat may h su* a h>d wea!r helm t x is impossible to prev5t h] f sw++ up into ! w9d4 ,!n aga91 ! ma/ & sail may be 9 ! "r position & ! sail may h its greate/ area too f> =w>d or too f> aft1 or ! rudd] may be too small4 ,try v>i\s adju/m5ts be=e decid+ ! craft is hopeless & /rive to h y\r boat s arrang$ t :5 sail+ close-haul$ a slight pressure mu/ be ex]t$ on ! till] to prev5t h] f com+ into ! w9d or luff+1 :ile j ! in/ant ?is pressure is releas$ %e w sw+ up 9 ! w9d's eye ) ! sail flutt]+ & w hang !re indef9itely1 m]ely fall+ (f1 com+ up aga9 & rema9+ practically /ation>y 9 "o place4 ,to a great _m p x appe>s rem>kable t a boat c sail aga9/ ! w9d1 b x is a v simple matt] inde$ & dep5ds ^u ! same pr9ciples :i* make a kite fly1 an a]oplane rise or a w9dmill turn4 ,9 e case ! result is br\ght ab\t by ! pressure ( ! w9d ^u a curv$ or angul> surface & :ile ! boat & w9dmill dep5d ^u ! w9d to move !m & ! a]oplane produces ! w9d by mov+ rapidly ?r\gh /ill air1 yet ! results 9 ea* case are id5tical & ! object1 unable to move away f ! w9d moves aga9/ x or at "r angles to x4 ,:5ev] a mov+ mass ( matt]1 su* z air or wat]1 /rikes a curv$ surface two effects result1 ! fir/ be+ to =ce ! object aside1 ! o!r to =ce x ahead by :at is kn[n z 8reaction40 ,if a solid object1 su* z a bullet1 /rikes a slant+ surface x glances (f & frequ5tly x loses v little ( its =ce 9 do+ s4 ,! w9d1 :5 /rik+ a curv$ surface1 glances (f & ex]ts its =ce at an angle4 ,! pressure ( ?is glanc+ bl[ & ! =ce ex]t$ by ! w9d aga9/ ! surr\nd+ air z x slides (f ! sail1 has a t5d5cy to =ce ! sail1 or o!r surface1 ahead4 ,! direction 9 :i* ! object is =c$ & ! p[] requir$ to move x dep5d ^u ! curve or angle :i* is pres5t$ to ! w9d4 ,! broad] ! angle at :i* ! w9d /rikes1 ! less loss ( =ce !re is & ! great] ! p[] :i* ! w9d ex]ts ^u ! sail4 ,?us1 :5 ! w9d is directly aga9/ ! sail1 v little p[] is wa/$ & ! :ole =ce drives ! boat ahead z none ( ! w9d c glance (f4 ,if ! boat is br\ght ar\nd until ! w9d bl[s f "o side & ! sail is pull$ 9 until x is at an angle1 ! w9d ex]ts a comb9$ sideways & =w>d pressure & ! boat sails at "r angles to ! w9d2 :]eas if ! sail is drawn /ill clos] t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! boat & ! craft is head$ ne>] to ! w9d1 ! w9d skips (f ! sail produc+ b little =w>d or sideways pressure b =c+ ! boat almo/ aga9/ ! direction f :i* ! w9d bl[s4 ,b if ! boat is head$ too close to ! w9d & ! sail haul$ 9 too ne> ! c5t] ( ! boat no headway w be made = ! w9d w !n slip (f ! sail )\t ex]t+ en\gh =ce to move ! boat =w>d4 ,if y w always be> ^! facts 9 m9d y w f9d x f> easi] to le>n to sail & y w also und]/& :y y %\ld always let y\r sail out z f> z possible )\t lett+ x flutt] or 8spill0 ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sail+ #a--;,be=e ! w9d or runn+ free4 #b--,) w9d on ! qu>t]4 #c--;,beam w9d or rea*+4 #d--;,head w9d or close haul$4 #e--,tack+ or beat+ to w9dw>d4 #f--;,go+ ab\t ) boat c>ry+ a jib4 #g--,mak+ a long & %ort leg4 #h--;,h[ a w9d acts on a boat close haul$4 #i--;,jib+4 #aj--,we>+ %ip4 #aa--,tack+ (f ! w9d to avoid beam seas4 ,hav+ ?or\ghly ma/]$ ^! simple pr9ciples ( :y a boat sails y c safely />t to le>n h[ to h&le y\r boat4 ,if possible1 h an exp]i5c$ sailor g ) y :5 le>n+2 y w f9d 8 advice wor? m ?an all ! pr9t$ directions 9 ! _w1 b ev5 alone y'll h no tr\ble 9 le>n+ to sail if y take pl5ty ( "t1 ma/] "o ?+ ?or\ghly be=e try+ ano!r & use common s5se & judgm5t4 ,be=e leav+ %ore or ! an*orage be sure t ev]y?+ is 9 ! boat & 9 ! prop] place4 ,!re %\ld be o>s & o>locks1 a bail]1 an an*or & pl5ty ( l9e & all ropes %\ld be neatly coil$ :]e !y are free to run out )\t becom+ k9k$1 caught or tangl$4 ,make x a po9t always to keep ! %eet cle> & nev] tie x or make x fa/ :5 sail+4 ,m accid5ts to sailboats h result$ f a tangl$ or fa/ %eet ?an f any o!r "o cause4 ,:5 hoi/+ sail ! %eet %\ld be left slack en\gh to all[ ! sail to sw+ freely f side to side1 b x %\ld n be entirely free or ! sail may sw+ out at "r angles & /rike "s neighbor+ boat or ob/ruction1 or x may ev5 wrap itself ab\t ! ma/ & cause no end ( tr\ble4 ,x is be/ to comm5ce sail+ 8on ! w9d0 or ) ! w9d f "o side or p>tly ov] ! /]n1 = ?is is ! easie/ & safe/ k9d ( sail+4 ,9 ?is position mo/ boats sail _! be/ & obta9 _! greate/ spe$4 ,if ! w9d is directly f "o side ! sail %\ld be eas$ (f until ! =w>d edge comm5ces to flutt]1 b if ! w9d is ov] ! qu>t] ! sail mu/ be trimm$ 9 ord] to be at z ne>ly a "r angle to ! w9d z possible1 z %[n 9 ! diagrams4 ,if1 :5 sail+ ) a beam or qu>t] w9d1 y wi% to turn ab\t y %\ld always haul 9 y\r %eet1 pu% ! till] to leew>d--away f ! w9d--& br+ ! boat up into ! w9d until ! sail sw+s to ! o!r side1 :5 y may gradually ease-(f ! %eet until sail+ z be=e4 ,if y attempt to turn ab\t )\t do+ ?is ! sail w sw+ viol5tly across f "o side to ! o!r1 or 9 sailors' p>lance1 w jibe & :ile an exp]i5c$ h& w jibe a boat ) p]fect safety an amateur is v likely to capsize or to c>ry away ma/s & rigg+4 ,x may seem at fir/ z if sail+ "r be=e ! w9d w\ld be ! easie/ ?+ to accompli%1 b ?is is a great mi/ake4 ,to sail be=e ! w9d1 save 9 v light airs & ) a small sail1 requires a great deal ( c>e & n a little skill4 ,a great _m boats h a t5d5cy to yaw or to sw+ wildly f side to side :5 ?us sail+ & :5 ?is is ! case ! sail is v likely to jibe ) s]i\s results4 ,ev5 if ?is does n happ5 ! sail may bag out & make ! boat /e] h>d or ! boom may 8kick up0 & become almo/ unmanageable4 ,if all[$ to sw+ out too f> ! boat may refuse to obey its helm & w sw+ ar\nd to ! w9d1 reg>dless ( y\r ef=ts to keep x on its c\rse1 :ile if kept 9 too closely ! w9d may cat* x on ! wrong side & jibe x sudd5ly4 ,9 a heavy sea !re is ! add$ dang] ( ! boom cat*+ 9 a wave & 8tripp+0 & ei!r upsett+ ! boat or jib+ z a result4 ,if y\r boat yaws1 if ! boom kicks up badly1 or if !re is mu* ( a w9d1 don't try to sail be=e ! w9d b sail p>tly side to x & g ab\t e little :ile & ?us zigzag t[>ds y\r de/9ation z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,if1 :ile sail+ be=e ! w9d or ) a beam w9d1 y %\ld desire to alt] y\r c\rse & br+ ! sail ov] ! opposite side1 don't turn away f ! w9d & jibe ! sail1 b haul 9 ! %eet1 turn into ! w9d & sw+ ab\t 9 a circle until ! sail is on ! opposite side & y are head$ 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,?is mann] ( turn+ ab\t :5 sail+ free or be=e ! w9d1 is call$ we>+ %ip & to p]=m ! evolution neatly & 9 a sailor-l mann] w require "s practice1 = ! sail mu/ be haul$ 9 & ! helm put ov] at ! same "t & 9 p]fect unison4 ,if ! helm is put d[n too quickly ! sail w flap & ?ra% & ! boat may n come ab\t1 :]eas if ! sail is haul$ 9 too rapidly & ! helm is n ?r[n ov] promptly ! boat may be tipp$ dang]\sly4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x becomes necess>y to jibe1 :ile at o!r times a sudd5 %ift ( w9d or "s o!r cause may make a boat jibe despite e ef=t to prev5t x4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to jibe1 or if x is se5 t x _c be avoid$1 haul 9 ! %eet j z rapidly z possible & j z soon z ! boom passes ! c5t] ( ! boat pay out ! %eet smoo?ly & quickly s t !re w be no sudd5 j]k or pull z ! w9d sw+s ! sail ov]4 ,if !re is mu* w9d bl[+ x is a wise plan to l[] ! peak ( ! sail be=e jib+ & :5 sail+ be=e ! w9d dropp+ ! peak w (t5 make ! boat sail bett]4 ,9 sail+ be=e ! w9d x is v important to h ! boat balla/$ or 8trimm$0 correctly4 ,if !re is too mu* weight ne> ! b[ ! boat w inv>iably yaw & may bury h] nose & swamp h]self4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !re is too mu* weight ne> ! /]n %e may /e] badly1 b ?is is nev] z bad nor z dang]\s z hav+ h] d[n by ! head4 ,if ! boom has a t5d5cy to jibe1 to sw+ badly or to kick up1 x (t5 helps a great deal to br+ d[n ! side ov] :i* ! boom sw+s1 by plac+ pass5g]s1 c>go or balla/ on t side4 ,if y are us+ a c5t]bo>d boat ! bo>d %\ld be haul$ up :5 be=e ! w9d & _m boats w sail bett] ) a beam or qu>t] w9d :5 ! bo>d is half up1 b ! only way to det]m9e :5 ! bo>d %\ld be p>tly up1 fully up1 or d[n is to exp]im5t4 ,"s boats come ab\t m quickly ) ! bo>d up2 o!rs refuse to come r\nd unless x is d[n1 & "s sail bett] ) ! bo>d d[n1 ev5 :5 dead be=e ! w9d4 ,:5 tack+ or sail+ on ! w9d ! bo>d %\ld always be d[n1 h[ev]4 ,z a rule a boat %\ld be trimm$ s t ! /]n is a little deep] ?an ! b[ & :ile ! effect ( a badly trimm$ boat is m evid5t :5 sail+ be=e ! w9d1 yet 9 sail+ on ! w9d a little fault 9 ! prop] di/ribution ( weight may make a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! behavior ( ! boat4 ,:5 y h become ?or\ghly accu/om$ to h&l+ y\r boat on ! w9d y may try tack+ or sail+ to w9dw>d or aga9/ ! w9d4 ,z ,i h already expla9$ no boat w sail directly aga9/ ! w9d1 b by sail+ z close to x z possible 9 "o direction1 !n turn+ & sail+ z close z y c 9 ! opposite direction & repeat+ ! op]ation at int]vals progress may be made directly t[>ds ! w9d4 ,?is is kn[n z 8tack+0 or 8beat+0 & :ile x requires consid]able skill & practice to beat to w9dw>d to ! be/ advantage yet x is n difficult to le>n to tack & "o c only become pr(ici5t by practice & by becom+ ?or\ghly famili> ) ! boat4 ,"s boats w sail f> clos] to ! w9d ?an o!rs & e boat has a c]ta9 po9t at :i* %e w sail to w9dw>d to ! be/ advantage4 ,! ne>] ! boat is head$ into ! w9d ! clos] or 8flatt]0 ! sail mu/ be 8trimm$0 or haul$ 9 & !re is always a po9t at :i* ! vessel loses headway & falls (f ! w9d4 ,= ?is reason x is a wa/e ( "t to try to sail too close to ! w9d & ! objective po9t w be rea*$ f> quick] by head+ (f m & obta9+ great] spe$ & mak+ frequ5t tacks1 ?an by attempt+ to head ne>] ! direction y desire to g & !n los+ almo/ z mu* z y ga9 by ! boat's slid+ to leew>d4 ,! idea is to keep y\r boat po9t$ z ne> ! w9d z %e w sail well & ! sails %\ld be trimm$ 9 until q flat ea* "t y tack4 ,!n1 z ! boat sw+s ov] on ! o!r tack1 ! sail %\ld be eas$ (f a bit to obta9 headway & ! boat %\ld be aga9 head$ t[>ds ! w9d until ! edge ( ! sail beg9s to flutt] & wr9kle4 ,?is %[s y are sail+ z close to ! w9d z advisable & to sailors x is kn[n z sail+ full & by4 ,e few mom5ts ! boat may be br\ght a trifle clos] to ! w9d & !n eas$ (f s t ! sail is always fill$ & yet ! edge1 by its flutt]+1 %[s ! helmsman t ! %eet is trimm$ prop]ly4 ,"s boats h a rem>kable p[] ( 8eat+ into0 ! w9d 9 ?is way & al?\gh head$ q a bit (f ! w9d w progress almo/ directly into ! w9d's eye4 ,if ! w9d is q /iff a great deal may also be ga9$ by luff+ up f "t to "t1 or 9 o!r words br++ ! boat directly into ! w9d1 all[+ h] to %oot ahead = a %ort di/ance & be=e %e loses headway br++ h] (f until %e cat*es ! w9d aga94 ,a great deal ( ! skill 9 tack+ dep5ds ^u "o's ability to judge j :5 to come ab\t on ! o!r tack4 ,v few boats w sail equally well on bo? tacks & z soon z y f9d on :i* tack y\r boat sails be/ y c make y\r longe/ tacks or 8lays0 on t tack & make %ort] tacks :5 sail+ ) ! w9d on ! o!r b[4 ,to make too _m %ort tacks is a mi/ake = ea* "t y g ab\t y lose a trifle ( :at y h ga9$1 b to make tacks :i* are too long is also a mi/ake1 = y travel a great deal fur!r ?an is necess>y 9 ?is way4 ,z a rule a long & a %ort leg is ! be/ me?od to foll[4 ,?is consi/s ( mak+ long tacks1 or lays1 close to ! w9d & !n go+ ab\t & mak+ %ort] & quick] rea*es 9 ! o!r direction a little f>!r (f ! w9d4 ,all ( ^! maneuv]s are illu/rat$ 9 ! diagrams & by /udy+ ^! y w readily see j h[ ! boat may be sail$ directly to w9dw>d4 ,:5 ready to g ab\t on a new tack ! boat %\ld always be eas$ (f a little1 ! sails loos5$ lightly & z soon z ! spe$ increases ! rudd] %\ld be ?r[n h>d ov]1 ! till] be+ pu%$ away f ! w9d4 ,z ! boat :eels ab\t ! %eet %\ld be haul$ 9 briskly until x beg9s to fill on ! opposite side4 ,!n ease x (f gradually until good headway is made & trim 9 & head up to ! w9d z be=e4 ,:5 tack+ ) o!r p]sons 9 ! boat y %\ld always signal be=e go+ ab\t or tack+ by cry+1 8,ready ab\t0 & z ! boat is br\ght into ! w9d1 call1 8,h>d-a-lee0 & at ^! words y\r pass5g]s %\ld duck _! heads z ! boom sw+s ov] or %\ld %ift _! seats to ! o!r side ( ! boat if %e heels ov] v mu*4 ,"s boats h a t5d5cy to rema9 hang+ 9 ! w9d :5 br\ght ab\t or else come into ! w9d & fall (f on ! same tack aga94 ,?is is kn[n z miss+ /ays & :5 x occurs y %\ld sw+ ! boat's head ar\nd by an o> ov] ! /]n or hold ! boom or sail f> ov] to w9dw>d until ! b[ sw+s ar\nd4 ,if ! boat has a c5t]bo>d %e may (t5 be br\ght ab\t quickly by rais+ ! bo>d z y sw+ h] into ! w9d & !n dropp+ x aga9 z ! sail fills away on ! o!r tack4 ,if ! boat c>ries a jib %e w seldom miss /ays if ! jib is haul$ flat z y g ab\t & is kept %eet$ to w9dw>d until ! o!r sails fill away on ! o!r tack4 ,!n ! w9dw>d %eet ( ! jib %\ld be eas$ (f & ! leew>d %eet %\ld be trimm$ 9 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,usually a well built boat1 if prop]ly trimm$ & rigg$1 w seldom miss /ays except 9 heavy seas or 9 a v light w9d or a /rong curr5t & (t5 a boat "u reef$ sails w come ab\t m easily & w sail to w9dw>d f> bett] ?an "u full canvas4 ,rememb] t a boat's %eets c be trimm$ flatt] 9 light w9ds & smoo? wat]s ?an 9 r\gh seas & /rong w9ds & t ev5 a comp>atively small sea w cause ! sail to sw+ & spill ! w9d & ?us lose headway4 ,don't =get t :5 a boat1 sail+ close-haul$ is to be turn$ s z to sail (f ! w9d ! %eets mu/ be eas$ (f z %e sw+s ab\t & 9 ! same way a boat sail+ free mu/ h h] %eets haul$ 9 z y br+ h] up into ! w9d4 ,! =ego+ directions apply to boats ) "o sail only & x is be/ to le>n to sail ) su* a craft & !n y w f9d x mu* easi] to le>n to h&le a boat ) headsails or jibs4 ,_m small boats h ! jib %eet atta*$ to a slid+ block or r+ :i* c move f side to side on a travel] & :5 ?us arrang$ ! jib requires little or no att5tion :5 tack+4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! jib has two %eets1 "o on ei!r side1 :i* lead aft & 9 tack+ ^! require att5tion4 ,z ! boat is turn$ into ! w9d ! lee %eet is let g1 ! jib flutt]s & ! in/ant ! ma9sail beg9s to fill on ! o!r tack ! jib %eet %\ld be trimm$ flat z be=e1 & !n1 z ! boat pays (f on ! new tack ! %eets may be trimm$ to obta9 ! be/ results4 ,"o advantage ( a jib is t 9 case ! boat misses /ays1 or fails to come ab\t readily1 h] head may be br\ght ar\nd by keep+ ! lee jib %eet trimm$ until ! boat sw+s ar\nd & if ! ma9 boom is held f> t[>ds ! lee side at ! same "t ! boat w be almo/ c]ta9 to pay (f4 ,if = any reason %e refuses & comm5ces to move backw>ds don't =get t ! till] mu/ be turn$ 9 ! same direction z t 9 :i* y wi% ! head ( ! boat to g1 or 9 o!r words1 9 exactly ! opposite direction to t 9 :i* y w\ld turn x if mov+ ahead4 ,if a boat misses /ays 9 heavy w9d or squalls1 ease (f ! ma9 %eet1 l[] ! peak a little & trim ! jib to ! w9dw>d4 ,!n if ! boat does n ga!r headway b heels1 l[] ! ma9sail at once4 ,:5 sail+ on ! w9d ) a jib & ma9sail1 trim ! lee jib %eet to get ! full b5efit ( ! sail & if runn+ be=e ! w9d ei!r l[] ! jib or 8w+ x out0 on ! opposite side to ! ma9sail by means ( a light sprit1 a boat-hook or an o>1 s x w cat* ! w9d4 ,:5 y are ?or\ghly famili> ) sail+ be=e ! w9d1 on ! w9d & aga9/ ! w9d 9 light breezes & smoo? wat]1 y %\ld practice com+ to a moor+ or a l&+4 ,! ability to make a good l&+ m>ks a good sailor & no?+ looks worse or bespeaks poor] seaman%ip ?an to make a clumsy l&+4 ,nev] attempt to make a l&+ or a moor+ until y h le>n$ j h[ f> y\r boat w luff or 8%oot0 ahead :5 br\ght into ! w9d4 ,by try+ a numb] ( times y c soon det]m9e ?is & a mighty good plan is to practice luff+ up to a /ake or a float 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 approa*+ a moor+ or l&+ try to approa* x f ! leew>d side2 sail z ne>ly into ! w9d z possible & :5 y are ne> en\gh s t y ?9k ! boat w %oot to ! moor+ by h] own mom5tum1 br+ h] "r into ! w9d's eye & ease (f ! %eet s t ! sail flutt]s & !n /e] ! boat z close to ! moor+ z y c4 ,nev] attempt to %oot ! boat to ! w9dw>d side ( a moor+ or l&+ if x c be avoid$1 b come up ) ! moor+ or l&+ on y\r w9dw>d side4 ,if conditions are su* t y _c approa* ! moor+ or l&+ f ! lee side & y are compell$ to run = x be=e ! w9d or ) a beam w9d1 !re are two me?ods :i* may be foll[$4 ,"o is to l[] sail & let ! boat run to ! moor+ "u b>e poles & ! o!r is to ease (f ! %eet until ! sail (f]s no surface to ! w9d4 ,:5 com+ be=e ! w9d ! =m] me?od is ! only "r "o & 9 ord] n to approa* too rapidly x is a good plan to drop mo/ ( ! sail long be=e ! l&+ is rea*$ & leave j ! upp] portion rais$ s z to cat* ! w9d & c>ry ! boat along v sl[ly4 ,!n1 :5 close to ! moor+1 drop ?is & drift sl[ly to ! spot :]e y are to make fa/4 ,if y are us+ a boat ) a jib t sail %\ld be l[]$ z y approa* y\r moor+s & y %\ld come to ! place "u ma9sail alone1 z a jib z always 9 ! way :5 go+ =w>d to make fa/1 &1 moreov]1 x w frequ5tly cat* a puff ( w9d & =ce ! head ( ! boat (f at j ! wrong in/ant4 ,if y are com+ up to a dock or :>f don't run to x head-on if x c be avoid$1 b run slant+ t[>ds x or alongside1 = 9 t case if y\r boat has too mu* headway x w m]ely /rike ! dock a glanc+ bl[ & d little1 if any1 damage1 :]eas ! same bl[ head-on might />t a plank or timb] or cause o!r s]i\s damage4 ,^! rem>ks apply to fairly good siz$ sailboats & if y are sail+ 9 a v small op5 boat x is (t5 easi] to take 9 sail & r[ to a moor+ ?an to sail to x4 ,:5 gett+ away f a moor+ or dock "s skill & practice are requir$1 especially if 9 wat]s :]e !re are num]\s o!r boats4 ,if y are on ! lee side ( a dock x is v easy to hoi/ sail1 trim ! %eets flat1 %ove (f ! b[ & />t away2 b if on ! w9dw>d side & y hoi/ sail ! w9d w =ce y\r craft aga9/ ! dock & make gett+ "u way v difficult4 ,at su* times ! be/ plan is to r[ or pole y\r boat out f ! dock be=e hoi/+ sail & !n get "u way 9 op5 wat]4 ,if at a moor+ or an an*orage ! boat's head may be swung (f ! w9d by haul+ 9 ! an*or f ! lee side or by hold+ ! sail f> ov] to w9dw>d1 b 9 e case y %\ld look ab\t1 decide on y\r c\rse & make a m5tal note ( ! position ( neighbor+ craft be=e gett+ away f y\r moor+s4 ,:5 com+ to an an*orage h ! an*or ready to drop & ! an*or l9e coil$ s x w run out readily4 ,:5 y rea* ! spot select$1 luff up1 all[ ! boat to lose h] headway & !n drop y\r an*or by ca/+ x ahead ( ! boat4 ,if y ca/ y\r an*or out :ile ! boat is /ill mov+ ahead y\r boat w ov]run x & x may n get a good hold on ! bottom1 to say no?+ ( ! dang] ( gett+ ! l9e entangl$ ) ! flukes4 ,if com+ to an an*orage be=e ! w9d1 drop ! sails1 & wait until ! boat loses headway & if on ! w9d ei!r l[] sails or let ! %eet fl[4 ,nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 all[ ! %eet to run out entirely = !re is nev] any necessity ( all[+ ! sail to sw+ out beyond "r angles to ! boat4 ,if x sw+s f>!r x becomes a s\rce ( dang]4 ,nev] walk along ! lee side ( ! boat :5 ! %eet is loose & ! sail is sw++1 b move on ! w9dw>d side & avoid any dang] ( be+ knock$ ov]bo>d by ! sw++ boom & flapp+ sail4 ,:5 y h le>n$ to sail 9 all directions 9 smoo? wea!r & h le>n$ h[ to get "u way & h[ to come to moor+s y %\ld put 9 "s "t le>n+ h[ to reef quickly4 ,reef+ consi/s 9 %ort5+ sail by ty+ a portion ( x to ! ma/ or sp> & small ropes kn[n z reef po9ts are sew$ into ! sail = ?is purpose4 ,"s boats h sails ) only "o set ( reef po9ts2 o!rs h two1 & o!rs h ?ree or m1 b :5 a sail is reef$ ! reefs %\ld be tak5 "o at a "t beg9n+ ) ! "o ne>e/ ! ma/ or sp>4 ,at ! end ( ! r[ ( reef po9ts ne> ! free edge ( ! sail !re is a hole or eyelet kn[n z a cr+le & z ?is is on ! lee* ( ! sail x is call$ ! lee* cr+le4 ,a simil> cr+le is on ! opposite edge or luff ( ! sail4 ,?is applies to boom-&-gaff1 lug or o!r sails ) a boom or sp> at ! l[] edge4 ,?r\gh ^! cr+les l9es kn[n z e>r+s are pass$ & ^! may be left 9 ! cr+les p]man5tly or !y may be tak5 out :5 n 9 use1 z y pref]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,reef+ ,a ,,sail ,a--,sail be=e reef+4 ,b--,sail aft] reef+4 ,to reef ! sail br+ ! boat into ! w9d1 trim ! %eet 9 until ! boom _c sw+ beyond ! sides ( ! boat1 l[] ! sail ab\t halfway & !n la% ! fir/ luff cr+le to ! boom ) ! e>r+1 ty+ x 9 a reef+ knot :i* c be readily ca/ (f4 ,!n pass ! luff e>r+ ?r\gh its cr+le1 pass x ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! boom made = t purpose & haul ! sail out z taut z possible & make ! e>r+ fa/4 ,!n beg9n+ at ! luff cr+le1 roll ! sail neatly to ! fir/ reef po9ts & tie ea* reef po9t 9 turn ar\nd ! bottom ( ! sail :]e x is fa/5$ to ! boom or1 if !re is no space to pass ! po9ts betwe5 sail & boom1 tie !m ar\nd ! boom1 be+ v c>eful to use squ>e or reef knots :5 do+ s4 ,:5 all ! po9ts are ti$ hoi/ away ! sail & y are ready to proce$4 ,if a second reef is requir$ repeat ! op]ation ) ! second r[ ( po9ts & cr+les4 ,!n1 :5 ! w9d lulls1 "o reef aft] ano!r c be %ak5 out by unty+ ! reef po9ts1 ca/+ (f ! lee* e>r+ & !n ca/+ (f ! luff e>r+ & hoi/+ ! sail until taut4 ,don't wait too long be=e reef+4 ,if ! boat heels badly on ! w9d1 if x labors1 if x takes a h>d helm or if ! w9d is puffy1 squally or /rong1 reef at once4 ,x's f> easi] to %ake out y\r reefs if ! w9d falls ?an x is to take 9 a reef :5 ! w9d is bl[+ h>d & a heavy sea is runn+4 ,f9ally1 :5 y come to y\r moor+s1 to y\r l&+-place or to an an*orage1 nev] leave y\r boat ) ! sails loose1 slov5ly & unfurl$4 ,9 ! fir/ place x looks badly & /amps y z a poor sailor2 9 ! second place x soon ru9s ! sail & f9ally1 if a h>d w9d comes up1 ! sail is liable to become loose1 to cat* ! w9d & ei!r te> ! sail to pieces or capsize ! boat4 ,make x an inv>iable rule to d ?+s 9 a regul> r\t9e e "t y come to a moor+ or leave x4 ,z soon z y are fa/ to y\r moor+ l[] ! sails1 trim ! boom amid%ips1 roll ! sail neatly & tie x to ! boom by %ort pieces ( l9e or by "o long rope wrapp$ ar\nd & ar\nd x4 ,don't comm5ce furl+ ! sail at ! out] end ( ! boom1 b place ! fir/ l9e or 8/op0 close to ! ma/ & keep pull+ out ! excess slack z y "w outw>ds along ! boom & y w soon f9d x a v simple1 easy ?+ to furl y\r sails v neatly4 ,:5 all is snugly furl$1 hoi/ away until ! sail is lift$ slightly & ei!r place a crot* "u x1 l[] x & draw ! %eet taut1 or else fa/5 a rope f ! boom to bo? sides ( ! boat s ! sail _c sw+ z ! boat sways & rolls to ! waves4 ,x is a good plan to h a sail cov] ( wat]pro( clo? or heavy canvas ) :i* to cov] ! furl$ sail & by us+ ?is y\r sails w always be protect$ f ra9 & mildew & w rema9 /rong1 :ite & 9 good %ape4 ,f9ally1 see t ev]y?+ ab\t ! boat is 9 its place1 t all l9es & ropes are neatly coil$ & t no?+ is left to sw+1 rattle or "w loose2 t ! c5t]bo>d1 if ! boat has "o1 is pull$ up 9 its case & secur$2 t ! till] is la%$ amid%ips1 or is slipp$ out ( ! rudd] head & t ev]y?+ is snug & %ip%ape4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,boats ,e boat1 no matt] h[ small1 requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>e & att5tion & ?is is a matt] :i* is all too (t5 neglect$4 ,! l>g] ! boat ! m c>e x w require1 :ile boats 9 salt wat] ne$ f> m att5tion ?an ^? 9 fre% wat]4 ,if a boat is pull$ up on %ore1 or is plac$ 9 a boa?\se :5 n 9 use1 x w require less c>e ?an a craft kept 9 ! wat] at an an*orage or moor+s1 b ev5 :5 ?us haul$ out !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( ?+s :i* mu/ be att5d$ to4 ,boats 9 ! wat] are subject to ! action ( ! wat]1 ! depr$ations ( m>9e animals1 ! gr[? ( m>9e plants & to ! dang]s f /orms4 ,unless ^! are gu>d$ aga9/ & ov]come a boat w soon be wor?less4 ,9 fre% wat] ! effect ( ! wat] ^u wood & metal is f> less injuri\s ?an 9 salt wat] & ! tr\bles f animal life & wat] plants are almo/ negligible4 ,:5 9 salt wat] ^! ?+s are among ! mo/ important matt]s to be gu>d$ aga9/ & con/ant c>e & wat*fulness are necess>y if a boat is to be kept 9 good condition4 ,salt wat] corrodes & ru/s iron v rapidly & h5ce boats ) pla9 iron fa/5+s & fitt+s %\ld be avoid$ = salt wat] use4 ,copp] or brass fa/5+s & brass or bronze fitt+s are f> bett]1 b ^! are exp5sive4 ,galvaniz$ iron is !re=e adopt$ v g5]ally = salt wat] use on boats4 ,ev5 :5 a boat is well pa9t$ & ! iron p>ts are ?us protect$1 ! salt wat] w corrode & de/roy ! iron "w & j z soon z ! pa9t becomes old1 ?91 worn or *ipp$ (f1 ! p>ts g to pieces v rapidly4 ,= ?is reason boats %\ld always be kept well pa9t$ & v>ni%$ at all times1 & :5ev] a bit ( pa9t is rubb$ or knock$ (f1 x %\ld imm$iately be t\*$ up ) fre% pa9t4 ,9 salt wat]1 too1 m>9e animals & seawe$s atta* !mselves to e subm]g$ portion ( a boat's hull & gr[ v rapidly4 ,n only d ^! gr[?s h9d] a boat f sail+ well & rapidly1 b !y also de/roy ! pa9t & injure ! wood b5ea? x4 ,?is paves ! way = ! wat] to soak into ! planks & timb]s & rot !m & corrode ! metal fa/5+s :i* hold ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! boat toge!r4 ,/ill m injuri\s are ! %ipworms or t]$os4 ,^! are m>9e animals :i* are n really worms at all1 b are a species ( mollusc relat$ to ! common clam4 ,!y d n eat ! wood1 z _m p ?9k1 b m]ely bore into x to =m _! homes or burr[s1 & :]ev] !y g !y l9e _! holes ) a ?9 coat+ ( lime or %ell4 ,! %ipworms are v small :5 !y fir/ ent] ! wood & z !y increase 9 size !y bore l>g] & l>g] holes until !y riddle ! wood ) burr[s & completely de/roy x4 ,no signs1 h[ev]1 save a few t9y holes1 may be visible ext]nally4 ,s rapidly d !y "w if un*eck$ t l>ge %ips h be5 sunk by !m 9 less ?an a ye> & !re are sev]al records ( su* cata/rophes occurr+4 ,t]$os seldom attack wood :i* is f> bel[ ! surface b "w mo/ly at or ne> ! wat] l9e4 ,= t reason small boats ( %all[ draft are (t5 m s]i\sly & rapidly injur$ by ^! pe/s ?an l>g] & deep] boats4 ,moreov] ! %ipworms seek spots :i* are out ( sight = _! depr$ations & unless ! boat-own] is v c>eful he may ov]look v s]i\s injuries by ! t]$os )\t dream+ t !y exi/4 ,! cracks betwe5 keels & /]npo/s1 betwe5 keels & g>bo>d planks & ! int]ior or c5t]bo>d trunks & cases are favorite spots = t]$os to bore & q (t5 ! timb]s 9 su* situations are completely de/roy$ & ! boat is r5d]$ wor?less be=e "o realizes t t]$os h attack$ ! boat at all4 ,b ev5 )\t m>9e gr[?s & t]$os ! planks & timb]s ( a boat may become rott5 & useless ?r\gh ! action ( ! wat]4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case :]e a boat re/s ^u a muddy bottom at l[ tide1 = ! mud conta9s gases & *emicals :i* de/roy ! pa9t & ?is all[s ! wat] to p5etrate & rot ! wood4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ^! ?ree pr9cipal dang]s e boat %\ld be haul$ out at frequ5t int]vals1 ! bottom %\ld be scrubb$1 scrap$ & clean$1 & %\ld !n be all[$ to dry ?or\ghly1 aft] :i* x %\ld be fre%ly pa9t$ ) "s reliable & good anti-f\l+ bottom pa9t su* z ! v>i\s copp] pa9ts4 ,l>ge boats are usually %ea!d or cov]$ ) copp] plates bel[ ! wat] l9e 9 ord] to protect ! wood1 b small boats dep5d ^u a coat+ ( copp] pa9t4 ,:5ev] a boat is haul$ out to be scrap$ & pa9t$ x %\ld be exam9$ c>efully = rot or worms & ! v>i\s planks1 ! keel1 /em1 /]npo/1 c5t]bo>d1 c5t]bo>d trunk & case & 9 fact1 all ! woodwork bel[ wat] %\ld be te/$ = t]$os or rot by prob+ ) ! tip ( a knife blade4 ,if ! wood is s\nd ! blade w n p5etrate readily1 :]eas if ! wood has be5 injur$ by worms or is rott5 ! blade w ent] v easily4 ,:5 ?is occurs a ?or\gh inve/igation %\ld be made to det]m9e ! ext5t ( ! damage4 ,if ! spot is small x may be dug out by a *isel or g\ge & ! cavity may be fill$ ) :ite lead or m>9e glue & pa9t$ ov]1 :]eas if !re is a l>ge area damag$ a new plank or a new piece ( timb] mu/ be fitt$4 ,9 any case e hole1 crack or crevice %\ld be c>efully plugg$ ) :ite lead or m>9e glue be=e pa9t+1 = if ?is is n done rot & worms w be almo/ c]ta9 to f9d ! unprotect$ spots & w comm5ce to de/roy ! wood4 ,if !re is a /ream or body ( fre% wat] ne> at h& a great deal ( "t & tr\ble may be avoid$ by runn+ y\r boat into fre% wat] & all[+ h] to rema9 !re = a day or two at a "t4 ,m>9e gr[?s & t]$os _c live 9 fre% wat] & any :i* h become atta*$ to ! boat w die & drop (f :5 ! craft is left = a %ort "t 9 fre% wat]4 ,to be efficaci\s ! wat] mu/ be really fre% & n bracki%1 = _m m>9e plants & animals w live & ?rive 9 bracki% wat]4 ,:5 boats are fir/ plac$ 9 ! wat] !y are dry & (t5 leak badly1 b z ! wood swells ) ! action ( ! wat] ! seams tight5 up & (t5 a boat :i* leaks l a sieve :5 fir/ laun*$ w be p]fectly tight aft] a few days' imm]sion4 ,= ?is reason y %\ld n be disc\rag$ if y\r boat leaks :5 y fir/ put h] 9 ! wat]1 b if %e /ill leaks aft] two or ?ree days y may be sure !re is some?+ wrong :i* %\ld be att5d$ to at once4 ,by bail+ out ! wat] & wip+ ! inside dry ) a sponge y c usually f9d ! leak1 & if x is small x may be /opp$ by pu%+ caulk+ cotton into ! seam or crack ) a ?9 knife blade or a putty knife4 ,v (t5 a small leak may be caus$ by a nail hole & ?is may be /opp$ completely by driv+ 9 a t9y wood5 plug4 ,if !re is difficulty 9 locat+ ! leak f inside ! boat1 if ! leak is l>ge or if !re are sev]al1 ! boat %\ld be haul$ out on %ore & p>tly fill$ ) wat]4 ,!n1 by wat*+ ! outside ( ! hull1 y c easily f9d :]e ! wat] runs out4 ,! spots %\ld !n be m>k$1 ! wat] drawn out by means ( ! boat plug 7a wood5 plug driv5 into a hole ?r\gh ! planks ne> ! keel71 & ! seams :]e ! leaks occur %\ld be clean$ free ( all putty1 pa9t & old caulk+ & %\ld be recaulk$4 ,x is an easy matt] to caulk a seam if a little c>e is us$1 ! only implem5ts & tools requir$ be+ a small caulk+ iron1 "s caulk+ cotton & a hamm]4 ,unravel a /r& ( ! cotton1 roll x betwe5 y\r palms until x =ms a /r& a trifle l>g] ?an ! wid? ( ! crack to be caulk$ & !n press ! end into ! seam ) a corn] ( ! caulk+ iron or a knife blade4 ,cat* ! /r& ( cotton lightly into ! seam 9 ?is way all along ! seam & !n ) ! caulk+ iron & hamm] drive ! cotton well into ! op5+4 ,x is impossible to describe j h[ to use ! iron1 b x is a knack soon acquir$ & is accompli%$ by a sort ( rock+ motion ) ! iron z ! tool is /ruck lightly ) ! hamm]4 ,drive ! cotton well bel[ ! surface ( ! wood b don't try to =ce 9 too mu* & don't drive x 9 s h>d t x spreads or />ts ! plank4 ,:5 ! seams are well fill$ ) cotton press :ite lead or m>9e glue ov] ! caulk+ & pa9t ?or\ghly4 ,nev] use putty on a boat1 especially bel[ ! wat] l9e1 = x w crumble & fall out v soon & is no bett] ?an no?+ at all4 ,use pure1 ?ick :ite lead & l9se$ oil or ! be/ m>9e glue4 ,! :ite lead may be press$ 9 ) a putty knife b m>9e glue mu/ be run 9 by means ( a hot iron2 full directions accompany ! glue :5 pur*as$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,caulk+ ,,tools #a--;,caulk+ mallet4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e--;,caulk+ irons4 #f--;,caulk+ hamm]4 ,be=e laun*+ y\r boat 9 ! spr+ all ! seams %\ld be clean$ free ( old pa9t & lead1 & if any ( ! old caulk+ is loose or hang+ out x %\ld be remov$ & replac$ ) new & all seams1 r\gh spots & nail head holes %\ld !n be fill$ ) :ite lead or m>9e glue be=e pa9t+4 ,don't drive ! caulk+ too tightly into ! seams :5 ! boat is dry & don't fill ! seams flu% ) ! glue or lead4 ,leave a little holl[ along e seam z o!rwise1 :5 ! boat swells 9 ! wat]1 ! caulk+ & fill+ w be =c$ out & w ei!r flake (f or w pres5t r\gh1 irregul> surfaces to ! wat] & w ?us take a great deal f ! spe$ ( ! boat4 ,x is a good plan to p\r a quantity ( wat] into ! boat a few days be=e laun*+ z ?is w swell ! planks & if any leaks exi/ y c f9d !m be=e plac+ ! boat ov]bo>d4 ,be=e pa9t+ any "p ( ! boat1 all ! old1 loose1 dry or r\gh pa9t %\ld be scrap$ & s&pap]$ smoo? & if x is 9 v bad %ape x %\ld be burn$ (f by a tor*1 or remov$ by "s good pa9t- & v>ni%-remov] until ! smoo? surface ( ! wood is expos$4 ,use only ! v be/ pa9t & v>ni% = ! boat1 = *eap1 poor pa9ts & v>ni%es are worse ?an no?+ on a boat1 & ! v be/ is ! *eape/ 9 ! end4 ,use v little turp5t9e & /ill less dry] 9 ! pa9t1 = :ile pa9t mix$ ) oil alone may dry sl[ly1 x w la/ f> long] ?an pa9t ) a great deal ( turp5t9e or dry]4 ,ha/e makes wa/e 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) a boat4 ,aside f ! c>e ( ! hull !re are ! ma/s1 sails & rigg+ to be look$ aft]4 ,! ma/s & sp>s %\ld be scrap$ & s&pap]$1 v>ni%$ ) two coats ( ! be/ sp>-v>ni% & all[$ to dry ?or\ghly4 ,/&+ rigg+ %\ld be ov]haul$4 ,any fray$ or worn p>ts %\ld be r5ew$1 ! metal p>ts %\ld be clean$ free ( ru/ or corrosion & pa9t$ & new runn+ rigg+ %\ld be rove ?r\gh ! blocks if ! old ropes are fray$1 rott51 worn or weak4 ,! blocks %\ld all be look$ ov]2 brok5 ones %\ld be replac$ & %eaves %\ld be oil$ & turn$ until !y move easily on _! be>+s4 ,! sails %\ld be spread out2 all torn or fray$ spots m5d$ & if reef po9ts1 e>r+s or o!r ropes on ! sails are ravell$1 fray$ or worn1 !y %\ld be replac$4 ,if ! sails are mildew$1 dirty or discolor$1 !y %\ld be scrubb$ ) good soap & wat] & blea*$ 9 ! sun4 ,f9ally all /ays & o!r rigg+ %\ld be tight5$ up4 ,! boat's equipm5t %\ld also be ov]haul$ & put 9 fir/-class %ape4 ,a good "t to att5d to ?is is :ile ! pa9t & v>ni% are dry+4 ,e boat1 no matt] h[ small1 %\ld always h an an*or on bo>d ) en\gh an*or l9e to all[ y to an*or 9 fairly deep wat]--usually f fifty to "o hundr$ feet ( l9e accord+ to ! size ( ! boat & ! dep? ( ! wat]s :]e y sail4 ,if ! boat is small & a long an*or l9e is 9 ! way ! an*or may be atta*$ to a comp>atively %ort l9e & ano!r l9e may be coil$ & ti$ neatly & /or$ away :]e x c readily be rea*$ if ne$$4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( an*ors1 b ! commone/ =m is ! ord9>y two-fluke patt]n ) a slid+ 8/ock40 ,:5 n 9 use ! cross-piece1 or /ock1 is fold$ along ! %ank & ?us occupies little space & :5 x is to be us$ ! /ock is held 9 position at "r angles to ! %ank by a metal key4 ,x is a good plan to seize ! /ock 9 position ) a bit ( l9e z well z by means ( ! key = ! latt] (t5 works loose & all[s ! an*or to drag4 ,!re are also sev]al good designs ( fold+ an*ors & = v small boats grapnels may be us$ if desir$4 ,!re is no use 9 c>ry+ an an*or unless x is l>ge en\gh to hold ! boat 9 a reasonable w9d & sea & = small boats ! an*ors %\ld weigh at lea/ two p\nds = e foot ( ! boat's wat] l9e l5g?4 ,e boat ov] tw5ty-five feet 9 l5g? %\ld h at lea/ two an*ors1 & "o ( ^! %\ld be at lea/ "o-&-"o-half times z heavy z ! o!r4 ,9 addition to ^! real an*ors !re %\ld be a sea-an*or or drogue 9 ! boat if y ev] expect to sail 9 any b ! smoo!/ wat]s & lighte/ w9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an*ors #a--;,common an*or4 #b--;,grapnel4 #c--;,drogue or sea-an*or4 #d--,keg moor+ buoy4 #e--;,iron moor+ buoy4 #f--,sp> moor+ buoy4 #g--,mu%room an*or4 ,a drogue or sea-an*or consi/s ( an iron r+ or a /rong wood5 hoop f "o to two feet 9 diamet] :i* is (t5 h+$ or jo9t$ s x may be fold$ up1 & to ?is a conical canvas bag is sewn4 ,if ! drogue is to be us$ on a fairly l>ge boat x %\ld be /r5g!n$ by ropes1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & 9 any case ! r+ or hoop %\ld be provid$ ) a f\r-rope 8bridle0 z illu/rat$ 7,a74 ,to ! small end a light l9e 7,b7 %\ld be fa/5$ to 8trip0 ! drogue :5 y wi% to draw x 91 & a cork float 7,c7 is atta*$ at ! end ( a l9e ?ree or f\r feet 9 l5g? 7,d7 to prev5t ! sea-an*or f s9k+ or 8div+40 ,"s p pref] a drogue ) ! l[] or small] end left op51 b ! =m %[n w s]ve = all-ar\nd purposes z well z any4 ,! drogue is us$ :5 8rid+-out0 a gale or 8ly+-to0 9 a /orm or heavy sea & its purpose is to hold ! boat's b[ to ! w9d & waves & also to prev5t ! boat f drift+ too rapidly to leew>d4 ,x %\ld be atta*$ to a /\t l9e tw5ty-five to =ty feet 9 l5g? & pass$ ov] ! b[s & if !re is no sea-an*or at h& a bucket1 a c\ple ( o>s la%$ crosswise1 ?w>ts1 sp>e sails1 cu%ions1 or1 9 fact1 any?+ :i* w float & w (f] a consid]able resi/ance to ! wat]1 may be us$ 9 place ( a drogue4 ,n only w a drogue hold a boat's head on to w9d & sea b x w also =m a 8smoo?0 = ! boat & w (t5 prev5t ! waves f break+ ov] ! b[4 ,:5 rid+ to a drogue a close-reef$ sail1 or ! upp] "p ( ! sail may be set to keep ! boat /eady if necess>y1 b mo/ boats w ride v well to a drogue )\t any sail :atev]4 ,be sure t y\r boat has o>s1 o>locks1 a boat-hook1 a compass & a lant]n on bo>d1 = ^! simple ?+s may save y\r life & !y w come 9 useful scores ( times4 ,if y g on long cruises or sail any di/ance f %ore y %\ld also h a keg ( fre% wat] 9 ! boat at all times1 = "o nev] kn[s :5 an accid5t may happ5 & ! boat may be kept out to sea = _m h\rs at a "t & if su* an ev5t does occur y w give he>tfelt ?anks = y\r =esight 9 provid+ dr9k+-wat]4 ,f9ally !re is ! balla/4 ,if ! boat c>ries inside balla/ x may be 9 ! =m ( iron or lead b>s1 cobble /ones or s&bags & ^! %\ld be look$ ov]1 clean$ & put 9 good %ape4 ,if ! s&bags leak1 m5d !m ) /rong ?read & give !m a good coat ( pa9t2 if /ones are us$ wa% !m 9 fre% wat] & let !m dry be=e plac+ 9 ! boat1 & if iron b>s are us$1 *ip (f ! ru/ & give !m a coat ( asphaltum v>ni%1 or "s good metal pa9t4 ,:5 pull+ up ! boat = ! w9t] or plac+ h] 8out ( commission0 always dra9 all ! wat] out ( ! hull4 ,all we$s1 %ells & m>9e gr[?s %\ld be remov$ f ! bottom & ! planks %\ld be scrubb$ (f & ! keel block$ up s t x re/s on a firm support at sev]al po9ts1 z o!rwise x may b5d or buckle f ! boat's weight4 ,! inside balla/ %\ld be tak5 out & plac$ aside2 ! runn+ rigg+ %\ld be tak5 d[n1 coil$ & hung 9 a safe dry spot2 all ! equipm5t %\ld be tak5 f ! boat & /or$ away & ! sails %\ld be soak$ 9 fre% wat]1 dri$ ?or\ghly1 roll$ up & /or$ 9 a dry l(t or simil> place4 ,a little c>e & tr\ble tak5 9 su* matt]s w save a va/ am\nt ( "t1 tr\ble & exp5se :5 ready to put ! boat 9 ! wat]1 = dampness1 dirt & ru/ w play havoc ) ! woodwork1 ropes1 sails & o!r p>ts ( ! boat if left alone ov] w9t]1 :ile m>9e gr[?s & old pa9t are f> easi] to remove f ! bottom :5 wet & fre% ?an aft] !y h dri$ & h>d5$ dur+ ! mon?s 9 :i* ! boat is haul$ out4 ,if y use a moor+ ?is %\ld be tak5 up 9 ! fall & /or$ ov] w9t]1 = ice w (t5 c>ry away a moor+ buoy & *a9 :i* w resi/ ! mo/ sev]e /orms4 ,if ! /one1 an*or or o!r object us$ z a moor+ is too heavy to be tak5 up ! moor+ buoy %\ld be tak5 f ! *a9 & a *eap wood5 sp> or pole %\ld be sub/itut$4 ,?is w resi/ ! action ( ice & w9t] /orms bett] ?an ! keg or c buoy1 & if x is lo/ x doesn't am\nt to mu* & ! *a9 c usually be pick$ up aga9 by a grapnel4 ,9 ord] t y may be able to locate y\r moor+1 if ! buoy is sunk or c>ri$ away1 y %\ld make a note ( cross be>+s 7see ,*apt] ,,vii7 s t y w "k ! exact spot :]e ! moor+ is locat$4 ,!re are _m =ms ( moor+s = small boats1 among !m l>ge /ones1 heavy pieces ( iron or metal1 su* z old furnace-pots1 old c>-:eels1 old railroad-rails & disc>d$ ma*9]y1 :ile l>ge an*ors1 & especially 8mu%room0 an*ors1 are widely us$4 ,x doesn't make ! lea/ diff]5ce :at is us$ = a moor+ z long z x is heavy en\gh to hold ! boat securely1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t an object "u wat] weighs f> less ?an :5 out ( wat] & h5ce y %\ld always use an object :i* y are sure is l>ge & heavy en\gh to hold y\r boat 9 any w9d or wea!r4 ,a moor+ %\ld weigh at lea/ ?ree times z mu* z an an*or & six or eight times z mu* is none too heavy4 ,f ! moor+ a heavy iron *a9 %\ld lead to a buoy & ! *a9 %\ld be long en\gh to all[ = ! rise & fall ( tide & yet h "s slack at all times4 ,galvaniz$ *a9 %\ld be us$ & ! buoy at its upp] end %\ld be l>ge & buoyant en\gh to support ! entire weight ( ! *a94 ,!re are metal buoys1 made = ! purpose2 a /rong keg1 su* z a be] keg1 makes a good buoy2 a sp> buoy or a cork float may be us$4 ,if a keg is us$ x %\ld be provid$ ) brass or galvaniz$ hoops & %\ld be kept well pa9t$ & sp>s1 metal buoys or cork floats %\ld also be tak5 up1 dri$ & pa9t$ at frequ5t int]vals to prev5t !m f becom+ ov]gr[n ) m>9e plants1 wat]logg$ or de/roy$ by t]$os4 ,! buoy is int5d$ to support ! *a9 & to make ! location ( ! moor+ pla94 ,y are n suppos$ to make y\r boat fa/ to x4 ,= fa/5+ ! boat a r+ %\ld be provid$ on ! *a9 bel[ ! buoy & ! buoy left float+ or x may be plac$ on ! deck or inside ! boat :5 ! moor+ is 9 use4 ,h y\r moor+ buoy pa9t$ 9 bright colors s z to be easily visible & see t x is always kept 9 su* good %ape t x floats high & pla9 above ! wat]4 ,x's a v easy matt] to miss a buoy 9 a fog1 at night1 or ev5 ) a sea runn+1 & ! high] x floats & ! m brilliant ! colors1 ! m readily y c 8pick x up40 ,:5 y come to ! moor+ y may cat* ! buoy by h& or by a boat-hook4 ,to make ?is easi] a l>ge loop ( rope or a r+ %\ld be provid$ on ! buoy & ! buoy left float+ or x may be & y use a boat-hook1 be v c>eful n to pun* a hole 9 ! buoy z y rea* = x ) ! hook4 ,:ile gett+ y\r boat ready = ! wat]1 :ile sail+ h]1 &1 9 fact1 :5ev] y are h&l+ or work+ ab\t boats1 y w f9d x necess>y to tie _m knots4 ,ev]yone c tie "s sort ( a knot1 b comp>atively few c tie really good knots & z !y are v important & useful1 y %\ld le>n h[ to tie all ! common1 & "s ( ! fancy1 knots & %\ld "k h[ to splice4 ,!re is a good portion ( ! ye> :5 y _c use y\r boat & dur+ ?is season y c employ a great deal ( y\r "t to good advantage 9 /udy+ ! next *apt] & foll[+ ! directions = mak+ knots1 ties & splices4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,m>l9spike ,,seaman%ip ,to sailors ! ability to tie knots1 make splices & d o!r ropework is kn[n z m>l9spike seaman%ip4 ,! "n 8m>l9spike0 ref]s to a metal in/rum5t us$ 9 mak+ knots & splices & ?is tool1 or a some:at simil> b small] implem5t kn[n z a fid1 is ! only article except ! ropes :i* is requir$ 9 mak+ any knot1 tie or splice4 ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ty+ a knot & ty+ a good knot1 & :ile ! "o is an abom9ation1 ! o!r is a ?+ to admire4 ,to be a good knot a knot mu/ comb9e a numb] ( important po9ts4 ,x mu/ be ( su* a "* t x c be quickly & easily ti$2 x mu/ hold securely )\t dang] ( slipp+ or loos5+2 x mu/ be free f ! dang] ( 8jamm+02 x mu/ be easy to untie or ca/ (f1 & x mu/ be p]fectly adapt$ to ! p>ticul> purpose = :i* x is us$4 ,! adv5t ( wire rigg+ & /eam%ips m>k$ ! decl9e ( m>l9spike seaman%ip & today a great _m s-call$ sailors are woefully ignorant ( any b ! simple/ knots & ropework4 ,on ! old squ>e-rigg]s & 9 ! days :5 sail+ vessels 7 supreme ^u ! seas1 ! sailors prid$ !mselves ^u _! k ( knots & splices4 ,today "o may n[ & !n f9d an old deep-wat] t> :o c tie e knot & make e splice ev] us$ abo>d %ip1 b ea* ye> ^! m5 are becom+ few] & m>l9spike seaman%ip1 unless kept alive by ^? :o sail boats = pleasure1 w soon be a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,be=e comm5c+ to tie knots or to make splices "o %\ld le>n ab\t ! v>i\s k9ds ( rope & ! names ( ! rope's p>ts4 ,ord9>y rope is kn[n z ?ree-/r&$ & is made ( ?ree pieces1 or /r&s1 twi/$ toge!r4 ,^! run f left to "r 9 a spiral & ea* ( ^! sev]al /r&s is made up ( small] pieces kn[n z y>ns1 :i* are twi/$ toge!r f "r to left or left-h&$4 ,o!r ropes are made ( f\r /r&s1 :ile bolt-rope has a c5tral /r& ar\nd :i* ! o!r /r&s are laid or twi/$4 ,"s ropes are laid up left-h&$ ) ea* /r& compos$ ( y>ns twi/$ "r-h&$1 b :5 made 9 ?is way ! rope becomes a cable or a cable-laid rope4 ,! ropes ord9>ily us$ are ! ?ree-/r&$1 "r-h& k9ds & !y may be made ( cotton1 jute1 ,manilla or hemp1 ! ,manilla be+ ! be/ & mo/ widely us$4 ,small ropes are usually t]m$ l9es by sailors1 & "o nev] he>s a seaman speak ( 8/r+40 ,in/ead he says 8tw9e10 8l9e10 8y>n10 or 8m>l9e40 ,tw9e is small "r-h&$ l9e4 ,spun-y>n1 or y>n1 is loosely laid1 left-h&$ hemp1 t>r$ & rubb$ d[n4 ,m>l9e is l9e made ( two f9ely dress$ hemp y>ns laid left-h&$ & usually t>r$4 ,:5ev] a rope is us$ = ty+ a knot or mak+ a splice c]ta9 t]ms are employ$ to designate ! v>i\s p>ts & z ^! names are us$ 9 ! directions = mak+ knots y %\ld become famili> ) !m4 ,! pr9cipal portion or longe/ "p ( ! rope is call$ ! /&+ "p2 ! portion b5t or curv$ is ! bight1 & ! %ort] portion us$ 9 mak+ ! knot or splice is ! end4 ,fig4 #a4 ,!re are v>i\s types ( knots1 "s employ$ = ev]yday useful purposes & "s = purely ornam5tal uses4 ,z ! =m] are ! easie/ to make & are mo/ important1 x is a wise plan to le>n h[ to tie !m be=e attempt+ to ma/] ! m difficult ornam5tal knots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,useful ,,knots ,,& ,,splices ,be=e comm5c+ to "w ) a rope ! loose /r&s at ! ends %\ld be :ipp$ to prev5t ! rope f unravel+4 ,to :ip ! rope take a piece ( s(t1 /rong tw9e1 lay x on ! rope an in* or two f ! end1 pass ! tw9e sev]al times ar\nd ! rope1 keep+ ! ends ( ! tw9e "u ! fir/ few turns to hold x 9 position1 & !n make a l>ge loop ) ! free end ( ! tw9e4 ,br+ ?is back to ! rope1 cont9ue w9d+ x = a few turns ar\nd ! rope & ! end ( ! tw9e & f9ally f9i% by draw+ ! loop snug by pull+ on ! free end z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,?is is ! true sailor fa%ion ( :ipp+ a rope's end1 b = m]e tempor>y purposes :5 practis+ ropework1 tw9e wrapp$ a few times ar\nd ! rope & ti$ w be suffici5t4 ,cuckold's necks are loops or r+s ( rope su* z are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,!y are v easily made by br++ ! end ( a rope ar\nd 9 a circul> bight & !n seiz+ ! bight to ! /&+ "p by means ( tw9e or y>n4 ,z soon z ! two p>ts are ?us b\nd toge!r or seiz$ ! cuckold's neck becomes a cl9* :i* is (t5 v useful ab\t a boat1 :ile ! loop or cuckold's neck itself is ! f\ndation ( _m useful knots4 ,( all true knots p]haps ! simple/ is ! ov]h& knot 7,fig4 #d74 ,to make ?is knot m]ely pass ! end ( ! rope ov] ! /&+ "p & ?r\gh ! bight or cuckold's neck ?us =m$ 7,fig4 #d ,a74 ,:5 drawn tight ! knot appe>s z 9 ,fig4 #d ,b & is (t5 us$ 9 mak+ splices1 grommets & fancy knots4 ,ano!r useful & v simple knot is ! figure eight :i* is %[n comm5c$ 9 ,fig4 #e ,a & complet$ 9 ,fig4 #e ,b1 b ! mo/ useful & important ( all is ! squ>e knot or reef knot %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,?is is ! knot us$ to tie reef po9ts1 to furl sails1 to fa/5 two l9es toge!r & = _m o!r purposes1 & x is d\btless ! be/ all-ar\nd knot kn[n4 ,x has ! advantages ( be+ easy to tie & untie1 ( hold+ fa/ "u trem5d\s /ra9 & ( nev] becom+ jamm$4 ,to tie a reef knot take "o end ( ! rope 9 ea* h&1 pass ! left ov] & "u ! "r & !n pass ! "r ov] & "u ! left4 ,if y w always rememb] ?is =mula1 left ov]1 "r ov]1 y w nev] make a mi/ake & tie a granny 7,fig4 #g74 ,to make a granny knot /amps y z a l&lubb]1 = ! granny is a useless1 tr\blesome knot :i* c nev] be dep5d$ ^u & :i* is unfit = any purpose4 ,x w n hold a /ra91 x is liable to slip & x soon becomes jamm$ & h>d to untie4 ,if :5 ty+ a reef knot1 ! bight ( "o end is us$ in/ead ( ! end itself1 a slipp]y reef] is made & ?is is f> bett] = ty+ reef po9ts ?an ! true squ>e knot z x may be ca/ (f by m]ely pull+ on ! free end ( ! loop 7,fig4 #h74 ,:5 fa/5+ a boat or any o!r object :]e x may be necess>y to ca/ (f quickly1 a l>k's head is a good fa/5+ to use 7,fig4 #i74 ,to make ?is knot pass ! bight ( a rope ?r\gh ! r+ or o!r object to :i* y are mak+ fa/ & !n slip a piece ( wood1 a m>l9spike1 or "s o!r object ?r\gh ! sides ( ! bight & "u or beh9d ! /&+ "p z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i at ,a4 ,! end ( ! rope is !n laid ov] & "u ! /&+ "p & back ov] itself4 ,?is knot may be in/antly unfa/5$ by m]ely pull+ out ! bit ( wood or toggle 7,a74 ,ano!r knot1 :i* is easy to ca/ (f & is v useful 9 _m places1 is ! slipp]y-hit* 7,fig4 #aj74 ,to make ?is knot run ! end ( ! rope ?r\gh ! r+ or eye1 !n back ov] ! /&+ "p & pull ! loop or bight back ?r\gh ! cuckold's neck ?us =m$4 ,to untie m]ely pull on ! free end4 ,a bett] knot = fa/5+ a boat or o!r object quickly & securely is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,?is is made ( two half-hit*es & is widely us$ by sailors & is ! easie/ ( all reliable & secure knots to tie4 ,x is made by pass+ ! end ( a rope ar\nd a po/ or o!r object1 !n c>ry+ ! end ov] & ar\nd ! /&+ "p betwe5 itself & ! po/ & !n "u & ar\nd ! /&+ "p betwe5 its own loop & ! "o fir/ made4 ,x is easi] to le>n ?is knot by /udy+ ! diagram ?an by a description1 & z soon z y get ! 8hang0 ( x y c tie x 9 an in/ant 9 ! d>ke/ night4 ,x w hold =ev] )\t work+ loose & ev5 on a smoo? /ick or sp> x w /& a great /ra9 )\t slipp+ along4 ,a bett] knot = fa/5+ to su* an object z a smoo? /ick1 :]e !re is a longitud9al /ra9 or to ano!r rope1 is ! clove hit* 7,fig4 #ab74 ,to make ?is1 pass ! end ( ! rope ar\nd ! /ick or o!r object1 !n ov] itself1 !n ov] & ar\nd ! sp> & pass ! end "u itself & betwe5 ! rope & sp> z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,if y h occasion to fa/5 a rope to a hook = hoi/+ any?+ y %\ld use ! blackwall hit* 7,fig4 #ac71 :i* is v secure & easily made4 ,to make ?is hit* =m a loop or cuckold's neck ) ! end ( ! rope und]nea? & !n pass x ov] ! hook s t ! /&+ "p be>s aga9/ ! end & jams x fa/4 ,/ill ano!r /rong knot = atta*+ a rope to a hook is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,?is is call$ a catspaw & is made z foll[s3 ,lay ! bight ( ! rope ov] ! end & /&+ "p2 !n1 ) a bight 9 ea* h& take ?ree twi/s away f y2 !n br+ ! two bights side by side & hook !m ov] ! hook z %[n4 ,= t[+ a sp>1 ma/ or a piece ( timb]1 or = fa/5+ to a log1 ! be/ knot to use is ! timb] hit* 7,fig4 #ae74 ,?is is made by pass+ ! end ( ! rope ar\nd ! object1 !n ar\nd ! /&+ "p & !n twi/+ x ?ree times "u & ov] its own "p4 ,if y wi% to h ?is /ill m secure1 a half-hit* may be tak5 ) ! l9e a foot or two f>!r along ! sp> 7,fig4 #ae ,a74 ,x (t5 happ5s t "o ne$s to fa/5 two v heavy or /iff ropes or haws]s toge!r & ?is may be impossible ) any ord9>y knots4 ,9 su* cases !re is no?+ bett] ?an ! c>rick b5d 7,fig4 #af74 ,to make ?is b5d1 =m a bight by lay+ ! end ( ! haws] on top ( & across ! /&+ "p4 ,!n take ! end ( ! o!r haws] & pass x ?r\gh ?is bight1 fir/ d[n & !n up ov] ! cross & !n d[n ?r\gh ! bight aga91 s t x comes out on ! opposite side f ! o!r end ?us br++ "o end on top & ! o!r bel[ z illu/rat$4 ,if ! l9es are v heavy or /iff ! ends may be seiz$ to ! /&+ p>ts by tw9e or m>l9e4 ,heavy haws]s c seldom be h&l$ l small ropes & !re are sev]al b5ds or knots :i* are especially design$ = ^! l>ge ropes4 ,among !m are ! an*or b5ds %[n 9 ,fig4 #af ,a & ! fi%]man's b5d 7,fig4 #af ,b71 bo? ( :i* are s simple t an explanation is n necess>y z !y c readily be ma/]$ by look+ at ! diagrams4 ,b ( all knots p]haps ! mo/ p]fect is ! b[l9e 7,fig4 #ag74 ,?is is prem95tly ! sailor's knot & e p]son :o uses or owns boats %\ld le>n to tie a b[l9e quickly & readily = x is ! /ronge/1 mo/ secure & be/ ( all useful knots & c be us$ = a ?\s& & "o diff]5t purposes4 ,x is v simple & by foll[+ ! v>i\s /ages z illu/rat$ y w h no difficulty 9 le>n+ to tie x4 ,9 ,a ! rope is %[n ) ! bight or cuckold's neck =m$ ) ! end ov] ! /&+ "p4 ,pass ,a back ?r\gh ! bight1 "u1 !n ov]1 !n "u aga91 z %[n 9 ,b2 !n ov] & d[n ?r\gh ! bight1 z %[n at ,c & ,d4 ,!n draw tight z at ,e4 ,:ile = mo/ purposes knots s]ve e purpose = fa/5+ two ropes toge!r or = atta*+ a rope to "s o!r object1 yet a ti$ rope is nev] z /rong z a :ole rope & moreov] :]e two ropes are ?us fa/5$ toge!r1 ! knot w n pass ?r\gh blocks1 eyes or o!r op5+s :i* w admit ! rope itself4 ,= ?is reason x is (t5 necess>y to jo9 two ropes s t !re is sc>cely any increase 9 ! size ( ! ropes4 ,?is is accompli%$ by mak+ :at is kn[n z a splice4 ,a splice1 if well made1 is z /rong z ! re/ ( ! rope2 x w run ?r\gh a block or eye readily & moreov] x is n difficult to make4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( splices1 kn[n z %ort splices1 eye splices1 cut splices1 long splices1 etc41 & ev]yone :o has occasion to use ropes %\ld be able to make any or all ( ^!4 ,! simple/ splice1 & ! "o y %\ld le>n fir/1 is ! %ort splice 7,fig4 #ah74 ,to make ?is untwi/ or unlay ! ends ( ! two ropes to be jo9$ = a few in*es & wrap a few turns ( tw9e or y>n ar\nd !m to prev5t ! /r&s f untwi/+ any f>!r1 z %[n at ,a1 ,a4 ,! end ( ea* /r& %\ld also be :ipp$ or seiz$ to prev5t unravell+1 b aft] y are adept at splic+ y c omit ^! seiz+s z y w be able to splice j z well1 b :ile le>n+ y w f9d !m q necess>y4 ,y w also f9d x f> easi] to le>n h[ to splice if y wax or grease ! /r&s & ?is applies to ropes :i* are us$ :5 practis+ simple or fancy knots also4 ,:5 y h ! ropes ready1 place !m end to end1 z %[n 9 ,b1 ,b1 & ) a m>l9spike1 a po9t$ /ick1 or "s smoo?1 r\nd1 %>p tool op5 ! /r& #a ,c & ?r\gh ?is pu% ! /r& ,a ( ! o!r rope4 ,next op5 /r& #b & pass ! next /r& ( ! o!r rope ?r\gh ! op5+ & treat ! ?ird /r& 9 ! same way4 ,n[ op5 ! /r&s ( ! second1 or "r-h&1 rope bel[ ! seiz+s & pu% ! /r&s ( ! fir/1 or left-h&1 rope ?r\gh ! ap]tures4 ,! two ropes w n[ appe> z 9 ,d1 ,d4 ,next untwi/ ea* /r&1 cut (f ab\t "o-half ( ! y>ns1 twi/ ! /r&s tightly & seize ) tw9e4 ,ea* ( ! r$uc$ /r&s mu/ n[ be pok$ "u ! :ole /r&s ( ! opposite rope 9 ! same mann] z y pass$ ! :ole /r&s be=e cutt+ !m d[n4 ,aft] draw+ ea* /r& tight1 pass !m once m "u ! :ole /r&s & f9ally trim !m (f close to ! rope4 ,if a really f9e1 neat splice is desir$1 y may trim (f a few ( ! y>ns 9 ea* /r& e "t !y are pass$ "u ! o!rs1 ?us gradually tap]+ ! ends & 9 ?is way =m+ a splice :i* is sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! re/ ( ! rope4 ,an eye splice 7,fig4 #ai71 is made 9 ! same mann] z ! %ort splice b in/ead ( splic+ ! two ends ( sep>ate ropes toge!r ! end ( ! rope is unlaid & !n b5t ar\nd 9 a loop & ! ends are splic$ into ! /r&s ( ! /&+ "p z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,a cut splice 7,fig4 #bj71 is made 9 a v simil> mann] b in/ead ( b5d+ ! rope ar\nd 9 a bight two ropes are splic$ toge!r ov]lapp+1 or a %ort rope may be splic$ into ano!r rope at bo? its ends4 ,:]e a v /rong splice ! same diamet] z ! rope is requir$ a long splice mu/ be us$ 7,fig4 #ba74 ,?is is ! mo/ difficult ( all splices to make & x is ev5 h>d] to describe ?an to make1 b :5 well splic$ x w pass ?r\gh a block or eye z readily z a pla9 rope & ! splice _c be di/+ui%$ f ! rope itself4 ,to make a long splice unlay ! /r&s ( ! ropes ab\t f\r times z mu* z = a %ort splice1 or f f\r to five feet1 & unlay "o /r& 9 ea* rope = half z mu* aga94 ,place ! c5t] /r&s toge!r1 z at ,a1 s t ! long /r&s appe> z at ,b & ,c & ! spiral groove1 left :]e !y 7 unlaid1 w look l ,d1 ,e4 ,take (f ! two middle /r&s ,f1 ,g1 & lay !m into ! grooves ,d1 ,e1 until !y meet ,b1 ,c1 & be sure to keep !m tightly twi/$ :ile do+ ?is4 ,!n take ! /r&s ,h1 ,j1 cut (f half ! y>ns 9 ea*1 make an ov]h& knot 9 !m & /ick ! ends 9 z 9 mak+ a %ort splice4 ,d ! same ) /r&s ,b1 ,c1 & ,f1 ,g1 divid+1 knott+ & /ick+ 9 ! ends4 ,f9ally /ret* ! rope1 p\nd & roll x until smoo? & trim (f any loose bits & ends ( y>n close to ! rope4 ,:ile mak+ any splice or knot :]e ! /r&s are unlaid & are aga9 laid up1 be sure to keep ! /r&s tightly twi/$ by turn+ !m f "r to left4 ,!n :5 !y are laid 9 place !y w hold _! position snugly by _! t5d5cy to untwi/4 ,if y exam9e a rope c>efully y w discov] t ! v>i\s /r&s are n m]ely twi/$ toge!r1 b t two ( !m are twi/$ & t ! ?ird is !n laid into ! groove betwe5 ! o!r two4 ,9 lay+ up a rope aft] mak+ a knot or splice ?is %\ld be borne 9 m9d4 ,sometimes a r+ ( rope is requir$ & ?is c be quickly & easily obta9$ by mak+ a grommet 7,fig4 #bb74 ,to make a grommet unlay & cut a long /r& f a common rope1 b5d x ar\nd 9 a circle ( ! desir$ size1 lay "o end ov] ! o!r & ) ! long end foll[ ! grooves or lay ( ! /r& until x comes back to :]e x />t$1 ?us =m+ a r+ ( two /r&s4 ,cont9ue lay+ ! free end into ! groove betwe5 ! two /r&s until ! r+ is complet$ ) ?ree /r&s all ar\nd & !n f9i% by divid+ ! y>ns ( ! two ends :]e !y meet1 mak+ ov]h& knots 9 !m & !n pass+ !m und]nea? ! ne>e/ /r&s1 z :5 mak+ a splice1 & f9ally trim (f all loose1 project+ y>ns4 ,^! grommets make v good quoits & !y may also be us$ z h&les to *e/s & boxes1 r+s = ma/s ( small boats & = _m o!r purposes4 ,aft] ! common useful knots & splices h be5 ?or\ghly ma/]$ x is well to le>n h[ to make a few ornam5tal knots & ropework4 ,_m ( ^! are really useful ab\t a boat :ile o!rs add greatly to ! neat1 ya*ty appe>ance ( ropes1 rigg+1 etc4 ,at fir/ sight mo/ ornam5tal knots appe> v complicat$ & difficult1 b !y are really no h>d] to tie ?an a b[l9e or a reef knot1 once y "k h[4 ,9 ty+ fancy knots y w f9d cotton rope or v f9e hemp bett] ?an ,manilla1 b aft] y are really skillful y w f9d no tr\ble 9 =m+ any knot 9 any old rope t is h&y4 ,! two mo/ important ( fancy knots & ^? :i* are ! f\ndation ( _m o!rs are ! cr[n1 7,figs4 #bc1 #bd7 & ! wall1 7,figs4 #be1 #bf74 ,! ,mat!w ,walk]1 7,fig4 #cb7 & ! ,turk's head1 7,fig4 #cc7 are also v beautiful & useful knots & by ! use ( ^! f\r & _! v>i\s comb9ations an endless numb] ( fancy knots may be devis$4 ,_m ( ^! comb9ations ( two or m knots h become s g5]ally us$ t !y h receiv$ specific names & are n[ recogniz$ z regul> knots4 ,su* are ! wall & cr[n1 d\ble wall & cr[n1 etc4 ,9 addition to true ornam5tal knots !re are v>i\s o!r =ms ( fancy ropework1 su* z worm+1 p>cell+1 s]v+1 s5nett "w1 ?umm+1 etc41 :ile f\r-/r&$ & cr[n-braids are us$ 9 mak+ ornam5tal lany>ds1 h& l9es1 rope f5d]s1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ornam5tal ,,knots ,! simple/ ( ornam5tal knots is ! cr[n & x is well to comm5ce ) ?is4 ,unlay ! /r&s ( ! rope = a few in*es4 ,seize or :ip ! ends ( ! rope z :5 mak+ a %ort splice4 ,n[ :ile hold+ ! rope 9 y\r left h&1 fold "o /r& ov] & away f y z 9 ,a1 ,fig4 #bc2 !n fold ,b ov] ,a & :ile hold+ ^! 9 place ) y\r ?umb & f+] pass ,c ov] ,b & ?r\gh ! bight ( ,a1 z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,n[ pull ! ends tight & "w ! bights up snugly & y\r knot w be ! s+le cr[n1 b z ?is is a poor knot to /ay ti$ & is n v ornam5tal1 x %\ld be f9i%$ by tuck+ ! free ends "u & ov] ! /r&s ( ! rope z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd1 mean:ile tap]+ !m d[n z describ$ 9 ! directions = mak+ an eye splice4 ,?is results 9 a v neat & %ip %ape f9i% = a rope's end & z x w nev] "w loose l a seiz+ & c be ti$ 9 a v few mom5ts1 x c be recomm5d$ z ! h&ie/ & be/ ( all me?ods = f9i%+ ! ends ( ropes to prev5t unravell+4 ,z simple z ! cr[n & f> m attractive1 is ! wall knot1 ,figs4 #be1 #bf4 ,9 mak+ ?is knot unlay & :ip ! rope z = ! cr[n & make a bight 9 ! /r& ,c by br++ ! end d[n & across ! /&+ "p4 ,!n br+ /r& ,a ov] ,c & ar\nd ! /&+ "p1 & f9ally br+ ,b ov] ,a & up ?r\gh ! bight ( ,c4 ,draw all ! ends tight & snug & ! s+le wall w be f9i%$4 ,z 9 ! case ) ! cr[n knot1 ?is is ma9ly ( value z a basis = o!r knots1 or = end+ rope by tuck+ 9 ! ends z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,by 8d\bl+0 ! wall or cr[n1 ! knots are made f> m ornam5tal4 ,?is is done by foll[+ ! lay ( ! s+le knot1 or 9 o!r words1 aft] ! s+le wall or cr[n is made ! /r&s are c>ri$ ar\nd side by side ( !mselves4 ,to make a d\ble wall knot make ! s+le knot & !n1 be=e draw+ x tight1 br+ ! /r& ,a up ?r\gh its own bight beside ! end ( ,c4 ,!n br+ ,b up ?r\gh its own bight beside ,a & c>ry ,c up ?r\gh its own bight beside ,b4 ,:5 drawn tight x w be v neat4 ,! ends may be trimm$ (f or tuck$ ?r\gh ! /r&s ( ! /&+ "p z pref]r$4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,a /ill m ornam5tal knot may be =m$ by cr[n+ a wall knot4 ,?is is done by fir/ mak+ a pla9 wall knot & !n br++ ,a up ov] ! top1 lay+ ,b across ,a & br++ ,c ov] ,b & ?r\gh ! bight ( ,a1 or 9 o!r words1 ty+ a cr[n knot on top ( a wall knot1 7,fig4 #bg74 ,?is is ! f\ndation = "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( rope-end knots :i* is kn[n z ! d\ble wall & cr[n or manrope knot4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,to make ?is1 tie ! s+le wall1 cr[n x & leave ! /r&s slack4 ,!n pass ! ends "u & up ?r\gh ! bights ( ! s+le wall knot & !n pu% ! ends alongside ( ! /r&s :i* =m ! s+le cr[n knot1 pass+ !m ?r\gh ! bights 9 ! cr[n & d[n ?r\gh ! wall+4 ,if y h le>n$ ! s+le wall & s+le cr[n1 y w f9d ?is v simple1 = x consi/s 9 m]ely foll[+ ! lay ( ! /r&s ( ! s+le wall & cr[n4 ,:5 well done & work$ up tight & snug ) ! ends trimm$ (f closely x makes a highly ornam5tal knot1 7,fig4 #bh71 & if ! ends are tuck$ into ! /&+ "p1 z direct$ = ty+ ! s+le cr[n1 !re %\ld be no sign ( a beg9n+ or end+ to ?is knot1 ! f9i%$ result appe>+ l an ornam5tal knob ( rope4 ,?is is a useful z well z an ornam5tal knot & is h&y 9 _m places on a boat4 ,x is (t5 us$ 9 f9i%+ ! ends ( rope rail+s1 ! ends ( manropes 7h5ce its "n7 = ! ends ( yoke l9es = /e]+ small boats1 to =m /opp]s or toggles to bucket-h&les1 sl+s1 etc41 & 9 fact1 :]ev] a l>ge ornam5tal end to a rope is requir$ or :]e a knot is desir$ to prev5t a rope f slipp+ ?r\gh any ap]ture4 ,its use = su* purposes is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bi1 #cj & #ca :i* repres5t topsail haly>d toggles1 =m$ by turn+ an eye splice 9 a %ort l5g? ( rope ) a d\ble wall & cr[n at ! end4 ,su* toggles are useful = _m purposes o!r ?an = topsail haly>ds4 ,!y may be us$ z /ops = furl+ sails1 = sl+s ar\nd gaffs or booms1 = atta*+ blocks :5 hoi/+ & 9 _m o!r places :i* w sugge/ !mselves to ! us] ( a small boat4 ,ano!r v beautiful end knot1 & ! mo/ difficult ( all to make is ! ,mat!w ,walk] or /opp] knot 7,fig4 #cb74 ,to tie ?is knot pass "o /r& ar\nd ! /&+ "p & ?r\gh its own bight1 !n pass ,b und]nea? & ?r\gh ! bight ( ,a & ?r\gh its own bight z well4 ,!n pass ,c und]nea?1 ar\nd & ?r\gh ! bights ( ,a1 ,b & its own bight4 ,! knot w n appe> z at ,fig4 #cb ,a1 b by c>efully haul+ ! ends ar\nd & work+ ! bights up tight--a little at a "t1 ! knot w assume ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb ,b4 ,?is is a spl5did knot = ! ends ( ropes to prev5t !m f slipp+ ?r\gh holes1 z x is h>d1 close & pres5ts an almo/ flat %\ld] on its l[] side4 ,x is because ( its adaption to su* purposes t ! "n 8/opp] knot0 has be5 giv5 to x4 ,all ( ! prec$+ are end knots1 b a knot ( a v diff]5t sort1 :i* is widely us$ = ornam5t+ ropes1 is ! ,turk's head 7,fig4 #cc74 ,turk's heads are us$ 9 decorat+ l[] /&+ rigg+1 = r+s or %\ld]s on %r\ds or ropes1 to secure o!r rigg+ 9 position1 to ornam5t yoke l9es1 = =m+ slid+ coll>s on knife lany>ds & = coll>s ar\nd /an*ions1 sp>s1 o>s1 etc41 & :5 plac$ ar\nd a rope close b5ea? a manrope or ,mat!w ,walk] knot x gives a v beautiful & elaborate f9i% to a rope4 ,al?\gh s h&some & app>5tly intricate1 ! ,turk's head is a v simple & easy knot to make & :ile y may h "s difficulty 9 ma/]+ x at ! fir/ a little practice & p]sev]ance w enable y to become pr(ici5t & y w be able to tie ?is beautiful knot at any "t & 9 any position4 ,to le>n to make ?is knot obta9 a smoo?1 r\nd /ick & "s closely twi/$1 or braid$1 small l9e4 ,pass two turns ) ! l9e ar\nd ! rod1 z at ,a1 ,fig4 #cc1 pass ! upp] bight d[n ?r\gh ! l[] bight & reeve ! upp] end d[n ?r\gh x1 z at ,b1 ,fig4 #cc4 ,!n pass ! bight up aga9 & pass ! end ov] ! l[] bight & up betwe5 x & ! upp] bight4 ,dip ! upp] bight aga9 ?r\gh ! l[] bight & pass ! end ov] :at is n[ ! upp] bight & betwe5 x & ! l[] "o1 z at ,c1 ,fig4 #cc4 ,cont9ue to "w ar\nd 9 ?is mann] to ! "r until ! o!r end is met :5 ! o!r "p %\ld be foll[$ ar\nd until a plait ( two or m lays is complete z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ropework ,! v>i\s bights %\ld !n be drawn snugly until !re is no slack & ! complet$ knot fits tightly ab\t ! rod4 ,a v>iation ( ?is knot may be =m$ by mak+ ! fir/ "p z direct$ & !n by slipp+ ! knot to ! end ( ! rod "w "o side tight] ?an ! o!r until ! plaits =m a complete cap 7,fig4 #cc ,d74 ,?is makes a f9e f9i% = ! ends ( /an*ions1 poles1 flag/affs1 etc41 & x may be kept 9 position by a few tacks or small nails driv5 ?r\gh ! inn] /r&s into ! woodwork4 ,ropes t are to be us$ z h&l9es1 /an*ions1 manropes1 lifel9es1 %r\ds or1 9 fact1 = any purpose :]e appe>ances c\nt1 are usually worm$1 s]v$ & p>cell$4 ,worm+ consi/s ( twi/+ a small l9e or fill] into ! grooves & mak+ ! rope smoo? & ready = p>cell+ or s]v+4 ,p>cell+ is done by wrapp+ ! worm$ l9e ) a n>r[ /rip ( canvas 7,fig4 #cd ,b71 & f9ally ! :ole is s]v$ by be+ wrapp$ tightly ) m>l9e or spun y>n 7,fig4 #cd ,c74 ,al?\gh all ?is may be done by h& ! s]v+ is usually accompli%$ by means ( a tool kn[n z a s]v+ mallet 7,fig4 #cd ,d74 ,?is in/rum5t enables "o to "w mu* m ev5ly & tightly ?an is possible by h& s]v+1 b :e!r a mallet is us$ or y dep5d ^u h& s]v+1 ! rope to be treat$ mu/ be /ret*$ tightly betwe5 two uprights or ! result w nev] be satisfactory4 ,sometimes a rope is s]v$ )\t ei!r worm+ or p>cell+ & = ord9>y purposes ! p>cell+ is n necess>y2 al?\gh ! results obta9$ by p]=m+ all ^! op]ations are v mu* m satisfactory4 ,a v>iation 9 s]v+ is made by means ( half-hit* "w z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,?is is v ornam5tal :5 well done & is v simple & easy to accompli%4 ,to make ?is cov]+1 take a half-hit* ) ! small l9e ab\t ! rope1 !n ano!r bel[ x1 draw snug1 take ano!r half-hit* & cont9ue 9 ?is way until ! rope or o!r object1 is cov]$ & ! half-hit*es =m a spiral r[ ( knots runn+ ar\nd ! cov]$ object4 ,bottles1 jugs1 ropes1 /an*ions1 f5d]s & _m o!r articles may be cov]$ ) ?is half-hit* "w & z y become exp]t y w be able to cov] objects ) sev]al alt]nat+ r[s ( half-hit*es4 ,f\r-/r& braid+ is also highly ornam5tal & is v simple4 ,to d ?is 7,fig4 #cf71 m]ely cross ! opposite /r&s ( small l9es z illu/rat$ 9 ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #cf ,b1 fir/ cross+ ,a to ! left ( ,b1 !n cross+ ,c & ,d above ,a & ,b & cont9ue 9 ?is way until ! braid is ! desir$ l5g?4 ,/ill m decorative is a cr[n braid1 :i* is made by =m+ "o cr[n knot ov] ano!r4 ,a wall braid may be made by =m+ a s]ies ( s+le wall knots 9 ! same way & ei!r ! cr[n or wall braid+ may be done ) any numb] ( /r&s or l9es desir$2 ! m /r&s us$ ! f9] & m ornam5tal w be ! braid produc$4 ,sometimes ! monkey *a91 ,fig4 #ch1 is us$ = ornam5tal "w1 b x is m useful z a means ( %ort5+ rope 9 su* a mann] t x may be quickly l5g!n$ out = use4 ,to make ! monkey *a9 draw a loop ( ! rope ?r\gh its own bight z at ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #ch2 draw ano!r loop ?r\gh ?is 7,c1 ,fig4 #ch71 ano!r ?r\gh ?is 7,d1 ,fig4 #ch71 & cont9ue 9 ?is way until ! rope is %ort5$ z mu* z desir$1 :5 ! end may !n be pass$ ?r\gh ! la/ bight z %[n at ,e1 ,fig4 #ch4 ,if left 9 ?is way ! *a9 w nev] come loose & yet ! rope may be l5g!n$ in/antly by slipp+ out ! end & pull+ ^u x :]eupon ! entire *a9 w ravel4 ,once hav+ ma/]$ ^! v>i\s knots & splices y w f9d little difficulty 9 select+ & ty+ ! be/ knot = any purpose :i* may arise1 b no description ( knots w\ld be complete )\t a few h9ts on sl++ b>rels1 casks or o!r objects4 ,?ree ( ! be/ & simple/ sl+s are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ci1 #dj & #da4 ,! fir/1 ,fig4 #ci1 %[s a h&y & useful sl+ = bags or bales & consi/s ( a /rap or l5g? ( rope ) ! two ends splic$ toge!r & slipnoos$ ar\nd ! object z %[n4 ,a l>ge grommet also makes a good sl+ ( ?is type4 ,fig4 #dj %[s h[ to sl+ a cask or b>rel 9 an upright position :5 x conta9s wat] or o!r cont5ts1 :ile 9 ,fig4 #da1 a sl+ = hoi/+ b>rels1 boxes or o!r articles is illu/rat$4 ,9 ?is case ! rope may be us$ ) an eye splice at "o end z %[n1 or x may be m]ely ti$ ) a b[l9e or o!r good knot4 ,sometimes a sl+ is us$ :i* has an eye splice at ea* end & if y h "o or two sl+s readymade ) f9i%$ ends1 or ) eye splices turn$ 9 !m1 y w f9d !y are v useful & w save a lot ( "t & tr\ble1 = !y c be us$ = _m purposes o!r ?an z sl+s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,simple ,,navigation ,among ! fir/ ?+s t ! amateur sailor %\ld le>n are ! rules ( ! road at sea1 = !re are j z /rict & def9ite rules = boats trav]s+ m>itime highways z are 9 =ce = vehicles us+ highways on ! l&4 ,b :]eas traffic rules a%ore v>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & ev5 9 ! v>i\s /ates & cities1 ! rules ( ! road on ! wat] are alike ?r\gh\t all ! _w1 & if y le>n ! rules 9 =ce 9 ,am]ican wat]s1 ! k w s]ve j z well 9 ! wat]s ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,! fir/ & pr9cipal rule is to turn to ! "r :5 meet+ ano!r boat4 ,at times ?is may be impossible & h5ce signals & rules h be5 arrang$ :i* provide = turn+ to ! left :5 necess>y1 b sail+ boats always h ! "r ( way ov] /eam]s & p[] boats4 ,x does n foll[1 because ?is is ! case1 h[ev]1 t a man 9 a small sailboat %\ld compel a l>g] vessel to give way to him & endang] ! o!r %ip = x may be impossible = ! l>g] craft to turn out1 ow+ to ! n>r[ *annel or "s simil> reason1 & h5ce y %\ld "k :at ! v>i\s lights & signals mean & %\ld be prep>$ = any unusual condition :i* may arise4 ,9 ord] t sailors may "k 9 :i* direction a vessel is proce$+ at night1 z well z ! "* ( ! vessel1 all vessels c>ry :at are kn[n z side lights1 ! "o on ! "r or />bo>d side be+ gre51 :ile t on ! port or left side is r$4 ,if y rememb] t ! port light is r$ l port w9e1 y w nev] become confus$ z to :i* color is port & :i* />bo>d4 ,^! lights are only us$ :5 vessels are sail+ or "u way & :5 at an*or or at moor+s1 a :ite light or rid+-light is plac$ 9 ! rigg+4 ,/eam]s & p[] boats c>ry a :ite light ne> ! /]n & ano!r :ite light =w>d4 ,! re> :ite light is visible f all directions & is high up1 :ile ! =w>d :ite light is visible only f "o side ar\nd a half-circle to ! o!r side ( ! b[1 :ile ! side lights c only be se5 f ahead or f ei!r side4 ,by ^! lights y c always det]m9e ! direction 9 :i* a vessel is mov+ & c ?us keep cle>4 ,if %e is approa*+ b[-on1 y w see bo? ! side lights & y c be sure %e is a p[] boat or /eam] if y see ! two :ite lights4 ,if ! two :ite lights are n 9 exact l9e1 y w "k t %e is turn+ & ! direction %e is head+ is easily det]m9$1 = if ! l[ b[ light is to ! "r ( ! high /]n light %e is turn+ to y\r "r1 :ile if x appe>s at ! left ( ! high] /]n light %e is head+ to y\r left4 ,if only "o side light is se5 y may be sure ! vessel is mov+ at "r angles1 or at ne>ly "r angles to y\r c\rse1 & if %e is a p[]-propell$ vessel y c easily tell ! angle at :i* %e is mov+ by ! position ( ! :ite lights4 ,if a /eam] or p[] boat is ahead ( y & mov+ 9 ! same direction1 y c see only ! high :ite /]n light & ! in/ant %e turns y w "k x by ! o!r lights becom+ visible4 ,/eam]s & p[] boats also h signals :i* are giv5 by ! :i/les to %[ :i* way !y wi% to proce$ & ! /eam] :i* signals fir/ dictates ! direction4 ,"o bla/ means ! vessel is turn+ to h] />bo>d or "r h& & two bla/s signifies %e is go+ to h] left or port1 & :ile su* signals %\ld be answ]$ by o!r p[] or /eam boats1 sail+ craft are n suppos$ to reply4 ,unless !re is "s unusual reason = n foll[+ ! ord9>y rules ( ! road1 a /eam] or p[] boat w nev] signal to a sailboat & h5ce1 if a /eam] is approa*+ or ov]tak+ y1 & :i/les1 y %\ld look ab\t & be sure %e is n signall+ "s o!r /eam] = all p[] & /eam vessels are suppos$ to keep cle> ( sail+ craft4 ,naturally !y expect ! sail+ boats' helmsm5 to "k ! rules ( ! road &1 !re=e1 if y ?9k _! signals are int5d$ = y & *ange y\r c\rse ! /eam] may n "k :y y are do+ su* an unexpect$ ?+ & a collision may result4 ,if y adh]e /rictly to ! rules ( ! road !re is no reason :y y %\ld ev] h an accid5t ?r\gh y\r own fault1 b if a p[] boat or /eam] is approa*+ & does n %[ signs ( giv+ way to y\r "r ( way y %\ld bl[ a horn1 halloo1 %\t or d some?+ to attract att5tion & if necess>y g ab\t & get out ( ! way z soon z possible4 ,dur+ ?ick wea!r1 9 fogs1 mi/s1 sn[ & heavy ra91 sail+ vessels signal ! direction 9 :i* !y are mov+ by means ( bla/s on a foghorn4 ,if !y are on ! />bo>d tack1 t is1 ) ! w9d on ! "r or />bo>d side1 "o bla/ is bl[n at int]vals ( ab\t a m9ute1 if on ! port tack1 two bla/s are bl[n at int]vals1 :ile if runn+ be=e ! w9d ?ree bla/s are s\nd$4 ,z y c always tell ! direction ( ! w9d by y\r own sails1 y c easily det]m9e ! direction 9 :i* ! o!r boats are head$ by _! signals & c ?us avoid !m4 ,always rememb] t a sail+ vessel on ! />bo>d tack has ! "r ( way ov] a vessel on ! port tack1 & t a vessel sail+ close haul$ or aga9/ ! w9d has ! "r ( way ov] a vessel runn+ free or on ! w9d reg>dless ( _! size1 ! direction 9 :i* !y are mov+ or any?+ else4 ,9 ord] to make ! prim>y rules ( ! road easi] to rememb] !y h be5 made into v]se & "s ( ^! simple v]ses1 if memoriz$1 w prove a great help4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,road ,,& ,,buoys #a--,meet+ head-on1 turn to />bo>d4 #b--;,cross+1 boat to />bo>d has "r ( way4 #c--;,cross+1 boat to />bo>d has "r ( way4 #d--,pass+4 #e--,meet+1 ,gre5 to gre51 hold c\rse4 #f--,meet+ at angle1 boat to />bo>d has "r ( way4 #g--,meet+ at angle1 boat to />bo>d has "r ( way4 #h--;,boat on w9d has "r ( way ov] boat sail+ free4 #i--;,boat on />bo>d tack has "r ( way4 #aj--,r$ sp> buoy1 pass on />bo>d :5 ent]+ h>bor1 on port :5 leav+ h>bors4 #aa--;,black sp> buoy4 ,leave on port :5 ent]+ & on />bo>d :5 leav+ h>bors4 #ab--;,horizontal r$ & black buoy4 ,dang]1 keep cle>4 #ac--,:ite & black /rip$ buoy4 ,mid*annel1 keep close to x4 #ad--;,an*orage buoy4 #ae--,nun buoy4 #af--;,c buoy4 #ag--;,gas buoy4 #ah--;,bell buoy4 #ai--,:i/l+ buoy4 #bj--,p]* & ball4 #ba-bb--;,beacons4 #bc--,ligh?\se4 #bd--,light%ip4 #be--,light beacon4 #bf--,keg beacon4 #bg--;,*annel m>k4 #bh--,range m>ks4 ,:5 meet+ a vessel head-on y are suppos$ to turn to ! "r z ! foll[+ v]se %[s3 ,:5 two lights y see ahead ,port y\r helm & %[ y\r r$1 or 9 o!r words1 put y\r till] to port & turn y\r boat to ! "r4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a vessel is pass+ side-to y w see b "o light & ! foll[+ v]se tells y t ,gre5 to gre51 or r$ to r$ ,p]fect safety--g ahead1 or1 9 o!r words1 if y see a gre5 light on y\r gre5 or />bo>d side or a r$ or port light on y\r r$ or port side1 ! o!r boat is p>allel to y & y\r c\rse %\ld be kept4 ,! greate/ dang] is 9 approa*+ ano!r vessel at "r angles1 b 9 ?is case rememb] t ! boat t has ! o!r on ! />bo>d or "r-h& side mu/ keep cle> ( ! o!r1 or1 z ! v]se says3 ,if to y\r />bo>d r$ appe> ',tis y\r duty to keep cle>1 ,act z judgm5t says is prop]1 ,port or />bo>d1 back or /op h]4 ,b :5 on y\r port is se5 ,a vessel ) a light ( gre5 ,!re's n mu* = y to d ,! gre5 light mu/ keep cle> ( y ,b m important p]haps ?an all is ! univ]sal rule t all boats mu/ keep a good look\t1 & ! foll[+ v]se indicates ?is3 ,bo? 9 safety & 9 d\bt ,always keep a good look\t ,%\ld !re n be room to turn ,%ift y\r helm & pass a/]n4 ,! la/ l9e is mo/ important4 ,nev] "u any circum/ances attempt to cross ! b[s ( ano!r mov+ vessel4 ,if y d & accid5t occurs x w be y\r own fault4 ,a boat cross+ ano!r's b[s always does s at h] own risk4 ,no matt] h[ y are head+1 no matt] h[ mu* ( a hurry y may be 91 no matt] h[ mu* tr\ble x may involve1 if y are approa*+ ano!r boat ( any k9d s t y\r c\rse w cross h]s1 rememb] ! la/ v]se & %ift y\r helm & pass a/]n4 ,ano!r v important matt] = all boat sailors to le>n is ! mean+ ( ! v>i\s buoys1 beacons1 lights & o!r guide-bo>ds ( ! sea4 ,9 small boats ^! are (t5 ( little importance = "o may sail hi!r & ?i!r )\t pay+ mu* att5tion to *annels1 b ev5 9 ! smalle/ ( sailboats !re is a dang] ( runn+ on reefs1 rocks or %oals if "o does n "k :at ! guid+ m>ks mean4 ,9 ne>ly e port1 h>bor1 or o!r navigable body ( wat]1 except 9 ! op5 ocean1 !re are buoys4 ,to ! l&sman ^! appe> z s _m r$1 black or p>ti-color$ /icks or metal cyl9d]s1 b to ! sailor e "o has a def9ite mean+ & he kn[s t if he proce$s accord+ to ! r\te m>k$ by ! buoys he is p]fectly safe4 ,!re are two g5]al classes ( buoys1 kn[n z *annel buoys & dang] buoys4 ,! fir/ are us$ to m>k lanes or *annels = boats & are always black or r$ 9 color4 ,all ! r$ buoys are plac$ on "o side ( ! *annel & all ! black buoys on ! o!r side & e boat1 :5 com+ 9 f sea or mov+ t[>ds ! l& %\ld keep ! r$ buoys on h] "r or />bo>d side & all ! black buoys on h] port or left h&4 ,:5 go+ out ( ! h>bor or away f l&1 ! r$ buoys are pass$ on ! left & ! black ones on ! "r4 ,9 o!r words1 9 leav+ a h>bor all ! r$ buoys %\ld be pass$ on ! r$ light side ( y\r boat4 ,moreov]1 all ! *annel buoys are numb]$1 ! black buoys be>+ odd numb]s1 :ile ! r$ ones are m>k$ ) ev5 numb]s1 s t ev5 if ! colors are indi/9ct y c tell :e!r !y are to be pass$ on "r or left4 ,b all *annel buoys are n alike = !re are sp> buoys1 c buoys & nun buoys1 ea* ( :i* s]ves a def9ite purpose & means a c]ta9 ?+4 ,c buoys are cyl9drical1 l giant t9 cans1 & are pa9t$ black & m>k$ ) odd numb]s1 :ile nun buoys are tap]$ on ! top1 are pa9t$ r$ & be> ev5 numb]s4 ,sp> buoys are m]ely huge1 wood5 poles pa9t$ r$ or black & be>+ odd numb]s on ! black ones & ev5 numb]s on ^? :i* are r$4 ,9 "s places ! c & nun buoys are us$ to m>k ! ma9 %ip *annels & ! sp> buoys are us$ to %[ small] or less important *annels1 :ile 9 o!r places only "o k9d is us$ or c or nun buoys may be plac$ among ! sp> buoys to m>k turn+ po9ts or to aid m>9]s 9 locat+ _! position 9 ! *annel4 ,all ! buoys' numb]s comm5ce at ! "o f>!/ out1 :i* is numb] #a1 = buoys are ( m importance to vessels ent]+ a h>bor ?an to ^? go+ out to sea4 ,dang] buoys diff] f *annel buoys 9 color & are n numb]$ & !y may be ei!r ( ! sp>1 c or nun type4 ,a buoy pa9t$ r$ & black 9 horizontal /ripes runn+ r\nd ! buoy indicates t !re is "s small reef1 rock or o!r ob/ruction close to x & t vessels mu/ keep cle>1 b c pass on ei!r side4 ,a buoy pa9t$ ) v]tical /ripes ( black & :ite means exactly ! opposite & %[s t 9 ord] to avoid dang] vessels mu/ pass z closely to ! buoy z possible & t !re are %oals or ob/ructions on "o or bo? sides ( ! buoy a %ort di/ance away4 ,?is /rip$ buoy also is us$ to m>k ! c5t] ( a *annel & is kn[n z a mid*annel buoy4 ,bell buoys & :i/l+ buoys are also us$ to m>k dang] spots & turn+-po9ts 9 *annels4 ,:i/l+ buoys are metal buoys fitt$ ) :i/les :i* are bl[n by air =c$ up by ! motion ( ! waves & are sometimes call$ grunt]s z ! s\nd is m l a grunt ?an a :i/le4 ,bell buoys are provid$ ) a bell :i* is rung by ! sway+ ( ! buoy4 ,9 _m places !y are locat$ well out to sea to indicate ! beg9n+ ( a *annel2 9 o!r spots !y are plac$ on reefs1 rocks or o!r ob/ructions z w>n+s1 & 9 /ill o!r places !y s]ve to %[ :]e a *annel turns %>ply or :]e ano!r *annel bran*es (f4 ,/ill ano!r sort ( buoy is ! gas buoy4 ,^! s]ve z m9iature ligh?\ses or light%ips & are furni%$ ) lamps :i* burn compress$ acetyl5e or o!r gas4 ,!y are usually plac$ on outly+ reefs or rocks or 9 spots :]e x w\ld n pay to keep a regul> light%ip4 ,9 _m places1 :]e ord9>y buoys _c be us$1 a l>ge sph]e is set up on ! end ( a pole & pa9t$ r$ or black1 accord+ to ! side on :i* x %\ld be pass$4 ,?is is kn[n to seam5 z a p]* & ball4 ,(t5 a squ>e1 boxlike affair or a cone made ( iron or wood5 slats is us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 /ill o!r localities ! gov]nm5t does n ?9k x wor? :ile to e/abli% regul> buoys & local fi%]m5 or o!rs use *annel m>ks 9 ! =m ( kegs set on po/s or rods 9 place ( dang] buoys & c$> trees fa/5$ on tall po/s to indicate ! *annels4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry beacons are us$ :i* are tripods or plat=ms ( wood or iron on :i* lant]ns are susp5d$4 ,sometimes ! beacons are built ( /one or concrete4 ,on navigable riv]s & inl& wat]s & 9 "s places on ! coa/s range m>ks are us$4 ,^! are squ>e or diamond-%ap$ frames ( bo>ds pa9t$ :ite ) a squ>e or circle ( black 9 ! c5t] & set on po/s4 ,!y are plac$ s t :5 two come directly 9 l9e ! boatman kn[s he is 9 ! c5t] ( ! *annel4 ,at night lant]ns are (t5 hung ^u !m4 ,sometimes "o sees a l>ge sp> buoy pa9t$ :ite & ) a little black an*or pa9t$ ^u x4 ,?is %[s ! an*orage = l>ge vessels & indicates t vessels _c an*or fur!r ?an ! buoy )\t ob/ruct+ a *annel or endang]+ cables1 subm>9e works or o!r ?+s4 ,j z buoys tell ! sailor :i* way to /e] 9 h>bors or :5 close to %ore s light%ips & ligh?\ses %[ m>9]s h[ to sail along ! coa/s4 ,light%ips are vessels c>ry+ lights at _! ma/heads & are an*or$ out at sea on %oals or (f h>bors to %[ :]e ! *annels beg94 ,ligh?\ses are usually built on %ore close to ! sea1 b !y are (t5 built on /one1 masonry or sl5d] /eel supports q a di/ance f ! l&4 ,ea* ligh?\se has a diff]5t light1 _m are pa9t$ 9 /ripes or o!r di/9ctive patt]ns & light%ips are numb]$ & nam$ to enable sailors to id5tify !m easily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>bor ,,*>t ,,%[+ ,,lights1 ,,buoys1 ,,*annels1 ,,s\nd+s1 ,,be>+s1 ,,bottom1 ,,etc4 ,"s ligh?\ses ?r[ a /eady r$ light1 o!rs a /eady :ite light1 o!rs fla%es ( :ite1 o!rs fla%es ( r$1 o!rs alt]nate fla%es ( r$ & :ite1 & 9 _m places !y are arrang$ s t a :ite light is visible f vessels 9 ! *annels or 9 safe wat]s1 :ile a r$ sector causes a r$ light to be ?r[n ov] ! %all[ or dang]\s wat]s4 ,moreov]1 ! fla%+ lights h v>i\s int]vals betwe5 fla%es & ?us1 by kn[+ ! colors ( ! v>i\s lights & ! duration ( _! fla%es1 a sailor c det]m9e j :]e he is by ! ligh?\ses he sights4 ,all ( ^! safegu>ds ( ! sea w\ld be ( little value to m>9]s1 h[ev]1 if x 7 n = *>ts1 = no man c\ld rememb] all ! v>i\s buoys1 beacons1 range m>ks1 light%ips & ligh?\ses ( ! coa/s & ! v>i\s h>bors4 ,to enable ! seaman to "k j :at e "o ( ^! means1 & to help him f9d 8 way 9 places :]e he has nev] be51 *>ts are furni%$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,^! are maps :i* %[ all ! buoys1 lights1 signals & o!r guides & also indicate ! dep? ( ! wat]1 ! k9d ( bottom1 ! po9ts ( ! compass1 ! prom95t l&m>ks1 ! rise & fall ( tides & ! outl9es ( ! %ores4 ,) ! aid ( a *>t a sailor c safely f9d 8 way into any h>bor or along any coa/1 & ev5 if x is "s remote place :]e !re are no lights or buoys1 or if ! wea!r is too ?ick to enable him to see ! buoys or lights1 ! *>ts w tell him :]e he is by ! "* ( ! bottom & ! dep? ( ! wat]4 ,x may seem que] to ?9k ( a sailor navigat+ a vessel by ! bottom ( ! sea1 b x is a me?od v widely us$ & ( great importance4 ,9 ne>ly e place ! bottom v>ies m or less & ! wat]s %oal 9 a c]ta9 way & by f9d+ ! k9d ( bottom !re is & ! dep? ( ! wat] ! seaman id5tifies ! locality he is 94 ,?us1 if ! bottom is :ite s& & ! dep? is five fa?oms1 he looks ^u ! *>t & f9ds ! spot :]e a simil> dep? & bottom is indicat$4 ,p]haps !re are sev]al su* spots & ! sailor is n sure :i* "o he is on4 ,9 t case1 he looks 9 ! direction he is sail+ & f9ds t on ! *>t ! wat] %oals v gradually & t blue mud exi/s j beyond ! spot :]e he ?9ks he %\ld be4 ,if 8 next s\nd+ %[s blue mud & only a little less dep? ?an be=e he kn[s he is "r1 :]eas if x %[s deep] wat] & gravel1 or mu* %all[] wat] & s&1 he kn[s he is (f 8 c\rse & by comp>+ 8 s\nd+s ) ! *>t he c tell j :]e he is4 ,to det]m9e ! dep? ( wat]1 a s\nd+ l9e is us$ ) a heavy lead weight at ! end & ) ! fa?oms m>k$ ^u ! l9e & e "t ! lead is dropp$ to ! bottom a t9y sample ( ! bottom is br\ght up /ick+ to a little tall[ :i* fills a recess 9 ! end ( ! lead4 ,n[adays !re are _m improv$ =ms ( s\nd+ l9es & leads1 "s ( :i* h v clev]ly arrang$ appliances = br++ up samples ( ! bottom1 b ! old-fa%ion$ l9e & lead is /ill widely us$4 ,/ill o!r important items :i* are indicat$ on ! *>t are be>+s or l&falls4 ,(t5 "s prom95t cliff1 hill1 m\nta9 or o!r object is visible long be=e ! %ores !mselves or any lights c be se51 & by br++ c]ta9 su* m>ks 9 l9e1 or by obta9+ ! direction :i* !y be> to ! %ip & !n ref]r+ to ! *>ts1 ! sailor c tell j :at "p ( ! %ore he is approa*+ & h[ he %\ld /e] to ent] a h>bor or *annel4 ,b *>ts1 be>+s or l&m>ks w\ld be almo/ useless )\t t mo/ important ( all m>9]s' guides1 ! compass4 ,ev]yone :o uses a boat %\ld "k h[ to use a compass & e boat1 save ! v smalle/ op5 boats1 %\ld inv>iably h a compass on bo>d4 ,ev5 if y nev] expect to sail f> f %ore y may "s day be caught 9 a ?ick fog or bl[n (f to sea = sev]al miles & a compass may save y\r life & ! lives ( o!rs4 ,b unless y "k h[ to use a compass ?is useful in/rum5t w be ( little aid4 ,x may seem /range to speak ( le>n+ to use a compass = ev]yone kn[s t a compass po9ts t[>d ! nor?1 b :5 an ord9>y compass is us$ on a boat ! conditions are v diff]5t f us+ a compass on l&4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is n en\gh to "k ! c>d9al po9ts ( nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/1 = :ile su* g5]al directions may s]ve on ! l&1 a v slight v>iation ( ! c\rse may result 9 runn+ on a reef or 9 miss+ a h>bor1 :5 sail+4 ,= ?is reason y %\ld become ?or\ghly famili> ) all ! po9ts ( a compass & %\ld be able to box ! compass or repeat all ! ?irty-two po9ts f nor? ar\nd ! circle to nor? & back aga9 )\t look+ at ! compass4 ,!n y %\ld le>n ! qu>t] po9ts & %\ld be able to tell at a glance :e!r ! boat is head+ nor?-"o-qu>t]-ea/ or is a qu>t] ( a po9t (f h] c\rse 9 any direction1 = a qu>t]-po9t error 9 sail+ may make a va/ diff]5ce at ! end ( a few h\rs' run4 ,!re are two g5]al types ( compasses 9 use3 "o kn[n z ! pocket compass or movable-ne$le compass1 ! o!r z ! m>9]'s compass or float+-c>d compass4 ,! =m] is g5]ally us$ on l& & has a fix$ c>d ) ! v>i\s po9ts m>k$ ^u x & a movable ne$le :i* po9ts to ! nor?1 :ile ! m>9]'s compass has a c>d ) ! po9ts :i* revolves & !re is a not* or lubb]'s m>k on "o side ( ! case :i* %\ld be s plac$ t :5 fac+ nor? ! nor? m>k on ! c>d is exactly 9 l9e ) ! lubb]'s m>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,use ,,( ,,compass ,,9 ,,boat ,a--,m>9]'s compass4 ,b-,c--,pocket compass4 ,9 a boat ! float+-c>d or m>9]'s compass is almo/ a necessity1 = ) x ! boat's b[ may be head$ 9 ! direction or c\rse desir$1 :]eas ) a pocket compass ! dial rema9s /ation>y & ! ne$le moves ab\t & z a result "s m5tal calculation is necess>y 9 ord] to /e] a c\rse correctly4 ,?is w be bett] und]/ood by /udy+ ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,9 ?is y w see t at ,a a boat ) a m>9]'s compass is head$ nor!a/1 & t if ! c\rse is to be alt]$ to any giv5 po9t ( ! compass x is m]ely necess>y to turn until ! desir$ m>k is 9 l9e ) ! lubb]'s m>k4 ,9 ! diagram ,b1 h[ev]1 ! boat is app>5tly head$ nor? al?\gh ! same c\rse is be+ /e]$ z 9 ,a4 ,?is is because ! compass us$ is a fix$-c>d compass ) a movable ne$le & ! ne$le moves z ! boat's c\rse is *ang$1 :ile ! c>d rema9s /ation>y1 & al?\gh ! boat is really head$ nor!a/ ! ne$le po9ts to ! nor?we/4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 us+ su* a compass x is necess>y to read x backw>ds & if y wi% to /e] nor!a/ sw+ ! boat until ! ne$le po9ts nor?we/1 & s on1 = e direction4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is v confus+ & x c be avoid$ only by %ift+ ! position ( ! compass s z to br+ ! ne$le directly ov] 8nor?0 ea* "t ! boat's c\rse is alt]$ z %[n at ,c4 ,by do+ ?is ! boat's b[ w correspond to ! direction be+ /e]$1 z indicat$ on ! compass c>d1 b x is (t5 v inconv5i5t1 if n impossible1 to move a compass con/antly :ile bobb+ ab\t 9 a sea or tack+1 al?\gh on l& x is no tr\ble to turn ! compass until ! ne$le & 8nor?0 are 9 l9e & !n proce$ 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,moreov]1 a pivot$ ne$le is (t5 v erratic & sw+s wildly :5 9 a boat & = ^! reasons a float+-dial compass %\ld always be us$4 ,_m pocket compasses are made ) mov+ dials1 or c>ds1 & ^! w s]ve v well = small boats1 b !y are n to be comp>$ to ! true boat compasses = /ead9ess1 accuracy & conv5i5ce4 ,sometimes "o may f9d oneself )\t a compass & may wi% to obta9 a g5]al idea ( direction & 9 su* a case x is ( great value to "k t an ord9>y wat* or clock may be made to s]ve z a compass4 ,to use a wat* z a compass1 place x horizontally1 ) ! h\r h& po9t+ directly t[>ds ! sun1 or until ! %ad[ ( ! h\r h& falls directly b5ea? ! h& itself4 ,:5 ?is position is atta9$ s\? w be exactly halfway betwe5 ! po9t ( ! h\r h& & ! figure #ab2 c\nt+ f left to "r1 or s\?w>d1 if be=e noon & f "r to left if aft] noon4 ,?is w prove v accurate = our latitudes dur+ mo/ ( ! ye> & ! me?od w be cle>ly und]/ood by ref]r+ to ! illu/rations 9 :i* ! wat* is %[n ) ! h\r h& po9t+ t[>ds ! sun at six ,a4 ,m4 :5 ! figure #i indicates s\?1 :ile 9 ! aft]noon1 ) ! h\r h& po9t+ at ! sun at f\r o'clock1 ! figure #b indicates s\?4 ,?is me?od ( det]m9+ direction is only useful on sunny or bright days1 h[ev]1 & "o (t5 ne$s to "k ! po9ts ( ! compass at night1 :5 ! wat* w\ld be useless4 ,9 any spot nor? ( ! equator ! ,nor? ,/>1 or ,pole ,/>1 s]ves z a guide1 :ile s\? ( ! equator ! ,s\!rn ,cross indicates ! true s\?4 ,b ! ,s\!rn ,cross becomes visible long be=e ! equator is rea*$1 9 ab\t tw5ty degrees nor? latitude1 & h5ce !re is a wide area 9 :i* bo? ( ^! /ell> guides s]ve ! m>9]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,compasses #a--,pocket compass4 #b--,m>9]'s compass4 #c--,po9ts ( compass4 #d--;,h[ to use a wat* z a compass4 #e--;,h[ to f9d ! ,nor? ,/>4 ,x is a v easy matt] to locate ! ,nor? ,/> by f9d+ ! con/ellation kn[n z ! ,great ,dipp] or ! ,great ,be>4 ,!n by foll[+ 9 a /raight l9e f ! two out] />s ( ! ,dipp]1 ! upp] "o ( :i* w\ld =m ! lip ( ! ,dipp]1 or ! brea/ ( ! ,be>1 ! ,nor? ,/> w be ! fir/ bright /> 9 range ( ^! two />s 9 ! con/ellation & :i* are kn[n z ! ,po9t]s4 ,z ! ,great ,dipp] revolves ar\nd ! ,nor? ,/> ! latt] may be ei!r above or bel[ ! ,dipp]1 b by c>ry+ y\r imag9>y l9e ?r\gh ! po9t]s1 f ! foot or bottom ( ! con/ellation & beyond ! top1 ! /> may always be locat$ if ! night is cle> & ev5 if ! ,pole ,/> is n visible ! ,dipp] itself w s]ve z a guide to enable y to /e] a fairly /raight c\rse4 ,capta9s ( l>ge vessels1 sail+ out ( sight ( l&1 det]m9e _! positions & /e] _! c\rse by tak+ obs]vations by means ( in/rum5ts call$ sextants & by *ronomet]s4 ,! *ronomet] is m]ely an extremely accurate clock :i* is set by /&>d "t ) ,gre5wi*1 & by comp>+ ! actual "t ) ?is at noon1 ! m>9] c "w out ! di/ance ea/ or we/ ( ,gre5wi*1 or 9 o!r words1 obta9 8 longitude4 ,by means ( ! sextant he det]m9es ! exact mom5t at :i* ! sun crosses ! m]idian1 or ! exact noon h\r at 8 locality & he also le>ns ! angle or decl9ation ( ! sun above ! horizon4 ,by means ( tables he is ?us enabl$ to "w out 8 latitude1 or 8 di/ance nor? or s\? ( ! equator1 & !n by m>k+ ! spot on 8 *>t :]e ! longitude & latitude cross1 he indicates ! exact position ( 8 %ip4 ,x is an easy matt] to le>n to 8%oot ! sun0 & to compute latitude & longitude4 ,e amateur sailor w d well to acquire ?is k1 ev5 if x nev] becomes necess>y to use x4 ,= all ord9>y purposes1 h[ev]1 dead reckon+ w s]ve & _m sailors1 & n a few capta9s ( l>ge vessels f9d dead reckon+ suffici5tly accurate = _! ne$s if ne> l& or only sail+ = comp>atively %ort di/ances out at sea4 ,dead reckon+ consi/s ( comput+ a vessel's position by ! di/ance sail$ f "o "t to ano!r2 ! drift or leeway made & ! directions 9 :i* ! boat has sail$4 ,to f9d ! di/ance sail$ x is necess>y to multiply ! numb] ( h\rs by ! spe$ p] h\r4 ,to det]m9e ?is an in/rum5t call$ a log is us$4 ,9 =m] days ! log 0 9 reality a log1 & consi/$ ( a drag ( wood atta*$ to a m>k$ l9e on a reel4 ,! log 0 ?r[n ov] ! vessel's /]n & z ! l9e ran out x 0 tim$ by a s&glass & ! numb] ( knots on ! l9e :i* ran out :ile ! s& fell ?r\gh ! glass gave ! spe$ ( ! %ip4 ,today in/rum5ts kn[n z pat5t logs are us$ :i* are l small propell]s atta*$ to a l9e connect$ ) a clocklike arrangem5t1 & z ! log :irls ar\nd by be+ dragg$ ?r\gh ! wat] ! h&s on ! dials indicate ! spe$ ( ! vessel4 ,b :ile ! log has be5 *ang$ to a metal :irl] & ! l9e & s&glass h giv5 place to an accurate & complicat$ me*anism ( :eels & cogs1 yet ! "n log is /ill reta9$ & sailors always speak ( knots in/ead ( miles4 ,by m>k+ (f ! numb] ( knots sail$ 9 ! prop] direction ! sailor might easily tell :]e he 01 provid$ !re 7 no curr5ts or tides & ! vessel mov$ at a uni=m spe$ & made no leeway4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! ocean is full ( curr5ts1 /reams & tides & moreov] a vessel1 :5 sail+1 or /eam+ = t matt]1 is c>ri$ to "o side or ! o!r & =w>ds & backw>ds by ^! z well z by ! w9d4 ,besides a sail+ vessel moves m sl[ly or fa/] accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! w9d & is (t5 oblig$ to tack or to alt] its c\rse to suit ! w9ds4 ,all ( ^! matt]s mu/ be consid]$ 9 work+ out a position by dead reckon+ & ! c\rse ( a sail+ vessel :5 ?us prick$ out on a *>t (t5 looks l ! track made by a drunk5 man1 z x zigzags hi!r & ?i!r1 sw+s ab\t1 & v>ies widely f "o side or ! o!r ( its true c\rse4 ,9 ord] to come any:]e ne> accuracy by means ( dead reckon+ a m>9] mu/ be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! tides & curr5ts ?r\gh :i* he is sail+4 ,he mu/ be able to judge ! /r5g? ( ! w9d2 he mu/ "k j :at 8 vessel w d "u v>y+ conditions2 he mu/ be able to guess v closely ! leeway %e makes1 & he mu/ be> 9 m9d all ! *anges ( c\rse1 all ! tacks & all ! %ift+ ( sails :i* h be5 made4 ,only by su* k & by long practice c a sailor det]m9e :]e he is by dead reckon+ & ev5 !n he c only locate 8 position approximately4 ,x seems rem>kable t any man c come any:]e ne> ! tru? by su* means b _m sea capta9s h become s exp]t t !y c figure out _! position by dead reckon+ & come )9 a v few miles ( ! "r result e "t4 ,v few amateur sailors w ev] ne$ to g into ! details ( dead reckon+1 b x is (t5 conv5i5t to be able to det]m9e r\ghly :]e y are & y %\ld /rive to become s accu/om$ to y\r boat's spe$ "u v>i\s conditions t y c guess v closely h[ f> & h[ fa/ %e has sail$4 ,y %\ld also /udy ! *>ts ( y\r vic9ity & le>n all ab\t ! tides & curr5ts & %\ld be able to judge ( ! leeway y are mak+1 z well z to =m an accurate idea ( ! weight ( ! w9d or ! spe$ at :i* x is bl[+4 ,all ^! ?+s are a "p ( kn[+ h[ to sail & h&l+ a boat & !y w come 9 mighty h&y soon] or lat]4 ,_m a race has be5 won by a man or boy kn[+ ! curr5ts & tides & tak+ advantage ( !m4 ,if y are out 9 a fog or 9 d>kness y\r k ( w9ds1 curr5ts & o!r conditions w enable y to /e] a true c\rse & rea* port1 :]eas1 if ignorant ( ^! simple matt]s1 y might be compell$ to drift ab\t = h\rs until y c\ld see y\r surr\nd+s4 ,until y h tri$ y c h no idea ( h[ mu* y c le>n ab\t su* matt]s or :at a ke5 s5se ( location & direction y c develop4 ,! fi%]m5 on ! coa/ ( ,ma9e & o!r p>ts ( ,new ,engl& "k ! curr5ts1 w9ds & tides ( _! wat]s s well t ?ick fogs or ! d>ke/ nights h no t]rors = !m4 ,i h se5 a ,ma9e fi%]man sail 8 s*oon] /raight = ! rocky1 reef-fr+$ coa/ ?r\gh ! ?icke/ fog & drive into a n>r[ h>bor entrance z surely z if he 0 foll[+ a well m>k$ lane ( buoys4 ,yet no?+ c\ld be se5 & ! ro> ( surf 0 deaf5+ & to make a mi/ake ( a hundr$ feet 9 8 c\rse meant c]ta9 dea? & ! loss ( ! vessel4 ,^! m5 don't "k h[ !y "k :]e !y are or h[ !y are able to f9d _! way bl9dly on ^! dang]\s coa/s :5 no?+ c be se54 ,!y w tell y x's 8by ! lay ( ! l&10 al?\gh ! l& _c be se51 or !y may say !y 8smell :]e !y are10 b z a matt] ( fact x is ow+ to _! intimate k ( conditions & surr\nd+s :i* has become su* a "p ( _! daily life t !y are p]fectly unconsci\s ( x4 ,( c\rse ! amateur sailor c sc>cely hope to become z exp]t z ^! old %ellbacks :o h sp5t _! lives knock+ ab\t 9 boats1 b y c readily le>n ! be>+s ( c]ta9 places1 ! location ( c]ta9 tide-rips & ! direction & fl[ ( c]ta9 curr5ts 9 ! wat]s :]e y sail & ^! w all help to guide y :5 sail+ 9 d>kness or 9 fog4 ,fog is p]haps ! greate/ dang] t m5aces sailors along ! coa/s1 = a ?ick fog n only hides all objects & surr\nd+s1 b :5 some?+ is se5 x is (t5 s di/ort$1 s spectral or s unusual 9 appe>ance t x is h>d to recognize ! mo/ famili> l&m>ks4 ,moreov] x is next to impossible to judge ( di/ance 9 a fog & an object1 se5 dimly ?r\gh ! mi/ & app>5tly f> away1 may be close at h& or aga9 some?+ :i* looms seem+ly ne> may really be f> away4 ,s\nd also is di/ort$ by fogs & ev5 old h&s are (t5 woefully deceiv$ z to ! direction & di/ance ( s\nds he>d ?r\gh fog4 ,sometimes1 too1 a fog may settle l[ & high objects may be visible above x1 or aga9 x may lift & hide all objects above a c]ta9 height & yet leave ?+s close to ! wat] )9 pla9 sight4 ,9 mo/ places ! approa* ( fogs may be readily se51 b q frequ5tly a fog w come on v sudd5ly or a light mi/ may sudd5ly %ut 9 z a d5se fog1 :ile 9 "s places fogs almo/ always occur at c]ta9 seasons or at c]ta9 h\rs & c be expect$ at su* times4 ,if a fog is se5 approa*+1 or a light mi/ comm5ces to ?ick5 up1 always try to make port be=e x becomes d5se4 ,if y h a compass make a note ( ! direction y mu/ /e]1 look ab\t = vessels t may be 9 y\r c\rse & note ! direction ( ! w9d1 ! waves & ! c\rses o!r craft are sail+1 if any c be se54 ,if y h no compass note ! direction ( ! waves & w9d z comp>$ ) ! c\rse y wi% to take1 pick out "s prom95t l&m>k or beacon = :i* y c /e] & :5 ! fog %uts 9 guide y\r c\rse by ! waves & n by ! w9d1 = a w9d (t5 %ifts ab\t :5 ! fog arrives4 ,if y h no compass & are 9 any d\bt z to h[ y are head+1 drop y\r sails & an*or at once1 or if y c rea* a buoy1 moor to t until ! fog lifts4 ,!re is no?+ mu* m p]il\s ?an sail+ ab\t bl9dly 9 a fog1 = y are liable to sail 9 a circle1 or f> (f y\r c\rse1 & :5 ! fog lifts1 if y hav5't run agr\nd or into ano!r vessel1 y may f9d y\rself out ( sight ( l& or _m miles f y\r de/9ation4 ,always h a foghorn :5 sail+ 9 localities :]e fogs occur & if = any reason y h no horn1 %\t halloo or beat on a bucket or a t9 pan at int]vals to w>n o!r vessels ( y\r pres5ce4 ,sometimes1 if y climb to ! ma/head1 y may be able to see above ! fog or ?r\gh x1 = fogs are (t5 ?9 a few feet above ! wat]1 & if y f9d ?is is ! case y\r companion may be able to /ay al(t & direct y1 or y may be able to locate "s l&m>k & to discov] 9 :i* direction to proce$4 ,if y see t ! wat] is visible = q a di/ance ab\t & yet ! fog is ?ick1 y may be able to see a long way by lean+ ov] ! boat's side & pe]+ ahead close to ! surface ( ! sea1 :ile if !re are :i/l+ or bell buoys 9 ! vic9ity ^! may s]ve to guide y4 ,always proce$ sl[ly & cauti\sly 9 a fog1 = a reef or a vessel is likely to loom up close abo>d at any mom5t & y mu/ be ev] al]t & h y\r boat "u p]fect control ready = any em]g5cy4 ,if !re is someone ) y1 h him /& 9 ! b[ & report any?+ :i* he sees & above all s\nd fog signals ( "s sort at int]vals ( n m ?an a m9ute & if y he> ano!r vessel's signals ve] (f & be sure y und]/& :e!r %e is on ! port or ! />bo>d tack or is runn+ be=e ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,effect ,,( ,,waves ,,on ,,/ability ,sail+ 9 heavy wea!r or 9 l>ge seas is v diff]5t f sail+ 9 smoo? wat] & no "o %\ld attempt sail+ a boat 9 /rong w9ds or heavy seas unless ?or\ghly exp]t 9 h&l+ a boat1 or unless compell$ to d s by necessity4 ,m accid5ts happ5 :5 runn+ 9 a seaway ?an "u any o!r conditions1 = a boat :i* may be p]fectly safe & /able 9 an ord9>y sea1 may capsize quickly if n h&l$ ) ! utmo/ c>e & skill 9 l>ge waves4 ,! effect ( waves ^u a boat's /ability is seldom realiz$ ev5 by fairly compet5t sailors4 ,?is may be bett] und]/ood by ! accompany+ diagram :i* repres5ts a boat 9 waves z view$ 9 section & suppos$ly sail+ ) a beam w9d 9 a sea runn+ broadside on1 ,a4 ,if %e is heel$ to an angle ( fifte5 degrees1 z %[n1 %e w\ld be p]fectly safe1 provid$ ! surface ( ! wat] rema9$ con/ant1 b if a wave came f ! leew>d1 or "r1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e ,b1 ! angle w\ld be sudd5ly increas$ to ?irty degrees 9 relation to ! waves' surface4 ,"u normal conditions %e might recov] h]self & sw+ back to fifte5 degrees1 or until h] ma/ assum$ ! position %[n by ! v]tical l9e1 b long be=e %e c\ld s recov] h]self among ! waves %e probably w\ld be swamp$4 ,moreov]1 9 a sea a boat always rolls & if %e is sail+ at an angle1 or heel1 ( fifte5 degrees & rolls an additional fifte5 degrees %e is liable to capsize1 & if h] extreme roll occurs 9 unison ) su* a position z indicat$ 9 ! diagram ,c1 %e w\ld inevitably upset4 ,ev5 if nei!r ( ^! occurr5ces took place !re is ! dang] ( a sea und]runn+ h] & leav+ ! lee side unsupport$1 z indicat$ by ! l9e ,d1 & ! w9d1 :i* has =ce en\gh to heel h] fifte5 degrees :5 prop]ly imm]s$ 9 wat]1 w\ld !n =ce h] to ! capsiz+ angle z %[n4 ,aside f ^! dang]s ( ! seas !re is ! add$ p]il ( a sudd5 gu/ or squall & if su* a sudd5 increase ( w9d /rikes ! sails :5 ! hull is at its extreme leew>d roll %e w be c]ta9 to bl[ ov]4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld always be borne 9 m9d t a w9d :i* w only heel a boat to fifte5 degrees :5 x bl[s /eadily1 may heel h] to ! upsett+ po9t if appli$ sudd5ly4 ,9 o!r words1 x is n s mu* ! actual =ce ( ! w9d :i* mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ z ! sudd5ness ( its application4 ,_m amateur sailors seem to ?9k t :5 sail+ among waves dang] may be gu>d$ aga9/ by sitt+ on ! upp]1 or w9dw>d1 side ( ! boat or by %ift+ balla/ to ! w9dw>d side4 ,?is is a v grave mi/ake1 =1 z ! boat rolls to w9dw>d :5 ! waves run "u h] keel1 ! weight on ! w9dw>d side may cause h] to roll f> en\gh to be swamp$ or x may prev5t h] f recov]+ quickly & ! next wave may /rike h] bottom & turn h] completely ov]4 ,9 addition !re is ! dang] t %e may sw+ h] sail to w9dw>d1 be caught aback & upset 9 a fla%4 ,= ^! reasons always keep balla/1 :e!r pass5g]s or real balla/1 z ne> ! c5t] ( ! boat & z ne> ! bottom z possible :5 sail+ among waves & decrease ! canvas until %e _c heel at a dang]\s angle4 ,a boat may be sail$ among waves _m times & n upset m]ely because ! conditions describ$ d n happ5 to occur conjo9tly & yet ! v next "t %e may capsize "u app>5tly id5tical conditions4 ,h5ce1 y %\ld always use ! greate/ c>e :5 among waves & %\ld inv>iably %ort5 sail until y are sure y are safe4 ,always try to avoid sail+ ) a beam sea1 especially if ! w9d is also f ! side1 = ?is is ! mo/ dang]\s ( all conditions4 ,a heavy sea may cause ! boat to roll ov]1 ! sail may sw+ & spill ! w9d & all[ h] to be caught aback ) h] wea!r roll & to avoid a break+ sea :i* may swamp h]1 x w be necess>y to sw+ h] ab\t = eight po9ts1 or at "r angles1 :i* _c be done 9 a seaway 9 "t to avoid swamp+4 ,nev] try to luff a boat up to a sea :5 9 ?is position1 b ease ! %eet1 sw+ h] (f & let ! sea run diagonally "u h] keel4 ,rememb] t 9 waves a deep keel or a c5t]bo>d may prev5t a great deal ( ! roll & ev5 if runn+ free keep y\r c5t]bo>d d[n1 unless y f9d x causes h] to /e] badly4 ,if 9 ord] to rea* y\r de/9ation1 x is necess>y to run across a heavy sea ) a beam w9d y c avoid ! dang] ( do+ s by qu>t]+ or zigzagg+--fir/ head+ up into ! w9d = a "t & !n turn+ & runn+ ) ! w9d on ! qu>t] z %[n by ! diagram4 ,:5 runn+ up ! w9d 9 ?is way y %\ld luff "r up into any heavy sea z x approa*es1 s z to take x b[-on1 & ! in/ant x has pass$ put ! helm up1 let ! sails fill well & ga!r good headway to meet ! next sea4 ,f9ally1 :5 ready to g ab\t *oose a "t :5 rid+ on ! top ( a long1 easy sea2 sw+ h] ab\t quickly1 ease (f ! %eets & use great c>e n to let ! boat sw+ beam-on to ! seas4 ,9 puffs or squalls1 & z y rise t[>ds ! cre/s ( ! waves1 :5 runn+ 9 seas1 ! boat %\ld be luff$ up & %eets eas$ be=e %e is heel$ rail-"u1 = if y wait too long %e w answ] h] helm sluggi%ly & may capsize be=e %e w luff to meet ! sudd5 gu/4 ,don't let h] lose headway b z soon z ! squall has pass$ or ! craft has right$ be> (f aga9 until ! next puff comes along4 ,almo/ z dang]\s z sail+ 9 a beam sea is runn+ be=e w9d & sea or 8scudd+0 among waves1 & _m a good craft & _m a valuable life has be5 sacrific$ to c>elessness or ignorance :5 scudd+ 9 a seaway4 ,! two greate/ p]ils are gett+ br\ght by ! lee & broa*+-to4 ,! =m] occurs :5 ! boat's b[ falls (f to leew>d by h] /]n be+ ?r[n to w9dw>d z a wave runs "u h]1 :ile ! latt] is br\ght ab\t by ! head sw++ into ! w9d & h] /]n (f1 ?us caus+ h] sail to 8spill0 ) ! result t %e loses headway1 sw+s broadside to ! waves & upsets4 ,only ! quicke/ & mo/ exp]t h&l+ c save a boat "u ^! conditions & frequ5tly %e w refuse to come ab\t or to answ] h] helm z %e is rac$ along on ! cre/ ( a wave4 ,if x is absolutely necess>y to run be=e a sea1 r$uce sail1 top ! boom up well by ! topp+-lift or ! peak haly>ds & /& ready to haul 9 ! %eet & to sw+ h] into ! w9d or to ease h] (f in/antly4 ,keep ! c5t]bo>d up1 or halfway up is bett]1 & devote e en]gy1 e att5tion & e s5se to h&l+ y\r boat & pay he$ to no?+ else4 ,ev5 !n !re are _m dang]s to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,if sail is too greatly r$uc$ y\r boat may lag betwe5 seas & a foll[+ wave may run ov] h] /]n & poop h]2 if !re is a trifle too mu* sail or ev5 if ! sail is ( ! "r area1 %e may scud (f a wave & bury h] b[ 9 a prec$+ sea & be swamp$1 or h] boom may cat* 9 a sea z %e yaws & ?us capsize h]4 ,if %e %[s signs ( runn+ too fa/ a drag1 su* z an o>1 a ?w>t1 a floorbo>d or ev5 a cu%ion may be atta*$ to a fairly long l9e ov] ! /]n & ?is w n only hold ! boat back1 b x w keep h] /eadi] & w s]ve to prev5t seas f break+ z well4 ,oil ?r[n or dropp$ ov] ! /]n w also aid greatly 9 prev5t+ a foll[+ sea f break+ ov] a boat's /]n4 ,oil %\ld always be on h&4 ,x doesn't make mu* diff]5ce :at k9d ( oil is us$1 b ! heavi] x is ! bett] & only a v little is necess>y2 a wad ( oil-soak$ rag or cotton wa/e1 or ev5 oil squeez$ f a sponge w (t5 produce really m>vel\s results4 ,b ! be/ & safe/ me?od is to avoid runn+ be=e w9d & sea by head+ into ! w9d & runn+ fairly free & !n we>+ %ip & sail+ ) a qu>t]+ w9d & ?us zigzagg+ ov] ! c\rse to be cov]$4 ,:5 sail+ to w9dw>d aga9/ a sea !re is comp>atively little dang]1 if ! boat is luff$ up to meet ! seas & is n all[$ to lose headway4 ,!n :5 ready to g ab\t1 if tack+1 wait = an opportunity :5 !re is a long1 smoo?-topp$ sea & sw+ ! boat on ! o!r tack quickly & /& ready to br+ h] ab\t ) an o> if %e misses /ays1 = if %e does ?is s]i\s results may foll[ & %e may be caught )\t headway1 swung ab\t & upset be=e y c get h] "u way aga94 ,x is f> less dang]\s to h&le a boat 9 a gale ?an 9 a seaway1 b ( c\rse if ! gale cont9ues = any l5g? ( "t ! seas w rise4 ,x is (t5 f> saf] to ride out a gale ?an to attempt sail+ 9 x1 = few boats w fail to wea!r ev5 a h>d & prolong$ gale & heavy seas if prop]ly h&l$4 ,if y h a sea-an*or or drogue abo>d ca/ ?is ov]1 l[] or snug d[n sails1 keep l[ d[n 9 ! boat & if y h oil abo>d all[ x to drip ov] ! b[s4 ,"u su* conditions ! drogue w break ! =ce ( ! seas & keep ! craft head to ! w9d & seas & ! oil w prev5t ! cre/s f break+ ov] ! boat4 ,:ile %e may rise & fall & pit* ab\t trem5d\sly !re w be little real dang]4 ,if ! w9d is bl[+ 9 a diff]5t direction f ! seas or across !m1 l[] & /[ ! sails1 b if ! w9d is 9 ! same direction z ! seas a bit ( canvas w (t5 keep h] /eady & make h] ride m easily4 ,) a boom-&-gaff sail ! sail may be l[]$ until a v small portion rema9s & ! re/ ( ! sail %\ld !n be secur$ ab\t ! boom & ! %eets trimm$ flat4 ,sometimes a small triangul> sail1 su* z a sp>e jib1 may be set aft above ! furl$ sail1 :ile ) a yawl or ket* rig ! mizz5 may be set & trimm$ flat4 ,above all ?+s d n all[ anyone to move ab\t1 to /& on ! deck or to sit ^u ! gunwales ( a boat 9 a heavy sea or 9 a squall1 b keep all ! weight z l[ & z /ation>y z possible4 ,always make ev]y?+ snug & fa/5 all loose ropes & l9es :5 rid+ out a gale or a squall1 = trail+ ropes1 flapp+ sails & sw++ l9es are liable to cause tr\ble1 aside f ! fact t !y w become tangl$ & w n run freely :5 want$4 ,z a rule x w n be necess>y to ride out a gale 9 a small boat = sev]e /orms seldom come s quickly t sails _c be reef$ & %elt] rea*$ be=e ! w9d & seas rise until dang]\s4 ,?und] /orms & squalls1 h[ev]1 are (t5 s sudd5 & unexpect$ t ! amateur sailor has no "t to run = a h>bor & sometimes1 :5 (f a lee %ore1 x is dang]\s to heave a boat to 9 ord] to reef4 ,"u su* circum/ances great c>e & skill are requir$ to wea!r ! sudd5 bl[ 9 safety1 especially :5 (f a lee %ore & ev]yone :o h&les a sailboat %\ld be prep>$ = su* ev5ts4 ,h ! %eet ready to let g in/antly & drop ! peak ( ! sail1 if a boom-&-gaff rig1 & if ! boat c>ries a jib drop t4 ,if ! squalls are light !y may be se5 approa*+ by wat*+ ! surface ( ! wat]1 :ile if heavy or if !y come :5 !re is q a sea runn+1 ! approa* ( ! gu/s w be indicat$ by :ite1 scudd+ cre/s to ! waves4 ,don't try to be> away or ease (f ! %eets to avoid ^! squalls b luff up slightly to meet !m1 all[+ ! luff ( ! sail to tremble b keep+ ! aft] "p ( ! sail fill$ & by do+ ?is & be>+ (f betwe5 squalls to ga!r headway a boat may be safely sail$ ?r\gh v heavy & frequ5t puffs4 ,if close to %ore1 h[ev]1 or among reefs :]e !re is little space = maneuv]+1 x is (t5 impossible to luff into ! squalls )\t dang] ( runn+ agr\nd & 9 su* situations x w be necess>y to ease (f ! %eet & fl[ ! sail until ! luff trembles1 b "u no circum/ances %\ld y turn & run be=e ! w9d :5 x's squally4 ,z soon z y\r sail is be=e ! w9d y _c prev5t ! full =ce ( ! puffs f hitt+ x )\t sw++ broadside to ! squall & if ?is is done !re is a v great *ance ( upsett+ ! boat4 ,if on a lee %ore y %\ld ( c\rse luff up1 = y mu/ use e endeavor to 8claw-(f0 ! l&4 ,if y always rememb] ! foll[+ simple rule y w seldom h tr\ble 9 wea!r+ reasonable squalls4 ,(f a lee %ore or :]e !re is ample sea room1 luff up to squalls4 ,if (f a wea!r %ore or ) ob/ructions to w9dw>d ease (f = squalls4 ,f9ally1 if y l[] sails 9 a squall1 be sure to spill ! sail be=e l[]+ away1 z o!rwise x may cat* a puff ( w9d1 balloon out & capsize ! boat4 ,if y wi% to reef 9 squalls ei!r an*or or ?r[ out a drogue to keep head-on to ! puffs4 ,if ! squalls are v heavy & !re is pl5ty ( space to leew>d l[] ! sails1 ?r[ out a drogue or an*or or scud be=e ! w9d "u b>e poles until ! squalls decrease suffici5tly to p]mit y to reef4 ,9 h&l+ boats an ounce ( prev5tion is wor? _m tons ( cure1 & if y keep y\r wea!r eye op51 z sailors say1 !re w seldom be occasion = y to face difficulties unprep>$4 ,*anges ( w9d or wea!r are almo/ inv>iably presag$ by c]ta9 signs or symptoms :i* may readily be notic$ & und]/ood & ev]yone :o sails a boat %\ld le>n to recognize ! signs :i* indicate c]ta9 conditions4 ,( c\rse if "o has a b>omet] ! approa*+ wea!r conditions may be det]m9$ v easily1 b ev5 )\t ?is in/rum5t a p]son :o is wea!rwise may usually =etell ! approa* ( good or bad wea!r or ( ra9 or w9d _m h\rs 9 advance4 ,among ! commone/ & mo/ noticeable indications are ! foll[+1 & only 9 v r>e in/ances w ^! signs fail3 ,unusual tw9kl+ ( />s1 ,d\ble horns to ! moon1 ,halos ar\nd />s or ,increas+ w9d1 or ra9 ) moon1 8,w9d dogs0 a liability ( w9d4 ,w9d %ift+ f we/ to ,increase ( w9d f ! ea/ o!r direction4 ,rosy sky at sunset ,f9e wea!r4 ,sickly1 gre5i%-color$ sunset ,w9d & ra94 ,d>k r$ or crimson sunset ,ra94 ,bright-yell[ sky at sunset ,w9d4 ,pale-yell[1 or saffron1 sunset ,ra94 ,mix$ r$ & yell[ sunset ,ra9 & squally wea!r4 ,rem>kably cle> atmosph]e ) di/ant objects /&+ above ! wat] ,w9d1 usually f ! & seem+ly 9 air nor?we/1 & (t5 ra94 ,heavy dews ,f9e wea!r4 ,fogs ,*ange 9 wea!r & little w9d4 ,mi/y cl\ds on hills1 rema9+ /ation>y1 increas+ or desc5d+ ,ra9 & w9d4 ,mi/y cl\ds on hills1 ris+ or disp]s+ ,fair] wea!r4 ,r$ morn+ sky ,bad wea!r & w9d4 ,gray morn+ sky ,f9e wea!r4 ,high dawn 7dawn se5 above a bank ( cl\ds7 ,w9d4 ,l[ dawn 7daylight break+ close to ! horizon7 ,fair4 ,s(t1 delicate cl\ds ,fair & light w9ds4 ,h>d-edg$1 oily cl\ds ,w9d4 ,d>k1 gloomy sky ,w9dy4 ,light1 bright sky ,f9e wea!r4 ,small1 inky cl\ds ,ra94 ,light 8scud10 or small cl\ds mov+ across heavi] cl\ds ,w9d & ra94 ,light1 scudd+ cl\ds by !mselves ,w9d & dry wea!r4 ,high1 upp] cl\ds scudd+ pa/ moon or />s 9 a diff]5t direction f ! l[] cl\d-masses ,*ange ( w9d4 ,aft] f9e wea!r a *ange is indicat$ by light /reaks1 wisps1 or mottl$ pat*es ( di/ant cl\ds :i* increase & jo94 ,a haze :i* becomes murky & cl\ds ! sky also indicates a *ange to bad wea!r4 ,light1 delicate colors1 ) s(t-edg$ cl\ds ,f9e wea!r4 ,brilliant1 or gaudy1 colors & %>p1 h>d-edg$ cl\ds ,ra9 & w9d4 ,a mack]el sky 7small1 sep>ate1 :ite cl\ds cov]+ ! sky7 ,wet wea!r4 8,m>es' tails0 7long1 wispy1 curv$1 isolat$ cl\ds aga9/ a blue sky7 ,w9d4 ,ra9b[ e>ly 9 ! morn+ ,bad wea!r4 ,ra9b[s 9 aft]noon ,fair4 ,_m ( ^! wea!r indications h become s widely kn[n & univ]sally recogniz$ by seam5 t !y h be5 put into dogg]el v]se to make !m m easily rememb]$ & e boat sailor %\ld le>n ^!1 = n9e times out ( t5 !y w prove true4 ,if w9d %ifts aga9/ ! sun1 ,tru/ x n1 = back 'twill run4 99 99 99 ,mack]els' scales & ,m>es' tails1 ,cauti\s sailors %ort5 sails4 99 99 99 ,a mack]el sky ,seldom passes ov] dry4 99 99 99 ,ra9b[ 9 ! morn+1 sailors take w>n+4 ,ra9b[ at night1 sailor's delight4 99 99 99 ,sun ris+ l[ & cle>1 ,bad wea!r d n fe>4 ,sunrise hidd51 light on high1 ,reef y\r sails = w9d is nigh4 99 99 99 ,:5 ! sun s9ks ba!d 9 gold1 ,/rong w9ds surely are =etold1 ,b if r$ ! sun %\ld set1 ,!n ! morr[ w be wet1 ,:ile if p9k %[s 9 ! ,we/1 ,wea!r w be ( ! be/4 99 99 99 ,if a r+ surr\nds ! moon1 ,w9d & ra9 are com+ soon4 ,tw9kl+ />s t brightly gl[ ,%[ t !re w be a bl[4 99 99 99 ,sunrise r$1 bad wea!r ahead1 ,sunrise gray1 a pleasant day4 99 99 99 ,:5 ! sea's aga9/ ! w9d1 ,!n y\r topsail halli>ds m9d4 ,!re are _m m ( ^! kn[n to m>9]s1 b ! above are ! mo/ important & famili> & :ile ! signs may fail at times yet x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ev5 ! gov]nm5t exp]ts1 ) _! highly p]fect$ & delicate in/rum5ts1 are (t5 at fault 9 _! =eca/s ( ! wea!r4 ,) all our k & sci5tific rese>*1 we really "k v little ab\t atmosph]ic conditions & *anges & _m an old sailor or fi%]man c =etell fair or f\l wea!r1 w9d or ra91 almo/ z accurately z ! tra9$ obs]v]s ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,build+ ,,small ,,boats ,v few m5 or boys are capable ( plann+1 draft+1 lay+ d[n & build+ a r\nd-bottom$ boat4 ,ev5 if y are exp]t en\gh to d ?is1 ! f9i%$ product w n comp>e to a boat built by a pr(essional & x w co/ f> m1 especially if "t & satisfaction c\nt = any?+1 ?an a readymade craft or "o built to ord]4 ,!re are _m reliable firms :i* furni% patt]ns = all sorts ( boats1 f canoes & skiffs to s*oon] ya*ts & big p[]-cruis]s4 ,by means ( ^! patt]ns & ! directions :i* accompany !m1 any p]son :o has pati5ce & is h&y ) woodwork+ tools c build a boat4 ,x is only necess>y to m>k (f ! patt]ns on ! prop] lumb]1 "w ! planks & timb]s to %ape & put !m toge!r accord+ to directions1 b ev5 !n y'll f9d "s difficulties to be ov]come4 ,^! same firms also sell 8knock-d[n0 boats :i* h all ! planks1 timb]s & o!r p>ts saw$ & =m$1 & by pur*as+ ^! x is a v simple matt] to build a boat4 ,full directions accompany ^! knock-d[n boats & ev5 ! nails1 screws1 rivets & o!r fa/5+s & all ! h>dw>e & fitt+s are furni%$ if desir$4 ,if y really mu/ build a boat1 ! be/ plan is to look ov] ! catalogs ( ^! firms1 select ! model & size t suits y & !n pur*ase ! patt]ns or ! ready-cut mat]ials4 ,y w no d\bt obta9 a great deal ( pleasure & satisfaction by ?us con/ruct+ y\r own boat1 b y\r fir/ attempts w n approa* ! boats built by m5 :o h sp5t ye>s at boat-build+ & h le>n$ e little 8k9k0 & trick ( _! trade4 ,9 mo/ places ! co/ ( a readymade boat w be v little1 if any1 m ?an ! "o built at home by an amateur1 b ! fun ( mak+ x1 ! exp]i5ce ga9$ & ! k ( us+ tools :i* y w acquire may make x wor? :ile4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 x is n advisable to attempt to build a l>ge1 or ev5 a m$ium-siz$1 boat & y\r fir/ ef=ts at lea/ %\ld be conf9$ to boats less ?an tw5ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,ev5 9 craft ( su* small dim5sions y w f9d !re is pl5ty ( h>d1 heavy "w to be done4 ,planks & timb]s mu/ be /eam$ & b5t2 t\gh1 h>d oak mu/ be cut1 plan$1 *isell$ & work$ accurately & neatly4 ,_m ( ! processes us$ 9 boat-build+ are diff]5t f ^? employ$ 9 any o!r =m ( c>p5try & z a result a previ\s k ( woodwork+ may be ( little value :5 con/ruct+ a boat4 ,b !re are _m boats :i* any h&y man or boy c build easily & *eaply & :i* w prove safe1 seawor?y & excell5t sail+ craft4 ,^! are ! flat-bottom$ boats1 kn[n z skiffs or %>pies1 = a %>pie is really no?+ m ?an a l>ge skiff provid$ ) a c5t]bo>d & ) dim5sions & l9es design$ to adapt x to sail+4 ,be=e comm5c+ to build any sort ( a boat1 h[ev]1 y %\ld h ! prop] tools ) :i* to "w1 = )\t good tools x is impossible = a p]son to build ev5 a simple flat-bottom$ boat4 ,! tools requir$ = build+ a boat are nei!r num]\s nor exp5sive1 b only tools ( high grade %\ld be pur*as$ = a *eap or poor tool is an abom9ation & is almo/ z bad z none at all4 ,( c\rse1 _m p w h mo/ ( ! requir$ tools on h&1 b = ! b5efit ( ^? :o d n ! entire li/ is giv5 z foll[s3 ,a l>ge ripsaw2 a co>se crosscut saw2 a f9e crosscut or panel saw2 a compass saw2 a t5on saw2 a hack saw4 ,! ripsaw %\ld h ab\t six tee? to ! in*4 ,! compass saw %\ld be r f9e1 ab\t eight tee? to ! in*4 ,a mit] saw & mit] box w prove v useful 9 addition to ! above4 ,keep ! saws bright & clean & :5 us+ !m 9 gummy1 pit*y or fibr\s wood rub !m ) h>d soap or *alk to prev5t !m f b9d+1 b d n use oil z x w only make matt]s worse4 ,nev] /& a saw up s ! blade b5ds & "u no circum/ances %\ld y twi/ or b5d ! saw :5 saw+ 9 ord] to pry or split (f ! wood4 ,a saw :i* is out ( true1 b5t or sprung w b9d & cat* & w n saw /raight4 ,y w also require sev]al planes1 su* z a jack plane2 a smoo?+ plane2 a block plane2 a rabbit plane4 ,^! may be ( wood or iron z pref]r$ & 9 addition y w f9d a bull-nos$ plane1 = plan+ 9 corn]s2 a pair ( mat*+ planes & "s bead+ or m\ld+ planes v useful4 ,!re %\ld be sev]al mortis+ *isels ( #a in*1 #c_/d in*1 #a_/b in* & #a_/d in* sizes1 & also two or ?ree g\ges v>y+ f #a-a_/b to #c_/d in* 9 size4 ,a good drawknife is almo/ ess5tial1 & a spoke-%ave w prove v conv5i5t4 ,a rat*et bit/ock1 or brace1 is necess>y & y %\ld provide a good assortm5t ( bits & aug]s to g ) x4 ,! be/ bits to use are ^? ( twi/-drill patt]n1 = ^! w n split ! wood l ord9>y gimlet-bits1 & if y bore aga9/ a knot1 a nail1 a screw or any o!r metal object y c bore ?r\gh x )\t injur+ ! bit4 ,! bits %\ld range 9 size f #a_/h in* to #a_/b in* 9 diamet]1 & ! aug]s1 :i* %\ld be ( ! %ip-aug] patt]n1 %\ld range f #a_/b to #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,a brea/1 or h&1 drill ) assort$ twi/-drills w be useful & y %\ld h sev]al gimlets2 at lea/ two brad-awls2 a c\nt]s9k2 a ream]1 & a bit-brace screwdriv]4 ,ext5sion bits1 :i* c be adju/$ to v>i\s sizes1 are exce$+ly useful & conv5i5t1 b are n absolutely necess>y4 ,a m$ium-siz$ mallet2 a claw-hamm]2 a small hamm]2 two screwdriv]s2 a _s level2 a /eel squ>e2 cutt+ pli]s2 compasses2 a bevel gauge2 a c>p5t]'s gauge2 a y>d/ick2 a fold+ two-foot rule2 an oil /one2 wood rasps2 flat or ba/>d files2 a saw file2 a c>p5t]'s p5cil2 "s iron c>p5t]'s clamps2 an old flatiron2 a b5* vise & a caulk+-iron complete ! li/ ( tools4 ,9 addition to all ^! y w ne$ "s b5*es or horses1 a good workb5*1 screws1 rivets1 nails1 etc4 ,copp] or galvaniz$ iron nails & brass or galvaniz$ iron screws %\ld be us$ exclusively4 ,r\nd 8wire0 nails w s]ve v well4 ,boat nails rivett$ ov] burrs1 cl\t-nails :i* are cl9*$1 or pla9 copp] nails w s]ve equally well1 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* !y are to be us$4 ,:]e a nail is us$ to hold two pieces ( wood toge!r & does n pass entirely ?r\gh1 wire nails c be us$ to advantage1 b if ! nail goes entirely ?r\gh bo? pieces1 :i* is necess>y to insure great /r5g?1 or :]e two ?9 pieces ( wood are fa/5$ toge!r1 rivets & burrs or cl\t-nails %\ld be us$4 ,screws are to be avoid$1 = !y require r l>ge holes1 !y (t5 "w loose & aft] gett+ !m "p way 9 !y are liable to twi/ (f or ! slots may become s sc>r$ t y _c turn !m out or 94 ,next comes ! "q ( mat]ial4 ,if y pur*ase patt]ns or ready-cut mat]ial1 ! wood to be us$ w be det]m9$ by ! directions furni%$2 b if y expect to plan & build a boat by y\rself y w h to select & buy ! lumb] :i* is be/ adapt$ to y\r boat & :i* c be mo/ readily obta9$4 ,= plank+1 :ite c$>1 :ite p9e1 mahogany1 yell[ p9e1 basswood or cypress may be us$4 ,= frames1 knees1 /ems & /]npo/s1 transoms & ribs !re is no?+ bett] ?an good1 cle> :ite oak4 ,= mak+ a flat-bottom$ boat or %>pie1 cle> :ite p9e or cypress is ! be/ mat]ial = ! planks2 cypress or :ite c$> %\ld be us$ = ! bottom1 & all ! timb]s1 frames1 transom & /em %\ld be ( oak4 ,! size & ?ickness ( ! v>i\s pieces ( lumb] w v>y accord+ to ! dim5sions ( y\r boat1 b = boats up to tw5ty feet 9 l5g?1 #c_/d in* plank+1 #a in* bottom bo>ds & ribs1 gunwales1 deck timb]s1 etc41 ( oak #a in* squ>e w be /rong en\gh4 ,! transom %\ld be ( #a in* oak1 ! deadwood may be ( #a-a_/b or #b in* oak or two #a in* pieces bolt$ toge!r2 ! keel %\ld be ( #a-a_/b in* oak1 & ! c5t]bo>d %\ld be ( #a in* oak or yell[ p9e4 ,^! are ! extremes & ! dim5sions ( timb]s1 ribs1 c5t]bo>d & su* p>ts may be r$uc$ = small] boats4 ,side planks #e_/h or ev5 #a_/b in* ?ick w be v /rong if m num]\s ribs are us$1 & = small skiffs ! bottom c be made ( #c_/d in* /uff & ! ribs may be r$uc$ to #a_/b in* squ>e4 ,x is a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to make a boat too light1 if x is to be us$ = sail+1 = a reasonably heavy boat w h m headway1 w h&le bett] & w be m /able & seawor?y ?an a v light craft4 ,be=e comm5c+ y\r boat y %\ld det]m9e ! exact dim5sions4 ,until y are famili> ) ! pr9ciples ( boat design+ & h le>n$ to figure out displacem5ts1 load-wat] l9es1 c5t]s ( ef=ts & resi/ance & _m o!r te*nical details y\r be/ plan is to f9d "s o!r boat t suits y\r ideas & copy h] measurem5ts4 ,once y h det]m9$ on ! measurem5ts y %\ld m>k !m full1 or at lea/ half1 size on a smoo?1 flat floor or "s simil> surface1 z y w f9d x f> m conv5i5t to get out ! v>i\s p>ts f su* l>ge plans ?an to "w f small scale draw+s4 ,z soon z y h ^! r\gh outl9es & measurem5ts ready y mu/ make =ms or molds4 ,^! may be saw$ f planks or may be =m$ by nail+ sev]al pieces toge!r1 b 9 ei!r case !y mu/ con=m p]fectly to ! %ape ( ! boat y h plann$ & bo? sides mu/ be absolutely alike1 = a v slight v>iation may ru9 ! sail+ qualities ( ! boat4 ,^! =ms repres5t ! section ( ! boat at amid%ips1 ne> ! b[ & half-way betwe5 /]n & amid%ips & _! %ape c easily be det]m9$ f y\r plans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,build+ ,a ,,flat-,,bottom$ ,,boat #a-b--;,boat fa/5+s4 #c1 #d1 #e--,molds4 #f--,transom4 #g--,/em4 #h--,/em & ?roat knee4 #i--,/]n fa/5$ to keel4 #aj--,transom fa/5$ to keel4 #aa--,l9+ up sides4 #ab--,molds 9 position4 #ac--,ribs4 #ad--,ma/ ?w>t4 #ae--,section %[+ con/ruction4 #af--;,c5t]bo>d4 #ag--,rudd] & po/4 ,! transom or /]npiece %\ld !n be gott5 out & ! next "w is to make ! /em4 ,?is w require c>e & "t1 = ! sides mu/ be cut away by *isel & plane until !y w j receive ! ends ( ! side planks neatly1 & ! angle ( ^! depressions1 or rabbits1 mu/ be det]m9$ by ! angle at :i* ! sides meet at ! b[ on ! plan y h drawn4 ,:5 ! /em1 transom & molds are ready1 take ! piece to be us$ z a keel1 cut ! slit = ! c5t]bo>d 9 x1 & fa/5 ! deadwood or 8skeg0 9 place by means ( bolts1 screws & nails driv5 9 f ! upp] side ( ! keel4 ,place ! keel on ! horses1 ) blocks b5ea? x to hold x at ! prop] curve1 tack+ !m lightly to bo? keel & horses4 ,fa/5 ! keel 9 place by clamps & by tack+ x lightly & secure ! /em 9 position by means ( a block or a knee4 ,fa/5 ! transom at ! opposite1 or /]n1 end & set y\r molds at ! po9ts :]e !y belong ) ! l[] edges flu% ) ! bottom ( ! keel4 ,l9e up ! c5t] ( ! /em1 molds & transom by a l9e /ret*$ along !m1 arrange all ! molds & ! transom s !y are p>allel & exactly at "r angles to ! keel & secure !m rigidly by means ( light /rips1 or batt5s1 tack$ along _! tops & brace !m v securely by pieces runn+ to ! b5*es & keel4 ,!n take "o ( ! side planks1 clamp "o end fa/ to ! /em1 s x fits snugly 9 ! rabbit1 & b5d x sl[ly ar\nd ! v>i\s molds to ! transom & clamp x to ea* mold & to ! transom4 ,if y h someone to help y :ile do+ ?is x w be f> easi]1 = :ile "o p]son holds or b5ds ! bo>d ! o!r c secure x by ! clamps4 ,"h1 too1 y w f9d :y x 0 necess>y to fa/5 /em1 molds & transom firmly1 = ! entire /ra9 ( ! b5d+ plank w come aga9/ !m1 & unless !y are absolutely rigid ! /em w sw+ to "o side & ?r[ ! boat out ( true4 ,to prev5t ?is x is a good plan to fa/5 braces f ! top ( ! /em to ! sides ( ! build+ :]e y are work+1 s t ! /em _c by any possibility be mov$4 ,:5 ! plank is 9 position take a ?91 /raight /rip1 or batt51 ( wood1 lay x along ! upp] edge ( ! plank--tack+ x 9 position at ! /em1 at ea* mold & at ! transom & m>k along ?is to give ! %e] curve at ! top ( ! plank4 ,remove ! batt5 & use x 9 ! same way at ! bottom ( ! molds4 ,!n take (f ! side plank1 saw c>efully along ! m>ks made by ! batt51 cut ! o!r plank exactly l x & replace x1 secur+ x fir/ by clamps1 & !n by boat nails driv5 ?r\gh x into /em & transom & tack x lightly to ea* mold4 ,9 driv+ ! nails be sure to drill holes ?r\gh ! plank fir/1 z o!rwise x may be split4 ,:5 bo? planks are 9 place1 lay a /raight /ick across f side to side & plane d[n ! upp] edges ( ! planks until ! /ick re/s squ>ely ^u ! edges ( bo? planks1 in/ead ( on "o corn] ( ea*1 z x w d at fir/4 ,:5 bo? sides are bevell$ place ! v>i\s frame or rib pieces on ! insides ( ! planks1 spac+ !m ab\t #a foot ap>t1 measur+ along ! curve ( ! sides1 & be+ sure to keep !m p>allel & leav+ a space ( #a-a_/b in*es betwe5 _! l[] ends & ! bottom edges ( ! planks4 ,secure !m by means ( rivets & burrs1 ) ! burrs on ! inside1 or by means ( cl\t-nails cl9*$ ov] on ! inside & use ! old flatiron1 held aga9/ ! head ( ea* nail or rivet z y burr or cl9* !m ) ! hamm]4 ,saw ea* rib (f at ! top1 j ev5 ) ! planks1 & !n fit a good /\t piece ( oak or ?roat knee betwe5 ! planks & /em at ! b[ & fit two o!r knees at ! corn]s ( ! planks :]e !y jo9 ! transom4 ,at ! spot :]e ! ma/ is to be /epp$ secure a /rong1 oak crosspiece1 or ?w>t1 ) ! ma/ hole cut 9 x1 across f "o plank to ! o!r by nail+1 or bolt+1 pieces across ! ribs j ! ?ickness ( ! ma/ ?w>t bel[ ! upp] edges ( ! planks4 ,bolt or screw ! ma/ ?w>ts to ^! & !n secure a block1 ) a hole 9 x1 to ! keel directly "u ! ma/ hole 9 ! ?w>t4 ,if ! boat is to be op5 y c place ano!r ?w>t across ! /]n1 b if x is to be deck$1 or p>tly deck$1 ! o!r ?w>ts c be put 9 j z well lat] on4 ,! next /ep is to make ! c5t]bo>d & its case & place ! latt] 9 position4 ,! c5t]bo>d case is made by secur+ two pieces1 kn[n z trunk-logs1 to ! keel1 us+ :ite lead & /rips ( canton flannel or ?9 felt "u !m & draw+ !m tight to ! keel by means ( long screws run up f bel[4 ,( c\rse1 x w be necess>y to curve ! l[] edges ( ^! pieces to fit ! keel snugly be=e putt+ !m 9 place4 ,!n rivet ! ends ( ^! to ! upright po/s at ! ends1 :i* %\ld also be set 9 :ite lead & screw$ to ! keel1 & !n build up ! case by o!r bo>ds to a height well above ! wat] l9e4 ,! bo>d itself may be made ei!r ( sev]al pieces ( wood or a s+le piece4 ,9 ! =m] case ! /rips %\ld be d[ell$ toge!r & a transv]se /rip %\ld be plac$ at ea* end to prev5t ! pieces f sep>at+1 :ile if "o piece is us$1 end pieces %\ld be fa/5$ on to prev5t ! plank f w>p+ or splitt+4 ,! bo>d %\ld be pivott$ by runn+ a brass bolt ?r\gh ! two sides ( ! case & ! bo>d ) a piece ( pipe1 an old r[lock socket1 or "s simil> 8bu%+0 9 ! bo>d to prev5t ! hole 9 ! wood f we>+4 ,! bo>d %\ld be hung s x c be rais$ & l[]$ easily4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 ! pivot %\ld be ne> ! l[] front corn]1 & ! upp] re> end ( ! bo>d mu/ be r\nd$ or slant$ (f s x w sw+ up into ! case4 ,! top ( ! case may be left op5 or a piece ( bo>d may be fitt$ ov] x ) a hole = ! rope or *a9 :i* is us$ to control ! bo>d to pass ?r\gh4 ,be c>eful to adju/ ?is *a91 or rope1 s ! bo>d _c drop too f> z x %\ld n fall beyond ! p]p5dicul>4 ,! next /ep is to place light1 diagonal braces across f side to side & f molds to side planks1 tack+ !m lightly 9 position1 & !n remove ! braces & clamps f ! keel4 ,lift ! boat f ! b5*es1 turn x upside d[n & plane (f ! l[] edges ( ! planks until squ>e z y did ! upp] edges4 ,!n fit a piece ( oak along ! l[] edge ( ea* side plank1 cutt+ little not*es 9 x to fit ar\nd ! end ( ea* rib4 ,rivet ^! to ! sides1 plane (f ! bevel to br+ ^! pieces true ) ! edges ( ! planks & y are ready to put on ! bottom plank+4 ,! bottom may be run ei!r l5g?wise1 or crosswise1 on a flat-bottom$ boat1 b if run l5g?wise cross timb]s are requir$1 :i* are a nuisance1 & ! crosswise plank+ does j z well & is f> easi] to make4 ,place a piece ( ! bottom plank+ across ! b[1 cov]+ ! /em & ext5d+ a %ort di/ance on ei!r side ( ! side planks4 ,sme> ! l[] end ( ! /em1 ! keel & ! side planks ) ?ick :ite lead & nail ! piece securely into ! /em1 ! keel & ! two oak pieces along ! sides & to ! side planks also4 ,9 driv+ ^! nails be sure & set !m at an angle to correspond ) ! slope ( ! sides1 or else !y w split out & cause y\r boat to leak4 ,fit ano!r cross plank beh9d ?is ) pl5ty ( :ite lead betwe5 ! edges & secure x 9 place4 ,cont9ue 9 ?is way until ! slot = ! c5t]bo>d is rea*$4 ,"h ! planks mu/ be run f ea* side ( ! slots to ! side planks1 & :]e ! deadwood1 or skeg1 is fa/5$ ! same me?od mu/ be foll[$4 ,:5 ! bottom is fully plank$ saw (f ! project+ ends close to ! sides1 be+ c>eful to keep ! same angle & n to sc> or cut ! side planks1 & !n1 ) ! block plane1 smoo? ! ends ev5ly ) ! side planks4 ,:5 ?is is done fit a false keel1 or rubb+-/rake1 along ! c5t] ( ! bottom ) a slot cut 9 x to correspond ) ! c5t]bo>d slot & tap] x at ! re> to fit ! l[] surface ( ! deadwood4 ,sme> ! "u surface ( ?is1 z well z ! bottom :]e x re/s1 ) ?ick copp] pa9t & nail firmly 9 place4 ,& don't =get to pa9t all ! inside portions & jo9ts ( ! c5t]bo>d case1 z well z ! bo>d itself & ! inside edges & slot 9 ! keel1 ) copp] pa9t be=e putt+ !m toge!r4 ,y c n[ turn y\r boat ov]1 knock out ! molds & f9i% ) ! deck+ or o!r int]ior arrangem5ts1 b be=e tak+ out ! molds y %\ld put ! deck beams 9 place1 if a deck is to be us$1 or %\ld place ?w>ts across f side to side1 if ! boat is to be left op54 ,= a small1 simple boat ! deck beams may be run /raight across f side to side & ! cockpit may be made rectangul>1 ) ! =w>d end po9t$ or ,v-%ap$4 ,! deck may be made by nail+ n>r[ /rips along ! timb]s & foll[+ ! curve ( ! sides1 or wid] planks may be nail$ l5g?wise & trimm$ (f to make a smoo?1 ev5 edge ) ! sides1 aft] :i* a cov]+ bo>d %\ld be nail$ ov] ! jo9t & a /rip ( half-r\nd mold+ %\ld !n be run along to protect ! edges f be+ injur$1 z well z to give a good f9i% to ! boat4 ,! edges ( ! cockpit %\ld be f9i%$ by oak comb+ nail$ to ! deck & timb]s1 & a qu>t]-r\nd mold+ %\ld !n be run ar\nd ! outside :]e ! comb+ & ! decks jo94 ,if ! deck is c>efully made & laid 9 :ite lead1 x w be tight1 b if desir$ x may be cov]$ ) canvas laid 9 pa9t & ) ! edges fold$ d[n ov] ! sides1 trimm$ closely & conceal$ by ! mold+4 ,! rudd] %\ld be made ( ei!r wood or metal4 ,= a small boat1 brass or galvaniz$ iron is ! be/4 ,x %\ld be hung "u ! /]n by means ( a po/ run up ?r\gh ! keel & aft] deck4 ,to prev5t wat] f ent]+1 a piece ( brass tube1 or pipe1 ?read$ at bo? ends1 is run ?r\gh ! hole1 & set up closely by means ( 8wa/e-nuts10 aft] :i* ! ends ( ! pipe %\ld be fil$ (f smoo?ly & slightly rivett$ or burr$ ov] to prev5t ! nuts f com+ loose4 ,if y succe$ 9 build+ a %>pie1 z direct$1 y c attempt a ,v-bottom$1 or skipjack1 boat or a dory1 = ! pr9ciples involv$ are ! same 9 all1 b space w n p]mit a full description ( h[ to con/ruct ^!4 ,y c obta9 a f> bett] idea ( h[ !y are built by exam9+ a boat & /udy+ its v>i\s p>ts ?an by read+ _m pages ( text4 ,f9ally let me w>n y n to attempt to build any boat1 n ev5 a small1 flat-bottom$ skiff1 unless y possess pati5ce & p]sev]ance & are will+ to take pl5ty ( "t & pa9/ak+ c>e4 ,no boat t is wor? build+ c be made by slap-bang1 c>eless1 slack me?ods4 ,boat-build+ is some?+ :i* _c be hurri$1 = ! f9i%$ result dep5ds v l>gely ^u little ?+s & att5tion to details4 ,to wat* a boat-build]1 "o w\ld ?9k t he did 8 "w by guess & took little c>e1 b 9 reality he does ev]y?+ 9 a c]ta9 ord] & a c]ta9 way4 ,8 app>5t c>elessness is really exp]tness1 = he has done exactly ! same ?+ s _m times t x becomes second nature & is almo/ involunt>y4 ,if !re is a boat-build] 9 y\r vic9ity visit 8 %op1 wat* him by ! h\r1 note ! way he h&les 8 tools & ! ord] 9 :i* he %apes ! p>ts & puts !m toge!r & y\r "t w be well sp5t4 ,x's ! be/ possible way to le>n ! details ( boat-build+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,x ,,:at ,,n ,,to ,,d ,9 le>n+ to sail a boat or :5 h&l+ a boat aft] y h le>n$ to sail1 !re are c]ta9 ?+s y %\ld d & _m o!r ?+s y %\ld n d & ( ^! ! latt] are p]haps ! mo/ important4 ,9 ! fir/ place don't try to le>n to sail by us+ sev]al diff]5t boats4 ,e boat has its peculi>ities4 ,if y use "o boat on "o day & ano!r ! next y w be confus$ & w be unable to make rapid progress1 = "o craft w sail to be/ advantage ) ! sails trimm$ 9 "o way & ! v next boat y use may require v diff]5t treatm5t4 ,"o boat w sail clos] to ! w9d ?an ano!r1 "o w luff m quickly ?an ano!r & "o w come ab\t readily e "t1 :ile ! next may miss /ays "u ! same conditions4 ,/ill o!r boats require special arrangem5ts ( balla/1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( c5t]bo>d or a def9ite trim 9 ord] to behave well & y mu/ le>n e :im & caprice ( y\r craft to become exp]t 9 h&l+ h]4 ,don't try to le>n to sail 9 a l>ge boat or "o ) _m sails or complicat$ rigg+4 ,beg9 ) a small craft ) a s+le sail ( ! simple/ patt]n4 ,:5 y are ?or\ghly famili> ) ?is y c attempt h&l+ l>g] boats ) head-sails4 ,don't take y\r fir/ lessons 9 a /rong w9d1 9 r\gh wea!r1 or :5 !re are signs ( ?und] /orms1 squalls or fogs4 ,select ! v be/ wea!r = y'll h pl5ty to att5d to )\t look+ aft] ! elem5ts4 ,above all1 don't be afraid to be afraid4 ,_m a man is consid]$ brave m]ely because he doesn't "k en\gh to be afraid1 b real brav]y consi/s 9 realiz+ dang]1 be+ afraid ( x & yet fac+ x calmly1 delib]ately & ) intellig5ce4 ,don't be afraid ( ! op9ions ( o!rs1 if y ?9k y %\ld %ort5 sail reef at once1 ev5 if ev]yone else is c>ry+ full sail & p laugh at y\r caution4 ,don't be afraid to fe> squalls1 fogs1 gales or heavy seas = !y are all trea*]\s & ! m y fe> !m ! m likely y'll be to safegu>d y\rself1 y\r pass5g]s & y\r boat4 ,don't be afraid to refuse to g sail+ if y ?9k a squall1 /orm1 or fog is com+ up1 or if y ?9k ! wea!r too bad4 ,x's bett] to be sc(f$ at & call$ a c[>d ?an to be %ipwreck$ or dr[n$4 ,a live c[>d's bett] ?an a dead bravado any day4 ,don't be afraid to ass]t y\r au?ority4 ,! capta9 ( any craft is supreme abo>d 8 boat & !re %\ld be no que/ion+ ( 8 ord]s or decisions4 ,don't take anyone ) y :o is n]v\s1 cranky1 hy/]ical1 ov]be>+1 gr\*y or a 8"k x all40 ,su* p spoil all ! pleasure ( a sail1 !y are a nuisance & 9 times ( dang] !y (t5 become a real m5ace to o!rs4 ,if !y "k m ?an y d1 or ?9k !y d1 !y %\ld be h&l+ _! own boats1 n go+ z pass5g]s 9 y\rs4 ,don't take anyone ) y z a pass5g] until y are compet5t to h&le y\r craft "u any & all conditions4 ,y h no "r to imp]il ! lives ( o!rs4 ,don't take out a p>ty unless !re are life-pres]v]s en\gh = all4 ,accid5ts happ5 to ! be/ ( sailors4 ,don't try to sail or h&le a boat until y "k h[ to swim4 ,don't set out on a sail )\t o>s1 compass1 wat]1 an*or & at lea/ "o life-pres]v] on bo>d4 ,don't jump1 run1 wre/le or skyl>k 9 a sailboat4 ,don't all[ anyone to sit ^u a rope or l9e :i* may be us$ at any mom5t4 ,don't p]mit pass5g]s to sit or /& on ! b[ or b[sprit unless = ! express purpose ( keep+ a look\t4 ,don't tie or make ! ma9%eet fa/4 ,hold x 9 y\r h& ) a s+le turn ab\t a cleat1 s x c be releas$ in/antly4 ,don't try to %[ (f by c>ry+ all sail 9 a bl[ or 9 squalls4 ,reef be=e x's too late4 ,x's easi] to %ake out a reef ?an to put "o 94 ,don't sail across or close to ! wake ( /eam]s to 8get0 _! waves4 ,x may result 9 ! boat capsiz+ & only %[s y are a l&lubb] & a fool4 ,don't />t out 9 ! face ( a /orm1 gale or squall4 ,wait until y are sure ( :at is go+ to happ5 & !n reef close if y mu/ g =? 9 a bl[4 ,don't =get t y _c judge ! =ce ( ! w9d or ! size ( waves f ! %ore4 ,don't brag ab\t 8lik+ to sail 9 /orms40 ,real sailors _c h wea!r too fair4 ,don't sail 9 fogs unless y h a compass & are sure ( y\r c\rse4 ,don't try to sail too close to reefs1 to o!r vessels or any o!r ob/ructions2 some?+ may fail at ! la/ mom5t & a collision or wreck may result4 ,don't =get t :5 sail+ close to l& sudd5 puffs or squalls are m frequ5t ?an 9 op5 wat]4 ,don't =get t ano!r vessel1 a rock1 or ! %ore cuts (f ! w9d & may cause y to lose headway & !n :5 beyond ! object ! w9d w /rike y sudd5ly & p]haps ) dang]\s =ce4 ,don't fail to keep ev]y?+ %ip%ape & ord]ly ab\t ! boat4 ,a sn>l$ or k9k$ l9e is a m5ace to life & limb4 ,don't sail ) wat] 9 ! boat4 ,wat] is s mu* %ift+ balla/ & is dang]\s1 besides be+ unpleasant & unnecess>y4 ,bail ! wat] out & keep x out4 ,don't try to save a few c5ts by us+ old1 rott51 or fray$ ropes4 ,new rope is *eap] ?an human lives4 ,don't use a leaky boat4 ,if a boat leaks a little 9 smoo? wat] x may leak fa/ en\gh to s9k :5 9 a seaway4 ,don't sail at night )\t lights4 ,y are endang]+ y\rself & o!r sailors z well4 ,don't assume t ! 8o!r fell[0 kn[s h[ to sail & is famili> 8) ! rules ( ! road40 ,he may be m ignorant ?an y\rself4 ,don't wait too long be=e turn+ aside = ano!r boat4 ,%ift y\r helm to %[ y\r int5tions4 ,don't try to sail too close to ! w9d4 ,y'll rea* y\r de/9ation m quickly by sail+ a few po9ts (f & ?us travel+ fa/]4 ,don't run dead be=e ! w9d if x c be avoid$1 especially 9 a seaway4 ,don't sit on ! lee side :5 sail+ on ! w9d4 ,don't climb up on ! ma/s or into ! rigg+ unless x is necess>y4 ,a man's weight at ! top ( a ma/ may cause ! boat to capsize4 ,don't la% or tie ! helm "u any circum/ances4 ,don't leave a l[]$ sail unfurl$4 ,x ru9s ! sail & is dang]\s4 ,don't try to run to a moor+ or a l&+ be=e ! w9d :5 "u sail4 ,l[] ! sail & run 9 "u b>e poles or r[ 94 ,don't fail to take ! advice & sugge/ions ( m exp]i5c$ boatm54 ,don't take o!rs sail+ until y are ?or\ghly famili> ) ! boat & "k h[ to h&le x "u all conditions4 ,don't an*or or moor a boat :]e %e w re/ on a h>d1 rocky or unev5 bottom at l[ wat]4 ,don't ov]load y\r boat4 ,don't sail 9 /range wat]s )\t a *>t or a pilot4 ,don't lose y\r head or get 8rattl$40 ,keep cool & use y\r bra9s & common s5se4 ,don't fail to keep y\r gaze to w9dw>d4 ,seas & w9d puffs come f t side4 ,don't neglect ! boat or all[ y\r att5tion to be di/ract$ by y\r companions4 ,don't attempt to tack or g ab\t ) a l>ge wave roll+ on y\r wea!r b[4 ,wait = a smoo?1 or :5 on ! summit ( a long1 easy roll]4 ,don't jibe if x c be help$4 ,x's j z easy & f> saf] to we> %ip4 ,don't luff a boat suffici5tly to /op h] headway4 ,keep /e]age-way at all times4 ,don't try to cross ano!r boat's b[s if %e is "u way4 ,don't get fright5$ if ! boat upsets4 ,crawl up on ! bottom ov] ! wea!r side4 ,a capsiz$ boat w support a numb] ( p 9 p]fect safety4 ,don't take to ! wat] if !re is any float+ object to cl+ to4 ,ev5 an o> w support a p]son4 ,don't let g ( ! helm & run ab\t4 ,don't let sails1 ropes or g>m5ts trail 9 ! wat]4 ,don't =get t a load$ or heavy boat has m mom5tum or headway ?an a light or empty boat4 ,don't tru/ a squall :i* y _c see ?r\gh4 ,don't use a br& new rope = any "p ( ! runn+ rigg+4 ,/ret* x & "w x ?r\gh tackles or ov] a beam be=e reev+ x ?r\gh ! blocks ( y\r boat4 ,don't sail 9 a beam w9d & sea if x c possibly be avoid$4 ,don't =get t if y are oblig$ to ride out a gale t o>s1 cu%ions1 ?w>ts & sp>e canvas la%$ toge!r & atta*$ to a l9e ov] ! b[ w hold ! craft to ! w9d & seas & w also =m a 8smoo?0 = ! boat4 ,don't "u any circum/ances all[ liquor abo>d y\r boat4 ,if y\r fri5ds mu/ dr9k spirits let !m /ay a%ore to indulge !mselves4 ,!y h no place 9 a boat4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,"s ,,nautical ,,t]ms ,,& ,,_! ,,mean+s ,aback4 ,a sail is said to be aback :5 its =w>d side is act$ ^u by ! w9d4 ,abaft4 ,a position t[>d ! /]n f any /at$ po9t4 ,abeam4 ,at "r angles to ! l9e ( ! keel4 ,ab\t4 ,to g f "o tack to ! o!r4 ,adrift4 ,brok5 loose or uncontroll$4 ,aft4 ,t[>ds ! /]n4 ,a-lee4 ,to ! side ( ! craft opposite ! w9d4 ,to ! leew>d side4 ,all 9 ! w9d4 ,:5 ! sails h ! w9d edge-on & %ake4 ,amid%ips4 ,9 ! middle4 ,9 l9e ) ! keel4 ,a?w>t%ips4 ,across ! boat4 ,at "r angles to ! keel4 ,ava/4 ,an ord] to /op or discont9ue any?+4 ,a-wea!r4 ,! side t[>ds ! w9d2 to ! w9dw>d side4 ,back/ays4 ,/ays or %r\ds lead+ aft to support a ma/ or topma/4 ,be> up4 ,to turn f ! w9d4 ,belay4 ,to secure a rope ab\t a cleat or p94 ,b5d4 ,to make fa/4 ,a k9d ( knot4 ,b]?4 ,an an*orage or moor+4 ,a slip or place :]e a boat re/s at a dock4 ,a sleep+ place4 ,bight4 ,a curve1 noose or slack portion ( rope4 ,bitts4 ,upright pieces ( timb] or metal to :i* ropes or cables are fa/5$4 ,blocks4 ,contrivances ) %eaves or roll]s ?r\gh :i* ropes are pass$ to make !m move readily4 ,block & block4 ,:5 two blocks ( a tackle are br\ght z close toge!r z possible4 ,block & tackle4 ,blocks ) ! ropes rove ?r\gh !m4 ,bo>d4 ,! di/ance made on a tack4 ,bob/ay4 ,a /ay f ! cutwat] to ! b[sprit-end4 ,bolt rope4 ,! rope sewn ar\nd ! edges ( sails4 ,boom4 ,a sp> at ! bottom or foot ( a sail4 ,a sp> ext5d$ f a vessel's side to :i* small boats are fa/5$4 ,a raft ( logs 9 a riv] fa/5$ toge!r to hold o!r logs 9 place4 ,b[l9e4 ,a l9e us$ on squ>e sails to ext5d ! =w>d edge ( ! sail :5 runn+ close to ! w9d4 ,to ,sail on a ,b[l9e is to sail close to ! w9d4 ,b[se4 ,to haul ^u4 ,b[sprit4 ,a sp> ext5d+ =w>d f ! b[4 ,brails4 ,ropes = draw+ up a sail to ! ma/ 9 ord] to furl x4 ,br+ to4 ,to come to an an*or or moor+4 ,bull's eye4 ,a piece ( wood ) a hole 9 ! c5t] ?r\gh :i* a rope may be pass$4 ,by ! head4 ,to be deep] 9 ! wat] at ! b[ ?an at ! /]n4 ,by ! w9d4 ,z ne> ! w9d z ! boat w sail )\t ! sails %ak+2 also call$ ,full & ,by4 ,cable4 ,a l9e or *a9 by :i* a vessel is an*or$ or moor$4 ,a left-h&$-laid rope4 ,capsize4 ,to upset4 ,to loos5 a knot4 ,c>ry away4 ,to break or te> loose4 ,ca/ (f4 ,to untie2 to free4 ,ca/+4 ,to pay a vessel (f on ! desir$ tack4 ,cat's paw4 ,a light puff or curr5t ( w9d se5 on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,a k9d ( knot or b5d4 ,*ock a block4 ,see ,block & ,block4 ,also us$ to d5ote fully lad54 ,cleat4 ,a metal or wood5 object to :i* ropes are fa/5$4 ,clew4 ,! aft] corn] ( a =e-&-aft sail4 ,! two l[] corn]s ( a squ>e sail4 ,close haul$4 ,sail+ z ne>ly z possible into ! w9d4 ,cockpit4 ,! op5 aft] "p ( a boat4 ,c\rse4 ,! direction 9 :i* a boat is to proce$4 ,! l[] sails on squ>e-rigg$ vessels4 ,crank or cranky4 ,n /able4 ,unable to c>ry sail well4 ,to tip easily4 ,un/eady4 ,cr+le4 ,a ?imble or eye work$ 9 a sail & ?r\gh :i* a rope may be pass$4 ,crot*4 ,a support ( cross$ pieces ( wood1 or metal1 9 :i* ! boom re/s :5 ! sail is furl$4 ,cutwat]4 ,! extreme =w>d edge ( ! b[4 ,davits4 ,curv$ iron or wood5 objects to :i* boats are hoi/$4 ,d[nhaul4 ,rope us$ to haul d[n sails4 ,d[se4 ,to l[] rapidly4 ,also to ext+ui%4 ,draught or draft4 ,! am\nt ( wat] 9 :i* a boat is imm]s$ :5 afloat4 ,e>r+s4 ,l9es pass$ ?r\gh cr+les4 ,ease (f4 ,to slack54 ,ensign4 ,! national flag ( any c\ntry4 ,entrance4 ,! l[] "p ( a vessel's /em4 ,fag end4 ,! end t is fray$4 ,fall (f4 ,to move away f ! w9d4 ,fa?om4 ,six feet4 ,fid4 ,a %>p1 tap]$ tool us$ 9 splic+ rope4 ,fill away4 ,to h ! w9d fill ! aft] surfaces ( ! sails & ! vessel proce$ on h] c\rse4 ,=e rea*4 ,to pass to w9dw>d ( ano!r vessel :5 close haul$4 ,f\l4 ,any?+ entangl$4 ,to come into contact4 ,furl4 ,to /[ a sail4 ,gaff4 ,! sp> t supports ! top ( a =e-&-aft sail4 ,a pole ) a %>p hook on ! end4 ,gangway4 ,! place :]e p come abo>d4 ,an op5+ 9 a vessel's side4 ,room to pass4 ,g>bo>d /rakes4 ,! planks next to ! keel on a boat's bottom4 ,gasket4 ,a la%+ ( rope or a /rip ( canvas us$ to secure sails1 etc4 ,g ab\t4 ,to tack4 ,to alt] ! c\rse s ! sail fills on ! o!r side4 ,grapnel4 ,a f\r-prong$ an*or4 ,grip+4 ,c>ry+ a h>d wea!r helm4 ,grommet4 ,a r+ ( rope4 ,a metal r+ us$ 9 place ( an eyelet 9 a sail4 ,gr\nd tackle4 ,! an*or1 cable & fitt+s4 ,haly>ds or ,halli>ds4 ,ropes us$ to hoi/ sails4 ,h&somely4 ,c>efully1 sm>tly4 ,h&y billy4 ,a small tackle us$ 9 haul+ on a rope4 ,hanks4 ,metal r+s = atta*+ sails to /ays s !y w slide easily4 ,heave to4 ,to /op a vessel's movem5t by s arrang+ sails t %e w lie head to ! w9d & almo/ /ation>y4 ,heel+4 ,tipp+ to "o side4 ,hit*4 ,a k9d ( knot4 ,9 irons4 ,:5 headway is lo/ & ! boat w n answ] h] helm4 ,jamm$4 ,any rope or o!r object caught s x w n move or _c be readily fre$4 ,jib4 ,a triangul> sail set betwe5 ! ma/ & b[sprit4 ,jibe or ,gybe4 ,to let ! ma9sail sw+ f "o side to ! o!r :5 runn+ free4 ,jury ma/4 ,a tempor>y ma/ to replace a ma/ :i* has be5 c>ri$ away4 ,jury rig4 ,sails set on jury ma/s4 ,k$ge4 ,a small an*or4 ,lee*4 ,! aft] edge ( a =e-&-aft sail4 ,! ends ( a squ>e sail4 ,lee helm4 ,:5 a till] or helm mu/ be held to leew>d to prev5t ! boat f fall+ (f ! w9d4 ,leew>d4 ,! direction t[>d :i* ! w9d is bl[+4 ,away f ! w9d4 ,leg4 ,! di/ance sail$ on a tack 9 "o direction4 ,log4 ,an in/rum5t us$ to measure a boat's spe$ or ! di/ance travell$4 ,a record ( ! %ip's travel & :at has be5 done ea* day4 ,a book 9 :i* ! log is kept4 ,long leg4 ,! longe/ c\rse sail$ :5 tack+4 ,luff4 ,to br+ ! boat's head to ! w9d4 ,! =w>d edge ( a =e-&-aft sail4 ,ly+ to4 ,head+ close into ! w9d "u r$uc$ sail s z to rema9 practically /ation>y4 ,miss+ /ays4 ,failure to come ab\t :5 tack+4 ,moor4 ,to secure by an*ors or cables4 ,moor+s4 ,a spot :]e a vessel is kept :5 at an*or4 ,m\se4 ,to secure by means ( spun y>n or l9e to prev5t its becom+ deta*$4 ,a seiz+ ab\t a hook4 ,(f & on4 ,approa*+ on "o tack & be>+ (f on ! o!r especially :5 approa*+ or ne> l&4 ,(f+4 ,out to sea4 ,sea room4 ,ov]haul4 ,to slack up a rope & haul x ?r\gh blocks4 ,to /raight5 out a l9e & arrange x4 ,to exam9e & make "r4 ,to ov]take4 ,pa9t]4 ,! l9e by :i* a boat is made fa/ & :i* is atta*$ to ! b[4 ,"p4 ,to break or pull ap>t4 ,pay4 ,to coat ) pit* or t>4 ,to let out rope or cable4 ,pay (f4 ,to rec$e f ! w9d4 ,to br+ a boat's head ar\nd to cat* ! w9d4 ,p5dant4 ,a %ort piece ( rope4 ,p5nant4 ,a n>r[ flag or /ream]4 ,poop$4 ,to be /ruck by a sea :i* comes ov] ! /]n4 ,port4 ,left h&4 ,also sometimes call$ ,l>bo>d4 ,prev5t] %eet4 ,a %eet us$ to relieve unusual /ra94 ,prev5t] /ay4 ,a tempor>y or movable /ay set up to relieve a /ra9 on ! rigg+ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,qu>t]4 ,"p betwe5 beam & /]n4 ,rake4 ,! lean or cant ( a ma/ or o!r object f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,rea*+4 ,sail+ ) w9d abeam4 ,reef4 ,to r$uce ! area ( a sail4 ,a l9e or gr\p ( sunk5 rocks4 ,reeve4 ,to run a rope ?r\gh any?+4 ,root+4 ,bury+ by ! head4 ,run4 ,! subm]g$ aft]-"p ( ! hull4 ,scud4 ,to run be=e a w9d4 ,a k9d ( cl\d4 ,seize4 ,to make fa/ or b9d4 ,selvage4 ,a /rap made ( y>ns loosely b\nd toge!r4 ,%eave4 ,! :eel )9 a block or any :eel ov] :i* a rope runs4 ,%e]4 ,to v>y f a direct c\rse4 ,! curve f b[ to /]n horizontally4 ,%eet4 ,a rope atta*$ to a sail & by :i* ! sail is held & work$4 ,on a squ>e sail1 ropes :i* spread ! sails4 ,snort] or snott]4 ,a rope /rap into :i* ! heel ( a sprit is slipp$4 ,soldi]'s w9d4 ,a beam w9d4 ,spill4 ,to ?r[ ! w9d out ( a sail4 ,splice4 ,a me?od ( jo9+ two objects toge!r s ! jo9t is no l>g] ?an ! re/ ( ! object4 ,spr+4 ,to crack or b5d a sp>4 ,a rope made fa/ to a cable1 to "s spot a%ore1 to a buoy or moor+1 or to ano!r vessel & !n l$ aft 9 ord] to sw+ a vessel's /]n 9 any desir$ direction4 ,to />t a plank4 ,to />t a leak4 ,sprit4 ,a light sp> us$ to ext5d a sail4 ,squatt+4 ,settl+ d[n by ! /]n4 ,/>bo>d4 ,! "r-h& side4 ,/ay4 ,a rope or wire us$ z a support to a sp>4 ,/]nbo>d4 ,to move backw>d /]n fir/4 ,tack4 ,to proce$ aga9/ ! w9d by zigzags4 ,! =w>d corn] ( a =e-&-aft sail4 ,tackle4 ,any arrangem5t ( ropes & blocks4 ,taut4 ,tight4 ,truck4 ,! top ( a ma/4 ,unb5d4 ,to ca/ (f2 to unfa/54 ,ve]4 ,to turn4 ,to pay out cable4 ,wake4 ,! track left by a vessel 9 ! wat]4 ,wat*4 ,a division ( ! crew4 ,! l5g? ( "t a man is on duty4 ,we>4 ,to turn a boat's head into ! w9d & !n ar\nd until %e has ! w9d on ! opposite side4 ,wea!r helm4 ,:5 a till] or helm mu/ be kept to w9dw>d to prev5t a boat f fly+ into ! w9d4 ,wea!r+4 ,surviv+ any?+1 su* z a gale or /orm4 ,gett+ to w9dw>d ( any?+4 ,weigh4 ,to hoi/ or lift1 especially to lift ! an*or4 ,w9d's eye4 ,! exact direction f :i* ! w9d bl[s4 ,yaw4 ,to sw]ve wildly or viol5tly f a true c\rse despite ! action ( ! rudd]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,all figure ref]5ces 9 ! text h be5 regul>iz$4 ,table ( ,cont5ts1 #8,latte5' *ang$ to #8,late51' 8sails4 ,late51 lug1 gunt]0 ,page #bi1 full /op *ang$ to comma aft] #8say1' 8he w say1 8,/>bo>d0 ,page #dd1 semicolon ins]t$ aft] #8topma/1' 8! topma/2 x may also0 ,page #df1 #8leg-o'mutton' *ang$ to #8leg-o'-mutton1' 8is a leg-o'-mutton sail0 ,page #dh1 clos+ p>5!sis add$ aft] #8l9es71' 8c\rse 9 dott$ l9es770 ,page #eb1 #8,wat]l9e' *ang$ to #8,wat] l9e1' 8#aa--,wat] l9e4 #ab--,/>bo>d qu>t]40 ,page #ec1 #8x' *ang$ to #8is1' 8h to d is to le>n0 ,page #gj1 #8,,sail+' diagrams #ab1 depict+ approa*es to moor+s1 & #ac1 depict+ approa*es to & dep>tures f docks1 are abs5t f orig9al caption4 ,page #ib1 #8wat]-l9e' *ang$ to #8wat] l9e1' 8especially bel[ ! wat] l9e0 ,page #aab1 #8%[' *ang$ to #8%[n1' 8z %[n 9 ! illu/ration0 ,page #aah1 #8:*' *ang$ to #8:i*1' 8! /r&s :i* =m !0 ,page #acc1 comma /ruck aft] #8small1' 8is "s small reef0 ,page #adg1 full /op ins]t$ aft] #8bl[+1' 8:i* x is bl[+4 ,all ^!0 ,page #aeb1 second #8&' /ruck1 8und]runn+ h] & leav+0 ,page #afg1 #8diamt]' *ang$ to #8diamet]1' 8f #a_/b to #a in* 9 diamet]0 ,page #afi1 #8c]t]bo>d' *ang$ to #8c5t]bo>d1' 8& ! c5t]bo>d %\ld be0