,illustration ,,the ,,universal ,,counterfeit ,,and ,,altered ,,bank ,,note ,,detector1 ,,at ,,sight3 ,a ,system of ,infallible ,detection at ,sight1 ,applicable to all ,banks in the ,united ,states1 now in circulation1 or hereafter issued4 ,,complete ,,in ,,seven ,,rules3 ,,with ,diagrams and ,illustrations on ,steel1 ,,for ,,self-,,instruction4 ,,arranged ,,and ,,improved ,,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,foote1 #ga ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,fourth ,,edition4--,,fifth ,,thousand4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,mann ,,spear1 ,,printers ,,and ,,stationers1 #acc ,,pearl ,,street4 #ahec4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahdh1 by ,,wheeler ,m4 ,,gillett1 in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of the ,united ,states1 for the ,district of ,ohio4 ,,testimonials4 ,new ,york1 ,sept4 #ahth1 #ahdi4--;,i have examined ,mr4 ,foote's method of detecting counterfeit ,bank ,notes1 and have no hesitation in saying1 that in my opinion it will be exceedingly serviceable to any who will give it their attention4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,edmonds1 ,cashier ,mechanics' ,bank1 ,n4,y4 ,i concur in the above4 ,e4 ,h4 ,,arthur1 ,ass't ,cashier ,union ,bank1 ,n4,y4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,foote's method of detecting counterfeit and altered notes is founded on true principles1 and well worthy the consideration of all money-takers4 ,j4 ,mc,c,h,e,s,n,e,y1 ,of ,adams1 ,mc,chesney ,co41 ,exchange ,brokers1 #ga ,wall st41 ,n4,y4 ,,chas4 ,,colgate ,,co41 ,exchange ,brokers1 #fg ,wall street4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,sloane1 ,exchange ,broker1 #bc ,wall street4 ,,anthony ,,lane1 ,exchange ,broker1 #di ,wall street4 ,troy1 ,nov4 #bc;d1 #ahdi4--,two months since ,i attended ,mr4 ,foote's instructions in detecting counterfeit ,bank ,notes1 and am very willing now to say that ,i am well satisfied with his system and mode of explaining it4 ,c4 ,p4 ,,hartt1 ,teller ,troy ,city ,bank4 ,new ,york1 ,nov4 #bhth1 #ahdi4--;,i fully concur in the opinion respecting ,mr4 ,foote's mode of detecting ,counterfeit ,bills as expressed above4 ,j4 ,,simpson1 ,book-keeper1 #gb ,william street4 ,city ,hall1 ,new ,york1 ,nov #bith1 #ahdi4--;,i fully concur with ,mr4 ,simpson in the above opinion4 ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,matsell1 ,chief of ,police4 ,lansingburgh1 ,n4 ,y41 ,nov4 #bc;d1 #ahdi4--;,i fully agree with the preceding opinions on the subject of ,h4 ,c4 ,foote's ,detector4 ,a4 ,,walsh1 ,jr41 ,teller ,bank of ,lansingburgh4 ,new ,york1 ,dec4 #bb;d1 #ahdi4--;,i concur in the above statements4 ,,amasa ,z4 ,,foster1 ,exchange ,broker1 #bcd ,pearl street4 ,new ,york1 ,dec4 #bfth1 #ahdi4--;,i have examined ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,foote's system for detecting counterfeit ,bank paper and think it useful1 especially in well-executed counterfeits where judgment must depend upon the engraving alone4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,vermilye1 ,of ,carpenter ,vermilye1 ,exchange ,brokers1 #ed ,wall street4 ,new ,york1 ,nov4 #agth1 #ahdi4--;,having taken lessons in counterfeit ,bank ,note ,detection1 as given by ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,foote1 ,i hesitate not to say that ,i am fully satisfied that if strictly followed and practised upon1 any man may detect the most ingenious counterfeit4 ,it has the advantage of being reduced to system1 and the information imparted respecting genuine engraving is worth double the cost of lesson4 ,a4 ,,lewis1 ,cashier at ,loder ,co4's ,wholesale ,dry ,goods1 #hc ,cedar street4 ,new ,york1 ,nov4 #bjth1 #ahdi4--;,i have examined into ,mr4 ,foote's system of counterfeit detection1 and am satisfied it is useful and of great advantage to all dealing in ,bank ,notes4 ,,wilson ,,defendorf1 ,exchange ,broker1 #hb ,wall street4 ,,smith ,,haws1 ,exchange ,brokers1 #acg ,chatham street4 ,new ,york1 ,jan4 #hth1 #ahej4--;,having been instructed by ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,foote in his method of detecting counterfeit ,bank ,bills1 ,i can say with confidence that his system is perfect4 ,,chas4 ,w4 ,,hubbell1 ,cashier with ,lee ,brewster1 ,print ,warehouse1 #dd ,cedar street4 ,new ,york1 ,dec4 #eth1 #ahdi4--;,having availed myself of the instruction imparted in counterfeit detection as taught by ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,foote1 ,i have no hesitation in saying that ,i am fully satisfied that it can by strict attention to the rules be made an infallible means of detecting all kinds of spurious ,bills4 ,a4 ,,carpenter1 ,domestic ,goods1 #eb ,cedar street4 ,new ,york4 ,feb4 #aith1 #ahej4--;,i take pleasure in stating that the instruction ,i have received from ,mr4 ,foote is of great service to me in detecting counterfeit and altered ,bills4 ,,chas4 ,f4 ,,goodhue1 ,cashier at ,d4 ,d4 ,h4 ,brooks1 ,clothing ,warehouse1 cor4 ,catharine and ,cherry streets4 ,new ,york1 ,feb4 #aith1 #ahej4--;,about the best three dollars ,i have spent was with ,mr4 ,foote for his valuable lesson in detecting counterfeit money4 ,,john ,t4 ,,brown1 ,of ,andrew ,brown ,son1 ,clothiers1 #aad ,cherry street4 ,new ,york1 #afth ,nov4 #ahdi4--;,i have examined the system of ,mr4 ,foote for detecting counterfeits1 and am satisfied that it is infallible when all the rules are applied4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,alford1 ,wholesale ,hardware1 #e ,platt street4 ,also several hundred more testimonials from ,bankers1 ,brokers1 and ,merchants in ,new ,york ,city1 ,troy1 ,buffalo1 ,detroit and ,ohio4 ,notices by the ,press of the 8,universal ,counterfeit ,detector40 8,,counterfeit ,,bank-,,note ,,detector ,,at ,,sight40--,we have seen a little pamphlet of #bj pages1 by ,h4 ,c4 ,foote1 of #gfc ,greenwich-street1 ,n4 ,y41 with this title4 ,it gives eight rules1 with illustrative diagrams1 by an acquaintance with which1 any person may readily distinguish the engraving of a counterfeit bill from a genuine one--founded upon the principle that no counterfeiter1 working with his hand1 can possibly attain the beauty and accuracy of engraving by the perfect and costly machinery of professional engravers4 ,the difference between the two is shown by the diagrams4 ,the writer says he has never seen a counterfeit which a judgment by these rules would not condemn at sight4 ,well-informed dealers in ,bank ,notes usually act upon this principle1 but ,mr4 ,foote has here attempted to give rules and explanations to render it more clear and easily understood1 and by which every man may judge for himself4 ,its price is #b4 ,we think1 with ,mr4 ,edmonds1 ,cashier of the ,mechanics' ,bank1 ,n4 ,y41 that it will be 8exceedingly serviceable to any one who will give it due attention40--,newark ,daily ,advertiser4 ,,counterfeit ,,detector4--,our readers will notice in another column the advertisement of ,h4 ,c4 ,foote's ,universal ,counterfeit ,detector4 ,we have examined the system1 and have no hesitation in stating that it will do more than all others now in use towards ridding the country of counterfeit notes4 ,the instructions which accompany the magnifying glass will enable a person1 with very little trouble1 to determine between good and bad notes4 ,we notice among those who have recommended the system1 the names of ,f4 ,w4 ,edmonds1 ,esq4 ,cashier of the ,mechanics' ,bank1 ,n4 ,y42 ,e4 ,h4 ,arthur1 ,esq4 of the ,union ,bank2 ,c4 ,s4 ,sloane1 ,broker1 ,wall street1 and many other prominent money dealers4 ,from what we can learn1 we should think it a subject of universal interest4--,scientific ,american4 ,h4 ,c4 ,foote has published a little book of #bj pages1 called the ,counterfeit ,note ,detector4 ,it seems to us to contain much important information for the detection of counterfeit ,paper-money4--,new ,york ,express1 ,november #bd4 ,,to ,,detect ,,counterfeits4--,we have been made acquainted with a very valuable method of detecting counterfeit ,bank ,notes at sight1 which may be learned by any one in one hour4 ,the author is ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,foote1 ,no4 #gfc ,greenwich-street1 ,n4 ,y4--,new ,york ,sun1 ,november #fth1 #ahdi4 8,,the ,,universal ,,counterfeit ,,detector40--,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,foote1 of #gfc ,greenwich-street1 has just published a pamphlet1 entitled as above1 small in size1 but exceedingly useful2 a familiarity with the contents of which will render every one fully competent to detect any counterfeit or altered ,bank ,note at sight4 ,from an examination into the system we are convinced that the knowledge derived from the little work in question will be of essential interest to every tradesman1 and we therefore commend it to their attention and consideration4 ,by an advertisement in another column it will be perceived that ,mr4 ,foote will give lessons in his system1 to all who may desire it4--,new ,york ,atlas1 ,february #c;d1 #ahej4 ,water ,cure ,institute1 ,saratoga ,spa1 ,sept4 #abth4 #ahdi4--,,to ,,whom ,,it ,,may ,,concern3--,the bearer1 ,henry ,c4 ,foote1 is a young gentleman of unexceptionable moral character1 of excellent business habits1 of strict integrity1 and is scrupulously honest4 ,he professes nothing he is not competent to perform4 ,the business he is now engaged in is1 and must be1 of great individual and public benefit1 and a direct means of preventing men from attempting to prey upon the community by fraud4 ,if all that handle money had the knowledge of detecting spurious ,bank ,notes at sight1 the trade would become extinct4 ,mr4 ,foote can impart this knowledge in one hour to any person of ordinary observation4 ,we most heartily commend him and his art to the public4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,hamilton1 ,m4,d4 8,,the ,,universal ,,counterfeit ,,and ,,altered ,,bank-,,note ,,detector0 explains a method for the infallible detection of counterfeit notes4 ,it is highly recommended by experienced bankers1 and with its clear descriptions of the essential points in a genuine note1 cannot fail to be of great practical value4--,new ,york ,tribune1 ,aug4 #bast1 #ahej4 ,,universal ,,counterfeit ,,detector1 ,applicable to all ,banks in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,steel-plate ,illustrations contain standard specimens of all the different styles of engraving of the notes of all the ,banks in the ,united ,states--six distinct kinds2 four kinds of ,engine-work1 which is impossible to be imitated by hand4 ,in counterfeits it is attempted1 and this book explains the principle in such a manner as to enable any person to detect at sight1 infallibly1 any counterfeit or altered note4 ,,introduction4 ,heretofore the best judges of money have had nothing as a guide in judging at sight but experience in handling money1 a familiarity with the notes of a few particular banks1 and the general appearance of a note4 ,they become familiar with a certain 7to them7 undefined perfect appearance1 generally possessed by genuine notes1 and any apparent want of which creates suspicion as to the genuineness of a note2 but the first impression1 they affirm1 is the best1 as sometimes upon continued examination the judgment1 having no particular guide1 wavers1 gets confused1 and is often at fault4 ,now this uncertainty may be entirely obviated1 and the detection of counterfeits at sight reduced to a perfect science or mathematical certainty2 and this great desideratum is held to be perfectly attained in the rules here presented1 when combined with a little practice in handling money4 ,all genuine ,bank ,notes in the ,united ,states are engraved upon one uniform principle1 by regular ,bank-note ,engraving ,companies4 ,a company consists of ten to twenty first-class artists1 each perfect in his own department2 there is required a heavy capital to be invested1 and the use of perfect1 costly and inimitable machinery4 ,since the invention of the ,geometric ,lathe1 ,ruling ,engine1 and ,medallion ,ruling1 and the invention of transferring engravings by ,perkins1 it has been rendered entirely out of the question--in fact1 a physical impossibility--for any genuine note to be perfectly imitated4 ,counterfeiters cannot procure all the machinery2 and even supposing they could1 it would be against their own interest to invest #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj in an illegitimate business1 to run the hazardous risk of seizure and confiscation4 ,it would be more to their interest to invest that amount in any honest business4 ,they therefore attempt to imitate the several kinds of inimitable engine-work by hand1 and the imitations thus produced vary in character from miserably poor to tolerable1 and sometimes exceedingly close imitations--deceiving the best judges who do not understand the principle1 but detected at a glance by any one understanding it1 as it is explained and illustrated in the following pages4 ,sometimes they get hold of one or more worn-out stolen genuine dies and use them in their issues--and so far their work will be genuine2 but there is always enough else of the other portions of the work to indicate a counterfeit note4 ,the following items1 quoted from newspapers 7,june1 #ahej71 will serve to show the necessity of the diffusion of some system of infallible detection at sight3-- 8,the ,western ,states1 it is said1 are flooded with #b bills of the ,state ,bank1 ,indiana40--,times4 ,the ,boston ,traveller of ,wednesday1 ,june #eth1 says1 8,it is not supposed that counterfeit money is manufactured in this city4 ,the greater part of the money of this description which has for years flooded the country1 comes from ,canada1 where1 from various causes1 its manufacturers have been left comparatively undisturbed1 to carry on their nefarious business4 ''' ,it is not perhaps an exaggeration to say that traders in our city are cheated out of at least #ej1jjj annually1 by means of counterfeit money40 ,now in ,new ,york city1 which is four times larger than ,boston1 this system has been pretty generally diffused among the merchants for nine months past1 and it may be safely predicted that for the year #ahej there will not be one-tenth1 or even a twentieth of the above sum lost here by counterfeits4 ,men who handle any money should not refuse to expend the trifling sum to learn this system4 ,they should reflect that besides it being against their own interests to remain ignorant of it1 their neglect to learn it is just so much encouragement to counterfeiters1 because the less this system is spread the greater the chance for counterfeit money to circulate and defraud the public2 therefore1 every honest man should put his shoulder to the wheel to facilitate the diffusion of the system1 and thereby assist to drive all spurious money out of circulation4 ,the different periodical ,bank-note ,lists are excellent guides1 as far as they go1 but they do not and cannot go far enough4 ,they assist too often after the mischief is done4 ,in hundreds of cases their description of counterfeits is necessarily vague and uncertain1 especially where the counterfeit is a fac-simile of the genuine3 they never make a man a good judge of money at sight4 ,but the greatest trouble is that new counterfeits1 it is said1 are generally 8rushed0 in upon the community preconcertedly1 from different points at once1 and the greatest mischief is often done before they have time to get the description in the ,list4 ,now this system will enable the poorest judge to detect any counterfeit1 new or old1 ,,at ,,sight4 ,it is arranged systematically into seven rules1 simple and comprehensive at a glance of the eye4 ,for self-instruction a magnifying glass will be of great assistance at first in learning the principle1 and afterwards the naked eye will be sufficient to detect1 but it is advisable to always have a glass on hand4 ,also a few specimens of bills1 good and bad1 to compare and examine at first is necessary to make the theory practical4 ,the following is the list of ,,rules3 ,,rule #a4 ,geometric ,lathe1 0 #b4 ,ruling ,engine1 ,infallible when imitated4 0 #c4 ,medallions1 0 #d4 ,vignettes--viz3 ,stippling1 ,eyes1 ,hair1 ,drapery1 ,limbs1 ,scenery1 c4 0 #e4 ,lettering and ,engravers' names4 0 #f4 ,signatures and filling up4 0 #g4 ,paper1 printing1 and general appearance4 ,alterations from broken ,banks--the ,magic ,three4 ,altered ,denominations--#ast1 #b;d1 #eth and #gth ,rules4 ,it is believed1 and experience has proved1 that the above combination of rules is arranged in the most judicious and effective order1 and the best adapted for practical use in detecting at sight that could be devised4 ,it is in fact nearly the order in which a genuine plate is originally got up4 ,first the 8,geometric ,lathe0 dies1 8,medallions10 and 8,vignettes0 are transferred2 then the 8,lettering0 and 8,ruling ,engine0 work1 next the 8,paper and ,printing10 8,signatures and filling up10 and lastly1 after all is finished1 the 8,general appearance0 of the whole4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,fourth ,,edition4 ,that this work merits the encouraging praise and high appreciation it has met with seems to be confirmed by its rapid sale and by the permanent1 steady demand yet existing for it1 as well now as when it was first issued in #ahdi4 ,various miserable imitations of it 7infringements of the copyright7 have been attempted in the form of circulars1 pamphlets1 and pretended outlines of it published in newspapers and ,bank-note ,lists1 but of such a superficial and abortive character as to entirely fail of being a truthful synopsis and answering no particularly useful purpose in the detection of counterfeits4 ,this work stands pre-eminent and alone4 ,the only objection heretofore made to it was its high price4 ,it is now reduced to as low a price as it can possibly be afforded1 and the present edition improved4 ,h4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,rules4 ,,rule ,i4 ,,the ,,geometric ,,lathe4 7,infallible when imitated47 ,the 8,geometric ,lathe0 is a very perfect and costly ,engraving ,engine1 which produces very fine and beautiful ornamental patterns of geometric circles of such complication1 uniformity1 and exquisite perfection1 that it cannot possibly be imitated in any manner4 ,it engraves or turns the circular or oval patterns on the dies1 on which the figures representing the denomination of the note are placed4 ,a sketch of this engine is quoted from 8,nicholson's ,operative ,mechanic40 8,one of the most important securities to the paper currency of nearly the whole commercial world at the present time arises from the invention of transferring engravings1 and the work produced by the ,geometric ,lathe1 invented by ,mr4 ,,asa ,,spencer1 while a resident of ,new ,london1 in the ,state of ,connecticut4 ,the application of this ,lathe-work for the security of ,bank ,notes was first made by ,messrs4 ,,fairman1 ,,draper ,,co41 of ,philadelphia1 in #ahaf1 and from its great beauty and difficulty of imitation1 ,mr4 ,spencer was induced to repair to ,england in #ahai1 for the purpose of securing the paper currency of that country4 ,as had been expected1 this work was put to the severest test which the combined talent of its great metropolis could invent1 and having passed this trial in a very satisfactory manner1 it was subsequently adopted very generally by the ,banks and ,bankers of ,england and ,scotland4 8,the ,geometric ,lathe differs materially from any other turning engine hitherto invented4 ,the only one which has any similarity in the work produced1 is the 8,rose ,engine20 but that is only capable of copying patterns previously made upon guides1 while the ,geometric ,lathe forms its own patterns1 which are all originals1 and as various and unlimited as the #8,kaleidoscope4'''' 8,the impossibility of successfully imitating this work by any process of hand-work within the reach of the whole combined talent of counterfeiters will not be doubted when the severe test to which it has been submitted is recollected3 and even supposing any combination of counterfeiters to be in possession of the different machines and appendages necessary to effect their object1 they would soon find that the time which would be required to learn the use of these implements in secret1 could be more profitably employed in any honest occupation40 ,the patterns produced by the ,geometric ,lathe are concentric1 eccentric1 or geometric circles1 radiating from a common centre1 and beautifully interwoven into each other1 forming a perfectly regular and uniform #8fancy' pattern1 so exactly true and uniform in its radiations1 that there never is the slightest possible irregularity or imperfection4 ,it is because the patterns are of such exquisite beauty and perfection1 and at the same time extremely fine and complicated1 that it is utterly impossible to imitate it by hand or by any process whatever4 ,the ,geometric ,lathe does not engrave the patterns immediately upon the plate itself1 but the patterns are transferred to the plate from roller dies or cylinders1 generally in two places1 as a majority of bills contain two dies alike1 sometimes four1 one in each corner4 ,being single-transferred the patterns are reversed1 and are then white circles or lines upon a black ground4 ,of course whenever there are two or four dies that pretend to be alike in a genuine bill1 they will all be exactly alike1 being all transferred from the same one die4 ,see the two transfers of the die in the steel plate containing the #8#c4' ,in imitations of ,lathe-work in counterfeit bills there will be a failure in two ways3 first1 in imitating regularity of the pattern1 which is attempted to be done by hand1 and also it is cut directly on the plate instead of transferring1 so that what in the genuine is black spaces1 is engraved black in the counterfeits1 leaving white spaces and black dots1 resembling cobble-stones--the white spaces between which made to resemble white lines1 while it can easily be seen that it is only irregular black dots and scratches instead of white lines or geometric circles4 ,secondly1 a failure in getting two dies exactly alike in the same bill--that is1 where they pretend to be alike4 ,if done by hand there cannot be two fine and complicated patterns made exactly alike2 but in the genuine1 where the pattern on one die or cylinder is rolled or transferred in two or more places1 they will all of course be exactly alike4 ,this same work is to be seen on the backs of watches1 called 8,engine ,turning40 ,illustration3 ,a ,b ,magnified #e to #aj times4 ,c ,d ,magnified #aj to #bj times4 ,e ,f ,magnified #e to #aj times4 ,diagrams ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 and ,d1 represent the appearance of various ,,imitations of ,geometric ,lathe-work when magnified with a powerful glass4 ,there is generally a studied effort to represent white intersecting curved lines or ,geometric ,circles on a black ground2 in fact trying to imitate ,,transferring2 but there will always be found1 as in the above diagrams1 nothing but confused black dots and semi-circular scratches1 arranged so as to give it the same 8general appearance0 as the genuine1 when held a little distance off4 ,sometimes there is no effort made to imitate the white lines1 and there will be seen nothing but confused black dots and irregular black curved lines1 mixed up together4 ,diagram ,e represents a magnified oblong-die1 of alternating waved ruling1 or eccentric parallels transferred4 ,see the two dies containing the figure 8#bj0 in the steel plate illustration4 ,this work is done by the ,ruling ,engine1 and not by the ,geometric ,lathe2 but as the work is very similar1 and imitations of it fail in exactly the same manner1 it is classed under the same rule4 ,diagram ,f is a representation of a magnified counterfeit or imitation of this work by hand2 confused black dots on a white ground1 instead of true interwoven white lines of the genuine on a black ground4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,,ruling ,,engine4 7,infallible when ,imitated47 ,the ,ruling ,engine is used for shading the letters1 skies1 c4 in genuine ,bank notes4 ,underneath1 and sometimes on the lace of the letters in the title or name of the ,bank1 as well as other lettering1 there appears a soft1 smooth1 pale grayish color1 which to the naked eye appears to be painted with a brush1 but on close examination it proves to be fine parallel lines1 and when done by the ,ruling ,engine the lines are1 #ast1 all exactly of the same size2 #b;d1 regular distances apart2 #c;d1 perfectly parallel to each other2 #dth1 uniformity in their direction3 and it is perfection in these four points which gives it such a smooth and perfect appearance1 and the least deviation from which will prove it to be hand-work4 ,in counterfeits this shading is imitated by hand1 and it is impossible to do it in this way as perfect as the ,ruling ,engine1 as some lines will be coarser than others1 some wider apart than others1 not parallel1 and some not perfectly straight1 and all are apt to be more or less tapered off when done by hand with the graver1 which is not the case with the genuine1 and which gives the whole a scratchy appearance2 in fact1 the least deviation in any of the points will show at once1 and destroy the appearance of the whole4 ,in titles1 or the name of a bank1 where the letters are alike1 as for instance1 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bank ,,of ----1 the shading in the genuine always is done all the way across all at once1 and there is a perfect uniformity from beginning to end2 the lines all point exactly in the same direction1 whether horizontal or diagonal1 on the 8,t0 in 8,,the0 as on 8,f0 in 8,,of10 preserving the same angle and fineness throughout4 ,in counterfeits1 where the letters are shaded by hand1 one letter at a time1 if the lines pretend to be horizontal1 some are apt to slant a little downwards or upwards1 some letters shaded a little finer than others--that is where they are intended to be alike and uniform4 ,this principle of ,,uniformity in shading is very important1 and should always be noticed4 ,see the words 8,,universal10 8,,detector10 8,,banks10 and 8,,united ,,states10 in the steel plate1 which are shaded by the ,ruling ,engine1 while the word 8,,counterfeit0 is shaded by hand to illustrate counterfeit work4 ,the sky in vignettes in the genuine is sometimes ruled by the ,ruling ,engine1 and always appears soft1 smooth1 and perfectly done1 and in this case the lines taper off gradually4 ,imitations of this by hand will appear uneven and scratchy1 some lines coarser than others1 and some wider apart than others4 ,all genuine skies1 however1 are not done by the ,ruling ,engine1 but are sometimes fine dots or wavy lines1 which fade off into fine dots1 and sometimes heavy rolling clouds1 circular lines1 but it is always done perfectly and beautifully1 and looks smooth and natural1 being always done in genuine bills by first class artists1 while the sky in counterfeits is generally apt to appear coarse and scratchy1 and not fading off gradually enough4 ,illustration3 ,g ,h ,magnified #e to #aj times4 ,diagram ,g serves to represent the style of genuine ,ruling ,engine work as it appears when magnified #e to #aj times1 and ,h an imitation of ,ruling ,engine shading as done by hand and magnified the same4 ,a first-class ,ruling ,engine is said to cost #cjjj4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,,medallion ,,or ,,pentograph ,,ruling4 7,infallible when ,imitated47 ,the ,medallions are raised patterns1 or line-engravings1 generally representing a head1 or some raised fancy patterns in genuine ,bank ,notes1 which look as if raised up from the paper4 ,they are called medallions because they are copied always from and represent the pattern upon a medal4 ,it is done by the ,pentograph ,ruling ,engine1 which1 guided by the medal1 rules the whole pattern in full length lines1 and the dies are double transferred to the plate1 which makes the lines black1 the same in appearance as if the pattern was ruled directly upon the plate itself by the engine4 ,this work is done upon the same principle in mechanics of 8guides10 as shoe-lasts are turned by the 8,last turning machine40 ,a model last is used for a guide to the machine1 which turns out of a rough-hewn block of wood a last exactly like the model4 ,thus in genuine medallion ruling there is always a medal or coin used for a 8guide40 ,the points in determining genuine medallions from imitations engraved by hand1 are1 the lines in the genuine all run in one general direction2 they are always full length lines across the whole pattern1 the lines are all exactly the same size or caliber1 they never cross each other4 ,every undulation in the pattern on the guide or medal is copied with the most unerring exactness1 and articulated distinctly and beautifully correct1 which is impossible to be done so perfectly by hand4 ,in the counterfeit the lines are apt to break off in the midst of the pattern2 some lines are apt to be coarser than others1 which gives it a scratchy appearance4 ,in the genuine1 the lines crowd together in the parts of the pattern that appear depressed or sunken1 and spread apart more where the pattern appears raised and looks whiter1 producing the lights and shades with the most magnificent ease and effect4 ,in the counterfeit done by hand the lines do not crowd and spread apart again1 according to the pattern1 with such ease and effect1 but the patterns appear stiff1 flat1 or imperfectly raised4 ,there is always one of two ways or alternatives in which the hand-work imitations appear to fail4 ,if they succeed in making the lines full length1 as they ought to be1 then the pattern will inevitably appear flat in expression1 imperfectly raised2 but if they succeed in making the pattern look raised1 as it ought to be1 then there will inevitably be broken or forked lines all through the midst of the pattern4 ,it seems impossible to combine in hand-work imitations of this extremely fine and complicated work full length lines1 and at the same time a perfectly finished and raised pattern1 which the ,pentograph ,ruling ,engine always does in the highest perfection4 ,illustration3 ,i ,j ,magnified #e to #aj times4 ,k ,magnified #aj to #ae times4 ,diagrams ,i and ,j represent the appearance of counterfeit ,medallions when magnified4 ,k represents the appearance of a genuine ,medallion as magnified #aj to #ae times4 ,every line is full length1 and exactly of the same size4 ,in ,j the lines break off and fork together all through the midst of the pattern1 and some lines a little coarser than others1 which gives it a scratchy appearance4 ,whenever there are two or more medallions in a genuine bill that pretend to be alike1 they are always exactly alike2 being double-transferred from the same original die2 7see medallion heads marked #8#c' in the steel plate17 but two medallions cannot be made exactly alike separately by hand4 ,the following extract in relation to this work is quoted from the ,mechanic's ,magazine1 #ahce3 8,the ,journal of the ,franklin ,institute for ,september contains an elegant engraved portrait of ,wm4 ,congreve1 the dramatist1 executed by ,wm4 ,a4 ,spencer of ,philadelphia1 in the manner described1 and has inserted the following proofs that the invention can be claimed for ,america4 #8,believing that the credit of the invention of a machine for medal ruling is due to ,america1 we will briefly set forth our proofs1 and then speak of the improvements which of late years the method has undergone4 ,the proofs to be given of the existence and state of the machine are to be derived from the results produced by it4 ,in #ahag1 by the use of a machine which had been invented in ,philadelphia1 ,christian ,gobrecht1 die-sinker1 produced an engraving upon copper1 from a medal having upon it the head of ,alexander of ,russia4 ,from this engraving impressions were taken and distributed4 ,one of these impressions we have seen4 ,in #ahai1 ,asa ,spencer1 now of the firm of ,draper1 ,underwood ,co4 bank-note engravers1 took with him to ,london a machine of the kind above alluded to1 which was designed principally for straight and waved-line ruling4 ,this machine was used in ,london during the year just mentioned1 and the mode of ruling waved lines1 and of copying medals1 was then exhibited and explained by ,mr4 ,spencer to several artists--particularly ,mr4 ,terrell1 who took by permission a drawing of the machine1 for the purpose of having one made for his own use4 ,little however was done in the way of medal ruling until about three years since1 7#ahcb17 when a desire to apply the method to the engraving of designs for bank notes caused it to be revived by ,mr4 ,spencer1 who bestowed great attention upon it1 and overcame the difficulties met with in the onset4'--,the peculiar construction of this machine has never been made a secret1 nor has it ever been patented1 although prudential motives have required that it should not be minutely described1 and thus be placed in the hands of those by whom its use might be perverted4 ,the operations performed by this machine are the ruling of parallel straight lines at any required distances apart1 either continuous or broken2 ruling converging straight lines2 ruling waved lines1 the waves being either similar1 varying by more or less imperceptible gradations2 and medal ruling or transferring to copper the fac-simile of a medal without injuring its surface1 the waved lines presenting a copy of the minutest parts of the medal40 ,,rule ,,iv4 ,,vignettes--,a ,,general ,,rule4 ,faces1 ,eyes1 ,stippling1 ,hair1 ,drapery1 ,limbs1 ,scenery1 c4 ,rule ,,iv4 relates to the ,vignettes1 to notice whether they appear to come up to the usual standard of perfection in the following points3 the faces1 eyes1 stippling1 hair1 drapery1 limbs1 scenery1 landscapes1 water and agricultural scenes1 c4 ,this work is always done by hand1 both in the genuine and counterfeit2 but in the genuine it is done by first-class artists2 men who are at the head of their profession1 and who can always get such a complete remuneration for their labor that there cannot possibly be any temptation for them to counterfeit4 ,it is only second1 third1 fourth1 and sometimes hundredth-rate artists that counterfeit3--runaway apprentices and cast-off journeymen1 and possibly amateurs4 ,the points to observe are first1 the human face1 stippling1 and the eyes4 ,this is the most difficult of any part of the ,vignette to execute well1 and fails in counterfeits1 more than any other part of the #dth ,rule4 ,in the genuine1 the eyes have a perfectly natural expression1 while in counterfeits they are1 generally1 merely two clumsy dots4 ,the stippling is the beautiful artistic arrangement of the fine dots which produce the shading--the smooth1 even1 soft rounding of the features1 the cheeks1 nose1 lips1 chin1 and limbs2 this fails invariably in counterfeits--the features1 and generally the limbs also1 appearing flat1 scratchy1 inexpressive1 and inanimate4 ,the human hair in the genuine will look soft1 silky1 and natural2 displaying a lustre in portions where the light appears to strike it4 ,in counterfeits the hair generally appears stiff1 coarse1 wiry1 lifeless1 and unnatural4 ,the drapery in the genuine beautifully represents the folds and texture of different kinds of cloth2 sometimes the dark1 heavy and glossy appearance of broadcloth is produced2 sometimes the light1 flowing appearance of silk or muslin--the folds always look easy and flowing--no stiffness4 ,in counterfeits the drapery generally appears scratchy and stiff1 sometimes having the solid appearance of cast iron1 and sometimes like coarse wire-cloth1 inexplicably twisted up in a snarl in trying to imitate the easy and natural folds of the genuine4 ,the limbs1 hands1 or feet are always well done in the genuine1 but generally fail in counterfeits4 ,it is a very difficult matter to execute well1 and it requires a first-rate artist to produce an elegant-shaped hand or foot and in an easy position4 ,to engrave human figures correctly it is first necessary for the artist to acquire a thorough knowledge of ,anatomy4 ,smoke in the genuine is always well done--generally in fine curved lines1 and sometimes in straight parallels1 fading off gradually at the edges4 ,in counterfeits the smoke gradually appears coarse and scratchy4 ,also notice whether the 8perspective0 is managed rightly3 the lights and shades1 and the forms of animals1 horses1 cows1 c4 c4 whether truthfully portrayed4 ,vignettes are transferred to the plates from double transferred cylinder dies4 8,chambers's ,information for the ,people0 says3-- 8,engraving1 in all its various branches1 is a species of labor which probably requires greater remuneration than any other department of art--for not only must there be a great degree of patience and perseverance beyond what is required in most other employments1 especially in undertaking the engraving of a genuine bank-note plate1 which must be perfect in all its parts1 showing the lights and shades true to life--one part corresponding with another as though nature herself had formed the impression4 ,such of course is the intention of the artist1 who must be a finished workman before he can receive employment in this capacity2 the perfection of the execution being of course the only great difficulty to overcome4 ,this will be seen from the fact that in all cases from ten to fifteen artists are employed upon one bank note plate1 and as this employment necessarily calls into its service the very best talent that can be secured1 it follows as a matter of fact that we are perfectly safe in looking to the perfection of a note for the genuineness of the bill4 ,each artist has a separate part to execute2 and as the whole plate is made of different parts1 called 8dies0 or 8cuts10 it is therefore evident that no band of counterfeiters can accomplish their designs--it being impossible40 ,see the ,vignette marked 8#d0 in the steel plate2 also the portrait of ,washington4 ,,rule ,v4 ,,lettering1 ,,and ,,engravers' ,,names4 ,rule ,v4 relates to the perfection of lettering4 ,in the genuine the lettering is done by a first-class artist1 whose particular branch it is to devote exclusively to that part of the work alone1 and of course he arrives at a degree of perfection that could not be approached without such a sub-division of labor4 ,in the genuine the letters are all exactly of the same size1 where they pretend to be1 and on the same angle and same size stroke1 where they pretend to be4 ,there are two great points to observe as regards lettering1 viz4 neatness in form1 and uniformity--the most important is ,,uniformity4 ,the want of uniformity in size1 slant1 distances apart1 thickness of stroke1 and any deviation from the line of the letters of a title1 or the name of a bank for instance1 will show counterfeit work4 ,see the lettering in the word ,,counterfeit in the steel-plate illustration compared with the lettering of the 8,,universal ,,detector10 8,,united ,,states10 c4 ,the engraved writing in the genuine1 8,promise to pay on demand10 c4 is always beautifully done1 the down strokes uniform in size and slant1 and the hair strokes extremely fine1 the curves easy and flowing1 while in counterfeits the down strokes are apt to point in different angles1 and the hair strokes coarse1 and the curves stiff and defective4 ,but perhaps the most important part of the #eth ,rule1 as it fails invariably1 without exception1 in all counterfeits1 is the engravers' names or 8imprint10 which in the genuine is a die cut in the most perfect manner1 the letters very neat and perfect and perfectly uniform in every respect4 ,in counterfeits it is not a die1 but letters cut in by hand1 and never so perfect as the genuine1 but clumsy1 not uniform distances apart1 nor in size and slant1 and not all in a straight line1 c4 ,,rule ,,vi4 ,,signatures ,,and ,,filling ,,up4 ,the #fth ,rule relates to the signatures1 and filling up the ,no41 date1 to whom payable1 cashier1 and president4 ,to notice whether the whole filling up appears in two or three different hands1 as it ought to be4 ,in the genuine the ,no4 and date is generally written by a bank clerk1 who writes a very neat1 rapid business hand--but of course there may be exceptions to this ,rule--but in counterfeits the ,no4 and date is almost invariably clumsy and unbusiness-like4 ,where the officers' signatures are imitated there will be a slow1 studied1 and stiff appearance1 not easy1 natural and original-looking4 ,some men acquire an almost intuitive knowledge of original handwriting at sight1 and the writer has seen many excellent judges of ,bank ,notes who have acknowledged that they were guided almost entirely by the signatures1 even of strange banks4 ,auto-chirography may be studied as a science1 but it can only be acquired by long experience1 and it is not infallible3 the best judges of writing might possibly be deceived sometimes4 ,in some counterfeits the signatures are lithographed fac-similes1 sometimes traced over with a pen4 ,in writing with a pen the ink thoroughly saturates the paper1 but leaves a smooth edge to the stroke1 and has somewhat of a glossy appearance1 while the printed fac-similes always have a stamped appearance1 the stroke of a dead color and rough edge1 not saturated or lively1 like writing ink4 ,if traced over with a pen there will be places1 especially in the hair strokes1 where the pen does not follow the curves in the stroke correctly4 ,in cases where fraudulent impressions are obtained from the genuine plate1 or where the plate itself is stolen1 the #fth ,rule is all that will detect2 but when such a case happens there are always measures taken by the bank to meet it--a new plate is ordered1 and the old emission called in4 ,,rule ,,vii4 ,,paper ,,and ,,general ,,appearance4 ,rule ,,vii4 relates to the paper1 printing1 and the general appearance of a note4 ,genuine bank-note paper is made of linen or silk1 or a mixture of both1 of a firm texture1 and of a superior quality1 7see the paper on which the steel-plate illustration is printed47 ,this paper is manufactured expressly for the banks and engraving companies alone1 and counterfeiters can seldom get hold of paper of this kind1 but are generally compelled to use slazy or half cotton paper4 ,a counterfeit note is seldom printed as well as the genuine1 but often blurred1 and poor ink4 ,as to the 8general appearance10 this is produced by a combination of all the ,rules4 ,if all the ,rules are good1 and the note well printed1 the 8general appearance0 of course will be perfect2 but if there is any one or more of the ,rules bad1 the harmony of the 8general appearance0 will be interrupted4 ,but if a genuine note is old1 worn1 and has been wet1 the general appearance may be bad1 but the other rules will all be good1 and prove the note to be genuine4 ,,anastatic ,,transfers1 ,,or ,,lithography4 ,there was an emission1 five or ten years ago1 of some counterfeits on the ,national ,bank1 ,providence1 #bs and #es4 ,they were not regularly-engraved plates2 and as the exact process by which they were got up is unknown1 they are supposed to be anastatic transfers1 or lithographs4 ,they have a very smoky1 brown1 blurred1 and indistinct appearance1 something similar1 but inferior to1 mezzotinto engraving4 ,it is supposed that the process1 whatever it was1 did not succeed well enough1 as there never have any appeared like them since4 ,the shading of the letters appeared to be a solid brown coloring--no lines perceptible scarcely1 and this was the character of the engraving of the whole note4 ,the new counterfeit tens on the ,state ,bank of ,ohio are exceedingly well done1 though easily detected by the ,rules4 ,one kind--that with an ,x in the center of the vignette--appears to be a lithograph1 a transfer from the genuine bill2 but the impression produced appears to have been faint and dim in many places1 and re-touched with a graver2--thus easily detected on examination1 although very dangerous counterfeits4 ,,alterations ,,from ,,broken ,,banks4 ,,the 8,,magic ,,three40 ,the first seven ,rules go to show whether a bill is from a genuine plate or not4 ,we now proceed to discuss ,altered ,bills4 ,in altered bills1 where a genuine bill of a broken bank is altered by the counterfeiter to some sound bank1 there are three places in which the alteration must be made1 viz3 ,first1 the ,state2 ,second1 ,title1 or name of the bank2 and ,third1 the ,town4 ,they are generally extracted1 or the letters dissolved by some chemical process1 and the name of another bank1 state1 and town1 substituted in their place4 ,the ,ruling ,engine shading on the genuine will be imitated by hand in the substituted 8title0 and 8town10 and this will detect it as well as the clumsiness of the letters generally1 and also the white streak or bleaching of the paper around and between the substituted letters4 ,sometimes the 8bank0 may be in the same ,state1 and there will be only two places to alter besides the signatures2 and sometimes the broken bank bills of the same name or title are selected1 7for instance the ,commercial ,bank1 ,millington1 ,md47 and there will also be two places to alter besides the signatures1 viz3 the 8,state0 and 8,town40 ,in dissolving the signatures of the broken bank by some acid and substituting imitations of the proper signatures1 they generally look faded1 which is caused by a little acid still remaining in the paper--and also the whole filling up1 signatures and all1 are in one handwriting4 ,by noticing these three points1 the 8,state10 8,title10 and 8,town10 7the ,magic ,three17 and the signatures1 the detection of any alteration from a broken bank will be a very simple and easy matter4 ,for instance1 one of the best alterations1 and one that has deceived thousands of good judges when it was first issued in #ahdi1 were #as1 ,madison ,county ,bank1 ,cazenovia1 ,n4 ,y4 vignette three females4 ,the 8,new ,york ,safety ,fund0 and 8,cazenovia0 were rather clumsily lettered and the ,,madis- was shaded by hand1 while -,,on ,,county ,,bank was shaded perfectly by the ,ruling ,engine4 ,this shows of course an alteration from some other name that ended in -,,on2 most probably ,,clinton4 ,there was no bleaching or scratching of the paper around the substituted letters1 and the signatures were not faded1 this shows that it was not an altered bill but an altered plate1 probably a 8wild cat0 bank plate1 that was sold at auction1 in ,new ,york1 in #ahda4 ,,altered ,,denominations4 ,this is altering from a smaller to a larger denomination--as #as altered to #es1 c4 c4 ,this is done in various ways4 ,one way it is done by pasting2 but it is more generally done by extracting the ink of the figure and the die containing it by some chemical fluid1 and printing in its place a counterfeit die1 or sometimes a stolen genuine die containing a larger denomination4 ,the words1 8,,one ,,dollar10 which generally is shaded by the ,ruling ,engine1 are extracted1 and 8,,five ,,dollars0 substituted in its place and shaded by hand4 ,a difference also in the color of the ink of the substituted denominations from the rest of the note will generally be seen4 ,sometimes the letters of the substituted denomination are common printer's type1 the 8old ,english letter10 ,twenty ,dollars4 ,,old-,,style ,,plates4 ,counterfeits upon the old-fashioned plates1 8,perkin's stereotype plate0 and others1 all that contain any transferred dies1 the pattern white upon a black ground1 can be detected by the imitation of transferring4 ,diagrams ,e1 ,f1 on page #af1 also diagrams1 ,l1 ,m1 will illustrate this principle4 ,in the genuine it is machine waved-ruling transferred from dies1 while in the counterfeit this is imitated by engraving the black spaces immediately upon the plate itself1 and attempting to make it fit so as to have the appearance of being transferred4 ,l represents the genuine1 7though imperfect17 ,m represents the counterfeit4 ,there are four out of the seven ,rules that will apply to the old fashioned 8,perkin's stereotype0 and most other old-style plates1 viz3 the #ast ,rule1 or ,transferring2 the #eth ,rule1 the ,lettering1 especially the mass of small lettering1 8,one ,dollar10 8,one ,dollar10 in the body of the note2 #fth ,rule1 the ,signatures and filling up2 #gth ,rule1 ,paper and general appearance4 ,illustration3 ,l ,m ,,the ,,piecing ,,operation4 ,this process of increasing the number of bills from a given quantity by piecing--as making ten bills out of nine--appears to be done--as seen in a specimen lately--by cutting off perpendicularly a piece1 one ninth of a bill1 and pasting in its place a piece of a counterfeit on the same bank and denomination to match4 ,the same process will be then carried on with the nine bills1 only that in each bill the piece would be cut out in a different place4 ,when the nine bills are thus all pieced there would be just enough surplus pieces left of the genuine to paste together with one piece of the counterfeit to make a complete bill like the rest1 and this would be the profit on the operation4 ,the counterfeit part of the bills appeared to be intentionally defaced1 so as to be nearly illegible1 in order to escape detection4 ,the banks will only redeem such bills at their estimated proportionate value4 ,,summing ,,up4 ,,practical ,,application ,,of ,,the ,,rules4 ,no matter how much a bill may be worn and defaced1 if the name of the bank and the denomination can be seen1 the application of these rules will enable a person to decide at sight whether a bill is genuine or not4 ,the #ast ,rule1 the ,geometric ,lathe-work being infallible1 any imitation can be detected at a glance1 when of course the bill must be a counterfeit without looking any further4 ,but a great many counterfeits contain stolen genuine dies1 when of course the #ast ,rule will fail to detect2 but there is always enough else to detect a bad bill4 ,the #b;d ,rule1 the ,ruling ,engine work--any imitation of this can be detected at a glance4 ,this rule detects oftener than almost any other rule1 and therefore it is one of the most useful of all the rules4 ,in some old-fashioned genuine plates1 especially in some of the old ,new ,england plates1 there may occur an exception to this rule1 the shading of the letters being done by hand4 ,now and then1 but very rarely1 a counterfeit is seen containing genuine ,ruling ,engine work2 but in such a case there are plenty of the other rules to fail4 ,counterfeiters may get some genuine work1 but they cannot get a perfect combination of all the work genuine4 ,there is always something lacking4 ,it is against their interest to invest so much capital as would enable them to get everything perfect4 ,besides1 they can never get the services of a sufficient number of first-class artists1 and all the necessary machinery4 #c;d ,rule1 the ,medallions--see if the heads or other ornamental patterns of this work look raised1 distinct1 clear and smooth1 and the lines all full length1 and the most skillful imitations by hand can be detected at a glance4 #dth ,rule1 the ,vignettes--whether they come up to the usual standard of perfection1 especially the human eye and face4 ,sometimes the vignette in a counterfeit is a stolen genuine die1 generally much worn4 ,a lot of old worn out dies were sold at auction in ,new ,york in #ahda to the highest bidder1 and some got into counterfeiters' hands4 #eth ,rule1 the ,lettering and ,engravers' ,names4 ,it is an exceedingly rare thing indeed to find anything near first-class lettering in a counterfeit2 but the ,engravers' names always fail--the writer has never seen a single exception4 #fth ,rule1 the ,signatures and ,filling ,up4 ,counterfeits are so often palpably filled up all in one handwriting as to make this an important rule2 also look out for lithographed #8fac-similes4' #gth ,rule1 ,paper and ,general ,appearance4 ,experience has proved that it is always best in judging a doubtful bill to apply the rules in their proper order1 one after the other1 commencing with the #ast1 otherwise a person might forget one or two rules1 and neglect to apply the very rule that would most palpably condemn the bill4 ,the writer has never seen a counterfeit where less than two of the rules would condemn it at sight1 and the rest genuine work4 ,but the majority of counterfeits are condemned by three1 four1 five1 six1 and very often the whole seven rules4 ,,the ,,steel-,,plate ,,illustration4 ,the steel plate1 next to the title-page1 contains a standard specimen of all the different styles of genuine engraving on all bank notes of all banks in the ,united ,states4 ,but those particular patterns or dies do not belong to any regular ,bank-note ,engraving ,co4 in the ,u4,s4 ,they1 with others1 were sold at auction some years since1 and duplicate dies have been made from them and scattered over the country1 ,new ,york1 ,boston and ,philadelphia1 and some of them have got into counterfeiters' hands1 who use them in their spurious issues4 ,therefore no pattern like any one of these will ever be seen in a genuine note2 but one or more of the duplicates of them will often be seen in a counterfeit4 ,the plate therefore serves two purposes--#ast1 illustrating genuine and perfect work2 #b;d1 to guard against genuine auction dies used in counterfeits4 ,another auction vignette die1 often seen in counterfeits1 but never in a genuine bill1 is a woman sitting by a sheaf of wheat1 canal lock on the right and locomotive and bridge on the left4