,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores & bold text by equal signs ,,frontispiece4 ,,plate ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tea ,,plant4 ,,food ,,adult]ation ,,& ,,its ,,detection4 ,,) ,,photomicrographic ,,plates ,,& ,a ,,bibliographical ,,app5dix4 ,,by ,,jesse ,p4 ,,batt]%all1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,,*emi/1 ,u4,s4 ,,laboratory1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york3 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #ce1 ,,murray ,,/reet1 ,,& #abe1 ,,/r&1 ,,london4 #ahhg4 ,copyright1 #ahhg4 ,by ,,jesse ,p4 ,,batt]%all4 ,,preface4 ,to embody 9 a cond5s$ =m "s sali5t features ( ! pres5t /atus ( ,food ,adult]ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! object ( ?is volume4 ,! importance ( ! subject1 & ! app>5t ne$ ( a book ( mod]ate dim5sions relat+ !reto1 mu/ suffice z its raison d'tre4 ,! /&>d works h be5 freely consult$1 & valuable data h be5 obta9$ f ! rec5t reports ( our ,/ate & ,civic ,bo>ds ( ,heal?4 ,! sy/em ( nom5clature accept$ by ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society has be5 g5]ally adopt$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 deem$ advisable to reta9 su* names z glyc]9e1 sodium bic>bonate1 etc41 9 place ( ! m mod]n b less well-kn[n t]ms1 glyc]ol & sodium hydrog5 c>bonate1 ev5 at a slight sacrifice ( uni=mity4 ,! photogravure plates1 mo/ ( :i* repres5t ! results ( rec5t microscopical inve/igation1 are consid]$ an important feature ( ! book4 ,& x is believ$ t ! bibliographical app5dix1 & ! collation ( ,am]ican ,legislation on ,adult]ation1 w supply a want = ready ref]5ce (t5 exp]i5c$4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,laboratory1 ,july #a/1 #ahhg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,introduction #a ,tea #ab ,c(fee #bi ,cocoa & ,*ocolate #db ,milk #di ,butt] #fc ,*eese #hc ,fl\r1 ,bread1 & ,/>* #hg ,bak]s' ,*emicals #aja ,sug> #ajd ,honey #aba ,confection]y #abi ,be] #acb ,w9e #aeg ,liquors #ahf ,wat] #bjj ,v9eg> #bbe ,pickles #bcb ,olive ,oil #bcc ,mu/>d #bci ,pepp] #bdc ,spices #bdi ,miscellane\s #bed ,bibliography #beh ,laws #bfh ,index #cbj ,,plates4 ,,page ,i4 ,tea ,plant frontispiece ,,ii4 ,tea ,leaves #ag ,,iii4 ,tea & o!r ,leaves #ah ,,iv4 ,cream & ,c['s ,milk #fa ,v4 ,skimm$ & ,colo/rum ,milk #fb ,,vi4 ,butt] & ,oleom>g>9e #gh ,,vii4 ,fat ,cry/als #gi ,,viii4 ,artificial ,dige/ion ( ,butt] & ,oleom>g>9e #hb ,,ix4 ,/>*es #ajj ,x4 ,pol>iscope #aab ,,xi4 ,organisms 9 ,wat] #bah ,,xii4 ,spices #beb ,,food ,,adult]ation4 ,,introduction4 ,( ! v>i\s bran*es cognate to *emical rese>* :i* excite public att5tion1 t ( food adult]ation d\btless possesses ! greate/ int]e/4 ,to ! deal] 9 alim5t>y sub/ances1 ! significance ( _! sophi/ication is frequ5tly m]ely "o ( pr(it or loss1 & ev5 ?is comp>atively unimportant consid]ation does n always atta*4 ,b to ! g5]al community1 ! subject appeals to int]e/s m vital ?an a desire to avoid pecuni>y damage1 & involv+1 z x necess>ily does1 ! "q ( heal?1 x has eng5d]$ a feel+ ( uneas9ess1 accompani$ by an e>ne/ desire = tru/wor?y in=mation & data4 ,! mo/ usual excuses advanc$ by di%one/ trad]s1 :5 a case ( adult]ation has be5 successfully br\ght home to !m--guilty k be+ also e/abli%$--are1 t !y are compell$ to resort to ! misde$ by ! public dem& = *eap commodities1 t ! addition is h>mless1 or actually con/itutes an improvem5t1 z is ass]t$ to be ! case :5 *icory is add$ to c(fee1 or t x s]ves z a pres]vative1 z 0 =m]ly alleg$ to be ! fact :5 v9eg> 0 =tifi$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,pretexts ( ?is sort are almo/ inv>iably fallaci\s4 ,! claim t manufactur]s are (t5 =c$ into adult]ation by ! necessities ( unfair trade competition possesses m weight--an hone/ deal] _c z a rule successfully compete ) a di%one/ "o--& has und\bt$ly influ5c$ _m ( ! bett] class to co-op]ate 9 attempts to prev5t ! practice4 ,! g5]al feel+ ( unc]ta9ty :i* exi/s 9 ! public m9d conc]n+ ! actual ext5t & importance ( food adult]ation is probably to be ascrib$ to two causes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 mo/ ( ! lit]ature g5]ally accessible relat+ to ! subject has be5 limit$ to s5sational newspap] articles1 recit+ "s />tl+ in/ance ( food-poison+1 (t5 unau!nticat$ & be>+ ^u its face evid5ces ( exagg]ation4 ,by reason ( su* publications1 p]iodical panics h be5 creat$ 9 our l>ge cities :i*1 h[ev]1 z a rule quickly subside1 & ! community relapses into ! cu/om>y feel+ ( d\btful security1 until ar\s$ f its apa?y by ! next expos4 ,! fact t ! only reliable results ( food inve/igation h1 until rec5tly1 be5 conf9$ to purely sci5tific j\rnals1 & !re=e n prom95tly br\ght to public notice1 is ano!r explanation ( ! lack ( cr$itable in=mation :i* g5]ally prevails conc]n+ ?is species ( sophi/ication4 ,! adult]ation ( alim5t>y sub/ances 0 practis$ 9 ! civilis$ c\ntries ( ,europe at a v remote date1 & ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! art1 ma9ly collat$ by ,pr(4 ,bly? 9 8 valuable "w on food1#a is replete ) int]e/4 ,bread c]ta9ly receiv$ due att5tion at ! h&s ( ! anci5t sophi/icator4 ,pl9y makes sev]al ref]5ces to ! adult]ation ( ?is food4 ,9 ,engl&1 z e>ly z ! reign ( ,k+ ,john1 ! sale ( ! commodity 0 controll$ by ! 8,assize ( ,bread10 :i*1 al?\gh orig9ally design$ to regulate ! price & size ( ! loaf1 0 subsequ5tly amplifi$ s z to include p5alties = falsification1 usually consi/+ ( corporal puni%m5t & exposure 9 ! pillory4 ,9 ,france1 9 #achb1 ord9ances 7 promulgat$ specify+ ! prop] mode ( bread-mak+1 ! puni%m5t = infr+em5t be+ simil> 9 "* to ^? inflict$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,x is relat$ t 9 ! ye> #aebe1 a guilty bak] 80 condemn$ by ! c\rt to be tak5 f ! ,*telet prison to ! cross be=e ! glise des ,c>mes1 & !nce to ! gate ( ,notre ,dame & to o!r public places 9 ,p>is1 9 8 %irt1 hav+ 8 head & feet b>e1 ) small loaves hung f 8 neck1 & hold+ a l>ge wax c&le1 light$1 & 9 ea* ( ! places enum]at$ he 0 to make am5de honorable1 & ask m]cy & p>don ( ,god1 ! k+1 & ( ju/ice = 8 fault40 ,9 ,g]many1 dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! bread adult]ator1 :ile n subject$ to a religi\s p5ance1 did n escape f a suffici5tly practical rebuke1 z x 0 ! frequ5t cu/om to put him 9 a basket atta*$ to a long pole1 & purge him ( 8 misde$s by repeat$ imm]sions 9 a pool ( wat]4 ,w9e w\ld also appe> to h be5 expos$ to fraudul5t admixture 9 =m] times4 ,pl9y m5tions t 9 ,rome consid]able difficulty 0 exp]i5c$1 ev5 by ! weal?y1 9 secur+ ! pure article1 & 9 ,a!ns a public inspector 0 e>ly appo9t$ to prev5t its adult]ation4 ,9 ,engl&1 dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 puni%m5t = brew+ bad be] 0 publicly en=c$1 &1 9 #aebi1 (ficial 8ale ta/]s0 fl\ri%$1 )\t ^: approval ! bev]age 0 n to be sold4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 ,addison1 ref]r+ to ! manipulators ( w9e ( 8 "t1 writes3 8,^! subtle philosoph]s are daily employ$ 9 ! transmutation ( liquors1 &1 by ! p[] ( magical drugs & incantations1 raise "u ! /reets ( ,london ! *oice/ products ( ! hills & valleys ( ,france2 !y squeeze ,bordeaux out ( ! sloe & draw *ampagne f an apple40#b ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 at ,biebri* on ! ,rh9e1 a w9e sophi/icator 0 =c$ to dr9k six qu>ts ( 8 own /ock1 & x is record$ ) due gravity t ! te/ result$ fatally4 ,n v _m ye>s s9ce1 a manufactur] ( w9e at ,rheims secur$ = 8 *ampagne1 :i* 0 *iefly consum$ 9 ,wrtemb]g1 a high reputation1 on acc\nt ( ! unusually exhil>at+ effects foll[+ its use4 ,suspicion be+ at l5g? ar\s$1 ,liebig made a *emical exam9ation ( ! article1 & f\nd t x 0 at lea/ unique 9 its gase\s composition1 be+ *>g$ ) "o volume ( c>bonic acid gas & two volumes ( nitr\s oxide1 or 8laugh+ gas40 ,^! e>ly attempts to control & puni% adult]ation1 :ile (t5 possess+ int]e/ on acc\nt ( _! qua9tness1 are *iefly important1 z be+ ! precursors ( ! protective legal measures :i* exi/ 9 m mod]n times4 ,9 #ahjb ! ,conseil de ,salubrit 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is1 & ?is body has s9ce develop$ into num]\s heal? bo>ds1 to :om ! ,fr5* are at pres5t ma9ly indebt$ = :at immunity f food falsification !y enjoy4 ,a v decid$ advance ^u all prec$+ me?ods to regulate ! public supply ( food 0 signalis$ 9 #ahgd by ! organisation 9 ,engl& ( ! ,society ( ,public ,analy/s1 :o =mulat$ a legal def9ition ( adult]ation1 & issu$ ! /&>ds ( purity :i* articles ( g5]al consumption %\ld meet4 ,?is society 0 support$ 9 its valuable s]vices by ! enactm5t1 9 #ahge1 ( ! ,sale ( ,food & ,drugs ,act1 :i*1 ) ! am5dm5t add$ 9 #ahgi1 seems to embrace all necess>y safegu>ds aga9/ ! (f5ces s\ght to be suppress$4 ,! results ( _! "w are tabulat$ z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,ye>4 ,samples ,samples ,p]c5tage ,exam9$4 ,adult]at$4 ( ,adult]at$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #ahge-f #ae1ihi #b1hie #ahaj #ahgg #aa1idc #b1cga #aggj #ahgh #ae1ajg #b1eje #afeh #ahgi #ag1egd #c1jcb #agbe #ahhj #ag1iai #c1acb #agdg ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,( ! total numb] ( samples te/$1 ! classification ( adult]ations is z bel[3-- ,p] c5t4 ,milk #ejih ,butt] #egc ,groc]ies #abij ,drugs #beb ,w9e1 spirits1 & be] #aeah ,bread & fl\r #bfh ,wat]s 7includ+ m9]al7 #iah ,sundries #jhc ,m rec5t data conc]n+ ! falsification ( food 9 ,great ,brita9 are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,ye>4 ,samples ,numb] ,p] c5t4 ( ,te/$4 ,adult]at$4 ,adult]at$4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #ahha #ag1hbc #b1die #adj #ahhb #ai1dci #b1iaf #aej #ahhc #ad1ijj #b1dec #afd ---------------------------------------- ----- ,( ! samples ( spirits & be] exam9$1 ab\t #be p] c5t4 7 adult]at$4 ,! results ( ! "w done at ! ,p>is ,municipal ,laboratory are ! foll[+3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,bad4 ----------------------- ,ye>4 ,samples ,good4 ,passable4 ,n ,te/$4 ,injuri\s4 ,injuri\s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ahha #f1beh #a1efe #a1ebc #b1fjh #efb #ahhb #aj1geb #b1gjg #b1fgi #c1hbb #a1edd #ahhc #ad1fhf -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,! ,am]ican *>act]i/ic ( controll+ _! own p]sonal affairs1 & ! result+ dis9cl9ation to resort to any?+ sav\r+ ( p>5tal gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce1 has probably _h its effect 9 ret>d+ e>ly sy/ematic action 9 ! matt] ( adult]ation4 ,sporadic attempts to secure legislative re/rictions h1 x is true1 occasionally be5 made1 b ! laws pass$ 7 almo/ inv>iably ( a specific nature1 design$ to meet "s isolat$ case1 & 7 de/9$ to %>e ! fate ( mo/ legislation ( ! k9d--! p>ticul> adult]ation be+ = ! nonce suppress$1 ! law became practically a dead lett]4 ,subsequ5t ef=t to obta9 m compreh5sive laws incl9$ to ! o!r extreme1 & ! enactm5ts secur$ 7 s g5]al 9 scope1 & s defici5t 9 details1 t loopholes 7 inadv]t5tly all[$ to rema91 ?r\gh :i* ! crafty adult]ator (t5 manag$ to escape4 ,! pres5t food legislation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 to "s ext5t anticipat$ 9 #ahdh by an ,act ( ,congress to secure ! purity ( import$ drugs4 ,9 ?is enactm5t ^! are direct$ to be te/$ by ! /&>ds e/abli%$ by ! v>i\s (ficial ph>macopias2 tw5ty-?ree are specifically enum]at$1 ! mo/ important be+ ,p]uvian b>k & opium4 ,! ,act is /ill 9 =ce4 ,all previ\s ef=ts to regulate ! quality ( our food supply culm9at$ 9 #ahgg 9 =mal action be+ tak5 by sev]al ( ! ,/ate ,bo>ds ( ,heal?1 at ^: in/ance laws aga9/ adult]ation 7 =mulat$1 & *emi/s commission$ to collect & exam9e samples ( alim5t>y sub/ances1 & furni% reports on ! subject4 ,^! may be f\nd 9 ! publications ( ! same1 notably 9 ! volumes issu$ by ! ,new ,york1 ,massa*usetts1 ,mi*igan1 & ,new ,j]sey ,bo>ds4 ,! s]vice r5d]$ to ! public by ^! inve/igations is almo/ incalculable1 & ! annual reports conta9+ ! results ( ! same are fraught ) int]e/4 ,= ! fir/ "t we are plac$ 9 possession ( tru/wor?y /ati/ics1 indicat+ ! ext5t ( food sophi/ication 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! annual report ( ! ,new ,york ,city ,bo>d ( ,heal? = ! ye> #ahhe furni%es ! foll[+ /ati/ics3-- ,milk exam9$ #g1jjf samples4 ,adult]at$ milk de/roy$ #a1gja qu>ts4 ,c&y de/roy$ #gb1gjj lbs4 ,*eese #e1gjj ,packages ( tea1 ord]$ out ( sale #bff ,cann$ goods condemn$ #ci1ije ,pickles #d1jjj ,c(fee #d1ajj ,pepp]1 spices1 & bak+ p[d] #a1dee ,meat & fi% #gij1daj ,fruit #bab1jjj ,total inspections #dc1ffe ,compla9ts made #e1ghf ,f9es collect$ #b1jgj ,"s ( ! results ( ! "w p]=m$ by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? dur+ ! ye> #ahhb are tabulat$ bel[3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( ,numb] ,p] c5t4 ( ,article4 ,samples f\nd to be ,adult]at$4 ,te/$4 ,adult]at$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,butt] #dj #ba #ebej ,olive oil #af #i #efbe ,bak+ p[d] #hd #h #ieb ,fl\r #aag #h #fhd ,spices #ahj #aab #fbbb ,c(fee 7gr\nd7 #ba #ai #ijdh ,c&y 7yell[7 #aj #g #gjjj ,br&y #be #af #fdjj ,sug> 7br[n7 #fg #d #eig ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,9 int]pret+ ! significance ( ! =ego+ table1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t 9 ! va/ majority ( cases ! adult]ations practis$ 7 n ( an injuri\s nature1 b consi/$ ( a fraudul5t admixture ( "s *eap] sub/ance1 ! object be+ an increase ( bulk or weight result+ 9 augm5t$ pr(it4 ,mu* ( ! emb>rassm5t exp]i5c$ by heal? au?orities 9 _! ef=ts to br+ p]sons guilty ( food adult]ation to puni%m5t is due to ! lack ( explicit detail 9 ! law4 ,x is f> easi] to sub/antiate ! fact ( ! adult]ation ?an x is to produce ! (f5d] 9 c\rt & secure 8 conviction4 ,num]\s cases are on record illu/rat+ ! peculi> cont+5cies :i* at times arise4 ,probably ) ! be/ int5tion1 a milk v5dor labell$ 8 wagon1 8,c\ntry skimm$ milk1 sold z adult]at$20 an inspector b\ght a sample1 n notic+ ! label1 & ! magi/rate convict$ ! v5dor1 d\btless on ! gr\nd t due att5tion _h n be5 direct$ to ! adv]tisem5t4#c ,*ief ,ju/ice ,cockburn1 9 ref]r+ to an analog\s case1 said3 8,if ! sell] *ooses to sell an article ) a c]ta9 admixture1 ! onus lies on him to prove t ! pur*as] knew :at he 0 pur*as+40 ,9 mo/ in/ances1 :5 9 o/5sible compliance ) ! law1 a package be>s a label purport+ to /ate ! actual nature ( its cont5ts1 ! label is ei!r pr9t$ 9 su* small type1 or is plac$ 9 s inconspicu\s a position1 t ! buy] is 9 ignorance ( its exi/5ce at ! "t ! pur*ase is made4 ,a confection] 9 ,bo/on 0 suspect$ ( sell+ adult]at$ c&y1 & :ile x 0 prov$ t a sample b\ght ( him conta9$ a dang]\s proportion ( a poison\s pigm5t--*romate ( lead--he escap$ conviction1 on ! plea t c&y 0 n an article ( food )9 ! mean+ ( ! exi/+ law1 :i*1 x seems1 has s9ce be5 am5d$ s z to embrace cases ( ?is k9d4 ,9 a rec5t action br\ght by ! ,new ,york ,bo>d ( ,heal? to obta9 an injunction aga9/ ! sale ( c]ta9 ,p+ ,suey teas1 x 0 held by ! c\rt1 9 refus+ to grant ! same1 t1 al?\gh ! teas 9 "q _h be5 cle>ly %[n to be adult]at$ ) gypsum1 ,prussian blue1 s&1 etc41 x 0 likewise necess>y to prove t ! effect ( ^! admixtures 0 su* z to con/itute a s]i\s dang] to public heal?4 ,z a result ( ! publicity lately giv5 to ! subject ( food adult]ation1 a popul> impression has be5 produc$ t any sub/ance employ$ z an adult]ant (1 or a sub/itute = ano!r1 is to be avoid$ p] se4 ,p]haps ! common belief t = all purposes cotton-se$ oil is inf]ior to olive oil1 & oleom>g>9e to butt]1 is ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is t5d5cy4 ,n[1 z a matt] ( fact1 pure cotton-se$ oil1 z at pres5t f\nd on ! m>ket1 is less liable to become rancid ?an ! product ( ! olive1 &1 = _m cul9>y uses1 x is at lea/ q z s]viceable4 ,absolute cleanl9ess is a s9e qua non 9 ! successful manufacture ( oleom>g>9e1 &1 z an economical sub/itute = ! inf]ior k9ds ( butt] (t5 expos$ = sale1 its discov]y _c ju/ly be reg>d$ a mis=tune4 ,! sale ( ^! products1 "u _! true "n1 %\ld n only be all[$1 b "u "s circum/ances ev5 enc\rag$4 ,! b5efits accru+ to ! community by reason ( ! s]vice ( our ,/ate ,bo>ds ( ,heal? are s evid5t & s important1 t x is almo/ incr$ible t ^! bodies h n be5 put 9 possession ( all ! facilities necess>y = _! "w4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t1 :ile our legislators h be5 induc$ to enact good laws regulat+ adult]ation1 !y h (t5 signally fail$ to fulfil all ! requirem5ts indisp5sable to ! effici5t execution ( ! same4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! details ( ?is bran* ( ! subject1 x is prop] to obs]ve t ow+ to ! lack ( necess>y funds1 great pecuni>y emb>rassm5t has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ ! s]vices ( a compet5t corps ( exp]ts1 :o1 9 addition to _! inadequate remun]ation1 mu/ incur ! exp5ses ( pur*as+ samples4 ,! appo9tm5t ( public analy/s 9 our l>g] t[ns & cities--z has = "s "t be5 ! case 9 ,great ,brita9--is c]ta9ly to be urg5tly recomm5d$4 ,all attempts to awak5 public int]e/ 9 ! subject ( food adult]ation are ( any real s]vice only z !y may be conducive to ! adoption ( m advanc$ & improv$ measures = ! suppression ( ! practice4 ,9 g5]al1 ! adult]ations to :i* food is subject$ may be divid$ into ^? positively delet]i\s to heal? 7su* z ! col\r+ ( confection]y by *rome yell[71 ^? :i* are only fraudul5t 7su* z ! addition ( fl\r to mu/>d71 & ^? :i* may be fairly consid]$ z accid5tal 7su* z ! pres5ce ( a small am\nt ( s& 9 tea74 ,x w\ld exce$ ! limits ( ?is volume to ent] into a compreh5sive review ( ! almo/ endless v>ieties ( adult]ation4 ,! foll[+ li/ embraces ! articles mo/ expos$ to falsification1 toge!r ) ! adult]ants commonly employ$3-- ,article4 ,common ,adult]ants4 ,bak]'s *emicals ,/>*1 alum4 ,bread & fl\r ,o!r meals1 alum4 ,butt] ,wat]1 col\r+ matt]1 oleom>g>9e1 & o!r fats4 ,cann$ foods ,metallic poisons4 ,*eese ,l>d1 oleom>g>9e1 cotton-se$ oil1 metallic salts 79 r9d74 ,cocoa & *ocolate ,sug>1 />*1 fl\r4 ,c(fee ,*icory1 peas1 rye1 corn1 col\r+ matt]s4 ,confection]y ,/>*-sug>1 />*1 artificial ess5ces1 poison\s pigm5ts1 t]ra alba1 pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,honey ,glucose-syrup1 cane sug>4 ,malt liquors ,artificial glucose & bitt]s1 sodium bic>bonate1 salt4 ,milk ,wat]1 & removal ( cream4 ,mu/>d ,fl\r1 turm]ic1 cay5ne4 ,olive oil ,cotton-se$ & o!r oils4 ,pepp] ,v>i\s gr\nd meals4 ,pickles ,salts ( copp]4 ,spices ,pepp]-du/1 />*1 fl\r4 ,spirits ,wat]1 fusil oil1 aromatic e!rs1 burnt sug>4 ,sug> ,/>*-sug>4 ,tea ,exhau/$ tea leaves1 =eign leaves1 indigo1 ,prussian blue1 gypsum1 soap-/one1 s&4 ,v9eg> ,wat]1 sulphuric acid4 ,w9e ,wat]1 spirits1 coal t> & vegetable col\rs1 factiti\s imitations4 ,! above table includes ^? admixtures :i* h actually be5 detect$ by *emi/s ( repute )9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 & omits _m r s5sational =ms ( adult]ation m5tion$ 9 ! e>ly treatises on ! subject1 ! practice ( :i* appe>s to h be5 discont9u$4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages1 "s ( ! m important articles ( food & dr9k are describ$ ) especial ref]5ce to _! *emical relations & ! ord9>y adult]ations to :i* !y are expos$4 ,x %\ld be add$1 t _m ( ! me?ods ( exam9ation giv5 are quot$ 9 a cond5s$ =m f ! m ext5sive works on food-analysis4 ,,footnotes3 #a #8,foods3 ,composition & ,analysis1' pp4 #a-ah4 #b ,! ,tatl]1 #agaj4 #c #8,analy/1' #ahhj1 p4 #bbe4 ,,tea4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( tea is probably contempor>y ) t ( ,*9a1 al?\gh1 9 t c\ntry1 ! fir/ au!ntic m5tion ( ! plant 0 z late z ,a4,d4 #cej2 :ile1 9 ,european lit]ature1 its e>lie/ notice occurs 9 ! ye> #aeej4 ,! fir/ important consignm5t ( tea into ,engl& took place 9 #afeg4 ,*9ese tea made its appe>ance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #agaa2 9 #aheh1 ! importation ( ,japan tea began4 ,dur+ ! season ( #ahhc-ahhd1 ! importation ( tea into ?is c\ntry#d 0--f ,*9a1 #cj millions ( p\nds2 f ,japan1 #cb millions ( p\nds4 ,rec5tly1 num]\s %ipm5ts ( ,indian tea h be5 plac$ ^u our m>kets1 ! quality ( :i* comp>es v fav\rably ) ! old] & bett] kn[n v>ieties4 ,dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s ! consumption ( tea 9 ?is c\ntry has mat]ially decreas$2 :il/ t ( c(fee has und]gone an almo/ correspond+ increase4 ,! p] capita consumption ( tea & c(fee 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z comp>$ ) t ( ,great ,brita9 is z foll[s3--,unit$ ,/ates1 tea1 #aaf2 c(fee1 #iej2 ,great ,brita91 tea1 #dfb2 c(fee1 #jhi4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhe our importation ( tea approximat$ #hb millions ( p\nds1 t ( c(fee be+ ne>ly #dee millions ( p\nds4 ,g5u9e tea is ! prep>$ leaf ( ,!a s95sis4 ,! gr[? ( ! tea %rub is usually re/rict$ by artificial means to a height ( f ?ree to five feet4 ,x is ready = pick+ at ! end ( ! ?ird ye>1 ! av]age life ( ! plant be+ ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,! fir/ pick+ is made 9 ! middle ( ,april1 ! second on ! #a/ ( ,may1 ! ?ird 9 ! middle ( ,july1 & occasionally a f\r? dur+ ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,! fir/ pick+s1 :i* obvi\sly consi/ ( ! "y & m t5d] leaves1 furni% ! f9] grades ( tea4 ,aft] sort+1 ! natural moi/ure ( ! leaves is p>tially remov$ by press+ & roll+2 !y are next m ?or\ghly dri$ by g5tly roa/+ 9 iron pans = a few m9utes4 ,! leaves are !n roll$ on bamboo tables & aga9 roa/$1 occasionally re-roll$ & re-fir$1 & f9ally sep>at$ into ! v>i\s k9ds1 su* z twankay1 hyson1 "y hyson1 gunp[d]1 etc41 by pass+ ?r\gh sieves4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 gre5 & black tea is ma9ly due to ! fact t ! =m] is dri$ %ortly aft] ga!r+1 & !n roll$ & c>efully fir$1 :]eas black tea is fir/ made up into heaps1 :i* are expos$ to ! air = "s "t be=e fir+ & all[$ to und]go a species ( f]m5tation1 result+ 9 ! conv]sion ( its orig9al olive-gre5 into a black col\r4 ,! me?ods employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! tea are some:at modifi$ 9 _! details 9 ! diff]5t tea di/ricts ( ,*9a & ,japan4 ,9 ,japan two v>ieties ( ! leaf are us$1 :i* are t]m$ 8otoko0 7male71 & 8ona0 7female71 ! =m] be+ l>g] & co>s] ?an ! latt]4 ,aft] pick+1 ! leaves are /eam$ by plac+ !m 9 a wood5 tray susp5d$ ov] boil+ wat]1 9 :i* !y are all[$ to rema9 = ab\t half a m9ute4 ,!y are next ?r[n ^u a t\gh pap] membrane atta*$ to ! top ( an ov51 :i* is heat$ by burn+ *>coal cov]$ ) a%es1 :]e !y are con/antly manipulat$ by ! h& until ! light-gre5 col\r turns to a d>k olive1 & ! leaves h become spirally twi/$4 ,aft] ?is 8fir+10 ! tea is dri$ at a l[ temp]ature = f f\r to eight h\rs2 x is next sort$ by pass+ ?r\gh sieves1 & is !n turn$ ov] to ! 8g-d[ns10 or w>eh\ses ( ! =eign]s1 :]e ! fac+ process is c>ri$ on by plac+ ! tea 9 l>ge metallic b[ls1 heat$ by means ( a furnace1 & gradually add+ ! v>i\s pigm5ts us$1 ! mixture be+ cont9ually /irr$4 ,! tea is f9ally aga9 sort$ by means ( l>ge fans1 & is n[ ready = pack+ & %ipm5t4 ,! sophi/ications to :i* tea is expos$ h receiv$ ! c>eful att5tion ( *emi/s1 b n to a great] ext5t ?an ! importance ( ! subject m]its2 inde$1 x is safe to ass]t t no article among alim5t>y sub/ances has be51 at lea/ 9 pa/ ye>s1 m subject$ to adult]ation4 ,! falsifications :i* are practis$ to no inconsid]able ext5t may be conv5i5tly divid$ into ?ree classes4 #a/4 ,additions made = ! purpose ( giv+ increas$ weight & bulk1 :i* include =eign leaves & sp5t tea leaves1 & also c]ta9 m9]al sub/ances1 su* z metallic iron1 s&1 brick-du/1 etc4 #bnd4 ,sub/ances add$ 9 ord] to produce an artificial appe>ance ( /r5g? to ! tea decoction1 cate*u & o!r bodies ri* 9 tann9 be+ ma9ly resort$ to = ?is purpose4 #crd4 ,! imp>t+ ( a bright & %9+ appe>ance to an inf]ior tea by means ( v>i\s col\r+ mixtures or 8fac+s10 :i* op]ation1 :ile sometimes practis$ ^u black tea1 is f> m common ) ! gre5 v>iety4 ,?is adult]ation involves ! use ( soap-/one1 gypsum1 ,*9a clay1 ,prussian blue1 indigo1 turm]ic1 & graphite4 ,! au?or lately receiv$ f ,japan sev]al samples ( ! prep>ations employ$ = fac+ ! tea 9 t c\ntry1 ! composition ( :i* 0 %[n by analysis to be ess5tially z foll[s3-- #a4 ,magnesium silicate 7soap-/one74 #b4 ,calcium sulphate 7gypsum74 #c4 ,turm]ic4 #d4 ,indigo4 #e4 ,f]ric f]rocyanide 7,prussian blue74 #f4 ,soap-/one1 #dge p] c5t42 gypsum1 #dge p] c5t42 ,prussian blue1 #e p] c5t4 #g4 ,soap-/one1 #de p] c5t42 gypsum1 #de p] c5t42 ,prussian blue1 #aj p] c5t4 #h4 ,soap-/one1 #ge p] c5t42 indigo1 #be p] c5t4 #i4 ,soap-/one1 #fj p] c5t42 indigo1 #dj p] c5t4 ,! 8fac+0 or 8bloom+0 ( tea is (t5 accompli%$ by simply plac+ x 9 an iron pan1 heat$ by a fire1 & rapidly incorporat+ ) x "o ( ! prec$+ mixtures 7,nos4 #f1 #g1 #h1 or #i71 9 ! proportion ( ab\t half a dram to sev5 or eight p\nds ( ! tea1 a brisk /irr+ be+ ma9ta9$ until ! desir$ %ade ( col\r is produc$4 ,"s ( ! above =ms ( sophi/ication usually g toge!r2--?us exhau/$ tea is re/or$ by fac+4 ,! collection ( ! sp5t leaves takes place 9 ,*9a4 ,mu* ( ! fac+ 01 until ab\t ?ree ye>s s9ce1 done 9 ,new ,york city1 & con/itut$ a regul> bran* ( bus9ess1 :i* includ$ among its op]ations su* metamorphoses z ! conv]sion ( a gre5 tea into a black1 & vice v]s4 ,accord+ to ,james ,bell1#e ! composition ( g5u9e tea is z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,cong\4 ,"y ,hyson4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,moi/ure #hbj #eif ,!9e #cbd #bcc ,album91 insoluble #agbj #afhc soluble #jgj #jhj ,extractive1 by alcohol #fgi #gje ,dextr9e1 or gum 44 #jej ,pect9 & pectic acid #bfj #cbb ,tann9 #afdj #bgad ,*lorophyll & res9 #dfj #dbj ,cellulose #cdjj #beij ,a% #fbg #fjg ------------------------ #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,! a% ( samples ( uncol\r$ & unfac$ tea1 & ( sp5t tea analys$ by ! au?or1 _h ! foll[+ composition3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,oolong 7av]age ( ,japan4 ,sp5t ,black #ej samples74 ,tea4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,total a% #fjd #eeh #beb ,soluble 9 wat] #cdd #cfj #jbh ,p] c5t4 soluble #egjj #fdee #aaaa ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,composition4 ,silica #aacj #icj #bgge ,*lor9e #aec #afj #jgi ,potassa #cgdf #dafc ,soda #adj #aab ,f]ric oxide #ahj #aab #afjj ,alum9a #eac #dbf ,manganic oxide #baj #acj ,lime #idc #hah #aiff ,magnesia #hjj #ecc #aabj ,phosphoric acid #abbg #affb #aehj ,sulphuric acid #dah #cfd #aaj ,c>bonic acid #edj #eij #fgj -------------------------------- #ajjjj #ajjjj #iijj ---------------------------------------- --------------- 8,tea du/0 af=ds a high proportion ( a%1 sometimes am\nt+ to #bj p] c5t41 ! composition ( :i* is usually /rik+ly diff]5t f t ( ! a% ( ord9>y tea4 ,x is defici5t 9 potassa & phosphoric acid1 & ! am\nt ( a% insoluble 9 wat] & acids is v excessive1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ analysis1 made by ! au?or3-- ,a% ( ,tea ,du/4 ,p] c5t4 ,insoluble 9 acids #fjcj ,alum9a & f]ric oxide #ffj ,lime #eaj ,magnesia #ghi ,potassa #aajj ,soda #bea ,sulphuric acid #abc ,*lor9e #jfc ,phosphoric acid #dgc ----- #iiii ,a% insoluble 9 wat] #hjjj ,,plate ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tea ,,leaves4 ,! portion ( a% insoluble 9 acids consi/$ ( silica1 clay1 & soap/one1 indicat+ t ! a% ( tea du/ is l>gely compos$ ( ! m9]al sub/ances employ$ = 8fac+0 purposes4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! a% ( unsp5t tea are ! pres5ce ( manganic oxide1 ! l>ge proportion ( potassium salts pres5t1 & ! solubility ( ! a% 9 wat]4 ,! am\nt ( a% 9 g5u9e tea ranges f five to six p] c5t4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( exhau/$ leaves1 x has be5 f\nd t ! f9] sorts ( tea af=d a small] proportion ( a% ?an ! inf]ior grades4 ,x w be notic$ t sp5t tea a% exhibits a m>k$ increase 9 ! proportion ( insoluble comp\nds 7silica1 alum9a1 & f]ric oxide71 z well z a total abs5ce ( potassium salts4 ,! pres5ce ( =eign leaves1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 ( m9]al adult]ants 9 tea is be/ detect$ by means ( a microscopical exam9ation ( ! suspect$ sample4 ,! g5u9e tea-leaf is *>act]is$ by its peculi> s]rations & v5ations4 ,its bord] exhibits s]rations :i* /op a little %ort ( ! /alk1 :ile ! v5ations ext5d f ! c5tral rib1 ne>ly p>allel to "o ano!r1 b turn j be=e rea*+ ! bord] ( ! leaf4 ,plate ,i4 7,frontispiece7 is a photogravure ( a twig ( ! tea plant1 9 possession ( ! au?or4 ,! leaves are ( natural size1 b ! majority are ( a great] maturity ?an ^? us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( tea1 :i* m resemble 9 size ! few upp] leaves4 ,plate ,,ii4 %[s m di/9ctly ! s]rations & v5ations ( ! tea-leaf4 ,! ,*9ese are said to occasionally employ a%1 camelia1 & dog-rose leaves = admixture ) tea1 & ! product is /at$ to h =m]ly be5 subject$ 9 ,engl& to ! addition ( sloe1 will[1 bee*1 haw?orn1 oak1 etc4 ,= sc5t+ purposes1 *ulan fl[]s1 rose1 jasm9e1 & orange leaves1 h be5 employ$4 ,! writ] has lately receiv$ f ,japan specim5s ( will[1 wi/]ia1 te-mo-ki1 & o!r leaves :i* at "o "t 7 us$ 9 t c\ntry z admixtures4 ,plate ,,iii4 exhibits "s ( ^! leaves1 two g5u9e ,japan tea-leaves be+ includ$ = purpose ( comp>ison4 ,! leaves repres5t$ 9 ?is plate are3 #a1 bee*2 #b1 haw?orn2 #c1 rose2 #d1 ,japan tea2 #e1 will[2 #f1 te-mo-ki2 #g1 elm2 #h1 wi/]ia2 #i1 popl>4 ,f v rec5t reports ( ! ,am]ican consuls 9 ,japan & ,*9a1 x w\ld appe> t ! addition ( =eign leaves to tea is at pres5t b seldom resort$ to1 & ?is accords ) ! au?or's exp]i5ce 9 ! te/+ ( ! teas import$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,9 #ahhd1 ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t made x a crim9al (f5ce to adult]ate tea1 & in/itut$ 8tea guilds10 :i* are gov]n$ by v /r+5t laws1 & ( :i* mo/ deal]s ( repute are memb]s4 ,! fac+ ( tea does n appe>1 h[ev]1 to h be5 consid]$ an adult]ation1 its cont9u$ practice be+ ju/ifi$ by ! plea t o!rwise ,japan teas w\ld n suit ! ta/e ( ,am]ican consum]s4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tea ,,& ,,o!r ,,leaves4 ,9 ! microscopic exam9ation ( tea1 ! sample %\ld be moi/5$ ) hot wat] & spread out on a glass plate1 & !n submitt$ to a c>eful inspection1 especial att5tion be+ direct$ to ! g5]al outl9e ( ! leaf & its s]rations & v5ations4 ,! pres5ce ( exhau/$ tea-leaves may (t5 be detect$ by _! s(t texture & g5]ally dis9tegrat$ appe>ance4 ,if a consid]able quantity ( ! tea be plac$ 9 a long glass cyl9d] & agitat$ ) cold wat]1 ! col\r+ & o!r abnormal sub/ances frequ5tly become deta*$1 & ei!r rise to ! surface ( ! liquid z a sort ( scum1 or fall to ! bottom z a s$im5t4 ,9 ?is way ,prussian blue1 indigo1 soap/one1 gypsum1 s&1 & turm]ic c (t5 be sep>at$1 & subsequ5tly recognis$ by _! *>act]i/ic appe>ance "u ! microscope4 ,! sep>at$ sub/ances %\ld also be subject$ to a *emical exam9ation4 ,prussian blue is detect$ by heat+ ) a solution ( sodium hydroxide1 filt]+1 acidulat+ ! filtrate ) acetic acid1 & !n add+ f]ric *loride1 :51 9 its pres5ce1 a blue col\r w be produc$4 ,indigo is be/ recognis$ by ! microscopic exam9ation4 ,x is n decoloris$ by cau/ic alkali1 b x dissolves 9 sulphuric acid to a blue liquid4 ,soap/one1 gypsum1 s&1 & metallic iron1 are id5tifi$ by means ( ! usual *emical reactions4 ,a comp\nd v aptly t]m$ 8,lie-tea10 is sometimes met )4 ,x =ms little pellets1 consi/+ ( tea-du/ mix$ ) =eign leaves1 s&1 etc41 & held toge!r by means ( gum or />*4 ,?is falls to p[d] if treat$ ) boil+ wat]4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( cate*u1 ! tea infusion usually assumes a muddy appe>ance ^u /&+4 ,9 case iron salts h be5 employ$ to deep5 ! col\r ( ! infusion1 !y c be detect$ by treat+ ! gr\nd tea-leaves ) acetic acid1 & te/+ ! filt]$ solution ) potassium f]rocyanide4 ,tea %\ld n turn black ^u imm]sion 9 hydrosulphuric acid wat]1 nor %\ld x imp>t a blue col\r to ammonia wat]4 ,! infusion %\ld be amb]-col\r$1 & n become r$d5$ by ! addition ( an acid4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,tea ,adult]ation ,act 0 pass$ by ,congress 9 #ahhc4 ,! enactm5t ( ?is law 0 l>gely due to ! ex]tions ( prom95t tea m]*ants1 ^: bus9ess int]e/s 7 s]i\sly affect$ by ! sale 7pr9cipally 9 trade auctions7 ( ! debas$ or spuri\s article4 ,x is /at$ 9 ! (ficial report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,tea ,exam9] at ,new ,york ,city1 t f ,m>* #ahhc to ,decemb] ( ! same ye>1 #hef1bha packages 7ab\t f\r millions ( p\nds7 ( tea 7 inspect$1 ( :i* #gjjj packages 7#cbe1jjj p\nds7 7 reject$ z unfit = consumption4 ,s9ce ! en=cem5t 9 ,new ,york ,city ( ! ,tea ,adult]ation ,act1 ne>ly #bjjj samples ( tea h be5 *emically te/$ "u ! direction ( ! au?or4 ,! proportion grossly adult]at$ has be5 a little ov] n9e p] c5t4 ,b ?is does n apply to ! total am\nt import$1 s9ce only ^? samples :i* 7 some:at suspici\s 9 appe>ance 7 submitt$ = analysis4 ,z ! result ( ! pa/ two ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 ! *emical exam9ation ( tea1 ! prevail+ adult]ations 7 f\nd to be ( two k9ds--! admixture ( sp5t tea-leaves1 & ! application to ! tea ( a fac+ prep>ation4 ,a natural gre5 tea possesses a dull hue1 & is b seldom met ) 9 ! trade2 "s ,moyunes & uncol\r$ ,japans 7:i* latt]1 prop]ly speak+1 is n a gre5 tea7 be+ almo/ ! only v>ieties n exhibit+ ! bright metallic lu/re due to ! fac+ process4 ,! addition ( =eign leaves 0 detect$ only 9 a few in/ances2 ! pres5ce ( s& & gravel occurr$ f> m frequ5tly4 ,apropos ( ! practical utility ( ,gov]nm5tal sanit>y legislation1 x c be /at$ t1 s9ce ! en=cem5t ( ! ,adult]ation ,act1 ! tea import$ into ! city ( ,new ,york has v p]ceptibly improv$ 9 quality4 ,attempts 9 tea culture are be+ made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,columbia1 ,s4,a4 ,a specim5 ( ! prep>$ plant receiv$ by ! writ]1 diff]$ greatly 9 appe>ance f ! ,*9ese & ,japanese products4 ,! leaves1 :i* _h n be5 roll$ b 7 q flat1 possess$ a light pea-gre5 col\r & a f9e b r fa9t aroma4 ,an exam9ation indicat$ t ! tea1 al?\gh v delicate 9 quality1 0 s]i\sly defici5t 9 body4 ,! analysis %[$3-- ,p] c5t4 ,moi/ure #fgj ,total a% #dhb ,a% soluble 9 wat] #afb ,a% insoluble 9 wat] #cbj ,a% insoluble 9 acid #jaf ,extract #bgdj ,tannic acid #dca ,!9e #jff ,insoluble leaf #feij ,! foll[+ ,tea ,assay1 :ile n includ+ ! det]m9ations ( all ! proximate con/itu5ts ( ! plant1 w1 x is believ$1 9 mo/ in/ances suffice to indicate to ! analy/ ! pres5ce ( sp5t leaves1 m9]al col\r+ matt]s1 & o!r inorganic adult]ations4 ,!9e 7,caffe9e71 ,c#h;,h#aj,n#d,o#b4--;,contr>y to ! once g5]al belief1 !re does n always exi/ a direct relation betwe5 ! quality ( tea 7at lea/ s f> z ?is is indicat$ by its m>ket price7 & ! proportion ( !9e conta9$1 al?\gh ! physiological value ( ! plant is d\btless due to ! pres5ce ( ?is alkaloid4 ,! comm]cial tea-ta/] is almo/ entirely guid$ 9 8 judgm5t 9 reg>d to ! value ( a sample ( tea by ! age ( ! leaf1 & by ! flav\r or b\quet produc$ ^u 8draw+10 & ?is latt] quality is to be ma9ly ascrib$ to ! volatile oil4 ,! foll[+ process w s]ve = ! e/imation ( !9e3--,a weigh$ quantity ( ! tea is boil$ ) di/ill$ wat] until ! filt]$ infusion ceases to exhibit any col\r4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ on a wat] ba? to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup2 x is next mix$ ) calc9$ magnesia to alkal9e reaction1 & c>efully evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! residue obta9$ is !n f9ely p[d]$1 dige/$ = a day or s ) e!r 7or *lor(orm7 & filt]$1 ! rema9+ undissolv$ matt] be+ aga9 dige/$ ) a fre% quantity ( e!r1 s long z any fur!r solution ( !9e takes place4 ,! e!r is n[ remov$ f ! unit$ filtrates by di/illation1 :]eupon ! !9e w be obta9$ 9 a fairly pure condition4 ,!9e conta9s a v l>ge proportion ( nitrog5 7almo/ #bi p] c5t471 & ,wanklyn#f has sugge/$ ! application ( 8 ammonia process 7see p4 #bje7 to ! analysis ( tea4 ,g5u9e tea is /at$ to yield f #jg to #jh p] c5t4 ( total ammonia1 :5 te/$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,volatile ,oil4--,t5 grammes ( ! tea are di/ill$ ) wat]2 ! di/illate is filt]$1 saturat$ ) calcium *loride1 !n well agitat$ ) e!r1 & all[$ to rema9 at re/ = "s "t4 ,! e!real solution is subsequ5tly drawn (f1 & spontane\sly evaporat$ 9 a weigh$ capsule4 ,! increase 9 weight gives approximately ! am\nt ( oil pres5t4 ,a sample ( good black tea yield$ by ?is me?od #jhg p] c5t4 ( volatile oil4 ,tann94--,two grammes ( ! well-av]ag$ sample are boil$ ) #ajj c4c4 ( wat]1 = ab\t an h\r1 & ! infusion filt]$1 ! undissolv$ matt] rema9+ ^u ! filt] be+ ?or\ghly wa%$ ) hot wat]1 & ! wa%+s add$ to ! solution fir/ obta9$4 ,if necess>y1 ! liquid is next r$uc$ to a volume ( #ajj c4c4 by evaporation ov] a wat]-ba?4 ,x is !n heat$ to boil+1 & #be c4c4 ( a solution ( cupric acetate add$4 ,! copp] solution is prep>$ by dissolv+ five grammes ( ! salt 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]1 & filt]+4 ,! precipitate =m$ is sep>at$ by filtration1 well wa%$1 dri$1 & ignit$ 9 a porcela9 crucible4 ,a little nitric acid is !n add$ & ! ignition repeat$4 ,"o gramme ( ! cupric oxide ?us obta9$ repres5ts #acje grammes ( tann94 ,= ! e/imation ( sp5t leaves 7especially 9 black tea71 ,mr4 ,all5 sugge/s ! foll[+ =mula1 9 :i* ,e repres5ts ! p]c5tage ( sp5t tea1 & ,t ! p]c5tage ( tann9 f\nd3-- ,e 77#aj - ,t7#ajj7 _/ #h4 ,! ,a%4--a4 ,total ,a%4--,five grammes ( ! sample are plac$ 9 a plat9um di% & ignit$ ov] a ,buns5 burn] until complete inc9]ation is accompli%$4 ,! vessel is all[$ to cool 9 a desiccator1 & is !n quickly weigh$4 ,9 g5u9e tea ! total a% %\ld n be mu* bel[ #e p] c5t41 nor mu* above #f p] c5t41 & x %\ld n be magnetic4 ,9 fac$ teas ! proportion ( total a% is sometimes #aj p] c5t42 9 8lie-tea0 x may rea* #cj p] c5t42 :ile 9 sp5t tea x frequ5tly falls bel[ #c p] c5t41 ! a% 9 ?is case be+ abnormally ri* 9 lime salts1 & poor 9 potassium salts4 b4 ,a% insoluble 9 wat]4--,! total a% obta9$ 9 a is wa%$ into a beak]1 & boil$ ) wat] = a consid]able "t4 ,x is !n br\ght ^u a filt]1 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,9 unadult]at$ tea x r>ely exce$s #c p] c5t4 ( ! sample tak54 c4 ,a% soluble 9 wat]4--,?is proportion is obta9$ by d$uct+ ! a% insoluble 9 wat] f ! total a%4 ,g5u9e tea conta9s f #c p] c5t4 to #ce p] c5t4 ( soluble a%1 or at lea/ #ej p] c5t4 ( ! total a%1 :]eas 9 exhau/$ tea ! am\nt is (t5 b #je p] c5t4 ,! foll[+ =mula has be5 propos$ = ! calculation ( ! p]c5tage ( sp5t tea ,e1 :]e ,s is ! p]c5tage ( soluble a% obta9$3-- ,e 7#f - #b,s7#bj4 ,a sample prep>$ by av]ag+ sev]al good grades ( black tea1 0 mix$ ) an equal quantity ( exhau/$ tea-leaves4 ,! proportion ( soluble a% 9 ! mixture 0 f\nd to be #ah p] c5t4 ,accord+ to ! above =mula1 ! sp5t tea pres5t w\ld be #dh p] c5t41 or )9 #b p] c5t4 ( ! actual am\nt4 d4 ,a% insoluble 9 acid4--,! a% insoluble 9 wat] is boil$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 & ! residue sep>at$ by filtration1 wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,9 pure tea1 ! rema9+ a% ranges betwe5 #jc & #jh p] c5t42 9 fac$ tea1 or 9 tea adult]at$ by ! addition ( s&1 etc41 x may rea* ! proportion ( #b to #e p] c5t4 ,fragm5ts ( silica & brickdu/ are occasionally f\nd 9 ! a% insoluble 9 acid4 ,! ,extract4--,two grammes ( ! c>efully sampl$ tea are boil$ ) wat] until all soluble matt] is dissolv$1 m wat] be+ add$ f "t to "t to prev5t ! solution becom+ too conc5trat$4 ,! op]ation may also be conduct$ 9 a flask connect$ ) an asc5d+ ,liebig's cond5s]4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! infusion obta9$ is p\r$ ^u a t>$ filt]1 & ! rema9+ insoluble leaf repeat$ly wa%$ ) hot wat] s long z ! filt]$ liquor %[s a col\r4 ,! filtrate is n[ dilut$ to a volume ( #bjj c4c41 & ( ?is #ej c4c4 are tak5 & evaporat$ 9 a weigh$ di% until ! weight ( ! extract rema9s con/ant4 ,g5u9e tea af=ds f #cb to #ej p] c5t4 ( extract1 accord+ to its age & quality2 9 sp5t tea ! proportion ( extract w naturally be greatly r$uc$4 ,mr4 ,all5 employs ! =mula bel[ = det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( sp5t tea ,e 9 a sample1 ,r repres5t+ ! p]c5tage ( extract f\nd4 ,e 77#cb - ,r7#ajj7 _/ #cj4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! practical value ( ?is equation1 a sample ( black tea 0 mix$ ) #ej p] c5t4 ( sp5t tea-leaves1 & a det]m9ation made ( ! extract af=d$4 ,! calculat$ proportion ( sp5t tea 0 #dd p] c5t41 in/ead ( #ej p] c5t4 ,x %\ld be add$1 h[ev]1 t ! tea tak5 subsequ5tly prov$ to be ( a v sup]ior quality1 yield+ an extract ( #dj p] c5t4 ,gum 7,dextr9e74--,! proportion ( gum conta9$ 9 g5u9e tea is usually inconsid]able4 ,its sep>ation is effect$ by treat+ ! conc5trat$ extract ) alcohol1 all[+ ! mixture to /& at re/ = a few h\rs1 & collect+ ! precipitat$ gum ^u a t>$ filt]1 & c>efully dry+ & weigh+ x4 ,z a c]ta9 am\nt ( m9]al matt] is g5]ally pres5t 9 ! precipitate1 ?is %\ld aft]w>ds be inc9]at$ & a d$uction made = ! a% ?us obta9$4 ,a m satisfactory me?od is to treat ! sep>at$ dextr9e ) v dilute sulphuric acid1 & e/imate ! am\nt ( glucose =m$ by means ( ,fehl+'s solution 7see p4 #cg72 #ajj p>ts ( glucose are equival5t to #ij p>ts ( dextr9e4 ,insoluble ,leaf4--,! insoluble leaf z obta9$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! extract1 toge!r ) ! weigh$ filt]1 is plac$ 9 an air-ba?1 & dri$ = at lea/ eight h\rs at a temp]ature ( #ajj1g & !n weigh$4 ,9 g5u9e tea ! am\nt ( insoluble leaf ranges f #dg to #ed p] c5t42 9 exhau/$ tea x may rea* a proportion ( #ge p] c5t4 or m4 ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 ! =ego+ e/imations ! tea is tak5 9 its ord9>y air-dri$ condition4 ,if x be desir$ to r$uce ! results obta9$ to a dry basis1 an all[ance = ! moi/ure pres5t 9 ! sample 7an av]age ( #f to #h p] c5t471 or a direct det]m9ation ( ! same mu/ be made4 ,! foll[+ tabulation gives ! con/itu5ts ( g5u9e tea1 s f> z ! a%1 extract1 & insoluble leaf are involv$3-- ,total a% ranges betwe5 #dg & #fb p] c5t4 ,a% soluble 9 wat] ranges betwe5 #c & #ce p] c5t42 %\ld equal #ej p] c5t4 ( total a%4 ,a% insoluble 9 wat]1 n ov] #c p] c5t4 ,a% insoluble 9 acid ranges betwe5 #jc & #jh p] c5t4 ,extract#h ranges betwe5 #cb & #ej p] c5t4 ,insoluble leaf ranges betwe5 #dc & #eh p] c5t4 ,! table bel[ may prove useful z indicat+ ! requirem5ts to be exact$ :5 ! *emi/ is ask$ to give an op9ion conc]n+ ! pres5ce ( fac+ admixtures1 or ( exhau/$ or =eign leaves 9 a sample ( tea4 ,total a% %\ld n be "u #de p] c5t4 or above #g p] c5t4 ,a% soluble 9 wat] %\ld n be "u #dj p] c5t4 ( total a%4 ,a% insoluble 9 wat] %\ld n be ov] #cbe p] c5t4 ,a% insoluble 9 acid %\ld n be ov] #a p] c5t4 ,extract 7except+ 9 poor v>ieties ( ,cong\ tea7 %\ld n be "u #cj p] c5t4 ,insoluble ,leaf %\ld n be ov] #fj p] c5t4 ,! ,briti% ,society ( ,public ,analy/s adopt3-- ,total a% 7dry basis71 n ov] #h p] c5t4 7at lea/ #c p] c5t4 %\ld be soluble 9 wat]74 ,extract 7tea z sold71 n "u #cj p] c5t4 ,bel[ are ! proportions ( total a%1 a% soluble 9 wat]1 & extract f\nd 9 #hej samples ( tea 7mo/ly inf]ior & fac$71 exam9$ "u ! direction ( ! au?or 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,laboratory3-- ,,total ,,a%4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,range #e to #e #e to #f #f to #f #f to #g #g to #h #h p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 & ov] ,numb] #ba #gf #ajb #aid #dba #cf ,p] c5t4 #bdg #hid #abjj #bafd #diec #dbc ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,a% ,,soluble ,,9 ,,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,range ,"u #b #b to #c p]#c to #c p] #c p] c5t4 p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 & ov]4 ,numb] #be #fdi #aeg #ai ,p] c5t4 #bid #gfce #ahgj #bbc ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,extract4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,range #bj to #be #be to #cj p]#cj to #ce p]#ce to #dj p] p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ,numb] #ba #aea #dii #agi ,p] c5t4 #bdg #aggf #ehgj #baje ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,! foll[+ tabulation exhibits ! results obta9$ by ! exam9ation ( v>i\s grades ( ,=mosa1 ,cong\1 ,"y ,hyson1 ,gunp[d]1 & ,japan tea1 made1 "u ! sup]vision ( ! writ]1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,davis4 ,x w be notic$1 if ! same v>ieties ( tea be comp>$1 t1 ) "s exceptions1 _! comm]cial value is directly proportional to ! p]c5tages ( soluble a%1 extract1 tann91 & !9e conta9$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,=mosa ,oolong1 ,*oice1 #a/ ,crop4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,=mosa ,oolong1 ,sup]ior1 #a/ ,crop4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,=mosa ,oolong1 ,*oice1 #crd ,crop4 ------------------------------------ ,v>iety4 ,=mosa ,oolong1 ,sup]ior1 #crd ,crop4 ------------------------------ ,cong\1 ,*oice/4 --------------------- ,cong\1 ,m$ium4 --------------- ,cong\1 ,common4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- c4 c4 c4 c4 c4 c4 c4 ,price p] lb4 #gj #bh #ee #bd #fe to #gj #bd #ad 7:olesale74 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 ,total a% #fej #eif #ehj #fcd #fbb #fcf #feh ,a% soluble 9 #cfj #bhf #cab #cfj #cef #cjj #bhh wat]4 ,a% insoluble #bij #caj #bfh #bgd #bff #ccf #cgj 9 wat]4 ,a% insoluble #jhf #jid #jef #jff #jef #jff #ajf 9 acids4 ,extract #dbjjcgdjdcbjdjfj #cdfj #bifjbfbj ,insoluble leaf#edijeieeebgjefee #fjge #fdhjfhge ,tann9 #ahffafcaahjjafje #adhg #acgjabbf ,!9e #cdf #bbj #bbf #aci #cbi #bbc #bce ---------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,fir/ ,"y ,hyson1 ,regul> ,moyune4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,fir/ ,"y ,hyson1 ,pla9 ,draw4 ---------------------------------------- ,second ,"y ,hyson1 ,moyune4 ,v>iety4 ------------------------------- ,?ird ,"y ,hyson1 ,pla9 ,draw4 ------------------------ ,*oice ,gunp[d]4 ---------------- ,?ird ,gunp[d]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ c4 c4 c4 c4 c4 c4 ,price p] lb4 #bh to #cj #be #ag to #ah #ad #ce #bc 7:olesale74 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 ,total a% #fbf #ehf #ehd #fbj #egf #eej ,a% soluble 9 #cfj #cbh #ccf #ccd #cbf #cad wat]4 ,a% insoluble #bff #beh #bdh #bhf #bej #bcf 9 wat]4 ,a% insoluble #jfd #jeh #jej #jeb #jed #jeb 9 acids4 ,extract #djfj #dajj #cihj #cjdj #cifj #cfjj ,insoluble leaf #eeej #eggj #egae #faie #efgj #egij ,tann9 #ahjj #aiif #ahec #afii #bjji #aghg ,!9e #bbf #bcj #aaf #ajh #agh #adb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,uncol\r$ ,japan1 ,*oice/1 ,fir/ ,pick+4 ---------------------------------------- ,col\r$ ,japan1 ,good ,m$ium1 ,fir/ ,pick+4 --------------------------------- ,v>iety4 ,col\r$ ,japan1 ,good ,m$ium1 ,?ird ,pick+ -------------------------- ,japan ,du/ -------------------------- ,col\r$1 ,f9e4 ------------------- ,uncol\r$1 ,common4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- c4 c4 c4 c4 c4 ,price p] lb4 #cj #bb #ai #i #f 7:olesale74 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 ,total a% #edd #fjf #fej #igd #fff ,a% soluble 9 #cdf #bhd #bij #adh #bgh wat]4 ,a% insoluble #aih #cbb #cfj #hbf #chh 9 wat]4 ,a% insoluble #jdf #jgh #jif #cij #adf 9 acids4 ,extract #cibj #cfdj #ccdj #cahj #cbhj ,insoluble leaf#efhe #egaj #eiij #fade #fjje ,tann9 #baib #ahbg #agce #aeff #aggd ,!9e #aed #aff #jgd #jhb #bdc ---------------------------------------- --- ,! foll[+ analyses ( sev]al k9ds ( spuri\s tea1 receiv$ f ! ,u4,s4 ,consuls at ,canton & ,nagasaki 7,japan71 h be5 made by ! au?or3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,total a% #hfb #hij #gie #abeh ,a% insoluble 9 wat] #gih #fjd #die #hgd ,a% soluble 9 wat] #jfd #ahf #cjj #chd ,a% insoluble 9 acid #cib #cah #ahh #ffj ,extract #ggc #adjj #abgf #bbaj ,gum #ajfg #gcj #aajj #aadj ,insoluble leaf #gjfj #gjee #fgjj #fjaj ,tann9 #cac #hja #adej #aefd ,!9e #jeh nil #jaf #jab ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 ,p>tially exhau/$ & refir$ tea-leaves1 kn[n z 8,*+ ,suey0 7cle> wat]71 :i* "n d\btless has ref]5ce to ! weakness ( a bev]age prep>$ f ?is article4 #b4 8,lie tea10 made f ,wampan leaves4 #c4 ,a mixture ( #aj p] c5t4 gre5 tea & #ij p] c5t4 8lie tea40 ,x is sometimes sold z 8,imp]ial0 or 8,gunp[d]0 tea1 & is /at$ to be ext5sively consum$ 9 ,france & ,spa94 #d4 8,sc5t$ cap] tea10 consi/+ ( tea-du/ made up into little %ot-l pellets by means ( 8,cong\ pa/e0 7i4 e4 boil$ rice71 & said to be *iefly us$ 9 ! ,engli% coal-m9+ di/ricts4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( ! analysis by ,am]ican *emi/s ( samples repres5t+ #bdad packages ( ,indian tea4 ,p] c5t4 ,av]age p] c5t4 ,moi/ure #ehcj to #fcbe #eich ,extract #cghjj #djcej #chhda ,total a% #ejej #fjbd #efac ,a% soluble 9 wat] #cabb #dbhj #ceaf ,a% insoluble 9 wat] #ahij #bbee #bjib ,a% insoluble 9 acid #jabj #jbif #jagg ,insoluble leaf #dgabj #eehgj #eaiaj ,tann9 #acjdj #ahhfh #aecbc ,!9e #ahhj #cbd #bgcf ,,footnotes3 #d ,i4e4 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #e #8,*emi/ry ( ,foods4' #f #8,tea1 ,c(fee1 & ,cocoa ,analysis4' #g ,! degrees ( temp]ature giv5 9 ! text ref] to ! ,c5tigrade !rmomet]2 _! equival5ts on ! ,fahr5heit scale c be obta9$ by means ( ! =mula #i_/e;,c4 #cb ,f44 #h ,9 l[ grade1 b unadult]at$ ,cong\ tea1 ! extract occasionally falls s l[ z #be p] c5t4 ,,c(fee4 ,c(fee is ! se$ ( ! ,caffea ,arabica1 indig5\s to ,abyss9ia & s\!rn ,arabia1 & s9ce naturalis$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,ceylon1 ,brazil1 & o!r tropical c\ntries4 ,its importance z an almo/ univ]sal bev]age is only equall$ by t ( tea4 ,! anci5t hi/ory ( c(fee is %r\d$ 9 great obscurity4 ,x 0 unkn[n to ! ,romans & ,greeks1 b its use is said to h be5 preval5t 9 ,abyss9ia f ! remote/ "t1 & 9 ,arabia x =m$ an article ( g5]al consumption dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,f its introduction1 9 #aege1 into ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks1 x gradually made its way into all civilis$ c\ntries4 ,9 #afij x 0 c>ri$ by ! ,dut* f ,mo*a to ,java1 :5ce specim5s ( ! tree 7 tak5 to ,holl& & ,france4 ,c(fee h\ses 7 op5$ 9 ,london ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 9 #ahji ! fir/ c>go ( c(fee 0 %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z ) _m o!r articles ( diet1 ! adult]ation ( c(fee has kept well apace ) its increas$ consumption4 ,! bean is depriv$ ( its ext]nal fle%y coat+s be=e exportation1 & is met ) 9 comm]ce 9 a raw1 roa/$1 or gr\nd condition4 ,bell#i gives ! foll[+ analyses ( two samples ( c(fee1 bo? 9 ! raw & roa/$ /ate3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,mo*a4 ,ea/ ,indian4 --------------------------------------- ,raw4 ,roa/$4 ,raw4 ,roa/$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,caffe9e #ajh #jhb #aaa #aje ,sac*>9e matt] #iee #jdc #hij #jda ,caffeic acids #hdf #dgd #ieh #deb ,alcohol extract 7conta9+ #fij #adad #dca #abfg nitrog5 & col\r+ matt]74 ,fat & oil #abfj #acei #aaha #acda ,legum9 or ,album9 #ihg #aabc #aabc #acac ,dextr9e #jhg #abd #jhd #ach ,cellulose 7& insoluble #cgie #dhfb #chfj #dgdb col\r+ matt]74 ,a% #cgd #def #cih #dhh ,moi/ure #hih #jfc #ifd #aac --------------------------------------- #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,o!r au?orities h obta9$ ! foll[+ results3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,knig4 ,sme?an4 ------------------ ,pay54 7,av]age ( ,raw4 ,roa/$4 ,raw4 #g ,v>ieties47 ,roa/$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,sub/ances soluble 9 wat] #bgdd #bgde 44 44 ,nitrog5 #ahg #bca 44 #bbf ,nitrog5\s sub/ances #aadc #abje #aa to #ac 44 ,caffe9e #aah #ach #jh 44 ,caffetannic acid 44 44 #ce to #e 44 ,fat #acbc #aejc #aj to #ac #ajii ,e!real oil 44 44 #jjac 44 ,sug> #cbe #acb 44 44 ,sug> & ,dextr9e 44 44 #aee 44 ,o!r non-nitrog5\s #caeb #chda 44 44 sub/ances4 ,cellulose #bggb #bdbg #cdj #bibh ,a% #cdh #cge #fg #dai ,soluble a% 44 44 44 #ccg ,moi/ure #aaai #cai #abj #bhg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,x w be notic$ f ^! analyses t ! am\nt ( sug> is greatly dim9i%$ by ! process ( roa/+4 ,accord+ to "s analy/s1 ! proportion ( fat exp]i5ces an increase1 b x is m probable t ?is con/itu5t is simply r5d]$ m susceptible to ! action ( solv5ts by a me*anical alt]ation ( ! /ructure ( ! b]ry4 ,rec5t det]m9ations ( ! a% 9 c(fee place its av]age proportion at #d p] c5t42 #cbd be+ soluble 9 wat]1 & #jgd p] c5t4 insoluble4 ,! soluble extract 9 roa/$ c(fee usually am\nts to ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ,an analysis made by ,beckurts & ,kaud]#aj gives ! g5]al composition ( roa/$ *icory1 dri$ at #ajg1 z foll[s3-- ,p] c5t4 ,sub/ances soluble 9 wat] #egdj insoluble #daij ,a% #gff ,fat #jgc ,nitrog5\s sub/ances #gab ,grape sug> #dce ,cane sug> & dextr9e #ecc ,/>* #bde ,o!r non-nitrog5\s sub/ances #diac ,woody fibre #bfbc ,! mo/ common adult]ations to :i* c(fee is liable consi/ 9 ! addition ( *icory1 c>amel1 & num]\s roa/$ gra9s1 su* z corn1 :eat1 & rye1 z well z su* roots & se$s z d&elion1 mangold wurzel1 turnips1 beans1 peas1 etc4 ,! roa/$ & gr\nd article is naturally mo/ expos$ to falsification1 al?\gh lett]s pat5t h be5 issu$ = ! fictiti\s manufacture ( a press$ 8c(fee bean10 conta9+ absolutely no c(fee4 ,! addition ( *icory is by f> ! mo/ preval5t adult]ation ( c(fee4 ,( ?irty-f\r samples exam9$ by ,hassall1 ?irty-"o 7#ia p] c5t47 conta9$ ?is root4 ,9 reg>d to ! moral aspects ( its use1 x c safely be ass]t$ t1 :ile ! addition ( *icory to c(fee is l>gely sanction$1 & inde$ dem&$ by ! exi/+ ta/es ( _m c(fee-dr9k]s1 its use con/itutes a true adult]ation1 & %\ld be condemn$1 unless its pres5ce is prom95tly /at$ on ! label ( ! package4 ,9 *icory ! active pr9ciples ( c(fee1 :i* ex]t valuable physiological effects on ! sy/em 7viz4 caffe9e1 ! ess5tial oil1 etc471 are totally abs5t2 moreov]1 its comp>ative *eapness is a con/ant temptation to employ a proportion l>gely 9 excess ( ! am\nt requisite to produce any alleg$ improvem5t 9 ! flav\r ( ! result+ admixture4 ,! sophi/ications ( c(fee may be detect$1 9 a g5]al way1 by physical te/s1 by *emical analysis1 & by microscopic exam9ation1 9 :i* processes great aid is d]iv$ f ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties exhibit$ by ! pure roa/$ & gr\nd b]ry :i* di/+ui% x f its m usual adult]ants4 7a7 ,physical ,exam9ation4--,! foll[+ te/s1 :ile n always decisive 9 _! results1 are (t5 ( s]vice4 ,a small portion ( ! suspect$ sample is g5tly plac$ ^u ! surface ( a beak] fill$ ) cold wat]1 & all[$ to rema9 at re/ = ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,if pure1 ! sample does n imbibe ! wat]1 b floats ^u ! surface )\t communicat+ mu* col\r to x2 if *icory or c>amel be pres5t1 ^! sub/ances rapidly absorb moi/ure & s9k1 produc+ br[ni%-r$ /reaks 9 _! desc5t1 :i*1 by diffusion1 imp>t a v decid$ t9t to ! entire liquid4 ,a simil> coloration is caus$ by _m o!r roa/$ roots & b]ries1 b n s quickly or to s great an ext5t4 ,! te/ may be some:at modifi$ by %ak+ ! sample ) cold wat]1 & !n all[+ ! vessel to /& aside = a %ort "t4 ,pure c(fee rises to ! surface1 little or no col\r be+ imp>t$ to ! wat]2 *icory1 etc41 fall to ! bottom z a s$im5t1 & give a br[ni% col\r to ! liquid4 ,if a small quantity ( ! sample is plac$ ^u a clean plate ( glass1 & moi/5$ ) a few drops ( wat]1 ! pure c(fee b]ries rema9 h>d1 & (f] resi/ance :5 te/$ ) a ne$le2 mo/ gra9s employ$ = _! adult]ation become s(t5$ 9 _! texture4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! mixture is treat$ ) boil+ wat] & all[$ to settle4 ,g5u9e c(fee af=ds a cle> & limpid infusion2 _m =eign gra9s yield a ?ick gummy liquor1 result+ f ! />*y & sac*>9e matt]s conta9$4 ,an infusion ( pure c(fee1 if treat$ ) solution ( cupric acetate & filt]$1 w %[ a gre5i%-yell[ col\r2 if *icory be pres5t1 ! filtrate w be r$di%-br[n4 ,z a rule1 samples ( gr\nd c(fee :i* are mu* adult]at$1 pack toge!r :5 subject$ to a mod]ate pressure4 ,ow+ to ! l[ d5sity ( a c(fee infusion 7due to its almo/ entire fre$om f sug>71 z comp>$ ) t ( ! infusions ( mo/ roots & gra9s1 x has be5 sugge/$ by ,messrs4 ,graham1 ,/5h\se & ,campbell1 to apply ! specific gravity det]m9ation ( ! infusion obta9$ f ! suspect$ sample z a means = detect+ adult]ation4 ,! results af=d$ are fairly approximate4 ,! solution is prep>$ by boil+ "o "p ( ! sample ) t5 p>ts ( wat] & filt]+4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! d5sities1 at #aee1 ( v>i\s infusions made 9 ?is mann]3-- ,acorns #ajjgc ,peas #ajjgc ,mo*a c(fee #ajjhj ,beans #ajjhd ,java c(fee #ajjhg ,jamaica c(fee #ajjhg ,co/a ,rica c(fee #ajjij ,ceylon c(fee #ajjij ,br[n malt #ajaji ,p>snips #ajadc ,c>rots #ajaga ,york%ire *icory #ajaia ,black malt #ajbab ,turnips #ajbad ,rye meal #ajbaf ,engli% *icory #ajbag ,d&elion root #ajbai ,r$ beet #ajbba ,=eign *icory #ajbbf ,mangold wurzel #ajbce ,maize #ajbec ,bread rasp+s #ajbfc ,assum+ ! gravity ( ! pure c(fee infusion to be #ajjhf1 & t ( *icory to be #ajbjf1 ! approximate p]c5tage ( c(fee1 ,c1 9 a mixture1 c be obta9$ by means ( ! foll[+ equation1 9 :i* ,d repres5ts ! d5sity ( ! infusion3-- ,c 7#ajj7ajbj - ,d77 _/ #ab4 ,?is 0 te/$ by mix+ equal p>ts ( c(fee & *icory1 & tak+ ! specific gravity ( ! infusion2 x 0 #ajadjh1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( #di p] c5t4 ( c(fee4 ,"s idea ( ! am\nt ( =eign admixture 7especially *icory7 9 gr\nd roa/$ c(fee may be =m$ f ! t9ctorial p[] ( ! sample4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t c(fee imp>ts mu* less col\r to wat] ?an d mo/ roa/$ gra9s & roots4 ,! table bel[ %[s ! weights ( v>i\s roa/$ sub/ances :i* mu/ be dissolv$ 9 #bjjj p>ts ( wat] 9 ord] to produce an equal degree ( col\r3#aa-- ,c>amel #ajj ,mangold wurzel #aff ,black malt #ahb ,:ite turnips #bjj ,c>rots #bjj ,*icory 7d>ke/ ,york%ire7 #bbb ,p>snips #bej ,maize #bhf ,rye #bhf ,d&elion root #ccc ,r$ beet #ccc ,bread rasp+s #ccf ,acorns #ejj ,ov]-roa/$ c(fee #edf ,highly-roa/$ c(fee #egg ,m$ium-roa/$ c(fee #fie ,peas #accc ,beans #accc ,sp5t tan #ccjj ,br[n malt #djjj ,! comp>ative col\r te/ may also be appli$ z foll[s3#ab--,"o gramme ea* ( ! sample "u exam9ation1 & ( a sample prep>$ by mix+ equal p>ts ( pure c(fee & *icory1 are completely exhau/$ ) wat]1 & ! infusions made up to #ajj c4c4 or m2 #ej c4c4 ( ! filt]$ extract f ! suspect$ sample are !n plac$ 9 a ,nessl] cyl9d]1 & x is det]m9$ by trial h[ _m c4c4 ( ! extract f ! /&>d mixture1 toge!r ) en\gh di/ill$ wat] to make up ! #ej c4c41 w produce ! same col\r4 ,9 calculat+ ! *icory pres5t1 x is assum$ t ?is sub/ance possesses ?ree times ! t9ctorial p[] ( c(fee4 7b7 ,*emical ,exam9ation4--,"s ( ! *emical prop]ties ( roa/$ c(fee af=d fairly reliable means = ! detection ( an admixture ( *icory4 ,c(fee a% dissolves 9 wat] to ! ext5t ( ab\t #hj p] c5t42 ( ! a% ( roa/$ *icory only ab\t #ce p] c5t4 is soluble4 ,c(fee a% is almo/ free f silica & s&1 :i* sub/ances =m a notable proportion ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! a% ( *icory4 ,! foll[+ 7see p4 #cf7 are ! results obta9$ by ! writ] f ! analysis ( ! a% ( c(fee & *icory4 ,x w be obs]v$ f ^! analyses1 t ! mo/ di/9ctive features pres5t$ by c(fee a% are ! abs5ce ( soda1 & ! small am\nts ( *lor9e1 f]ric oxide & silica pres5t4 ,9 ^! respects1 x is v diff]5t f ! a% ( *icory4 ,! proportion ( phosphoric acid f\nd 9 ! latt] is 9 excess ( t giv5 by "s au?orities4 ,sev]al analyses ( *icory a% h be5 made by ! au?or1 &1 9 e in/ance1 ! am\nt ( phosphoric acid 0 ov] #h p] c5t42 9 "o sample ( ! a% ( comm]cial *icory x approximat$ #ac p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,java ,c(fee4 ,*icory ,root ---------------------------------------- ------------------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,p]c5tage ( a% #cic #dda ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,potassa #eccg #bcjj ,soda 44 #acac ,lime #ehd #idj ,magnesia #iji #ehh ,alum9a #jdc 44 ,f]ric oxide #jec #ejj ,sulphuric acid #cai #ige ,*lor9e #jgh #dic ,c>bonic acid #aebf #dja ,phosphoric acid #aabf #hdd ,silica & s& #jbe #afdf ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,bly? gives ! annex$ table1 %[+ ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 c(fee & *icory a%3#ac-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,c(fee ,a%4 ,*icory ,a%4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,silica & s& none #ajfi to #cehh ,c>bonic acid #adib #agh #cai ,f]ric oxide #jdd to #jih #cac #ecb ,*lor9e #jbf #aaa #cbh #dic ,phosphoric acid #ajjj #aajj #ejj #fjj ,total soluble a% #gejj #hejj #bajj #cejj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! foll[+ =mula has be5 sugge/$ = det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( pure c(fee1 9 mixtures3-- ,c #b 77#ajj,s - #agd7 _/ #c7 :]e ,s repres5ts ! p]c5tage ( soluble a%4 ,ano!r notewor?y diff]5ce betwe5 roa/$ c(fee & *icory1 is ! am\nt ( sug> conta9$4 ,z a rule1 9 roa/$ c(fee1 x ranges f #jj to #ab p] c5t42 9 roa/$ *icory1 x v>ies f #ab to #ah p] c5t4 ,! quantity ( sug> 9 a sample c be det]m9$ by ,fehl+'s me?od z foll[s3-- ,a /&>d solution ( pure cupric sulphate is fir/ prep>$ by dissolv+ #cdfd grammes ( ! cry/als 7previ\sly gr\nd & dri$ by press+ betwe5 bibul\s pap]7 9 ab\t #bjj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]2 #agc grammes ( pure ,ro*elle salt are sep>ately dissolv$ 9 #dhj c4c4 ( a solution ( sodium hydroxide ( sp4 gr4 #aad4 ,! solutions are !n mix$ & dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat] to "o litre4 ,ea* c4c4 ( ! above solution repres5ts #jje gramme ( grape sug>4 ,! te/ is appli$ by tak+ #aj c4c4 ( ! copp] solution1 add+ ab\t f\r times its volume ( wat]1 & br++ x to ! boil+ po9t4 ,! c(fee infusion is !n gradually add$ f a burette1 until ! copp] salt is completely r$uc$ to ! r$ sub-oxide1 :i* po9t is recognis$ by ! disappe>ance ( its blue col\r1 & c be m accurately det]m9$ by acidulat+ ! filt]$ fluid ) acetic acid & te/+ x 7:ile /ill hot7 = any rema9+ trace ( copp] ) potassium f]rocyanide4 ,9 prep>+ ! c(fee solution = ! =ego+ te/1 x is advisable to exhau/ a weigh$ quantity ( ! sample ) hot wat]4 ,! infusion is treat$ ) basic plumbic acetate s long z a precipitate =ms2 x is !n filt]$1 ! precipitate be+ well wa%$1 & ! lead conta9$ is remov$ by conduct+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas ?r\gh ! fluid :i* is subsequ5tly aga9 filt]$ & boil$ until ! dissolv$ gas is expell$4 ,! sug> det]m9ation is n[ made4 ,wanklyn employs ! foll[+ equation to e/imate ! am\nt ( *icory 9 an adult]at$ sample3-- ,e 77,s - #a7ajj7 _/ #ad1 :]e ,e is ! p]c5tage ( *icory1 & ,s ! p]c5tage ( sug>4 ,accord+ to ! analysis ( ,knig1 ! proportions ( sug> & o!r con/itu5ts 9 "s ( ! adult]ants ( c(fee1 are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,*icory4 ,figs4 ,acorns4 ,rye4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4 ,wat] #abaf #ahih #abhe #aebb ,nitrog5\s sub/ances #fji #dbe #fac #aahd ,fat #bje #bhc #dfa #cdf ,sug> #aehg #cdai #hje #cib ,o!r non-nitrog5\s #dfga #biae #fb #eecg sub/ances4 ,cellulose #aaj #gaf #dih #ece ,a% #fab #cdd #bab #dha ,sub/ances soluble 9 wat] #fcje #gch 44 #deaa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,e/imations ( ! am\nt ( sug> obta9$ ^u boil+ ! suspect$ c(fee ) wat] conta9+ a little sulphuric acid 7see p4 #cg71 & ! proportion ( ! sample :i* is soluble 9 hot wat] %\ld be made4 ,! pres5ce ( *icory is %[n by a decid$ increase 9 ! am\nt ( soluble sub/ances2 t ( rye1 by ! notable quantity ( sug> produc$ by ! inv]sion ) acid1 due to ! />* conta9$ 9 ! gra94 ,9 ?is connection1 ! foll[+ det]m9ations ( ,kraus* are ( int]e/3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sub/ances,ready-=m$ ,sug> ,soluble 9 ,sug>4 aft] ,wat]4 ,inv]sion4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,roa/$ c(fee #bcha #jbj #bdei *icory #fedb #bcdj #bbad rye #caib 44 #gecg c(fee #aj p] c5t4 *icory #cjfc #bcj #bcae c(fee #aj p] c5t4 rye #beih #jai #bifj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! pres5ce ( roa/$ rye1 corn1 & o!r gra9s 9 c(fee1 may be qualitatively recognis$ by te/+ ! cold infusion ( ! sample ) iod9e solution = />*1 :i* is n conta9$ 9 a ready =m$ /ate 9 c(fee4 ,caffe9e is abs5t 9 *icory & ! o!r usual adult]ants ( c(fee1 & ! e/imation ( ?is alkaloid is ( decid$ s]vice 7see p4 #ba74 ,roa/$ c(fee conta9s ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( caffe9e4 ,a popul> br& ( gr\nd c(fee receiv$ by ! au?or = exam9ation1 & labell$ 8,prep>$ ,java ,c(fee10 _h ! foll[+ approximate composition3--,c(fee1 #ch2 peas1 #eb2 rye1 #b2 & *icory1 #g p] c5t4 ,a sample ( 8acorn0 c(fee1 analys$ by ,knig1 gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #abhe ,nitrog5\s sub/ances #fac ,fat #dja ,sug> #hja ,o!r non-nitrog5\s sub/ances #fbjj ,cellulose #dih ,a% #bjb ,! non-nitrog5\s con/itu5ts conta9$ f #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ( />*1 & f #f to #h p] c5t4 ( tannic acid4 ,! composition ( ! well-kn[n ,g]man c(fee-sub/itutes1 prep>$ by ,behr ,bros41 is /at$ to be z foll[s3-- 8,rye ,c(fee-sub/itutes40 ,p] c5t4 ,sub/ances soluble 9 wat] #facc ,sub/ances insoluble 9 wat] #cfde ,cellulose #igh ,/>* #hcd ,dextr9e #diea ,nitrog5\s sub/ances #aahg ,o!r non-nitrog5\s sub/ances #ihc ,fat #cia ,a% #ded ,moi/ure #bbb 8,malt ,c(fee-sub/itute40 ,p] c5t4 ,album9oid sub/ances #dbb ,soluble ,dextr9e #ejai 9 ,alcoholic extract #geg hot wat] ,inorganic matt]1 conta9+ #bbg phosphoric acid1 #jed ,insoluble 9 hot wat] #cejj ,moi/ure #jce ,! raw c(fee bean is sometimes subject$ to a process t]m$ 8sweat+10 :i* consi/s 9 treat+ x ) moi/ /eam1 ! object be+ to artificially reproduce ! conditions pres5t 9 ! holds ( vessels1 by means ( :i* ! bean is increas$ 9 size1 & also some:at improv$ 9 col\r & flav\r4 ,ano!r =m ( manipulation1 analog\s to ! fac+ ( tea1 is to moi/5 ! raw bean ) wat] conta9+ a little gum1 & agitate x ) v>i\s pigm5ts1 su* z indigo1 ,prussian blue1 ,p]sian b]ries1 turm]ic1 alkanet1 ,v5etian r$1 soap-/one1 *rome-yell[1 & iron o*re4 ,mexican c(fees are sometimes made to resemble ! m exp5sive ,java 9 appe>ance4 ,! *emi/ ( ! ,new ,york ,city ,bo>d ( ,heal? has f\nd 9 ! quantity ( su* treat$ c(fee commonly tak5 to make a cup ( ! bev]age #jjjad gramme ( cupric ars5ite4 ,indigo may be detect$ 9 ! artificially col\r$ product by treat+ a consid]able portion ( ! sample ) dilute nitric acid1 filt]+ & saturat+ ! filtrate ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,if indigo be pres5t1 x c n[ be extract$ ^u agitat+ ! solution ) *lor(orm4 ,alkanet root & ,prussian blue are sep>at$ by w>m+ ! c(fee ) solution ( potassium c>bonate1 f :i* ^! pigm5ts are precipitat$ ^u addition ( hydro*loric acid4 7c7 ,microscopic ,exam9ation4--,great aid to ! *emical inve/igation is af=d$ by ! microscopic exam9ation ( gr\nd c(fee4 ,x is necess>y to fir/ become famili> ) ! appe>ance ( ! g5u9e article--l[ magnify+ p[]s be+ employ$--& !n make comp>ative exam9ations ( ! adult]ant suspect$ to be pres5t4 ,! c(fee bean ma9ly consi/s ( irregul> cells inclos$ 9 v ?ick walls :i* are di/+ui%$ by unev5 projections4 ,! cells conta9 globules ( oil4 ,mo/ ( ! roots add$ to c(fee exhibit a conglom]ation ( cells 7provid$ ) ?9 walls7 & gr\ps ( jo9t$ tubes1 (t5 q simil> to "o ano!r 9 /ructure4 ,! microscopic appe>ance ( "s ( ! />* granules1 occasionally met ) 9 c(fee mixtures1 is repres5t$ on p4 #ajj4 ,( #aea samples ( gr\nd c(fee rec5tly pur*as$ at r&om & te/$ by v>i\s ,am]ican *emi/s1 #fi 7#deg p] c5t47 7 f\nd to be adult]at$4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,op4 cit4 #aj ,ph>m4 ,c5tralbl41 #ahhe1 p4 #cdf4 #aa ,graham1 ,/5h\se & ,campbell4 #ab ,leebody1 #8,*emical ,news1' xxx4 p4 #bdc4 #ac #8,foods3 ,composition & ,analysis4' ,,cocoa ,,& ,,*ocolate4 ,cocoa is prep>$ f ! roa/$ se$s ( ! tree ,!obroma cacao1 ( ! ord] ,byttn]iace4 ,x sometimes appe>s 9 comm]ce z 8cocoa-nibs0 7i4 e4 p>tially gr\nd71 b x is m frequ5tly sold 9 ! p[d]$ /ate1 ei!r pure or mix$ ) sug> & />*1 & also (t5 depriv$ ( ab\t "o-half ( its fat4 ,*ocolate usually consi/s ( cocoa-pa/e & sug> flav\r$ ) vanilla1 c9namon1 or cloves1 & commonly mix$ ) fl\r or />*4 ,accord+ to ,wanklyn1 ! av]age composition ( cocoa is z foll[s3-- ,p] c5t4 ,cocoa butt] #ejjj ,!obrom9e #aej ,/>* #ajjj ,album91 fibr9e & glut5 #ahjj ,gum #hjj ,col\r+ matt] #bfj ,wat] #fjj ,a% #cfj ,loss1 etc4 #jcj ,r4 ,b5zeman#ad has furni%$ ! foll[+ av]ages ( ! results obta9$ by ! analysis ( cocoa & *ocolate4 ,! air-dri$ cocoa b]ries gave--husks1 #acjj p] c5t42 nibs1 #hgjj p] c5t43-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*ocolate made ,cocoa ,nibs4 f ,cocoa & ,sug>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,moi/ure at #ajj #fda #afe ,fat #eadg #bbeg ,/>* #aage #deh ,o!r organic sub/ances1 insoluble 9 wat]4 #ahjc #heh ,organic sub/ances1 soluble 9 wat] #hed #fjfc ,m9]al ,a% #chj #aii ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,a% ( insoluble sub/ances #jhi #jcj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,rec5t analysis ( %ell$ cocoa-beans1 made by ,b\ss+ault1 gave ! foll[+ results3-- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,fre%4 ,dry4 ---------------------------------------- --------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,fat #dii #edj ,/>* & />*-sug> #bd #be ,!obrom9e #cc #cf ,asp>ag9e traces 44 ,album9 #aji #aah gum #bd #be ,t>t>ic acid #cd #cg ,tann9 #jb #jb ,soluble cellulose #ajf #aae ,a% #dj #dd ,wat] #gf 44 ,undet]m9$ #ec #eh ---------------------------------------- --------- ,dr4 ,weigman#ae obta9$ ! foll[+ results f an exam9ation ( sev]al v>ieties ( ! %ell$ beans3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,wat]4 ,fat4 ,a%4 ,nitrog54 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,ma*ala #dig #dghj #chh #bbe ,arriba #feg #dgdd #ceb #bca ,c>acas #fjj #dfci #dai #bbc ,pu]to ,cabello #ega #dhgd #cid #bac ,sur9am #eja #dfbf #bii #bbj ,tr9idad #fjg #degd #bjd #bjd ,port au ,pr9ce #dgc #dheh #chi #bcc ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,! mo/ important con/itu5ts ( cocoa are ! fat 7cocoa-butt]71 & ! alkaloid 7!obrom9e74 ,cocoa butt] =ms a :iti% solid ( #jigj specific gravity1 fus+ at #cj1 & soluble 9 e!r & 9 alcohol4 ,!obrom9e 7,c#g;,h#h,n#d,o#b7 cry/allises 9 m9ute rhombic prisms1 :i* are insoluble 9 b5zol1 b dissolve readily 9 boil+ wat] & alcohol4 ,x sublimes at #agj4 ,!obrom9e is exce$+ly ri* 9 nitrog51 conta9+ ov] #bj p] c5t4 ( ! elem5t4 ,9 ?is & _m o!r respects x be>s a great resemblance to !9e4 ,! proportion ( m9]al a% 9 cocoa v>ies f #cjf to #de p] c5t4 ,james ,bell#af gives ! foll[+ composition ( ! a% ( ,gr5ada cocoa nibs3-- ,p] c5t4 ,sodium *loride #jeg ,soda #jeg ,potassa #bgfd ,magnesia #aiha ,lime #dec ,alum9a #jjh ,f]ric oxide #jae ,c>bonic acid #bib ,sulphuric acid #dec ,phosphoric acid #cibj ------ #ajjjj ------ ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ! a% ( g5u9e cocoa are its great solubility1 ! small am\nts ( *lor9e1 c>bonates1 & soda1 & ! con/ancy ( ! proportion ( phosphoric acid conta9$4 ,bell has also analys$ sev]al samples ( comm]cial cocoa4 ,! foll[+ w s]ve to illu/rate _! g5]al composition3-- ,p] c5t4 ,moi/ure #die ,fat #bdid ,/>* 7add$7 #aiai ,sug> 7add$7 #bcjc ,non-fatty cocoa #bghi ------ #ajjjj ------ ,p] c5t4 ,nitrog5 #bbd ,a% #aeb ,cocoa1 soluble 9 cold wat] #caff ,a% 9 portion soluble 9 cold wat] #aag ,! comp>atively l[ p]c5tage ( a% conta9$ 9 prep>$ cocoas & *ocolate1 is ( use 9 indicat+ ! am\nt ( real cocoa pres5t 9 su* mixtures4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( cocoa are dissolv$ by directly treat+ x ) cold wat]4 ,wanklyn obta9$ 9 ?is way f g5u9e cocoa-nibs #fgf p] c5t4 organic matt]1 & #baf p] c5t4 a%1 ! latt] *iefly consi/+ ( phosphates2 a comm]cial cocoa gave1 extract1 #dfjd p] c5t42 a%1 #ajd p] c5t4 ,! mo/ common admixtures ( cocoa & *ocolate1 are sug> & ! v>i\s />*es4 ,! addition ( =eign fats1 *icory1 & iron o*res1 is also sometimes practis$4 ,s9ce prep>$ cocoas are g5]ally und]/ood to conta9 ! fir/-nam$ dilu5ts1 _! pres5ce c h>dly be consid]$ an adult]ation1 if ! fact is m5tion$ ^u ! packages4 ,_m v>ieties ( ! cocoas ( comm]ce w be f\nd to be defici5t 9 cocoa-butt]1 a consid]able proportion ( :i* has be5 remov$ 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,?is practice is also claim$ to be ju/ifiable1 ! object be+ to produce an article unobjectionable to invalids1 :i* is n always ! case ) pure cocoa4 ,9 ! analysis ( cocoa ! foll[+ e/imations are usually made3-- ,!obrom9e4--#aj grammes ( ! sample are fir/ repeat$ly exhau/$ ) petroleum-naph?a4 ,! insoluble residue is mix$ ) a small quantity ( pa/e1 prep>$ by triturat+ calc9$ magnesia ) a little wat]1 & ! mixture evaporat$ to dryness at a g5tle heat4 ,! second residue is boil$ ) alcohol & ! alcoholic solution ( !obrom9e filt]$ & evaporat$ to dryness 9 a t>$ capsule4 ,x is !n purifi$ by wa%+ ) petroleum-naph?a & weigh$4 ,bell has v]ifi$ ! exi/5ce 9 cocoa ( a second alkaloid1 di/9ct f !obrom9e1 :i* cry/allises 9 silky ne$les v simil> to !9e4 ,fat4--,! proportion ( fat is readily det]m9$ by evaporat+ to dryness ! petroleum-naph?a us$ 9 ! prec$+ e/imation4 ,z already /at$1 x is g5]ally pres5t 9 a proportion ( #ej p] c5t4 9 pure cocoa2 ! am\nt conta9$ 9 prep>$ soluble cocoas be+ (t5 less ?an #be p] c5t4 ,! ,engli% m9imum /&>d is #bj p] c5t4 ,a%4--,! a% is det]m9$ by ! inc9]ation ( a weigh$ portion ( ! sample 9 a plat9um di%4 ,9 prep>$ cocoas & *ocolates1 ! proportion ( a% is consid]ably l[] ?an 9 pure cocoa4 ,x is ( importance to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( a% soluble 9 wat] 7! proportion 9 g5u9e cocoa is ab\t #ej p] c5t471 & especially ! quantity ( phosphoric acid conta9$4 ,assum+ t prep>$ cocoa conta9s #ae p] c5t4 ( a%1 ( :i* #jf p] c5t4 consi/s ( phosphoric acid1 & all[+ t pure cocoa conta9s #ji p] c5t4 ( phosphoric acid1 ,bly? adopts ! foll[+ =mula = calculat+ ! proportion ( cocoa pres5t 9 ! article3-- 7#f #ajj7 _/ #i #ffff p] c5t4 ,/>*4--,a conv5i5t me?od = e/imat+ ! />* is to fir/ remove ! fatty matt] ( ! cocoa by exhau/ion ) petroleum-naph?a1 & !n boil ! residue ) alcohol4 ,! rema9+ insoluble matt] is dri$1 & aft]w>ds boil$ until ! />* becomes soluble4 ,x is next aga9 boil$ = sev]al h\rs ) a little dilute sulphuric acid1 aft] :i* ! solution is purifi$ by addition ( basic plumbic acetate4 ,! liquid is !n treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 9 ord] to remove ! lead1 & ! sug> conta9$ 9 ! filt]$ solution is det]m9$ by means ( ,fehl+'s solution1 & calculat$ to t]ms ( />*4 ,! proportion ( />* normally pres5t 9 cocoa is to be d$uct$ f ! results ?us af=d$4 ,! v>iety ( />* conta9$ 9 cocoa diff]s 9 its microscopic appe>ance f ! />*es mo/ frequ5tly add$4 ,sug>4--,! sug> may be det]m9$ by evaporat+ ! alcoholic solution obta9$ 9 ! prec$+ process1 & !n subject+ ! residue to ! same me?od ( proc$ure4 ,! proportion ( woody fibre 9 cocoa c be approximately e/imat$ by ! me?od ( ,h5neb]g & ,/ohman1#ag :i* consi/s 9 extract+ ! fat ) b5zole1 boil+ ! rema9+ sub/ances = half an h\r1 fir/ ) #abe p] c5t4 sulphuric acid1 !n ) #abe p] c5t4 solution ( potassium hydroxide4 ,! residue is wa%$ ) alcohol & ) e!r1 & its weight det]m9$4 ,unwa%$ cocoa-b]ries1 :5 treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 gave f #b to #c p] c5t4 ( cellulose1 :ile cocoa husks furni%$ f #aj to #af p] c5t4 ,! pres5ce ( *icory 9 soluble cocoa & *ocolate is easily recognis$ by ! d>k col\r ( ! extract obta9$1 ^u dige/+ ! suspect$ sample ) cold wat]2 o*res & o!r col\r+ matt]s are detect$ by ! r$di% col\r ( ! a% z well z by its abnormal composition4 ,! addition ( =eign fats to *ocolates is /at$ to be occasionally resort$ to4 ,! melt+ po9t ( pure cocoa-butt] v>ies f #cj to #cc4 ,! id5tification ( =eign fats c sometimes be accompli%$ by means ( _! high] melt+ po9t1 & by an exam9ation ( ! sep>at$ fat1 accord+ to ,koett/orf]'s me?od 7see p4 #ga74 ,! table foll[+ gives ! melt+ po9ts ( v>i\s fats1 & ! numb] ( milligrammes ( ,k7,,oh7 requir$ = ! saponification ( "o gramme ( ! same4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- m4g4 ,k7,,oh7 ,fat4 ,melt+ po9t4to saponify "o gramme4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,cocoa-butt] #cj to #cc #aih to #bjc ,ara*idis oil 44 #aiac ,sesam oil 44 #aijj ,cotton-se$ & olive oil 44 #aiag ,almond oil 44 #aide ,palm oil #ce to #cf #bjbe ,l>d #cb #cc #aiee ,mutton tall[ 7fre%7 #dbe #de 44 ,mutton tall[ 7old7 #dce #aife ,bone fat #ba to #bb #aijj ,beeswax #fc 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,o!r te/s h also be5 sugge/$ = ! detection ( =eign fats 9 cocoa-butt]3-- 7a7 ,treat ! fat ) two p>ts ( cold e!r2 pure cocoa-butt] dissolves1 =m+ a cle> solution1 :]eas 9 pres5ce ( tall[ or wax a cl\dy mixture is obta9$4 7b7 ,dissolve #aj grammes ( ! suspect$ fat 9 b5zole1 & expose ! solution to a temp]ature ( #j4 ,by ?is treatm5t a sep>ation ( pure cocoa-butt] 9 m9ute gra9s is produc$4 ,! liquid is n[ heat$ to #add1 :5 ! cocoa-fat w re-dissolve to a transp>5t solution1 :ile ! pres5ce ( tall[ w be recognis$ by ! turbid appe>ance ( ! liquid4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,jahresb]i*te1 #ahhc1 p4 #ajjb4 #ae ,agrikultur*emis*e ,v]su*/ation1 9 ,mn/]4 #af ,op4 cit4 #ag ,rep]t4 f4 ,analyt4 ,*emie1 #ahhd1 p4 #cde4 ,,milk4 ,ow+ to ! v important sanit>y relations ( milk z a model food1 ! subject ( its sophi/ication has dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s receiv$ p>ticul> notice at ! h&s ( ! food-*emi/4 ,! inve/igations ( our public sanit>y au?orities h %[n t milk adult]ation is exce$+ly common4 ,x is /at$ ^u good au?ority t until q rec5tly 7#ahhc7 ! #abj millions ( qu>ts ( milk annually br\ght into ,new ,york city 7 int5tionally dilut$ ) #dj millions ( qu>ts ( wat]1 ! result+ product rivall+ 9 ri*ness ! fam\s comp\nd once laud$ by ! philan?ropic ,sque]s4 ,! results ( ! exam9ation ( milk in/itut$ by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? are giv5 bel[1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! specim5s ( skimm$ milk are n includ$3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ye>4 ,numb] ( ,samples ,numb] %[+ ,p] c5t4 ( te/$4 addition ( ,wat]4 ,adult]at$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ahhj #aead #afg #aaj #ahha #aaaj #ea #df #ahhb #agge #abj #fg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,f ,octob] #ahhc to ,m>* #ahhd1 ( #bda samples ( milk exam9$ by ! ,public ,analy/ ( ,ea/]n ,massa*usetts1 #bacg p] c5t4 7 wat]$2 ( #aaij samples te/$ dur+ ! ye> #ahhd1 #gij 7 wat]$4#ah ,ov] #gc p] c5t4 ( ! milk suppli$ to ! city ( ,buffalo 9 #ahhe 0 f\nd to be adult]at$4 ,a v m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! milk receiv$ 9 ,new ,york city has tak5 place s9ce ! appo9tm5t ( a ,/ate ,dairy ,commission] 7#ahhd74 ,"u ! direction ( ?is (ficial ! metropolitan milk supply has be5 subject$ to a mo/ rigid inspection1 & ) v satisfactory results4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahhd & #ahhe ne>ly #de1jjj samples ( milk 7 exam9$4 ,a v common sophi/ication practis$ ^u milk consi/s 9 ! p>tial or complete removal ( its cream4 ,?is process ( skimm+ is conduct$ at e/abli%m5ts call$ 8cream]ies10 ( :i* sixty-?ree 7 =m]ly kn[n to s5d _! impov]i%$ product to ,new ,york city4 ,! ,/ate ,dairy ,commission] has likewise accompli%$ mu* t[>ds /opp+ ?is =m ( adult]ation4 ,milk is ! secretion ( ! mamm>y gl&s ( female mammalia4 ,x is an opaque liquid1 possess+ a :ite1 blui%-:ite1 or yell[i%-:ite col\r1 little or no od\r1 & a some:at sweeti% ta/e4 ,at times x exhibits an amphig5ic reaction1 i4 e4 x turns r$ litmus blue & blue litmus r$4 ,f ! exam9ation ( ne>ly "o ?\s& c[s 9 ! ,/ates ( ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,connecticut1 ! m9imum specific gravity ( milk 0 f\nd to be #ajbij1 ! maximum be+ #ajcid4 ,! opacity ( milk is only app>5t1 & is due to ! pres5ce ( fatty globules held 9 susp5sion2 ^! "u ! microscope are se5 to be surr\nd$ by a transp>5t liquid4 ,^u all[+ milk to rema9 at re/ = "s "t x exp]i5ces two *anges4 ,at fir/1 a yell[i%-:ite /ratum ( cream rises to ! surface1 ! l[] portion becom+ blui%-:ite 9 col\r & increas+ 9 d5sity4 ,if ?is latt] is fre$ f ! cream & aga9 set aside1 x und]goes a fur!r sep>ation into a solid body 7curd71 & a liquid 7:ey74 ,?is coagulation ( ! curd 7case9e7 is imm$iately produc$ by ! addition ( r5net1 & ( _m acids & metallic salts4 ,! ess5tial +r$i5ts ( milk are wat]1 fat1 case9e1 sug> 7lactose71 & inorganic salts4 ,! foll[+ table1 collat$ by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,w4 ,m>t91#ai exhibits ! results obta9$ by num]\s au?orities f ! analysis ( pure c['s milk3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,au?ority or ,numb] ,total ,solids ,analy/4 ( ,wat]4solids4,fat4 n ,sug>4,case9e4,salts4 c[s4 fat4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 ,james ,bell #baf #hgag #abhc #chc #ijj 44 44 #jga ,james ,bell #bd #hfgh #acbb #dab #iaj 44 44 #jgb dairies ,c4 ,e/ec\rt #bb #hgbf #abgd #ccg #icg 44 44 44 dairies ,j4 ,c>t] ,bell #ahc #hfdj #acfj #cgj #iij 44 44 #jgf ,j4 ,cam]on #db #hfec #acdg #djj #idg 44 44 44 ,c4 ,cam]on #dj #hgjj #acjj #djj #ijj #dbh #daj #jfb ,c4 ,cam]on #ajj #hfge #ache #dfj #ibe 44 44 44 ,fleis*mann #abj #hggh #abbb #cbj #ijb 44 44 44 & ,vei? ,vei? #fj #hgbj #abhj #caj #igj 44 44 44 ,vei? #iabj #hfig #acjc #ceb #iea 44 44 44 ,wanklyn ,av]age#hgej #abej #cbj #icj 44 44 44 ,a4 ,wynt] #hfhg #acac #cej #ifc 44 44 44 ,bly? ,m>*& #hgae #abhe #cee #icj 44 44 44 ,h5ry & #hgjb #abih #cac #ihe #dgg #ddh #jfj ,*evali] ,v]nois #hfdj #acfj #cfjajjj 44 44 44 ,becqu]el ,pay5 #hffj #acdj #cej #iij 44 44 44 ,o4 ,c4 ,wigg9 #eh #heib #adjh #djaajjg #dbi #dii #jgi ,e4 ,cald] #bg #hgbc #abgg #ccb #ide 44 44 44 ,%>pless #cd #hehe #adae #dfb #iec #dhb #djf #jfe ,haidl5 ,av]age#hgcj #abgj #cjj #igj 44 44 44 ,le!rby #hfjj #adjj #cijajaj #ebj #daj #jhj ,j4 ,knig #hgcj #abgj #cjj #igj #ejj #djj #jgj ,b\ss+ault #hgdj #abfj #daj #hej #eaj #cbj #jgj ,muspratt #hfdc #aceg #ddc #iad #dgc #cgd #jfg ,dieulafait #hgfd #abcf #caa #ibe #dbb #dah #jhe ,gorup-,bezanez #hegj #adcj #dca #iii #djd #edj #jee ,br9ton #hfjj #adjj #dej #iej #cej #eej #jgj ,*&l] #agjj #hgde #abee #chc #hgb 44 44 44 qts4 ,newton ,av]age#hgej #abej #cej #ijj 44 44 44 ,b>tley #hgej #abej #cej #ijj 44 44 44 ,:ite #hgej #abej #cej #ijj 44 44 44 ,wall] #hgej #abej #cbj #icj 44 44 44 ,babcock #heec #addg #eji #ici #eae #ceg #jfg ,*ur* #hfcj #acgj #cgjajjj #eaj #daj #jhj ,edw>d ,smi? #hfdj #acfj #cfa #iij #chj #eeb #jff ,m>t9 #hfej #abej #cbj #icj 44 44 #jfg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,mr4 ,m>t9 obta9$ ! foll[+ results f ! exam9ation ( cream sep>at$ by c5trifugal =ce1 & ( skimm$ milk3-- ---------------------------------- ,cream4 ,skimm$ ,milk4 ---------------------------------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,wat] #ebba #ijcd ,fat #daaf #jae ,sug> #caa #cih ,case9e #cdj #dhj ,salts #jab #jgh ---------------------------------- ,! proportion ( m9]al con/itu5ts 9 milk usually ranges betwe5 #jg & #jh p] c5t4 ,! av]age composition ( milk a% is z foll[s3#bj-- ,p] c5t4 ,potassa #bde ,soda #aaj ,lime #bbe ,magnesia #bf ,f]ric oxide #jc ,phosphoric anhydride #bfj ,sulphuric anhydride #aj ,*lor9e #aef ----- #ajceba ,! tabulation bel[ gives ! composition ( human milk & ! milk ( v>i\s animals3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,specific,wat]4 ,milk ,fat4 ,case9e4 ,milk ,inorganic ,gravity4 ,solids4 ,sug>4 ,salts4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 ,:ite woman #ajcae #hghjfabaid #djba #cebc #dbfe #jbh ,col\r$ woman 44 #hfcd #acff #djc #ccb #ega #jfa ,m>e #ajcaj #iacaj #ifij #ajee #aiec #fbhe #jcig ,goat #ajcbc #hfcf #acfd #dcf #dgj #djj #jfb ,ewe #ajchj #hbid #agjj #fig #edj #cfc #jig ,s[ #ajddj #hahj #ahbj #fjj #ecj #fjg #jhc ,can9e #ajcfj #ggbf #bbgd #ajfd #iba #bdi #jdd ,ass #ajccj #iaie #hje #jaa #ahb #fjh #jcd ,camel #hfid #acjf #bij #cfg #egh #jff _/ ,hippopotamus 44 #ijdc #ieg #dea #ddj #jaa ,elephant 44 #fffigcccjc #bbjgj #cbab #gcib #jfbi ,porpoise 44 #daaa #ehhi #dehj #aaai #acc #jeg ,cat 44 #hafb #ahch #ccc #iee #dia #jeh ,llama 44 #hiee #ajde #cae #jij #efj #jhj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sev]al v>ieties ( pres]v$ & cond5s$ milk h1 = a numb] ( ye>s1 be5 plac$ ^u ! m>ket4 ,! composition ( ! be/-kn[n br&s ( ^! prep>ations is z foll[s3-- ,,pres]v$ ,,milk4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,cane & ,br&4 ,wat]4 ,fat4 ,milk ,case9e4 ,salts4 ,sug>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 ,ald]ney #cjje #ajjh #dfja #abjd #ahb ,anglo-,swiss 7,am]ican7 #bidf #haa #ejda #ajbb #ahj 7,engli%7 #bghj #hbd #eajg #ajhj #bji 7,swiss7 #beea #hea #ecbg #ajga #bjj ,eagle #bgcj #ffj #dddg #ajgg #ahf ,cr[n #bidd #ibg #dibf #ajaa #aib ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,cond5s$ ,,milk4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,cane & ,br&4 ,wat]4 ,fat4 ,milk ,case9e4 ,salts4 ,sug>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4 ,am]ican #ebjg #aejf #afig #adbf #bhj ,new ,york #efga #adac #acih #acah #bjj ,granulat$ ,milk ,co4 #eedc #acaf #adhd #adjd #bec ,eagle #efja #adjb #adjf #acij #bja ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,analysis4 ,! pr9cipal adult]ations ( milk 7wat]+ & skimm+71 are detect$ by tak+ its specific gravity1 & mak+ quantitative det]m9ations ( ! total milk solids1 ! fat1 & ! milk solids n fat4 ,( ^! crit]ia1 ! la/-m5tion$ is ! mo/ con/ant & reliable4 ,physical ,exam9ation4 a4 ,specific ,gravity4--,! in/rum5t employ$ by ! ,new ,york heal? inspectors = te/+ milk is a v>iety ( ! hydromet]1 t]m$ ! lactomet]1 & its use1 :i* is bas$ ^u ! fact t "u ord9>y conditions wat]$ milk possesses a decreas$ d5sity1 is c]ta9ly ( great value z a prelim9>y te/4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,heal? lactomet] indicates specific gravities betwe5 #ajjj 7! d5sity ( wat]7 & #ajcdh4 ,on its scale #ajj repres5ts ! specific gravity ( #ajbi 7tak5 z ! m9imum d5sity ( g5u9e milk71 & #j repres5ts ! d5sity ( wat]2 ! graduations are ext5d$ to #abj1 equival5t to a specific gravity ( #ajcdh4 ,9 tak+ an obs]vation ) ! lactomet]1 ! /&>d temp]ature ( #ae %\ld be obta9$1 & ! col\r & consi/5cy ( ! milk not$4 ,if ^! latt] prop]ties indicate a dilution ( ! sample1 & ! in/rum5t s9ks bel[ ! #ajj m>k1 x is safe to assume t ! milk has be5 wat]$4 ,! scale is s con/ruct$ t ! ext5t ( ! dilution is directly %[n by ! read+1 e4 g4 if ! lactomet] s9ks to #gj ! sample conta9s #gj p] c5t4 ( pure milk & #cj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,z ! /&>d ( specific gravity 7#ajbi7 select$ = ! #ajj m>k ( ! lactomet] is ! m9imum d5sity ( unwat]$ milk1 x is evid5t t ! read+s ( ! in/rum5t w almo/ inv>iably indicate an addition ( wat] less ?an has actually tak5 place4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t1 "u normal circum/ances1 ! /&>d adopt$ by ! ,new ,york ,bo>d ( ,heal? errs on ! side ( too mu* l5i5cy t[>d ! milk deal]4 ,cream be+ light] ?an wat]1 a sample ( skimm$ milk w possess a great] specific gravity ?an ! pure article1 & x is possible to add f #aj to #bj p] c5t4 ( wat] to x & /ill h ! result+ admixture /& at #ajj :5 te/$ by ! lactomet]4 ,vehem5t attempts h be5 made 9 c\rt & else:]e to impea* ! accuracy ( ! indications af=d$ by ! lactomet]4 ,^! h be5 ma9ly f\nd$ ^u ! fact t a sample ( milk unusually ri* 9 cream w h a l[] d5sity ?an a poor] grade1 s t x is q possible t milk ( v sup]ior quality may %[ a gravity id5tical ) t ( a wat]$ specim54 ,great /ress has be5 laid ^u ?is by ! oppon5ts ( ! measures to control milk adult]ation adopt$ by ! public sanit>y au?orities4 ,!y h cont5d$ t a *emical analysis %\ld be made4 ,rec\rse to ?is me?od w\ld1 h[ev]1 involve a great] am\nt ( "t ?an x is usually practicable to devote to ! exam9ation ( ! num]\s samples daily inspect$2 moreov]1 ! process is resort$ to :5ev] ! indications ( ! lactomet] leave ! inspector 9 d\bt4 ,) ! ex]cise ( ord9>y intellig5ce ?is cont+5cy seldom arises1 z ! proportion ( cream requir$ to r$uce ! specific gravity to t ( a wat]$ sample w\ld be m ?an suffici5t to obviate any dang] ( mi/ak+ ! cause ( ! decreas$ d5sity4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be /at$1 t ! av]age lactometric /&+ ( ab\t #bj1jjj samples ( milk1 exam9$ by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,dairy ,commission] 9 ! ye> #ahhd1 0 #aaj1 equival5t to a specific gravity ( #ajcai4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! value ( lactomet] degrees 9 specific gravity3-- ,,value ,,( ,,lactomet] ,,degrees ,,9 ,,specific ,,gravity4 ---------------------- ,lactomet]4 ,gravity4 ---------------------- #j #ajjjjj #a #ajjjbi #b #ajjjeh #c #ajjjhg #d #ajjaaf #e #ajjade #f #ajjagd #g #ajjbjc #h #ajjbcb #i #ajjbfa #aj #ajjbij #aa #ajjcai #ab #ajjcdh #ac #ajjcgg #ad #ajjdjf #ae #ajjdce #af #ajjdfd #ag #ajjdic #ah #ajjebb #ai #ajjeea #bj #ajjehj #ba #ajjfji #bb #ajjfch #bc #ajjffg #bd #ajjfif #be #ajjgbe #bf #ajjged #bg #ajjghc #bh #ajjhab #bi #ajjhda #cj #ajjhgj #ca #ajjhii #cb #ajjibh #cc #ajjieg #cd #ajjihf #ce #ajajae #cf #ajajdd #cg #ajajgc #ch #ajaajb #ci #ajaaca #dj #ajaafj #da #ajaahi #db #ajabaj #dc #ajabdg #dd #ajabgf #de #ajacje #df #ajaccd #dg #ajacfc #dh #ajacib #di #ajadba #ej #ajadej #ea #ajadgi #eb #ajaejh #ec #ajaecg #ed #ajaeff #ee #ajaeie #ef #ajafbd #eg #ajafec #eh #ajafhb #ei #ajagaa #fj #ajagdj #fa #ajagfi #fb #ajagih #fc #ajahbg #fd #ajahef #fe #ajahhe #ff #ajaiad #fg #ajaidc #fh #ajaigb #fi #ajbjja #gj #ajbjcj #ga #ajbjei #gb #ajbjhh #gc #ajbaag #gd #ajbadf #ge #ajbage #gf #ajbbjd #gg #ajbbcc #gh #ajbbfb #gi #ajbbia #hj #ajbcbj #ha #ajbcdi #hb #ajbcgh #hc #ajbdjg #hd #ajbdcf #he #ajbdfe #hf #ajbdid #hg #ajbebc #hh #ajbeeb #hi #ajbeha #ij #ajbfai #ia #ajbfci #ib #ajbffh #ic #ajbfig #id #ajbgbf #ie #ajbgee #if #ajbghd #ig #ajbhac #ih #ajbhdb #ii #ajbhga #ajj #ajbijj #aja #ajbibi #ajb #ajbieh #ajc #ajbihg #ajd #ajcjaf #aje #ajcjde #ajf #ajcjgd #ajg #ajcajc #ajh #ajcacb #aji #ajcafa #aaj #ajcaij #aaa #ajcbai #aab #ajcbdh #aac #ajcbgg #aad #ajccjf #aae #ajccce #aaf #ajccfd #aag #ajccic #aah #ajcdbb #aai #ajcdea #abj #ajcdhj --------------------- ,*emical ,exam9ation4 b4 ,wat]1 ,total ,solids1 & ,a%4--,five grammes ( ! fre% milk are weigh$ 9 a t>$ plat9um di%1 hav+ a flat bottom1 :i* is plac$ on a wat]-ba?1 :]e x is all[$ to rema9 = ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,x is !n transf]r$ to a wat]-ov51 & ! di% is subsequ5tly weigh$1 f "t to "t1 until ! weight becomes con/ant4 ,! loss 9 weight is ! wat] pres5t2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! plat9um capsule & its weight ) ! rema9+ cont5ts gives ! am\nt ( total solids1 :i*1 9 milk ( good quality1 %\ld n be "u #ab p] c5t4 ,! inorganic salts 7a%7 c n[ be det]m9$ by c>efully inc9]at+ ! residual cont5ts ( ! capsule4 ,too high a temp]ature is to be avoid$ 9 ?is process1 9 ord] to prev5t ! fusion ( ! a%1 :i* %\ld1 h[ev]1 be ignit$ until x %[s a greyi%-:ite col\r4 ,! am\nt ( a% 9 g5u9e milk ranges f #jgj to #jhj p] c5t4 ,! addition ( wat] naturally decreases ?is proportion z well z t ( ! total milk-solids4 c4 ,fat1 ,milk ,solids n ,fat1 ,case9e1 & ,milk ,sug>4--,an approximate e/imation ( ! fat 9 milk 0 =m]ly made by ! use ( ! creamomet]4 ,?is in/rum5t consi/s simply ( a long glass tube1 provid$ at its upp] end ) a scale4 ,! milk "u exam9ation is introduc$ into ! tube & all[$ to rema9 at re/ = ab\t #bd h\rs1 or until ! /ratum ( cream has completely collect$ ^u its surface2 ! quantity is !n read (f by means ( ! atta*$ scale4 ,! results af=d$ by ! creamomet] are1 h[ev]1 f> f reliable4 ,cream is really milk ri* 9 fat1 case9e1 etc41 & ! quantitative relation x be>s to ! true am\nt ( fat pres5t is n always a direct "o4 ,a rec5t =m ( lactoscope1 devis$ by ,fes]1 is less objectionable1 & is 9 v g5]al use = ! rapid e/imation ( fat 9 milk4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a glass cyl9d]1 provid$ ) two scales1 "o be+ graduat$ into c4c41 ! o!r1 into p]c5tages ( fat4 ,9 ! l[] end ( ! in/rum5t is a contraction1 9 :i* is plac$ a cyl9drical piece ( :ite glass1 graduat$ ) well-def9$ black l9es4 ,9 us+ ! lactoscope1 #d c4c4 ( ! milk are introduc$ into ! in/rum5t by means ( a pipette1 & wat] is gradually add$1 ) %ak+1 until ! black m>ks on ! small :ite cyl9d] become j visible4 ,^u n[ ref]r+ to ! c4c4 scale1 ! quantity ( wat] us$ to effect ! necess>y dilution is asc]ta9$1 & ! correspond+ p]c5tage ( fat 9 ! sample is indicat$ by ! p]c5tage scale4#bb ,9 ! gravimetric det]m9ation ( ! fat 7butt]71 #aj grammes ( ! milk are put into a t>$ plat9um di%1 conta9+ a weigh$ am\nt ( dry s&4 ,! milk is evaporat$ z previ\sly direct$1 ! mixture be+ con/antly /irr$ ) a small plat9um spatula4 ,! residue is repeat$ly treat$ ) w>m e!r or petroleum naph?a ( #gj ,b41 & ! solutions p\r$ ^u a small filt]4 ,! sev]al filtrates are collect$ 9 a t>$ beak]1 & cauti\sly evaporat$1 until con/ant weight is obta9$4 ,?is w give ! am\nt ( fat4 ,! undissolv$ residue rema9+ 9 ! plat9um capsule1 or ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! quantity ( fat & t ( ! total milk-solids1 af=ds ! proportion ( milk solids n fat conta9$1 :i*1 9 unadult]at$ milk1 %\ld am\nt to #i p] c5t4 ,x has be5 det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 t e p]c5tage ( milk-solids n fat1 increases ! specific gravity ( milk #jjjcge1 :]eas ea* p]c5tage ( fat decreases ! gravity #jjjaj1 & ! proportion ( solids n fat c be calculat$ f ! data af=d$ by ! lactomet] & ,fes]'s lactoscope by means ( ! =mula3-- 7,s - ,a7 _/ #jjjcge1 :]e ,s is ! specific gravity ( ! milk1 z %[n by ! lactomet]1 & ,a is ! rema9d] obta9$ ^u multiply+ ! p]c5tage ( fat indicat$ by ! lactoscope by #jjja & subtract+ ! residue f #ajjjj4 ,! residue rema9+ aft] ! extraction ( ! fat is treat$ ) w>m wat] conta9+ a few drops ( acetic acid1 or ) dilute 7#hj p] c5t47 alcohol1 9 ord] to remove ! sug>4 ,! residue is dri$ until x ceases to decrease 9 weight1 & is !n weigh$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! orig9al weight ( ! s& & ! weight ( ! s& & residue comb9$ repres5ts approximately ! am\nt ( case9e 7album9oids7 pres5t4 ,z ?is conta9s a c]ta9 proportion ( a% x is to be subsequ5tly ignit$1 & ! a% obta9$ d$uct$ f ! fir/ weight4 ,! alcoholic sug> solution is evaporat$ to dryness & weigh$4 ,! residue is !n inc9]at$ & ! weight ( a% is subtract$4 ,! diff]5ce is ! am\nt ( milk sug> conta9$4 ,! sug> may likewise be det]m9$ by means ( ,fehl+'s solution 7see pp4 #cg1 #aaa74 ,ab\t #ej c4c4 ( ! milk is w>m$ ) a small quantity ( acetic acid to precipitate ! case9e1 :i* is remov$ by filtration1 & ! filtrate dilut$ to #ejj c4c42 ! te/ is !n appli$4 #aj c4c4 ( ! copp] solution repres5ts #jjfg gramme ( milk sug>4 ,! sug> 9 milk c also be e/imat$ by ! pol>iscope 7see "u ,sug>1 p4 #aab74 ,9 case ! ,v5tzke-,s*eibl] in/rum5t is us$1 #fecf grammes ( ! sample are weigh$ out & introduc$ into a #ajj cc4 flask2 ab\t #e cc4 ( plumbic basic acetate solution is add$1 & ! liquid is well %ak51 & !n all[$ to /& at re/ = a few m9utes4 ,x is next filt]$1 its volume made up to ! #ajj cc4 m>k1 & ! #bj cm4 tube fill$ & ! read+ made2 ?is divid$ by #b gives ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! milk4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,adams#bc has rec5tly propos$ a me?od ( milk analysis :i* consi/s 9 fir/ plac+ #e cc4 ( ! sample 9 a t>$ beak]1 & !n introduc+ a weigh$ pap] coil made ( blott+ pap] f :i* all fatty matt] has previ\sly be5 remov$ by wa%+ ) e!r4 ,z soon z ! milk is completely absorb$1 ! pap] coil is remov$ & dri$ at #ajj4 ,! increase ( weight gives ! am\nt ( total solids4 ,! fat is next extract$ by petroleum naph?a or e!r1 & its weight det]m9$4 ,! proportion ( solids n fat is asc]ta9$ by aga9 dry+ & weigh+ ! exhau/$ coil4 ,! /&>ds adopt$ by ! ,engli% ,society ( ,public ,analy/s = pure milk1 are3-- ,p] c5t4 ,specific gravity #ajcj ,a% #jgj ,solids n fat #ijj ,fat #bej ,total solids #aaej ,wat] #hhej ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ! legal /&>ds = milk are t x %all n conta9 m ?an #hh p] c5t4 ( wat]1 nor less ?an #ab p] c5t4 ( milk solids1 & #c p] c5t4 ( fat4 ,9 ,massa*usetts ! law fix+ a *emical /&>d ( purity = milk reads3 8,9 all cases ( prosecution1 if ! milk %all be %[n ^u analysis to conta9 m ?an #hg p] c5t4 ( wat]1 or to conta9 less ?an #ac p] c5t4 ( milk solids1 x %all be deem$1 = ! purpose ( ?is ,act1 to be adult]at$40 ,! ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( ,new ,j]sey fixes ! m9imum am\nt ( total solids at #ab p] c5t4 & ! maximum am\nt ( wat] at #hh p] c5t4 ,9 ,p>is1 ! m9imum limits = condemnation are ! foll[+3-- ,fat1 #bgj2 milk-sug>1 #dej2 case9e1 album51 & a%1 #dcj2 total solids1 #aaej4 ,! foll[+ proportion c be employ$ 9 ! calculation ( ! am\nt ( pure milk 7x7 conta9$ 9 a suspect$ sample3-- ,f ! total solids3-- #abe3 total solids f\nd #ajj 3 x4 ,f ! solids n fat3-- #icj3 solids n fat #ajj 3 x4 ,f ! sug>3-- #ddj3 sug> f\nd #ajj 3 x4 ,f ! specific gravity3-- #ajcj 3 sp4 gr4 #ajj 3 x4 ,9 mo/ cases ! det]m9ation ( ! total milk-solids & ! fat 7! diff]5ce be+ ! solids n fat7 furni%es all ! data requir$ = det]m9+ ! am\nt ( wat]+ :i* a sample ( milk has und]gone4 ,! ,society ( ,public ,analy/s use #i z ! av]age p]c5tage ( solids n fat 9 pure milk 7:i* is g5]ally consid]$ z too l[7 & adopt ! =mula3-- #ajj_/i ,s x1 9 :i* x repres5ts ! p]c5tage ( g5u9e milk1 & ,s ! solids n fat4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,cream #dbj4 ,illu/ration3 ,c[s ,milk #dbj4 ,,artotype4 ,e4 ,,bi]/adt1 ,n4 ,y4 ,9 skimm$ milk ! p]c5tage ( fat remov$ 7x7 c be asc]ta9$ by ! =mula3-- 7#be7 _/ 7#ij7 ,s - f x1 9 :i* ,s solids n fat1 & f ! fat f\nd4 ,9 case ! sample has be5 subject$ to bo? skimm+ & wat]+1 ! wat] add$ 7x7 c be calculat$ f ! =mula#bd3-- #ajj - 7#ajj #be7 _/ #i ,s - f x4 ,! addition ( m9]al salts to milk is detect$ by ! increas$ proportion ( a% f\nd2 ! pres5ce ( an abnormal am\nt ( common salt by ! high proportion ( *lor9e pres5t 9 ! a%1 :i* 9 pure milk %\ld nev] exce$ #jad p] c5t4 ,! use ( sodium bic>bonate1 borax1 etc41 is also detect$ by ! analysis ( ! a%4 ,glyc]9e1 salicylic acid1 fl\r1 & />*1 if add$1 c be extract$ f ! milk-solids & _! id5tity e/abli%$ by ! usual *>act]i/ic reactions4 ,! microscope is ( great s]vice 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! quality ( milk1 & especially 9 ! detection ( ! pres5ce ( abnormal bodies1 su* z pus1 colo/rum cells1 & blood4 ,9 pure c['s milk ! globules are 9 con/ant motion2 _! usual size is #a_/ejjj ( an in*1 b ?is dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! food us$4 ,plates ,,iv4 & ,v41 :i* repres5t cream1 pure milk1 skimm$ milk1 & milk conta9+ colo/rum cells1 7 tak5 f photo-micrographic negatives furni%$ ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,m>t94 ,num]\s cases ( sev]e illness h f "t to "t be5 develop$ by ! use ( milk :i* 0 app>5tly free f any ( ! usual adult]ants4 ,9 a rec5t issue ( ! #8,philadelphia ,m$ical ,news' 7,sept4 #ahhf7 an in/ance ( :olesale milk poison+ at ,long ,bran* is describ$1 & ! results rea*$ by a c>eful /udy ( ! epidemic are giv54 ,x 0 demon/rat$ t w>m milk1 fre% f ! c[1 if plac$ 9 clos$ cans "u conditions :i* ret>d$ ! dissipation ( its heat1 may suff] f]m5tation result+ )9 a few h\rs 9 ! g5esis ( a suffici5t quantity ( a poison\s ptoma9e 7t]m$ tyrotoxicon7 to produce dang]\s toxic effects 9 ^? dr9k+ x4 ,tyrotoxicon 0 isolat$ f ! milk1 & obta9$ 9 ne$le-%ap$ cry/als1 :i* r$uc$ iodic acid & gave a blue coloration :5 treat$ ) potassium f]ricyanide or f]ric *loride4 ,pr(4 ,victor ,c4 ,vaughan#be discov]$ ! same alkaloid 9 poison\s *eese1 & has also detect$ its pres5ce 9 ice-cream t _h be5 ! cause ( sickness4 ,9 ?is connection x is ( importance to note t ! addition ( gelat9e to ice-cream is occasionally practis$3 9 case ?is sub/ance is us$ :ile 9 a /ate ( incipi5t decomposition1 ! dang] ( ! bact]ia & o!r organisms pres5t subsequ5tly resum+ activity is consid]able4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly & conclusively demon/rat$ t milk f c[s affect$ ) tub]culosis & o!r compla9ts1 is capable ( propagat+ ! se$s ( disease1 especially 9 *ildr54 ,! pres5ce ( impure wat] 9 milk con/itutes ano!r s\rce ( dang]4 ,a te/ bas$ ^u ! fact t wat] :i* has receiv$ sewage contam9ation (t5 conta9s nitrites1 is appli$ by fir/ coagulat+ ! suspect$ milk ) acetic acid1 !n filt]+ & add+ to ! filtrate a few cc4 ( an equal mixture ( sulphanilic acid & naph?ylam9e sulphate1 :51 9 pres5ce ( nitrites1 a rose-r$ col\r w be produc$4 ,,plate ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,skimm$ ,c[s ,milk #dbj4 ,illu/ration3 ,colo/rum 9 ,c[s ,milk #dbj4 ,,artotype4 ,e4 ,,bi]/adt1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,9 #ahhe1 out ( #bjbd samples te/$1 #hhj fell bel[ ! /&>d ( #ac p] c5t4 total solids4 #ai ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,dairy ,commission]1 #ahhf4 #bj ,damm]'s #8,lexikon d] ,v]fls*ung51' #ahhg1 p4 #eib4 #ba #cej p] c5t4 %\ld be d$uct$ = *lor9e & oxyg54 #bb ,= description ( ! 8,lactocrete10 see #8,analy/1' ,jan4 #ahhg4 #bc #8,analy/1' x4 pp4 #df-ed4 #bd ,bly?4 #be 8,e9 ,ptoma9 aus giftigem ,kse10 ,zeit4 f4 ,phys4 ,*em41 x4 p4 #b1 #ahhf4 ,,butt]4 ,butt] is ! fat ( milk1 conta9+ small proportions ( case9e1 wat]1 & salt 7! latt] mo/ly add$71 & possess+ a some:at granul> /ructure4 ,9 its prep>ation ! fat-globules ( cream are made to coalesce by ! process ( *urn+1 & are remov$ f ! residual butt]milk4 ,its col\r1 due to lacto*rome1 v>ies f :ite to yell[1 accord+ to ! bre$ & food ( ! c[4 ,! fatty con/itu5ts ( butt] are butyric1 caproic1 caprylic1 capric1 myri/ic1 palmitic1 /e>ic1 & oleic acids1 :i* are comb9$ ) glyc]9e z e!rs2 ! fir/ f\r are soluble 9 hot wat]1 ! rema9d] insoluble4 ,x is v probable t butt] fat is compos$ ( complex glyc]ides1 i4 e4 tri-acid 7presumably oleic1 palmitic1 & butyric7 e!rs1 ( ! foll[+ "*3-- ,o4,c#d ,h#g,o ,c#c ,h#e ,o4,c#af;,h#ca,o ,o4,c#ah;,h#cc,o ,! table on p4 #fd exhibits a summ>y ( ! results obta9$ by v>i\s *emi/s by ! analysis ( num]\s specim5s ( g5u9e butt]4 ,dr4 ,elwyn ,wall] f\nd ! foll[+ v>iations 9 ! con/itu5ts ( pure butt]3--,fat1 f #hc to #he2 wat]1 f #h to #aj2 curd1 f #a to #c2 salts1 f #c to #e p] c5t4 ,butt] fat fuses at #bh to #cg1 & at #cgg its specific gravity ranges f #jiabjj to #jiadjj4 ,! mo/ common adult]ations ( butt] consi/ 9 ! addition ( wat]1 salt1 col\r+ matt]s1 & v>i\s =eign fats 7notably oleom>g>9e74 ,! fir/ two admixtures are easily recognis$ by ! proximate analysis2 ! detection ( ! la/ sophi/ication involves a some:at elaborate exam9ation ( ! fatty con/itu5ts ( ! butt]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,no4 ,wat]4 ,fats4 ,analy/4 ( -------------------------------------- ,samples4 ,max4 ,m94 ,avg4 ,max4 ,m94 ,avg4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 ,knig #abc #ceab #eej #addi #hebe #gfcg #hcbg ,bell #aag #bjge #dae #adb 44 44 44 ,hassall #dh #aedc #dah 44 #ific #fggb 44 #bhf #hdh 44 #ific #fggb 44 ,angell & ,hehn] #cj #afj #fd 44 #ijb #gfd 44 ,wanklyn #ej #bdi #hf 44 44 44 44 ,caldwell #bf #cjge #ajde 44 44 44 44 ,ellis #ab #aje #di 44 #hig #hjh 44 ,l>ue #ab #afe #hj 44 #hfi #giad 44 ,fleis*man fre% 44 44 44 #ahj 44 44 #hjj salt 44 44 44 #abj 44 44 #hce ,bly? #e #abihd #heh 44 #hgbbc #hbfdc #hede ,s*a*t #h #ijj #abe 44 #ihjj #hgjj 44 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,curd4 ,salts4 ,analy/4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,max4 ,m94 ,avg4 ,max4 ,m94 ,avg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 ,knig #dgg #jbe #abi #efe #jjh #jie ,bell #djb 44 #ab #aejh #je 44 ,hassall 44 44 44 #bia #jc 44 44 44 44 #hbd #aec 44 ,angell & ,hehn] #ea #aa 44 #he #jd 44 ,wanklyn 44 44 44 #ajg #ja 44 ,caldwell 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,ellis #di #aa 44 #fb #ja 44 ,l>ue #ee #ae 44 #cfj #jd 44 ,fleis*man fre% 44 44 44 44 44 #bj salt 44 44 44 44 44 #fe ,bly? #eacg #bjed #be #caea #jdbd 44 ,s*a*t #je 44 44 #fj #jeg 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,proximate ,analysis4 ,ab\t five grammes ( ! well-av]ag$ sample are weigh$ out 9 a t>$ plat9um capsule1 & dri$ = ?ree h\rs 7or until con/ant weight is obta9$7 ov] a wat]-ba? 7or ov] a l[ flame1 con/antly /irr+ ) a !rmomet]71 & ! decrease 9 weight 7wat]7 asc]ta9$4 ,z a rule1 ! proportion ( wat] 9 g5u9e butt] v>ies f #h to #af p] c5t4 ,! residue 9 ! capsule is !n melt$ at a g5tle heat1 & ! liquid fat cauti\sly p\r$ (f f ! rema9+ case9e & salt1 ^! latt] be+ aft]w>ds m completely exhau/$ by wa%+ ) e!r4 ,^u n[ dry+ ! residue1 ! loss 9 weight w give ! am\nt ( fat pres5t4 ,! case9e is next det]m9$ by ! loss 9 weight obta9$ ^u inc9]at+ ! matt]s left undissolv$ by ! e!r1 ! rema9+ inorganic matt] be+ ! salt conta9$4 ,! proportion ( fat pres5t 9 g5u9e butt] ranges f #hb to #ij p] c5t42 x %\ld nev] be bel[ #hj p] c5t4 ,! av]age am\nt ( case9e is #be p] c5t42 great] proportions1 frequ5tly occurr+ 9 unadult]at$ butt]1 r5d] x m liable to become rancid4 ,! a% %\ld consi/ ( sodium *loride1 ) "s calcium phosphate2 ! am\nt ( salt is q v>iable1 b x usually ranges f #b to #g p] c5t4 ,! proportion ( +r$i5ts1 n fat1 9 butt] may be conv5i5tly det]m9$ by melt+ #aj grammes ( ! sample 9 a graduat$ tube1 provid$ ) a scale at its l[] end1 :i* is n>r[$1 add+ #cj c4c4 ( petroleum naph?a1 & %ak+ ! mixture4 ,aft] /&+ a few h\rs1 ! non-fatty matt]s collect 9 ! l[] portion ( ! tube1 & _! volume is read (f4 ,g5u9e butt] is said to yield f #ab to #ad p] c5t4 7assum+ ea* c4c4 to equal "o gramme71 :ile adult]at$ specim5s may %[ #bj p] c5t4 ( matt]s n fat4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,butt]-fat4 ,! mo/ common & important sophi/ication ( butt] consi/s 9 ! addition ( =eign fats1 embrac+ bo? animal fats 7oleom>g>9e & l>d7 & vegetable oils 7cotton-se$1 olive1 rape-se$1 cocoa-nut1 almond1 palm1 etc474 ,( ^!1 oleom>g>9e is d\btless ! mo/ (t5 employ$4 ,oleom>g>9e is ! m fusible portion ( beef fat1 & is prep>$ by /ra9+ ! melt$ fat1 all[+ ! oil ?us obta9$ to /& = "s "t at a temp]ature ( ab\t #bd1 :5 mo/ ( ! /e>9e & palmit9e w sep>ate out1 & cool+ ! rema9+ oil until x solidifies4 ,?is is next *urn$ ) milk1 a little col\r+ matt] 7annato7 be+ add$1 & ! product is !n *ill$ by mix+ x ) ice2 salt is n[ add$1 & ! mass is f9ally work$ up into lumps4 ,x is /at$ t fifte5 e/abli%m5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( oleom>g>9e1 ! annual production 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york alone be+ ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,! rapid increase 9 ! manufacture ( oleom>g>9e is %[n by ! foll[+ /ati/ics3--,9 #ahhj ?is c\ntry export$ #ci1bcf1fee p\nds ( butt] & #bj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( oleom>g>9e1 :ile 9 #ahhe ! exportation ( butt] decl9$ to #ba1fch1abh p\nds1 & ! exportation ( oleom>g>9e rea*$ ne>ly #ch1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,! pres5t production is said to approximate #ej1jjj1jjj p\nds p] annum4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( g5u9e butt] & oleom>g>9e consi/s 9 ! great] proportion ( soluble fats conta9$ 9 ! =m]4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ comp>ative analysis ( ! two products 7,mge ,m\ris73-- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,g5u9e ,butt]4,oleom>g>9e4 ---------------------------------------- ----- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,wat] #aaifh #aabjc ,solids #hhjcb #hhgig ------------------------------ #ajjjjj #ajjjjj ,solids3 ,insoluble fats #gebef #haaia ,soluble fats #gdcb #ahbc ,case9e #jahb #jfba ,salt #eafb #eafb ------------------------------ #hhjcb #hhgig ---------------------------------------- ----- ,l>d is likewise occasionally us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z an admixture to butt]1 ! product1 8l>d9e10 be+ sold ei!r z oleom>g>9e-butt]1 or z ! g5u9e article4 ,dr4 ,munsell m5tions a factory 9 ,new ,york city :]e ! weekly output ( l>d$ butt] is #ejjj p\nds4 ,z a result ( ! ef=ts ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,dairy ,commission1 x has be5 e/imat$ t ! sale ( imitation butt] 9 ?is ,/ate 9 #ahhe suff]$ a decrease ( ab\t #fj p] c5t41 al?\gh ! quantity manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %[$ an increase ( #ej p] c5t4 ,! specific gravity & melt+ po9t ( butt] h be5 sugge/$ z crit]ia = its purity2 9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ^! det]m9ations possess a r limit$ value2 z already /at$1 butt] fat1 at ! temp]ature ( #cgg1 has a d5sity rang+ f #jiabjj to #jiadjj4 ,! relation betwe5 ! specific gravity ( a fat & ! proportion ( insoluble acids conta9$ 0 fir/ notic$ by ,bell4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table :i* ref]s to pure butt] fat4 ,specific ,gravity ,p] c5t4 at #cgg4 ,insoluble ,acids #jiachb #hgdg #jiacdf #hghi #jiaccg #hgih #jiabij #hhdh #jiabhf #hheb #jiabgf #hhfb #jiabeh #hhhj #jiabdf #hijj ,! foll[+ results h be5 obta9$ by ! analysis ( samples ( v>i\s animal fats1 & oleom>g>9e butt]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,specific ,gravity ,p] c5t4 ,fix$ at #cge4 ,fatty ,acids4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,mutton suet #jijbhc #ieef ,beef suet #jijcgb #ieia ,f9e l>d #jijchd #ifbj ,dripp+ 7comm]cial7 #jijdef #idfg ,mutton dripp+ 7g5u9e7 #jijcig #iedh ,oleom>g>9e butt] #jijchd #idcd #jijbcd #idhc #jijcae #iejd #jijcgi #ifbi #jijacf #iefj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,x w be notic$ t ! fats mo/ly us$ to adult]ate butt] are ( a l[] d5sity4 ,bly? reg>ds a gravity bel[ #jiaa 7at #cge7 z cle>ly po9t+ to ! pres5ce ( =eign fatty admixture4 ,! specific gravity det]m9ation is made by means ( ! areomet]1 or by ! gravity bottle2 num]\s indirect me?ods h also be5 propos$4 ,p4 ,casamajor#bf sugge/s a process = di/+ui%+ g5u9e butt] f oleom>g>9e :i* is bas$ ^u ! fact t ! d5sity ( a liquid 9 :i* a body rema9s 9 equilibrium is ! d5sity ( ! body itself4 ,z ! result ( 8 inve/igations x 0 f\nd t pure butt] at #ae w\ld be held 9 equilibrium by alcohol ( #ecg p] c5t4 7sp4 gr4 #jibf71 & t oleom>g>9e w\ld rema9 9 equilibrium1 at ! same temp]ature1 9 alcohol ( #eib p] c5t4 7sp4 gr4 #jije74 ,if equal volumes ( alcohol ( #ecg p] c5t4 & #eib p] c5t4 7i4e4 an alcohol ( #efe p] c5t47 are tak51 & a drop ( melt$ butt] & ( oleom>g>9e are deliv]$ ^u its surface1 ! =m] w s9k to ! bottom & ! latt] w rema9 at ! top1 s long z ! two globules are w>m & liquid4 ,9 case ! temp]ature ( ! alcohol is ab\t #cj1 ! butt] w solidify & also rise to ! top1 :]eas ! oleom>g>9e may rema9 liquid4 ,on n[ keep+ ! alcohol = a %ort "t at a temp]ature ( #ae ! oleom>g>9e becomes opaque1 b rema9s at ! top1 :ile ! solidifi$ butt] w s9k to ! bottom4 ,if alcohol ( #eib p] c5t4 is employ$1 oleom>g>9e w rema9 at ! surface & g5u9e butt] fall to ! bottom at all temp]atures above #ae1 & at ?is temp]ature oleom>g>9e w be 9 equilibrium4 ,s9ce n ov] #cc p] c5t4 ( butt] is usually add$ to oleom>g>9e1 x is propos$ to use alcohol ( #ee p] c5t41 & consid] z oleom>g>9e any sample :i* does n s9k at #ae4 ,! =ego+ me?od c be appli$ quantitatively by det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( ! alcohol :i* w keep 9 equilibrium a drop ( ! fat "u exam9ation4 ,s9ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 #eib & #ecg is #ee1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /r5g? ( ! alcohol us$ & #ecg1 divid$ by #ee 7or multipli$ by #jah71 w give ! proportion ( oleom>g>9e pres5t4 ,= example1 if ! globule is held 9 equilibrium at #ae 9 #eg p] c5t4 alcohol1 ! sample conta9s ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( oleom>g>9e1 = 7#eg - #ecg7 #jah #cc #jah #jeid or1 say1 #f_/aj4 ,! melt+-po9t ( butt] is bel[ t ( mo/ ( its fatty adult]ants2 z previ\sly /at$1 x v>ies f #bh to #cg4 ,! det]m9ation is made ei!r 9 ! ord9>y mann] by means ( a f9e tube1 or a little ( ! *ill$ sample is atta*$ to a loop$ plat9um wire1 plac$ ne> ! !rmomet]-bulb1 9 wat] :i* is gradually heat$ until fusion takes place4 ,bly? gives ! foll[+ table ( ! melt+-po9ts ( v>i\s fats3-- ,butt]9e #cac ,cocoa butt] #cdi ,butt] 7av]age7 #ceh ,beef dripp+ #dch ,veal dripp+ #dgg ,mix$ #dbf ,l>d1 f #db to #de ,ox fat1 f ab\t #dh #ec ,mutton fat1 f ab\t #ej #ea ,tall[ #ecc ,num]\s qualitative te/s h be5 propos$ by v>i\s au?orities = ! detection ( =eign fats 9 butt]1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are p]haps sometimes ( use4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! value ( ^! te/s1 :5 appli$ to mixtures1 is limit$ & v unc]ta94 #a4 ,a little ( ! sample is heat$ 9 a te/-tube3 pure butt] fro?s & acquires a br[ni% col\r2 ) =eign fats !re is b little foam+1 &1 al?\gh ! case9e pres5t d>k5s1 ! liquid itself rema9s comp>atively cle>4 #b4 ,if a sample conta9+ oleom>g>9e is melt$ & ! oil burn$ 9 an ord9>y lamp-wick1 a decid$ od\r ( burn+ tall[ w be produc$ ^u ext+ui%+ ! flame4 ,specim5s ( real butt]1 h[ev]1 h be5 f\nd to also emit a tall[-l od\r4 #c4 ,! melt$ sample is filt]$ & treat$ ) boil+ e!r2 pure butt] fat dissolves mu* m readily ?an d l>d & tall[4 ,^u add+ me?ylic alcohol to ! solution ! latt] fats are precipitat$1 :]eas pure butt] w rema9 9 solution4 #d4 ,if ! filt]$ fat is di/ill$ ) a mixture ( alcohol & sulphuric acid1 ! di/illate w possess ! od\r ( butyric e!r 9 a v m>k$ degree1 9 case x consi/s ( butt]4#bg #e4 ,! /ra9$ fat is treat$ ) a solution ( c>bolic acid 7#a "p acid & #aj p>ts wat]73 g5u9e butt] dissolves to a cle> solution2 beef1 mutton1 & sw9e fat =m two lay]s1 ! upp] "o becom+ turbid ^u cool+4 #f4 ,if ! sample consi/s ( butt] or oleom>g>9e1 & is mix$ ) ab\t t5 p>ts ( glyc]9e & ! emulsion dige/$ ) a mixture ( equal p>ts ( e!r & alcohol1 two lay]s ( solution w be produc$1 )\t any deposit ( solid matt] betwe5 !m2 if1 h[ev]1 l>d1 suet1 or />* is pres5t x w become deposit$ betwe5 ! lay]s4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t butt] diff]s f "s ( its fatty adult]ants 9 conta9+ a consid]able proportion ( fatty acids :i* are soluble 9 hot wat]1 ! acids pres5t 9 mo/ =eign fats be+1 on ! o!r h&1 almo/ entirely insoluble4 ,! e/imation ( ! relative am\nts ( soluble & insoluble acids conta9$ 9 a fat possesses !re=e mu* importance2 inde$1 m significance atta*es to ?is det]m9ation ?an to any o!r4 ,! processes mo/ frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! quantitative exam9ation ( butt] fat are ^? ( ,koett/orf]1 ,hehn]1 & ,rei*]t4 ,koett/orf]'s me?od#bh is bas$ ^u ! fact t1 z butt] fat conta9s ! fatty acids1 hav+ a small] molecul> weight ?an ^? pres5t 9 o!r fats1 x mu/ conta9 m molecules ( acid1 & w !re=e require a great] am\nt ( an alkali to effect saponication4 ,! process is execut$ z foll[s3--,"o or two grammes ( ! filt]$ fat are weigh$ out 9 a n>r[ beak] & heat$ ov] a wat]-ba? ) ab\t #be c4c4 ( "o-half normal alcoholic solution ( potassium hydroxide4 ,! saponification ( ! fat is assi/$ by repeat$ /irr+2 :5 x is complet$ ! beak] is remov$ f ! ba?1 a few drops ( alcoholic ph5ol-ph?ale9e add$ = an indicator1 & ! excess ( pota% us$ titrat$ back ) "o-half normal hydro*loric acid4 ,x has be5 f\nd t pure butt] fat requires f #bbad to #bcbd milligrammes ( potassium hydroxide = saponification4 ,! foll[+ are ! numb] ( milligrammes ( alkali necess>y = ! saponification ( "o gramme ( v>i\s o!r fats3-- mgr4 ,olive oil #aiah ,rape-se$ oil #aghg ,oleom>g>9e #aiee ,beef tall[ #aife ,l>d #aiee ,mutton suet #aigj ,dripp+ #aigj ,tak+ #bbg milligrammes z ! av]age am\nt ( potassium hydroxide requir$ to saponify "o gramme ( pure butt] fat1 ! foll[+ =mula has be5 sugge/$ = ! e/imation ( ! proportion ( admixture 9 a suspect$ sample3-- 7#bbg - n7 #cag x1 9 :i* n repres5ts ! numb] ( milligrammes ( potassium hydroxide us$1 & x ! p]c5tage ( =eign fat add$4 ,9 ! ,p>is ,municipal ,laboratory1 #bba milligrammes ( ,k7,,oh7 are reg>d$ z a /&>d = ! saponification ( "o gramme ( g5u9e butt]4 ,cocoa-nut oil1 un=tunately1 requires a figure 7#bej mgr47 consid]ably above t ( butt]1 & x is q possible to prep>e a mixture ( ?is oil & oleom>g>9e1 t by ! =ego+ te/ w\ld %[ a result almo/ id5tical ) t af=d$ by pure butt]4 ,hehn]'s process1#bi :i* is (t5 employ$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! insoluble fatty acids1 is z foll[s3--,ab\t #d grammes ( ! melt$ & /ra9$ sample are dissolv$ 9 #ej c4c4 ( alcohol1 conta9+ two grammes ( potassium hydroxide 9 solution1 & ! mixture is heat$ until complete saponification takes place4 ,! alcohol is remov$ by evaporation1 ! residue dissolv$ 9 #bjj c4c4 ( wat]1 & ! fatty acids precipitat$ by add+ dilute sulphuric acid to di/9ct acid reaction4 ,! fatty acids are next melt$ by heat+ ! liquid & are !n all[$ to cool1 aft] :i* ! insoluble acids are p\r$ ^u a t>$ filt] & repeat$ly wa%$ ) hot wat] until ! wa%+s cease to %[ acidity4 ,! filt] & cont5ts are f9ally cauti\sly dri$ & weigh$4 ,9 g5u9e butt] ! proportion ( insoluble fatty acids ranges betwe5 #hfe & #hge p] c5t42 x %\ld n be above #hh p] c5t4#cj ,oleom>g>9e1 l>d1 mutton1 beef1 & poppy1 palm1 olive1 & almond oils conta9 ab\t #iee p] c5t4 ( insoluble acids4#ca ,! prec$+ process is also imp]fect 9 n effect+ ! detection ( cocoa-nut oil1 :i* af=ds only ab\t #hf p] c5t4 ( insoluble fatty acids1 & al?\gh ! pres5ce ( any consid]able proportion ( ?is oil 9 butt] w\ld probably be indicat$ by ! decreas$ melt+ po9t ( ! admixture1 an e/imation ( ! soluble fatty acids is by f> ! mo/ reliable means = its detection4 ,= ?is det]m9ation ,rei*]t's me?od#cb is em95tly adapt$4 ,9 ?is process advantage is tak5 ( ! facts t ! am\nt ( soluble acids 9 a mixture ( fat be>s a direct relation to ! proportion ( g5u9e butt] pres5t1 & t1 if ! aque\s solution ( a saponifi$ fat is decompos$ by an acid & heat$ to boil+1 ! great] portion ( ! soluble acids escape ) ! wat]y vap\rs & c be collect$ & det]m9$ 9 ! di/illate4 ,! details ( ?is me?od are ess5tially z foll[s3--#b grammes ( ! filt]$ sample are introduc$ into an ,erl5may] flask toge!r ) #a gramme ( potassium hydroxide & #bj c4c4 ( dilute 7#hj p] c5t47 alcohol1 & ! mixture is heat$ ov] ! wat]-ba? until complete saponification is effect$1 & ! alcohol entirely remov$4 ,! soap ?us =m$ is dissolv$ 9 #ej c4c4 ( wat]1 & decompos$ by add+ #bj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid 7#a3aj74 ,! flask is next connect$ ) a ,liebig's cond5s] & ! cont5ts c>efully di/ill$ until #ej c4c4 h pass$ ov]4 ,! di/illate is n[ fre$ f any insoluble acids possibly pres5t by filtration2 x is !n titrat$ ) dec9ormal soda solution1 a few drops ( litmus solution be+ employ$ z an indicator4 ,z ! result ( num]\s te/s1 x has be5 f\nd t g5u9e butt]1 :5 exam9$ by ! above me?od1 requires f #ac to #ae c4c4 ( ! dec9ormal solution4 ,! foll[+ are ! numb] ( c4c4 requir$ by v>i\s o!r fats3-- ,l>d #jb ,rape oil #jbe ,kidney fat #jbe ,olive oil #jc ,sesam oil #jce ,oleom>g>9e #jg to #ac ,cocoa-nut oil #cgj ,dr4 ,elwyn ,wall]#cc modifies ! =ego+ me?od ( proc$ure by add+ #ej c4c4 ( wat] to ! cont5ts ( ! flask rema9+ aft] ! fir/ di/illation1 & aga9 di/ill+ (f #ej c4c41 ! process be+ repeat$ until ! f9al di/illate neutralises only #ja c4c4 ( ! dec9ormal alkali4 ,) butt] fat1 x 0 f\nd t ! fir/ di/illate conta9$ ab\t #gi p] c5t4 ( ! total volatile acids pres5t4 ,by means ( ?is modification1 a di/9ction betwe5 ! rate ( di/illation ( ! volatile fatty acids ( diff]5t fats is possible4 ,! non-volatile acids left 9 ! flask are wa%$ sev]al times ) wat]1 9 ord] to remove ! glyc]9e & potassium sulphate pres5t1 & are !n dri$ & weigh$4 ,= e/imat+ ! p]c5tage ( pure butt] fat 9 a sample ( mix$ fat1 ,rei*]t employ$ ! =mula3 ,b #gc 7m - #jc71 9 :i* m is ! numb] ( c4c4 ( soda solution us$ 9 ! titration4 ,b>on ,hbl#cd has rec5tly sugge/$ a me?od = butt] te/+1 :i* is f\nd$ ^u ! fact t ! ?ree s]ies ( fats 7acetic1 acrylic1 & tetrolic71 unite 9 diff]5t proportions ) ! halog5s 7iod9e1 brom9e1 & *lor9e71 to =m addition products4 ,iod9e has be5 f\nd especially well adapt$ to ! exam9ation ( fats4 ,! /&>d solution employ$ is prep>$ by dissolv+ #be grammes ( iod9e 9 #ejj c4c4 ( #ie p] c5t4 alcohol1 & add+ to ! solution a solution ( #cj grammes ( m]curic *loride 9 #ejj c4c4 ( alcohol4 ,! reag5t is !n /&>dis$ by means ( a solution ( #bd grammes ( sodium hyposulphite 9 #a litre ( wat]4 ,! te/ is appli$ z foll[s3--#a gramme ( ! sample "u exam9ation is introduc$ into a flask & dissolv$ 9 #aj c4c4 ( pure *lor(orm4 ,! iod9e reag5t is !n gradually add$ f a burette1 ! mixture be+ well %ak51 until ! coloration produc$ indicates t an excess is pres5t1 ev5 aft] /&+ = ab\t two h\rs2 #ae c4c4 ( a #aj p] c5t4 potassium iodide solution & #aej c4c4 ( wat] are !n add$ & ! excess ( iod9e pres5t det]m9$ by means ( ! sodium hyposulphite solution1 & d$uct$ f ! total quantity us$4 ,! am\nt ( iod9e 79 grammes7 absorb$ is calculat$ to #ajj grammes ( ! fat2 ?is is t]m$ ! iod9e numb]4 ,! exam9ation ( num]\s samples ( g5u9e butt] & oleom>g>9e1 & o!r fats1 made at ! laboratory ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,dairy ,commission]1 furni%$ ! foll[+ results3#ce-- ,iod9e ,numb]4 ,g5u9e butt] f #cje to #dcj ,oleom>g>9e #eji #edi ,cocoa-nut oil #fh ,l>d #eej ,mutton fat #egc ,ole9e #hbc ,olive oil #hcj ,pea-nut oil #ifj ,sweet-almond oil #ajbj ,cotton-se$ oil #ajhj ,poppy oil #acdj ,x has be5 propos$ to diff]5tiate betwe5 butt] & oleom>g>9e by a det]m9ation ( ! proportion ( glyc]9e conta9$4 ,liebs*tz#cf employs ! foll[+ process = ?is e/imation3 #aj grammes ( ! sample are saponifi$ by heat+ ) #bj grammes ( b>ium hydroxide1 until ! wat] ( cry/allisation has be5 almo/ entirely expell$4 ,alcohol is !n add$ ) con/ant /irr+2 saponification quickly takes place1 & is complet$ by evaporat+ ! mass ne>ly to dryness4 ,! glyc]9e is extract$ ) boil+ wat]1 ! solution filt]$1 & ! b>ium conta9$ remov$ by means ( sulphuric acid4 ,! filtrate f ! b>ium sulphate is !n conc5trat$ by evaporation1 & ! excess ( sulphuric acid pres5t neutralis$ by add+ a little b>ium c>bonate4 ,! filt]$ liquid is n[ aga9 evaporat$ to a small volume1 & mo/ ( ! salts pres5t precipitat$ by addition ( absolute alcohol4 ,aft] filtration ! alcoholic solution is evaporat$ ov] ! wat]-ba?1 !n dri$ at #ajj until con/ant weight is obta9$4 ,x is f9ally ignit$ & ! proportion ( glyc]9e conta9$ e/imat$ by ! loss 9 weight su/a9$4 ,?is process is c]ta9ly f> f be+ exact1 ow+ pr9cipally to ! volatilisation ( glyc]9e t occurs 9 ! evaporation ( its aque\s & ev5 alcoholic solutions4 ,! foll[+ results 7 obta9$ ^u treat+ g5u9e butt] & oleom>g>9e accord+ to ! above me?od3-- ,p] c5t4 ,glyc]9e4 ,butt] #cge ,oleom>g>9e #gjj ,gelat9e is said to h lately be5 us$ z an adult]ant ( butt]1 m especially ( artificial butt]4 ,its detection is a matt] ( "s difficulty4 ,! foll[+ me?od has be5 sugge/$4 ,a consid]able quantity ( ! suspect$ butt] is boil$ ) wat]1 ! solution /ra9$1 a drop ( acetic acid & a little potassium f]rocyanide add$1 & ! liquid boil$ until ! precipitate =m$ becomes blui% 9 col\r4 ,! solution is !n filt]$ hot & ! filtrate exam9$ = gelat9e by add+ tannic acid to1 or conduct+ *lor9e gas ?r\gh x4 ,a sample lately import$ "u ! "n ( 8butt] pres]vative0 0 f\nd by ! au?or to consi/ ( a dilute solution ( phosphoric acid4 ,! use ( ?is ag5t does n1 h[ev]1 appe> to be preval5t to any great ext5t4#cg ,artificial ,col\r+4--,! li/ ( col\r+ matt]s said to be add$ to butt] includes ! vegetable dyes1 annato1 c>ot91 fu/ic1 turm]ic1 m>igold1 & saffron2 ! coal-t> col\r1 ,victoria yell[ 7potassium d9itrocresylate71 & ,m>tius yell[ 7potassium d9itronaph?alate71 & ! m9]al pigm5t *rome yell[ 7plumbic *romate74 ,( ! =ego+1 annato & c>rot col\r appe> to be mo/ commonly employ$4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,w4 ,m>t9#ch has propos$ a me?od = ! isolation ( ! =m] :i* consi/s 9 dissolv+ ! butt] 9 c>bon disulphide1 & %ak+ ! solution ) a dilute solution ( potassium hydroxide1 9 :i* ! col\r+ matt] dissolves2 x is subsequ5tly id5tifi$ by fur!r te/s4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,moore1#ci ! pres5ce ( c>ot9 9 butt] may be detect$ by fir/ agitat+ ! c>bon disulphide solution ( ! fat ) alcohol1 :i* fails to extract ?is col\r4 ,^u n[ add+ to ! mixture a drop ( dilute f]ric *loride solution1 aga9 %ak+ ! liquid & !n putt+ x aside = a %ort "t1 ! alcoholic solution dissolves ! c>rot col\r1 & if no o!r col\r+ matt] is conta9$ 9 ! butt]1 leaves ! c>bon disulphide col\rless4 ,! artificially col\r$ butt] may be dissolv$ 9 alcohol & te/$ ) ! foll[+ reag5ts3-- 7a7 ,nitric acid3 gre5i% coloration1 saffron4 7b7 ,sug> solution & hydro*loric acid3 r$ coloration1 saffron4 7c7 ,ammonia3 br[ni% coloration1 turm]ic4 7d7 ,silv] nitrate3 blacki% coloration1 m>igold4 7e7 ,evaporate ! alcoholic solution to dryness & add conc5trat$ sulphuric acid3 gre5i%-blue coloration1 annato2 blue coloration1 saffron4 7f7 ,hydro*loric acid3 decolorisation1 ) =mation ( yell[ cry/all9e precipitate1 ,victoria or ,m>tius yell[4 7g7 ,sep>ation ( a heavy & insoluble yell[ p[d]1 *rome yell[ 7see p4 #acj74 ,microscopic ,exam9ation4--,! microscopic exam9ation ( butt] has lately receiv$ consid]able att5tion z a means = ! detection ( ! pres5ce ( =eign fats4 ,g5u9e butt] g5]ally exhibits "u ! microscope a cr[d$ mass ( globules ( fat1 fatty cry/als be+ commonly abs5t4 ,9 oleom>g>9e a m cry/all9e /ructure is obs]v$1 ) pe>-%ap$ masses ( fat & b few globules4 ,:ile ! pres5ce ( cry/als 9 a sample may ju/ly be reg>d$ z suspici\s1 x is by no means a positive evid5ce ( adult]ation1 s9ce1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 pure butt] may pres5t ! same indications4 ,9 apply+ ! microscopic te/1 a small portion ( ! fat is made into a ?9 lay] on ! slide1 & !n protect$ ) a glass cov]1 appli$ ) r g5tle pressure4 ,plate ,,vi4#dj repres5ts ! microscopic appe>ance ( g5u9e butt] & oleom>g>9e4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 butt] 7,fig4 #a7 num]\s globules b no cry/als ( fat are pres5t$1 ! cry/als pres5t be+ ^? ( salt4 ,9 oleom>g>9e 7,fig4 #b7 ! di/9ctive pe>-%ap$ masses ( fat1 accompani$ by only a small numb] ( fatty globules1 are to be se54 ,dr4 ,?omas ,taylor 7( ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture71 has made an elaborate inve/igation ( ! microscopic appe>ance ( v>i\s fats :5 view$ by pol>is$ light4 ,he reg>ds ! pres5ce ( peculi> globul> cry/als & ! black cross commonly t]m$ ,/4 ,&rew's cross z *>act]i/ic ( g5u9e butt]4#da ,l>d1 beef1 & o!r fats are said to exhibit diff]5t &1 to "s ext5t1 di/9ctive cry/all9e =ms4 ,pr(4 ,web]1#db h[ev]1 affirms t mixtures ( l>d & tall[ fat1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 _c be di/+ui%$ f butt] by means ( ?is me?od ( exam9ation4 ,m rec5tly1 ,dr4 ,taylor /ates t ! di/+ui%+ diff]5ce betwe5 butt] & o!r fats "u ! microscope is t ! =m]1 :5 obs]v$ by pol>is$ light ?r\gh a sel5ite1 exhibits a uni=m t9t1 :]eas ! latt] %[s prismatic col\rs4 ,al?\gh ! results ( ^! inve/igations _c z yet be consid]$ z p]fectly satisfactory or conclusive1 !y c]ta9ly are entitl$ to rank z a highly valuable & important /ep 9 advance ( ! optical processes hi!rto employ$4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a1 ,butt] #djj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b1 ,oleom>g>9e #djj4 ,,artotype4 ,e4 ,,bi]/adt1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,illu/ration3 ,butt] #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,butt] #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,beef #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,l>d #afj4 ,illu/ration3 ,butt]9e #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,oleom>g>9e #dj4 ,,fat ,,cry/als4 ,plate ,,vii4 exhibits ! appe>ance ( butt]1 oleom>g>9e1 beef1 & "s o!r fats1 :5 view$ by ! microscope & pol>is$ light4 ,x w be notic$ t1 :ile a discrim9ation betwe5 l>d & butt] is readily made1 oleom>g>9e pres5ts ! ,/4 ,&rew's cross1 /at$ to be *>act]i/ic ( g5u9e butt]4 ,^! photomicrographs repres5t ! results ( inve/igations made 9 ! ,*emical ,division ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,! "q ( ! sanit>y effects ( oleom>g>9e & o!r sub/itutes = butt]1 has be5 /udi$ by _m sci5ti/s1 & ) v discordant results4 ,d\btless ! great div]g5ce ( op9ion :i* at pres5t exi/s1 is l>gely due to ! fact t ! artificial products exam9$ h be5 made accord+ to diff]5t processes1 & ) v>y+ reg>d to ! quality ( ! fats us$ 9 _! manufacture1 & to ! degree ( c>e & cleanl9ess obs]v$4 ,! att5tion ( ! ,am]ican public has v lately be5 direct$ to ! oleom>g>9e "q1 by ! rec5t enactm5t ( a national law impos+ a tax ^u ! manufacture ( ! article4 ,)\t ent]+ to any great ext5t into ! subject ( ! :olesom5ess ( artificial butt] z x is g5]ally met ) 9 comm]ce1 x w be ( int]e/ to ref] to ! conclusions rea*$ by two or ?ree sanit>ians :o h devot$ p>ticul> att5tion to ?is aspect ( ! "q4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,o4 ,atwat]#dc summ>ises ! results ( 8 inve/igation ( oleom>g>9e z foll[s3-- 8#a4 ,! common k9ds ( imitation butt]1 oleom>g>9e1 butt]9e1 etc41 :5 prop]ly made1 agree v closely 9 *emical composition1 dige/ibility1 & nutritive value ) butt] f c['s milk4 8#b4 ,9 fulfill+ "o ( ! mo/ important functions ( food1 namely1 t ( supply+ ! body ) heat & muscul> en]gy1 !y1 ) butt]1 excel 9 effici5cy all1 or ne>ly all1 our o!r common food mat]ials4 8#c4 ,consid]+ ! l[ co/ at :i* !y c be produc$1 z well z _! palatability & nutritive value1 !y =m a food product ( v great economical importance1 & "o :i* is calculat$ to greatly b5efit a l>ge class ( our population ^: limit$ incomes make good dairy butt] a luxury4 8#d4 ,imitation butt]1 l _m o!r manufactur$ food mat]ials1 is liable 7b 9 actual comm]ce has be5 f\nd n to be s7 to be r5d]$ un:olesome by improp] mat]ials & me?ods ( manufacture4 ,x is also op5 to ! especial objection t x is l>gely sold z g5u9e butt]4 ,! int]e/s ( ! public1 !re=e1 dem& t x %\ld be subject$ to compet5t (ficial inspection1 & t x %\ld be sold = :at x is1 & n z g5u9e butt]40 ,dr4 ,s4 ,b4 ,%>ples#dd /ates3 8,:5 well made1 x 7oleom>g>9e7 is a v fair imitation ( g5u9e butt]2 be+ inf]ior to ! be/ butt]1 b mu* sup]ior to ! l[ grades ( butt] too commonly f\nd 9 ! m>ket4 ,s f> z its influ5ce on heal? is conc]n$1 ,i c see no objection to its use4 ,its sale z g5u9e butt] is a comm]cial fraud1 & z su*1 v prop]ly condemn$ by ! law4 ,z to its prohibition by law1 ! same law :i* prohibit$ x %\ld also prohibit ! sale ( l>d & tall[1 & m especially all l[-grade butt]s1 :i* are f> m injuri\s to heal? ?an a good sweet article ( oleom>g>9e4 ,a good deal has be5 said 9 reg>d to ! poor grade ( fats f :i* ! oleom>g>9e is made4 ,any "o mak+ su* ass]tions 9 reg>d to ! fats is simply ignorant ( ! :ole subject4 ,:5 a fat has become 9 ! lea/ ta9t$1 x c no long] be us$ = ?is purpose1 z x is impossible to remove ! od\r f ! fat aft] x has once acquir$ x40 ,p] contra1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,cl>k1 9 an exhau/ive report on butt]1#de affirms ) great decision1 t artificial butt] is n a :olesome article ( food1 = ! foll[+ reasons3-- 8#a4 ,on acc\nt ( its indige/ibility4 8#b4 ,on acc\nt ( its insolubility :5 made f animal fats4 8#c4 ,on acc\nt ( its liability to c>ry g]ms ( disease into ! human sy/em4 8#d4 ,on acc\nt ( ! probability ( its conta9+1 :5 made "u c]ta9 pat5ts1 unheal?y +r$i5ts40 ,! two la/ gr\nds = condemn+ oleom>g>9e are evid5tly affect$ by1 &1 9 fact1 dep5d5t ^u ! "* ( ! fat & ! ex]cise ( c>e employ$ 9 its manufacture4 ,9 reg>d to ! relative dige/ibility ( butt] & its imitations1 actual exp]im5ts h be5 made by sev]al *emi/s4 ,a4 ,may]1#df f ! results ( fe$+ human be+s = ?ree days on butt] & on oleom>g>9e1 f\nd t #af p] c5t4 less ( ! latt] 0 absorb$ by ! sy/em ?an ( ! =m]1 & incl9es to ! op9ion1 t ) heal?y p]sons ?is proportion is s inconsid]able1 t x is ( little or no importance4 ,dr4 ,cl>k consid]s ^! exp]im5ts ( too limit$ duration to be reg>d$ z conclusive1 al?\gh1 s f> z !y w5t1 ! results rea*$ co9cid$ ) ^? obta9$ by him by a m exhau/ive inve/igation4 ,dr4 ,cl>k has made an exam9ation ( ! artificial dige/ion ( butt] z comp>$ ) oleom>g>9e & o!r fats1 includ+ beef & mutton suet1 & l>d1 cotton-se$1 sesam1 & cod-liv] oils4 ,! me?od ( exam9ation pursu$ 0 z foll[s3--,ab\t #b grammes ( ! melt$ fat 0 add$ to a dige/ive fluid consi/+ ( #jcc gramme ( 8extractum pancreatis10 & #jcc gramme ( sodium bic>bonate1 dissolv$ 9 #aj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is mixture 0 introduc$ into a te/-tube1 well %ak51 & !n expos$ to a temp]ature ( #dj4 ,! cont5ts ( ! te/-tube 7 microscopically exam9$ at ! lapse ( int]vals ( "o1 f\r1 & twelve h\rs4 ,x 0 f\nd f ^! te/s t cod-liv] oil exhibit$ ! mo/ p]fect /ate ( emulsion1 aft] :i* came g5u9e butt]1 next l>d oil1 & !n comm]cial 8oleo40 ,plate ,,viii4 repres5ts ! results obta9$ f ! exp]im5ts made ) butt] & comm]cial oleom>g>9e1 z pres5t$ at ! end ( "o1 f\r1 & twelve h\rs4 ,! globules ( butt]-fat1 x w be obs]v$1 are small] 9 size & m uni=m 9 appe>ance4 ,dr4 ,cl>k likewise in/itut$ exp]im5ts :i* t5d$ to demon/rate ! relative insolubility ( ! fats us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( artificial butt]4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,illu/ration3 ,butt] #a h\r #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,oleom>g>9e #a h\r #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,butt] #d h\rs #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,oleom>g>9e #d h\rs #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,butt] #ab h\rs #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,oleom>g>9e #ab h\rs #bej4 ,,artificial ,,dige/ion ,,( ,,fats4 ,,footnotes3 #bf ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 iii4 p4 #hc4 #bg ,! proportion ( butyr9e pres5t 9 comm]cial oleom>g>9e is (t5 suffici5t 9 quantity to cause ! *>act]i/ic od\r ( butyric e!r to a noticeable degree4 #bh ,fres5ius' #8,zeits*rift1' #ahgi1 p4 #aig4 #bi #8,zeits*rift fr ,analytis*e ,*emie1' #ahgg1 p4 #ade4 #cj ,! ,fr5* /&>d is #hgej p] c5t4 #ca ,! p]c5tage ( =eign fat 7,f7 9 a sample c be calculat$ by ! =mula ,f 7,i - #hh7 #acc1 9 :i* ,i ! insoluble fatty acids4 #cb ,fres5ius' ,zeits*rift1 #ahgi1 p4 #fh4 #cc ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 viii4 p4 #f4 #cd ,d+l4 ,polyt4 ,j\rn41 ccliii41 p4 #bha4 #ce ,r4 ,w4 ,moore notes t a c]ta9 mixture ( l>d & cocoa-nut oil w\ld give an iod9e numb] id5tical ) t ( butt] fat4--7#8,analy/1' x4 p4 #bbd47 #cf ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 vii4 p4 #acd4 #cg ,samples invoic$ z 8butt] flav\r+10 & consi/+ ( butyric acid1 h also be5 import$4 #ch #8,analy/1' x4 p4 #afc4 #ci ,ibid41 xi4 p4 #afc4 #dj ,! au?or is indebt$ to ,mr4 ,edw>d ,w4 ,m>t9 = ! negatives us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! & o!r photomicrographs ( fats4 #da ,vide #8,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,microscopical ,society1' ,may #ahhe4 #db #8,bullet9 ( ! ,ohio ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1' ,m>* #a/1 #ahhf4 #dc ,brad/reet's1 ,june #ai1 #ahhf4 #dd ,f\r? ,annual ,report 7#ahhc7 ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 p4 #cj4 #de ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,dairy ,commission]1 pp4 #bia-cib4 #df #8,l&wir?s*aftli*e ,v]su*s/ation1' ii4 p4 #bae4 ,,*eese4 ,*eese consi/s ess5tially ( ! case9e & album5 ( milk1 toge!r ) wat]1 fat1 lactic acid1 & m9]al salts4 ,x is prep>$ by ! coagulation ( milk by means ( r5net1 & is usually obta9$ f c['s milk 7ei!r fre%1 skimm$1 or s\r71 al?\gh ! milk ( ! goat1 ewe1 & o!r animals is occasionally us$4 ,its col\r is v (t5 due to ! addition ( annato4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! composition ( ! be/-kn[n v>ieties ( *eese1 accord+ to ! analysis ( v>i\s *emi/s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,case9e or ,free ,v>iety4 ,wat]4 ,fat4 ,nitrog5\s ,milk ,acid1 z ,matt]4 ,sug>4 ,lactic4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4p] c5t4 ,am]ican 7pale7 #caee #ceic #bhhc 44 #jbg ,am]ican 7r$7 #bhfc #chbd #bifd 44 44 ,*$d> #cefj #caeg #bhaf 44 #jde ,/ilton #bceg #ciac #cbee 44 #abd ,gl\ce/] #cege #bhce #caaj 44 #jca ,dut* #dacj #bbgh #bhbe 44 #jeg ,roque=t #cbbf #cdch #bgaf 44 #acb ,brie #eahg #bdhc #aijj 44 44 ,*e%ire #cgaa #cjfh #bfic 44 #jhf ,gruyre #ccff #cjfi #cjfg 44 #jbg ,gorgonzola #cahe #cdcd #bghh 44 #ace ,neuf*atel #cghg #dacj #agdc _/ ,camemb]t #eacj 44 #aijj #cej _/ ,p>mesan #bgef #aeie #ddjh #ffi ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,composition ( ,fat4 -------------------- ,v>iety4 ,a%4 ,soluble ,insoluble ,acids4 ,acids4 ---------------------------------------- ----- p] c5t4p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,am]ican 7pale7 #cdb #dha #hhdi ,am]ican 7r$7 #cdi #dbf #hijf ,*$d> #dbb #dee #hhge ,/ilton #cea #ddb #hhgf ,gl\ce/] #ddi #ffh #hfhi ,dut* #gaj #ehd #hgeh ,roque=t #dhh #dia #hhgj ,roque=t #ejj 44 44 ,brie #ddb #eee #hggf ,*e%ire #dga #dda #hhig ,gruyre #deh #ddj #hiah ,gorgonzola #cdj 44 44 ,neuf*atel ,camemb]t #dgj 44 44 ,p>mesan #egb 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,dr4 ,mut] has publi%$ ! foll[+ analyses ( *eese3--#dg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,insoluble ,acids4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,soluble ,acids4 ---------------------------------------- - ,milligrammes ,k7,,oh7 to saponify #a gr4 ----------------------------------- ,wat]4 ----------------------------- ,fat4 ----------------------- ,v>iety4 ,lactic ,acid4 ----------------- ,insoluble ,a%4 ----------- ,soluble ,a%4----- ,salt4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,d\ble ,gl\ce/]#hgjjfbhbbiccgbjbbhjahj #bef #bjj #afd ,/ilton #hfbjgjbbcagbhfjcjgjajh #ahj #bbb #jge ,engli% cream #ijjacbfbbjjfcfdaeadjij #jgb #jbj #jab ,dut* #hgbjfjibbhgdbgbafcjace #bbf #iaj #djb ,gruyre #hgcbeihbbhjccbjbgbface #cab #aeh #aje ,ro*e=t #hgjjfbgbbicbaefceifjgb #agj #hed #cdb ,camemb]t #hgaefjibbijdhghbacejcf #jaf #hfd #cdf ,bondon #ghcdeiebbhjeebjbjhjjij #jeb #fdf #caf ,am]ican ,*$d> #hijhccjbbjbbigjcjgjjij #baf #aed #abj ,*$d> #hgffejjbbgeccdjbffjaec #bcj #bjj #aeb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,accord+ to ?is *emi/1 "o gramme ( g5u9e *eese %\ld require n less ?an #bbj milligrammes ,k7,,oh7 = saponification1 z execut$ 9 ,koett/orf]'s process 7see p4 #ga74 ,! foll[+ results 7 obta9$ by ,griffi?s#dh f ! analysis ( ,am]ican *eese1 & by ,g]b]#di f ! analysis ( artificial ,am]ican *eese3-- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,am]ican,l>d ,*eese4,oleom>g>9e ,*eese4 ,*eese4 ---------------------------------------- --------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,wat] #bfee #chbf #cgii ,fat #ceeh #bajg #bcgj ,case9e1 etc4 #cche #ceee #cdfe ,a% #cij #eab #cff ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! con/itu5ts ( *eese are v simil> to ^? ( milk2 ! relations betwe5 ! soluble & insoluble fatty acids is mu* ! same z 9 butt]4 ,9 *eese1 h[ev]1 ! milk-sug> is l>gely decompos$ into lactic acid1 alcohol1 & c>bonic acid1 dur+ ! process ( rip5+ or cur+ employ$ 9 its manufacture4 ,ano!r ess5tial *ange effect$ by ! cur+ ( *eese is ! p>tial decomposition ( ! case9e into ammonia1 :i* comb9es ) ! unalt]$ case9e1 =m+ soluble ammonium caseates4 ,o!r products ( ! rip5+ process1 also due to ! decomposition ( ! case9e1 are tyros9e & leuc9e 7,c#f;,h#ac,,no#b74 ,! butt]-fats are likewise trans=m$ into ! correspond+ fatty acids1 :i* give rise to ! =mation ( ei!r ! ammonia salts1 acid album9ates1 or am9es1 su* z butylam9e or amylam9e4 ,! *>act]i/ic od\r ( _m v>ieties ( *eese is *iefly ow+ to ! g5esis ( ^! latt] comp\nds4 ,z ) butt]1 ! mo/ important adult]ation ( *eese consi/s 9 ! addition ( =eign fats4 ,d\btless1 ! mo/ frequ5t sophi/ication is ! admixture ( l>d4 ,l>d *eese 7:i* is usually sold z 8,neuf*atel07 is made by fir/ prep>+ an emulsion ( l>d & skimm$ milk 79 ! proportion ( "o "p ( ! =m] to two p>ts ( ! latt]74 ,?is is subsequ5tly incorporat$ ) skimm$ milk & butt]-milk1 ! coagulation ( ! fat be+ !n effect$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 reg>d to ! production ( ?is species ( *eese1 x is /at$ t 9 ! #bc factories 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ! product ( six mon?s' work+ 7end+ ,novemb]1 #ahha71 0 ab\t #hjj1jjj p\nds1 ( :i* ! great] proportion 0 export$4 ,! rec5t 7#ahhe7 adoption ( a ,new ,york ,/ate br& = 8pure cream *eese0 has _h a v good effect1 & accompli%$ mu* 9 ! re/riction ( ! manufacture & sale ( ! spuri\s article4 ,ano!r v>iety ( imitation *eese1 "k z 8anti-huff *eese10 is prep>$ f skimm$ milk )\t ! addition ( =eign fat1 b ) ! aid ( v>i\s *emical prep>ations1 su* z cau/ic or c>bonat$ soda1 saltpetre1 & borax4 ,! r9d ( *eese is occasionally contam9at$ ) poison\s metallic salts1 includ+ ^? ( lead1 m]cury1 antimony1 ars5ic1 copp] & z9c1 :i* are add$ ei!r = col\r+ purposes or to prev5t ! attacks ( flies & o!r insects4 ,?is =m ( adult]ation is d\btless ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,! me?ods us$ 9 *eese analysis are mu* ! same z ^? employ$ 9 ! exam9ation ( butt]4 ,! fat is det]m9$ by exhau/ion ) e!r 7or pref]ably1 petroleum naph?a71 & evaporation1 ! rema9+ solids n fat be+ likewise dri$ & weigh$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! comb9$ weight ( ! fat & ! solids n fat1 & ! am\nt ( ! sample tak51 repres5ts ! proportion ( wat] pres5t4 ,lactic acid1 :ile insoluble 9 petroleum naph?a1 is also dissolv$ by e!r1 & c be e/imat$ by dige/+ ano!r portion ( ! sample ) wat]1 & titrat+ ! filt]$ liquid ) dec9ormal soda solution4 ,its weight is !n to be d$uct$ f ! am\nt ( fat previ\sly obta9$1 9 case e!r 0 employ$ 9 ?is det]m9ation4 ,! relative proportions ( ! soluble & insoluble fatty acids conta9$ 9 *eese possess ! same significance 9 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( oleom>g>9e & o!r =eign fats z ) butt]2 & !y are det]m9$ by ! same me?ods4 ,! exam9ation ( ! col\r+ matt] ( *eese c be made by fir/ neutralis+ ! free lactic acid1 sep>at+ ! fat by agitation ) wat]1 filt]+ & dry+2 ! fat is !n te/$ ) c>bon disulphide & potassium hydroxide 7see p4 #gg74 ,,footnotes3 #dg #8,analy/1' ,jan4 #ahhe1 p4 #c4 #dh ,*em4 ,news1 pp4 #dg1 #he4 #di ,d+l41 vol4 i4 pp4 #bdg1 #dgd4 ,,fl\r ,,& ,,bread4 ,:eat 7,triticum vulg>e7 =ms ! pr9cipal bread-/uff ( civiliz$ nations1 & is by f> ! mo/ important ( all c]eal grasses4 ,x has "o or m sl5d]1 erect & smoo? /alks1 :i*1 ow+ to ! l>ge proportion ( silice\s matt] pres5t1 possesses ! /r5g? necess>y = ! support ( ! e>s4 ,! gra9 is imbricat$ 9 f\r r[s4 ,! foll[+ are ! av]ages ( ! results obta9$ by ! analyses ( #bfj samples ( ,am]ican :eat1 made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 9 #ahhc3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #ajbg ,a% #ahd ,oil #baf ,c>bohydrates #gaih ,fibr9 #ahj ,album9oids #aaie ,nitrog5 #aia ,analyses ( ! a% ( :eat by ! same ,dep>tm5t1 furni%$ ! foll[+ results3-- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,=eign4 ,dakota4 ------------------ ,w9t]4 ,spr+4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,p] c5t4,p] c5t4,p] c5t4 ,insoluble #add #baa #afd ,phosphoric acid #dgca #dfih #dhfc ,potassa #cjfc #caaf #biii ,magnesia #afji #aaig #abji ,lime #ccf #ccd #bic ,soda #aag #bbe #aic ,sulphuric acid trace #jcg #jdh ,*lor9e #jbb #jea ,f]ric oxide #aca #jbh ,undet]m9$ 44 #jbi #aeb ------ ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ,total a% #ahh #aig #bad ---------------------------------------- --- ,,fl\r4 ,! "n fl\r is usually giv5 to ! product obta9$ by gr9d+ :eat & remov+ ! bran1 or woody portion ( ! gra91 by sift+ or bolt+4 ,its con/itu5ts are />*1 dextr9e1 cellulose1 & sug> 7c>bohydrates71 ! nitrog5\s comp\nds album51 gliad91 muc91 fibr91 & c]eal91 & fat1 m9]al sub/ances & wat]4 ,^u knead+ fl\r ) wat]1 & remov+ ! />* & soluble matt]s by repeat$ wa%+1 an adhesive body t]m$ glut5 rema9s beh9d4 ,?is is *iefly compos$ ( gliad91 muc91 & fibr94 ,accord+ to ,wanklyn1#ej ! g5]al composition ( fl\r is3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #afe ,fat #ae ,glut5 #abj ,modifi$ />* #ce ,vegetable album5 #aj ,/>* granules #fdh ,a% #jg ,! av]age ( num]\s analyses ( ,am]ican fl\r exam9$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture gave3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #aafg ,fat #abe ,sug> #aia ,dextr9e #agi ,/>* #gagb ,soluble album9oids #bhj ,insoluble #gij ,total #ajgj ,a% #jed ,! composition ( ! a% ( fl\r f ,m9nesota :eat 7#ahhc71 is z foll[s3-- ,p] c5t4 ,insoluble #jih ,phosphoric acid #difc ,potassa #caed ,magnesia #ije ,lime #ehg ,soda #bic ,,analysis ,,( ,,fl\r4 ,! foll[+ are ! det]m9ations g5]ally requir$ 9 ! proximate analysis ( fl\r3-- ,wat]4--,two or ?ree grammes ( ! sample are weigh$ 9 a t>$ plat9um di%1 & heat$ 9 an air ba?1 until con/ant weight is obta9$4 ,! proportion ( wat] %\ld n exce$ #ag p] c5t4 ,/>*4--,a small am\nt ( ! fl\r is plac$ 9 a flask1 connect$ ) an asc5d+ ,liebig's cond5s]1 & boil$ = sev]al h\rs ) wat] slightly acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,any rema9+ excess ( acid is !n neutralis$ ) sodium hydroxide2 ! solution is consid]ably dilut$1 & ! glucose =m$1 e/imat$ by means ( ,fehl+'s solution 7see p4 #aaa74 #ajj p>ts ( glucose repres5t #ij p>ts ( />*4 ,fat4--,! inconsid]able proportion ( fat 9 fl\r is be/ det]m9$ by exhau/+ ! dri$ sample ) e!r & evaporat+ ! solution4 ,glut5 7album9oids74--,z previ\sly /at$1 glut5 is sep>at$ by knead+ ! fl\r & repeat$ wa%+ ) wat]4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! amylace\s & soluble +r$i5ts1 ! residue is c>efully dri$ & weigh$4 ,a f> m accurate me?od is to make a combu/ion ( a small portion ( ! fl\r ) cupric oxide1 & det]m9e ! quantity ( nitrog5 obta9$1 ! p]c5tage ( :i*1 multipli$ by #fcc1 gives ! p]c5tage ( glut54#ea ,! proportion ( glut5 9 fl\r ranges f ab\t #h to #ah p] c5t4 ,f #aj to #ab p] c5t1 is deem$ necess>y 9 ord] to make good bread1 &1 9 ,engl&1 any defici5cy 9 ?is con/itu5t is rem$i$ by ! addition ( bean or o!r fl\r1 b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is practice is seldom requir$4 ,sub/ances soluble 9 cold wat]4--,ab\t five grammes ( ! fl\r are dige/$ ) #bej c4c4 ( cold wat]1 & ! solution filt]$1 & evaporat$ to dryness4 ,good fl\r is /at$ to yield #dg p] c5t4 ( extract :5 treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! soluble matt]s consi/+ ( sug>1 gum1 dextr9e1 vegetable album51 & potassium phosphate4 ,! latt] salt1 :i* con/itutes ab\t #jd p] c5t4 ( ! extract1 %\ld =m ! only m9]al matt] pres5t4 ,! ,a%4--,! a% ( fl\r is det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann]1 by ignition 9 a plat9um di%4 ,x v>ies 9 am\nt f #jc to #jh p] c5t41 & %\ld nev] exce$ a proportion ( #ae p] c5t4 ,:5 ( good quality1 :eat5 fl\r is p]fectly :ite1 or has only a fa9t t+e ( yell[4 ,x %\ld be free f bran1 & mu/ n %[ r$1 grey1 or black specks1 nor possess a disagreeable od\r4 ,x %\ld also exhibit a neutral reaction & a decid$ cohesiv5ess1 acquir+ a peculi> s(t & cu%ion-l condition :5 slightly compress$4 ,=m]ly1 :eat5 fl\r 0 mix$ ) v>i\s =eign meals1 su* z rye1 corn1 b>ley1 peas1 beans1 rice1 l9se$1 buck:eat1 & potato />*2 b at pres5t ?is =m ( adult]ation is probably b r>ely resort$ to1 at lea/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! pres5ce ( mildew1 d>nel1 ergot1 & o!r p>asites ( ! gra91 con/itutes an occasional contam9ation ( fl\r4 ,! mo/ frequ5t admixture consi/s1 h[ev]1 9 ! addition ( alum1 :i*1 al?\gh m ext5sively us$ 9 bread1 is also employ$ 9 ord] to disguise ! pres5ce ( damag$ fl\r 9 mixtures1 or to improve ! appe>ance ( an inf]ior grade2 its addition to a damag$ article s]ves to arre/ ! decomposition ( ! glut51 !reby prev5t+ ! fl\r f acquir+ a d>k col\r1 & disagreeable ta/e & od\r4 ,x has rec5tly be5 /at$ t 9 fl\r :i* has be5 kept = a long "t 9 sacks1 a trans=mation ( ! glut5 sometimes occurs1 result+ 9 ! production ( a poison\s alkaloid4 ,?is body may be sep>at$ by evaporat+ ! e!real extract ( ! fl\r to dryness1 & treat+ ! residue ) wat]4 ,! pres5ce ( ! alkaloid 9 ! filt]$ aque\s solution is recognis$ by means ( potassium f]rocyanide4 ,! pres5ce ( an excessive proportion ( moi/ure is d\btless in/rum5tal 9 ! =mation ( toxic alkaloids or fungi 9 old fl\r & bread4 ,pure :eat5 fl\r is col\r$ yell[ :5 treat$ ) ammonium hydroxide1 :]eas corn meal assumes a pale br[n col\r1 & ! meals prep>$ f peas1 beans1 etc41 become d>k br[n 9 col\r :5 te/$ 9 ?is way4 ,nitric acid imp>ts an orange-yell[ col\r to :eat5 fl\r1 b fails to *ange ! col\r ( potato-/>*1 ) :i* x =ms a /iff & t5aci\s pa/e4 ,potato-/>* is readily detect$ by exam9+ a ?9 lay] ( ! sample on a slide "u ! microscope1 & add+ a dilute solution ( potassium hydroxide1 :i*1 :ile n affect+ ! :eat5 />*1 causes ! potato-/>* granules to swell up v consid]ably4 ,legum9\s />*es1 su* z peas1 etc41 conta9 approximately #be p] c5t4 ( m9]al matt]2 9 pure fl\r1 ! av]age proportion ( a% is only ab\t #jg p] c5t41 & ?is diff]5ce is sometimes useful 9 ! detection ( an admixture ( ! =m]4 ,! ext]nal envelope ( ! granules ( potato-/>* (f]s f> less resi/ance :5 triturat$ 9 a mort> ?an t ( :eat1 & ^u ?is fact a simple te/ = _! detection is f\nd$4 ,x is execut$ by rubb+ up a mixture consi/+ ( equal p>ts ( ! sample & s& ) wat]1 dilut+ & filt]+ ! pa/e =m$1 & !n add+ to x a solution ( #a "p ( iod9e 9 #bj p>ts ( wat]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( potato-/>*1 an evanesc5t p9k col\r is produc$2 9 case x is pres5t1 ! col\r obta9$ is d>k purple1 :i* 9 "t also disappe>s4 ,among ! me?ods :i* h be5 sugge/$ = ! detection ( su* accid5tal impurities z d>nel1 ergot1 & mildew1 are ! foll[+3--,if pure fl\r is dige/$ = "s "t ) dilute alcohol1 ! latt] ei!r rema9s q cle> or x acquires a v light /raw-col\r2 ) fl\r contam9at$ ) d>nel1 ! alcohol %[s a decid$ gre5i% t9t1 & possesses an acrid & disagreeable ta/e4 ,9 case ! alcohol us$ is acidulat$ ) ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( hydro*loric acid1 ! extract obta9$ exhibits a purple-r$ col\r ) fl\r conta9+ mildew1 & a blood-r$ col\r ) fl\r conta9+ ergot4 ,:5 fl\r contam9at$ ) ergot or o!r m\lds1 is treat$ ) a dilute solution ( anil9e violet1 ! dye is almo/ :olly absorb$ by ! damag$ granules1 :i* are ?us r5d]$ m noticeable 9 ! microscopic exam9ation4 ,! foll[+ te/ is (t5 us$ = ! detection ( alum 9 fl\r3--,a small quantity ( ! suspect$ sample is made into a pa/e ) a little wat] & mix$ ) a few drops ( an alcoholic t9cture ( logwood2 a little ammonium c>bonate solution is !n add$4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( alum1 a lav5d]-blue col\r$ lake is =m$1 :i* (t5 becomes m app>5t ^u all[+ ! mixture to rema9 at re/ = a few h\rs4 ,! production ( a br[n or p9k coloration is an indication ( ! abs5ce ( alum4 ,a modification ( ?is te/1 propos$ by ,bly?1 consi/s 9 imm]s+ = sev]al h\rs 9 ! cold aque\s extract ( ! fl\r a /rip ( gelat9e1 ) :i* ! alum comb9es2 ! gelat9e is subsequ5tly submitt$ to ! action ( ! logwood t9cture & ammonium c>bonate z above4 ,= ! quantitative e/imation ( alum 9 fl\r1 ! foll[+ processes are usually employ$3--,a consid]able quantity ( ! sample is inc9]at$ 9 a plat9um di%1 ! a% is boil$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid & ! solution filt]$4 ,! filtrate is next boil$ & add$ to a conc5trat$ solution ( pure sodium hydroxide1 ! mixture be+ aga9 boil$ & aft]w>ds filt]$ hot4 ,a little sodium diphosphate is n[ add$ to ! filtrate :i* is !n slightly acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & f9ally made b>ely alkal9e by addition ( ammonium hydroxide4 ,! result+ precipitate1 :i*1 9 ! pres5ce ( alum1 consi/s ( alum9ium phosphate1 is br\ght ^u a filt]1 well wa%$1 & !n weigh$4 ,ano!r me?od1 :i* is a modification ( t ( ,dupr1 is z foll[s3--,! a% obta9$ by ! calc9ation ( ! fl\r 7or bread71 is fus$1 toge!r ) f\r times its weight ( pure mix$ sodium & potassium c>bonates1 ! fus$ mass treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 ! solution evaporat$ to dryness & ! sep>at$ silica collect$ & weigh$4 ,a few drops ( sodium phosphate solution are add$ to ! filtrate f ! silica1 !n ammonium hydroxide 9 excess1 by :i* ! calcium1 magnesium1 f]ric & alum9ium phosphates are precipitat$4 ,! two latt] are next sep>at$ by boil+ ! liquid ) an excess ( acetic acid 79 :i* !y are insoluble71 & br\ght ^u a filt]1 wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,! iron sometimes accompany+ ! precipitate ( alum9ium phosphate1 c be det]m9$ by r$uction ) z9c & titration ) potassium p]manganate4 ,if ! pres5ce ( alum is indicat$ by ! logwood te/1 & x is quantitatively det]m9$ by ei!r ( ! prec$+ me?ods1 x has be5 sugge/$ t an all[ance be made = ! small proportion ( alum9ium silicate occasionally f\nd 9 unadult]at$ fl\r or bread1 & a d$uction f ! total alum pres5t ( "o "p ( alum = e "p ( silica obta9$ is consid]$ prop]4 ,! weight ( alum9ium phosphate f\nd1 multipli$ by #chgc1 or by #cgjb1 gives respectively ! correspond+ am\nts ( pota%-alum or ammonia-alum conta9$ 9 ! sample exam9$4 ,,bread4 ,bread is usually prep>$ by mix+ fl\r ) wat]1 knead+ x into a uni=m d\gh1 submitt+ x to a process ( 8rais+10 ei!r by means ( a f]m5t or by ! direct incorporation ( c>bonic acid gas1 & f9ally bak+ ! result+ mass4 ,unleav5$ bread1 h[ev]1 is made by simply knead+ fl\r ) wat]1 ) ! addition ( a little salt1 & bak+4 ,! oatcake ( ! ,scot*1 ! passov] bread ( ! ,israelites1 & ! corncakes ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates are ! be/ kn[n v>ieties ( unleav5$ bread4 ,! porosity peculi> to rais$ bread is caus$ by ! g5]ation ( a gas1 ei!r previ\s to1 or dur+ ! process ( bak+4 ,9 =m] times 7& to "s ext5t at pres5t1 notably 9 ,p>is71 f]m5t$ bread 0 made by ! use ( leav51 :i* is d\gh 9 a /ate ( incipi5t decomposition2 b 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! common ag5t employ$ 9 rais+ bread is yea/1 :i* consi/s ( m9ute vegetable cells 7,torula c]evisi7 =m+ ei!r ! fro? or deposit ( f]m5t+ worts4 ,by ! action ( ^! f]m5ts1 ! glut5 ( ! fl\r fir/ und]goes a modification & ent]s into a peculi> comb9ation ) ! />*-granules1 :i* become m or less ruptur$2 ! soluble album5 is r5d]$ insoluble1 & ! />* is trans=m$1 fir/ into sug>1 !n into c>bonic acid & alcohol4 ,^! *anges are p]fectly analog\s to ^? :i* occur 9 ! f]m5tation ( ! wort 9 ! prep>ation ( f]m5t$ liquors4 ,o!r & m9or decompositions likewise occur1 su* z ! p>tial conv]sion ( ! />* into dextr9e1 ! sug> into lactic acid1 & ! alcohol into acetic acid1 b ! mo/ ess5tial *ange is ! production ( alcohol & c>bonic acid4 ,! alcohol =m$ is ma9ly volatilis$1 al?\gh an av]age proportion ( #jc p] c5t4 ( ?is comp\nd has be5 f\nd 9 samples ( fre% bread4 ,! escape ( ! c>bonic acid is ret>d$ by ! glut51 & to its expansion is due ! por\s or spongy appe>ance ( well-made bread4 ,( late ye>s1 artificial sub/itutes = ! f]m5tation process 9 ! production ( por\s bread h be5 ext5sively employ$4 ,by ! use ( ^! ag5ts1 ! lib]ation ( c>bonic acid 9 ! d\gh is accompli%$ & a slight ga9 ( weight is effect$1 z none ( ! orig9al +r$i5ts ( ! fl\r are lo/ by f]m5tation4 8,arat$ bread0 is made by knead+ ! fl\r "u pressure ) wat] highly *>g$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 :i*1 ^u ! removal ( ! pressure1 exp&s1 & gives porosity to ! bread4 ,! use ( 8bak+ p[d]s0 effects ! same result 9 a m conv5i5t mann]1 & is l>gely practis$ 9 families4 ,^! comp\nds g5]ally consi/ ( sodium bic>bonate 7sometimes p>tially replac$ by ! correspond+ ammonia salt71 & t>t>ic acid1 or potassium bit>trate1 toge!r ) rice or o!r fl\r4 ,a m comm5dable prep>ation is a mixture ( sodium bic>bonate ) potassium or calcium acid phosphates1 ! use ( :i* is claim$ to re/ore to ! bread ! phosphates lo/ by ! removal ( ! bran f ! fl\r4 ,bak+ p[d]s are (t5 mix$ 9 ! dry /ate ) fl\r1 & ! produce1 :i* is kn[n "u ! "n ( 8self-rais+ fl\r10 only requires to be knead$ ) wat] & bak$ to =m por\s bread4 ,h[ev] great ! conv5i5ce att5d+ ! use ( ^! comp\nds1 !y are (t5 op5 to ! objection t _! decomposition gives rise to ! =mation ( ap]i5t salts1 e4g4 sodium t>trate1 & t !y are v frequ5tly contam9at$ ) alum4 ,z a result ( ! *emical *anges :i* take place 9 ! f]m5tation ( ! fl\r & ! subsequ5t application ( heat1 ! composition ( bread diff]s mat]ially f t ( ! gra9 f :i* x is prep>$4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! soluble album9oids are r5d]$ insoluble1 & ! />* is p>tially trans=m$ into sug> 7maltose74 ,! unconv]t$ />* is modifi$ 9 its physical condition1 ! ruptur$ granules be+ f> m readily act$ ^u by ! dige/ive fluids ?an be=e4 ,! proportion ( soluble c>bohydrates is naturally augm5t$ 9 bread4 ,! am\nt ( a% is also some:at increas$1 *iefly ow+ to ! addition ( salt1 b x %\ld n exce$ a proportion ( #b p] c5t4 ,! quantity ( wat] 9 bread v>ies consid]ably4 ,wanklyn fixes #cd p] c5t4 z ! /&>d2 great] proportions h1 h[ev]1 be5 frequ5tly f\nd4 ,9 t5 samples ( app>5tly normal bread1 exam9$ by ,e4 ,s4 ,wood1 ,analy/ to ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ! am\nts ( moi/ure conta9$ v>i$ f #cd to #dd p] c5t4 ,! quantity ( wat] decreases v rapidly ^u exposure to ! air4 ,?us1 ,clif=d ,ri*>dson#eb f\nd t bread :i* %[$ #cf p] c5t4 ( moi/ure :5 fre%ly bak$1 conta9$ b #ehf p] c5t4 aft] dry+ = two weeks4 ,/ale bread w\ld seem to conta9 wat] 9 a peculi> molecul> condition1 &1 z is well kn[n1 ^u heat+ 78toa/+071 x reassumes ! por\s /ate4 ,accord+ to analyses collect$ by ,knig1#ec ! mean composition ( bread is z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,nitrog5\s sub/ances4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,fat4 ,sug>4 ,extractive free f ,nitrog54 ------------------------- ,cellulose4 ,dry ----- ,sub/ances4 ,a%4 -------------- ,c>bohydrates4 ----- ,n4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- p] p] p] p] p] p] p] p] p] c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4 c5t4 ,f9e :eat bread #caea #gjf #jdf #djbebefjcb #aji #age #hggi ,co>se :eat bread#djde #fae #jdd #bjhdijdjfb #abb #afe #hehd ,rye bread #dbbg #faa #jdc #bcadfidjdi #adf #afi #heca ,pump]nickel #dcdb #gei #aea #cbedahgjid #adb #bae #gigd ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,clif=d ,ri*>dson gives ! foll[+ results ( ! analysis ( ord9>y family loaf-bread3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #cgcj ,soluble album9oids #aai ,insoluble #fhe ,fat #jfj ,sug> #baf ,dextr9e #bhe ,/>* #dgjc ,fibre #jhe ,a% #aag ------ #ajjjj ,nitrog5 #abi ,total album9oids #hjd ,! analysis ( bread is conduct$ ess5tially 9 ! same mann] z t ( fl\r4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! det]m9ations requir$ are limit$ to an e/imation ( ! moi/ure conta9$ 9 ! crumb1 ! am\nt ( ! a%1 & special te/s = ! pres5ce ( alum & copp] salts4 ,ow+ to ! brok5 condition ( ! />* granules 9 bread1 _! id5tification by ! microscope is usually r5d]$ exce$+ly difficult4 ,! logwood te/ = alum 9 bread is appli$ by ,bell z foll[s3--,ab\t #aj grammes ( ! crumb are imm]s$ 9 a little wat] conta9+ #e c4c4 ea* ( ! fre%ly prep>$ logwood t9cture & solution ( ammonium c>bonate = ab\t five m9utes1 aft] :i* ! liquid is decant$1 & ! bread dri$ at a g5tle heat4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( alum ! bread w acquire ! *>act]i/ic lav5d] t9t m5tion$ "u ,fl\r4 ,x %\ld be add$1 t salts ( magnesia also produce a lav5d] lake ) alum2 b ?is fact does n affect ! usefulness ( ! process z a prelim9>y te/ to ! quantitative det]m9ation ( ! m9]al impurities pres5t 9 ! sample "u exam9ation4 ,! quantitative exam9ation ( alum 9 bread is made by "o ( ! me?ods describ$ on p4 #ic4 ,bread1 free f alum1 w sometimes yield #jjac p] c5t4 ( alum9ium phosphate1 & ?is am\nt %\ld !re=e be d$uct$ f ! weight ( ! precipitate obta9$4 ,! av]age ( ! results obta9$ by ,dr4 ,edw>d ,g4 ,love1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 f ! exam9ation ( ! crumb ( t5 samples ( ! *eap] v>ieties ( :eat5 bread 7 z foll[s3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #dbhj ,total a% #ajjff ,silica & s& #jjjef ,alum9ium 7& f]ric7 phosphates #jjjec ,t ! addition ( alum to bread is preval5t seems to admit ( little d\bt4 ,! ,briti% ,public ,analy/s1 9 #ahgi1 te/$ #abhg samples ( bread1 ( :i* #ie 7or #gc p] c5t47 conta9$ alum4 ,( #ah samples exam9$1 9 #ahhj1 9 ! city ( ,wa%+ton1 #h 7 adult]at$ ) ! salt4 ,! "q ( ! sanit>y effects produc$ by ! use ( alum$ bread is "o :i* has giv5 rise to v ext5d$ discussion4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities1 ! conv]sion ( alum into an insoluble salt by ! f]m5tation process1 :i* takes place 9 bread-mak+1 is reg>d$ z a pro( t x rema9s in]t1 & is consequ5tly h>mless 9 its effects4 ,o!rs cont5d t its action z a prev5tive ( excessive f]m5tation is at ! exp5se ( valuable nutriti\s con/itu5ts ( ! fl\r1 & t its comb9ation ) ! phosphates pres5t 9 ! gra9 results 9 ! =mation ( an insoluble salt :i* t5ds to ret>d dige/ion4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made by ,j4 ,we/ ,knights1 on ! comp>ative action ( artificial ga/ric juice ^u pure & alum$ bread1 :i* app>5tly support ?is latt] view4 ,ano!r objection to ! use ( alum is t x is frequ5tly employ$ = ! purpose ( disguis+ ! bad quality ( damag$ & inf]ior grades ( fl\r4 ,! pres5ce ( copp] salts 9 bread is ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,_! detection is accompli%$ by treat+ a portion ( ! crumb ) a dilute solution ( potassium f]rocyanide acidulat$ ) acetic acid1 :i*1 9 pres5ce ( copp]1 w imp>t a r$di%-br[n col\r to ! bread4 ,if conta9$ 9 any appreciable proportion1 x c be extract$ f ! a% obta9$ by ! inc9]ation ( ! bread1 & deposit$ ^u ! int]ior ( a weigh$ plat9um capsule by ! electrolytic me?od4 ,/>* 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e74--,/>*1 :i* ent]s s l>gely into ! composition ( c]eals1 is a c>bo-hydrate1 i4 e4 hydrog5 & oxyg5 are conta9$ 9 ! proportions necess>y to =m wat]4 ,9 ?is respect1 x is id5tical ) woody fibre1 cellulose1 & dextr9e4 ,! well-kn[n d>k-blue col\r produc$ ^u ! addition ( a solution ( iod9e to />*-pa/e =ms ! usual qualitative te/ = its pres5ce4 ,?is coloration is dis*>g$ by alkalies & by a solution ( sulphur\s acid4 ,! quantitative e/imation ( />* 9 mixtures is be/ effect$ by heat+ ! dry sub/ance 9 a clos$ tube = #bd h\rs1 toge!r ) a dilute hot alcoholic solution ( potassium hydroxide4 ,! hot liquid is next filt]$1 ! residue wa%$ ) alcohol1 & ! filtrate heat$ ) #b p] c5t4 solution ( hydro*loric acid until x ceases to %[ ! blue coloration :5 te/$ ) iod9e4 ,x is !n r5d]$ alkal9e1 & ! proportion ( />* orig9ally pres5t1 calculat$ f ! am\nt ( sug> =m$1 z det]m9$ by ,fehl+'s solution4 ,al?\gh id5tical 9 *emical composition1 ! v>i\s =ms ( />* met ) 9 ! vegetable k+dom v>y 9 size & exhibit *>act]i/ic diff]5ces 9 ! appe>ance ( ! granules4 ,! foll[+ are measurem5ts ( sev]al v>ieties ( />* granules3-- ,millimetre4 ,:eat #jejj ,rye #jcaj ,rice #jbbj ,corn #jcjj ,bean #jfca ,potato #ahej ,! l>g] granules ( potato />*1 :5 susp5d$ 9 wat]1 subside m rapidly ?an ^? ( :eat />*2 !y are also f> m readily ruptur$4 ,! id5tification ( ! v>i\s />*es is accompli%$ by means ( ! microscope4 ,/>* possesses an organis$ /ructure :i*1 =tunately1 diff]s 9 diff]5t plants4 ,besides v>y+ 9 size1 ! granules develope 9 a diff]5t mann] & =m f c5tres ( gr[?1 & !re=e exhibit *>act]i/ic conditions & positions4 ,^! di/9ctions1 toge!r ) _! effect ^u pol>is$ light1 are ( great utility 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! s\rce ( any p>ticul> />*4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is necess>y to become famili> ) ! di/9ctive microscopical appe>ance ( ea* individual />*4 ,a collection ( ^? mo/ usually met ) %\ld be made1 &1 aft] c>eful /udy1 pres]v$ 9 a dri$ /ate = comp>ative purposes4 ,pol>is$ light is a v useful adjunct 9 ! exam9ation ( />* granules4 ,9 ! microscopical inve/igation1 a m9ute portion ( ! sample is plac$ ^u ! glass slide & well moi/5$ ) a solution ( #a "p glyc]9e 9 #b p>ts ( wat]2 x is !n protect$ by a ?9 glass cov]1 :i* is put on ) g5tle pressure4 ,! appe>ance ( v>i\s />*es1 "u pol>is$ light1 is se5 9 ,plate ,,ix41 :]e ! cross lies at ! hilum or nucleus ( ! granule & ! =m & relative size is visible 9 outl9e4 ,?is plate1 & ,plates ,,vii4 & ,,xii4 are copi$1 ) p]mission1 f ,bullet9 ,no4 #aa ( ! ,*emical ,division ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,! orig9al negatives 7made by ,clif=d ,ri*>dson7 7 us$1 b ! auto-types are pres5t$ 9 a some:at modifi$ =m4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,illu/ration3 ,potato #ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,maize #ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,:eat #ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,rice #dej4 ,illu/ration3 ,bean #ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,pea #ade4 ,,/>*es4 ,,footnotes3 #ej #8,bread ,analysis4' #ea ,wanklyn applies 8 ammonia process 7see p4 #bje71 to ! e/imation ( album9oids 9 vegetable sub/ances4 ,9 ?is mann] he obta9$ ! foll[+ p]c5tages ( ammonia f v>i\s fl\rs3--,rice1 #jfb2 maize & malt1 #ajc2 :eat & b>ley1 #aaj2 rye1 #ade2 pea1 #bcj4 #eb #8,an ,inve/igation ( ! ,composition ( ,am]ican ,:eat & ,corn4' ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #ahhc4 #ec #8,die ,m5s*li*5 ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel' p4 #dbj4 ,b]l91 #ahhc4 ,,bak]s' ,,*emicals4 ,! sub/ances employ$ = ! artificial production ( porosity 9 bread1 z already m5tion$1 are sodium bic>bonate 7n[ t]m$ 8sal]atus071 potassium bit>trate1 t>t>ic acid1 & calcium diphosphate1 ! v>i\s mixtures ( ^! comp\nds be+ kn[n z bak+ p[d]s4 ,"s ( ! above *emicals are n always us$ 9 ! pure /ate1 &1 9 addition to ?is s\rce ( contam9ation1 bak+ p[d]s are (t5 excessively dilut$ ) fl\r or />*1 & s]i\sly adult]at$ ) alum4 ,! sodium bic>bonate employ$ is g5]ally a fairly pure article4 ,common grades ( ! salt conta9 a little sodium *loride1 & 9 "s cases z mu* z #b p] c5t4 ( ! correspond+ sulphate2 x may also prove to be some:at defici5t 9 ! proportion ( c>bonic acid pres5t4 ,cream ( t>t> 7potassium bit>trate71 is f> m liable to adult]ation4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( calcium t>trate is (t5 f\nd 9 ! comm]cial article1 orig9at+ f its me?od ( manufacture1 & am\nt+1 on ! av]age1 f #f to #g p] c5t4 ,! salt is1 moreov]1 sometimes int5tionally mix$ ) alum1 />*1 t>t>ic acid1 gypsum1 *alk & t]ra alba4 ,occasionally s-call$ cream ( t>t> has be5 f\nd to be :olly compos$ ( />* & calcium diphosphate4 ,9 ! exam9ation = calcium t>trate & sulphate1 a quantitative det]m9ation ( ! total lime & sulphuric acid is made4 ,! quantity ( sulphuric acid obta9$ is calculat$ to gypsum1 any excess ( lime left be+ return$ z t>trate4 ,! a% 9 pure cream ( t>t> %\ld am\nt to #cfgi p] c5t41 :ile t ( calcium t>trate is only #baed p] c5t4 ,naturally1 ! addition ( fl\r or />* w\ld mat]ially decrease ! proportion ( a%4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! latt] adult]ants is recognis$ by means ( ! microscope1 & by te/+ ! sample ) iod9e solution4 ,x is g5]ally requir$ t cream ( t>t> %\ld conta9 at lea/ #ij p] c5t4 ( potassium bit>trate4 ,bak+ p[d]s4--,! usual composition ( bak+ p[d]s has already be5 /at$4 ,!y all conta9 sodium bic>bonate1 b diff] 9 ! acid +r$i5t pres5t1 :i* may consi/ ( cream ( t>t>1 t>t>ic acid1 calcium diphosphate1 or alum4 ,9 ord] to rem$y ! t5d5cy to det]ioration :i* exi/s 9 p[d]s entirely compos$ ( ! above salts1 x is ! practice to add a consid]able am\nt ( 8fill+0 7corn-/>*1 fl\r1 etc474 ,! quantity ( fill+ employ$ = ?is purpose v>ies f #bj to #fj p] c5t41 b is z a rule1 great] ?an is really necess>y4 ,a small proportion ( ! sodium salt is (t5 replac$ by ammonium sesquic>bonate4 ,alum is a m objectionable con/itu5t ( _m prep>ations1 & x %\ld be consid]$ an adult]ation4 ,! practical value ( bak+ p[d] is *iefly dep5d5t ^u ! quantity ( c>bonic acid x lib]ates :5 decompos$1 & ?is is affect$ by ! /r5g? ( ! acid salt & ! am\nt ( 8fill+0 us$4 ,! mo/ common v>ieties ( bak+ p[d]s are3-- 7a7 ,sodium bic>bonate & cream ( t>t>1 ei!r pure or mix$ ) />*4 ,9 te/+ ?is class ( p[d]s1 x is usual to det]m9e ! excessive alkal9ity rema9+ aft] ! decomposition ) wat]1 by means ( dec9ormal acid2 ?is is put d[n z bic>bonate pres5t 9 excess4 ,! proportions ( sodium bic>bonate & cream ( t>t> are calculat$ f ! alkal9e /r5g? ( ! a%1 m9us ! excessive alkal9ity f\nd4 ,impurities orig9at+ f ! cream ( t>t> employ$ are e/imat$ z previ\sly describ$2 & ! am\nt ( />* conta9$ is det]m9$ by ! usual me?ods4 ,9 "s prep>ations1 t>t>ic acid is sub/itut$ = cream ( t>t>4 ,! foll[+ proportions repres5t ! composition ( a bak+ p[d] ( good quality3-- ,p>ts4 ,cream ( t>t> #cj ,sodium bic>bonate #ae ,fl\r #e 7b7 ,sodium bic>bonate & calcium diphosphate4--,calcium sulphate occurs z an impurity 9 ! comm]cial phosphate & is !re=e liable to be met ) 9 phosphate p[d]s4 ,9 addition to phosphoric acid1 lime1 etc41 a det]m9ation ( sulphuric acid & *lor9e %\ld be made4 7c7 ,sodium bic>bonate & alum4--,^! con/itute ! mo/ repreh5sible =ms ( bak+ p[d]4 ,! sanit>y effects ( alum h be5 ref]r$ to "u ,fl\r4 ,x may be pres5t ei!r z pota% or ammonia alum4 ,! foll[+ is a fair example ( an alum p[d]3-- ,p] c5t4 ,alum #bfde ,sodium bic>bonate #bdag ,ammonium sesquic>bonate #bca ,cream ( t>t> ,none ,/>* #dgjg ,f an exhau/ive inve/igation ( bak+ p[d]s made by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,a4 ,mott1 x 0 f\nd t ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( ^! prep>ations 7 impure1 alum be+ ! *ief admixture4 ,( #bhj samples ( cream ( t>t> lately exam9$ by v>i\s ,am]ican ,heal? ,bo>ds1 #ajj 7 adult]at$2 ( #ie bak+ p[d]s te/$1 #af 7 adult]at$4 ,,sug>4 ,! sug>s ( comm]ce may be conv5i5tly classifi$ into two v>ieties1 viz41 sucrose 7cane sug> or sac*>ose7 & dextrose 7grape sug> or glucose74 ,! =m]1 :i* is ! k9d almo/ exclusively employ$ = dome/ic uses1 is *iefly obta9$ f ! sug> cane ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ,am]ican ,s\!rn ,/ates 7,sac*>um (fic9>um71 &1 9 cont95tal ,europe1 f ! sug> beet 7,beta vulg>is74 ,a comp>atively small quantity is manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! sug> maple 7,ac] sac*>9um71 & f sorghum 7,sorghum sac*>atus74 ,cane ,sug> 7,c#ab ,h#bb ,o#aa74--;,among ! m important *emical prop]ties ( cane sug> are ! foll[+3--,x dissolves 9 ab\t "o-?ird its weight ( cold wat]--mu* m readily 9 hot wat]--& is insoluble 9 cold absolute alcohol4 ,f a conc5trat$ aque\s solution x is deposit$ 9 monocl9ic prisms1 :i* possess a specific gravity ( #aehj4 ,cane sug> is *>act]is$ by its prop]ty ( rotat+ ! plane ( a ray ( pol>is$ light to ! "r2 ! rot>y p[] is #fff4 ,^u heat+ its solution ) dilute m9]al acids1 x is conv]t$ into a mixture t]m$ 8inv]t sug>10 :i* consi/s ( equal p>ts ( dextrose & levulose4 ,! =m] turns ! plane ( pol>is$ light to ! "r1 ! latt] to ! left2 b ow+ to ! /rong] rotation ex]t$ by ! levulose1 ! comb9$ rot>y effect ( inv]t sug> is to ! left1 i4 e41 opposite to t possess$ by cane sug>4 ,inv]t sug> exhibits ! important prop]ty ( r$uc+ solutions ( ! salts ( copp]1 :i* is n possess$ by pure cane sug>4 ,cane sug> melts at #afj2 at a high] temp]ature 7#baj7 x is conv]t$ into a r$di%-br[n sub/ance t]m$ c>amel4 ,:5 subject$ to ! action ( f]m5ts1 cane sug> is fir/ trans=m$ into inv]t sug>1 !n into alcohol & c>bonic acid1 accord+ to ! reactions3-- 7a7 ,c#ab ,h#bb ,o#aa ,h#b,o #b ,c#f ,h#ab ,o#f4 7b7 ,c#f ,h#ab ,o#f #b ,,co#b #b ,c#b ,h#f,o4 ,! v>ieties ( cane sug> usually met ) 9 comm]ce are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,loaf sug>1 consi/+ ei!r ( irregul> fragm5ts1 or 7m (t57 ( cut cubes4 #b4 ,granulat$ sug>4 #c4 ,s(t :ite sug>4 #d4 ,br[n sug>1 v>y+ 9 col\r f cream-yell[ to r$di%-br[n4 ,molasses is a solution ( sug>1 conta9+ inv]t sug>1 gummy matt]s1 c>amel1 etc41 :i* =ms ! "m-liquor rema9+ aft] ! cry/allisation ( raw cane sug>2 ! "n 8syrup0 be+ commonly appli$ to ! residual liquor obta9$ 9 ! manufacture ( ref9$ sug>4 ,dextrose 7,c#f ,h#ab ,o#f71 occurs ready-=m$ 9 grape juice1 & 9 _m sweet fruits1 v frequ5tly associat$ ) levulose2 x is also conta9$ 9 honey1 toge!r ) a small am\nt ( cane sug>4 ,z already m5tion$1 x con/itutes an +r$i5t ( ! product obta9$ by ! action ( acids & f]m5ts ^u cane sug>4 ,= comm]cial purposes1 glucose is prep>$ by treat+ gra9s ri* 9 />*1 ) dilute acids4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many1 potatoes are us$ 9 its manufacture2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,indian corn or maize is almo/ exclusively employ$4 ,! processes us$ consi/ sub/antially 9 fir/ sep>at+ ! />* f ! gra9 by soak+1 gr9d+1 & /ra9+1 !n boil+ x1 "u pressure1 ) wat] conta9+ ab\t #c p] c5t4 ( sulphuric acid1 neutralis+ ! rema9+ acid ) *alk1 decoloris+ ! solution by means ( animal *>coal1 & conc5trat+ x 9 vacuum pans4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?irty-two factories are engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( glucose1 :i* consume ab\t #dj1jjj bu%els ( corn daily1 _! annual production hav+ an e/imat$ value ( #aj millions ( doll>s4 ,9 comm]ce1 ! t]m grape sug> is appli$ to ! solid product1 ! syrup or liquid =m be+ kn[n z glucose4 ,! *ief uses ( />* sug> & glucose are 9 ! manufacture ( table syrups1 & z a sub/itute = malt 9 ! brew+ ( be] & ale4 ,_! o!r mo/ important applications are z a sub/itute = cane sug> 9 confection]y1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( fruit jellies2 z an adult]ant ( cane sug>1 z an admixture to g5u9e honey1 & z a s\rce = ! prep>ation ( v9eg>4 ,dextrose is soluble 9 #a-a_/e "p ( cold wat]1 & is mu* m soluble 9 hot wat]4 ,x has a dextro-rot>y p[] ( #ef4 ,:5 sep>at$ f its aque\s solution1 x =ms :ite & opaque granul> masses1 b f an alcoholic solution1 x is obta9$ 9 well-def9$1 microscopic ne$les1 :i* fuse at #adf4 ,two p>ts ( glucose h ab\t ! same sweet5+ effect z "o "p ( cane sug>4#ed ,x does n become col\r$ :5 mix$ ) cold conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 :i* di/+ui%es x f sucrose2 on ! o!r h&1 its solution is col\r$ d>k-br[n if boil$ ) potassium hydroxide1 ano!r di/9ction f cane sug>4 ,dextrose is capable ( directly und]go+ v9\s f]m5tation1 &1 l inv]t sug>1 x possesses ! prop]ty ( r$uc+ alkal9e solutions ( copp] salts1 especially ^u ! application ( heat4 ,! *ief comm]cial v>ieties ( ,am]ican glucose are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,glucose3 ,p] c5t4 ,glucose4 8,cry/al ,h10 conta9+ #dj 8,cry/al ,b0 #de 8,cry/al ,a0 #ej #b4 ,grape ,sug>3 8,brew]s' grape0 #gj-ge 8,a0 or 8,solid grape0 #ge-hj 8,gra9$0 or 8,granulat$ grape0 #hj-he ,maltose & levulose are isom]s ( dextrose4 ,! =m] is prep>$ by ! action ( malt or dia/ase ^u />*4 ,x has a dextro-rot>y p[] ( #aej & its prop]ty ( r$uc+ copp] salts is only ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( t ( dextrose4 ,x is conv]t$ into ! latt] comp\nd ^u boil+ ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,levulose1 z previ\sly /at$1 is =m$1 toge!r ) dextrose1 f cane sug> by treatm5t ) dilute acids or ) f]m5ts4 ,x turns ! plane ( a ray ( pol>is$ light to ! left1 its rot>y p[] v>y+ consid]ably at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,lactose1 or milk sug>1 has already be5 ref]r$ to "u ! head ( ,milk4 ,x is isom]ic ) cane sug>1 possesses a dextro-rot>y p[] 7#ehb71 & und]goes f]m5tation :5 mix$ ) yea/1 & r$uces alkal9e copp] solutions1 b 9 a diff]5t degree f glucose4 ,_m ( ! sub/ances frequ5tly enum]at$ z be+ us$ to adult]ate sug> are at pres5t v seldom employ$4 ,! usual li/ includes 8glucose0 7(t5 mean+ inv]t sug>71 s&1 fl\r1 *alk1 t]ra alba1 etc4 ,loaf sug> is almo/ inv>iably pure1 al?\gh its col\r is sometimes improv$ by ! addition ( small proportions ( v>i\s blue pigm5ts1 su* z ultram>9e1 indigo1 & ,prussian blue4 ,! pres5ce ( ultram>9e 0 detect$ 9 ab\t #gc p] c5t4 ( ! samples ( granulat$ sug> te/$ 9 #ahha by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,t9 salts#ee are also occasionally employ$ 9 ! blea*+ ( sug> & syrups4 ,granulat$ sug> is ass]t$ to be sometimes mix$ ) grape sug>1 & p[d]$ sug> has be5 f\nd adult]at$ ) fl\r & t]ra alba2 b ! v>ieties :i* are mo/ expos$ to admixture are ! l[ grades ( yell[ & br[n sug>1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 sev]al p] c5t4 ( inv]t sug> are normally pres5t4 ,s&1 gravel1 & mites =m a r common contam9ation ( raw sug>4 ,f ! ye> #ahgf to #ahha1 #caj samples ( comm]cial sug> 7 exam9$ by ! public heal? au?orities ( ,canada1 ( :i* numb] #bd 7 report$ z conta9+ glucose1 & #aa z ( d\btful purity4 ,( #ch samples ( br[n sug> rec5tly analys$ by ,dr4 ,*>les ,sm>t1 ( ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #i 7 adult]at$ ) glucose4 ,f ! inve/igations ( ,a4 ,l4 ,colby1 ,analy/ to ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 x 0 f\nd t ( ! #aaf samples exam9$1 ! :ite sug>s 7 practically pure2 :]eas1 ( #fg samples ( br[n sug>1 #d conta9$ glucose4 ,( #af specim5s ( br[n sug>1 te/$ by a commission appo9t$ by ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #ahhc1 #d conta9$ ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( ?is body4#ef ,_m v>ieties ( sug>-h\se syrups1 & ! v>i\s =ms ( confection]y1 are v ext5sively adult]at$ ) artificial glucose4 ,! av]age sug>-h\se syrup has ! foll[+ composition3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #af ,cry/allisable sug> #cf ,inv]t sug> #cd ,gum1 pectose1 etc4 #aj ,a% #d ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,pitt1 9 ! ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 gives ! foll[+ analysis ( groc]s' mix$ glucose syrup1 & ( confection]s' glucose3-- ,am]ican ,grape ,sug> ,co4's ,syrup4 ,p] c5t4 ,a% #jhbj ,wat] #ahheg ,dextr9e #cdffg ,cane syrup #ghje ,glucose #cghea ------- #ajjjjj ------- ,confection]s' ,glucose4 ,p] c5t4 ,a% #jdca ,wat] #aegfb ,dextr9e #dafad ,glucose #dbaic ------- #ajjjjj ------- ,x is /at$ t a l>ge proportion ( ! ,am]ican maple syrup & maple sug> f\nd on ! m>ket1 consi/s ( raw sug>1 flav\r$ ) ! ess5tial oil ( hickory-b>k1 = ! manufacture ( :i* lett]s pat5t h be5 grant$4 ,analysis ( ,sug>4--,! exam9ation ( sug> is ord9>ily conf9$ to ! e/imation ( ! wat]1 a%1 & det]m9ation ( ! nature ( ! organic matt]s pres5t4 ,! proportion ( wat] conta9$ 9 a sample is f\nd by dry+ x = ab\t two h\rs 9 an air-ba?1 at a temp]ature ( #aaj4 ,moi/ & syrupy sug>s1 su* z muscovadoes1 are advantage\sly mix$ ) a kn[n weight ( ignit$ s& be=e dry+4 ,! a% is det]m9$ ei!r by directly inc9]at+ a few grammes ( ! sug> 9 a t>$ plat9um capsule1 or by accel]at+ ! process ( combu/ion by fir/ moi/5+ ! sample ) a little sulphuric acid4 ,9 ?is case ! bases w naturally be conv]t$ into sulphates1 & a d$uction ( "o-t5? is usually made f ! results s obta9$1 9 ord] to r$uce x to t]ms ( ! correspond+ c>bonates4 ,! proportion ( a% 9 raw cane sug> v>ies some:at1 b x %\ld n mu* exce$ #ae p] c5t4 ,its av]age composition1 z giv5 by ,moni]1 is z foll[s3-- ,calcic c>bonate #dijj ,potassium c>bonate #afej ,sodium & potassium sulphates #afjj ,sodium *loride #ijj ,alum9a & silica #iej ------ #ajjjj ------ ,insoluble m9]al adult]ants are readily sep>at$ by dissolv+ a r consid]able am\nt ( ! sample 9 wat] & filt]+4 ,9 ?is mann] ! pres5ce ( s&1 t]ra alba1 & =eign pigm5ts may be recognis$4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! "* ( ! organic con/itu5ts ( comm]cial sug>s is effect$1 ei!r by *emical or by physical te/s1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 by a comb9ation ( ^! me?ods4 ,! pres5ce ( su* adult]ants1 z fl\r or />*1 is v easily detect$ ^u a microscopic exam9ation ( ! suspect$ sample4 ,if cane sug>1 conta9+ grape sug>1 is boil$ ) wat]1 to :i* ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( potassium hydroxide has be5 add$1 ! solution acquires a br[n col\r4 ,^u mix+ a solution ( pure cane sug> ) a solution ( cupric sulphate1 add+ an excess ( potassium hydroxide1 & boil+1 only a slight precipitation ( r$ cupric oxide takes place4 ,"u ! same conditions1 grape sug> at once produces a copi\s gre5 precipitate1 :i* ultimately *anges to r$1 ! sup]natant fluid becom+ ne>ly or q col\rless4 ,a v good me?od = ! quantitative e/imation ( grape sug> :5 me*anically mix$ ) cane sug>1 is t ( ,p4 ,casamajor4 ,x is execut$ by fir/ prep>+ a saturat$ solution ( grape sug> 9 me?ylic alcohol4 ,! sample to be te/$ is ?or\ghly dri$1 & !n well agitat$ ) ! me?ylic alcohol solution1 9 :i* all cane sug> w dissolve2 any grape sug> pres5t rema9s beh9d1 & ^u all[+ ! mixture to rema9 at re/ = a %ort "t1 =ms a deposit :i* is aga9 treat$ ) ! grape sug> solution1 & !n collect$ ^u a t>$ filt]1 wa%$ ) absolute me?ylic alcohol1 & weigh$4 ,glucose & inv]t sug> are usually quantitatively det]m9$ by means ( ,fehl+'s solution4 ,z ?is prep>ation is liable to decompose ^u keep+1 x is advisable to fir/ prep>e cupric sulphate solution by dissolv+ exactly #cd1fdj grammes ( ! salt 9 #ejj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & !n make up ! ,ro*elle salt solution by dissolv+ #fh grammes ( sodium hydroxide1 & #agc grammes ( ,ro*elle salt 9 #ejj c4c4 ( wat]1 ! solutions be+ kept sep>ate4 ,:5 requir$ = use1 #e c4c4 ea* ( ! copp] & ,ro*elle solutions 7correspond+ to #aj c4c4 ( ,fehl+'s solution7 are introduc$ into a n>r[ beak]1 or a porcela9 evaporat+ di%1 a little wat] is add$1 & ! liquid br\ght to ! boil+ po9t4 ,! sug> solution "u exam9ation %\ld n conta9 ov] #je p] c5t4 ( glucose4 ,x is cauti\sly add$ to ! hot ,fehl+'s solution f a burette until ! fluid loses its blue col\r 7see p4 #cg74 ,! numb] ( c4c4 requir$ to completely r$uce #aj c4c4 ( ,fehl+'s solution1 repres5ts #jje gramme ( grape sug>4 ,! =ego+ volumetric me?od is sometimes appli$ gravimetrically by add+ a slight excess ( ,fehl+'s solution to ! sug> solution1 collect+ ! precipitat$ cupric oxide ^u a filt] & weigh+1 aft] oxidation ) a few drops ( nitric acid2 or1 x may be dissolv$1 & ! copp] conta9$ deposit$ by electrolysis1 9 :i* case ! weight ( copp] obta9$1 multipli$ by #jech1 gives ! equival5t am\nt ( glucose4 ,! proportion ( cane sug> 9 a sample ( raw sug> c be det]m9$ by fir/ directly e/imat+ ! proportion ( inv]t sug> conta9$ by means ( ,fehl+'s solution1 z j describ$4 ,! cane sug> pres5t is !n inv]t$ by dissolv+ "o gramme ( ! sample 9 ab\t #ajj c4c4 ( wat]1 add+ #a c4c4 ( /rong sulphuric acid1 & heat+ ! solution 9 ! wat]-ba? = #cj m9utes1 ! wat] lo/ by evaporation be+ f "t to "t replac$4 ,! free acid is next neutralis$ by a little sodium c>bonate1 its volume made up to #bjj c4c41 & ! inv]t sug> n[ conta9$ e/imat$ by ,fehl+'s solution4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two det]m9ations repres5ts ! glucose =m$ by ! conv]sion ( ! cane sug>2 #ajj p>ts ( ! glucose s produc$ is equival5t to #ie p>ts ( cane sug>4 ,comm]cial cane sug> is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally e/imat$ by ! in/rum5t kn[n z ! sac*>imet] or pol>iscope4 ,9 ord] to convey an intellig5t idea ( ! physical laws :i* gov]n ! practical work+ ( ! pol>iscope1 x w fir/ be necess>y to ref] to ! subject ( ! pol>isation ( light4 ,! trans=mation ( ord9>y into pol>is$ light is be/ effect$ ei!r by reflection f a glass plate at an angle ( ab\t #ef1 or by :at is kn[n z d\ble refraction4 ,! =m] me?od c be illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,x41 :i* repres5ts two tubes1 ,b & ,c1 arrang$ s z to all[ ! "o to be turn$ r\nd )9 ! o!r4 ,two flat plates ( glass1 ,a & ,p1 black5$ at ! backs1 are atta*$ obliquely to ! end ( ea* tube at an angle ( ab\t #ef1 z repres5t$ 9 ! figure4 ,! tube ,b1 ) its atta*$ plate1 ,a1 c be turn$ r\nd 9 ! tube ,c )\t *ang+ ! incl9ation ( ! plate to a ray pass+ along ! axis ( ! tube4 ,if a c&le be n[ plac$ at ,i1 ! light w be reflect$ f ! plate ,p ?r\gh ! tube1 &1 ow+ to ! p>ticul> angle ( ?is plate1 w und]go a c]ta9 trans=mation 9 its nature1 or1 9 o!r words1 become 8pol>is$40 ,s long z ! plate ,a reta9s ! position repres5t$ 9 ! figure1 ! reflect$ ray w\ld fall 9 ! same plane z t 9 :i* ! pol>isation ( ! ray took place1 & an image ( ! c&le w\ld be se5 by an obs]v] /ation$ at ,o4 ,b1 suppose ! tube ,b to be turn$ a qu>t] r\nd2 ! plane ( reflection is n[ at "r angles to t ( pol>isation1 & ! image w become invisible4 ,:5 ! tube ,b is turn$ half-way r\nd1 ! c&le is se5 z brightly at fir/2 at ! ?ird quadrant x disappe>s1 until1 on complet+ ! revolution ( ! tube1 x aga9 becomes p]fectly visible4 ,x is evid5t t ! ray reflect$ f ! glass plate ,p has acquir$ prop]ties diff]5t f ^? possess$ by ord9>y light1 :i* w\ld h be5 reflect$ by ! plate ,a 9 :atev] direction x might h be5 turn$4 ,,plate ,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,pol>iscope4 ,,artotype4 ,e4 ,,bi]/adt ,n4 ,y4 ,if a ray ( common light be made to pass ?r\gh c]ta9 cry/als1 su* z calc sp>1 x und]goes d\ble refraction1 & ! light transmitt$ becomes pol>is$4 ,! arrangem5t kn[n z ,nicol's prism1 :i* consi/s ( two prisms ( calc sp>1 cut at a c]ta9 angle & unit$ toge!r by means ( ,canada balsam1 is a v conv5i5t means ( obta9+ pol>is$ light4 ,if two ,nicol's prisms are plac$ 9 a simil> position1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 ! light pol>is$ by ! fir/ 7or pol>is+7 prism passes ?r\gh ! second 7or analys+7 prism un*ang$2 b if ! second prism be turn$ until x crosses ! fir/ at a "r angle1 p]fect d>kness ensues4 ,:ile x w\ld exce$ ! limits ( ?is "w to ent] fully ^u ! !oretical explanations :i* are commonly advanc$ conc]n+ ! cause & nature ( ?is pol>is$1 or trans=m$ light1 x may be well to /ate "h t common light is assum$ to be compos$ ( two sy/ems ( beams :i* vibrate 9 planes at "r angles to ea* o!r1 :]eas pol>is$ light is reg>d$ z consi/+ ( beams vibrat+ 9 a s+le plane only4 ,if1 n[1 we imag9e ! second ,nicol's prism to be made up ( a s]ies ( fibres or l9es1 runn+ only 9 "o direction1 ^! fibres w\ld act l a grat+ & give free passage to a surface l a knife blade only :5 ?is is p>allel to ! b>s1 b w\ld ob/ruct x if pres5t$ transv]sely4 ,?is some:at crude illu/ration w1 p]haps1 s]ve to expla9 :y ! rays ( light :i* h be5 pol>is$ by ! fir/ ,nicol's prism are all[$ to pass ?r\gh ! second prism :5 ! two are plac$ 9 a simil> position1 & :y !y are ob/ruct$ :5 ! prisms are cross$ at "r angles1 x be+ rememb]$ t 9 a pol>is$ ray ! vibrations ( ! beams ( light take place 9 a s+le plane4 ,suppose we place betwe5 ! two ,nicol's prisms1 :ile !y are at "r angles1 a plate cut 9 a peculi> mann] f a cry/al ( qu>tz1 we w discov] t rays ( light n[ pass ?r\gh ! second prism1 & t ! field ( vision has become illum9at$ ) beautiful col\rs--r$1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 etc41 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! qu>tz plate us$4 ,on turn+ ! second ,nicol's prism on its axis1 ^! col\rs w *ange & pass ?r\gh ! regul> prismatic s]ies1 f r$ to violet1 or ! contr>y1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! rotation produc$ by ! int]v5+ plate4 ,qu>tz1 !re=e1 possesses ! rem>kable prop]ty ( rotat+ ! plane ( pol>isation ( ! col\r$ rays ( :i* light is compos$2 & x has be5 discov]$ t "s plates ( ?is m9]al ex]t ?is p[] to ! "r1 o!rs to ! left2 t is1 !y possess a "r or left-h&$ circul> pol>isation4 ,num]\s o!r sub/ances1 includ+ _m organic comp\nds1 possess ?is quality ( caus+ a rotation--ei!r to ! "r or left--( a plane ( pol>is$ light4 ,= example1 solutions ( cane sug> & ord9>y glucose cause a "r-h&$ rotation1 :il/ levulose & inv]t sug> ex]t a left-h&$ rotation4 ,! ext5t ( ?is p[] is directly proportional to ! conc5tration ( ! solutions us$1 ! l5g? ( ! column ?r\gh :i* ! ray ( pol>is$ light passes be+ ! same4 ,x foll[s t on pass+ pol>is$ light ?r\gh tubes ( ! same l5g? :i* are fill$ ) solutions conta9+ diff]5t quantities ( impure cane sug>1 an e/imation ( ! am\nt ( pure cane sug> conta9$ 9 ! tubes c be made by det]m9+ ! degree ( "r-h&$ rotation produc$2 & x is ^u ?is fact t ! application ( ! pol>iscope 9 sug> analysis is bas$4 ,! optical portions ( ! mo/ improv$ =m ( ! pol>iscope--t kn[n z ! ,v5tzke-,s*eibl]--are repres5t$ by ,fig4 #b4 ,! light f a gas burn] ent]s at ! extremity ( ! in/rum5t & fir/ passes ?r\gh ! 8regulator ,a10 :i* consi/s ( ! d\ble refract+ ,nicol's prism a & ! qu>tz plate b1 x be+ s arrang$ t x c be turn$ r\nd its own plane1 ?us v>y+ ! t9t ( ! light us$1 s z to be/ neutralise t possess$ by ! sug> solution to be exam9$4 ,! incid5t ray n[ p5etrates ! pol>is+ ,nicol's prism ,b1 & next meets a d\ble qu>tz plate ,c 7#cge millimetres 9 ?ickness74 ,?is qu>tz plate1 a front view ( :i* is also %[n 9 ! figure1 is divid$ 9 ! field ( vision1 "o half consi/+ ( qu>tz rotat+ to ! "r h&1 ! o!r half ( ! v>iety :i* rotates to ! left h&4 ,x is made ( ! ?ickness ref]r$ to ow+ to ! fact t x !n imp>ts a v s5sitive t9t 7purple7 to pol>is$ light1 & "o t passes v sudd5ly into r$ or blue :5 ! rotation ( ! ray is *ang$4 ,s9ce ! plate ,c is compos$ ( halves :i* ex]t opposite rot>y p[]s1 ^! w assume diff]5t col\rs ^u alt]+ ! rotation ( ! ray4 ,aft] leav+ ! d\ble qu>tz plate ! light1 :i*1 ow+ to its passage ?r\gh ! ,nicol's prism ,b is n[ pol>is$1 ent]s ! tube ,d conta9+ ! solution ( cane sug> "u exam9ation2 ?is causes x to und]go a "r-h&$ rotation4 ,x next meets ! 8comp5sator0 ,e1 consi/+ ( a qu>tz plate c1 :i* has a "r-h&$ rot>y p[]1 & ! two qu>tz prisms d1 bo? ( :i* are cut 9 a w$ge %ape & ex]t a left-h&$ rotation4 ,!y are s arrang$ t "o is movable & c be made to slide along ! o!r1 :i* is fix$1 ?us caus+ an increase or decrease 9 _! comb9$ ?ickness & rot>y effect4 ,! ray ( light !n passes ?r\gh ! analys+ ,nicol's prism ,f1 & is f9ally exam9$ by means ( ! telescope ,g1 ) ! objective e & ocul> f4 ,fig4 #c gives a p]spective view ( ! ,v5tzke-,s*eibl] pol>iscope4 ,! ,nicol's prism & qu>tz plate :i* con/itute ! 8regulator0 are situat$ at ,a & ,b1 & c be rotat$ by means ( a p9ion connect+ ) ! button ,l4 ,! pol>is+ ,nicol's prism is plac$ at ,c1 & ! d\ble qu>tz plate at ,d4 ,! receptacle h conta9s ! tube ,p fill$ ) sug> solution1 & is provid$ ) ! h+$ cov] h1 :i* s]ves to keep out ! ext]nal light :ile an obs]vation is be+ tak54 ,! "r-h&$ qu>tz plate & ! w$ge-%ap$ qu>tz prisms 7correspond+ to c & d1 ,fig4 #b7 are situat$ at ,g1 & at ,e & ,f1 & ! analys+ ,nicol's prism is plac$ at ,h4 ,:5 ! w$ge-%ap$ prisms h an equal ?ickness co9cid+ ) t ( ! qu>tz plate c 7,fig4 #b7 ! left-h&$ rot>y p[] ( ! =m] is exactly neutralis$ by ! "r-h&$ rot>y p[] ( ! latt]1 & ! field ( vision se5 at ,i is uni=m 9 col\r1 ! oppos+ rot>y p[]s ( ! two halves ( ! d\ble qu>tz plates ,c 7,fig4 #b7 be+ also equalis$4 ,b if ! tube1 fill$ ) a sug> solution1 is plac$ 9 ! in/rum5t1 ! "r-h&$ rot>y p[] ( ?is sub/ance is add$ to t half ( ! d\ble qu>tz plate :i* ex]ts ! same rot>y effect 7! o!r half be+ dim9i%$ 9 a l degree71 & ! two divisions ( ! plate w n[ appe> ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,9 ord] to re/ore an equilibrium ( col\r ! movable w$ge-%ap$ qu>tz plate ,e is slid along its fell[ ,f by means ( ! rat*et ,m1 until ! "r-h&$ rot>y p[] ( ! sug> solution is comp5sat$ = by ! increas$ ?ickness ( ! left-h&$ plate1 :5 ! sections ( ! plate ,c w aga9 appe> uni=m 9 col\r4 ,= ! purpose ( measur+ ! ext5t to :i* ! unfix$ plate has be5 mov$1 a small ivory scale is atta*$ to ?is plate1 & passes along an index scale connect$ ) ! fix$ plate4 ,! degrees m>k$ on ! scale1 :i* are divid$ into t5?s1 are read by aid ( a mirror s atta*$ to a magnify+ glass ,k4 ,:5 ! pol>iscope is 9 :at may be t]m$ a /ate ( equilibrium1 i4 e4 be=e ! tube conta9+ ! sug> solution has be5 plac$ 9 x1 ! index ( ! fix$ scale po9ts to ! z]o ( ! movable scale4 ,9 ! practical use ( ! ,v5tzke-,s*eibl] sac*>imet] ! me?od to be foll[$ is ess5tially z foll[s3 #bfjdh grammes ( ! sug> to be te/$ are c>efully weigh$ out & introduc$ into a flask #ajj cubic c5timetres 9 capacity2 wat] is add$1 & ! flask %ak5 until all cry/als are dissolv$4 ,! solution is next decoloris$ by means ( basic plumbic acetate1 its volume made up to #ajj cubic c5timetres1 & a little bone-black hav+ be5 add$ if necess>y1 a glass tube1 correspond+ to ,p 7,fig4 #c7 :i* is exactly #bjj millimetres 9 l5g?1 & is provid$ ) suitable caps1 is completely fill$ ) ! cle> filt]$ liquid4 ,?is is !n plac$ 9 ! pol>iscope1 & protect$ f ext]nal light by clos+ ! cov] %[n at h4 ,on n[ obs]v+ ! field ( vision by means ( ! telescope1 x w be se5 t ! halves into :i* x is divid$ exhibit diff]5t col\rs4 ,! screw ,m is !n turn$ to ! "r until ?is is no long] ! case1 & absolute uni=mity ( col\r is re/or$ to ! divisions ( ! d\ble qu>tz plate ,c 7,fig4 #b74 ,! ext5t to :i* ! screw has be5 turn$1 :i* corresponds to ! "r-h&$ rotation caus$ by ! sug> solution1 is n[ asc]ta9$ on read+ ! scale by ! aid ( ! glass ,k4 ,! in/rum5t "u consid]ation is s con/ruct$ t1 :5 solutions & tubes ( ! conc5tration & l5g? ref]r$ to above are us$1 ! read+ on ! scale gives directly ! p]c5tage ( pure cry/allisable cane sug> conta9$ 9 ! sample exam9$4 ,= in/ance1 if ! z]o index ( ! fix$ scale po9ts to #ife on ! movable scale1 aft] uni=mity ( col\r has be5 obta9$1 ! sample ( sug> tak5 conta9s #ife p] c5t4 ( pure cane sug>4 ,! results giv5 by ! pol>iscope possess an accuracy r>ely1 if ev]1 atta9$ by any o!r app>atus employ$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( practical comm]cial values4#eg ,! proportion ( grape sug> int5tionally add$ to cane sug> c also be det]m9$ by ! use ( ! pol>iscope1 c]ta9 modifications be+ obs]v$ 9 its application4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 cane sug> is conv]t$ into a mixture ( dextrose & levulose1 t]m$ inv]t sug>1 by ! action ( dilute acids4 ,:ile ! rot>y effect ( dextrose ^u ! plane ( a ray ( pol>is$ light is con/ant at temp]atures "u #ajj1 t ex]t$ by levulose v>ies1 x be+ r$uc$ z ! temp]ature is increas$2 h5ce x foll[s t at a c]ta9 temp]ature ! dim9i%$ levo-rot>y p[] ( ! levulose w become neutralis$ by ! dextro-rot>y effect ( ! dextrose1 i4e4 ! inv]t sug> w be optically inactive4 ,?is temp]ature has be5 f\nd to approximate #ij4 ,s9ce dextrose is n p]ceptibly affect$ by ! action ( weak acids1 x is evid5t t by conv]t+ cane sug> into inv]t sug> & exam9+ ! product by ! pol>iscope at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ij1 ! pres5ce ( any add$ dextrose 7glucose7 w be directly reveal$ by its dextro-rot>y action4 ,?is is accompli%$ by a me?od sugge/$ by ,messrs4 ,*&l] & ,ricketts1#eh :i* consi/s 9 sub/itut+ = ! ord9>y obs]vation tube ( ! pol>iscope a plat9um tube1 provid$ ) a !rmomet]1 & surr\nd$ by a wat]-ba?1 :i* is heat$ to ! desir$ temp]ature by a gas burn] 7,plate ,x4 ,fig4 #d74 ,! sug> solution to be exam9$ is fir/ treat$ ) a little dilute sulphuric acid1 !n neutralis$ ) sodium c>bonate1 cl>ifi$ by means ( basic plumbic acetate1 filt]$1 & ! pol>iscopic read+ tak5 at a temp]ature ( #hf to #ij4 ,s9ce ! results giv5 by ! =ego+ me?od repres5t pure dextrose1 x is necess>y to fir/ asc]ta9 ! dextro-rot>y p[] ( ! p>ticul> v>iety ( glucose probably employ$ = ! adult]ation ( ! sug> "u exam9ation1 & !n make ! requisite correction4 ,?is process = ! e/imation ( glucose is especially advantage\s1 9 t ! optical effect ( ! inv]t sug> normally pres5t 9 raw cane sug>s is r5d]$ inactive4 ,x is sometimes desirable to det]m9e ! relative proportions ( ! organic con/itu5ts :i* are pres5t 9 comm]cial glucose4 ,^! usually consi/ ( dextrose1 maltose1 & dextr9e1 all ( :i* possess dextro-rot>y p[]1 b n 9 ! same degree2 t ( dextrose be+ #eb1 t ( maltose #aci1 & t ( dextr9e #aic4 ,an e/imation ( ! am\nt ( ea* c be made by fir/ asc]ta9+ ! total rot>y effect ( ! sample by means ( ! pol>iscope4#ei ,?is is express$ by ! equation ,p #eb d #aci m #aic d1 7#a7 9 :i* ,p is ! total rotation obs]v$4 ,^u n[ treat+ ! solution ( glucose ) an excess ( an alkal9e solution ( m]curic cyanide 7prep>$ by dissolv+ #abj grammes ( m]curic cyanide & #be grammes ( potassium hydroxide 9 #a litre ( wat]71 ! dextrose & maltose conta9$ 9 ! sample are decompos$1 leav+ ! dextr9e unaffect$4 ,a second pol>iscopic read+ is !n made1 :i* gives ! am\nt ( dextr9e pres5t1 t is ,p #aic d1 7#b7 f :i* ! proportion ( dextr9e is calculat$4 ,subtract+ ! second equation f ! fir/1 we h ,p - ,p #eb d #aci m4 7#c7 ,bo? dextrose & maltose r$uce ,fehl+'s solution1 ! total r$uction 7,r7 be+ ! r$uc+ p] c5t4 ( ! =m] 7d7 add$ to t ( ! latt] 7m74 ,! r$uc+ p[] ( maltose is1 h[ev]1 only #jfb z comp>$ ) dextr9e1 !re=e ,r d #jfb m4 7#d7 ,multiply+ by #eb1 we h #eb ,r #eb d #cbbd m1 & subtract f 7#c71 :i* gives ,p - ,p - #eb ,r #ajfgf m1 7#e7 :5ce m 7,p - ,p - #eb ,r7 _/ #ajfgf 7#f7 d ,r - #jfb m 7#g7 & d ,p_/#aic4 ,,footnotes3 #ed ,x is ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection to note ! rec5t discov]y ( a coal-t> d]ivative1 b5zoyle sulphonic imide1 ,c#f;,h#d ,,co_/,,s ,,nh1 comm]cially kn[n z 8sac*>9e40 ,?is body possesses ab\t #bcj times ! sweet5+ p[] ( cane sug>4 ,x be>s1 h[ev]1 no ne> *emical relation to ! sug>s1 :i*1 = ! great] "p1 con/itute hexatomic alcohols4 ,see ,am]4 ,*em4 ,j\r41 i4 p4 #agj1 & vol4 ii4 p4 #aha2 also1 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,indus41 ,no4 #b1 vol4 vi4 p4 #ge4 #ee ,( #da samples ( molassan1 te/$ 9 ,massa*usetts 9 #ahhe1 #ab conta9$ t9 *loride4 #ef ,! av]age composition ( ov] #ajj1jjj samples ( raw cane sug> 7mo/ly ,cuban7 te/$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,laboratory dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s1 has be5 z foll[s3-- ,p] c5t4 ,moi/ure #cj ,a% #ae ,pol>isation #ij #eg ,! =ego+ description ( ! pol>iscope 0 embodi$ 9 an article contribut$ by ! au?or to ,van ,no/r&'s ,eng9e]+ ,magaz9e4 #eh ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 i4 p4 #a4 #ei ,wiley1 ,*em4 ,news1 xlvi4 p4 #age4 ,,honey4 ,honey consi/s ( ! sac*>9e sub/ance collect$ by ! bee 7,apis mellifica7 f ! nect>ies ( fl[]s1 & deposit$ by !m 9 ! cells ( ! comb4 8,virg9 honey0 is ! product ( hives t h n previ\sly sw>m$1 :i* is all[$ to dra9 f ! comb2 ! inf]ior v>ieties be+ obta9$ by ! application ( heat & pressure4 ,z a result ( ! peculi> conditions ( its =mation1 honey con/itutes a r complex mixture ( sev]al bodies2 inde$1 its exact composition is a matt] ( "s d\bt4 ,! *ief +r$i5ts are levulose & dextrose1 accompani$ by a small am\nt ( cane sug>1 & inconsid]able proportions ( poll51 wax1 & m9]al matt]4 ,accord+ to ,dubrunfaut & ,s\beiran1#fj g5u9e honey conta9s an excess ( levulose mix$ ) dextrose & "s cane sug>4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! latt] is gradually conv]t$ into inv]t sug>1 & a cry/all9e deposit ( dextrose =ms1 ! levulose rema9+ fluid4 ,! foll[+ analyses made by ,j4 ,c4 ,br[n#fa & ,e4 ,sieb51#fb %[ ! g5]al composition ( pure honey3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,j4 ,c4 ,br[n4 ,e4 ,sieb54 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,dextrose #cagg to #dbjb #bbbc to #ddga ,levulose #ccef #djdc #cbae #dfhi ,total glucoses #fhdj #gigb #fgib #gieg ,sucrose 44 none #hbb ,wax1 poll5 & insol trace to #baj 44 ,a% #jjg #jbf 44 ,wat] at #ajj #aeej #aihj #afbh to #bdie ,undet]m9$ #die #aajj #abi #hhb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,b>? has exam9$ sev]al v>ieties ( g5u9e honey ) ! foll[+ results3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,wat] #acfj #aefj #aajf ,dry sub/ance #hfdj #hddj #hhid ,a% #jbh #jbd #jij ,pol>isation ( #aj p] ,direct -#df -#e #aa c5t4 solution 79 #bjj ,aft] millimetre tube7 inv]sion 44 -#ge #d ,orig9al sub/ance #fifj #gbj #fjj ,sug> ,aft] inv]sion #fiej #ggj #gdf ,organic matt]1 n sug> #afeb #gaf #acdd ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,w4 ,bi%op#fc obta9$ ! foll[+ figures f ! exam9ation ( honey ( kn[n purity3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,hung>ian4 ,*ili4 ,italian4 ,norm&y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,r$uc+ sug> #fgag #gcje #gjcg #gici ,cry/allis$ sug> #geh #dee #egg #j ,direct pol>isation -#acgj -#adae -#hee -#ibe ,pol>isation aft] inv]sion -#aedj -#adhe -#abj 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! sub/ances said to be employ$ 9 ! adult]ation ( honey are wat]1 />*1 cane sug>1 & glucose-syrup2 ! la/ m5tion$ is und\bt$ly mo/ commonly us$4 ,hag]#fd /ates t1 by treat+ corn />* ) oxalic acid1 a product is obta9$ :i*1 on /&+ two or ?ree weeks1 acquires ! appe>ance & ta/e ( g5u9e honey2 & samples ( comm]cial honey n unfrequ5tly :olly consi/ ( ?is or "s o!r =m ( artificial glucose4 ,! season = ! collection ( honey by bees is a limit$ "o1 & any exi/+ defici5cy 9 _! natural s\rce ( supply is sometimes rem$i$ by plac+ vessels fill$ ) glucose ne> ! hives4 ,occasionally ! bees are also suppli$ ) a ready-made comb1 consi/+1 at lea/ p>tially1 ( p>aff9e4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t 9 "s in/ances1 ?is factiti\s comb is entirely compos$ ( p>aff9e1 b ! writ] is in=m$ t1 if ! sophi/ication is practis$ to a proportion ( ov] #aj p] c5t41 ! bees d n readily deposit ! honey 9 ! comb4 ,ow+ to ! complex composition ( honey & to ! r incomplete "* ( ! analyses ( ! g5u9e article at h&1 ! detection ( "s ( ! =ms ( adult]ation resort$ to is a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 ,! pres5ce ( />* is be/ recognis$ by ! microscopic exam9ation ( ! honey4 ,?is w likewise reveal ! abs5ce ( poll51 :i* may be reg>d$ z a c]ta9 indication ( ! spuri\s nature ( ! sample4 ,!re appe>s to exi/ a diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 reg>d to ! pres5ce ( cane sug> 9 g5u9e honey1 b x may safely be accept$ t ! detection ( a consid]able proportion ( ?is sub/ance po9ts to its artificial addition4 ,9 all cases ( suspect$ adult]ation ) cane sug> or glucose1 ! det]m9ation ( ! sug> pres5t by means ( ! pol>iscope & by ,fehl+'s me?od 7bo? be=e & aft] inv]sion7 is indisp5sable4 ,x is commonly /at$ t unsophi/icat$ honey pol>ises to ! left1 & t a sample possess+ a dextro-rot>y action is necess>ily contam9at$ ) glucose or cane sug>2 b1 :ile 9 ! great majority ( cases ?is is d\btless ! fact1 x is equally c]ta9 t honey ( kn[n purity has be5 met ) :i* pol>is$ to ! "r4 ,^u ! inv]sion ( honey conta9+ cane sug>1 ! dextro-rotation is *ang$ to a levo-rotation4 ,accord+ to ,l5z1#fe ! specific gravity 7at #ag7 ( a solution ( #cj grammes ( pure honey 9 exactly twice ! quantity ( di/ill$ wat] is nev] less ?an #aaaaj1 a l[] d5sity indicat+ adult]ation ) wat]4 ,hehn]#ff /ates t ! a% ( g5u9e honey is always alkal9e1 :]eas t ( artificial glucose is inv>iably neutral4 ,! proportion ( phosphoric acid pres5t 9 honey v>ies f #jjac to #jjce p] c5t41 :i* is consid]ably less ?an ! proportion conta9$ 9 />* sug>s4 ,honey contam9at$ ) />* sug> w g5]ally %[ ab\t #jaj p] c5t4 ( phosphoric acid1 & artificial honey1 made f cane sug>1 w usually be free f ! acid4 ,! addition ( comm]cial glucose may (t5 be detect$ by ! turbidity produc$ ^u add+ ammonium oxalate to a filt]$ aque\s solution ( ! sample2 ?is is due to ! pres5ce ( calcium sulphate1 a common impurity 9 ! comm]cial v>ieties ( glucose4 ,if ! glucose employ$ = admixture conta9s mu* dextr9e1 z is v (t5 ! case1 ?is fact c be utilis$ 9 its detection z foll[s3--#b c4c4 ( a #be p] c5t4 solution ( ! honey are introduc$ into a n>r[ glass cyl9d]1 & #je c4c4 ( absolute alcohol is cauti\sly add$2 ) pure honey1 ! po9t ( contact ( ! liquids w rema9 cle> or become s ^u all[+ ! mixture to /& at re/1 :]eas 9 pres5ce ( artificial glucose a milky turbidity w appe> betwe5 ! two /rata4 ,g5u9e honey may1 x is true1 conta9 a small proportion ( dextr9e & exhibit a slight cl\d9ess :5 treat$ ) alcohol1 b ! diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( turbidity caus$ is v consid]able1 & suffici5t to r5d] ! te/ ( s]vice4 ,! te/ may also be appli$ by dissolv+ #bj grammes ( ! suspect$ honey 9 #fj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat] & !n add+ an excess ( alcohol4 ,"u ^! circum/ances pure honey m]ely becomes milky1 :ile1 if comm]cial glucose is pres5t1 a :ite precipitate ( dextr9e is =m$1 :i* c be collect$ & weigh$4 ,if ! sug> 9 ! sample is det]m9$ by ,fehl+'s solution1 bo? be=e & aft] inv]sion ) a little sulphuric acid1 & an e/imation ( ! am\nt ( dextr9e pres5t is made by precipitation ) alcohol1 x (t5 occurs t ! quantity ( ! latt] sub/ance is proportional to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( sug> f\nd4 ,accord+ to ! late inve/igations ( ,sieb51#fg fairly satisfactory me?ods = ! detection & det]m9ation ( glucose syrup 9 honey are bas$ ^u ! foll[+ facts3-- #a/4 ,:5 g5u9e honey und]goes f]m5tation1 ! sub/ances :i* rema9 undecompos$1 are optically inactive4 ,glucose1 or />* syrup1 on ! o!r h&1 leaves a consid]able am\nt ( dextr9e1 :i* is /rongly dextrogyrate4 ,! te/ is made by dissolv+ #be grammes ( honey 9 ab\t #afj c4c4 ( wat]1 & add+ #ab grammes ( yea/ 7free f />*74 ,! mixture is all[$ to f]m5t at a mod]ate temp]ature = two or ?ree days1 aft] :i* alum9ium hydroxide is add$1 & ! liquid made up to #bej c4c4 & !n filt]$4 #bjj c4c4 ( ! filtrate are evaporat$ to a volume ( #ej c4c41 & a #bjj mm4 tube is !n fill$ ) ! conc5trat$ solution & exam9$ by ! pol>iscope4 #bnd4 ,! sub/ances rema9+ unaffect$ by ! f]m5tation ( pure honey are n conv]t$ into a r$uc+ sug> by boil+ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 z is ! case ) ^? obta9$ f />* syrup "u ! same circum/ances4 #be c4c4 ( ! solution employ$ = ! pol>isation te/1 z j describ$1 are dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 #e c4c4 ( /rong hydro*loric acid add$1 & ! mixture is plac$ 9 a flask & heat$ = an h\r ov] ! wat]-ba?4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are neutralis$ ) potassium hydroxide1 !n dilut$ to a volume ( #ajj c4c41 & ! proportion ( r$uc+ sug> e/imat$ 9 #be c4c4 ( ! solution4 ,honey conta9+ diff]5t proportions ( />* sug> gave ! foll[+ p]c5tages ( r$uc+ sug>3-- ,/>*-,sug> ,pres5t4 ,r$uc+ ,sug> ,obta9$4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 #e #adgb #aj #cbdj #bj #fcib #dj #hhed #crd4 ,if ! cane sug> orig9ally pres5t 9 g5u9e honey has be5 *ang$ into inv]t sug>1 & ! honey solution is boil$ ) a slight excess ( ,fehl+'s reag5t1 no sub/ances capable ( yield+ sug> :5 treat$ ) acids w rema9 undecompos$4 ,/>* syrup1 :5 subject$ to ?is treatm5t1 yields grape sug> 9 ab\t ! proportion ( #dj p>ts to e #ajj p>ts ( ! syrup us$4 ,! te/ is appli$ z foll[s3--#ad grammes ( honey are dissolv$ 9 #dej c4c4 ( wat]1 & ! solution is heat$ ov] ! /eam-ba? ) #bj c4c4 ( semi-normal acid1 9 ord] to inv]t ! cane sug> pres5t4 ,aft] heat+ = half an h\r1 ! solution is neutralis$1 & its volume made up to #ejj c4c4 #ajj c4c4 ( ,fehl+'s solution are !n titrat$ ) ?is solution1 :i* may conta9 ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( inv]t sug> 79 case ! sample exam9$ is pure1 f #bc to #bf c4c4 w be requir$72 #ajj c4c4 ( ,fehl+'s reag5t are next boil$ ) #je c4c4 less ( ! honey solution ?an 0 f\nd to be necess>y to completely r$uce ! copp]4 ,! r$uc$ liquid is !n pass$ ?r\gh an asbe/os filt]1 ! residue wa%$ ) hot wat]1 ! filtrate treat$ ) a slight excess ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution heat$ = "o h\r on ! /eam-ba?4 ,sodium hydroxide is n[ add$1 until only a v little free acid rema9s unneutralis$1 & ! solution is made up to #bjj c4c4 ,^u well %ak+ ! cool$ liquid1 a deposit ( t>t> sometimes sep>ates4 #aej c4c4 ( ! filt]$ solution are f9ally boil$ ) a mixture ( #abj c4c4 ( ,fehl+'s reag5t & #bj c4c4 ( wat]1 & ! proportion ( grape sug> e/imat$ f ! am\nt ( metallic copp] obta9$4 7,see p4 #aaa47 ,:5 pure honey is submitt$ to ! prec$+ process1 ! copp] f\nd w n exce$ #b milligrammes4 ,! quantities ( copp] obta9$ :5 honey adult]at$ ) v>i\s proportions ( />* sug> 0 te/$ 7 ab\t z foll[s3-- ,/>* ,sug> ,milligrammes ( conta9$4 ,copp] f\nd4 p] c5t4 #aj #dj #bj #ij #cj #adj #dj #aie #ej #bej #fj #ccj #gj #daj #hj #ejj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,dextrose4 ---------------------------- ,levulose4 --------------------- ,inv]t ,sug>1 ,"* ( ,samples4 by ,fehl+'s ,me?od4 ------------- ,cane ,sug>4 ------ ,total ,sug>4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- p] p] p] p] p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ,adult]at$ ) cane sug> 44 44 #efci #aide #gfhd & wat] #befc #bedb #eajf #ajfb #fafg #ae p] c5t4 glucose syrup#cgbj #cahj #fiah 44 #fijj #fe p] c5t4 glucose syrup#bage #aifj #dacj 44 #dace #dj p] c5t4 glucose syrup#cdfa #bchi #ehhc 44 #ehej #dj p] c5t4 glucose syrup & ) cane sug>4 #bedg #bcea #dijd #gjf #efjd #hj p] c5t4 glucose syrup#baib #abhc #cejj 44 #cdge ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,wat]4 ------------------ ,"* ( ,samples4 ,dry ,sub/ance4 ----------- ,n ,sug>4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- p] p] p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ,adult]at$ ) cane sug> #bjhe #giae #bca & wat] #cfdh #fceb #ahe #ae p] c5t4 glucose syrup#ahed #hadf #abdf #fe p] c5t4 glucose syrup#ahfe #hace #djjj #dj p] c5t4 glucose syrup#agha #hbai #bcfi #dj p] c5t4 glucose syrup & ) cane sug>4 #aiid #hjjf #bdjb #hj p] c5t4 glucose syrup#ahab #hahh #egac ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,pol>isation aft] ,f]m5tation4 ---------------------------- ,i ,residue ( ,f]m5tation :5 treat$ ) acid gave ,grape ,"* ( ,samples4 ,sug>4 ------------------ ,milligrammes ( ,copp] f\nd by ,me?od #c4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- degrees4p] c5t4 mgr4 ,adult]at$ ) cane sug> #jj #jj #j & wat] #jj #jj #j #ae p] c5t4 glucose syrup #dd #db #ff #fe p] c5t4 glucose syrup #be #abd #cff #dj p] c5t4 glucose syrup #ac #gf #aif #dj p] c5t4 glucose syrup & ) cane sug>4 #hj p] c5t4 glucose syrup #cd #aeb #dib ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! tabulation on p4 #abg exhibits ! results obta9$ by ! application ( ! =ego+ te/s to adult]at$ honey4#fh ,! detection ( p>aff9e 9 honeycomb is easily accompli%$4 ,g5u9e bees'-wax fuses at #fd1 p>aff9e usually at a l[] temp]ature4 ,! latt] is n affect$ by treatm5t ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 :]eas bees'-wax is dissolv$ by ! /rong acid1 & und]goes c>bonisation ^u ! application ( heat4 ,! am\nt ( potassium hydroxide requir$ = ! saponification ( "o gramme ( bees'-wax1 z appli$ 9 ,koett/orf]'s me?od = butt] analysis 7p4 #ga71 widely diff]s f ! quantities consum$ by ,japanese wax & p>aff9e4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,w4 ,m>t9 has obta9$ ! foll[+ figures3-- ,milligrammes ,k 7,o ,h7 requir$ to saponify "o gramme4 ,bees'-wax #gj ,japanese wax #babie ,p>aff9e none #ah out ( #cg samples ( /ra9$ & comb honey1 exam9$ 9 #ahhe by ! ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 7 adult]at$ ) glucose & ord9>y syrup4 ,,footnotes3 #fj #8,comptes ,r5dus1' xxviii4 p4 #gge4 #fa #8,analy/1' iii4 p4 #bfi4 #fb ,zeits4 ,anal4 ,*em41 xxiv4 p4 #ace4 #fc ,j\rn4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*em41 #ahhd1 p4 #dei4 #fd ,ph>m4 ,c5tralb4 #ahhe1 pp4 #cjc1 #cbg4 #fe #8,*emik] ,zeitung1' viii41 p4 #fac4 #ff #8,analy/1' x41 p4 #bag4 #fg ,zeits*4 d4 ,v]e9s4 f4 d4 ,rb5zuck] ,ind41 p4 #hcg4 #fh #8,jahresb]i*te1' #ahhd1 p4 #ajea4 ,,confection]y4 ,pure :ite c&y %\ld consi/ entirely ( cane sug> ) its wat] ( cry/allisation1 b mo/ ( ! article commonly met ) conta9s a l>ge proportion ( glucose1 & 9 _m cases x is :olly compos$ ( ?is comp\nd 7see p4 #aji74 ,/>* & t]ra alba 7i4 e4 gypsum or kaol971 are ! o!r adult]ants sometimes employ$ to fraudul5tly increase ! bulk & weight ( c&y4 ,! sub/ances us$ = col\r+ purposes are m liable to be positively delet]i\s4 ,:ile su* col\r+ ag5ts z c>amel1 turm]ic1 litmus1 saffron1 beet-juice1 indigo1 & "s ( ! coal-t> dyes may be consid]$ comp>atively h>mless1 !re c be no "q 9 reg>d to ! v objectionable "* ( c]ta9 o!r pigm5ts :i* are sometimes employ$3 ^! are ma9ly inorganic1 & include plumbic *romate1 salts ( copp] & ars5ic1 z9c-:ite1 b>ium sulphate & ,prussian blue4 ,ano!r occasional =m ( adult]ation to :i* "s k9ds ( confection]y are expos$1 is ! admixture ( artificial flav\r+s1 su* z 8pe> ess5ce0 7amylic & e?ylic acetates71 8banana ess5ce0 7a mixture ( amylic acetate & e?ylic butyrate71 & oil ( bitt] almonds1 or its imitation1 nitro-b5zole4 ,a prep>ation kn[n z 8rock & rye drops10 :i* _h acquir$ a great popul>ity among s*ool *ildr5 9 sev]al ( our l>ge cities1 prov$ ^u analysis to consi/ ( a mixture ( glucose1 fl\r1 & fusel oil4 ,! exam9ation ( c&y & o!r =ms ( confection]y usually embraces ! det]m9ations ( glucose1 />*1 fl\r1 col\r+ & flav\r+ ag5ts1 t]ra alba1 & m9]al admixtures g5]ally4 ,! detection & e/imation ( glucose has already be5 describ$ "u ,sug>4 ,/>* & fl\r are readily detect$ ^u treat+ a m9ute portion ( ! suspect$ c&y ) a little wat] & submitt+ ! mixture to a microscopic exam9ation1 :51 9 _! pres5ce1 ! insoluble residue w exhibit ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( />* granules4 ,! insoluble portion ( ! sample may also be te/$ ) a solution ( iod9e4 ,! proportion ( />* c be det]m9$ by boil+ ! matt] insoluble 9 wat] ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & e/imat+ ! am\nt ( glucose f\nd1 by means ( ,fehl+'s solution4 ,coal-t> & vegetable comp\nds us$ = col\r+ purposes1 c (t51 be recognis$ by means ( _! behavi\r ) r$uc+ & oxidis+ ag5ts1 by _! solubility 9 spirits & o!r m5/rua1 & by ! application ( dye+-te/s4 ,?us vegetable col\rs may sometimes be id5tifi$ ^u boil+ mordant$ cotton y>n 9 a ba? prep>$ f a portion ( ! sample conta9+ ! col\r+ matt]1 & slightly acidulat$ ) acetic acid4 ,?is process w likewise g5]ally reveal ! pres5ce ( anil9e dyes1 unmordant$ wooll5 clo? be+ sub/itut$ = cotton1 & a neutral ba? be+ employ$4 ,! inorganic pigm5ts us$ = col\r+ c&y are usually to be s\ght = 9 ! a% obta9$ ^u inc9]ation4 ,! pres5ce ( copp] & lead is detect$ by ! =mation ( black precipitates ^u saturat+ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 ! solution ( ! a% 9 hydro*loric acid2 z9c1 *romium1 etc41 are precipitat$ f ! filt]$ solution ^u addition ( ammonium hydroxide & ammonium sulphide4 ,x is frequ5tly m conv5i5t to apply special te/s = ! p>ticul> metal ?\ght to be pres5t1 ei!r directly to ! pigm5t or to ! a%4 ,9 ?is way1 ars5ic c (t5 be recognis$ by treat+ a portion ( ! col\r+ matt] 9 a te/-tube1 :5 x w sublime & collect ^u ! cool "p ( ! tube 9 m9ute cry/als ( ars5i\s acid4 ,or1 an acidulat$ solution ( ! deta*$ pigm5ts may be boil$ ) a piece ( poli%$ copp]-foil1 ^u :i* ! ars5ic w be deposit$ z a greyi% film3 ?is c be sublim$1 & o!rwise fur!r exam9$4 ,copp] is easily detect$ & e/imat$ by plac+ ! acid solution ( ! a% 9 a t>$ plat9um di%1 & r$uc+ ! copp] by ! electrolytic me?od4 ,*romium is recognis$ ^u boil+ ! col\r+ matt] ) potassium c>bonate solution3 9 its pres5ce1 potassium *romate is =m$1 :i* is submitt$ to ! usual di/9ctive te/s = *romium4 ,! col\r ( ,prussian blue is de/roy$ ^u w>m+ x ) cau/ic alkalies3 indigo1 :i* rema9s unaffect$ by ?is treatm5t1 =ms a blue solution if heat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,! pres5ce ( t]ra alba1 b>ium sulphate1 etc41 is be/ detect$ by ! exam9ation ( ! a%4 ,*alk1 or m>ble-du/1 is recognis$ by its eff]vesc5ce :5 treat$ ) an acid1 z well z by ! pres5ce ( a notable proportion ( lime 9 ! a%4 ,_m ( ! flav\r+ mixtures add$ to c&y may be sep>at$ by treat+ ! sample ) *lor(orm or petroleum naph?a & evaporat+ ! solution to dryness ov] a wat]-ba?1 :5 _! id5tity is frequ5tly reveal$ by _! od\r & o!r physical prop]ties4 ,( #aih samples ( ! *eap] v>ieties ( confection]y exam9$ by ,heal? (ficials 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aae 7 adult]at$4 ,plumbic *romate is a v common addition2 #da out ( #dh samples ( yell[- & orange-col\r$ c&y conta9$ ?is poison\s pigm5t4 ,,be]4 ,! "n be] is mo/ commonly appli$ to a f]m5t$ infusion ( malt$ b>ley1 flav\r$ ) hops4 ,its manufacture embraces two di/9ct op]ations1 viz41 malt+ & brew+4 ,briefly consid]$1 ! =m] process consi/s 9 fir/ /eep+ b>ley 7! se$ ( ,hordeum di/i*on7 9 wat] & all[+ x to g]m9ate by arrang+ x 9 lay]s or heaps :i* are subsequ5tly spread out & repeat$ly turn$ ov]1 ! g]m9ation be+ !reby ret>d$2 x is aft]w>ds entirely *eck$ by dry+ ! gra9 7n[ kn[n z malt7 9 cyl9d]s or kilns4 ,! degree ( temp]ature employ$ 9 dry+ & roa/+ ! b>ley det]m9es ! col\r & comm]cial "* ( ! malt1 :i* may be pale1 amb]1 br[n or black4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! light-col\r$ v>ieties ( malt are *iefly made4 ,an important *ange :i* takes place dur+ ! malt+ ( b>ley is ! conv]sion ( its album9\s con/itu5ts into a peculi> f]m5t1 t]m$ dia/ase1 :i*1 al?\gh its proportion 9 malt does n exce$ #jjjc p] c5t41 ex]ts a v en]getic action 9 trans=m+ />*1 fir/ into dextr9e1 !n into sug> 7maltose74 ,! foll[+ analyses1 by ,pr\/1 exhibit ! g5]al composition ( unmalt$ & malt$ b>ley3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,b>ley4 ,malt4 ---------------------------- ,horde9e #ee #ab ,/>* #cb #ef ,glut5 #c #a ,sug> #e #ae ,mucilage #d #ae ,res9 #a #a --- --- #ajj #ajj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! body t]m$ horde9e is g5]ally consid]$ to be an allotropic modification ( />*4 ,9 ! brew+ ( be]1 ! malt$ gra9 is cru%$ by means ( iron roll]s1 & !n introduc$ into ! ma%-tubs & dige/$ ) wat] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ge1 :]eby ! conv]sion ( ! />* into dextr9e & sug> is effect$4 ,aft] /&+ = a few h\rs1 ! cle> infusion1 or wort1 is drawn (f & boil$ ) hops 7! female fl[] ( ,humulus lupulus71 aft] :i* x is rapidly cool$1 & !n plac$ 9 capaci\s vats :]e x is mix$ ) yea/ & all[$ to und]go ! process ( f]m5tation = sev]al days1 dur+ :i* ! =mation ( fre% quantities ( yea/ & a p>tial decomposition ( ! sug> into alcohol & c>bonic acid take place4 ,! be] is next sep>at$ f ! yea/ & transf]r$ into cle>+-vats1 &1 lat] on1 into /orage casks1 :]e x und]goes a sl[ aft]-f]m5tation1 at ! completion ( :i* x is ready = consumption4 ,! quality ( ! wat] us$ 9 ! process ( ma%+ & brew+ is ( great importance1 & x is ( special mom5t t x %\ld be free f all organic contam9ations4 ,! pres5ce ( c]ta9 m9]al +r$i5ts1 notably ( calcium sulphate1 is believ$ to ex]t a b5eficial effect on ! "* ( ! be] obta9$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! be/ kn[n v>ieties ( malt liquors are ale1 port]1 & lag] be]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ale & port] is ma9ly due to ! quality ( ! malt us$ 9 _! manufacture4 ,ale is made f pale malt1 port] or /\t f a mixture ( ! d>k] col\r$ malts1 ! me?od ( f]m5tation employ$ be+ 9 bo? cases t kn[n z ! 8sup]ficial0 7ob]ghrung71 :i* takes place at a high] temp]ature & is ( %ort] duration ?an ! 8s$im5t>y0 7unt]ghrung74 ,! latt] =m ( f]m5tation1 :i* is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ,bav>ian or lag] be]1 occurs at a temp]ature ( ab\t #h1 & requires m "t = its completion1 dur+ :i* ! be] is1 or %\ld be1 pres]v$ 9 cool cell>s = sev]al mon?s be=e x is fit = use2 h5ce ! common ,am]ican "n ( ?is k9d ( be]1 f lag]1 a /oreh\se4 ,!re are ?ree v>ieties ( ,bav>ian be]1 8lag] be]0 prop]1 or ! summ] be]1 :i* has be5 /or$ = ab\t five mon?s2 8s*5k10 or w9t] be]1 :i* is fit = use 9 sev]al weeks2 & 8bock0 be]1 :i* possesses m /r5g? ?an ! =m]1 & is made 9 comp>atively small quantities 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,a mild k9d ( malt liquor1 kn[n z 8weiss0 be]1 & prep>$ by a quick process ( f]m5tation1 is less frequ5tly met )4 ,! fir/ brew]y 9 ,am]ica is said to h be5 f\nd$ 9 ,new ,york 9 ! ye> #afdd1 by ,jacobus1 :o aft]w>ds became ! fir/ burgoma/] ( ! city1 !n ,new ,am/]dam4 ,subsequ5tly1 ,william ,p5n e/abli%$ a brew]y 9 ,bucks ,co41 ,pa41 & a c5tury lat]1 ,g5]al ,putnam engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( be] 9 ! ,/ate ( ,connecticut4 ,! brew+ ( lag] be] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates began to assume prom95ce ab\t ?irty-five ye>s ago4 ,x is e/imat$ t1 at ! pres5t "t1 ov] #bjjj brew]ies are devot$ to ! prep>ation ( ?is =m ( malt liquor1 ) an inve/$ capital ( at lea/ #fj millions ( doll>s1 ! annual production exce$+ #ae millions ( b>rels4#fi ,! indu/ry is *iefly c>ri$ on 9 ,new ,york1 ,brooklyn1 ,philadelphia1 ,milwaukee1 ,/4 ,l\is1 & ,c9c9nati4 ,! composition ( be] naturally v>ies accord+ to ! k9d ( gra9 f :i* x is made & ! process ( f]m5tation employ$4 ,! *ief +r$i5ts are alcohol1 c>bonic acid1 sug> 7maltose71 dextr9e1 ! oil & bitt] pr9ciple ( hops 7lupul9e71 album9oids1 lactic1 acetic1 succ9ic & propionic acids1 inorganic salts1 & traces ( glyc]9e4 ,! t]m 8extract0 is appli$ to ! non-volatile con/itu5ts1 :i* include ! sug>1 dextr9e1 album9oids1 a%1 etc4 ,! =ego+ table1 collat$ f ! analyses ( v>i\s *emi/s1 gives ! g5]al composition ( "s ( ! be/ kn[n br&s ( malt liquor1 z well z ! m9imum & maximum proportions t h be5 f\nd4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,specific ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,c>bonic ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,alcohol 7by weight74 ------------------------------------- ,extract4 ------------------------------- ,album9oids4 ,v>iety4 -------------------------- ,sug>4 --------------------- ,dextr9e4 ---------------- ,phosphoric ,acid4 ---------- ,acid4 ----- ,a%4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- p4c4 p4c4p4c4 p4c4p4c4p4c4p4c4p4c4 p4c4 ,port] #ajbjgjaf #ed #fj #jhc 44 #ggbjbdjdj 44 ,scot* ale 44 #jae #heaji #jggjcdbejjai 44 44 ,burton ale #ajajf 44 #eiade #jeg 44 #cfdjcb 44 44 ,muni* 7,salvator7#ajabijah #df #id #jfg 44 44 44 44 44 7,bock7 #ajaahjag #db #ib 44 #jhj 44 44 #jbb #jjbd 7,s*5k7 44 44 #ch #eh 44 44 #fagjad 44 44 7,lag]7 #ajaajjae #ea #ej #jhcjce 44 #jbjjba 44 ,b]l9 44 44 #ca #eh 44 44 44 44 #jba 44 7,tivoli7 44 44 #dce #ead 44 44 44 #jbcjai 44 ,erlang] 44 44 #def #dha 44 #jdjadd 44 #jdh 44 ,?r+] 7common7 44 44 #bjj 44 44 #jcagga 44 44 44 ,culmba*] #ajbbh 44 #djj #gchjec 44 44 #jaf 44 44 ,am]ican lag]1 av]age #ai samples #ajafb 44 #bgh #fje 44 #aeb 44 #jaijcjejaje ,am]ican ale #ajaej 44 #dfi #fejjgddif 44 44 #jbecjjhj ,am]ican lag]1 #dgd samples maximum #ajcgj 44 #hii #ied 44 44 44 44 #jdf #jaff m9imum #jiii 44 #jfh #abh 44 44 44 44 #jaj #jjbh ,accord+ to ,knig maximum #ajcd #jejj #gcaabdaihbdeghejdjjdh #jji m9imum #ajajjjajjajj #bfjjjbjajadfjjhjad #jjb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! composition ( be] a% is evid5tly affect$ by ! "* ( ! wat] us$ 9 ! brew+ process4 ,bly? gives ! foll[+ z ! av]age composition ( ! a% ( ,engli% be]s3-- ,p] c5t4 ,pota% #cgbb ,soda #hjd ,lime #aic ,magnesia #eea ,f]ric oxide traces ,sulphuric acid #add ,phosphoric acid #cbji ,*lor9e #bia ,silica #ajhb ,! foll[+ results 7 obta9$ by ! writ] f ! analysis ( ! a% ( ,am]ican lag] be] ( fair quality3-- ,p] c5t4 ,silica #iig ,alum9a & f]ric oxide #jdf ,lime #cee ,magnesia #gbg ,soda #acha ,potassa #aiei ,sulphuric acid #cbe ,*lor9e #ddj ,phosphoric acid #cggj ------ #ajjjj ,p]c5tage ( a% #jbgd ,/rictly speak+1 normal be] consi/s solely ( ! product ( malt & hops1 & ! pres5ce ( any +r$i5ts o!r ?an ^! %\ld be reg>d$ z an adult]ation4 ,x is ma9ta9$ by brew]s1 & ) ju/ice1 t ! t]m 8malt0 is n necess>ily re/rict$ to b>ley1 b includes o!r v>ieties ( malt$ gra91 su* z :eat1 corn1 & rice4 ,! old ,engli% law1 :ile p]mitt+ ! addition ( :olesome bitt]s1 prohibits ! use ( v>i\s o!r sub/ances1 b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 no legal def9ition ( pure be] has1 z yet1 be5 =mulat$1 & ! necessity = su* a measure is be+ exp]i5c$4#gj ,! pa/ lit]ature ( be] adult]ation makes m5tion ( v num]\s sub/ances :i*1 9 =m] times1 h be5 resort$ to z admixtures4 ,among ^! ! foll[+ are ! mo/ prom95t3-- #a/4 ,artificial bitt]s4--,picric acid1 picrotox9e1 aloes1 g5tian1 quassia1 & wormwood4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ! au?or _h occasion to exam9e two samples1 import$ "u ! "n ( 8hop sub/itutes10 bo? ( :i* prov$ to consi/ ( salic9e1 ! bitt] pr9ciple ( ! will[4 ,! fruit ( ! hop tree 7,ptelea trifoliata71 has also be5 employ$ z an artificial bitt] = be]4 #bnd4 ,flav\r+s4--,= flav\r+ purposes1 cay5ne pepp]1 8gra9s ( p>adise10 cloves1 orris root1 cori&] se$s1 ! oils ( anise1 nutmegs1 & c>raway1 are /at$ to h be5 us$4 #crd4 ,malt sub/itutes4--,^! ma9ly consi/ ( corn1 rice1 & glucose4 ,a sub/itute = malt1 ( r rec5t orig91 & comm]cially kn[n z 8c]eal9e10 is prep>$ by subject+ hull$ & co>sely gr\nd ,indian corn to ! action ( /eam1 ! product be+ subsequ5tly pulv]is$ by means ( hot roll]s4 ,x is said to h ! foll[+ av]age composition3-- ,wat] #iih ,insoluble />* #fadc ,soluble />*1 dextr9e1 & maltose #aggi ,album9oids #ijg ,oil #abb ,cellulose #jbc ,m9]al matt] #jbh ,9 addition to ! =ego+1 sev]al *emical comp\nds1 su* z ammonium c>bonate1 t>t>ic acid1 alkal9e phosphates1 boric & salicylic acids & glyc]9e are1 or at lea/ h be51 employ$ z accessories 9 ! manufacture ( be]4 ,f ! inve/igations ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 x appe>s t ! pres5t adult]ation ( ,am]ican be]--m especially ( 8lag] be]0--is limit$1 s f> z ! brew] is conc]n$1 to ! use ( v>i\s sub/itutes = malt1 ! addition ( salt1 & ( sodium bic>bonate4 ,! proportion ( dia/ase obta9$ by ! g]m9ation ( b>ley1 or o!r c]eals1 is l>gely 9 excess ( ! am\nt requir$ to conv]t into sug> ! />* actually pres5t 9 ! gra9 treat$2 h5ce ! brew] c add o!r =ms ( amylace\s sub/ances1 su* z corn or rice1 to malt$ b>ley ) decid$ economy1 & ! majority ( ,new ,york brew]s employ su* sub/itutes1 usually 9 a proportion ( #be p] c5t4 ,! brew] may likewise advantage\sly add glucose syrup to ! malt infusion1 s9ce1 by its use1 he arrives at ! same end1 i4 e4 in/ead ( obta9+ all ( 8 sug> z ! result ( ! malt+ process1 he directly provides himself ) ! same body1 at lea/ s f> z x possesses value to him z a s\rce ( alcohol4 ,! "q ( ! sanit>y effects ( ! use ( artificial glucose z an adult]ant ( sug> & syrups1 & z a sub/itute = malt$ gra9 9 ! manufacture ( be]1 has giv5 rise to ext5sive controv]sy4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 "o fact seems to h be5 demon/rat$4 ,glucose1 z x is n[ to be f\nd on ! m>ket1 is free f any appreciable am\nt ( delet]i\s contam9ation4 ,! discov]y ( its artificial production has giv5 bir? to a v important bran* ( indu/ry1 &1 accord+ to all available reports1 ! comm]cial product at pres5t met ) is = _m purposes an economical & h>mless sub/itute = cane sug>1 ! *ief objection to its application z su* be+ ! fact t x possesses consid]ably less sweet5+ p[]4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 aft] hav+ c>efully inve/igat$ ! sanit>y aspects ( ! glucose "q1 arriv$ at ! foll[+ conclusion3#ga 8,t1 ?\gh hav+ at be/ only ab\t two-?irds ! sweet5+ p[] ( cane sug>1 yet />* sug> is 9 no way inf]ior to ! cane sug> 9 heal?fulness1 !re be+ no evid5ce be=e ! committee t maize-/>* sug>1 ei!r 9 its normal condition or f]m5t$1 has any delet]i\s effect ^u ! sy/em1 ev5 :5 tak5 9 l>ge quantities40 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( glucose z a sub/itute = malt 9 be]-mak+1 x is ass]t$ by "s au?orities t dietetic advantages to be d]iv$ f pure malt w be to "s ext5t want+ 9 ! extractive matt]s ( be] manufactur$ p>tially f ! artificial product4 ,a di/9ction betwe5 glucose & maltose1 to ! advantage ( ! latt]1 is also made4 ,! brew]1 on ! o!r h&1 claims t sug> is sug>1 :e!r obta9$ f ! malt+ ( gra9 or f ! conv]sion ( />* by ! aid ( acids4 ,reg>d+ ^! bodies m]ely z s\rces ( alcohol1 attempts to diff]5tiate betwe5 !m are ( little s]vice4 ,! sup]iority claim$ = b>ley malt ov] its sub/itutes w\ld r appe> to be due to its great] ri*ness 9 c]ta9 soluble con/itu5ts1 m especially ^? conta9+ nitrog5 & phosphoric acid4#gb ,a propos$ law to prohibit ! use ( all malt sub/itutes has rec5tly be5 reject$ by ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,be] ,adult]ation ,act 7#ahhf71 h[ev]1 x is direct$ t1 9 case be] 7ale or port]7 made f o!r sub/ances ?an hops & b>ley-malt is (f]$ = sale1 ! fact %all be m5tion$ on a prom95t plac>d1 /at+ ! nature ( ! =eign +r$i5ts4 ,! addition ( sodium bic>bonate is resort$ to 9 ord] to increase ! eff]vesc+ p[] ( ! bev]age1 &1 possibly 9 "s in/ances1 to neutralise ! acids =m$ by ! s\r+ ( new & ha/ily prep>$ be]4#gc ,"o ( ! *ief objections to :i* c]ta9 inf]ior v>ieties ( ,am]ican lag] be] are op5 is t !y are n all[$ to 8age0 prop]ly4 ,! app>5t ga9 to ! brew] ( su* be] consi/s 9 an economy ( "t & ice2 he is also enabl$ to turn ov] 8 inve/$ capital soon] ?an ! m scrupul\s manufactur]1 :o is ?us plac$ 9 a disadvantage\s position s f> z trade competition is conc]n$4 ,x is /at$ t "s ( ! be] made 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,new ,york is s5t out = consumption two weeks aft] its brew+4#gd ,be] ( ?is "* w\ld be apt to conta9 abnormally l>ge proportions ( dextr9e1 dextrose1 etc41 z well z be contam9at$ ) un*ang$ yea/ & o!r products ( imp]fect f]m5tation4 ,x is said to be ! practice to submit x to a process ( cl>ification by means ( is+lass & cream ( t>t>1 & !n imp>t additional life to ! product by add+ sodium bic>bonate1 :i* is us$ 9 ! =m ( c>tridges or pills1 & 9 a proportion ( two ounces ( ! salt to ! keg ( be]4#ge ,su* a bev]age obvi\sly possesses v little claim to ! "n 8lag]0 be]4 ,x is1 p]haps1 to ?is repreh5sible practice t _m ( ! delet]i\s effects on ! dige/ive organs :i* sometimes foll[ ! consumption ( consid]able quantities ( poor grades ( lag] be] are to be ascrib$2 & x is (t5 ass]t$ to be ! fact t be] dr9k]s :o h daily drunk f #bj to #be glasses ( ,g]man be] ) app>5t impunity1 exp]i5ce disagreeable results f ! habitual consumption ( mu* small] quantities ( "s v>ieties ( ,am]ican lag]4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$1 9 ?is connection1 t ! brew] is by no means responsible = all ( ! sophi/ications to :i* be] is expos$1 z aft] x leaves 8 h&s x may be wat]$ by ! retail] z well z all[$ to det]iorate 9 quality by c>eless me?ods ( pres]vation4 ,f all procurable in=mation1 x w\ld appe> t ! only que/ionable features ( be] brew+1 z n[ g5]ally c>ri$ on 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are ! foll[+3-- #a/4 ,! use ( corn & o!r meals1 & ( artificial glucose z sub/itutes = malt$ b>ley4 #bnd4 ,! use ( sodium bic>bonate1 to imp>t additional life to ! be]1 & ! occasional use ( common salt4 ,conc]n+ ! alleg$ employm5t ( artificial bitt]s 9 be] x %\ld be /at$1 t a few ye>s s9ce1 :5 a v m>k$ increase occurr$ 9 ! price ( hops1 o!r bitt] prep>ations 7 adv]tis$ & (f]$ = sale 9 ! m>ket2 un=tunately1 b little au!ntic data c be secur$ 9 reg>d to ! ext5t ( _! use4 ,at pres5t1 ?is =m ( adult]ation has app>5tly be5 discont9u$4 ,x is wor?y ( notice1 t ! addition ( hops to be] 0 orig9ally consid]$ a falsification1 & 0 prohibit$ 9 ,engl& by legal enactm5ts4 ,9 reg>d to ! manufacture & sale ( p>tially f]m5t$ be]1 ! "q ( ! preval5ce ( ?is practice mu/ be reg>d$ z undet]m9$4 ,no objection exi/s to ! prop] use ( is+lass or o!r =ms ( gelat9e = ! cl>ification ( be]4 ,( #dgf samples ( be] te/$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,engelh>dt1 ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ab\t "o-qu>t] gave evid5ce ( ! use ( malt sub/itutes 9 _! manufacture1 b no sample 0 conclusively %[n to be adult]at$ ) bitt]s o!r ?an hops4 ,! exam9ation ( be] prop]ly includes an inspection ( its physical *>act]i/ics1 su* z ta/e1 col\r1 & transp>5cy1 ! det]m9ation ( ! specific gravity1 quantitative e/imations ( ! proportions ( alcohol1 c>bonic acid1 extractive matt]1 sug>1 organic acids1 a% & phosphoric acid1 & qualitative te/s = ! detection ( ! pres5ce ( artificial sub/itutes = malt & hops4 ,:5 ( good quality1 be] exhibits a bright & transp>5t col\r1 a fa9t b n disagreeable aroma1 & a clean & slightly bitt] ta/e4 ,x %\ld be free f any signs ( viscosity1 ! appe>ance ( :i* is usually an indication ( ! pres5ce ( un*ang$ yea/4 ,! specific gravity ( be] is det]m9$ by fir/ remov+ ! excess ( c>bonic acid by repeat$ly agitat+ ! sample 9 a capaci\s glass flask1 or by p\r+ x f "o beak] into ano!r sev]al times1 & !n fill+ a specific gravity bottle ) ! liquid & all[+ x to /& at re/ until all air or gas bubbles h escap$2 ! weight ( ! bottle & its cont5ts is n[ tak5 at #ae4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! proportion ( alcohol pres5t1 #ajj c4c4 ( ! be] are introduc$ 9 a suitable flask :i* is connect$ ) a ,liebig's cond5s] & subject$ to di/illation until ab\t "o-half ( ! quantity tak5 has pass$ ov]4 ,! di/illate is !n made up to its orig9al volume by ! addition ( wat]1 & its d5sity asc]ta9$ by means ( ! specific gravity bottle1 f :i* ! p]c5tage ( alcohol pres5t 7by weight & by volume7 is readily obta9$ ^u ref]r+ to ! alcoholometric table on p4 #add4 ,! fro?+ ( be] & ! volatilisation ( ! free acids pres5t are be/ obviat$ by ! addition ( a little tannic acid & b>yta-wat] to ! sample be=e ! di/illation4 ,an indirect me?od = ! det]m9ation ( alcohol 9 be] is also frequ5tly employ$4 ,x is accompli%$ by fir/ asc]ta9+ ! d5sity ( ! liquor1 next remov+ ! alcohol pres5t by evaporation ov] ! wat]-ba?1 subsequ5tly add+ suffici5t wat] to re/ore ! orig9al volume & aga9 tak+ ! specific gravity ( ! product4 ,! d5sity ( _s ( equal /r5g? to ! be] tak5 7,x7 is obta9$ by ! =mula1 ,d_/,d ,x1 9 :i* ,d is ! orig9al gravity ( ! sample1 & ,d ! gravity ( ! de-alcoholis$ liquor :5 made up to its fir/ volume4 ,! foll[+ table 7see p4 #add7 f #8,watts' ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry' gives ! p]c5tages ( alcohol by volume & weight1 correspond+ to diff]5t d5sities at #ae4 ,! am\nt ( c>bonic acid is conv5i5tly f\nd by introduc+ #ajj c4c4 ( ! well-cool$ be] into a r l>ge flask1 provid$ ) a deliv]y-tube :i* connects1 fir/ ) a wa%-bottle conta9+ conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 next ) a ,u-tube1 fill$ ) fus$ calcium *loride4 ,! latt] is connect$ ) a ,liebig's bulb conta9+ a solution ( potassium hydroxide1 !n ) a ,u-tube conta9+ solid potassium hydroxide1 bo? ( :i* h previ\sly be5 t>$4 ,! flask is heat$ ov] a wat]-ba? until ! evolution ( c>bonic acid ceases1 aft] :i*1 ! gas rema9+ 9 ! app>atus is caus$ to trav]se ! pota% bulb by draw+ air ?r\gh x4 ,?is is done by means ( a tube atta*$ to ! flask & rea*+ bel[ ! surface ( ! be]4 ,at its o!r extremity1 x is drawn out to a f9e po9t & connect$ ) a small pota% bulb 7= ! ret5tion ( atmosph]ic c>bonic acid71 by aid ( a rubb] tube1 :i* p]mits ( break+ ! glass po9t be=e draw+ air ?r\gh ! app>atus4 ,! am\nt ( c>bonic acid pres5t 9 ! sample is asc]ta9$ by ! increase ( weight f\nd 9 ! l>g] pota% bulb & ,u-tube4 ,,alcoholometric ,,table ,,= ,,be]1 ,,etc4 ------------------------------------- ,volume ,weight ,specific ,gravity4 p] c5t4p] c5t4 ------------------------------------ #aj #jhj #jiihej #aa #jhh #jiihce #ab #jif #jiihbj #ac #ajd #jiihje #ad #aab #jiigij #ae #abj #jiigge #af #abh #jiigfj #ag #acf #jiigde #ah #add #jiigcj #ai #aeb #jiigae #bj #afj #jiigjj #ba #afh #jiifhf #bb #agf #jiifgb #bc #ahd #jiifeh #bd #aib #jiifdd #be #bjj #jiifcj #bf #bjh #jiifaf #bg #baf #jiifjb #bh #bbd #jiiehh #bi #bcb #jiiegd #cj #bdj #jiiefj #ca #bdh #jiiedf #cb #bef #jiiecb #cc #bfd #jiieah #cd #bgb #jiiejd #ce #bhj #jiidij #cf #bhh #jiidgf #cg #bif #jiidfb #ch #cjd #jiiddh #ci #cab #jiidcd #dj #cbj #jiidbj #da #cbh #jiidjf #db #ccf #jiicib #dc #cdd #jiicgh #dd #ceb #jiicfd #de #cfj #jiicej #df #cfh #jiiccf #dg #cgf #jiicbb #dh #chd #jiicjh #di #cib #jiibid #ej #djj #jiibhj #ea #djh #jiibfg #eb #daf #jiibed #ec #dbd #jiibda #ed #dcb #jiibbh #ee #ddj #jiibae #ef #ddh #jiibjb #eg #def #jiiahi #eh #dfd #jiiagf #ei #dgb #jiiafc #fj #dha #jiiaej #fa #dhi #jiiacg #fb #dig #jiiabd #fc #eje #jiiaaa #fd #eac #jiijih #fe #eba #jiijhe #ff #ecj #jiijgb #fg #ech #jiijei #fh #edf #jiijdf #fi #eed #jiijcc #gj #efb #jiijbj #ga #egj #jiijjh #gb #egh #jihiif #gc #ehf #jihihd #gd #eid #jihigb #ge #fjb #jihifj #gf #faa #jihidi #gg #fai #jihicf #gh #fbg #jihibd #gi #fce #jihiab #hj #fdc #jihijj ------------------------------------ ,! proportion ( malt extract 9 be] c be directly det]m9$ by ! evaporation ( #e or #aj c4c4 ( ! sample 9 a capaci\s plat9um di% ov] ! wat]-ba? & dry+ ! residue until con/ant weight is obta9$4#gf ,x %\ld be all[$ to cool "u a bell-j> ov] calcium *loride1 be=e weigh+4 ,usually ! e/imation is made by an indirect process1 :i* consi/s 9 remov+ ! alcohol by evaporation1 br++ ! liquid up to its orig9al volume by ! addition ( wat]1 & !n tak+ its specific gravity & det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( malt extract by means ( ! foll[+ table3-- ,,specific ,,gravity ,,& ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,malt ,,extract4 ----------------------- ,specific ,p] ,c5t4 ,gravity4 ,malt ,extract4 ----------------------- #ajjj #jjjj #ajja #jbej #ajjb #jejj #ajjc #jgej #ajjd #ajjj #ajje #abej #ajjf #aejj #ajjg #agej #ajjh #bjjj #ajji #bbej #ajaj #bejj #ajaa #bgej #ajab #cjjj #ajac #cbej #ajad #cejj #ajae #cgej #ajaf #djjj #ajag #dbej #ajah #dejj #ajai #dgej #ajbj #ejjj #ajba #ebej #ajbb #eejj #ajbc #egej #ajbd #fjjj #ajbe #fbdd #ajbf #fdhh #ajbg #fgca #ajbh #fige #ajbi #gbai #ajcj #gdfc #ajca #ggjf #ajcb #giej #ajcc #haie #ajcd #hdch #ajce #hfha #ajcf #hibe #ajcg #iagj #ajch #idac #ajci #ifeg #ajdj #iija #ajda #ajadb #ajdb #ajcha #ajdc #ajfai #ajdd #ajheg #ajde #aajie #ajdf #aaccc #ajdg #aaeie #ajdh #aahji #ajdi #abjdg #ajej #abbhe #ajea #abebc #ajeb #abgfa #ajec #acjjj #ajed #acbch #ajee #acdgf #ajef #acgad #ajeg #acieb #ajeh #adaij #ajei #addbh #ajfj #adfff #ajfa #adijd #ajfb #aeaci #ajfc #aecga #ajfd #aefjd #ajfe #aehcg #ajff #afjgj #ajfg #afcjb #ajfh #afecd #ajfi #afgfg #ajgj #agjjj ----------------------- ,! sug> conta9$ 9 be] is be/ det]m9$ by by tak+ #ej c4c4 ( ! sample1 add+ #aj c4c4 ( plumbic basic acetate solution1 & mak+ ! volume ( ! mixture up to #cjj c4c4 ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,aft] /&+ = "s "t ! solution is pass$ ?r\gh a dry filt]4 ,x is !n exam9$ by cauti\sly add+ x f a burette to #aj c4c4 ( ,fehl+'s solution 7dilut$ ) #dj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat] & br\ght to ! boil+-po9t71 until ! blue col\r ( ! latt] disappe>s 7see p4 #aaa74 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t1 :ile #aj c4c4 ( ,fehl+'s solution are r$uc$ by #jje gramme ( glucose1 x requires #jjge gramme ( maltose to effect ! same r$uction4 ,9 ord] to e/imate ! dextr9e1 #aj c4c4 ( ! be] are r$uc$ by evaporation to ab\t #d c4c41 & heat$ ) #a c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid to #aaj by means ( an oil-ba? 9 a /rong h]metically clos$ glass tube = five h\rs4 ,at ! completion ( ?is op]ation ! solution is neutralis$ ) sodium hydroxide1 dilut$1 & ! total glucose det]m9$ by ,fehl+'s reag5t1 z j describ$4 ,! glucose due to ! conv]sion ( ! dextr9e is f\nd by d$uct+ ! am\nt ( maltose 7express$ 9 t]ms ( glucose7 previ\sly obta9$ f ! total glucose2 #aj p>ts ( glucose repres5t #i p>ts ( dextr9e4 ,! organic acids 7acetic & lactic7 are e/imat$ z foll[s3--7a7 ,acetic acid1 by di/ill+ #ajj c4c4 ( ! sample almo/ to dryness1 & titrat+ ! di/illate ) dec9ormal soda solution2 7b7 ,lactic acid1 by dissolv+ ! residue rema9+ aft] ! di/illation 9 wat]1 & ei!r det]m9+ its acidity by dec9ormal soda1 or by treat+ ! residue ) wat] & a little sulphuric acid1 add+ b>ium c>bonate to ! mixture1 heat+ 9 ! wat]-ba? & filt]+1 ! precipitate be+ ?or\ghly wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,! filtrate is !n conc5trat$ to a syrup by evaporation1 & agitat$ 9 a te/-tube ) a mixture ( #a "p ea* ( sulphuric acid1 alcohol1 & wat]1 & #aj p>ts ( e!r4 ,aft] /&+ at re/ = "s "t1 ! e!real solution is sep>at$ by means ( a pipette & evaporat$ to dryness 9 a t>$ capsule4 ,! residue 7impure lactic acid7 c be weigh$1 or x is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! solution treat$ ) z9c c>bonate1 & ! lactic acid det]m9$ z z9c lactate1 :i* conta9s #ede p] c5t4 ( ! anhydr\s acid4 ,phosphoric acid may be e/imat$ 9 ! be] directly by fir/ expell+ ! c>bonic acid1 !n add+ a small quantity ( potassium acetate1 heat+1 & titrat+ ) a /&>d solution ( uranium acetate1 us+ potassium f]rocyanide z ! indicator4 ,x c also be det]m9$ gravimetrically 9 ! a%4 ,! e/imation ( ! a% is made by evaporat+ #ajj c4c4 ( ! sample 9 a weigh$ plat9um di% to dryness1 & inc9]at+ ! residue at a r mod]ate heat1 s z to avoid volatilisation ( ! *lorides4 ,! am\nt ( a% 9 normal be] %\ld nev] exce$ #je p] c5t41 ! usual proportion be+ ab\t #jc p] c5t42 ?is w\ld naturally be increas$ by ! addition ( sodium bic>bonate or sodium *loride to ! be]4 ,! complete analysis ( ! a% is seldom necess>y1 b x is (t5 ( importance to e/imate ! am\nt ( sodium *loride conta9$4 ,?is is effect$ by dissolv+ ! a%-residue 9 di/ill$ wat] & precipitat+ ! *lor9e f an aliquot portion ( ! solution by silv] nitrate2 "o "p ( ! precipitate obta9$ repres5ts #jdji "p ( common salt4 ,! proportion ( sodium *loride 9 pure be] is v inconsid]able1 b x may be add$ to ! bev]age ei!r to improve ! flav\r or to create ?ir/4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid1 a weigh$ portion ( ! a% is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 ! solution evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue boil$ ) wat] conta9+ a little nitric acid4 ,x is !n filt]$1 conc5trat$ by evaporation1 an excess ( ammonium molybdate solution add$1 & ! mixture set aside = ab\t t5 h\rs1 aft] :i* ! precipitate =m$ is sep>at$ by filtration & dissolv$ 9 ammonium hydroxide4 ,a solution ( magnesium sulphate 7mix$ ) a consid]able quantity ( ammonium *loride7 is n[ add$1 & ! precipitat$ ammonio-magnesium phosphate collect$1 wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$1 #ajj p>ts ( ?is precipitate conta9 #fd p>ts ( phosphoric anhydride 7,p#b,o#e74 ,! positive detection ( ! pres5ce ( artificial sub/itutes = malt 9 be] is a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 ,accord+ to ,ha>/ick1 a l>ge proportion ( comm]cial glucose conta9s a sub/ance t]m$ amyl91 :i* ex]ts a /rong dextro-rot>y effect ^u pol>is$ light1 b is n de/roy$ by f]m5tation1 & ^u ^! facts is bas$ a process = ! id5tification ( />*-sug> 9 be]4 ,x is execut$ by evaporat+ #a litre ( ! sample to ! consi/5cy ( a syrup & sep>at+ ! dextr9e pres5t by ! gradual addition ( #ie p] c5t4 alcohol4#gg ,aft] /&+ at re/ = sev]al h\rs ! liquid is filt]$1 ! great] portion ( ! alcohol remov$ f ! filtrate by di/illation1 & ! residual fluid evaporat$ to dryness ov] ! wat]-ba?4 ,! solid residue is !n dilut$ to ab\t a litre1 yea/ add$1 & ! sug> pres5t decompos$ by all[+ f]m5tation to take place = ?ree or f\r days1 at a temp]ature ( #bj4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 "u ^! conditions1 pure be] af=d$ a solution :i* 0 optically inactive :5 exam9$ by ! pol>iscope1 :ile be] prep>$ f artificial glucose gave a solution possess+ decid$ dextro-rot>y p[]4 ,! use ( rice & glucose 9 ! manufacture ( be] is also indicat$ :5 !re is a defici5cy 9 ! proportion ( phosphoric acid 9 ! a%1 & ( ! extract1 :i* applies1 al?\gh to a some:at less ext5t1 if :eat or corn meal has be5 sub/itut$ = b>ley malt4 ,! foll[+ conclusions 7 rea*$ by a commission ( *emi/s appo9t$ 9 ,g]many to det]m9e /&>ds = be]3--,a fix$ relation betwe5 ! quantity ( alcohol & extract 9 be] does n inv>iably exi/4 ,z a rule 9 ,bav>ian & lag] be]1 = #a "p by weight ( alcohol a maximum ( #b p>ts & a m9imum ( #ae p>ts ( extract %\ld be pres5t4 ,9 case malt has be5 replac$ by glucose1 or o!r non-nitrog5\s sub/ances1 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 ! extract w fall bel[ #jfe4 ,! acidity %\ld n exce$ #c c4c4 ( normal alkali solution = #ajj c4c4 ( be]4 ,! a% %\ld n exce$ #jc p] c5t4 ,! maximum proportion ( glyc]9e %\ld n exce$ #jbe p] c5t4 ,= cl>ification1 ! foll[+ means are p]missible3 ,filtration1 ! use ( %av+s1 etc41 & ( is+lass or o!r =ms ( gelat9e2 = pres]vation1 c>bonic acid gas1 & salicylic acid may be employ$--! latt]1 h[ev]1 only 9 be] :i* is int5d$ = exportation to c\ntries :]e its use is n prohibit$4 ,sev]al samples ( s-call$ 8be] pres]vatives0 exam9$ by ! au?or1 consi/$ ( a solution ( sodium salicylate & borax1 dissolv$ 9 glyc]9e4 ,salicylic acid is employ$ 9 ord] to prev5t f]m5tation 9 be]1 :i* is expos$ to great v>iations 9 temp]ature4 ,its pres5ce is detect$ by ! foll[+ process1 sugge/$ by ,rse1#gh :i* is equally applicable to w9e3--,! be] 7or w9e7 is acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & well %ak5 ) its own volume ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( e!r & petroleum naph?a4 ,aft] /&+ at re/1 ! e!real lay] is remov$ by a pipette1 & evaporat$ or di/ill$ until r$uc$ to a few c4c4 ,a little wat] & a few drops ( a dilute f]ric *loride solution are !n add$1 & ! liquid filt]$3 9 pres5ce ( salicylic acid1 ! filtrate w exhibit a violet col\r4 ,9 ! case ( w9es1 :]e ! pres5ce ( tannic acid might int]f]e ) ! salicylic acid reaction1 ! filtrate is re-acidulat$1 !n dilut$1 & ! treatm5t ) ! e!r mixture & iron *loride repeat$4 ,! second residue w n[ %[ ! violet coloration1 ev5 9 w9es ri* 9 tann91 & conta9+ b #jb milligramme ( salicylic acid p] litre4 ,! tann9 c also be remov$ by precipitation ) gelat9e1 & ! col\r te/ = salicylic acid subsequ5tly appli$4 ,glyc]9e is likewise sometimes us$ z a pres]vative ( be]1 & is also add$ to r5d] ! liquor ri*] 9 appe>ance1 by communicat+ a viscosity to ! fro? :i* causes x to adh]e long] to ! sides ( ! glass4 ,x c be quantitatively e/imat$ by evaporat+ #ajj c4c4 ( ! sample 9 a capsule at a temp]ature ( #ge1 until ! c>bonic acid has be5 expell$1 !n add+ ab\t #e grammes ( magnesium hydroxide1 & ?or\ghly /irr+ ! mixture until x =ms a homog5e\s1 semifluid mass4 ,! cont5ts ( ! di% are all[$ to cool1 & are !n well dige/$ ) #ej c4c4 ( absolute alcohol1 & ! fluid portion aft]w>ds sep>at$ by decantation1 ! residual mass be+ aga9 treat$ ) #bj c4c4 ( absolute alcohol1 & ! alcoholic solution ?us obta9$ add$ to ! fir/4 ,! malose1 p>apeptone1 etc41 pres5t 9 ! solution are n[ precipitat$ by add+ 7) con/ant /irr+7 #cjj c4c4 ( anhydr\s e!r1 aft] :i* ! liquid is filt]$1 & ! filtrate conc5trat$1 at fir/ by spontane\s evaporation1 subsequ5tly by heat+ ov] ! wat]-ba?1 until x assumes ! consi/5cy ( a syrup1 :5 x is plac$ 9 an exsiccator :i* connects ) an air-pump1 :]e x is all[$ to rema9 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! syrupy residue is !n dige/$ ) #bj c4c4 ( absolute alcohol & filt]$1 ! filtrate be+ collect$ 9 a t>$ capsule1 :i* is aga9 expos$ to ! heat ( ! wat]-ba?1 & all[$ to rema9 9 ! exsiccator = twelve h\rs1 aft] :i* x is weigh$4 ,! increase 9 weight gives approximately ! am\nt ( glyc]9e conta9$ 9 ! be] exam9$4#gi ,x is c]ta9 t _m ( ! poison\s sub/ances :i* 9 =m] times h be5 detect$ 9 be]1 su* z /ry*n9e1 hyoscyam9e1 picric acid1 & picrotox9e1 are n us$ at pres5t4 ,x is mu* m probable t su* bitt]s z g5tian & quassia may be met )1 especially at times :5 hops are de>4 ,^! latt] f> exce$ hops 9 bitt]ness1 & d n ex]t delet]i\s effects ^u heal?4 ,will[ b>k1 or its active pr9ciple1 salic9e1 has also be5 employ$4 ,! detection ( "s ( ! mo/ apocryphal sub/itutes = hops is effect$1 accord+ to ,wilt/e91#hj by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,"o litre ( ! be] is conc5trat$ ov] ! wat]-ba? to a syrupy liquor1 :i* is introduc$ into a r capaci\s t>$ cyl9d] & weigh$4 ,! gum1 dextr9e1 & m9]al salts are fir/ sep>at$ by add+ to ! syrup five times its weight ( #ie p] c5t4 alcohol1 ) :i* x is ?or\ghly mix$1 & all[$ to dige/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! cle>1 sup]natant solution is n[ drawn (f1 & ! residue treat$ ) a fre% quantity ( alcohol1 :i* is aft]w>ds unit$ ) ! solution fir/ obta9$1 ! :ole be+ !n evaporat$ until ! alcohol is expell$4 ,a small portion ( ! residue is dissolv$ 9 a little wat]1 & te/$ = picric acid1 z describ$ lat] on4 ,! rema9d] is repeat$ly %ak5 ) ab\t six times its weight ( pure b5zol1 :i* is subsequ5tly remov$ by decantation1 ! op]ation be+ !n repeat$ ) fre% b5zol1 ! two solutions add$ & evaporat$ to dryness at a v mod]ate temp]ature4 ,! residue ?us obta9$ is divid$ into ?ree portions1 :i* are plac$ 9 small porcela9 di%es & te/$ z foll[s3-- ,to "o portion a little nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #accj7 is add$2 if a r$ coloration ensues1 bruc9e is pres5t2 if a violet col\r1 col*ic9e4 ,a second portion is treat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid2 ! production ( a r$ col\r indicates ! pres5ce ( colocyn?9e4 ,to a ?ird portion1 a few fragm5ts ( potassium di*romate & a little sulphuric acid are add$2 if a purple-violet coloration takes place1 /ry*n9e is pres5t4 ,! portion ( ! syrup :i* has rema9$ undissolv$ by b5zol is fir/ dri$ ov] ! wat]-ba?1 & !n agitat$ ) pure amylic alcohol1 by :i* treatm5t picrotox9e & aloes1 if pres5t1 w g 9 solution1 & imp>t a bitt] ta/e to ! liquid4 ,! solution c be exam9$ z subsequ5tly direct$ = picrotox9e2 ! pres5ce ( aloes is be/ recognis$ by ! *>act]i/ic saffron-l od\r possess$ by ?is body4 ,! syrup :i* rema9s aft] ! successive treatm5ts ) b5zol & amylic alcohol is next fre$ f any rema9+ traces ( ! latt] comp\nd by means ( blott+-pap]1 & !n ?or\ghly agitat$ ) anhydr\s e!r1 :i* is aft]w>ds remov$ & all[$ to spontane\sly evaporate4 ,if ! residue n[ obta9$ exhibits a wormwood-l aroma1 & gives a r$di% yell[ solution1 :i* rapidly *anges to a deep blue :5 treat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 abs9?9e is pres5t4 ,! syrup insoluble 9 e!r may /ill conta9 quass9e1 g5tipicr9e1 & m5yan?9e1 & ! pres5ce ( any ( ^! bodies is indicat$ if x possesses a bitt] ta/e1 s9ce ! bitt] pr9ciple ( hops w\ld h be5 remov$ by ! =ego+ treatm5t ) solv5ts4 ,! syrup is dissolv$ 9 a little w>m wat]1 ! solution filt]$ & divid$ into two portions4 ,to "o a conc5trat$ ammoniacal solution ( silv] nitrate is add$1 & ! mixture heat$3 if x rema9s cle>1 quass9e is probably pres5t2 ! =mation ( a metallic mirror po9ts to ! pres5ce ( ei!r g5tipicr9e or m5yan?9e4 ,a second portion ( ! aque\s solution is cauti\sly evaporat$ 9 a small porcela9 capsule1 & a few drops ( /rong sulphuric acid are add$ to ! residue3 if no *ange takes place 9 ! cold1 b ^u apply+ heat a c>m9e-r$ coloration appe>s1 g5tipicr9e is pres5t2 if a yell[i% br[n col\r1 :i* aft]w>ds *anges to a violet1 is produc$1 ! pres5ce ( m5yan?9e is probable4#ha ,picric acid c be detect$ by means ( ! foll[+ te/s3-- #a4 ,^u %ak+ pure be] ) animal *>coal1 x becomes decoloris$1 :]eas be] conta9+ picric acid reta9s a lemon-yell[ col\r aft] ?is treatm5t4 #b4 ,! bitt] ta/e ( normal be] is remov$ by treatm5t ) a little plumbic diacetate & filt]+1 :i* is n ! case ) ! flav\r imp>t$ by ! use ( picric acid4 #c4 ,unblea*$ wool or pure flannel w acquire a decid$ yell[ col\r if boil$ = a %ort "t 9 be] adult]at$ ) picric acid1 & aft]w>ds wa%$4 #d4 ,^u agitat+ #bj c4c4 ( ! suspect$ be] 9 a te/-tube ) #aj c4c4 ( amylic alcohol1 all[+ ! mixture to rema9 at re/1 & !n remov+ ! amylic alcohol1 a solution is obta9$ :i* conta9s any picric acid pres5t 9 ! sample treat$4 ,x is evaporat$ to dryness1 ! residue dissolv$ 9 a little w>m di/ill$ wat]1 & ! aque\s solution submitt$ to ! foll[+ te/s3-- 7a7 ,to "o portion a conc5trat$ solution ( potassium cyanide is add$2 9 pres5ce ( picric acid1 a blood-r$ col\r is produc$1 due to ! =mation ( iso-purpuric acid4 7b7 ,a second portion is treat$ ) a solution ( cupric-ammonium sulphate2 if picric acid be pres5t1 m9ute gre5i% cry/als ( cupric-ammonium picrate w be =m$4 7c7 ,to a ?ird portion1 a little ammonium sulphide1 conta9+ free ammonium hydroxide1 is add$2 9 pres5ce ( picric acid1 picramic acid is produc$1 ! =mation ( :i* is accel]at$ by ! application ( heat1 & is made evid5t by ! appe>ance ( an int5sely r$ col\r4 ,! detection ( cocculus indicus1 or its poison\s alkaloid1 picrotox9e1 may be effect$ by fir/ agitat+ ! be] ) plumbic acetate1 filt]+1 remov+ ! lead f ! filtrate by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 & aga9 filt]+4 ,! filtrate is fir/ boil$1 !n c>efully evaporat$ until x possesses a ?icki% consi/5cy1 :5 x is %ak5 up ) animal *>coal1 :i* is aft]w>ds br\ght ^u a filt]1 wa%$ ) a v little cold wat]1 & dri$ at #ajj4 ,! picrotox9e possibly pres5t is !n extract$ f ! animal *>coal by boil+ x ) /rong alcohol1 f :i* ! alkaloid sep>ates on evaporat+ ! solution1 ei!r 9 quadrilat]al prisms or 9 fea!ry tufts4 ,aga9 rev]t+ to be] adult]ation1 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,b4 ,cornwall has lately made an int]e/+ report 9 ?is reg>d4#hb ,sev]al ye>s ago1 9 reply to a circul> issu$ by ! 8,bus9ess ,m5's ,mod]ation ,society ( ,new ,york ,city10 ! 8,association ( ,unit$ ,lag] ,be] ,brew]s0 ass]t$ t ! only sub/itutes = b>ley malt employ$ 7 corn />*1 corn meal1 rice1 glucose1 & grape sug>1 no artificial bitt]s be+ us$4 ,! addition ( glucose & grape sug>1 ! association /at$1 0 n necess>ily on acc\nt ( economy1 b _h = its object an increase 9 ! /r5g? ( ! wort1 )\t resort+ to conc5tration & ! production ( be] ( desirable flav\r & col\r4 ,rdl+]#hc d5ies t be] is subject$ to injuri\s adult]ation 9 ,g]many4 ,he /ates sub/antially z foll[s3 8,cases ( sickness1 frequ5tly claim$ to be caus$ by ! be]1 are due ei!r to excess or to ! consumption ( ! new & incompletely f]m5t$ bev]age4 ,x has be5 affirm$ t brew]s (t5 economise 9 hops by ! use ( o!r & delet]i\s bitt]s1 & t picric acid & /ry*n9e h be5 employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,nons5se1 once writt51 is frequ5tly copi$ by hundr$s1 & 9 ?is way circulates among ! masses4 ,! maximum am\nt ( hops us$ 9 be] is really inconsid]able1 &1 !re exi/s no necessity = resort+ to =eign sub/itutes1 ev5 9 seasons :5 ! price ( hops is abnormally high1 s9ce ! proportion ( ?is +r$i5t c\ld be slightly decreas$ )\t incurr+ ! dang] ( detection :i* w\ld foll[ ! use ( artificial bitt]s40 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is c]ta9 t1 9 pa/ ye>s1 su* injuri\s additions z cocculus indicus1 picric acid1 aloes1 etc41 h actually be5 discov]$ by *emi/s ( high /&+ 9 bitt] ale & o!r =ms ( be]4 ,a4 ,s*midt1#hd ass]ts t glyc]9e1 alum1 & sodium bic>bonate are add$ to be]1 & /ates t be]1 poor 9 extractive & alcoholic con/itu5ts1 is liable to become s\r1 a defect :i* is rem$i$ by ! use ( alkalies & *alk1 ! result+ disagreeable ta/e be+ disguis$ by means ( glyc]9e4 ,! same au?ority deprecates ! use ( glucose on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( nutriti\s album9oids & phosphates 9 ?is sub/ance4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly appe> obvi\s t ! direct addition ( />*-sug> to ! wort1 :i* results 9 augm5t+ ! alcoholic /r5g? ( be] )\t correspond+ly increas+ ! proportion ( valuable extractive matt]1 is ( d\btful propriety4 ,gra9s are less op5 to ?is objection4 ,( ^!1 maize is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! be/ sub/itute = b>ley malt1 bo? on acc\nt ( its simil>ity 9 composition & its *eapness4 ,! ,int]national ,congress ( ,m$ical ,sci5ces1 held at ,brussels 9 #ahge1 adopt$ ! foll[+ resolutions3-- #a4 ,g5u9e be] %\ld be made f gra9 & hops4 #b4 ,no o!r sub/ances %\ld replace ^!1 ei!r :olly or p>tially4 #c4 ,all sub/itutes %\ld be consid]$ z adult]ations1 & %\ld come "u ! p5alty ( ! law1 ev5 if n delet]i\s to heal?4 ,! ,g]man ,brew]s' ,association1 at its ,frank=t meet+1 def9$ :olesome be] z ! produce ( malt1 hops1 yea/1 & wat] ) a p>tial sub/itution ( ! malt by />* meal1 rice1 maize1 & glucose1 & reg>d$ ! use ( "s malt sub/itutes z p]missible on sci5tific & hygi5ic gr\nds4 ,x recomm5d$1 h[ev]1 t1 9 case su* sub/itutes are employ$1 ! be] s prep>$ %\ld be designat$ by a di/9ctive "n1 su* z 8rice be]10 8sug> be]10 etc4 ,! d>k] v>ieties ( be] are sometimes artificially col\r$ by ! addition ( c>amel1 &1 al?\gh ! result rea*$ is virtually ! same z t caus$ by ! ov]-roa/+ ( malt1 ! practice is prohibit$ 9 ,g]many unless ! product is designat$ z 8col\r$ be]40#he ,accord+ to ,guyot1 "s ( ! ,bav>ian be] sold 9 ,p>is is col\r$ ) me?yl orange4#hf ,licorice is employ$ 9 be] brew+ 9 ,g]many1 bo? on acc\nt ( its sweet5+ p[] & = cl>ify+ purposes4 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( artificial pres]vatives1 su* z salicylic acid & sodium bisulphite1 x is v probable t articles ( food :i* h be5 treat$ ) ^! prep>ations are n readily dige/$4 ,_! use1 moreov]1 %\ld be unnecess>y1 if due c>e has be5 ex]cis$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! be]4 ,?is is especially applicable to be] int5d$ = home consumption4 ,,footnotes3 #fi ,! total production ( all k9ds ( malt liquors 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 01 = ! fiscal ye> #ahhf1 #bj millions ( b>rels2 x is assum$ t at lea/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ?is am\nt consi/$ ( lag] be]4 #gj ,9 ,bav>ia ! use ( all malt & hop sub/itutes is legally prohibit$4 #ga #8,report ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1' #ahhc1 p4 #hh4 #gb ,hanemann has made ! foll[+ det]m9ations ( f]m5t$ worts prep>$ f pure malt & f malts conta9+ #dj p] c5t4 ( ea* sub/itute3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,pure ,malt4 ,maize ,malt4 ,rice ,malt4 ,/>* ,malt4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,alcohol #bga #bgf #bij #cai ,extract #fei #fdh #fbe #eia ,proteids #jdc #jci #jcc #jbh ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #gc ,! writ] is assur$ by a prom95t ,new ,york brew]1 t ! addition ( sodium bic>bonate is resort$ to1 n s mu* z a rem$y = poor be]1 z = ! purpose ( satisfy+ ! vitiat$ ta/e ( ! public1 :o dem& a lively & sp>kl+ bev]age4 ,! proportion employ$ is claim$ n to exce$ "o ounce to ! keg ( be]4 #gd #8,annual ,report ,brooklyn ,bo>d ( ,heal?1' #ahhe1 p4 #hi4--,! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t is d5i$ by ! brew]s4 ,a bl5d+ ( new & old be] is1 h[ev]1 occasionally practis$ )1 x is said1 no delet]i\s effects4 #ge ,ibid4 #gf ,! album9oids 9 be] may be e/imat$ by dilut+ #a c4c4 ( ! sample ) wat] & !n submitt+ x to ,wanklyn's process = wat] analysis 7see p4 #baa74 ,! album9oid ammonia ?us obta9$1 multipli$ by #eb1 give ! proteids 9 ! be] tak54 #gg ,! dextr9e c also be remov$ by subject+ ! be] to dialysis 7see p4 #ahc74 #gh ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #ahhf1 p4 #dab4 #gi ,griessmay]2 ,corresp4 ,blatt4 d4 ,v]4 ,anal4 ,*em4 ,no4 #d1 ,feb4 #ahhj4 #hj ,griessmay]2 ,corresp4 ,blatt4 d4 ,v]4 ,anal4 ,*em4 ,no4 #d1 ,feb4 #ahhj4 #ha ,a compreh5sive s*eme = ! detection ( =eign bitt]s 9 be]1 sugge/$ by ,drag5dorff1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,ar*iv4 d] ,ph>m4 #c iii4 #bie2 iv4 #chi4 #hb ,reports ( ,am4 ,heal? ,assoc41 vol4 x4 #hc #8,bi]brau]ei1' #ahgf4 #hd ,ar*iv4 d] ,ph>m41 xii4 #cib4 #he ,deuts*4 ,rei*sanzeig]1 ,july #ca1 #ahhe4 #hf ,rp]t4 de ,ph>m41 xii4 p4 #eac4 ,,w9e4 ,w9e is ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! grape ( ,vitis v9if]a4 ,9 its prep>ation1 ! fully matur$ grapes are usually 7b n always7 fir/ sep>at$ f ! /alks1 & !n cru%$1 ! m>c s obta9$ be+ aft]w>ds plac$ 9 butts provid$ ) p]=at$ sides1 ?r\gh :i* ! express$ juice or mu/ p]colates4 ,x is next introduc$ into vats1 & all[$ to und]go a process ( f]m5tation1 :i* is v analog\s to t ( be] wort4 ,! addition ( yea/ is1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case unnecess>y1 z ! f]m5tation ( grape-juice is spontane\s1 x be+ due to ! g5]ation ( ! fungus ,p5icillium glaucum1 :i* is ! product ( ! action ( atmosph]ic g]ms ^u ! album9oid matt]s conta9$ 9 ! mu/4 ,! mo/ important con/itu5ts ( grape-juice are glucose 7#aj to #cj p] c5t471 organic acids 7#jc to #ae p] c5t471 & album9\s sub/ances4 ,dur+ ! f]m5tation ! glucose is conv]t$ into alcohol & c>bonic acid1 ! latt] be+ evolv$ 9 bubbles2 a deposit ( potassium bit>trate & yea/-cells1 =m+ ! lees1 likewise occurr+4 ,?is fir/ f]m5tation ceases aft] ! lapse ( sev]al days1 ! p]iod be+ indicat$ by ! cessation ( escap+ gas4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! oxidation ( ! alcohol to acetic acid1 ! liquid is remov$ f ! lees & transf]r$ into casks1 9 :i* a sl[ aft]-f]m5tation & a fur!r sep>ation ( potassium bit>trate take place4 ,! w9e is subsequ5tly /or$ = a consid]able "t 9 fre% casks1 dur+ :i* x 8ages10 & acquires its *>act]i/ic flav\r4 ,! m common v>ieties ( w9e are classifi$ accord+ to ! c\ntry ( _! production--into ,fr5* 7cl>et1 burgundy1 *ampagne1 etc471 ,g]man 7,rh9e71 ,spani% 7%]ry & port71 & ,italian4 ,! production ( ,am]ican w9e has exp]i5c$ a notewor?y increase dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,:ile1 9 #ahfj1 less ?an two millions ( gallons ( native w9e 7 consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! ye> #ahhd ! quantity us$ exce$$ sev5te5 millions ( gallons4#hg ,aside f ! g5]al di/9ction ( r$ & :ite1 w9es are classifi$ by _! *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 z dry1 sweet1 & cordial4 ,9 dry w9es1 su* z ^? ( ! ,gironde & ,rh5i% di/ricts1 consid]able free acid1 & b little or no sug> are conta9$1 :]eas 9 sweet w9es 7,madeira1 port1 etc47 a c]ta9 proportion ( ! sug> rema9s undecompos$4 ,cordial w9es are di/+ui%$ by _! sweetness & comp>atively heavy body4 ,! nature ( w9es is mat]ially affect$ by ! proportion ( glucose & acids conta9$ 9 ! orig9al mu/1 z well z by ! environm5ts ( _! manufacture1 su* z climate & temp]ature4 ,f a *emical po9t ( view1 ! mo/ important con/itu5ts ( w9e are ! prim>y products ( f]m5tation--alcohol1 succ9ic acid1 & glyc]9e1 b its m>ket value is f> m dep5d5t ^u ! flav\r & b\quet1 :i* are *iefly due to ! =mation ( second>y products1 usually includ$ "u ! "n 8o5an?ic e!r10 & consi/+ ( ! e!rs ( caproic1 caprylic1 & o!r organic acids4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! con/itu5ts ( "s ( ! be/ kn[n v>ieties ( w9e1 accord+ to results obta9$ by diff]5t au?orities3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,specific ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,alcohol1 by ,weight4 ------------------------------------- ,fix$ ,acids 7z ,t>t>ic74 ----------------------------- ,volatile ,acids 7z ,acetic74 ,k9d ( ,w9e4 ---------------------- ,total ,acids4 --------------- ,real ,t>t>ic ,acid4 -------- ,total ,residue4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 ,fr5* 7r$7#hh #jiiej #abjj #jdbj #jagj #jeij #jahj #bdc ,fr5* 7:ite7 #jiibb #ajhd #jdce #jafi #jfjd #jajb #abeg ,v9 ,ord9aire 44 #fii #jfaj #jaaj #jgbj 44 #ejd ,/4 ,juli5 7#aheh7 44 #ihd #jeaj #jadj #jfej 44 #bfg ,fr\sac 44 #ajgd #jdej #jbgj #jgbj 44 #bcf ,*ampagne 44 #gie 44 44 #jebj 44 #abda ,rh5i%#hh #jiicd #ibf #jdbj #jaaj #jecj #jbej #ahej ,rde%eim] 44 #accb 44 44 #jfcj 44 #ahdj ,alsatian#hh 44 #ajch 44 #jfajj 44 44 44 ,wrtemb]g 44 #gji #jhg 44 44 44 #bbb ,%]ry#hh #jiidj #agbj #jbgj #jaej #jdbj #jjah #dbj ,port#hh #ajjdj #ahef #jcaj #jjhj #jcij #jjbb #gee ,madeira#hh #jiidj #agge #jccj #jafj #jdij #jjc #dce ,m>sala#hh #jiifj #afga #jaij #jaaj #jcjj 44 #dih ,r$ ,vslau] 44 #ajbe #jdhj #jjfj #jedj 44 #aif ,la*ryma ,*ri/i 44 #igj #jdfj #jaaj #jefj 44 #bcfc ,:ite ,capri 44 #ajdj #jdfj #jaij #jfej 44 #aif ,cyprus 44 #ajji #jdhj #jabj #jfjj 44 #bcha ,greek#hh #jiica #achi #jbcc #jagg #jgaj #jjc #bee ,hung>ian#hh #jiiba #hed #jecj #jaej #jgjj #jjfg #ahb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,sug>4 ,a%4 ,potassa 7,,koh74 -------------------------- ,potassium ,c>bonate4 ------------------ ,sulphates & ,*lorides4 ---------- ,phosphoric ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 ,fr5* 7r$7#hh #jbjj #jbbj 44 #jjfj #jaj #jjc ,fr5* 7:ite7 #jhhj #jaig 44 44 44 #jjca ,v9 ,ord9aire #jaaj #jdej #jac 44 44 44 ,/4 ,juli5 7#aheh7 #jbej #jdjj 44 44 44 #jjhj ,fr\sac #jcgj #jbgj 44 44 44 #jjdj ,*ampagne #ajfc #jbe 44 44 44 #jjej ,rh5i%#hh #jjab #jagj 44 #jjg #jjg #jjc ,rde%eim] #jjag #jagj 44 #jjg 44 44 ,alsatian#hh 44 #jagh 44 44 44 #jjbec ,wrtemb]g 44 #jbcj #jji 44 44 44 ,%]ry#hh #bef #jdej 44 #jjja #jcf #jjb ,port#hh #dcc #jbhj 44 #jje #jacj #jjc ,madeira#hh #bjh #jci 44 #jjc #jbe #jjd ,m>sala#hh #cbd #jbb 44 #jjb #jae #jjb ,r$ ,vslau] #jbi #jcb #jad 44 44 44 ,la*ryma ,*ri/i #ahia #jdh #jaj 44 44 44 ,:ite ,capri #jdh #jbi #jaa 44 44 44 ,cyprus #bbab #jec #jaa 44 44 44 ,greek#hh #jcf #jcg 44 #jjb #jbd #jjd ,hung>ian#hh #jjf #jag 44 #jja #jjh #jjb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,two v>ieties ( ,cali=nian w9e1 exam9$ by ,j4 ,l4 de ,frem]y1#hi _h ! foll[+ composition3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,grammes 9 #ajj c4c4 ,gut$el 7,:ite74 ,z9f&el 7,r$74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,alcohol #ajde #ihj ,extract #bjijh #babgj ,m9]al matt] #jaigh #jbbah ,volatile acids 7z acetic7 #jjhjd #jjigb ,fix$ acids 7z t>t>ic7 #jdhde #jdaaj ,potassium bit>trate #jaegi #jadbh ,free t>t>ic acid #jjjfj 44 ,o!r free acids 7z t>t>ic7 #jehej #jecbe ,sulphuric acid #jjchd #jjafh ,phosphoric acid #jjbbj #jjaic ,*lor9e #jjjcf #jjjed ,lime #jjjef #jjjhd ,magnesia #jjagj #jjafj ,glyc]9e #jfacc #jefdg ,sug> #jjafe #jjbgf ,pol>isation #jb 44 ,succ9ic acid #jjjfh #jjjig ,malic acid #jjcbd #jjibb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,accord+ to analyses made by ,r4 ,fres5ius & ,r4 ,borgmann1#ij natural w9e has ! foll[+ av]age composition3-- ,grammes 9 #ajj c4c4 ,alcohol #gga ,extract #bge ,free acids #jgc ,m9]al matt] #jbc ,glyc]9e #jgi ,sulphuric acid #jjch ,phosphoric acid #jjdj ,lime #jjah ,magnesia #jjah ,potassa #jjib ,*lor9e #jjjd ,potassium bit>trate #jbjj ,natural w9es are frequ5tly subject$ to v>i\s processes ( treatm5t1 design$ to rem$y c]ta9 defects exi/+ 9 ! orig9al mu/4 ,:ile ^! d n1 p]haps1 all prop]ly come "u ! head ( adult]ation1 x is c]ta9 t _m ( ! practices resort$ to affect ! dietetic quality ( ! w9e 9 a delet]i\s mann]4 ,! mo/ common modes ( treatm5t1 g5]ally consid]$ h>mless1 are ! foll[+3-- ,pa/eur+1 :i* consi/s ess5tially 9 heat+ ! w9e to #fj1 ) a limit$ supply ( air1 & effects ! artificial age+ & bett] cons]vation ( ! product4 ,w9es :i* exhibit rop9ess & o!r diseases are re/or$ by de/roy+ ! fungi pres5t4 ,?is is accompli%$ by subject+ ! well-fill$ & cork$ bottles to a temp]ature ( f #de to #ajj = sev]al h\rs4 ,a process ( freez+ is likewise employ$ = ! improvem5t ( w9e4 ,x results 9 ! removal ( mu* ( ! cream ( t>t>1 col\r+ matt]1 & nitrog5\s sub/ances conta9$1 & also causes an increase 9 ! alcoholic /r5g? ( ! w9e1 !reby consid]ably decreas+ its t5d5cy to und]go an aft]-f]m5tation4 ,! proportions ( sug> & acid be/ adapt$ to ! production ( w9e ( good quality are at lea/ #bj p] c5t4 ( ! =m] to n m ?an #je p] c5t4 ( ! latt]4 ,z ^! conditions d n always obta9 9 grape-juice1 artificial me?ods are employ$ to supply ! necess>y con/itu5ts4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ rational consi/s 9 dilut+ ! mu/ until ! am\nt ( acid is r$uc$ to #je p] c5t41 & increas+ ! sug> to a proportion ( #bj p] c5t4 by ! addition ( glucose4 ,9 a some:at simil> process1 due to ,petiot1 ! m>c is repeat$ly mix$ ) wat] conta9+ #bj p] c5t4 ( sug>1 & !n subject$ to f]m5tation4 ,9 o!r me?ods1 ! removal ( ! excess ( free acid is effect$ by neutralisation ) pulv]is$ m>ble or neutral potassium t>trate4 ,! use ( ^! ag5ts results 9 ! =mation & subsequ5t sep>ation ( insoluble salts--9 ! latt] case1 ( potassium bit>trate4 ,ano!r process = ! improvem5t & pres]vation ( natural w9e1 propos$ by ,s*eele1 consi/s 9 ! addition ( glyc]9e1 9 a maximum proportion ( #c p] c5t41 aft] ! fir/ f]m5tation has tak5 place4 ,r4 ,kays]#ia has made a v exhau/ive inve/igation ( w9e-mu/ ( diff]5t s\rces1 & ( ! w9e prep>$ !refrom1 bo? 9 its natural /ate & aft] hav+ be5 subject$ to v>i\s 8processes ( improvem5t40 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! results obta9$ f ! analysis ( ,frank5 mu/ & w9e 7bo? natural & 8improv$071 made f ,riessl+ grapes 9 #ahhj3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,mu/4 ,natural ,w9e4 ----------------------------------- ,gall's ,process1 7,cane ,sug> add$74 --------------------------- ,gall's ,process1 7,grape ,sug> us$74 -------------------- ,*aptal's ,process 7,calcium ,c>bonate add$74 --------------- ,pla/]$4 -------- ,petiot's ,process 7,cane ,sug> add$ to grape husks74 - ---------------------------------------- ---- p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 ,alcohol 44 #ffj #abbj #iaj #ffj #fgj #ajdj ,extract #aghg #bec #baa #eia #bai #bhj #aih ,a% #jcc #jbf #jaj #jag #jbh #jbi #jaf ,sulphuric acid #jjaj #jjjf #jjjb #jjaj #jjjf #jjgg #jjjb ,phosphoric acid #jjca #jjbd #jjbj #jjba #jjbc #jjbe #jjag ,lime #jjab #jjji #jjjg #jjah #jjbg #jjci #jjjf ,magnesia #jjab #jjaa #jjab #jjji #jjab #jjab #jjjh ,free acid 7z t>t>ic7 #acfe #abge #jgfe #jhjb #jffj #abig #jdhh ,total t>t>ic acid #jeja #jcdb #jabj #jadj #jjad #jbfj #jaej ,free t>t>ic acid #jahh #jjab 44 44 44 #jafj 44 ,malic acid #jgbj #jgae #jdjj #jchh #jgaj #jgaf #jafe ,succ9ic acid 44 #jaaj #jadj #jaad #jaab #jaja #jabg ,glyc]9e 44 #jfej #aaej #jhjj #jfjj #jgjj #jijj ,sug> #acij #jbaj #jahj #jcdj #jbjj #jahj #jcjj ,potassa #jaef #jaag #jjea #jjha #jacd #jabg #jjic ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,magni] de la ,s\rce#ib has rec5tly made "s inve/igations conc]n+ ! diff]5ce 9 *emical composition ( natural & pla/]$ w9e2 he gives ! foll[+ con/itu5ts ( #a litre ( w9e3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,natural4 ,pla/]$4 -------------------- gr4 gr4 ,t>t> #aid #j ,sulphuric acid #beh #caj ,potassium #aab #bdf ,calcium 79 soluble portion ( a%7 #j #jjcg ,calcium 79 insoluble portion ( a%7 #jagi #jaea ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,adult]ation ( ,w9e4--,al?\gh !re may be "s "q 9 reg>d to ! moral /atus ( ! =ego+ me?ods ( improvem5t ( natural w9e1 num]\s o!r practices are resort$ to conc]n+ :i* no d\bt c exi/4 ,! m common =ms ( w9e adult]ation include pla/]+1 sulphur+1 =tification1 bl5d+1 flav\r+1 col\r+1 & ! manufacture ( fictiti\s imitations4 ,! 8pla/]+0 ( w9es consi/s 9 ! addition ( pla/] ( ,p>is 7(t5 mix$ ) lime71 ei!r to ! unpress$ grapes or to ! mu/4 ,! process1 :i* is r hypo!tically claim$ to aid 9 ! pres]vation ( ! w9e & correct any excessive acidity1 is v objectionable1 9 t x det]m9es ! =mation ( free sulphuric acid & acid sulphates1 z well z ( calcium t>trate & potassium sulphate4 ,! lime salt1 be+ insoluble1 is deposit$ ) ! lees2 ! potassium sulphate1 h[ev]1 rema9s 9 solution1 & z x ex]ts a decid$ purgative effect1 its pres5ce 9 w9e _c fail to be detrim5tal4 ,9 ,france1 ! sale ( w9e conta9+ ov] #jb p] c5t4 ( potassium sulphate is prohibit$4 ,! pla/]+ ( w9e is *iefly c>ri$ on 9 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & s\!rn ,france4 ,! a% ( pure w9e does n exce$ #jc p] c5t41 b 9 ! samples ( %]ry usually met ) x rea*es a proportion ( #je p] c5t41 & is almo/ entirely compos$ ( sulphates4 ,! 8sulphur+0 ( w9es is also ext5sively practis$4 ,x is effect$ ei!r by burn+ sulphur 9 ! casks or by conduct+ sulphur\s acid ?r\gh ! w9e itself1 ! object s\ght be+ to pres]ve ! product & imp>t to x ! rip5ess naturally acquir$ by age4 ,sulphur$ w9es1 :ile n necess>ily %[+ an increase 9 ! am\nt ( a%1 c (t5 be recognis$ by ! abnormally l>ge proportion ( sulphates pres5t4 ,! /r5g? & pres]vative qualities ( w9e are frequ5tly augm5t$ by ! addition to x ( inf]ior sorts ( br&y4 ,port w9e usually receives an addition ( ab\t #cj p] c5t41 & %]ry is inv>iably =tifi$1 if n to s great an ext5t4 ,by ! ,cu/oms regulations 9 ,engl&1 #aj p] c5t4 ( br&y is all[$ to be add$ to w9es 9 bond1 :ile1 9 ,france1 ! sophi/ication is equally p]mitt$ 9 w9es int5d$ = export1 provid$ ! total am\nt ( alcohol 9 ! =tifi$ article does n exce$ #ba p] c5t4 ,d\btless ! mix+ or bl5d+ ( w9es con/itutes ! mo/ frequ5t =m ( _! sophi/ication4 ,natural w9es ( ! same manufacture v>y to "s ext5t f ye> to ye> 9 col\r1 flav\r1 & o!r *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 & mix+ is resort$ to 9 ord] to supply ! trade ) a product always possess+ ne>ly id5tical qualities4 ,9 _m cases1 ! flav\r ( w9es is improv$ by bl5d+1 & _! intoxicat+ effects are also increas$1 bo? results be+ due to ! =mation ( comp\nd e!rs4 ,common in/ances ( w9e mix+ are ! addition ( ,h]mitage & ,r\sillon w9es to cl>ets2 ( ,malaga & ,t5]iffe to port2 ( sol>as 7a mixture ( ,amontillado & ,manzanilla7 to %]ry2 & ( a liqueur compos$ ( sug>1 "s k9d ( full1 ri* w9e1 & br&y1 to *ampagne4 ,! flav\r & b\quet ( exp5sive w9es are frequ5tly imp>t$ to inf]ior grades by ! addition ( v>i\s sub/ances1 among :i* are eld]fl[]s1 orris root1 *]ry wat]1 ess5tial oil ( almonds1 sweet bri>1 & num]\s p]fumes1 su* z orange-fl[] wat]1 n]oli1 ess5ce de petit gra91 violet petals1 etc4 ,! t9cture ( rais9 se$s is said to communicate a g5u9e port flav\r to poor w9es1 & a gra9 ( amb]gris1 triturat$ ) a little sug>1 is /at$ to imp>t a mu* e/eem$ b\quet to a hog%ead ( cl>et4 ,num]\s t9ctures1 z ^? ( /rawb]ry root1 raspb]ries1 & walnuts1 are likewise us$4 ,sweet & liqueur w9es are ext5sively imitat$ at ,cette & ,montpeli]4 ,! foll[+ recipes#ic w s]ve to illu/rate ! g5]al "* ( ! mixtures employ$3-- ,= ,la*ryma ,*ri/i3-- ,bagnols 7dry7 #he litres4 ,gum k9o #ej grammes4 ,infusion ( walnuts #a litre4 ,syrup ( rais9s #f litres4 ,alcohol 7#he7 #h ,= ,madeira3-- ,pic>dan 7dry7 #fj litres4 ,tavel 7old & /rong7 #be ,infusion ( walnuts #b ,infusion ( bitt] almonds #b ,rock c&y #a kilos4 ,br&y 7#eh7 #aj litres4 ,= ,malaga3-- ,bagnols 7old7 #hj litres4 ,syrup ( rais9s #aj ,infusion ( walnuts #b ,alcohol 7#he7 #h ,= ,tokay3-- ,bagnols #hj litres4 ,syrup ( rais9s #aj ,dri$ eld] fl[]s #cjj grammes4 ,infusion ( :ite raspb]ries #b kilos4 walnuts #a kilo4 ,alcohol #f litres4 ,port is frequ5tly flav\r$ ) a mixture ( eld]b]ry juice1 grape juice1 br[n sug>1 & crude br&y kn[n z 8,j]upiga40 ,%]ry (t5 consi/s ( ,cape w9e mix$ ) honey1 bitt] almonds1 & br&y4 ,a/r+5cy is convey$ to w9es1 defici5t 9 ?is quality1 by means ( tann92 & ! prop]ty ( =m+ a cru/ on ! int]ior ( ! bottle is produc$1 especially 9 port1 by ! admixture ( cream ( t>t> & gum4 8,dryness0 is also obta9$ by artificial me?ods4 ,a prep>ation met ) 9 ! trade1 & us$ = ?is purpose1 has ! foll[+ composition3#id-- ,p] c5t4 ,glucose #bhgb ,glyc]9e #chdj ,tann9 #daj ,dextr9e #cad ,boracic acid #dbg ,cream ( t>t> trace ,moi/ure & a% #bacg ------ #ajjjj ------ ,! col\r ( :ite w9es is caus$ by ! oxidation ( ! tann9 pres5t1 b x is sometimes increas$ by ! addition ( ! conc5trat$ juice ( highly-col\r$ grapes1 or by means ( a small proportion ( c>amel4 ,! col\r ( natural r$ w9e is due to ! pres5ce ( o5ocyan91 a blui%-black comp\nd1 *iefly conta9$ 9 ! grape sk9s1 :i* is insoluble 9 wat]1 b dissolves 9 acidulat$ alcohol4 ,9 ,spa9 & s\!rn ,france1 a w9e prep>$ f a v9e kn[n z ! ,te9turi]1 & possess+ an int5se blui%-r$ col\r1 is ext5sively employ$ = col\r+ ( w9es4 ,!re appe>s to be no d\bt b t eld]b]ries1 black *]ries1 mulb]ries1 & hollyhock are also frequ5tly us$ z col\r+ ag5ts4 ,s\b]ian#ie m5tions a mixture1 t]m$ liqueur de fismes1 compos$ ( eld]b]ries1 b also conta9+ ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( alum1 :i* is occasionally employ$4 ,! g5]al use ( sev]al delet]i\s dyes1 su* z logwood1 co*9eal1 & ! anil9e col\rs1 is f> m problematical4 ,9 reg>d to ! la/-m5tion$ ag5ts1 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 ass]t$1#if t 9 a commune ne> ,bezi]s1 ( #ahjj inhabitants1 mag5ta1 to ! value ( #cj1jjj francs1 is annually consum$ 9 ! adult]ation ( w9e4 ,x is also wor?y ( rem>k t an anil9e prep>ation us$ 9 ,spa9 = ! artificial col\r+ ( w9e has rec5tly be5 f\nd to conta9 #afb p] c5t4 ( ars5ic acid4#ig ,ow+ to ! ravages ( ! phyllox]a1 a v consid]able decrease 9 ! s\rce ( natural w9es has tak5 place dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,betwe5 #ahhc & #ahhd no less ?an #bb ?\s& acres ( v9ey>ds 7 entirely de/roy$ 9 ! ,gironde di/rict alone1 & x is /at$1 ^u good au?ority1 t ! total production ( w9es 9 ,france 9 #ahhd 0 #bbj millions ( gallons less ?an ! av]age ( ! previ\s t5 ye>s4#ih ,!re is no d\bt b t ?is decrease has greatly /imulat$ ! manufacture ( imitation w9es4 ,^! occasionally conta9 a c]ta9 proportion ( g5u9e w9e z ! basis1 b m frequ5tly !y consi/ entirely ( factiti\s con/itu5ts4 ,! foll[+ recipe furni%es a fair example ( ^? ( ! fir/ class3-- ,r\sillon w9e #ej litres4 ,wat] #he ,common br&y #bj ,v9eg> #a ,t>t>ic acid #cjj grammes4 ,p[d]$ orris #bj ,wood *>coal #ejj ,agitate ?or\ghly1 add ! :ite ( two eggs1 ) con/ant /irr+2 all[ to settle1 & draw (f4 ,( late ye>s1 ! production ( w9e f dri$ fruit has assum$ v ext5sive proportions 9 ,france4 ,! product1 :i* is g5]ally kn[n z 8v9 de rais9s secs10 is claim$ by its manufactur]s to be :olesome4#ii ,a w9e said to possess ! qualities ( a fair cl>et1 is made by submitt+ to f]m5tation ! foll[+ mixture3-- ,:ite sug> #e kilos4 ,rais9s #e ,sodium *loride #abe grammes4 ,t>t>ic acid #bjj ,br&y #ab litres4 ,wat] #ie ,gall nuts #bj grammes4 ,brew]'s yea/ #bjj ,ano!r recipe = ,bordeaux w9e is3-- ,orris root #a lb4 ,wat] #e galls4 ,raspb]ry juice #a ,pure _s #aj ,ess5ce ( cl>et lb4 ,sug> syrup #a gall4 ,col\r ) co*9eal4 ,x is au!ntically /at$ t 9 ! ye> #ahha1 #eb millions ( gallons ( factiti\s cl>et w9e 7 made 9 ,france1 & ! indu/ry has c]ta9ly n dim9i%$ 9 ext5t s9ce ?is date4 ,x is a significant fact t ! importation ( ,spani% rais9s into ,france has und]gone a rem>kable increase dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,nor is ?is species ( sophi/ication conf9$ to =eign w9es4 ,e/abli%m5ts are 9 active op]ation 9 ,new ,york ,city & else:]e 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e imitations ( ,cali=nian hock & cl>et are made f f]m5t$ infusions ( dri$ fruit 7(t5 *>g$ ) salicylic acid71 & (f]$ = sale at less ?an ?irty c5ts p] gallon1 ) m ?an ! usual trade disc\nt4#ajj ,accord+ to a reliable e/imation1 less ?an "o-t5? ( ! w9e sold z *ampagne is actually ! product ( t di/rict1 ! rema9d] be+ fabricat$ f o!r w9es or f cid]4 ,analysis ( ,w9e4--,! analysis ( w9e comprises ! foll[+ e/imations3--,specific gravity1 alcohol1 extract1 sug>1 pol>isation1 glyc]9e1 total free acids1 volatile acids1 free t>t>ic acid1 potassium bit>trate1 malic acid1 succ9ic acid1 tann91 e!rs1 a%1 *lor9e1 sulphuric & phosphoric acids1 & col\r+ matt]s4 ,specific gravity4--,! d5sity is det]m9$ by means ( ! gravity bottle1 at a temp]ature ( #ae4 ,alcohol4--,! proportion ( alcohol is asc]ta9$ by ! di/illation ( #ej or #ajj c4c4 ( ! w9e 9 a suitable flask1 :i* is connect$ ) a ,liebig's cond5s]1 until ab\t half ( ! liquid has pass$ ov]4 ,! di/illate is made up to ! orig9al volume ) wat]1 & its specific gravity tak51 f :i* ! am\nt ( alcohol 7by weight7 pres5t is calculat$ by aid ( ! usual alcohol-metric tables 7see p4 #aif74 ,! result 7z well z ! proportions ( ! o!r con/itu5ts7 is pref]ably /at$ 9 grammes p] #ajj c4c4 ( w9e4 ,! det]m9ation may also be made by fir/ remov+ ! alcohol by evaporation1 add+ di/ill$ wat] to re/ore ! orig9al volume1 & !n e/imat+ ! d5sity ( ! liquid 7see "u ,be]1 p4 #adb74 ,9 un=tifi$ w9es ! alcoholic /r5g? ranges f #f to #ab p] c5t41 & 9 w9es :i* h receiv$ an addition ( _s1 x may v>y f #ab to #bb p] c5t4 ,extract4--,! extract is conv5i5tly det]m9$ by evaporat+ #ej c4c4 7measur$ at #ae71 9 a plat9um di% ov] ! wat]-ba?1 ! residue be+ dri$ = #b h\rs 9 ! /eam-ov54 ,9 case a w9e ri* 9 sug> 7conta9+1 say1 ov] #je grammes p] #ajj c4c47 is "u exam9ation1 #bj c4c4 w suffice = ! det]m9ation4 ,! indirect me?od us$ 9 ! e/imation ( ! malt extract 9 be] may also be employ$4 ,accord+ to ,gir>d9 & ,pressi]1 x is possible to detect ! wat]+ ( c]ta9 w9es1 ! av]age composition ( :i* is kn[n1 by means ( ! proportions ( extract & alcohol pres5t4 ,= example1 9 g5u9e ,bordeaux w9es ! proportion ( extract ranges f #bj to #bjh grammes p] #ajjj c4c41 & ! am\nt ( alcohol is also v con/ant1 x be+ a mean ( #ajj grammes p] #ajjj c4c4 ,%\ld a sample ( ,bordeaux w9e %[ an extract ( #ade grammes p] litre1 ! proportion ( g5u9e w9e pres5t w\ld be #gbe p] c5t41 = 7#ajjj #ade7_/bj #gbejj1 ! rema9d] be+ wat] & alcohol4 ,9 ord] to e/imate ! am\nt ( spirits artificially add$1 ! alcohol conta9$ 9 #gbe p>ts ( ! w9e is det]m9$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 x is f\nd to be #aa p>ts1 !n1 7#aa - #gbe 7 #cge p>ts ( alcohol h be5 add$4#aja ,! quantity ( extract 9 pure natural w9e v>ies f #ae to #c p] c5t41 b 9 sweet & =tifi$ w9es1 x may rea* #aj p] c5t4 or m4 ,sug>4--,! sug> 9 w9e consi/s ( a mixture ( fruit & grape sug>1 usually 9 ! proportion ( #c p>ts ( ! =m] to #a "p ( ! latt]4 ,! am\nt ( sug> is be/ e/imat$ by ,fehl+'s solution 7see p4 #aaa74 ,9 ! case ( :ite w9es1 x is advisable to employ #ajj c4c4 = ! det]m9ation2 ) sweet ri* w9es #be c4c4 are suffici5t4 ,! alcohol is fir/ remov$ by evaporation ov] ! wat]-ba?1 & ! dilut$ liquid is next decoloris$ by means ( bone-black or plumbic acetate1 filt]$1 & made alkal9e by addition ( sodium c>bonate4 ,x is !n made up to a volume ( #bjj c4c4 & gradually add$ to #aj c4c4 ( ,fehl+'s solution4 ,x is always well to te/ ! w9e by ! pol>iscope1 &1 :5ev] ! pres5ce ( cane sug> is indicat$1 to inv]t #ajj c4c4 ( ! sample by heat+ ) a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 & aga9 make a sug> det]m9ation ) ,fehl+'s reag5t aft] neutralisation ) sodium c>bonate4 ,pol>isation4--,! optical exam9ation ( w9e is conduct$ by add+ #bj c4c4 ( plumbic acetate solution to #ajj c4c4 ( ! sample1 %ak+ ! mixture1 all[+ x to /& = a %ort "t1 & pass+ x ?r\gh a filt]4 ,if necess>y ! filtrate is fur!r decoloris$ ) animal *>coal & aga9 filt]$4 ,! pol>iscope tube is !n fill$ ) ! cle> solution & ! read+ made4 ,! majority ( w9es exhibit a left-h&$ pol>isation1 :i* is due to ! fact t1 z a rule1 ! proportion ( fruit sug> pres5t pr$om9ates ov] t ( grape sug>2 moreov]1 "p ( fruit sug> w neutralise ! dextro-rot>y action ( #a "p ( grape sug>4 ,9 case ! pres5ce ( an excess ( grape sug> is indicat$ by ! pol>iscopic exam9ation1 x is (t5 assum$ t ?is body has be5 directly add$ to ! w9e4 ,x sometimes occurs1 h[ev]1 t1 9 ! f]m5tation process1 m grape sug> rema9s undecompos$ ?an fruit sug>1 "u :i* circum/ances ! prepond]ance ( ! =m] body 9 ! result+ w9e w\ld n prove sophi/ication2 b1 "u ord9>y conditions1 ! pres5ce ( an excessive proportion ( grape sug> may safely be reg>d$ z /rongly po9t+ to ! artificial addition ( mu/ syrup4 ,glyc]9e4--#ajj c4c4 ( ! w9e are r$uc$ by evaporation on ! wat]-ba? to #aj c4c41 "s pure s& add$1 & !n milk ( lime to decid$ alkal9e reaction1 aft] :i* ! mixture is evaporat$ ne>ly to dryness4 ,:5 cold1 ! residue is ?or\ghly agitat$ ) #ej c4c4 ( #if p] c5t4 alcohol1 next heat$ to boil+ on ! wat]-ba?1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh a filt]4 ,! insoluble residue is repeat$ly wa%$ ) m hot alcohol1 ! wa%+s be+ add$ to ! fir/ filtrate4 ,! solution is n[ evaporat$ until x assumes a visc\s consi/5cy4 ,! residue is tak5 up ) #aj c4c4 ( absolute alcohol1 & #ae c4c4 ( e!r are add$1 ! mixture be+ %ak5 & all[$ to /& at re/ 9 a well-/opp]$ flask until x becomes cle>4 ,! solution is subsequ5tly filt]$ into a t>$ glass capsule1 !n c>efully evaporat$ to a syrupy condition ov] ! wat]-ba?1 & ! residue dri$ 9 ! /eam-ov5 = "o h\r1 & f9ally weigh$4 ,accord+ to ,pa/eur1 #aabh p>ts ( grape sug> yield #cf p>ts ( glyc]9e2 9 natural w9e1 !re=e1 ! glyc]9e %\ld am\nt to ab\t #a_/ad? "p ( ! alcohol pres5t4 ,acids4--,! acids 9 w9e consi/ ( acetic1 t>t>ic1 malic1 tannic1 succ9ic1 racemic1 =mic1 & propionic4 ,total free ,acids4--,^! are det]m9$ by titrat+ #aj c4c4 ( ! sample ) #a_/aj? normal soda solution1 litmus pap] or t9cture ( logwood be+ employ$ z ! indicator4 ,w9es conta9+ free c>bonic acid %\ld be repeat$ly well-%ak5 be=e mak+ ! e/imation4 ,! free acids are express$ 9 t]ms ( t>t>ic acid 7,c#d;,h#f,o#f74 ,if sulphuric acid or potassium bisulphate is pres5t1 a piece ( filt] pap] w be r5d]$ brittle :5 imm]s$ 9 ! w9e = "s "t1 & aft]w>ds cauti\sly dri$4 ,volatile ,acids4--,! volatile acids are e/imat$ by sl[ly evaporat+ #aj c4c4 ( ! w9e to ! consi/5cy ( a syrup1 & repeat+ ! titration ) #a_/aj? normal alkali solution4 ,! diff]5ce 9 acidity repres5ts ! proportion ( volatile acids pres5t1 :i* is /at$ 9 t]ms ( acetic acid 7,c#b;,h#d,o#b74 ,x is evid5t t ! non-volatile acids c be calculat$ by d$uct+ f ! total am\nt ( free acids1 ! t>t>ic acid correspond+ to ! acetic acid f\nd4 ,! proportion ( volatile acid 9 g5u9e w9e v>ies f #jc to #jf p] c5t4 ,accord+ to ,dupr1 9 :ite w9e1 "o-f\r? ( ! total acidity %\ld be due to volatile acids1 & 9 =tifi$ & r$ w9e1 !y %\ld n exce$ a proportion ( "o-?ird4 ,free ,t>t>ic ,acid & ,potassium ,bit>trate4--,9 ! pres5ce ( a small am\nt ( free acids1 ! detection ( a consid]able proportion ( free t>t>ic acid may fairly be consid]$ z /rong evid5ce t ! w9e is artificial4 ,nessl] recomm5ds ! foll[+ qualitative te/3--#bj c4c4 ( ! sample are repeat$ly %ak5 ) a little fre%ly prep>$ & f9ely gr\nd cream ( t>t>4 ,aft] /&+ "o h\r1 ! solution is filt]$1 #c or #d drops ( a #bj p] c5t4 solution ( potassium acetate are add$1 & ! mixture is all[$ to rema9 at re/ = twelve h\rs1 :51 9 pres5ce ( free t>t>ic acid1 a precipitation w take place4 ,! quantitative e/imation ( free t>t>ic acid & potassium bit>trate is made by ,b]!lot's me?od1 z foll[s3--,sep>ate portions ( ! w9e 7#bj c4c4 ea*7 are introduc$ into two flasks1 a few drops ( #bj p] c5t4 solution ( potassium acetate be+ add$ to ! second flask4 #bjj c4c4 ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( alcohol & e!r are !n add$ to bo? flasks1 _! cont5ts repeat$ly %ak5 & f9ally set aside = eighte5 h\rs at a temp]ature betwe5 #j & #aj4 ,! sep>at$ precipitates are n[ remov$ by filtration1 wa%$ ) ! e!r-alcohol mixture1 & !n titrat$ ) #a_/aj? normal alkali solution4 ,t =m$ 9 ! fir/ flask corresponds to ! potassium bit>trate orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! w9e2 ! second repres5ts ! total t>t>ic acid pres5t4 ,! addition ( a small quantity ( clean s& w assi/ 9 ! sep>ation ( ! precipitates4 ,malic ,acid4--,a slight excess ( lime-wat] is add$ to #ajj c4c4 ( ! w9e1 &1 aft] /&+ = "s "t ! solution is filt]$1 conc5trat$ by evaporation to "o-half its orig9al volume1 & treat$ ) an excess ( absolute alcohol4 ,! result+ precipitate 7consi/+ ( calcium malate & sulphate7 is collect$ ^u a filt]1 dri$ & !n inc9]at$4 ,! proportion ( malic acid conta9$ is n[ e/imat$ by volumetrically det]m9+ ! am\nt ( calcium c>bonate pres5t by means ( a normal acid solution3 #a "p ( calcium c>bonate repres5ts #acd p>ts ( malic acid 7,c#d;,h#f,o#e74 ,tannic ,acid4--#aj c4c4 ( ! sample are tak51 ! free acids pres5t neutralis$ ) normal alkali solution1 & a few drops ( conc5trat$ sodium acetate solution 7#dj p] c5t47 add$4 ,a solution ( f]ric *loride 7#aj p] c5t47 is !n add$1 drop by drop1 c>efully avoid+ an excess4 ,a s+le drop ( ! iron solution repres5ts #jje p] c5t4 ( tannic acid4 ,! me?od ( tann9 det]m9ation describ$ "u ,tea 7see p4 #bb7 c also be appli$4 ,succ9ic ,acid4--#ejj c4c4 ( ! w9e are decoloris$ ) bone-black1 filt]$1 ! filtrate evaporat$ ov] ! wat]-ba? ne>ly to dryness1 & ! residue repeat$ly treat$ ) alcohol-e!r4 ,! solution ?us obta9$ is conc5trat$1 c>efully neutralis$ ) lime-wat]1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! glyc]9e pres5t remov$ by wa%+ ) ! alcohol-e!r mixture4 ,! rema9+ residue is n[ treat$ ) #hj p] c5t4 alcohol1 9 ord] to dissolve ! calcium succ9ate conta9$1 e #ajj p>ts ( :i* repres5t #gefd p>ts ( succ9ic acid 7,h#f;,c#d,o#d74 ,?udi*um & ,dupr /ate t "o litre ( pure w9e conta9s f #a to #ae grammes ( succ9ic acid4 ,e!rs4--,! comp\nd e!rs 9 w9e are volatile & fix$1 & exi/ 9 b m9ute proportions4 ,( ! =m] class1 e?ylic acetate ,c#b;,h#c7;,c#b;,h#e7,o#b is ! mo/ important4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! aroma ( w9e is l>gely influ5c$ by ! pres5ce ( ! e!rs ( ! fatty acids1 butyric1 caprylic1 etc4 ,dupr det]m9es ! proportion ( bo? k9ds ( e!rs indirectly z foll[s3--#bej c4c4 ( ! w9e are di/ill$ until #bjj c4c4 h pass$ ov]4 ,wat] is !n add$ to ! di/illate to a volume ( #bej c4c4 #ajj c4c4 are fir/ titrat$ ) #a_/aj? normal soda solution4 ,ano!r #ajj c4c4 ( ! di/illate are next heat$ ) a kn[n quantity ( alkali 7by :i* ! e!rs are decompos$ into _! correspond+ acids & alcohol71 & ! titration is repeat$4 ,! am\nt ( volatile e!rs is !n calculat$ f ! increas$ acidity %[n by ! second titration4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! proportion ( fix$ e!rs1 #ejj c4c4 ( ! sample are evaporat$ ov] ! wat]-ba? to a small volume :i* is made alkal9e1 & !n subject$ to di/illation4 ,! di/illate is acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid & aga9 di/ill$4 ,! alcohol pres5t 9 ! second di/illate is n[ oxidis$ to acetic acid by means ( potassium di*romate1 & ! am\nt ( ?is acid f\nd e/imat$ by titration4 ,accord+ to ,b]!lot1 ! proportion ( e!rs 9 g5u9e w9e be>s a fix$ relation to ! am\nts ( alcohol & acids pres5t3 he sugge/s ! foll[+ =mula = calculat+ ! am\nt ( alcohol conta9$ 9 ! comp\nd e!r ( "o litre ( w9e1 :5 e!rification is complete3-- y #aag ,a #bh x 7y a7 _/ #ajj1 :]e ,a is ! p]c5tage1 by weight1 ( alcohol2 a ! am\nt ( alcohol equival5t to ! total free acid 9 "o litre ( w9e 7assum+ ?is to be acetic acid72 y1 ! proportion p] c5t4 ( a pres5t z comp\nd e!r 9 "o litre ( w9e1 :5 ! alcoholic /r5g? ( ! w9e is ,a2 & x1 ! am\nt ( alcohol pres5t 9 ! comp\nd e!r ( "o litre ( w9e4 ,! ,a%4--#ajj c4c4 ( ! w9e are evaporat$ to dryness 9 a plat9um di%1 ov] ! wat]-ba?1 & ! residue is inc9]at$ at a r l[ temp]ature & weigh$4 ,by ?is process1 ! t>trates & malates conta9$ 9 ! w9e are conv]t$ ) c>bonates4 ,! a% ( normal w9e consi/s ( potassium sulphate1 c>bonate1 phosphate & *loride1 sodium *loride1 calcium c>bonate1 etc41 b1 9 _m samples1 x w be f\nd to be l>gely if n entirely compos$ ( sulphates1 :i* is due to ! practice ( sulphur+ & pla/]+4#ajb ,g5]ally speak+1 ! proportion ( a% 9 g5u9e w9e ranges f #jae to #jcj p] c5t4 ,*lor9e4--#ajj c4c4 ( ! sample are neutralis$ ) sodium c>bonate1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue g5tly ignit$4 ,x is !n extract$ ) boil+ wat]1 filt]$1 & ! *lor9e det]m9$ by means ( silv] nitrate1 ei!r volumetrically or gravimetrically4 ,sulphuric ,acid4--#ajj c4c4 are acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 ! liquid heat$ to boil+1 & ! sulphuric acid precipitat$ by b>ium *loride4 ,! precipitate is well wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 #ajj p>ts repres5t #dbdi p>ts ,h#b,,s#d4 ,pure w9e conta9s f #jaji to #jcbh gramme ( monohydrat$ sulphuric acid p] litre 7correspond+ to #jaid to #jehc gramme potassium sulphate74 ,! pres5ce ( an excess ( ?is maximum am\nt indicates t ! w9e has be5 pla/]$4 ,phosphoric ,acid4--#ajj c4c4 ( ! w9e are evaporat$1 ! residue ignit$1 dissolv$ 9 a little wat]1 acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 & !n add$ to an excess ( solution ( ammonium molybdate4 ,aft] /&+ ov] night ! sep>at$ precipitate is dissolv$ 9 ammonia & ! phosphoric acid det]m9$ by means ( an ammoniacal solution ( magnesium sulphate4 #ajj p>ts ( ! precipitate ?us obta9$ correspond to #fcif p>ts ( phosphoric acid4 ,! =m] belief t ! be/ qualities ( w9e conta9 ! l>ge/ proportion ( phosphoric acid does n appe> to be inv>iably correct4 ,salicylic ,acid4#ajc--,! det]m9ation ( ?is acid is accompli%$ z foll[s3--#ajj c4c4 ( ! sample are repeat$ly agitat$ ) *lor(orm1 :i* is subsequ5tly sep>at$ & evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! residue is re-cry/allis$ f *lor(orm & weigh$2 its id5tity c be e/abli%$ by dissolv+ x 9 wat] & add+ solution ( f]ric *loride 7see p4 #adi74 ,sulphur\s ,acid4--,= ! detection & e/imation ( sulphur\s acid1 ! foll[+ me?ods h be5 recomm5d$3--#ejj c4c4 ( ! w9e are plac$ 9 a flask1 ! exit-tube ( :i* dips into a te/-tube :i* is suitably cool$1 & subject$ to di/illation4 ,:5 ab\t #b c4c4 h di/ill$1 a few drops ( a neutral solution ( silv] nitrate are add$ to ! di/illate3 9 pres5ce ( sulphur\s acid1 a :ite curdy precipitate w be =m$1 :i* diff]s f silv] *loride 9 be+ soluble 9 nitric acid4 ,accord+ to ,haas1#ajd ?is te/ is n inv>iably decisive1 z pure w9e may cause ! precipitation "u c]ta9 conditions2 moreov]1 acetic acid is said to r5d] silv] nitrate turbid 9 /rong alcoholic solutions4 ,sulphur\s acid c be quantitatively det]m9$ by add+ phosphoric acid to #ajj c4c4 ( ! w9e1 & di/ill+ x 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,! di/illate is receiv$ 9 #e c4c4 ( normal iod9e solution4 ,:5 "o-?ird ( ! sample has pass$ ov]1 ! di/illate 7:i* %\ld /ill conta9 an excess ( free iod9e71 is acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & ! sulphuric acid =m$ precipitat$ ) b>ium *loride4 ,col\r+ matt]s4--,v num]\s processes h be5 publi%$ = ! detection ( =eign & artificial col\r+ matt]s 9 w9e4 ,among ^? sugge/$ are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,a few drops ( ! sample are plac$ 9 succession on ! smoo? surface ( a piece ( :ite calc9$ lime1 & notice tak5 ( ! t9t produc$4 ,! foll[+ col\rs are /at$ to occur ) pure & artificially col\r$ w9e3-- ,natural r$ w9e yell[i% br[n4 ,w9e col\r$ ) fu*s9e rose col\r4 ,brazil wood logwood r$di% violet4 black hollyhock yell[i% br[n4 poke-b]ries yell[i% r$4 #b4 ,if ammonium hydroxide be add$ to ! suspect$ sample to di/9ct alkal9e reaction1 !n a little ammonium sulphide & ! liquid filt]$1 ! filtrate f g5u9e w9e w possess a gre5 t9t1 :]eas t obta9$ f artificially col\r$ w9e w exhibit o!r col\rs1 su* z r$1 blue1 violet1 or br[n4 #c4 #ajj c4c4 ( ! w9e are evaporat$ to ab\t "o-half ( ! orig9al volume1 ammonium hydroxide add$ to alkal9e reaction1 & ! liquid ?or\ghly %ak54 ,e!r is !n add$1 & ! mixture aga9 well %ak54 ,x is next introduc$ into a sep>ator1 & all[$ to /& at re/ until ! e!r has ris5 to ! surface1 :5 ! l[] /ratum is drawn (f1 & ! residual e!r wa%$ by agitation ) wat]1 :i* is subsequ5tly remov$4 ,! e!real solution is n[ transf]r$ to a flask connect$ ) a ,liebig's cond5s]1 a piece ( :ite wooll5 y>n introduc$ into ! liquid1 & ! cont5ts ( ! flask di/ill$ at a g5tle heat3 9 pres5ce ( ! smalle/ am\nt ( fu*s9e1 ! wool w acquire a v p]ceptible r$di% hue4 #d4 ,a slight excess ( ammonium hydroxide is add$ to #ej c4c4 ( ! w9e1 a piece ( :ite wooll5 fabric introduc$1 & ! liquid boil$ until ! alcohol & ammonia are expell$4 ,by ?is treatm5t x w be f\nd t mo/ anil9e col\r+ matt]s1 if pres5t1 become atta*$ to ! wool4 ,_! pres5ce c be corroborat$ by remov+ ! fabric1 wa%+ & press+ x1 & !n dissolv+ x1 ) con/ant /irr+1 9 a hot solution ( potassium hydroxide4 ,:5 solution has tak5 place1 ! liquid is all[$ to cool1 & "o-half its volume ( alcohol is add$1 !n an equal volume ( e!r4 ,! mixture is vigor\sly %ak51 &1 aft] rema9+ at re/ = "s "t1 ! sup]natant e!real solution is remov$1 introduc$ into a te/-tube1 & a drop or two ( acetic acid add$4 ,9 pres5ce ( fu*s9e1 its *>act]i/ic col\r w n[ become app>5t4 ,me?yl violet & anil9e blue are sep>at$ by an analog\s process4 #e4 ,logwood & co*9eal may be detect$ by agitat+ #ajj c4c4 ( ! suspect$ w9e ) manganic p]oxide1 & filt]+4 ,! filtrate af=d$ by pure w9e w be col\rless4 #f4 ,9 ,dupr's process1#aje cubes ( jelly are fir/ prep>$ by dissolv+ #a "p ( gelat9e 9 #bj p>ts ( hot wat]1 & p\r+ ! solution into m\lds to set4 ,^! are imm]s$ 9 ! w9e "u exam9ation = #bd h\rs1 !n remov$1 slightly wa%$1 & ! dep? to :i* ! col\r+ matt] has p]meat$ is obs]v$3 pure w9e w col\r ! gelat9e v sup]ficially2 ! majority ( o!r col\r+ pr9ciples 7e4g4 fu*s9e1 co*9eal1 logwood1 ,brazil wood1 litmus1 beetroot1 & indigo7 p5etrate ! jelly m readily & to a f> great] degree4 ,dilute ammonium hydroxide dissolves f ! /a9$ cake ! col\r+ matt] ( logwood & co*9eal1 b n t d]iv$ f fu*s9e or beetroot4 #g4 ,! col\r+ pr9ciple ( g5u9e w9e :5 subject$ to dialysis1 does n pass ?r\gh ! animal membrane to any decid$ ext5t1 :ile t ( logwood1 co*9eal1 & ,brazil wood easily dialyses4 #h4 ,_m ( ! =eign dyes add$ to w9e are precipitat$ by a solution ( basic plumbic acetate4 ,! precipitate obta9$ ^u treat+ #aj c4c4 ( ! sample ) #c c4c4 ( ?is reag5t is collect$ on a filt] & wa%$ ) a #b p] c5t4 solution ( potassium c>bonate1 :i* dissolves co*9eal1 sulph9digotic acid & anil9e r$4 ,! latt] is sep>at$ ^u neutralis+ ! solution ) acetic acid1 & %ak+ ) amylic alcohol1 :i*1 9 its pres5ce1 w acquire a rose col\r4 ,! liquid is next acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & aga9 agitat$ ) amylic alcohol1 by :i* ! c>m9amic acid1 orig9at+ f co*9eal1 is isolat$4 ,any rema9+ indigo 7z well z ! c>m9amic acid7 is to be subsequ5tly id5tifi$ by means ( its spectroscopic reactions4 ,^u treat+ ! portion ( ! plumbic acetate precipitate :i* rema9s undissolv$ by potassium c>bonate ) a dilute solution ( ammonium sulphide1 ! col\r+ matt] ( pure w9e & ( logwood is dissolv$4 ,if1 9 pres5ce ( logwood1 ! orig9al sample is %ak5 ) calcium c>bonate mix$ ) a little calcium hydroxide solution & filt]$1 ! filtrate w exhibit a decid$ r$ t9t1 b1 if ! w9e treat$ be pure1 little or no coloration w be produc$4 #i4 ,an artificial col\r+ = w9e1 kn[n z r\ge vgtale1 is n uncommonly employ$4 ,accord+ to ,am?or1#ajf its pres5ce c be recognis$ z foll[s3--#ajj c4c4 ( ! w9e are di/ill$ until all alcohol is remov$4 ,! residual liquid is /rongly acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & agitat$ ) e!r4 ,"s wooll5 y>n is next introduc$ into ! e!real solution1 :i* is !n evaporat$ ov] ! wat]-ba?4 ,9 pres5ce ( r\ge vgtale1 ! wool w acquire a brick-r$ col\r1 :i* turns violet ^u treatm5t ) ammonium hydroxide4 #aj4 ,cauz5euve & ,lep9e#ajg /ate t acid anil9e r$1 8naph?ol-yell[ ,s10 & roccell9e r$ are h>mless1 :]eas safran9e & ord9>y ,m>tius' yell[ are decid$ly poison\s4 ,! pres5ce ( 8,bordeaux r$0#ajh is recognis$ by fir/ add+ sodium sulphate to ! suspect$ w9e1 !n a solution ( b>ium *loride3 ! artificial dye is c>ri$ d[n ) ! precipitat$ b>ium sulphate1 f :i* x c be extract$ by means ( sodium c>bonate solution4 ,! br[ni%-r$ liquid ?us obta9$ acquires a deep r$ col\r if acidulat$ ) acetic acid1 :i* x readily communicates to silk ^u boil+4 ,natural r$ w9e fails to produce a coloration "u ! same circum/ances4 ,= ! detection ( ! pres5ce ( artificial col\r+ matt] ! foll[+ process is us$ 9 ! ,municipal ,laboratory 9 ,p>is3--,prelim9>y te/s are made-- #a/4 ,by soak+ pieces ( *alk 9 an aque\s solution ( egg-album52 ^! are dri$ & appli$ = use by dropp+ a little ( ! w9e ^u !m1 & not+ ! coloration produc$4 ,natural col\r$ w9e usually causes a greyi% /a91 :i*1 9 highly col\r$ v>ieties1 may v]ge to blue4 #bnd4 ,b>yta wat] is add$ to ! w9e "u exam9ation until ! mixture acquires a gre5i% hue1 aft] :i* x is %ak5 ) acetic e!r or amylic alcohol4 ,if ! w9e be pure1 ! upp] lay] rema9s col\rless1 ev5 aft] acidulation ) acetic acid2 :]eas1 9 pres5ce ( basic coal-t> dyes1 su* z fu*s9e1 amidob5zole1 safran9e1 *rysoid9e1 *rysanil9e1 etc41 *>act]i/ic colorations w be obta9$4 #crd4 ,a few c4c4 ( ! sample are made alkal9e by ! addition ( dilute potassium hydroxide1 "s m]curic acetate add$1 & ! mixture agitat$ & filt]$4 ,) pure w9es1 ! filtrate is col\rless2 9 ! pres5ce ( acid coal-t> d]ivatives1 x is r$ or yell[4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! artificial dye conta9$ 9 ! w9e hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ by ! =ego+ te/s its m precise nature is det]m9$ z foll[s3-- ,9 case ! =eign col\r+ is basic1 ! sup]natant lay] obta9$ 9 ! second te/ is sep>at$1 & divid$ into two portions2 "o portion be+ evaporat$ ) pure wooll5 y>n1 ! o!r ) filam5ts ( silk4 ,! dy$ ?reads are !n subject$ to ! foll[+ te/s3-- 7a7 ,rose-anil9e or safran9e af=ds a r$ coloration2 safran9e usually atta*es itself only on silk4 7b7 ,soluble anil9e violet produces col\r$ ?reads :i* become gre5 ^u treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid1 ! primitive col\r reappe>+ ^u dilution ) wat]4 7c7 ,mauve-anil9e gives a col\r :i* turns blue ^u addition ( ! acid4 7d7 ,*ysotoluid9e causes a coloration :i* is only slightly affect$ by ! acid1 b :i* is dis*>g$ ^u boil+ ) z9c p[d]2 ^u protract$ exposure to ! air ! col\r reappe>s4 7e7 ,*rysoid9e & ,amidonitrob5zole produce yell[ col\rs1 ! =m] turn+ poppy-r$ if treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 ! latt]1 sc>let4 ,a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( dyes1 simil> to rose-anil9e1 is t !y are decoloris$ by treatm5t ) sodium bisulphite4 ,if ! pres5ce ( an acid coal-t> dye is indicat$ by ! ?ird prelim9>y te/1 ! foll[+ special me?ods ( proc$ure are employ$3-- ,two portions ( ! w9e are saturat$ respectively ) hydro*loric acid & ) ammonium hydroxide wat]1 & ea* portion is /rongly agitat$ ) acetic e!r4 ,! e!real lay]s are remov$ by means ( a pipette1 !n mix$ toge!r1 evaporat$ to dryness1 ! residue obta9$ treat$ ) a drop ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & obs]vations made ( ! col\r obta9$3-- 7a7 ,roccell9e af=ds a violet col\r4 7b7 ,bordeaux1 ,r4 & ,b4 blue 7c7 ,panceau ,r41 ,r4,r41 ,r4,r4,r4 sc>let 7d7 ,panceau1 ,b4 r$ 7e7 ,biebri* r$ gre5 to violet col\r4 7f7 ,tropeol9e1 ,o4,o4,o4 r$ col\r4 7g7 ,tropeol9e1 ,o41 & ,*rysoid9e orange-yell[ col\r4 7h7 ,tropeol9e1 ,o4,o4 violet-r$ 7i7 ,eos9e yell[ ,! me?od employ$ 9 ! ,p>is ,municipal ,laboratory = ! detection ( dri$ fruit w9e1 or ( add$ comm]cial glucose1 is sub/antially ! foll[+3--,a little be]-yea/ is add$ to #cjj c4c4 ( ! suspect$ w9e1 & ! mixture is all[$ to und]go f]m5tation at a temp]ature ( ab\t #cj4 ,:5 ! f]m5tation is complet$1 ! filt]$ liquid is introduc$ into a dialys]1 ! out] wat] ( :i* is automatically r5ew$4 ,! process ( dialysis is cont9u$ until ! out] wat] ceases to %[ a rot>y effect :5 exam9$ by ! pol>iscope1 aft] :i* x is neutralis$ ) calcium c>bonate & evaporat$ to dryness ov] ! wat]-ba?1 ) con/ant /irr+4 ,! residue obta9$ is treat$ ) #ej c4c4 ( absolute alcohol & filt]$1 ! insoluble matt]s be+ twice wa%$ ) #be c4c4 ( alcohol4 ,! alcoholic filtrates are next decoloris$ by means ( animal *>coal1 & evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! solid residue is dissolv$ 9 #cj c4c4 ( wat] & pol>is$4 ,g5u9e cl>et1 :5 te/$ 9 ?is mann]1 fails to exhibit a rot>y p[]1 or is b slightly dextrogyrate1 :]eas fruit w9es1 & ^? conta9+ artificial />* sug>1 /rongly rotate respectively to ! left or to ! "r4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! conclusions arriv$ at by a commission1 appo9t$ by ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t1 to inquire into uni=m me?ods = w9e analysis1 & e/abli% /&>ds ( purity = g5u9e w9e4#aji 7a7 ,aft] d$uct+ ! non-volatile acids1 ! extract 9 natural w9e %\ld am\nt to at lea/ #aa gramme p] #ajj c4c42 aft] d$uct+ ! free acids1 to at lea/ #a gramme p] #ajj c4c4 7b7 ,mo/ natural w9es conta9 "o "p ( a% to e #aj p>ts ( extract4 7c7 ,! free t>t>ic acid %\ld n exce$ #a_/f? ( ! total non-volatile acids4 7d7 ,! relation betwe5 ! alcohol & glyc]9e v>ies 9 natural w9es betwe5 #ajj p>ts alcohol to #g p>ts glyc]9e1 & #ajj p>ts alcohol to #ad p>ts glyc]9e4 ,^! proportions d n apply1 h[ev]1 to sweet w9es4 7e7 ,g5u9e w9es seldom conta9 less ?an #jad gramme ( a%1 nor m ?an #jje gramme ( sodium *loride p] #ajj c4c4 ,accord+ to ! analyses ( ,moritz1 ! maximum & m9imum relative proportions ( ! con/itu5ts ( natural w9e are z foll[s3--,! extract 7aft] d$uct+ ! free acids7 ranges f #aaj to #agh p] c5t42 ! proportion ( a% to extract v>ies f #a 3 #aib to #a 3 #fd2 t ( phosphoric acid to a% ranges f #a 3 #abc to #a 3 #ajdi2 t ( alcohol to glyc]9e1 f #ajj 3 #abc to #ajj 3 #gg4aaj ,f ! inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,dupr1 x w\ld appe> t 9 g5u9e un=tifi$ w9es1 ! am\nt ( alcohol pres5t v>ies f #f to #ab p] c5t4 by weight4 ,a w9e conta9+ less ?an #f p] c5t4 w\ld be unpalatable1 & m ?an #ac p] c5t4 _c well be pres5t1 s9ce natural grape-juice does n conta9 ! quantity ( sug> requisite = ! production ( a great] am\nt ( alcohol2 moreov]1 an excess ( ?is proportion w\ld ret>d1 if n entirely /op1 ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,pure w9es conta9 a great] proportion ( volatile ?an fix$ e!rs1 b 9 =tifi$ w9es ! rev]se is frequ5tly ! case4 ,9 natural w9es1 :i* are n ov] a few ye>s old1 ! sug> pres5t r>ely am\nts to #a p] c5t41 g5]ally x is mu* less4 ,=tifi$ w9es1 9 :i* f]m5tation has be5 *eck$ by ! addition ( alcohol1 (t5 conta9 #e p] c5t4 ( sug>2 *ampagnes usually %[ f #d to #aj p] c5t41 &1 9 "s liqueur w9es1 a maximum ( #be p] c5t4 has be5 f\nd4 ,9 natural w9es1 ! total dry residue g5]ally ranges f #ae to #c p] c5t41 :ile 9 =tifi$ w9es ! addition ( sug> & o!r sub/ances may increase its proportion to #aj p] c5t41 or ev5 m4 ,at ! ,p>is ,municipal ,laboratory ! foll[+ /&>ds are adopt$3 ,! am\nt ( add$ wat] 9 all w9es1 n sold z ( a special or abnormal "*1 is calculat$ on a basis ( #ab p] c5t4 ( alcohol 7by volume7 & #bd grammes ( dry extract p] litre4 ,! proportion ( potassium sulphate 9 unpla/]$ w9es mu/ n exce$ #jehc gramme p] litre4 ,! use ( salicylic acid is prohibit$4 ,,footnotes3 #hg ,dur+ ! ye> #ahhf ! total production ( ,cali=nian w9e approximat$ #ai million gallons1 ( :i* #c million gallons 7 consum$ 9 ! manufacture ( br&y1 & #e million gallons export$4 #hh ,^! figures d5ote ! weight 9 grammes ( ! +r$i5ts conta9$ 9 #ajj c4c4 ( ! w9e2 o!rwise1 p]c5tages are express$4 #hi ,b]i*te d] ,deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gesell41 #ahhe1 p4 #dbf4 #ij ,zeit4 f4 ,anal4 ,*em41 #ahhe1 p4 #dd4 #ia ,rep]t4 ,anal4 ,*em41 #ahhb1 ii41 p4 #a4 #ib #8,comptes ,r5dus1' xcviii4 p4 #aaj4 #ic ,vide #8,spon's ,encyclopdia4' #id ,jay1 ,bullet4 de la ,soc4 ,*im41 xlii4 p4 #bag4 #ie ,dict4 des ,falsifications4 #if #8,les ,mondes1 ,revue ,hebd4 des ,sci5ces1' ,no4 #d1 #ahgf4 #ig ,bullet4 de la ,soc4 de ,*im41 xlii4 pp4 #afg & #bjg4 #ih ,rec5t reports ( ! v9tage 9 ,france = ! ye> #ahhf1 indicate t1 :ile a decid$ improvem5t has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! ,*ampagne1 ,burgundy1 ,hrault1 & ,r\sillon di/ricts1 ?is has fail$ to be ! case 9 ,*>5tes & ,gironde1 :]e ! phyllox]a has aga9 s]i\sly injur$ ! crops4 #ii ,f4 ,s*aff] 7,zeits4 ,anal4 ,*em41 xxiv4 p4 #eei7 has made ! foll[+ analyses ( artificial w9e 7grammes 9 #ajj c4c473-- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,alcohol 7by volume7 #hje #iee #gjb ,extract #bcie #aifb #agig ,sug> #jccj #jdji #jcba ,a% #jbji #jace #jafj ,acidity 7z t>t>ic7 #jgdc #jeja #jggb ,free t>t>ic acid -- traces traces ,cream ( t>t> #jbfd #jbbg #jdga ,sulphuric anhydride #jjcgd -- -- ,phosphoric anhydride #jjaif #jjace #jjagb ---------------------------------------- ------- #ajj ,x is ass]t$ by a prom95t w9e m]*ant 9 ,new ,york t ! mon?ly production ( two manufactur]s ( artificial w9e 9 ?is city exce$s #cj1jjj gallons4 #aja ,bly?1 op4 cit41 p4 #dde4 #ajb ,accord+ to ,j4 ,c>t] ,bell 7#8,analy/1' vi4 pp4 #aig1 #bba71 ! av]age composition ( ! a% ( pure grape-juice is z foll[s3-- ,k#b,o ,na#b,o ,ca,o ,mg,o ,fe#b,o#c ,al#b,o#c #dbad #ccg #aadh #ifg #jge ,si,o#b ,p#b,o#f ,,s#c ,cl #jbi #ifj #iad #aji #ajc ,curtman 7,j\r4 ,ph>m41 xiv4 p4 #ebc7 /ates t salicylic acid c be detect$ by add+ to #d c4c4 ( ! w9e 7or be]7 #b c4c4 ( me?ylic alcohol & #b c4c4 ( sulphuric acid4 ,%ake ! mixture1 heat g5tly = two m9utes1 !n all[ to cool4 ,next heat to boil+1 :51 9 pres5ce ( ! acid1 ! od\r ( oil ( w9t]gre5 w be p]ceptible4 #ajd ,zeit4 f4 ,anal4 ,*em41 xxi4 p4 #c1 #ahhb4 #aje ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 xxxvii4 p4 #egb4 #ajf ,s*weiz] ,wo*5s*rift1 xxii4 p4 #adc4 #ajg #8,comptes ,r5dus1' #aja1 pp4 #hbc1 #ajaa1 #aafg4 #ajh ,rp]t de ,ph>m4 xii4 p4 #ejd4 #aji ,rei*sanzeig]1 #ahhd1 ,no4 #aed4 #aaj ,r4 ,borgman 7loc4 cit47 gives ! foll[ av]age relations ( +r$i5ts 9 pure w9e3-- ,alcohol 3 glyc]9e #ajj 3 #aje ,extract 3 acidity #ajjj 3 #aff ,acidity 3 a% #aj 3 #cd ,a% 3 extractives #a 3 #aab ,phosphoric acid 3 a% #a 3 #fh ,,liquors4 ,! ord9>y =ms ( liquors 7namely1 :isky1 rum1 & g971 are prep>$ by ! di/illation ( alcoholic infusions4 ,! process ( di/illation is prec$$ ei!r by ! conv]sion ( ! amylace\s con/itu5ts ( gra91 fir/ into sug>1 !n into alcohol1 or by ! f]m5tation ( sac*>9e bodies into alcohol1 or1 z 9 ! case ( br&y1 x may be directly appli$ to a solution conta9+ alcohol4 ,br&y4--,:5 g5u9e1 br&y is ! product ( ! di/illation ( v>i\s sorts ( ri*1 light-col\r$ w9es4 ,! mo/ e/eem$ quality is prep>$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cognac1 9 ! ,deux ,*>5tes di/rict1 & 9 ,armagnac2 b num]\s inf]ior grades are manufactur$ 9 ,ro*elle & ,bordeaux & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,france1 z well z 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a consid]able quantity is produc$ by ! di/illation ( ,cali=nia & ,ohio w9e4 ,! f]m5t$ m>c & lees ( grapes are also ext5sively utilis$ 9 ! manufacture ( br&y4 ,mo/ ( ! liquor kn[n 9 comm]ce "u ?is "n1 h[ev]1 is made f ! _s obta9$ by ! di/illation ( potatoes1 corn1 & o!r gra9s1 :i* is subsequ5tly rectifi$1 deodoris$1 & !n suitably flav\r$4 ,9 ,france1 ! diff]5t grades ( br&y are kn[n z eau-de-vie suprieure 7! be/ quality ( ,cognac72 eau-de-vie ord9aire 7common1 sp4 gr4 #jidgf72 eau-de-vie de m>c 7*iefly us$ = mix+ purposes72 eau-de-vie seconde 7weak & inf]ior72 eau-de-vie preuve de ,holl&e 7sp4 gr4 #jida72 eau-de-vie preuve d'huile 7sp4 gr4 #jiahe72 eau-de-vie =te 7sp4 gr4 #jhcij72 & esprit-de-v9 7sp4 gr4 #jhfaj74 ,! *>act]i/ic ta/e & b\quet ( ! orig9al w9e are to a consid]able ext5t communicat$ to ! result+ br&y1 & ^u ^! qualities its value is greatly dep5d5t4 ,_m ( ! rem>ks made 9 reg>d to ! age+1 flav\r+ & bl5d+ ( w9es equally apply to br&y1 & ne$ n be repeat$ 9 ?is place4 ,:5 fre%ly di/ill$1 x is col\rless1 its amb] t9t be+ ei!r due to ! casks 9 :i* x has be5 /or$1 or to add$ c>amel4 ,! normal con/itu5ts ( g5u9e br&y are wat]1 alcohol 7includ+ small am\nts ( butylic1 propylic & amylic71 v>i\s e!rs 7acetic1 o5an?ic1 butyric1 & val]ianic71 aldehyde1 acetic & tannic acids1 & traces ( sug> & ! oil ( w9e4 ,! specific gravity usually approximates #jicjj 7equival5t to #eb p] c5t4 ( alcohol by volume71 x may1 h[ev]1 range f #jiacd to #jicha 7f #fj to #dh p] c5t4 ( alcohol74 ,ow+ to ! pres5ce ( acetic acid1 g5u9e br&y usually %[s a slightly acid reaction4 ,accord+ to ,bly?1 ! con/itu5ts v>y z foll[s3--total solids1 f #a to #ae p] c5t42 a%1 f #jd to #b p] c5t42 acids 7e/imat$ z t>t>ic71 f #ja to #je p] c5t42 sug> f #j to #d p] c5t4 ,a p>tial exam9ation ( br&y1 by ,knig1#aaa furni%$ ! foll[+ p]c5tages3--specific gravity1 #jhihg2 alcohol 7by weight71 #fagj2 extract1 #jfde2 a%1 #jjji4 ,! +r$i5ts f\nd 9 tw5ty-five samples ( br&y te/$ = ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? v>i$ z foll[s3--specific gravity1 #jibig to #jifae2 alcohol 7by weight7 f #beci to #dbif2 extract1 f #jjbe to #agie2 a%1 f #jjjb to #jjad4 ,! majority ( ^! samples 7 c]ta9ly abnormal 9 composition4 ,ordonneau#aab has q rec5tly det]m9$ by c>eful fractional di/illation ! proportions ( ! m important con/itu5ts ( cognac br&y tw5ty-five ye>s old1 ) ! foll[+ results1 ! quantities be+ /at$ 9 grammes p] hectolitre3--aldehyde1 #c2 e?ylic acetate1 #ce2 acetal1 traces2 normal propylic alcohol1 #dj2 normal butylic alcohol1 #bahf2 amylic alcohol1 #hch2 hexylic alcohol1 #jf2 heptylic alcohol1 #ae2 propionic1 butyric & caproic e!rs1 #c2 o5an?ic e!r1 #d2 am9es1 traces4 ,! l>ge proportions ( normal butylic & amylic alcohols obta9$ are v significant4 ,x 0 f\nd t comm]cial alcohol1 prep>$ f corn1 potatoes & beetroot1 :ile conta9+ isobutylic alcohol1 0 entirely free f normal butylic alcohol1 & ! diff]5ce 9 flav\r betwe5 g5u9e br&y & br&y di/ill$ f gra9s w\ld appe> to be ma9ly due to ?is fact4 ,normal butylic alcohol is obta9$ :5 f]m5tation takes place "u ! influ5ce ( elliptical or w9e yea/1 :]eas ! iso-alcohol is ! product ( f]m5tation induc$ by means ( be] yea/2 & x 0 %[n t1 by f]m5t+ molasses1 etc41 ) ! aid ( w9e yea/1 a _s 0 obta9$ :i* mu* resembl$ br&y 9 col\r & flav\r4 ,:isky4--,:isky is ! spiritu\s liquor prep>$ by di/ill+ f]m5t$ infusions ( b>ley1 :eat1 corn1 & o!r gra9s4 ,spirits t conta9 ov] #fj p] c5t4 ( alcohol are kn[n z 8high w9es10 or common spirits2 ^? conta9+ #ij p] c5t4 ( alcohol are (t5 t]m$ 8cologne spirits10 ! "n :isky be+ usually giv5 to ! product ( a =m] di/illation1 conta9+ ab\t #ej p] c5t4 by weight ( alcohol4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( :isky is made 9 ,scotl& & ,irel&2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! pr9cipal supply comes f ! ,/ates ( ,ill9ois1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,k5tucky 7,b\rbon ,co471 & ,p5nsylvania 7,monongahela ,co474 ,! gra9s tak5 diff] greatly 9 composition4 ,9 ,scotl& & ,irel&1 malt$ b>ley 7pure1 or mix$ ) o!r gra97 is ext5sively employ$2 9 ! prep>ation ( ,b\rbon1 p>tially malt$ corn & rye are tak51 :ile1 = ,monongahela :isky1 only rye 7) #aj p] c5t4 ( malt7 is us$4 ,! ess5tial features ( :isky-mak+ are1 fir/1 ! conv]sion ( ! />* ( ! gra9 into dextr9e & glucose1 :i* takes place 9 ! process ( ma%+2 ! *ange be+ due to ! action ( ! nitrog5\s pr9ciple1 dia/ase 7=m$ dur+ ! g]m9ation ( ! ga972 !n1 ! trans=mation ( ! sug> into alcohol & c>bonic acid by f]m5tation1 :i* is induc$ by ! addition ( yea/2 &1 f9ally1 ! conc5tration ( ! alcohol by di/illation4 ,! quality ( :isky is mu* affect$ by ! nature ( ! gra9 f :i* x is prep>$1 & by ! c>e ex]cis$ 9 its manufacture1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! process ( di/illation4 ,! mo/ injuri\s +r$i5t 9 di/ill$ spirits is commonly kn[n z 8fusel oil10 :i* t]m comprises sev]al products ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 possess+ a high] boil+ po9t ?an e?ylic alcohol1 & consi/+ *iefly ( amylic alcohol1 accompani$ by small proportions ( butylic & propylic alcohols4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( fusel oil exhibit+ di/9ctive prop]ties are met )1 b t obta9$ f potato-_s is ! mo/ common4 ,z a rule1 ! spirits prep>$ f malt$ gra9 conta9 ! smalle/ proportion4 ,9 ! manufacture ( :isky1 a dang] ( promot+ ! =mation ( fusel oil is incurr$ by c>ry+ on ! di/illation to ! fur!/ po9t1 9 ord] to obta9 ! greate/ possible quantity ( alcohol4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 ! f]m5t$ ma% is remov$ f ! rema9+ gra9 be=e its introduction into ! /ill2 b 9 ?is c\ntry ! entire ma% is occasionally tak51 by :i* means a l>g] yield ( alcohol is suppos$ to be effect$4 ,?is practice is evid5tly op5 to ! objection t ! solid matt]s ( ! wort are liable to suff] de/ructive di/illation1 & eng5d]s ! =mation ( fusel oil4 ,ano!r result1 sometimes exp]i5c$1 is ! imp>t+ ( a smoky flav\r to ! product1 :i* 0 orig9ally int5tionally communicat$ to ! fam\s 8pote50 :isky ( ,irel&1 by us+ malt dri$ by means ( burn+ turf4 ,?is quality is said to be /ill artificially obta9$ by ! use ( creosote4 ,g5u9e :isky1 :5 rec5tly made1 is ne>ly col\rless2 b1 if pres]v$ 9 casks1 x gradually acquires a br[ni% col\r4 ,x conta9s m9ute quantities ( tannic acid1 & e?ylic & amylic acetates & val]ianates4 ,! specific gravity g5]ally ranges betwe5 #jibbj & #jijdj1 correspond+ to #dh & #ef p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,! solid extract 9 :isky is usually bel[ #a p] c5t41 & ! total volatile acids "u #ja p] c5t4 ,9 reg>d to ! av]age composition ( :isky1 *emical lit]ature furni%es b v meagre data4 ,! exam9ation ( a l>ge numb] ( samples ( ord9>y ,am]ican :isky 9 #ahha1 = ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 gave ! foll[+ results3--,specific gravity rang$ f #jijah to #jifde2 alcohol 7by weight7 f #bcge to #ebeh2 solid residue1 f #jajj to #jgeb2 a%1 f #jjjbj to #jjbhj4 ,sev]al samples ( rye :isky1 exam9$ by ,mr4 ,gre51#aac %[$ alcohol 7by weight7 f #cbej to #eabj2 tannic acid1 #jjjjc2 acetic acid1 #jjjab to #jjjb2 sug>1 #jjjb to #jjje2 solid residue1 #jafj to #jgcd4 ,rum4--,rum is obta9$ by ! di/illation ( ! f]m5t$ juice ( sug>-cane or ( molasses2 a v consid]able proportion ( ! article be>+ ?is "n is1 h[ev]1 made f gra9 _s4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many ! "m-liquor rema9+ aft] ! extraction ( beet-sug>1 is utilis$ 9 ! manufacture ( a spiritu\s liquor greatly resembl+ rum 9 prop]ties4 ,! *>act]i/ic od\r & ta/e ( ! liquor are ma9ly due to ! pres5ce ( e?ylic butyrate1 & are frequ5tly factiti\sly communicat$ to its imitations by ! direct addition ( ?is e!r or ( butyric acid4 ,gra9 _s is also sometimes treat$ ) p9eapples1 :i* likewise imp>t ! di/9ctive flav\r4 ,rum is *iefly produc$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! specific gravity ranges f #jhgd to #jibf2 alcohol1 f #ej to #gj p] c5t42 solid residue1 f #jg to #aej p] c5t2 a%1 "u #jaj p] c5t4#aad ,! foll[+ are ! results obta9$ by ,b]khurts1 f ! analysis ( v>i\s samples ( g5u9e & artificial ,jamaica rum3#aae-- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,specific ,alcohol by ,total ,s\rce4 ,gravity4 ,weight4 ,solids4 ,a%4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,london #jhhe #fach #jffh #jjbc ,glasg[ #jhge #fach #dhjj #jjhi ,brem5 #jhge #gdjg #jefh #jjca ,directly import$ #jiaj #eacc #bjdg #jjih ,artificial 44 #chid #jdfi #jjcc ,artificial 44 #ehhf #jibf #jjba ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! v>iations 9 ! composition ( comm]cial rum w\ld seem to be s great t little in=mation ( value conc]n+ its au!nticity is to be d]iv$ f analyses ( a g5]al "*4 ,g94--,g5u9e ,holl& g9 is a _s prep>$ by ! di/illation ( f]m5t$ gra9 infusions 7rye & malt$ b>ley71 flav\r$ ) junip] b]ries1 or oil ( turp5t9e4 ,=m]ly ! flav\r+ 0 directly introduc$ into ! /ill toge!r ) ! ma%1 b ! m rec5t practice is to add salt1 wat]1 & junip] b]ries to ! di/ill$ gra9 _s1 & !n re-di/il ! mixture4 ,num]\s o!r aromatic sub/ances are likewise employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( g91 among :i* are cori&]1 c>damom1 & c>away se$s1 orris1 angelica1 & calamus roots1 cassia1 bitt]-almonds1 sweet f5nel1 etc4 ,cay5ne pepp]1 sug>1 & acetic acid1 are said to be also frequ5tly add$ to g94 ,g9 d\btless possesses m ( an artificial "* ?an any o!r _s4 ,x is safe to ass]t t ! great bulk ( ! dr9k sold "u ! "n is simply gra9-spirits flav\r$ ) "s ( ! prec$+ aromatics4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! flav\r+ ag5ts employ$ are n1 z a rule1 h>mful 9 _! effects1 s t ! quality ( ! liquor is ma9ly dep5d5t ^u ! ext5t to :i* ! spirits us$ h be5 rectifi$4 ,x is difficult to def9e 8pure g910 s9ce1 ow+ to its comp\nd "*1 x v>ies 9 composition accord+ to ! me?od ( manufacture foll[$ by ea* individual di/ill]4 ,! v>iations f\nd f ! exam9ation ( tw5ty-five samples ( ! comm]cial article1 te/$ by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 7 z foll[3#aaf--,specific gravity1 f #jicjb to #jifid2 alcohol 7by weight71 f #ahfd to #ddcc2 solid residue1 f #jjah to #jggb2 a%1 f #jjja to #jjai4 ,adult]ation ( liquors4--,al?\gh x is notori\s t ! m common v>ieties ( spiritu\s liquors are sophi/icat$1 ! practices resort$ to are un=tunately usually ( a "* t does n p]mit ( positive detection1 &1 unless an actual adult]ation1 su* z ! addition ( "s sub/ance =eign to ! g5u9e liquor1 has be5 made1 a *emical exam9ation alone is frequ5tly inadequate to di/+ui% betwe5 ! true & ! factiti\s article4 ,9 fact1 ! ord9>y physical qualities1 su* z od\r & ta/e1 are (t5 ( great] s]vice 9 det]m9+ ! g5u95ess ( di/ill$ spirits ?an m sci5tific te/s4 ,! mo/ preval5t =m ( sophi/ication ) br&y1 rum1 & g91 is _! artificial imitations2 ! direct addition ( sub/ances delet]i\s to heal? be+ ( comp>atively unfrequ5t occurr5ce4 ,x is usual to employ a c]ta9 proportion ( ! g5u9e liquor 9 ! fabrication ( its imitation4 ,an app>5t objection to ?is species ( adult]ation is t gra9 spirits are liable to be us$ z ! basis ( ! fictiti\s product1 :i* is !re=e apt to be contam9at$ ) fusel oil1 a comp\nd produc+ toxic effects 9 a proportion fifte5 times great] ?an ord9>y e?ylic alcohol4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :isky is probably less subject$ to s]i\s sophi/ication ?an o!r spiritu\s dr9ks4 ,:ile ! bl5d+ ( ?is liquor 7i4 e4 ! mix+ ( new & old grades7 is almo/ univ]sally practis$ by ! ref9]1 & :ile ! retail deal] (t5 r$uces its alcoholic /r5g? by ! addition ( wat]1 !re is v little gr\nd = ! belief t1 9 ?is c\ntry1 :isky is subject$ to noxi\s admixture to any great ext5t4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( recipes h be5 publi%$ = ! manufacture ( spuri\s liquors2 ! foll[+ are *>act]i/ic1 & w indicate _! g5]al nature3-- ,= ,br&y3-- ,cologne spirits 7r$uc$ to pro(7 #dj galls4 ,oil ( cognac #a_/f oz4 ,burnt sug> col\r+ #a p9t4 ,tann9 oz4 ,br&y ess5ce #a "p4 ,alcohol #ajjj p>ts4 ,wat] #fjj ,! comp\nd kn[n z 8,br&y ess5ce0 consi/s ( oil ( grapes1 #e p>ts2 acetic e!r1 #d p>ts2 t9cture ( allspice1 #a "p2 t9cture ( galls1 #c p>ts2 & alcohol1 #ajj p>ts4 8,oil ( cognac0 is a mixture ( amylic alcohol & o5an?ic e!r4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,duplais1 ! be/ imitation ( ,cognac is ! foll[+3-- ,alcohol 7#he p] c5t47 #ed litres4 ,rum 7good quality7 #b ,syrup ( rais9s #c ,infusion ( gre5 walnut hulls #b ,infusion ( ! %ells ( bitt] almonds #b ,cate*u1 9 p[d] #ae grammes4 ,balsam ( tolu #f ,pure wat] #cg litres4 ,mix & col\r ) c>amel4 ,new ,cognac1 ,montpelli]1 ,sa9tonge1 & o!r br&ies are ag$ & improv$ by add+ to e #ajj litres3 old rum1 #b litres2 old kirs*1 #a-c_/d litres2 infusion ( gre5 walnut hulls1 #c_/d litre2 syrup ( rais9s1 #b litres4 ,a comp\nd sold z 8,london ,br&y ,improv]0 consi/s ( sug> syrup1 acetic e!r & ess5ce ( cay5ne1 col\r$ ) c>amel4 ,:isky3-- 7,rye7 ,pro( _s #ej galls4 ,pel>gonic e!r #b oz4 ,pe> oil #a ,oil ( w9t]gre5 7dissolv$ 9 alcohol7 #aj drops4 ,acetic e!r #d oz4 ,oil ( cloves 7dissolv$ 9 acetic e!r7 #d drops4 7,scot*7 ,alcohol 7#ie p] c5t47 #df galls4 ,scot* :isky #h ,wat] #ah ,honey 7#c lbs4 9 #a gall4 wat]7 ,creosote #e drops4 ,acetic acid #b oz4 ,pel>gonic e!r #a ,ale #a gall4 7,iri%7 ,spirits #cj galls4 ,iri% :isky #e ,old ale ,creosote 7dissolv$ 9 acetic acid7 #d drops4 ,pel>gonic e!r #a oz4 ,! prep>ation met ) 9 comm]ce "u ! "n ( 8pel>gonic e!r0 appe>s to be id5tical ) o5an?ic e!r4 ,rum3-- ,rectifi$ spirits #f qu>ts4 ,jamaica rum #bb ,rum ess5ce #a oz4 ,vanilla ess5ce #a_/aj ,wat] #b qu>ts4 ,/4 ,john's bread #a oz4 ,rais9s #a ,pro( spirits #dj galls4 ,rum ess5ce p9t4 ,sug> col\r+ ,sug> syrup #a qu>t4 8,rum ess5ce0 is compos$ ( butyric e!r1 #ae p>ts2 acetic e!r1 #b p>ts2 vanilla t9cture1 #b p>ts2 ess5ce ( violets1 #b p>ts2 & alcohol1 #ij p>ts4 ,g93-- ,corn spirits #hj galls4 ,oil ( turp5t9e #a p9t4 ,oil ( junip] #h oz4 ,salt #ba lbs4 ,wat] #ce galls4 ,oil ( c>away oz4 ,oil ( sweet f5nel ,c>damoms #h ,di/il ov]1 #ajj galls4 ,! *emical exam9ation ( di/ill$ spirits is ord9>ily limit$ to a det]m9ation ( ! alcohol1 solid residue1 a%1 & volatile acids1 c\pl$ ) special qualitative & quantitative te/s = any p>ticul> adult]ants1 ! pres5ce ( :i* may be suspect$4 7a7 ,alcohol4--,9 prop]ly di/ill$ liquors1 a fairly approximate e/imation ( _! alcoholic /r5g? is effect$ by ! specific gravity det]m9ation1 :i* is be/ made by means ( ! special gravity bottle4 ,9 ! case ( spiritu\s liquors :i* conta9 extractive matt]s1 x is necess>y to fir/ sep>ate ! alcohol pres5t by ! process ( di/illation1 & !n det]m9e ! d5sity ( ! di/illate :5 made up to ! volume orig9ally tak54 ,! foll[+ table gives ! p]c5tages ( alcohol by weight & by volume1 & ( wat] by volume1 = specific gravities at #ae4aag ,! p]c5tages ( alcohol 9 ! table are calculat$ = ! temp]ature ( #ae4 ,! necess>y correction = diff]5ces ( temp]ature at :i* ! det]m9ation is made is obta9$ by multiply+ ! numb] ( degrees above or bel[ #ae1 by #jd1 & add+ ! product to ! p]c5tage %[n by ! table1 :5 ! temp]ature is l[] ?an #ae1 & d$uct+ x :5 x is above4 ,p]c5tage ( alcohol1 by weight & by volume1 & ( wat] by volume1 = specific gravity at #ae2 wat] at same temp]ature be+ ! unit3-- ---------------------------------- ,,p]c5tage4 ------------------------ ,by ,by ,weight4 ,volume4 ,specific ----------------------- ,gravity4 ,alc4 ,alc4 ,wat]4 -------------------------------- #ajjjj #j #j #ajj #jiihe #jhj #a #iije #jiigj #afj #b #ihaa #jiief #bdj #c #igag #jiidb #cbj #d #ifbd #jiibh #djj #e #iecj #jiiae #dha #f #idch #jiijb #efa #g #icde #jihij #fdc #h #ibed #jihgh #gbd #i #iafb #jihfg #hjf #aj #ijgb #jihee #hhg #aa #hihj #jihdd #ifi #ab #hhij #jihcc #ajea #ac #hhjj #jihbb #aacc #ad #hgji #jihab #abae #ae #hfai #jihja #abih #af #hebi #jigia #achj #ag #hdci #jigha #adfc #ah #hcej #jigga #aedf #ai #hbfj #jigfa #afbi #bj #haga #jigea #agab #ba #hjha #jigda #agif #bb #giib #jigca #ahgi #bc #giji #jigba #aifc #bd #ghac #jigaa #bjdg #be #ggbc #jigjj #baca #bf #gfcc #jifij #bbaf #bg #gedc #jifgi #bcjj #bh #gdec #jiffh #bche #bi #gcfb #jifeg #bdgj #cj #gbgb #jifde #beef #ca #gahj #jifcc #bfda #cb #gjhi #jifbj #bgbg #cc #fiif #jifjg #bhad #cd #fijd #jieie #bija #ce #fhab #jiehb #bihh #cf #fgbj #jiefh #cjge #cg #ffbf #jieec #cafc #ch #fecb #jiech #cbeb #ci #fdcg #jiebb #ccdj #dj #fcdb #jiejf #cdcj #da #fbdf #jidij #ceah #db #faej #jidgc #cfji #dc #fjeh #jidef #cgjj #dd #eied #jidci #cgij #de #ehfa #jidba #chhb #df #egfd #jidjc #cigd #dg #efff #jiche #djff #dh #eefh #jicff #daei #di #edgj #jicdh #dbec #ej #ecgb #jicbh #dcdg #ea #ebgc #jicjh #ddda #eb #eagd #jibhh #decg #ec #ejgd #jibfg #dfcc #ed #digd #jibdg #dgbi #ee #dhgd #jibbf #dhbf #ef #dggc #jibje #dibd #eg #dfgc #jiahc #ejba #eh #degb #jiafa #eabj #ei #ddgj #jiaci #ebbj #fj #dcfh #jiaag #ecai #fa #dbfg #jijie #edbj #fb #dafe #jijgb #eeba #fc #djfc #jijdi #efbc #fd #cifj #jijbf #egbe #fe #cheh #jijjb #ehbi #ff #cged #jhigh #eicc #fg #cfea #jhied #fjch #fh #cedg #jhicj #fadc #fi #cddd #jhije #fbej #gj #ccci #jhhhj #fceh #ga #cbce #jhhee #fdfd #gb #cacj #jhhcj #fegb #gc #cjbf #jhhjd #ffhb #gd #bibj #jhggh #fgic #ge #bhae #jhgeb #fijd #gf #bgji #jhgbe #gjaf #gg #bfjc #jhfih #gacj #gh #bdif #jhfga #gbdc #gi #bcij #jhfdd #gcei #hj #bbhc #jhfaf #gdge #ha #bagf #jhehh #geia #hb #bjfh #jheei #ggji #hc #aifa #jhecj #ghbi #hd #aheb #jhejj #giea #he #agdb #jhdgj #hjgb #hf #afcb #jhddj #haif #hg #aebc #jhdji #hcbb #hh #adab #jhcgg #hddg #hi #acja #jhcdd #hegd #ij #aahh #jhcaa #hgjd #ia #ajgf #jhbgg #hhcg #ib #ifb #jhbdb #higb #ic #hdh #jhbjf #iajh #id #gcb #jhafi #ibde #ie #faf #jhacj #ichi #if #dig #jhjhi #iece #ig #cgg #jhjdf #ifhc #ih #bed #jhjjj #ihch #ii #abh #jgiea #ajjjj #ajj #jjj -------------------------------- 7b7 ,solid residue4--,?is is det]m9$ by evaporat+ #ajj c4c4 ( ! liquor 9 a t>$ plat9um di%1 until con/ant weight is obta9$4 7c7 ,a%4--,! proportion ( a% is f\nd by ! inc9]ation ( ! solid residue4 ,if ! pres5ce ( poison\s metallic adult]ants 7su* z copp] or lead7 is suspect$1 a fur!r exam9ation ( ! a% is necess>y4 7d7 ,acids4--,! acidity ( di/ill$ liquors is g5]ally due to m9ute quantities ( acetic acid1 & c be e/imat$ by means ( #a_/aj? normal soda solution4 ,any m9]al acid 7e4g41 sulphuric acid7 suppos$ to be pres5t is to be s\ght = 9 ! residue rema9+1 aft] ! di/illation process employ$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( alcohol4 ,! pres5ce ( fusel oil 9 liquors is sometimes q readily detect$1 by fir/ remov+ ! e?ylic alcohol by g5tle evaporation1 & !n inspect+ ! od\r & ta/e ( ! /ill w>m residue4 ,! suspect$ liquor may also be agitat$ ) an equal volume ( e!r1 wat] add$1 & ! e!real /ratum remov$ by means ( a pipette1 & conc5trat$ by evaporation2 ! residue is to be exam9$ = amylic alcohol4 ,:5 di/ill$ ) a mixture ( sulphuric & acetic acids1 amylic alcohol is conv]t$ into amylic acetate1 :i* may be recognis$ by its *>act]i/ic pe>-l od\r2 or1 ! amylic alcohol c be trans=m$ into val]ianic acid 7:i* also possesses a di/9ctive od\r7 by oxidation ) sulphuric acid & potassium di*romate4 ,ano!r simple qualitative te/ = fusel oil consi/s 9 fir/ decoloris+ a small quantity ( ! liquor "u exam9ation ) animal *>coal1 add+ a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 & !n a little fre%ly di/ill$ & col\rless anil9e oil1 :51 9 pres5ce ( fusel oil1 x w be obs]v$ t ! anil9e comp\nd acquires a p]ceptible rose t9t z x falls to ! bottom ( ! liquid4 ,! quantitative det]m9ation ( fusel oil pres5ts "s difficulties4 ,a v +5i\s me?od has be5 sugge/$ by ,m>qu>dt4#aah ,x consi/s ess5tially 9 fir/ agitat+ ! sample ) *lor(orm1 dra9+ (f ! solution obta9$1 wa%+ x by repeat$ %ak+ ) wat]1 & !n treat+ x at #he ) a mixture ( #e p>ts potassium di*romate1 #b p>ts sulphuric acid1 & #cj p>ts ( wat]4 ,! val]ianic acid ?us =m$ is n[ sep>at$ by di/ill+ ! mixture ( wat] & *lor(orm4 ,! di/illate is dige/$ ) b>ium c>bonate1 next conc5trat$ by evaporation1 & !n filt]$1 & divid$ into two equal portions4 ,"o portion is evaporat$ to dryness1 ! residue tak5 up ) wat] conta9+ a little nitric acid1 & ! am\nt ( b>ium pres5t det]m9$ by precipitation ) sulphuric acid4 ,9 ! o!r portion1 ! *lor9e orig9at+ f a p>tial oxidation ( ! *lor(orm1 is to be e/imat$4 ,! am\nt ( b>ium comb9$ ) ! *lor9e1 is d$uct$ f ! total quantity obta9$2 ! rema9d] repres5ts ! proportion 9 comb9ation ) ! fatty acids =m$ by oxidation4 ,( ^!1 val]ianic acid l>gely pr$om9ates2 & ! am\nt ( b>ium val]ianate ,ba#b 7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7 f\nd is calculat$ to its equival5t 9 amylic alcohol4 ,capsicum1 creosote1 etc41 are isolat$ by treat+ ! sample ) e!r or b5zole1 & te/+ ! od\r & ta/e ( ! evaporat$ solutions s prep>$4 ,creosote gives a blue col\r ) f]ric *loride solution2 & ! exce$+ly pung5t vap\rs evolv$ ^u heat+ a residue conta9+ capsicum are equally *>act]i/ic4 ,! pres5ce ( tann9 9 di/ill$ spirits1 :i* is mo/ly d]iv$ f _! pres]vation 9 casks1 is recognis$ by ! =mation ( a blui%-black col\r ^u ! addition ( f]ric solutions4 ,! id5tification ( ! v>i\s e?ylic & amylic e!rs us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( factiti\s liquors is a matt] ( "s difficulty4 ,_! pres5ce is mo/ readily detect$ by means ( _! *>act]i/ic od\r1 :i* is develop$ ^u add+ a little sodium hydroxide to ! sample1 evaporat+ ! mixture ov] ! wat]-ba? almo/ to dryness1 & !n add+ a small quantity ( sulphuric acid4 ,ano!r means ( asc]ta9+ ! nature ( ! organic e!rs pres5t 9 spirits is to fir/ remove ! e?ylic alcohol conta9$ by a p>tial di/illation ) an alkal9e solution1 & !n acidulate ! rema9+ liquid ) sulphuric acid1 & repeat ! di/illation1 :5 ! volatile fatty acids orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! e!rs w be f\nd 9 ! di/illate2 _! id5tity is to be e/abli%$ by means ( _! *>act]i/ic prop]ties4 ,nitr\s e!r 7:i* comp\nd is n conta9$ 9 g5u9e liquors7 may be detect$ by p>tially di/ill+ ! sample & add+ a mixture ( potassium iodide1 />* pa/e1 & acetic acid to ! fir/ portion ( ! di/illate1 ! production ( a blue col\r indicat+ its pres5ce4 ,z previ\sly rem>k$1 ! ex]cise ( ! ord9>y s5ses is frequ5tly ( great] value 9 judg+ ! quality ( liquors ?an ! results ( *emical te/s4 ,_m ( ! organic e!rs employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( artificial liquors are id5tical ) ^? conta9$ 9 ! g5u9e article1 & x is obvi\s t1 9 su* in/ances1 no di/9ction c be made betwe5 !m4 ,,footnotes3 #aaa #8,nahrungs u4 ,g5ussmittel1' #a/ "p1 p4 #ahg4 #aab #8,comptes ,r5dus1' #ajb1 p4 #bag-bai4 #aac ,am4 ,*em4 #ahgf1 p4 #df4 #aad ,bly?1 op4 cit4 #aae #8,wi$] die ,nahrungsfls*]1' #ahha1 p4 #aje4 #aaf ,see ,report by ,dr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,engelh>dt1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #ahhb4 #aag ,hag]'s #8,unt]su*ung54' #aah #8,b]i*te1' #ahhb1 pp4 #acgj1 #affa4 ,,wat]4 ,! subject ( ! purity ( potable wat]s possesses ! highe/ degree ( importance 9 its sanit>y relations1 &1 p>ticul> att5tion has be5 be/[$ ^u me?ods ( analysis t w\ld s]ve to indicate ! "* & significance ( exi/+ impurities4 ,! e>li] processes ( exam9ation1 :i* *iefly consi/$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( wat]1 :ile ( use 9 furni%+ an idea ( ! g5]al nature ( ! wat] reg>d$ z an inorganic solution1 almo/ totally fail$ to reveal ! pres5ce ( ! m subtle & important organic contam9ations :i* are n[ kn[n to ex]t an active influ5ce 9 ! propagation ( zymotic diseases4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 decid$ progress has be5 atta9$ 9 ! analytical me?ods employ$4 ,little is kn[n ( ! exact nature ( ! organic con/itu5ts pres5t 9 wat] t has receiv$ sewage contam9ation4 ,!y may be ei!r ( vegetable or animal orig91 & x appe>s to be v probable t !y con/itute organis$ g]ms4 ,b1 al?\gh we are /ill unable to det]m9e ! con/itution ( ^! delet]i\s +r$i5ts1 x is at pres5t possible to approximately asc]ta9 ! hygi5ic "* ( dr9k+ wat]1 & to di/+ui%1 ) a fair degree ( accuracy1 betwe5 a good & a bad sample4 ,9 arriv+ at a conclusion reg>d+ ! sanit>y quality ( wat]1 x is1 h[ev]1 also ne$ful to take into consid]ation ! orig9 & surr\nd+ conditions :i* affect ! *ances ( contam9ation4 ,mo/ ( ! m rec5t me?ods ( wat] analysis are bas$ ^u ! fact1 t ! putrefactive decomposition ( h>mful organic matt] is att5d$ by ! g5esis ( c]ta9 comp\nds 7su* z ammonia1 nitrites1 & nitrates71 ( :i* quantitative e/imations c be made4 ,= ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! "* ( a potable wat]1 ! foll[+ det]m9ations are usually necess>y3-- #a4 ,col\r1 od\r1 & ta/e4 #b4 ,total solid matt] & loss on ignition4 #c4 ,organic matt] 9 solution4 #d4 ,*lor9e4 #e4 ,ammonia1 free & album9oid4 #f4 ,nitrog51 z nitrites & nitrates4 ,c]ta9 precautions %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! collection ( samples ( wat] int5d$ = exam9ation4 ,x is indisp5sable = ?is purpose to employ scrupul\sly clean glass /opp]$ bottles1 :i* are wa%$ out sev]al times ) ! wat] previ\s to be+ fill$4 ,if a well or /ream is to be sampl$1 ! bottle %\ld be entirely imm]s$ 9 ! wat] "s di/ance f ! sides ( ! /ream1 &1 if tak5 f a pump or pipe1 ! latt] %\ld be cleans$ by fir/ runn+ a consid]able quantity ( ! wat] be=e *>g+ ! bottle4 #a4 ,col\r1 od\r1 & ta/e4--,! col\r is be/ det]m9$ by fill+ a glass cyl9d]1 ab\t #b feet 9 height1 ) ! sample1 plac+ x ^u a :ite surface & obs]v+ ! t9t produc$2 or1 by ! use ( a col\r$ glass tube ( ! same l5g?1 :i* is provid$ ) glass plates atta*$ at ea* end1 & is fill$ ) ! sample & view$ :5 held t[>ds a %eet ( :ite pap]4 ,z a rule1 pure wat] exhibits a light-blui% t9t1 a yell[i% hue be+ g5]ally consid]$ a suspici\s indication2 b x frequ5tly occurs t a p]fectly col\rless wat] is bad1 & "o possess+ a decid$ col\r may prove to be at lea/1 fair 9 quality4 ,! od\r ( ! sample is asc]ta9$ by plac+ a cork$ bottle1 "o-half fill$ ) ! wat]1 9 a w>m place 7at ab\t #ch7 = "s "t1 & !n %ak+ ! bottle1 )draw+ ! /opp] & imm$iately te/+ ! od\r4 ,pure wat] %\ld be free f mu* p]ceptible od\r ( any k9d1 & m especially f "o ( a disagreeable nature4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! ta/e4 ,wat] %\ld be practically ta/eless1 ev5 :5 w>m$4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 h[ev]1 t a wat] may be highly contam9at$ ) delet]i\s organic impurities1 & /ill rema9 devoid ( any m>k$ unpleasant ta/e4 ,!re are few simple te/s ( any value :i* w reveal at once ! sanit>y quality ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,"o1 sometimes employ$1 is to fill a clean qu>t bottle ab\t ?ree-f\r?s full ) ! suspect$ sample1 & dissolve 9 x a teaspoonful ( f9e granulat$ :ite sug>4 ,! bottle is !n cork$ & all[$ to rema9 9 a w>m place = two days1 :51 9 ! pres5ce ( sewage contam9ation1 x w become cl\dy or milky4#aai ,accord+ to ,wanklyn & ,*apman1#abj if a br[ni% col\r or precipitate is produc$ ^u ! addition ( #ae c4c4 ( ,nessl]'s reag5t 7see p4 #bjh7 to #ajj c4c4 ( ! wat]1 x %\ld be consid]$ unfit = dome/ic use4 #b4 ,total solid residue & loss on ignition4--#ejj c4c4 ( ! wat] "u exam9ation are introduc$1 9 small portions at a "t1 into a t>$ plat9um di%1 & evaporat$ to dryness ov] ! wat]-ba?1 ! residue be+ subsequ5tly dri$ = ?ree or f\r h\rs 9 an air-ba? at #ajj4 ,! solid residue obta9$1 multipli$ by #bjj1 repres5ts p>ts 9 #ajj1jjj3 or1 by #adj1 gra9s p] imp]ial gallon4 ,x is usually consid]$ t1 unless ! proportion ( total solids exce$s #dj gra9s p] ,imp]ial gallon 7#cb gra9s p] ,u4,s4 gallon1 or ab\t #efe p>ts p] #ajj1jjj71 ! wat] ne$ n be object$ to = dr9k+ purposes on ?is gr\nd alone4 ,! volatile & organic matt]s are det]m9$ by ignit+ ! solid residue1 :i* is aft]w>ds all[$ to cool4 ,x is !n moi/5$ ) a little c>bonic acid wat] or solution ( ammonium c>bonate1 dri$ to con/ancy at #acj1 & ! organic matt] e/imat$ by ! decrease 9 weight4 ,=m]ly1 ?is process 0 *iefly dep5d$ ^u = det]m9+ ! proportion ( organic sub/ances conta9$ 9 wat]4 ,x is op5 to num]\s s]i\s objections1 among :i* are1 t x may af=d a result ei!r bel[ or above t correctly repres5t+ ! quantity ( organic +r$i5ts pres5t 9 ! sample4 ,! fir/ case takes place :5 a portion ( ! organic matt] is decompos$ dur+ ! process ( evaporation1 & is q liable to occur2 ! second case takes place :5 ! wat] conta9s nitrates1 :i* w\ld be decompos$ ^u ignition4 ,! me?od1 h[ev]1 possesses "s value1 & is /ill (t5 resort$ to z af=d+ a g5]al idea ( ! proportion ( organic contam9ation pres5t1 ! degree ( black5+ ( ! solid residue dur+ ! process ( ignition be+1 at lea/1 a useful qualitative indication4 #c4 ,organic matt] 9 solution4--,a me?od frequ5tly employ$ = ?is det]m9ation is bas$ ^u ! supposition t ! am\nt ( potassium p]manganate requir$ to oxidise ! organic con/itu5ts conta9$ 9 wat] w\ld s]ve z a crit]ion ( its sanit>y value4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n z ! 8,=*amm]0 or 8oxyg50 process1 &1 al?\gh ( und\bt$ s]vice 9 comp>+ ! quality ( samples ( v impure wat]1 x is defective 9 ! foll[+ important respects3 ,diff]5t organic sub/ances are n affect$ to an equal ext5t by potassium p]manganate2 album51 = in/ance1 be+ f> less easily oxidis$ ?an o!r comp\nds1 & ! value ( ! results af=d$ is vitiat$ by ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 inorganic bodies1 su* z nitrites1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 f]r\s salts1 etc4 ,x has be5 /at$1 t ! m delet]i\s & putresc5t organic +r$i5ts ( wat] are ^? mo/ readily affect$ by ! p]manganate solution4 ,z modifi$ & improv$ by ,mill]#aba & by ,tidy1#abb ! process consi/s sub/antially 9 add+ an excess ( a /&>d solution ( potassium p]manganate to a measur$ quantity ( ! wat] "u exam9ation 7acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid71 & !n det]m9+ ! excess ( p]manganate us$ by means ( sodium hyposulphite & potassium iodide4 ,! foll[+ solutions are requir$3-- ,potassium ,p]manganate4--#jcie gramme ( ! salt is dissolv$ 9 #a litre ( di/ill$ wat]2 #aj c4c4 ( ?is solution repres5t #jjja gramme ( available oxyg54 ,sodium ,hyposulphite4--,"o gramme ( ! salt is dissolv$ 9 a litre ( wat]4 ,/>* solution4--,"o gramme ( />* is triturat$ ) ab\t #bj c4c4 ( boil+ wat]1 & ! mixture all[$ to /& at re/ ov] night1 aft] :i* ! cle> sup]natant solution is drawn (f4 ,pure di/ill$ ,wat]4--,?is is prep>$ by dige/+ #aj litres ( di/ill$ wat] ) #aj grammes ( potassium hydroxide & #b grammes ( potassium p]manganate 9 a /ill provid$ ) an inv]t$ cond5s] at #ajj = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 aft] :i* ! wat] is di/ill$1 sep>ate portions be+ frequ5tly te/$ ) ,nessl]'s solution2 ! di/illate is n res]v$ = use until ?is reag5t ceases to produce a br[ni% coloration4 ,! det]m9ation prop] is execut$ z foll[s3--,two flasks are fir/ ?or\ghly cleans$ by wa%+ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & subsequ5tly ) wat]2 #bej c4c4 ( ! wat] to be exam9$ are introduc$ into "o1 & ! same volume ( ! pure di/ill$ wat]1 prep>$ z above1 is plac$ 9 ! o!r4 #aj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid 7#a "p pure acid & #h p>ts di/ill$ wat]7 & #aj c4c4 ( ! potassium p]manganate solution are n[ add$ to ea* flask1 bo? !n be+ put aside = ?ree h\rs4 ,two drops ( a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( potassium iodide are next add$ to ! flasks1 & ! am\nt ( iod9e lib]at$ 7:i* is equival5t to ! quantity ( p]manganate unact$ ^u by ! wat]7 is det]m9$ by titration ) ! sodium hyposulphite solution4 ,! precise end ( ! reaction is asc]ta9$ by means ( a few drops ( ! />* pa/e1 ! hyposulphite be+ add$ to ea* flask until ! blue col\r produc$ by ! />* disappe>s4 ,! quantities ( solution us$ 9 ea* titration are !n read (f4 ,! am\nt ( p]manganate consum$ is equal to ,a-,b1 :]e ,a repres5ts ! hyposulphite us$ ) ! di/ill$ wat]1 & ,b1 t us$ ) ! sample "u exam9ation1 & ! proportion ( oxyg5 :i* is consum$ by ! wat] te/$1 c be calculat$ by ! =mula3-- 77,a - ,b7 a7 _/ ,a 9 :i* a is ! available oxyg5 9 ! add$ p]manganate4 ,= example1 if #aj c4c4 ( p]manganate 7 #jjja gramme available oxyg57 are add$ to ! #bej c4c4 7 litre7 conta9$ 9 ea* flask1 & ! di/ill$ wat] requir$ #ce c4c41 ! sample #ae c4c41 ( ! hyposulphite solution1 ! proportion ( oxyg5 consum$ by ! litre ( wat]1 w\ld be 77#ce - #ae7 #jja7 _/ #ce #jjjega1 :i* repres5ts #bbh p>ts ( oxyg5 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( wat]4 ,9 apply+ ! prec$+ te/1 x is requisite t ! flasks %\ld be kept at a p>ticul> temp]ature1 su* z #bg4 ,! pres5ce ( putresc5t & readily oxidis$ organic matt] or nitrites1 :i* indicates dang]\s contam9ation1 is recognis$ by ! absorption ( any consid]able proportion ( oxyg5 9 ! space ( two m9utes4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,tidy1 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( wat] ( v>i\s degrees ( purity1 absorb ! foll[+ am\nt ( oxyg5 9 ?ree h\rs3-- ,"p ,oxyg54 #a4 ,great organic purity #j to #jje #b4 ,m$ium purity #jje #jae #c4 ,d\btful #jae #jba #d4 ,impure ov] #jba #d4 ,*lor9e4--,! importance atta*$ to ! e/imation ( *lor9e 9 potable wat]s is d]iv$ f ! fact t ?is elem5t ent]s l>gely into ! food ( m5 & animals1 & is ?r[n (f 9 _! excreta4 ,?is1 naturally1 contributes to ! sewage contam9ation to :i* wat] is (t5 expos$4 ,wat]1 h[ev]1 may take up a c]ta9 proportion ( *lorides f ! geological /rata ?r\gh :i* x passes1 & x is ( importance to be> ?is fact 9 m9d 9 =m+ a conclusion z to ! significance ( ! results af=d$ by ?is det]m9ation4 ,x is1 likewise1 to be rememb]$ t vegetable organic pollution w\ld escape detection 7 ! quantity ( *lor9e conta9$ alone tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! det]m9ation is conv5i5tly made z foll[s3--#ej c4c4 ( ! wat] are introduc$ into a beak]1 a drop or two ( a conc5trat$ & neutral solution ( potassium *romate add$1 & !n a /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate v cauti\sly add$ f a burette1 drop by drop1 until a fa9t b p]man5t r$ t9t is produc$4 ,if ! silv] solution is prep>$ by dissolv+ #bcid grammes ( ! nitrate 9 #a litre ( di/ill$ wat]1 ! numb] ( c4c4 requir$ to cause ! r$di% coloration directly indicates ! p>ts ( *lor9e pres5t 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( ! wat] exam9$4 ,accord+ to ,frankl&1 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( wat] f v>i\s s\rces conta9 ! foll[+ proportions ( *lor9e3-- ,ra9wat] #jbb ,upl& surface wat] #aac ,spr+s #bdi ,deep wells #eaa ,watts' #8,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry' quotes ! proportions bel[3-- ,?ames1 at ,kew #aba ,?ames1 at ,london ,bridge #fcf ,lo* ,katr9e #jef ,rh9e1 at ,basle #jae ,rh9e1 at ,bonn #ade ,lake ( ,g5eva #jfg ,elbe1 ne> ,hamburg #cid ,loire1 at ,orleans #jbi ,! am\nt ( *lor9e conta9$ 9 sewage is /at$ to range f #fe to #bae p>ts1 ! av]age be+ #aaed p>ts4#abc ,x is g5]ally consid]$ t a proportion 9 excess ( #e p>ts 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( a dr9k+ wat]1 :i* is n liable to be affect$ by m9]al admixture1 is to be ascrib$ to organic contam9ation4 #e4 ,ammonia1 free & album9oid4--,x has already be5 m5tion$ t ! decomposition ( ! nitrog5\s organic impurities pres5t 9 pollut$ wat] results 9 ! production1 fir/1 ( ammonia1 !n ( nitrites & nitrates1 &1 z x is commonly ass]t$ t ! delet]i\s "* ( wat] is ma9ly due to ! putrefactive processes tak+ place1 :i* are probably directly proportionate to ! quantity ( ammonia produc$1 x is evid5t t ! det]m9ation ( ?is comp\nd is ( consid]able importance4 ,! proportion ( album9\s & alli$ con/itu5ts 9 a sample c1 moreov]1 be measur$ by ! quantity ( ammonia produc$ :5 ! wat] is boil$ ) an alkal9e solution ( potassium p]manganate4 ,^u ! =ego+ facts1 ,messrs4 ,wanklyn1 ,*apman1 & ,smi?#abd h bas$ a me?od = ! det]m9ation ( ! sanit>y quality ( potable wat]s1 :i* is 9 v g5]al use4 ,x involves1 fir/1 an e/imation ( ! ammonia g5]at$ ^u di/ill+ ! wat] ) sodium c>bonate 78free0 ammonia72 second1 ! quantity giv5 (f by boil+ ) alkal9e potassium p]manganate 78album9oid0 ammonia74 ,9 case ! wat] te/$ is contam9at$ ) urea1 :i* is n improbable1 ?is comp\nd w be decompos$ into ammonia by ! treatm5t ) sodium c>bonate4 ,! foll[+ solutions are employ$ 9 ! execution ( ! te/3-- ,ammonium ,*loride4--,dissolve #aegce grammes ( ! dry & pure salt 9 #a litre ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,:5 requir$ = use1 dilute #ajj c4c4 ( ! solution to #a litre2 #a c4c4 ( ?is dilut$ solution conta9s #jjjje gramme ( ,,nh#c4 ,pure ,sodium ,c>bonate4--,! ord9>y pure reag5t is fre$ f any ammonia possibly conta9$ by heat+ x 9 a plat9um capsule4 ,pure di/ill$ ,wat]4--,?is is obta9$ z direct$ on p4 #bjd4 ,nessl]'s ,reag5t4--,?is is a /rong alkal9e solution ( m]cury b9iodide4 ,x may be prep>$ by fir/ dissolv+ #fbe grammes ( potassium iodide 9 #bej c4c4 ( hot di/ill$ wat] 7res]v+ #aj c4c4 ( ! solution71 & add+ a conc5trat$ solution ( m]cury bi*loride1 ) con/ant %ak+1 to ! rema9d]1 until a p]man5t precipitate rema9s undissolv$2 ?is is !n br\ght 9 solution by means ( ! #aj c4c4 ( iodide solution1 set aside1 & ! addition ( m]cury bi*loride is c>efully cont9u$ until a slight precipitate reappe>s4 ,a conc5trat$ solution ( potassium hydroxide 7#bjj grammes dissolv$ 9 wat]7 is n[ add$1 & ! volume ( ! :ole made up ) di/ill$ wat] to #a litre4 ,! solution is !n all[$ to subside1 aft] :i* x is decant$ & pres]v$ 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle4 ,p]manganate solution4--,dissolve #h grammes ( potassium p]manganate & #bjj grammes ( potassium hydroxide 9 #a litre ( wat]1 & boil to expel any ammonia pres5t4 ,! e/imation ( free & album9oid ammonia is made z foll[s3--#ajj c4c4 ( ! wat] to be exam9$ are introduc$ into a glass retort1 :i* connects ) a ,liebig's cond5s]1 & has previ\sly be5 ?or\ghly cleans$ by boil+ ) di/ill$ wat]2 "o gramme ( pure sodium c>bonate is add$1 & ! wat] di/ill$ until #dj c4c4 h pass$ ov]1 ! di/illate be+ sep>ately collect$ 9 f\r #aj c4c4 cyl9d]s or tubes4 ,ab\t #aj c4c4 ( ! alkal9e solution ( potassium p]manganate is !n add$ to ! rema9+ cont5ts ( ! retort1 & ! di/illation cont9u$ almo/ to dryness4 ,! second di/illate is likewise collect$ 9 fractions ( #aj c4c4 ea*4 ,x is advisable to s regulate ! process ( di/illation1 t only ab\t #aj c4c4 pass ov] 9 ! space ( eight m9utes4 ,! two sets ( di/illates are !n sep>ately te/$ by add+ #je c4c4 ( ! ,nessl] solution to ea* cyl9d]1 well /irr+ ! mixture1 & sett+ x aside = at lea/ five m9utes4 ,a s]ies ( comp>ison tubes 7#aj c4c4 9 capacity7 are prep>$ by add+ #jja1 #jjc1 #jje up to #ja gramme ( ammonium *loride1 & fill+ to ! #aj c4c4 m>k ) pure di/ill$ wat]2 #je c4c4 ( ! ,nessl] reag5t be+ add$ to ea*4 ,! degree ( coloration exhibit$ 9 ! cyl9d]s conta9+ ! two sets ( di/illates is !n mat*$ by ! comp>ison cyl9d]s4 ,x is evid5t1 t f ! data ?us obta9$1 ! am\nt ( ammonia obta9$ by ! fir/ di/illation ) sodium c>bonate 7free ammonia71 & by ! second di/illation ) alkal9e potassium p]manganate 7album9oid ammonia71 c be det]m9$4 ,x has be5 previ\sly m5tion$ t urea evolves ammonia :5 boil$ ) sodium c>bonate2 ! am\nt ( ammonia obta9$ by ! fir/ process ( di/illation w !re=e include t actually conta9$ z su* 9 ! wat]1 & t g5]at$ by ! decomposition ( any urea possibly pres5t4 ,z ! pres5ce ( ?is body is incompatible ) a good dr9k+ wat]1 ?is fact is ( little real importance4 ,9 case1 h[ev]1 x be desir$ to make an e/imation ( ! free ammonia really pres5t1 #ejj c4c4 ( ! wat] to be te/$ are treat$ ) #a or #b c4c4 ( calcium *loride solution1 !n ) a slight excess ( potassium hydroxide1 & ! liquid filt]$4 ,x is next di/ill$ z direct$ above1 & ! rema9+ cont5ts ( ! retort made up to #ejj c4c4 #bjj c4c4 ( ! orig9al sample are !n subject$ to ! same treatm5t ) calcium *loride & potassium hydroxide1 & filt]$4 ,! second solution1 :i* conta9s all ! ammonia orig9ally pres5t 9 ! wat]1 is n[ te/$ ) ,nessl]'s reag5t1 ! solution fir/ obta9$ by dilut+ ! cont5ts ( ! retort be+ employ$1 in/ead ( pure di/ill$ wat]1 = comp>ison4 ,! proportions ( free & album9oid ammonia f\nd 9 ! prec$+ op]ations are usually express$ 9 p>ts p] #ajj1jjj ( ! wat]4 ,wanklyn gives ! foll[+ am\nts ( free & album9oid ammonia conta9$ 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( sev]al k9ds ( wat]3-- ,deep spr+ wat] n ov] #jjja mix$ ) surface wat] #jjje ,filt]$ wat] #jjje to #jjaj ,imp]fectly filt]$ wat] #jja #jjb ,sewage #jcj ,! same au?ority makes ! foll[+ classification ( potable wat]1 ref]5ce be+ made to p>ts ( album9oid ammonia pres5t 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts3-- ,extraord9>y purity #j to #jjje ,satisfactory purity #jjje #jjaj ,dirty ov] #jjaj ,! pres5ce ( any consid]able proportion ( free ammonia is usually indicative ( rec5t sewage contam9ation4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( free ammonia1 a wat] ne$ n be reject$ unless ! album9oid ammonia exce$s #jjaj "p1 b a wat] conta9+ ov] #jjae "p ( album9oid ammonia %\ld be condemn$ "u all circum/ances4 #f4 ,nitrog5 z nitrites & nitrates4--,x is q g5]ally accept$ t ! pres5ce 9 wat] ( ! oxidation products ( nitrog51 is to be ascrib$ to ! oxidation ( nitrog5\s organic matt]1 unless !y are ! result ( p]colation ?r\gh soil conta9+ nitrates1 &1 = ?is reason1 consid]able importance atta*es to ! quantitative e/imation ( ! nitrog5 pres5t 9 ! /ate ( nitrates1 &1 9 "s cases1 nitrites4 ,"o ( ! mo/ reliable me?ods = ?is det]m9ation is ! eudiometric process ( ,frankl&1 :i* is bas$ ^u t ( ,crum1#abe & consi/s 9 agitat+ ! conc5trat$ wat] ) m]cury & /rong sulphuric acid1 & measur+ ! volume ( nitric oxide =m$ by ! r$uction ( nitrates & nitrites4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! necessity ( employ+ gas app>atus1 ?is me?od is n 9 v g5]al use4 ,wanklyn's process is ! foll[+3--#ajj c4c4 ( ! sample are made alkal9e ) pure sodium hydroxide1 evaporat$ to ab\t "o-f\r? ( its orig9al volume1 next made up to #ajj c4c4 by add+ pure di/ill$ wat]1 & introduc$ into a flask :i* connects ) a ,u-tube fill$ ) p[d]$ glass moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,a piece ( alum9ium foil is !n add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! flask1 & ! mixture is all[$ to /& at re/ = six or sev5 h\rs4 ,! cont5ts ( ! ,u-tube are n[ transf]r$ to ! flask1 ! latt] is connect$ ) a ,liebig's cond5s] & ! liquid di/ill$4 ,! proportion ( ammonia conta9$ 9 ! di/illate is det]m9$ by ,nessl]'s reag5t z previ\sly describ$1 f :i* ! am\nt ( nitrog5 pres5t z nitrates & nitrites is calculat$4 ,griess#abf has sugge/$ a v useful process = ! det]m9ation ( nitr\s acid & nitrites 9 potable wat]s4 ,x is execut$ by plac+ #ajj c4c4 ( ! filt]$ wat] 9 a glass cyl9d]1 & add+ a few drops ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 & #a c4c4 ( a solution ( sulphanilic acid & naph?ylam9e hydro*loride4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( nitrites1 a beautiful rose-r$ col\r 7due to ! =mation ( azob5zol-naph?ylam9e sulphonic acid71 w be produc$4 ,! proportion ( nitrites conta9$ 9 ! wat]1 is asc]ta9$ by simultane\sly subject+ a solution ( potassium nitrite1 ( kn[n /r5g?1 to ! same treatm5t1 & mat*+ ! degree ( col\r obta9$1 z 9 ! ,nessl] process4 ,?is solution c be prep>$ by dissolv+ #jdjf gramme ( dry silv] nitrite 9 hot wat]1 & add+ a slight excess ( potassium *loride4 ,aft] cool+1 ! solution is made up to "o litre1 ! silv] *loride all[$ to settle1 & ! cle> liquid filt]$4 ,if #ajj c4c4 ( ! filtrate are fur!r dilut$ to "o litre1 ea* c4c4 w conta9 #jjjjja gramme ( nitr\s acid4 ,9 ,ditm>'s me?od1 ! residue obta9$ by ! evaporation ( ! wat]1 is fir/ mix$ ) pure sodium hydroxide1 & plac$ 9 a small silv] boat4 ,x is next introduc$ into a combu/ion tube & burn$ 9 a curr5t ( hydrog51 ! evolv$ gases be+ receiv$ 9 an absorption app>atus fill$ ) v dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,9 ?is me?od ! am\nt ( ammonia =m$1 is likewise e/imat$ by means ( ,nessl]'s solution4 ,! proportion ( organic nitrog5 is f\nd by d$uct+ ! free ammonia pres5t 9 ! wat] & multiply+ ! rema9d] by #ad_/ag4 ,messrs4 ,dupr & ,hake#abg det]m9e ! organic c>bon 9 wat] ess5tially z foll[s3--,! residue ( ! evaporation ( ! wat] is obta9$ 9 a v ?9 silv] di%1 :i* c be roll$ up & introduc$ into a combu/ion tube fill$ ?ree-f\r?s ( its l5g? ) cupric oxide4 ,! residue is !n burn$ 9 a /ream ( oxyg54 ,! evolv$ c>bonic acid is absorb$ 9 a solution ( b>ium hydroxide1 ! precipitate =m$ be+ collect$ ^u a filt]1 wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$2 its weight1 divid$ by #aid1 gives ! am\nt ( organic c>bon pres5t 9 ! sample4 ,! c>bonates & nitrates orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! wat] c be remov$ by boil+ ) a saturat$ solution ( sulphur\s acid be=e ! prelim9>y evaporation4 ,frankl& gives ! foll[+ av]age proportions ( nitrog51 z nitrates1 occurr+ 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( v>i\s k9ds ( wat]3-- ,ra9 wat] #jjjg ,upl& surface wat] #jjji ,deep wells & spr+s #jdjj ,surface wat] 7cultivat$ di/ricts7 #jbej ,%all[ wells 7no av]age71 #b to #e p>ts common4 ,o!r au?orities reg>d ! pres5ce ( m ?an #jf "p ( nitrog5 z nitrates p] #ajj1jjj p>ts ( wat] z indicat+ dang]\s pollution4 ,at ! ,int]national ,ph>maceutical ,congress held 9 ,brussels1#abh ! foll[+ /&>ds ( purity = potable wat] 7 recomm5d$3-- #a/4 ,a wat] %\ld be limpid1 transp>5t1 col\rless1 )\t smell1 & free ( matt] 9 susp5sion4 #bnd4 ,x %\ld be fre%1 ) a pleasant ta/e1 & its temp]ature %\ld n v>y mu*1 & c]ta9ly n be high] ?an #ae4 #crd4 ,x %\ld n conta9 noxi\s animal or vegetable matt]1 & especially none ( ^! sub/ances 9 a /ate ( decomposition4 #d?4 ,x %\ld n conta9 m ?an #f to #aj mgrms4 ( organic matt] p] litre1 express$ 9 t]ms ( oxalic acid4 ,x %\ld n conta9 nitrog5\s matt]4 #e?4 ,! nitrog5\s organic matt]1 oxidis$ ) an alkal9e solution ( potassium p]manganate1 %\ld n yield m ?an #jja "p ( album9oid ammonia p] #ajj1jjj4 #f?4 ,x %\ld n assume a disagreeable smell aft] hav+ be5 kept 9 an op5 or clos$ vessel4 #g?4 ,x %\ld n conta9 :ite alg1 nor num]\s infusoria1 bact]ia1 etc4 #h?4 ,x mu/ hold air 9 solution1 :i* %\ld conta9 a l>g] proportion ( oxyg5 ?an ord9>y air4 #i?4 ,x %\ld n conta91 p] litre1 m ?an3-- #je gramme m9]al salts4 #jfj sulphuric anhydride4 #jjh *lor9e4 #jjb nitric anhydride4 #bjj alkal9e e>?s4 #jcj silica4 #jjc iron4 ,9 ! ,municipal ,laboratory ( ,p>is1 ! foll[+ /&>ds = potable wat]s are employ$4 ,"o litre mu/ n conta9 m ?an3-- #je to #jf gramme total m9]al residue4 #jbe calcium sulphate4 #jjae *lor9e4 #jjje organic matt] 7calculat$ z oxalic acid74 #jjja album9oid ammonia4 #jjja metals precipitat$ by sulphurett$ hydrog54 #jjjc iron4 ,no sulphurett$ hydrog54 #ajj c4c4 %\ld conta9 #cbe c4c4 ( gas1 #aj p] c5t4 ( :i* %\ld be c>bonic acid & #cc-a_/c p] c5t4 oxyg54 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,mallet#abi sugge/s ! idea1 t ! noxi\s "* ( potable wat]s conta9+ nitrates & nitrites1 ) b small proportions ( organic matt]1 may be due to ! pres5ce ( a special nitrify+ f]m5t belong+ to ! l[] organisms1 :i* are capable ( propagat+ disease4 ,9 reg>d to ! degree ( importance t %\ld atta* to def9ite & arbitr>y /&>ds ( purity1 x appe>s to be accept$ t1 al?\gh ! data af=d$ z ! result ( *emical te/s are (t5 ( value 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 pure & impure wat]s1 b little reliance %\ld be plac$ ^u su* crit]ia alone4 ,pr(essor ,mallet1 :o has devot$ mu* att5tion to ! inve/igation ( potable wat]s1 & ^: op9ion on ?is subject is entitl$ to ! highe/ consid]ation1 arriv$ at ! foll[+ conclusions conc]n+ ! m vital po9ts at issue 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! hygi5ic "* ( wat]3-- 8#a4 ,x is n possible to decide absolutely ^u ! :olesom5ess or un:olesom5ess ( a dr9k+ wat] by ! m]e use ( any ( ! processes exam9$ = ! e/imation ( organic matt] or its con/itu5ts4 8#b4 ,i w\ld ev5 g fur!r1 & say t 9 judg+ ! sanit>y "* ( ! wat]1 n only mu/ su* processes be us$ 9 conjunction ) ! inve/igation ( o!r evid5ce ( a m g5]al sort1 z to ! s\rce & hi/ory ( ! wat]1 b %\ld ev5 be deem$ ( second>y importance 9 weigh+ ! reasons = accept+ or reject+ a wat] n manife/ly unfit = dr9k+ on o!r gr\nds4 8#c4 ,!re are no s\nd gr\nds on :i* to e/abli% su* g5]al #8/&>ds ( purity' z h be5 propos$1 look+ to exact am\nts ( #8organic c>bon' or #8nitrog51' #8album9oid-ammonia1' #8oxyg5 ( p]manganate consum$1' etc41 z p]missible or n4 8#d4 ,two entirely legitimate directions seem to be op5 = ! useful exam9ation by *emical means ( ! organic con/itu5ts ( dr9k+ wat]1 namely2 fir/1 ! detection ( v gross pollution1 99 99 99 99 &1 secondly1 ! p]iodical exam9ation ( a wat] supply1 z ( a great city1 9 ord] t ! normal or usual "* ( ! wat] hav+ be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$1 any suspici\s *anges1 :i* f "t to "t may occur1 %all be promptly detect$ & _! cause inve/igat$40 ,! microscopic & biological inve/igations ( wat] are useful adjuncts to ! *emical exam9ation4 ,! =m] is made by all[+ a litre or m ( ! sample to rema9 at re/ = sev]al h\rs1 collect+ ! deposit =m$ & inspect+ x by means ( ! microscope1 us+ l[ magnify+ p[] at fir/4 ,x w be f\nd advantage\s to /a9 portions ( ! s$im5t obta9$ ) anil9e violet1 :i*1 by a sort ( pr$ilection1 atta*es itself to p>ticul> =ms ( vegetable & animal life1 !reby r5d]+ !m m di/9ct4 ,! matt]s mo/ usually obs]v$ 9 ! microscopic exam9ation ( ! deposit are3-- #a/4 ,num]\s lifeless sub/ances1 su* z m9]al matt]s1 vegetable debris1 muscul> & cellul> tissues1 hairs1 hemp1 wool1 cotton1 silk1 />* cells1 insect rema9s1 & poll5 gra9s4 #bnd4 ,liv+ vegetable =ms1 su* z conf]v1 v>i\s alg1 oscillatoria1 desmids1 diatoms1 & bact]ia4 #crd4 ,liv+ animal =ms1 includ+ _m v>ieties ( infusoria & animalcula4 ,( ! latt]1 ^? kn[n z 8saprophytes0 are reg>d$ z specially indicat+ ! pres5ce ( sewage contam9ation4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties ( bact]ia h be5 f\nd associat$ ) "s =ms ( disease1 & p>ticul> att5tion has be5 be/[$ ^u ! /udy ( ^! g]ms4 ,! biological exam9ation ( wat] consi/s ( pa?ological exp]im5ts on liv+ animals1 made by inject+ a solution ( ! wat]-residue b5ea? ! sk9s ( rabbits1 etc41 & ( exp]im5ts made by inoculat+ culture gelat9e ) ! wat]4 ,( ! latt] me?ods ( exam9ation1 t orig9ally sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,ko*1 ( ,b]l91 & describ$ by ,dr4 ,p]cy ,f4 ,frankl&1#acj is well wor?y ( m5tion4 ,9 ?is process1 ! l[] =ms ( life are cultivat$ 9 a solid m$ium1 by means ( :i* ! gr[? ( ea* colony is localis$ & r5d]$ suitable = microscopic inspection4 ,! m$ium employ$ by ,dr4 ,frankl& has ! foll[+ composition3 ,lean meat #a lb4 ,gelat9e #aej grammes4 ,solid peptone #aj ,sodium *loride #a ,di/ill$ wat] #a litre4 ,! f9ely-cut meat is fir/ infus$ 9 half a litre ( cold wat] = two h\rs & /ra9$2 ! gelat9e is dige/$ 9 ! o!r half-litre ( wat]1 !n mix$ ) ! meat-extract1 & ! :ole heat$ until ! gelat9e is completely dissolv$1 :5 ! peptone & salt are add$4 ,! liquid is n[ cauti\sly neutralis$ ) sodium c>bonate1 & cl>ifi$ by beat+ x toge!r ) two or ?ree eggs1 boil+1 /ra9+ ?r\gh clo?1 & filt]+ hot ?r\gh bibul\s pap]2 ^u cool+ x sets to a transp>5t jelly4 ,be=e sett+1 #g c4c4 ( ! liquid are introduc$ into a s]ies ( clean te/-tubes1 :i* are tightly plugg$ ) cotton-wool & !n /]ilis$ by /eam+ !m half-an-h\r = ?ree or f\r consecutive days4 ,x is necess>y to obs]ve special precautions 9 ! collection ( ! sample ( wat] to be exam9$4 ,glass-/opp]$ bottles are well adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,^! are to be v ?or\ghly wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 !n dri$ & f9ally /]ilis$ by heat+ 9 an air-ba? = ?ree or f\r h\rs at a temp]ature ( f #aej to #ahj4 ,! actual exam9ation ( ! wat] is execut$ by fir/ heat+ "o ( ! te/-tubes conta9+ ! /]ilis$ gelat9 m$ium 9 a wat]-ba? to #cj1 by :i* x is fus$4 ,! ext]nal portion ( ! cotton-wool is next burn$1 ! tube op5$1 & a c]ta9 numb] ( drops ( ! wat] to be te/$ 7previ\sly well %ak57 are introduc$ by means ( a /]ilis$ pipette4 ,! mixture is imm$iately p\r$ out ^u a clean & /]ilis$ glass plate :i* re/s 9 a p]fectly horizontal position1 & is cov]$ by a glass %ade4 ,! plate is support$ by a glass tripod :i* dips into a di% conta9+ a two p] c5t4 solution ( m]curic *loride--?us =m+ an antiseptic protection f ! ext]nal air4 ,! tripods1 di%es1 etc41 are /]ilis$ by wa%+ !m ) ! m]curic *loride solution4 ,z soon z ! gelat9e mixture has set1 ! glass plate 7toge!r ) ! cov]7 is introduc$ into an air-ba? kept at a temp]ature ( f #bj-be1 :]e x is all[$ to rema9 = two to five days = incubation4 ,! individual organisms & ! progress ( ! =mation ( colonies are obs]v$ f "t to "t by inspect+ ! plate1 :i* c be done )\t remov+ ! glass cov]4 ,z soon z !y h become easily visible to ! nak$ eye1 ! plate is remov$ f ! ba?1 & plac$ ^u ano!r glass plate1 :i* is rul$ 9 squ>es1 & put ov] a black pap]4 ,! colonies are !n c\nt$ by aid ( a l5s1 or1 if !y are too num]\s to admit ( ?is1 ! numb] conta9$ 9 a few ( ! squ>es is det]m9$ & multipli$ accord+ly4 ,dr4 ,frankl& has appli$ ! =ego+ me?od to ! exam9ation ( ! ,london wat] supply 7#ahhe71 ) ! foll[+ results3-- ,,micro-,,organisms ,,9 #a ,c4,c4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,jan4 ,feb4,m>*4 ,may4 ,june4 ,sept4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,riv] ,?ames 44 44 44 44 #aee 44 #afdd #gad #ahff at ,hampton ,*elsea #h #bc #aj #ad #bb #ha #ac #cd #c ,we/ ,middlesex #b #af #g #c 44 #bf #b #b #e ,s\?w>k #ac #bf #bdf #bd 44 #dg #ah #bd #cb ,gr& ,junction #chb #eg #bh #c #ba #ah #dc #dj #dj ,lambe? #aj #e #fi #cj 44 #ch #ajc #bf #bf ,,riv] ,,lea4 ,riv] ,lea at 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ied ,*+=d ,mill ,new ,riv] #g #g #ie #c 44 #bg #c #b #aa ,ea/ ,london #be #ci #ag #aba 44 #bb #bi #ec #ad ,,deep ,,wells4 ,k5t 7well at 44 44 44 44 #f 44 44 #f #h ,dept=d7 ,k5t 7supply7 #aj #da #i #bj #bf 44 #ad #ah 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,plate ,,xi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,9 ,plate ,,xi41 ,fig4 #a exhibits ! animal & vegetable liv+ =ms conta9$ 9 ,croton wat]4 ,!y h be5 catalogu$ z foll[s3-- 7a7 ,a/]ionella =mosa1 vegetable2 a diatom1 #cab4 7b7 ,p$ia/rum simplex1 vegetable2 a desmid1 #bjj4 7c7 ,cyclotella a/ra1 vegetable2 a diatom1 #bjj4 7d7 ,vorticella2 an animalcule1 #cab4 7e7 ,conf]va1 vegetable2 8gre5 scum10 #dj4 7f7 ,epi!lial cell2 #bjj4 7g7 ,fragill>ia cupuc9a1 vegetable2 a diatom1 #bjj4 7h7 ,het]omita ovata2 an animalcule1 #ejj4 7i7 ,halt]ia gr&9ella 7872 an animalcule1 #bjj4 7k7 ,anguillula fluviatilis2 a wat]-worm1 #cab4 7l7 ,amba porrecta2 an animalcule1 #bjj4 7n7 ,d9ophrys2 an animalcule1 #bjj4 7o7 ,didymoprium borr]i1 vegetable2 a desmid1 #bjj4 7p7 ,tabell>ia f5e/rata1 vegetable2 a diatom1 #cab4 7q7 ,free vorticella2 an animalcule1 #bjj4 7r7 ,coccud9a co/ata1 divid+2 an animalcule1 #cab4 7s7 ,monas umbra2 an animalcule1 #cab4 7t7 ,cyclidium obscissum2 an animalcule1 #cab4 7u7 ,*ilodon cucullulus2 an animalcule1 #bjj4 7v7 ,epi/ylis nutans2 "y animalcules1 #bjj4 7w7 ,p>amecium2 an animalcule1 #bjj4 7x7 ,difflugia /riolata1 ! lorica or case2 an animalcule1 #bjj4 7y7 ,conf]va2 vegetable 8gre5 scum10 #cab4 7z7 ,vorticella micro/oma2 an animalcule1 #bjj4 7aa7 ,fragm5ts ( dy$ wood1 #bjj4 7cc7 ,gomphonema acum9atum1 vegetable2 a diatom1 #bjj4 7ee7 ,ar?rodesmus octocornis1 vegetable2 a desmid1 #cab4 7ff7 ,sc5odesmus quadricauda1 vegetable2 a desmid1 #bjj4 7ii7 ,navicula rhyn*ocephala 7871 vegetable2 a diatom1 #bjj4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts ! organisms f\nd 9 ! ,brooklyn 7,ridgwood7 wat] supply3-- 7a7 ,act9ophrys sol2 an animalcule1 #bjj4 7b7 ,coccud9a co/ata2 an animalcule1 #bjj4 7c7 ,*tonotus squamatus2 hairy-back$ animalcule1 #bjj4 7d7 ,notommata2 a rotif]\s animalcule1 #bjj4 7e7 ,amba guttula2 an animalcule1 #bjj4 7f7 ,melosira ori*alaea1 vegetable2 a diatom1 #bjj4 7g7 ,vorticella micro/oma2 animalcules1 #bjj4 7h7 ,*tonotus l>us2 hairy-back$ animalcule1 #bjj4 7i7 ,tabell>ia flocculosa1 vegetable2 a diatom1 #bjj4 ,! orig9al draw+s f :i* ,plate ,,xi4 is tak5 7 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,william ,b4 ,lewis1 = ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! organisms1 h[ev] />tl+ "s ( !m may be 9 appe>ance1 is usually n objectionable2 inde$1 microscopic vegetable gr[?s are frequ5tly ( s]vice 9 ! purification ( potable wat]4 ,! m important =ms ( bact]ia 7bacilli1 etc471 pres5t m9ute rod-l %apes1 f> less impressive 9 appe>ance4 ,consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s 9 reg>d to ! sanit>y value ( ! results af=d$ by ! biological exam9ation ( wat]4 ,:ile ! numb] ( bact]ia f\nd 9 a giv5 quantity ( wat] may be ( aid 9 ! =mation ( an op9ion z to its relative safety = dome/ic purposes1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ^! micro-organisms are almo/ omnipres5t1 be+ conta9$ 9 ! air1 & 9 soils1 & articles ( food4 ,! foll[+ tabulation %[s ! relative purity ( ! wat] supply ( sev]al ,am]ican cities1 z det]m9$ by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,r4 ,le$s1 9 ,june1 #ahha3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,new ,brooklyn4 ,york4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,j]sey ,philadelphia4 ,city4 ------------------------------ ,p>ts 9 ,bo/on4,wa%+ton4 #ajj1jjj --------------- ,ro*e/]4 ----------- ,c9c9nati4 --- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,free ammonia4 #jjjbgjjjjgejjjdge #jjja #jjacbe #jjjf #jjaad #jjaae ,album9oid ammonia4 #jjbg #jjjhbejjdbg #jjah #jjfje #jjbg #jjbc #jjbd ,oxyg5 requir$4 #jha #jdac #jie #jdf #agg #jfjj #jgij #jhfj ,nitrites4 ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,nitrates4 #jhcbeabjbe #jijfe #jfhdeabcie #jhcbe #jfbi #jgdj ,*lor9e4 #jcej #jeej #jbce #jcjjjjcae #jbgj #jaie #jhje ,total h>dness4 #ccjj #bbgj #cbjj #ddjj #bajj #dhjj #eejj #fdjj ,total solids4 #aahjj #fjjj #icjj #adcjj #hejj #aaejj #ajjjj #afbjj ,m9]al matt]4 #ejjj #ejjj #cdjj #fjjj #bjjj #eejj #djjj #ijjj ,organic & volatile matt]4 #fhjj #ajjj #eijj #hcjj #fejj #fjjj #fjjj #gbjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p>ts p] ,april4 ,may4 ,june4 ,july4 #ajj1jjj4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #crd4 #f?4 #bf?4 #ac?4 #cj?4 #ae?4 #cj?4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,appe>ance1 c4 ,cl4 ,sl4 ,tb4 ,tb4 ,cl4 ,cl4 ,cl4 ,cl4 ,od\r 7heat$ to ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none #ajj ,fahr474 ,*lor9e 9 #jbgh #jcdh #jbdd #jcdh #jbbf #jbgi #jbbf *lorides4 ,equival5t to #jdei #jege #jdjj #jegd #jcgd #jdei #jcgd sodium *loride4 ,phosphates4 ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,nitrites4 ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,nitrog5 9 #jjdjcjjdid #jjcd #jjdfijjcga #jjcie #jjchg nitrates & nitrites4 ,free ammonia4 #jjja #j #jjjb #jjjc #jjjje #jjjb #jjjc ,album9oid #jjji #jjaff #jjjhfjjjg #jjad #jjjh #jjaa ammonia4 8,h>dness0 equival5t to c>bonate ( lime-- ,be=e boil+4 #dgc #djhb #dbhj #chfj #difh #dbfh #dccb ,aft] boil+4 #dca #cghg #ceaj #cejj #dehf #dbfh #dccb ,organic & #fjj #aejj #cjj #bej #bjj #jej #bej volatile 7loss on ignition74 ,m9]al matt] #ejj #djjj #dej #dej #eej #ejj #ejj 7non volatile74 ,total solids 7by #aajj #eej #gej #gjj #gej #eej #gej evaporation74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p>ts p] ,augu/4 ,septemb]4 ,octob]4 ,nov4 ,dec4 #ajj1jjj4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #ai?4 #ca/4#ae?4 #bi?4#ad?4#cj?4 #ae?4 #a/4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,appe>ance1 c4 ,cl4 ,cl4 ,cl4 ,cl4 ,cl4 ,cl4 ,cl4 ,cl4 ,od\r 7heat$ to ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none #ajj ,fahr474 ,*lor9e 9 #jbgh #jcac #jbjijbjh #jbgbjbdcjcab #jbie *lorides4 ,equival5t to #jdei #jeag #jcddjcdc #jdehjdjjjeae #jdhf sodium *loride4 ,phosphates4 ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,nitrites4 ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,none ,nitrog5 9 #jjdfijjdhfjjcgjjdggjjdajjdgjjdh 44 nitrates & nitrites4 ,free ammonia4 #jjjc #jjja #jjjdjjjb #j #jjjcjjja #jjjcb ,album9oid #jjad #jjji #jjafjjjidjjacjjaejjad 44 ammonia4 8,h>dness0 equival5t to c>bonate ( lime-- ,be=e boil+4#dehf #dccb #ejifcidi #debjdeabchdj #cgbi ,aft] boil+4 #cidi #dccb #ddeichbb #dbiddeabccij #cafd ,organic & #cjj #bjj #bej #bej #bej #cjj #cjj 44 volatile 7loss on ignition74 ,m9]al matt] #ejj #dej #djj #djj #djj #dej #djj 44 7non volatile74 ,total solids 7by #hjj #fej #fej #fej #fej #gej #gjj 44 evaporation74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,cl4 signifies cle>4 ,sl4 ,tb41 slightly turbid4 ,tb41 turbidity some:at m m>k$4 ,,p>ts ,,p] #ajj1jjj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,*lor9e 9 ,equival5t ,date ,"t :5 drawn4 ,*lorides4 to ,description :5 --------------------------- ,sodium ( ,sample4 tak5 ,od\r :5 ,*loride4 ,appe>ance 9 heat$ ---- two-foot ,tube4 to #ch4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahhd4 ,mohawk ,riv]1 ,dec4 #e 44 ,turbid1 ,fa9t #jbcc #jcga above ,diamond gre5i% yell[ aromatic ,wooll5 ,mills ,hudson ,riv]1 ,nov4 #ab 44 ,fa9tly turbid1 ,fa9t1 #jbcc #jcga above light gre5i% vegetable ,lans+burg yell[ ,troy hydrant #ab 44 ,fa9tly turbid1 ,fa9t1 #jbcc #jcga light gre5i% vegetable yell[ ,hudson ,riv]1 ,dec4 #f 44 ,fa9tly turbid1 ,fa9t1 #jafg #jbfe at ,maple gre5i% yell[ m>%y ,isl& ,hudson ,riv]1 ,nov4 #a ,high ,cle>1 light ,fa9t #jccc #jecj at inlet tide yell[ ,hudson ,riv]1 #a ,high ,fa9tly turbid1 ,fa9t1 #jccc #jecj at inlet tide light yell[ /ale ,hudson ,riv]1 #a ,l[ ,cle>1 br[ni% ,fa9t #jcff #jehc at inlet tide yell[ ,hudson ,riv]1 #a ,l[ ,turbid1 br[ni% ,fa9t #jcff #jehc at inlet tide yell[ ,hudson ,riv]1 ,dec4 #d ,high ,slightly turbid1 ,oily #jbcc #jcga #ej ft4 s\? tide br[ni% yell[ ( inlet ,hudson ,riv]1 #d ,l[ ,turbid1 br[ni% ,oily #jahc #jbia at inlet tide yell[ ,bleeck] ,nov4 #a 44 ,cle>1 fa9t 44 #jcdj #jeda ,res]voir yell[ ,bleeck] #a 44 ,turbid1 fa9t ,fa9t1 #jcdj #jeda ,res]voir yell[ /ale ,tivoli ,lake #f 44 ,fa9t milk9ess ,fa9t1 #jhcc #acbe /ale ,tivoli ,lake #f 44 ,:iti%1 milky ,fa9t1 #jhcc #acbe /ale ,tivoli ,lake ,dec4 #d 44 ,turbid1 gre5i% ,fa9t1 #jiff #aecg m>%y ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,phosphates4 ,nitrites4 9 ,nitrates & ,nitrog5 ,free ,album9oid ,nitrites4 ,ammonia4 ,ammonia4 ,ammonia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,mohawk ,riv]1 44 44 #jjgje #jjjdd #jjjgd above ,diamond ,wooll5 ,mills ,hudson ,riv]1 44 44 #jjbdg 44 #jjaej above ,lans+burg ,troy hydrant 44 44 #jjbhd #jjjae #jjaea ,hudson ,riv]1 44 44 #jjfad #jjjad #jjjhb at ,maple ,isl& ,hudson ,riv]1 44 44 #jjbgg #jjjfd #jjjjb at inlet ,hudson ,riv]1 44 44 #jjbfe #jjjch #jjadb at inlet ,hudson ,riv]1 44 44 #jjdga #jjjbh #jjacd at inlet ,hudson ,riv]1 44 44 #jjbhh #jjjej #jjabd at inlet ,hudson ,riv]1 44 44 #jjfdg #jjjed #jjaad #ej ft4 s\? ( inlet ,hudson ,riv]1 44 44 #jjfjf #jjjfd #jjjij at inlet ,bleeck] 44 44 #jjdhd #jjjeb #jjjfh ,res]voir ,bleeck] 44 44 #jjdhi #jjjdf #jjajb ,res]voir ,tivoli ,lake ,fa9t trace,fa9t trace #jjejg #jjahd #jjjhj ,tivoli ,lake ,fa9t trace,fa9t trace #jjfaa #jjaih #jjbhj ,tivoli ,lake ,fa9t trace,fa9t trace #jaccd #jjchj #jjaah ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,h>dness ,m9]al ,matt]4 equival5t -------- ------ ,oxyg5 absorb$ to ,c>bonate ,total at #hj ,fahr4 ( lime4 ,organic ,solids ------------------------------ & dri$ ,9 #ae ,9 #d ,be=e ,aft] ,volatile at ,m9utes4h\rs4,boil+4,boil+4,matt]4 #aaj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,mohawk ,riv]1 #jbjga #jcgjd #fhch #fhch #agj #ijj #ajgj above ,diamond ,wooll5 ,mills ,hudson ,riv]1 #jbfia #jdaej #chah #chah #bbj #ehj #hjj above ,lans+burg ,troy hydrant #jbgej #jdjjj #ddih #ddih #bfj #fej #ijj ,hudson ,riv]1 #jbhbg #jdajj #ejdi #dhci #bdj #ecj #ggj at ,maple ,isl& ,hudson ,riv]1 #jafgj #jcaaa #ehig #ehig #adj #ihj #aabj at inlet ,hudson ,riv]1 #jahij #jcdbb #fbcg #fbcg #ejj #gbj #abbj at inlet ,hudson ,riv]1 #jbahj #jcahj #fbcg #fjhf #ahj #ibj #aajj at inlet ,hudson ,riv]1 #jbbjj #jcdgj #fjdh #fjdh #dhj #hbj #acjj at inlet ,hudson ,riv]1 #jbeji #jdcdj #edgj #edgj #cej #dej #hjj #ej ft4 s\? ( inlet ,hudson ,riv]1 #jbbcj #jddbj #ehch #ehch #aej #gej #ijj at inlet ,bleeck] #jaeaa #jbegh #eccj #chic #bej #hhj #aacj ,res]voir ,bleeck] #jagee #jcjbj #fegg #fegg #egj #fhj #abej ,res]voir ,tivoli ,lake #jjghj #jbjcj #gjfi #dcji #bjj #abjj #adjj ,tivoli ,lake #jabjj #jaheb #gdji #edha #fjj #aajj #agjj ,tivoli ,lake #jajge #jagfb #hdfh #hdfh #cbj #ajdj #acfj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! v>iation 9 ! composition ( ,croton wat]1 at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 is exhibit$ by ! table on p4 #bba1 :i* gives ! results ( ! semi-mon?ly exam9ations made by ,dr4 ,elwyn ,wall] dur+ ! ye> #ahhe4aca ,= ! results ( ! analyses ( ! wat] ( ! ,hudson ,riv]1 rec5tly made by ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,*&l]1 see table1 pp4 #bbb1 #bbc4 ,! r common belief t freez+ purifies wat] is incorrect4 ,x is said1 t ! great] "p ( ! ice supply ( ,new ,york ,city 7?ree millions ( tons7 is ga!r$ f ! ,hudson ,riv] betwe5 ,albany & ,p\ghkeepsie1 mo/ be+ drawn )9 ?irty miles ( ! =m] city1 & !re=e liable to be pollut$ ) sewage4 ,! av]age numb] ( bact]ia 9 "o c4c4 ( ord9>y ice is /at$ to approximate #djj1 b ,hudson ,riv] ice has be5 f\nd to conta9 ne>ly #bjjj bact]ia p] c4c4#acb ,! numb] ( bact]ia 9 "o c4c4 ( sn[ is usually ab\t #ijjj2 ,hudson ,riv] sn[-ice conta9s #bj1jjj p] c4c42 &1 al?\gh ! great majority ( ^! organisms are p]fectly h>mless1 cases are on record :]e epidemics 7z ( ga/ro-ent]itis7 h be5 directly trac$ to ! use ( impure ice4 ,,footnotes3 #aai ,?is te/ presupposes ! exi/5ce 9 ! wat] ( ! sub/ances necess>y = ! support ( vegetable gr[?4 #abj #8,wat] ,analysis4' #aba ,j\r4 ,lond4 ,*em4 ,soc41 xviii4 p4 #aag4 #abb ,ibid41 xxxv4 p4 #fg4 #abc ,six? ,annual ,report1 ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 8,blue ,book40 #abd ,j\r4 ,lond4 ,*em4 ,soc4 #ahfg1 xx4 p4 #dde4 #abe ,phil4 ,mag41 xxx4 p4 #dbf4 #abf ,b]4 d] ,deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gesell4 xii4 p4 #dbg4 #abg ,*em4 ,soc4 ,j\rn41 ,m>*1 #ahgi4 #abh ,ph>m4 ,zeit41 #ahhe1 ,no4 #gf4 #abi #8,annual ,report ( ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal?1' #ahhb1 p4 #bjg4 #acj ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,indus41 ,dec4 #ahhe4 #aca ,j\r4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 viii4 p4 #f4 #acb ,see pap] read by ,dr4 ,t4 ,m4 ,prudd5 be=e ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 ,m>* #ah?1 #ahhg4 ,,v9eg>4 ,v9eg> is a dilute aque\s solution ( acetic acid1 conta9+ inconsid]able proportions ( alcohol1 aldehyde1 acetic e!r1 & extractive matt]s1 :i*1 to "s ext5t1 imp>t a *>act]i/ic flav\r & aroma4 ,! process mo/ frequ5tly involv$ 9 ! prep>ation ( v9eg> is kn[n z ! acet\s f]m5tation1 & may be induc$ 9 v>i\s sac*>9e juices & infusions1 su* z ^? ( apples1 w9e1 malt$ gra91 etc41 :51 9 pres5ce ( a f]m5t1 !y are expos$ to ! action ( ! air1 at a temp]ature betwe5 #bd & #cb4 ,9 ! oxidation ( alcohol1 an int]m$iate comp\nd 7aldehyde7 is at fir/ =m$1 :i*1 by ! cont9u$ action ( oxyg51 is ultimately conv]t$ into acetic acid4 ,a dilute solution ( alcohol is1 h[ev]1 n oxidis$ to acetic acid by simple exposure to ! air2 x is usually necess>y t a peculi> microscopic plant 7mycod]ma aceti7 %\ld be pres5t4 ,?is fungus includes two v>ieties1 viz41 m9ute globules 7micrococci7 & rod-l =ms 7bacilli7 v>y+ 9 size2 & is (t5 develop$ 9 old casks t h be5 long employ$ = mak+ v9eg>4 ,x con/itutes a gelat9\s mass 78"m ( v9eg>07 hav+ ! appe>ance ( glue t has be5 soak$ 9 cold wat]2 ! surface quickly becomes coat$ ) a blui% m\ld 7,p5icillium glaucum74 ,pa/eur reg>ds acetification z a product ( ! developm5t ( ! mycod]ma aceti1 i4e41 z a physiological f]m5tation--b x appe>s probable t ! process is r "o ( oxidation1 & t ! fungus accel]ates ! *ange by cond5s+ ! oxyg5 ^u its surface & deliv]+ x to ! alcohol1 possibly 9 ! =m ( ozone4 ,inde$1 ! process ( v9eg> mak+ may take place 9 ! entire abs5ce ( ! mycod]ma1 z :5 spongy plat9um is br\ght into contact ) alcoholic solutions2 & ,bu*n] has exam9$ %av+s :i* _h be5 us$ 9 a v9eg> factory = ov] tw5ty-five ye>s1 & f\nd !m to be absolutely free f ! fungoid plant4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! be/ kn[n & mo/ e/eem$ k9d ( v9eg> is t obta9$ by ! acetification ( apple cid]2 b by f> ! l>ge/ quantity is manufactur$ f alcohol & spiritu\s liquors4 ,cid] v9eg> is free f aldehyde b conta9s malic acid4 ,! usual s\rce ( v9eg> 9 ,great ,brita9 is a wort prep>$ f mixtures ( malt ) o!r gra92 :ile1 9 ,cont95tal ,europe1 inf]ior sorts ( new w9e 7especially :ite w9e7 are ext5sively employ$ = its production4 ,malt v9eg> possesses a br[n col\r & a d5sity rang+ f #ajjf to #ajai2 t kn[n z pro( v9eg> conta9s f #df to #e p] c5t4 ( acetic acid4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! manufactur] is all[$ by law to add #ja p] c5t4 ( sulphuric acid to v9eg>1 on acc\nt ( its suppos$ pres]vative action1 &1 al?\gh ! practice is n[ kn[n to be unnecess>y1 x is /ill sometimes resort$ to4 ,! specific gravity ( w9e v9eg> v>ies f #ajad to #ajbb4 #ajj c4c4 %\ld neutralise f #jf to #jg gra9s ( sodium c>bonate1 & ! solids obta9$ ^u evaporation to dryness %\ld approximate two p] c5t4 ,accord+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia1 "o fluid ounce ( v9eg> %\ld require = saturation n less ?an #ce gra9s ( potassium bic>bonate4 ,9 #ejj samples ( import$ w9e & malt v9eg> te/$ by ! au?or1 ! m9imum & maximum /r5g? rang$ f #c to #ajf p] c5t4 ( acetic acid1 ! specific gravity f #ajjgd to #ajaej1 & ! numb] ( gra9s ( potassium bic>bonate requir$ to neutralise "o troy ounce f #bb to #hd4 ,( #bgc samples ( v9eg> te/$ 9 #ahhd by ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #eb 7 above ! !n legal /&>d ( #e p] c5t4 ( acetic acid1 & #bba bel[2 #aji ( ! latt] conta9$ m ?an #d p] c5t42 ! /ronge/ sample %[$ #hhf p] c5t41 & ! weake/ conta9$ b #jff p] c5t4 ( acetic acid4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhe1 #aad samples 7 exam9$1 ( :i* #de 7 above & #fi bel[ ! /&>d ( #d p] c5t4 acetic acid4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ! legal /&>d = v9eg> is #de ( absolute acetic acid1 &1 9 ! case ( cid] v9eg>1 ! proportion ( total solids mu/ n fall bel[ #b p] c5t4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 also1 ! acidity mu/ be equival5t to #d p] c5t4 ( acetic acid1 & cid] v9eg> mu/ conta91 at lea/1 #b p] c5t4 ( solid matt]4 ,! ,engli% /&>d ( /r5g? is #c p] c5t4 ( acetic acid4 ,analysis4--,= ! requirem5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,cu/oms ,s]vice1 ! only e/imations ord9>ily made are ! specific gravity1 & a det]m9ation ( ! acidity4 ,! =m] is accompli%$ by means ( ! specific gravity bottle2 ! latt]1 by plac+ #aj c4c4 ( ! sample 9 a beak]1 add+ ab\t #cj c4c4 ( wat]1 !n a few drops ( an alcoholic solution ( ph5ol-ph?alen 7to s]ve z ! indicator71 & titrat+ ) a normal alkali-solution2 ! numb] ( c4c4 us$ divid$ by #aj & multipli$ by #dh1 gives ! am\nt1 9 gra9s1 ( potassium bic>bonate requir$ to neutralise "o troy ounce ( ! v9eg>4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid1 x is necess>y to di/il a measur$ quantity ( ! sample almo/ to dryness & titrate ! di/illate1 x be+ assum$ t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! total acetic acid pres5t passes ov]4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! extract or solid residue 9 v9eg> is execut$ 9 ! same mann] z describ$ "u be] & w9e4 ,sev]al te/s h be5 sugge/$ = ! detection ( ! pres5ce ( free sulphuric acid4 ,! usual reag5t--b>ium *loride--is n well adapt$ to ! direct det]m9ation ( ?is acid1 s9ce sulphates1 :i* are z readily precipitat$ z ! free acid1 may also be pres5t4 ,! foll[+ me?ods may be employ$3-- #a4 ,a piece ( cane sug> is moi/5$ ) a small quantity ( ! sample & expos$ to ! heat ( ! wat]-ba? = "s "t1 :51 9 pres5ce ( free sulphuric acid1 ! residue w become m or less c>bonis$1 accord+ to ! proportion ( acid pres5t4 #b4 ,five c5tigrammes ( pulv]is$ />* are dissolv$ 9 a decilitre ( ! sample by boil+1 & aft] ! liquid has become completely cool$1 a few drops ( iod9e solution are add$4 ,dilute acetic acid does n affect />*1 & if ! sample is pure1 a blue coloration w be produc$2 if1 h[ev]1 b a m9ute quantity ( sulphuric or o!r m9]al acid is pres5t1 ! />* is conv]t$ into dextr9e1 & ! addition ( iod9e fails to cause ! blue coloration4 #c4 ,accord+ to ,hilg]1#acc if two drops ( a v dilute solution ( me?yl anil9e violet 7#ja to #ajj7 are add$ to ab\t #be c4c4 ( pure v9eg> no *ange ( col\r takes place2 :]eas1 9 ! pres5ce ( #jb p] c5t4 ( m9]al acid1 a blui% coloration is produc$2 9 case ! proportion ( acid rea*es #a p] c5t4 ! liquid acquires a gre5i% t9t4 #d4 ,a rec5t te/ = m9]al acids has be5 sugge/$ by ,hag]4#acd ,x consi/s 9 w>m+ toge!r two drops ( ,ea/ ,indian copaiba balsam1 & #cj drops ( pure acetic acid1 & subsequ5tly add+ to ! mixture two or ?ree drops ( ! v9eg> "u exam9ation2 if ei!r sulphuric or hydro*loric acid be pres5t1 a blue-violet col\r is produc$4 ,! free m9]al acids 9 v9eg> may be quantitatively e/imat$ by saturat+ a weigh$ quantity ( ! sample ) qu99e1 evaporat+ ! mixture to dryness ov] ! wat]-ba?1 & dissolv+ ! qu99e salts =m$ 9 alcohol1 :i* is !n remov$ by di/illation4 ,! second residue is next dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! qu99e precipitat$ by addition ( ammonia1 & sep>at$ by filtration4 ,! filtrate w conta9 ! m9]al acids pres5t1 & _! am\nt is det]m9$ by ! ord9>y me?ods4 ,! free sulphuric acid 9 v9eg> c also be quantitatively e/imat$1 accord+ to ,kohn/e91#ace z foll[s3 #ajj c4c4 ( ! sample are %ak5 ) pure & fre%ly calc9$ magnesia until completely neutralis$4 ,! mixture is filt]$1 ! filtrate evaporat$ to dryness 9 a plat9um di% & ! residue ignit$ at a mod]ate temp]ature4 ,by ?is treatm5t magnesium acetate is conv]t$ into ! correspond+ c>bonate1 :ile any magnesium sulphate pres5t w rema9 unalt]$4 ,! ignit$ residue is moi/5$ & evaporat$ ) a little c>bonic acid wat]1 !n dige/$ ) hot wat]1 & ! solution filt]$2 ! insoluble magnesium c>bonate rema9s ^u ! filt]1 ! sulphate go+ 9 solution2 ! precipitate is ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,aft] remov+ ! traces ( lime possibly pres5t1 ! am\nt ( magnesia conta9$ 9 ! filtrate is det]m9$ z pyrophosphate1 f ! weight ( :i* ! proportion ( free sulphuric acid orig9ally conta9$ is calculat$4 ,! pres5ce ( metallic impurities 9 v9eg> is detect$ by means ( ! usual reag5ts1 su* z hydrosulphuric acid & ammonium sulphide4 ,9 addition to wat] & sulphuric acid1 ! mo/ common adult]ants ( v9eg> are capsicum1 sulphur\s acid & v>i\s col\r+ matt]s4 ,! pres5ce ( capsicum & o!r acrid sub/ances is usually reveal$ by ! pung5t od\r produc$ ^u burn+ ! solid residue obta9$ by ! evaporation ( ! sample to dryness1 & by ! peculi> ta/e ( ! residue4 ,sulphur\s acid is sometimes detect$ by its *>act]i/ic od\r2 its det]m9ation is describ$ on p4 #agg4 ,c>amel is recognis$ by extract+ ! solid residue ) alcohol1 & evaporat+ ! solution to dryness2 9 its pres5ce1 ! residue n[ obta9$ w possess a decid$ly d>k col\r1 & a bitt] ta/e4 ,fu*s9e1 :i* is said to h be5 employ$ = col\r+ v9eg>1 is detect$ by ! te/s m5tion$ "u ,w9e4 ,z already /at$1 a v l>ge proportion ( v9eg> is made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f spiritu\s liquors4 ,x is probable t fully #ij p] c5t4 ( ! total production is obta9$ by ! acetification ( :isky4 ,mu* ( ?is product is mix$ ) cid] v9eg>1 or simply col\r$ ) c>amel1 & !n put on ! m>ket z apple v9eg>4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! manufactur]s ( :isky v9eg>1 :o are p]mitt$ by law to make 8l[ w9es0 on _! premises1 )\t be+ subject$ to ! usual ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,tax1 are frequ5tly enabl$ to p]petrate a fraud on ! ,gov]nm5t by dispos+ ( ! spirits s produc$ to ! :isky trade1 in/ead ( conv]t+ x :olly into v9eg>4 ,to s great an ext5t is ?is practice c>ri$ on1 t _m ( ! cid] v9eg> produc]s h f\nd x impossible to successfully compete ) ! less scrupul\s manufactur]s4 ,:isky v9eg> is ne>ly col\rless1 usually possesses a great] /r5g? ?an cid] v9eg>1 & is free f malic acid4 ,cid] v9eg> exhibits a light-br[ni% col\r & a *>act]i/ic od\r4 ,"s ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! two v>ieties are %[n by ! foll[+ results1 obta9$ by ! au?or by ! exam9ation ( samples ( pure apple & :isky v9eg>1 fre% f ! factories3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,cid] ,v9eg>4,:isky ,v9eg>4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,specific gravity #ajafh #ajajg ,specific gravity ( di/illate #jiihe #jiigc f neutralis$ sample ,acetic acid #dff p4 c4 #gcf p4 c4 ,total solids #bgj #jae ,m9]al a% #jbj #jjch ,potassa 9 a% ,consid]able ,none ,phosphoric acid 9 a% ,consid]able ,none ,heat$ ) ,fehl+'s solution,copi\s ,no r$uction r$uction ,treat$ ) basic lead ,floccul5t ,no precipitate acetate precipitate ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,naturally ! addition ( c>amel or cid] v9eg> to :isky v9eg> w\ld greatly affect ! above te/s4 ,attempts made to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! two samples by means ( qualitative reactions = aldehyde & malic acid 7 n suffici5tly di/9ctive 9 _! results to be ( mu* value4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! pres5ce ( nitrates 9 v9eg> w\ld po9t to its orig9 f spirits4 ,! apple v9eg> manufactur]1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly f9ds 8 product above ! /&>d1 9 :i* case he r$uces its /r5g? by add+ wat]1 ?us r5d]+ ?is te/ ( little or no avail4 ,reg>d+ ! addition ( m9]al acids to v9eg> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is satisfactory to note t1 ( a l>ge numb] ( samples te/$ by ! ,new ,york ,city ,v9eg> ,inspector dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 n a s+le sample 0 f\nd to conta9 ^! adult]ants4 ,f]m5t$ infusions ( molasses1 8black /rap10 etc41 are occasionally employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( v9eg>4 ,! product obta9$ f ^! s\rces has be5 f\nd 9 "s in/ances to conta9 acrid & probably noxi\s +r$i5ts4 ,,footnotes3 #acc ,ar*iv4 d] ,ph>m41 #ahgf1 p4 #aic4 #acd ,ph>m4 ,c5tralb41 ,n4,f4 #g1 p4 #bib4 #ace ,d+l4 ,poly4 ,j\rn41 #bef1 p4 #abi4 ,,pickles4 ,! exam9ation ( pickles naturally includes a det]m9ation ( ! "* ( ! v9eg> us$ 9 _! prep>ation4 ,?is is made by ! me?ods j describ$4 ,! practice ( imp>t+ a bright gre5 col\r to pickles :i* h become blea*$ by long pres]vation 9 br9e or by o!r means1 is d\btless /ill preval5t1 & calls = a brief notice4 ,! gre5+ ( pickles is effect$ ei!r by ! direct addition ( cupric sulphate to ! wat] 9 :i* !y are heat$1 or by introduc+ "s =m ( metallic copp] into ! ba?4 ,alum is /at$ to be also occasionally employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,! pres5ce ( copp] is readily detect$ by inc9]at+ a r consid]able quantity ( ! pickles1 treat+ ! a% ) a little nitric acid & add+ an excess ( ammonium hydroxide to ! solution1 :51 9 pres5ce ( ! metal1 a blue coloration w be produc$4 ,! quantitative e/imation ( copp] is made by boil+ ! residue1 obta9$ by ! evaporation ( ! v9eg> or ! inc9]ation ( ! pickles1 ) dilute nitric acid1 add+ a small quantity ( sulphuric acid & expell+ ! excess ( nitric acid by evaporat+ ne>ly to dryness4 ,! solution is next dilut$ ) wat]1 filt]$1 & ! filtrate plac$ 9 a plat9um capsule4 ,! copp] is !n deposit$ by electrolysis4 ,9 ! ,report ( ! ,brooklyn ,bo>d ( ,heal? = ! ye> #ahhe1 a case is record$ :]e a *ild ate a portion ( a pickle col\r$ ) cupric sulphate 7conta9+ an e/imat$ quantity ( #b gra9s ( ! salt71 ) fatal results4 ,,olive ,,oil4 ,olive ,oil is extract$ f ! p]ic>p ( ! fruit ( ! ,olea ,europea4 ,:5 pure1 x exhibits a pale yell[ or gre5i% col\r1 has a specific gravity ( #jiagf1 & possesses a fa9t1 pleasant od\r & a bl& & agreeable ta/e4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 v slightly 9 alcohol1 b dissolves 9 ab\t #a p>ts ( e!r4 ,olive oil boils at #cae1 & beg9s to deposit :ite granules at #aj2 at #j1 x solidifies to a solid mass :i*1 by pressure1 may be sep>at$ into tripalmet9e & triole9e4 ,^u saponification1 x is decompos$ into oleic1 palmetic1 & /e>ic acids & glyc]9e4 ,! be/-kn[n v>ieties ( olive oil met ) 9 comm]ce1 9 ! ord] ( _! quality1 are--,prov5ce1 ,flor5ce1 ,lucca1 ,g5oa1 ,gallipoli1 ,sicily1 & ,spani%4#acf ,ow+ to ! high price ( ! pure article1 & p]haps to ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 detect+ =eign admixtures1 olive oil is probably m ext5sively adult]at$ ?an any sub/ance ( g5]al consumption4 ,! oils mo/ employ$ z adult]ants are ^? ( cotton-se$1 poppy1 pea-nut1 sesam1 rape-se$1 ara*is1 & l>d4 ,al?\gh ! subject ( ! adult]ation ( olive oil has receiv$ ! att5tion ( num]\s *emi/s1 includ+ sev]al ( exceptionally high /&+1 ! results obta9$1 :ile ( s]vice 9 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( "s =eign oil1 are un=tunately (t5 ( b little use 9 ! positive id5tification ( ! p>ticul> adult]ant us$4 ,( ! _m me?ods ( exam9ation t h be5 sugge/$1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ satisfactory3-- #a4 ,specific gravity4--,! d5sity ( olive oil is l[] ?an t ( ! majority ( ! oils ) :i* x is mix$1 & x is sometimes possible to detect ! pres5ce ( ! latt] by means ( ?is prop]ty1 especially :5 !y are conta9$ 9 a consid]able proportion4 ,cotton-se$ oil diff]s m 9 specific gravity ?an ! o!r oils g5]ally employ$ z adult]ants4 ,donny#acg applies ! te/ by plac+ 9 ! suspect$ sample a drop ( olive oil ( kn[n purity :i* has be5 dy$ ) gr\nd alkanet root1 & obs]v+ :e!r x rema9s /ation>y4 ,a m satisfactory me?od is to det]m9e ! d5sity by ! gravity bottle4 ,! foll[+ tabulation gives ! d5sities 7at #ae7 ( olive & sev]al o!r oils liable to be met ) z admixtures3-- ,olive oil #iad to #iag ,poppy oil #ibd #ibg ,cotton-se$ oil #ibb #icj ,sweet almond oil #iad #ibj ,ara*is oil #iaf #ibj ,colza oil #iad #iaf ,sesam oil #iba #ibd ,rape-se$ oil #iad #iaf ,l>d oil #iae #b4 ,solidify+ po9t4--,attempts h be5 made to utilise ! fact t "s ( ! oils add$ to olive congeal at a l[] temp]ature ?an ! pure oil4 ,?us1 cotton-se$ oil solidifies at -#bb1 gr\nd-nut oil at -#cc1 poppy at -#ah4 #c4 ,elaid9 & col\r te/s4--,pure olive oil is conv]t$ into a solid mass :5 treat$ ) v>i\s oxidis+ ag5ts1 ! *ange be+ ret>d$ by ! pres5ce ( "s ( its adult]ants4 ,! te/ may be made 9 sev]al ways3-- 7a7 ,t5 grms4 ( ! sample are %ak5 ) #e grms4 ( nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #adj7 & #a grm4 ( m]cury1 & ! col\r produc$ & "t requir$ = solidification notic$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! foll[+ results h be5 obta9$3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,oil4 ,coloration4 ,m9utes = ,solidification4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,olive ,pale yell[i% gre5 #fj ,almond ,:ite #ij ,ara*is ,pale r$di% #aje ,rape ,orange #bjj ,cotton-se$ ,orange r$ #aje ,sesam ,yell[i% orange #aej ,bee*-nut ,r$di% orange #cfj ,poppy ,r$ ,rema9s fluid4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- 7b7 ,or a few pieces ( copp] foil are add$ to a mixture ( equal p>ts ( ! oil & nitric acid1 ! liquor occasionally /irr$1 & !n set aside4 ,if ! oil be pure1 x w be conv]t$ into a ne>ly :ite butt]y mass 9 f ?ree to six h\rs2 sesam oil yields a r$1 cotton & rape-se$ a br[n1 & bee*-nut a r$di%-yell[ col\r1 ! solidification be+ delay$ f #aj to #bj h\rs1 :ile poppy oil fails to solidify at all4 7c7 ,n9e p>ts ( ! sample are oxidis$ by heat+ ) "o "p ( conc5trat$ nitric acid1 ! mixture be+ well /irr$2 pure olive oil =ms a h>d1 pale-yell[ mass 9 ! c\rse ( two h\rs2 se$ oils 7includ+ cotton-se$7 turn orange-r$ 9 col\r & d n become solid 9 ! same "t or mann]4 7d7 ,a portion ( ! sample is well mix$ ) "o-f\r? ( its weight ( *romic acid2 if pure1 ! oil w be conv]t$ into an opaque mass4 7e7 ,introduce #b c4c4 ( ! sample into a n>r[ graduat$ glass cyl9d]1 add #ja gramme potassium di*romate1 next #b c4c4 ( a mixture ( sulphuric & nitric acids1 %ake well1 & !n add #a c4c4 ( e!r2 %ake aga9 & all[ ! mixture to /& at re/4 ,lively eff]vesc5ce & evolution ( nitr\s fumes soon take place1 & ! oil rises to ! surface1 %[+ a *>act]i/ic coloration4 ,olive oil exhibits a gre5 col\r1 :]eas 9 pres5ce ( #e p] c5t4 ( sesam1 ara*is1 cotton-se$1 or poppy oil1 ! col\rs w v>y f gre5i%-yell[ to yell[ or yell[i% r$4 ,! coloration is m readily obs]v$ ^u agitat+ ! mixture ) wat] &1 sett+ x aside = a %ort "t4 7f7 ,sev]al portions ( ! oil are plac$ ^u a porcela9 slab & sep>ately treat$ ) a few drops ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 nitric acid1 & a solution ( potassium di*romate 9 sulphuric acid1 & notice tak5 ( ! col\rs produc$1 comp>ative te/s be+ simultane\sly made ) olive oil ( und\bt$ purity4 7g7 ,! pres5ce ( sesam oil is readily detect$ by ! =mation ( a deep gre5 col\r :5 ! oil is agitat$ ) a mixture ( equal p>ts ( nitric & sulphuric acid4 7h7 ,^u mix+ samples conta9+ cotton-se$ oil ) an equal volume ( nitric acid 7#dj ,b47 a c(fee-l col\r is produc$4 ,olive oil gives a pale gre51 rape & nut1 a pale rose1 & sesam oil a :ite-col\r$ mixture4 ,! pres5ce ( rape- & cotton-se$ oils may also be detect$ z foll[s3--,dissolve #ja gramme silv] nitrate 9 a v little wat]1 & add ab\t #d c4c4 ( absolute alcohol4 ,?is solution is add$ to ! sample ( olive oil to be te/$1 ! mixture well %ak5 & put aside = "o or two h\rs2 x is !n to be heat$ = a few m9utes4 ,if cotton-se$ or rape-se$ oil is pres5t1 ! oily /ratum :i* sep>ates on /&+ w exhibit a br[ni%-r$ or blacki% col\r1 due to ! r$uction ( silv]4 ,olive oil fails to cause an appreciable coloration4 ,exp]im5ts made by ! au?or ) samples ( olive oil conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( cotton-se$ & rape-se$ oils furni%$ ! foll[+ results3--,on /&+ "o h\r1 )\t heat+1 ! mixture conta9+ cotton-se$ oil %[$ a slightly d>k col\r1 t adult]at$ ) rape-se$ oil a decid$ly d>k col\r2 ^u ! application ( heat1 ! =m] exhibit$ a d>k-r$ col\r1 :ile ! latt] turn$ q black4 ,maum5's te/4--,?is te/ is f\nd$ ^u ! fact t ! elevation ( temp]ature caus$ by mix+ olive oil ) /rong sulphuric acid is consid]ably less ?an t produc$ ) ! oils commonly employ$ z its adult]ants4 ,) ^! latt] an evolution ( sulphur\s acid g5]ally takes place1 :i* is n ! case ) pure olive oil4 ,! be/ me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s3--#aj c4c4 ( sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ahdd7 are gradually add$ to #ej grammes ( ! sample1 ! mixture be+ con/antly /irr$ ) a small !rmomet]1 & obs]vations made ( ! maximum increase ( temp]ature produc$1 z well z ( ! evolution ( gas4 ,:5 treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 g5u9e olive oil causes an elevation ( ab\t #db2 t giv5 by v>i\s o!r oils1 (t5 add$ to x1 ranges f #eb to #ajc1 & x is frequ5tly possible to recognise _! pres5ce 9 admixtures by ! high temp]ature produc$4 ,! foll[+ are ! increases ( temp]ature obs]v$ by ,l4 ,ar*butt3--olive1 #da-de2 rape1 #ee-fd2 ara*is1 #dg-fj2 sesam1 #fe2 cotton-se$ 7crude7 #gj2 7ref9$71 #ge-gf2 poppy-se$1 #hf-hh2 m5had51 #abc-abh4 ,9 ! ,p>is ,municipal ,laboratory an acid ( #ahcd sp4 gr4 is us$1 & ! foll[+ heat+ p[]s are reg>d$ z /&>ds3--,= olive oil1 #eee2 = cotton-se$1 #fie = nut1 #fb2 = sesam1 #ff2 = poppy oil1 #gc4 ,! application ( ,hubl's te/ = butt] 7see p4 #ge7 is "o ( ! mo/ useful means = ! detection ( =eign oils 9 olive oil4 ,! iod9e absorption numb] ( ! pure oil is consid]ably bel[ t ( its mo/ common adult]ants4 ,! preval5ce ( ! adult]ation ( olive oil has be5 abundantly demon/rat$4 ,( #bcb samples exam9$ by ! ,new ,york & ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>ds ( ,heal?1 #afe 7#ga p] c5t47 7 spuri\s4 ,x is a notori\s fact t l>ge quantities ( cotton-se$ oil are export$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,france & ,italy1 mu* ( :i* returns home "u ! guise ( ! g5u9e product ( ! olive4 ,,footnotes3 #acf ,x has be5 /at$ t ,am]ican olive oil ( sup]ior excell5ce is made 9 ! ,/ates ( ,n4,c41 ,miss1 & ,cal42 b ?is product does n1 z yet1 appe> to be g5]ally kn[n on ! ,new ,york m>ket4 #acg ,fr5s4 ,zeits*4 #c1 #ahfd1 p4 #eac4 ,,mu/>d4 ,mu/>d is ! product obta9$ by cru%+ & sift+ ! se$s ( ,s9apis nigra & ,s9apis alba1 ( ! g5us ,brassicace4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ! condim5t1 bo? ! black & :ite se$s are us$4 ,accord+ to analyses made by ,piesse & ,/ansell1#ach f9e grades ( ! two v>ieties ( mu/>d possess ! foll[+ composition3-- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,black ,mu/>d4,:ite ,mu/>d4 ---------------------------------------- -------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,moi/ure #deb #egh ,fix$ oil or fat #chjb #cegd ,cellulose #bjf #dae ,sulphur #adh #abb ,nitrog5 #eja #dhi ,album9oids #cjbe #cjef ,myros9 & album5 #fgh #ffg ,soluble matt] #cbgh #cffj ,volatile oil #aej #jjd ,potassium myronate #ecf 44 ,a% #dhd #dca ,soluble a% #jih #jee ---------------------------------------- ------ ,clif=d ,ri*>dson reg>ds ! foll[+ proportions ( ! m prom95t con/itu5ts ( pure mu/>d fl\r z a basis = detect+ adult]ations3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #ejj to #ajjj ,a% #djj #fjj ,fix$ oil #ccjj #cgjj ,volatile oil #jbe #ajj ,crude fibre #jej #bjj ,nitrog5 #dej #fjj ,! foll[+ results 7 obta9$ by ,messrs4 ,wall] & ,m>t9 f ! exam9ation ( #ad samples ( v l[ grade dry mu/>d1 z f\nd on ! ,new ,york m>ket3#aci-- ,p] c5t4 ,moi/ure1 rang$ f #edc to #ihf ,fix$ oil #fha #bbef ,total a% #bje #afje ,soluble a% #jae #bij ,insoluble a% #afi #acae ,eight samples 7 col\r$ ) turm]ic1 #d ) ,m>tius' yell[1 #ab conta9$ />*1 & #e %[$ ! pres5ce ( calcium sulphate4 ,! article usually sold z mu/>d is a mixture ( mu/>d f>9a1 prep>$ f diff]5t v>ieties ( ! se$1 ) :eat5 fl\r or />*1 & turm]ic4 ,x is claim$ by ! manufactur]s t pure mu/>d possesses too acrid a ta/e to be suitable = use z a condim5t2 & its admixture ) ! =ego+ sub/ances is s g5]ally resort$ to & recognis$1 t ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 9 #ahhc1 legally sanction$ ! practice1 provid$ ! fact is di/9ctly /at$ ^u ! label ( ! packages4 ,o!r preval5t =ms ( sophi/ication consi/ 9 ! p>tial extraction ( ! fix$ oil f ! mu/>d be=e its introduction on ! m>ket1 & 9 ! addition ( cocoa-nut %ells1 t]ra alba1 & 8,m>tius' yell[0 7potassium d9itronaph?alate74 ,! latt] col\r+ matt] is specially objectionable1 be+ poison\s 9 its action4 ,! pres5ce ( organic admixtures is usually recognis$ ^u a microscopic exam9ation ( ! sample4 ,! anatomical /ructure ( mu/>d se$ is describ$ by ,fluckig5 & ,hamburg 9 #8,ph>macographia4' ,:eat5 fl\r or />* is readily id5tifi$ by ! iod9e te/4 ,! foll[+ me?ods are employ$ = ! detection ( turm]ic3-- #a4 ,a portion ( ! sample is agitat$ ) ca/or oil & filt]$4 ,9 case turm]ic is pres5t1 ! filtrate w exhibit a m>k$ gre5i% fluoresc5ce4 #b4 ,^u treat+ ! suspect$ sample ) ammonium hydroxide1 an orange-r$ col\r is produc$ 9 pres5ce ( turm]ic4 ,or1 ! mu/>d is boil$ ) me?ylic alcohol1 ! extract filt]$1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue treat$ ) hydro*loric acid2 if turm]ic be pres5t1 an orange-r$ coloration takes place1 :i* *anges to a blui%-gre5 ^u add+ an excess ( sodium hydroxide4 ,9 addition to ! above qualitative te/s1 valuable indications reg>d+ ! purity ( mu/>d are to be obta9$ by ! det]m9ation ( ! proportions ( fix$ oil1 sulphur1 & a% conta9$ 9 ! sample "u exam9ation4 ,fix$ ,oil4--,! am\nt ( fix$ oil is e/imat$ by dige/+ a weigh$ portion ( ! mu/>d ) e!r 9 a clos$ vessel1 filt]+1 & det]m9+ ! weight ( ! residue left ^u evaporat+ ! e!real solution to dryness ov] ! wat]-ba?4 ,! oil possesses a specific gravity rang+ f #jiae to #jibj4 ,! p]c5tage ( fix$ oil 9 pure mu/>d is v consid]able 7usually ov] #cd p] c5t471 :]eas ! sub/ances commonly add$ conta9 b a v small quantity4 ,9 case :eat5 fl\r has be5 employ$ z an adult]ant1 ! proportion ( pure mu/>d 7x7 9 a mix$ sample1 c be approximately calculat$ by ! foll[+ =mul1 9 :i* y is ! fix$ am\nt ( oil conta9$4#adj 7#ccix7 _/ #ajj #ab7ajj - x7 _/ #ajj y1 #cfgx _/ #ajj #b7ajj - x7 _/ #ajj y4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( fl\r1 a l[ p]c5tage ( fix$ oil indicates ! pres5ce ( exhau/$ mu/>d cake4 ,sulphur4--,bly? det]m9es ! total sulphur by oxidation ) fum+ nitric acid1 dilut+ ! liquid consid]ably ) wat]1 filt]+ & precipitat+ ! sulphates =m$ by means ( b>ium *loride4 ,! proportion ( sulphates 79 t]ms ( b>ium sulphate7 f\nd 9 ! a% is to be d$uct$ f ! weight ( ! precipitate obta9$2 ! rema9d]1 multipli$ by #jacgc1 gives ! am\nt ( sulphur pres5t 9 organic comb9ation1 &1 z ! quantity conta9$ 9 ?is =m 9 mu/>d is f> great] ?an 9 any ( ! sub/ances employ$ = its adult]ation1 ! e/imation is frequ5tly v useful4 ,a%4--,! am\nt ( a% is det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann]1 i4 e4 by ! inc9]ation ( a weigh$ portion 9 a plat9um capsule4 ,g5u9e mu/>d conta9s ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( a%1 ( :i* ne>ly #a p] c5t4 is soluble 9 wat]4 ,9 pres5ce ( inorganic impurities1 ! quantity ( a% is naturally increas$1 :ile a proportion "u #d p] c5t4 is usually consid]$ an indication ( organic admixture4 ,! composition ( ! a% ( mu/>d se$ is giv5 bel[3-- ,p] c5t4 ,potassa #afae ,lime #aibd ,magnesia #ajea ,f]ric oxide #jii ,phosphoric acid #ciib ,sulphuric acid #dib ,*lor9e #jec ,silica #bdh ,! adult]ation ( mu/>d is v ext5sively practis$4 ,( #ah samples b\ght at r&om 9 ! %ops & te/$ = ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #ab 7 f\nd to be impure2 ( #hh samples1 exam9$ 9 ! ye> #ahhd by ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d1 #bj 7 comp\nds 7labell$ z su*1 b 9 a mann] design$ to deceive ! pur*as]74 #cg 7 adult]at$ ) fl\r1 turm]ic1 &1 9 "s cases1 ) cay5ne1 & #ca 7 f\nd to be pure2 9 #ahhe1 #baa samples 7 te/$1 ( :i* #abd 7 sophi/icat$2 ( #bg samples te/$ by ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #ba conta9$ =eign admixtures1 consi/+ *iefly ( :eat or fl\r & turm]ic1 b also includ+ corn-/>*1 rice1 cay5ne1 & pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,,footnotes3 #ach #8,analy/1' #ahhj1 p4 #afa4 #aci #8,analy/1' ix4 p4 #aff4 #adj ,bly?1 op4 cit4 ,,pepp]4 ,black ,pepp] is ! dri$ unripe b]ry ( ,pip] nigrum2 :ite pepp]1 :i* is mu* less 9 use1 be+ ! same fruit depriv$ ( its out] sk9 by mac]ation 9 wat] & friction4 ,! m important con/itu5ts ( pepp] are an alkaloid 7pip]971 ! volatile oil1 & ! res91 & ^u ^! +r$i5ts its value z a condim5t dep5ds4 ,! p>tial composition ( g5u9e pepp]1 z giv5 by ,bly?1 is %[n bel[3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,a%4 ,aque\s ------------------ ,v>iety4 ,moi/ure4 ,pip]94 ,res94 ,extract4 ,soluble4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4 ,p5ang #iec #eeg #bjh #ahcc #bba #dah ,telli*]ry #abij #dfg #agj #afej #cch #egg ,sumatra #ajaj #dgj #agd #agei #bfb #dca ,malab> #ajed #dfc #agd #bjcg #cde #eai ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! p]c5tages ( pip]91 res91 extract1 & a% are calculat$ on ! sample dri$ at #ajj4 ,knig's analysis ( pepp] is z foll[s3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #agja ,nitrog5\s sub/ances #aaii ,volatile oil #aab ,fat #hhb ,o!r non-nitrog5\s sub/ances #dbjb ,cellulose #addi ,a% #deg to #ejj ,heis*#ada has analys$ sev]al v>ieties ( pure & comm]cial pepp]1 ) ! foll[+ results3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,total,a% ,soluble 9 ,wat]4 ,a%4 -------------------------------- ,a% ,soluble 9 ,acid4 --------------------------- ,a% ,insoluble4 --------------------- ,alkal9ity z ---------- ,k#b,o4 ,pip]94 ---------- ,alcoholic ,extract4 ------- ,/>*4 - ---------------------------------------- --------------------- p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 p4c4p4c4 p4c4p4c4 p4c4 p4c4 #ibb #dceaed #aeajcf #jgbdhecajdgdje ,black b]ry to to to to to to to to to #adcf #hiiccd #chcdch #aegeffgafbjich #acfg #abhjbagjhdjbb #j #gfbg #ibceac ,:ite b]ry to to to to to to to to to #agcb #hghjfahbhjjfi #jbbggfh #igcfad ,f9e gr\nd 7:ite7#acij #aehjaf #jijjeb #jj #gecaajffdea ,long pepp] #abaeacdhbbh #eebefh #jecehgh #hbiaga ,adult]at$ gr\nd #aaabadgjbjb #djghfa #jghceheaaegbjb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! same au?ority reg>ds #ej p] c5t4 ( />* z ! m9imum /&>d = unadult]at$ pepp]4 ,! granules ( pepp]-/>* are *>act]is$ by _! exce$+ly small size1 be+ only ab\t #jjh mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! proportion ( a% 9 g5u9e pepp] seldom exce$s #g p] c5t41 ( :i* n ov] #a_/aj? %\ld consi/ ( s&2 b 9 ! comm]cial article1 ! total a% (t5 approximates #aj or #ab p] c5t41 #dj or #ej p] c5t4 ( :i* is s& & o!r insoluble sub/ances4 ,,composition ,,( ,,pepp] ,,a%4 ,potassa #cacf ,soda #def ,magnesia #afcd ,lime #adei ,f]ric oxide #jch ,phosphoric acid #ajhe ,sulphuric acid #abji ,*lor9e #ieb ,! li/ ( adult]ations us$ z admixtures to pepp]1 z well z to mo/ o!r gr\nd condim5ts & spices1 is q ext5sive1 & includes su* *eap & neutral sub/ances z %ip-bread1 corn1 gr\nd cocoanut %ells1 beans1 peas1 hulls ( mu/>d se$1 s&1 etc41 etc4 ,x is /at$ t 9 ,engl& l>ge quantities ( prep>ations consi/+ ( l9se$-meal1 mu/>d husks & rice-meal1 kn[n to ! trade respectively z ,p4,d41 ,h4,p4,d41 & ,w4,p4,d41 are v g5]ally employ$ 9 ! adult]ation ( pepp]4 ,p4,d4 7pepp]-du/71 w\ld appe> to also signify ! sweep+s collect$ f pepp] factories1 & sometimes =tifi$ ) cay5ne1 ! manufacture ( :i* article has giv5 rise to a special indu/ry4 ,x is utilis$ z a dilu5t ( ! v>i\s spices1 ! sophi/icat$ products be+ sold z 8,p4,d4 pepp]10 8,p4,d4 cloves10 8,p4,d4 c9namon10 etc4 ,un=tunately ! "* ( mo/ ( ! adult]ants ( pepp]1 z ( o!r spices1 is su*1 t little assi/ance is af=d$ ! analy/ by *emical te/s4 ,a microscopic exam9ation ( ! suspect$ sample furni%es f> m tru/wor?y in=mation & %\ld 9 all in/ances be employ$1 comp>ative obs]vations be+ made ) an article ( kn[n purity4 ,! appe>ance ( sev]al ( ! />* granules ( v>i\s fl\rs (t5 f\nd 9 adult]at$ condim5ts & spices is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,ix4 ,9 ! special case ( pepp]1 x is ( advantage to make *emical det]m9ations ( ! moi/ure1 a%1 pip]9 & res94 ,moi/ure4--,! proportion ( moi/ure is e/imat$ by ! ord9>y me?od ( dry+ a weigh$ portion ( ! pepp] 9 a plat9um capsule at #ajj1 & not+ ! loss 9 weight su/a9$4 ,a%4--,! dry sample is inc9]at$1 & ! am\nt ( m9]al residue det]m9$4 ,z already intimat$1 ! proportion ( s& pres5t is ( especial import4 ,pip]9 & ,res94--,! pepp] is repeat$ly dige/$ ) absolute alcohol1 ! mixture filt]$ & ! filtrate evaporat$ to dryness ov] a wat]-ba?4 ,! extract is weigh$ & !n treat$ ) sodium hydroxide solution1 9 :i* ! res9 is soluble4 ,! alkal9e liquid is !n remov$1 & ! rema9+ pip]9 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 ! solution filt]$1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! weight ( ! residue det]m9$4 ,! proportion ( pip]9 9 unadult]at$ pepp] ranges f #de to #ee p] c5t41 t ( res9 f #ag to #b p] c5t4 ,ni$]/adt1#adb f ! results ( 8 inve/igations1 concludes1 t g5u9e pepp] %\ld yield z mu* z #gff p] c5t4 ( pip]91 & employs ?is factor = e/imat+ ! purity ( mixtures2 ?us1 a sample adult]at$ ) palm k]nels & husks1 to ! ext5t ( ab\t #hj p] c5t41 conta9$ b #afb p] c5t4 ( pip]94 ,pepp] conta9s a great] proportion ( />* ?an "s ( ! sub/ances employ$ 9 its adult]ation4 ,! foll[+ me?od1 sugge/$ by ,l5z1#adc may be us$ = ! det]m9ation ( ?is con/itu5t3--#d grammes ( ! sample are dige/$ = sev]al h\rs 9 a flask ) #bej c4c4 ( wat]1 ) occasional %ak+1 & ! decoction decant$ ^u a filt]4 ,! residue is wa%$ & return$ to ! flask1 :i* is fill$ ) wat] to a volume ( #bjj c4c41 #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aaba7 are add$1 ! flask connect$ ) an asc5d+ ,liebig's cond5s]1 & heat$ on ! wat]-ba? = ?ree h\rs4 ,aft] cool+1 ! cont5ts ( ! flask are filt]$ into a half-litre flask1 & ! filtrate c>efully neutralis$ ) sodium hydroxide & dilut$ up to ! #ejj c4c4 m>k4 ,x is f9ally te/$ by ,fehl+'s solution4 ,! cl>ification ( ! hot solution is assi/$ by ! addition ( a few drops ( z9c *loride4 ,l5z obta9$ by ?is process ! foll[+ p]c5tages ( sug>1 calculat$ on ! a%-free sub/ances3-- ,black pepp] #eb ,:ite pepp] #fj ,palm-nut meal #bbf ,pepp] husks #afc ,! application ( ?is me?od to ! exam9ation ( comm]cial ,am]ican pepp]s1 :5 !y conta9 z adult]ants sub/ances ri* 9 />*1 is obvi\sly ( little value4 ,a sample ( ,g]man pepp]1 sold z 8,pfeff]bru*10 rec5tly analys$ by ,hilg]1#add _h ! foll[+ composition3-- ,p] c5t4 ,pepp] husks #ej ,palm nut meal #cj ,pepp] du/ #ae ,paprika #a ,brick-du/ #d ,cay5ne ,pepp]4--,cay5ne pepp] is ! gr\nd b]ry & pods ( ,capsicum annuum4 ,its well-kn[n active prop]ties1 :i* 7 =m]ly ascrib$ to an acrid oil t]m$ capsic91 h lately be5 %[n to be due to ! pres5ce ( ! cry/all9e comp\nd capsaic9 7,c#i;,h#ad,o#e71 fus+ at #ee1 & capable ( volatilisation at #aae )\t decomposition4 ,! proportion ( moi/ure 9 cay5ne pepp] is ab\t #ab p] c5t42 ! alcoholic & e!real extracts %\ld approximate1 respectively1 #be & #i p] c5t4 ,! a% ranges f #ee to #f p] c5t41 ( :i* ne>ly "o-half %\ld be soluble 9 wat]4 ,/rohm]#ade has analys$ ,hung>ian cay5ne1 kn[n z 8,paprika02 8 results 7 z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,entire ,se$s4 ,husks4 ,fruit4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,wat] & volatile matt] at #ajj #hab #adge #aaid ,nitrog5\s sub/ances1 z prote9 #ahca #ajfi #achh ,fat #bhed #edh #aebf ,e!real extract 7free ( nitrog57 #bdcc #chgc #cbfc ,fibre #agej #bcgc #baji ,a% #cbj #ffb #ebj ,nitrog5 #bic #aga #bbb ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,a comm]cial br& ( ! same article _h ! foll[+ composition3-- ,p] c5t4 ,volatile at #ajj #abfi ,nitrog5\s sub/ances1 z prote9 #acai ,e!real extract #acce ,a% #gad ,! organic adult]ants sometimes met ) 9 cay5ne 7fl\r1 mu/>d se$1 husks1 etc471 are detect$ by means ( ! microscope4 ,among ! m9]al sub/ances said to be employ$ z col\r+ ag5ts1 su* z iron o*re1 brick-du/1 r$ lead1 & v]milion1 ! two =m] are ( m frequ5t occurr5ce1 & may be recognis$ ^u an exam9ation ( ! a% obta9$ by ! inc9]ation ( ! sample4 ,an adult]ant ( pepp]1 kn[n 9 ! trade z 8,poivrette0 or 8,pepp]ette10 has rec5tly made its appe>ance 9 ,engl&4 ,x =ms a cream-col\r$ p[d]1 mu* resembl+ ! inn] lay] ( ! pepp]-b]ry 9 bulk & cellul> /ructure1 is export$ f ,italy1 & evid5tly consi/s ( gr\nd olive-/ones1 z is indicat$ by ! foll[+ analyses1 made by ,j4 ,campbell ,br[n3#adf-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,matt]s ,album9\s ,woody ,soluble & ,fibre by boil+ o!r ,insoluble 9 matt]s 9 ,acid ,dilute ,soluble & ,a%4 ,acid4 9 ,alkali4 ,alkali4 ,/>*4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,:ite pepp]ette #acc #chcb #adjh #dhdh ,none ,black pepp]ette #bdg #cdee #agff #dgfi ,gr\nd almond %ells #bje #bcec #bdgi #eafh ,gr\nd olive /ones #afa #cijh #aejd #dech ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! ext5t to :i* ! v>i\s =ms ( pepp] are fraudul5tly contam9at$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is illu/rat$ by ! fact t1 out ( #chf samples ( ! condim5t exam9$ by ! *emi/s ( ! ,new ,york1 ,massa*usetts & ,national ,/ate ,bo>ds ( ,heal?1 #bcf 7or ab\t #fa p] c5t47 7 f\nd to be adult]at$4 ,,footnotes3 #ada #8,analy/1' #ahhf1 p4 #ahf4 #adb ,rp4 anal4 ,*em41 iii4 p4 #fh4 #adc ,zeit4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 #ahhd1 p4 #eja4 #add ,ar*iv4 d] ,ph>m41 #bcc1 p4 #hbe4 #ade ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #ahhd1 p4 #egg4 #adf #8,analy/1' ,feb4 #ahhg1 p4 #bc2 ,m>4 p4 #dg4 ,,spices4 ,z is ! case ) mu/>d & pepp]1 ! adult]ation ( ! ord9>y spices is exce$+ly preval5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,probably ^? mo/ subject to admixture1 are cloves1 mace1 c9namon1 allspice1 & g+]4 ,! fact t ^! condim5ts are frequ5tly (f]$ = sale 9 a gr\nd /ate furni%es an opportunity to incorporate ) !m v>i\s *eap] vegetable sub/ances1 ( :i* ! manufactur] too (t5 makes use4 ,= ! detection ( ^! additions ! use ( ! microscope is ( pre-em95t importance2 &1 9 ?is reg>d1 no m useful in=mation c\ld be af=d$ ?an by quot+ ! foll[+ rem>ks1 furni%$ to ! au?or by ,clif=d ,ri*>dson1 ,assi/ant ,*emi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 :o has lately made a valuable contribution to ! lit]ature ( spice adult]ation4#adg 8,spices consi/ ( c]ta9 select$ p>ts ( aromatic or pung5t plants possess+ a *>act]i/ic anatomical /ructure & proximate composition :i*1 :5 !y h be5 c>efully /udi$ & record$1 s]ve z a means ( recognis+ ! pure sub/ances :5 "u exam9ation1 & di/+ui%+ !m f ! diff]5t /ructure & composition ( ! adult]ants :i* h be5 add$ to !m4 8,to c>ry on an inve/igation ( ?is description a limit$ k ( botanical physiology 7z well z ( proximate *emical analysis7 is !re=e necess>y4 ,= ! physiological "p1 ! use ( ! microscope1 z a means ( det]m9+ /ructure1 is necess>y4 8,! /ructure ( ! plant p>ts :i* con/itute ! spices & _! adult]ants z well1 is *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( diff]5t =ms ( cells & ( />*1 & _! relative arrangem5t4 ,at lea/1 ?is is z f> z x is necess>y to g f ! analy/'s po9t ( view4 ,by /udies ( sections ( pure :ole spices "o mu/ become famili> ) ! =ms usually met ) 9 ! spices & ^? :i* are prom95t 9 adult]ants & be able to recognise ! pres5ce ( />* & by ! "* ( ! granules to det]m9e _! s\rce4 8,! common =ms ( cells :i* are met ) 9 ! spices1 & ) :i* "o %\ld be famili>1 are kn[n z p>5*yma cells1 scl]5*yma cells1 ^? ( fibro-vascul> bundles1 spiral & dott$ cells1 & ^? ( peculi> =m 9 ! cortex & epid]mis4 8,p>5*yma consi/s ( ?9-wall$ cells1 su* z are well illu/rat$ 9 ! int]ior ( a corn-/alk & are f\nd 9 ! c5tre ( ! pepp] k]nel4 ,!y are (t5 fill$ ) />*1 z 9 ! c]eals & pepp]1 b at times are )\t x1 z 9 ! mu/>d se$4 8,scl]5*yma1 or /one cells1 are ( a ligne\s "*1 _! walls be+ greatly ?ick5$4 ,!y are common] 9 ! adult]ants ?an 9 ! spices1 & are well illu/rat$ 9 ! %ell ( ! cocoa-nut1 9 clove /ems1 & a few are se5 9 pepp] hulls4 8,spiral & ,dott$ ,cells are f\nd 9 woody tissue1 & _! *>act]i/ics are d5ot$ by _! names4 ,!y are m commonly f\nd 9 adult]ants1 & _! pres5ce 9 l>ge am\nts is conclusive1 9 _m in/ances1 ( impurity4 ,!y may be se5 9 sections ( c$>-wood & 9 cocoa-nut %ells1 & to a small ext5t 9 pepp] husks4 8,! ,fibro-vascul> ,bundles1 z _! "n implies1 are aggregations :i* appe> to ! eye1 9 "s in/ances1 z ?reads runn+ ?r\gh ! tissue ( ! plant4 ,!y are easily se5 9 ! cross-section ( ! corn-/alk1 & are common 9 gr\nd g+]1 hav+ resi/$ comm9ution f _! fibr\s nature4 ,!y are made up ( cells ( v>i\s =ms4 8,! ,cells ( ! ,cortex & ,epid]mis are 9 _m cases extremely *>act]i/ic 9 =m1 & ( great value = di/+ui%+ ! orig9 ( ! sub/ances "u exam9ation4 ,!y are too num]\s 9 %ape to be p>ticul>ly describ$1 & are well illu/rat$ 9 ! husk ( mu/>d1 & ! pod ( ,capsicum or cay5ne4 8,o!r =ms ( tissue are also met )1 b n s prom95tly z to r5d] x advisable to burd5 ! memory ) !m at fir/1 or to seek !m be=e !y are met4 8,^! =ms ( cells & _! comb9ations :i* h be5 describ$1 pres5t 9 addition "s peculi>ities1 aside f _! /ructure1 :i* assi/ 9 di/+ui%+ !m4 8,p>5*yma is optically inactive1 & is n /a9$ by iod9e solution1 except 9 s f> z its cont5ts are conc]n$4 ,scl]5*yma1 ! /one cell1 is optically active1 & 9 ! d>k field ( ! microscope1 ) cross$ ,nicols1 appe>s z %9+ silv]y cells1 display+ _! real /ructure4 ,! fibro-vascul> bundles are /a9$ yell[i% br[n by iod9e1 & are ?us diff]5tiat$ f ! surr\nd+ tissue4 8,/>* is /a9$ a deep blue1 or blue black1 by iod9e solution1 & s9ce ! cont5ts ( ! p>5*yma cells (t5 consi/ ( mu* />*1 ! p>5*yma 9 ^! cases seems to assume ?is col\r4 8,to di/+ui% "s ( ! peculi>ities ( /ructure :i* h be5 m5tion$ requires "s little practice & skill1 b n m ?an is readily acquir$ ) a %ort exp]i5ce4 ,!re are h[ev] "s aids :i* %\ld n be neglect$4 8,9 ! gr\nd spices x w be f\nd m difficult to recognise ! anatomy ( ! p>ts ?an 9 a c>efully prep>$ section4 ,! h>de/ p>ts are (t5 ! l>ge/ p>ticles1 & sc>cely at all transp>5t4 ,! m\nt+ ( ! mat]ial 9 wat] or glyc]9e w r5d] !m m s1 b x is necess>y to employ "s o!r means ( :i* two are available4 ,a solution ( *loral hydrate 9 wat]1 #h to #e1 s]ves aft] #bd h\rs to make ! p>ticles less obscure4 ,9 _m in/ances also1 x has be5 f\nd advisable to blea* ! deep col\r by ,s*ulze's me?od1 us+ nitric acid ( #aa sp4 gr4 & *lorate ( pota%4 ,:5 ?is is done1 h>d tissue is brok5 d[n & r5d]$ transp>5t :]e o!rwise no?+ c\ld be se54 ,z examples1 olive /ones & cocoa-nut %ells w s]ve4 ,)\t treatm5t little c be made out ( _! /ructure4 8,( c\rse1 x is pla9 t ! detection ( />* mu/ be 9 a portion ( ! mat]ial :i* has receiv$ no treatm5t1 & t progress mu/ be made f ! lea/ to ! mo/ viol5t reag5ts4 8,= ?is "w an elaborate microscope is unnecess>y4 ,x %\ld1 = "w ) />*es1 h objectives ( & #a_/e in* equival5t focus1 arrangem5ts = pol>is+ light1 & if possible1 a cond5s] sy/em4 ,_m good /&s are to-day made at reasonable prices :i* w s]ve ! purpose40 ,! microscopical appe>ance ( v>i\s />*es 9 pol>is$ light is %[n 9 ,plate ,,ix4 ,plate ,,xii4 exhibits sev]al spices1 "u pol>is$ light1 9 a pure & adult]at$ /ate4 ,^? repres5t$ are3-- ,g+]1 pure1 & adult]at$ ) =eign />*4 ,c9namon & ,cassia2 ! pure b>ks1 gr\nd1 %[+ ! relative great] frequ5cy ( fibro-vascul> bundles 9 ! =m]4 ,cay5ne1 pure1 & adult]at$ ) rice />*4 ,! *emical analysis ( spices1 al?\gh usually ( m9or importance1 (t5 s]ves to confirm ! results secur$ by aid ( ! microscope4 ,! pr9cipal det]m9ations requir$ are ! a%1 oil1 />*1 & sug>4 ,! m common =ms ( spice adult]ation are ! foll[+3-- ,cloves4--,?is spice is said to be sometimes depriv$ ( its volatile oil be=e be+ put on ! m>ket4 ,9 ! g5u9e article ! proportion ( oil seldom falls bel[ #ag p] c5t4 ,! oil is readily e/imat$ by di/ill+ ! suspect$ sample ) wat]4 ,! usual adult]ants ( gr\nd cloves consi/ ( clove-/ems1 allspice1 fl\r & burnt %ells4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,illu/ration3 ,g+] ,/>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,g+] ,adult]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c9namon4 ,illu/ration3 ,cassia4 ,illu/ration3 ,cay5ne4 ,illu/ration3 ,cay5ne ,adult]at$4 ,,spices4 ,mace4--,true mace is frequ5tly mix$ ) ! false spice1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is indicat$ by its d>k-r$ col\r4 ,! o!r =eign sub/ances mo/ commonly us$ are turm]ic1 :eat5 fl\r1 rice1 corn meal1 & roa/$ beans4 ,c9namon4--,! *ief admixtures to be s\ght = are cassia1 gr\nd %ells1 crack]s1 etc4 ,allspice4--,ow+ to its *eapness1 allspice is probably less adult]at$ ?an ! prec$+ spices4 ,! addition ( mu/>d-husks1 gr\nd %ells1 & clove /ems1 & ! removal ( ! volatile oil1 are1 h[ev]1 sometimes practis$4 ,! oil 9 g5u9e allspice %\ld am\nt to ab\t #e p] c5t4 ,g+]4--,g+] is likewise comp>atively little expos$ to sophi/ication1 al?\gh x has occasionally be5 f\nd col\r$ ) turm]ic1 & admix$ ) corn meal1 mu/>d-husks1 cay5ne1 & clove /ems4 ,x is /at$ t ! manufactur]s ( g+] extract dispose ( ! exhau/$ article to spice deal]s :o utilise ! impov]i%$ product = ! adult]ation ( o!r spices4 ,mix$ ,spices4--,^! consi/ ( mixtures ( ! =ego+1 & are liable to ! sophi/ications practis$ ^u _! +r$i5ts1 ! addition ( ! *eap] fl\rs & />*es be+ especially preval5t4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! results ( ! exam9ation ( v>i\s spices1 lately (ficially made 9 ! ,/ates ( ,new ,york & ,massa*usetts1 & by ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal? 9 ,wa%+ton3-- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,numb] ,numb] ,p]c5tage ,exam9$4 ,adult]at$4 ,adult]at$4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,cloves #acb #fj #dee ,mace #gi #ej #ffc ,c9namon #adi #gh #ebd ,allspice #ij #ci #dcc ,g+] #aeg #dj #bed ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,footnote3 #adg ,bullet9 ,no4 #ac1 ,"p #b1 ,*emical ,division2 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,a v>iety ( articles ( food1 :i* d n prop]ly come "u any ( ! heads previ\sly treat$1 h1 dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 be5 f\nd on our m>kets 9 an adult]at$ /ate4 ,prom95t among ^!1 are ! v>i\s k9ds ( cann$ meats1 fruits1 & vegetables1 :i* h n unfrequ5tly be5 ! cause ( s]i\s cases ( illness4 ,?is result may be ow+ to ! orig9al bad condition ( ! goods1 or to f]m5tation hav+ tak5 place2 b1 9 _m in/ances1 ! tr\ble has be5 trac$ to ! improp] me?ods ( cann+ us$1 result+ 9 ! contam9ation ( ! pres]v$ articles ) metallic poisons4 ,! fact t f]m5tation has occurr$ is frequ5tly indicat$ by ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! head ( ! c1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 w be slightly convex1 in/ead ( be+1 z x %\ld be1 concave4 ,! metals mo/ (t5 detect$ 9 cann$ goods are lead1 t91 & copp]4 ,! pres5ce ( lead is usually due to ! use ( an impure grade ( t91 kn[n z 8t]ne-plate10 9 ! manufacture ( ! cans1 or to c>elessness 9 ! sold]+ process4 ,! orig9 ( copp] is probably to be f\nd 9 ! me?ods sometimes practis$ ( heat+ ! goods 9 vessels made ( ?is metal previ\s to cann+ !m4 ,! pres5ce ( t9 results f ! action ( p>tially decompos$ fruits & vegetables ^u ! c4 ,pres]v$ fruits & jellies are sometimes put up 9 unseal$ t9 pails or cans1 :5 !y almo/ inv>iably conta9 notable am\nts ( ?is metal4 ,asp>agus seems to be especially liable to contam9ation ) metals1 d\btless ow+ to ! =mation ( asp>tic acid4 ,z mu* z half a gramme ( t9 has be5 f\nd 9 a qu>t c ( ?is vegetable4 ,! use ( z9c *loride z a flux 9 sold]+1 has1 to ! writ]'s k1 occasion$ ! pres5ce ( an appreciable proportion ( ! salt 9 cann$ goods4 ,( #aji samples ( cann$ food lately exam9$ by our heal? (ficials1 #ig conta9$ t92 #ci1 copp]2 #d1 z9c2 & #b lead4 ,9 ! analysis ( food ( ?is description1 ! organic matt]s are fir/ de/roy$ by heat+ ) oxidis+ ag5ts1 su* z a mixture ( potassium *lorate & hydro*loric acid4 ,! solution is !n evaporat$ to a small volume4 ,x is next dilut$ ) wat]1 & te/$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 ammonium sulphide1 & ! usual reag5ts4 ,messrs4 ,wall] & ,m>t9 h made an inve/igation 9 reg>d to ! proportion ( copp] :i* may be pres5t 9 v>i\s natural gra9s & vegetables4 ,_! results %[ t ^! plants frequ5tly take up a m9ute quantity ( ?is metal f ! soil4 ,! am\nts ( copp] f\nd 7 z foll[s3-- ,p>ts ( copp] p] million4 ,raw :eat & o!r gra9s1 f #d to #ajh ,gre5 cucumb]s #be peas #ca pea pods #aj ,! foll[+ proportions 7 detect$ 9 cann$ vegetables3-- ,pickles #bi to #ia ,peas #gi #aij ,beans #hg #ajj ,meat extracts1 :ile n subject$ to adult]ation1 h acquir$ a popul> reputation z articles ( food :i* is n always des]v$4 ,z /imulants & useful adjuncts to food prop] = invalids1 ! value ( ^! prep>ations is und\bt$4 ,! *emical composition ( sev]al ( ! be/ kn[n br&s1 z det]m9$ by ,am]ican & ,engli% heal? (ficials1 is giv5 bel[3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,wat]4,organic ,sub/ance4 ----------------------------- ,a%4 ,soluble ,album94 ------------------ ,alcoholic ,extract4 ,br&4 ----------- ,phosphoric ,acid4 -------- ,potassa4 -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- p] p] p] p] p] p] p] c5t4 c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4 c5t4c5t4 ,liebig's extract #ahbg #ehdjbcbe #jjeddaa #ghc #ajah ,b]g]'s extract ( beef #djfe #ciheaiej #aaaacah 44 44 ,/>r's extract ( beef #cgjj #eefe #gce #aajajac 44 44 ,johnson's fluid beef #dabj #ejdj #hdj #aagaeic #aia #agb ,gaunt's beef peptone #cgae #edib #gdc #jjjbjad 44 44 ,london ,co4's extract ( #haij #afhj #acj 44 44 44 44 beef ,london ,co4's extract ( #ghjj #aiej #bej 44 44 44 44 mutton ,london ,co4's extract ( #gafj #bgaj #acj 44 44 44 44 *ick5 ,br&'s ess5ce ( beef #hiai #iej #aca 44 44 #jai #jbj ,c>nrick's beef peptonoids #fge #hgge #eej 44 44 #abg #acc ,kemm]ick's extract ( #bjie #fjhaahbd 44 44 #fef #hcj beef ,murdo*'s liquid food #hcfa #aehc #jef 44 44 #jaj #dag ,savory & ,moore's fluid #bgja #fjhiabaj 44 44 #adi #dbj meat ,val5t9e's meat juice #ejfg #bidaaaeb 44 44 #cgf #eaa ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! factiti\s manufacture ( jellies has lately excit$ consid]able att5tion4 ,_m ( ! m exp5sive k9ds ( ?is article are imitat$ by mixtures consi/+ l>gely ( apple jelly4 ,a br& ( spuri\s currant jelly1 :i* is manufactur$ 9 ,france1 & has rec5tly made its appe>ance on ! ,am]ican m>ket1 is prep>$ f a gelat9\s seawe$ f\nd 9 ,japan 7,ara*noidiscus ,japonicus71 to :i* glucose1 t>t>ic acid1 & an artificial ess5ce ( currants are add$1 ! desir$ col\r be+ obta9$ by means ( co*9eal & ,al!a roseata4 ,! product is (f]$ = sale at five c5ts a p\nd4 ,! fl\r employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! macc>oni & v]micelli commonly met ) 9 our l>g] cities1 is n always ( good quality4 ,a m s]i\s =m ( adult]ation consi/s 9 ! artificial col\r+ ( ^! prep>ations4 ,! sub/ances us$ = ?is purpose1 :i* h be5 detect$ by ! public au?orities1 are turm]ic1 saffron1 & *rome yell[4 ,meat has be5 f\nd t9t$ ) anil9e r$1 & ,bologna sausages1 coat$ ) iron pigm5ts1 h occasionally be5 enc\nt]$4 ,! flav\r+ syrups us$ 9 connection ) ! popul> ,am]ican bev]age1 8soda wat]10 frequ5tly consi/ almo/ :olly ( glucose & artificial comp\nd e!rs4 ,dr4 ,cyrus ,edson1 ( ! ,new ,york ,city ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 has lately direct$ public notice to ! fact t _m manufactur]s ( soda wat] use wat] obta9$ f artesian wells1 :i* are driv5 on _! premises1 & :i*1 f ! nature ( ! geological =mation ( ,manhattan ,isl&1 are v liable to conta9 sewage contam9ation4 ,,app5dix4 ,,bibliography4 ,! lit]ature ( ,food ,adult]ation has acquir$ su* ext5sive proportions dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 t a complete li/ ( ! memoirs :i* h be5 contribut$ to sci5tific j\rnals w\ld alone =m a mod]ately siz$ volume4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! m important p]iodicals1 (ficial reports1 etc41 are m5tion$1 toge!r ) a *ronological catalogue ( ! works on ,adult]ation & alli$ subjects4 ,p]iodicals4 ,zeits*rift fr ,unt]su*ung von ,leb5smittel4 ,ei*/att4 ,zeits*rift geg5 ,v]fls*ung d] ,leb5smittel4 ,leipzig4 ,! ,analy/4 ,london1 f #ahgg to date4 ,! ,food ,j\rnal4 ,london1 #ahgj to #ahgd4 ,! ,sanit>y ,eng9e]4 ,new ,york1 #ahgg to date4 ,food1 ,wat]1 & ,air 9 relation to ! ,public ,heal?4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,jacobson's ,*emis*-te*ni*es ,rep]torium4 #ahfb to date4 ,rep]torium d] ,analytis*5 ,*emie4 #ahha4 ,s*f]'s ,wi$] die ,nahrungsfls*]4 ,hanov]1 #ahgh4 ,bi$]man's ,c5tralblatt4 #ahhj to date4 ,zeits*rift fr ,analytis*e ,*emie4 #ahfb to date4 ,wagn]'s ,jahresb]i*te4 #ahhj to date4 ,am]ican ,analy/4 ,new ,york1 #ahhd to date4 ,vi]teljahress*rift d] ,*emie d] ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel4 ,b]l91 #ahhg4 ,reports4 ,reports ( ! ,select ,committee on ,adult]ation ( ,food4 ,london1 #ahee1 #ahef1 #ahgb1 #ahgd4 ,canadian ,reports on ! ,adult]ation ( ,food4 ,ottawa1 #ahgf to date4 ,fir/ & ,second ,reports ( ! ,municipal ,laboratory ( ,p>is4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhb to date4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahha to date4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,/ate ,bo>ds ( ,heal? ( ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,mi*igan4 #ahhb to date4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,dairy ,commission]4 #ahhe-ahhf4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,inspector ( ,w9es & ,liquors to ! ,commonweal? ( ,massa*usetts4 #ahgf to date4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,new ,york ,city ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 #ahga1 #ahgc4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,brooklyn ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,bullet9s ( ! ,*em4 ,div41 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,special ,te*nical ,j\rnals4 ,milk ,j\rnal4 ,london4 ,mil*-,zeitung4 ,la ,sucr]ie ,indigne4 ,compigne4 ,jahresb]i*t b] die ,unt]su*ung5 und ,=ts*ritte auf dem ,gesammtgebiete d] ,zuck]fabrikation4 ,wo*5s*rift fr die ,zuck]fabrikant54 ,brauns*weig4 ,zeits*rift fr ,zuck]9du/rie4 ,prag4 ,! ,sug> ,cane4 ,man*e/]4 ,d] ,bi]brau]4 ,leipzig4 ,d] ,am]ikanis*e ,bi]brau]4 ,new ,york4 ,le ,brasseur4 ,la ,s$an4 ,bay]is*] ,bi]brau]4 ,mn*54 ,norddeuts*e ,brau]-,zeitung4 ,b]l94 ,! ,we/]n ,brew]4 ,*icago & ,new ,york4 ,! ,brew]'s ,gazette4 ,new ,york4 ,! ,brew]'s ,j\rnal4 ,london4 ,le ,moniteur de la ,brass]ie4 ,bruxelles4 ,important articles on ,food ,adult]ation & ,analysis are conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ g5]al works ( ref]5ce3-- ,watts' ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry4 ,spons' ,encyclopdia ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 etc4 ,muspratt's ,encyclopdia ( ,*emi/ry4 ,lipp9cott's ,encyclopdia ( ,*emi/ry4 ,ure's ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry4 ,gmel9's ,h&book ( ,*emi/ry4 ,cooley's ,practical ,receipts4 ,wurtz's ,dictionnaire de ,*imie4 ,g5]al ,works1 *ronologically arrang$4 ,boyle1 ,m$ic9a ,hydro/atica4 ,london1 #afij4 ,s&e1 ,les falsifications des mdicam5ts dvoiles4 ,la ,haye1 #aghd4 ,fraise1 ,alim5tation publique4 ,anv]s1 #ahjc4 ,favre1 ,de la sophi/ication des sub/ances mdicam5teuses et des moy5s de la reconnatre4 ,p>is1 #ahab4 ,accum1 ,a ,treatise on ,adult]ation ( ,foods & ,cul9>y ,poisons4 ,london1 #ahbj4 ,eb]may]1 ,manuel des ph>maci5s et des drogui/es4 ,p>is1 #ahba4 ,culbru%1 ,lectures on ! ,adult]ation ( ,food & ,cul9>y ,poisons4 ,newbury1 #ahbc4 ,bran*i1 ,sulla falsificazione delle so/anze specialm5te m$ic9ali e sui mezzi atti ad scoprirli4 ,pisa1 #ahbc4 ,desm>e/1 ,trait des falsifications4 ,p>is1 #ahbg4 ,bussy et ,b\tron-,*>l>d1 ,trait des moy5s de reconnatre les falsifications des drogues4 ,p>is1 #ahbi4 ,wal*n]1 ,d>/ellung d] wi*tig/5 im brg]li*5 ,leb5 vorkomm5d5 ,v]fls*ung5 d] ,nahrungsmittel und ,getrnke4 ,k>lsruhe1 #ahdj4 ----1 ,d>/ellung d] wi*tig/51 bis jetzt erkannt5 ,v]fls*ung5 d] ,arzneimittel und ,drogu54 ,k>lsruhe1 #ahda4 ,brum1 ,hilfsbu* bei ,unt]su*ung5 d] ,nahrungsmittel und ,getrnke4 ,wi51 #ahdb4 ,p]eira1 ,a ,treatise on ,food & ,diet4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,ri*t]1 ,die ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel und &]] ,leb5sb$rfnisse4 ,go?a1 #ahdc4 ,g>ni]1 ,des falsifications des sub/ances alim5taires1 et des moy5s de les reconnatre4 ,p>is1 #ahdd4 ,trebus*et1 ,expos des re*]*es du ,conseil de ,salubrit de ,p>is4 ,p>is1 #ahde4 ,b]t91 ,sophi/ication des sub/ances alim5taires1 et moy5s de les reconnatre4 ,nantes1 #ahdf4 ,beck1 ,adult]ations ( v>i\s sub/ances us$ 9 ,m$ic9e & 9 ! ,arts4 ,new ,york1 #ahdf4 ,fri$]i*1 ,h&bu* d] ,gesundheitspolizei4 ,ansba*1 #ahdf4 ,duflos1 ,die wi*tig/5 ,leb5sb$rfnisse1 ihre ,ae*!it1 ,gte1 und ,v]unre9igung51 etc4 ,breslau1 #ahdf4 ,acam1 ,trait des falsifications des sub/ances mdicam5teuses1 c4 ,anv]s1 #ahdh4 ,batilliat1 ,trait sur les ,v9s de ,france4 ,p>is1 #ahdh4 ,mit*ell1 ,treatise on ! ,adult]ation ( ,food4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,p$roni1 ,manuel complet des falsifications des drogues1 simples et composes4 ,p>is1 #ahdh4 ,norm&y1 ,comm]cial ,h&book ( ,*emical ,analysis4 ,london1 #ahej4 ,cott]eau1 ,des altrations et des falsifications du v9 et des moy5s physiques et *imiques employs p\r les reconnatre4 ,p>is1 #ahej4 ,dung]ville1 ,trait des falsifications des sub/ances alim5taires1 etc4 ,p>is1 #ahej4 ,m>cet1 ,composition1 ,adult]ation1 & ,analysis ( ,foods4 ,london1 #ahej4 ,taub]1 ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrung/(fe und ,arzneimittel4 ,wi51 #ahea4 ,*evalli] et ,baudrimont1 ,dictionnaire des altrations et falsifications des sub/ances alim5taires1 etc41 avec l'indication des moy5s p\r les reconnatre4 ,p>is1 #ahea4 ,b*n]1 ,die ,bai]is*e ,bi]brau]ei und ihre ,geheimnisse4 ,leipzig1 #aheb4 ,mc,mullen1 ,h&book ( ,w9es4 ,new ,york1 #aheb4 ,pi]ce1 ,exam9ation ( ,drugs1 ,m$ic9es1 ,*emicals1 etc41 z to _! ,purity & ,adult]ations4 ,cambridge1 ,u4,s41 #aheb4 ,fop1 ,adult]ation ( ,food4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,moles*ott1 ,lehre d] ,nahrungsmittel fr das ,volk4 ,erlang51 #ahec4 ,gille1 ,falsifications des sub/ances alim5taires4 ,p>is1 #ahec4 ,babo1 ,von dem ,we9bau4 #ahee4 ,bureaux1 ,hi/oire des falsifications des sub/ances alim5taires4 ,p>is1 #ahee4 ,hassall1 ,food & its ,adult]ation4 #ahee 7!re are sev]al lat] editions74 ,h[1 ,adult]ation ( ,food & ,dr9k4 ,london1 #ahee4 ,kl5cke1 ,die ,nahrungsmittelfrage 9 ,deuts*l&4 ,leipzig1 #ahee4 ,fres5ius1 ,auff9dung unorganis*] ,gifte 9 ,speis54 ,brauns*weig1 #ahef4 ,ganeau1 ,altrations et falsifications des f>9es4 ,lille1 #ahef4 ,dodd1 ,! ,food ( ,london4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,gall1 ,praktis*e ,anweisung sehr gute ,mittelwe9e aus unreif5 ,traub5 zu erzeug54 ,tri]1 #ahef4 ,pay51 ,des sub/ances alim5taires4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 ,tromm]1 ,die ,kuhmil* 9 ,bezug auf ihre ,v]dnnung und ,v]fls*ung54 ,b]l91 #aheg4 ,dalton1 ,adult]ation ( ,food4 ,london1 #aheg4 ,b\*>det et ,quev5ne1 ,du ,lait4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 ,mll]1 ,die ,*emie des ,bi]es4 ,leipzig1 #aheh4 ,kl5cke1 ,die ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel und ,getrnke4 ,leipzig1 #aheh4 ,v]nois1 ,du ,lait1 *ez la femme dans l'tat de sant et dans l'tat de maladie4 ,p>is1 #aheh4 ,petit1 ,in/ructions simplifies p\r la con/atation des proprits des pr9cipales d5res alim5taires4 ,bordeaux1 #aheh4 ,mll]1 ,anleitung zur ,prfung d] ,kuhmil*4 ,b]n1 #aheh4 ,s\illi]1 ,des sub/ances alim5taires1 de leur qualit1 de leur falsification1 de leur manut5tion1 et de leur cons]vation4 ,ami5s1 #aheh4 ,moni]1 ,mmoires sur l'analyse du lait et des f>9es4 ,p>is1 #aheh4 ,ngeli1 ,die ,/rkemehlkrn]4 ,zuri*1 #aheh4 ,fri$]i*1 ,die ,v]fls*ung d] ,speis5 und ,getrnke4 ,mn/]1 #ahei4 ,adri5e1 ,re*]*es sur le lait au po9t de vue de sa composition1 de son analyse1 etc4 ,p>is1 #ahei4 ,gelle1 ,prcis d'analyse p\r la re*]*e des altrations et falsifications des produits *imiques et ph>maceutiques4 ,p>is1 #ahfj4 ,g]h>dt1 ,prcis d'analyse p\r la re*]*e des altrations1 etc4 ,p>is1 #ahfj4 ,vogel1 ,e9e neue ,mil*probe4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahfj4 ,r\ss51 ,falsifications des v9s p> l'alun4 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 ,br9ton1 ,on ,food4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,qu>igues1 ,*emis*e kn/li*e ,b]eitung d] m\ssir5d5 ,we9e4 ,weim>1 #ahfa4 ,selmi1 ,*imica applicata all'igi5e alla economica dome/ica4 ,milan1 #ahfa4 ,w5ke1 ,das ,bi] und se9e ,vefls*ung4 ,weim>1 #ahfa4 ,h5d]son1 ,ges*i*te des ,we9es4 #ahfa4 ,hosk9s1 ,:at we eat1 & an acc\nt ( ! mo/ common ,adult]ations ( ,food & ,dr9k1 ) simple te/s by :i* _m ( !m may be detect$4 ,bo/on1 #ahfa4 ,mull]1 ,a41 ,la composition *imique d'alim5ts1 reprs5t en tableaux coloris4 ,brux41 #ahfb4 ,h>asz?y1 ,grape ,culture1 ,w9es1 & ,w9e-mak+4 ,new ,york1 #ahfb4 ,pohl1 ,beihilfe zum ,gallisir5 d] ,we9e4 ,wi51 #ahfc4 ,moir1 ,das ,bi] und dess5 ,unt]su*ung54 ,mn*51 #ahfd4 ,ball+1 ,die ,b]eitung des ,we9es4 ,prag1 #ahfe4 ,ladray1 ,l'art de faire le v94 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 ,pa/eur1 ,prcis ?orique et pratique des sub/ances alim5taires4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 ,druitt1 ,on ,w9es4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,hub] und ,beck]1 ,die pa?ologis*-hi/iologis*5 und bact]io-logis*5 ,unt]su*ungsme?od51 mit e9] ,d>/ellung d] wi*tig/5 ,bact]i54 ,leipzig1 #ahff4 ,rob9et1 ,manuel pratique et lm5taire d'analyse *imique des v9s4 ,p>is1 #ahff4 ,g]/5b]gk1 ,geheimnisse und ,w9ke fr ,braumei/]4 ,weim>1 #ahff4 ,vogel1 ,die ,bi]unt]su*ung4 ,b]l91 #ahff4 ,fes]1 ,d] ,w]? d] be/eh5d5 ,mil*prob5 fr die ,mil*polizei4 ,mn*51 #ahff4 ,brun1 ,guide pratique p\r reconnatre et corrig] les fraudes et maladies du v94 ,p>is1 #ahff4 ,lanca/]1 ,good ,food1 :at x is & h[ to get x4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,feu*twang]1 ,f]m5t$ ,liquors1 etc4 ,new ,york1 #ahfg4 ,wiesn]1 ,e9leitung 9 die te*nis* ,mikroscopie4 ,wi51 #ahfg4 ,gall1 ,das ,gallisir54 ,tri]1 #ahfg4 ,moni]1 ,guide pratique d'essai et l'analyse des sucres4 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 ,cam]on1 ,*emi/ry ( ,food4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,camm]son1 ,guide p\r l'analyse des matires sucres4 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 ,pa/eur1 tude sur le ,v9aigre4 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 ,dubusque1 ,pratique du ,sac*>imtre ,soleil modifie4 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 ,wanklyn1 ,wat] ,analysis4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,sonn5s*e91 ,h&bu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,*emie4 ,b]l91 #ahfi4 ,le!by1 ,on ,food1 its v>ieties1 *emical composition1 etc4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,rion1 ,smmtli*e ,geheimnisse d] ,bi]brau]ei4 ,new ,york1 #ahgj4 ,neubau]1 ,*emie des ,we9es4 ,wiesbad51 #ahgj4 ,foellix1 ,grndli*e ,belehrung b] ri*tiges ,gallisir5 od] ,v]$eln d] ,traub5-mo/ 9 ni*t gut5 ,we9jahr5 dur* ,zuck]- und ,wass]zusatz4 ,ma9z1 #ahgj4 ,m>tigny1 ,die ,mil*1 ihre ,wes5 und ihre ,v]w]?ung4 #ahga4 ,huseman1 ,die ,pflanz5/(f54 ,b]l91 #ahga4 ,hag]1 ,unt]su*ung54 ,leipzig1 #ahga4 ,fac51 ,*imica bromatologica ossia guida p] riconosc]e la bonta1 le alt]azioni e la falsificazione delle so/anze alim5t>i4 ,compilation4 ,fir5ze1 #ahgb4 ,griff91 ,! ,*emical ,te/+ ( ,w9es & ,spirits4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,wiesn]1 ,mikroskopis*e ,unt]su*ung54 ,/uttg>dt1 #ahgb4 ,?udi*um & ,dupr1 ,a ,treatise on ! ,orig91 ,nature1 & ,v>ieties ( ,w9e4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,dobell1 ,on ,diet4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,vogel1 ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel aus dem ,pflanz5rei*e4 ,wi51 #ahgb4 ,drag5dorff1 ,unt]su*ung5 aus dem ph>maceutis*5 ,in/itut 9 ,dorpat4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgb4 ,!91 ,die ,we9v]$elung und ,kn/fabrication4 ,prag1 #ahgc4 ,do*nahl1 ,die kn/li*e ,we9b]eitung4 ,frankfurt1 #ahgc4 ,b]s*1 ,die ,v]mehrung und ,v]bess]ung des ,we9es4 ,wi51 #ahgc4 ,smi?1 ,ed41 ,h&book = ,inspectors ( ,nuisances4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ----1 ,foods4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,hag]1 ,unt]su*ung54 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 ,at*]ly1 ,adult]ations ( ,food4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,baltz]1 ,die ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel d] ,m5s*54 ,nordhaus51 #ahgd4 ,lunel1 ,guide pratique p\r reconnatre les falsifications des sub/ances alim5taires4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,wal*n]1 ,die ,nahrungsmittel des ,m5s*51 ihre ,v]fls*ung5 und ,v]unre9igung4 ,b]l91 #ahgd4 ,m>vaud1 ,les alim5ts d'p>gne4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,smi?1 ,ed41 ,manual = ,m$ical ,(fic]s ( ,heal?4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,hamm1 ,das ,we9bu*4 ,leipzig1 #ahgd4 ,ngeli1 ,/rkegruppe4 ,leipzig1 #ahgd4 ,s*midt1 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss d] ,mil*4 ,dorpat1 #ahgd4 ,squibb1 ,prop] ,legislation on ,adult]ation ( ,food4 ,new ,york1 #ahgd4 ,wanklyn1 ,milk ,analysis4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ---- ,tea1 ,c(fee1 & ,cocoa4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,%>ples1 ,food1 & its ,adult]ation4 ,pre/on1 #ahgd4 ,passoz1 ,notice sur la sac*>omtrie *imique4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,angell & ,hehn]1 ,butt]1 its ,analysis & ,adult]ation4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,cott]1 ,adult]ations ( ,liquors4 ,new ,york1 #ahgd4 ,jones1 ,*emi/ry ( ,w9es4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,b[man & ,bloxam1 ,m$ical ,*emi/ry4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,spr+]1 ,e9 ,h&bu* d] ,unt]su*ung1 ,prfung und ,w]?be/immung all] ,h&swa>51 ,natur- und ,kun/]zeugnisse1 ,gifte1 ,leb5smittel1 ,geheimmittel1 etc4 ,b]l91 #ahgd4 ,attfield1 ,g5]al1 ,m$ic9al1 & ,ph>maceutical ,*emi/ry4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,?iel1 ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel als ,erzeugnisse d] ,indu/rie4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahgd4 ,black1 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,brew+4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,damm]1 ,kurzes *emis*e ,h&wrt]bu*4 #ahge4 ,blank5horn1 ,biblio!ca nologica1 etc4 ,heidelb]g1 #ahge4 ,mll]1 ,*emis*e ,zusamm5setzung d] wi*tig/5 ,nahrungsmittel4 #ahge4 ,t]rell1 ,notions pratiques sur l'analyse *imique des sub/ances sac*>ifres4 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 ,prescott1 ,*emical ,exam9ation ( ,alcoholic ,liquors4 ,new ,york1 #ahge4 ,pavy1 ,a ,treatise on ,food & ,dietetics4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,hoppe-,seyl]1 ,h&bu* d] physiologis*- und pa?ologis*-*emis*e ,analyse4 ,b]l91 #ahge4 ,b>tl+1 ,die ,englis*e ,spiritus-fabrication und d] ,spiritus auf dem ,englis*5 ,m>kte4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,ba/ide1 ,v9s sophi/iqus4 ,b]is1 #ahgf4 ,bly?1 ,diction>y ( ,hygi5e & ,public ,heal?4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,bresg51 ,d] ,h&el mit v]dorb55 ,getrnke4 ,ahr5weil]1 #ahgf4 ,bolley1 ,h&bu* d] te*nis*-*emis*5 ,unt]su*ung54 ,leipzig1 #ahgf4 ,pa/eur1 tude sur la bire4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ---- ,re*]*es des sub/ances amres dans la bire4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,ritt]1 ,des v9s coloris p> la fu*s9e4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,s*utz5b]g]1 ,on ,f]m5tation4 ,new ,york1 #ahgf4 ,bau]1 ,die ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel 9 gross5 ,/dt51 speciell ,b]l91 etc4 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 ,gr&eau1 ,trait d'analyse des matires agricoles4 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 ,*ur*1 ,food4 ,new ,york1 #ahgg4 ,d5nehl1 ,die ,v]fls*ung des ,bi]es4 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 ,feltz1 ,etude exprim5tale de l'action de la fu*s9e sur l'organisme4 ,nancy1 #ahgg4 ,gaulti]1 ,la sophi/ication des v9s4 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 ,duplais1 ,trait de la fabrication des liqueurs et de la di/illation des alcools4 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 ,goppelsro$]1 ,sur l'analyse des v9s4 ,mulh\se1 #ahgg4 ,hilg]1 ,die wi*tig5 ,nahrungsmittel4 ,erlang51 #ahgg4 ,lieb]man1 ,anleitung zur *emis*5 ,unt]su*ung auf d] ,gebiete d] ,m$ic9al-polizei4 ,/uttg>dt1 #ahgg4 ,birnbaum1 ,e9fa*e ,me?od5 zur ,prfung wi*tig] ,leb5smittel auf ,v]fls*ung54 ,k>lsruhe1 #ahgg4 ,focke1 ,massregeln geg5 ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel4 ,*emnitz1 #ahgg4 ,hausn]1 ,die ,fabrikation d] ,cons]v5 und ,condit54 ,leipzig1 #ahgg4 ,lobn]1 ,massregeln geg5 ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel4 ,*emnitz1 #ahgg4 ,mi]z9ski1 ,die ,cons]virung d] ,?i]- und ,pflanz5/(fe4 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 ,witt/e91 ,tas*5bu* des ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel-,lehre4 ,nordl+51 #ahgg4 ,l9tn]1 ,lehrbu* d] ,bi]braurei4 #ahgg4 ,loebn]1 ,massregeln geg5 ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel4 ,*emnitz1 #ahgg4 ,reitleitn]1 ,die ,analyse des ,we9es4 ,wi51 #ahgg4 ,s*n>ke1 ,wrt]bu* d] ,v]fls*ung4 ,j5a1 #ahgg4 ,husson1 ,du ,v94 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 ,bau]1 ,die ,v]fls*ung des ,nahrungsmittel4 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 ,/i]l91 ,ueb] ,we9v]fls*ung und ,we9f>bung4 ,b]n1 #ahgg4 ---- ,das ,bi] und se9e ,v]fls*ung4 ,b]n1 #ahgg4 ,pfeiff]1 ,analyse d] ,mil*4 ,wiesbad51 #ahgg4 ,ko5ig1 ,*emis*e ,zusamm5setzung d] m5s*li*5 ,nahrungsmittel4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,lang1 ,die ,fabrikation d] ,kn/butt]1 ,sprbutt]1 und ,butt]94 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,au]beck1 ,die ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel4 ,brem51 #ahgh4 ,fox1 ,sanit>y ,exam9ation ( ,wat]1 ,air1 & ,food4 #ahgh4 ,kl5cke1 ,illu/rirtes ,lexicon d] ,v]fls*ung5 d] ,nahrungsmittel und ,getrnke4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,s*midt1 ,anleitung zu sanitris*- und polizeili*-*emis*5 ,unt]su*ung54 ,zuri*1 #ahgh4 ,birnbaum1 ,das ,brodtback54 ,brauns*weig1 #ahgh4 ,bronn] & ,sc(f]n1 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,food & ,diet4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,kollmann1 ,anhaltspunkte zur ,b5utzung bei ,bi]unt]su*ung4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,nessl]1 ,die ,beh&lung des ,we9es4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgh4 ,p>kes1 ,a ,manual ( ,practical ,hygi5e4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,ro?1 ,die ,*emie des ,ro?we9es4 ,heidelb]g1 #ahgh4 ,reis*au]1 ,die ,*emie des ,bi]es4 ,mn*51 #ahgi4 ,caldwell1 ,agricultural ,qualitative & ,quantitative ,*emical ,analysis4 ,new ,york1 #ahgi4 ,adams1 tude sur les pr9cipales m?odes d'essai et d'analyse du lait4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,blas1 ,de la prs5ce de l'acide salicylique dans les bires4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,dietzs*1 ,die wi*tig/5 ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel4 ,zuri*1 #ahgi4 ,k5s+ton1 ,analysis ( ,foods4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,fleis*man1 ,das ,molk]wes54 #ahgi4 ,b\r*adat et ,qu]v5ne1 ,in/ruction sur l'essai et l'analyse du lait4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,rob9et1 ,manuel pratique d'analyse des v9s1 etc4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,/ahls*midt1 ,bolley's ,h&bu* d] te*nis*-*emis*5 ,unt]su*ung54 ,leipzig1 #ahgi4 ,mott1 ,brief ,hi/ory ( ! ,mg ,discov]y4 ,new ,york1 #ahhj4 ,elsn]1 ,die ,praxis des ,nahrungs-mittel ,*emik]s1 etc4 ,leipzig1 #ahhj4 ,hoppe-,seyl]1 ,physiologis*e ,*emie4 ,b]l94 #ahhj4 ,guckeis51 ,die mod]n5 ,pr9cipi5 d] ,ernhrung4 ,kln1 #ahhj4 ,griessmay]1 ,die ,v]fls*ung d] wi*tig/5 ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel4 #ahhj4 ,mey] und ,f9kelnburg1 ,gesetze d] ,v]kehr mit ,nahrungsmittel1 ,g5ussmittel1 etc4 ,b]l91 #ahhj4 ,pick1 ,die ,unt]su*ung d] im ,h&el und ,gew]be gebru*li*/5 ,/(fe4 ,wi51 #ahhj4 ,mrck]1 ,h&bu* d] ,spiritusfabrikation4 #ahhj4 ,johnson1 ,*emi/ry ( ,common ,life4 ,new ,york1 #ahhj4 ,pratt1 ,food ,adult]ation4 ,*icago1 #ahhj4 ,mut]1 ,an ,introduction to ,ph>maceutical & ,m$ical ,*emi/ry4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhj4 ,flgge1 ,lehrbu* d] hygi5is*5 ,unt]su*ungsme?od54 ,leipzig1 #ahha4 ,hehn]1 ,alkoholtafeln4 ,wiesbad51 #ahha4 ,m$icus1 ,g]i*tli*-*emis*e ,prfung von ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel4 ,wrzburg1 #ahha4 ,n[ak1 ,lehrbu* d] ,hygi5e4 ,wi51 #ahha4 ,po/1 ,h&bu* d] analytis*5 ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,beaufsi*tigung d] *emis*e ,grossbetrib]4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahha4 ,tuck]1 ,manual ( ,sug> ,analysis4 ,new ,york1 #ahha4 ,bly?1 ,foods1 ,composition & ,analysis4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,blo*man1 ,ueb] ,v]fls*ung d] ,nahrungsmittel4 ,kln1 #ahhb4 ,flick1 ,die ,*emie im ,di5/ d] ff5tli*5 ,gesundheitspflege4 ,dresd51 #ahhb4 ,l&olt1 ,h&book ( ! ,pol>iscope 7trans474 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,palm1 ,die wi*tig/5 und gebru*li*/5 ,nahrungsmittel4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahhb4 ,prescott1 ,proximate ,organic ,analysis4 ,new ,york1 #ahhb4 ,bell1 ,james1 ,*emi/ry ( ,food4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,frankl&1 ,agricultural ,*emical ,analysis4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,tracy1 ,h&book ( ,sanit>y ,in=mation4 ,new ,york1 #ahhd4 ,naquet1 ,legal ,*emi/ry 7trans41 #bnd edition74 ,new ,york1 #ahhd4 ,cornwall1 ,adult]ation ( ,be]4 #ahhe4 ,husb&-,audry1 ,aids to ! ,analysis ( ,food & ,drugs4 #ahhd4 ,smee1 ,milk 9 ,heal? & ,disease4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,waut]s1 ,prospect d'organisation d'un s]vice de surveillance des ,d5res alim5taires et ,boissons4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,brieg]1 ,unt]su*ung b] ,ptoma9e4 ,b]l91 #ahhf4 ,caz5euve1 ,la coloration des v9s p> les c\leurs de h\ille4 ,p>is1 #ahhf4 ,jago1 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,:eat1 ,fl\r1 & ,bread4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,m]at et ,del5s1 ,dictionnaire ,univ]selle4 ,p>is1 #ahhf4 ,s*imp]1 ,anleitung zur mikroskopis*-*emis*5 ,unt]su*ung d] ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel4 ,j5a1 #ahhf4 ,?omann1 ,alleg$ ,adult]ation ( ,malt ,liquors4 ,new ,york1 #ahhf4 ,wanklyn1 ,bread ,analysis4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,b5$ikt1 ,analyse d] ,fette1 etc4 ,b]l91 #ahhf4 ,all51 ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhg4 ,damn]1 ,illu/rirtes ,lexikon d] ,v]fls*ung5 und ,v]unre9igung5 d] ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 ,bick]dyke1 ,! ,curiosities ( ,ale & ,be]4 ,new ,york1 #ahhg4 ,moell]1 ,mikroskopie d] ,nahrungs- und ,g5ussmittel4 ,b]l91 #ahhg4 ,(f+]1 ,die ,ptomane od] ,cadav]-,alkalode4 ,wiesbad51 #ahhg4 ,,legislation4 ,! foll[+ are ! m important & rec5t laws relat+ to ,food ,adult]ation1 :i* h be5 enact$ by ,am]ican ,/ate ,legislatures1 & by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ate ,g5]al ,law1 ( #ahha1 = ! prev5tion ( ! adult]ation ( food & drugs1 is z foll[s3-- ,,section #a4 ,no p]son %all1 )9 ?is ,/ate1 manufacture1 h1 (f] = sale1 or sell any article ( food or drugs :i* is adult]at$ )9 ! mean+ ( ?is ,act1 & any p]son violat+ ?is provision %all be deem$ guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & ^u conviction !re(1 %all be puni%$ by f9e n exce$+ fifty doll>s = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & n exce$+ "o hundr$ doll>s = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 #b4 ,! t]m 8food10 z us$ 9 ?is ,act1 %all include e article us$ = food or dr9k by man4 ,! t]m 8drug10 z us$ 9 ?is ,act1 %all include all m$ic9es = int]nal & ext]nal use4 #c4 ,an article %all be deem$ to be adult]at$ )9 ! mean+ ( ?is ,act3-- a4--,9 ! case ( drugs4 #a4 ,if1 :5 sold "u or by a "n recognis$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia1 x diff]s f ! /&>d ( /r5g?1 quality1 or purity laid d[n !re94 #b4 ,if1 :5 sold "u or by a "n n recognis$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia1 b :i* is f\nd 9 "s o!r ph>macopia or o!r /&>d "w on ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 x diff]s mat]ially f ! /&>d ( /r5g?1 quality1 or purity laid d[n 9 su* "w4 #c4 ,if its /r5g? or purity fall bel[ ! pr(ess$ /&>d "u :i* x is sold4 b4--,9 ! case ( food or dr9k4 #a4 ,if any sub/ance or sub/ances has or h be5 mix$ ) x s z to r$uce or l[] or injuri\sly affect its quality or /r5g?4 #b4 ,if any inf]ior or *eap] sub/ance or sub/ances h be5 sub/itut$ :olly or 9 "p = ! article4 #c4 ,if any valuable con/itu5t ( ! article has be5 :olly or 9 "p ab/ract$4 #d4 ,if x be an imitation (1 or be sold "u ! "n (1 ano!r article4 #e4 ,if x consi/s :olly or 9 "p ( a diseas$ or decompos$1 or putrid or rott51 animal or vegetable sub/ance1 :e!r manufactur$ or n1 or1 9 ! case ( milk1 if x is ! produce ( a diseas$ animal4 #f4 ,if x be col\r$1 or coat$1 or poli%$1 or p[d]$1 :]eby damage is conceal$1 or x is made to appe> bett] ?an x really is1 or ( great] value4 #g4 ,if x conta9 any add$ poison\s +r$i5t1 or any +r$i5t :i* may r5d] su* article injuri\s to ! heal? ( ! p]son consum+ x3 ,provid$1 t ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? may1 ) ! approval ( ! ,gov]nor1 f "t to "t decl>e c]ta9 articles or prep>ations to be exempt f ! provisions ( ?is ,act3 ,& provid$ fur!r1 t ! provisions ( ?is ,act %all n apply to mixtures or comp\nds recognis$ z ord9>y articles ( food1 provid$ t ! same are n injuri\s to heal? & t ! articles are di/9ctly labell$ z a mixture1 /at+ ! compon5ts ( ! mixture4 #d4 ,x %all be ! duty ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? to prep>e & publi% f "t to "t li/s ( ! articles1 mixtures1 or comp\nds decl>$ to be exempt f ! provisions ( ?is ,act 9 accordance ) ! prec$+ section4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? %all also f "t to "t fix ! limits ( v>iability p]missible 9 any article ( food or drug1 or comp\nd1 ! /&>d ( :i* is n e/abli%$ by any national ph>macopia4 #e4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? %all take cognisance ( ! int]e/s ( ! public heal? z x relates to ! sale ( food & drugs & ! adult]ation ( ! same1 & make all necess>y inve/igations & inquiries relat+ !reto4 ,x %all also h ! sup]vision ( ! appo9tm5t ( public analy/s & *emi/s1 & ^u its recomm5dation :5ev] x %all deem any su* (fic]s incompet5t1 ! appo9tm5t ( any & e su* (fic] %all be revok$ & be held to be void & ( no effect4 ,)9 ?irty days aft] ! passage ( ?is ,act1 ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? %all meet & adopt su* measures z may seem necess>y to facilitate ! en=cem5t ( ?is ,act1 & prep>e rules & regulations ) reg>d to ! prop] me?ods ( collect+ & exam9+ articles ( food or drugs1 & = ! appo9tm5t ( ! necess>y inspectors & analy/s2 & ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? %all be au?oris$ to exp5d1 9 addition to all sums already appropriat$ = said ,bo>d1 an am\nt n exce$+ t5 ?\s& doll>s = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out ! provisions ( ?is ,act4 ,& ! sum ( t5 ?\s& doll>s is h]eby appropriat$ out ( any moneys 9 ! treasury1 n o!rwise appropriat$1 = ! purposes 9 ?is section provid$4 #f4 ,e p]son sell+ or (f]+ or expos+ any article ( food or drugs = sale1 or deliv]+ any article to pur*as]s1 %all be b\nd to s]ve or supply any public analy/ or o!r ag5t ( ! ,/ate or ,local ,bo>d ( ,heal? appo9t$ "u ?is ,act1 :o %all apply to him = t purpose1 & on 8 t5d]+ ! value ( ! same1 ) a sample suffici5t = ! purpose ( analysis ( any article :i* is includ$ 9 ?is ,act1 & :i* is 9 ! possession ( ! p]son sell+1 "u a p5alty n exce$+ fifty doll>s = a fir/ (f5ce1 & "o hundr$ doll>s = a second & subsequ5t (f5ces4 #g4 ,any violation ( ! provisions ( ?is ,act %all be treat$ & puni%$ z a misdemean\r2 & :oev] %all imp$e1 ob/ruct1 h9d]1 or o!rwise prev5t any analy/1 inspector1 or prosecut+ (fic] 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duty %all be guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & %all be liable to indictm5t & puni%m5t !re=4 #h4 ,any ,acts or p>ts ( ,acts inconsi/5t ) ! provisions ( ?is ,act are h]eby repeal$4 #i4 ,all ! regulations & decl>ations ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? made "u ?is ,act f "t to "t1 & promulgat$1 %all be pr9t$ 9 ! /atutes at l>ge4 #aj4 ,?is ,act %all take effect at ! expiration ( n9ety days aft] x %all become a law4 ,,am5dm5t ( ,april #bi?1 #ahhe4 ,,section #a4 ,! title ( *apt] f\r hundr$ & sev5 ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-"o1 entitl$ 8,an ,act to prev5t ! adult]ation ( food & drugs10 is h]eby am5d$ to read z foll[s3 8,an ,act to prev5t ! adult]ation ( food1 drugs & spiritu\s1 f]m5t$ or malt liquors 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york40 #b4 ,section "o ( *apt] f\r hundr$ & sev5 ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-"o is am5d$ to read z foll[s3-- #a4 ,no p]son %all )9 ?is ,/ate manufacture1 brew1 di/il1 h1 (f] = sale or sell any articles ( food1 drugs1 spiritu\s1 f]m5t$ or malt liquors :i* are adult]at$ )9 ! mean+ ( ?is ,act1 & any p]son violat+ ?is provision %all be deem$ guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & ^u conviction !re(1 %all be puni%$ by f9e n exce$+ fifty doll>s = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & n exce$+ "o hundr$ doll>s or imprisonm5t = "o ye>1 or bo?1 = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce1 & %all 9 addition !reto be liable to a p5alty ( "o hundr$ doll>s = ea* & e (f5ce1 to be su$ = & recov]$ 9 ! "n ( ! p ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york on compla9t ( any citiz51 "o-half ( su* recov]y to be paid to ! prosecutor ( ! action & ! balance %all be paid to ! c\nty :]e su* recov]y %all be obta9$ = ! support ( ! poor4 #c4 ,section two is h]eby am5d$ to read z foll[s3-- #b4 ,! t]m food z us$ 9 ?is ,act %all include e article ( food or dr9k by man1 includ+ teas1 c(fees1 & spiritu\s1 f]m5t$ & malt liquors4 ,! t]m drug z us$ 9 ?is ,act %all include all m$ic9es = int]nal or ext]nal use4 #d4 ,section ?ree is h]eby am5d$ by add+ aft] subdivision sev5 ! foll[+3 ,c4 ,9 ! case ( spiritu\s1 f]m5t$ & malt liquors1 if x conta9 any sub/ance or +r$i5t n normal or heal?ful to exi/ 9 spiritu\s1 f]m5t$ or malt liquors1 or :i* may be delet]i\s or detrim5tal to heal? :5 su* liquors are us$ z a bev]age4 #e4 ,section five is h]eby am5d$ to read z foll[s3-- #e4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? %all take cognisance ( ! int]e/s ( ! public heal? z x relates to ! sale ( food1 drugs1 spiritu\s1 f]m5t$ & malt liquors1 & ! adult]ation !re(1 & make all necess>y inquiries relat+ !reto4 ,x %all h ! sup]vision ( ! appo9tm5t ( public analy/s & *emi/s1 & ^u its recomm5dation1 :5ev] x %all deem any su* (fic]s incompet5t1 ! appo9tm5t ( any & e su* (fic] %all be revok$ & be held to be void & ( no effect4 ,)9 ?irty days aft] ! passage ( ?is ,act1 & f "t to "t !reaft] z x may deem exp$i5t1 ! said ,bo>d ( ,heal? %all meet & adopt su* measures1 n provid$ = by ?is ,act1 z may seem necess>y to facilitate ! en=cem5t ( ?is ,act1 & = ! purpose ( mak+ an exam9ation or analysis ( spiritu\s1 f]m5t$ or malt liquors sold or expos$ = sale 9 any /ore or place ( bus9ess n h]e9 o!rwise provid$ =1 & prep>e rules & regulations ) reg>d to ! prop] me?ods ( collect+ & exam9+ articles ( food1 drugs1 spiritu\s1 f]m5t$ or malt liquors1 & = ! appo9tm5t ( ! necess>y inspectors & analy/s4 ,! said ,bo>d %all at lea/ once 9 ! cal5d> ye> cause samples to be procur$ 9 public m>ket or o!rwise1 ( ! spiritu\s1 f]m5t$ or malt liquors di/ill$1 brew$1 manufactur$ or (f]$ = sale 9 ea* & e brew]y or di/ill]y locat$ 9 ?is ,/ate1 & a te/1 sample or analysis !re( to be made by a *emi/ or analy/ duly appo9t$ by said ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,! samples %all be kept 9 vessels & 9 a condition necess>y & adequate to obta9 a prop] te/ & analysis ( ! liquors conta9$ !re94 ,! vessels conta9+ su* samples %all be prop]ly labell$ & numb]$ by ! secret>y ( said ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 :o %all also prep>e & keep an accurate & prop] li/ ( ! names ( ! di/ill]s1 brew]s or v5dors1 & opposite ea* "n %all appe> ! numb] :i* is writt5 or pr9t$ ^u ! label atta*$ to ! vessel conta9+ ! sample ( ! liquor manufactur$1 brew$1 di/ill$ or sold4 ,su* li/s1 numb]s & labels %all be exclusively = ! in=mation ( ! said ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 & %all n be disclos$ or publi%$ unless ^u discov]y ( "s delet]i\s sub/ance prior to ! completion ( ! analysis1 except :5 requir$ 9 evid5ce 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,! samples :5 li/$ & numb]$ %all be deliv]$ to ! *emi/1 analy/ or o!r (fic] ( said ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 & %all be designat$ & kn[n to su* *emi/1 analy/ or (fic] only by its numb]1 & by no o!r m>k or designation4 ,! result ( ! analysis or inve/igation %all !reupon1 & )9 a conv5i5t "t1 be report$ by ! (fic] conduct+ ! same to ! secret>y ( said ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 sett+ =? explicitly ! nature ( any delet]i\s sub/ance1 comp\nd or adult]ation :i* may be detrim5tal to public heal? & :i* has be5 f\nd ^u analysis 9 su* samples1 & /at+ ! numb] ( ! samples 9 :i* said sub/ance 0 f\nd4 ,^u su* exam9ation or analysis ! brew]1 di/ill] or v5dor 9 ^: sample ( spiritu\s1 f]m5t$ or malt liquor su* delet]i\s sub/ances1 comp\nds or adult]ations %all be f\nd1 %all be deem$ to h violat$ ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 & %all be puni%able z prescrib$ 9 section sev5 ( ?is ,act4 #f4 ,section six ( said *apt] f\r hundr$ & sev5 ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-"o is h]eby am5d$ to read z foll[s3-- #f4 ,e p]son sell+1 (f]+1 expos+ = sale or manufactur+1 brew+ or di/ill+ any article ( food1 spiritu\s1 malt or f]m5t$ liquors1 or deliv]+ any su* articles to pur*as]s1 %all be b\nd to s]ve or supply any public analy/ or o!r ag5t ( ! ,/ate or local ,bo>d ( ,heal? appo9t$ "u ?is ,act1 :o %all apply to him = t purpose1 & ^u 8 t5d]+ ! value ( ! same1 ) a sample suffici5t = ! purpose ( analysis ( any article :i* is includ$ 9 ?is ,act1 & :i* is 9 possession ( ! p]son sell+1 manufactur+1 brew+ or di/ill+ ! same1 & any p]son :o %all refuse to s]ve or supply su* sample ( any article z prescrib$ h]e91 or any p]son :o %all imp$e1 ob/ruct1 h9d] or o!rwise prev5t any analy/1 inspector or prosecut+ (fic] 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duty %all be deem$ to h violat$ ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 & %all be puni%able z prescrib$ by section sev5 ( ?is ,act4 #g4 ,section sev5 ( said *apt] f\r hundr$ & sev5 ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-"o is h]eby am5d$ to read z foll[s3-- #g4 ,^u discov]+ t any p]son has violat$ any ( ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? %all imm$iately communicate ! facts to ! di/rict attorney ( ! c\nty 9 :i* ! p]son accus$ ( su* violation resides or c>ries on bus9ess1 & ! said di/rict attorney1 ^u receiv+ su* communication or notification1 %all =?) comm5ce proce$+ = indictm5t & trial ( ! accus$ z prescrib$ by law 9 cases ( misdemean\r4 #h4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? %all be au?oris$ to exp5d1 9 addition to ! sums already appropriat$ = said bo>d1 an am\nt n exce$+ ?ree ?\s& doll>s1 = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 9 relation to spiritu\s1 f]m5t$ or malt liquors4 ,& ! sum ( ?ree ?\s& doll>s is h]eby appropriat$ out ( any moneys 9 ! treasury n o!rwise appropriat$ & exp5d$ = ! purposes ( ?is ,act4 #i4 ,?is ,act %all take effect imm$iately4 ,,special ,,act to prev5t deception 9 ! sale ( dairy products1 & to pres]ve ! public heal?1 be+ supplem5t>y to & 9 aid ( *apt] two hundr$ & two ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-f\r1 entitl$ 8,an act to prev5t deception 9 sales ( dairy products40 7,,pass$ ,april #cj1 #ahhe74 ,! ,p ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 repres5t$ 9 ,s5ate & ,assembly1 d enact z foll[s3-- ,,section #a4 ,no p]son or p]sons %all sell or ex*ange1 or expose = sale or ex*ange1 any unclean1 impure1 unheal?y1 adult]at$ or un:olesome milk1 or %all (f] = sale any article ( food made f ! same1 or ( cream f ! same4 ,! provisions ( ?is section %all n apply to skim milk sold to bak]s or h\sewives = _! own use or manufacture1 ^u writt5 ord]s = ! same1 nor to skim milk sold = use 9 ! c\nty 9 :i* x is produc$4 ,?is provision %all n apply to pure skim *eese made f milk :i* is clean1 pure1 heal?y1 :olesome & unadult]at$1 except by skimm+4 ,:oev] violates ! provisions ( ?is section is guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & %all be puni%$ by a f9e ( n less ?an tw5ty-five doll>s1 nor m ?an two hundr$ doll>s1 or by imprisonm5t ( n less ?an "o mon? or m ?an six mon?s1 or bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & by six mon?s' imprisonm5t = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 #b4 ,no p]son %all keep c[s = ! production ( milk = m>ket1 or = sale or ex*ange1 or = manufactur+ ! same1 or cream f ! same1 into articles ( food1 9 a cr[d$ or unheal?y1 condition1 or fe$ ! c[s on food t is unheal?y1 or t produces impure1 unheal?y1 diseas$ or un:olesome milk4 ,no p]son %all manufacture f impure1 unheal?y1 diseas$ or un:olesome milk1 or ( cream f ! same1 any article ( food4 ,:oev] violates ! provisions ( ?is section is guilty ( a misdemean\r & %all be puni%$ by a f9e ( n less ?an tw5ty-five doll>s1 nor m ?an two hundr$ doll>s1 or by imprisonm5t ( n less ?an "o mon? or m ?an f\r mon?s1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & by f\r mon?s' imprisonm5t = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 #c4 ,no p]son or p]sons %all sell1 supply or br+ to be manufactur$ to any butt] or *eese manufactory1 any milk dilut$ ) wat] or any unclean1 impure1 unheal?y1 adult]at$ or un:olesome milk1 or milk f :i* any cream has be5 tak5 7except pure skim milk to skim *eese factories71 or %all keep back any "p ( ! milk commonly kn[n z 8/ripp+s10 or %all br+ or supply milk to any butt] or *eese manufactory t is s\r 7except pure skim milk to skim *eese factories74 ,no butt] or *eese manufactories1 except ^? :o buy all ! milk !y use1 %all use = _! own b5efit1 or all[ any ( _! employs or any o!r p]son to use = _! own b5efit1 any milk1 or cream f ! milk1 or ! product !re(1 br\ght to said manufactories )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]s !re(4 ,e butt] or *eese manufactur]1 except ^? :o buy all ! milk !y use1 %all keep a correct acc\nt ( all ! milk daily receiv$1 & ( ! numb] ( packages ( butt] & *eese made ea* day1 & ! numb] ( packages & aggregate weight ( *eese & butt] dispos$ ( ea* day1 :i* acc\nt %all be op5 to inspection to any p]son :o deliv]s milk to su* manufactur]4 ,:oev] violates ! provisions ( ?is section %all be guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & %all be puni%$ = ea* (f5ce by a f9e ( n less ?an tw5ty-five doll>s1 or m ?an two hundr$ doll>s1 or n less ?an "o mon? or m ?an six mon?s' imprisonm5t1 or bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t4 #d4 ,no manufactur] ( vessels = ! package ( butt] %all sell or dispose ( any su* vessels )\t br&+ 8 "n & ! true weight ( ! vessel or vessels on ! same1 ) legible lett]s or figures n less ?an "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,:oev] violates ! provisions ( ?is section is guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & %all be puni%$ = ea* (f5ce by a f9e ( n less ?an fifty doll>s1 nor m ?an "o hundr$ doll>s1 or by imprisonm5t ( n less ?an ?irty days or m ?an sixty days1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t4 #e4 ,no p]son %all sell1 or (f] or expose = sale1 any milk except 9 ! c\nty f :i* ! same is produc$1 unless ea* c1 vessel or package conta9+ su* milk %all be di/9ctly & durably br&$ ) lett]s n less ?an "o in* 9 l5g?1 on ! outside1 above ! c5t]1 on e c1 vessel or package conta9+ su* milk1 ! "n ( ! c\nty f :i* ! same is produc$2 & ! same m>ks %all be br&$ or pa9t$ 9 a conspicu\s place on ! c>riage or vehicle 9 :i* ! milk is drawn to be sold2 & su* milk c only be sold 91 or retail$ out ( a c1 vessel1 package or c>riage s m>k$4 ,:oev] violates ! provisions ( ?is section %all be guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & %all be puni%$ by a f9e ( n less ?an tw5ty-five doll>s nor m ?an two hundr$ doll>s1 or n less ?an two mon?s' or m ?an f\r mon?s' imprisonm5t1 or bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t1 = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & by f\r mon?s' imprisonm5t = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 #f4 ,no p]son %all manufacture out ( any oleag9\s sub/ance or sub/ances1 or any comp\nd ( ! same1 o!r ?an t produc$ f unadult]at$ milk1 or ( cream f ! same1 any article design$ to take ! place ( butt] or *eese produc$ f pure unadult]at$ milk or cream ( ! same1 or %all sell1 or (f] = sale1 ! same z an article ( food4 ,?is provision %all n apply to pure skim-milk *eese made f pure skim milk4 ,:oev] violates ! provisions ( ?is section %all be guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & be puni%$ by a f9e ( n less ?an two hundr$ doll>s nor m ?an five hundr$ doll>s1 or n less ?an six mon?s or m ?an "o ye>'s imprisonm5t1 or bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & by imprisonm5t = "o ye> = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 #g4 ,no p]son by himself or 8 ag5ts or s]vants %all r5d] or manufacture out ( any animal fat or animal or vegetable oils n produc$ f unadult]at$ milk or cream f ! same1 any article or product 9 imitation or semblance ( or design$ to take ! place ( natural butt] or *eese produc$ f pure unadult]at$ milk or cream ( ! same1 nor %all he or !y mix1 comp\nd )1 or add to milk1 cream or butt] any acids or o!r delet]i\s sub/ance or any animal fats or animal or vegetable oils n produc$ f milk or cream1 ) design or int5t to r5d]1 make or produce any article or sub/ance or any human food 9 imitation or semblance ( natural butt] or *eese1 nor %all he sell1 keep = sale1 or (f] = sale any article1 sub/ance or comp\nd made1 manufactur$ or produc$ 9 violation ( ! provisions ( ?is section1 :e!r su* article1 sub/ance or comp\nd %all be made or produc$ 9 ?is ,/ate or 9 any o!r ,/ate or c\ntry4 ,:oev] violates ! provisions ( ?is section %all be guilty ( a misdemean\r & be puni%$ by a f9e ( n less ?an two hundr$ doll>s nor m ?an five hundr$ doll>s or n less ?an six mon?s' or m ?an "o ye>'s imprisonm5t = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & by imprisonm5t = "o ye> = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 ,no?+ 9 ?is section %all impair ! provisions ( section six ( ?is ,act4 #h4 ,no p]son %all manufacture1 mix or comp\nd ) or add to natural milk1 cream or butt] any animal fats or animal or vegetable oils1 nor %all he make or manufacture any oleag9\s sub/ance n produc$ f milk or cream1 ) int5t to sell ! same = butt] or *eese made f unadult]at$ milk or cream1 or h ! same 9 8 possession1 or (f] ! same = sale ) su* int5t1 nor %all any article or sub/ance or comp\nd s made or produc$1 be sold = butt] or *eese1 ! product ( ! dairy4 ,if any p]son %all coat1 p[d] or col\r ) annatto or any col\r+ matt] :atev]1 butt]9e or oleom>g>9e1 or any comp\nds ( ! same1 or any product or manufacture made 9 :ole or 9 "p f animal fats or animal or vegetable oils n produc$ f unadult]at$ milk or cream1 :]eby ! said product1 manufacture or comp\nd %all be made to resemble butt] or *eese1 ! product ( ! dairy1 or %all h ! same 9 8 possession1 or %all sell or (f] = sale or h 9 8 possession any ( ! said products :i* %all be col\r$ or coat$ 9 semblance ( or to resemble butt] or *eese1 x %all be conclusive evid5ce ( an int5t to sell ! same = butt] or *eese1 ! product ( ! dairy4 ,:oev] violates any ( ! provisions ( ?is section %all be guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & be puni%$ by a f9e ( n less ?an two hundr$ doll>s nor m ?an "o ?\s& doll>s4 ,?is section %all n be con/ru$ to impair or affect ! prohibitions ( sections six & sev5 ( ?is ,act4 #i4 ,e manufactur] ( full-milk *eese may put a br& ^u ea* *eese indicat+ 8full-milk *eese10 & ! date ( ! mon? & ye> :5 made2 & any p]son us+ ?is br& ^u any *eese made f :i* any cream :atev] has be5 tak5 %all be guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & %all be puni%$ = ea* (f5ce by a f9e ( n less ?an "o hundr$ doll>s nor m ?an five hundr$ doll>s4 #aj4 ,no p]son %all (f]1 sell or expose = sale 9 full packages1 butt] or *eese br&$ or labell$ ) a false br& or label z to c\nty or /ate 9 :i* ! article is made4 ,:oev] violates ! provisions ( ?is section is guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & %all be puni%$ by a f9e ( n less ?an tw5ty-five doll>s or m ?an fifty doll>s1 or imprisonm5t ( n less ?an fifte5 days or m ?an ?irty days = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & fifty doll>s or ?irty days' imprisonm5t = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 #aa4 ,no p]son %all manufacture1 sell or (f] = sale any cond5s$ milk1 unless ! same %all be put up 9 packages ^u :i* %all be di/9ctly labell$ or /amp$ ! "n1 or br&1 by :om or "u :i* ! same is made4 ,no cond5s$ milk %all be made or (f]$ = sale unless ! same is manufactur$ f pure1 clean1 heal?y1 fre%1 unadult]at$ & :olesome milk1 f :i* ! cream has n be5 remov$1 or unless ! proportion ( milk solids conta9$ 9 ! cond5s$ milk %all be 9 am\nt ! equival5t ( twelve p] c5tum ( milk solids 9 crude milk1 & ( su* solids tw5ty-five p] c5tum %all be fat4 ,:5 cond5s$ milk %all be sold f cans1 or packages n h]metically seal$1 ! v5dor %all br& or label su* cans or packages ) ! "n ( ! c\nty or c\nties f :i* ! same 0 produc$1 & ! "n ( ! v5dor4 ,:oev] violates ! provisions ( ?is section %all be guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & be puni%$ by a f9e ( n less ?an fifty doll>s or m ?an five hundr$ doll>s1 or by imprisonm5t ( n m ?an six mon?s1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & by six mon?s' imprisonm5t = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 #ab4 ,^u ! expiration ( ! t]m ( (fice ( ! pres5t commission]1 ! ,gov]nor1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 %all appo9t a commission]1 :o %all be kn[n z ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,dairy ,commission]1 :o %all be a citiz5 ( ?is ,/ate1 & :o %all hold 8 (fice = ! t]m ( two ye>s1 or until 8 successor is appo9t$1 & %all receive a sal>y ( ?ree ?\s& doll>s p] annum1 & 8 necess>y exp5ses incurr$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 (ficial duties "u ?is ,act4 ,said commission] %all be *>g$1 "u ! direction ( ! ,gov]nor1 ) ! en=cem5t ( ! v>i\s provisions !re(1 & ) all laws prohibit+ or regulat+ ! adult]ation ( butt]1 *eese1 or milk4 ,! said commission] is h]eby au?oris$ & emp[]$ to appo9t su* assi/ant commission]s & to employ su* exp]ts1 *emi/s1 ag5ts1 & su* c\nsel z may be deem$ by him necess>y = ! prop] en=cem5t ( ?is law1 _! comp5sation to be fix$ by ! commission]4 ,! said commission] is also au?oris$ to employ a cl]k at an annual sal>y n to exce$ twelve hundr$ doll>s4 ,! sum ( fifty ?\s& doll>s is h]eby appropriat$1 to be paid = su* purpose out ( any moneys 9 ! ,treasury n o!rwise appropriat$4 ,all *>ges1 acc\nts & exp5ses au?oris$ by ?is ,act %all be paid by ! ,treasur] ( ! ,/ate ^u ! w>rant ( ! comptroll]1 aft] su* exp5ses h be5 audit$ & all[$ by ! comptroll]4 ,! entire exp5ses ( said commission] %all n exce$ ! sum appropriat$ = ! purposes ( ?is ,act4 ,! said commission] %all make annual reports to ! legislature1 on or be=e ! fifte5? day ( ,janu>y ( ea* ye>1 ( 8 "w & proce$+s1 & %all report 9 detail ! numb] ( assi/ant commission]s1 exp]ts1 *emi/s1 ag5ts1 & c\nsel he has employ$1 ) _! exp5ses & disbursem5ts4 ,! said commission] %all h a room 9 ! new capitol1 to be set ap>t = 8 use by ! capitol commission]4 ,! said commission] & assi/ant commission]s & su* exp]ts1 *emi/s1 ag5ts1 & c\nsel z !y %all duly au?orise = ! purpose1 %all h full access1 egress1 & +ress to all places ( bus9ess1 factories1 f>ms1 build+s1 c>riages1 vessels1 & cans us$ 9 ! manufacture & sale ( any dairy products or any imitation !re(4 ,!y %all also h p[] & au?ority to op5 any package1 c1 or vessel conta9+ su* articles :i* may be manufactur$1 sold1 or expos$ = sale1 9 violation ( ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 & may inspect ! cont5ts !re9 & may take !refrom samples = analysis4 ,?is section %all n affect ! t5ure ( ! (fice ( ! pres5t commission]4 #ac4 ,^u ! application = a w>rant "u ?is ,act1 ! c]tificate ( ! analy/ or *emi/ ( any analysis made by him %all be suffici5t evid5ce ( ! facts !re9 /at$4 ,e su* c]tificate %all be duly sign$ & ackn[l$g$ by su* analy/ or *emi/ be=e an (fic] au?oris$ to take ackn[l$gm5ts ( conveyances ( real e/ate4 #ad4 ,c\rts ( special sessions %all h jurisdiction ( all cases aris+ "u ?is ,act1 & _! jurisdiction is h]eby ext5d$ s z to enable !m to en=ce ! p5alties impos$ by any or all sections !re(4 #ae4 ,9 all prosecutions "u ?is ,act1 "o-half ( ! money %all be paid by ! c\rt or cl]k !re( to ! city or c\nty :]e ! recov]y %all be _h1 = ! support ( ! poor1 except 9 ! city & c\nty ( ,new ,york %all be equally divid$ betwe5 ! p5sion funds ( ! police & fire dep>tm5ts1 & ! residue %all be paid to ! ,dairy ,commission]1 :o %all acc\nt !re= to ! ,treasury ( ! ,/ate1 & be add$ to any appropriation made to c>ry out ! provisions ( ?is ,act4 ,all sums ( money exp5d$ by ! ,dairy ,commission] "u ! provisions ( ?is ,act %all be audit$ & all[$ by ! ,comptroll] ( ! ,/ate4 ,any bond giv5 by any (fic] %all be subject to ! provisions ( ?is section4 #af4 ,9 all prosecutions "u ?is ,act relat+ to ! sale & manufacture ( unclean1 impure1 unheal?y1 adult]at$1 or un:olesome milk1 if ! milk be %[n to conta9 m ?an eighty-eight p] c5tum ( wat] or fluids1 or less ?an twelve p] c5tum ( milk solids1 :i* %all conta9 n less ?an ?ree p] c5tum ( fat1 x %all be decl>$ adult]at$1 & milk drawn f c[s )9 fifte5 days be=e1 & five days aft]1 p>turition1 or f animals f$ on di/ill]y wa/e1 or any sub/ance 9 ! /ate ( putrefaction or f]m5tation1 or ^u any unheal?y food :atev]1 %all be decl>$ unclean1 unheal?y1 impure & un:olesome milk4 ,?is section %all n prev5t ! fe$+ ( ensilage f silos4 #ag4 ,! do+ ( any ?+ prohibit$ be+ done1 & ! n do+ ( any ?+ direct$ to be done 9 ?is ,act1 %all be presumptive evid5ce ( a wilful int5t to violate ! diff]5t sections & provisions !re(4 ,if any p]son %all suff] any violation ( ! provisions ( ?is ,act by 8 ag5t1 s]vant1 or 9 any room or build+ occupi$ or controll$ by him1 he %all be deem$ a pr9cipal 9 su* violation & puni%$ accord+ly4 #ah4 ,*apt]s f\r hundr$ & sixty-sev5 ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & sixty-two1 five hundr$ & =ty-f\r1 & five hundr$ & eighte5 ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & sixty-f\r1 five hundr$ & fifty-n9e ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & sixty-five1 f\r hundr$ & fifte5 ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & sev5ty-sev51 two hundr$ & tw5ty1 & two hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & sev5ty-eight1 f\r hundr$ & ?irty-n9e ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & eighty1 & two hundr$ & f\rte5 ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-two1 are h]eby repeal$4 #ai4 ,if any p]son %all1 by himself or o!r1 violate any ( ! provisions ( sections "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r or five ( ?is ,act1 or kn[+ly suff] a violation !re( by 8 ag5t1 or 9 any build+ or room occupi$ by him1 he %all1 9 addition to ! f9es & puni%m5ts !re9 describ$ = ea* (f5ce1 =feit & pay a fix$ p5alty ( "o hundr$ doll>s4 ,if any p]son1 by himself or ano!r1 %all violate any ( ! provisions ( sections six1 sev51 or eight ( ?is ,act1 he %all1 9 addition to ! f9es & p5alties h]e9 prescrib$ = ea* (f5ce1 =feit & pay a fix$ p5alty ( five hundr$ doll>s4 ,su* p5alties %all be recov]$ ) co/s 9 any c\rt ( ?is ,/ate hav+ jurisdiction !re( 9 an action to be prosecut$ by ! ,dairy ,commission]1 or any ( 8 assi/ants 9 ! "n ( ! p ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 #bj4 ,?is ,act & ea* section !re( is decl>$ to be enact$ to prev5t deception 9 ! sale ( dairy products1 & to pres]ve ! public heal? :i* is endang]$ by ! manufacture1 sale or use ( ! articles or sub/ances h]e9 regulat$ or prohibit$4 #ba4 ,?is ,act %all take effect imm$iately4 ,sections six & sev5 %all n apply to any product manufactur$1 or 9 process ( manufacture at ! "t ( ! passage ( ?is ,act2 b nei!r ?is exemption nor ?is ,act %all impair ! p[] to prosecute any violations h]et(ore committ$ ( section six ( ! ,act ( :i* ?is ,act is supplem5tal4 ,,an ,,act to am5d *apt] two hundr$ & two ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-f\r1 entitl$ 8,an ,act to prev5t deception 9 sales ( dairy products40 7,,pass$ ,april #cj1 #ahhe74 ,! p ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 repres5t$ 9 ,s5ate & ,assembly1 d enact z foll[s3-- ,,section #a4 ,section sev5 ( *apt] two hundr$ & two ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-f\r1 entitl$ 8,an ,act to prev5t deception 9 sales ( dairy products10 is h]eby am5d$ to read z foll[s3-- #g4 ,no p]son %all (f]1 sell1 or expose = sale butt] or *eese br&$ or labell$ ) a false br& or label z to ! quality ( ! article1 or ! c\nty or ,/ate 9 :i* ! article is made4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ate ,dairy ,commission] is h]eby au?oris$ & direct$ to procure & issue to ! *eese manufactories ( ! ,/ate1 ^u prop] application !re= & "u su* regulations z to ! cu/ody & use !re( z he may prescribe1 a uni=m /5cil br& be>+ a suitable device or motto1 & ! words 8,new ,york ,/ate ,full ,cream ,*eese40 ,e br& issu$ %all be us$ ^u ! outside ( ! *eese & also ^u ! package conta9+ ! same1 & %all be> a diff]5t numb] = ea* sep>ate manufactory1 & ! commission] %all keep a book 9 :i* %all be regi/]$ ! "n1 location & numb] ( ea* manufactory us+ ! said br&1 & ! "n or names ( ! p]sons at ea* manufactory au?oris$ to use ! same4 ,x %all be unlawful to use or p]mit su* /5cil br& to be us$ ^u any o!r ?an full cream *eese or packages conta9+ ! same4 ,:oev] violates ! provisions ( ?is section is guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & = ea* & e *eese or package s falsely br&$ %all be puni%$ by a f9e ( n less ?an tw5ty-five doll>s or m ?an fifty doll>s1 or imprisonm5t ( n less ?an fifte5 or m ?an ?irty days4 #b4 ,?is ,act %all take effect imm$iately4 ,,an ,,act to protect butt] & *eese manufactur]s4 7,,pass$ ,june #h1 #ahhe1 ?ree-fif?s be+ pres5t47 ,! p ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 repres5t$ 9 ,s5ate & ,assembly1 d enact z foll[s3-- ,,section #a4 ,:oev] %all ) int5t to defraud1 sell1 supply1 or br+ to be manufactur$ to any butt] or *eese manufactory 9 ?is ,/ate1 any milk dilut$ ) wat]1 or 9 any way adult]at$1 unclean or impure1 or milk f :i* any cream has be5 tak51 or milk commonly kn[n z skimm$ milk1 or :oev] %all keep back any "p ( ! milk z /ripp+s1 or :oev] %all kn[+ly br+ or supply milk to any butt] or *eese manufactory t is ta9t$ or s\r1 or :oev] %all kn[+ly br+ or supply to any butt] or *eese manufactory1 milk drawn f c[s )9 fifte5 days be=e p>turition1 or )9 ?ree days aft] p>turition1 or any butt] or *eese manufactur]s :o %all kn[+ly use or all[ any ( 8 or h] employs or any o!r p]son to use = 8 or h] b5efit1 or = _! own individual b5efit1 any milk or cream f ! milk br\ght to said butt] or *eese manufactur]1 )\t ! cons5t ( all ! own]s !re(1 or any butt] or *eese manufactur] :o %all refuse or neglect to keep or cause to be kept a correct acc\nt1 op5 to ! inspection ( any "o furni%+ milk to su* manufactur]1 ( ! am\nt ( milk daily receiv$1 or ( ! numb] ( p\nds ( butt] & ! numb] ( *eeses made ea* day1 or ( ! numb] cut or o!rwise dispos$ (1 & ! weight ( ea*1 %all = ea* & e (f5ce =feit & pay a sum n less ?an tw5ty-five doll>s nor m ?an "o hundr$ doll>s1 ) co/s ( suit1 to be su$ = 9 any c\rt ( compet5t jurisdiction = ! b5efit ( ! p]son or p]sons1 firm or association1 or corporation or _! assigns ^u :om su* fraud or neglect %all be committ$4 ,b no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all affect1 impair1 or repeal any ( ! provisions ( *apt] two hundr$ & two ( ! laws ( eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-f\r1 or ( ! acts am5datory !re( or supplem5t>y !reto4 #b4 ,?is ,act %all take effect imm$iately4 ,special ,act 9 relation to ! manufacture & sale ( v9eg>4 7,,pass$ ,june #i1 #ahhf47 ,! ,p ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 repres5t$ 9 ,s5ate & ,assembly1 d enact z foll[s3-- ,,section #a4 ,e p]son :o manufactures = sale1 or (f]s or exposes = sale z cid] v9eg>1 any v9eg> n ! legitimate product ( pure apple juice1 kn[n z apple cid]1 or v9eg> n made exclusively ( said apple cid]1 or v9eg> into :i* =eign sub/ances1 drugs or acids h be5 introduc$1 z may appe> by prop] te/1 %all = ea* (f5ce be puni%able by a f9e ( n less ?an fifty1 nor m ?an "o hundr$ doll>s4 #b4 ,e p]son :o manufactures = sale1 or (f]s = sale1 any v9eg> f\nd ^u prop] te/s to conta9 any prep>ation ( lead1 copp]1 sulphuric acid1 or o!r +r$i5t injuri\s to heal?1 %all = ea* su* (f5ce be puni%able by f9e ( n less ?an "o hundr$ doll>s4 #c4 ,! mayor ( cities %all1 & ! sup]visor ( t[ns may1 annually1 appo9t "o or m p]sons to be inspectors ( v9eg>1 :o %all be sworn be=e ent]+ ^u _! duties1 & :o %all h p[] & au?ority to inspect & exam9e all v9eg> (f]$ = sale4 #d4 ,no p]son %all by himself1 8 s]vant or ag5t1 or z ! s]vant or ag5t ( any o!r p]son1 sell1 ex*ange1 deliv]1 or h 9 8 cu/ody or possession1 ) int5t to sell or ex*ange1 or expose or (f] = sale or ex*ange any adult]at$ v9eg>1 or label1 br& or sell z cid] v9eg>1 or z apple v9eg>1 any v9eg> n ! legitimate product ( pure apple juice1 or n made exclusively f apple cid]4 #e4 ,all v9eg>s %all be )\t artificial col\r+ matt]1 & %all h an acidity equival5t to ! pres5ce ( n less ?an f\r & "o-half p] c5t41 by weight1 ( absolute acetic acid1 & 9 ! case ( cid] v9eg>1 %all conta9 9 addition n less ?an two p] c5t4 by weight ( cid] v9eg> solids ^u full evaporation ov] boil+ wat]2 & if any v9eg> conta9s any artificial col\r+ matt] or less ?an ! above am\nt ( acidity1 or 9 ! case ( cid] v9eg>1 if x conta9s less ?an ! above am\nt ( acidity or ( cid] v9eg> solids1 x %all be deem$ to be adult]at$ )9 ! mean+ ( ?is ,act4 #f4 ,e p]son mak+ or manufactur+ cid] v9eg> %all br& on ea* head ( ! cask1 b>rel or keg conta9+ su* v9eg> ! "n & resid5ce ( ! manufactur]1 ! date :5 same 0 manufactur$1 & ! words cid] v9eg>4 #g4 ,:oev] violates any ( ! provisions ( ?is ,act %all be puni%$ by a f9e n exce$+ "o hundr$ doll>s4 ,any p]son :o may h suff]$ any injury or damage by reason ( ! violation ( any ( ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 may ma9ta9 an action 9 8 own "n aga9/ any p]son violat+ any ( ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 to recov] ! p5alties provid$ = su* violation1 & "o-half ( ! sum recov]$ %all be reta9$ by him = 8 own use & ! o!r half %all be paid into ! city or c\nty treasury :]e su* (f5ce 0 committ$ = ! b5efit ( su* city or c\nty4 #h4 ,?is ,act %all take effect imm$iately4 ,! foll[+ are ! ,/atutes ( ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts relat+ to ! adult]ation ( food & drugs3-- ,,g5]al ,,laws ,,relat+ ,,to ,,adult]ation4 ,,food ,,& ,,drugs4 ,sid5ote3 ,adult]ation prohibit$4 #ahhb1 #bfc1 #a4 ,,section #a4 ,no p]son %all1 )9 ?is commonweal?1 manufacture = sale1 (f] = sale1 or sell any drug or article ( food :i* is adult]at$ )9 ! mean+ ( ?is ,act4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition ( t]ms 8drug0 & 8food40 #ahhb1 #bfc1 #b4 #b4 ,! t]m 8drug0 z us$ 9 ?is ,act %all include all m$ic9es = int]nal or ext]nal use1 antiseptics1 dis9fectants1 & cosmetics4 ,! t]m 8food0 z us$ h]e9 %all include all articles us$ = food or dr9k by man4 ,sid5ote3 ,drugs1 h[ adult]at$4 #ahhb1 #bfc1 #c4 ,specifications4 #c4 ,an article %all be deem$ to be adult]at$ )9 ! mean+ ( ?is ,act-- ,sid5ote3 ,(fic9al drugs may be sold z call$ =1 or z v>iation is made kn[n to ! pur*as]4 #ahhd1 #bhi1 #g4 7a47 ,9 ! case ( drugs1--7#a47 ,if1 :5 sold "u or by a "n recognis$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia1 x diff]s f ! /&>d ( /r5g?1 quality1 or purity laid d[n !re91 unless ! ord] calls = an article inf]ior to su* /&>d1 or unless su* diff]5ce is made kn[n or s appe>s to ! pur*as] at ! "t ( su* sale2 7#b47 ,if1 :5 sold "u or by a "n n recognis$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia1 b :i* is f\nd 9 "s o!r ph>macopia1 or o!r /&>d "w on mat]ia m$ica1 x diff]s mat]ially f ! /&>d ( /r5g?1 quality1 or purity laid d[n 9 su* "w2 7#c47 ,if its /r5g? or purity falls bel[ ! pr(ess$ /&>d "u :i* x is sold3 ,sid5ote3 ,food1 h[ adult]at$4 ,specifications4 7b47 ,9 ! case ( food--7#a47 ,if any sub/ance or sub/ances h be5 mix$ ) x s z to r$uce1 or l[]1 or injuri\sly affect its quality or /r5g?2 7#b47 ,if any inf]ior or *eap] sub/ance or sub/ances h be5 sub/itut$ :olly or 9 "p = x2 7#c47 ,if any valuable con/itu5t has be5 :olly or 9 "p ab/ract$ f x2 7#d47 ,if x is an imitation (1 or is sold "u ! "n ( ano!r article2 7#e47 ,if x consi/s :olly or 9 "p ( a diseas$1 decompos$1 putrid1 or rott5 animal or vegetable sub/ance1 :e!r manufactur$ or n1 or 9 ! case ( milk1 if x is ! produce ( a diseas$ animal2 7#f47 ,if x is col\r$1 coat$1 poli%$1 or p[d]$1 :]eby damage is conceal$1 or if x is made to appe> bett] or ( great] value ?an x really is2 7#g47 ,if x conta9s any add$ or poison\s +r$i5t1 or any +r$i5t :i* may r5d] x injuri\s to ! heal? ( a p]son consum+ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,provisions ( ,act n to apply to labell$ comp\nds or mixtures :5 n injuri\s to heal?4 ,sid5ote3 ,no prosecution to be made relative to drugs1 if /&>d ( same has be5 rais$ s9ce ! issue ( ! la/ edition ( ! ,ph>macopia until su* *ange has be5 publi%$4 #ahhd1 #bhi1 #e4 #d4 ,! provisions ( ?is ,act %all n apply to mixtures or comp\nds recognis$ z ord9>y articles ( food or dr9ks1 provid$ t ! same are n injuri\s to heal?1 & are di/9ctly labell$ z mixtures or comp\nds4 ,& no prosecutions %all at any "t be ma9ta9$ "u ! said ,act conc]n+ any drug ! /&>d ( /r5g? or purity :]e( has be5 rais$ s9ce ! issue ( ! la/ edition ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopia1 unless & until su* *ange ( /&>d has be5 publi%$ ?r\gh\t ! commonweal?4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ate ,bo>d %all make inve/igations & may appo9t inspectors1 analy/s & *emi/s4 #ahhb1 #bfc1 #e4 #e4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ,lunacy1 & ,*>ity1 %all take cognisance ( ! int]e/s ( ! public heal? relat+ to ! sale ( drugs & food & ! adult]ation ( ! same1 & %all make all necess>y inve/igations & inquiries 9 ref]5ce !reto1 & = ^! purposes may appo9t inspectors1 analy/s1 & *emi/s1 :o %all be subject to its sup]vision & removal4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bo>d %all make regulations z to collect+ & exam9+ ( food & drugs1 & may exp5d t5 ?\s& doll>s 9 c>ry+ out ! provisions ( ?is ,act4 #ahhb1 #bfc1 #e4 #ahhd1 #bhi1 #a4 ,?ree-fif?s to be exp5d$ 9 relation to milk & its products4 #ahhd1 #bhi1 #a4 ,)9 ?irty days aft] ! passage ( ?is ,act ! said ,bo>d %all adopt su* measures z x may deem necess>y to facilitate ! en=cem5t h]e(1 & %all prep>e rules & regulations ) reg>d to ! prop] me?ods ( collect+ & exam9+ drugs & articles ( food4 ,said ,bo>d may exp5d annually an am\nt n exce$+ t5 ?\s& doll>s = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out ! provisions ( ?is ,act3 provid$1 h[ev]1 t n less ?an ?ree-fif?s ( ! said am\nt %all be annually exp5d$ = ! en=cem5t ( ! laws aga9/ ! adult]ation ( milk & milk products4 ,sid5ote3 ,samples to be furni%$ to (fic]s or ag5ts4 #ahhb1 #bfc1 #f4 #f4 ,e p]son (f]+ or expos+ = sale1 or deliv]+ to a pur*as]1 any drug or article ( food includ$ 9 ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 %all furni% to any analy/ or o!r (fic] or ag5t appo9t$ h]eund]1 :o %all apply to him = ! purpose & %all t5d] him ! value ( ! same1 a sample suffici5t = ! purpose ( ! analysis ( any su* drug or article ( food :i* is 9 8 possession4 ,sid5ote3 ,ob/ruction & its p5alty4 #ahhb1 #bfc1 #g4 #g4 ,:oev] h9d]s1 ob/ructs1 or 9 any way int]f]es ) any inspector1 analy/1 or o!r (fic] appo9t$ h]eund]1 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duty1 & :oev] violates any ( ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 %all be puni%$ by a f9e n exce$+ fifty doll>s = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & n exce$+ "o hundr$ doll>s = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ate ,bo>d to report prosecutions & money exp5d$4 #ahhc1 #bfc1 #b4 #ahhd1 #bhi1 #b4 #h4 ,! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ,lunacy1 & ,*>ity %all report annually to ! ,legislature ! numb] ( prosecutions made "u said *apt]1 & an itemis$ acc\nt ( all money exp5d$ 9 c>ry+ out ! provisions !re(4 ,sid5ote3 ,p[]s ( inspectors4 #ahhd1 #bhi1 #c4 #i4 ,an inspector appo9t$ "u ! provisions ( said *apt] two hundr$ & sixty-?ree ( ! ,acts ( ! ye> eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-two %all h ! same p[]s & au?ority conf]r$ ^u a city or t[n inspector by section two ( *apt] fifty-sev5 ( ! ,public ,/atutes4 ,sid5ote3 ,act ( #ahhb does n affect *apt] #eg ( ! ,public ,/atutes4 #ahhd1 #bhi1 #d4 #aj4 ,no?+ conta9$ 9 *apt] two hundr$ & sixty-?ree ( ! ,acts ( ! ye> eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-two %all be 9 any way con/ru$ z repeal+ or am5d+ any?+ conta9$ 9 *apt] fifty-sev5 ( ! ,public ,/atutes4 ,sid5ote3 ,samples to be seal$ = b5efit ( def5dant4 #ahhd1 #bhi1 #h4 #aa4 ,be=e comm5c+ ! analysis ( any sample ! p]son mak+ ! same %all res]ve a portion :i* %all be seal$2 & 9 case ( a compla9t aga9/ any p]son ! res]v$ portion ( ! sample alleg$ to be adult]at$ %all ^u application be deliv]$ to ! def5dant or 8 attorney4 ,sid5ote3 ,sell+ corrupt or un:olesome provisions )\t notice4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #bjh1 #a4 #ab ,cu%4 #dii4 #ab4 ,:oev] kn[+ly sells any k9d ( diseas$1 corrupt$1 or un:olesome provisions1 :e!r = meat or dr9k1 )\t mak+ ! same fully kn[n to ! buy]1 %all be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! jail n exce$+ six mon?s1 or by f9e n exce$+ two hundr$ doll>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,adult]at+ food4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #bjh1 #c4 #ac4 ,:oev] fraudul5tly adult]ates1 = ! purpose ( sale1 bread or any o!r sub/ance int5d$ = food1 ) any sub/ance injuri\s to heal?1 or kn[+ly b>t]s1 gives away1 sells1 or has 9 possession ) int5t to sell1 any sub/ance int5d$ = food1 :i* has be5 adult]at$ ) any sub/ance injuri\s to heal?1 %all be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! jail n exce$+ "o ye>1 or by f9e n exce$+ ?ree hundr$ doll>s2 & ! articles s adult]at$ %all be =feit$1 & de/roy$ "u ! direction ( ! c\rt4 ,sid5ote3 ,adult]at+ liquor us$ = dr9k1 ) ,indian cockle1 etc4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #bjh1 #d4 #ad4 ,:oev] adult]ates1 = ! purpose ( sale1 any liquor us$ or int5d$ = dr9k1 ) ,indian cockle1 vitriol1 gra9s ( p>adise1 opium1 alum1 capsicum1 copp]as1 laurel-wat]1 logwood1 ,brazil wood1 co*9eal1 sug> ( lead1 or any o!r sub/ance :i* is poison\s or injuri\s to heal?1 & :oev] kn[+ly sells any su* liquor s adult]at$1 %all be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! ,/ate prison n exce$+ ?ree ye>s2 & ! articles s adult]at$ %all be =feit$4 ,sid5ote3 ,adult]ation ( drugs or m$ic9es4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #bjh1 #e4 #ae4 ,:oev] fraudul5tly adult]ates1 = ! purpose ( sale1 any drug or m$ic9e1 or sells any fraudul5tly adult]at$ drug or m$ic9e1 kn[+ ! same to be adult]at$1 %all be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! jail n exce$+ "o ye>1 or by f9e n exce$+ f\r hundr$ doll>s2 & su* adult]at$ drugs & m$ic9es %all be =feit$1 & de/roy$ "u ! direction ( ! c\rt4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sons sell+ c]ta9 poisons to keep record1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,pur*as]s :o give false "n1 etc4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #bjh1 #f4 #af4 ,:oev] sells ars5ic1 /ry*n9e1 corrosive sublimate1 or prussic acid1 )\t ! writt5 prescription ( a physician1 %all keep a record ( ! date ( su* sale1 ! "n ( ! article1 ! am\nt !re( sold1 & ! "n ( ! p]son or p]sons to :om deliv]$2 & = ea* neglect %all =feit a sum n exce$+ fifty doll>s4 ,:oev] pur*ases deadly poisons z a=esaid1 & gives a false or fictiti\s "n to ! v5dor1 %all be puni%$ by f9e n exce$+ fifty doll>s4 ,,laws ,,relative ,,to ,,special ,,articles ,,( ,,food4 ,,( ,,! ,,inspection ,,& ,,sale ,,( ,,milk ,,& ,,milk ,,products4 ,sid5ote3 ,appo9tm5t ( inspectors ( milk4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #eg1 #a4 #a4 ,! mayor & ald]m5 ( cities %all1 & ! selectm5 ( t[ns may1 annually appo9t "o or m p]sons to be inspectors ( milk = _! respective places1 :o %all be sworn be=e ent]+ ^u ! duties ( _! (fice4 ,ea* inspector %all publi% a notice ( 8 appo9tm5t = two weeks 9 a newspap] publi%$ 9 8 city or t[n1 or if no newspap] is publi%$ !re91 he %all po/ up su* notice 9 two or m public places 9 su* city or t[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! duties & p[]s4 #ahhd1 #caj1 #c-aa ,all51 #bfd4 #b4 ,su* inspectors %all keep an (fice1 & %all record 9 books kept = ! purpose ! names & place ( bus9ess ( all p]sons engag$ 9 ! sale ( milk )9 _! city or t[n4 ,said inspectors may ent] all places :]e milk is /or$ or kept = sale1 & all p]sons engag$ 9 ! sale ( milk %all1 on ! reque/ 9 writ+ ( an inspector1 deliv] to ! p]son hav+ ! reque/ a sample or specim5 suffici5t = ! purpose ( analysis ( ! milk !n 9 8 possession f su* c or receptacle z %all be designat$ by ! inspector or ! p]son be>+ ! reque/4 ,said inspector %all cause ! sample or specim5 ( milk s deliv]$ to be analys$ or o!rwise satisfactorily te/$1 ! results ( :i* analysis or te/ !y %all record & pres]ve z evid5ce4 ,! inspectors %all receive su* comp5sation z ! mayor & ald]man or selectm5 may det]m9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sons sell+ milk f c>riages to be lic5s$4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #eg1 #c4 #c4 ,9 all cities1 & 9 all t[ns 9 :i* !re is an inspector ( milk1 e p]son :o conveys milk 9 c>riages or o!rwise = ! purpose ( sell+ ! same 9 su* city or t[n %all annually1 on ! fir/ day ( ,may1 or )9 ?irty days !reaft]1 be lic5s$ by ! inspector or inspectors ( milk ( su* city or t[n to sell milk )9 ! limits !re(1 & %all pay to su* inspector or inspectors fifty c5ts ea* to ! use ( ! city or t[n4 ,! inspector or inspectors %all pay ov] mon?ly to ! treasur] ( su* city or t[n all sums collect$ by him or !m4 ,lic5ses %all be issu$ only 9 ! names ( ! own]s ( c>riages or o!r vehicles1 & %all = ! purposes ( ?is *apt] be conclusive evid5ce ( own]%ip4 ,no lic5se %all be sold1 assign$1 or transf]r$4 ,ea* lic5se %all record ! "n1 resid5ce1 place ( bus9ess1 numb] ( c>riages or o!r vehicles us$1 "n & resid5ce ( e driv] or o!r p]son engag$ 9 c>ry+ or sell+ said milk1 & ! numb] ( ! lic5se4 ,ea* lic5see %all be=e engag+ 9 ! sale ( milk1 cause 8 "n1 ! numb] ( 8 lic5se1 & 8 place ( bus9ess1 to be legibly plac$ on ea* out] side ( all c>riages or vehicles us$ by him 9 ! conveyance & sale ( milk1 & he %all report to ! inspector or inspectors any *ange ( driv] or o!r p]son employ$ by him :i* may occur dur+ ! t]m ( 8 lic5se4 ,:oev]1 )\t be+ fir/ lic5s$ "u ! provisions ( ?is section1 sells milk or exposes x = sale f c>riages or o!r vehicles1 or has x 9 8 cu/ody or possession ) int5t s to sell1 & :oev] violates any ( ! provisions ( ?is section1 %all = a fir/ (f5ce be puni%$ by f9e ( n less ?an ?irty nor m ?an "o hundr$ doll>s2 = a second (f5ce by f9e ( n less ?an fifty nor m ?an ?ree hundr$ doll>s2 & = a subsequ5t (f5ce by f9e ( fifty doll>s & by imprisonm5t 9 ! h\se ( correction = n less ?an ?irty nor m ?an sixty days4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sons sell+ milk 9 /ores1 etc41 to be regi/]$4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #eg1 #d4 #a ,all51 #eic4 #b ,all51 #aeg4 #d4 ,e p]son be=e sell+ milk or (f]+ x = sale 9 a /ore1 boo?1 /&1 or m>ket-place 9 a city or 9 a t[n 9 :i* an inspector or inspectors ( milk are appo9t$1 %all regi/] 9 ! books ( su* inspector or inspectors1 & %all pay to him or !m fifty c5ts to ! use ( su* city or t[n2 & :oev] neglects s to regi/] %all be puni%$ = ea* (f5ce by f9e n exce$+ tw5ty doll>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5alty = sell+1 etc41 adult]at$ milk1 etc4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #eg1 #e4 #i ,all51 #dii4 #aj ,all51 #aii4 #aa ,all51 #bfd4 #ajg ,mass41 #aid4 #e4 ,:oev] by himself or by 8 s]vant or ag5t1 or z ! s]vant or ag5t ( any o!r p]son1 sells1 ex*anges1 or deliv]s1 or has 9 8 cu/ody or possession ) int5t to sell or ex*ange1 or exposes or (f]s = sale or ex*ange1 adult]at$ milk1 or milk to :i* wat] or any =eign sub/ance has be5 add$1 or milk produc$ f c[s f$ on ! refuse ( di/ill]ies or f sick or diseas$ c[s1 %all = a fir/ (f5ce be puni%$ by f9e ( n less ?an fifty nor m ?an two hundr$ doll>s2 = a second (f5ce by f9e ( n less ?an "o hundr$ nor m ?an ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 or by imprisonm5t 9 ! h\se ( correction = n less ?an ?irty nor m ?an sixty days2 & = a subsequ5t (f5ce by f9e ( fifty doll>s & by imprisonm5t 9 ! h\se ( correction = n less ?an sixty nor m ?an n9ety days4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5alty = sell+ milk f :i* cream has be5 remov$4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #eg1 #f4 #f4 ,:oev] by himself or by 8 s]vant or z ! s]vant or ag5t ( any o!r p]son1 sells1 ex*anges1 or deliv]s1 or has 9 8 cu/ody or possession ) int5t to sell or ex*ange1 or exposes or (f]s = sale z pure milk1 any milk f :i* ! cream or a "p !re( has be5 remov$1 %all be puni%$ by ! p5alties provid$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,sid5ote3 ,vessels conta9+ milk f :i* cream has be5 remov$ to be m>k$ 8skimm$ milk40 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #eg1 #g4 #g4 ,no deal] 9 milk1 & no s]vant or ag5t ( su* a deal]1 %all sell1 ex*ange1 or deliv]1 or h 9 8 cu/ody or possession1 ) int5t to sell1 ex*ange1 or deliv]1 milk f :i* ! cream or any "p !re( has be5 remov$1 unless 9 a conspicu\s place above ! c5tre ^u ! outside ( e vessel1 c1 or package f or 9 :i* su* milk is sold1 ! words 8skimm$ milk0 are di/9ctly m>k$ 9 lett]s n less ?an "o in* 9 l5g?4 ,:oev] violates ! provisions ( ?is section %all be puni%$ by ! p5alties provid$ by section #e4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5alty on inspectors1 etc41 = conniv+1 etc4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #eg1 #h4 #ahhd1 #caj1 #e4 #h4 ,any inspector ( milk1 & any s]vant or ag5t ( an inspector :o wilfully connives at or assi/s 9 a violation ( ! provisions ( ?is *apt]1 & :oev] h9d]s1 ob/ructs1 or 9 any way int]f]es ) any inspector ( milk1 or any s]vant or ag5t ( an inspector 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duty1 %all be puni%$ by f9e ( n less ?an "o hundr$ nor m ?an ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 or by imprisonm5t = n less ?an ?irty nor m ?an sixty days4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at milk to be deem$ adult]at$4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #eg1 #i4 #i4 ,9 all prosecutions "u ?is *apt]1 if ! milk is %[n ^u analysis to conta9 m ?an eighty-sev5 p] c5t4 ( wat]y fluid1 or to conta9 less ?an ?irte5 p] c5t4 ( milk solids1 x %all be deem$ = ! purposes ( ?is *apt] to be adult]at$4 ,sid5ote3 ,inspectors to in/itute compla9ts4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #eg1 #aj4 #aj4 ,x %all be ! duty ( e inspector to in/itute a compla9t = a violation ( any ( ! provisions ( ?is *apt] on ! in=mation ( any p]son :o lays be=e him satisfactory evid5ce by :i* to su/a9 su* compla9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,names1 etc41 ( p]sons convict$ to be publi%$4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #eg1 #aa4 #aa4 ,ea* inspector %all cause ! "n & place ( bus9ess ( e p]son convict$ ( sell+ adult]at$ milk1 or ( hav+ ! same 9 8 possession ) int5t to sell1 to be publi%$ 9 two newspap]s 9 ! c\nty 9 :i* ! (f5ce 0 committ$4 ,sid5ote3 ,milk cans to hold eight qu>ts :51 etc4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #eg1 #ab4 #ab4 ,:5 milk is sold by ! c1 su* c %all hold eight qu>ts1 & no m4 ,sid5ote3 ,spuri\s butt] sold 9 boxes1 tubs & firk9s to be pla9ly m>k$ z su*4 #ahhd1 #caj1 #a4 ,sid5ote3 ,retail packages to be m>k$ on outside ( wrapp]4 #ac4 ,:oev]1 by himself or 8 ag5ts1 sells1 exposes = sale1 or has 9 8 possession ) int5t to sell1 any article1 sub/ance or comp\nd1 made 9 imitation or semblance ( butt]1 or z a sub/itute = butt]1 & n made exclusively & :olly ( milk or cream1 or conta9+ any fats1 oils or grease n produc$ f milk or cream1 %all h ! words 8imitation butt]10 or 8oleom>g>9e10 /amp$1 labell$ or m>k$1 9 pr9t$ lett]s ( pla9 ,roman type1 n less ?an "o in* 9 l5g?1 s t said ^w _c be easily defac$1 ^u ! top & side ( e tub1 firk91 box or package conta9+ any ( said article1 sub/ance1 or comp\nd4 ,& 9 cases ( retail sales ( any ( said article1 sub/ance or comp\nd1 n 9 ! orig9al packages1 ! sell] %all1 by himself or 8 ag5ts1 atta* to ea* package s sold1 & %all deliv] !re) to ! pur*as]1 a label or wrapp] be>+ 9 a conspicu\s place ^u ! outside ( ! package ! words 8imitation butt]0 or 8oleom>g>9e0 9 pr9t$ lett]s ( pla9 ,roman type1 n less ?an "o half in* 9 l5g?4 ,sid5ote3 ,spuri\s *eese to be pla9ly m>k$ z su*4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #ef1 #ah4 ,sid5ote3 ,wrapp]s to be m>k$4 #ad4 ,:oev]1 by himself or 8 ag5ts1 sells1 exposes = sale1 or has 9 8 possession ) int5t to sell1 any article1 sub/ance1 or comp\nd1 made 9 imitation or semblance ( *eese1 or z a sub/itute = *eese1 & n made exclusively & :olly ( milk or cream1 or conta9+ any fats1 oils or grease n produc$ f milk or cream1 %all h ! words 8imitation *eese0 /amp$1 labell$1 or m>k$ 9 pr9t$ lett]s ( pla9 ,roman type n less ?an "o in* 9 l5g?1 s t said words _c be easily defac$1 ^u ! side ( e *eese clo? or b& ar\nd ! same1 & ^u ! top & side ( e tub1 firk91 box1 or package conta9+ any ( said article1 sub/ance or comp\nd4 ,& 9 case ( retail sales ( any ( said article1 sub/ance or comp\nd n 9 ! orig9al packages1 ! sell] %all1 by himself or 8 ag5ts1 atta* to ea* package s sold at retail1 & %all deliv] !re) to ! pur*as] a label or wrapp] be>+ 9 a conspicu\s place ^u ! outside ( ! package ! words 8imitation *eese10 9 pr9t$ lett]s ( pla9 ,roman type n less ?an "o half in* 9 l5g?4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5alty = fraudul5t sales4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #ef1 #ai4 #ae4 ,:oev] sells1 exposes = sale1 or has 9 8 possession ) int5t to sell1 any article1 sub/ance1 or comp\nd made 9 imitation or semblance ( butt]1 or z a sub/itute = butt]1 except z provid$ 9 section "o2 :oev] sells1 exposes = sale1 or has 9 8 possession ) int5t to sell1 any article1 sub/ance1 or comp\nd made 9 imitation or semblance ( *eese1 or z a sub/itute = *eese1 except z provid$ 9 section two1 & :oev] %all deface1 erase1 cancel1 or remove any m>k1 /amp1 br&1 label1 or wrapp] provid$ = by ?is ,act1 or *ange ! cont5ts ( any box1 tub1 article1 & package m>k$1 /amp$1 or labell$ z a=esaid1 ) int5t to deceive z to ! cont5ts ( said box1 tub1 article1 or package1 %all = e su* (f5ce =feit & pay a f9e ( "o hundr$ doll>s1 & = a second & ea* subsequ5t (f5ce a f9e ( two hundr$ doll>s1 to be recov]$ ) co/s 9 any c\rt ( ?is commonweal? ( compet5t jurisdiction2 & any f9e paid %all g to ! city or t[n :]e ! (f5ce 0 committ$4 ,sid5ote3 ,compla9ts = violations to be in/itut$ by inspectors ( milk4 #ahhd1 #caj1 #b4 #af4 ,inspectors ( milk %all in/itute compla9ts = violations ( ! provisions ( ! ?ree prec$+ sections :5 !y h reasonable cause to believe t su* provisions h be5 violat$1 & on ! in=mation ( any p]son :o lays be=e !m satisfactory evid5ce by :i* to su/a9 su* compla9t4 ,said inspectors may ent] all places :]e butt] or *eese is /or$ or kept = sale1 & said inspectors %all also take specim5s ( suspect$ butt] & *eese & cause !m to be analys$ or o!rwise satisfactorily te/$1 ! result ( :i* analysis or te/ !y %all record & pres]ve z evid5ce2 & a c]tificate ( su* result1 sworn to by ! analys]1 %all be admitt$ 9 evid5ce 9 all prosecutions "u ?is & ! ?ree prec$+ sections4 ,! exp5se ( su* analysis or te/1 n exce$+ tw5ty doll>s 9 any "o case1 may be includ$ 9 ! co/s ( su* prosecutions4 ,:oev] h9d]s1 ob/ructs1 or 9 any way int]f]es ) any inspector1 or any ag5t ( an inspector1 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duty1 %all be puni%$ by a f9e ( fifty doll>s = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & ( "o hundr$ doll>s = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,t]ms 8butt]0 & 8*eese0 def9$4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #ef1 #ba4 #ag4 ,= ! purposes ( ! f\r prec$+ sections ! t]ms 8butt]0 & 8*eese0 %all mean ! products :i* are usually kn[n by ^! names1 & are manufactur$ exclusively f milk or cream1 ) salt & r5net1 & ) or )\t col\r+ matt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,portion ( sample to be res]v$ = def5dant4 #ahhd1 #caj1 #d4 #ah4 ,be=e comm5c+ ! analysis ( any sample ! p]son mak+ ! same %all res]ve a portion :i* %all be seal$2 & 9 case ( a compla9t aga9/ any p]son ! res]v$ portion ( ! sample alleg$ to be adult]at$ %all ^u application be deliv]$ to ! def5dant or 8 attorney4 ,,( ,,! ,,sale ,,( ,,*ocolate4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ocolate1 h[ to be /amp$4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #fj1 #h4 #bh4 ,no manufactur] ( *ocolate %all make any cake ( *ocolate except 9 pans 9 :i* are /amp$ ! fir/ lett] ( 8 ,*ri/ian "n1 ! :ole ( 8 surname1 ! "n ( ! t[n :]e he resides1 & ! quality ( ! *ocolate 9 figures1 ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 ,no4 #c1 z ! case may be1 & ! lett]s ,,mass4 ,sid5ote3 ,+r$i5ts (4 ,sid5ote3 ,boxes1 h[ br&$4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #fj1 #i4 #bi4 ,numb] "o %all be made ( cocoa ( ! fir/ quality1 & numb] two ( cocoa ( ! second quality1 & bo? %all be free f adult]ation2 numb] ?ree may be made ( ! inf]ior k9ds & qualities ( cocoa4 ,ea* box conta9+ *ocolate %all be br&$ on ! end !re( ) ! ^w *ocolate1 ! "n ( ! manufactur]1 ! "n ( ! t[n :]e x 0 manufactur$1 & ! quality1 z describ$ & direct$ 9 ! prec$+ section = ! pans4 ,sid5ote3 ,boxes1 :5 may be seiz$1 etc4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #fj1 #aj4 #cj4 ,if *ocolate manufactur$ 9 ?is commonweal? is (f]$ = sale or f\nd )9 ! same1 n be+ ( "o ( ! qualities describ$ 9 ! two prec$+ sections & m>k$ z !re9 direct$1 ! same may be seiz$ & libell$4 ,,( ,,! ,,adult]ation ,,( ,,v9eg>4 ,sid5ote3 ,sale ( adult]at$ v9eg>4 ,p5alty4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #fj1 #fi4 #ahhc1 #beg1 #a4 #ca4 ,e p]son :o manufactures = sale or (f]s or exposes = sale z cid] v9eg>1 any v9eg> n ! legitimate product ( pure apple juice1 kn[n z apple cid] or v9eg>1 n made exclusively ( said apple cid] or v9eg>1 into :i* any =eign sub/ances1 +r$i5ts1 drugs or acids h be5 introduc$1 z may appe> by prop] te/s1 %all = ea* su* (f5ce be puni%$ by f9e ( n less ?an fifty nor m ?an "o hundr$ doll>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,sale ( v9eg> conta9+ +r$i5ts injuri\s to ,heal?4 ,p5alty ,/atutes ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #fj1 #gj4 #cb4 ,e p]son :o manufactures = sale1 or (f]s or exposes = sale1 any v9eg> f\nd ^u prop] te/s to conta9 any prep>ation ( lead1 copp]1 sulphuric acid1 or o!r +r$i5ts injuri\s to heal?1 %all = ea* su* (f5ce be puni%$ by f9e ( n less ?an "o hundr$ doll>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,appo9tm5t ( inspectors4 ,public ,/atutes1 *ap4 #fj1 #ga4 #cc4 ,! mayor & ald]m5 ( cities %all1 & ! selectm5 ( t[ns may1 annually appo9t "o or m p]sons to be inspectors ( v9eg> = _! respective places1 :o %all be sworn be=e ent]+ ^u _! duties4 ,sid5ote3 ,comp5sation ( inspectors4 #ahhc1 *ap4 #beg1 #b4 #cd4 ,any city or t[n 9 :i* an inspector %all be appo9t$ "u ! prec$+ section1 may provide comp5sation = su* inspector f ! "t ( su* appo9tm5t1 & 9 default ( su* provision %all be liable 9 an action at law = reasonable comp5sation = s]vices p]=m$ "u su* appo9tm5t4 7,*ap4 #cjg1 ,acts ( #ahhd47 ,,an ,,act to prev5t ! adult]ation ( v9eg>4 ,be x enact$ c41 z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,sale ( adult]at$ v9eg>4 ,,section #a4 ,no p]son %all by himself1 8 s]vant or ag5t or z ! s]vant or ag5t ( any o!r p]son1 sell1 ex*ange1 deliv] or h 9 8 cu/ody or possession ) int5t to sell or ex*ange1 or expose or (f] = sale or ex*ange any adult]at$ v9eg>1 or label1 br& or sell z cid] v9eg>1 or z apple v9eg>1 any v9eg> n ! legitimate product ( pure apple juice1 or n made exclusively f apple cid]4 ,sid5ote3 ,/&>d ( v9eg> prescrib$4 #b4 ,all v9eg> %all h an acidity equival5t to ! pres5ce ( n less ?an five p] c5t4 by weight ( absolute acetic acid1 & 9 ! case ( cid] v9eg> %all conta9 9 addition n less ?an "o & "o-half p] c5t4 by weight ( cid] v9eg> solids ^u full evaporation ov] boil+ wat]1 & if any v9eg> conta9s less ?an ! above am\nt ( acidity1 or if any cid] v9eg> conta9s less ?an ! above am\nt ( cid] v9eg> solids1 su* v9eg> %all be deem$ to be adult]at$ )9 ! mean+ ( ?is ,act4 ,sid5ote3 ,milk inspectors to en=ce ,act4 #c4 ,x %all be ! duty ( ! inspectors ( milk :o may be appo9t$ by any city or t[n to en=ce ! provisions ( ?is ,act4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5alty = violation4 #d4 ,:oev] violates any ( ! provisions ( ?is ,act %all be puni%$ by f9e n exce$+ "o hundr$ doll>s4 #e4 ,all ,acts or p>ts ( ,acts inconsi/5t ) ?is ,act are h]eby repeal$4 ,approv$ ,june #b1 #ahhd4 ,! me?od ( te/+ v9eg>1 us$ by ,dr4 ,b4 ,f4 ,dav5port1 late ,v9eg> ,inspector ( ,bo/on1 is z foll[s3-- ,! foll[+ detail$ practical me?od ( det]m9+ :e!r a sample ( 8cid] v9eg> or apple v9eg>0 con=ms to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,/atute ( ,april #ahhe1 relat+ !reto1 :i* requires t x %\ld be n only ! legitimate & exclusive product ( pure apple juice or cid]1 b also t x %\ld n fall bel[ ! quality ( possess+ an acidity equival5t to ! pres5ce ( n less ?an #d p] c5t4 by weight ( absolute--t is1 monohydrat$--acetic acid1 & %\ld yield ^u full evaporation at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] n less ?an #b p] c5t4 by weight ( cid] v9eg> solids1 may prove ( int]e/ to ^? deal+ 9 ! article4 ,z ! limits set by ! ,/atute are 9 p] c5ts4 by weight1 ! portion ( v9eg> tak5 = ! te/s %\ld1 = p]fect accuracy1 be also tak5 by weight--t is1 ! quantities ( #f & ( #aj grammes are to be tak5 = ! te/s ( /r5g? & ( residue2 b z tak+ x by measure1 if ( ab\t ! ord9>y atmosph]ic temp]ature ( #fj to #gj degrees ,f4 w make ! app>5t p]c5tage at mo/ only #a to #b p] c5t4 ( itself great] ?an ! true--t is1 w make a true #e p] c5t4 v9eg> appe> to be1 say1 f #eje to #eaj p] c5t4--measur+ proves 9 practice to be accurate en\gh = all common comm]cial purposes1 & !re=e ! quantities ( #f & ( #aj cubic c5timetres by measure may be tak5 9 place ( z _m grammes4 ,all ! measur+ app>atus necess>y = mak+ ! legal te/s is "o ( ! measur+ tubes call$ burettes4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5t to h ?is ( a size to conta9 #be to #ej c4c4--t is1 cubic c5timetres--& h ^! divid$ into t5?s4 ,! be/ =m ( burette is ! ,mohr's1 :i* is clos$ by a glass /op-cock4 ,besides ?is1 only a dropp+-tube1 call$ a pipette1 graduat$ to deliv] #f & #aj c4c41 w be ne$$4 ,^! tubes are to be obta9$ ( any philosophical or *emical app>atus deal]1 be+ articles g5]ally kept 9 /ock by !m = common use1 l y>d-/icks4 ,! only two *emicals ne$$ 9 det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( a v9eg> are su* z c be obta9$ ( any compet5t apo!c>y 9 any city ( ! ,/ate4 ,!y are simply a small vial ( a #a p] c5t4 solution ( ,ph5ol-ph?ale9 9 dilut$ alcohol1 & a suffici5t quantity ( a solution ( cau/ic soda1 prep>$ z direct$ = 8,volumetric ,solution ( ,soda0 ^u page #cii ( ! la/ #8,u4 ,s4 ,ph>macopia1' a book :i* is 9 ! h&s ( e compet5t apo!c>y1 z x conta9s ! =mul accord+ to :i* he is requir$ by ! law ( ! ,/ate to prep>e all su* m$ic9al prep>ations z are m5tion$ !re94 ,hav+ ^!1 ! proc$ure = mak+ ! te/ w be z foll[s3--,fill ! pipette by suction1 & !n quickly close ! top ( x ) ! =ef+]4 ,raise ! tube out ( ! sample ( v9eg>1 & let x empty out by drops exactly d[n to ! top graduation-m>k1 ?is be>+ ! m>k ( #j c4c4 ,!n hold+ x ov] a :ite mug or cup1 let x run out exactly d[n to ! #f c4c4 m>k4 ,dilute ! #f c4c4 ( v9eg> ?us measur$ out into ! mug ) suffici5t clean wat] to make x look ab\t :ite1 & !n add to x ab\t ?ree drops ( ! ,ph5ol-ph?ale9 solution4 ,!n hav+ prep>$ ! burette by fill+ x up to ! top1 z]o1 or any o!r not$ m>k ( ! graduation1 ) ! volumetric solution ( soda1 let ! soda solution run out cauti\sly into ! dilut$ v9eg>1 :i* %\ld be con/antly /irr$ ab\t4 ,z soon z ! v9eg> 9 ! mug beg9s to d>k51 ! soda %\ld !n only be all[$ to run into x by drops4 ,?is dropp+ is ?us cont9u$ until at la/ a f9al drop ( soda turns ! v9eg> sudd5ly to a p]man5t p9k or *]ry col\r1 :i* w n disappe> ^u fur!r /irr+4 ,by n[ read+ (f f ! graduations ( ! burette ! numb] ( full c4c4 divisions & ( t5?s :i* h be5 empti$ out to br+ ab\t ?is *ange ( col\r 9 ! v9eg> is kn[n ! p] c5ts4 & t5?s ( acidity equival5t to true acetic acid conta9$ 9 ! v9eg> be+ exam9$4 ,?is1 if x is a pure cid] v9eg>1 & well made1 w be ^u ! av]age ab\t #f p] c5t41 b nev] "u #e p] c5t4 ,if1 9 l mann]1 #aj c4c4 ( ! v9eg> is exactly measur$ (f by ! pipette into a small light porcela9 di%1 & !n evaporat$ fully to dryness ov] boil+ wat]1 ! numb] ( grammes weight ga9$ by ! di%1 :5 multipli$ by t51 gives ! p]c5tage ( solid residue conta9$ 9 ! v9eg>4 ,!re are c]ta9 *>act]i/ics peculi> to ! residue ( a pure cid] v9eg>1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are ! foll[+3--,x w be ab\t #c p] c5t4 9 weight1 & nev] less ?an #b p] c5t4 ,x is always s(t1 viscid1 ( apple flav\r1 some:at acid & a/r+5t 9 ta/e4 ,a drop ( x tak5 up 9 a clean loop ( plat9um or ( iron wire1 & ignit$ 9 a col\rless ,buns5 gas-lamp flame1 imp>ts to x ! pale lilac col\r ( a pure pota% salt1 )\t any yell[1 due to sodium1 be+ visible4 ,! ignit$ residue left 9 ! loop ( wire w be a fusible bead ( q a good size1 & x w h a /rong alkal9e reaction ^u moi/5$ te/-pap]1 eff]vesc+ briskly :5 imm]s$ 9 an acid4 ,! pres5ce 9 a v9eg> ( ! slighte/ trace ( any free m9]al acid w prev5t ! ignit$ residue hav+ any alkal9e reaction1 or eff]vesc+ ) acids4 ,! pres5ce ( any practical am\nt ( comm]cial acetic acid add$ to 8tone up0 ! /r5g? ( ! v9eg> w cause ! ignit+ residue to imp>t ano!r col\r to ! ,buns5 flame1 & ! residue itself w h a smoky pyroligne\s ta/e or od\r4 ,any corn glucose us$ 9 ! v9eg> w cause its residue :5 ignit$ to emit ! *>act]i/ic od\r ( burn+ corn1 &1 z ! la/ sp>k gl[s ?r\gh ! c>bonis$ mass1 to usually emit ! famili> g>lic od\r ( ars5ic1 = ! common oil ( vitriol usually us$ 9 ! production ( glucose is n[ mo/ly d]iv$ f pyrites1 :i* almo/ always conta9 ars5ic4 ,a glucose v9eg> :i* has be5 made )\t vaporis+ ! alcohol aft] ! f]m5tation ( ! glucose w also h a /rong r$uc+ action ^u a copp] salt 9 an alkal9e solution1 & also w give a heavy precipitation ( lime ) ammonium oxalate4 ,a true malt v9eg> always conta9s phosphates1 & a w9e v9eg> cream ( t>t>4 ,! pres5ce ( any acrid vegetable sub/ance 9 a v9eg> is kn[n by ! residue hav+ a pung5t ta/e1 especially if be=e ! evaporation ! v9eg> has be5 exactly neutralis$ ) soda4 ,9 a pure apple cid] v9eg> hydrog5 sulphide gas w n cause any discoloration1 nor w ! addition ( a solution ( ei!r b>ium nitrate1 silv] nitrate1 or ammonium oxalate cause any?+ m ?an ! v slighte/ p]ceptible turbidity4 ,b ! addition ( "s solution ( lead acetate--t is1 ( sug> ( lead--w cause an imm$iate volum9\s & floccul5t precipitation1 :i* w all settle out 9 ab\t t5 m9utes1 leav+ a cle> fluid above4 ,9 mo/ ( ! s-call$ 8apple v9eg>s10 made ) second press+s ( ! f]m5t+ pumice1 ! addition ( "s ( ?is lead solution w cause b a slight turbidity1 )\t any precipitate settl+ out = sev]al h\rs1 & ev5 !n ! precipitate w n be ( ! same appe>ance z 9 apple cid] v9eg>4 ,sophi/ications ( cid] v9eg> t w n be detect$ by "s "o or m ( ! above giv5 te/s are n likely to be met )1 = ! simple reason t !y are n pr(itable4 ,to translate p]c5tages ( acid /r5g? into ! old comm]cial t]ms ( gra9s ( soda bic>bonate p] troy ounce1 ! p] c5t4 may be multipli$ by #fgb1 or1 vice v]s1 divide ! gra9s by ! same factor4 ,to r$uce x into gra9s ( pota% bic>bonate #h w\ld be ! factor to be us$ 9 l mann]4 ,! g5]al ,adult]ation ( ,food ,law ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey is ! same z t ( ,new ,york4 ,! foll[+ is a copy ( a special ,act 9 relation to ! sale ( adult]at$ milk3-- ,,an ,,act to prev5t ! adult]ation ( milk & to regulate ! sale ( milk4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sons sell+ or (f]+ = sale skimm$ milk1 to sold] a label or tag ^u c or package4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5alty = violat+ ?is section4 #a4 ,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey1 t e p]son :o %all sell1 or :o %all (f] or expose = sale1 or :o %all transport or c>ry1 or :o %all h 9 possession ) int5t to sell1 or (f] = sale1 any milk f :i* ! cream1 or any "p !re( has be5 remov$1 %all di/9ctly1 durably & p]man5tly sold] a label1 tag or m>k ( metal 9 a conspicu\s place ^u ! outside & n m ?an six in*es f ! top ( e c1 vessel or package conta9+ su* milk1 & said metal label1 tag or m>k %all h ! words 8skimm$ milk0 /amp$1 engrav$ or ind5t$ !reon 9 lett]s n less ?an "o in* 9 height1 & su* milk %all only be sold or %ipp$ 9 or retail$ out ( a c1 vessel or package s m>k$1 & e p]son :o %all violate ! provisions ( ?is section %all be deem$ guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & on conviction !re( %all be subject to ! p5alties prescrib$ 9 section eight ( ?is ,act4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5alty = sell+ or (f]+ = sale impure or adult]at$ milk4 #b4 ,& be x enact$1 t e p]son :o %all sell1 or :o %all (f] = sale1 or :o %all transport or c>ry1 = ! purposes ( sale1 or :o %all h 9 possession ) int5t to sell or (f] = sale1 any impure1 adult]at$ or un:olesome milk1 %all be deem$ guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & on conviction !re( %all be subject to ! p5alties prescrib$ 9 section eight ( ?is ,act4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5alty = adult]at+ milk & keep+ c[s 9 an unheal?y condition1 etc4 #c4 ,& be x enact$1 t e p]son :o %all adult]ate milk or :o %all keep c[s = ! production ( milk1 9 a cr[d$ or unheal?ful condition1 or fe$ ! same on food t produces impure1 diseas$ or un:olesome milk1 %all be deem$ guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & on conviction !re(1 %all be subject to ! p5alties prescrib$ 9 section eight ( ?is ,act4 ,sid5ote3 ,addition ( wat] or o!r sub/ance decl>$ an adult]ation4 #d4 ,& be x enact$1 t ! addition ( wat] or any sub/ance or ?+ is h]eby decl>$ an adult]ation2 & milk t is obta9$ f animals t are f$ on di/ill]y wa/e1 usually call$ 8swill10 or ^u any sub/ance 9 a /ate ( putrefaction or rott5ness1 or ^u any sub/ance ( an unheal?ful nature1 is h]eby decl>$ to be impure & un:olesome1 & any p]son (f5d+ z a=esaid %all be deem$ guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & on conviction !re( %all be subject to ! p5alties prescrib$ 9 section eight ( ?is ,act4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5alty = fe$+ c[s on un:olesome sub/ances4 #e4 ,& be x enact$1 t e p]son :o %all fe$ c[s on di/ill]y wa/e1 usually call$ 8swill10 or ^u any sub/ance 9 a /ate ( putrefaction1 or rott5ness or ^u any sub/ance ( an un:olesome nature1 %all be deem$ guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & on conviction !re( %all be subject to ! p5alties prescrib$ 9 section eight ( ?is ,act4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5alty = sell+ or (f]+ = sale milk expos$ to c]ta9 diseases4 #f4 ,& be x enact$1 t e p]son :o %all sell1 or :o %all (f] = sale any milk t has be5 expos$ to1 or contam9at$ by ! emanations1 dis*>ge or exhalations f p]sons sick ) sc>let fev]1 measles1 diph!ria1 small pox1 typhoid fev]1 or any contagi\s disease by :i* ! heal? or life ( any p]son may be endang]$ or compromis$1 %all be guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & on conviction !re( %all be subject to ! p5alties prescrib$ 9 section eight ( ?is ,act4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 milk is deem$ to be adult]at$4 #g4 ,& be x enact$1 t 9 all prosecutions "u ?is ,act1 if ! milk %all be %[n1 ^u analysis1 to conta9 m ?an eighty-sev5 p] c5tum ( wat]y fluids1 or to conta9 less ?an ?irte5 p] c5tum ( milk solids1 x %all be deem$1 = ! purposes ( ?is ,act1 to be adult]at$4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5alty = violat+ ! provisions ( ?is ,act4 #h4 ,& be x enact$1 t e p]son :o %all violate any ( ! provisions ( ?is ,act %all be deem$ guilty ( a misdemean\r1 &1 ^u conviction !re(1 %all be puni%$ by a f9e ( n less ?an fifty doll>s1 nor m ?an two hundr$ doll>s1 or imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail = n less ?an ?irty days1 nor m ?an n9ety days1 or bo?1 at ! discretion ( ! c\rt1 & if ! f9e is n imm$iately paid1 %all be imprison$ = n less ?an ?irty days1 or until said f9e %all be paid1 & = a second (f5ce by a f9e ( n less ?an "o hundr$ doll>s1 nor m ?an ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 or by imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail = n less ?an sixty days1 nor m ?an n9ety days1 or bo?1 at ! discretion ( ! c\rt1 & = any subsequ5t (f5ce by a f9e ( fifty doll>s & imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail n less ?an sixty nor m ?an n9ety days2 & on trial = su* misdemean\r or p5alty1 ! sale1 or (f] = sale1 or exposure = sale1 ( milk or articles contr>y to ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 %all be presumptive evid5ce ( k by ! accus$ ( ! "* ( ! milk or article s sold1 or (f]$1 or expos$ = sale1 & t ! c1 vessel or package 0 n m>k$ z requir$ by ?is ,act4 ,sid5ote3 ,p5alties--h[ recov]$4 #i4 ,& be x enact$1 t all p5alties impos$ "u ! provisions ( ?is ,act may be su$ = 9 any c\rt hav+ compet5t jurisdiction1 "o-half ! f9e to g to ! p]son mak+ ! compla9t1 & ! o!r half to be paid to ! c\nty collector = ! b5efit ( ! c\nty2 any c\rt ( compet5t jurisdiction 9 ?is /ate %all h jurisdiction to try & dispose ( all & any ( ! (f5ces aris+ 9 ! same c\nty aga9/ ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 & e ju/ice ( ! peace %all h jurisdiction )9 8 c\nty ( actions to recov] any p5alty h]eby giv5 or creat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? emp[]$ to appo9t an inspector ( milk4 ,sid5ote3 ,comp5sation & exp5ses--h[ paid4 ,sid5ote3 ,duties ( inspector4 ,sid5ote3 ,inspector to adv]tise "n & place ( bus9ess ( p]sons convict$ ( violat+ ?is ,act4 ,sid5ote3 ,proviso4 #aj4 ,& be x enact$1 t ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? is h]eby emp[]$ & direct$ to appo9t1 ea* ye>1 a compet5t p]son1 :o %all act z ,/ate inspector ( milk1 at a sal>y ( eight hundr$ doll>s p] annum1 payable by ! treasur] ( ?is ,/ate1 by w>rant ( ! comptroll]1 9 qu>t]ly paym5ts1 = ! purposes ( ?is ,act1 & 9 addition !reto1 said inspector %all be paid 8 actual travell+ exp5ses :ile 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duties1 & actual exp5ses ( suits br\ght by him "u ?is ,act1 payable by ! treasur] ( ?is ,/ate by w>rant ( ! comptroll]2 said inspector %all act until remov$ by said bo>d1 or until 8 successor is appo9t$1 & %all make su* reports to said bo>d1 at su* "t z x may direct2 said inspector1 hav+ reason to believe ! provisions ( ?is ,act are be+ violat$1 %all h p[] to op5 any c1 vessel1 or package conta9+ milk & n m>k$ z direct$ by ! fir/ section ( ?is ,act1 :e!r seal$1 lock$ or o!rwise1 or :e!r 9 transit or o!rwise2 & if1 ^u inspection1 he %all f9d su* c1 vessel or package to conta9 any milk :i* has be5 adult]at$1 or f :i* ! cream1 or any "p !re(1 has be5 remov$1 or :i* is sold1 (f]$ or expos$ = sale1 or held 9 possession ) int5t to sell or (f] = sale1 9 violation ( any section ( ?is ,act1 said inspector is emp[]$ to condemn ! same & p\r ! cont5ts ( su* c1 vessel or package ^u ! gr\nd1 & br+ suit aga9/ ! p]son or p>ty s violat+ ! law1 & ! p5alty1 :5 s collect$ by su* suit1 %all be paid into ! treasury ( ?is ,/ate1 & said inspector is direct$ to cause ! "n & place ( bus9ess ( all p]sons convict$ ( violat+ any section ( ?is ,act to be publi%$ once 9 two newspap]s 9 ! c\nty 9 :i* ! (f5ce is committ$2 & said inspector is emp[]$ to appo9t "o or m deputies1 :o %all h p[] to inspect milk1 z provid$ by ?is ,act1 & :o %all be emp[]$ to act z compla9ant1 z provid$ by section n9e ( ?is ,act2 provid$1 t no exp5se be incurr$ to ! ,/ate by action or appo9tm5t 9 lieu !re( ( said deputies4 ,sid5ote3 ,inspector to be a public analy/4 #aa4 ,& be x enact$1 t said ,/ate inspector ( milk %all also be a public analy/1 & %all make analyses & inve/igations ( food1 drugs1 & o!r sub/ances1 z he may be direct$ s to d by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,sid5ote3 ,c]ta9 ,acts repeal$4 #ab4 ,& be x enact$1 t an ,act entitl$ 8,an ,act to prev5t ! adult]ation ( milk1 & to prev5t traffic 9 impure & un:olesome milk10 approv$ ,april sev5?1 "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & sev5ty-five1 & an ,act1 entitl$ 8,an ,act to regulate ! sale ( milk10 approv$ ,april fif?1 "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & sev5ty-eight1 & an ,act entitl$ 8,a supplem5t to an ,act to regulate ! sale ( milk1 approv$ ,april fif?1 "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & sev5ty-eight10 approv$ ,m>* twelf?1 "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eighty1 are h]eby repeal$4 #ac4 ,& be x enact$1 t ?is ,act %all take place imm$iately4 ,approv$ ,m>* #bb1 #ahha4 ,! ,new ,j]sey ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? has adopt$ ! foll[+ rules = ! gov]nm5t ( its inspectors & analy/s3-- ,,duties ,,( ,,inspectors4 #a4 ,! inspector is to buy samples ( food or drugs1 & to seal ea* sample 9 ! pres5ce ( a witness4 #b4 ,! inspector mu/ affix to ea* sample a label be>+ a numb]1 8 initials1 & ! date ( pur*ase4 #c4 ,"u no circum/ance is ! inspector to in=m ! analy/ z to ! s\rce ( ! sample be=e ! analysis %all h be5 complet$ & =mally report$ to ! ,presid5t or ,secret>y ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 #d4 ,inspectors are to keep a record ( ea* sample z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,numb] ( sample4 7#b7 ,date & "t ( pur*ase4 7#c7 ,"n ( witness to seal+4 7#d7 ,"n & address ( sell]4 7#e7 ,"n & address ( produc]1 manufactur] or :olesal]1 :5 kn[n1 ) m>ks on orig9al package4 7#f7 ,"n ( analy/ & date ( s5d+4 7#g7 ,h[ s5t to analy/4 #e4 ,if ! sell] desires a portion ( ! sample1 ! inspector is to deliv] x "u seal4 ,! duplicate sample left ) sell] %\ld h a label conta9+ ! same m>ks z are affix$ to ! portion tak5 by ! inspector4 #f4 ,! inspector is to deliv] ! sample to ! analy/1 tak+ 8 receipt = ! same1 or he may s5d x by regi/]$ mail1 express or special mess5g]4 ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,analy/s4 #a4 ,! analy/ is to analyse ! samples imm$iately ^u receipt !re(4 #b4 ,samples1 ) ! exception ( milk & simil> p]i%able articles1 are to be divid$ by ! analy/ & a portion seal$ up1 & a copy ( ! orig9al label affix$4 ,^! duplicates are to be s5t to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? at ! end ( ea* mon?1 & to be reta9$ by him until dem&$ = ano!r analysis1 z provid$ = 9 section #c ( ^! ,rules4 #c4 ,%\ld ! result obta9$ by any analy/ be disput$ 9 any case1 an appeal may be made to ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ?r\gh its secret>y1 by ! def5dant or p]son sell+ ! sample1 or 8 attorney1 & said secret>y %all !n require ano!r memb] ( ! ,committee ( ,public ,analy/s to repeat ! analysis1 us+ ! duplicate sample = su* purpose4 ,b :5 an appeal %all be made1 a sum ( money suffici5t to cov] ! exp5ses ( ! second analysis %all be deposit$ ) ! ,presid5t ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 :i* sum %all be paid ov] to ! analy/ designat$ by ! ,presid5t & ,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d to p]=m ! second analysis1 9 case ! analysis %all be f\nd to agree ) ! fir/ 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s4 #d4 ,9 ! case ( all articles hav+ a /&>d ( purity fix$ by any ( ! laws ( ! ,/ate1 ! c]tificate ( ! analy/ %\ld %[ ! relation ( ! article 9 "q to t /&>d4 #e4 ,:]e /&>ds ( /r5g?1 purity or quality are n fix$ by law1 ! ,committee ( ,analy/s %all pres5t to ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? su* /&>d z 9 _! judgm5t %\ld be fix$4 #f4 ,ea* analy/ %\ld keep a record book1 9 :i* %\ld be ent]$ notes1 z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,f :om ! sample is receiv$4 7#b7 ,date1 "t & mann] 9 :i* ! sample 0 receiv$4 7#c7 ,m>ks on package1 seal$ or n4 7#d7 ,results ( analysis 9 detail4 ,?is record %\ld be produc$ at ea* meet+ ( ! committee4 #g4 ,at ! completion ( ! analysis a c]tificate 9 ! =m giv5 bel[ %\ld be =w>d$ to ! p]son f :om ! sample 0 receiv$1 & a duplicate copy s5t to ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,,c]tificate4 ,to :om x may conc]n4 ,i1 ------1 a memb] ( ! ,committee ( ,public ,analy/s1 appo9t$ by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( ,new ,j]sey "u ! provisions ( an ,act entitl$ 8,an ,act to prev5t ! adult]ation ( food & drugs10 approv$ ,m>* #be?1 #ahha1 d h]eby c]tify t ,i receiv$ f ------1 on ! day ------ ( ------1 #ahh--1 a sample ( ------1 seal$ z require by ! rules ( said ,bo>d1 & be>+ ! foll[+ m>ks1 to wit3 ------ ,i c>efully mix$ said samples & h analys$ ! same1 & h]eby c]tify & decl>e ! results ( my analysis to be z foll[s3------ ------,signature4 ,,exceptions4 ,! foll[+ exceptions are adopt$3-- ,mu/>d4--,comp\nds ( mu/>d1 ) rice fl\r1 />*1 or fl\r1 may be sold if ea* package is m>k$ 8,comp\nd ,mu/>d10 & if n m ?an #be p] c5t4 ( su* sub/ance is add$ to ! mu/>d4 ,c(fee4--,comp\nds ( c(fee ) *icory1 rye1 :eat1 or o!r c]eals1 may be sold if ! package is m>k$ 8,a ,mixture10 & if ! label /ates ! p] c5t4 ( c(fee conta9$ 9 said mixture4 ,oleom>g>9e & o!r imitation dairy products may be sold if ea* package is m>k$ ) ! "n ( ! sub/ance1 & 9 all respects fulfils ! t]ms ( ! special law z to ^!4 ,syrups4--,:5 mix$ ) glucose1 syrup may be sold if ! package is m>k$ 8,a ,mixture40 ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( ! laws ( v>i\s ,/ates & ,t]ritories relative to ,oleom>g>9e3#adh-- ,,/ates4 ,cali=nia4 8,an ,act to prev5t ! sale ( oleom>g>9e1 "u ! "n & pret5ce t ! said commodity is butt]40 ,?is law is re/rictive1 requires ! ^w 8oleom>g>9e0 to be br&$ on ! package4 ,! p5alty is f fifty doll>s to two hundr$ doll>s1 or imprisonm5t f fifty to two hundr$ days1 or bo?4 8,an ,act to prev5t fraud & deception 9 ! sale ( butt] & *eese40 ,?is law is re/rictive1 requir+ ! article to be manufactur$ & sold "u its appropriate "n4 ,p5alty is f t5 doll>s to five hundr$ doll>s or imprisonm5t f t5 to n9ety days1 or bo?4 ,approv$1 ,m>* #b1 #ahha4 8,an ,act to prev5t ! sale or disposition z butt] ( ! sub/ance kn[n z #8oleom>g>9e1' or #8oleom>g>9e butt]1' & :5 #8oleom>g>9e' or #8oleom>g>9e butt]' is sold or dispos$ ( requir+ notice !re( to be giv540 ,?is law is re/rictive1 requir+ br&+1 also requir+ hotel-keep]s1 etc41 to keep po/$ up 9 _! places ( bus9ess 9 ?ree places1 ! words 8oleom>g>9e sold "h40 ,p5alty f five doll>s to five hundr$ doll>s1 or imprisonm5t = n m ?an ?ree mon?s1 or bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,approv$1 ,m>* #a1 #ahhc4 8,an ,act to protect & enc\rage ! production & sale ( pure & :olesome milk1 & to prohibit & puni% ! production & sale ( un:olesome or adult]at$ milk40 ,?is law makes x a misdemean\r to sell or expose = sale adult]at$ or un:olesome milk1 or to keep c[s = produc+ ! same 9 an unheal?y condition1 or fe$+ !m on fe$ t w produce impure milk1 etc4 ,p5alty is "o hundr$ doll>s = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & d\ble t am\nt = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 ,approv$1 ,m>* #ab1 #ahgj4 ,colorado4 8,an ,act to enc\rage ! sale ( milk1 & to provide p5alties = ! adult]ation !re(40 ,?is law makes x a misdemean\r to sell adult]at$ milk or milk f :i* ! cream has be5 tak51 or = )hold+ ! /ripp+s )\t ! pur*as]s be+ aw>e ( ! fact4 ,p5alty is f tw5ty-five doll>s to "o hundr$ doll>s1 or imprisonm5t = six mon?s1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,9 =ce1 ,may #bj1 #ahha4 8,an ,act to regulate ! manufacture & sale ( oleom>g>9e1 butt]9e1 su9e or o!r sub/ances made 9 imitation (1 or hav+ ! semblance ( butt]1 & to provide p5alties = ! violation ( ! provisions h]e(40 ,?is law requires t a lic5se %all be necess>y to manufacture1 import1 or sell oleom>g>9e or k9dr$ products )9 ! ,/ate4 ,lic5se to manufacture or import n less ?an "o ?\s&2 lic5se to sell n less ?an five hundr$4 ,p5alty f fifty doll>s to five hundr$ doll>s1 or imprisonm5t n to exce$ "o ye> or bo?4 ,approv$1 ,april #f1 #ahhe4 ,connecticut4 8,an ,act conc]n+ ! sale ( oleom>g>9e & o!r articles40 ,?is law requires t ! article %all be prop]ly br&$1 & t ! sell] %all keep a sign po/$ up 9 8 place ( bus9ess t su* commodity is sold !re4 ,p5alty sev5 doll>s1 or imprisonm5t f t5 to ?irty days or bo?4 ,approv$1 ,april #d1 #ahhc4 ,delaw>e4 8,an ,act to regulate ! manufacture & sale ( oleom>g>9e40 ,?is law is re/rictive 9 its nature4 ,p5alty fifty doll>s1 commitm5t until ! f9e is paid4 ,approv$1 ,febru>y #aj1 #ahgi4 8,an ,act to am5d *apt] #aed1 volume #af1 ,laws ( ,delaw>e40 ,?is am5dm5t has ref]5ce to ! fact t ! sub/ance manufactur$ is 8artificial butt]40 ,pass$1 ,m>* #ba1 #ahhc4 ,florida4 ,*apt] #hj1 sections #cd-ce1 ,mc,clellans' ,dige/1 #ahha4 ,section #cd makes x a misdemean\r to sell spuri\s prep>ations z butt]2 section #ce has ref]5ce to hotels & bo>d+-h\ses4 ,p5alty1 n to exce$ "o hundr$1 or imprisonm5t n to exce$ ?irty days1 or bo?4 ,ill9ois4 8,an ,act to prev5t & puni% ! adult]ation ( articles ( food1 dr9k & m$ic9e1 & ! sale !re( :5 adult]at$40 ,section #c ( ?is law has ref]5ce to col\r+ matt] 9 food1 dr9k or m$ic9e4 ,section #d ( ?is law has ref]5ce to mix+ oleom>g>9e ) butt]1 *eese1 etc41 requir+ ! sell] to in=m ! buy] ( ! fact & ! proportion ( ! mixture4 ,p5alty1 fir/ (f5ce1 tw5ty-five doll>s to two hundr$ doll>s2 second (f5ce1 "o hundr$ doll>s to two hundr$ doll>s1 or imprisonm5t f "o to six mon?s or bo?2 ?ird (f5ce1 f five hundr$ doll>s to two ?\s& doll>s & imprisonm5t n less ?an "o ye> nor m ?an five ye>s4 ,approv$1 ,june #a1 #ahha4 8,an ,act to require op]ators ( butt] & *eese factories on ! co-op]ative plan to give bonds1 & to prescribe p5alties = ! violation !re(40 ,?is law requires ! fil+ ( a bond 9 ! p5al sum ( six ?\s& doll>s t c]ta9 reports w be made on ! fir/ ( ea* mon? & a copy fil$ ) ! t[n cl]k1 etc4 ,p5alty1 f two hundr$ doll>s to five hundr$ doll>s1 or imprisonm5t f ?irty days to six mon?s1 or bo?4 ,approv$1 ,june #ah1 #ahhc4 ,indiana4 ,section #bjga1 ,revis$ ,/atutes4 8,sell+ un:olesome milk40 ,?is section provides aga9/ ! sale ( un:olesome milk1 :e!r f adult]ation or f ! fe$ giv5 ! c[s2 also aga9/ ! use ( poison\s or delet]i\s mat]ial 9 ! manufacture ( butt] & *eese4 ,p5alty1 f fifty doll>s to five hundr$ doll>s4 8,an ,act to prev5t ! sale ( impure butt]1 & ! keep+ on any table at any hotel or bo>d+-h\se ( impure butt]1 provid+ p5alties decl>+ an em]g5cy40 ,?is law requires ! br&+ ) ! ^w 8oleom>g>9e40 ,p5alty f t5 doll>s to fifty doll>s4 ,approv$1 ,m>* #c1 #ahhc4 ,i[a4 ,section #djdb1 ,code4 ,?is section provides aga9/ ! adult]ation ( milk 9 any way4 ,p5alty1 tw5ty-five doll>s to "o hundr$ doll>s1 & makes ! (f5d] liable 9 d\ble t am\nt to ! p>ty injur$4 8,an ,act to protect ! dairy int]e/s & = ! puni%m5t ( fraud connect$ !re)40 ,?is law requires t 8oleo0 & k9dr$ products %all be br&$ ) ! ^w 8oleom>g>9e40 ,p5alty1 f tw5ty doll>s to "o hundr$ doll>s or imprisonm5t f t5 to n9ety days4 8,an ,act to prev5t & puni% ! adult]ation ( articles ( food1 dr9k1 & m$ic9e1 & ! sale !re( :5 adult]at$40 ,?is law provides t skimm$ milk *eese %all be s br&$1 & :5 oleom>g>9e is mix$ ) any o!r sub/ance = sale x %all be di/9ctly br&$ ) ! true & appropriate "n4 ,p5alty1 fir/ (f5ce1 f t5 doll>s to fifty doll>s2 second1 f tw5ty-five doll>s to "o hundr$ doll>s1 or conf9$ 9 ! c\nty jail n m ?an ?irty days2 ?ird1 f five hundr$ doll>s to "o ?\s& doll>s & imprisonm5t n less ?an "o ye> nor m ?an five ye>s4 ,m>yl&4 8,an ,act to repeal ! ,act ( #ahhc1 *apt] #dic1 entitl$ #8,an ,act = ! protection ( dairym51 & to prev5t deception 9 ! sale ( butt] & *eese1 & to re-enact new sections 9 lieu !re(4'0 ,?is law requires t sub/ances made 9 semblance ( butt] & *eese n ! true product ( ! dairy %all be br&$ ) ! ^w 8oleom>g>9e0 s z to be conspicu\s1 & t ! buy] %all be appris$ ( ! nature ( ! article t he has b\ght4 ,p5alty1 "o hundr$ doll>s1 or imprisonm5t n less ?an ?irty or m ?an n9ety days = ! second (f5ce1 & n less ?an ?ree mon?s nor m ?an "o ye> = ! ?ird (f5ce4 ,approv$1 ,april #h1 #ahhd4 ,ma9e4 8,an ,act to am5d *apt] #abh ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes1 relat+ to ! sale ( un:olesome food40 ,?is law is prohibitive z to oleom>g>9e & k9dr$ products4 ,p5alty1 = ! fir/ (f5ce "o hundr$ doll>s1 & = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce two hundr$ doll>s1 to be recov]$ ) co/s4 ,massa*usetts4 ,?is ,/ate has a law aga9/ sell+ adult]at$ milk4 ,p5alty1 = fir/ (f5ce1 fifty doll>s to "o hundr$ doll>s2 = ! second (f5ce1 "o hundr$ doll>s to ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 or by imprisonm5t = ?irty to sixty days2 & = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce1 fifty doll>s & imprisonm5t f sixty to n9ety days4 ,mi*igan4 8,an ,act to prev5t deception 9 ! manufacture & sale ( dairy products & to pres]ve ! public heal?40 ,?is law prohibits ! manufacture & sale ( oleom>g>9e & k9dr$ products4 ,p5alty1 two hundr$ doll>s to five hundr$ doll>s or n less ?an six mon?s' nor m ?an "o ye>'s imprisonm5t1 or bo?1 = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & by imprisonm5t = "o ye> = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 ,approv$1 ,june #ab1 #ahhe4 ,m9nesota4 8,an ,act to prohibit & prev5t ! sale or manufacture ( unheal?y or adult]at$ dairy products40 ,?is law prohibits ! sale ( impure or adult]at$ milk4 ,p5alty1 tw5ty-five doll>s to two hundr$ doll>s1 or imprisonm5t f "o to six mon?s1 or bo? = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & six mon?s' imprisonm5t = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 ,?is law also prohibits ! manufacture & sale ( oleag9\s sub/ances or comp\nds ( ! same4 ,p5alty1 f "o hundr$ doll>s to five hundr$ doll>s1 or f six mon?s' to "o ye>'s imprisonm5t1 or bo?1 su* f9e & imprisonm5t = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & by imprisonm5t "o ye> = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 ,approv$1 ,m>* #e1 #ahhe4 ,miss\ri4 ,?is ,/ate pass$ ! fir/ prohibitory law4 ,p5alty1 conf9em5t 9 ! c\nty jail n to exce$ "o ye>1 or f9e n to exce$ "o ?\s& doll>s1 or bo?4 ,nebraska4 ,section #bcde1 8,skimm$ milk or adult]at$ milk40 ,?is section provides aga9/ ! sale ( adult]at$ milk1 & makes a p5alty ( f tw5ty-five doll>s to "o hundr$ doll>s & be liable to d\ble ! am\nt to ! p]son or p]sons ^u :om ! fraud is p]petrat$4 ,new ,hamp%ire4 8,an ,act relat+ to ! sale ( imitation butt]40 ,?is law provides t no artificial butt] %all be sold unless x is col\r$ p9k4 ,p5alty1 = ! fir/ (f5ce1 fifty doll>s1 & = a second (f5ce a f9e ( "o hundr$ doll>s4 8,a c]tificate ( ! analysis sworn to by ! analys] %all be admitt$ 9 evid5ce 9 all prosecutions40 8,! exp5se ( ! analysis1 n exce$+ tw5ty doll>s1 includ$ 9 ! co/s40 ,new ,j]sey4 ,law simil> to ! ,new ,york law4 ,ohio4 ,?is ,/ate has a law t is prohibitory except z to oleom>g>9e made ( beef suet & milk4 ,p5alty1 "o hundr$ doll>s to five hundr$ doll>s1 or f ?ree to six mon?s' imprisonm5t1 or bo?1 = ! fir/ (f5ce2 & by su* f9e & imprisonm5t = "o ye> = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 ,pass$1 ,april #bg1 #ahhe4 ,oregon4 ,! law 9 ?is ,/ate provides aga9/ adult]at$ & un:olesome milk1 aga9/ keep+ c[s 9 an unheal?y condition1 & aga9/ fe$+ !m ^u unheal?ful food4 ,x also provides t oleag9\s sub/ances sold ^u ! m>ket %all be s br&$ z to di/+ui% !m f ! true dairy product2 & t 9 hotels1 bo>d+-h\ses1 re/aurants1 etc41 :]e su* sub/ances are us$ z an article ( food1 ! bill ( f>e %all /ate ! fact1 & t ! "n ( ! said sub/ance %all be po/$ up 9 ! d9+-room 9 a conspicu\s place4 ,pass$1 ,febru>y #bj1 #ahhe4 ,p5nsylvania4 8,an ,act to protect dairym51 & to prev5t deception 9 sales ( butt] & *eese40 ,?is act requires ! br&+ ( imitation butt] & *eese4 ,p5alty1 "o hundr$ doll>s4 ,violations ( ?is ,act by exportation to a =eign c\ntry are puni%$ by a f9e ( f five doll>s to two hundr$ doll>s1 or by imprisonm5t f t5 to ?irty days1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,approv$1 ,may #bd1 #ahhc4 8,an ,act = ! protection ( ! public heal? & to prev5t adult]ation ( dairy products & fraud 9 ! sale !re(40 ,?is law prohibits ! sale ( oleom>g>9e & k9dr$ products4 ,p5alty1 "o hundr$ doll>s to ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 or by imprisonm5t f t5 to ?irty days = ! fir/ (f5ce1 & by imprisonm5t = "o ye> = ea* subsequ5t (f5ce4 ,approv$1 ,may #ba1 #ahhe4 ,rhode ,isl&4 8,( ! sale ( butt]1 potatoes1 onions1 b]ries1 nuts1 & %ell$ beans40 ,?is law provides t artificial butt] %all be /amp$ 8,oleom>g>9e10 & t ! retail] %all deliv] to ! pur*as] a label ^u :i* %all be ! ^w 8,oleom>g>9e40 ,p5alty1 "o hundr$ doll>s4 ,t5nessee4 ,code ( #ahhd1 *apt] #ad1 sections #bfhb1 #bfhc1 #bfhd4 ,?is law requires t ! sub/ance %all be manufactur$ "u its true & appropriate "n1 & t x %all be di/9ctly br&$ ) ! true & appropriate "n4 ,p5alty1 f t5 doll>s to ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 or imprisonm5t f t5 to n9ety days4 ,v]mont4 8,an ,act to prev5t fraud 9 ! sale ( oleom>g>9e & o!r sub/ances z butt]40 ,?is law provides t oleom>g>9e & k9dr$ products %all n be sold z butt]4 ,p5alty1 five hundr$ doll>s4 ,approv$1 ,novemb] #ahhd4 ,*apt]s #aib1 ,laws ( #ahgd1 #gf ( #ahgj1 #ea ( #ahee1 provide aga9/ ! adult]ation ( milk4 ,virg9ia4 ,code ( ,virg9ia1 #ahgc1 *apt] #hfe1 title #bf1 section #ef4 8,provision aga9/ adult]at+ milk int5d$ = ! manufacture ( *eese40 ,?is law provides aga9/ ! adult]ation ( milk c>ri$ to *eese manufactories1 etc4 ,p5alty1 f tw5ty-five doll>s to "o hundr$ doll>s1 ) co/s ( suit4 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,*apt] #da1 ,acts ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #ahhe4 8,an ,act to prev5t ! manufacture & sale ( mix$ & impure butt] & *eese & imitations !re(40 ,?is law requires t ! true & appropriate "n ( ! sub/ance %all be pr9t$ !reon1 etc4 ,p5alty1 f t5 doll>s to "o hundr$ doll>s1 or imprisonm5t4 ,wiscons94 ,section #adid1 *apt] #fa1 ,revis$ ,/atutes4 ,?is ,act provides t no cream %all be tak5 f ! manufactory :]e x is be+ work$ up1 also t ! p]sons manufactur+ *eese at factories %all keep c]ta9 records4 ,*apt] #cfa1 ,r4 ,s4 8,an ,act to prev5t ! manufacture & sale ( oleag9\s sub/ances or comp\nds ( ! same 9 imitation ( ! pure dairy products1 & to repeal sections #a & #c ( *apt] #di ( ! laws ( #ahha40 ,?is law prohibits ! manufacture & sale ( oleom>g>9e & k9dr$ products4 ,p5alty1 n to exce$ "o ?\s& doll>s1 or imprisonm5t n to exce$ "o ye>1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,publi%$1 ,april #ac1 #ahhe4 ,,t]ritories4 ,arizona4 8,an ,act to regulate ! sale & manufacture ( oleom>g>9e or o!r sub/itutes = butt] 9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,arizona40 ,?is law requires t oleom>g>9e & k9dr$ sub/ances sold 9 ! t]ritory %all be appropriately br&$ ) ! ^w 8oleom>g>9e40 ,& t ! sell] %all deliv] to ! pur*as] a pr9t$ label on :i* is ! ^w 8oleom>g>9e40 ,also t deal]s %all keep po/$ up 9 _! places ( bus9ess ?is sign1 8,oleom>g>9e sold "h40 ,p5alty = ! fir/ (f5ce n less ?an five doll>s1 = ! second (f5ce n less ?an "o hundr$ doll>s or imprisonm5t = sixty days1 & = ea* succe$+ (f5ce five hundr$ doll>s & imprisonm5t = n9ety days4 ,approv$1 ,m>* #h1 #ahhc4 ,dakota4 8,an ,act to secure ! public heal? & safety aga9/ un:olesome provisions40 ,?is law requires t all oleag9\s sub/ances %all be br&$ ) _! true & prop] names4 ,co/s ( analyses1 n exce$+ tw5ty doll>s1 %all or may be includ$ 9 ! co/s ( prosecutions4 ,p5alty1 fir/ (f5ce1 "o hundr$ doll>s1 & e subsequ5t (f5ce1 two hundr$ doll>s4 ,pass$ at ! session ( #ahhc4 ,! foll[+ ,/ates & ,t]ritories h no law on ! subject3-- ,,/ates4--,alabama1 ,arkansas1 ,georgia1 ,kansas1 ,k5tucky1 ,l\isiana1 ,mississippi1 ,nevada1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,texas4 ,,t]ritories4--,alaska1 ,idaho1 ,montana1 ,new ,mexico1 ,utah1 ,wa%+ton1 ,wyom+4 ,! complete text ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,oleom>g>9e ,tax ,law is z foll[s3-- ,,section #a4 ,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 9 ,congress assembl$4 ,t = ! purposes ( ?is ,act ! ^w 8butt]0 %all be und]/ood to mean ! food product usually kn[n z butt]1 & :i* is made exclusively f milk or cream1 or bo?1 ) or )\t common salt1 & ) or )\t additional col\r+ matt]4 #b4 ,t = ! purposes ( ?is ,act c]ta9 manufactur$ sub/ances c]ta9 extracts1 & c]ta9 mixtures & comp\nds1 includ+ su* mixtures & comp\nds ) butt]1 %all be kn[n & designat$ z 8oleom>g>9e10 namely3 ,all sub/ances h]et(ore kn[n z oleom>g>9e1 oleo1 oleom>g>9e oil1 butt]9e1 l>d9e1 su9e1 & neutral2 all mixtures & comp\nds ( oleom>g>9e1 oleo1 oleom>g>9e oil1 butt]9e1 l>d9e1 su9e1 & neutral2 all l>d extracts & tall[ extracts2 & all mixtures & comp\nds ( tall[1 beef fat1 suet1 l>d1 l>d oil1 vegetable oil1 annatto & o!r col\r+ matt]1 inte/9al fat1 & (fal fat made 9 imitation or semblance ( butt]1 or :5 s made1 calculat$ or int5d$ to be sold z butt] or = butt]4 #c4 ,t special taxes are impos$ z foll[s3--,manufactur]s ( oleom>g>9e %all pay six hundr$ doll>s4 ,e p]son :o manufactures oleom>g>9e = sale %all be deem$ a manufactur] ( oleom>g>9e4 #d4 ,:olesale deal]s 9 oleom>g>9e %all pay f\r hundr$ & eighty doll>s4 ,e p]son :o sells or (f]s = sale oleom>g>9e 9 ! orig9al manufactur]'s packages %all be deem$ a :olesale deal] 9 oleom>g>9e4 ,b any manufactur] ( oleom>g>9e :o has giv5 ! requir$ bond & paid ! requir$ special tax1 & :o sells only oleom>g>9e ( 8 own production1 at ! place ( manufacture1 9 ! orig9al packages to :i* ! tax-paid /amps are affix$1 %all n be requir$ to pay ! special tax ( a :olesale deal] 9 oleom>g>9e on acc\nt ( su* sale4 ,retail deal]s 9 oleom>g>9e %all pay =ty-eight doll>s4 ,e p]son :o sells oleom>g>9e 9 less quantities ?an t5 p\nds at "o "t %all be reg>d$ z a retail deal] 9 oleom>g>9e4 ,& ,sections #cbcb1 #cbcc1 #cbcd1 #cbce1 #cbcf1 #cbcg1 #cbch1 #cbci1 #cbdj1 #cbda1 & #cbdc ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are1 s f> z applicable1 made to ext5d to & include & apply to ! special taxes impos$ by ?is section1 & to ! p]sons ^u :om !y are impos$4 7,see page #aj = ,revis$ ,/atutes47 ,provid$1 ,t 9 case any manufactur] ( oleom>g>9e comm5ces bus9ess subsequ5t to ! ?irtie? day ( ,june 9 any ye>1 ! special tax %all be reckon$ f ! fir/ day ( ,july 9 t ye>1 & %all be five hundr$ doll>s4 #d4 ,t e p]son :o c>ries on ! bus9ess ( a manufactur] ( oleom>g>9e )\t hav+ paid ! special tax !re=1 z requir$ by law1 %all1 besides be+ liable to ! paym5t ( ! tax1 be f9$ n less ?an "o ?\s& doll>s & n m ?an five ?\s& doll>s2 & e p]son :o c>ries on ! bus9ess ( a :olesale deal] 9 oleom>g>9e )\t hav+ paid ! special tax !re=1 z requir$ by law1 %all1 besides be+ liable to ! paym5t ( ! tax1 be f9$ n less ?an five hundr$ doll>s nor m ?an two ?\s& doll>s1 & e p]son :o c>ries on ! bus9ess ( a retail deal] 9 oleom>g>9e )\t hav+ paid ! special tax !re=1 z requir$ by law1 %all1 besides be+ liable to ! paym5t ( ! tax1 be f9$ n less ?an fifty doll>s nor m ?an five hundr$ doll>s = ea* & e (f5ce4 #e4 ,t e manufactur] ( oleom>g>9e %all file ) ! ,collector ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue ( ! di/rict 9 :i* 8 manufactory is locat$1 su* notices1 inv5tories1 & bonds1 %all keep su* books & r5d] su* returns ( mat]ials & products1 %all put up su* signs & affix su* numb] to 8 factory1 & conduct 8 bus9ess "u su* surveillance ( (fic]s & ag5ts z ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ) ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury may1 by regulation1 require4 ,b ! bond requir$ ( su* manufactur] %all be ) sureties satisfactory to ! ,collector ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 & 9 a p5al sum ( n less ?an five ?\s& doll>s1 & ! sum ( said bond may be increas$ f "t to "t1 & additional sureties requir$ at ! discretion ( ! ,collector1 or "u in/ructions ( ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue4 #f4 ,t all oleom>g>9e %all be pack$ by ! manufactur] !re( 9 firk9s1 tubs1 or o!r wood5 packages n be=e us$ = t purpose1 ea* conta9+ n less ?an t5 p\nds1 & m>k$1 /amp$ & br&$ z ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ) ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 %all prescribe2 & all sales made by manufactur]s ( oleom>g>9e & :olesale deal]s 9 oleom>g>9e %all be 9 orig9al /amp$ packages4 ,retail deal]s 9 oleom>g>9e mu/ sell only f orig9al /amp$ packages1 9 quantities n exce$+ t5 p\nds1 & %all pack ! oleom>g>9e sold by !m 9 suitable wood5 or pap] packages1 :i* %all be m>k$ & br&$ z ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue ) ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 %all prescribe4 ,e p]son :o kn[+ly sells or (f]s = sale1 or deliv]s or (f]s to deliv]1 any oleom>g>9e 9 any o!r =m ?an 9 new wood5 or pap] packages z above describ$1 or :o packs 9 any package any oleom>g>9e 9 any mann] contr>y to law1 or :o falsely br&s any package or affixes a /amp on any package d5ot+ a less am\nt ( tax ?an t requir$ by law1 %all be f9$ = ea* (f5ce n m ?an "o ?\s& doll>s1 & be imprison$ n less ?an six mon?s nor m ?an two ye>s4 #g4 ,t e manufactur] ( oleom>g>9e %all securely affix1 by pa/+1 on ea* package conta9+ oleom>g>9e manufactur$ by him1 a label on :i* %all be pr9t$1 besides ! numb] ( ! manufactory & ! di/rict & ,/ate 9 :i* x is situat$1 ^! words3--8,notice4--,! manufactur] ( ! oleom>g>9e h]e9 conta9$ has compli$ ) all ! requirem5ts ( law4 ,e p]son is caution$ n to use ?is package aga9 or ! /amp !reon aga9 nor to remove ! cont5ts ( ?is package )\t de/roy+ said /amp1 "u ! p5alty provid$ by law 9 su* cases40 ,e manufactur] ( oleom>g>9e :o neglects to affix su* label to any package conta9+ oleom>g>9e made by him1 or sold or (f]$ = sale by or = him1 & e p]son :o removes any su* label s affix$ f any su* package1 %all be f9$ fifty doll>s = ea* package 9 respect to :i* su* (f5ce is committ$4 #h4 ,t ^u oleom>g>9e :i* %all be manufactur$ & sold1 or remov$ = consumption or use1 !re %all be assess$ & collect$ a tax ( two c5ts p] p\nd1 to be paid by ! manufactur] !re(2 & any fractional "p ( a p\nd 9 a package %all be tax$ z a p\nd4 ,! tax levi$ by ?is section %all be repres5t$ by c\pon /amps2 & ! provisions ( exi/+ laws gov]n+ ! engrav+1 issue1 sale1 acc\ntability1 effacem5t & de/ruction ( /amps relat+ to tobacco & snuff1 z f> z applicable1 are h]eby made to apply to /amps provid$ = by ?is section4 #i4 ,t :5ev] any manufactur] ( oleom>g>9e sells1 or removes = sale or consumption1 any oleom>g>9e ^u :i* ! tax is requir$ to be paid by /amps1 )\t ! use ( ! prop] /amps1 x %all be ! duty ( ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 )9 a p]iod ( n m ?an two ye>s aft] su* sale or removal1 ^u satisfactory pro(1 to e/imate ! am\nt ( tax :i* has be5 omitt$ to be paid1 & to make an assessm5t !re= & c]tify ! same to ! collector4 ,! tax s assess$ %all be 9 addition to ! p5alties impos$ by law = su* sale or removal4 #aj4 ,t all oleom>g>9e import$ f =eign c\ntries %all1 9 addition to any import duty impos$ on ! same1 pay an int]nal rev5ue tax ( #ae c5ts p] p\nd1 su* tax to be repres5t$ by c\pon /amps z 9 ! case ( oleom>g>9e manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! /amps %all be affix$ & cancell$ by ! own] or import] ( ! oleom>g>9e :ile x is 9 ! cu/ody ( ! prop] cu/om-h\se (fic]s2 & ! oleom>g>9e %all n pass out ( ! cu/ody ( said (fic]s until ! /amps h be5 s affix$ & cancell$1 b %all be put up 9 wood5 packages1 ea* conta9+ n less ?an t5 p\nds2 z prescrib$ 9 ?is ,act = oleom>g>9e manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be=e ! /amps are affix$2 & ! own] or import] ( su* oleom>g>9e %all be liable to all ! p5al provisions ( ?is ,act prescrib$ = manufactur]s ( oleom>g>9e manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5ev] x is necess>y to take any oleom>g>9e s import$ to any place o!r ?an ! public /ores ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! purpose ( affix+ & cancell+ su* /amps1 ! ,collector ( ,cu/oms ( ! port :]e su* oleom>g>9e is ent]$1 %all designate a bond$ w>eh\se to :i* x %all be tak51 "u ! control ( su* cu/oms (fic] z su* collector %all direct2 & e (fic] ( cu/oms :o p]mits su* oleom>g>9e to pass out ( 8 cu/ody or control )\t compliance by ! own] or import] !re( ) ! provisions ( ?is section relat+ !reto1 %all be guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & %all be f9$ n less ?an "o ?\s& doll>s nor m ?an five ?\s& doll>s1 & imprison$ n less ?an six mon?s nor m ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,e p]son :o sells or (f]s = sale any import$ oleom>g>9e1 or oleom>g>9e purport+ or claim$ to h be5 import$1 n put up 9 packages & /amp$ z provid$ by ?is ,act1 %all be f9$ n less ?an five hundr$ doll>s nor m ?an five ?\s& doll>s1 & be imprison$ n less ?an six mon?s nor m ?an two ye>s4 #aa4 ,t e p]son :o kn[+ly pur*ases or receives = sale any oleom>g>9e :i* has n be5 br&$ or /amp$ accord+ to law1 %all be liable to a p5alty ( fifty doll>s = ea* su* (f5ce4 #ab4 ,t e p]son :o kn[+ly pur*ases or receives = sale any oleom>g>9e f any manufactur] :o has n paid ! special tax %all be liable = ea* (f5ce to a p5alty ( "o hundr$ doll>s1 & to =feiture ( all articles s pur*as$ or receiv$1 or ( ! full value !re(4 #ac4 ,t :5ev] any /amp$ package conta9+ oleom>g>9e is empti$1 x %all be ! duty ( ! p]son 9 ^: h&s ! same is to de/roy utt]ly ! /amps !reon1 & any p]son :o wilfully neglects or refuses s to d %all = ea* su* (f5ce be f9$ n exce$+ fifty doll>s1 & imprison$ n less ?an t5 days nor m ?an six mon?s4 ,& any p]son :o fraudul5tly gives away or accepts f ano!r1 or :o sells1 buys1 or uses = pack+ oleom>g>9e1 any su* /amp$ package1 %all = ea* su* (f5ce be f9$ n exce$+ "o hundr$ doll>s & be imprison$ n m ?an "o ye>4 ,any rev5ue (fic] may de/roy any empti$ oleom>g>9e package ^u :i* ! tax-paid /amp is f\nd4 #ad4 ,t !re %all be 9 ! (fice ( ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue an analytical *emi/ & a microscopi/1 :o %all ea* be appo9t$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 & %all ea* receive a sal>y ( two ?\s& five hundr$ doll>s p] annum2 & ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue may1 :5ev] 9 8 judgm5t ! necessities ( ! s]vice s require1 employ *emi/s & microscopi/s1 to be paid su* comp5sation z he may deem prop]1 n exce$+ 9 ! aggregate any appropriation made = t purpose4 ,& su* commission] is au?oris$ to decide :at sub/ances1 extracts1 mixtures or comp\nds :i* may be submitt$ = 8 inspection 9 conte/$ cases are to be tax$ "u ?is ,act2 & 8 decision 9 matt]s ( taxation "u ?is ,act %all be f9al4 ,! commission] may also decide :e!r any sub/ances made 9 imitation or semblance ( butt]1 & int5d$ = human consumption1 conta9s +r$i5ts delet]i\s to ! public heal?2 b 9 case ( d\bt or conte/ 8 decisions 9 ?is class ( cases may be appeal$ f to a bo>d h]eby con/itut$ = ! purpose1 & compos$ ( ! ,surgeon-,g5]al ( ! ,army1 ! ,surgeon-,g5]al ( ! ,navy1 & ! ,commission] ( ,agriculture1 & ! decisions ( ?is body %all be f9al 9 ! premises4 #ae4 ,t all packages ( oleom>g>9e subject to tax "u ?is ,act t %all be f\nd )\t /amps or m>ks z h]e9 provid$1 & all oleom>g>9e int5d$ = human consumption :i* conta9s +r$i5ts adjudg$1 z h]e9be=e provid$1 to be delet]i\s to ! public heal?1 %all be =feit$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,any p]son :o %all wilfully remove or deface ! /amps1 m>ks or br&s on ! package conta9+ oleom>g>9e tax$ z provid$ h]e9 %all be guilty ( a misdemean\r1 & %all be puni%$ by a f9e ( n less ?an "o hundr$ doll>s nor m ?an two ?\s& doll>s1 & by imprisonm5t = n less ?an ?irty days nor m ?an six mon?s4 #af4 ,t oleom>g>9e may be remov$ f ! place ( manufacture = export to a =eign c\ntry )\t paym5t ( tax or affix+ /amps !reto1 "u su* regulations & ! fil+ ( su* bonds & o!r security z ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 ) ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 may prescribe4 ,e p]son :o %all export oleom>g>9e %all br& ^u e tub1 firk91 or o!r package conta9+ su* article ! ^w 8oleom>g>9e0 9 pla9 ,roman lett]s n less ?an "o-half in* squ>e4 #ag4 ,t :5ev] any p]son engag$ 9 c>ry+ on ! bus9ess ( manufactur+ oleom>g>9e defrauds1 or attempts to defraud1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! tax on ! oleom>g>9e produc$ by him1 or any "p !re(1 he %all =feit ! factory & manufactur+ app>atus us$ by him1 & all oleom>g>9e & all raw mat]ial = ! production ( oleom>g>9e f\nd 9 ! factory & on ! factory premises1 & %all be f9$ n less ?an five hundr$ doll>s nor m ?an five ?\s& doll>s1 & be imprison$ n less ?an six mon?s nor m ?an ?ree ye>s4 #ah4 ,t if any manufactur] ( oleom>g>9e1 any deal] !re91 or any import] or export] !re( %all kn[+ly or wilfully omit1 neglect1 or refuse to d1 or cause to be done1 any ( ! ?+s requir$ by law 9 ! c>ry+ on or conduct+ ( 8 bus9ess1 or %all d any?+ by ?is ,act prohibit$1 if !re be no specific p5alty or puni%m5t impos$ by any o!r section ( ?is ,act = ! neglect+1 omitt+1 or refus+ to d1 or = ! do+ or caus+ to be done1 ! ?+ requir$ or prohibit$1 he %all pay a p5alty ( "o ?\s& doll>s2 & if ! p]son s (f5d+ be ! manufactur] ( or a :olesale deal] 9 oleom>g>9e1 all ! oleom>g>9e own$ by him1 or 9 :i* he has any int]e/ z own]1 %all be =feit$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ai4 ,t all f9es1 p5alties & =feitures impos$ by ?is ,act may be recov]$ 9 any c\rt ( compet5t jurisdiction4 #bj4 ,t ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue ) ! approval ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 may make all ne$ful regulations = ! c>ry+ into effect ( ?is ,act4 #ba4 ,t ?is ,act %all g into effect on ! n9etie? day aft] its passage2 & all wood5 packages conta9+ t5 or m p\nds ( oleom>g>9e f\nd on ! premises ( any deal] on or aft] ! n9etie? day succe$+ ! date ( ! passage ( ?is ,act %all be deem$ to be taxable "u section eight ( ?is ,act1 & %all be tax$1 & %all h affix$ !reto ! /amps1 m>ks1 & br&s requir$ by ?is ,act or by regulations made pursuant to ?is ,act2 & = ! purposes ( secur+ ! affix+ ( ! /amps1 m>ks & br&s requir$ by ?is ,act1 ! oleom>g>9e %all be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 manufactur$ & sold1 or remov$ f ! manufactory = consumption or use1 on or aft] ! day ?is ,act takes effect2 & su* /ock on h& at ! "t ( ! tak+ effect ( ?is ,act may be /amp$1 m>k$ & br&$ "u special regulations ( ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue1 approv$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury2 & ! ,commission] ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue may au?orise ! hold] ( su* packages to m>k & br& ! same & to affix !reto ! prop] tax-paid /amps4 ,! foll[+ is ! ,unit$ ,/ates' ,tea ,adult]ation ,law3-- ,,section #a4 ,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress assembl$1 ,t f & aft] ! passage ( ?is ,act x %all be unlawful = any p]son or p]sons or corporation to import or br+ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates any m]*&ise = sale z tea1 adult]at$ ) spuri\s leaf or ) exhau/$ leaves1 or :i* conta9s s great an admixture ( *emicals or o!r delet]i\s sub/ances z to make x unfit = use2 & ! importation ( all su* m]*&ise is h]eby prohibit$4 #b4 ,t on mak+ entry at ! cu/om h\se ( all tea or m]*&ise describ$ z tea import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! import] or consignee %all give a bond to ! collector ( ! port t su* m]*&ise %all n be remov$ f w>eh\se until releas$ by ! cu/om h\se au?orities1 :o %all exam9e x ) ref]5ce to its purity & fitness = consumption2 & t = ! purpose ( su* exam9ation samples ( ea* l9e 9 e invoice %all be submitt$ by ! import] or consignee to ! exam9]1 ) 8 writt5 /atem5t t su* samples repres5t ! true quality ( ea* & e "p ( ! invoice1 & accord ) ! specification !re9 conta9$2 & 9 case ! exam9] has reason to believe t su* samples d n repres5t ! true quality ( ! invoice1 he %all make su* fur!r exam9ation ( ! tea repres5t$ by ! invoice1 or any "p !re(1 z %all be necess>y3 ,provid$1 ,t su* fur!r exam9ation ( su* tea %all be made )9 ?ree days aft] entry !re( has be5 made at ! cu/om h\se3 ,& provid$ fur!r1 ,t ! bond above requir$ %all also be condition$ = ! paym5t ( all cu/om h\se *>ges :i* may atta* to su* m]*&ise prior to be+ releas$ or de/roy$ 7z ! case may be7 "u ! provisions ( ?is ,act4 #c4 ,t if1 aft] an exam9ation1 z provid$ 9 section two1 ! tea is f\nd by ! exam9] n to come )9 ! prohibition ( ?is ,act1 a p]mit %all at once be grant$ to ! import] or consignee decl>+ ! tea free f ! control ( ! cu/om au?orities2 b if on exam9ation su* tea1 or m]*&ise describ$ z tea1 is f\nd1 9 ! op9ion ( ! exam9]1 to come )9 ! prohibitions ( ?is ,act1 ! import] or consignee %all be imm$iately notifi$1 & ! tea1 or m]*&ise describ$ z tea1 s return$ %all n be releas$ by ! cu/om h\se1 unless on a re-exam9ation call$ = by ! import] or consignee1 ! return ( ! exam9] %all be f\nd errone\s3 ,provid$1 ,t %\ld a portion ( ! invoice be pass$ by ! exam9]1 a p]mit %all be grant$ = t portion1 & ! rema9d] held = fur!r exam9ation1 z provid$ 9 section f\r4 #d4 ,t 9 case ( any dispute betwe5 ! import] or consignee & ! exam9]1 ! matt] 9 dispute %all be ref]r$ = arbitration to a committee ( ?ree exp]ts1 "o to be appo9t$ by ! collector1 "o by ! import]1 & ! two to *oose a ?ird1 & _! decision %all be f9al2 & if ^u su* f9al re-exam9ation ! tea %all be f\nd to come )9 ! prohibitions ( ?is ,act1 ! import] or consignee %all give a bond1 ) securities satisfactory to ! collector1 to export su* tea1 or m]*&ise describ$ z tea1 out ( ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )9 a p]iod ( six mon?s aft] su* f9al re-exam9ation2 b if ! same %all n h be5 export$ )9 ! "t specifi$1 ! collector1 at ! expiration ( t "t %all cause ! same to be de/roy$4 #e4 ,t ! exam9ation & appraisem5t h]e9 provid$ = %all be made by a duly qualifi$ apprais] ( ! port at :i* said tea is ent]$1 & :5 ent]$ at ports :]e !re are no apprais]s1 su* exam9ation & appraisem5t %all be made by ! rev5ue (fic]s to :om is committ$ ! collection ( duties1 unless ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury %all o!rwise direct4 #f4 ,t leaves to :i* ! t]m 8exhau/$0 is appli$ 9 ?is ,act %all mean & include any tea :i* has be5 depriv$ ( its prop] quality1 /r5g?1 or virtue by /eep+1 infusion1 decoction1 or o!r means4 #g4 ,t teas actually on %ipbo>d = %ipm5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! passage ( ?is ,act %all n be subject to ! prohibition !re(4 #h4 ,t ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury %all h ! p[] to en=ce ! provisions ( ?is ,act by appropriate regulations4 ,approv$1 ,m>* #b1 #ahhc4 ,! foll[+ is ! text ( ! ,cali=nia ,w9e ,adult]ation ,law1 pass$ ,feb4 #ag?1 #ahhg3-- ,! ,p ( ! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia1 repres5t$ 9 ,s5ate & ,assembly1 d enact z foll[s3-- ,,section #a4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is ,act1 pure w9e %all be def9$ z foll[s3 ,! juice ( grapes f]m5t$1 pres]v$1 or =tifi$ = use z a bev]age1 or z a m$ic9e1 by me?ods recognis$ z legitimate accord+ to ! provisions ( ?is ,act2 unf]m5t$ grape juice1 conta9+ no addition ( di/ill$ spirits1 may be d5om9at$ accord+ to popul> cu/om & dem& z w9e only :5 describ$ z 8unf]m5t$ w9e10 & %all be deem$ pure only :5 pres]v$ = use z a bev]age or m$ic9e1 9 accordance ) ! provisions ( ?is ,act4 ,pure grape mu/ %all be deem$ to be ! juice ( grapes1 only1 9 its natural condition1 :e!r express$ or m+l$ ) ! pure sk9s1 se$s1 or /ems ( grapes4 ,pure cond5s$ grape mu/ %all be deem$ to be pure grape mu/ f :i* wat] has be5 extract$ by evaporation = purposes ( pres]vation or increase ( sac*>9e /r5g?4 ,dry w9e is t produc$ by complete f]m5tation ( sac*>9e conta9$ 9 mu/4 ,sweet w9e is t :i* conta9s m or less sac*>9e appreciable to ! ta/e4 ,=tifi$ w9e is t w9e to :i* di/ill$ spirits h be5 add$ to increase alcoholic /r5g?1 = purposes ( pres]vation only1 & %all be held to be pure1 :5 ! spirits s us$ are ! product ( ! grape only4 ,pure *ampagne or sp>kl+ w9e is t :i* conta9s c>bonic acid gas or eff]vesc5ce produc$ only by natural f]m5tation ( sac*>9e matt] ( mu/s1 or p>tially f]m5t$ w9e 9 bottle4 #b4 ,9 ! f]m5tation1 pres]vation1 & =tification ( pure w9e1 x %all be specifically und]/ood t no mat]ials %all be us$ int5d$ z sub/itutes = grapes1 or any "p ( grapes2 no col\r+ matt]s %all be add$ :i* are n ! pure products ( grapes dur+ f]m5tation1 or by extraction f grapes ) ! aid ( pure grape spirits2 no =eign fruit juices1 & no spirits import$ f =eign c\ntries1 :e!r pure or comp\nd$ ) fruit juices1 or o!r mat]ial n ! pure product ( grapes1 %all be us$ = any purpose2 no anil9e dyes1 salicylic acid1 glyc]9e1 alum1 or o!r *emical antiseptics1 or +r$i5ts recognis$ z delet]i\s to ! heal? ( consum]s1 or z injuri\s to ! reputation ( w9e z pure1 %all be p]mitt$2 & no di/ill$ spirits %all be add$ except = ! sole purpose ( pres]vation1 & )\t ! int5tion ( enabl+ trade to l5g!n ! volume ( =tifi$ dry w9e by ! addition ( wat]1 or o!r w9e weak] 9 alcoholic /r5g?4 #c4 ,9 ! f]m5tation & pres]vation ( pure w9e1 & dur+ ! op]ations ( f9+ or cl>ify+1 remov+ defects1 improv+ qualities1 bl5d+ & matur+1 no me?ods %all be employ$ :i* ess5tially conflict ) ! provisions ( ! prec$+ sections ( ?is ,act1 & no mat]ials %all be us$ = ! promotion ( f]m5tation1 or ! assi/ance ( any ( ! op]ations ( w9e treatm5t :i* are injuri\s to ! consum] or ! reputation ( w9e z pure2 provid$1 t x %all be expressly und]/ood t ! practices ( us+ pure tann9 9 small quantities1 leav5 to excite f]m5tation only1 & n to increase ! mat]ial = ! production ( alcohol2 wat] be=e or dur+1 b n aft] f]m5tation1 = ! purpose ( decreas+ ! sac*>9e /r5g? ( mu/s to enable p]fect f]m5tation2 & ! natural products ( grapes 9 ! pure =ms z !y exi/ 9 pure grape mu/s1 sk9s1 & se$s2 sulphur fumes1 to dis9fect coop]age & prev5t disease 9 w9e2 & pure gelat9\s & album9\s sub/ances1 = ! sole purpose ( assi/+ f9+ or cl>ification1 %all be specifically p]mitt$ 9 ! op]ations h]e9be=e m5tion$1 9 accordance ) recognis$ legitimate cu/om4 #d4 ,x %all be unlawful to sell1 or expose1 or (f] to sell "u ! "n ( w9e1 or grape mu/s1 or cond5s$ mu/s1 or "u any names designat+ pure w9es1 or pure mu/s z h]e9be=e classifi$ & def9$1 or br&$1 labell$1 or designat$ 9 any way z w9e or mu/s1 or by any "n popul>ly & comm]cially us$ z a designation ( w9e produc$ f grapes1 su* z cl>et1 burgundy1 hock1 saut]ne1 port1 %]ry1 madeira1 & angelica1 any sub/ance1 or comp\nd1 except pure w9e1 or pure grape mu/1 or pure grape cond5s$ mu/1 z def9$ by ?is ,act1 & produc$ 9 accordance ) & subject to re/rictions h]e9 set =?2 provid$1 t ?is ,act %all n apply to liquors import$ f any =eign c\ntry1 :i* are tax$ ^u entry by cu/om laws 9 accordance ) a specific duty & conta9$ 9 orig9al packages or vessels & prom95tly br&$1 labell$1 or m>k$ s z to be kn[n to all p]sons z =eign products1 except+1 h[ev]1 :5 su* liquors %all conta9 adult]ations ( artificial col\r+ matt]s1 antiseptic *emicals1 or o!r +r$i5ts kn[n to be delet]i\s to ! heal? ( consum]s2 & provid$ fur!r1 t ?is ,act %all n apply to currant w9e1 gooseb]ry w9e1 or w9es made f o!r fruits ?an ! grape1 :i* are labell$ or br&$ & designat$ & sold1 or (f]$ or expos$ = sale "u names1 includ+ ! ^w w9e1 b also express+ di/9ctly ! fruit f :i* !y are made1 z gooseb]ry w9e1 eld]b]ry w9e1 or ! l4 ,any violation ( any ( ! provisions ( any ( ! prec$+ sections %all be a misdemean\r4 #e4 ,exceptions f ! provisions ( ?is ,act %all be made 9 ! case ( pure *ampagne1 or sp>kl+ w9e1 s f> z to p]mit ! use ( cry/allis$ sug> 9 sweet5+ ! same accord+ to usual cu/om1 b 9 no o!r respect4 #f4 ,9 all sales & contracts = sale1 production1 or deliv]y ( products def9$ 9 ?is ,act1 su* products1 9 ! abs5ce ( a writt5 agreem5t to ! contr>y1 %all be presum$ to be pure z h]e9 def9$1 & su* sale or contracts %all1 9 ! abs5ce ( su* an agreem5t1 be void1 if x be e/abli%$ t ! products s sold or contract$ = 7 n pure z h]e9 def9$4 ,& 9 su* case ! concealm5t ( ! true "* ( su* products %all con/itute actual fraud = :i* damages may be recov]$1 & 9 a judgm5t = damages1 reasonable attorney fees to be fix$ by ! ,c\rt1 %all be tax$ z co/s4 #g4 ,! ,controll] ( ! ,/ate %all cause to h engrav$ plates1 f :i* %all be pr9t$ labels :i* %all set =? t ! w9e cov]$ by su* labels is pure ,cali=nia w9e 9 accordance ) ?is ,act1 & leav+ blanks = ! "n ( ! p>ticul> k9d ( w9e1 & ! "n or names ( ! sell] ( ! w9e & place ( bus9ess4 ,^! labels %all be ( two =ms or %apes1 "o a n>r[ /rip to cap ov] ! corks ( bottles1 ! o!r1 r\nd or squ>e1 & suffici5tly l>ge1 say ?ree in*es squ>e1 to cov] ! bungs ( packages 9 :i* w9e is sold4 ,su* labels %all be furni%$ ^u prop] application to actual resid5ts1 & to be us$ 9 ?is ,/ate only1 & only to ^? :o are kn[n to be gr[]s1 manufactur]s1 trad]s1 or h&l]s1 or bottl]s ( ,cali=nia w9e1 & su* p>ties w be requir$ to file a sworn /atem5t ) said ,controll]1 sett+ =? t 8 or _! writt5 application = su* labels is & w be = 8 or _! sole use & b5efit1 & t he or !y w n give1 sell1 or loan su* label to any o!r p]son or p]sons :omsoev]4 ,su* labels %all be paid = at ! same rate & price z %all be f\nd to be ! actual co/ price to ! ,/ate1 & %all be suppli$ f "t to "t z ne$$ ^u ! writt5 application ( su* p>ties z are be=e m5tion$4 ,su* label :5 affix$ to bottle or w9e package %all be s affix$1 t by draw+ ! cork f bottle or op5+ ! bung ( package1 su* label %all be de/roy$ by su* op5+2 & be=e affix+ su* labels all blanks %all be fill$ out by /at+ ! v>iety or k9d ( w9e t is conta9$ 9 su* bottle or package1 & also by ! "n or names & ,po/ ,(fice address ( su* gr[]1 manufactur]1 trad]1 h&l]1 or bottl] ( su* w9e4 #h4 ,x is desir$ & requir$ t all & e gr[]1 manufactur]1 trad]1 h&l]1 or bottl] ( ,cali=nia w9e1 :5 sell+ or putt+ up = sale any ,cali=nia w9e1 or :5 %ipp+ ,cali=nia w9e to p>ties to :om sold1 %all pla9ly /5cil1 br&1 or h pr9t$ :]e x w be easily se51 fir/1 8,pure ,cali=nia ,w9e10 & secondly 8 "n1 or ! firm's "n1 z ! case may be1 bo? on label ( bottle or package 9 :i* w9e is sold & s5t1 or he may1 9 lieu !re(1 if he s pref]s & elects1 affix ! label :i* has be5 provid$ = 9 section sev54 ,x %all be unlawful to affix any su* /amp or label z above provid$ to any vessel conta9+ any sub/ance o!r ?an pure w9e1 z h]e9 def9$1 or to prep>e or use on any vessel conta9+ any liquid any imitation or c\nt]feit ( su* /amp1 or any pap] 9 ! similitude or resemblance !re(1 or any pap] ( su* =m & appe>ance z to be calculat$ to mislead or deceive any unw>y p]son1 or cause him to suppose ! cont5ts ( su* vessel to be pure w9e4 ,x %all be unlawful = any p]son or p]sons1 o!r ?an ! ones = :om su* /amps 7 procur$1 to 9 any way use su* /amps1 or to h possession ( ! same4 ,a violation ( any ( ! provisions ( ?is section %all be a misdemean\r1 & puni%able by f9e ( n less ?an fifty doll>s & n m ?an five hundr$ doll>s1 or by imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail = a t]m ( n exce$+ n9ety days1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,all moneys collect$ by virtue ( prosecutions _h aga9/ p]sons violat+ any provisions ( ?is or any prec$+ sections %all g "o half to ! in=m] & "o half to ! ,di/rict ,attorney prosecut+ ! same4 #i4 ,x %all be ! duty ( ! ,controll] to keep an acc\nt1 9 a book to be kept = t purpose1 ( all /amps1 ! numb]1 design1 "t :51 & to :om furni%$4 ,! p>ties procur+ ! same are h]eby requir$ to return to ! ,controll] semi-annual /atem5ts "u oa?1 sett+ =? ! numb] us$1 & h[ _m rema9 on h&4 ,any violation ( ?is section1 by ! p]son receiv+ su* /amps1 is a misdemean\r4 #aj4 ,x %all be ! duty ( any & all p]sons receiv+ su* /amps to use ! same only 9 _! bus9ess1 9 no mann] or 9 n[ise to all[ ! same to be dispos$ ( except 9 ! mann] au?oris$ by ?is ,act2 to n all[ ! same to be us$ by any o!r p]son or p]sons4 ,x %all be _! duty to become satisfi$ t ! w9e conta9$ 9 ! b>rels or bottles is all t said label imports z def9$ by ?is ,act4 ,t !y w use ! said /amps only 9 ?is ,/ate1 & %all n p]mit ! same to "p f _! possession1 except ) ! b>rels1 packages1 or bottles ^u :i* !y are plac$ z provid$ by ?is ,act4 ,a violation ( any ( ! provisions ( ?is section is h]eby made a felony4 #ab4 ,?is ,act %all take effect & be 9 =ce n9ety days aft] its passage4 ,,footnote3 #adh ,second ,report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,dairy ,commission]4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,acet\s f]m5tation1 #bbe ,acids1 acetic1 #adf ---- butyric1 #fc ---- malic1 #agc ---- nitr\s1 #baj ---- phosphoric1 #adg ---- picric1 #aec ---- salicylic1 #adi1 #agg ---- succ9ic1 #agd ---- sulphuric1 #agf1 #bbg ---- tannic1 #bb1 #agd ---- t>t>ic1 #ajb1 #agc ---- 9 be]1 #adf ---- ---- butt]1 #fc1 #ga ---- ---- w9e1 #agb ,adams' te/ = milk1 #ei ,adult]ation1 excuses =1 #a ---- ext5t (1 #e1 #g ---- v>ieties (1 #i1 #aj ,album9oid ammonia1 #bjg ,album9oids 9 be]1 #ade ---- ---- fl\r1 #hi ---- ---- wat]1 #bjg ,alcohol 9 be]1 #adc ---- ---- bread1 #id ---- ---- liquors1 #aie ,alcoholometric tables1 #add1 #aif ,alkaloids 9 be]1 #aej ---- ---- fl\r1 #ia ---- ---- milk1 #fb ,allspice1 #bec ,aloes1 #aeb ,alum 9 bak+ p[d]s1 #ajb ---- ---- bread1 #ih ---- ---- fl\r1 #ib ,am]ican adult]ation1 #h ---- *eese1 #he ---- w9e1 #aeh ,ammonia 9 wat]1 #bjg ,amylic alcohol1 #aig ,annato 9 butt]1 #gg ---- ---- *eese1 #hf ,anil9e dyes 9 w9e1 #agh-ahc ,artesian wells 9 ,new ,york1 #beg ,artificial bitt]s 9 be]1 #ada ---- butt]1 #ff ---- *eese1 #he ---- c(fee1 #ca-dj ---- honey1 #abb ---- jelly1 #bef ---- liquors1 #aic ---- spices1 #bde ---- sug>1 #aje ---- tea1 #ai1 #bh ---- w9e1 #afg ,a% ( be]1 #acf ---- ---- bread1 #if ---- ---- *icory1 #ce ---- ---- cocoa1 #dd ---- ---- c(fee1 #ca1 #ce ---- ---- fl\r1 #hi ---- ---- milk1 #eb ---- ---- mu/>d1 #bdb ---- ---- pepp]1 #bdd ---- ---- pickles1 #bcb ---- ---- sug>1 #aaj ,a% ( tea1 #af1 #bb ---- ---- w9e1 #age ,asp>agus1 #bed ,b4 ,bact]ia 9 wat]1 #bbj ,bak]s' *emicals1 #aja ,bak+ p[d]s1 #ajb ,banana ess5ce1 #abi ,b>ley malt1 #acb ,beans 9 c(fee1 #ca ,bee* leaves 9 tea1 #ah ,be]1 #acb ---- adult]ation (1 #acg ---- acids 91 #adf ---- alcohol 91 #adb ---- album9oids 91 #ade ---- alkaloids 91 #aej ---- ,am]ican1 #acd ---- analysis (1 #adb ---- a% (1 #acf1 #adg ---- bitt]s 91 #acg1 #ada ---- c>bonic acid 91 #adc ---- composition (1 #ace ---- extract (1 #acd1 #add ---- flav\r+s =1 #acg ---- glucose 91 #ach ---- glyc]9e 91 #aej ---- lag]1 #acd ---- malt sub/itutes 91 #ach ---- manufacture (1 #acc ---- phosphates 91 #adg ---- picric acid 91 #aec ---- picrotox9e 91 #aec ---- production (1 #acd ---- salicylic acid 91 #adi ---- salt 91 #adg ---- soda 91 #adj ---- /&>ds =1 #adh ---- sug> 91 #add ---- sulphites 91 #aef ---- ,witt/e9's te/ =1 #aea ---- v>ieties (1 #acc ,bees' wax1 #abh ,bibliography1 #beh ,biological exam9ation ( wat]1 #baf ,bitt]s 9 be]1 #ada ,blea*+ ( fl\r1 #ij ---- ---- sug>1 #ajh ,bl5d+ ( be]1 #adj ---- ---- liquors1 #ahe ---- ---- w9e1 #afd ,blue pigm5ts1 #ad1 #ajg ,bo>ds ( ,heal?1 #f ,borax 9 milk1 #fa ,b\quet ( liquors1 #ahg ---- ---- w9e1 #afd ,br&y1 #ahf ,bread1 #id ---- a]at$1 #ie ---- alcohol 91 #id ---- alum 91 #ih ---- analysis (1 #ig ---- a% (1 #if ---- composition (1 #if ---- salt 91 #if ---- soda 91 #ie ---- />* 91 #if ---- wat] 91 #if ,brew+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #acd ,butt]1 #fc ---- acids 91 #ga ---- adult]ation (1 #ff ---- analysis (1 #fe ---- ,angell ,hehn]'s te/1 #gb ---- annato 91 #gg ---- artificial1 #ff ---- a% (1 #fe ---- c>ot9 91 #gg ---- col\r+ (1 #gg ---- composition (1 #fc ---- exam9ation (1 #fe1 #fh ---- fat cry/als 91 #gi ---- fus+ po9t (1 #fc1 #fi ---- gelat9e 91 #gf ---- ,hbl's process =1 #ge ---- ,koett/orf]'s process =1 #ga ---- microscopic appe>ance (1 #gh ---- oleom>g>9e 91 #ff ---- photomicrographs (1 #gh ,butt]1 ,rei*]t's process =1 #gc ---- saffron 91 #gg ---- salt 91 #fe ---- soluble acids 91 #ga ---- specific gravity (1 #fg ---- te/s = purity (1 #gj ---- volatile acids 91 #ga ---- wat] 91 #fe ,butt]9e1 #ff1 #fg ,butt] fat1 melt+ po9t1 #fi ---- ---- specific gravity1 #fh ,butyric acid1 #fc ---- alcohol1 #ahh ---- e!r1 #ahg ,c4 ,caffe9e1 #ba1 #ci ,cali=nia w9e1 #aeh1 #afj ,cane sug>1 #ajd ,cann$ vegetables1 #bed ,capsicum1 #bbi ,c>bohydrates1 #ii ,c>bonic acid1 #ie1 #adc ,c>ot9e1 #gg ,case9e1 #ej1 #he ,cassia1 #beb ,cay5ne pepp]1 #bdg ,c]eals 9 c(fee1 #ca1 #cd ,*eese1 #hc ---- adult]ation (1 #he ---- ,am]ican1 #hd ---- analysis1 #hf ---- artificial1 #he ---- composition (1 #hc ---- fats 91 #hd ---- l>d1 #he ---- v>ieties (1 #hc1 #hd ,*icory1 #ca ---- a%1 #ce ---- col\r+ p[] (1 #cd ---- extract1 #ch ---- 9 c(fee1 #cb1 #cd ---- sug> 91 #cg ---- te/s =1 #cb ,*lor9e 9 wat]1 #bjf ,*ocolate1 #db ---- a% (1 #de ---- fats 91 #de ---- flav\r+s =1 #db ---- fl\r 91 #db ---- sug> 91 #de ,*rome yell[ 9 c(fee1 #dj ---- ---- ---- c&y1 #aca ,cid] v9eg>1 #bcj ,c9namon1 #bec ,cloves1 #beb ,coal-t> col\rs 9 c&y1 #acj ---- ---- ---- mu/>d1 #bdj ---- ---- ---- w9e1 #agh1 #ahc ,cocoa1 #db ---- adult]ation (1 #db1 #de ---- analysis (1 #de ---- composition (1 #dc ---- />* 91 #db ---- !obrom9e 91 #dd ,cocoa-nut oil 9 butt]1 #gc ,c(fee1 #bi ---- adult]ation (1 #ca ---- analysis (1 #cj ---- artificial1 #ca1 #dj ---- a% (1 #ca1 #ce ---- caffe9e 91 #ci ---- c]eals 91 #ca1 #cd ---- *icory 91 #ca1 #cb ---- col\r+ (1 #dj ---- composition (1 #cj ---- d5sity ( infusion1 #cc ---- exam9ation (1 #cb ---- extract (1 #ca ---- fac+ (1 #dj ---- fat 91 #cj ---- sug> 91 #cg1 #ch ---- te/s = purity (1 #cb1 #cc ,cognac ess5ce1 #aic ---- oil1 #aic ,col\r+ ag5ts1 #ae1 #gg1 #acj ---- ---- anil9e1 #acj ---- ---- annato1 #gg ---- ---- c>ot91 #gg ---- ---- gypsum1 #ad ,col\r+ ag5ts1 indigo1 #ad ---- ---- lead1 #aca ---- ---- logwood1 #agh ---- ---- ,m>tius' yell[1 #gg ---- ---- m9]al1 #ae ---- ---- ,prussian blue1 #ae ---- ---- saffron1 #gg ---- ---- turm]ic1 #ae1 #gg ---- ---- vegetable1 #acj ---- ---- ,v5etian r$1 #dj ,cocculus indicus1 #aec ,cond5s$ milk1 #ec ,confection]y1 #abi ,copp] 9 gra9s1 #bee ---- ---- pickles1 #bcb ,d4 ,dairy ,commission]1 #ej ,d>nel 9 fl\r1 #ij ,dextr9e1 #bd1 #adf ,dextrose1 #aje ,dialysis1 #ahj1 #ahc ,dia/ase1 #acb ,dige/ion ( alum$ bread1 #ih ---- ---- butt]1 #hb ---- ---- oleom>g>9e1 #hb ,e4 ,elaid9 te/1 #bcd ,elm leaves1 #ah ,ergot 9 fl\r1 #ij ,ess5ces1 artificial1 #abi ,e!rs1 #abi1 #agd ,f4 ,fac+ ( c(fee1 #dj ---- ---- tea1 #ae ,fats 9 butt]1 #fc1 #ga ---- ---- *ocolate1 #df ---- ---- cry/als1 #gi ---- fix$1 #gc ---- insoluble1 #ga ---- milk1 #eg ---- soluble1 #ga1 #gc ,fats1 volatile1 #gc ,fehl+'s te/1 #cg1 #aaa ,fes]'s lactoscope1 #eg ,flav\r+s = be]1 #acg ---- ---- c&y1 #abi ---- ---- *ocolate1 #db ---- ---- liquors1 #aid ---- ---- w9e1 #afe ,fl\r1 #hh ---- adult]ation (1 #ij ---- album9oids 91 #hi ---- alkaloids 91 #ia ---- alum 91 #ij1 #ib ---- analysis (1 #hi ---- a% (1 #hi ---- composition (1 #hg ---- fungi 91 #ia ---- glut5 91 #hi ---- phosphates 91 />* 91 #hi ---- te/s =1 #ib ---- wat] 91 #hi ,=*amm]'s te/1 #bjc ,frankl&'s me?od1 #baa ,fruit1 cann$1 #bed ---- ess5ces1 #abi ---- w9e1 #afh ,fusel oil 9 c&y1 #abi ---- ---- liquors1 #aig ,g4 ,gall's me?od = w9e1 #afb ,gelat9e 9 butt]1 #gf ,g5tian 9 be]1 #aej ,g91 #aia ,g+]1 #bec ,glucose1 comm]cial1 #aje ---- e/imation (1 #aaa ---- 9 be]1 #ach ---- 9 honey1 #abd ---- 9 w9e1 #aga ---- manufacture (1 #aje ---- te/s =1 #aaj1 #abd ,glut5 9 fl\r1 #hi ,glyc]9e 9 be]1 #aej ---- ---- w9e1 #aga ,granules ( />*1 #ajj ,gypsum 9 sug>1 #aaj ---- ---- tea1 #ad ---- ---- w9e1 #afc1 #agf ,h4 ,honey1 #aba ---- adult]ation (1 #abb ---- analysis (1 #abd ---- artificial1 #abb ---- a% (1 #abc ---- comb1 #abb1 #abh ---- glucose 91 #abc ---- sug> 91 #abc ---- wat] 91 #abc ,hop-sub/itutes1 #acg1 #aej ,horde9e1 #acc ,haw?orn leaves1 #ah ,hubl's te/1 #ge ,i4 ,ice1 impure1 #bbd ,indigo1 #ad1 #ai1 #dj1 #abi ,iod9e te/1 #ii ,j4 ,jellies1 #bef ,k4 ,ktt/orf]'s te/1 #ga ,l4 ,lactomet]1 #ec1 #ed ,lactoscope1 #eg ,levulose1 #ajg ,l>d *eese1 #he ,leaves 9 tea1 #ag1 #ah ,legislation1 #bfh ,liquors1 #ahf ---- adult]ation (1 #aib ,logwood te/1 #ib ,m4 ,mace1 #bec ,malic acid1 #agc ,malt1 #acb1 #acg ,maltose1 #ajg ,malt sub/itutes 9 be]1 #acg1 #adh ,maple sug>1 #aji ,m>ble du/1 #aca ,m>c ( w9es1 #aeg ,m>tius' yell[1 #gg1 #bdj ,meat extracts1 #bee ,micro-organisms 9 wat]1 #bad ,microscopic exam9ation ( butt]1 #gh ---- ---- c(fee1 #dj ---- ---- fats1 #gh1 #gi ---- ---- milk1 #fa ---- ---- spices1 #bdf ---- ---- />*es1 #ajj ---- ---- tea1 #ag ---- ---- wat]1 #baf ,milk1 #di ---- ,adam's me?od =1 #ei ---- adult]ation (1 #di ---- analysis (1 #ec ---- a% (1 #eb ---- case9e 91 #ei ---- composition (1 #ea ---- cond5s$1 #ec ---- cream 91 #eg ---- fats 91 #eg ---- globules1 #fa ---- nitrites 91 #fb ---- photo-micrographs (1 #fa ---- ptoma9es 91 #fb ---- skimm$1 #ej ---- specific gravity (1 #ec1 #ee ---- /&>ds =1 #ei-fj ---- sug> (1 #ei ---- total solids1 #eh ---- wat] 91 #ef ,miscellane\s adult]ation1 #bed ,molasses1 #aje ,moore's te/ = c>ot9e1 #gg ,mu/>d1 #bci ---- adult]ation (1 #bdj ---- analysis (1 #bda ---- a% (1 #bdb ---- col\r+ (1 #bdj ,mu/>d1 composition (1 #bci ---- fl\r 91 #bdj ---- oil (1 #bda ---- sulphur 91 #bda ,n4 ,nessl]'s solution1 #bjh ,nitrates 9 wat]1 #baj ,nitrites 9 milk1 #fb ---- ---- v9eg>1 #bca ---- ---- wat]1 #baj ,nitrog5 9 fl\r1 #hi ---- ---- tea1 #ba ---- ---- wat]1 #baj ,o4 ,o5an?ic e!r1 #aeh ,oils1 bitt] almond1 #abi ---- cocoanut1 #gc ---- cognac1 #aic ---- cotton se$1 #bcd1 #bcf ---- fusel1 #aig ---- l>d1 #fh ----- mu/>d1 #bda ---- nut1 #bce ---- olive1 #bcc ---- poppy1 #bce ---- rape se$1 #bcf ---- sesam1 #bcf ---- turp5t9e1 #aia ,oleic acid1 #fc ,oleom>g>9e1 #ff ---- composition (1 #fg ---- dige/ion (1 #hb ---- effects (1 #hj1 #ha ---- exportation (1 #ff ---- manufacture (1 #ff ---- photo-micrographs (1 #gi ---- te/s =1 #gj ,olive oil1 #bcc ---- ---- adult]ation (1 #bcc ---- ---- ,am]ican1 #bcc ---- ---- cotton se$ oil 91 #bcf ---- ---- exam9ation (1 #bcd ,olive oil1 specific gravity (1 #bcd ---- ---- /&>d =1 #bcg ,organisms 9 ice1 #bai ---- ---- wat]1 #bag ,p4 ,pepp]1 #bdc ---- adult]ation (1 #bdd ---- analysis (1 #bde ---- a% (1 #bdd ---- cay5ne1 #bdg ---- composition (1 #bdc ---- />* 91 #bdf ,pepp]ette1 #bdh ,phosphates 9 be]1 #adg ---- ---- bread1 #hi ---- ---- w9e1 #agf ,photogravures ( leaves1 #ah ---- ---- wat]1 #bag ---- ---- pol>iscope1 #aab ---- ---- tea1 #ag ---- ---- tea plant1 ,frontispiece4 ,photo-micrographs ( butt]1 #gi ---- ---- cream1 #fa ---- ---- dige/ion ( fats1 #hb ---- ---- fats1 #gi ---- ---- milk1 #fa ---- ---- oleom>g>9e1 #gi ---- ---- spices1 #beb ---- ---- />*es1 #ajj ,pickles1 #bcb ,picric acid1 #aec ,pol>iscope1 #aab ,pol>isation ( be]1 #adh ---- ---- honey1 #abc ---- ---- glucose1 #aah ---- ---- lactose1 #ei ---- ---- sug>1 #aab ---- ---- w9e1 #aga ,popl> leaves1 #ah ,pres]vatives 9 be]1 #adi1 #aef ---- ---- butt]1 #gg ---- ---- milk1 #fa ---- ---- w9e1 #agg ,pres]v$ milk1 #ec ,prussian blue 9 c&y1 #aca ---- ---- c(fee1 #dj ---- ---- tea1 #ad ,ptoma9es 9 ice cream1 #fb ---- ---- milk1 #fb ,q4 ,quassia 9 be]1 #aeb ,r4 ,rais9 w9e1 #afh ,rei*]t's te/1 #gc 8,rock & rye0 drops1 #abi ,rose leaves1 #ah ,rum1 #aij ,s4 ,/4 ,&rew's cross 9 fats1 #gi ,sal a]atus1 #aja ,salic9e 9 be]1 #acg ,salt 9 be]1 #adg ---- ---- butt]1 #fe ,salicylic acid 9 be]1 #adi ---- ---- w9e1 #age ,s& 9 tea1 #ad ,soda wat] syrups1 #beg ,specific gravity ( be]1 #adb ---- ---- butt]1 #fc1 #fh ---- ---- fats1 #fh ---- ---- milk1 #ej1 #ec ---- ---- oils1 #bcb ---- ---- spirits1 #ahe-ahi ---- ---- tables1 #ee1 #add1 #ade1 #aif ---- ---- v9eg>1 #bbf ---- ---- w9e1 #aei ,spices1 #bdi ---- microscopic exam9ation (1 #bdi ,/&>ds = be]1 #adh ---- ---- butt]1 #gb1 #gd1 #ge ---- ---- cocoa1 #df ---- ---- milk1 #ei1 #fj ---- ---- tea1 #be ---- ---- wat]1 #bac1 #bad ,/&>ds = w9e1 #ahd ,/>*1 #ii ---- e/imation (1 #ii ---- granules1 #ajj ---- 9 mu/>d1 #bdj ---- 9 pepp]1 #bdf ---- photo-micrographs (1 #ajj ---- 9 spices1 #beb ,/ry*n9e 9 be]1 #aea ,sug>1 #ajd ---- adult]ation (1 #ajg ---- analysis (1 #aji ---- a% (1 #aaj ---- cane1 #ajd ---- fruit1 #aje ---- grape1 #aje1 #aai ---- inv]t1 #ajd ---- malt1 #ajg ---- maple1 #aji ---- milk1 #ei1 #ajg ---- t9 salts 91 #ajg ,sulphates 9 w9e1 #agf ,sulphuric acid 9 v9eg>1 #bbh ---- ---- w9e1 #agf ,syrups1 adult]ation (1 #ajh ---- glucose1 #ajh ,t4 ,tables1 ( adult]ation1 #aj ---- alcoholometric1 #add ---- c(fee infusion1 #cc ---- lactometric1 #ee ---- malt extract1 #ade ---- specific gravity1 #ee1 #adc1 #aif ,tannic acid 9 tea1 #bb ---- ---- 9 w9e1 #agd ,t>t>1 cream (1 #aja ---- ---- 9 w9e1 #agc ,t>t>ic acid 9 bak+ p[d]1 #ajc ---- ---- 9 w9e1 #agc ,tea1 #ab ---- adult]ation (1 #ad ---- analysis (1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg ---- a% (1 #af1 #ag1 #bb ,tea1 ,*+ ,suey1 #bh ---- col\r+ (1 #ad ---- composition (1 #ae ---- du/1 #af ---- exam9ation (1 #ba ---- extract (1 #bc ---- fac+ (1 #ae ---- factiti\s1 #ai1 #bh ---- =eign leaves 91 #ad1 #ah ---- gypsum 91 #ad ---- gum 91 #bd ---- indigo 91 #ai ---- insoluble a% 91 #bc ---- ---- leaf 91 #bh ---- leaves1 #g1 #ag1 #ah ---- lie1 #ai ---- microscopic exam9ation (1 #ah ---- ,p+ ,suey1 #h ---- s& 91 #ad ---- soap/one 91 #ai ---- soluble a%1 #bc ---- ,s\? ,am]ican1 #bf ---- sp5t1 #ae ---- /&>ds =1 #be ---- tann9 91 #bb ---- !9e 91 #ba ---- volatile oil 91 #bb ,te-mo-ki leaves1 #ah ,!9e 9 tea1 #ba ,t9 9 cann$ fruits1 #bed ,t9 salts 9 sug>1 #ajg ,u4 ,ultram>9e 9 sug>1 #ajg ,v4 ,vanilla 9 *ocolate1 #db ,vegetables1 cann$1 #bed ,v9eg>1 #bbe ---- adult]ation (1 #bbi ---- analysis (1 #bbg ---- cid]1 #bcj ---- extract (1 #bbg ---- malt1 #bbf ,v9eg>1 /&>ds =1 #bbg ---- sulphuric acid 91 #bbh ---- :isky1 #bcj ---- w9e1 #bbf ,volatile acids 9 butt]1 #gc ---- e!rs 9 w9e1 #agd ,w4 ,wat]1 #bjj ---- album9oid ammonia 91 #bjg ---- ,am]ican supply1 #bbj ---- bact]ia 91 #baf ---- biological exam9ation (1 #baf ---- c>bon 91 #bab ---- *lor9e 91 #bjf ---- croton1 #bai ---- exam9ation (1 #bja ---- ,=*amm]'s process1 #bjc ---- ,frankl&'s process1 #baa ---- free ammonia 91 #bjg ---- ,hudson riv]1 #bbb ---- microscopic exam9ation (1 #baf ---- nitrates 91 #baj ---- nitrites 91 #baj ---- nitrog5 91 #baj ---- organic matt] 91 #bjc ---- organisms 91 #bai ---- sewage 91 #bjg1 #baj ---- /&>ds =1 #bac ---- total solids 91 #bjb ---- urea 91 #bjg ---- ,wanklyn's process1 #bjg ,:eat1 #hg ,:eat5 fl\r1 #hg ---- />*1 #hh1 #ajj ,:ey1 #ej ,:isky1 #ahh ---- v9eg>1 #bcj ,will[ leaves1 #ah ,w9e1 #aeg ---- acids 91 #agb ---- adult]ation (1 #afc ---- alcohol 91 #afi ---- ,am]ican1 #aeh ,w9e1 a% (1 #age ---- bl5d+ (1 #afd ---- ,cali=nia1 #afj ---- col\r+ (1 #aff1 #agh ---- e!rs 91 #agd ---- exam9ation (1 #afi ---- extract (1 #agj ---- fruit1 #afh ---- glyc]9e 91 #agj ---- imitation1 #afg ---- improv+1 #afa ---- malic acid 91 #agc ---- natural1 #afj ---- ,pa/eur+1 #afa ---- ,petiot's process1 #afa ---- phosphoric acid 91 #agf ---- pla/]+ (1 #afc ---- pol>isation (1 #aga ---- rais91 #afh ---- salicylic acid 91 #agg ---- ,s*eele's process =1 #afb ---- /&>ds =1 #ahd ---- succ9ic acid 91 #agd ---- sulphates 91 #agf ---- sulphur\s acid 91 #agg ---- sug> 91 #agj ---- table (1 #aei ---- tann9 91 #agd ---- t>trates 91 #agh ---- t>t>ic acid 91 #agc ---- v>ieties (1 #aei ,will[ leaves1 #ah ,wi/]ia ----1 #ah ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,e4 ,,& ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london4 ,,reliable ,,food ,,products4 ,z ! l>ge/ ,manufactur]s & ,deal]s 9 ! _w 9 ?is l9e1 we consid] x to our int]e/ to manufacture only ,,pure & ,,:olesome goods1 & pack !m 9 a tidy & attractive mann]4 ,we import1 manufacture1 or deal 9 ne>ly ev]y?+ eat5 or drank4 ,all goods be>+ our "n are gu>ante$ to be ( sup]ior quality1 & deal]s are au?oriz$ to refund ! pur*ase price 9 any case :]e consum]s h cause = dissatisfaction4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to ! int]e/ ( bo? deal]s & consum]s to use ,,?urb]',s ,,br&s4 ,,?urb]1 ,,:yl& ,,co41 ,we/ ,broadway1 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