,! ,?ompson-,h\/on ,sy/em ( ,electric ,light+4 ,!sis submitt$ = ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,sci5ce 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 to ! ,faculty ( ,purdue ,univ]sity ,june #ahhg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8,9 its p[] to assume always t =m ( en]gy :i* happ5s to be ! mo/ useful lies ! great importance ( electricity40 ,?is importance has be5 br\ght to ! notice ( ! public by means ( ! _m rec5t exhibitions4 ,public int]e/ has be5 r\s$ & !re is ev]y:]e a desire = in=mation & a guide ?r\gh ?is f> rea*+ field = discov]y & inv5tion4 ,&1 al?\gh !re are _m works treat+ on electricity & electric light1 p specially want a %ort & concise ?\gh ?or\gh description ( ! v>i\s s*emes by :i* electric light is produc$4 ,9 ?is !sis ! object is to give a brief treatise on "o ( ! _m s*emes ( produc+ light by electric curr5ts viz--,! ,?omson-,h\/on ,sy/em4 ,9 pursu+ ! subject ( electricity1 ! fir/ ?+ notic$ is ! analogy & diff]5ce betwe5 ! dynamo & its old] & m p[]ful rival ! /eam eng9e4 ,! resemblances are1 ,fir/ z 9 ! developm5t ( ! /eam eng9e1 b few ( ! improvem5ts & inv5tions 9 electrical ma*9es 7 made by ma!matical lead]s4 ,watt ran across ! idea ( ! sep]ate cond5s] :ile repair+ ! ,newcom5 model & appli$ ! expansion ( /eam to ! /eam eng9e by a me*anical accid5t r ?an by 8 own +5uity1 & s we f9d ! fir/ design]s ( ! dynamo 7 me*anics r ?an philosoph]s4 ,secondly ! t5d5cy to disreg>d old me?ods & in/rum5ts because ( new discov]ies & inv5tions has1 z 9 ! /eam eng9e1 h9d]$ ! advancem5t 9 electrical sci5ce4 ,z an example x has become cu/om>y to reg>d frictional & /atical electric ma*9es1 = practical purposes1 z obsolete1 b rec5t discov]ies seem to h9t t !y may yet be utiliz$4 ,lately ,pr(4 ,dodge has %[n t du/ & vapor :irl+ 9 ! air may be settl$ by a dis*>ge ( electricity consi/+ ( a cont9u\s s]ies ( electric sp>ks4 ,?is has be5 utiliz$ to cle> ! atmosph]e 9 lead smelt+ works f ! fumes ( volatiz$ lead & ) its application comes ! inv5tion ( ,wimhur/ :i* produces ) a m9imum ( me*anical labor a cont9u\s s]ies ( electric sp>ks & works admirably4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! eng9e's & dynamo's developem5t are3 ,fir/ ! m>vel\sly rapid developem5t ( ! dynamo z comp>$ ) t ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,s9ce #ahfg :5 ! t]m 8dynamo electric ma*9]y0 ev5 to sci5tific m5 _h b little signification1 ! dynamo has be5 br\ght to a v high degree ( p]fection4 ,secondly1 ! developm5t ( ! dynamo has rea*$ a mu* high] degree ( p]fection ?an t ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,among ! be/ /eam eng9es tw5ty p] c5t effeci5cy is consid]$ z v good :ile a good dynamo gives out 9 ! =m ( electricity1 n9ety p] c5t ( ! me*anical en]gy put 9 x4 ,b ! class ( p :o improv$ & made ! /eam eng9e :at x is 7 z well educat$ 9 "o s5se z 7 ! m5 :o br\ght out ! dynamo4 ,:ile x is true t 9 ,watt's "t ! k conc]n+ /eam 0 v meagre1 yet ! practical m5 :o made ! dynamo1 did x by !mselves z ne>ly all ! tea*]s ( electricity knew no?+ except :at may be call$ electrical tricks4 ,z has be5 said#a 8,! tea*]s & writ]s ( textbooks1 practically did n "k t !re 0 any?+ 9 common betwe5 ! electricity f a rubb$ glass ma*9e & voltaic electricity1 or to be brief1 t !re 0 a sci5ce ( electricity z di/+ui%$ f m]e natural hi/ory40 ,9 fact z late z #ahgj !re 7 really no textbooks on electricity4 ,ev5 n[ electrical k is s meagre z to w>rant ! same writ]'s expression1 8,we c n imag9e a me*anical eng9e] mi/ak+ a few in*es = a few miles or a groc] comp\nd+ an ounce ( sug> ) a c>load1 b ?is gives too tru?ful an idea ( ! vagu5ess t /ill exi/s40 ,9 ! di/ant future1 electricity w be us$ = electric light+ only z subord9ate to o!r uses to :i* x may be appli$ su* z heat+ h\ses1 tak+ place ( /oves = cook+1 be+ us$ z a sub/itute = ! /eam eng9e4 ,9 fact ! motor is rapidly becom+ ( z mu* practical use z ! electric light4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! motor is j ?is2 a c]ta9 am\nt ( me*anical en]gy say ?irty f\r horsep[] p] m9ute into ! =m ( electric curr5ts1 :i* by ! way gives en\gh curr5t to run #de1 #bjjj c&le p[] lamps1 s5d ! curr5t & di/ance ?r\gh suitable conductors & atta* !m to simil> dynamo or dynamos b 9 su* a mann] t ! curr5t 9 ! second set ( dynamos fl[s 9 ! rev]se direction to t ( ! fir/2 :51 ! armature ( ! second dynamo or dynamos w revolve & at ! pulley or pulleys ( ! dynamos1 aside f friction1 w be giv5 out #ie ( ! ?irty-f\r horsep[]1 ! loss be+ due to ! resi/ance ( ! conductors4 ,n[ 9 practice a motor is plac$ on ! arc light circuit ! same z a lamp1 = en]gy less ?an twelve horsep[]4 ,x does n affect ! lights & is a clean1 neat way ( obta9+ en]gy4 ,b h[ev] true ! =ego+ may be1 ! greate/ pres5t use ( electricity is to />t & ma9ta9 light4 ,!re are sev]al s-call$ sy/ems1 embrac+ dynamos1 lamps1 regulators1 etc1 f :i* ,i select ! ,?omson-,h\/on z ! "o = ! purpose ( describ+ = sev]al reasons1 fir/1 x is at lea/ z good z ! av]age sy/em ( :i* !re is a mu%room gr[?2 second1 valuble in=mation 0 k9dly (f]$ by ! p>5t ,company2 ?ird1 a good plant is ne> to :i* free acess 0 giv51 & f\r?1 we h at ! ,me*anical ,hall ( ?is ,univ]sity1 a dynamo1 loan$ by ! p>5t ,company1 :i* af=ds in=mation )\t any inconv5i5ce4 ,z ea* "p ( ! sy/em comes up to be describ$ a little ( its hi/ory w be giv54 ,z ! fir/ "p ( a sy/em necess>y to be produc$ is ! curr5t g5]ator we w fir/ describe ,! ,?omson-,h\/on ,dynamo4 ,9 consid]+ ! curr5t g5]ator ! fir/ ?+ to be decid$ ^u is ! def9ition ( ! t]m dynamo4 ,! foll[+ is ?\ght to be a correct def9ition1--,a dynamo or dynamo electric ma*9e is a ma*9e :i* is us$ to conv]t en]gy 9 ! =m ( me*anical motion into en]gy ( electric curr5ts1 or vica-v]sa4 ,^? us$ to g5]ate curr5ts ( electricity are call$ dynamos1 ^? us$ to g5]ate me*anical motion are kn[n z motors4 ,9 attempt+ to make cle> ! !ory ( ! dynamo1 we w recall "s simple exp]im5ts4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 s5d a curr5t ar\nd ,b f "r to left4 ,n[ ,a be+ free to move v]tically ei!r up or d[n1 connect its b9d+ po/s to a galvanomet] 7t is1 an in/rum5t us$ to tell ! direction ( a curr5t & also us$ to te/ ! relative /r5g? ( two or m curr5ts7 & move ,a up sudd5ly :5 a curr5t w be g5]at$ 9 ,a ^: direction w be ! same z t ( ! curr5t 9 ,b4 ,n[ ?is curr5t is n creat$ en]gy1 because 9 lift+#b ! coil ,a1 "w is exp5d+ aga9/ ! attraction betwe5 ! coils1 z betwe5 two curr5ts fl[+ 9 ! same direction !re is an attraction4 ,if we pursue ?is exp]im5t 9 its v>i\s =ms we w f9d ! foll[+ /atem5t kn[n z ,l5tz law is true1 viz3 8,if ! relative positions ( two conductors ,a & ,b be *ang$ ( :i* ,b is trav]s$ by a curr5t1 a curr5t is induc$ 9 ,a 9 su* a direction t by its electro dynamic action on ! curr5t 9 ,b x w\ld h imp>t$ to ! conductor a motion ( ! contr>y k9d to t by :i* ! induc+ action 0 produc$40 ,! !ory ( ?is law is t ar\nd e wire c>ry+ a curr5t !re is a magnetic :irl 7,fig4 #c74 ,n[ if ! conduct+ wire be pass$ ?r\gh a hole 9 a horizontal plate ( glass & iron fil+s be sift$ ^u ! latt] !y w arrange !mselves1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b41 along l9es1 radial 9 ?is case1 kn[n z l9es ( =ce1 :i* arrang+ is due to ! magnetic attraction ( ! curr5t 9 ! wire ^u ! iron fil+s4 ,n[ 9 ,b4 ,fig4 #a1 e portion ( ! wire has j su* a :irl & j su* l9es ( =ce1 or magnetic field1 & :5 ,a is mov$ ea* "p ( ! wire ( ,a cuts "o or m l9es ( =ce ( ! _m magnetic fields mak+ up ! magnetic field ( ! entire coil ,b4 ,n[ :5 ! wire ( coil ,a cuts magnetic field ( ,b a curr5t is g5]at$ 9 ,a acord+ to ! foll[+ /atem5t kn[n z ,f>aday's ,law2 8,:5 a conductor 9 a field ( =ce moves 9 any way s z to cut ! l9es ( =ce !re is an electromotive =ce produc$ 9 ! conductor 9 su* a direction t suppos+ a figure swimm+ 9 ! conductor to turn to look along ! positive direction ( ! l9es ( =ce 79 ,fig4 #a1 t[>d axis ( ,b71 & ! conductor be mov$ to 8 "r1 he w be swimm+ ) ! curr5t s induc$40 ,h5ce 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! curr5t g5]at$ 9 x w be f left to "r4 ,practically ,f>aday's pr9ciple means j ?is3 by mov+ a wire across a space :]e !re are magnetic l9es1 ! motion ( ! wire z x cuts ! magnetic l9es sets up ar\nd ! cutt+ wire a magnetic :irl or 9 o!r words sets up a curr5t 9 t wire4 ,! =ego+ laws are ! 8pr9ciples ( ! dynamo10 yet aft] _! d$uction1 ! progress ( ! evolution ( ! dynamo 0 sl[ & att5d$ by _m dificulties4 ,betwe5 #ahfj & #ahgj h[ev]1 a work+ k ( ^! laws became ! prop]ty ( ?\s&s ( me*anics1 & by comp>+ ! numb] ( inv5tions be=e & aft] t date 7#ahfj7 ! pres5t g5]\s gr[? ( sy/ems1 dynamos & lamps1 prove t inv5tions 7 almo/ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( p :o _h any electrical k4 ,9 #ahff ,wilde produc$ a toy magneto-electric ma*9e = giv+ %ocks1 9 :i* he us$ excit$ electromagnets4 ,9 ! same ye>s ,v>ley & o!rs produc$ a ma*9e :i* excit$ its own field magnets ! type ( all ma*9es us$ 9 practice4 ,) ?is pr9ciple ( ,v>ley's & ,pac9notti's r+1 ,gramme produc$ 9 #ahga 8 s9ce fam\s cont9u\s curr5t g5]ator1 "o ( :i* ! second dynamo electric ma*9e ev] br\ght to ?is c\ntry c n[ be se5 at ! eng9e h\se at ,purdue ,univ]sity4 ,9 #ahgg ,silas ,bru% br\ght out 8 fam\s dynamo & x may be int]e/+ to "k t he design$ & _h "o made )\t exp]im5t+ 9 ! lea/4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> a pat5t 0 issu$ to ,messrs4 ,elihu ,?omson & ,edw9 ,j4 ,h\/on1 ,pr(essors ( electricity 9 ,philadelphia on ! pres5t ?\gh mu* improv$ ,?omson ,h\/on ,dynamo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #g4 ,to g back to ,l5tz & ,f>aday's laws & c>efully consid] !m we c b ass5t to ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson's 8fifte5 propositions on ! dynamo0 :i* are3--#a4 ,a "p ( ! en]gy ( an electric curr5t exi/s 9 ! =m ( a magnetic :irl surr\nd+ ! wire4 #b4 ,curr5ts may be g5]at$ 9 a wire by sett+ up ^! :irls4 #c4 ,we c set up ^! :irls by increas+ or decreas+ ! relative di/ance betwe5 magnets & wires4 #d4 ,to set up & ma9ta9 ^! :irls consumes p[]4 #e4 ,to induce curr5ts 9 a conductor !re mu/ be motion betwe5 !m s z to alt] ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce 7,fig4 #d to #g74 #f4 ,increase 9 ! numb] ( l9es ( =ce 9 ! circuit produces a curr5t ( ! opposite s5se to decrease 7,fig4 #g74 #g4 ,approa* induces electromotive =ce 9 ! opposite direction to t induc$ by retreat4 #h4 ,! /rong] ! magnetic field ! /rong] ! curr5t4 #i4 ,! m rapid ! motion ! /rong] ! curr5t4 #aj4 ,! great] ! l5g? ( ! conductor :i* cuts l9es ( =ce ! /rong] ! curr5t4 #aa4 ,! %ort] ! conductor n s employ$ ! /rong] ! curr5t4 #ab4 ,approa* be+ a f9ite process ! approa*+ & rece$+ mu/ give alt]nat+ directions to ! curr5t4 #ac4 ,by ! use ( a commutator all ! curr5ts c be turn$ 9 ! same direction4 #ad4 ,9 a /eady circuit x makes no diff]5ce :at k9d ( magnets are us$ to procure ! requisite magnetic field :e!r p]man5t or electromagnets4 #ae4 ,h5ce ! curr5t ( ! g5]ator may be us$ to excite ! magnetism ( field magnets4 ,n[ ! ,?omson-,h\/on dynamo comes "u t class ( dynamos 9 :i* !re is a rotation ( coils 9 a uni=m field ( =ce1 su* rotation 7,fig4 #f47 be+ affect$ r\nd an axis 9 ! plane ( ! coil4 ,( c\rse ?is dynamo is made l all o!rs ( its class to h fir/1 z p[]ful field-magnets z possible1 second1 ! armature or rotat+ coil has z great a l5ght ( wire 9 x z possible ! wire be+ ?ick to (f] little resi/ance & ?ird1 built to /& high rotative spe$4 ,! simple !oretical dynamo is %[n at ,fig4 #h1 consi/+ ( a s+le rectangul> loop ( wire rotat+ 9 ! magnetic field =m$ by l>ge magnets1 & 9 ord] to take ! curr5t s g5]at$ f ! loop s z to give a cont9u\s curr5t1 we use a two "p commutator 7,fig4 #i7 consi/+ ( a metal tube split 9 two & m\nt$ on wood1 ea* half connect$ to "o end ( ! loop4 ,! curr5t is tak5 (f by bru%es :i* lead to ! ma9 circuit4 ,b manife/ly ?is dynamo w\ld give no appreciable curr5t becase x has a v small l5g? ( wire on ! armature1 s a great numb] ( loops 7 us$ :i* at pres5t con/itute ! s-call$ drum armature4 ,we may rotate ! loops ( wire 9 ,fig4 #h1 on "o ( its sides z an axis or ev5 pu% x f>!r f ! c5t] ( revolution ?an t4 ,to d ?is1 wrap ! wire ar\nd a r+ & connect bo? ends to a two "p commutator 7,fig4 #aj74 ,if in/ead ( ! r+ 9 ,fig4 #aj1 be+ solid x be a numb] ( coils ( wire & if in/ead ( !re be+ "o coil ar\nd ! r+ !re be ?irty we w h ,pac9notti's r+ be=e spok5 (4 ,if we us$ f\r to t5 coils or 8bobb9s0 ( l>ge size :i* is %[n diagramatically at ,fig4 #aa1 we w\ld h ! ,bru% dynamo4 ,s ) exceptions we may say t !re are practically two types ( dynamos z reg>ds armatures1 ! r+ type z ,bru%1 ,pac9notti's ,gramme1 & ! drum armature 7page #bj74 ,! ,?omson-,h\/on dynamo is l ! re/ ( t dynamo1 unique4 ,to quote ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson2 8,! ,?omson-,h\/on sph]ical armature is unique among armatures1 its cup %ap$ field magnets are unique among field magnets1 its ?ree "p commutator is unique commutators40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,simple ,dynamo4 ,fig4 #i4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,an armature ( a dynamo is ! rotat+ coil or coils :i* g5]ates curr5ts ( electricity by mov+ 9 a magnetic field ( =ce4 ,x is ! mo/ important "p ( a dynamo z x is lit]ally ! curr5t g5]ator4 ,s we fir/ consid] ! ,?omson-,h\/on ,armature ,x is sph]oidal 9 %ape z is not$ = ! fact ( its v seldom burn+ out1 i4 e41 ! electricity heat+ ! wires ( ! armature to su* an ext5t z to de/roy ! insulation or fuse ! wires1 ei!r r5d]+ ! armature useless4 ,x is made by key+ two di%-%ap$ iron disks ,,ss ,fig4 #ab1 to ! %aft x & putt+ ribs dd ab\t t5 9 numb] 9 ! tw5ty-five light ma*9e1 & ov] ! :ole putt+ v>ni%$ pap]4 ,!n at /at$ int]vals1 pegs ,,jjj are driv5 into suitable holes 9 ! disks & ribs to help 9 w9d+ wire on ! %ell4 ,next ?ree insulat$ wires ( equal l5g? are jo9$ toge!r at h ,fig4 #ac1 & ! ?ree wires are !n w\nd ov] ! %ell 9 ! foll[+ peculi> mann]3 "o half ( ,no4 #a is w\nd s z to =m a zone ( a sph]e ( :i* ! %aft is 9 ! same plane z ! c5t] circumf]5ce ( ! zone4 ,! armature is !n turn$ on ! %aft z an axis #abj & "o half ( ,no4 #b is w\nd 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/ half ( ,no4 #a4 ,! armature is mov$ #abj m & all ( ,no4 #c is w\nd4 ,! armature is !n turn$ back1 #abj on ! %aft z an axis & ! rema9d] ( ,no4 #b is w\nd4 ,la/ly ! armature is turn$ back #abj m & ! re/ ( ,no4 #a is w\nd4 ,!y are b\nd by wires gg ,fig4 #ac to hold !m :5 rotat+4 ,! object ( ?is r complicat$ w9d+ is to get ! ?ree coils equi di/ant f ! %aft 9 ord] t ea* coil w g5]ate practically ! same curr5t4 ,n[ z w be se5 ! ov]lapp+ wires w =m a ne>ly sph]ical armature4 ,! armature is m\nt$ on ! %aft x z an axis :i* ext5ds f> en\gh out f its be>+s to put a pulley on ! end ,h & a commutator on ! o!r end to ! ?ree p>ts ( :i* are fa/5$ ! ?ree wires m>k$ "o1 two1 ?ree1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,x has be5 urg$ t ! repairs ( ?is armature w be l>g] ?an on any o!r armature4 ,if !re %\ld be a 8burn\t0 x w\ld necessitate ! tak+ ap>t ( ! dynamo & s5d+ ! armature to ! factory to be rew\nd4 ,b x nev] burns out except ?r\gh positive c>elessness & x w be f\nd t ! repairs on ?is armature is less ?an on ! armatures ( its sev]al p[]ful rivals tak5 sep>ately ev5 ?\gh !y be ( simpl] con/ruction4 ,:5 ! ,?omson-,h\/on armature is rotat$ betwe5 ! cup-%ap$ fieldmagnets alt]nate curr5ts are g5]at$ 9 ea* coil 9 turn & n[ ! next po9t to be consid]$ is ! ,commutator :i* incites ! alt]nate curr5ts s =m$ into "o cont9u\s curr5t4 ,! commutator z be=e /at$ is fa/5$ on ! %aft at ! end "o1 two1 ?ree ,fig4 #ac4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree copp] plates 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d] ea* segm5t ,a,a,a cov]+ #aae ( ! dott$ circle ,fig4 #ad4 ,!y are screw$ to rod ,,ccc & ,,ddd :i* are insulat$ by wood & gutta-p]*a plates ,,ee f ! iron m\nt+ ,e :i* is 9 turnescrew$ to %aft by set screws %[n4 ,! wires "o1 two1 ?ree1 h respectively r$1 :ite & blue insulation & are put 9 b9d+ po/s ,,ddd m>k$ "o1 two1 ?ree at ! factory & if n s plac$ may "w badly4 ,! curr5t ent]s ,d goes to ,b,b :i* !re h direct contact ) ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,half ,sec4 ,a4,b4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,air bla/ ,nozzles4 ,fig4 #af4 ,air bla/ ,me*anism4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,section ( ,dynamos4 ,sph]ical ,armature 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,n[ 9 a ?ree-"p commutator ! sp>k occurr+ z ! segm5ts pass "u ! bru%es w\ld v quickly de/roy ! surface & int]f]e ) ! curr5ts 9 ! coil4 ,?is difficulty is ov]come by bl[+ out ! sp>k by an air bla/ giv5 at j ! "r place & "t4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! bla/ is deliv]$ is z foll[s3 ! segm5ts ( ! commutator are sep>at$ by gaps ( ab\t #e & 9 front ( ea* ( ! lead+ bru%es !re projects a nozzle1 ,fig4 #ae1 :i* dis*>ges an air bla/ alt]nately ?ree times 9 ea* revolution4 ,! bla/ itself is suppli$ by an +5i\s piece ( me*anism kn[n z ! ,?omson ,air ,bla/4 ,x consi/s ( an elliptical box ,,ii ^: sides h p]=ations ,,ii :]e air c ent] :ile inside ( ?is rotates a /eel disk key$ to ! armature %aft & hav+ radial slots 9 :i* slide ?ree w+s ,,rrr ( ebonite :i* z !y fly ar\nd drives air into ! holes ,,jj lead+ to ! nozzles ,fig4 #ae4 ,! result is t1 s9ce ! sp>k is done away )1 oil c be suppli$ to ! commutator 9 limit$ quantities b /ill amply suffici5t to r$uce ! we> on ! commutator to su* an ext5t t ! life ( a segm5t is greatly increas$4 ,! air bla/ is fa/5$ to ! dynamo frame j beh9d ! commutator & c be see 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! ,field-,magnets1 z may be se5 f ,fig4 #ag1 consi/s ( two flang$ iron tubes ,,aa ^: end consi/s ( a convex segm5t ( a sph]e accurately turn$ to recieve ! armature4 ,coils ( wire ,,cc :i* are 9 ! outside circuit & ?r\gh :i* ! entire curr5t fl[s are w\nd ^u ! tubes4 ,aft] ! armature is plac$ betwe5 !m ! two tubes are bolt$ toge!r by heavy wr\ght iron b>s ,,bb & ! :ole c>ri$ on ! frame "w ,,pn %[n also at ,,pn ,fig4 #bc4 ,n[ a little magnetism only rema9s 9 ! wr\ght iron b>s & iron frame works :5 ! armature fir/ revolves1 b ! curr5t ev5 ?\gh slight1 go+ ?r\gh ! coils makes an electromagnet out ( ea* tube & heavily magnetizes ! wr\ght iron b>s & 9 two or ?ree seconds aft] ! armature fir/ rotates x is entirely surr\nd$ by a heavy magnetic field4 ,"o ( ! good po9ts ( ^! field magnets is t b v little magnetism is lo/ z comp>$ ) mo/ o!r dynamos & s9ce x takes p[] to ma9ta9 a heavy magnetic field1 ?is dynamo is 9 ?is respect v economical4 ,! ,?omson ,regulat+ ,ge> ,lat] on we w %[ t pu%+ ! bru%es toge!r or pull+ !m ap>t alt] ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 b = ! pres5t j accept ! fact & we w %[ h[ ! bru%es are v>i$4 ,x is accompli%$ by ! me*anism %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! bru%es are fix$ to ! lev]s ,,yy & ,y#b,y#b unit$ by ! lev] l4 ,! automatic movem5t is obta9$ by ! electromagnet ,r :ile a da%pot ,j prev5ts too sudd5 motion4 ,suppose ! bru%es to be 9 ! position %[n :5 ! curr5t w\ld get too /rong ow+ to lights be+ cut out4 ,! electromagnet ,r gett+ /rong] w\ld raise ,a & r$uce ! curr5t tak5 (f until curr5t came to normal4 ,if1 in/ead1 "s lamps 7 ?r[n 9 ! curr5t w\ld become weak & ! electromagnet ,r w\ld become weak1 drop ,a :i* w\ld increase curr5t & ?is w cont9ue till curr5t rea*es normal4 ,! =ego+ regulat+ ge> is us$ on small dynamos & old /yle l>ge ones4 ,on ! l>ge new /yle dynamo a m delicate regulat+ ge> is us$1 ! curr5t :i* op]ates x be+ %[n at ,fig4 #ai4 ,normally ! electromagnet ,r is %ort circuit$ by ! wire r & only acts :5 ?is circuit is brok54 ,at "s po9t 9 ! ma9 circuit is a wall controll] or controll] magnet %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 at ,,/1 consi/+ ( two electro magnet1 ,_! yoke support$ by a spr+ & ! yoke op]at+ ! contact lev] ,s4 ,if ! curr5t becomes too /rong ! controll] magnet circuit is brok5 & all ! curr5t ( ! ma9 circuit goes ?r\gh ! electromagnet ,r :i* by its sudd5 increase ( /r5g? quickly raises ,a & ?us alt]s ! bru%es4 ,?is only exi/s = a mom5t until ! yoke ( ! controll] magets fall because ( _! decrease ( magnets /r5g?1 :5 curr5t aga9 fl[s ?r\gh wire r because :5 yoke drops contact is made4 ,?is decreases ! /r5g? ( electro magnet ,r ?us dropp+ ,a & increas+ curr5t4 ,h5ce ,s w aga9 raise & break contact & ,r aga9 rais ,a4 ,?is is cont9ually repeat$4 ,! ,bru%es1 ( :i* !re are f\r 9 use on all ma*9es1 are made ( a broad /rip ( spr+y copp] hav+ six slits two ?irds ! di/ance up1 & ?us t\*+ at sev]al po9ts4 ,!y are held by clamps %[n at ,fig4 #bc :i* also %[s ! bru%es4 ,! bru%es are held to ! commutator by _! own spr+9ess & ! v>iation ( position due to /r5g? ( curr5t4 ,! bru%es are set by a gauge s5t ) ea* dynamo :i* %[s l5g? f ! end ( bru% to ! hold]4 ,! hold]s are set at ! correct angle by a gauge ( brass ( ! %ape ( a "r angl$ triangle ! %ort side hav+ a wide flange curv$ to fit ! commutator = :i* x is s5t1 :ile ! second side z reg>ds l5g? mu/ fit to ! hold] :5 swung to x on ! commutator z an axis4 ,aft] describ+ ! details ( ! dynamo1 we w at once proce$ to f9d h[ ! ,?omson ,h\/on ,dynamo ,op]ates4 ,9 ! diagram ,fig4 #ai ! rotation is z 9 practice aga9/ ! h&s ( ! wat* :5 se5 f ! commutator end ( %aft4 ,! ?ree coils ( ! armature are repres5t$ by ?ree l9es ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 unit$ at _! inn] extremities ea* be+ jo9$ to a segm5t ( ! commutator4 ,!re are two positive bru%es ,p & ,f & two negative ones ,p & ,f4 ,! curr5t deliv]$ to ,p & ,f goes r\nd "o ( ! field magnet coils1 !n to ! out] circuit consi/+ ( regulat+ ge>1 lamps1 motors1 etc41 ?r\gh ! o!r field magnet coil to bru%es ,p & ,f4 ,n[ f ,fig4 #bj1 we obs]ve t suppos+ ! loop to be rotat+ aga9/ ! h&s ( ! wat* 9 a magnetic field ! diagram repres5ts by arr[s ! direction ( ! electro-motive =ces induc$ 9 ^? loops4 ,! action is a maximum along ! l9e ( ! resultant magnetic field m m & ! m9imum along ! l9e n n :i* is at "r angles to m m4 ,! reason t m m is n horizontal is t ! induc$ poles ( ! armature is 9 advance ( ! poles ( ! field magnet & is con/antly t5d+ to be drawn back4 ,apply+ ,fig4 #bj to ,fig4 #ai1 we see t !re w be an outw>d curr5t 9 ,b1 an inw>d "o 9 ,c1 ,a g5]at+ no curr5t = t mom5t4 ,n[ ! foll[+ pair ( bru%es ,f ,f are %ift$ backw>d ?ree times z f> z ,p ,p is %ift$ =w>ds4 ,:5 ! curr5t is ! greate/ possible ! bru%es ,p & ,f & ,p & ,f are #fj ap>t ?us leav+ ,p & ,f & ,p & ,f j #abj ap>t & s9ce ! segm5ts ( ! commutator are ea* #abj 9 l5g?#c !re w always be two coils 9 p>ralel ) "o ano!r & 9 s]ies ) ! ?ird4 ,tak+ "o six? ( a revolution & cont9u+ all ! way r\nd we f9d ! foll[+ tabulat$ /atem5t %[+ bru%es 9 contact ) coils1 to be true viz3-- ,p - ,c ,p ,f ext]nal circuit ,b to ext]nal circuit ,f - ,a ,f ,p ,p - ,b 0 8 0 ,a 0 8 0 ,f ,f - ,c ,p - ,a ,p 0 8 0 ,c 0 8 0 ,f - ,b ,f ,p ,p - ,c 0 8 0 ,b 0 8 0 ,f ,f - ,a ,p - ,b ,p 0 8 0 ,a 0 8 0 ,f - ,c ,f ,p ,p - ,a 0 8 0 ,c 0 8 0 ,f ,f - ,b ,n[ suppose ! curr5t to become to /rong ow+ to any cause1 ! foll[+ bru%es are made to rec$e4 ,?is c b %ort5 ! "t t ! bru%es are 9 contact ) ! commutator :5 ! coil is pass+ ?r\gh t position 9 :i* x is g5]at+ ! maximum am\nt ( curr5t & also ha/5 ! "t :5 x goes into p>ralel ) a comp>atively idle coil4 ,if ! curr5t is to weak !n ! bru%es are made to close up ?us r$uc+ ! "t t ! mo/ active coil is 9 p>ralel ) "o less active & also makes ! bru%es be long] 9 contact ) ! segm5t :5 ! coil is g5]at+ its maximum am\nt ( curr5t4 ,! motion ( advance & retreat ( ! bru%es is accompli%$ by ! ,?omson ,regulat+ ,ge> be=e describ$4 ,on ,fig4 #bc c be se5 all ! dynamo's details except ! ,controll] magnet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,z reg>ds ! ,?omson-,h\/on ,dynamo x w be f\nd to produce ! /eadie/ & mo/ uni=m curr5t ( any dynamo n[ 9 use4 ,x regulat+ ge> is ! simple/ & mo/ natural "o ev] us$4 ,9 its ability to r$uce ! curr5t simaltane\sly to "o t5? ( its =m] quantity inside ( "o or two m9utes )\t injury to itself & lamps x /&s alone1 9 practice4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,y\r engrav+ repres5t+ 8,dynamo ,electric ,ma*9e ) ,?omsons ,sph]ical ,armature0 --,tak5 f "o ( y\r catalogues1 & pa/$ on a %eet ( ?is pap]-- ,9 a sy/em ! mo/ important ?+ next to ! dynamo is ! lamps4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t] :o produc$ an electric gl[ 0 ,otto von ,gu]icke4 ,b nei!r ! gl[ nor electric sp>k h be5 us$ to produce electric light = practical purposes1 ?is 0 left to ! voltaic arc on ! "o h& & ! inc&esc5t lamp on ! o!r4 ,davy 9 #ahjj m5tions exp]im5ts 9 :i* electric light 0 obta9$ by electric sp>ks betwe5 two c>bon po9ts4 ,he %[$ ! arc#d light = ! fir/ "t 9 #ahaj at ! ,royal ,in/itute1 :i* ) ,f\calt's h& regulator 7#ahdd7 ,deleuil lit ! ,place de la ,concorde1 ,p>is4 ,?omas ,wright 9 ,london 7#ahde7 devis$ ! fir/ app>atus :i* automatically adju/$ ! c>bons4 ,w4 ,c4 ,/aite us$ ! electric curr5t = ! regulation ( ! c>bons 9 #ahdh4 ,9 #ahee ,s]r9 con/ruct$ a lamp :i* w\ld h be5 us$ on a l>ge scale _h x n be5 = ! co/ ( g5]at+ electricity4 ,9 #ahgf ,paul ,jablo*k(f inv5t$ 8 electric c&les & 9 #ahha !re 7 #djjj 9 use1 b z _! use increas$ _! defects 7 f\nd out4 ,regulat$ lamps 7 aga9 br\ght into use & ) !m exp]im5t]s aga9 endeavor$ to solve ! problem ( divid+ ! electric light4 ,9 #ahgg ,ts*ikoliff solv$ ! problem 9 a v simple mann]4 ,he reason$ t1 if ! curr5t be divid$ & "p g ?r\gh ! c>bons & make ! arc & ! re/ g ?r\gh an electromagnet & regulate ! arc & ! ! curr5t unite & :5 ano!r light is want$ ! curr5t be aga9 divid$ & reunit$1 ! curr5t may be divid$ any numb] ( times & ! s*eme "w nicely4 ,:5 put 9 practice x work$ v nicely & is us$ on mo/ lamps at pres5t4 ,suppose !re be a lamp plac$ 9 ! circuit4 ,! curr5t divides & ! l>g] half goes ?r\gh ! c>bons1 z "h !re is no resi/ance z ! c>bons t\*e1 :ile ! rema9d]1 go+ ?r\gh a spiral ( high resi/ance1 is small4 ,:5 ! c>bons burn away a little ! arc is =m$ & ! resi/ance increas+ br+s ! regulat+ ge> into op]ation4 ,n[ ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t is ! same aft] x has gone ?r\gh ! lamp z be=e because ! curr5t is go+ to get ?r\gh ei!r "o way or ! o!r1 h5ce any numb] ( lamps may g on 9 s]ies1 dep5d+ only ^u ! t5sion ( ! curr5t4 ,inc&esc5t lamps 7 produc$ z e>ly z #ahei b n till #ahgi :5 ,swan1 ,edison1 ,sawy] & o!rs 7 !y ev] 9 a practical =m4 ,! fir/ gl[ lamp ,edison con/ruct$ _h plat9um wire to be heat$4 ,he h[ev] exam9$ ! prop]ties ( organic sub/ances & f9ally fix$ on bamboo fibre4 ,! bamboo is divid$ into fibres "o millimet] 9 diamet] & twelve millimet]s long4 ,^! fibres are press$ 9 ,u-%ap$ m\lds & bak$ 9 ov5s :]e !y are all[$ to become c>boniz$4 ,! c>boniz$ filam5t is atta*$ to plat9um wires :i* are fus$ 9 a glass vessel f :i* ! air has be5 exhau/$4 ,we w speak m fully ( ! inc&esc5t lamp :5 describ+ ! ,?omson ,h\/on ,sy/em's inc&esc5t lamp4 ,! ,?omson ,arc lamps 0 us$ by ! ,?omson ,h\/on ,sy/em s9ce its beg9+ till ab\t two ye>s ago :5 !y /opp$ manufactur+ !m1 only furni%+ brok5 p>ts4 ,! arc lamps at pres5t us$ is ,! ,?omson ,rice ,arc ,lamp4 ,!y are manufactur$ 9 two /yles ! s+le lamp us$ = /ores1 build+s etc41 & ! d\ble lamp us$ = /reet s]vice1 all night "w1 etc4 ,! light is produc$ by ! voltaic arc betwe5 two c>bons1 ! negative pole or l[] c>bon burn+ away ab\t half z fa/ z ! positive pole or upp] c>bon4 ,! outside view ( ! s+le lamp is se5 9 ,fig4 #ba & ( ! d\ble lamp 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! regulation ( ! d\ble lamp is diagramatically %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd1 :i* is a plan ( ! lamp ) cov] remov$1 %[+ only a plan ( cyl9drical "p ( ! lamp4 ,! wires m>k$ a b c d run along ! top 9 ord] to be out ( ! way4 ,9 ,fig4 #bd ! curr5t comes 9 at ! b9d+ po/ & is at ,a divid$ into ?ree curr5ts ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,! curr5t a goes to ! yoke ,i ( ! electromagnets h & i & :5 ! yoke is n held d[n by magnets h & i1 x goes out wire a to b9d+ po/ ,b4 ,?is only cont9ues a mom5t until ! curr5t b :i* goes ?r\gh ! c>bons & at ! />t has almo/ no resi/ance (f]$ x1 attracts ! yoke ,i ?us break+ contact ( curcuit a until ! curr5t ceases or till bo? c>bons burn away1 :5 9 ! latt] case ! resi/ance ( b becom+ v high z comp>$ to j & k b little curr5t goes ?r\gh h & i & ,i is rais$ by a weak spr+ n %[n1 ?us mak+ contact ( circuit a1 & s9ce curr5t a has little resi/ance z comp>$ to b or c mo/ ( ! curr5t goes ?r\gh x1 ?us practically mak+ a cut-out4 ,! curr5t b goes r\nd ! electro-magnets h & i1 !n to ! 8b$0 ?r\gh screw ,j1 ! 8b$0 be+ a ca/ iron bottom ( ! cyl9d] ,e ,fig4 #bb4 ,f ! b$ x goes d[n c>bon hold] ,c 7or ,h7 ?r\gh c>bons & arc to frame b$ ,a ,fig4 #bb4 ,f !re x comes up a wire by ! side ( frame ,c ,fig4 #bb & jo9s o!r curr5ts at ,b4 ,! ?ird curr5t a goes ?r\gh electromagnets j & k & jo9s o!r curr5ts at ,b4 ,?is is :5 swit* ,f ,fig4 #bb & ,m ,fig4 #bd1 is turn$ on4 ,n[ s9ce ! dynamo w regulate all diff]5ces 9 curr5t ! lamps c be turn$ on or (f at w by any "o4 ,?is is accompli%$ at ! lamp by turn+ (f ! swit*4 ,:5 ! swit* is turn$ (f1 ! curr5t goes ?r\gh d to screw ,k :i* is !n t\*$ by metal ,l 79 contact ) b9d+ po/ ,b & work$ by ,m74 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t any disord] 9 a lamp _c affect o!r lamps 9 ! circuit & w "r itself or if n ! lamp c imm$iately be swit*$ out ( circuit4 ,n[ z to ! regulat+ ge>4 ,! two c>bon hold]s are held up1 ,h1 by clut* op]at$ by spr+s 7n %[n7 till end ,n ( lev] ,,on is p]man5tly held d[n1 & ,c1 by ! rais+ & fall+ ( yoke ,d4 ,!re is only "o arc burn+ at a "t 9 a d\ble lamp & ! s-call$ positive c>bon ,c burns fir/4 ,:5 ! lamps are trimm$ ! swit* is fir/ turn$ (f ! c>bons put 9 & ! swit* turn$ on4 ,?is w draw ! upp] c>bons up ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,:5 ! curr5t is turn$ on ! circuit aa is almo/ in/antly brok5 & mo/ ( ! curr5t goes ?r\gh c z ! di/ance betwe5 c>bons be+ a qu>t] ( an in* ! arc has a v l>ge resi/ance4 ,! electromagnets j an k attract ,d :i* lets loose ,c1 :i* falls to l[] c>bon1 & ! resi/ance be+ almo/ no?+1 mo/ ( ! curr5t goes ?r\gh b4 ,?is weak5s j & k :i* lets ,d up :ile ,d takes ,c up ) x ?us e/abli%+ ! arc4 ,! curr5t all goes d[n ,c till ! enl>g$ end ( ,c /rikes lev] ,,on ?us lett+ ,h drop & also putt+ x 9 electrical contact ) 8bd10 :i* x 0 n 9 be=e4 ,aft] a %ort "t ! c>bons burn away1 ! arc becomes long] & e/abli%es itself & ! resi/ance becom+ great] 9 pass+ f c>bon to c>bon & a correspond+ly less curr5t fl[s ?r\gh b & a great] "o ?r\gh c4 ,?is makes ! electro-magnets j & k /rong en\gh to draw ,d to !m 9 spite ( spr+ ,q4 ,:5 ,d is attract$ by j & k1 ,c 7or ,h7 falls & aga9 ! arc l5g!ns1 always be+ kept ab\t #c_/cb in* long4 ,?is is frequ5tly & cont9ually repeat$1 ! delicacy dep5d+ ^u ! /r5gh ( ! spr+ ,q z comp>$ to ! electromagnets /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,:5 ! c>bon 9 c>bon hold] ,c burns to a l5g? ( ab\t two in*es 9 attempt+ to fall to ma9ta9 arc's l5g?1 an enl>g$ port at ! top ( ! c>bon hold] ,c /rikes & holds d[n lev] ,,on pivot$ at ,o 7& end ,n held up by a spr+ ,p7 ?us lett+ loose a clut* by :i* electrical contact is made betwe5 ,h & 8b$0 & lett+ ,h fall till x t\*es l[] c>bon :5 an arc is e/abli%$ & regulat$ j z = ,c4 ,! ,?omson-,rice s+le lamp has ! same ge> ) ! exception ( hav+ only c>bon hold] ,c1 ,h1 lev] ,,on1 & spr+ clut* & spr+ ,p be+ abs5t4 ,! s+le lamp w burn eight h\rs & ! d\ble lamp f\rte5 h\rs cont9u\s runn+4 ,^! lamps are int5d$ only = a /eady curr5t & w n cut out ( circuit if ! curr5t gets too /rong4 ,b ) ! ,?omson ,h\/on dynamo ! curr5t nev] gets too /rong & because ( ?is !re are less p[] absorb+ me*anism & z any?+'s functions decrease ! rema9+ functions are increas$ly bett]4 ,z ! ,?omson-,rice lamp has less functions & p[] consum+ ma*9]y1 x c b be ! mo/ economical1 delicately adju/$ & /eadie/ lamp extant4 ,!y are made to /& a curr5t ( five amp]es above ! normal curr5t = a %ort "t1 z1 :5 =ty lights are simultane\sly cut out ( a =ty-five light circuit1 ! curr5t runs up ab\t f\r amp]es above ! normal curr5t = ab\t "o half a m9ute4 ,pr(4 ,?omson has gott5 out a divid$ arc lamp :i* supplies a light ( mod]ate c&le p[] = locations :]e a #bjjj c&le p[] lamp gives m light ?an c be economically utiliz$4 ,x is specially suit$ = factory & mill use :]e looms or o!r tall ma*9es are liable to ca/ disadvantage\s %ad[s4 ,x is said t ^! lights are suppli$ *eap] p] c&le p[] ?an ! /&>d lamp & up to date is sucessful4 ,he has also arrang$ app>atus by :i* arc lamps are run 9 multiple s]ies1 s]ies or multiple arc4 ,x is said t divisions1 r$ivisions & reunions are practicable4 ,?is is also sucessful z f> z we c f9d out4 ,! ,sawy]-,man ,inc&esc5t ,lamps4 ,z be=e /at$ ,edison fix$ ^u c>boniz$ filam5t ( bamboo4 ,! ,sawy]-,man company h[ev] appli$ = a pat5t on c>boniz$ filam5t = inc&esc5t lamps on ,janu>y #ai? #ahhj1 & aft] five ye>s litigation ) ,?os4 ,a4 ,edison !y 7 grant$ a pat5t ,no4 #cag1fgf1 on ,may fir/1 #ahhe1 cov]+ _! inv5tion4 ,! ,sawy]-,man lamp ,fig4 #be1 consi/s ( a c>boniz$ connect$ to plat9um wires fus$ 9 a glass tube f :i* all ! air possible _h be5 extract$4 ,! light is produc$ by ! gl[ ( ! filam5t & heat ( gases giv5 f filam5t4 ,! life ( a lamp is f #ajjj to #aejj hrs4 & requires a curr5t ( #a to #a4c amp]es & give #bj to #be ,c4,p4 ,:5 ! filam5t becomes brittle & breaks ! tube is unscrew$ f ! key ,fig4 #bf1 & a new "o screw$ 94 ,!y are run on ! arc light circuit by ! use ( an individual di/ributor ,fig4 #bg :i* consi/s ( a brass case conta9+ a magnet 9 ! circuit ( ! lamps & a resi/ance coil automatically sub/itut$ 9 case ! lamp %\ld break or is turn$ (f by key ,fig4 #bf4 ,! s*eme ( arrang+ lamps s z to get ! "r curr5t is %[n at ,fig4 #bh4 ! numb] ( lamps 9 a gr\p dep5d+ on ! curr5t4 ,pr(4 ,?omson has gott5 out a lamp ,fig4 #bi 9 two /yles "o = #f4h amp]es curr5t & "o = #aj amp]es curr5t4 ,?ree lamps ( diff]5t c&le p[]1 due to diff]5t pot5tial diff]5ces at b9d+ po/ ( lamp1 are use on ! same curr5t4 ,! me?od ( connect+ !m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! lamps c>ry ! full curr5t yet h a life ( #ajjj hrs4 or m4 ,?is is a great inv5tion inde$ do+ away ) a great loss ( p[] due to high resi/ance coils4 ,x w be notic$ h[ev] t a #abe ,c4,p4 inc&esc5t lamp uses z mu* en]gy z a #bjjj ,c4,p4 arc light1 ! #fe ,c4,p4 lamp "o half z mu* & ! #cb ,c4,p4 lamp "o f\r? z mu*4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks ,! ,?omson ,h\/on sy/em also furni% lightn+ arre/]s1 ammet]s1 hang+ bo>ds1 swit*bo>ds1 hoods1 insulators1 lamp arms1 etc1 b1 ?\gh 9 "s respects _m ( ^! miscellane\s articles are +5i\s & novel1 yet !y are n di/9ctive ( ! ,?omson ,h\/on or any o!r sy/em4 ,be x said h[ev] t all ^! articles fill _! prop] places4 ,! company also furni% a motor to g on _! circuits b = ! d\ble reason t ( ! motor n be+ /rictly relat$ to electric light+ & ( be+ unable to obta9 a description ( x1 x mu/ rema9 undescrib$ z f> z ?is !sis is conc]n$4 ,aft] describ+ all ! p>ts ( ! sy/em x may be int]e/+ to "k h[ a plant is arrang$4 ,! la/ plate is a photograph ( ! ,la,fayette ,gas ,company's ,plant ( ! ,?omson ,h\/on ,sy/em tak5 at t5 oclock "o night4 ,x %[s ! eng9e1 dynamos1 ! wall controll] on ! left wall1 & a view ( ! lamps :i* _h hoods put be=e !m to prev5t ! pol>ization ( ! negative4 ,on ! accompany+ page w be f\nd a table %[+ exp]im5ts ) an old /yle dynamo giv5 ,purdue ,univ]sity by ! ,?omson ,h\/on ,company1 :i* dynamo is n[ 9 ! eng9e h\se ( ! ,me*anical ,hall4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,?ree ,light ,t-,h4 ,dynamo ,no4 #gi ,! dynamo 0 run by a l>ge pulley 7ab\t f\r & "o half feet 9 diamet]7 on ! same %aft z ! fly :eel & beside ! latt]4 ,two lamps 7 put 9 circuit ) a ,deprez-,c>p5ti] ammet] & a volt met] ( ! same make 0 put 9 betwe5 ! bru%es4 ,fir/ "o lamp 7old ,?omson /yle7 0 swit*$ out ( circuit1 ! dynamo />t$ & :5 spe$ 0 rea*$ ! circuit made4 ,! foll[+ read+s 7 tak5 :5 ! eng9e made #aci ! dynamo #aabb revolutions p] m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,"o ,lamp ,two ,:5 #bnd ,:5 #bnd ,lamps lamp 0 ,lamp 0 ,read+s swit*$ 9 swit*$ out ,at ,end ( ---------------------------------------- ------- ,amp4,volts,amp4,volts ,amp4 ,volts ,amp4 ,volts ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a second #aj #ee #aj #aaj #f4g #ee #ad #aaj #cj 0 #aj #ee #aj #aaj #aj #ge #aj #he #b ,m9 #aj #ee #aj #aaj #aj #aji #aj #fj #c 0 #aj #ee #aj #aaj #aj #aaj #aj #ee ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,fig4 #be consi/+ ( draw+ ( ,sawy] ,man lamp cut f catalogue1 & trimm$ to cont\r ( draw+ ,fig4 #bf a draw+ %[+ action ( key 9 ,sawy] ,man lamp1 cut to cont\r ,fig4 #bg a draw+ ( ! ,?omson ,rice ,individual di/ributor cut f catal\g & pa/$ 94 ,fig4 #bh a draw+ cut f pamphlet %[+ 8,me?od ( us+ ,?omson ,rice ,individual di/ributor0 ,fig4 #bi a draw+ cut f pamphlet %[+ 8,pr(4 ,?omsons inc&esc5t lamp--s]ies inc&esc5t lamp0 ,fig4 #cj ,draw+ %[+ 8me?od ( us+ ! ,s]ies ,inc&esc5t ,lamp manufactur$ by ! ,?omson-,h\/on ,elec4 ,co40 cut f y\r pamphlet & pa/$ on a simil> %eet4 ------------------------------------ ,a photograph] ( ,la ,fayette photo$ ! ,gas ,company's plant ( ,t ,h 9 ?is city "o ev5+ at #aj o'clock :5 sev]al lights 7 burn+ 9 room4 ,i _h a l>ge "o pr9t$ & pa/$ on a piece ( bri/ol bo>d ( ! same size z ?is %eet1 & put 9 my orig9al copy4 ,footnotes ----- ,footnote #a3 ,! =ego+ /atem5t is quot$ f ,dr ,urbitzkany's "w 8,electricity 9 ! ,s]vice ( ,man40 ,footnote #b3 ,gravity does n ent]1 z a curr5t is g5]at$ 9 l[]+ ,a4 ,footnote #c3 ,ea* segm5t is really only #aae 9 l5g? b ! bru%es are set at a di/ance f ! hold] f> en\gh to j rea* ov] ! five degree gap by ! gauge above describ$4 ,footnote #d3 ,an arc light is a light produc$ by ! use ( ! voltaic arc1 :i* is made by ! sp>ks pass+ betwe5 two poles ( a p[]ful batt]y :i* are br\ght toge!r & !n sep]at$ a little4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note ,! s\rce = ?is e-book 0 a h&-writt5 !sis4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! book4 ,! captions = ,figures #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi & #cj are reproduc$1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al draw+s 7 n b\nd ) ! publi%$ !sis & are !re=e n "p ( ?is e-book4 ,! au?or's spell+ has be5 ma9ta9$1 ,"s /&>dization ( punctuation 0 done to improve readability4 ,! foll[+ prop] names z us$ by ! au?or are reproduc$ "h ) _! m commonly us$ spell+3 ,au?or ,/&>d ,?ompson ,?omson ,wimhur/ ,wim%ur/ ,dr ,urbitzkany's ,alfr$ von ,urbanitzsky ,l5tz ,l5z ,pac9notti ,pac9otti ,f\calt's ,f\cault's ,phrases :i* ! au?or portray$ z und]l9$ are pres5t$ by surr\nd+ ! text ) und]scores4 ,"s /&>dization ( ^! 0 also done p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! pres5tation ( illu/ration captions4