,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,society ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,press ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois ,ag5ts ,,! ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,,& ,,ed9burgh ,,! ,,m>uz5-,,kabu%iki-,,kai%a ,,tokyo1 ,,osaka1 ,,kyoto ,,k>l ,w4 ,,hi]semann ,,leipzig ,,! ,,bak] ,,taylor ,,company ,,new ,,york ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,,s*ool & ,,society ,,be+ ,,?ree ,,lectures by ,,john ,,dewey ,,supplem5t$ ,,by ,a ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,press ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,copyright #aijj ,,by ,,john ,,dewey ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,,fir/ ,,edition --#a1jjj copies4 ,pr9t$ ,novemb]1 #ahii4 ,,second ,,impression --#a1ejj copies4 ,pr9t$ ,febru>y1 #aijj4 ,,?ird ,,impression --#e1jjj copies4 ,pr9t$ ,july1 #aijj4 ,,f\r? ,,impression --#a1jjj copies4 ,pr9t$ ,june1 #aijd4 ,,fif? ,,impression --#b1ejj copies4 ,pr9t$ ,febru>y1 #aije4 ,,six? ,,impression --#b1ejj copies4 ,pr9t$ ,augu/1 #aijg4 ,,sev5? ,,impression --#a1jjj copies4 ,pr9t$ ,septemb]1 #aiji4 ,,eigh? ,,impression --#a1jjj copies4 ,pr9t$ ,augu/1 #aiaj4 ,,n9? ,,impression --#a1jjj copies4 ,pr9t$ ,augu/1 #aiaa4 ,,t5? ,,impression --#a1jjj copies4 ,pr9t$ ,m>*1 #aiab4 ,,elev5? ,,impression --#b1jjj copies4 ,pr9t$ ,augu/1 #aiac4 ,compos$ & ,pr9t$ ,by ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press ,*icago1 ,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,to ,,mrs4 ,,emmons ,,bla9e ,,to ,,^: ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,educational ,,re=m ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,due ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,social ,,progress #ai ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,*ild #dg ,,iii4 ,,wa/e ,,9 ,,education #gg ,,iv4 ,,?ree ,,ye>s ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool #aac ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fac+ ,,page ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,cave ,,& ,,trees #ef ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,=e/ #eh ,,draw+ ,,( ,,h&s ,,sp9n+ #fj ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,girl ,,sp9n+ #fb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,publi%]',s ,,note ,! ?ree lectures pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ pages 7 deliv]$ be=e an audi5ce ( p>5ts & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 9 ! mon? ( ,april ( ! ye> #ahii4 ,mr4 ,dewey revis$ !m 9 "p f a /5ographic report1 & unimportant *anges & ! slight adaptations necess>y = ! press h be5 made 9 8 abs5ce4 ,! lectures reta9 !re=e ! un/udi$ "* z well z ! p[] ( ! spok5 ^w4 ,z !y imply m or less famili>ity ) ! "w ( ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 ,mr4 ,dewey's supplem5t>y /atem5t ( ?is has be5 add$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,au?or',s ,,note ,a second edition af=ds a grateful opportunity = recall+ t ?is little book is a sign ( ! cop]at+ ?\ghts & sympa?ies ( _m p]sons4 ,its indebt$ness to ,mrs4 ,emmons ,bla9e is p>tly indicat$ 9 ! d$ication4 ,f my fri5ds1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,george ,h]b]t ,mead1 came t int]e/1 unflagg+ att5tion to detail1 & arti/ic ta/e :i*1 9 my abs5ce1 remade colloquial rem>ks until !y 7 fit to pr9t1 & !n saw ! results ?r\gh ! press ) ! pres5t attractive result--a mode ( au?or%ip made easy1 :i* ,i recomm5d to o!rs =tunate en\gh to possess su* fri5ds4 ,x w\ld be an ext5d$ p>agraph :i* %\ld li/ all ! fri5ds ^: timely & p]si/+ g5]osity has made possible ! s*ool :i* inspir$ & def9$ ! ideas ( ^! pages4 ,^! fri5ds1 ,i am sure1 w\ld be ! fir/ to recognize ! peculi> appropriat5ess ( especial m5tion ( ! names ( ,mrs4 ,*>les ,r4 ,crane & ,mrs4 ,william ,r4 ,l9n4 ,& ! s*ool itself 9 its educational "w is a jo9t und]tak+4 ,_m h engag$ 9 %ap+ x4 ,! cle> & exp]i5c$ intellig5ce ( my wife is wr\ght ev]y:]e into its texture4 ,! wisdom1 tact & devotion ( its in/ructors h br\ght ab\t a trans=mation ( its orig9al amorph\s plans into articulate =m & sub/ance ) life & movem5t ( _! own4 ,:atev] ! issue ( ! ideas pres5t$ 9 ?is book1 ! satisfaction com+ f ! cop]ation ( ! div]se ?\ghts & de$s ( _m p]sons 9 und]tak+ to enl>ge ! life ( ! *ild w abide4 ,janu>y #e1 #aijj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,social ,,progress ,we are apt to look at ! s*ool f an individuali/ic /&po9t1 z some?+ betwe5 tea*] & pupil1 or betwe5 tea*] & p>5t4 ,t :i* int]e/s u mo/ is naturally ! progress made by ! individual *ild ( our acqua9tance1 8 normal physical developm5t1 8 advance 9 ability to read1 write1 & figure1 8 gr[? 9 ! k ( geography & hi/ory1 improvem5t 9 mann]s1 habits ( promptness1 ord]1 & indu/ry--x is f su* /&>ds z ^! t we judge ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,& rightly s4 ,yet ! range ( ! outlook ne$s to be enl>g$4 ,:at ! be/ & wise/ p>5t wants = 8 own *ild1 t mu/ ! community want = all ( its *ildr54 ,any o!r ideal = our s*ools is n>r[ & unlovely2 act$ ^u1 x de/roys our democracy4 ,all t society has accompli%$ = itself is put1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! s*ool1 at ! disposal ( its future memb]s4 ,all its bett] ?\ghts ( itself x hopes to realize ?r\gh ! new possibilities ?us op5$ to its future self4 ,"h individualism & socialism are at "o4 ,only by be+ true to ! full gr[? ( all ! individuals :o make x up1 c society by any *ance be true to itself4 ,& 9 ! self-direction ?us giv51 no?+ c\nts z mu* z ! s*ool1 =1 z ,horace ,mann said1 8,:]e any?+ is gr[+1 "o =m] is wor? a ?\s& re-=m]s10 ,:5ev] we h 9 m9d ! discussion ( a new movem5t 9 education1 x is especially necess>y to take ! broad]1 or social view4 ,o!rwise1 *anges 9 ! s*ool in/itution & tradition w be look$ at z ! arbitr>y inv5tions ( p>ticul> tea*]s2 at ! wor/ transitory fads1 & at ! be/ m]ely improvem5ts 9 c]ta9 details--& ?is is ! plane ^u :i* x is too cu/om>y to consid] s*ool *anges4 ,x is z rational to conceive ( ! locomotive or ! telegraph z p]sonal devices4 ,! modification go+ on 9 ! me?od & curriculum ( education is z mu* a product ( ! *ang$ social situation1 & z mu* an ef=t to meet ! ne$s ( ! new society t is =m+1 z are *anges 9 modes ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,x is to ?is1 !n1 t ,i especially ask y\r att5tion3 ! ef=t to conceive :at r\ghly may be t]m$ ! 8,new ,education0 9 ! light ( l>g] *anges 9 society4 ,c we connect ?is 8,new ,education0 ) ! g5]al m>* ( ev5ts8 ,if we c1 x w lose its isolat$ "*1 & w cease to be an affair :i* proce$s only f ! ov]-+5i\s m9ds ( p$agogues deal+ ) p>ticul> pupils4 ,x w appe> z "p & p>cel ( ! :ole social evolution1 &1 9 its m g5]al features at lea/1 z inevitable4 ,let u !n ask aft] ! ma9 aspects ( ! social movem5t2 & aft]w>ds turn to ! s*ool to f9d :at witness x gives ( ef=t to put itself 9 l9e4 ,& s9ce x is q impossible to cov] ! :ole gr\nd1 ,i %all = ! mo/ "p conf9e myself to "o typical ?+ 9 ! mod]n s*ool movem5t--t :i* passes "u ! "n ( manual tra9+1 hop+ if ! relation ( t to *ang$ social conditions appe>s1 we %all be ready to conc$e ! po9t z well reg>d+ o!r educational innovations4 ,i make no apology = n dwell+ at l5g? ^u ! social *anges 9 "q4 ,^? ,i %all m5tion are writ s l>ge t he :o runs may read4 ,! *ange t comes fir/ to m9d1 ! "o t ov]%ad[s & ev5 controls all o!rs1 is ! indu/rial "o--! application ( sci5ce result+ 9 ! great inv5tions t h utiliz$ ! =ces ( nature on a va/ & inexp5sive scale3 ! gr[? ( a _w-wide m>ket z ! object ( production1 ( va/ manufactur+ c5t]s to supply ?is m>ket1 ( *eap & rapid means ( communication & di/ribution betwe5 all its p>ts4 ,ev5 z to its feebl] beg9n+s1 ?is *ange is n mu* m ?an a c5tury old2 9 _m ( its mo/ important aspects x falls )9 ! %ort span ( ^? n[ liv+4 ,"o c h>dly believe !re has be5 a revolution 9 all hi/ory s rapid1 s ext5sive1 s complete4 ,?r\gh x ! face ( ! e>? is mak+ ov]1 ev5 z to its physical =ms2 political b\nd>ies are wip$ out & mov$ ab\t1 z if !y 7 inde$ only l9es on a pap] map2 population is hurri$ly ga!r$ into cities f ! ends ( ! e>?2 habits ( liv+ are alt]$ ) />tl+ abruptness & ?or\ghness2 ! se>* = ! tru?s ( nature is inf9itely /imulat$ & facilitat$ & _! application to life made n only practicable1 b comm]cially necess>y4 ,ev5 our moral & religi\s ideas & int]e/s1 ! mo/ cons]vative because ! deepe/-ly+ ?+s 9 our nature1 are pr(\ndly affect$4 ,t ?is revolution %\ld n affect education 9 o!r ?an =mal & sup]ficial fa%ion is inconceivable4 ,back ( ! factory sy/em lies ! h\sehold & neighborhood sy/em4 ,^? ( u :o are "h today ne$ g back only "o1 two1 or at mo/ ?ree g5]ations1 to f9d a "t :5 ! h\sehold 0 practically ! c5t] 9 :i* 7 c>ri$ on1 or ab\t :i* 7 clu/]$1 all ! typical =ms ( indu/rial occupation4 ,! clo?+ worn 0 = ! mo/ "p n only made 9 ! h\se1 b ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold 7 usually famili> ) ! %e>+ ( ! %eep1 ! c>d+ & sp9n+ ( ! wool1 & ! ply+ ( ! loom4 ,in/ead ( press+ a button & flood+ ! h\se ) electric light1 ! :ole process ( gett+ illum9ation 0 foll[$ 9 its toilsome l5g?1 f ! kill+ ( ! animal & ! try+ ( fat1 to ! mak+ ( wicks & dipp+ ( c&les4 ,! supply ( fl\r1 ( lumb]1 ( foods1 ( build+ mat]ials1 ( h\sehold furniture1 ev5 ( metal w>e1 ( nails1 h+es1 hamm]s1 etc41 0 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood1 9 %ops :i* 7 con/antly op5 to inspection & (t5 c5t]s ( neighborhood congregation4 ,! entire indu/rial process /ood reveal$1 f ! production on ! f>m ( ! raw mat]ials1 till ! f9i%$ article 0 actually put to use4 ,n only ?is1 b practically e memb] ( ! h\sehold _h 8 own %>e 9 ! "w4 ,! *ildr51 z !y ga9$ 9 /r5g? & capacity1 7 gradually initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ! sev]al processes4 ,x 0 a matt] ( imm$iate & p]sonal conc]n1 ev5 to ! po9t ( actual p>ticipation4 ,we _c ov]look ! factors ( discipl9e & ( "*-build+ involv$ 9 ?is3 tra9+ 9 habits ( ord] & ( indu/ry1 & 9 ! idea ( responsibility1 ( obligation to d some?+1 to produce some?+1 9 ! _w4 ,!re 0 always some?+ :i* really ne$$ to be done1 & a real necessity t ea* memb] ( ! h\sehold %\ld d 8 own "p fai?fully & 9 cop]ation ) o!rs4 ,p]sonalities :i* became effective 9 action 7 br$ & te/$ 9 ! m$ium ( action4 ,aga91 we _c ov]look ! importance = educational purposes ( ! close & intimate acqua9tance got ) nature at fir/ h&1 ) real ?+s & mat]ials1 ) ! actual processes ( _! manipulation1 & ! k ( _! social necessities & uses4 ,9 all ?is !re 0 cont9ual tra9+ ( obs]vation1 ( +5uity1 con/ructive imag9ation1 ( logical ?\ght1 & ( ! s5se ( reality acquir$ ?r\gh fir/-h& contact ) actualities4 ,! educative =ces ( ! dome/ic sp9n+ & weav+1 ( ! saw-mill1 ! gri/mill1 ! coop] %op1 & ! blacksmi? =ge1 7 cont9u\sly op]ative4 ,no numb] ( object-lessons1 got up z object-lessons = ! sake ( giv+ in=mation1 c af=d ev5 ! %ad[ ( a sub/itute = acqua9tance ) ! plants & animals ( ! f>m & g>d51 acquir$ ?r\gh actual liv+ among !m & c>+ = !m4 ,no tra9+ ( s5se-organs 9 s*ool1 introduc$ = ! sake ( tra9+1 c beg9 to compete ) ! al]tness & fullness ( s5se-life t comes ?r\gh daily intimacy & int]e/ 9 famili> occupations4 ,v]bal memory c be tra9$ 9 committ+ tasks1 a c]ta9 discipl9e ( ! reason+ p[]s c be acquir$ ?r\gh lessons 9 sci5ce & ma!matics2 b1 aft] all1 ?is is some:at remote & %ad[y comp>$ ) ! tra9+ ( att5tion & ( judgm5t t is acquir$ 9 hav+ to d ?+s ) a real motive beh9d & a real outcome ahead4 ,at pres5t1 conc5tration ( indu/ry & division ( labor h practically elim9at$ h\sehold & neighborhood occupations--at lea/ = educational purposes4 ,b x is useless to bemoan ! dep>ture ( ! good old days ( *ildr5's mode/y1 rev]5ce1 & implicit ob$i5ce1 if we expect m]ely by bemoan+ & by exhortation to br+ !m back4 ,x is radical conditions :i* h *ang$1 & only an equally radical *ange 9 education suffices4 ,we mu/ recognize our comp5sations--! increase 9 tol]ation1 9 bread? ( social judgm5t1 ! l>g] acqua9tance ) human nature1 ! %>p5$ al]tness 9 read+ signs ( "* & int]pret+ social situations1 great] accuracy ( adaptation to diff]+ p]sonalities1 contact ) great] comm]cial activities4 ,^! consid]ations mean mu* to ! city-br$ *ild ( today4 ,yet !re is a real problem3 h[ %all we reta9 ^! advantages1 & yet introduce into ! s*ool some?+ repres5t+ ! o!r side ( life--occupations :i* exact p]sonal responsibilities & :i* tra9 ! *ild ) relation to ! physical realities ( life8 ,:5 we turn to ! s*ool1 we f9d t "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ t5d5cies at pres5t is t[>d ! introduction ( s-call$ manual tra9+1 %op-"w1 & ! h\sehold arts--sew+ & cook+4 ,?is has n be5 done 8on purpose10 ) a full consci\sness t ! s*ool mu/ n[ supply t factor ( tra9+ =m]ly tak5 c>e ( 9 ! home1 b r by in/9ct1 by exp]im5t+ & f9d+ t su* "w takes a vital hold ( pupils & gives !m some?+ :i* 0 n to be got 9 any o!r way4 ,consci\sness ( its real import is /ill s weak t ! "w is (t5 done 9 a half-he>t$1 confus$1 & unrelat$ way4 ,! reasons assign$ to ju/ify x are pa9fully inadequate or sometimes ev5 positively wrong4 ,if we 7 to cross-exam9e ev5 ^? :o are mo/ favorably dispos$ to ! introduction ( ?is "w into our s*ool sy/em1 we %\ld1 ,i imag9e1 g5]ally f9d ! ma9 reasons to be t su* "w engages ! full spontane\s int]e/ & att5tion ( ! *ildr54 ,x keeps !m al]t & active1 in/ead ( passive & receptive2 x makes !m m useful1 m capable1 & h5ce m incl9$ to be helpful at home2 x prep>es !m to "s ext5t = ! practical duties ( lat] life--! girls to be m effici5t h\se manag]s1 if n actually cooks & semp/resses2 ! boys 77 our educational sy/em only adequately r\nd$ out into trade s*ools7 = _! future vocations4 ,i d n und]e/imate ! wor? ( ^! reasons4 ,( ^? indicat$ by ! *ang$ attitude ( ! *ildr5 ,i %all inde$ h some?+ to say 9 my next talk1 :5 speak+ directly ( ! relation%ip ( ! s*ool to ! *ild4 ,b ! po9t ( view is1 ^u ! :ole1 unnecess>ily n>r[4 ,we mu/ conceive ( "w 9 wood & metal1 ( weav+1 sew+1 & cook+1 z me?ods ( life n z di/9ct /udies4 ,we mu/ conceive ( !m 9 _! social significance1 z types ( ! processes by :i* society keeps itself go+1 z ag5cies = br++ home to ! *ild "s ( ! primal necessities ( community life1 & z ways 9 :i* ^! ne$s h be5 met by ! gr[+ insight & +5uity ( man2 9 %ort1 z in/rum5talities ?r\gh :i* ! s*ool itself %all be made a g5u9e =m ( active community life1 in/ead ( a place set ap>t 9 :i* to le>n lessons4 ,a society is a numb] ( p held toge!r because !y are work+ along common l9es1 9 a common _s1 & ) ref]5ce to common aims4 ,! common ne$s & aims dem& a gr[+ int]*ange ( ?\ght & gr[+ unity ( sympa!tic feel+4 ,! radical reason t ! pres5t s*ool _c organize itself z a natural social unit is because j ?is elem5t ( common & productive activity is abs5t4 ,^u ! playgr\nd1 9 game & sport1 social organization takes place spontane\sly & inevitably4 ,!re is some?+ to d1 "s activity to be c>ri$ on1 requir+ natural divisions ( labor1 selection ( lead]s & foll[]s1 mutual cop]ation & emulation4 ,9 ! s*oolroom ! motive & ! cem5t ( social organization are alike want+4 ,^u ! e?ical side1 ! tragic weakness ( ! pres5t s*ool is t x endeavors to prep>e future memb]s ( ! social ord] 9 a m$ium 9 :i* ! conditions ( ! social _s are em95tly want+4 ,! diff]5ce t appe>s :5 occupations are made ! articulat+ c5t]s ( s*ool life is n easy to describe 9 words2 x is a diff]5ce 9 motive1 ( _s & atmosph]e4 ,z "o ent]s a busy kit*5 9 :i* a gr\p ( *ildr5 are actively engag$ 9 ! prep>ation ( food1 ! psy*ological diff]5ce1 ! *ange f m or less passive & in]t recipi5cy & re/ra9t to "o ( buoyant outgo+ en]gy1 is s obvi\s z fairly to /rike "o 9 ! face4 ,inde$1 to ^? ^: image ( ! s*ool is rigidly set ! *ange is sure to give a %ock4 ,b ! *ange 9 ! social attitude is equally m>k$4 ,! m]e absorption ( facts & tru?s is s exclusively individual an affair t x t5ds v naturally to pass into selfi%ness4 ,!re is no obvi\s social motive = ! acquirem5t ( m]e le>n+1 !re is no cle> social ga9 9 success !reat4 ,inde$1 almo/ ! only measure = success is a competitive "o1 9 ! bad s5se ( t t]m--a comp>ison ( results 9 ! recitation or 9 ! exam9ation to see :i* *ild has succe$$ 9 gett+ ahead ( o!rs 9 /or+ up1 9 accumulat+ ! maximum ( in=mation4 ,s ?or\ghly is ?is ! preval5t atmosph]e t = "o *ild to help ano!r 9 8 task has become a s*ool crime4 ,:]e ! s*ool "w consi/s 9 simply le>n+ lessons1 mutual assi/ance1 in/ead ( be+ ! mo/ natural =m ( cop]ation & association1 becomes a cl&e/9e ef=t to relieve "o's neighbor ( 8 prop] duties4 ,:]e active "w is go+ on all ?is is *ang$4 ,help+ o!rs1 in/ead ( be+ a =m ( *>ity :i* impov]i%es ! recipi5t1 is simply an aid 9 sett+ free ! p[]s & fur!r+ ! impulse ( ! "o help$4 ,a _s ( free communication1 ( int]*ange ( ideas1 sugge/ions1 results1 bo? successes & failures ( previ\s exp]i5ces1 becomes ! dom9at+ note ( ! recitation4 ,s f> z emulation ent]s 91 x is 9 ! comp>ison ( individuals1 n ) reg>d to ! quantity ( in=mation p]sonally absorb$1 b ) ref]5ce to ! quality ( "w done--! g5u9e community /&>d ( value4 ,9 an in=mal b all ! m p]vasive way1 ! s*ool life organizes itself on a social basis4 ,)9 ?is organization is f\nd ! pr9ciple ( s*ool discipl9e or ord]4 ,( c\rse1 ord] is simply a ?+ :i* is relative to an end4 ,if y h ! end 9 view ( =ty or fifty *ildr5 le>n+ c]ta9 set lessons1 to be recit$ to a tea*]1 y\r discipl9e mu/ be devot$ to secur+ t result4 ,b if ! end 9 view is ! developm5t ( a _s ( social cop]ation & community life1 discipl9e mu/ gr[ out ( & be relative to ?is4 ,!re is little ord] ( "o sort :]e ?+s are 9 process ( con/ruction2 !re is a c]ta9 disord] 9 any busy work%op2 !re is n sil5ce2 p]sons are n engag$ 9 ma9ta9+ c]ta9 fix$ physical po/ures2 _! arms are n fold$2 !y are n hold+ _! books ?us & s4 ,!y are do+ a v>iety ( ?+s1 & !re is ! confusion1 ! bu/le1 t results f activity4 ,b out ( occupation1 out ( do+ ?+s t are to produce results1 & out ( do+ ^! 9 a social & cop]ative way1 !re is born a discipl9e ( its own k9d & type4 ,our :ole conception ( s*ool discipl9e *anges :5 we get ?is po9t ( view4 ,9 critical mom5ts we all realize t ! only discipl9e t /&s by u1 ! only tra9+ t becomes intuition1 is t got ?r\gh life itself4 ,t we le>n f exp]i5ce1 & f books or ! say+s ( o!rs only z !y are relat$ to exp]i5ce1 are n m]e phrases4 ,b ! s*ool has be5 s set ap>t1 s isolat$ f ! ord9>y conditions & motives ( life1 t ! place :]e *ildr5 are s5t = discipl9e is ! "o place 9 ! _w :]e x is mo/ difficult to get exp]i5ce--! "m ( all discipl9e wor? ! "n4 ,x is only :]e a n>r[ & fix$ image ( traditional s*ool discipl9e dom9ates1 t "o is 9 any dang] ( ov]look+ t deep] & inf9itely wid] discipl9e t comes f hav+ a "p to d 9 con/ructive "w1 9 contribut+ to a result :i*1 social 9 _s1 is none ! less obvi\s & tangible 9 =m--& h5ce 9 a =m ) ref]5ce to :i* responsibility may be exact$ & accurate judgm5t pass$4 ,! great ?+ to keep 9 m9d1 !n1 reg>d+ ! introduction into ! s*ool ( v>i\s =ms ( active occupation1 is t ?r\gh !m ! entire _s ( ! s*ool is r5ew$4 ,x has a *ance to affiliate itself ) life1 to become ! *ild's habitat1 :]e he le>ns ?r\gh direct$ liv+2 in/ead ( be+ only a place to le>n lessons hav+ an ab/ract & remote ref]5ce to "s possible liv+ to be done 9 ! future4 ,x gets a *ance to be a m9iature community1 an embryonic society4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal fact1 & f ?is arise cont9u\s & ord]ly s\rces ( in/ruction4 ,"u ! indu/rial rgime describ$1 ! *ild1 aft] all1 %>$ 9 ! "w1 n = ! sake ( ! %>+1 b = ! sake ( ! product4 ,! educational results secur$ 7 real1 yet incid5tal & dep5d5t4 ,b 9 ! s*ool ! typical occupations foll[$ are fre$ f all economic /ress4 ,! aim is n ! economic value ( ! products1 b ! developm5t ( social p[] & insight4 ,x is ?is lib]ation f n>r[ utilities1 ?is op5ness to ! possibilities ( ! human _s t makes ^! practical activities 9 ! s*ool allies ( art & c5t]s ( sci5ce & hi/ory4 ,! unity ( all ! sci5ces is f\nd 9 geography4 ,! significance ( geography is t x pres5ts ! e>? z ! endur+ home ( ! occupations ( man4 ,! _w )\t its relation%ip to human activity is less ?an a _w4 ,human indu/ry & a*ievem5t1 ap>t f _! roots 9 ! e>?1 are n ev5 a s5tim5t1 h>dly a "n4 ,! e>? is ! f9al s\rce ( all man's food4 ,x is 8 cont9ual %elt] & protection1 ! raw mat]ial ( all 8 activities1 & ! home to ^: humaniz+ & idealiz+ all 8 a*ievem5t returns4 ,x is ! great field1 ! great m9e1 ! great s\rce ( ! en]gies ( heat1 light1 & electricity2 ! great sc5e ( ocean1 /ream1 m\nta91 & pla91 ( :i* all our agriculture & m9+ & lumb]+1 all our manufactur+ & di/ribut+ ag5cies1 are b ! p>tial elem5ts & factors4 ,x is ?r\gh occupations det]m9$ by ?is environm5t t mank9d has made its hi/orical & political progress4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! occupations t ! intellectual & emotional int]pretation ( nature has be5 develop$4 ,x is ?r\gh :at we d 9 & ) ! _w t we read its mean+ & measure its value4 ,9 educational t]ms1 ?is means t ^! occupations 9 ! s*ool %all n be m]e practical devices or modes ( r\t9e employm5t1 ! ga9+ ( bett] te*nical skill z cooks1 semp/resses1 or c>p5t]s1 b active c5t]s ( sci5tific insight into natural mat]ials & processes1 po9ts ( dep>ture :5ce *ildr5 %all be l$ out into a realization ( ! hi/oric developm5t ( man4 ,! actual significance ( ?is c be told bett] ?r\gh "o illu/ration tak5 f actual s*ool "w ?an by g5]al disc\rse4 ,!re is no?+ :i* /rikes m oddly ^u ! av]age intellig5t visitor ?an to see boys z well z girls ( t51 twelve1 & ?irte5 ye>s ( age engag$ 9 sew+ & weav+4 ,if we look at ?is f ! /&po9t ( prep>ation ( ! boys = sew+ on buttons & mak+ pat*es1 we get a n>r[ & utilit>ian conception--a basis t h>dly ju/ifies giv+ prom95ce to ?is sort ( "w 9 ! s*ool4 ,b if we look at x f ano!r side1 we f9d t ?is "w gives ! po9t ( dep>ture f :i* ! *ild c trace & foll[ ! progress ( mank9d 9 hi/ory1 gett+ an insight also into ! mat]ials us$ & ! me*anical pr9ciples involv$4 ,9 connection ) ^! occupations1 ! hi/oric developm5t ( man is recapitulat$4 ,= example1 ! *ildr5 are fir/ giv5 ! raw mat]ial--! flax1 ! cotton plant1 ! wool z x comes f ! back ( ! %eep 7if we c\ld take !m to ! place :]e ! %eep are %e>$1 s mu* ! bett]74 ,!n a /udy is made ( ^! mat]ials f ! /&po9t ( _! adaptation to ! uses to :i* !y may be put4 ,= in/ance1 a comp>ison ( ! cotton fib] ) wool fib] is made4 ,i did n "k until ! *ildr5 told me1 t ! reason = ! late developm5t ( ! cotton indu/ry z comp>$ ) ! wool5 is1 t ! cotton fib] is s v difficult to free by h& f ! se$s4 ,! *ildr5 9 "o gr\p work$ ?irty m9utes free+ cotton fib]s f ! boll & se$s1 & succe$$ 9 gett+ out less ?an "o ounce4 ,!y c\ld easily believe t "o p]son c\ld only g9 "o p\nd a day by h&1 & c\ld und]/& :y _! ance/ors wore wool5 in/ead ( cotton clo?+4 ,among o!r ?+s discov]$ z affect+ _! relative utilities1 0 ! %ortness ( ! cotton fib] z comp>$ ) t ( wool1 ! =m] be+ "o-t5? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 :ile t ( ! latt] is an in* 9 l5g?2 also t ! fib]s ( cotton are smoo? & d n cl+ toge!r1 :ile ! wool has a c]ta9 r\ghness :i* makes ! fib]s /ick1 ?us assi/+ ! sp9n+4 ,! *ildr5 work$ ?is out = !mselves ) ! actual mat]ial1 aid$ by que/ions & sugge/ions f ! tea*]4 ,!y !n foll[$ ! processes necess>y = work+ ! fib]s up into clo?4 ,!y re-inv5t$ ! fir/ frame = c>d+ ! wool--a c\ple ( bo>ds ) %>p p9s 9 !m = scrat*+ x out4 ,!y re-devis$ ! simple/ process = sp9n+ ! wool--a pi]c$ /one or "s o!r weight ?r\gh :i* ! wool is pass$1 & :i* z x is twirl$ draws out ! fib]2 next ! top1 :i* 0 spun on ! floor1 :ile ! *ildr5 kept ! wool 9 _! h&s until x 0 gradually drawn out & w\nd ^u x4 ,!n ! *ildr5 are introduc$ to ! inv5tion next 9 hi/oric ord]1 work+ x out exp]im5tally1 ?us see+ its necessity1 & trac+ its effects1 n only ^u t p>ticul> indu/ry1 b ^u modes ( social life--9 ?is way pass+ 9 review ! entire process up to ! pres5t complete loom1 & all t goes ) ! application ( sci5ce 9 ! use ( our pres5t available p[]s4 ,i ne$ n speak ( ! sci5ce involv$ 9 ?is--! /udy ( ! fib]s1 ( geographical features1 ! conditions "u :i* raw mat]ials are gr[n1 ! great c5t]s ( manufacture & di/ribution1 ! physics involv$ 9 ! ma*9]y ( production2 nor1 aga91 ( ! hi/orical side--! influ5ce :i* ^! inv5tions h _h ^u humanity4 ,y c conc5trate ! hi/ory ( all mank9d into ! evolution ( ! flax1 cotton1 & wool fib]s into clo?+4 ,i d n mean t ?is is ! only1 or ! be/1 c5t]4 ,b x is true t c]ta9 v real & important av5ues to ! consid]ation ( ! hi/ory ( ! race are ?us op5$--t ! m9d is introduc$ to mu* m fundam5tal & controll+ influ5ces ?an usually appe> 9 ! political & *ronological records t pass = hi/ory4 ,n[1 :at is true ( ?is "o in/ance ( fib]s us$ 9 fabrics 7&1 ( c\rse1 ,i h only spok5 ( "o or two elem5t>y phases ( t7 is true 9 its measure ( e mat]ial us$ 9 e occupation1 & ( ! processes employ$4 ,! occupation supplies ! *ild ) a g5u9e motive2 x gives him exp]i5ce at fir/ h&2 x br+s him into contact ) realities4 ,x does all ?is1 b 9 addition x is lib]aliz$ ?r\gh\t by translation into its hi/oric values & sci5tific equival5cies4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! *ild's m9d 9 p[] & k x ceases to be a pleasant occupation m]ely1 & becomes m & m a m$ium1 an in/rum5t1 an organ--& is !reby trans=m$4 ,?is1 9 turn1 has its be>+ ^u ! tea*+ ( sci5ce4 ,"u pres5t conditions1 all activity1 to be successful1 has to be direct$ some:]e & someh[ by ! sci5tific exp]t--x is a case ( appli$ sci5ce4 ,?is connection %\ld det]m9e its place 9 education4 ,x is n only t ! occupations1 ! s-call$ manual or indu/rial "w 9 ! s*ool1 give ! opportunity = ! introduction ( sci5ce :i* illum9ates !m1 :i* makes !m mat]ial1 freight$ ) mean+1 in/ead ( be+ m]e devices ( h& & eye2 b t ! sci5tific insight ?us ga9$ becomes an indisp5sable in/rum5t ( free & active p>ticipation 9 mod]n social life4 ,plato some:]e speaks ( ! slave z "o :o 9 8 actions does n express 8 own ideas1 b ^? ( "s o!r man4 ,x is our social problem n[1 ev5 m urg5t ?an 9 ! "t ( ,plato1 t me?od1 purpose1 und]/&+1 %all exi/ 9 ! consci\sness ( ! "o :o does ! "w1 t 8 activity %all h mean+ to himself4 ,:5 occupations 9 ! s*ool are conceiv$ 9 ?is broad & g5]\s way1 ,i c only /& lo/ 9 wond] at ! objections s (t5 he>d1 t su* occupations are out ( place 9 ! s*ool because !y are mat]iali/ic1 utilit>ian1 or ev5 m5ial 9 _! t5d5cy4 ,x sometimes seems to me t ^? :o make ^! objections mu/ live 9 q ano!r _w4 ,! _w 9 :i* mo/ ( u live is a _w 9 :i* ev]yone has a call+ & occupation1 some?+ to d4 ,"s are manag]s & o!rs are subord9ates4 ,b ! great ?+ = "o z = ! o!r is t ea* %all h _h ! education :i* enables him to see )9 8 daily "w all !re is 9 x ( l>ge & human significance4 ,h[ _m ( ! employ$ are today m]e app5dages to ! ma*9es :i* !y op]ate6 ,?is may be due 9 "p to ! ma*9e itself1 or to ! rgime :i* lays s mu* /ress ^u ! products ( ! ma*9e2 b x is c]ta9ly due 9 l>ge "p to ! fact t ! work] has _h no opportunity to develop 8 imag9ation & 8 sympa!tic insight z to ! social & sci5tific values f\nd 9 8 "w4 ,at pres5t1 ! impulses :i* lie at ! basis ( ! indu/rial sy/em are ei!r practically neglect$ or positively di/ort$ dur+ ! s*ool p]iod4 ,until ! in/9cts ( con/ruction & production are sy/ematically laid hold ( 9 ! ye>s ( *ildhood & y\?1 until !y are tra9$ 9 social directions1 enri*$ by hi/orical int]pretation1 controll$ & illum9at$ by sci5tific me?ods1 we c]ta9ly are 9 no position ev5 to locate ! s\rce ( our economic evils1 mu* less to deal ) !m effectively4 ,if we g back a few c5turies1 we f9d a practical monopoly ( le>n+4 ,! t]m possession ( le>n+ 01 inde$1 a happy "o4 ,le>n+ 0 a class matt]4 ,?is 0 a necess>y result ( social conditions4 ,!re 7 n 9 exi/5ce any means by :i* ! multitude c\ld possibly h access to intellectual res\rces4 ,^! 7 /or$ up & hidd5 away 9 manuscripts4 ,( ^! !re 7 at be/ only a few1 & x requir$ long & toilsome prep>ation to be able to d any?+ ) !m4 ,a high-prie/hood ( le>n+1 :i* gu>d$ ! treasury ( tru? & :i* dol$ x out to ! masses "u sev]e re/rictions1 0 ! inevitable expression ( ^! conditions4 ,b1 z a direct result ( ! indu/rial revolution ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 ?is has be5 *ang$4 ,pr9t+ 0 inv5t$2 x 0 made comm]cial4 ,books1 magaz9es1 pap]s 7 multipli$ & *eap5$4 ,z a result ( ! locomotive & telegraph1 frequ5t1 rapid1 & *eap int]communication by mails & electricity 0 call$ into be+4 ,travel has be5 r5d]$ easy2 fre$om ( movem5t1 ) its accompany+ ex*ange ( ideas1 indef9itely facilitat$4 ,! result has be5 an intellectual revolution4 ,le>n+ has be5 put into circulation4 ,:ile !re /ill is1 & probably always w be1 a p>ticul> class hav+ ! special bus9ess ( inquiry 9 h&1 a di/9ctively le>n$ class is h5ce=? out ( ! "q4 ,x is an ana*ronism4 ,k is no long] an immobile solid2 x has be5 liquefi$4 ,x is actively mov+ 9 all ! curr5ts ( society itself4 ,x is easy to see t ?is revolution1 z reg>ds ! mat]ials ( k1 c>ries ) x a m>k$ *ange 9 ! attitude ( ! individual4 ,/imuli ( an intellectual sort p\r 9 ^u u 9 all k9ds ( ways4 ,! m]ely intellectual life1 ! life ( s*ol>%ip & ( le>n+1 ?us gets a v alt]$ value4 ,academic & s*ola/ic1 in/ead ( be+ titles ( honor1 are becom+ t]ms ( reproa*4 ,b all ?is means a necess>y *ange 9 ! attitude ( ! s*ool1 "o ( :i* we are z yet f> f realiz+ ! full =ce4 ,our s*ool me?ods1 & to a v consid]able ext5t our curriculum1 are inh]it$ f ! p]iod :5 le>n+ & comm& ( c]ta9 symbols1 af=d+ z !y did ! only access to le>n+1 7 all-important4 ,! ideals ( ?is p]iod are /ill l>gely 9 control1 ev5 :]e ! outw>d me?ods & /udies h be5 *ang$4 ,we sometimes he> ! introduction ( manual tra9+1 art & sci5ce into ! elem5t>y1 & ev5 ! second>y s*ools1 deprecat$ on ! gr\nd t !y t5d t[>d ! production ( speciali/s--t !y detract f our pres5t s*eme ( g5]\s1 lib]al culture4 ,! po9t ( ?is objection w\ld be ludicr\s if x 7 n (t5 s effective z to make x tragic4 ,x is our pres5t education :i* is highly specializ$1 "o-sid$ & n>r[4 ,x is an education dom9at$ almo/ entirely by ! m$ival conception ( le>n+4 ,x is some?+ :i* appeals = ! mo/ "p simply to ! intellectual aspect ( our natures1 our desire to le>n1 to accumulate in=mation1 & to get control ( ! symbols ( le>n+2 n to our impulses & t5d5cies to make1 to d1 to create1 to produce1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( utility or ( art4 ,! v fact t manual tra9+1 art & sci5ce are object$ to z te*nical1 z t5d+ t[>d m]e specialism1 is ( itself z good te/imony z c\ld be (f]$ to ! specializ$ aim :i* controls curr5t education4 ,unless education _h be5 virtually id5tifi$ ) ! exclusively intellectual pursuits1 ) le>n+ z su*1 all ^! mat]ials & me?ods w\ld be welcome1 w\ld be greet$ ) ! utmo/ hospitality4 ,:ile tra9+ = ! pr(ession ( le>n+ is reg>d$ z ! type ( culture1 z a lib]al education1 t ( a me*anic1 a musician1 a lawy]1 a doctor1 a f>m]1 a m]*ant1 or a railroad manag] is reg>d$ z purely te*nical & pr(essional4 ,! result is t :i* we see ab\t u ev]y:]e--! division into 8cultur$0 p & 8work]s10 ! sep>ation ( !ory & practice4 ,h>dly "o p] c5t4 ( ! entire s*ool population ev] atta9s to :at we call high] education2 only five p] c5t4 to ! grade ( our high s*ool2 :ile mu* m ?an half leave on or be=e ! completion ( ! fif? ye> ( ! elem5t>y grade4 ,! simple facts ( ! case are t 9 ! great majority ( human be+s ! di/9ctively intellectual int]e/ is n dom9ant4 ,!y h ! s-call$ practical impulse & disposition4 ,9 _m ( ^? 9 :om by nature intellectual int]e/ is /rong1 social conditions prev5t its adequate realization4 ,consequ5tly by f> ! l>g] numb] ( pupils leave s*ool z soon z !y h acquir$ ! rudim5ts ( le>n+1 z soon z !y h en\gh ( ! symbols ( read+1 writ+1 & calculat+ to be ( practical use to !m 9 gett+ a liv+4 ,:ile our educational lead]s are talk+ ( culture1 ! developm5t ( p]sonality1 etc41 z ! end & aim ( education1 ! great majority ( ^? :o pass "u ! tuition ( ! s*ool reg>d x only z a n>r[ly practical tool ) :i* to get bread & butt] en\gh to eke out a re/rict$ life4 ,if we 7 to conceive our educational end & aim 9 a less exclusive way1 if we 7 to introduce into educational processes ! activities :i* appeal to ^? ^: dom9ant int]e/ is to d & to make1 we %\ld f9d ! hold ( ! s*ool ^u its memb]s to be m vital1 m prolong$1 conta9+ m ( culture4 ,b :y %\ld ,i make ?is labor$ pres5tation8 ,! obvi\s fact is t our social life has und]gone a ?or\gh & radical *ange4 ,if our education is to h any mean+ = life1 x mu/ pass ?r\gh an equally complete trans=mation4 ,?is trans=mation is n some?+ to appe> sudd5ly1 to be execut$ 9 a day by consci\s purpose4 ,x is already 9 progress4 ,^? modifications ( our s*ool sy/em :i* (t5 appe> 7ev5 to ^? mo/ actively conc]n$ ) !m1 to say no?+ ( _! spectators7 to be m]e *anges ( detail1 m]e improvem5t )9 ! s*ool me*anism1 are 9 reality signs & evid5ces ( evolution4 ,! introduction ( active occupations1 ( nature /udy1 ( elem5t>y sci5ce1 ( art1 ( hi/ory2 ! relegation ( ! m]ely symbolic & =mal to a second>y position2 ! *ange 9 ! moral s*ool atmosph]e1 9 ! relation ( pupils & tea*]s--( discipl9e2 ! introduction ( m active1 expressive1 & self-direct+ factors--all ^! are n m]e accid5ts1 !y are necessities ( ! l>g] social evolution4 ,x rema9s b to organize all ^! factors1 to appreciate !m 9 _! fullness ( mean+1 & to put ! ideas & ideals involv$ into complete1 uncompromis+ possession ( our s*ool sy/em4 ,to d ?is means to make ea* "o ( our s*ools an embryonic community life1 active ) types ( occupations t reflect ! life ( ! l>g] society1 & p]meat$ ?r\gh\t ) ! _s ( art1 hi/ory1 & sci5ce4 ,:5 ! s*ool introduces & tra9s ea* *ild ( society into memb]%ip )9 su* a little community1 saturat+ him ) ! _s ( s]vice1 & provid+ him ) ! in/rum5ts ( effective self-direction1 we %all h ! deepe/ & be/ gu>antee ( a l>g] society :i* is wor?y1 lovely1 & h>moni\s4 ,,ii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,*ild ,la/ week ,i tri$ to put be=e y ! relation%ip betwe5 ! s*ool & ! l>g] life ( ! community1 & ! necessity = c]ta9 *anges 9 ! me?ods & mat]ials ( s*ool "w1 t x might be bett] adapt$ to pres5t social ne$s4 ,today ,i wi% to look at ! matt] f ! o!r side1 & consid] ! relation%ip ( ! s*ool to ! life & developm5t ( ! *ildr5 9 ! s*ool4 ,z x is difficult to connect g5]al pr9ciples ) su* ?or\ghly concrete ?+s z little *ildr51 ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( introduc+ a good deal ( illu/rative matt] f ! "w ( ! ,univ]sity ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 t 9 "s measure y may appreciate ! way 9 :i* ! ideas pres5t$ "w !mselves out 9 actual practice4 ,"s few ye>s ago ,i 0 look+ ab\t ! s*ool supply /ores 9 ! city1 try+ to f9d desks & *airs :i* seem$ ?or\ghly suitable f all po9ts ( view--arti/ic1 hygi5ic1 & educational--to ! ne$s ( ! *ildr54 ,we _h a good deal ( difficulty 9 f9d+ :at we ne$$1 & f9ally "o deal]1 m intellig5t ?an ! re/1 made ?is rem>k3 8,i am afraid we h n :at y want4 ,y want some?+ at :i* ! *ildr5 may "w2 ^! are all = li/5+40 ,t tells ! /ory ( ! traditional education4 ,j z ! biologi/ c take a bone or two & recon/ruct ! :ole animal1 s1 if we put be=e ! m9d's eye ! ord9>y s*oolroom1 ) its r[s ( ugly desks plac$ 9 geometrical ord]1 cr[d$ toge!r s t !re %all be z little mov+ room z possible1 desks almo/ all ( ! same size1 ) j space en\gh to hold books1 p5cils & pap]1 & add a table1 "s *airs1 ! b>e walls1 & possibly a few pictures1 we c recon/ruct ! only educational activity t c possibly g on 9 su* a place4 ,x is all made 8= li/5+0--= simply /udy+ lessons out ( a book is only ano!r k9d ( li/5+2 x m>ks ! dep5d5cy ( "o m9d ^u ano!r4 ,! attitude ( li/5+ means1 comp>atively speak+1 passivity1 absorption2 t !re are c]ta9 ready-made mat]ials :i* are !re1 :i* h be5 prep>$ by ! s*ool sup]9t5d5t1 ! bo>d1 ! tea*]1 & ( :i* ! *ild is to take 9 z mu* z possible 9 ! lea/ possible "t4 ,!re is v little place 9 ! traditional s*oolroom = ! *ild to "w4 ,! work%op1 ! laboratory1 ! mat]ials1 ! tools ) :i* ! *ild may con/ruct1 create1 & actively inquire1 & ev5 ! requisite space1 h be5 = ! mo/ "p lack+4 ,! ?+s t h to d ) ^! processes h n ev5 a def9itely recogniz$ place 9 education4 ,!y are :at ! educational au?orities :o write editorials 9 ! daily pap]s g5]ally t]m 8fads0 & 8frills40 ,a lady told me ye/]day t %e _h be5 visit+ diff]5t s*ools try+ to f9d "o :]e activity on ! "p ( ! *ildr5 prec$$ ! giv+ ( in=mation on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 or :]e ! *ildr5 _h "s motive = dem&+ ! in=mation4 ,%e visit$1 %e said1 tw5ty-f\r diff]5t s*ools be=e %e f\nd h] fir/ in/ance4 ,i may add t t 0 n 9 ?is city4 ,ano!r ?+ t is sugge/$ by ^! s*oolrooms1 ) _! set desks1 is t ev]y?+ is arrang$ = h&l+ z l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 z possible2 = deal+ ) *ildr5 en masse1 z an aggregate ( units2 involv+1 aga91 t !y be treat$ passively4 ,! mom5t *ildr5 act !y individualize !mselves2 !y cease to be a mass1 & become ! int5sely di/9ctive be+s t we are acqua9t$ ) out ( s*ool1 9 ! home1 ! family1 on ! playgr\nd1 & 9 ! neighborhood4 ,on ! same basis is explicable ! uni=mity ( me?od & curriculum4 ,if ev]y?+ is on a 8li/5+0 basis1 y c h uni=mity ( mat]ial & me?od4 ,! e>1 & ! book :i* reflects ! e>1 con/itute ! m$ium :i* is alike = all4 ,!re is next to no opportunity = adju/m5t to v>y+ capacities & dem&s4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt--a fix$ quantity--( ready-made results & accompli%m5ts to be acquir$ by all *ildr5 alike 9 a giv5 "t4 ,x is 9 response to ?is dem& t ! curriculum has be5 develop$ f ! elem5t>y s*ool up ?r\gh ! college4 ,!re is j s mu* desirable k1 & !re are j s _m ne$$ te*nical accompli%m5ts 9 ! _w4 ,!n comes ! ma!matical problem ( divid+ ?is by ! six1 twelve1 or sixte5 ye>s ( s*ool life4 ,n[ give ! *ildr5 e ye> j ! proportionate fraction ( ! total1 & by ! "t !y h f9i%$ !y w h ma/]$ ! :ole4 ,by cov]+ s mu* gr\nd dur+ ?is h\r or day or week or ye>1 ev]y?+ comes out ) p]fect ev5ness at ! end--provid$ ! *ildr5 h n =gott5 :at !y h previ\sly le>n$4 ,! outcome ( all ?is is ,mat!w ,arnold's report ( ! /atem5t1 pr\dly made to him by an educational au?ority 9 ,france1 t s _m ?\s&s ( *ildr5 7 /udy+ at a giv5 h\r1 say elev5 o'clock1 j su* a lesson 9 geography2 & 9 "o ( our own we/]n cities ?is pr\d boa/ us$ to be repeat$ to successive visitors by its sup]9t5d5t4 ,i may h exagg]at$ some:at 9 ord] to make pla9 ! typical po9ts ( ! old education3 its passivity ( attitude1 its me*anical mass+ ( *ildr51 its uni=mity ( curriculum & me?od4 ,x may be summ$ up by /at+ t ! c5t] ( gravity is outside ! *ild4 ,x is 9 ! tea*]1 ! text-book1 any:]e & ev]y:]e y please except 9 ! imm$iate in/9cts & activities ( ! *ild himself4 ,on t basis !re is n mu* to be said ab\t ! life ( ! *ild4 ,a good deal might be said ab\t ! /udy+ ( ! *ild1 b ! s*ool is n ! place :]e ! *ild lives4 ,n[ ! *ange :i* is com+ into our education is ! %ift+ ( ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,x is a *ange1 a revolution1 n unlike t introduc$ by ,cop]nicus :5 ! a/ronomical c5t] %ift$ f ! e>? to ! sun4 ,9 ?is case ! *ild becomes ! sun ab\t :i* ! appliances ( education revolve2 he is ! c5t] ab\t :i* !y are organiz$4 ,if we take an example f an ideal home1 :]e ! p>5t is intellig5t en\gh to recognize :at is be/ = ! *ild1 & is able to supply :at is ne$$1 we f9d ! *ild le>n+ ?r\gh ! social conv]se & con/itution ( ! family4 ,!re are c]ta9 po9ts ( int]e/ & value to him 9 ! conv]sation c>ri$ on3 /atem5ts are made1 inquiries arise1 topics are discuss$1 & ! *ild cont9ually le>ns4 ,he /ates 8 exp]i5ces1 8 misconceptions are correct$4 ,aga9 ! *ild p>ticipates 9 ! h\sehold occupations1 & !reby gets habits ( indu/ry1 ord]1 & reg>d = ! rights & ideas ( o!rs1 & ! fundam5tal habit ( subord9at+ 8 activities to ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! h\sehold4 ,p>ticipation 9 ^! h\sehold tasks becomes an opportunity = ga9+ k4 ,! ideal home w\ld naturally h a work%op :]e ! *ild c\ld "w out 8 con/ructive in/9cts4 ,x w\ld h a m9iature laboratory 9 :i* 8 inquiries c\ld be direct$4 ,! life ( ! *ild w\ld ext5d out ( doors to ! g>d51 surr\nd+ fields1 & =e/s4 ,he w\ld h 8 excursions1 8 walks & talks1 9 :i* ! l>g] _w out ( doors w\ld op5 to him4 ,n[1 if we organize & g5]alize all ( ?is1 we h ! ideal s*ool4 ,!re is no my/]y ab\t x1 no wond]ful discov]y ( p$agogy or educational !ory4 ,x is simply a "q ( do+ sy/ematically & 9 a l>ge1 intellig5t1 & compet5t way :at = v>i\s reasons c be done 9 mo/ h\seholds only 9 a comp>atively meag] & haphaz>d mann]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ideal home has to be enl>g$4 ,! *ild mu/ be br\ght into contact ) m gr[n p & ) m *ildr5 9 ord] t !re may be ! free/ & ri*e/ social life4 ,moreov]1 ! occupations & relation%ips ( ! home environm5t are n specially select$ = ! gr[? ( ! *ild2 ! ma9 object is some?+ else1 & :at ! *ild c get out ( !m is incid5tal4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( a s*ool4 ,9 ?is s*ool ! life ( ! *ild becomes ! all-controll+ aim4 ,all ! m$ia necess>y to fur!r ! gr[? ( ! *ild c5t] !re4 ,le>n+8--c]ta9ly1 b liv+ prim>ily1 & le>n+ ?r\gh & 9 relation to ?is liv+4 ,:5 we take ! life ( ! *ild c5t]$ & organiz$ 9 ?is way1 we d n f9d t he is fir/ ( all a li/5+ be+2 q ! contr>y4 ,! /atem5t s frequ5tly made t education means 8draw+ out0 is excell5t1 if we mean simply to contra/ x ) ! process ( p\r+ 94 ,b1 aft] all1 x is difficult to connect ! idea ( draw+ out ) ! ord9>y do+s ( ! *ild ( ?ree1 f\r1 sev51 or eight ye>s ( age4 ,he is already runn+ ov]1 spill+ ov]1 ) activities ( all k9ds4 ,he is n a purely lat5t be+ :om ! adult has to approa* ) great caution & skill 9 ord] gradually to draw out "s hidd5 g]m ( activity4 ,! *ild is already int5sely active1 & ! "q ( education is ! "q ( tak+ hold ( 8 activities1 ( giv+ !m direction4 ,?r\gh direction1 ?r\gh organiz$ use1 !y t5d t[>d valuable results1 in/ead ( scatt]+ or be+ left to m]ely impulsive expression4 ,if we keep ?is be=e u1 ! difficulty ,i f9d upp]mo/ 9 ! m9ds ( _m p reg>d+ :at is t]m$ ! new education is n s mu* solv$ z dissolv$2 x disappe>s4 ,a "q (t5 ask$ is3 if y beg9 ) ! *ild's ideas1 impulses & int]e/s1 all s crude1 s r&om & scatt]+1 s little ref9$ or spiritualiz$1 h[ is he go+ to get ! necess>y discipl9e1 culture & in=mation8 ,if !re 7 no way op5 to u except to excite & indulge ^! impulses ( ! *ild1 ! "q might well be ask$4 ,we %\ld ei!r h to ignore & repress ! activities1 or else to humor !m4 ,b if we h organization ( equipm5t & ( mat]ials1 !re is ano!r pa? op5 to u4 ,we c direct ! *ild's activities1 giv+ !m ex]cise along c]ta9 l9es1 & c ?us lead up to ! goal :i* logically /&s at ! end ( ! pa?s foll[$4 8,if wi%es 7 horses1 begg>s w\ld ride40 ,s9ce !y are n1 s9ce really to satisfy an impulse or int]e/ means to "w x out1 & work+ x out involves runn+ up aga9/ ob/acles1 becom+ acqua9t$ ) mat]ials1 ex]cis+ +5uity1 pati5ce1 p]si/5ce1 al]tness1 x ( necessity involves discipl9e--ord]+ ( p[]--& supplies k4 ,take ! example ( ! little *ild :o wants to make a box4 ,if he /ops %ort ) ! imag9ation or wi%1 he c]ta9ly w n get discipl9e4 ,b :5 he attempts to realize 8 impulse1 x is a "q ( mak+ 8 idea def9ite1 mak+ x into a plan1 ( tak+ ! "r k9d ( wood1 measur+ ! p>ts ne$$1 giv+ !m ! necess>y proportions1 etc4 ,!re is involv$ ! prep>ation ( mat]ials1 ! saw+1 plan+1 ! s&-pap]+1 mak+ all ! edges & corn]s to fit4 ,k ( tools & processes is inevitable4 ,if ! *ild realizes 8 in/9ct & makes ! box1 !re is pl5ty ( opportunity to ga9 discipl9e & p]sev]ance1 to ex]cise ef=t 9 ov]com+ ob/acles1 & to atta9 z well a great deal ( in=mation4 ,s und\bt$ly ! little *ild :o ?9ks he w\ld l to cook has little idea ( :at x means or co/s1 or :at x requires4 ,x is simply a desire to 8mess ar\nd10 p]haps to imitate ! activities ( old] p4 ,& x is d\btless possible to let ourselves d[n to t level & simply humor t int]e/4 ,b "h1 too1 if ! impulse is ex]cis$1 utiliz$1 x runs up aga9/ ! actual _w ( h>d conditions1 to :i* x mu/ accommodate itself2 & !re aga9 come 9 ! factors ( discipl9e & k4 ,"o ( ! *ildr5 became impati5t rec5tly1 at hav+ to "w ?+s out by a long me?od ( exp]im5tation1 & said3 8,:y d we bo!r ) ?is8 ,let's foll[ a recipe 9 a cook-book40 ,! tea*] ask$ ! *ildr5 :]e ! recipe came f1 & ! conv]sation %[$ t if !y simply foll[$ ?is !y w\ld n und]/& ! reasons = :at !y 7 do+4 ,!y 7 !n q will+ to g on ) ! exp]im5tal "w4 ,to foll[ t "w w1 inde$1 give an illu/ration ( j ! po9t 9 "q4 ,_! occupation happ5$ t day to be ! cook+ ( eggs1 z mak+ a transition f ! cook+ ( vegetables to t ( meats4 ,9 ord] to get a basis ( comp>ison !y fir/ summ>iz$ ! con/itu5t food elem5ts 9 ! vegetables & made a prelim9>y comp>ison ) ^? f\nd 9 meat4 ,?us !y f\nd t ! woody fib] or cellulose 9 vegetables correspond$ to ! connective tissue 9 meat1 giv+ ! elem5t ( =m & /ructure4 ,!y f\nd t />* & />*y products 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! vegetables1 t m9]al salts 7 f\nd 9 bo? alike1 & t !re 0 fat 9 bo?--a small quantity 9 vegetable food & a l>ge am\nt 9 animal4 ,!y 7 prep>$ !n to take up ! /udy ( album5 z ! *>act]i/ic feature ( animal food1 correspond+ to />* 9 ! vegetables1 & 7 ready to consid] ! conditions requisite = ! prop] treatm5t ( album5--! eggs s]v+ z ! mat]ial ( exp]im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ild',s ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,cave ,,& ,,trees ,!y exp]im5t$ fir/ by tak+ wat] at v>i\s temp]atures1 f9d+ out :5 x 0 scald+1 simm]+1 & boil+ hot1 & asc]ta9$ ! effect ( ! v>i\s degrees ( temp]ature on ! :ite ( ! egg4 ,t work$ out1 !y 7 prep>$1 n simply to cook eggs1 b to und]/& ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! cook+ ( eggs4 ,i d n wi% to lose sight ( ! univ]sal 9 ! p>ticul> incid5t4 ,= ! *ild simply to desire to cook an egg1 & accord+ly drop x 9 wat] = ?ree m9utes1 & take x out :5 he is told1 is n educative4 ,b = ! *ild to realize 8 own impulse by recogniz+ ! facts1 mat]ials & conditions involv$1 & !n to regulate 8 impulse ?r\gh t recognition1 is educative4 ,?is is ! diff]5ce1 ^u :i* ,i wi% to insi/1 betwe5 excit+ or indulg+ an int]e/ & realiz+ x ?r\gh its direction4 ,ano!r in/9ct ( ! *ild is ! use ( p5cil & pap]4 ,all *ildr5 l to express !mselves ?r\gh ! m$ium ( =m & color4 ,if y simply indulge ?is int]e/ by lett+ ! *ild g on indef9itely1 !re is no gr[? t is m ?an accid5tal4 ,b let ! *ild fir/ express 8 impulse1 & !n ?r\gh criticism1 "q1 & sugge/ion br+ him to consci\sness ( :at he has done1 & :at he ne$s to d1 & ! result is q diff]5t4 ,"h1 = example1 is ! "w ( a sev5-ye>-old *ild4 ,x is n av]age "w1 x is ! be/ "w done among ! little *ildr51 b x illu/rates ! p>ticul> pr9ciple ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+4 ,!y _h be5 talk+ ab\t ! primitive conditions ( social life :5 p liv$ 9 caves4 ,! *ild's idea ( t f\nd expression 9 ?is way3 ! cave is neatly set up on ! hill side 9 an impossible way4 ,y see ! conv5tional tree ( *ildhood2 a v]tical l9e ) horizontal bran*es on ea* side4 ,if ! *ild _h be5 all[$ to g on repeat+ ?is sort ( ?+ day by day1 he w\ld be indulg+ 8 in/9ct r ?an ex]cis+ x4 ,b ! *ild 0 n[ ask$ to look closely at trees1 to comp>e ^? se5 ) ! "o drawn1 to exam9e m closely & consci\sly into ! conditions ( 8 "w4 ,!n he drew trees f obs]vation4 ,f9ally he drew aga9 f comb9$ obs]vation1 memory1 & imag9ation4 ,he made aga9 a free illu/ration1 express+ 8 own imag9ative ?\ght1 b controll$ by detail$ /udy ( actual trees4 ,! result 0 a sc5e repres5t+ a bit ( =e/2 s f> z x goes1 x seems to me to h z mu* poetic feel+ z ! "w ( an adult1 :ile at ! same "t its trees are1 9 _! proportions possible ones1 n m]e symbols4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ild',s ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,=e/ ,if we r\ghly classify ! impulses :i* are available 9 ! s*ool1 we may gr\p !m "u f\r heads4 ,!re is ! social in/9ct ( ! *ildr5 z %[n 9 conv]sation1 p]sonal int]c\rse1 & communication4 ,we all "k h[ self-c5t]$ ! little *ild is at ! age ( f\r or five4 ,if any new subject is br\ght up1 if he says any?+ at all1 x is3 8,i h se5 t20 or1 8,my papa or mamma told me ab\t t40 ,8 horizon is n l>ge2 an exp]i5ce mu/ come imm$iately home to him1 if he is to be suffici5tly int]e/$ to relate x to o!rs & seek !irs 9 return4 ,& yet ! egoi/ic & limit$ int]e/ ( little *ildr5 is 9 ?is mann] capable ( inf9ite expansion4 ,! language in/9ct is ! simple/ =m ( ! social expression ( ! *ild4 ,h5ce x is a great1 p]haps ! greate/ ( all educational res\rces4 ,!n !re is ! in/9ct ( mak+--! con/ructive impulse4 ,! *ild's impulse to d f9ds expression fir/ 9 play1 9 movem5t1 ge/ure1 & make-believe1 becomes m def9ite1 & seeks outlet 9 %ap+ mat]ials into tangible =ms & p]man5t embodim5t4 ,! *ild has n mu* in/9ct = ab/ract inquiry4 ,! in/9ct ( inve/igation seems to gr[ out ( ! comb9ation ( ! con/ructive impulse ) ! conv]sational4 ,!re is no di/9ction betwe5 exp]im5tal sci5ce = little *ildr5 & ! "w done 9 ! c>p5t] %op4 ,su* "w z !y c d 9 physics or *emi/ry is n = ! purpose ( mak+ te*nical g5]alizations or ev5 arriv+ at ab/ract tru?s4 ,*ildr5 simply l to d ?+s1 & wat* to see :at w happ54 ,b ?is c be tak5 advantage (1 c be direct$ into ways :]e x gives results ( value1 z well z be all[$ to g on at r&om4 ,& s ! expressive impulse ( ! *ildr51 ! art in/9ct1 gr[s also out ( ! communicat+ & con/ructive in/9cts4 ,x is _! ref9em5t & full manife/ation4 ,make ! con/ruction adequate1 make x full1 free1 & flexible1 give x a social motive1 some?+ to tell1 & y h a "w ( art4 ,take "o illu/ration ( ?is 9 connection ) ! textile "w--sew+ & weav+4 ,! *ildr5 made a primitive loom 9 ! %op2 "h ! con/ructive in/9ct 0 appeal$ to4 ,!n !y wi%$ to d some?+ ) ?is loom1 to make some?+4 ,x 0 ! type ( ! ,indian loom1 & !y 7 %[n blankets wov5 by ! ,indians4 ,ea* *ild made a design k9dr$ 9 idea to ^? ( ! ,navajo blankets1 & ! "o :i* seem$ be/ adapt$ to ! "w 9 h& 0 select$4 ,! te*nical res\rces 7 limit$1 b ! color+ & =m 7 work$ out by ! *ildr54 ,! example %[n 0 made by ! twelve-ye>-old *ildr54 ,exam9ation %[s t x took pati5ce1 ?or\ghness1 & p]sev]ance to d ! "w4 ,x involv$ n m]ely discipl9e & in=mation ( bo? a hi/orical sort & ! elem5ts ( te*nical design1 b also some?+ ( ! _s ( art 9 adequately convey+ an idea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ild',s ,,draw+ ,,( ,,h&s ,,sp9n+ ,"o m in/ance ( ! connection ( ! art side ) ! con/ructive side4 ,! *ildr5 _h be5 /udy+ primitive sp9n+ & c>d+1 :5 "o ( !m1 twelve ye>s ( age1 made a picture ( "o ( ! old] *ildr5 sp9n+4 ,"h is ano!r piece ( "w :i* is n q av]age2 x is bett] ?an ! av]age4 ,x is an illu/ration ( two h&s & ! draw+ out ( ! wool to get x ready = sp9n+4 ,?is 0 done by a *ild elev5 ye>s ( age4 ,b1 ^u ! :ole1 ) ! y\ng] *ildr5 especially1 ! art impulse is connect$ ma9ly ) ! social in/9ct--! desire to tell1 to repres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ild',s ,,draw+ ,,( ,a ,,girl ,,sp9n+ ,n[1 keep+ 9 m9d ^! f\rfold int]e/s--! int]e/ 9 conv]sation or communication2 9 inquiry1 or f9d+ out ?+s2 9 mak+ ?+s1 or con/ruction2 & 9 arti/ic expression--we may say !y are ! natural res\rces1 ! un9ve/$ capital1 ^u ! ex]cise ( :i* dep5ds ! active gr[? ( ! *ild4 ,i wi% to give "o or two illu/rations1 ! fir/ f ! "w ( *ildr5 sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,x illu/rates 9 a way ! dom9ant desire ( ! *ildr5 to talk1 p>ticul>ly ab\t folks & ( ?+s 9 relation to folks4 ,if y obs]ve little *ildr51 y w f9d !y are int]e/$ 9 ! _w ( ?+s ma9ly 9 its connection ) p1 z a backgr\nd & m$ium ( human conc]ns4 ,_m an?ropologi/s h told u !re are c]ta9 id5tities 9 ! *ild int]e/s ) ^? ( primitive life4 ,!re is a sort or natural recurr5ce ( ! *ild m9d to ! typical activities ( primitive peoples2 witness ! hut :i* ! boy likes to build 9 ! y>d1 play+ hunt1 ) b[s1 arr[s1 spe>s1 & s on4 ,aga9 ! "q comes3 ,:at are we to d ) ?is int]e/--are we to ignore x1 or j excite & draw x out8 ,or %all we get hold ( x & direct x to some?+ ahead1 some?+ bett]8 ,"s ( ! "w t has be5 plann$ = our sev5-ye>-old *ildr5 has ! latt] end 9 view--to utilize ?is int]e/ s t x %all become a means ( see+ ! progress ( ! human race4 ,! *ildr5 beg9 by imag9+ pres5t conditions tak5 away until !y are 9 contact ) nature at fir/ h&4 ,t takes !m back to a hunt+ p1 to a p liv+ 9 caves or trees & gett+ a prec>i\s subsi/5ce by hunt+ & fi%+4 ,!y imag9e z f> z possible ! v>i\s natural physical conditions adapt$ to t sort ( life2 say1 a hilly1 woody slope1 ne> m\nta9s & a riv] :]e fi% w\ld be abundant4 ,!n !y g on 9 imag9ation ?r\gh ! hunt+ to ! semi-agricultural /age1 & ?r\gh ! nomadic to ! settl$ agricultural /age4 ,! po9t ,i wi% to make is t !re is abundant opportunity ?us giv5 = actual /udy1 = inquiry :i* results 9 ga9+ in=mation4 ,s1 :ile ! in/9ct prim>ily appeals to ! social side1 ! int]e/ ( ! *ild 9 p & _! do+s is c>ri$ on into ! l>g] _w ( reality4 ,= example1 ! *ildr5 _h "s idea ( primitive weapons1 ( ! /one arr[head1 etc4 ,t provid$ occasion = ! te/+ ( mat]ials z reg>ds _! friability1 _! %ape1 texture1 etc41 result+ 9 a lesson 9 m9]alogy1 z !y exam9$ ! diff]5t /ones to f9d :i* 0 be/ suit$ to ! purpose4 ,! discussion ( ! iron age suppli$ a dem& = ! con/ruction ( a smelt+ ov5 made out ( clay1 & ( consid]able size4 ,z ! *ildr5 did n get _! drafts "r at fir/1 ! m\? ( ! furnace n be+ 9 prop] relation to ! v5t1 z to size & position1 in/ruction 9 ! pr9ciples ( combu/ion1 ! nature ( drafts & ( fuel1 0 requir$4 ,yet ! in/ruction 0 n giv5 ready-made2 x 0 fir/ ne$$1 & !n arriv$ at exp]im5tally4 ,!n ! *ildr5 took "s mat]ial1 su* z copp]1 & w5t ?r\gh a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 fus+ x1 work+ x into objects2 & ! same exp]im5ts 7 made ) lead & o!r metals4 ,?is "w has be5 also a cont9u\s c\rse 9 geography1 s9ce ! *ildr5 h _h to imag9e & "w out ! v>i\s physical conditions necess>y to ! diff]5t =ms ( social life impli$4 ,:at w\ld be ! physical conditions appropriate to pa/oral life8 to ! beg9n+ ( agriculture8 to fi%+8 ,:at w\ld be ! natural me?od ( ex*ange betwe5 ^! peoples8 ,hav+ work$ out su* po9ts 9 conv]sation1 !y h aft]w>d repres5t$ !m 9 maps & s&-mold+4 ,?us !y h ga9$ ideas ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ! configuration ( ! e>?1 & at ! same "t h se5 !m 9 _! relation to human activity1 s t !y are n simply ext]nal facts1 b are fus$ & weld$ ) social conceptions reg>d+ ! life & progress ( humanity4 ,! result1 to my m9d1 ju/ifies completely ! conviction t *ildr51 9 a ye> ( su* "w 7( five h\rs a week altoge!r71 get indef9itely m acqua9tance ) facts ( sci5ce1 geography1 & an?ropology ?an !y get :]e in=mation is ! pr(ess$ end & object1 :]e !y are simply set to le>n+ facts 9 fix$ lessons4 ,z to discipl9e1 !y get m tra9+ ( att5tion1 m p[] ( int]pretation1 ( draw+ inf]5ces1 ( acute obs]vation & cont9u\s reflection1 ?an if !y 7 put to work+ out arbitr>y problems simply = ! sake ( discipl9e4 ,i %\ld l at ?is po9t to ref] to ! recitation4 ,we all "k :at x has be5--a plac] :]e ! *ild %[s (f to ! tea*] & ! o!r *ildr5 ! am\nt ( in=mation he has succe$$ 9 assimilat+ f ! text-book4 ,f ?is o!r /&po9t1 ! recitation becomes prem95tly a social meet+ place2 x is to ! s*ool :at ! spontane\s conv]sation is at home1 except+ t x is m organiz$1 foll[+ def9ite l9es4 ,! recitation becomes ! social cle>+-h\se1 :]e exp]i5ces & ideas are ex*ang$ & subject$ to criticism1 :]e misconceptions are correct$1 & new l9es ( ?\ght & inquiry are set up4 ,?is *ange ( ! recitation f an exam9ation ( k already acquir$ to ! free play ( ! *ildr5's communicative in/9ct1 affects & modifies all ! language "w ( ! s*ool4 ,"u ! old rgime x 0 unque/ionably a mo/ s]i\s problem to give ! *ildr5 a full & free use ( language4 ,! reason 0 obvi\s4 ,! natural motive = language 0 seldom (f]$4 ,9 ! p$agogical text-books language is def9$ z ! m$ium ( express+ ?\ght4 ,x becomes t1 m or less1 to adults ) tra9$ m9ds1 b x h>dly ne$s to be said t language is prim>ily a social ?+1 a means by :i* we give our exp]i5ces to o!rs & get !irs aga9 9 return4 ,:5 x is tak5 f its natural basis1 x is no wond] t x becomes a complex & difficult problem to tea* language4 ,?9k ( ! absurdity ( hav+ to tea* language z a ?+ by itself4 ,if !re is any?+ ! *ild w d be=e he goes to s*ool1 x is to talk ( ! ?+s t int]e/ him4 ,b :5 !re are no vital int]e/s appeal$ to 9 ! s*ool1 :5 language is us$ simply = ! repetition ( lessons1 x is n surpris+ t "o ( ! *ief difficulties ( s*ool "w has come to be in/ruction 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,s9ce ! language taught is unnatural1 n gr[+ out ( ! real desire to communicate vital impressions & convictions1 ! fre$om ( *ildr5 9 its use gradually disappe>s1 until f9ally ! high-s*ool tea*] has to inv5t all k9ds ( devices to assi/ 9 gett+ any spontane\s & full use ( spee*4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! language in/9ct is appeal$ to 9 a social way1 !re is a cont9ual contact ) reality4 ,! result is t ! *ild always has some?+ 9 8 m9d to talk ab\t1 he has some?+ to say2 he has a ?\ght to express1 & a ?\ght is n a ?\ght unless x is "o's own4 ,on ! traditional me?od1 ! *ild mu/ say some?+ t he has m]ely le>n$4 ,!re is all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w betwe5 hav+ some?+ to say & hav+ to say some?+4 ,! *ild :o has a v>iety ( mat]ials & facts wants to talk ab\t !m1 & 8 language becomes m ref9$ & full1 because x is controll$ & in=m$ by realities4 ,read+ & writ+1 z well z ! oral use ( language1 may be taught on ?is basis4 ,x c be done 9 a relat$ way1 z ! outgr[? ( ! *ild's social desire to rec\nt 8 exp]i5ces & get 9 return ! exp]i5ces ( o!rs1 direct$ always ?r\gh contact ) ! facts & =ces :i* det]m9e ! tru? communicat$4 ,i %all n h "t to speak ( ! "w ( ! old] *ildr51 :]e ! orig9al crude in/9cts ( con/ruction & communication h be5 develop$ into some?+ l sci5tifically direct$ inquiry1 b ,i w give an illu/ration ( ! use ( language foll[+ ^u ?is exp]im5tal "w4 ,! "w 0 on ! basis ( a simple exp]im5t ( ! commone/ sort1 gradually lead+ ! *ildr5 out into geological & geographical /udy4 ,! s5t5ces t ,i am go+ to read seem to me poetic z well z 8sci5tific40 8,a long "t ago :5 ! e>? 0 new1 :5 x 0 lava1 !re 0 no wat] on ! e>?1 & !re 0 /eam all r\nd ! e>? up 9 ! air1 z !re 7 _m gases 9 ! air4 ,"o ( !m 0 c>bon dioxide4 ,! /eam became cl\ds1 because ! e>? began to cool (f1 & aft] a :ile x began to ra91 & ! wat] came d[n & dissolv$ ! c>bon dioxide f ! air40 ,!re is a good deal m sci5ce 9 t ?an probably w\ld be app>5t at ! outset4 ,x repres5ts "s ?ree mon?s ( "w on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,! *ildr5 kept daily & weekly records1 b ?is is "p ( ! summ+ up ( ! qu>t]'s "w4 ,i call ?is language poetic1 because ! *ild has a cle> image & has a p]sonal feel+ = ! realities imag$4 ,i extract s5t5ces f two o!r records to illu/rate fur!r ! vivid use ( language :5 !re is a vivid exp]i5ce back ( x4 8,:5 ! e>? 0 cold en\gh to cond5se1 ! wat]1 ) ! help ( c>bon dioxide1 pulls ! calcium out ( ! rocks into a l>ge body ( wat] :]e ! little animals c\ld get x40 ,! o!r reads z foll[s3 8,:5 ! e>? cool$1 calcium 0 9 ! rocks4 ,!n ! c>bon dioxide & wat] unit$ & =m$ a solution1 &1 z x ran1 x tore out ! calcium & c>ri$ x on to ! sea1 :]e !re 7 little animals :o took x out ( solution40 ,! use ( su* words z 8pull$0 & 8tore0 9 connection ) ! process ( *emical comb9ation evid5ces a p]sonal realization :i* compels its own appropriate expression4 ,if ,i _h n tak5 s mu* "t 9 my o!r illu/rations1 ,i %\ld l to %[ h[1 beg9n+ ) v simple mat]ial ?+s1 ! *ildr5 7 l$ on to l>g] fields ( inve/igation1 & to ! intellectual discipl9e t is ! accompanim5t ( su* rese>*4 ,i w simply m5tion ! exp]im5t 9 :i* ! "w began4 ,x consi/$ 9 mak+ precipitat$ *alk1 us$ = poli%+ metals4 ,! *ildr51 ) simple app>atus--a tumbl]1 lime wat]1 & a glass tube--precipitat$ ! calcium c>bonate out ( ! wat]2 & f ?is beg9n+ w5t on to a /udy ( ! processes by :i* rocks ( v>i\s sorts1 igne\s1 s$im5t>y1 etc41 _h be5 =m$ on ! surface ( ! e>? & ! places !y occupy2 !n to po9ts 9 ! geography ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,hawaii1 & ,pu]to ,rico2 to ! effects ( ^! v>i\s bodies ( rock1 9 _! v>i\s configurations1 ^u ! human occupations2 s t ?is geological record f9ally r\nd$ itself out into ! life ( man at ! pres5t "t4 ,! *ildr5 saw & felt ! connection betwe5 ^! geologic processes tak+ place ages & ages ago1 & ! physical conditions det]m9+ ! indu/rial occupations ( today4 ,( all ! possibilities involv$ 9 ! subject1 8,! ,s*ool & ! ,life ( ! ,*ild10 ,i h select$ b "o1 because ,i h f\nd t t "o gives p m difficulty1 is m ( a /umbl+-block1 ?an any o!r4 ,"o may be ready to admit t x w\ld be mo/ desirable = ! s*ool to be a place 9 :i* ! *ild %\ld really live1 & get a life-exp]i5ce 9 :i* he %\ld delight & f9d mean+ = its own sake4 ,b !n we he> ?is inquiry3 h[1 ^u ?is basis1 %all ! *ild get ! ne$$ in=mation2 h[ %all he und]go ! requir$ discipl9e8 ,yes1 x has come to ?is1 t ) _m1 if n mo/1 p ! normal processes ( life appe> to be incompatible ) gett+ in=mation & discipl9e4 ,s ,i h tri$ to indicate1 9 a highly g5]al & inadequate way 7= only ! s*ool itself1 9 its daily op]ation1 c\ld give a detail$ & wor?y repres5tation71 h[ ! problem works itself out--h[ x is possible to lay hold ^u ! rudim5t>y in/9cts ( human nature1 &1 by supply+ a prop] m$ium1 s control _! expression z n only to facilitate & enri* ! gr[? ( ! individual *ild1 b also to supply ! results1 & f> m1 ( te*nical in=mation & discipl9e t h be5 ! ideals ( education 9 ! pa/4 ,b al?\gh ,i h select$ ?is especial way ( approa* 7z a concession to ! "q almo/ univ]sally rais$71 ,i am n will+ to leave ! matt] 9 ?is m or less negative & explanatory condition4 ,life is ! great ?+ aft] all2 ! life ( ! *ild at its "t & 9 its measure1 no less ?an ! life ( ! adult4 ,/range w\ld x be1 inde$1 if intellig5t & s]i\s att5tion to :at ! *ild n[ ne$s & is capable ( 9 ! way ( a ri*1 valuable1 & exp&$ life %\ld someh[ conflict ) ! ne$s & possibilities ( lat]1 adult life4 8,let u live ) our *ildr510 c]ta9ly means1 fir/ ( all1 t our *ildr5 %all live--n t !y %all be hamp]$ & /unt$ by be+ =c$ into all k9ds ( conditions1 ! mo/ remote consid]ation ( :i* is relevancy to ! pres5t life ( ! *ild4 ,if we seek ! k+dom ( heav51 educationally1 all o!r ?+s %all be add$ unto u--:i*1 be+ int]pret$1 is t if we id5tify ourselves ) ! real in/9cts & ne$s ( *ildhood1 & ask only aft] its fulle/ ass]tion & gr[?1 ! discipl9e & in=mation & culture ( adult life %all all come 9 _! due season4 ,speak+ ( culture rem9ds me t 9 a way ,i h be5 speak+ only ( ! outside ( ! *ild's activity--only ( ! outw>d expression ( 8 impulses t[>d say+1 mak+1 f9d+ out1 & creat+4 ,! real *ild1 x h>dly ne$ be said1 lives 9 ! _w ( imag9ative values1 & ideas :i* f9d only imp]fect outw>d embodim5t4 ,we he> mu* n[adays ab\t ! cultivation ( ! *ild's 8imag9ation40 ,!n we undo mu* ( our own talk & "w by a belief t ! imag9ation is "s special "p ( ! *ild1 t f9ds its satisfaction 9 "s "o p>ticul> direction--g5]ally speak+1 t ( ! unreal & make-believe1 ( ! my? & made-up /ory4 ,:y are we s h>d ( he>t & s sl[ to believe8 ,! imag9ation is ! m$ium 9 :i* ! *ild lives4 ,to him !re is ev]y:]e & 9 ev]y?+ t occupies 8 m9d & activity at all1 a surplusage ( value & significance4 ,! "q ( ! relation ( ! s*ool to ! *ild's life is at bottom simply ?is3 %all we ignore ?is native sett+ & t5d5cy1 deal+ n ) ! liv+ *ild at all1 b ) ! dead image we h erect$1 or %all we give x play & satisfaction8 ,if we once believe 9 life & 9 ! life ( ! *ild1 !n w all ! occupations & uses spok5 (1 !n w all hi/ory & sci5ce1 become in/rum5ts ( appeal & mat]ials ( culture to 8 imag9ation1 & ?r\gh t to ! ri*ness & ! ord]l9ess ( 8 life4 ,:]e we n[ see only ! outw>d do+ & ! outw>d product1 !re1 beh9d all visible results1 is ! re-adju/m5t ( m5tal attitude1 ! enl>g$ & sympa!tic vision1 ! s5se ( gr[+ p[]1 & ! will+ ability to id5tify bo? insight & capacity ) ! int]e/s ( ! _w & man4 ,unless culture be a sup]ficial poli%1 a v5e]+ ( mahogany ov] common wood1 x surely is ?is--! gr[? ( ! imag9ation 9 flexibility1 9 scope1 & 9 sympa?y1 till ! life :i* ! individual lives is in=m$ ) ! life ( nature & ( society4 ,:5 nature & society c live 9 ! s*oolroom1 :5 ! =ms & tools ( le>n+ are subord9at$ to ! sub/ance ( exp]i5ce1 !n %all !re be an opportunity = ?is id5tification1 & culture %all be ! democratic password4 ,,iii ,,wa/e ,,9 ,,education ,! subject ann\nc$ = today 0 8,wa/e 9 ,education40 ,i %\ld l fir/ to /ate briefly its relation to ! two prec$+ lectures4 ,! fir/ dealt ) ! s*ool 9 its social aspects1 & ! necess>y re-adju/m5ts t h to be made to r5d] x effective 9 pres5t social conditions4 ,! second dealt ) ! s*ool 9 relation to ! gr[? ( individual *ildr54 ,n[ ! ?ird deals ) ! s*ool z itself an in/itution1 bo? 9 relation to society & to its own memb]s--! *ildr54 ,x deals ) ! "q ( organization1 because all wa/e is ! result ( ! lack ( x1 ! motive ly+ beh9d organization be+ promotion ( economy & effici5cy4 ,?is "q is n "o ( ! wa/e ( money or ! wa/e ( ?+s4 ,^! matt]s c\nt2 b ! prim>y wa/e is t ( human life1 ! life ( ! *ildr5 :ile !y are at s*ool1 & aft]w>d because ( inadequate & p]v]t$ prep>ation4 ,s1 :5 we speak ( organization1 we are n to ?9k simply ( ! ext]nals2 ( t :i* goes by ! "n 8s*ool sy/em0--! s*ool bo>d1 ! sup]9t5d5t1 & ! build+1 ! engag+ & promotion ( tea*]s1 etc4 ,^! ?+s ent] 91 b ! fundam5tal organization is t ( ! s*ool itself z a community ( individuals1 9 its relations to o!r =ms ( social life4 ,all wa/e is due to isolation4 ,organization is no?+ b gett+ ?+s into connection ) "o ano!r1 s t !y "w easily1 flexibly1 & fully4 ,!re=e 9 speak+ ( ?is "q ( wa/e 9 education1 ,i desire to call y\r att5tion to ! isolation ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! s*ool sy/em1 to ! lack ( unity 9 ! aims ( education1 to ! lack ( coh]5ce 9 its /udies & me?ods4 ,i h made a *>t 7,i7 :i*1 :ile ,i speak ( ! isolations ( ! s*ool sy/em itself1 may p]haps appeal to ! eye & save a little "t 9 v]bal explanations4 ,a p>adoxical fri5d ( m9e says !re is no?+ s obscure z an illu/ration1 & x is q possible t my attempt to illu/rate my po9t w simply prove ! tru? ( 8 /atem5t4 ,! blocks repres5t ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! s*ool sy/em1 & are int5d$ to indicate r\ghly ! l5g? ( "t giv5 to ea* division1 & also ! ov]lapp+1 bo? 9 "t & subjects /udi$1 ( ! individual p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,) ea* block is giv5 ! hi/orical conditions 9 :i* x arose & its rul+ ideal4 ,illu/ration3 ,*>t ,i ,pr(essional ,s*ools ------------------ _/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/ _/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/ ------------------ ,m$ival ,! #ai? ,c5tury ,culture ,utility ,high ,s*ool ,k9d]g>t5 ,prim>y- or ,academy ------- ------------- ------------ _/_/ _/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/ _/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ ------- ------------- ------------ #ah? ,c5tury #af? ,c5tury ,r5aissance ,moral ,utility ,culture ,discipl9e ,univ]sity- ,college ,graduate-------,s*ools ------------------ _/_/_/_/_/_/ _/_/_/_/_/_/ ------------------ ,m$ival ,culture ,discipl9e ,connect+ ,gramm> or ,class ,int]m$iate ,s*ool ,normal ---- -------------- ------------ _/_/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/_/_/_/ _/_/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/_/_/_/ ---- -------------- ------------ #ai? ,c5tury ,r5aissance #ai? ,c5tury ,culture ,utility ,discipl9e ,culture ,te*nical ,s*ools --------------- --------------- #ai? ,c5tury ,utility ,! s*ool sy/em1 ^u ! :ole1 has gr[n f ! top d[n4 ,dur+ ! middle ages x 0 ess5tially a clu/] ( pr(essional s*ools--especially law & !ology4 ,our pres5t univ]sity comes d[n to u f ! middle ages4 ,i w n say t at pres5t x is a m$ival in/itution1 b x _h its roots 9 ! middle ages1 & x has n outliv$ all m$ival traditions reg>d+ le>n+4 ,! k9d]g>t51 ris+ ) ! pres5t c5tury1 0 a union ( ! nurs]y & ( ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+2 a w$d+ ( ! plays & games :i* ! "m c>ri$ on ) h] *ildr51 to ,s*ell+'s highly romantic & symbolic philosophy4 ,! elem5ts t came f ! actual /udy ( *ild life--! cont9uation ( ! nurs]y--h rema9$ a life-br++ =ce 9 all education2 ! ,s*ell+esque factors made an ob/ruction betwe5 x & ! re/ ( ! s*ool sy/em1 br\ght ab\t isolations4 ,! l9e drawn ov] ! top indicates t !re is a c]ta9 int]action betwe5 ! k9d]g>t5 & ! prim>y s*ool2 =1 s f> z ! prim>y s*ool rema9$ 9 _s =eign to ! natural int]e/s ( *ild life1 x 0 isolat$ f ! k9d]g>t51 s t x is a problem1 at pres5t1 to introduce k9d]g>t5 me?ods into ! prim>y s*ool2 ! problem ( ! s-call$ connect+ class4 ,! difficulty is t ! two are n "o f ! />t4 ,to get a connection ! tea*] has _h to climb ov] ! wall in/ead ( ent]+ 9 at ! gate4 ,on ! side ( aims1 ! ideal ( ! k9d]g>t5 0 ! moral developm5t ( ! *ildr51 r ?an in/ruction or discipl9e2 an ideal sometimes emphasiz$ to ! po9t ( s5tim5tality4 ,! prim>y s*ool grew practically out ( ! popul> movem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 along ) ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! gr[? ( comm]ce1 x became a bus9ess necessity to "k h[ to read1 write1 & figure4 ,! aim 0 di/9ctly a practical "o2 x 0 utility2 gett+ comm& ( ^! tools1 ! symbols ( le>n+1 n = ! sake ( le>n+1 b because !y gave access to c>e]s 9 life o!rwise clos$4 ,! division next to ! prim>y s*ool is ! gramm> s*ool4 ,! t]m is n mu* us$ 9 ! ,we/1 b is common 9 ! ea/]n /ates4 ,x goes back to ! "t ( ! revival ( le>n+--a little e>li] p]haps ?an ! conditions out ( :i* ! prim>y s*ool orig9at$1 &1 ev5 :5 contemporane\s1 hav+ a diff]5t ideal4 ,x _h to d ) ! /udy ( language 9 ! high] s5se2 because1 at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,lat9 & ,greek connect$ p ) ! culture ( ! pa/1 ) ! ,roman & ,greek _w4 ,! classic languages 7 ! only means ( escape f ! limitations ( ! middle ages4 ,?us !re sprang up ! prototype ( ! gramm> s*ool1 m lib]al ?an ! univ]sity 7s l>gely pr(essional 9 "*71 = ! purpose ( putt+ into ! h&s ( ! p ! key to ! old le>n+1 t m5 might see a _w ) a l>g] horizon4 ,! object 0 prim>ily culture1 second>ily discipl9e4 ,x repres5t$ mu* m ?an ! pres5t gramm> s*ool4 ,x 0 ! lib]al elem5t 9 ! college1 :i*1 ext5d+ d[nw>d1 grew into ! academy & ! high s*ool4 ,?us ! second>y s*ool is /ill 9 "p j a l[] college 7hav+ an ev5 high] curriculum ?an ! college ( a few c5turies ago7 or a prep>atory dep>tm5t to a college1 & 9 "p a r\nd+ up ( ! utilities ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,!re appe> !n two products ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! te*nical & normal s*ools4 ,! s*ools ( te*nology1 eng9e]+1 etc41 are1 ( c\rse1 ma9ly ! developm5t ( n9ete5?-c5tury bus9ess conditions1 z ! prim>y s*ool 0 ! developm5t ( bus9ess conditions ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! normal s*ool arose because ( ! necessity = tra9+ tea*]s1 ) ! idea p>tly ( pr(essional drill1 & p>tly t ( culture4 ,)\t go+ into m detail1 we h "s eight diff]5t p>ts ( ! s*ool sy/em z repres5t$ on ! *>t1 all ( :i* arose hi/orically at diff]5t times1 hav+ diff]5t ideals 9 view1 & consequ5tly diff]5t me?ods4 ,i d n wi% to sugge/ t all ( ! isolation1 all ( ! sep>ation1 t has exi/$ 9 ! pa/ betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! s*ool sy/em /ill p]si/s4 ,"o mu/1 h[ev]1 recognize t !y h nev] yet be5 weld$ into "o complete :ole4 ,! great problem 9 education on ! adm9i/rative side is h[ to unite ^! diff]5t p>ts4 ,consid] ! tra9+ s*ools = tea*]s--! normal s*ools4 ,^! occupy at pres5t a some:at anomal\s position1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! high s*ool & ! college1 requir+ ! high-s*ool prep>ation1 & cov]+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( college "w4 ,!y are isolat$ f ! high] subject-matt] ( s*ol>%ip1 s9ce1 ^u ! :ole1 _! object has be5 to tra9 p]sons h[ to tea*1 r ?an :at to tea*2 :ile1 if we g to ! college1 we f9d ! o!r half ( ?is isolation--le>n+ :at to tea*1 ) almo/ a contempt = me?ods ( tea*+4 ,! college is %ut (f f contact ) *ildr5 & y\?4 ,its memb]s1 to a great ext5t1 away f home & =gett+ _! own *ildhood1 become ev5tually tea*]s ) a l>ge am\nt ( subject-matt] at comm&1 & little k ( h[ ?is is relat$ to ! m9ds ( ^? to :om x is to be taught4 ,9 ?is division betwe5 :at to tea* & h[ to tea*1 ea* side suff]s f ! sep>ation4 ,x is int]e/+ to foll[ out ! int]-relation betwe5 prim>y1 gramm>1 & high s*ools4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool has cr[d$ up & tak5 _m subjects previ\sly /udi$ 9 ! old ,new ,engl& gramm> s*ool4 ,! high s*ool has pu%$ its subjects d[n4 ,lat9 & algebra h be5 put 9 ! upp] grades1 s t ! sev5? & eigh? grades are1 aft] all1 ab\t all t is left ( ! old gramm> s*ool4 ,!y are a sort ( amorph\s composite1 be+ p>tly a place :]e *ildr5 g on le>n+ :at !y already h le>n$ 7to read1 write1 & figure71 & p>tly a place ( prep>ation = ! high s*ool4 ,! "n 9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,engl& = ^! upp] grades 0 8,int]m$iate ,s*ool40 ,! t]m 0 a happy "o2 ! "w 0 simply int]m$iate betwe5 some?+ t _h be5 & some?+ t 0 go+ to be1 hav+ no special mean+ on its own acc\nt4 ,j z ! p>ts are sep>at$1 s d ! ideals diff]--moral developm5t1 practical utility1 g5]al culture1 discipl9e1 & pr(essional tra9+4 ,^! aims are ea* especially repres5t$ 9 "s di/9ct "p ( ! sy/em ( education2 & ) ! gr[+ int]action ( ! p>ts1 ea* is suppos$ to af=d a c]ta9 am\nt ( culture1 discipl9e1 & utility4 ,b ! lack ( fundam5tal unity is witness$ 9 ! fact t "o /udy is /ill consid]$ good = discipl9e1 & ano!r = culture2 "s p>ts ( ari?metic1 = example1 = discipl9e & o!rs = use1 lit]ature = culture1 gramm> = discipl9e1 geography p>tly = utility1 p>tly = culture2 & s on4 ,! unity ( education is dissipat$1 & ! /udies become c5trifugal2 s mu* ( ?is /udy to secure ?is end1 s mu* ( t to secure ano!r1 until ! :ole becomes a %e] compromise & pat*work betwe5 cont5d+ aims & disp>ate /udies4 ,! great problem 9 education on ! adm9i/rative side is to secure ! unity ( ! :ole1 9 ! place ( a sequ5ce ( m or less unrelat$ & ov]lapp+ p>ts & ?us to r$uce ! wa/e aris+ f friction1 r$uplication & transitions t are n prop]ly bridg$4 ,illu/ration3 ,*>t ,,ii ,bus9ess #c4 v ------------------ ,te*nical ,rese>* --- --- #d4 ,univ]sity ,s*ool #a4 ,home ,a --- ,pr(essional --- ,s*ools ,tea*]s ------------------ v ,g>d5 #b4 ,p>k ,c\ntry ,9 ?is second symbolic diagram 7,,ii7 ,i wi% to sugge/ t really ! only way to unite ! p>ts ( ! sy/em is to unite ea* to life4 ,we c get only an artificial unity s long z we conf9e our gaze to ! s*ool sy/em itself4 ,we mu/ look at x z "p ( ! l>g] :ole ( social life4 ,?is block 7,a7 9 ! c5t] repres5ts ! s*ool sy/em z a :ole4 7#a7 ,at "o side we h ! home1 & ! two arr[s repres5t ! free int]play ( influ5ces1 mat]ials1 & ideas betwe5 ! home life & t ( ! s*ool4 7#b7 ,bel[ we h ! relation to ! natural environm5t1 ! great field ( geography 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,! s*ool build+ has ab\t x a natural environm5t4 ,x ought to be 9 a g>d51 & ! *ildr5 f ! g>d5 w\ld be l$ on to surr\nd+ fields1 & !n into ! wid] c\ntry1 ) all its facts & =ces4 7#c7 ,above is repres5t$ bus9ess life1 & ! necessity = free play betwe5 ! s*ool & ! ne$s & =ces ( indu/ry4 7#d7 ,on ! o!r side is ! univ]sity prop]1 ) its v>i\s phases1 its laboratories1 its res\rces 9 ! way ( libr>ies1 museums1 & pr(essional s*ools4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! *ild1 ! great wa/e 9 ! s*ool comes f 8 inability to utilize ! exp]i5ces he gets outside ! s*ool 9 any complete & free way )9 ! s*ool itself2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 he is unable to apply 9 daily life :at he is le>n+ at s*ool4 ,t is ! isolation ( ! s*ool--its isolation f life4 ,:5 ! *ild gets into ! s*oolroom he has to put out ( 8 m9d a l>ge "p ( ! ideas1 int]e/s1 & activities t pr$om9ate 9 8 home & neighborhood4 ,s ! s*ool1 be+ unable to utilize ?is ev]yday exp]i5ce1 sets pa9fully to "w1 on ano!r tack & by a v>iety ( means1 to ar\se 9 ! *ild an int]e/ 9 s*ool /udies4 ,:ile ,i 0 visit+ 9 ! city ( ,mol9e a few ye>s ago1 ! sup]9t5d5t told me t !y f\nd _m *ildr5 e ye>1 :o 7 surpris$ to le>n t ! ,mississippi riv] 9 ! text-book _h any?+ to d ) ! /ream ( wat] fl[+ pa/ _! homes4 ,! geography be+ simply a matt] ( ! s*oolroom1 x is m or less ( an awak5+ to _m *ildr5 to f9d t ! :ole ?+ is no?+ b a m =mal & def9ite /atem5t ( ! facts :i* !y see1 feel1 & t\* e day4 ,:5 we ?9k t we all live on ! e>?1 t we live 9 an atmosph]e1 t our lives are t\*$ at e po9t by ! influ5ces ( ! soil1 flora1 & fauna1 by consid]ations ( light & heat1 & !n ?9k ( :at ! s*ool /udy ( geography has be51 we h a typical idea ( ! gap exi/+ betwe5 ! ev]yday exp]i5ces ( ! *ild1 & ! isolat$ mat]ial suppli$ 9 su* l>ge measure 9 ! s*ool4 ,?is is b an in/ance1 & "o ^u :i* mo/ ( u may reflect long be=e we take ! pres5t artificiality ( ! s*ool z o!r ?an a matt] ( c\rse or necessity4 ,?\gh !re %\ld be organic connection betwe5 ! s*ool & bus9ess life1 x is n meant t ! s*ool is to prep>e ! *ild = any p>ticul> bus9ess1 b t !re %\ld be a natural connection ( ! ev]yday life ( ! *ild ) ! bus9ess environm5t ab\t him1 & t x is ! affair ( ! s*ool to cl>ify & lib]alize ?is connection1 to br+ x to consci\sness1 n by introduc+ special /udies1 l comm]cial geography & ari?metic1 b by keep+ alive ! ord9>y bonds ( relation4 ,! subject ( comp\nd-bus9ess-p>tn]%ip is probably n 9 _m ( ! ari?metics n[adays1 ?\gh x 0 !re n a g5]ation ago1 = ! mak]s ( text-books said t if !y left out any?+ !y c\ld n sell _! books4 ,?is comp\nd-bus9ess-p>tn]%ip orig9at$ z f> back z ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! jo9t-/ock company _h n be5 inv5t$1 & z l>ge comm]ce ) ! ,indies & ,am]icas grew up1 x 0 necess>y to h an accumulation ( capital ) :i* to h&le x4 ,"o man said1 8,i w put 9 ?is am\nt ( money = six mon?s10 & ano!r1 8,s mu* = two ye>s10 & s on4 ,?us by jo9+ toge!r !y got money en\gh to float _! comm]cial ent]prises4 ,naturally1 !n1 8comp\nd p>tn]%ip0 0 taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,! jo9t-/ock company 0 inv5t$2 comp\nd p>tn]%ip disappe>$1 b ! problems relat+ to x /ay$ 9 ! ari?metics = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,!y 7 kept aft] !y _h ceas$ to h practical utility1 = ! sake ( m5tal discipl9e--!y 7 8su* h>d problems1 y "k40 ,a great deal ( :at is n[ 9 ! ari?metics "u ! head ( p]c5tage is ( ! same nature4 ,*ildr5 ( twelve & ?irte5 ye>s ( age g ?r\gh ga9 & loss calculations1 & v>i\s =ms ( bank disc\nt s complicat$ t ! bank]s long ago disp5s$ ) !m4 ,& :5 x is po9t$ out t bus9ess is n done ?is way1 we he> aga9 ( 8m5tal discipl9e40 ,& yet !re are pl5ty ( real connections betwe5 ! exp]i5ce ( *ildr5 & bus9ess conditions :i* ne$ to be utiliz$ & illum9at$4 ,! *ild %\ld /udy 8 comm]cial ari?metic & geography1 n z isolat$ ?+s by !mselves1 b 9 _! ref]5ce to 8 social environm5t4 ,! y\? ne$s to become acqua9t$ ) ! bank z a factor 9 mod]n life1 ) :at x does1 & h[ x does x2 & !n relevant ari?metical processes w\ld h "s mean+--q 9 contradi/9ction to ! "t-absorb+ & m9d-kill+ examples 9 p]c5tage1 p>tial paym5ts1 etc41 f\nd 9 all our ari?metics4 ,! connection ) ! univ]sity1 z indicat$ 9 ?is *>t1 ,i ne$ n dwell ^u4 ,i simply wi% to indicate t !re ought to be a free int]action betwe5 all ! p>ts ( ! s*ool sy/em4 ,!re is mu* ( utt] triviality ( subject-matt] 9 elem5t>y & second>y education4 ,:5 we inve/igate x1 we f9d t x is full ( facts taught t are n facts1 :i* h to be unle>n$ lat] on4 ,n[1 ?is happ5s because ! 8l[]0 p>ts ( our sy/em are n 9 vital connection ) ! 8high]40 ,! univ]sity or college1 9 its idea1 is a place ( rese>*1 :]e inve/igation is go+ on1 a place ( libr>ies & museums1 :]e ! be/ res\rces ( ! pa/ are ga!r$1 ma9ta9$ & organiz$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z true 9 ! s*ool z 9 ! univ]sity t ! _s ( inquiry c be got only ?r\gh & ) ! attitude ( inquiry4 ,! pupil mu/ le>n :at has mean+1 :at enl>ges 8 horizon1 in/ead ( m]e trivialities4 ,he mu/ become acqua9t$ ) tru?s1 in/ead ( ?+s t 7 reg>d$ z su* fifty ye>s ago1 or t are tak5 z int]e/+ by ! misund]/&+ ( a p>tially educat$ tea*]4 ,x is difficult to see h[ ^! ends c be rea*$ except z ! mo/ advanc$ "p ( ! educational sy/em is 9 complete int]action ) ! mo/ rudim5t>y4 ,! next *>t 7,,iii7 is an enl>gem5t ( ! second4 ,! s*ool build+ has swell$ out1 s to speak1 ! surr\nd+ environm5t rema9+ ! same1 ! home1 ! g>d5 & c\ntry1 ! relation to bus9ess life & ! univ]sity4 ,! object is to %[ :at ! s*ool mu/ become to get out ( its isolation & secure ! organic connection ) social life ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,x is n our ar*itect's plan = ! s*ool build+ t we hope to h2 b x is a diagrammatic repres5tation ( ! idea :i* we want embodi$ 9 ! s*ool build+4 ,on ! l[] side y see ! d9+-room & ! kit*51 at ! top ! wood & metal %ops1 & ! textile room = sew+ & weav+4 ,! c5t] repres5ts ! mann] 9 :i* all come toge!r 9 ! libr>y2 t is to say1 9 a collection ( ! intellectual res\rces ( all k9ds t ?r[ light ^u ! practical "w1 t give x mean+ & lib]al value4 ,if ! f\r corn]s repres5t practice1 ! int]ior repres5ts ! !ory ( ! practical activities4 ,9 o!r words1 ! object ( ^! =ms ( practice 9 ! s*ool is n f\nd *iefly 9 !mselves1 or 9 ! te*nical skill ( cooks1 seam/resses1 c>p5t]s & masons1 b 9 _! connection1 on ! social side1 ) ! life )\t2 :ile on ! individual side !y respond to ! *ild's ne$ ( action1 ( expression1 ( desire to d some?+1 to be con/ructive & creative1 in/ead ( simply passive & con=m+4 ,_! great significance is t !y keep ! balance betwe5 ! social & individual sides--! *>t symboliz+ p>ticul>ly ! connection ) ! social4 ,"h on "o side is ! home4 ,h[ naturally ! l9es ( connection play back & =? betwe5 ! home & ! kit*5 & ! textile room ( ! s*ool6 ,! *ild c c>ry ov] :at he le>ns 9 ! home & utilize x 9 ! s*ool2 & ! ?+s le>n$ 9 ! s*ool he applies at home4 ,^! are ! two great ?+s 9 break+ d[n isolation1 9 gett+ connection--to h ! *ild come to s*ool ) all ! exp]i5ce he has got outside ! s*ool1 & to leave x ) some?+ to be imm$iately us$ 9 8 ev]yday life4 ,! *ild comes to ! traditional s*ool ) a heal?y body & a m or less unwill+ m9d1 ?\gh1 9 fact1 he does n br+ bo? 8 body & m9d ) him2 he has to leave 8 m9d beh9d1 because !re is no way to use x 9 ! s*ool4 ,if he _h a purely ab/ract m9d1 he c\ld br+ x to s*ool ) him1 b 8 is a concrete "o1 int]e/$ 9 concrete ?+s1 & unless ^! ?+s get ov] into s*ool life1 he _c take 8 m9d ) him4 ,:at we want is to h ! *ild come to s*ool ) a :ole m9d & a :ole body1 & leave s*ool ) a full] m9d & an ev5 heal?i] body4 ,& speak+ ( ! body sugge/s t1 :ile !re is no gymnasium 9 ^! diagrams1 ! active life c>ri$ on 9 its f\r corn]s br+s ) x con/ant physical ex]cise1 :ile our gymnasium prop] w deal ) ! p>ticul> weaknesses ( *ildr5 & _! correction1 & w attempt m consci\sly to build up ! ?or\ghly s\nd body z ! abode ( ! s\nd m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,*>t ,,iii ,bus9ess ------------ ------------ ,te*nical ,s*ools ,textile ,laboratory ,%op ,indu/ries ,rese>* ------ ----- ------- ------- ,libr>y ,home ,b ------- ------- ,univ]sity ,libr>y ------ ----- ,museum ,d9+ ,room ,kit*5 ------------ ------------ ,g>d5 ,p>k ,c\ntry ,t ! d9+-room & kit*5 connect ) ! c\ntry & its processes & products x is h>dly necess>y to say4 ,cook+ may be s taught t x has no connection ) c\ntry life1 & ) ! sci5ces t f9d _! unity 9 geography4 ,p]haps x g5]ally has be5 taught )\t ^! connections be+ really made4 ,b all ! mat]ials t come into ! kit*5 h _! orig9 9 ! c\ntry2 !y come f ! soil1 are nurtur$ ?r\gh ! influ5ces ( light & wat]1 & repres5t a great v>iety ( local environm5ts4 ,?r\gh ?is connection1 ext5d+ f ! g>d5 into ! l>g] _w1 ! *ild has 8 mo/ natural introduction to ! /udy ( ! sci5ces4 ,:]e did ^! ?+s gr[8 ,:at 0 necess>y to _! gr[?8 ,:at _! relation to ! soil8 ,:at ! effect ( diff]5t climatic conditions8 & s on4 ,we all "k :at ! old-fa%ion$ botany 03 p>tly collect+ fl[]s t 7 pretty1 press+ & m\nt+ !m2 p>tly pull+ ^! fl[]s to pieces & giv+ te*nical names to ! diff]5t p>ts1 f9d+ all ! diff]5t leaves1 nam+ all _! diff]5t %apes & =ms4 ,x 0 a /udy ( plants )\t any ref]5ce to ! soil1 to ! c\ntry1 or to gr[?4 ,9 contra/1 a real /udy ( plants takes !m 9 _! natural environm5t & 9 _! uses z well1 n simply z food1 b 9 all _! adaptations to ! social life ( man4 ,cook+ becomes z well a mo/ natural introduction to ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 giv+ ! *ild "h also some?+ :i* he c at once br+ to be> ^u 8 daily exp]i5ce4 ,i once he>d a v intellig5t woman say t %e c\ld n und]/& h[ sci5ce c\ld be taught to little *ildr51 because %e did n see h[ !y c\ld und]/& atoms & molecules4 ,9 o!r words1 s9ce %e did n see h[ highly ab/ract facts c\ld be pres5t$ to ! *ild indep5d5tly ( daily exp]i5ce1 %e c\ld n und]/& h[ sci5ce c\ld be taught at all4 ,be=e we smile at ?is rem>k1 we ne$ to ask ourselves if %e is alone 9 h] assumption1 or :e!r x simply =mulates almo/ all ( our s*ool practice4 ,! same relations ) ! outside _w are f\nd 9 ! c>p5try & ! textile %ops4 ,!y connect ) ! c\ntry1 z ! s\rce ( _! mat]ials1 ) physics1 z ! sci5ce ( apply+ en]gy1 ) comm]ce & di/ribution1 ) art 9 ! developm5t ( ar*itecture & decoration4 ,!y h also an intimate connection ) ! univ]sity on ! side ( its te*nological & eng9e]+ s*ools2 ) ! laboratory1 & its sci5tific me?ods & results4 ,to g back to ! squ>e :i* is m>k$ ! libr>y 7,*>t ,,iii1 ,a73 if y imag9e rooms half 9 ! f\r corn]s & half 9 ! libr>y1 y w get ! idea ( ! recitation room4 ,t is ! place :]e ! *ildr5 br+ ! exp]i5ces1 ! problems1 ! que/ions1 ! p>ticul> facts :i* !y h f\nd1 & discuss !m s t new light may be ?r[n ^u !m1 p>ticul>ly new light f ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 ! accumulat$ wisdom ( ! _w--symboliz$ 9 ! libr>y4 ,"h is ! organic relation ( !ory & practice2 ! *ild n simply do+ ?+s1 b gett+ also ! idea ( :at he does2 gett+ f ! />t "s intellectual conception t ent]s into 8 practice & enri*es x2 :ile e idea f9ds1 directly or indirectly1 "s application 9 exp]i5ce1 & has "s effect ^u life4 ,?is1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 fixes ! position ( ! 8book0 or read+ 9 education4 ,h>mful z a sub/itute = exp]i5ce1 x is all-important 9 int]pret+ & exp&+ exp]i5ce4 ,! o!r *>t 7,,iv7 illu/rates precisely ! same idea4 ,x gives ! symbolic upp] /ory ( ?is ideal s*ool4 ,9 ! upp] corn]s are ! laboratories2 9 ! l[] corn]s are ! /udios = art "w1 bo? ! graphic & auditory arts4 ,! que/ions1 ! *emical & physical problems1 aris+ 9 ! kit*5 & %op1 are tak5 to ! laboratories to be work$ out4 ,= in/ance1 ?is pa/ week "o ( ! old] gr\ps ,illu/ration3 ,*>t ,,iv ------------ ------------ ,physical ,biological ,laboratories & ,*emical ,laboratory ,rese>* ,laboratories ------ ------- ------- ,univ]sity ,museum ,libr>y ------- ------- ,museum ------ ,art ,music ------------ ------------ ( *ildr5 do+ practical "w 9 weav+ :i* involv$ ! use ( ! sp9n+ :eel1 work$ out ! diagrams ( ! direction ( =ces conc]n$ 9 treadle & :eel1 & ! ratio ( velocities betwe5 :eel & sp9dle4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! plants ) :i* ! *ild has to d 9 cook+1 af=d ! basis = a concrete int]e/ 9 botany1 & may be tak5 & /udi$ by !mselves4 ,9 a c]ta9 s*ool 9 ,bo/on sci5ce "w = mon?s 0 c5t]$ 9 ! gr[? ( ! cotton plant1 & yet some?+ new 0 br\ght 9 e day4 ,we hope to d simil> "w ) all ! types ( plants t furni% mat]ials = sew+ & weav+4 ,^! examples w sugge/1 ,i hope1 ! relation :i* ! laboratories be> to ! re/ ( ! s*ool4 ,! draw+ & music1 or ! graphic & auditory arts1 repres5t ! culm9ation1 ! idealization1 ! highe/ po9t ( ref9em5t ( all ! "w c>ri$ on4 ,i ?9k ev]ybody :o has n a purely lit]>y view ( ! subject recognizes t g5u9e art gr[s out ( ! "w ( ! artisan4 ,! art ( ! ,r5aissance 0 great1 because x grew out ( ! manual arts ( life4 ,x did n spr+ up 9 a sep>ate atmosph]e1 h[ev] ideal1 b c>ri$ on to _! spiritual mean+ processes f\nd 9 homely & ev]yday =ms ( life4 ,! s*ool %\ld obs]ve ?is relation%ip4 ,! m]ely artisan side is n>r[1 b ! m]e art1 tak5 by itself1 & graft$ on f )\t1 t5ds to become =c$1 empty1 s5tim5tal4 ,i d n mean1 ( c\rse1 t all art "w mu/ be correlat$ 9 detail to ! o!r "w ( ! s*ool1 b simply t a _s ( union gives vitality to ! art1 & dep? & ri*ness to ! o!r "w4 ,all art involves physical organs1 ! eye & h&1 ! e> & voice2 & yet x is some?+ m ?an ! m]e te*nical skill requir$ by ! organs ( expression4 ,x involves an idea1 a ?\ght1 a spiritual r5d]+ ( ?+s2 & yet x is o!r ?an any numb] ( ideas by !mselves4 ,x is a liv+ union ( ?\ght & ! in/rum5t ( expression4 ,?is union is symboliz$ by say+ t 9 ! ideal s*ool ! art "w might be consid]$ to be t ( ! %ops1 pass$ ?r\gh ! alembic ( libr>y & museum into action aga94 ,take ! textile room z an illu/ration ( su* a syn!sis4 ,i am talk+ ab\t a future s*ool1 ! "o we hope1 "s "t1 to h4 ,! basal fact 9 t room is t x is a work%op1 do+ actual ?+s 9 sew+1 sp9n+1 & weav+4 ,! *ildr5 come into imm$iate connection ) ! mat]ials1 ) v>i\s fabrics ( silk1 cotton1 l95 & wool4 ,in=mation at once appe>s 9 connection ) ^! mat]ials2 _! orig91 hi/ory1 _! adaptation to p>ticul> uses1 & ! ma*9es ( v>i\s k9ds by :i* ! raw mat]ials are utiliz$4 ,discipl9e arises 9 deal+ ) ! problems involv$1 bo? !oretical & practical4 ,:5ce does ! culture arise8 ,p>tly f see+ all ^! ?+s reflect$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( _! sci5tific & hi/oric conditions & associations1 :]eby ! *ild le>ns to appreciate !m z te*nical a*ievem5ts1 z ?\ghts precipitat$ 9 action2 & p>tly because ( ! introduction ( ! art idea into ! room itself4 ,9 ! ideal s*ool !re w\ld be some?+ ( ?is sort3 fir/1 a complete indu/rial museum1 giv+ samples ( mat]ials 9 v>i\s /ages ( manufacture1 & ! implem5ts1 f ! simple/ to ! mo/ complex1 us$ 9 deal+ ) !m2 !n a collection ( photographs & pictures illu/rat+ ! l&scapes & ! sc5es f :i* ! mat]ials come1 _! native homes1 & _! places ( manufacture4 ,su* a collection w\ld be a vivid & cont9ual lesson 9 ! syn!sis ( art1 sci5ce1 & indu/ry4 ,!re w\ld be1 also1 samples ( ! m p]fect =ms ( textile "w1 z ,italian1 ,fr5*1 ,japanese1 & ,ori5tal4 ,!re w\ld be objects illu/rat+ motives ( design & decoration :i* h ent]$ into production4 ,lit]ature w\ld contribute its "p 9 its idealiz$ repres5tation ( ! _w-indu/ries1 z ! ,p5elope 9 ! ,odyssey--a classic 9 lit]ature only because ! "* is an adequate embodim5t ( a c]ta9 indu/rial phase ( social life4 ,s1 f ,hom] d[n to ! pres5t "t1 !re is a cont9u\s procession ( relat$ facts :i* h be5 translat$ into t]ms ( art4 ,music l5ds its %>e1 f ! ,scot* song at ! :eel to ! sp9n+ song ( ,m>gu]ite1 or ( ,wagn]'s ,s5ta4 ,! %op becomes a pictur$ museum1 appeal+ to ! eye4 ,x w\ld h n only mat]ials1 beautiful woods & designs1 b w\ld give a synopsis ( ! hi/orical evolution ( ar*itecture 9 its draw+s & pictures4 ,?us ,i h attempt$ to indicate h[ ! s*ool may be connect$ ) life s t ! exp]i5ce ga9$ by ! *ild 9 a famili>1 commonplace way is c>ri$ ov] & made use ( !re1 & :at ! *ild le>ns 9 ! s*ool is c>ri$ back & appli$ 9 ev]yday life1 mak+ ! s*ool an organic :ole1 in/ead ( a composite ( isolat$ p>ts4 ,! isolation ( /udies z well z ( p>ts ( ! s*ool sy/em disappe>s4 ,exp]i5ce has its geographical aspect1 its arti/ic & its lit]>y1 its sci5tific & its hi/orical sides4 ,all /udies arise f aspects ( ! "o e>? & ! "o life liv$ ^u x4 ,we d n h a s]ies ( /ratifi$ e>?s1 "o ( :i* is ma!matical1 ano!r physical1 ano!r hi/orical1 & s on4 ,we %\ld n live v long 9 any "o tak5 by itself4 ,we live 9 a _w :]e all sides are b\nd toge!r4 ,all /udies gr[ out ( relations 9 ! "o great common _w4 ,:5 ! *ild lives 9 v>i$ b concrete & active relation%ip to ?is common _w1 8 /udies are naturally unifi$4 ,x w no long] be a problem to correlate /udies4 ,! tea*] w n h to resort to all sorts ( devices to weave a little ari?metic into ! hi/ory lesson1 & ! l4 ,relate ! s*ool to life1 & all /udies are ( necessity correlat$4 ,moreov]1 if ! s*ool is relat$ z a :ole to life z a :ole1 its v>i\s aims & ideals--culture1 discipl9e1 in=mation1 utility--cease to be v>iants1 = "o ( :i* we mu/ select "o /udy & = ano!r ano!r4 ,! gr[? ( ! *ild 9 ! direction ( social capacity & s]vice1 8 l>g] & m vital union ) life1 becomes ! unify+ aim2 & discipl9e1 culture & in=mation fall into place z phases ( ?is gr[?4 ,i wi% to say "o ^w m ab\t ! relation%ip ( our p>ticul> s*ool to ! ,univ]sity4 ,! problem is to unify1 to organize education1 to br+ all its v>i\s factors toge!r1 ?r\gh putt+ x z a :ole into organic union ) ev]yday life4 ,t :i* lies back ( ! p$agogical s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity is ! necessity ( work+ out some?+ to s]ve z a model = su* unification1 ext5d+ f "w beg9n+ ) ! f\r-ye>-old *ild up ?r\gh ! graduate "w ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,already we h mu* help f ! ,univ]sity 9 sci5tific "w plann$1 sometimes ev5 9 detail1 by heads ( ! dep>tm5ts4 ,! graduate /ud5t comes to u ) 8 rese>*es & me?ods1 sugge/+ ideas & problems4 ,! libr>y & museum are at h&4 ,we want to br+ all ?+s educational toge!r2 to break d[n ! b>ri]s t divide ! education ( ! little *ild f ! in/ruction ( ! matur+ y\?2 to id5tify ! l[] & ! high] education1 s t x %all be demon/rat$ to ! eye t !re is no l[] & high]1 b simply education4 ,speak+ m especially ) ref]5ce to ! p$agogical side ( ! "w3 ,i suppose ! olde/ univ]sity *air ( p$agogy 9 our c\ntry is ab\t tw5ty ye>s old--t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 f\nd$ 9 ! latt] sev5ties4 ,b !re are only "o or two t h tri$ to make a connection betwe5 !ory & practice4 ,!y tea* = ! mo/ "p by !ory1 by lectures1 by ref]5ce to books1 r ?an ?r\gh ! actual "w ( tea*+ itself4 ,at ,columbia1 ?r\gh ! ,tea*]s' ,college1 !re is an ext5sive & close connection betwe5 ! ,univ]sity & ! tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,some?+ has be5 done 9 "o or two o!r places along ! same l9e4 ,we want an ev5 m intimate union "h1 s t ! ,univ]sity %all put all its res\rces at ! disposition ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 contribut+ to ! evolution ( valuable subject-matt] & "r me?od1 :ile ! s*ool 9 turn w be a laboratory 9 :i* ! /ud5t ( education sees !ories & ideas demon/rat$1 te/$1 criticis$1 en=c$1 & ! evolution ( new tru?s4 ,we want ! s*ool 9 its relation to ! ,univ]sity to be a work+ model ( a unifi$ education4 ,a ^w z to ! relation ( ! s*ool to educational int]e/s g5]ally4 ,i he>d once t ! adoption ( a c]ta9 me?od 9 use 9 our s*ool 0 object$ to by a tea*] on ?is gr\nd3 8,y "k t x is an exp]im5tal s*ool4 ,!y d n "w "u ! same conditions t we are subject to40 ,n[1 ! purpose ( p]=m+ an exp]im5t is t o!r p ne$ n exp]im5t2 at lea/ ne$ n exp]im5t s mu*1 may h some?+ def9ite & positive to g by4 ,an exp]im5t dem&s p>ticul>ly favorable conditions 9 ord] t results may be rea*$ bo? freely & securely4 ,x has to "w unhamp]$1 ) all ! ne$$ res\rces at comm&4 ,laboratories lie back ( all ! great bus9ess ent]prises ( today1 back ( e great factory1 e railway & /eam%ip sy/em4 ,yet ! laboratory is n a bus9ess ent]prise2 x does n aim to secure = itself ! conditions ( bus9ess life1 nor does ! comm]cial und]tak+ repeat ! laboratory4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 work+ out & te/+ a new tru?1 or a new me?od1 & apply+ x on a wide scale1 mak+ x available = ! mass ( m51 mak+ x comm]cial4 ,b ! fir/ ?+ is to discov] ! tru?1 to af=d all necess>y facilities1 = ?is is ! mo/ practical ?+ 9 ! _w 9 ! long run4 ,we d n expect to h o!r s*ools lit]ally imitate :at we d4 ,a work+ model is n some?+ to be copi$2 x is to af=d a demon/ration ( ! feasibility ( ! pr9ciple1 & ( ! me?ods :i* make x feasible4 ,s 7to come back to our own po9t7 we want "h to "w out ! problem ( ! unity1 ! organization ( ! s*ool sy/em 9 itself1 & to d ?is by relat+ x s intimately to life z to demon/rate ! possibility & necessity ( su* organization = all education4 ,,iv ,,?ree ,,ye>s ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool#a ,! s*ool 0 />t$ ! fir/ week 9 ,janu>y1 ?ree ye>s ago4 ,i %all try ?is aft]noon to give a brief /atem5t ( ! ideas & problems t 7 9 m9d :5 ! exp]im5t 0 />t$1 & a sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! "w s9ce t "t4 ,we began 9 a small h\se 9 ,fifty-sev5? /reet1 ) fifte5 *ildr54 ,we f\nd ourselves ! next ye> ) tw5ty-five *ildr5 9 ,kimb>k av5ue1 & !n mov$ 9 ,janu>y to ,rosalie c\rt1 ! l>g] qu>t]s enabl+ u to take =ty *ildr54 ,! next ye> ! numb]s increas$ to sixty1 ! s*ool rema9+ at ,rosalie c\rt4 ,?is ye> we h _h n9ety-five on ! roll at "o "t1 & are locat$ at #edab ,ellis av5ue1 :]e we hope to /ay till we h a build+ & gr\nds ( our own4 ,footnote #a3 ,/5ographic report ( a talk by ,john ,dewey at a meet+ ( ! ,p>5ts' ,association ( ! ,univ]sity ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 ,febru>y1 #ahii2 some:at revis$4 ,! *ildr5 dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( ! s*ool 7 betwe5 ! ages ( six & n9e4 ,n[ _! ages range betwe5 f\r & ?irte5--! memb]s ( ! olde/ gr\p be+ 9 _! ?irte5? ye>4 ,?is is ! fir/ ye> t we h *ildr5 "u six1 & ?is has be5 made possible ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( fri5ds 9 ,honolulu1 ,h4 ,i41 :o are build+ up !re a memorial k9d]g>t5 along ! same l9es4 ,! exp5ses ( ! s*ool dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 ( two t]ms only1 7 betwe5 #a1cjj & #a1djj4 ,! exp5ses ?is ye> w be ab\t #ab1jjj4 ,( ?is am\nt #e1ejj w come f tuitions2 #e1jjj has be5 giv5 by fri5ds int]e/$ 9 ! s*ool1 & !re rema9s ab\t #a1ejj yet to be rais$ = ! conduct ( ! s*ool4 ,?is is an indication ( ! increase ( exp5ses4 ,! av]age exp5se p] pupil is ab\t ! same s9ce ! />t1 i4 e41 #abj p] *ild p] s*ool ye>4 ,relatively speak+1 ?is ye> ! exp5ses ( ! s*ool took some?+ ( a jump1 ?r\gh ! exp5se ( mov+ to a new build+1 & ! repairs & *anges !re necess>y4 ,an increase 9 ! /aff ( tea*]s has also enl>g$ ! "w z well z ! debits ( ! s*ool4 ,next ye> 7#ahii-aijj7 we hope to h ab\t #abj *ildr51 & app>5tly ! exp5ses w be ab\t #b1ejj m ?an ?is4 ,( ?is am\nt #b1jjj w be met by ! increase 9 tuition f ! pupils4 ,! co/ ( a *ild to ! s*ool1 #abj a ye>1 is precisely ! tuition *>g$ by ! ,univ]sity = /ud5ts & is d\ble ! av]age tuition *>g$ by ! s*ool4 ,b x is n expect$ t ! ,univ]sity tuition w come any:]e ne> meet+ ! exp5se involv$ !re4 ,"o reason = n increas+ ! tuition "h1 ev5 if x 7 advisable = o!r reasons1 is t x is well to emphasize1 f an educational po9t ( view1 t elem5t>y z well z advanc$ education requires end[m5t4 ,!re is e reason :y money %\ld be sp5t freely = ! organization & ma9t5ance ( f\ndation "w 9 education z well z = ! lat] /ages4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool has _h f ! outset two sides3 "o1 ! obvi\s "o ( in/ruction ( ! *ildr5 :o h be5 intru/$ to x2 ! o!r1 relation%ip to ! ,univ]sity1 s9ce ! s*ool is "u ! *>ge1 & =ms a "p ( ! p$agogical "w ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,:5 ! s*ool 0 />t$1 !re 7 c]ta9 ideas 9 m9d--p]haps x w\ld be bett] to say que/ions & problems2 c]ta9 po9ts :i* x seem$ wor? :ile to te/4 ,if y w p]mit "o p]sonal ^w1 ,i %\ld l to say t x is sometimes ?\ght t ! s*ool />t$ out ) a numb] ( ready-made pr9ciples & ideas :i* 7 to be put into practice at once4 ,x has be5 popul>ly assum$ t ,i am ! au?or ( ^! ready-made ideas & pr9ciples :i* 7 to g into execution4 ,i take ?is opportunity to say t ! educational conduct ( ! s*ool1 z well z its adm9i/ration1 ! selection ( subject-matt]1 & ! work+ out ( ! c\rse ( /udy1 z well z actual in/ruction ( *ildr51 h be5 almo/ entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! tea*]s ( ! s*ool2 & t !re has be5 a gradual developm5t ( ! educational pr9ciples & me?ods involv$1 n a fix$ equipm5t4 ,! tea*]s />t$ ) "q m>ks1 r ?an ) fix$ rules1 & if any answ]s h be5 rea*$1 x is ! tea*]s 9 ! s*ool :o h suppli$ !m4 ,we />t$ ^u ! :ole ) f\r su* que/ions1 or problems3 #a4 ,:at c be done1 & h[ c x be done1 to br+ ! s*ool into clos] relation ) ! home & neighborhood life--in/ead ( hav+ ! s*ool a place :]e ! *ild comes solely to le>n c]ta9 lessons8 ,:at c be done to break d[n ! b>ri]s :i* h un=tunately come to sep>ate ! s*ool life f ! re/ ( ! ev]yday life ( ! *ild8 ,?is does n mean1 z x is sometimes1 p]haps1 int]pret$ to mean1 t ! *ild %\ld simply take up 9 ! s*ool ?+s already exp]i5c$ at home & /udy !m1 b t1 s f> z possible1 ! *ild %all h ! same attitude & po9t ( view 9 ! s*ool z 9 ! home2 t he %all f9d ! same int]e/ 9 go+ to s*ool1 & 9 !re do+ ?+s wor? do+ = _! own sake1 t he f9ds 9 ! plays & occupations :i* busy him 9 8 home & neighborhood life4 ,x means1 aga91 t ! motives :i* keep ! *ild at "w & gr[+ at home %all be us$ 9 ! s*ool1 s t he %all n h to acquire ano!r set ( pr9ciples ( actions belong+ only to ! s*ool--sep>ate f ^? ( ! home4 ,x is a "q ( ! unity ( ! *ild's exp]i5ce1 ( its actuat+ motives & aims1 n ( amus+ or ev5 int]e/+ ! *ild4 #b4 ,:at c be done 9 ! way ( introduc+ subject-matt] 9 hi/ory & sci5ce & art1 t %all h a positive value & real significance 9 ! *ild's own life2 t %all repres5t1 ev5 to ! y\nge/ *ildr51 some?+ wor?y ( atta9m5t 9 skill or k2 z mu* s to ! little pupil z are ! /udies ( ! high-s*ool or college /ud5t to him8 ,y "k :at ! traditional curriculum ( ! fir/ few ye>s is1 ev5 ?\gh _m modifications h be5 made4 ,"s /ati/ics h be5 collect$ %[+ t #ge or #hj p] c5t4 ( ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( a *ild 9 s*ool are sp5t ^u ! =m--n ! sub/ance--( le>n+1 ! ma/]+ ( ! symbols ( read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 ,!re is n mu* positive nutrim5t 9 ?is4 ,its purpose is important--is necess>y--b x does n repres5t ! same k9d ( increase 9 a *ild's intellectual & moral exp]i5ce t is repres5t$ by positive tru? ( hi/ory & nature1 or by add$ insight into reality & beauty4 ,"o ?+1 !n1 we want$ to f9d out is h[ mu* c be giv5 a *ild t is really wor? 8 :ile to get1 9 k ( ! _w ab\t him1 ( ! =ces 9 ! _w1 ( hi/orical & social gr[?1 & 9 capacity to express himself 9 a v>iety ( arti/ic =ms4 ,f ! /rictly educational side ?is has be5 ! *ief problem ( ! s*ool4 ,x is along ?is l9e t we hope to make our *ief contribution to education 9 g5]al2 we hope1 t is1 to "w out & publi% a positive body ( subject-matt] :i* may be g5]ally available4 #c4 ,h[ c in/ruction 9 ^! =mal1 symbolic bran*es--! ma/]+ ( ! ability to read1 write1 & use figures intellig5tly--be c>ri$ on ) ev]yday exp]i5ce & occupation z _! backgr\nd & 9 def9ite relations to o!r /udies ( m inh]5t cont5t1 & be c>ri$ on 9 su* a way t ! *ild %all feel _! necessity ?r\gh _! connection ) subjects :i* appeal to him on _! own acc\nt8 ,if ?is c be accompli%$1 he w h a vital motive = gett+ ! te*nical capacity4 ,x is n meant1 z has be5 sometimes jocosely /at$1 t ! *ild le>n to bake & sew at s*ool1 & to read1 write1 & figure at home4 ,x is int5d$ t ^! =mal subjects %all n be pres5t$ 9 su* l>ge doses at fir/ z to be ! exclusive objects ( att5tion1 & t ! *ild %all be l$ by t :i* he is do+ to feel ! ne$ = acquir+ skill 9 ! use ( symbols & ! imm$iate p[] !y give4 ,9 any s*ool1 if ! *ild realizes ! motive = ! use & application ( numb] & language he has tak5 ! longe/ /ep t[>d secur+ ! p[]2 & he c realize ! motive only z he has "s p>ticul>--n "s g5]al & remote--use = ! symbols4 #d4 ,individual att5tion4 ,?is is secur$ by small gr\p+s--eight or t5 9 a class--& a l>ge numb] ( tea*]s sup]vis+ sy/ematically ! intellectual ne$s & atta9m5ts & physical well-be+ & gr[? ( ! *ild4 ,to secure ?is we h n[ #ace h\rs ( in/ructors' "t p] week1 t is1 ! "t ( n9e tea*]s = ?ree h\rs p] day1 or "o tea*] p] gr\p4 ,x requires b a few words to make ?is /atem5t ab\t att5tion to individual p[]s & ne$s1 & yet ! :ole ( ! s*ool's aims & me?ods1 moral1 physical1 intellectual1 are b\nd up 9 x4 ,i ?9k ^! f\r po9ts pres5t a fair /atem5t ( :at we h set out to discov]4 ,! s*ool is (t5 call$ an exp]im5tal s*ool1 & 9 "o s5se t is ! prop] "n4 ,i d n l to use x too mu*1 = fe> p>5ts w ?9k we are exp]im5t+ ^u ! *ildr51 & t !y naturally object to4 ,b x is an exp]im5tal s*ool--at lea/ ,i hope s--) ref]5ce to education & educational problems4 ,we h attempt$ to f9d out by try+1 by do+--n alone by discussion & !oriz+--:e!r ^! problems may be work$ out1 & h[ !y may be work$ out4 ,next a few words ab\t ! means t h be5 us$ 9 ! s*ool 9 ord] to te/ ^! f\r que/ions1 & to supply _! answ]s1 & fir/ z to ! place giv5 to h&-"w ( diff]5t k9ds 9 ! s*ool4 ,!re are ?ree ma9 l9es regul>ly pursu$3 7a7 ! %op-"w ) wood & tools1 7b7 cook+ "w1 & 7c7 "w ) textiles--sew+ & weav+4 ,( c\rse1 !re is o!r h&-"w 9 connection ) sci5ce1 z sci5ce is l>gely ( an exp]im5tal nature4 ,x is a fact t may n h come to y\r att5tion t a l>ge "p ( ! be/ & mo/ advanc$ sci5tific "w involves a great deal ( manual skill1 ! tra9+ ( ! h& & eye4 ,x is impossible = "o to be a fir/-class work] 9 sci5ce )\t ?is tra9+ 9 manipulation1 & 9 h&l+ app>atus & mat]ials4 ,9 connection ) ! hi/ory "w1 especially ) ! y\ng] *ildr51 h&-"w is br\ght 9 9 ! way ( mak+ implem5ts1 weapons1 tools1 etc4 ,( c\rse1 ! art "w is ano!r side--draw+1 pa9t+1 & model+4 ,logically1 p]haps1 ! gymnasium "w does n come 9 "h1 b z a means ( develop+ moral & intellectual control ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! body x c]ta9ly does4 ,! *ildr5 h "o-half h\r p] day ( ?is =m ( physical ex]cise4 ,along ?is l9e we h f\nd t h&-"w1 9 l>ge v>iety & am\nt1 is ! mo/ easy & natural me?od ( keep+ up ! same attitude ( ! *ild 9 & out ( ! s*ool4 ,! *ild gets ! l>ge/ "p ( 8 acquisitions ?r\gh 8 bodily activities1 until he le>ns to "w sy/ematically ) ! intellect4 ,t is ! purpose ( ?is "w 9 ! s*ool1 to direct ^! activities1 to sy/ematize & organize !m1 s t !y %all n be z haphaz>d & z w&]+ z !y are outside ( s*ool4 ,! problem ( mak+ ^! =ms ( practical activity "w cont9u\sly & def9itely toge!r1 lead+ f "o factor ( skill to ano!r1 f "o intellectual difficulty to ano!r1 has be5 "o ( ! mo/ difficult1 & at ! same "t "o 9 :i* we h be5 mo/ successful4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( "w1 c>p5try1 cook+1 sew+1 & weav+1 are select$ z involv+ diff]5t k9ds ( skill1 & dem&+ diff]5t types ( intellectual attitude on ! "p ( ! *ild1 & because !y repres5t "s ( ! mo/ important activities ( ! ev]yday outside _w3 ! "q ( liv+ "u %elt]1 ( daily food & clo?+1 ( ! home1 ( p]sonal movem5t & ex*ange ( goods4 ,he gets also ! tra9+ ( s5se organs1 ( t\*1 ( sight1 & ! ability to cord9ate eye & h&4 ,he gets heal?y ex]cise2 = ! *ild dem&s a mu* l>g] am\nt ( physical activity ?an ! =mal program ( ! ord9>y s*ool p]mits4 ,!re is also a cont9ual appeal to memory1 to judgm5t1 9 adapt+ ends to means1 a tra9+ 9 habits ( ord]1 indu/ry1 & neatness 9 ! c>e ( ! tools & ut5sils1 & 9 do+ ?+s 9 a sy/ematic1 in/ead ( a haphaz>d1 way4 ,!n1 aga91 ^! practical occupations make a backgr\nd1 especially 9 ! e>li] gr\ps1 = ! lat] /udies4 ,! *ildr5 get a good deal ( *emi/ry 9 connection ) cook+1 ( numb] "w & geometrical pr9ciples 9 c>p5try1 & a good deal ( geography 9 connection ) _! !oretical "w 9 weav+ & sew+4 ,hi/ory also comes 9 ) ! orig9 & gr[? ( v>i\s inv5tions1 & _! effects ^u social life & political organization4 ,p]haps m att5tion1 ^u ! :ole1 has be5 giv5 to our second po9t1 t ( positive subject-matt]1 ?an to any "o o!r ?+4 ,on ! hi/ory side ! curriculum is n[ fairly well work$ out4 ,! y\ng] *ildr5 beg9 ) ! home & occupations ( ! home4 ,9 ! six? ye> ! int5tion is t ! *ildr5 %\ld /udy occupations outside ! home1 ! l>g] social indu/ries--f>m+1 m9+1 lumb]1 etc4--t !y may see ! complex & v>i\s social indu/ries on :i* life dep5ds1 :ile incid5tally !y inve/igate ! use ( ! v>i\s mat]ials--woods1 metals1 & ! processes appli$--?us gett+ a beg9n+ ( sci5tific /udy4 ,! next ye> is giv5 to ! hi/orical developm5t ( indu/ry & inv5tion--/>t+ ) man z a savage & c>ry+ him ?r\gh ! typical phases ( 8 progress upw>d1 until ! iron age is rea*$ & man beg9s to ent] ^u a civiliz$ c>e]4 ,! object ( ! /udy ( primitive life is n to keep ! *ild int]e/$ 9 l[] & relatively savage /ages1 b to %[ him ! /eps ( progress & developm5t1 especially along ! l9e ( inv5tion1 by :i* man 0 l$ into civilization4 ,!re is a c]ta9 ne>ness1 aft] all1 9 ! *ild to primitive =ms ( life4 ,!y are mu* m simple ?an exi/+ in/itutions4 ,by ?r[+ ! emphasis ^u ! progress ( man1 & ^u ! way advance has be5 made1 we hope to avoid ! objections t hold aga9/ pay+ too mu* att5tion to ! crudities & di/ract+ excitem5ts ( savage life4 ,! next two or ?ree ye>s1 i4 e41 ! f\r? & fif? grades1 & p]haps ! six?1 w be devot$ to ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,x is !n t hi/ory1 prop]ly speak+1 beg9s1 z ! /udy ( primitive life c h>dly be s call$4 ,!n comes ,greek hi/ory & ,roman1 9 ! regul> *ronological ord]1 ea* ye> hav+ its own "w plann$ ) ref]5ce to :at has come be=e & aft]4 ,! sci5ce "w 0 m difficult to arrange & sy/ematize1 because !re 0 s little to foll[--s little t has be5 already done 9 an organiz$ way4 ,we are n[ at "w ^u a program1#b & ,i %all n speak 9 detail ab\t x4 ,! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s cultivate ! *ildr5's p[]s ( obs]vation1 lead !m to sympa!tic int]e/ 9 ! habits ( plants & animals1 & to look at ?+s ) ref]5ce to _! uses4 ,!n ! c5t] ( ! "w becomes geographical--! /udy ( ! e>?1 z ! mo/ c5tral ?+4 ,f ?is almo/ all ! "w gr[s out1 & to x ! "w goes back4 ,ano!r /&po9t 9 ! sci5ce "w is t ( ! application ( natural =ces to ! s]vice ( man ?r\gh ma*9es4 ,la/ ye> a good deal ( "w 0 done 9 electricity 7& w be repeat$ ?is ye>71 bas$ on ! telegraph & telephone--tak+ up ! ?+s t c easily be grasp$4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is ye>'s program is publi%$ 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,record4 ,address ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press = p>ticul>s4 ,9 me*anics !y h /udi$ locks & clocks ) ref]5ce to ! adaptation ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ma*9]y4 ,all ?is "w makes a mo/ excell5t basis = m =mal physics lat] on4 ,cook+ gives opportunity = gett+ a great _m ideas ( heat & wat]1 & ( _! effects4 ,! sci5tific "w tak5 up 9 ! s*ool diff]s ma9ly f t ( o!r s*ools 9 hav+ ! exp]im5tal "p--physics & *emi/ry--emphasiz$1 & is n conf9$ simply to nature /udy--! /udy ( plants & animals4 ,n t ! latt] is less valuable1 b t we f9d x possible to introduce ! physical aspects f ! fir/4 ,if ,i d n sp5d a l>ge am\nt ( "t 9 speak+ ( ! music & art "w1 x is n because !y are n consid]$ valuable & important--c]ta9ly z mu* s z any o!r "w done 9 ! s*ool1 n only 9 ! developm5t ( ! *ild's moral & /hetic nature1 b also f a /rictly intellectual po9t ( view4 ,i "k ( no "w 9 ! s*ool t bett] develops ! p[] ( att5tion1 ! habit ( obs]vation & ( consecutiv5ess1 ( see+ p>ts 9 relation to a :ole4 ,i %all n[ say a few words ab\t ! adm9i/rative side ( ! s*ool4 ,at ! outset we mix$ up ! *ildr5 ( diff]5t ages & atta9m5ts z mu* z possible1 believ+ !re 7 m5tal advantages 9 ! give-&-take ?us secur$1 z well z ! moral advantages 9 hav+ ! old] assume c]ta9 responsibilities 9 ! c>e ( ! y\ng]4 ,z ! s*ool grew1 x became necess>y to ab&on ! me?od1 & to gr\p ! *ildr5 ) ref]5ce to _! common capacities4 ,^! gr\p+s1 h[ev]1 are bas$1 n on ability to read & write1 b ^u simil>ity ( m5tal attitude & int]e/1 & ^u g5]al intellectual capacity & m5tal al]tness4 ,!re are ways 9 :i* we are /ill try+ to c>ry out ! idea ( mix+ up ! *ildr51 t we may n build ! rigid /epladd] sy/em ( ! 8grad$0 s*ool4 ,"o /ep 9 ?is direction is hav+ ! *ildr5 move ab\t & come 9 contact ) diff]5t tea*]s4 ,:ile !re are difficulties & evils connect$ ) ?is1 ,i ?9k "o ( ! mo/ useful ?+s 9 ! s*ool is t *ildr5 come into intimate relation ) a numb] ( diff]5t p]sonalities4 ,! *ildr5 also meet 9 g5]al assemblies--= s++1 & = ! report ( ! :ole s*ool "w z read by memb]s ( ! diff]5t gr\ps4 ,! old] *ildr5 are also giv5 a half h\r a week 9 :i* to jo9 "s ( ! y\ng] gr\ps1 &1 if possible1 z 9 h&-"w1 ent] into ! "w ( ! y\ng] *ildr54 ,9 v>i\s ways we are attempt+ to keep a family _s ?r\gh\t ! s*ool1 & n ! feel+ ( isolat$ classes & grades4 ,! organization ( ! tea*+ =ce has gradually become dep>tm5tal1 z ! ne$s ( ! "w h indicat$ its *ief bran*es4 ,s we n[ h recogniz$ divisions ( ,sci5ce1 ,hi/ory1 ,dome/ic or ,h\sehold ,arts1 ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ! limit$ s5se 7wood & metals71 ,music1 ,art 7t is1 draw+1 wat] colors1 clay model+1 etc471 & ,gymnasium4 ,z ! "w goes on into ! second>y p]iod1 ! languages & ma!matics w also ( necessity assume a m diff]5tiat$ & di/9ct position4 ,z x is sometimes said t correlat$ or ?or\ghly h>moniz$ "w _c be secur$ ^u ?is basis1 ,i am happy to say t our exp]i5ce %[s positively t !re are no intr9sic difficulties4 ,?r\gh common devotion to ! be/ developm5t ( ! *ild1 ?r\gh common loyalty to ! ma9 aims & me?ods ( ! s*ool1 our tea*]s h demon/rat$ t 9 education1 z 9 bus9ess1 ! be/ organization is secur$ ?r\gh prop] reg>d = natural divisions ( labor1 int]e/1 & tra9+4 ,! *ild secures ! advantage 9 discipl9e & k ( contact ) exp]ts 9 ea* l9e1 :ile ! individual tea*]s s]ve ! common ?\ght 9 div]se ways1 ?us multiply+ & re9=c+ x4 ,^u ! moral side1 t ( s-call$ discipl9e & ord]1 :]e ! "w ( ! ,univ]sity ,elem5t>y ,s*ool has p]haps suff]$ mo/ f misund]/&+ & misrepres5tation1 ,i %all say only t our ideal has be51 & cont9ues to be1 t ( ! be/ =m ( family life1 r ?an t ( a rigid grad$ s*ool4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 "u ! c>e ( a s+le tea*]1 & ! v limit$ numb] ( modes ( activity op5 to ! pupils1 h made necess>y c]ta9 fix$ & some:at ext]nal =ms ( 8keep+ ord]40 ,x w\ld be v /upid to copy ^!1 "u ! *ang$ conditions ( our s*ool1 its small gr\ps p]mitt+ & requir+ ! mo/ intimate p]sonal acqua9tance ( *ild & tea*]1 & its great v>iety ( =ms ( "w1 ) _! diff]+ adaptations to ! ne$s ( diff]5t *ildr54 ,if we h p]mitt$ to our *ildr5 m ?an ! usual am\nt ( fre$om1 x has n be5 9 ord] to relax or decrease real discipl9e1 b because "u our p>ticul> conditions l>g] & less artificial responsibilities c\ld ?us be requir$ ( ! *ildr51 & _! entire developm5t ( body & _s be m h>moni\s & complete4 ,& ,i am confid5t t ! p>5ts :o h intru/$ _! *ildr5 to u = any l5g? ( "t w agree 9 say+ t1 :ile ! *ildr5 l1 or love1 to come to s*ool1 yet "w1 & n amusem5t1 has be5 ! _s & tea*+ ( ! s*ool2 & t ?is fre$om has be5 grant$ "u su* conditions ( intellig5t & sympa!tic ov]sight z to be a means ( upbuild+ & /r5g!n+ "*4 ,at ! end ( ?ree ye>s1 !n1 we are n afraid to say t "s ( our orig9al que/ions h secur$ affirmative answ]s4 ,! increase ( our *ildr5 f fifte5 to almo/ "o hundr$1 along ) a practical d\bl+ ( fees1 has %[n t p>5ts are ready = a =m ( education t makes individual gr[? its sole controll+ aim4 ,! pres5ce ( an organiz$ corps ( in/ructors demon/rates t ?or\ghly educat$ tea*]s are ready to br+ to elem5t>y education ! same res\rces ( tra9+1 k1 & skill t h long be5 at ! comm& ( high] education4 ,! ev]yday "w ( ! s*ool %[s t *ildr5 c live 9 s*ool z out ( x1 & yet gr[ daily 9 wisdom1 k9dness1 & ! _s ( ob$i5ce--t le>n+ may1 ev5 ) little *ildr51 lay hold ^u ! sub/ance ( tru? t n\ri%es ! _s1 & yet ! =ms ( k be obs]v$ & cultivat$2 & t gr[? may be g5u9e & ?or\gh1 & yet a delight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors4 #b4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d spell+s z pr9t$4 #c4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4